bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of reported cases of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis failure with resultant breakthrough HIV infections
Authors: To KW , Lee SS 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesEarly randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have confirmed high efficacy of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) with high HIV exposure risk. Nevertheless, some PrEP failure cases have been reported despite adequate drug adherence. This review aims to summarize the common features of PrEP failure cases and discuss the implications of upscaling PrEP programmes.MethodsA search based on articles and clinical trials was conducted through Medline and OVID, with keywords for accessing publications reporting ‘true’ PrEP failure in the presence of documented adherence to daily regimen of co‐formulated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabone.ResultsTen cases of ‘true’ PrEP failure were identified, all of which were preceded by continued practice of condomless anal sex, despite documented adherence. Dried blood spot and/or hair analyses provided supporting evidence of adherence in eight cases. There was strong association of PrEP failure with recurrent or multiple sexually transmitted diseases and infection with resistant HIV viruses. Seroconversion was usually atypical or delayed because of significantly suppressed viral load, making diagnosis a clinical challenge.DiscussionAlthough it is uncommon, ‘true’ PrEP failure can occur in a real‐world situation, contrary to the outcome of early RCTs. Failure to identify HIV infection while on PrEP can potentially lead to the emergence of drug‐resistant virus. To achieve effective HIV prevention, PrEP programmes should emphasize safer sexual practice in addition to drug adherence. Early identification of PrEP failure is crucial, which requires the development of highly sensitive assays and their clinical application.
Trichoscopic signs of tinea capitis: a guide for selection of appropriate antifungal
Authors: Genedy Rasha M. , Sorour Osama A. , Elokazy Miada A. W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundTinea capitis is the most common pediatric dermatophyte infection. Optimal treatment regimen differs according to the type of the dermatophyte involved.ObjectivesThe aim of this work was to study the trichoscopic signs in relation to isolated organism in a sample of Egyptian patients with tinea capitis and the possibility of using them as a guide for selection of appropriate antifungal.MethodsThis study was carried out on 60 subjects with tinea capitis. Patients were mycologically examined, both direct microscopy with KOH preparation and culture of the scraped hair materials on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Culture mounts were used for identification of the organism. Trichoscopic examination of all patients was performed using the Dermlite DLIII dermoscope.ResultsThere was significant higher prevalence of both comma and corkscrew hair in endothrix infection and T. violaceum‐infected cases. On the other hand, there was significant higher prevalence of zigzag, barcode hairs, and white sheaths in ectothrix infection and M. canis‐infected cases.ConclusionWhile some trichoscopic findings are nonspecific, others were found to be more specific. Finding zigzag hairs and barcode hairs points to ectothrix infection (M. canis), and it is recommended to start treatment with griseofulvin. On the other hand, finding comma hairs and corkscrew hairs without zigzag hairs and barcode hairs points to endothrix infection (T. violaceum), and it is recommended to start treatment with terbinafine in the usual dose.
Weight for length measures may not accurately reflect adiposity in preterm infants born appropriate for gestational age during hospitalisation or after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Nagel Emily , Desjardins Christopher , Earthman Carrie , Ramel Sara , Demerath Ellen 
Published: November 2020

SummaryBackgroundWeight/length (W/L) indices are poor surrogates for adiposity in preterm infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at birth, but whether the association subsequently improves is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine if W/L indices accurately reflect adiposity in premature infants born AGA in later infancy.MethodsAssociations between W/L indices and fat mass, fat mass index and percent body fat (%BF) obtained via air displacement plethysmography (ADP) were examined in 260 preterm infants (majority born AGA) at 28 to 63 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). Accuracy of W/L indices as indicators of adiposity was assessed by proportion of variance explained (R2) and root mean square error from linear regression of adiposity on W/L indices and proportion of infants misclassified by W/L indices. Accuracy was further compared in term vs preterm infants at term‐equivalent age. The impact of early vs late preterm status on associations between W/L indices and %BF was also examined.ResultsBMI and W/L were most strongly associated with %BF but yielded poorly fitting models (maximum R2 = 0.35; 53% misclassification). A significant interaction of W/L indices and early vs late preterm status on %BF revealed that estimation of %BF differs by status. Accuracy of W/L indices was worse in preterm infants at term‐equivalent age.ConclusionsW/L indices were not good indicators of adiposity in preterm infants from 28 to 63 weeks' PMA (born AGA) with all categories of W/L indices combined. Future research should examine whether results are similar in preterm infants born with disproportionate W/L or who experience disproportionate growth postnatally.
Attitudes towards multi‐organ donation among intensive care unit nurses in transplant hospitals
Authors: Fernández‐Alonso Víctor , Moro‐Tejedor María Nieves , Palacios‐Ceña Domingo , Paredes‐Garza Francisco , Gil‐Carrasco María Dolores , De La Matta Cantò Marina , López‐Parra Nuria , Espín‐Faba José Antonio , Torres‐González Juan Ignacio , García‐Pozo Ana 
Published: November 2020

AimTo evaluate the attitudes towards deceased multi‐organ donation and transplantation among nurses within the critical care units of the six public tertiary transplant hospitals in Madrid, Spain.BackgroundSpain has a rate of 49 donations per million population, whereas Madrid has a lower donation rate of 34.2 per million population. Nurses generate social opinion, and their attitude can be one of the barriers against organ donation.MethodAn observational descriptive study was conducted among critical care units’ nurses. The measuring instrument was the Collaborative International Donor Project in Organ Donation and Transplantation. Data were collected from January to October 2019, and a statistical analysis was performed.ResultsA total of n = 313 questionnaires achieved a response rate of 51%. Of the intensive care unit nurses surveyed, 85% had a favourable opinion towards the donation of their organs being affected by psychosocial variables related to social variables with respect to family, religion and attitude towards the body.ConclusionThe intensive care unit nurses of the Madrid transplant hospitals maintain a favourable attitude towards organ donation and transplantation. It is necessary to implement specialized training and periodically evaluate training in this sector. To maintain and improve the attitude towards organ donation, family discussion among health personnel should be encouraged. Religion influences the attitude of nurses and donation rates.Implication for nursing and health policyIntensive care nurses’ attitude towards organ donation is influenced by social variables. This study shows that the attitude is positive but improvable. These findings contribute to promote awareness of the lack of organs and the benefits of organ donation.
Metabolic reprogramming of glycolysis and glutamine metabolism are key events in myofibroblast transition in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis
Authors: Henderson John , Duffy Laura , Stratton Richard , Ford Dianne , O’Reilly Steven 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSystemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a rare fibrotic autoimmune disorder for which no curative treatments currently exist. Metabolic remodelling has recently been implicated in other autoimmune diseases; however, its potential role in SSc has received little attention. Here, we aimed to determine whether changes to glycolysis and glutaminolysis are important features of skin fibrosis. TGF‐β1, the quintessential pro‐fibrotic stimulus, was used to activate fibrotic pathways in NHDFs in vitro. Dermal fibroblasts derived from lesions of SSc patients were also used for in vitro experiments. Parameters of glycolytic function were assessed using by measuring extracellular acidification in response to glycolytic activators/inhibitors, whilst markers of fibrosis were measured by Western blotting following the use of the glycolysis inhibitors 2‐dg and 3PO and the glutaminolysis inhibitor G968. Succinate was also measured after TGF‐β1 stimulation. Itaconate was added to SSc fibroblasts and collagen examined. TGF‐β1 up‐regulates glycolysis in dermal fibroblasts, and inhibition of glycolysis attenuates its pro‐fibrotic effects. Furthermore, inhibition of glutamine metabolism also reverses TGF‐β1‐induced fibrosis, whilst glutaminase expression is up‐regulated in dermal fibroblasts derived from SSc patient skin lesions, suggesting that enhanced glutamine metabolism is another aspect of the pro‐fibrotic metabolic phenotype in skin fibrosis. TGF‐β1 was also able to enhance succinate production, with increased succinate shown to be associated with increased collagen expression. Incubation of SSc cells with itaconate, an important metabolite, reduced collagen expression. TGF‐β1 activation of glycolysis is a key feature of the fibrotic phenotype induced by TGF‐B1 in skin cells, whilst increased glutaminolysis is also evident in SSc fibroblasts.
MAIR‐II deficiency ameliorates cardiac remodelling post‐myocardial infarction by suppressing TLR9‐mediated macrophage activation
Authors: Yonebayashi Saori , Tajiri Kazuko , Murakoshi Nobuyuki , Xu Dongzhu , Li Siqi , Feng Duo , Okabe Yuta , Yuan Zixun , Song Zonghu , Aonuma Kazuhiro , Shibuya Akira , Aonuma Kazutaka , Ieda Masaki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMacrophages are fundamental components of inflammation in post‐myocardial infarction (MI) and contribute to adverse cardiac remodelling and heart failure. However, the regulatory mechanisms in macrophage activation have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies showed that myeloid‐associated immunoglobulin–like receptor II (MAIR‐II) is involved in inflammatory responses in macrophages. However, its role in MI is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine a novel role and mechanism of MAIR‐II in MI. We first identified that MAIR‐II–positive myeloid cells were abundant from post‐MI days 3 to 5 in infarcted hearts of C57BL/6J (WT) mice induced by permanent left coronary artery ligation. Compared to WT, MAIR‐II–deficient (Cd300c2−/−) mice had longer survival, ameliorated cardiac remodelling, improved cardiac function and smaller infarct sizes. Moreover, we detected lower pro‐inflammatory cytokine and fibrotic gene expressions in Cd300c2−/−‐infarcted hearts. These mice also had less infiltrating pro‐inflammatory macrophages following MI. To elucidate a novel molecular mechanism of MAIR‐II, we considered macrophage activation by Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 9–mediated inflammation. In vitro, we observed that Cd300c2−/− bone marrow–derived macrophages stimulated by a TLR9 agonist expressed less pro‐inflammatory cytokines compared to WT. In conclusion, MAIR‐II may enhance inflammation via TLR9‐mediated macrophage activation in MI, leading to adverse cardiac remodelling and poor prognosis.
Speciation‐by‐depth on coral reefs: Sympatric divergence with gene flow or cryptic transient isolation?
Authors: Prada Carlos , Hellberg Michael E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe distributions of many sister species in the sea overlap geographically but are partitioned along depth gradients. The genetic changes leading to depth segregation may evolve in geographic isolation as a prerequisite to coexistence or may emerge during primary divergence leading to new species. These alternatives can now be distinguished via the power endowed by the thousands of scorable loci provided by second‐generation sequence data. Here, we revisit the case of two depth‐segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the nominal Caribbean candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa. Previous analyses based on a handful of markers could not distinguish between models of genetic exchange after a period of isolation (consistent with secondary contact) and divergence with gene flow (consistent with primary divergence). Analyses of the history of isolation, genetic exchange and population size based on 15,640 new SNP markers derived from RNAseq data best support models where divergence began 800K BP and include epochs of divergence with gene flow, but with an intermediate period of transient isolation. Results also supported the previous conclusion that recent exchange between the ecotypes occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow lineage to the Deep. Parallel analyses of data from two other corals with depth‐segregated populations (Agaricia fragilis and Pocillopora damicornis) suggest divergence leading to depth‐segregated populations may begin with a period of symmetric exchange, but that an epoch of population isolation precedes more complete isolation marked by asymmetric introgression. Thus, while divergence‐with‐gene flow may account for much of the differentiation that separates closely related, depth‐segregated species, it remains to be seen whether any critical steps in the speciation process only occur when populations are isolated.
Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic associated fatty liver disease among people living with HIV in China
Authors: Liu Danping , Shen Yinzhong , Zhang Renfang , Xun Jingna , Wang Jiangrong , Liu Li , Steinhart Corklin , Chen Jun , Lu Hongzhou 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe new definition for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly named non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), would undoubtedly have significant influence on diagnosis, epidemiology, and new drug research. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of MAFLD among people living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, transient elastography was performed in PLWH without significant alcohol intake and hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. NAFLD was diagnosed as controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ≥ 248 dB/m by transient elastography, and MAFLD was defined according to the 2020 international consensus. Advanced fibrosis was defined as liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥ 10 kPa.ResultsAmong the 361 PLWH enrolled, the prevalence of NAFLD and MAFLD were 37.67% and 34.90%, respectively. Compared with the non‐MAFLD group, the prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (44.44% vs 16.17%, P < 0.001) and advanced fibrosis (19.05% vs 2.55%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the MAFLD group. A positive correlation between LSM and CAP values was found in the MAFLD group (rs = 0.350, P < 0.001) but not in the non‐MAFLD group. In multivariate analysis, independent risk predictors for MAFLD were higher ALT level (odds ratio [OR] 1.015, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003–1.028, P = 0.018), higher uric acid (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.002–1.009, P = 0.003), higher total cholesterol (OR 1.406, 95% CI 1.029–1.921, P = 0.032), and greater waist–height ratio (OR 1.291, 95% CI 1.196–1.393, P < 0.001).ConclusionsA third of PLWH had MAFLD, which was highly accordant with the prevalence of NAFLD. Routine screening for MAFLD is necessary in PLWH.
Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data
Authors: Herrington Gaya 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the 1972 bestseller Limits to Growth (LtG), the authors concluded that, if global society kept pursuing economic growth, it would experience a decline in food production, industrial output, and ultimately population, within this century. The LtG authors used a system dynamics model to study interactions between global variables, varying model assumptions to generate different scenarios. Previous empirical‐data comparisons since then by Turner showed closest alignment with a scenario that ended in collapse. This research constitutes a data update to LtG, by examining to what extent empirical data aligned with four LtG scenarios spanning a range of technological, resource, and societal assumptions. The research benefited from improved data availability since the previous updates and included a scenario and two variables that had not been part of previous comparisons. The two scenarios aligning most closely with observed data indicate a halt in welfare, food, and industrial production over the next decade or so, which puts into question the suitability of continuous economic growth as humanity's goal in the twenty‐first century. Both scenarios also indicate subsequent declines in these variables, but only one—where declines are caused by pollution—depicts a collapse. The scenario that aligned most closely in earlier comparisons was not amongst the two closest aligning scenarios in this research. The scenario with the smallest declines aligned least with empirical data; however, absolute differences were often not yet large. The four scenarios diverge significantly more after 2020, suggesting that the window to align with this last scenario is closing.
Understanding relative metal prices and availability: Combining physical and economic perspectives
Authors: Watson Brett J. , Eggert Roderick G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractScientists typically use physical indicators, such as average crustal abundance, and energy requirements in production, as measures of the availability of mineral resources. Economists, on the other hand, typically rely on measures such as prices, and extraction costs. This study investigates the role of crustal abundance, energy requirements, and other physical indicators in determining relative metal prices. The relationship between prices, and physical indicators is estimated statistically for a sample of 22 chemical elements over the period 1970–2013 using an economic market model. The results suggest that energy requirements in production explain 43% of observed variation in metal prices, crustal abundance 21%, and other physical indicators (toxicity, native metal status, and melting point) combine to explain 12% of the observed differences in metal prices.
Complex genomic alterations and intellectual disability: an interpretative challenge
Authors: Silipigni R. , Milani D. , Tolva G. , Monfrini E. , Giacobbe A. , Marchisio P. G. , Guerneri S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundComplex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) are structural rearrangements involving more than three chromosomes or having more than two breaks; approximately 70% are not associated with any clinical phenotype. Here, we describe a CCR segregating in a two‐generation family.MethodA 4‐year‐old male was evaluated for developmental delay, mild intellectual disability and epicanthus. Karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis and array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) analysis were performed on the patient and of all family members.ResultArray CGH analysis of the proband detected two non‐contiguous genomic gains of chromosome 2 at bands q32.3q33.2 and bands q36.1q36.3. Both karyotype and FISH analysis revealed a recombinant chromosome 2 with a direct insertion of regions q32.3q33.2 and q36.1q36.3 into region q12. Both of these regions were also present in their original location. Karyotype and FISH analysis of the father revealed a de novo direct insertion of regions q32.3q33.2 and q36.1q36.3 into region q12. Moreover, a de novo balanced translocation involving the q arm of the same chromosome 2 and the p arm of chromosome 10 was observed in the father of the proband. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis and haplotype reconstruction confirmed the paternal origin of the duplications. Karyotype, FISH analysis and array CGH analysis of other family members were all normal.ConclusionThis report underlines the importance of using different methods to correctly evaluate the origin and the structure of CCRs in order to provide an appropriate management of the patients and a good estimation of the reproductive risk of the family.
Validation of a new hand function outcome measure in individuals with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Prada Valeria , Robbiano Giulia , Mennella Giulia , Hamedani Mehrnaz , Bellone Emilia , Grandis Marina , Schenone Angelo , Zuccarino Riccardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe symptomatology of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease mainly involves the feet and the hands. To date, there is no consensus on how to evaluate hand function in CMT. The aim of this study is to correlate the data of the engineered glove Hand Test System (HTS) with specific tests and the CMT examination score (CMTES). We analyzed 45 patients with the diagnosis of CMT using HTS, which measures the hand dexterity by specific sequences performed at maximum velocity. We completed the evaluation with the CMTES, tripod pinch and hand grip strength tested by a dynamometer, thumb opposition test (TOT), and Sollerman Hand function test (SHFT), and we conducted a test‐retest with 20 normal subjects. Finger tapping (FT) and index‐medium‐ring‐little (IMRL) sequence showed a significant correlation with CMTES (FT: dominant hand (DH): P = .036; non‐dominant hand (NDH): P = .033; IMRL: DH: P = .009; NDH: P = .046). TOT correlated with CMTES significantly in both hands (P < .0001). tripod pinch showed a statistically significant correlation with CMTES (DH: P = .002; NDH: P = .005). Correlation between the hand grip and CMTES was significant only in DH (DH: P = .002). SHFT had a significant correlation with the CMTES (DH: P = .002). Test‐retest showed a good reliability. HTS parameters correlate with CMTES confirming that this tool is sensitive to the hand deficits. In conclusion, we can state that HTS is a good, simple to use, and objective instrument to evaluate the hand function of CMT patients, but more studies on responsiveness and sensitivity are needed.
A simple nuclear contrast staining method for microCT‐based 3D histology using lead(II) acetate
Authors: Metscher Brian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractX‐ray microtomography (microCT) enables histological‐scale 3D imaging of many types of biological samples, but it has yet to rival traditional histology for differentiation of tissue types and cell components. This report presents prima facie results indicating that a simple lead(II) acetate staining solution can impart preferential X‐ray contrast to cell nuclei. While not strictly selective for nuclei, the staining reflects local cell‐density differences. It can be applied in a single overnight treatment and does not require hematoxylin staining or drying of the sample. The stain is removable with EDTA, and it may enhance early calcifications. A basic protocol is given as a guide for further testing and optimization.