bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Paris Agreement and the Future of the Climate Regime
Authors: Savaresi Annalisa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how international law has responded to climate change, focusing on the challenges that have faced implementation of existing climate treaties, and on the suitability of the Paris Agreement to address these. Expectations of this new treaty could scarcely be greater: the Paris Agreement is meant to provide a framework to improve international cooperation on climate change, and to keep the world within the global mean temperature-change goal identified by scientists as safe. Yet, whether and how this important objective will be reached largely depends, on the one hand, on the supporting political will and, on the other, on the redesign of the international architecture for climate governance. This chapter specifically reflects on international law-making and on the approach to climate change governance embedded in the Paris Agreement, drawing inferences from the past, to make predictions on what the future may hold for international climate change law.
The Domestic Judiciary in the Architecture of the Strasbourg System of Human Rights
Authors: Kosař David , Petrov Jan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Strasbourg system of human rights has been going through a backlog, legitimacy, and implementation crisis during the past decade. Debates addressing the future of the ECHR system and seeking answers to those challenges have concentrated on the domestic level of the Strasbourg system. This chapter concurs that domestic actors, and the domestic judiciary in particular, are essential for the effectiveness and legitimacy of the Strasbourg system since they ‘diffuse’ the ECtHR’s conclusions domestically and subsequently ‘filter’ human rights claims. However, the chapter seeks a more nuanced approach to the role of domestic courts in the architecture of the ECHR system. It problematizes the contribution of domestic courts to the ECHR’s effectiveness on three accounts. First, courts are not the sole actors involved in domestic implementation mechanisms. The judiciary enters into multiple interactions with other domestic actors and is not necessarily always victorious. Second, there are several actors within the judiciary who may have different attitudes to the ECtHR such as the constitutional court, apex courts, lower courts, court presidents, and judicial associations. Third, not all those actors unequivocally support implementation of Strasbourg case law and some of them have shown considerable resistance to the ECtHR. These insights should provide a more nuanced basis for addressing the future of the ECHR system.
The Chilcot Report
Authors: Bouwhuis Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The inquiry by the United Kingdom into its decision to intervene in Iraq is one of the longest running and most comprehensive examinations of government decision-making. In particular, the inquiry examined in detail the processes by which legal advice was provided to and formed a part of the decision by the Government of the United Kingdom to intervene in Iraq. Through this lens, the current chapter examines what the inquiry illustrates about the general relevance of international law to the decision to intervene in Iraq and more broadly what illustrates about the role of international law in decision-making more generally. In particular, the chapter pertains to the practical and ethical aspects providing international legal advice to government as well as the nature of government legal practice more generally.
A very brief history of respiratory biology
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A better understanding of what life is and how living organisms function has always been of crucial importance to humans, but ‘biology’ as a scientific discipline is quite young, the term being coined around 1800. Similarly, ‘respiratory biology’ as a discrete branch of biology is much younger and even today the term is not commonly used. However, the knowledge about life and the discovery and study of respiration as parts of other disciplines accumulated as a mosaic over the centuries. Some of the most important persons and their primary achievements in the field that we now call respiratory biology are summarized in this chapter.
Coping with extremes
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The vast majority of humans live at altitudes where respiration usually appears to ‘come for free’. However, high altitudes as well as diving teach us that there is no such thing as a free lunch. Hypoxia probably is one of the most common critical factors that animals can endure, be it only for short periods, which include processes called acclimatization, or permanently, which requires specific adaptations. This chapter looks at some of the ways of living under extreme conditions such as high altitude and diving in a wide variety of invertebrate and craniote groups, including us humans. The chapter also discusses other extreme conditions such as heat or cold and how the organisms deal with this in order to keep their respiration going.
Control of breathing in invertebrates
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Every animal that has a respiratory faculty has some mechanism for regulating its perfusion and ventilation. A prerequisite for such regulation is some way of sensing internal and external levels of respiratory-relevant gases. The regulatory entities can be peripheral, central, or both. This chapter looks at the control of breathing in aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and concludes that the main signal for aquatic species is oxygen, whereas the internal pH/PCO2 is most important for the control of air breathing, regardless of the phylogenetic group to which the animal may belong.
Control of breathing in craniotes
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Craniote gills are arranged sequentially along the pharynx and accordingly are ventilated from anterior to posterior by a wave of muscle contraction, beginning with the mouth. Each gill pair appears to have its own set of neurons in the brainstem that coordinate the muscle activity and stimulate the next gill pair in the sequence. This system appears to have been maintained from hagfish to teleosts. In tetrapods, on the other hand, various centres in the brainstem coordinate different phases of breathing: expiration, inspiration, and post-inspiration. The location of these centres in the brainstem is similar in amphibians and mammals. The stimulus for regulating ventilatory frequency in water-breathing species is oxygen, whereas for air-breathing species it is blood pH/PCO2—just as in invertebrates.
The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in craniotes
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The origin of lungs from a swim bladder, swim bladder from lungs, or both from a relatively undifferentiated respiratory pharynx remains unresolved. Once present, the lungs can be ventilated by a positive-pressure buccal pump, which can be easily derived from the gill ventilation sequence in a lungfish, or by negative-pressure aspiration. Although aspiration breathing is characteristic of amniotes, it has also been observed in a lungfish and body wall muscle contraction in response to respiratory stimuli has even been reported in lamprey larvae. The hypaxial body wall musculature used for aspiration breathing is also necessary for locomotion in most amniotes, just when respiratory demand is greatest. This paradox, called Carrier’s constraint, is a major limiting factor in the evolution of high-performance faculties, and the evolution of anatomical and physiological specializations that circumvent it characterize most major amniote groups. Serendipitous combinations have resulted in evolutionary cascades and high-performance groups such as birds and mammals. Complementing evolution are the capacities for acclimatization and adaptation not only in the structure and function of the gas exchanger, but also in the control of breathing and the composition of the blood.
Contractarianism and the Moral Equality of Combatants
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to offer a contractarian defence of Moral Equality, the thesis that Just and Unjust Combatants do not wrong each other when they kill and maim each other in war. We concede that the killings of Just Combatants by Unjust Combatants is pre-contractually impermissible. Moral Equality is nevertheless true if an agreement between states that equalize the legal standing of soldiers is fair and also mutually beneficial. By accepting such an agreement, combatants attain a right to take advantage of traditional jus in bello rules, thereby violating no duty against Just Combatants by attacking them.
Discursive Elusions
Authors: Park Yoosun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The “vexed problem of immigration,” as Jane Addams termed it in 1909, was a central issue for the emerging social work profession in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Work with immigrants, some of the poorest subsections of the growing urban population, shaped the nature and the direction of social work in the crucial early years of the profession. Social work’s attention, however, did not extend to Asian immigrants nor to the fact that all Asian immigrants had long been adjudged as a population racially unsuitable for full participation in U.S. society. The profession’s lack of contact with and interest in this population—excluded in immigration and blocked from naturalization—is an important context in understanding its response to the removal and incarceration of the Nikkei during World War II.
The Start of War
Authors: Park Yoosun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Prior to the War, few social workers in the coastal states, including state and county welfare workers soon to be confronted with the massive task of facilitating the forced removal of an entire population, had any significant contact with the Nikkei. As West Coast social work began preparing for the fallout from Pearl Harbor and the U.S. declaration of War on Japan, therefore, the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) and its offshoot organization, the International Institutes, were the only social work organizations with both knowledge of the community and contacts within it. This chapter, focused on the so-called voluntary period between mid-February 1942 and March 29, 1943, outlines the beginnings of social work’s equivocal role as both the protector of the Nikkei and the instrument of their delivery into incarceration.
The Removal
Authors: Park Yoosun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the so-called controlled phase of the removal of the Nikkei, social workers on loan to the Bureau of Public Assistance were responsible for the provision of “all necessary social welfare services for the individuals affected by the Exclusion Order” and on hand at all of the 123 Control Stations. Social workers interviewed, registered, and counseled all Nikkei; made recommendations for exemptions and deferments; organized family separations as well as unions and reunions; and tagged and eventually shipped all of them off to temporary detention camps, usually referred to as Assembly Centers. The case number assigned to each family by a social worker during this registration process was the one with which all individuals and accompanying luggage were tagged for removal and used to identify them throughout their incarceration.
Resettlement
Authors: Park Yoosun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
While the War Relocation Authority (WRA) camp administrators had in-depth and often sympathetic knowledge of the losses suffered by the Nikkei as well as the difficulties they would encounter in resettlement, such knowledge was profoundly at odds with the organization’s primary mandate for clearing out the camps. The plight of the Nikkei was identified, therefore, not as displacement and poverty produced by forced removal and incarceration, but as a problematic rise in dependency and the erosion of self-sufficiency. To combat this culture of dependency, the WRA created the Family Counseling Program, a “massive persuasion program” in which social work departments at each camp were tasked to interview and counsel the reluctant. Various financial aid programs were created to incentivize resettlement, but they were as problematic and inadequate as all other social work program the WRA had devised and run in the camps.
The challenge of using routinely collected data to compare hospital admission rates by ethnic group: a demonstration project in Scotland
Authors: Knox S , Bhopal R S , Thomson C S , Millard A , Fraser A , Gruer L , Buchanan D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Recording patients’ ethnic group supports efforts to achieve equity in health care provision. Before the Equality Act (2010), recording ethnic group at hospital admission was poor in Scotland but has improved subsequently. We describe the first analysis of the utility of such data nationally for monitoring ethnic variation.

Methods
We analysed all in-patient or day case hospital admissions in 2013. We imputed missing data using the most recent ethnic group recorded for a patient from 2009 to 2015. For episodes lacking an ethnic code, we attributed known ethnic codes proportionately. Using the 2011 Census population, we calculated rates and rate ratios for all-cause admissions and ischaemic heart diseases (IHDs) directly standardized for age.

Results
Imputation reduced missing ethnic group codes from 24 to 15% and proportionate redistribution to zero. While some rates for both all-cause and IHD admissions appeared plausible, unexpectedly low or high rates were observed for several ethnic groups particularly amongst White groups and newly coded groups.

Conclusions
Completeness of ethnicity recoding on hospital admission records has improved markedly since 2010. However the validity of admission rates based on these data is variable across ethnic groups and further improvements are required to support monitoring of inequality.
Platelet-rich plasma combined with injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel for porcine cartilage regeneration: a 6-month follow-up
Authors: Yan Wenqiang , Xu Xingquan , Xu Qian , Sun Ziying , Jiang Qing , Shi Dongquan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Based on our previous study, the utilization of an ultraviolet light photo-cross-linkable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel integrated with a small molecule kartogenin-encapsulated nanoparticles obtained good reconstruction of osteochondral defects in a rabbit model, indicating the superiority of injectable hydrogel-based scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), rich in various growth factors, proteins and cytokines, is considered to facilitate cartilage healing by stimulating cell proliferation and inducing chondrogenesis in cartilage defect site. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic feasibility of autologous PRP combined with injectable HA hydrogel on cartilage repair. The focal cartilage defects with different critical sizes in the medial femoral condyle of a porcine model were used. At 6 months, the minipigs were sacrificed for assessment of macroscopic appearance, magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, histology staining and biomechanics. The HA hydrogel combined with PRP-treated group showed more hyaline-like cartilage exhibited by macroscopic appearance and histological staining in terms of extracellular matrix and type II collagen without formation of hypertrophic cartilage, indicating its capacity to improve cartilage healing in the minipig model evaluated at 6 months, with full-thickness cartilage defect of 8.5 mm diameter and osteochondral defect of 6.5 mm diameter, 5 mm depth exhibiting apparent regeneration.
When the Road Is Covered in Nails: Making Sense of Madness in an Urban Mosque
Authors: Prickett Pamela J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study returns to the classic interactionist approach of earlier work on mental illness to understand how communities attribute nonconforming behaviors as symptoms of mental illnesses and how their informal labels shape the ways in which they interact with people perceived as ill. It draws on six years of in-depth fieldwork in a low-income urban mosque community, where members frequently interacted with fellow Muslims they labeled “crazy.” Through repeated interaction, members come to understand madness as part of living in a poor neighborhood and then perceive themselves as also at risk of developing mental health problems. Many members avoided getting close to people with mental illnesses, but their shared religious identities meant that at the end of life someone who had previously been excluded from social networks could receive burial care. I discuss the implications of their responses for understanding the role of community care.
The ABCDE of Big Data: Assessing Biases in Call-Detail Records for Development Estimates
Authors: Pestre Gabriel , Letouzé Emmanuel , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article contributes to improving our understanding of biases in estimates of demographic indicators, in the developing world, based on Call Detail Records (CDRs). CDRs represent an important and largely untapped source of data for the developing world. However, they are not representative of the underlying population. We combine CDRs and census data for Senegal in 2013 to evaluate biases related to estimates of population density. We show that: (i) there are systematic relationships between cell-phone use and socio-economic and geographic characteristics that can be leveraged to improve estimates of population density; (ii) when no ‘ground truth’ data is available, a difference-in-difference approach can be used to reduce bias and infer relative changes over time in population size at the subnational level; (iii) indicators of development, including urbanization and internal, circular, and temporary migration, can be monitored by integrating census data and CDRs. The paper is intended to offer a methodological contribution and examples of applications related to combining new and traditional data sources to improve our ability to monitor development indicators over time and space.
Alteration of the brain methylation landscape following postnatal inflammatory injury in rat pups
Authors: Pierre Wyston C. , Legault Lisa‐Marie , Londono Irene , McGraw Serge , Lodygensky Gregory A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPreterm infants are vulnerable to inflammation‐induced white matter injury (WMI), which is associated with neurocognitive impairment and increased risk of neuropsychiatric diseases in adulthood. Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, play a role in normal development and modulate the response to pathological challenges. Our aims were to determine how WMI triggered DNA methylation alterations in brains of neonatal rats and if such changes persisted over time. We used a robust model of WMI by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or sterile saline in the corpus callosum of 3‐day‐old (P3) rat pups. Brains were collected 24 hours (P4) and 21 days post‐injection (P24). We extracted genomic DNA from the brain to establish genome‐wide quantitative DNA methylation profiles using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. Neonatal LPS exposure induced a persistent increased methylation of genes related to nervous system development and a reduced methylation of genes associated with inflammatory pathways. These findings suggest that early‐life neuroinflammatory exposure impacts the cerebral methylation landscape with determining widespread epigenetic modifications especially in genes related to neurodevelopment.
Proliferation of adult human bronchial epithelial cells without a telomere maintenance mechanism for over 200 population doublings
Authors: Peters‐Hall Jennifer R. , Min Jaewon , Tedone Enzo , Sho Sei , Siteni Silvia , Mender Ilgen , Shay Jerry W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo date, there is no direct evidence of telomerase activity in adult lung epithelial cells, but typical culture conditions only support cell proliferation for 30‐40 population doublings (PD), a point at which telomeres remain relatively long. Here we report that in in vitro low stress culture conditions consisting of a fibroblast feeder layer, rho‐associated coiled coil protein kinase inhibitor (ROCKi), and low oxygen (2%), normal human bronchial epithelial basal progenitor cells (HBECs) divide for over 200 PD without engaging a telomere maintenance mechanism (almost four times the “Hayflick limit”). HBECs exhibit critically short telomeres at 200 PD and the population of cells start to undergo replicative senescence. Subcloning these late passage cells to clonal density, to mimic lung injury in vivo, selects for rare subsets of HBECs that activate low levels of telomerase activity to maintain short telomeres. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of human telomerase reverse transcriptase or treatment with the telomerase‐mediated telomere targeting agent 6‐thio‐2′deoxyguanosine abrogates colony growth in these late passage cultures (>200 PD) but not in early passage cultures (<200 PD). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such long‐term growth of HBECs without a telomere maintenance mechanism. This report also provides direct evidence of telomerase activation in HBECs near senescence when telomeres are critically short. This novel cell culture system provides an experimental model to understand how telomerase is regulated in normal adult tissues.
Daratumumab induces mechanisms of immune activation through CD38+ NK cell targeting
Authors: Viola Domenico , Dona Ada , Caserta Enrico , Troadec Estelle , Gunes Emine Gulsen , Besi Francesca , McDonald Tinisha , Ghoda Lucy , Sanchez James F , Khalife Jihane , Martella Marianna , Karanes Chatchada , Htut Myo , Wang Xiuli , Rosenzweig Michael , Chowdhury Arnab , Sborov Douglas , Miles Rodney R , Yazaki Paul J. , Forman Stephen J , Shively John , Marcucci Guido , Rosen Steven T , Keats Jonathan J , Krishnan Amrita , Pichiorri Flavia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDaratumumab (Dara), a multiple myeloma (MM) therapy, is an antibody against the surface receptor CD38, which is expressed not only on plasma cells but also on NK cells and monocytes. Correlative data have highlighted the immune-modulatory role of Dara, despite the paradoxical observation that Dara regimens decrease the frequency of total NK cells. Here we show that, despite this reduction, NK cells play a pivotal role in Dara anti-MM activity. CD38 on NK cells is essential for Dara-induced immune modulation, and its expression is restricted to NK cells with effector function. We also show that Dara induces rapid CD38 protein degradation associated with NK cell activation, leaving an activated CD38-negative NK cell population. CD38+ NK cell targeting by Dara also promotes monocyte activation, inducing an increase in T cell costimulatory molecules (CD86/80) and enhancing anti-MM phagocytosis activity ex-vivo and in vivo. In support of Dara’s immunomodulating role, we show that MM patients that discontinued Dara therapy because of progression maintain targetable unmutated surface CD38 expression on their MM cells, but retain effector cells with impaired cellular immune function. In summary, we report that CD38+ NK cells may be an unexplored therapeutic target for priming the immune system of MM patients.