bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Natural Body in Somatics Dance Training
Authors: George Doran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Natural Body in Somatics Dance Training examines the development of Somatics as it has been adopted by successive generations of practitioners since its early beginnings in the 1950s. The book elucidates the ways in which Somatics has engaged globally with some of the various locales in which it was developed and practiced, in terms of its relationships both to other dance training programs in that region and to larger aesthetic and political values. The book thereby offers a cogent analysis of how training regimens can inculcate an embodied politics as they guide and shape the experience of bodily sensation, construct forms of reflexive evaluation of bodily action, and summon bodies into relationship with one another. Throughout, it focuses on how the notion of a natural body was implemented and developed in Somatics pedagogy.
What’s Wrong with ‘Compassion’?
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter diagnoses various ills which beset the language and practice of ‘compassion’. To begin with, problems in the political context for compassion in healthcare are considered, especially the complex relationship between patriotism, political liberalism, and health. In light of this, problems for compassion which require therapy are diagnosed. To some people, compassion seems an unreasonable demand to place on healthcare workers in modern, liberal democracies. This seems to be corroborated by the indeterminacy of compassion’s meaning, leading to a corruption in practice whereby compassion becomes acquiescence to the wishes of sufferers. Moreover, placing a demand for compassion upon healthcare workers seems liable to lead to burn-out. Two contrasting trends in healthcare practice exacerbate problems for compassion further: first, the possible decomposition of healthcare roles in light of machine learning, stripping out previous expectations for compassionate relationships, and, second, the overwhelming challenge of social death among the frail elderly.
Compassion and Peregrinatio
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins to describe the response to Chapter 1’s diagnosis. The core of a social theory which will provide therapy is introduced, namely, peregrinatio, the wayfaring and pilgrim experience of life. Peregrinatio is explained and deployed to show how it reframes healthcare encounters, illuminating the nature of compassion, its civic context, and its everyday practice and fostering six attitudes which conduce to compassion: (i) interest in the human life-course; (ii) patience with plurality of perspective; (iii) curiosity in human encounter and companionship; (iv) humility in conversation; (v) recognition of the proper value of healthcare; and (vi) perseverance in preserving the communal nature of human life amidst suffering. The benefits of such a framing of the human condition for three aspects of healing are considered: (i) the healing of the affections; (ii) the healing encounter with God amidst suffering; and (iii) the healing role of healthcare professionals. Objections to peregrinatio are considered and addressed.
Compassion and Time
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how differing views of time and narrative give rise to different objects of hope and corresponding content to compassion. Reflection on the human life-course, increasingly influential in policy, practice, political thought, and ethics, provides a frame of reference for interrelating different interpretations of human life from conception to death. A faithfully secular enquiry is pursued to explore this possibility, being capacious enough to interweave various ways of conceiving the human condition. To show how compassion’s content is differentiated by varying accounts of time, the chapter examines the interrelation of tragedy, Christian theology, and compassion in conversation with Martha Nussbaum, with an excursus on Buddhism. The aim is to clarify how creation, sin, Christ’s death, and Christ’s resurrection influence the content of compassion. The account of time’s relationship to compassion which emerges—‘time suspended and reconciled’—is defined by Christ’s life-course and applied to obstetrics and palliative care.
Religious Practices at Court
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
John oversaw a surprisingly active religious life at court that nonetheless failed to create an aura of pious kingship for him. Despite his reputation for impiety, recent work has shown that John carried out the religious practices expected of kings in his day, such as honouring saints’ relics, giving alms, and supporting religious houses. John’s religious activities were perforce generally court activities. Kingship was in part a religious office and religious activities at court were partly designed to project an image of sacral kingship. The chapter explores why the court’s many religious activities failed so miserably to improve John’s religious reputation and discusses the broader relationship between power, pleasure, and piety.
John’s Court in a Comparative Context
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
How did John’s court compare to those of other rulers in his own period and with earlier and later courts? Variation in the quality and quantity of sources makes precision difficult. Nonetheless, what we know about court culture in other European countries in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries suggests that many aspects of court culture were similar across a wide range of territories. Indeed, one can even find similarities with Byzantine and Islamic courts. The evidence also indicates a great deal of continuity across the long historic arc of court culture in Western Europe. However, this continuity was combined with gradual but cumulatively radical change, so that by the early modern period, courts had become much larger and more complex, and very different in other respects as well.
Domestic Explanations: Inequalities
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Raniolo Francesco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe most salient empirical results can be summed up in a few points. First, despite the complexities and necessary distinctions, the consensual democracies with coordinated economies tend to have redistributive policy solutions and to correct inequalities. Second, the salience of the migration issue derives either from the consequences of the economic crisis (Italy, Spain, and France) or from basic ideological orientations (Poland). Third, with the Great Recession, the presence of new parties and populist parties became a distinguishing aspect of our six countries. Greater dissatisfaction and the growth of the new protest parties pushed the incumbent leaders to be more responsive. Fourth, we distinguish between a revendicative populism (leftist or inclusionary) and an identitarian populism (rightist or exclusionary). Identitarian populism mainly prevailed in Poland—but has a specific salience also in other countries: from France, with the Front National, to Italy with the League of Salvini, the United Kingdom with UKIP and also with Boris Johnson, and, to a more limited extent, Germany with AfD, and lastly Spain with Vox. Revendicative populism became politically and electorally relevant where the economic crisis was felt most, as Southern European democracies. Fifth, the relationship between the vote of the left parties (moderate and radical) and the trend of inequality shows a rather random connection. It is possible to identify a few patterns in the six countries. Finally, the connection between protest movements and the related institutionalization is different from case to case, with Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland, where there are no relevant social movements.
Domestic Explanations: Freedoms
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Piana Daniela 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen explaining the trends and level of the three freedoms, the role of the rule of law with regards to governmental effectiveness, the control of corruption, and the compliance of public order with fundamental rights should be considered. Besides, there is the paradox of more information and less freedom and the paradox of more rules and less freedom. We also focused on economic freedom, freedom of religious association, freedom of movement, and improvement of protection of dignity because of the modernization of the judicial systems and the prisons. Moreover, the wave of technological development did not translate into an improvement of individual freedoms, especially for privacy protection, freedom to access information, and freedom of movement. The media and pluralism of information are considered critical in helping individuals to make conscious choices and ensuring the possibility of shedding light on rulers’ behaviour and filling the gap between the asymmetry of information that marks the hiatus between rulers and ruled. Despite the undeniable advantage of being provided with a potentially infinite range of information and being able to access a spectacular plurality of sources of information, citizens easily fall victim to what is now labelled as fake news. Overall, the Web is ill-prepared to cope with the risks of the biased information available on the Internet. Freedoms seem to be running the risk of being subverted by the overwhelming availability of data and information if a sound plural and institutionally embedded system of media pluralism is not in place.
Introduction
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces key topics covered in the book, including the justice in redress, the value in a right holder’s authoring acts of redress, and the distinction between the standing to demand a remedy and the standing to enforce it. The chapter also endorses the view that private law has plural aims, allowing for an understanding of private law that avoids unifying private law under a single value or principle. As will be developed, these aims can co-exist without problematic or contradictory effects. From a political theory perspective, this chapter suggests a fiduciary account of the state’s obligations, and it also provides a new take on the relation between redress and self-help. This introductory chapter closes with a look at the role of equity in moderating the effects of redress and an analysis of contemporary legal variations (such as arbitration, damage caps, litigation finance, and class actions).
The State as a Fiduciary
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the state’s responsibility to provide a venue for civil recourse (ordinarily, by means of a private right of action). Civil recourse theorists have explained the state’s obligation to provide for private rights of action in terms of social contracts. On this view, the state owes its citizens a means to act against a wrongdoer, given that the state has largely prohibited self-help. Such accounts are discussed along with an alternative to a social contract theory: the state may be a fiduciary to its citizens. Elaborating on the fiduciary account, this chapter suggests the state may have an obligation to provide for private law institutions of a certain type. Notably, part of the state’s responsibility may be to provide private law institutions that facilitate pursuit of those projects that individuals find meaningful. Provision for rights of redress may then be an important component of the state’s fiduciary obligations.
Modern Variations on the Theme
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers contemporary developments in private law. We live in a world that increasingly includes statutory encroachments on common law principles, and some of these revisions alter the way legal claims are pursued. A focus on rights of redress offers different perspectives on several of these developments, sometimes offering grounds for critique and sometimes providing support. This chapter will assess the implications of damage caps, arbitration, litigation finance, corporate claims, and class actions. As will be developed, these contemporary legal features suggest that redress exists along several continuums: it can be more or less private; it can depend on a neutral third-party decision-maker or it can be unilateral; it can be more or less subject to a right holder’s control; and it can be more or less complete. Whichever form redress takes, however, it will also implicate questions of justice. In order to fully appreciate why redress matters, each of these features needs to be assessed.
Noise and Rationality
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of noise in decision-making processes, its nature, and its consequences on behaviour and rationality. Noise is a prerequisite for the system to generate a choice, and synaptic noise is considered to be the main source of noise in the nervous system. At the network level, these phenomena can be amplified by bifurcation processes, especially in networks that rely on populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons interconnected randomly. This bifurcation phenomenon belongs to what physics calls chaotic processes. Associated with stochastic phenomena, bifurcation leads to equilibrium states that can be very far apart. This chapter then goes on to explain that the very basis of the apparent irrationality of behaviour is intrinsic to the properties of the decision-making network. This approach provides an alternative explanation to individual and inter-individual variability in behaviour. The variability of behaviour that results from these processes may provide an evolutionary advantage by allowing individuals of each species to be able to switch from exploitation to exploration behaviour.
The Machine-Learning Approach of Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses alternative approaches of reinforcement learning that are developed by machine learning. The initial goal of this branch of artificial intelligence, which appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, was to develop and implement algorithms that allow a machine to learn. Originally, they were computers or more or less autonomous robotic automata. As artificial intelligence has developed and cross-fertilized with neuroscience, it has begun to be used to model the learning and decision-making processes for biological agents, broadening the meaning of the word ‘machine’. Theoreticians of this discipline define several categories of learning, but this chapter only deals with those which are related to reinforcement learning. To understand how these algorithms work, it is necessary first of all to explain the Markov chain and the Markov decision-making process. The chapter then goes on to examine model-free reinforcement learning algorithms, the actor-critic model, and finally model-based reinforcement learning algorithms.
Bias and Heuristics
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the cognitive bias and heuristics of judgement. It also considers possible underlying neural mechanisms. Economist Herbert Simon introduced the notion of heuristics in judgement to define the approximate rational rules upon which individuals rely to make decisions. Experimental psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky transformed this notion of heuristics by highlighting the cognitive biases that influence judgements. From his work with Tversky, Kahneman elaborated the two-systems theory. According to him, human decision-making is the result of a competition between a fast, automatic system (System 1) that is prone to make mistakes and a slower, more demanding but also more reliable one (System 2). Both systems use heuristics, but the second compensates with anticipation. This chapter then looks at initial bias and beliefs. It also explains the anchoring effect, as well as the dilution effect. Anchoring is the excessive influence of a first impression on judgements.
The Data Imperative
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Companies across all industries are engaging in digital transformation to harness the power of advanced information technologies. Building on interviews and diverse case studies, this book describes how data and algorithms are reshaping management practices, organizational structures, corporate culture, and work roles. The book develops a broad framework for understanding digitalization not as a technological change, but as a new normative mindset, ‘the data imperative’. New managerial ideals compel companies to pursue digital omniscience and omnipotence—the abilities to represent and understand the world through real-time data flows and to control customer experiences, physical equipment, and workers with software. The efforts to complement and replace human expertise with data and smart algorithms are associated with shifts in strategic priorities, adoption of powerful modular architectures, new organizational structures, and introduction of artificial intelligence into diverse work roles. Surveying the changes in management and the workplace, this book offers an integrative and balanced account of the ongoing changes. It elaborates how artificial intelligence is changing work at all levels of the hierarchy and envisions how the emerging artificially intelligent organization will change how professionals work. The frameworks and ideas espoused in this book will help the reader understand the ongoing changes in the workplace that affect everyone from executives and professionals to frontline workers.
The Principles of Judaism
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this book Samuel Lebens takes the three principles of Jewish faith, as they were proposed in the fifteenth century by Rabbi Joseph Albo, and seeks to scrutinize and refine them with the toolkit of contemporary analytic philosophy. What could it mean for a perfect being to create a world out of nothing? Could such a world be anything more than a figment of God’s imagination? What is the Torah, and what must a person believe before it would make sense to treat it as Orthodox Judaism does? What does Judaism expect from a Messiah, and what would it mean for a world to be redeemed? These questions are explored in conversation with a wide array of Jewish sources—the Bible, Philo, the rabbis of the Mishna and Talmud, the medieval rationalists and mystics, the Hassidim, and more, with an eye towards diverse fields of contemporary research, such as cosmology, logic, the ontology of literature, and the metaphysics of time. This book is an attempt to articulate the most fundamental axioms of Orthodox Judaism in the vernacular of contemporary philosophy.
Creatio ex Nihilo
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the medieval debate about the nature of creation. It compares and contrasts arguments of three major schools. The first school suggests that the universe had no start, and that God’s work of creation is, accordingly, continuous and with no beginning. The second two schools suggest that the creation had a beginning but differ as to whether God created the universe out of nothing, or out of some primordial matter. Bringing these arguments into conversation with contemporary philosophy and cosmology, this chapter finds in favor of an original creation from nothing.
What Is the Torah?
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter develops a traditional riddle concerning the relationship between the “Heavenly Torah” and the “Earthly Torah.” First it is established that the Jewish tradition is heavily committed to the existence of a Heavenly Torah, and that contemporary philosophy of literature provides us with no reason to demur. How are the Heavenly and Earthly Torah related? This chapter sketches all the possibilities, and shows how each answer comes at a cost. This is the internal problem with the revelation.
How is Islam Known and Not Known on Campus?
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The specific social, intellectual and historical trajectories that produce knowledge about Islam are complex and may be problematic. They are caught up in patterns of cultural othering and stereotyping that distort the ways in which Islam and Muslims are represented, patterns shaped by a narrative of securitization that stoke fear and prejudice rather than dispassionate awareness. University courses are surprisingly fertile as an occasional source of knowledge about religion, but only a small minority draw on them a great deal. Students find more knowledge outside degree programmes, in friendships, and in sacred texts. Both Shi’i and Sunni Muslims want to identify both differences and similarities between academic and spiritual needs. We identify the need to increase conversations about systems of knowledge and they need to be cross-cultural and collaborative to serve humanity at large.
Should Middle-Income Countries Implement Environmental Policies?
Authors: Rosa Emilio Padilla 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the reasons for middle-income countries to enforce environmental policies and not leaving them for later development stages. It puts into question the premise that low- and middle-income countries should grow first and clean up later. Furthermore, it explains several possible co-benefits for middle-income countries of implementing environmental policies and how the application of international environmental policies and agreements influences them. These potential gains provide strong arguments to enforce environmental policies and facilitate a green transformation in middle-income countries. There are, however, several problems and challenges that may make this transformation difficult. The implementation of environmental policies should be tailored to the economic and institutional context of each country and accompanied by measures allowing an adequate achievement of economic, social, and environmental goals.
Middle-Income Countries and Multilateral Development Banks
Authors: Canuto Otaviano , Cavallari Matheus , Santos Tiago Ribeiro dos 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) have two financing windows, with different terms, dedicated to low- and middle-income countries. Countries are presumed to cross those windows as their income per capita rises, with middle-income countries (MICs) eventually “graduating” to non-client status once they reach certain criteria. However, due to what may be called “middle-income traps,” such progression toward graduation has been limited to a small number of countries. This chapter suggests areas where support by MDBs would yield the highest results toward the “graduation” of MICs. Item 1 reviews the criteria that have been used to justify graduation, whereas item 2 approaches middle-income levels as a stage of growth and development. Finally, item 3 proposes an interface between MDBs’ support to MICs and the policy agenda to overcome middle-income traps.