bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines and integrated 3D electrodes for stretchable and conformable biosensor applications
Authors: Didier Charles , Kundu Avra , Rajaraman Swaminathan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe explore the capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines (µserpentines) and utilize these structures to develop dynamic 3D microelectrodes for potential applications in in vitro, wearable, and implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The device incorporates optimized 3D printed µserpentine designs with out-of-plane microelectrode structures, integrated on to a flexible Kapton® package with micromolded PDMS insulation. The flexibility of the optimized, printed µserpentine design was calculated through effective stiffness and effective strain equations, so as to allow for analysis of various designs for enhanced flexibility. The optimized, down selected µserpentine design was further sputter coated with 7–70 nm-thick gold and the performance of these coatings was studied for maintenance of conductivity during uniaxial strain application. Bending/conforming analysis of the final devices (3D MEAs with a Kapton® package and PDMS insulation) were performed to qualitatively assess the robustness of the finished device toward dynamic MEA applications. 3D microelectrode impedance measurements varied from 4.2 to 5.2 kΩ during the bending process demonstrating a small change and an example application with artificial agarose skin composite model to assess feasibility for basic transdermal electrical recording was further demonstrated.
An Alternative Treatment of Pseudogynecomastia in Male Patients After Massive Weight Loss
Authors: Hardy Krista L , Stark Ran , Small Kevin H , Kenkel Jeffrey M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
There has been an increase in body contouring procedures following massive weight loss (MWL), including male breast reduction procedures. Treating male chest deformity after MWL using standard mastopexy techniques often leads to suboptimal results.

Objectives
The authors describe a technique to treat pseudogynecomastia using a modified elliptical excision and nipple-areola complex (NAC) transposition on a thinned inferior dermal pedicle as an alternative to conventional techniques.

Methods
A retrospective chart review from January 2011 to January 2019 identified a total of 14 male patients who underwent excision of pseudogynecomastia using the described technique.

Results
Patients were characterized by age, method of weight loss, pre-weight loss body mass index (BMI), post-weight loss BMI, total weight loss, grade of pseudogynecomastia, and concurrent procedures performed. Patients were followed for a period ranging from 3 months to 1.5 years (average, 8.1 months). Pre-weight loss BMI and post-weight loss BMI averaged 52.0 kg/m2 and 29.6 kg/m2, respectively. The average weight lost was 79.72 kg and the average total amount of tissue removed was 2615 g. All patients had concurrent procedures with an average operative time of 274 minutes. Four out of 14 patients (28.6%) experienced minor complications, which included asymmetry, delayed wound healing, seroma, and hyperpigmentation. There were no wound infections, hematomas, flap necrosis, or dysesthesia.

Conclusions
Due to several cosmetic advantages and low complication profile, our technique using a modified elliptical excision and NAC transfer on an inferior dermal pedicle is an attractive option for treating male chest deformity after MWL.

Level of Evidence: 4
Racialised uneven development and multiple exposure: sea-level rise and high-risk neighbourhoods in Stockton, CA
Authors: Liévanos Raoul S 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article advances a conceptual framework that illuminates how racialised uneven development inscribes overlapping and interacting risks from climate, environmental and economic riskscapes into ‘high-risk neighbourhoods’. Drawing on archival sources, geographic information systems and qualitative comparative analysis, it examines the production of high-risk neighbourhoods in Stockton, CA. With significant scholarly and practical implications, the findings reveal how different historical configurations of devalued racialised people and places, adverse housing market incorporation and displacement, and unequal flood protections are associated with elevated risk of exposure to climate-related sea-level rise in Stockton’s high-risk neighbourhoods.
Silhouetting the Self and Society: An Interview with Neelum Saran Gour
Authors: Das Chhandita , Tripathi Priyanka 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The emergence of humanistic geographers like Tim Cresswell, Edward Relph, and Yi-Fu Tuan from the 1970s onwards redefined the meaning of ‘place’, through extensive emphasis on human experience within and beyond the physical landscape. Since then ‘place’ has stretched its domain and traversed the terrains of various disciplines, including literary study and production. Discussing ‘place’ in relation to how the acclaimed Indian writer Neelum Saran Gour represents Allahabad shows how she reframes the ‘cultural geography’ of the city. While decoding her literary spaces, this interview focusses on the multidimensional concept of ‘place’ from geographical and social–cultural perspectives and how Allahabad, or any other place like Allahabad for that matter, becomes an extension of the writer’s ‘self’ and its inhabitants. This interview also explicates how Gour conceives the invisibilities of multicultural North Indian society in terms of its various linguistic and gendered identities. In turn, Gour’s work moves from regional singularity to represent ‘Indianness’ more broadly.
Poor Oral Health and Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Cardiac Biomarkers in Older Age: Results From Two Studies in the UK and USA
Authors: Kotronia Eftychia , Wannamethee S Goya , Papacosta A Olia , Whincup Peter H , Lennon Lucy T , Visser Marjolein , Kapila Yvonne L , Weyant Robert J , Ramsay Sheena E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
We examined the association of objective and subjective oral health markers with inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers in older age.

Methods
Cross-sectional analyses were based on the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) comprising British men aged 71–92 years (n = 2,147), and the Health, Aging and Body Composition (HABC) Study comprising American men and women aged 71–80 years (n = 3,075). Oral health markers included periodontal disease, tooth count, dry mouth. Inflammatory biomarkers included C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both studies, and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibrin D-dimer, high-sensitivity Troponin T (hsTnT), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) only in the BRHS.

Results
In both studies, tooth loss, was associated with the top tertile of CRP—odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) are 1.31 (1.02–1.68) in BRHS; and 1.40 (1.13–1.75) in the HABC Study, after adjusting for confounders. In the HABC Study, cumulative (≥3) oral health problems were associated with higher levels of CRP (OR [95% CI] =1.42 [1.01–1.99]). In the BRHS, complete and partial tooth loss was associated with hemostatic factors, in particular with the top tertile of fibrin D-dimer (OR [95% CI] = 1.64 [1.16–2.30] and 1.37 [1.05–1.77], respectively). Tooth loss and periodontal disease were associated with increased levels of hsTnT.

Conclusions
Poor oral health in older age, particularly tooth loss, was consistently associated with some inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers. Prospective studies and intervention trials could help understand better if poor oral health is causally linked to inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers.
The multi-dimensional approach to drug-induced states: A commentary on Bayne and Carter’s “dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state”
Authors: Fortier-Davy Martin , Millière Raphaël 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBayne and Carter argue that the mode of consciousness induced by psychedelic drugs does not fit squarely within the traditional account of modes as levels of consciousness, and favors instead a multi-dimensional account according to which modes of consciousness differ along several dimensions—none of which warrants a linear ordering of modes. We discuss the assumption that psychedelic drugs induce a single or paradigmatic mode of consciousness, as well as conceptual issues related to Bayne and Carter’s main argument against the traditional account. Finally, we raise a set of questions about the individuation of dimensions selected to differentiate modes of consciousness that could be addressed in future discussions of the multi-dimensional account.
Mild to moderate partial sleep deprivation is associated with increased impulsivity and decreased positive affect in young adults
Authors: Saksvik-Lehouillier Ingvild , Saksvik Simen Berg , Dahlberg Johanna , Tanum Tiril K , Ringen Heidi , Karlsen Håvard Rudi , Smedbøl Trine , Sørengaard Torhild Anita , Stople Mailen , Kallestad Håvard , Olsen Alexander 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effects of mild–moderate partial sleep deprivation on affective and cognitive functioning were evaluated in a naturalistic home environment, mimicking short sleep typically caused by demands from work or society. A total of 52 healthy individuals aged 18–35 was included in an 11-day study protocol. Participants slept at home, and sleep patterns were observed using actigraphs and sleep diaries. After maintaining habitual sleep for 7 days, the participants were asked to sleep 2 hours less than their average sleep duration for the last three nights of the study protocol. A not-X continuous performance test was administered at 9 am (± 90 minutes) on days 1, 4, 8 (habitual sleep), 9 and 11 (sleep deprivation). Performance-based measures included response accuracy and speed. Participant-reported measures included how well the participants felt they performed and how exhausted they were from taking the test, as well as positive and negative affect. There was a significant change in reaction time, number of commission errors, subjective performance, subjective exertion, and positive affect across the visits. Specifically, there was a linear decrease in reaction time, performance, and positive affect throughout the study, and a significant quadratic trend for commissions and exertion (first decreasing, then increasing after sleep deprivation). The univariate tests for omissions and negative affect were not significant. We conclude that sleeping 1.5–2 hours less than usual leads to faster response speed, but more commission errors and decreased positive affect. This indicates that individuals become more impulsive and experience less positive affect after a period of short sleep.
Neurocognition of Teaching and Learning Clinical Reasoning in Veterinary Pathology Using Eye‐tracking and Electroencephalography
Authors: Anderson Sarah J. , Abdullayeva Nia , Hecker Kent , Warren Amy 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionExamining clinical reasoning skill acquisition in health professions education is key to optimize the teaching of this skill. Insights from neural (electroencephalography) and biometric (eye‐tracking) data could provide novel proximal measures that generate quantitative empirical evidence representing a learner’s (and expert’s) cognitive processing. Visual diagnostic reasoning in particular relies on data acquired from visual images to recognize anatomic pathologies. Eye‐tracking research has shown distinct differences in expert versus novice eye tracking patterns in visual diagnostic reasoning, where novices are expected to have more disorganized eye‐movement patterns resulting in longer times to reach diagnosis and less time is spent focusing on important areas of interest. Employing eye‐tracking in conjunction with neural and behavioural measures could yield more complete evidence for analysis to understand nuances in progression of learning.AimThe aim of this work is to determine whether learners acquire the same neural signatures as expert pathologists and whether learners are attending to the clinically significant features of an image.MethodsNovice learners (n = 27) were taught to accurately visually diagnose twelve distinct bovine liver pathologies through a trial and error process where feedback was provided using a computerized module. This learning module consisted of 288 fast paced (5 seconds each), self‐advancing, interactive questions. Expert veterinary anatomic pathologists (n = 8) also completed this module. Behavioural performance (accuracy, response time), EEG, and eye‐tracking data were collected for each participant as they progressed through the module. This study has been approved by the University of Calgary Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board (REB16‐0925).ResultsAll data has been collected and is presently under analysis.Discussion and ConclusionBased on the results of this work we can determine whether training module is appropriately stimulating learner attention to clinically appropriate visual cues and whether similar neural signatures in competent learners (as defined by behavioural accuracy) compared to experts are observed. The findings of this work will also contribute to generating a neurobiometric profile of expertise and expertise development. By defining a profile, we can better assess how teaching strategies support or hinder the transition of learners along the novice to expert continuum. While advances in the development of tools to measure neurophysiological data continue to make neuroeducational research more accessible and practical in an educational setting, the challenge will be to meaningfully design and communicate research in a way that is applicable to educationalists.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of Calgary Veterinary Education Research Fund
Finite element analysis and β‐catenin Signaling at the Alveolar Bone after Tooth Extraction – study in rats
Authors: Rossi Ana Cláudia , Ferreira Beatriz Carmona , Freire Alexandre Rodrigues , Araujo Rafael , Okamoto Roberta , Prado Felippe Bevilacqua 
Published: April 2020

β‐catenin signaling is critical for remodeling bone. Finite element analysis studies showed that there is an alveolar bone adaptation associated with chewing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of β‐catenin and the alveolar bone deformation by finite element analysis in rats with tooth extraction. Twenty‐four male rats (Wistar linage), 2 months old, were used. The tooth (right upper incisor) extraction procedure was performed. In the control group (n = 6) the normal dentition was maintained. The euthanasia occurred at 5 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6) and 14 (n = 6) days after day 0 of extraction. The three‐dimensional model of the rat skull was constructed in each group, and the computational simulation by finite element analysis was performed to simulate the bite in the incisors. The left maxilla of all rats was removed and submitted to histological processing. The immunohistochemistry analysis was performed for β‐catenin labeling. The finite element analysis of the experimental group showed a smaller amount of deformations relative to the control group and a distribution pattern uniform. In osteocyte count, positive β‐catenin markings concentrated on the lingual alveolar bone and the ANOVA test showed that there were differences 14 days compared to the other groups (p = 0.00303). The findings of this study showed that the condition of tooth extraction can cause β‐catenin expression and altered regimens of alveolar bone deformation.Support or Funding InformationThe São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP (grant: 4674‐1/2017) and The Institutional Internationalization Program (PrInt) of the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
Tryptophan Depletion through a Low Protein Diet Alters Renal Structure and Function in Young Male Mice
Authors: Irsik Debra L. , Xu Jianrui , Kang Baolin , Zhong Qing , Ding Kehong , McGee-Lawrence Meghan , Bollag Wendy B. , Isales Carlos M. 
Published: April 2020

Low protein diets have been used in patients with chronic kidney disease to decrease uremic burden, but its use is controversial due to concerns about malnutrition. Long term use of a low‐protein diet may also impact bone health through reduction of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. We have previously shown that feeding a low‐protein diet with increased levels of its metabolite, kynurenine (a change that also occurs in aging) to adult mice leads to bone loss. The kidney regulates many important factors for bone health such as Vitamin D, and in conjunction with parathyroid hormone, phosphate and calcium. Since aging is known to also impact the kidney, we hypothesized that alterations in the normal ratio of tryptophan to kynurenine would impact kidney structure and function. We fed 3‐mo‐old male mice one of four diets [normal 18% protein (NP) or low 8% protein (LP) with or without kynurenine added] for 8 weeks. Mice were housed in metabolic cages for baseline measurements and again at the end of the feeding for 24‐hr urine collection. At sacrifice, kidneys were weighed to detect changes in renal mass, frozen for Western blotting or formalin‐fixed for histological analysis. As expected, we found decreased albuminuria with LP; however, there was a further reduction with KYN treatment in LP mice. There was significant diuresis (2.2±0.31 vs. 0.8±0.1 ml/day) in LP compared to NP mice that was attenuated in KYN mice (1.0±0.2ml/day); this effect may be due in part to a reduction in AQP2 levels. Natriuresis followed a similar trend but did not reach significance (0.12±0.01 vs. 0.08±0.01 mmol/day). Renal mass alone (0.17±0.00 vs. 0.20±0.01 g) and kidney weight/body weight (0.0055±0.0001 vs. 0.0059±0.0001) was decreased in LP mice with no further impact of KYN. Thus, while changes in the tryptophan to kynurenine ratio seem to impact the kidney, the changes vary with the renal parameter investigated.Support or Funding InformationAG036675
A Phosphorylation Dependent Regulatory Switch at the Gα12 N‐terminus Modulates Cell Growth Signaling
Authors: Nance Samantha R. , Meigs Thomas E. 
Published: April 2020

The G12/13 subfamily of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) is composed of Gα12 and Gα13, which play important intracellular signaling roles including activation of serum response factor (SRF). SRF activates transcription of serum response element (SRE) regulated genes involved in cell growth and tumorigenic events. Although crystal structures for Gα12 and Gα13 have been reported, very little is understood about the structure and function of these proteins at the N‐terminus. Previous reports have suggested serine phosphorylation occurs near the N‐terminus of Gα12. To identify the target serine in Gα12 and its possible role in SRF signaling, a series of point mutations were engineered to either abolish or mimic serine phosphorylation. Replacing a Gα12‐specific N‐terminal serine with the phosphomimic aspartic acid disrupted Gα12 signaling to SRF, as measured by firefly luciferase assays. Signaling by Gα13 was unaffected by phosphomimics of potentially homologous serines, suggesting a Gα12‐specific mechanism. Insertion of the Gα12 N‐terminus harboring the phosphomimic into Gα13 bestowed negative regulation of SRF signaling upon this chimeric protein. These results point to a kinase‐dependent switching mechanism at the N‐terminus of Gα12 that governs its growth signaling. Currently, we are investigating protein interactions affected by the phosphomimic and screening potential kinases for phosphorylation of Gα12.Support or Funding InformationNC GlaxoSmithKline Foundation; UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; NC Biotechnology Center
TNFα Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Motor Neurons
Authors: Brown Alyssa Denise , Rana Sabhya Denise , Fogarty Matthew J. , Mantilla Carlos B. , Sieck Gary C. 
Published: April 2020

Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, like TNFα, mediate a cellular stress response to inflammation that may target mitochondria. In the present study, we hypothesize that in motor neuron‐like NSC‐34 cells, TNFα induces mitochondrial fragmentation and biogenesis in order to maintain overall O2 consumption of these cells. NSC‐34 cells were differentiated by serum depletion (~24 h) until neurite structures (>50 μm) were observed. Cells were then exposed to TNFα (20 ng/ml) for 24 h. Mitochondria were labeled using MitoTracker Green and imaged using confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial morphometry was assessed by measuring aspect ratio (ratio of long to short axis) and form factor (perimeter2/4p·Area). Expression of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2 – fusion protein) and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1 – fission) was determined by Western blot. From 3D reconstruction of optical slices of NSC‐34 cells, cell and mitochondrial volumes were determined and mitochondrial volume density calculated. Mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed by measuring mitochondrial DNA, and expression of PGC1α was measured. An Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer was used to measure cellular O2 consumption. A quantitative histochemical method was used to measure the maximum velocity of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDHmax) reaction within NSC‐34 cells to determine the functionality of the tri‐carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC). Finally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured using MitoSox fluorescence. After exposure to TNFα, aspect ratio and form factor of mitochondria decreased by ~15% compared to untreated controls with consistent changes in Mfn2 and Drp1 expression. After TNFα exposure, mitochondrial DNA expression increased as did mitochondrial volume density, together indicating increased mitochondrial biogenesis. After TNFα exposure, O2 consumption per mitochondrion (normalized for mitochondrial volume density) decreased. This was consistent with a TNFα‐induced decrease in SDHmax. Despite the decrease in O2 consumption and SDHmax per mitochondrion after TNFα exposure, ROS formation increased reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that mitochondrial fragmentation, biogenesis and increased mitochondrial volume density are a homeostatic mechanism to decrease O2 consumption per mitochondrion thereby damping ROS formation, while maintaining overall O2 consumption to meet ATP demand.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH grants AG44615 and HL105355.