bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the different parameters in acute and chronic Budd–Chiari syndrome
Authors: Niknam Ramin , Hajizadegan Nemattellah , Mohammadkarimi Vahid , Mahmoudi Laleh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening vascular disease of the liver. There are a few studies on the differences between acute and chronic BCS in clinical and laboratory characteristics, as well as the outcomes, so we designed this research to study the different parameters in acute and chronic BCS. Diagnosis of BCS was made using Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and venography. Patients with BCS were then divided into chronic and acute groups based on both imaging characteristics and disease duration. Finally, the outcomes, clinical features, and laboratory parameters of acute and chronic BCS were compared.

Results
In total, 60 patients were included in this study, of whom 28.3% and 71.7% had acute and chronic BCS, respectively. According to clinical features, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (PR 1.289; 95% CI 1.115–1.489; P = 0.001) and jaundice (PR 1.308; 95% CI 1.148–1.490; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with chronic than acute BCS. According to laboratory parameters, the levels of international normalized ratio (INR) (PR 0.953; 95% CI 0.918–0.989; P = 0.012), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (PR 0.996; 95% CI 0.993–1.000; P = 0.039), and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (PR 1.024; 95% CI 1.012–1.037; P < 0.001) in chronic group were significantly higher than in the acute BCS. The hospital length of stay (LOS) and mortality rate between the two groups did not differ significantly.

Conclusions
This study showed that the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, jaundice, increased levels of MELD score, INR, and BUN were significantly associated with the chronic group compared with the acute group. The hospital LOS and mortality rate between the two groups did not differ significantly. Further research is recommended to clarify this issue.
Sex/Gender Modifies the Association Between the MC4R p.Ile269Asn Mutation and Type 2 Diabetes in the Mexican Population
Authors: Vázquez-Moreno Miguel , Locia-Morales Daniel , Valladares-Salgado Adan , Sharma Tanmay , Wacher-Rodarte Niels , Cruz Miguel , Meyre David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Context
Studies in mice and humans suggest that melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency affects body weight in a sex-/gender-dependent manner. However, similar evidence for type 2 diabetes (T2D) is scarce.

Objective and Design
We investigated whether sex/gender modifies the association between the loss-of-function MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation and T2D in 6929 Mexican adults (3175 T2D cases and 3754 normal glucose tolerance [NGT] controls). The 2003 American Diabetes Association criteria were used to define NGT and T2D. The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation was genotyped in all participants using TaqMan technology.

Results
The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation was associated with T2D in 6929 Mexican adults (Ncontrols = 3754, Ncases = 3175, odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.97; P = 5.7 × 10-4). The MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation had a frequency of 0.86 and 1.05% in women with NGT and T2D, and 0.78 and 1.32% in men with NGT and T2D, respectively. We identified a significant interaction between the MC4R p.Ile269Asn mutation and sex/gender on T2D risk (P = 0.049). Although a strong association between the mutation and T2D was observed in men (Ncontrols = 2418, Ncases = 1807, OR = 2.63, 95% CI, 1.62-4.28, P = 9.3 × 10-5), results were not significant in women (Ncontrols = 1336, Ncases = 1368, OR = 1.16, 95% CI, 0.60-2.26, P = 0.65). Further adjustment for body mass index in the logistic regression model did not alter the sex-/gender-specific pattern of association (men: OR = 2.22, 95% CI, 1.34-3.67, P = 0.0019; women: OR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.51-2.02, P = 0.95).

Conclusion
This is the first report of a male-specific association between the MC4R p.Ile269Asn loss-of-function mutation and T2D in the Mexican population.
Cold War Cosmopolitanism: The Asia Foundation and 1950s Korean Cinema
Authors: Klein Christina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
South Korean films first became visible on the world stage in the late 1950s when they began to be exhibited and win prizes at international film festivals. Yi Pyŏngil’s The Wedding Day (1956) and Han Hyŏngmo’s Because I Love You (1958) were among Korea’s earliest award-winning films. These two films exemplify a postcolonial and postwar discourse I am calling “Cold War cosmopolitanism.” The cultivation of this cosmopolitan ethos among cultural producers was a major objective for Americans waging the cultural Cold War in Asia, and the Asia Foundation was Washington’s primary instrument for doing so. This article traces the history of the Asia Foundation from its inception in the National Security Council in the late 1940s through its activities in Korea in the 1950s and early 1960s. It pays particular attention to the foundation’s support for Korean participation in the Asian Film Festival. It offers a close textual and historical reading of Yi’s and Han’s films as a means of exploring how Korean cultural producers, acting as Cold War entrepreneurs, took advantage of the Asia Foundation’s resources in ways that furthered their own aesthetic, economic, and political interests.
Film Auteurism as a Cold War Governmentality: Alternative Knowledge and the Formation of Liberal Subjectivity
Authors: Kim Han Sang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHa Kilchong, a well-known film director and critic in the 1970s, wrote an essay in which he stated that he lived in negative times since film was still not “an art form of the individual” and had to function as “a collaborator or companion to policy issues.” This recognition of the artistic self in binary opposition has a certain similarity to the views of many of his seniors in the field. These seniors were hired by or were under the considerable influence of American-led propaganda machines during the Cold War. They, including Ha, acquired alternative knowledge to pursue an artist path through their meaningful exposure to the American film culture. This paper theorizes the specific type of subjectivity that was constructed through these Korean filmmakers’ intense, but ambivalent, relationship with the outside world in a Cold War setting. Focusing on their attitudes toward film as an art form, this paper suggests that their self-recognition as auteurs was related to the technology of a Cold War governmentality that led to the construction of a liberal, or entrepreneurial, subjectivity that was then optimized for the neoliberal paradigm with the demise of the Cold War in the late 1980s.
Friend or foe? Effects of host immune activation on the gut microbiome in the caterpillar Manduca sexta
Authors: McMillan Laura E. , Adamo Shelley A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
For many animals, the gut microbiome plays an essential role in immunity and digestion. However, certain animals, such as the caterpillar Manduca sexta, do not have a resident gut microbiome. Although these animals do have bacteria that pass through their gut from their natural environment, the absence of such bacteria does not reduce growth or survival. We hypothesized that M. sexta would sterilize their gut as a protective measure against secondary infection when faced with a gut infection or exposure to heat-killed bacteria in the blood (haemolymph). However, we found that gut sterilization did not occur during either type of immune challenge, i.e. bacterial numbers did not decrease. By examining the pattern of immune-related gene expression, gut pH, live bacterial counts and mass change (as a measure of sickness behaviour), we found evidence for physiological trade-offs between regulating the microbiome and defending against systemic infections. Caterpillars exposed to both gut pathogens and a systemic immune challenge had higher numbers of bacteria in their gut than caterpillars exposed to a single challenge. Following a multivariate analysis of variance, we found that the response patterns following an oral challenge, systemic challenge or dual challenge were unique. Our results suggest that the immune response for each challenge resulted in a different configuration of the immunophysiological network. We hypothesize that these different configurations represent different resolutions of physiological trade-offs based on the immune responses needed to best protect the animal against the present immune challenges.
Effective Suppression of O2 Quenching of Photo-Excited Ruthenium Complex Using RNA Aptamer
Authors: Min Iljae , Tamaki Yusuke , Ishitani Osamu , Serizawa Takeshi , Ito Yoshihiro , Uzawa Takanori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have been widely studied to convert light energy to chemical or electric energy for various applications. To practically use the complexes, it is necessary to suppress as much as possible the very effective deactivation of their triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited states by O2 (O2 quenching). In a previous study, we reported that an RNA aptamer can almost completely suppress the O2 quenching of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Thus motivated, we here further investigate and clarify the generality of such O2-insensitization of a ruthenium complex using aptamer. Specifically, we demonstrate the O2-insensitization using another aptamer for a ruthenium complex, (4,4′-methylphosphonic acid-2,2′-bipyridine) bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium (RuCP). We selected an RNA aptamer that binds to RuCP using SELEX. The aptamer binding to RuCP elongated the lifetime of the 3MLCT excited state of RuCP approximately 1.5 fold under aerobic conditions. The elongated lifetime of aptamer-bound RuCP was even longer than that of RuCP under anaerobic condition. We also found that a charge transfer can occur from a sacrificial electron donor to the aptamer-bound RuCP. Thus, we propose that RNA aptamer is one promising strategy to avoid the very effective deactivation of the 3MLCT excited states of ruthenium complexes while retaining their effective photo-redox properties.
The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on hand trauma surgery utilization
Authors: Atia Fady , Pocnetz Sasa , Selby Anna , Russell Peter , Bainbridge Chris , Johnson Nick 
Published: October 2020

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for hand trauma services during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, specifically related to surgical requirements. This will provide useful information for planning and resource allocation in the event of any further lockdown. Methods A prospective analsysis of all patients attending our hand trauma unit throughout the UK COVID-19 lockdown period (24 March to 10 May 2020) was carried out. Prospectively collected departmental data from the same period in 2019 was obtained and reviewed for comparison. The number of patients attending clinic, undergoing surgery, the type of surgical procedure, and rate of surgery was compared. Results In all, 463 patients attended hand trauma services during the lockdown period compared to 793 in 2019 (32% reduction); 190 surgical procedures were carried out during lockdown compared to 236 in 2019 (20% reduction). Intervention rate was higher during the lockdown period (41% compared to 30%). There was no difference in the type of cases. In the first half of lockdown, 47% fewer procedures were performed than in 2019, but in the second half of lockdown 13% more procedures were carried out than the same period in 2019. Conclusion Requirements for hand trauma surgery remain high during a pandemic lockdown. Attendances and surgical requirements can be expected to steadily return to normal levels during a prolonged lockdown period. Throughout any future lockdown period adequate surgical provision must be maintained for patients with hand injuries. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-10:639–643.
Estimating and measurement of atmospheric optical turbulence according
to balloon-borne radiosonde for three sites in China
Authors: Bi Cuicui , Qian Xianmei , Liu Qing , Zhu Wenyue , Li Xuebin , Luo Tao , Wu Xiaoqing , Qing Chun 
Published: October 2020

The distribution of optical turbulence (

C
n
2

profiles) is the fundamental
parameter closely related to the design and application of
optoelectronic systems. Since systematic direct measurements of
optical turbulence for many climates and seasons are not available, it
is useful to estimate

C
n
2

effectively from the routine
meteorological parameters. The

C
n
2

profiles are estimated by routine
meteorological parameters based on the Tatarskii model, and the
estimated results are compared with the corresponding radiosonde
measurements from the field campaigns at Rongcheng (

122.37
∘

E

,

37.15
∘

N

), Taizhou (

121.42
∘

E

,

28.62
∘

N

), and Dachaidan (

95.35
∘

E

,

37.74
∘

N

) in China. The agreement between the
estimation model and the measurement is very close, except for a
portion of the atmosphere where it showed considerable difference.
Additionally, statistical operators are used to quantify the
performance of the estimated model, and the statistical results also
show that the estimated and measured

C
n
2

profiles are consistent well.
Furthermore, the integrated parameters (such as the Fried parameter,

r
0

) from radiosonde measurement are
7.92 cm, 5.39 cm, and 3.68 cm at Rongcheng, Taizhou, and Dachaidan,
respectively. Therefore, the

C
n
2

profiles and their characteristics in
these typical climate sites provide useful information to assess the
effect of laser transmission in the atmosphere, which are usually used
in the design of optoelectronic systems and astronomical site
testing.
Green-pumped continuous-wave parametric oscillator based on
fanout–grating MgO:PPLN
Authors: Sukeert  , Kumar S. Chaitanya , Ebrahim-Zadeh M. 
Published: October 2020

We report the first green-pumped continuous-wave (cw) optical
parametric oscillator (OPO) based on MgO:PPLN in a fanout grating
design. Pumped by a single-frequency cw laser at 532 nm, the OPO
provides tunable radiation across 813–1032 nm in the signal and
1098–1539 nm in the idler by simple mechanical translation at a fixed
temperature of 55°C. By deploying a 25-mm-long crystal to minimize
thermal effects and using output coupling for the signal wave, we
generate a total output power of up to 714 mW at 30% extraction
efficiency in excellent Gaussian beam quality with

M
2

<

1.1

and high output stability.
Simultaneous measurements of signal and idler power result in passive
stability of 2.8% and 1.8% rms, respectively, over 1 h. Strong thermal
effects contribute to the high stability and excellent beam quality,
while linear and green-induced infrared absorption limit the power
scaling capabilities of the OPO. The output signal is single-mode with
an instantaneous linewidth of

∼

3

M
H
z

and frequency stability of

∼

84

M
H
z

over 72 s.
Kilowatt-average-power compression of millijoule pulses in a gas-filled multi-pass cell
Authors: Grebing Christian , Müller Michael , Buldt Joachim , Stark Henning , Limpert Jens 
Published: October 2020

We demonstrate the reliable generation of 1-mJ, 31-fs pulses with an average power of 1 kW by post-compression of 200-fs pulses from a coherently combined Yb:fiber laser system in an argon-filled Herriott-type multi-pass cell with an overall compression efficiency of 96%. We also analyze the output beam, revealing essentially no spatiospectral couplings or beam quality loss.
Doppler velocimeter based on dual-comb absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Gu Chenglin , Zou Xing , Zuo Zhong , Peng Daowang , Di Yuanfeng , Liu Yang , Luo Daping , Li Wenxue 
Published: October 2020

The determination of airflow parameters is essential to the research of critical information on environment monitoring, chemical kinetics, and aerodynamic and propulsion applications. During the past few decades, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy has become a common and efficient tool for the flow velocity measurement based on the Doppler shift of the absorption line. Dual-comb absorption spectroscopy (DCAS), as a state-of-the-art Fourier-transform broadband spectroscopic technique, not only can detect multiple trace molecules in parallel but also can extract Doppler shifts to derive the flow velocity through the analysis of dozens of molecular absorption lines simultaneously with high precision. Here, we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of the velocity measurements of acetylene at various flow velocities by means of a high-resolution and broadband DCAS. Mode-resolved Doppler-shifted rotational-vibrational lines in the P branch of acetylene molecules are obtained. A model for multiline Doppler frequency determination is investigated and experimentally verified. The flow velocity measurements with a measuring uncertainty down to the submeter per second over the range from 8.7 m/s to 44.8 m/s at an effective time resolution of 1 s and a measuring uncertainty of 1.97 m/s at 0.1 s are demonstrated. With broadband mid-infrared frequency combs covering atmospheric transmission windows, the open-path measurement for monitoring diffusion of the weak pollutant source would be realized.
Localized Prediction of Glutamate from Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity of the Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Martens Louise , Kroemer Nils B. , Teckentrup Vanessa , Colic Lejla , Palomero-Gallagher Nicola , Li Meng , Walter Martin 
Published: October 2020

Local measures of neurotransmitters provide crucial insights into neurobiological changes underlying altered functional connectivity in psychiatric disorders. However, noninvasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may cover anatomically and functionally distinct areas, such asp32andp24of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC). Here, we aimed to overcome this low spatial specificity of MRS by predicting local glutamate and GABA based on functional characteristics and neuroanatomy in a sample of 88 human participants (35 females), using complementary machine learning approaches. Functional connectivity profiles of pgACC areap32predicted pgACC glutamate better than chance (R2= 0.324) and explained more variance compared with areap24using both elastic net and partial least-squares regression. In contrast, GABA could not be robustly predicted. To summarize, machine learning helps exploit the high resolution of fMRI to improve the interpretation of local neurometabolism. Our augmented multimodal imaging analysis can deliver novel insights into neurobiology by using complementary information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures local glutamate and GABA noninvasively. However, conventional MRS requires large voxels compared with fMRI, because of its inherently low signal-to-noise ratio. Consequently, a single MRS voxel may cover areas with distinct cytoarchitecture. In the largest multimodal 7 tesla machine learning study to date, we overcome this limitation by capitalizing on the spatial resolution of fMRI to predict local neurotransmitters in the PFC. Critically, we found that prefrontal glutamate could be robustly and exclusively predicted from the functional connectivity fingerprint of one of two anatomically and functionally defined areas that form the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Our approach provides greater spatial specificity on neurotransmitter levels, potentially improving the understanding of altered functional connectivity in mental disorders.
Astrocytes Protect Human Dopaminergic Neurons from α-Synuclein Accumulation and Propagation
Authors: Tsunemi Taiji , Ishiguro Yuta , Yoroisaka Asako , Valdez Clarissa , Miyamoto Kengo , Ishikawa Keiichi , Saiki Shinji , Akamatsu Wado , Hattori Nobutaka , Krainc Dimitri 
Published: October 2020

The pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the accumulation of α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies/neurites almost exclusively in neurons, and rarely in glial cells. However, emerging evidence suggests that glia such as astrocytes play an important role in the development of α-synuclein pathology. Using induced pluripotent stem-derived dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes from healthy subjects and patients carrying mutations in lysosomalATP13A2, a monogenic form of synucleinopathy, we found that astrocytes rapidly internalized α-synuclein, and exhibited higher lysosomal degradation rates compared with neurons. Moreover, coculturing astrocytes and neurons led to decreased accumulation of α-synuclein in neurons and consequently diminished interneuronal transfer of α-synuclein. These protective functions of astrocytes were attenuated by ATP13A2 deficiency, suggesting that the loss of ATP13A2 function in astrocytes at least partially contributes to neuronal α-synuclein pathology. Together, our results highlight the importance of lysosomal function in astrocytes in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhile most neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated mutant proteins exclusively in neurons, the contribution of glial cells in this process remains poorly explored. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes contribute to the removal of extracellular α-synuclein and that disruption of this pathway caused by mutations in the Parkinson's disease-linked geneATP13A2result in α-synuclein accumulation in human dopaminergic neurons. We found that astrocytes also protect neurons from α-synuclein propagation, whereas ATP13A2 deficiency in astrocytes compromises this protective function. These results highlight astrocyte-mediated α-synuclein clearance as a potential therapeutic target in disorders characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein, including Parkinson's disease.