bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Cognitive Function in Sickle Cell Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Prussien Kemar V , Siciliano Rachel E , Ciriegio Abagail E , Anderson Allegra S , Sathanayagam Radha , DeBaun Michael R , Jordan Lori C , Compas Bruce E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective
To provide a comprehensive quantitative review of biological, environmental, and behavioral correlates across domains of cognitive function in sickle cell disease (SCD).

Methods
Forty-seven studies were identified in PubMed, MedLine, and PsycINFO involving 2573 participants with SCD.

Results
Meta-analytic findings across all identified samples indicate that hemoglobin and hematocrit were positively correlated with Full Scale IQ [FSIQ; r = .15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = .10 to .21], language and verbal reasoning (r = .18, 95% CI = .11 to .24), and executive function (r = .10, 95% CI = .01 to .19) with small effects and significant heterogeneity. Transcranial Doppler velocity was negatively associated with visual spatial and perceptual reasoning (r = −.18, 95% CI = −.31 to −.05). Socioeconomic status was positively associated with FSIQ (r = .23, 95% CI = .17 to .28), language and verbal reasoning (r = .28, 95% CI = .09 to .45), visual spatial and perceptual reasoning (r = .26, 95% CI = .09 to .41), and executive function (r = .18, 95% CI = .07 to .28) with small to medium effects. Finally, total behavioral problems were negatively associated with FSIQ (r = −.12, 95% CI = −.21 to −.02) such that participants with lower FSIQ exhibited greater behavioral and emotional problems.

Conclusions
Findings provide evidence for biological, environmental, and psychosocial corelates across multiple domains of cognitive function in SCD. More research on more specific cognitive domains and psychosocial correlates is needed in addition to assessments of interactional models among risk factors.
The many roads to and from multicellularity
Authors: Niklas Karl J , Newman Stuart A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The multiple origins of multicellularity had far-reaching consequences ranging from the appearance of phenotypically complex life-forms to their effects on Earth’s aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, many important questions remain. For example, do all lineages and clades share an ancestral developmental predisposition for multicellularity emerging from genomic and biophysical motifs shared from a last common ancestor, or are the multiple origins of multicellularity truly independent evolutionary events? In this review, we highlight recent developments and pitfalls in understanding the evolution of multicellularity with an emphasis on plants (here defined broadly to include the polyphyletic algae), but also draw upon insights from animals and their holozoan relatives, fungi and amoebozoans. Based on our review, we conclude that the evolution of multicellular organisms requires three phases (origination by disparate cell–cell attachment modalities, followed by integration by lineage-specific physiological mechanisms, and autonomization by natural selection) that have been achieved differently in different lineages.
Localization and Microsurgical Resection of Left Postcentral Gyrus Spetzler-Martin Grade 3 Arteriovenous Malformation by Intraoperative Neuronavigation and Tracing of Subcortical Draining Vein: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Zeeshan Qazi , Carrasco Hernandez Juan P , Sekhar Laligam N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This 42-yr-old man presented with a history of sudden right-sided facial and right arm weakness and dysarthria. Head computed tomography showed a left frontal-parietal blood clot. An intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a left subcortical postcentral, Spetzler-Martin Grade 3 arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with a diffuse nidus, measuring 2.1 × 1.5 cm, supplied by branches of the left MCA, and draining into a cortical vein and a deep vein, which was going toward the ventricle. Preoperative embolization was not possible.
The patient underwent left frontal-parietal craniotomy with intraoperative motor and sensory mapping. No arterialized veins were visible on the cortical surface. Neuronavigation localized the AVM in the subcortical postcentral gyrus. Through an incision in the postcentral sulcus, microdissection led to a yellowish gliotic plane. The large cortical vein was in the gliotic area and traced to the AVM. Circumferential microdissection was performed around the AVM. It had a very diffuse nidus; the arterial feeders were cauterized and divided, and the superior superficial and inferior deep draining veins were finally occluded, and AVM was removed.
Postoperative angiogram showed total removal of the AVM. At discharge, his right arm weakness had improved (power 5/5), and facial weakness and dysarthria were improving (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 2). At 1-yr follow-up, facial weakness and dysarthria had improved considerably, and patient returned to work (mRS 1).
This video shows microsurgical resection of an AVM by neuronavigation and tracing of the subcortical draining vein. The technique of cauterizing the perforating arteries after temporary clipping with flow arrest is shown in the video.
Informed consent was obtained from the patient prior to the surgery that included videotaping of the procedure and its distribution for educational purposes. All relevant patient identifiers have also been removed from the video and accompanying radiology slides.
Microsurgical Resection of a Spinal Cord Pial Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Haynes Joseph , Shapiro Maksim , Raz Eytan , Frempong-Boadu Anthony , Nossek Erez 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present a patient who was diagnosed 20 yr prior to current presentation with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. This patient had a 10-yr history of worsening back pain (and underwent lumbar fusion), urinary dysfunction leading to 3-yr dependence on intermittent catheterization, lower extremity paresthesias and pain, and progressive weakness with multiple falls, leading to walker then wheelchair dependence for mobility. Magnetic resonance studies showed extensive thoracic cord expansion and edema with enlarged spinal cord surface veins and flow voids extending from spinal levels T6 to the conus medullaris. Partial embolization at an outside institution elicited transient symptom improvement. Repeated spinal angiogram demonstrated persistent T10 pial arteriovenous fistula (AVF) supplied by the posterior spinal artery arising from the right T11 segmental artery as well as by the anterior spinal artery from the left T10 segmental artery. Because additional embolization carried significant risk, we planned open surgery with fistula resection. Informed consent for the surgery and video recording was obtained. The patient was placed in the prone position, and a radial artery access was obtained for intraoperative angiogram. Following a posterior T9-T11 laminectomy and dural opening, a pial dissection was performed to expose the AVF. Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography was used to assist in identifying the feeders and major drainage of the AVF. Post-AVF resection, a formal intraoperative radial access spinal angiogram demonstrated complete resection of the lesion with no residual shunt or early venous drainage. The patient improved significantly and, on last follow-up, is ambulating without any assistive devices.
Effects of steroidal implants on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and serum and meat estradiol-17β concentrations of Holstein steers
Authors: Carvalho Pedro Henrique Vilela , Perry George A , Felix Tara L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of steroidal implants on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and estradiol-17β (E2) concentrations in the blood and longissimus muscle of Holstein steers fed a grain-based diet. Seventy Holstein steers (average initial BW = 275 ± 6.4 kg, 10 to 12 mo of age) were assigned to treatments: (i) implanted with 80 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 16 mg of E2 (Component TE-IS with Tylan; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) at the start of the trial (day 0), and reimplanted with 120 mg of TBA and 24 mg of E2 (Component TE-S with Tylan; Elanco Animal Health) on day 84 of the experiment; or (ii) no implant. Implanted Holstein steers were heavier (P ≤ 0.01) than nonimplanted Holstein steers in the middle (day 84) and at the end of the experiment (day 186). Implanting Holstein steers increased (P &lt; 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI) without affecting gain-to-feed ratio compared with nonimplanted animals. Carcasses from implanted Holstein steers had greater (P &lt; 0.01) hot carcass weight (HCW) and longissimus muscle (LM) area than carcasses from nonimplanted steers. Implanting did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) other carcass characteristics. There was an increase (P = 0.03) of 1.3 pg of E2/g of muscle in implanted Holstein steers compared with that from nonimplanted Holstein steers. There was an implant × day interaction (P &lt; 0.01) in serum E2 concentrations. Serum E2 concentrations were not altered in nonimplanted Holstein steers, whereas E2 concentration increased (P &lt; 0.01) after steers were implanted, regardless of implant characteristics. Serum E2 peaked at 28 days after the first implant and then rapidly declined after day 56. In summary, steroidal implants administered on days 0 and 84 increased DMI, ADG, HCW, and LM area in Holstein steers compared with nonimplanted steers due to increased serum E2 concentrations. However, these changes did not improve feed efficiency or other carcass characteristics.
Phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation of functional traits influences intra-specific variation in hydraulic efficiency and safety
Authors: Pritzkow Carola , Williamson Virginia , Szota Christopher , Trouvé Raphael , Arndt Stefan K 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnderstanding which hydraulic traits are under genetic control and/or are phenotypically plastic is essential in understanding how tree species will respond to rapid shifts in climate. We quantified hydraulic traits in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. across a precipitation gradient in the field to describe (i) trait variation in relation to long-term climate and (ii) the short-term (seasonal) ability of traits to adjust (i.e., phenotypic plasticity). Seedlings from each field population were raised under controlled conditions to assess (iii) which traits are under strong genetic control. In the field, drier populations had smaller leaves with anatomically thicker xylem vessel walls, a lower leaf hydraulic vulnerability and a lower water potential at turgor loss point, which likely confers higher hydraulic safety. Traits such as the water potential at turgor loss point and ratio of sapwood to leaf area (Huber value) showed significant adjustment from wet to dry conditions in the field, indicating phenotypic plasticity and importantly, the ability to increase hydraulic safety in the short term. In the nursery, seedlings from drier populations had smaller leaves and a lower leaf hydraulic vulnerability, suggesting that key traits associated with hydraulic safety are under strong genetic control. Overall, our study suggests a strong genetic control over traits associated with hydraulic safety, which may compromise the survival of wet-origin populations in drier future climates. However, phenotypic plasticity in physiological and morphological traits may confer sufficient hydraulic safety to facilitate genetic adaptation.
Reductions in skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass are not restored following exercise training in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Watson Emma L. , Baker Luke A. , Wilkinson Thomas J. , Gould Douglas W. , Graham‐Brown Matthew P.M. , Major Rupert W. , Ashford Robert U. , Philp Andrew , Smith Alice C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit reduced exercise capacity, poor physical function and symptoms of fatigue. The mechanisms that contribute to this are not clearly defined but may involve reductions in mitochondrial function, mass and biogenesis. Here we report on the effect of non‐dialysis dependent CKD (NDD‐CKD) on mitochondrial mass and basal expression of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis compared to a healthy control cohort (HC). In addition, we sought to investigate the effect of a 12‐week exercise‐training programme on these aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in a NDD‐CKD cohort.For the comparison between NDD‐CKD and HC populations, skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis (VL) of n=16 non‐dialysis dependent CKD patient’s stage 3b‐5 (NDD‐CKD) and n=16 healthy controls matched for age, gender and physical activity (HC). To investigate the effect of exercise training, VL biopsies were collected from n=17 NDD‐CKD patients before and after a 12‐week exercise intervention that was comprised of aerobic exercise (AE) or a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training (CE). Mitochondrial mass was analysed by citrate synthase activity and mitochondrial protein content by Porin expression, whilst the expression of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis were quantified by real‐time qPCR. NDD‐CKD patients exhibited a significant reduction in mitochondrial mass when compared to HC, coupled to a reduction in PGC‐1α, NRF‐1, Nrf2, TFam, mfn2 and SOD1/2 gene expression. 12‐weeks of exercise training resulted in a significant increase in PGC‐1α expression in both groups, with no further changes seen across indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis. No significant changes in mitochondrial mass were observed in response to either exercise programme. NDD‐CKD patients exhibit reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass and gene expression of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis compared to HC. These reductions were not restored following 12‐weeks of exercise training implying exercise resistance in this cohort. The reasons for this lack of improvement are currently unknown and require further investigation, as reversing the dysregulation of these processes in NDD‐CKD may provide a therapeutic opportunity to improve muscle fatigue and dysfunction in this population.
Dermal Triangular Flaps to Prevent Pseudoptosis in Mastopexy Surgery: The Hammock Technique
Authors: Watfa William , Zaugg Patrice , Baudoin Julien , Bramhall Russell J. , Raffoul Wassim , di Summa Pietro G. 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Mastopexy is one of the most performed cosmetic surgery procedures in the United States. Despite the numerous mastopexy techniques that were published in the past decades, preventing pseudoptosis to ensure longer lasting results remains the principal challenge.

Objectives:
This paper describes a new mastopexy technique developed for moderate to severe ptosis/pseudoptosis associated with upper pole deflation. Considering some of the commonest risk factors generally considered predictive of worse outcomes (massive weight loss, multiple pregnancies, skin quality, smoking, age), we aimed to assess whether this technique could be beneficial in the support of the desired breast shape over time.

Methods:
Twelve patients, all featuring 1 or more of the abovementioned preoperative risk factors, were operated on by the same senior surgeon with the hammock mastopexy technique using dermal flaps as a support for the glandular reshaping (6 bilateral mastopexies and 6 unilateral mastopexies for contralateral symmetrization after breast reconstruction). Patients’ characteristics, such as smoking, weight loss, or multiparity with consequent inelastic skin, age, and lengthy nipple–areola complex lift, were considered as independent risk factors for ptosis recurrence and bottoming out. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to the number of their risk factors. Aesthetic results were assessed at 12 months postoperatively. Changes in postoperative were assessed for each patient by breast measurements and a superposition of the standardized breast photographs. Long-term outcomes were compared with a control group of 6 patients who benefited from mastopexy without “hammock technique.”

Results:
Satisfactory maintenance of shape and stable nipple–areola complex position was seen at 12 months regardless of the number of risk factors. However, a statistically significant difference was found in lower pole lengthening between patients with more than 3 risk factors compared to other groups. Aesthetic measurement results were consistent between the patient and surgeon reporting a satisfying cosmetic result, regardless of the number of risk factors. In the control group, we found a significant increase in breast lower pole measurements at 12 months when compared with the hammock group.

Conclusions:
This mastopexy technique improves projection and reinforces the lower pole support with lateral and medial dermal flaps. The technique is safe and reliable and provides easily reproducible results for patients with risk factors for postoperative pseudoptosis.
Transjugular Versus Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Children
Authors: Srivastava Anshu , Prasad Durga , Panda Ipsita , Yadav Rajanikant , Jain Manoj , Sarma Moinak Sen , Prasad Raghunandan , Poddar Ujjal , Yachha Surender Kumar 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBackground/Objective:Percutaneous biopsy (PB) and transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) are 2 main ways of obtaining liver tissue. We evaluated the indications, success rate, tissue yield, and complications of TJLB in comparison to PB in children.Methods:Electronic records of children undergoing liver biopsy (LB) were reviewed. Clinico laboratory data including indication, type of biopsy, complications, and tissue yield (length and number of complete portal tracts [CPT]) were noted.Results:Five hundred forty LB (indication: neonatal cholestasis [42.9%], chronic liver disease [43.7%], liver failure [3.7%], focal lesions [3.3%] and others [6.3%]) were done. Four hundred seventy‐three were PB (317 boys, 14 [1‐‐216] months) done by percussion (322 [68%]), real‐time ultrasound guidance (125 [26.4%]), or plugged method [26 (5.5%)]. Sixty‐seven (12.4%) were TJLB [38 boys, 140 (24‐‐216) months], done in patients with contraindications for PB. Technical success (67/68 vs 473/473; P = 0.7) and complications (4 [6%]; vs 15 [3.3%]; P = 0.2) of TJLB and PB were similar. Major complications (0.5%) included supraventricular tachycardia (n = 1) in TJLB and hemoperitoneum (n = 2) in PB. Tissue yield of TJLB was poorer in terms of length (1.0 [0.2‐‐2.0] vs 1.1 [0.4‐‐2.1] cm; P < 0.001), CPT (4 [0‐‐9] vs 5 [2‐‐17]; P < 0.001) and adequacy for reporting (56/67 vs 459/473; P < 0.001). Biopsy yield of <6 CPT was predicted by cirrhosis at histology and TJLB. No factor identified risk of complications with LB.Conclusions:LB is a safe procedure and only 12% children require TJLB because of contraindications of PB. Technical success and complications are similar but tissue yield is poorer in TJLB than PB. Presence of cirrhosis and TJLB adversely affected tissue yield.
Genome-Scale Characterization of Predicted Plastid-Targeted Proteomes in Higher Plants
Authors: Christian Ryan W. , Hewitt Seanna L. , Roalson Eric H. , Dhingra Amit 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlastids are morphologically and functionally diverse organelles that are dependent on nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted proteins for all biochemical and regulatory functions. However, how plastid proteomes vary temporally, spatially, and taxonomically has been historically difficult to analyze at genome-wide scale using experimental methods. A bioinformatics workflow was developed and evaluated using a combination of fast and user-friendly subcellular prediction programs to maximize performance and accuracy for chloroplast transit peptides and demonstrate this technique on the predicted proteomes of 15 sequenced plant genomes. Gene family grouping was then performed in parallel using modified approaches of reciprocal best BLAST hits (RBH) and UCLUST. Between 628 protein families were found to have conserved plastid targeting across angiosperm species using RBH, and 828 using UCLUST. However, thousands of clusters were also detected where only one species had predicted plastid targeting, most notably inPanicum virgatumwhich had 1,458 proteins with species-unique targeting. An average of 45% overlap was found in plastid-targeted gene families compared with Arabidopsis, but an additional 20% of proteins matched against the full Arabidopsis proteome, indicating a unique evolution of plastid targeting. Neofunctionalization through subcellular relocalization is known to impart novel biological functions but has not been described before on genome-wide scale for the plastid proteome. Further work to correlate these predicted novel plastid-targeted proteins to transcript abundance and high-throughput proteomics will uncover unique aspects of plastid biology and shed light on how the plastid proteome has evolved to change plastid morphology and biochemistry.
Sequence-structure-function relationships in class I MHC: a local frustration perspective
Authors: Serçinoğlu Onur , Ozbek Pemra 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClass I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binds short antigenic peptides with the help of Peptide Loading Complex (PLC), and presents them to T-cell Receptors (TCRs) of cytotoxic T-cells and Killer-cell Immunglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) of Natural Killer (NK) cells. With more than 10000 alleles, the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) chain of MHC is the most polymorphic protein in humans. This allelic diversity provides a wide coverage of peptide sequence space, yet does not affect the three-dimensional structure of the complex. Moreover, TCRs mostly interact with pMHC in a common diagonal binding mode, and KIR-pMHC interaction is allele-dependent. With the aim of establishing a framework for understanding the relationships between polymorphism (sequence), structure (conserved fold) and function (protein interactions) of the MHC, we performed here a local frustration analysis on pMHC homology models covering 1436 HLA I alleles. An analysis of local frustration profiles indicated that (1) variations in MHC fold are unlikely due to minimally-frustrated and relatively conserved residues within the HLA peptide-binding groove, (2) high frustration patches on HLA helices are either involved in or near interaction sites of MHC with the TCR, KIR, or Tapasin of the PLC, and (3) peptide ligands mainly stabilize the F-pocket of HLA binding groove.Author SummaryA protein complex called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) plays a critical role in our fight against pathogens via presentation of antigenic peptides to receptor molecules of our immune system cells. Our knowledge on genetics, structure and protein interactions of MHC revealed that the peptide-binding groove of Human Leukocyte Chain (HLA I) of this complex is highly polymorphic and interacts with different proteins for peptide-binding and presentation over the course of its lifetime. Although the relationship between polymorphism and peptide-binding is well-known, we still lack a proper framework to understand how this polymorphism affects the overall MHC structure and protein interactions. Here, we used computational biophysics methods to generate structural models of 1436 HLA I alleles, and quantified local frustration within the HLA I, which indicates energetic optimization levels of contacts between amino acids. We identified a group of minimally frustrated and conserved positions which may be responsible for the conserved MHC structure, and detected high frustration patches on HLA surface positions taking part in interactions with other immune system proteins. Our results provide a biophysical basis for relationships between sequence, structure, and function of MHC I.