bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inversion of magnetotelluric data considering dimensionality discrepancies
Authors: Seillé Hoël , Visser Gerhard 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYBayesian inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data is a powerful but computationally expensive approach to estimate the subsurface electrical conductivity distribution and associated uncertainty. Approximating the Earth subsurface with 1-D physics considerably speeds-up calculation of the forward problem, making the Bayesian approach tractable, but can lead to biased results when the assumption is violated. We propose a methodology to quantitatively compensate for the bias caused by the 1-D Earth assumption within a 1-D trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. Our approach determines site-specific likelihood functions which are calculated using a dimensionality discrepancy error model derived by a machine learning algorithm trained on a set of synthetic 3-D conductivity training images. This is achieved by exploiting known geometrical dimensional properties of the MT phase tensor. A complex synthetic model which mimics a sedimentary basin environment is used to illustrate the ability of our workflow to reliably estimate uncertainty in the inversion results, even in presence of strong 2-D and 3-D effects. Using this dimensionality discrepancy error model we demonstrate that on this synthetic data set the use of our workflow performs better in 80 per cent of the cases compared to the existing practice of using constant errors. Finally, our workflow is benchmarked against real data acquired in Queensland, Australia, and shows its ability to detect the depth to basement accurately.
Impact of the Patent Cooperation Treaty in Latin America
Authors: Correa Juan I , Correa Carlos M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study shows that the main beneficiaries of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in three Latin American countries, which adhered to it as a result of the obligations provided for in free trade agreements, have been non-residents rather than local companies and individual inventors. This rebuts the frequently made argument that acceding to the PCT would generate incentives for local innovation and benefit local inventors by boosting their capacity to protect their developments in third countries. In the three countries considered in this study, the number of patents granted increased after accession to the treaty. This points to the risk of an erosion of the countries’ flexibilities in designing and implementing patent policies, as allowed by the TRIPS Agreement, with respect to the standards applied to assess eligibility for patent protection.
A peripheral heretic? An early fourteenth-century heresy trial from Sweden*
Authors: Zamore Gustav 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article examines the inquisition against Botulf, the only person known to have been executed for heresy in medieval Sweden. It analyses the tactics of evasion that Botulf employed to escape detection and apprehension by tapping into common conceptions of the Eucharist to gloss his dissent. Through a close reading of the sentence in its historical, cultural and liturgical context, the article argues that it not only records a unique case in medieval Sweden, but that it performs clerical and elite identities by drawing on biblical and liturgical topoi, as well as antiheretical rhetoric to depict Botulf as a ‘membrum diaboli’.
Publicity, authority and legal radicalism at John Lilburne’s treason trial, 1649*
Authors: Sargeant Jack David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article uses John Lilburne’s 1649 treason trial to explore the function of publicity in Leveller thought. It sets Lilburne’s demand for an open trial within the long- and short-term contexts of public trials in early modern England and the advent of extraordinary tribunals by parliament during the civil war of the 1640s. It argues that the Levellers attributed a particular significance to the transparency of legal proceedings. Publicity offered a means for the ‘free-born Englishman’ to verify that power was wielded legitimately, and opened up the possibility of resistance if they judged their fundamental rights and liberties to have been violated. In so doing, the article explores proposals for radical legal reform that emerged in the 1640s, and contrasts the Levellers’ immanent political ontology with the transcendental logic of monarchical power.
Positive Entropy Using Hecke Operators at a Single Place
Authors: Shem-Tov Zvi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe prove the following statement: let $X=\textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{Z}}})\backslash \textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{R}}})$ and consider the standard action of the diagonal group $A&lt;\textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{R}}})$ on it. Let $\mu $ be an $A$-invariant probability measure on $X$, which is a limit $$\begin{equation*} \mu=\lambda\lim_i|\phi_i|^2dx, \end{equation*}$$where $\phi _i$ are normalized eigenfunctions of the Hecke algebra at some fixed place $p$ and $\lambda&gt;0$ is some positive constant. Then any regular element $a\in A$ acts on $\mu $ with positive entropy on almost every ergodic component. We also prove a similar result for lattices coming from division algebras over ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$ and derive a quantum unique ergodicity result for the associated locally symmetric spaces. This generalizes a result of Brooks and Lindenstrauss [2].
Fibrous g-C3N4@Tio2 Nanocomposites-Based Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction for Chromium Speciation in Cow Milk by ICP-MS after Digestion Treatment with Artificial Gastric Juice
Authors: Chen Shizhong , Liu Yuxiu , Yan Juntao , Wang Chunlei , Lu Dengbo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Chromium is an interesting element because its toxicity depends on its speciation. Thus, knowledge of Cr speciation in cow milk is essential to human health.

Objective
This study aims to achieve real bioaccessible species in cow milk, including Cr(III), Cr(VI), residual, digestible, and total Cr.

Methods
Samples were treated with artificial gastric juice, followed by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) combined with ICP-MS for Cr speciation. Fibrous g-C3N4@TiO2 nanocomposites (FGCTNCs) were used as a novel adsorbent for DMSPE.

Results
The method detection limits were 110 pg/g (Cr(III)) and 260 pg/g (Cr(VI)) for milk powder (0.1 g), and 5.1 pg/g (Cr(III)) and 13 pg/g (Cr(VI)) for liquid cow milk (2 mL). The relative standard deviations (RSDs), obtained by analyzing the standard solutions containing 1.0 ng/mL of the analytes in sequence for nine times, were 4.3% and 5.1% for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. Linearity was observed over the range of 4 magnitude orders with correlation coefficients better than 0.9961. The enrichment factor of 100 was obtained. The majority of Cr in the samples was transferred into digestion solution. The content of Cr(III) is much higher than that of Cr(VI) in the digestion solution.

Conclusions
This method has the advantages of reduced solvent consumption, less adsorbent dosage, and high extraction efficiency. It may become a valuable strategy for elemental species in food samples.

Highlights
The samples were treated with artificial gastric juice to avoid the inter-conversion of species. FGCTNCs exhibit the merits of N-rich functional groups and selective adsorption for the analytes.
Injuries in sports activities in older people
Authors: Kostka Tomasz , Kostka Joanna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Regular physical activity in old age is widely recommended as an effective way to prevent chronic diseases and maintain well-being. Nevertheless, sports participation carries the risk of injury. In elderly people, the risk of injury is greater due to age-related pathophysiological changes and concomitant chronic conditions. Available data indicate an increasing number of injuries among older people, which is associated with there being more older people and an increasing number of these people are participating in sports and physical exercise. An appropriate identification of risk factors for injury and education of older people can reduce the incidence of injuries. Methods of preventing injuries include protective equipment such as helmets, warming up, and properly designed training programmes. Health benefits of participation in regular physical activity adjusted to health status and physical functioning outweigh hazards of sport-related injuries, even in advanced age.
Examining the nervous system of an older patient
Authors: Woodford Henry J. , George James 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.
A case of severe aortic stenosis: ongoing challenges with management
Authors: Kang Sok-Leng , Martin Robin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The clinical management of severe aortic stenosis in the newborn period is complex and challenging. This chapter presents case of severe aortic stenosis in a 3-day-old neonate who required multiple interventions in infancy, including balloon aortic valvuloplasty, the Ross procedure, pulmonary conduit replacement, and branch pulmonary artery stenting. The chapter outlines the clinical signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis in neonates, detailed echocardiographic and haemodynamic assessment of the morphology and severity of the lesion, and indications for intervention. Treatment options and the evidence surrounding each are also explored. Ultimately, the optimal treatment strategy and timing of intervention are likely to depend on local expertise and clinical condition at presentation.
Late presentation of the Fontan circulation
Authors: Bellsham-Revell Hannah , Bell Aaron , Head Catherine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A 16-year-old boy presented to the congenital heart disease department with oedema and chronic cough productive of casts. He had previously undergone Fontan completion for complex congenital heart disease overseas. Examination and basic investigations showed relapsed protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis, two significant complications of the Fontan circulation. He was extensively investigated, and his medical therapy optimized. Although initially referred for heart transplant assessment, he has been taken off the transplant list after good response to medical therapy alone. This case shows the complex multidisciplinary management of the adolescent Fontan patient with life-threatening complications.
The spectrum of disease in double outlet right ventricle
Authors: Ho Andrew , Bharucha Tara 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although often used as a diagnosis in its own right, double outlet right ventricle is more accurately merely a description of the ventriculo-arterial connection in a congenitally malformed heart, and use of the term must always be allied with further description of the anatomy. In this chapter we describe a term infant born at 3.4 kg following an antenatal diagnosis of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) with noncommitted ventricular septal defect (VSD), side-by-side great arteries and pulmonary stenosis. There was a duct-dependent pulmonary circulation in the neonatal period, and the infant underwent placement of a Blalock-Taussig shunt. Following multi-modality cardiac imaging, he underwent to complete surgical repair at 16 months of age, with VSD enlargement, tunnelled closure of the VSD to commit the left ventricle to the aorta, and augmentation of the pulmonary outflow tract. Through the chapter, we emphasise the importance of a detailed anatomical description and thorough investigation in this family of defects, in order to allow an understanding of the physiology, clinical behaviour and the management options available for individual patients. Learning points in the chapter include discussion regarding the definitions of DORV, detailed descriptions of the major anatomical groups and a synopsis of the more common surgical options.
Cardiac transplantation
Authors: Kucera Filip , Burch Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and started on medical therapy. Following stability for several weeks, she was readmitted for significant symptoms of worsening of heart failure. There was limited improvement on intravenous diuretics and, as such, was unable to be weaned off intravenous inotropic support. She was therefore listed for ventricular assist device insertion as a bridge to cardiac transplant. She was urgently listed for a heart transplant. The post-operative course after Berlin Heart™ left ventricular assist device implantation was uneventful, and within a short while, she was transferred to the cardiac ward. Two months later, despite appropriate anticoagulation, she had symptoms of left-sided weakness as a result of an ischaemic stroke. Fortunately, she made a full recovery. She received a donor heart and, following transplantation, was admitted to cardiac intensive care on adrenaline and milrinone. Despite initial signs of mild cardiac dysfunction on echocardiography, her cardiac function normalized within a few days. In addition, she was treated with medical therapy for early post-transplant hypertension. The first cardiac biopsy showed no signs of rejection and she had no evidence of cytomegalovirus or Epstein–Barr virus infection. After 10 days, she was transferred back to the cardiology ward and was subsequently discharged home, with follow-up in the transplant clinic. Three months later, she returned back to school.
Supraventricular tachycardia
Authors: Regan Will , Mangat Jasveer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a case-based discussion of the management of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children. The case illustrates the challenges of medical management of SVT in neonatal life and infancy, both in terms of acute presentation, as well as longer-term medical care and outpatient monitoring to reduce recurrences of paroxysmal tachycardias as the child grows. Ultimately, the child benefits from an electrophysiology study (EPS) and catheter ablation. The chapter more broadly covers the varying clinical presentations of SVT in children and common treatment strategies employed. The electrophysiological mechanisms of SVT commonly seen in children are outlined. There is a review of the evidence behind the medical management of SVT in children, including a practical guide on the choice of anti-arrhythmic medication for different mechanisms of tachycardia, based on current guidelines. Finally, the chapter summarizes the invasive treatment option of EPS and ablation in children.
Solitary indeterminate single ventricle with aortic atresia
Authors: Wong James , Razavi Reza 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A newborn baby weighing 2.3 kg presented to the children’s emergency department with signs of respiratory distress. Initial assessment demonstrated poor peripheral perfusion, weak peripheral pulses and an elevated blood lactate level. Transcutaneous saturations were 85% on air. There was tachycardia, which was out of proportion to tachypnoea. A chest radiograph showed an abnormal cardiac silhouette. After consulting with the regional paediatric cardiology team, the child was commenced on a prostaglandin infusion and a transfer was arranged. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a functionally single ventricle of indeterminate origin with aortic atresia. A decision was made to proceed towards single ventricle palliation. Due to the child’s small size, banding of the branch pulmonary arteries was performed and the child remained on prostin infusion as an interim procedure. A Norwood operation was performed at 2 months of age. A 5-mm Sano conduit was inserted. The child was discharged from hospital at 3.5 months of age. Without an antenatal diagnosis, infants with aortic atresia or severe aortic stenosis and single ventricle physiology present early in the postnatal period with features of cardiogenic shock. Fluid resuscitation and administration of prostaglandin are essential. Unless echocardiography is available locally, the diagnosis may not be confirmed until transfer has been made to a cardiology centre. Usually echocardiography is sufficient to make the diagnosis, although additional imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, or cardiac catheterization, are occasionally required. The Norwood procedure is used as a palliative stepwise strategy. Mortality has improved dramatically in the last 30 years; however, there remains a burden of morbidity. This case explores the diagnosis, strategy, and common pitfalls often encountered in managing children with this new diagnosis.
Challenges of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Authors: Chen Robin HS , Jivanji Salim , Khambadkone Sachin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This case study looks at a common pathway in the management of a patient with truncus arteriosus. The chapter follows the various considerations in decision-making and the conundrums in contemplating an intervention in the right ventricular outflow tract. The chapter explores the evidence available in determining an intervention and the suitability in consideration for a percutaneous approach. It further explores the various conduits used in the creation of a ‘right ventricle to pulmonary artery’ conduit and the resulting challenges associated with them, the pre-procedural workup, the benefits and risks in the percutaneous approach, and the various valves (specifically the Melody® valve) currently available.
Challenges in the management of coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Jivanji Salim , Chen Robin HS , Rosenthal Eric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A postnatally diagnosed child underwent stenting of his native coarctation of the aorta after initial conservative management. After successful treatment of his coarctation, he was followed up regularly and was noted to develop hypertension. Subsequent investigations confirmed that he required further dilatation of his stent in view of somatic growth. Cardiac catheterization revealed an aneurysm at the site of the previous stenting. Given his aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSCA), the procedure was terminated with a view to the best method of treatment. He subsequently underwent re-stenting of his coarctation, with protection of his ARSCA with a balloon over a wire. The chapter explores the challenges in managing this condition using angioplasty, stenting, or surgery, and the common pitfalls that are encountered in the life of patients with this condition.
Infective endocarditis
Authors: Jivanji Salim , Adamji Rubya , Rigby Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A young patient with previously repaired mixed aortic valve disease presented to his local hospital with symptoms and signs consistent with infective endocarditis. Following confirmation of Streptococcus viridans in his blood cultures, he underwent initial antibiotic treatment, followed by surgical resection of his right ventricular outflow tract vegetation. This chapter examines the difficulty in making a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, the devastating nature of its course, and the challenges in managing this condition. Finally, it explores the association of infective endocarditis with poor dental hygiene, the importance of promoting effective oral hygiene, and the evolving evidence in the use of antibiotic prophylaxis.
Transposition of the great arteries: to switch or not to switch?
Authors: Day Thomas , Cheung Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the case of an infant with transposition of the great arteries (TGA), with an anatomy unsuitable for the standard arterial switch. The chapter outlines the cardiac lesions that are commonly associated with TGA and the reasons why some infants cannot undergo arterial switch. Common points of confusion in TGA are clarified, including the coronary anatomy, the physiology of mixing, and clinical signs. Useful tips regarding echocardiography and balloon atrial septostomy are included. Finally, the chapter describes alternative surgical strategies, including Rastelli, réparation à l’étage ventriculaire (REV), and Nikaidoh procedures.
Long QT syndrome: beyond making a diagnosis
Authors: Norrish Gabrielle , Kaski Juan Pablo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an uncommon, but important, cause of ventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis is straightforward in symptomatic patients with marked QT prolongation on a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). However, in many patients, the ECG findings are dynamic, and to make the diagnosis, clinicians need to be aware of suggestive features. The greatest challenge in managing these patients is risk stratification for a sudden arrhythmic event. Beta-blockers have been shown to reduce the risk for ventricular arrhythmias in all genotype-positive patients, regardless of 12-lead ECG findings. For patients in whom beta-blockers are contraindicated, left cardiac sympathetic denervation may be a useful therapy. Implantable cardioverter–defibrillators have a role to play in preventing sudden cardiac death, although their use should be balanced with associated complications and psychological impact. Population screening for LQTS remains controversial. Screening of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome is recommended, but population screening is not currently undertaken in the United Kingdom.
Near syncope is not always benign
Authors: Theocharis Paraskevi , Bini Roberta 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A ‘not uncommon’ episode of near syncope in a 6-year-old child is the starting point for cardiology screening of pulmonary hypertension, a rare condition in paediatrics, posed two questions—was SVT secondary to right heart failure that is secondary to pulmonary hypertension? Or was SVT precipitated by right heart failure in the presence of pulmonary hypertension? The chapter goes on to describe the meticulous and extensive screening necessary to establish the correct diagnosis, aiming to ascertain the presence, type, and severity of pulmonary hypertension. The differential diagnosis is fundamental to the therapeutic strategies. There is no cure. Palliative procedures and drug therapy improve symptoms and prolong life, but eventually the disease progresses. When the response to therapeutic strategies decreases and symptoms worsen, the only option that remains is bilateral lung transplantation.