bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common Symptom Presentations in Individuals With Probable Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Pinciotti Caitlin M. , Orcutt Holly K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are heterogeneous disorders that share common underlying factors, etiology, and symptoms. A small body of literature suggests common OCD symptom presentations may exist for this comorbid group, yet common comorbid PTSD symptom presentations remain unknown. The current study examined common symptom presentations in individuals with probable comorbid OCD + PTSD compared with those with a sole presentation of probable OCD or PTSD, controlling for overlapping symptoms, using a sample of 133 undergraduates. Individuals who exceeded cutoffs for probable OCD + PTSD endorse more severe OCD symptoms overall but report similar levels of PTSD symptoms compared with the respective diagnostic groups. Logistic regressions found that symptom domains present similarly overall in a comorbid presentation compared with the respective diagnostic groups, yet some OCD symptom domains were significantly more severe in the comorbid group compared with individuals with probable PTSD. Explanations for the unique contributions of symptoms are discussed, and clinical recommendations for addressing these domains are provided.
Witnessing Acute Stress Reaction in Team Members
Authors: Svetlitzky Vlad , Farchi Moshe , Yehuda Ariel Ben , Adler Amy B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIndividuals who witness team members exhibiting symptoms of an acute stress reaction (ASR) in the middle of a high-stress operational event may be negatively affected; ASR-related training may moderate this impact. In the present study, 560 Israeli soldiers were surveyed about ASR exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, public stigma, and whether they had received ASR-related training. This training, calledYaHaLOM, is a Hebrew acronym that outlines steps for managing ASR in team members. Controlling for combat exposure, greater exposure to ASR symptoms was associated with more overall PTSD symptoms, PTSD cluster symptoms, and public stigma.YaHaLOMtraining buffered these relationships for PTSD, intrusion and avoidance symptoms, and public stigma. The findings suggest that such training may help teams in high-risk occupations better manage ASR exposure.
Chick Eyes Can Recover from Lens Compensation without Visual Cues
Authors: Zhu Xiaoying , McFadden Sally A. 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
This study shows that nonvisual mechanism(s) can guide chick eyes to recover from myopia or hyperopia bidirectionally to regain their age-matched length. Because eye growth control is phylogenetically conserved across many species, it is possible that, in general, emmetropization mechanisms are not exclusively based on a local visual feedback system.

PURPOSE
Across species, growing eyes compensate for imposed defocus by modifying their growth, showing the visual controls on eye growth and emmetropization. When the spectacle lens is removed, the eyes rapidly recover back to a normal size similar to that in the untreated eyes. We asked whether this recovery process was dependent on visual feedback or whether it might be guided by intrinsic nonvisual mechanisms.

METHODS
Chicks wore either a +7 (n = 16) or −7 D (n = 16) lens over one eye for 4 to 7 days; the fellow eye was left untreated. After lens removal, half were recovered in darkness and half in white light. Refractive error and ocular dimensions were measured before and after lens treatment and after recovery with a Hartinger refractometer and A-scan biometer, respectively.

RESULTS
Whereas chick eyes completely recovered from prior lens treatment under normal light after 2 days, they also partially recovered from prior hyperopia (by 60%) and myopia (by 69%) after being kept in darkness for 3 days: a +7 and −7 D lens induced a difference between the eyes of +7.08 and −4.69 D, respectively. After recovery in darkness, the eyes recovered by 3.18 and 2.88 D, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
In the absence of visual cues, anisometropic eyes can modify and reverse their growth to regain a similar length to their fellow untreated eye. Because eye growth control is phylogenetically conserved across many species, it is possible that nonvisual mechanisms may contribute more generally to emmetropization and that recovery from anisometropic refractive errors may not be wholly visually controlled.
Findings from Optometrists' Practices in Advising about Lifestyle Study
Authors: Sahli Michelle W. , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Moeller Suzen M. , Brady William E. , Tolford Timothy W. , Millen Amy E. 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Lifestyle influences eye health and other chronic diseases. All health care providers, not just primary care physicians, should have the necessary information and training to advise and refer patients on lifestyle to take advantage of opportunities to provide such advice.

PURPOSE
The extent to which optometrists offer lifestyle advice to their patients is largely unknown. The Optometrists' Practices in Advising about Lifestyle (OPAL) study aimed to examine lifestyle advice that optometrists offer, to whom such advice is offered, and reasons for not offering this advice.

METHODS
We developed and administered a mail-in survey to 140 optometrists in Western New York.

RESULTS
Five surveys were returned because of death, retirement, and relocation. Of the 135 remaining eligible participants, 46 of the optometrists contacted responded to our survey; however, only 42 (31%) provided signed consent forms. Of these, more than 93% report offering advice on smoking, dietary supplements, and diet, and >59% reported offering on physical activity and alcohol use. Eighty-three percent offer advice to only those with unhealthy behaviors or certain conditions. Most advice consisted of mentioning the lifestyle factor's influence on eye or overall health. Reasons for not offering advice included lack of knowledge or training or the belief that advice would not change behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS
Optometrists reported offering advice primarily to those with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors or pre-existing health conditions. Future studies should address low response rates, include nonphysician health care providers in addition to optometrists, and also examine patients' perceptions and understanding of the advice offered to better understand whether this advice is received as the provider envisioned.
Evaluation of Intradural Ecchordosis Physaliphora With Three-Dimensional Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery
Authors: Kogue Ryota , Maeda Masayuki , Umino Maki , Kishi Seiya , Tanaka Fumine , Tsuchiya Kazuhiro , Sakuma Hajime 
Published: August 2020

Objective
This study evaluated the efficacy of 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D FLAIR) for detecting intradural ecchordosis physaliphora (EP).

Methods
We retrospectively determined the presence or absence of intradural EP on 3D FLAIR for 3888 consecutive patients, classifying the EP as “classical” or “possible” and analyzing the prevalence, size, and presence or absence of an intraosseous stalk. Where available, magnetic resonance cisternography images were compared with the 3D FLAIR images.

Results
Intradural EP was identified in 50 patients (1.3%): 36 (0.9%) classical and 14 (0.4%) possible. The classical EPs were significantly larger than the possible EPs (P < 0.01). Nine EPs (18.0%) showed an osseous stalk. Magnetic resonance cisternography was performed for 19 EPs (16 classical, 3 possible), detecting all 16 classical EPs but none of the possible EPs.

Conclusions
Classical EPs were detected by 3D FLAIR as with magnetic resonance cisternography. The 3D FLAIR findings suggested a new type of possible EP variant previously unreported.
Changes in the behavioural determinants of health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: gender, socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in 5 British cohort studies
Authors: Bann David , Villadsen Aase , Maddock Jane , Hughes Alun , Ploubidis George B. , Silverwood Richard J. , Patalay Praveetha 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThe coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and physical distancing measures are expected to have far-reaching consequences on population health, particularly in already disadvantaged groups. These consequences include changes in health impacting behaviours (such as exercise, sleep, diet and alcohol use) which are important drivers of health inequalities. We sought to add to the rapidly developing empirical evidence base investigating the impacts of the pandemic on such behavioural outcomes.MethodsUsing data from five nationally representative British cohort studies (born 2000-2, 1989-90, 1970, 1958, and 1946), we investigated sleep, physical activity (exercise), diet, and alcohol intake (N=14,297). Using measures of each behaviour reported before and during lockdown, we investigated change in each behaviour, and whether such changes differed by age/cohort, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic position (SEP; childhood social class, education attainment, and adult reporting of financial difficulties). Binary logistic regression models were used, accounting for study design and incorporating non-response weights, to estimate absolute differences in each outcome before and during lockdown within each cohort. Meta-analysis was used to pool cohort-specific estimates and formally test for heterogeneity across cohorts.ResultsChanges in these outcomes occurred in both directions, i.e. shifts from the middle part of the distribution to both declines and increases in sleep, exercise, and alcohol use. For all outcomes, older cohorts were less likely to report changes in behaviours compared with younger cohorts. In the youngest cohort (born 2001), the following shifts were more evident: increases in exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, sleep duration, and less frequent alcohol consumption. Widening inequalities in sleep during lockdown were more frequent amongst females, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and ethnic minorities. For other outcomes, inequalities were largely similar before and during lockdown, yet ethnic minorities were increasingly likely during lockdown to undertake less exercise and consume lower amounts of fruit and vegetables.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the multiple changes to behavioural outcomes that may have occurred due to COVID-19 lockdown, and the differential impacts across generation, gender, socioeconomic circumstances across life, and ethnicity. Such changes require further monitoring given their possible implications to population health and the widening of health inequalities.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Survey of Early Hospital Evaluation and Management
Authors: Dove Matthew L. , Jaggi Preeti , Kelleman Michael , Abuali Mayssa , Ang Jocelyn Y. , Ballan Wassim , Basu Sanmit K. , Campbell M. Jay , Chikkabyrappa Sathish M , Choueiter Nadine F. , Clouser Katherine N. , Corwin Daniel , Edwards Amy , Gertz Shira J. , Ghassemzadeh Rod , Jarrah Rima J. , Katz Sophie E. , Knutson Stacie M. , Kuebler Joseph D. , Lighter Jennifer , Mikesell Christine , Mongkolrattanothai Kanokporn , Morton Ted , Nakra Natasha A. , Olivero Rosemary , Osborne Christina M. , Parsons Sarah , Panesar Laurie E. , Patel Rupal M. , Schuette Jennifer , Thacker Deepika , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Vidwan Navjyot K. , Oster Matthew E. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn the absence of evidence-based therapies for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), we aimed to describe the similarities and differences in the evaluation and treatment of MIS-C at hospitals in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey from June 16 to July 16, 2020 of U.S. children’s hospitals regarding protocols for patients with MIS-C. Elements included hospital characteristics, clinical definition of MIS-C, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. We summarized key findings and compared results from centers that had treated >5 patients vs. those that had treated ≤5 patients.ResultsForty centers of varying size and experience with MIS-C participated. About half (21/40) of centers required only 1 day of fever for MIS-C to be considered. In the evaluation of patients, there was often a tiered approach. Intravenous immunoglobulin was the most widely used medication to treat MIS-C (98% of centers). Corticosteroids were listed in 93% of protocols for primarily the moderate or severe cases. Aspirin was commonly used including for mild cases, whereas heparin or low molecular weight heparin were used primarily in severe cases. In severe cases, anakinra and vasopressors were frequently recommended. Nearly all centers (39/40) recommended follow up with cardiology. There were similar findings between centers that had treated >5 patients vs. those that had treated ≤5 patients. A supplement containing hospital protocols is provided.ConclusionThere are many similarities yet some key differences between hospital protocols for MIS-C. These findings can help healthcare providers learn from others regarding options for managing MIS-C patients.Article SummaryThis survey of U.S. hospitals highlights the interhospital similarities and differences in management of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.What’s Known on This SubjectMIS-C is a novel and life-threatening disease in children associated with COVID-19. Early cases were treated with immunomodulatory agents similar to current guidelines for Kawasaki disease. There are currently no evidence-based guidelines for treatment of MIS-C.What This Study AddsThis study describes the protocolized evaluation and treatment of children with MIS-C at 40 hospitals in the U.S. These findings can help other hospitals create protocols to care for these children at their centers.
Estimating the total size of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria via different approaches
Authors: Rezki Mohamed 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIn this paper, several techniques and models proposed the spread of coronavirus (Covid-19) and determines approximately the final number of coronavirus infected cases as well as infection point (peak time) in Algeria. To see the goodness of the predicting techniques, a comparative study was done by calculating error indicators such as Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and the sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE). The main technique used in this study is the logistic growth regression model widely used in epidemiology. The results only relate to the two months from the beginning of the epidemic in Algeria, which should be readjusted by integrating the new data over time, because hazardous parameters like possible relaxations (decrease of vigilance or laxity of society) can affect these results and generally cause a time lag in the curve. Hence, a re-estimation of the curves is always requested.
The last frontier for global Non-Communicable Disease action: the Emergency Department – a cross-sectional study from East Africa
Authors: Ngaruiya Christine , Wambua Mbatha , Mutua Thomas Kedera , Owambo Daniel Rafiki , Muchemi Morgan , Rop Kipkoech , Maciejewski Kaitlin R. , Leff Rebecca , Mūtua Mūgane , Wachira Benjamin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDeaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have surpassed those due to communicable diseases globally and are projected to do so in Africa by 2030. Despite demonstrated effectiveness in high-income country (HIC) settings, the ED is a primary source of NCD care that has been under-prioritized in Africa. In this study, we assess the burden of leading NCDs and NCD risk factors in Kenyan Casualty Department patients, to inform interventions targeting patients with NCDs in emergency care settings.MethodsUsing the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) tool and the Personal Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), we conducted a survey of 923 adults aged 18 and over at Kenyatta National Hospital Emergency Department (KNH ED), the largest hospital in East Africa between May-October 2018. We used descriptive statistics and covariate-adjusted logistic analysis to analyze results. We included the following socio-demographic variables in our models: age, income, household size (t-test), sex, education, marital status, work status, and poverty status (chi-squared test or fisher’s exact test).FindingsMore than a third of respondents had hypertension (35.8%, n=225/628), one in five had raised blood sugar or diabetes (18.3%, n=61/333), and more than one in ten reported having cardiovascular disease (11.7%, n=90/769). Having lower levels of education was associated with tobacco use (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.808– 12.618, p < 0.0001), while those with higher levels of education reported increased alcohol use (OR 0.620 (95% CI 0.386– 0.994, p = 0. 0472). While a predominant proportion of respondents had had some form of screening for either hypertension (80.3%, n=630/772), blood sugar (42.6%, n=334/767) or cholesterol (13.9%, n=109/766), the proportion of those on treatment was low, with the highest proportion being half of those diagnosed with hypertension reporting taking medication(51.6%, n=116/225). Determinants of disease burden were age, sex, and income.InterpretationComprehension of the unique epidemiology and characteristics of patients presenting to the ED is key to guide care in African populations. Patient-driven interventions, and collaboration with community-based stakeholders such as patient navigators, are ideal considerations to sustainably address NCDs leveraging the ED in the resource-limited setting.FundingHecht-Albert Global Health Pilot Innovation Award for Junior Faculty, Global Health Leadership Institute, Yale University.
Sex-specificity of mortality risk factors among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in New York City: prospective cohort study
Authors: Jun Tomi , Nirenberg Sharon , Kovatch Patricia , Huang Kuan-lin 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo identify sex-specific effects of risk factors for in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients admitted to a hospital system in New York City.DesignProspective observational cohort study with in-hospital mortality as the primary outcome.SettingFive acute care hospitals within a single academic medical system in New York City.Participants3,086 hospital inpatients with COVID-19 admitted on or before April 13, 2020 and followed through June 2, 2020. Follow-up till discharge or death was complete for 99.3% of the cohort.ResultsThe majority of the cohort was male (59.6%). Men were younger (median 64 vs. 70, p<0.001) and less likely to have comorbidities such as hypertension (32.5% vs. 39.9%, p<0.001), diabetes (22.6% vs. 26%, p=0.03), and obesity (6.9% vs. 9.8%, p=0.004) compared to women. Women had lower median values of laboratory markers associated with inflammation compared to men: white blood cells (5.95 vs. 6.8 K/uL, p<0.001), procalcitonin (0.14 vs 0.21 ng/mL, p<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (375 vs. 428 U/L, p<0.001), C-reactive protein (87.7 vs. 123.2 mg/L, p<0.001). Unadjusted mortality was similar between men and women (28.8% vs. 28.5%, p=0.84), but more men required intensive care than women (25.2% vs. 19%, p<0.001). Male sex was an independent risk factor for mortality (OR 1.26, 95% 1.04-1.51) after adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, and baseline hypoxia. There were significant interactions between sex and coronary artery disease (p=0.038), obesity (p=0.01), baseline hypoxia (p<0.001), ferritin (p=0.002), lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.003), and procalcitonin (p=0.03). Except for procalcitonin, which had the opposite association, each of these factors was associated with disproportionately higher mortality among women.ConclusionsMale sex was an independent predictor of mortality, consistent with prior studies. Notably, there were significant sex-specific interactions which indicated a disproportionate increase in mortality among women with coronary artery disease, obesity, and hypoxia. These new findings highlight patient subgroups for further study and help explain the recognized sex differences in COVID-19 outcomes.
Shoulder MRI Findings in Manual Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jahanian Omid , Van Straaten Meegan G. , Goodwin Brianna M. , Lennon Ryan J. , Barlow Jonathan D. , Murthy Naveen S. , Morrow Melissa M. B. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of rotator cuff and long head of the biceps pathologies in manual wheelchair (MWC) users with spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsMWC users with SCI.Outcome MeasuresParticipants’ demographic and anthropometric information, presence of shoulder pain, wheelchair user’s pain Index (WUSPI) scores, and MRI findings of shoulder pathologies including tendinopathy, tendon tears, and muscle atrophy.ResultsForty-four adult MWC users with SCI participated in the study. Fifty-nine percent of the participants reported some shoulder pain. The prevalence of any tendinopathy across the rotator cuff and the long head of biceps tendon was 98%. The prevalence of tendinopathy in the supraspinatus was 86%, infraspinatus was 91%, subscapularis was 75%, and biceps was 57%. The majority of tendinopathies had mild or moderate severity. The prevalence of any tears was 68%. The prevalence of tendon tears in the supraspinatus was 48%, infraspinatus was 36%, subscapularis was 43%, and biceps was 12%. The majority of the tears were partial-thickness tears. Participants without tendon tears were significantly younger (p < 0.001) and had been dependent on wheelchair for significantly shorter time (p = 0.005) than those with tendon tears.ConclusionMild and moderate shoulder tendinopathy and partial-thickness tendon tears were highly prevalent in MWC users with SCI. Additionally, the findings of this study suggest that strategies for monitoring shoulder pathologies in this population should not be overly reliant on patient-reported pain, but perhaps more concerned with years of wheelchair use and age.
Clinical Outcomes From COVID-19 Following Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers Among Patients with Hypertension in South Korea: A nationwide study
Authors: Kim Ju Hwan , Baek Yeon-Hee , Lee Hyesung , Choe Young June , Shin Hyun Joon , Shin Ju-Young 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is ongoing debate as to whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) use is associated with poor prognosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We sought to investigate the association between ACEI/ARB use and risk of poor clinical outcomes from COVID-19. We identified 1,290 patients with hypertension, of which 682 had recorded ACEI/ARB use and 608 without the use during 30 days preceding the date of COVID-19 diagnosis in completely enumerated COVID-19 cohort in South Korea. Our primary endpoint was the clinical outcomes comprised of all-cause mortality, use of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and sepsis. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to mitigate selection bias, and Poisson regression model to estimate the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare outcomes in ACEI/ARB users with non-users. Compared to non-use, ACEI/ARB use was associated with lower clinical outcomes (IPTW adjusted RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42-0.85; p=0.0046). When assessed by individual outcomes, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with all-cause mortality (IPTW adjusted RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.35-1.09; p=0.0973) and respiratory events (IPTW adjusted RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.84-1.17; p=0.9043). Subgroup analysis showed a trend toward protective role of ACEIs and ARBs against overall outcomes in men (IPTW adjusted RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.69-1.03; p-for-interaction=0.008) and with pre-existing respiratory disease (IPTW adjusted RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60-0.92; p-for-interaction=0.0023). We present clinical evidence to support continuing ACE/ARB use in completely enumerated hypertensive COVID-19 cohort in South Korea.