bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in characterising irradiation damage in tungsten for fusion power
Authors: Das Suchandrima 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTungsten is the front-runner candidate for building the plasma-facing armour components for future fusion reactors. However, in-service irradiation by fusion-neutrons and helium will create lattice-defects in the material, compromising its properties and lifetime. Improving the component’s resilience to radiation damage and accurately predicting the lifetime of irradiated components is key for commercial feasibility of the reactor. For this purpose, understanding the creation and evolution of radiation damage is essential. This paper reviews recent advances in characterising radiation damage through experimental and modelling techniques. Tungsten-ion- and helium-ion-implantation are commonly used to mimic the damage created by neutron- and helium-irradiation respectively. Defects (> 1.5 nm) can be directly imaged using transmission electron microscopy while all defects (size-independent), may be indirectly probed by measuring lattice strains induced by them (using diffraction techniques; synchrotron X-rays or high-resolution electron-backscatter). Neutron-irradiation produces mainly ½〈111〉 prismatic loops. Loop-interaction and structural organisation evolves with changing implantation dose and temperature. Helium-irradiation, < 573 K, induces formation of small helium-vacancy clusters, which evolve into bubbles, blisters and “fuzz” structure with changing temperature and dose. Nano-indentation or micro-cantilever bending tests can be used to examine mechanical properties of ion-implanted layers. Both helium- and neutron-implantation defects induce increased hardening often followed by subsequent strain-softening and localised deformation. Such irradiation-induced alterations are detrimental to material ductility and long-term structural integrity of tungsten-based components. Development of physically-based material models that capture the physics of underlying irradiation-induced changes, inspire confidence of reliably using simulations to predict mechanical behaviour and in-service performance of irradiated engineering components in future.
Correlates of short sleep duration among adolescents
Authors: Widome Rachel , Berger Aaron T. , Lenk Kathleen M. , Erickson Darin J. , Laska Melissa N. , Iber Conrad , Kilian Gudrun , Wahlstrom Kyla 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionShort sleep duration is exceedingly common among adolescents and has implications for healthy youth development. We sought to document associations between adolescents’ sleep duration and characteristics of their schedules, behaviors, and wellbeing.MethodsWe used data from the baseline wave (9th grade year) of the START study, a cohort of 2134 students in five Minnesota high schools to assess how self‐reported sleep duration was associated with the prevalence of time‐use characteristics (i.e. activity schedules, screen use), sleep‐wake problems (i.e. trouble waking in the morning, falling asleep in class, etc.), and risk of depression.ResultsShorter sleep duration was associated with various behaviors including greater computer/screen time and screen use after bed, a lower probability of doing homework, participation in sports doing chores on school nights, and reporting that it takes at least 20 min to fall asleep on school days (p < 0.05). Suboptimal sleep duration was also associated with a higher probability of all reported sleep‐wake problems as well as higher risk of depressive symptoms (p < 0.05).ConclusionsGiven that getting an optimal amount of sleep can protect youth from risk and promote healthy youth development, it is critical that we gain a greater understanding of correlates and consequences of short sleep duration in order to develop a sleep‐friendly culture for youth.
Variation in Brain Subcortical Network Topology Between Men with and Without PE: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Chen Jianhuai , Yang Jie , Huang Xinfei , Lu Chao , Liu Shaowei , Dai Yutian , Yao Zhijian , Chen Yun , Yu Min 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Premature ejaculation (PE) is a highly prevalent male sexual dysfunction. Previous studies have found abnormal activity in the sympathetic nervous system and penile sensory pathway of PE. Few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying PE.

Aim
The aim of this study was to examine whether the altered cortico-subcortical network topological properties of the brain white matter structural network could be used to differentiate patients with PE from healthy control (HC) subjects.

Methods
Diffusion tensor images data were collected from 32 patients with PE and 35 HC participants. Then, brain white matter structural networks were reconstructed from image acquisition.

Main Outcome Measure
Furthermore, nodal measures were calculated and hub regions were identified using the graph-theoretical methods.

Results
For cortical brain regions, increased strength, global efficiency, and decreased shortest path length were found in the right superior frontal gyrus (medial), and superior frontal gyrus (medial orbital) were found in patients with PE. In addition, patients with PE also showed decreased strength in the right rolandic operculum and decreased shortest path length, and increased global efficiency in the right inferior frontal gyrus (triangular part). For subcortical brain structures, patients with PE were associated with decreased shortest path length and increased global efficiency in the left insula and right caudate nucleus. Finally, the results showed that 9 PE-specific hub regions were identified in patients compared with HCs, including 7 cortical regions and 2 subcortical regions.

Clinical Implications
Our results provide new understanding about the pathology of PE and enhances the understanding of PE pathology.

Strength & Limitations
Our results offer biological markers for understanding the physiopathology of PE. However, our study is a cross-sectional design, longitudinal design studies need to explore the causal relationships between aberrant topological characteristics and PE.

Conclusion
Our results provide new insights into the neural mechanism of PE involving cortico-subcortical network changes, which could serve as a potential biomarker to differentiate individuals with PE from HCs.
Perspectives on Priapism Education in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Dai Jessica C. , Franzen Douglas S. , Lendvay Thomas S. , Ostrowski Kevin A. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionPriapism is a urologic emergency managed by both emergency medicine (EM) providers and urologists. Attitudes regarding its management and understanding of education of non-urology trainees in this area are poorly defined.AimThe aim of this study was to describe attitudes toward priapism management among multiple stakeholders and define the current state of priapism education among EM residency programs.MethodsSurveys were developed and distributed online to EM residency leadership, EM residents, and urology providers. Each solicited attitudes and preferences regarding independent priapism management by EM providers. EM residents were further queried about their educational and clinical experiences in priapism management, and EM residency leadership were surveyed about their educational curricula. Responses among all 3 groups were compared using Fisher’s exact tests.Main Outcome MeasureQuantitative and descriptive responses were solicited regarding EM providers’ management of acute ischemic priapism and current priapism curricula for EM residents.Results91 EM residency program directors and assistant program directors (31.6% of programs), 227 EM residents (14.7% of programs), and 94 urologists (6.3% of survey recipients) responded. All geographic regions and all years of EM training were represented. Over 90% of all surveyed groups felt that EM providers should independently manage priapism in practice. 17% of senior EM residents felt “not at all” confident in managing priapism; and 25.5% had never primarily managed this entity in training. 81% of programs had a formalized priapism curriculum, of which 19% included treatment simulation. However, 36% of residents felt that current curricula were insufficient.Clinical ImplicationsWidespread approval from both EM providers and urologists support EM-based management for uncomplicated cases of acute ischemic priapism. Current educational curricula for EM trainees may not be sufficient to prepare them to manage this entity in practice.Strengths & LimitationsThis is the first study to examine provider attitudes toward EM-based management of priapism and assess the current state of education in this area with input from all key stakeholders. This survey was limited in its scope and the response rate was lower than desired.ConclusionUrologists support independent priapism management by EM providers, but an educational gap remains for EM trainees who do not feel adequately trained to manage this independently in practice.
Red Biocentrism for the Anthropocene
Authors: Boxley Simon 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIf the dawn of the Anthropocene heralds the collapse of the natural and social sciences into a single geostory, then why not also a radical synthesis of the anthropocentrism of Marxist theorising with the biocentrism of Deep Ecology? This article proposes just such a unification for theorising education. First, those on the educational left who wish to develop a fundamental unity between red and green should perhaps unearth the roots of Deep Ecological thinking and delve into the long and manifold history of socialist movements, with the aim of identifying where, between the deep red and deep green, might lie some shared origins in common ground. The flawed but nevertheless distinctive monism of the first philosopher of Marxism, Joseph Dietzgen, offers a philosophy that both prefigures the cosmology of Deep Ecology and suggests means of reconciling the narrative of human toil and ‘progress’ with that of human ‘nestedness’. The task facing the socialist looking to explore such a possibility needs to be located principally at the level of ‘cosmic’, rather than ‘social’ ontology, and this article sketches the outlines of such a unity project. Second, from this synthesis flows a set of implications for education and human growth. As the article explains, themes such as alienation and subjectification that cross-pollinate the theoretical perspectives might serve as central motifs in a red biocentric educational project fit for the Anthropocene. It is not solely environmental education, but approaches to education more broadly that require reconceptualisation for the Anthropocene.
Symbolic Values
Authors: DAVIS RYAN W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen a symbol is a marker of a primary bearer of value and, secondarily, a bearer of value itself, then it has symbolic value. Philosophers have long been suspicious of symbolic values, often regarding them as illusory or irrelevant. I suggest that arguments against symbolic values either overgeneralize or else require premises that can only be supported if the normative significance of some symbolic considerations is presupposed. Humans need symbols to represent identity facts to themselves and others. Symbolic values thereby contribute to individuals’ control over their own agency.
Asymptotic variance for random walk Metropolis chains in high dimensions: logarithmic growth via the Poisson equation
Authors: Mijatović Aleksandar , Vogrinc Jure 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThere are two ways of speeding up Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms: (a) construct more complex samplers that use gradient and higher-order information about the target and (b) design a control variate to reduce the asymptotic variance. While the efficiency of (a) as a function of dimension has been studied extensively, this paper provides the first results linking the efficiency of (b) with dimension. Specifically, we construct a control variate for a d-dimensional random walk Metropolis chain with an independent, identically distributed target using the solution of the Poisson equation for the scaling limit in [30]. We prove that the asymptotic variance of the corresponding estimator is bounded above by a multiple of

$\log(d)/d$

over the spectral gap of the chain. The proof hinges on large deviations theory, optimal Young’s inequality and Berry–Esseen-type bounds. Extensions of the result to non-product targets are discussed.
Insensitivity of the mean field limit of loss systems under SQ(d) routeing
Authors: Vasantam Thirupathaiah , Mukhopadhyay Arpan , Mazumdar Ravi R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we study a large multi-server loss model under the SQ(d) routeing scheme when the service time distributions are general with finite mean. Previous works have addressed the exponential service time case when the number of servers goes to infinity, giving rise to a mean field model. The fixed point of the limiting mean field equations (MFEs) was seen to be insensitive to the service time distribution in simulations, but no proof was available. While insensitivity is well known for loss systems, the models, even with state-dependent inputs, belong to the class of linear Markov models. In the context of SQ(d) routeing, the resulting model belongs to the class of nonlinear Markov processes (processes whose generator itself depends on the distribution) for which traditional arguments do not directly apply. Showing insensitivity to the general service time distributions has thus remained an open problem. Obtaining the MFEs in this case poses a challenge due to the resulting Markov description of the system being in positive orthant as opposed to a finite chain in the exponential case. In this paper, we first obtain the MFEs and then show that the MFEs have a unique fixed point that coincides with the fixed point in the exponential case, thus establishing insensitivity. The approach is via a measure-valued Markov process representation and the martingale problem to establish the mean field limit.
Two-player zero-sum stochastic differential games with random horizon
Authors: Ferreira M. , Pinheiro D. , Pinheiro S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe consider a two-player zero-sum stochastic differential game with a random planning horizon and diffusive state variable dynamics. The random planning horizon is a function of a non-negative continuous random variable, which is assumed to be independent of the Brownian motion driving the state variable dynamics. We study this game using a combination of dynamic programming and viscosity solution techniques. Under some mild assumptions, we prove that the value of the game exists and is the unique viscosity solution of a certain nonlinear partial differential equation of Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman–Isaacs type.
Antimicrobial stewardship staffing: How much is enough?
Authors: Greene Matthew H. , Nesbitt Whitney J. , Nelson George E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAntimicrobial stewardship improves patient care and reduces antimicrobial resistance, inappropriate use, and adverse outcomes. Despite high-profile mandates for antimicrobial stewardship programs across the healthcare continuum, descriptive data, and recommendations for dedicated resources, including appropriate physician, pharmacist, data analytics, and administrative staffing support, are not robust. This review summarizes the current literature on antimicrobial stewardship staffing and calls for the development of minimum staffing recommendations.
Co-infection of malaria and HIV infection in severely undernourished children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Jacques MuziaziaLupemba , Mahamane Salissou MaibougeTanko , Kaswiyi Lufuluabo , Guan Fei , Lei Jiahui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV seropositivity among children with undernutrition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.MethodsA cross-sectional study of undernourished children aged between 12 and 60 months in Kalembe-Lembe hospital was carried out. Blood samples were collected for the analyses of malaria parasite, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels. HIV serostatus was determined with rapid HIV antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify clinical predictors of HIV seropositivity.ResultsOf 225 children, 88.9% had malaria; the parasite loads were 16 000 para per μL (38.0%); 24 400 para per μL (56.8%), P < 0.001 and malaria and associated HIV infection accounted for 29.2%. In children aged >12 months, HIV seroprevalence was 29.3%; 86.0% had undernutrition and malaria, 6.8% had undernutrition and HIV and 4.3% had undernutrition, HIV and malaria (P < 0.001). The occurrence of at least three or more symptoms was highly specific (96.4–100.0%) for HIV seropositivity (P < 0.05). The overall mortality rate was 18.4%, higher in children with malaria and HIV (39.6% vs 12.2%, P < 0.001) and those with lower weight gain (4.3 vs 7.5 g kg−1 day−1, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThere was high prevalence of malaria and HIV and mortality among severely undernourished children with malaria and HIV.
Association of sociodemographic factors and internet query data with pertussis infections in Shandong, China
Authors: Zhang Yuzhou , Bambrick Hilary , Mengersen Kerrie , Tong Shilu , Feng Lei , Zhang Li , Liu Guifang , Xu Aiqiang , Hu Wenbiao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study explored how internet queries vary in facilitating monitoring of pertussis, and the effects of sociodemographic characteristics on such variation by city in Shandong province, China. We collected weekly pertussis notifications, Baidu Index (BI) data and yearly sociodemographic data at the city level between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2017. Spearman's correlation was performed for temporal risk indices, generalised linear models and regression tree models were developed to identify the hierarchical effects and the threshold between sociodemographic factors and internet query data with pertussis surveillance. The BI was correlated with pertussis notifications, with a strongly spatial variation among cities in temporal risk indices (composite temporal risk metric (CTRM) range: 0.59–1.24). The percentage of urban population (relative risk (RR): 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.07), the proportion of highly educated population (RR: 1.27, 95% CI 1.16–1.39) and the internet access rate (RR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.05) were correlated with CTRM. Higher RRs in the three identified sociodemographic factors were associated with higher stratified CTRM. The percentage of highly educated population was the most important determinant in the BI with pertussis surveillance. The findings may lead to spatially-specific criteria to inform development of an early warning system of pertussis infections using internet query data.
Survey of rice weed management and public and private consultant characteristics in Southern Brazil
Authors: Fruet Bruno de Lima , Merotto Aldo , Ulguim André da Rosa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIdentification of common weeds is fundamental in determining adequate recommendations for management practices. The aim of this study was to identify the patterns of weed management adopted by rice farmers and the perspectives of consultants who work in flooded rice areas in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, Brazil. Fifty-three public and 50 private consultants who worked with rice in RS in 2017 and 2018 were interviewed. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Both weedy rice and Echinochloa sp. occurred and escaped more often from chemical control because they remained in the field until harvest in 59% of the area. According to consultants, the main reasons for reduced weed control were related to herbicide resistance and late herbicide application. Fifty-six percent of farmers used imidazolinone herbicides at rates that were greater than those indicated on the label for POST application. The consultants’ main challenges were weed escapes, resistance management, and guidelines on herbicide rates. Survey results show that the use of herbicide rates above label recommendations and consultants’ work on control of weed escapes are directly related to the high occurrence of herbicide resistance.
Imaging the Fault Damage Zone of the San Jacinto Fault Near Anza With Ambient Noise Tomography Using a Dense Nodal Array
Authors: Wang Yadong , Allam Amir , Lin Fan‐Chi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe apply the double‐beamforming tomography to a monthlong temporary dense seismic array to obtain high‐resolution images of the San Jacinto Fault's damage zone. We obtain Rayleigh waves between 0.3‐ and 0.8‐s periods via vertical‐vertical noise cross correlation, apply double beamforming to obtain phase velocities, and apply a piecewise 1‐D least squares inversion to obtain shear velocities in the top 300 m. We observe a ~200‐m‐wide low‐velocity zone that narrows with depth, which we interpret as the main damage zone in addition to two other ~100‐m‐wide subsidiary zones corresponding to secondary damaged structures, agreeing with the distribution of fault zone trapped waves produced by local earthquakes. The primary damage zone asymmetry indicates that materials on the northeast side of the fault are stiffer at seismogenic depth and suggests that large San Jacinto earthquakes tend to nucleate to the southeast and propagate to the northwest.
Orographic Controls on Subdaily Rainfall Statistics and Flood Frequency in the Colorado Front Range, USA
Authors: Rossi Matthew W. , Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Tucker Gregory E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGeneralizable relationships for how subdaily rainfall statistics imprint into runoff statistics are lacking. We use the Colorado Front Range, known for destructive rainfall‐triggered floods and landslides, to assess whether orographic patterns in runoff generation are a direct consequence of rainstorm climatology. Climatological analysis relies on a dense network of tipping‐bucket rain gauges and gridded precipitation frequency estimates from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to evaluate relationships among subdaily rainfall statistics, topography, and flood frequency throughout the South Platte River basin. We find that event‐scale rainfall statistics only weakly depend on elevation, suggesting that orographic gradients in runoff “extremes” are not simply a consequence of rainfall patterns. In contrast, bedrock exposure strongly varies with elevation in a way that plausibly explains enhanced runoff generation at lower elevations via reduced water storage capacity. These findings are suggestive of feedbacks between bedrock river evolution and hillslope hydrology not typically included in models of landscape evolution.
Venus Cloud Winds and Mean Albedo Variability From Atmospheric Waves
Authors: Hueso R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVenus's atmosphere presents an enigmatic global circulation with winds that rotate around the planet 60 times faster than the slow rotation of the surface. For decades the connection between the atmospheric super rotation and atmospheric waves has been suspected. However, the characterization of how these atmospheric waves originate, interact with the global circulation, and dissipate has been difficult. Recent results from the Akatsuki mission (Imai et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006065) show explicitly the emergence of planetary‐scale Kelvin and Rossby waves at the upper cloud tops and how they transform from one type of wave to other giving new insights in the atmospheric super rotation.