bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal patterns of breeding activity of Atlantic Rainforest anurans at Boracéia, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut , Bertoluci Jaime 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnnual patterns of breeding activity of 28 anuran species were studied at Boracéia, an Atlantic Rainforest locality in the coastal mountains of Southeastern Brazil. Five patterns were evident: (1) species that call year-round; (2) opportunistic calling activity associated with rainfall; (3) explosive breeding; (4) winter activity; and (5) summer species with variable breeding seasons. The number of species with calling males was positively correlated with mean monthly temperature.
Merleau-Ponty and Nature
Authors: Barbaras Renaud 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe course on nature coincides with the re-working of Merleau-Ponty's breakthrough towards an ontology and therefore plays a primordial role. The appearance of an interrogation of nature is inscribed in the movement of thought that comes after the Phenomenology of Perception. What is at issue is to show that the ontological mode of the perceived object - not the unity of a positive sense but the unity of a style that shows through in filigree in the sensible aspects - has a universal meaning, that the description of the perceived world can give way to a philosophy of perception and therefore to a theory of truth. The analysis of linguistic expression to which the philosophy of perception leads opens out onto a definition of meaning as institution, understood as what inaugurates an open series of expressive appropriations. It is this theory of institution that turns the analysis of the perceived in the direction of a reflection on nature: the perceived is no longer the originary in its difference from the derived but the natural in its difference from the instituted. Nature is the "non-constructed, non-instituted," and thereby, the source of expression: "nature is what has a sense without this sense having been posited by thought." The first part of the course, which consists in a historical overview, must not be considered as a mere introduction. In fact, the problem of nature is brought out into the open by means of the history of Western metaphysics, in which Descartes is the emblematic figure. The problem consists in the duality - at once unsatisfactory and unsurpassable - between two approaches to nature: the one which accentuates its determinability and therefore its transparency to the understanding; the other which emphasizes the irreducible facticity of nature and tends therefore to valorize the view-point of the senses. To conceive nature is to constitute a concept of it that allows us to "take possession" of this duality, that is, to found the duality. The second part of the course attempts to develop this concept of nature by drawing upon the results of contemporary science. Thus a philosophy of nature is sketched that can be summarized in four propositions: 1) the totality is no less real than the parts; 2) there is a reality of the negative and therefore no alternative between being and nothingmess; 3) a natural event is not assigned to a unique spatio-temporal localization; and 4) there is generality only as generativity.
What is Ecophenomenology?
Authors: Wood David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhat is eco-phenomenology? This paper argues that eco-phenomenology, in which are folded both an ecological phenomenology and a phenomenological ecology, offers us a way of developing a middle ground between phenomenology and naturalism, between intentionality and causality. Our grasp of Nature is significantly altered by thinking through four strands of time's plexity - the invisibility of time, the celebration of finitude, the coordination of rhythms, and the interruption and breakdown of temporal horizons. It is also transformed by a meditation on the role of boundaries in constituting the varieties of thinghood. Eco-phenomenology takes up in a tentative and exploratory way the traditional phenomenological claim to be able to legislate for the sciences, or at least to think across the boundaries that seem to divide them. In this way, it opens up and develops an access to Nature and the natural, one which is independent both of the conceptuality of the natural sciences and of traditional metaphysics.
ORNSTEIN–UHLENBECK PROCESSES IN BANACH SPACES AND THEIR SPECTRAL REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Groves James S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor Q the variance of some centred Gaussian random vector in a separable Banach space it is shown that, necessarily, Q factors through $\ell^2$ as a product of 2-summing operators. This factorization condition is sufficient when the Banach space is of Gaussian type 2. The stochastic integral of a deterministic family of operators with respect to a Q-Wiener process is shown to exist under a continuity condition involving the 2-summing norm. A Langevin equation$$ \rd\bm{Z}_t+\sLa\bm{Z}_t\,\rd t=\rd\bm{B}_t, $$with values in a separable Banach space, is studied. The operator $\sLa$ is closed and densely defined. A weak solution $(\bm{Z}_t,\bm{B}_t)$, where $\bm{Z}_t$ is centred, Gaussian and stationary, while $\bm{B}_t$ is a Q-Wiener process, is given when $\ri\sLa$ and $\ri\sLa^*$ generate $C_0$ groups and the resolvent of $\sLa$ is uniformly bounded on the imaginary axis. Both $\bm{Z}_t$ and $\bm{B}_t$ are stochastic integrals with respect to a spectral Q-Wiener process.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 60G15. Secondary 46E40; 47B10; 47D03; 60H10
CUSP DENSITIES OF HYPERBOLIC 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: Adams Colin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe cusp density of a hyperbolic 3-manifold is the ratio of the largest possible volume in a set of cusps with disjoint interiors to the volume in the manifold. It is known that all cusp densities fall in the interval $[0,0.853\dots]$. It is shown that the cusp densities of finite-volume orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds are dense in this interval.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57M50
A spectral study of differential diffusion of
passive scalars in isotropic turbulence
Authors: ULITSKY MARK , VAITHIANATHAN T. , COLLINS LANCE R. 
Published: July 2002

In a companion paper, Ulitsky & Collins (2000) applied the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) turbulence theory to the mixing of two inert passive
scalars with different diffusivities in stationary isotropic turbulence. Their paper
showed that a rigorous application of the EDQNM approximation leads to a scalar
covariance spectrum that violates the Cauchy–Schwartz inequality over a range of
wavenumbers. The violation results from the improper functionality of the inverse
diffusive time scales that arise from the Markovianization of the time evolution of
the triple correlations. The modified inverse time scale they proposed eliminates this
problem and allows meaningful predictions of the scalar covariance spectrum both
with and without a uniform mean gradient.This study uses the modified EDQNM model to investigate the spectral dynamics of
differential diffusion. Consistent with recent DNS results by Yeung (1996), we observe
that whereas spectral transfer is predominantly from low to high wavenumbers,
spectral incoherence, being of molecular origin, originates at high wavenumbers
and is transferred in the opposite direction by the advective terms. Quantitative
comparisons between the EDQNM model and the DNS show good agreement. In
addition, the model is shown to give excellent estimates for the dissipation coefficient
defined by Yeung (1998).We show that the EDQNM scalar covariance spectrum for two scalars with different
molecular diffusivities can be approximated by the EDQNM autocorrelation spectrum
for a scalar with molecular diffusivity equal to the arithmetic mean of the first two
scalars. The result is exact for the case of an isotropic scalar and is shown to be
a very good approximation for the scalar with a uniform mean gradient. We then
exploit this relationship to derive a simple formula for the correlation coefficient of
two differentially diffusing scalars as a function of their two Schmidt numbers and the
turbulent Reynolds number. A comparison of the formula with the EDQNM model
shows the model predicts the correct Reynolds number scaling and qualitatively
predicts the dependence on the Schmidt numbers.To investigate the degree of local versus non-local transfer of the scalar covariance
spectrum, we divided the energy spectrum into three ranges corresponding to the
energy-containing eddies, the inertial range, and the dissipation range. Then, by
conditioning the scalar transfer on the energy contained within each of the three
ranges, we have determined that the transfer process is dominated first by local
interactions (local transfer) followed by non-local interactions leading to local transfer.
Non-local interactions leading to non-local transfer are found to be significant at the
higher wavenumbers. This result has important implications for defining simpler
spectral models that potentially can be applied to more complex engineering flows.
Whole-field velocity measurements around an
axisymmetric body with a Stratford–Smith
pressure recovery
Authors: HAMMACHE M. , BROWAND F. K. , BLACKWELDER R. F. 
Published: July 2002

Wind tunnel experiments are performed on a body of revolution with aft-section
designed to be an axisymmetric Stratford ramp (i.e. the flow over the ‘ramp’ experiences
an adverse pressure gradient that causes it to be continuously on the verge of
separation). Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements over the ramp
reveal a thick boundary layer that is characterized by self-similar velocity profiles with
a large wake component and organized vorticity structures. The mean skin friction
quickly drops to a value near zero.The sensitivity of the boundary layer to the degree of severity of the adverse
pressure gradient is investigated by testing two additional ramps; one is slightly more
conservative (i.e. less steep) than the Stratford ramp while the other is slightly more
radical (i.e. steeper). In comparison to the Stratford ramp, the conservative ramp is
characterized by a thinner boundary layer, with velocity profiles that start attached
and gradually develop a large wake component, a much more gradual drop in the skin
friction, and vorticity that is concentrated very close to the wall. On the other hand,
the boundary layer over the radical ramp is unsteady and separates intermittently.
Measurements of the drag force on each of the three bodies confirm that the Stratford
ramp experiences the least amount of drag.Finally, additional data are gathered on the windward and leeward sides of the
Stratford ramp when subjected to a small angle of attack. This case exhibits a more
complex flow structure: the flow remains attached over the windward side of the
ramp while separating over the leeward side.
Language diversity and international communication
Authors: Salverda Reinier 
Published: July 2002

Some reflections on why English is necessary but not enough.On 11 May 2001, as part of the EU-Japan Friendship Week, and on the occasion of the European Year of Languages, a one-day symposium on ‘The Future of Linguistic Diversity’ was held at the Japan Foundation in Tokyo: see ET67, Jul 01. In his contribution to this symposium, Professor Reinier Salverda of University College London (as the representative of the Netherlands) discussed how it may be possible to work towards successful international communication in a world that is nonetheless marked by great diversity of language. The following adapted and extended version of his EYL presentation discusses both multilingualism today and the view that English, while necessary in global terms, is hardly enough.
Learning to construct verbs in Navajo and Quechua
Authors: COURTNEY ELLEN H. , SAVILLE-TROIKE MURIEL 
Published: July 2002

Navajo and Quechua, both languages with a highly complex morphology, provide intriguing insights into the acquisition of inflectional systems. The development of the verb in the two languages is especially interesting, since the morphology encodes diverse grammatical notions, with the complex verb often constituting the entire sentence. While the verb complex in Navajo is stem-final, with prefixes appended to the stem in a rigid sequence, Quechua verbs are assembled entirely through suffixation, with some variation in affix ordering.We explore issues relevant to the acquisition of verb morphology by children learning Navajo and Quechua as their first language. Our study presents naturalistic speech samples produced by five Navajo children, aged 1;1 to 4;7, and by four Quechua-speaking children, aged 2;0 to 3;5. We centre our analysis on the role of phonological criteria in segmentation of verb stems and affixes, the production of amalgams, the problem of homophony, and the significance of distributional learning and semantic criteria in the development of the verb template. The phenomena observed in our data are discussed in light of several proposals, especially those of Peters, Pinker, Slobin, and Hyams.
On the origin of faeces: morphological versus molecular methods for surveying rare carnivores from their scats
Authors: Davison Angus , Birks Johnny D. S. , Brookes Rachael C. , Braithwaite Tony C. , Messenger John E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCharismatic mammals remain a linchpin in attracting publicity and funds for the conservation of native habitats and organisms. Unfortunately, the same animals are frequently scarce and difficult to survey. For many, confirming their presence through faecal surveys is the only cost‐effective approach. Here we show that, contrary to received opinion, expert naturalists fail reliably to distinguish pine marten Martes martes faeces (‘scats’) from those of foxes Vulpes vulpes. Moreover, their judgement fails completely when the animals and their scats are at their most scarce. This unexpected result from such a well‐studied species has important implications for the monitoring of endangered mammals. We recommend that in the future, a multi‐evidence approach should be adopted to monitor elusive mammals, involving DNA methods, cast hair identification, camera traps, and non‐leading ‘sighting’ questionaires. For national surveys, it may soon become cost‐effective to screen large numbers of samples using microarray technology.
Re‐evaluation of the Taiwanese white‐toothed shrew, Crocidura tadae Tokuda and Kano, 1936 (Insectivora: Soricidae) from Taiwan and two offshore islands
Authors: Fang Yin‐Ping , Lee Ling‐Ling 
Published: July 2002

Abstract Crocidura tadae was first reported as a new species from Orchid Island by Tokuda & Kano (1936). However, both C. tadae and C. kurodai from Taiwan were considered as subspecies of C. horsfieldii by subsequent researchers. In the present study, the karyotypic and morphological differences among the potential C. tadae specimens from Taiwan main island and two offshore islands (Orchid Island and Green Island) were examined. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in the karyotypes of these shrews but that their karyotype is different from that of other Crocidura species. Therefore, the Tadae's shrew C. tadae Tokuda & Kano, 1936 should be a valid species. Furthermore, morphological variation in 25 external and cranial characters of 106 specimens were analysed using univariate statistics, and eight selected characters were used for multivariate analyses. Univariate statistical comparisons of the three insular samples revealed that shrews of the Green Island population were the largest in most measurements of characters and shrews of the Orchid Island population were the smallest. Multivariate analysis differentiated the Taiwan samples from the other two insular samples. Therefore, three subspecies of C. tadae are recognized: C. t. tadae (Orchid Island); C. t. kurodai (Taiwan) and C. t. lutaoensis subsp. nov (Green Island).
Timing of breeding, productivity and survival of long‐tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in cold‐temperate rainforest in New Zealand
Authors: O'Donnell Colin F. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBreeding of the threatened long‐tailed bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus was studied over seven summers, 1993–2000, in temperate rainforest, Fiordland, New Zealand. Reproductive history of 789 marked bats from three social groups was investigated. Seventy per cent of births occurred over a 10‐day period in mid‐December. Young began flying at 5–6 weeks and nipples of reproductive females were regressing 2 weeks later. Sex ratio at birth was equal. Lactation coincided with highest annual air temperatures and peak abundance of flying invertebrates. Date of first birth varied by 4 days annually, but date of first flight varied by 17 days. Males had distended cauda epididymides at 1 year old (mean±SE = 1.63±0.16 years) and epididymal distension peaked in early autumn. Females first gave birth at 2–3 years of age (2.33±0.08 years). The short, highly synchronous breeding season, birth of single young, early mating in autumn, and late age of female sexual maturity compared to similar‐sized vespertilionids, may be related to low food availability and unpredictable cold‐temperate weather conditions. Annual productivity did not differ among groups but probability of survival of juveniles varied from 0.26 to 0.88 and was inversely proportional to size of natal group. Variability in breeding parameters was unrelated to climate or body condition of bats. The group with highest survival rates contained reproductive females and juveniles with significantly higher body condition. Differences in roost site or food quality within the home range of each group, varying genetic quality of members of the groups, or density‐dependent mechanisms, may explain differential survival, but these hypotheses require investigation. A population crash and poor productivity in 1996 coincided with an irruption in the numbers of stoats Mustela erminea implying that predation by introduced animals can cause periodic population crashes. These results should be used to examine implications of these hypotheses on the long‐term viability of Chalinolobus populations.
Head bobbing and the movement of the centre of gravity in walking pigeons (Columba livia)
Authors: Fujita Masaki 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe head bobbing of a walking bird is considered as an optokinetic response, but the question of why head bobbing is synchronized with leg movement is not clear. It is possible that head bobbing also has biomechanical correlation with leg movement at least during walking. Movement of the centre of gravity (COG) along the sagittal axis was estimated in pigeons Columba livia from carcasses and motion analysis from video films of walking. Although it was ascertained that the head thrust observed in the double support phase helps to shift the COG over the supporting foot around the beginning of the single support phase, its effect was very small. The hold phase showed correlation with the COG positioning over the supporting foot in the single support phase. Stabilization of the eyes during the single support phase may be significant for the control of balance.
The odour of pyrazine increases the egg mass of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L.)
Authors: Barnea Anat , Rothschild Miriam 
Published: July 2002

AbstractForty leghorn chickens at the commencement of egg laying, were divided into two groups, each with 10 females and 10 males. One group was exposed to the odour of synthetic pyrazine (2‐methoxy‐3‐isobutylpyrazine) for 16 weeks while the other acted as a control. During the first 4 weeks the hens exposed to pyrazine odour laid significantly fewer eggs (unfertilized) than the controls, but thereafter both groups laid a similar number. Mean egg mass of the pyrazine exposed hens was significantly (P= 0.012) greater (5.5%) than that of the control group. No significant difference was found in body mass or eggshell thickness. Similarly, there were no consistent significant differences between groups in oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in the blood of females and males, respectively. No pyrazine could be detected in cloacal extracts. The experiment shows that an external odour can affect the internal reproductive system of the chicken. It is suggested that the pyrazine‐engendered increase in egg mass involves neuroendocrine regulation within the hypothalamus rather than hormonal interactions ‘downstream’ of the brain.
Deux éditions récentes de textes d'astronomie arabe
Authors: MORELON RÉGIS 
Published: July 2002

Na[sdotu]īr al-Dīn al-[Tdotu]ūsī, Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ‘ilm al-hay’a, Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary by F.J. Ragep, 2 vols., XV + 656 + XV pp., figs., index. New York - Berlin - Heidelberg..., Springer Verlag, 1993 (Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 12).[Sdotu]adr al-Sharī‘a. An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy: Kitāb Ta‘dīl Hay’at al-Aflāk of [sdotu]adr al-Sharīa, Edited with Translation and Commentary by Ahmad S. Dallal, X + 461 pp., figs., index. Leiden - New York - Köln, E.J. Brill, 1995 (Islamic Philosophy, Theology & Science, Texts and Studies, vol. 23).
ANASYG/PRESYG, Météo‐France's new graphical summary of the synoptic situation
Authors: Santurette Patrick , Joly Alain 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMétéo‐France is preparing the implementation of a revised graphical summary of the synoptic situation. This graphical product has been developed since 1993 as, as far as possible, an extension of the existing framework published by WMO. Graphics remain the best way to convey rapidly a lot of information. However, the existing graphical language for meteorology has seldom changed over the years, while our dynamical understanding has improved. Its current use is in fact poorer than the one allowed by the WMO reference definition. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, a richer graphical language is proposed. Its goal is to show and, often, to explain areas of synoptic weather activity in the initial spirit of the Norwegian method, since it has been so successful in shaping modern operational meteorology. However, it takes into account the present understanding of cyclogenesis and large‐scale dynamics: the actual and potential baroclinic interactions replace the polar front concept. Dynamical meteorology also provides rather precise guidance for structuring and preparing the summary. The proposed code is described and explained. Examples are shown, with most cases taken from the recent FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment) project. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society