bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bus service indicator: The different sight of performance index development
Authors: Suria H , Ahmad F M , Siti N S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Public transportation (PT) contributes to both the economical and physical health of individuals, it brings financial benefits to communities, and a key component of a healthy business ecosystem by increasing mobility options. The objective of this research is to develop a bus performance index of the existing PT system. This research utilised the multi-method approaches in Penang based on the perceptions and expectations of the bus users. A developed TRANSQUAL model is based on the existing SERVQUAL model, producing a set of 34 benchmark items and 7 dimensions that consist of reliability, safety, environment, responsiveness, accessibility, infrastructure and image as discussed in previous articles. Further study enhanced through the TRANSQUAL application, deficiencies of bus system performance in certain route is identified and might be improved. Subsequently, the bus performance index for each route was determined through the application of the mathematical composite index. Meanwhile, it can act as a monitoring aid to the service provider. At that point, service quality can be enhanced and the public will be attracted to use the buses as the main means of transportation.
Failure analysis of woven kevlar/epoxy composite laminates under compression due to variations in fiber orientation
Authors: Mali M , Hussain A K , Muzafar M A , Zainol A F M , Mahmud J 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies have shown that the angle of fiber orientation significantly affects the mechanical properties of a composite laminate. Although investigations on the properties of the composite material have been conducted, there is still a lack of studies related to Kevlar/Epoxy laminate. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of the angle of fiber orientation to woven Kevlar/Epoxy laminates under a compression state. The study was conducted in two stages comprising of numerical validation and failure analysis. Maximum Stress Theory and Tsai-Wu Failure criteria were selected for the failure prediction. The laminates were made of 24 layers woven Kevlar/epoxy and the stacking sequence was (θ4/0<4-θ4)s. The angle of fiber orientation, θ, was varied from 0° to 90° and failure loads for both flat plate and flat plate with circular hole were determined. The trend of displacement and failure behaviour for both type of plates were compared. From the results, it is found that the effects of the fiber angle on the plate with circular hole are more significant than the flat. Therefore, it can be reasoned that the current study is useful in contributing significant knowledge to better understand the failure behaviour of composite plate.
Utilisation of palm oil fuel ash (Pofa) as sand replacement for fresh and hardened concrete by using powder and liquidation method
Authors: Hashim N H , Muhd Sidek M N , Noor N Md , Roselli S R , Mohd Yusoff M A , Saiful Bahari M F S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste material and generally disposed to open fields causing environmental pollution problems to the land and the air. Due to its abundance and high pozzolanic characteristics, it is highly potential to be used as civil engineering construction materials such as partial sand replacement in concrete. This paper presents the investigation of POFA as partial sand replacement in concrete. In doing so, two method of mixing processes were used namely powder and liquidation methods. The POFA was added in the concrete mix at various dosage levels of 0 %, 5 % and 10 % by weight of sand. Two types of testing were carried out; slump test for workability of fresh concrete identification and compressive strength test for strength identification of the hardened concrete cubes. The compressive strength test was carried out at 3, 7 and 28 days. The results from two different methods of mixing process were analysed, compared and discussed. From the results show that additional of 10 % of POFA by weight of sand is able to increase the strength of concrete at 28 days compared to other dosage levels. Hence, the POFA is given positive impact to be used as sustainable material in construction industry.
Phenomenological model for the prediction of the performance of a slurry bubble column reactor for green diesel production
Authors: Muharam Y , Putri A D , Hamzah A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The performance of vegetable oil hydrotreating to produce green diesel in a slurry bubble column reactor was predicted in this study using a phenomenological model. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the reactor of 2.68 m in diameter and 7.14 m in height was used. The model consists of species mass transfer equations, an energy transfer equation and a pressure drop equation. Fluid mixing in the reactor was explained by dispersion coefficients. Catalyst distribution along the reactor was also considered. The chemical kinetics developed by Attanatho was used in the model. The effects of the gas and liquid superficial velocities on the triglyceride conversion as well as the green diesel yield and purity were predicted and evaluated. The effect of the superficial gas velocity on the reactor performance is insignificant since the range of superficial velocities in this simulation is in homogeneous flow area. The effect of the liquid superficial velocity is quite significant.
Utilization of camphor as an alternative carbon source for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes using floating catalyst
Authors: Wulan P P D K , Fathony A , Ulfa A S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Due to its extraordinary physical, mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have continued to develop since it was discovered in 1998. Domestic demand itself has not been fulfilled because the production costs are fairly expensive. Conventional CNT exhibits many toxic effects on invertebrates and also cause genotoxicity in rats and in humans. Camphor-based CNT production is cheap and easy to use for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) because of its volatile and non-toxic properties. This research was conducted with the floating catalyst method using ferrocene (Fe) as a catalyst precursor and camphor as a carbon precursor by varying the number of camphor mass by 1, 3 and 5 grams. The CNT Synthesis was performed silica balls and quartz shatter as the substrates, argon as carrier gas with flow rate 100 mL/min, and hydrogen as co-reactant with flow rate 70 mL/min. The operating temperature of the synthesis used was 800°C with a reaction time of 60 minutes. The results showed that camphor decomposed into three compounds which are 40% benzene, 8% toluene, and 52% xylene. The synthesis process with quartz as the substrate produces more carbon deposits than silica balls due to its better heat transfer and the purer silicon dioxide (SiO2) contained in the quartz. CNT has grown to follow a tip growth model with deformations such as the buckling growth model and a continuous growth model was also found. The biggest yield (25 mg/cm2) is obtained at camphor mass of 5 gram with a carbon percentage of 87.1% and average diameter 33 - 44 nm.
Natural rubber latex (NRL) waste protein purified at various pH condition and metal extraction studies
Authors: Tahir H , Misran M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purification of NRL protein was accompanied by extraction of waste proteins using salting out and multiple centrifugation methods. Both methods contributes to varying degree of yield and purified protein characteristics. However both methods produces protein that can bind metal efficiently. Conventionally, salting out method was used and it is uncommon to use multiple centrifuge to extract protein. The key aspects discussed here, were on how the pH condition exposed to the NRL waste leads to variation in hevea protein extracted amount and how metal binding featured in FTIR spectroscopy. The purified protein were reacted with metal solution of different strength to study the binding characteristics. Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) size of dialyzing tube shows greater effect on the final protein extracted amount by about 50% when smaller size were used. Acidic condition favors part of proteins from waste in purification while some favors basic condition. Standard salting out method shows consistent profile in extracting metal compared to multiple centrifugation method from 30 to 80%.
CME event produced along with solar flares and its relation with the magnetic field
Authors: Norsham N A M , Hamidi Z S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The magnetic field of the Sun plays the main role in the production of the solar flares until the enormous coronal mass ejections. The magnetic field can be observed from the sunspot on the Sun’s surface. This paper is focusing on the production of the coronal mass ejection and solar flare based on the solar radio burst type II and III that occurred on 2nd April 2017 which were recorded by BLENSW site in Switzerland. The active region (AR) 2644 on the sun’s surface that day had produced the M-class flare with the value of M5.3 which peaked at 0802 UTC. The region of 2644 had a magnetic classification of the beta-gamma spot where it contributes to the energy of the M class flare. The velocity of the flare moving through the interplanetary space was 588 km/sec. During that day, three significant shortwave radio blackouts affected the Indian and Pacific regions oceans. The coronal mass ejection produced was not facing the Earth and Kp index of 3 and the total interplanetary magnetic field with 5 nT were recorded. All data were collected from e-CALLISTO, CACTUS, Space Weather Live and Space Weather website.
Microwave-assisted CO2 activation preparation of ceiba pentandra seed based activated carbon for Cu(II) adsorption
Authors: Latiff M F P M , Badrealam S , Dolian E S , Khan M N N , Nasir N H M , Yahaya N K E M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study involves producing activated carbon from Ceiba Pentandra seed by using a physical activation method to adsorb Cu(II) from synthetic wastewater. Ceiba Pentandra seed was carbonized and activated using CO2 using a microwave heating process. The process was optimized using Design-Expert version 11. The interactions between different process conditions towards the Cu(II) adsorption were analyzed. The optimum radiation power, radiation time and CO2 flow were found out 264 Watt, 4 minutes and 100 cm3, respectively for the maximum Cu(II) removal.
Flexural behaviour of RC beams with steel and polypropylene fibres
Authors: Lee S W , Hassan R , Saari N , Mohamad N M , Mat Noor N I 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The flexural behaviours of reinforced concrete (RC) beams incorporating steel and polypropylene fibres under four-point bending test is examined in this paper. A total of nine beam specimens were designed, cast and tested under flexural loadings. Three types of concrete mixture – plain, concrete with steel fibres and concrete with polypropylene fibres – were employed in this study. Fibre content is fixed at 3% by the weight of sand as sand replacement for both mixtures containing either steel or plastic fibres. Compression tests were also conducted at 7, 14 and 28 days for twenty-seven concrete cubes prepared using the three mixtures. Comparisons of results were done in term of compressive strength, ultimate flexural load and deflection capacity. The crack pattern and failure mechanism of RC beams subjected to four-point bending are discussed. Finally, the effect of steel and polypropylene fibres on the flexural behaviour of RC beams are justified.
Degradation of phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol wastewater by ozonation in multi-injection bubble column reactor
Authors: Wahyudi D P , Ghaisani S V , Bismo S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The presence of phenolic compounds, such as phenol (carbolic acid or phenylic acid) and 2,4-DCP (2,4-dichlorophenol), in trace amounts in the agricultural environment and in chemical industries wastewater has been considered a potentially large risk for the environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important to develop effective techniques for removing phenolic compounds in wastewater. This research was conducted specifically to observe the effect of temperature of ozone production in the ozonation process to remove phenol and 2,4-DCP in the agricultural aquatic environment and industrial wastewater. This experimental study was conducted using a semi-continuous multi-injection bubble column reactor with initial concentrations of phenol and 2,4-DCP 50 ppm for 60 minutes ozonation. The effect of parameters namely, waste water flow rate, air flow rate, pH of the solution, and temperature were evaluated and optimized. Degradation efficiency, COD concentration, hydroxyl radical concentration were also monitored. It was found that the degradation efficiency at room temperature and low temperature (cold conditions) of phenol were 98.79% and 98.22%, respectively, while 2,4-DCP degradation at room and cold temperatures was 99.83% and 99, 99%, respectively.
Effect of different amount chitosan, starch and glycerol in composite edible coating
Authors: Mohd Yusof N , Jai J , Sharif Z I M , Mustapha F A , Pinijsuwan S 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe experimental works involved the preparing of composite edible coating containing chitosan, starch, and glycerol to improve the shelf life of fruits. In this study, the number of raw materials was varied to determine the effect of each amount of raw materials towards the value of spreading, adhesion and cohesion coefficient on the fruit samples. The surface tension characteristic of the coatings is important for predicting the stability of the coatings during storage. 1.5 (% w/v) content of chitosan in coating solution was the best amount of chitosan to be used in formulating the chitosan-starch composite edible coating formulation while 2.0 (% v/v) amount of starch has got the nearest value to zero of spreading coefficient Ws, which make it the best formulation to be chose. Glycerol of 0.25 (% v/v) was used in formulating the starch composite edible coating formulation.
Improving precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC) particle size distribution for a continuous mineral carbonation system
Authors: Onn M S , Noh M G M , Shukor M S M , Isa M A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mineral carbonation is a process where carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into solid carbonates. The product of mineral carbonation is obtained when CO2 is being contacted with alkaline earth metals, such as calcium and magnesium. In this research, the team focusing on producing precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), as a solution to manage CO2 release which comes from high CO2 content natural gas field production. To make this process economically feasible, the team has researched obtaining valuable PCC quality which is marketable in various industries. The quality mainly measured in terms of particle size, where the particle size will determine the application of the PCC. This study investigates the effect of feed solution retention in reactor towards PCC particle size, using continuous mineral carbonation system. In this system, Milk of Lime, which is Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution used as feed. To produce this solution, 7 g/L Calcium Oxide (CaO) is suspended in deionized water and stirred. This solution is injected in the range of 0.8 L/min to 1.2 L/min into pressurized CO2 in the range of 10 bar to 80 bar. The retention time is varied by using mechanically modified reactor inlet cap, where the feed inlet time is delayed by elongation of feed injector inside the reactor by 15 cm (NEWCAP). Particle size of the product was analyzed by using Malvern Mastersizer 3000. Experimental data show that by shortening the feed solution retention time inside the reactor, will produce smaller particle size. Using the unmodified reactor inlet, the obtained product particle size ranging (D50) from 15 micron to 25 micron. On the other hand, using NEWCAP reactor inlet the obtained particle size ranging (D50) from 8 micron to 20 micron.
Corrosion behaviour of in-situ Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2) reinforced by Aluminium-Copper (Al-Cu) alloy metal matrix composite
Authors: Mustafa N H , Mahat M M , Yahaya S M , Rosmamuhamadani R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) through the medium of in-situ counteraction has crop up under the name of preference contributively prior to lay out weak point as well as defects reside within ex-situ MMC. In contemporary work, aluminium-copper-zirconium diboride (Al-Cu-ZrB2) composite have been plug through in-situ reaction which promote mechanical abilities on top of dispersion strengthening together with grain refinement accessed by continuation of particular particulates inside the melt for the time being of solidification. Aluminium-copper (Al-Cu) reinforced which was surrounded by various proportion of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) which were 0, 3 and 6 wt. % synthesized applying in-situ fabrication at 800 °C of molten Al-Cu alloys by inorganic salts potassium hexaflourotitanate (K2ZrF6) mixed with potassium tetraflouroborate (KBF4). The amalgam itemized using Potential-Dynamic Polarization (PDP) test on suitably segment which were metallographically qualified surface to criticize and inspect the corrosion rate itself. Microstructural investigation discovered the homogeneous and persistent allocation of second phase particles, clean interface together with favourable bonding. It is promoting that zirconium diborate (ZrB2) molecules are altogether in nano size amidst hexagonal either tetragonal shape, yet minor molecules in micron size were also noticed. For that intention, composite synthesized using in-situ techniques indicated homogeneous disposal of reinforcing influenced to be superlative associated within pure interface al over metallic matrix. Outcome of dissimilar ZrB2 percentages all over surface morphology, surface roughness, grain size, crystalline texture and of Al-Cu alloy were also inspected. Results displayed grain size drop off upon an increase of ZrB2 content in the Al-Cu alloy. Furthermore, the surface roughness was seen to decrease alongside greater ZrB2 concentration of the deposited alloy.
Intensity crack zones of reinforced concrete beam under monotonic loading
Authors: Mat Saliah S N , Nor N Md , Kamaruzzaman K N , Mohd Mesron M A , Abd Rahman N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the intensity crack zones of reinforced concrete (RC) beam under monotonic loading in conjunction with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. Five RC beam size 200 mm x 300 mm x 1500 mm were prepared and tested. Due to similar pattern in term of the crack pattern and the analysis, only one beam was presented in this paper. The intensity crack zones were performed by mean of historic and severity indices at sensor 6 (CH6) and sensor 7 (CH7). The plot in the intensity crack zone was based on the crack mode performed during testing. As a result, the progression of the crack was well-matched with the plots in the intensity crack zones. In a nutshell, the data obtained from the AE signal and analyse using intensity analysis, it can be used to classify damage in the RC beam.
The properties of wastepaper sludge ash and its generic applications
Authors: Azrizal M F , Noorsuhada M N , Latif M F P M , Arshad M F , Sulaiman H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) is generated during the recycling of paper, which is an industrial by-product can induce pollution to the environment. Due to its effect related to pollution, a generic review on its application is required. Despite many researchers conducted in the world to resolve the application of WSA as a sustainable material, the effects of WSA as a cementitious material in its application is still limited assess. Hence, this paper presents a generic review on the effect of WSA as a cementitious material. The generic review on WSA in term of its physical properties, chemical properties, reactive properties and application of WSA in the industry was carried out. From the review on WSA properties, it is found that the WSA has good potential as one of the important materials in the construction industry especially in the production of concrete, brick, mortar, soil stabilizing additive, rigid pavement and controlled low-strength materials (CLSM).
Strength of two-way Semantan Bamboo reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Yong C B , Ali Ridzuan , Mohd Ikmal Fazlan R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Steel has been widely known as the essential material for reinforcement. However, many researches have been conducted in order to find an alternative sustainable material to replace steel. In this study, bamboo has been chosen to replace steel as reinforcement is introduced as one of the alternative material for reinforcement of concrete. The Semantan Bamboo (Gigantochloa Scortechinii) splint with a size of 20 mm x 10 mm (Thickness) was used as the main reinforcement. Three samples of two-way concrete slabs were prepared with a dimension of 1200 mm x 1200 mm x 100 mm. One sample will be constructed without reinforcement, while the remaining two samples will be reinforced with 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 4.5% of bamboo. All the samples will undergo concentrated punch loads and control slab without reinforcement. The results show that the maximum punching shears that the slabs can sustain more 60 kN. The slabs fail by the cracking of concrete at the bottom of the slab under the concentrated load.
Prediction of concentration of dispersed phase outlet in rotating disc contactor column
Authors: Azmi E F , Miswan N H , Arshad K A , Zainal N A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Rotating Disc Contactor (RDC) columns are one of the extractors that used for liquid-liquid extraction. It has an extensive application in various industries. The performances of these columns indicate that they are more efficient and possess better operational flexibility. However, there is still some improving that researchers can do to enhance the performances. This paper presents Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Neural Network (NN) modeling in prediction of concentration of dispersed phase outlet in RDC column. SVM is an exciting Machine Learning technique that learns by example to sign labels to object and can be used for regression as well as classification purpose, while NN is widely used as an effective approach for handling non-linear data especially in situations where the physical processes are not fully understood. The mean square error (MSE) is calculated to compare the result between the two models. The analysis shows that both SVM and NN modeling can predict the concentration of dispersed phase in RDC column but the SVM approach gives better result than the NN approach. Both modelling systems offer the potential for a more flexible and less error in forecasting. Thus, it can help to save time and reducing cost in conducting experiments.