bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New issues regarding drug-related deaths: combined suicide
Authors: Jandl M , Hocevar Grom A , Drev A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Observing drug-related deaths in Slovenia in the last years we have seen more and more combined suicides; with combination of illicit drugs or medicinal drugs taken in toxic or lethal concentrations and an external cause of death that is not poisoning.

Methods
In the case study we studied 4 cases of combined suicides in 2018, with combination of illicit drugs taken and an external cause of death that is not poisoning. Those deaths occurred among drug users shortly after the consumption of the substances, when drug(s) had reached toxic or lethal concentrations in their body in combination with external cause of death that is not poisoning. We examined forensic reports and toxicology analyses, involvement in treatment of drug addiction and hospital treatments.

Results
We will present 3 case reports of combined suicides, according to basic demographic characteristics, illicit drugs profile, external cause of death, history of treatment of drug addiction and hospital treatments.

Conclusions
Drug-related deaths are becoming increasingly complex and require consideration about the extension of the methodology to determine the cause of death. Cases of combined suicides pose a dilemma of the primary cause of death.

Key messages
Drug-related deaths are becoming increasingly complex. Trend of combined suicides; with combination of illicit drugs or medicinal drugs taken in toxic or lethal concentrations and an external cause of death that is not poisoning.
Community interventions improving mental health in minority ethnic adults in the UK: a scoping review
Authors: Baskin C , Zijlstra G , McGrath M , Lee C , Duncan F , Oliver E , Osborn D , Dykxhoorn J , Kaner E , Gnani S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups in the UK are disproportionately affected by poor mental health. This scoping review sought to determine the effectiveness of community interventions designed to improve the metal health and wellbeing of adults from BAME groups in the UK.

Methods
We searched six electronic academic databases for studies published between 1990- 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and the Template for Intervention description and replication (TIDieR) guide was used for data extraction and intervention descriptions. Quality was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tools. Grey literature results were deemed beyond the scope of this review; numerous (&gt;50) small scale community interventions were found without available outcomes data.

Results
Of 4,501 studies, seven met the inclusion criteria: four randomised control trials, one pre and post pilot study, one cross sectional study and one ethnographic study. Interventions included therapy-style sessions, peer-support groups, educational materials, gym access, and a family services programme. Common components included a focus on tackling social isolation, using lay health workers from within the community, signposting, and cultural adaptation. Only three studies reported a statistically significant positive outcome on mental health and six were appraised as having a high risk of bias. Knowledge gaps emerged around effective interventions for men, some BAME groups, and tackling the wider determinants of mental health.

Conclusions
There is a paucity of high-quality evidence on community interventions focussed on improving public mental health among BAME groups. Decision makers need scientific evidence to inform effective approaches to mitigating health disparities. Our next steps are to map promising community activities and interventions that are currently being provided to help identify emerging evidence.

Key messages
Evidence is limited and weak on community interventions that reduce mental health burden among minority ethnic people. Evaluation of promising interventions at scale can close the evidence gap.
Knowledge and prevalence of depression among students on College of Medicine University of Lagos
Authors: Aina B A , Adebowale D K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Depression is a significant mental health problem which tends to be one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Depression can lead to suicide and is the second leading cause of death in 15 - 29 year olds globally. Psychological morbidity in undergraduate students represents a neglected public health problem and holds major implications for campus health services and mental policy making. This study was therefore carried out to assess knowledge of depression, prevalence of depression and accuracy of depression status among students of the Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Medicine of the University of Lagos.

Methods
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among students on the College of Medicine campus of the University of Lagos. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the participants while data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using Epi info 7.0. Chi-square test was used to analyse categorical variables where p &lt; 0.05 is statistically significant.

Results
A total of 400 students across all departments were recruited for this study. Most students were in 18 - 21 years' age group, with almost same proportion of females to males. More than half (56.50%) of the students had good knowledge of depression. The overall prevalence of depression was 36.5% among the students out of which 18.2% portrayed severe depression. More than half of the respondents (54.9%) who perceive they are depressed were actually not depressed. There was statistically significant difference between perceived depressed state and actual depressed state among the students (X2 = 18.14; p = 0.0001)

Conclusions
More than half the students possessed a good knowledge of depression. About one third were actually depressed. It is therefore important to create awareness programs which can serve as a platform to increase the knowledge and also reduce the prevalence of depression among these students.

Key messages
Understanding how much students know about depression will help to fill the identified knowledge gap and prevent them from going into depression. Identifying depressed students will help to alert campus health services to manage these students and thereby prevent potential problems associated with depression like suicide or school drop out.
Role of social integration in the protection against depression in the Chilean elderly population
Authors: de Albuquerque Araújo L , Bello Escamilla N , Sabando Franulic V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chile has improved survival however this process occurs under a framework of socioeconomic and gender inequalities, which results in an impact of mental health, especially in vulnerable groups. The objective was to determine the association between depression and social integration in Chilean older adults.
Cross-sectional study from the National Study of Dependence in Old Person 2010. The risk of depression was amount with Geriatric Depression Scale (&gt;5). The social integration were quantity as frequency of meeting with close relatives (child, partner, daughter/ son-in-law, grandchildren); with other relatives (brother, brothers-in-law, nephews or other relatives) and with friends and neighbors in the last 12 months in 5 categories (never visit; less frequently; 1-2 times a month; 1-2 times a week; every day or almost). Logistic regression models considered the sampling design of the survey to identify association with odd ratio (OR) (never as reference category), adjustment for sex, age, ethnicity, household income, education, housing arrangement and chronic diseases (p ≤ 0,5).
Total of 4179 older adults 25,3% reported risk of depression, the significative association with close relatives was in daily or almost frequency OR:0.42 (95%CI 0.27-0.67), 1-2 times a week OR: 0,57 (95%CI 0,33-0,99), 1-2 times/month OR: 0,56 (95%CI 0,99); other relatives were lower frequency OR: 0.54 (95%CI 0.38-0.78); 1-2 times/month OR; 0.50 (95%CI 0.31-0.81); 1-2 times/week OR:0.35 (95%CI 0.22-0.55); daily or almost OR:0.27 (95%CI 0.18-0.42). And meeting with friends and neighbors in the same frequency order were OR: 0.66 (95%CI 0.44-0.99); OR:0.43 (95%CI 0.26-0.73); OR:0.4 (95%CI 0.25-0.62); OR: 0.32 (95%CI 0.21-0.47).
There is a negative gradient between depression and the frequency of meeting with friends, neighbors and family, independent of sociodemographic and health characteristics. Social integration must be promoted as a protective factor of mental health in elderly.

Key messages
Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in old age and we found a negative gradient between the frequency of meeting friends, neighbors and family and the possibility of depression. It seems essential for public health to have strategies that address social life in old age to strengthen quality of live and mental health.
Caregivers' and relatives' grief in intensive care unit: a literature review on nursing practices
Authors: Monaco E , Gregori D , Martinato M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The sudden and unexpected nature, which often characterizes death in intensive care, complicates the processing of the loss by relatives and caregivers increasing the risk of complicated grief (CG). Due to the high social impact and long-term consequences on the quality of life of relatives and caregivers, intensive care nurses should ensure evidence-based grief support interventions. This review aims to identify nursing interventions for the management of the bereavement of relatives and caregivers and to assess their effectiveness, relatives' and caregivers' satisfaction and prevention of CG.

Methods
Research was performed in CINAHL, PubMed, Psycinfo and Scopus databases with no limits on study design and publication timespan. The population included relatives or caregivers of patients died in intensive care unit.

Results
14 studies met inclusion criteria. Two studies show that the communication of the bad news through dialogue between the team and relatives/caregivers can reduce, in the latter, the levels of anxiety and depression and the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. The quality study by Kentish-Barnes et al. (2017) shows that subjects perceived support in receiving a letter of condolence, but the RCT of the same author concludes that those who received the letter were more exposed to the risk of CG. Four studies claim that follow-up meetings facilitate the process of adaptation to loss by providing relatives/caregivers the opportunity to clarify the circumstances of death. Finally, two studies report that the events of commemoration arouse positive emotions in family members.

Conclusions
The review process has identified only a small number of evidences on the effectiveness of nursing interventions, preventing the possibility of providing recommendations or guidelines. Further research is needed and it should consist of RCTs of high methodological quality.

Key messages
Due to the long-term consequences of the sudden death on the quality of life of relatives and caregivers, intensive care nurses should ensure evidence-based grief support interventions. The review process has identified only a small number of evidences on the effectiveness of nursing interventions, preventing the possibility of providing recommendations or guidelines.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome during 2003-2012 among health advise centres clients in Slovakia
Authors: Ostrihonova T , Beresova J , Dorko E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) arises from insulin resistance and is accompanied with abnormal adipose deposition and frequently with obesity. The aim of our cross-sectional time trends study was to characterize the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its five risk determinants among the clients of Health Advice Centres of Regional Public Health Authorities in Slovakia during period 2003 - 2012.

Methods
Prevalence data were estimated in adults and children (≥10 years, N = 79 904) from the nationwide electronic database of Health Advice Centres of Regional Public Health Authorities in Slovak Republic 'Test of healthy heart'. Only first time visitors of the centres were included in the database. SPSS was used for data analysis, arithmetic means and Student´s t-test were used to establish statistical differences based on sex, age and time trends.

Results
The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.2% in males and 26.6% in females, abdominal obesity was confirmed in 48.3% of the male population and 53.9% of females. Increased triglyceride level has higher prevalence among males (33.3%) compared to females (24.2%). Blood pressure (BP) values and fasting glucose values were significantly higher in the male population than comparing to females. We confirmed an increased trend in the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides had also increased time trends prevalence in both sexes. The prevalence of people without risk determinants of metabolic syndrome had during following period decreasing trend. A surprising finding is the decrease in the proportion of persons with suboptimal HDL-cholesterol.

Conclusions
During the period from 2003 - 2012 the results of our large cross-sectional study confirmed unfavourable increasing trends in the age-adjusted prevalence of MetS among the clients of Health Advice Centres and a simultaneous reduction in the number of persons without the presence of MetS risk determinants.

Key messages
Population study shows highly prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Slovakia. Metabolic syndrome prevalence results are more visible in population considering older age groups and males.
Current burden of cervical cancer in Bulgaria - epidemiological study
Authors: Karcheva M , Iordanov A , Tzvetkova S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The risk factors of cervical cancer are well established and the disease is preventable through vaccination and early detection by screening. The disease ranks as leading cause of female cancer in Bulgaria. The objective of the research was to describe the current burden of cervical cancer in Bulgaria and medical decisions to improve women's health.

Methods
The information were summarized at the national level on the basis of official on-line database from the annual reports of the of the immunoprophylaxis activities of the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), National Center for Public Health and Analyzes (NCPHA). Data for morbidity and mortality rate and vaccine coverage were analyzed and presented in tables and figures.

Results
Cancer registration has been compulsory in Bulgaria since 1952. National program for the primary prevention of cervical cancer was applied in 2012 (2012-2016, 2017-2020). From the same year was uses immunization against HPVs for 12 -year-old girls. Through these measures, the state guarantees the right of citizens to affordable primary prevention without imposing obligations. Despite the preventive strategy, the expected results are not observed. In 2018, the total number of registered malignancies of the cervix was 15759. The incidence of 100,000 population was 435.8. Of these, the number of newly diagnosed cases were 850, the incidence was 23.5 per 100,000 population. HPV vaccination coverage in girls by birth cohort was 15.1% - 1st dose and 14.3% - 2nd dose for 12-year-old girls and 7% - 1st dose for 13-year-old girls.

Conclusions
Bulgaria has a leading position in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer among European countries, requiring mandatory screening and immunization against the Human Papilloma viruses.

Key messages
Cervical cancer, incidence rate, mortality rate. Vaccination coverage, HPVs, Bulgaria.
The potential for coronavirus transmission in waters: what do we know?
Authors: Carducci A , Federigi I , Verani M , Liu D , Thompson J R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the main route of transmission of SARS-CoV2 is via droplets and close contact, concerns about the possible secondary transmission via waters is growing given evidence for SARS-CoV2 faecal elimination. Here we review studies on coronavirus in water environments.

Methods
A review was carried out of papers writen in English on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Papers were identified using the keywords: coronavirus, SARS, MERS, Covid-19 associated with water, surface water, drinking water, wastewater, sewage, slurry, sludge, biosolid. Papers were screened using their title and abstract to confirm their relevance. They were then reviewed to identify: coronavirus type and strain, type of water sample, type of study, detection methods, monitoring data, survival data, effect of disinfection and treatments.

Results
Since 1978, only 18 papers met the selection criteria. Of these, 11 reported experimental studies, 6 field studies, and one included both field and experimental work. Experimental studies were carried out using samples spiked with SARS-CoV or surrogates: 4 addressed the recovery efficiency of detection methods; 3 reported studies on virus removal from waters by different treatments; 7 were focussed on survival in water samples with results ranging from 2 to &gt; 100 days, depending on virus, type of water, temperature, and detection method. Field studies monitored the presence of coronavirus in waters, sewage, slurry or biosolid. The included in total no more than 200 samples and used different detection methods. Some samples tested positive in 5 studies.

Conclusions
While knowledge of coronavirus in waters appears very scarce and fragmentary, the recent SARS-CoV2 emergency demands new attention be focussed on its survival in natural conditions and following treatment in order to assess the risk of waterborne and food borne transmission as well as developing monitoring within sewage treatment facilities.

Key messages
The potential spread of SARS-CoV2 through waters cannot be excluded without better knowledge. Urgent research on this topic is required.
Are recently arrived migrants at higher risk of developing diabetes in Scania, Sweden?
Authors: Zdravkovic S , Grahn M , Rämgård M , Annersten Gershater M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The world is facing increased migration as well as increased diabetes prevalence including earlier disease debut than ever before. Sedentary lifestyle and obesity constitute risk factors for development of diabetes type 2, the most common diabetes type among adults. It is thus important to increase the awareness of diabetes prevalence and of those being at risk for the disease. The aim was to focus on self-reported diabetes and weight in recently arrived migrants (RAM) in comparison with the rest of the population of Scania.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was used to collect data through random sampling using a self-administrated questionnaire. 10 000 questionnaires in Arabic were sent to adult RAM in Scania born in Syria or Iraq and 10 000 questionnaires to a random sample of the Scania population as a control group. The overall response rate was 32.8 %, 3461 were male and 3105 were female and the overall mean age was 44.7 (range 22 -70).

Results
170 RAM and 147 controls reported diabetes, 741 RAM and 585 controls reported a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. A significantly higher prevalence of self-reported diabetes was observed among RAM (6.2% compared to 4.9%, p-value = 0.02). In comparison with age, significantly (p-value &lt; 0.05) higher prevalence was present in RAM as compared to the control group in all age categories except the age category 65-80 where the difference was borderline significant (p-value = 0.056). With regard to BMI no significant difference was observed between the RAM and the control group having diabetes, but independently of diabetes the prevalence of BMI 25-30 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was significantly higher in RAM (p-value &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
Self-reported diabetes is more prevalent in RAM as compared to a control group representing the rest of the population in Scania. Considerably large amount of the respondents in both groups are overweight or obese and are therefore to be considered at risk for developing diabetes type 2.

Key messages
Self-reported diabetes in Scania is more prevalent in RAM from Iraq and Syria than in the rest of the population in Scania. Health care services need to address that a large number of the population in Scania is being overweight or obese, which is even more prominent in RAM from Iraq and Syria.
Relationship between preterm birth and air pollution in Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Brandao M E L , Braga B A L F , Martins M L C , Pereira P L A A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Santos is a seaboard Brazilian city recognized by its port activity where the road and rail infrastructure along with the large transportation operation, displays an important factor to contribute with all kinds of toxic and air pollutants. Recent studies have suggested associations between air pollution and various birth outcomes. Pollutant gases such as NOx, O3 and particulate matter PM2,5, PM10 have been cited as factors involved in such outcomes. The present study aims to assess the relationship between atmospheric pollutants and perinatal outcomes in the city of Santos from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2015. Cross-sectional study that analyzed 10.319 singleton births in an area set with 2 km radius of the monitoring stations. Birth weight and information on mother and pregnancy were obtained at the Brazilian “Born Alive National Information System”. Daily records of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3), temperature and relative air humidity, for the study period, were obtained from São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB). Associations between preterm birth and air pollutants mean levels at each gestational trimester were investigated using multiple logistic regression model controlled by the variables: infant sex, type of delivery, maternal education. prenatal care, and number of previous live births, temperature and relative air humidity. NO2 e PM2,5 was not associated with preterm birth. O3 was significantly associated in the first trimester in the fourth quartile (OR = 1,47 CI 95% 1,05; 2,07). PM10 was significantly associated in the first trimester for the fourth quartile (OR = 1,28 CI 95% 1,00; 1,64), second trimester for the second quartile (OR = 1,37 CI 95% 1,07; 1,77).

Conclusions
the results shows evidence that maternal exposure to air pollution especially during the first trimester of pregnancy may contribute to preterm birth. Further actions are needed towards controlling air pollution are strongly recommended for promoting early-life health.

Key messages
This is the first research of this kind that was made in Santos. It brings important evidence of the impact in the life of the population, especially those whose is not even born yet. It can be used as a resource to guide public policies in health, especially the guidelines that dictate the concentration of air pollutants and air quality.