bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DOES CHI GIVE OR TAKE?
Authors: Stahl Franklin W , Lieb M , Stahl Mary M 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In lytic cycle crosses with Red-Gam-λ phage, particles were examined that had undergone an Int-mediated exchange. It was assumed that this exchange dimerized the circular λ, making it packageable. Among these Int-mediated recombinants, particles were identified that had, in addition, enjoyed a close double exchange mediated by the RecBC pathway. Such close double exchanges indicate localized negative interference and are analogous to eukaryotic conversions that have retained parental configuration of flanking markers. These events are stimulated by Chi, a recombinator specific to the RecBC pathway. When Chi is present in only one parent in the cross, the complementary double exchange recombinants are Chi stimulated to the same degree. This behavior of Chi contrasts with that of characterized eukaryotic recombinators.
TISSUE-SPECIFIC AND PRETRANSLATIONAL CHARACTER OF VARIANTS OF THE ROSY LOCUS CONTROL ELEMENT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Clark S H , Daniels S , Rushlow C A , Hilliker A J , Chovnick A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Prior reports from this laboratory have described the experimental basis for our understanding of the genetic organization of the rosy locus (ry:3-52.0) of Drosophila melanogaster, as a bipartite genetic entity consisting of a structural element that codes for the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) peptide and a contiguous, cis-acting control element. The present report describes our progress in the analysis of the control element and its variants. Characterization of the control element variants reveals that, with respect to late third instar larval tissue distribution of XDH activity and cross-reacting material, i409H is associated with a large, tissue-specific increase in fat body which is not observed in malpighian tubules. Further data are presented in support of the inference that this differential expression must reflect differential production of XDH-specific RNA transcripts.—Gel blot analyses are described which demonstrate (1) that the phenotypic effects associated with variation in the rosy locus control element relate to differences in accumulation of XDH-specific poly-A+ RNA and (2) do not relate to differences in rosy DNA template numbers.—Experiments are described that provide for unambiguous mapping of control element sites through the use of half-tetrad recombination experiments and the recovery and phenotypic characterization of the reciprocal products of exchange between control element site variants. Thus, we are able to order the sites as follows: kar-i1005 i409-ry.
POLYANDRY IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA L.): SPERM UTILIZATION AND INTRACOLONY GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Laidlaw Harry H , Page Robert E 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Sperm usage by queen honey bees was examined by progeny analyses using six phenotypically distinct genetic markers. No evidence was found for sperm displacement or precedence. All queens used the sperm of all males that inseminated them during all sampling periods. Sperm usage, as measured by phenotypic frequencies, did fluctuate nonrandomly but did not result in abnormally high representation of a single phenotype or the elimination of other phenotypes as has often been suggested. The genetic relationships of workers within honey bee colonies are estimated from the data presented. Average genetic relatedness is shown to be low among colony nestmates and probably approaches 0.25 in colonies with naturally mated queens. There is no evidence for elevated relatedness among colony subfamilies due to nonrandom fluctuations in sperm usage by queens or for numerical dominance of any subfamilies.
STABLE EQUILIBRIA AT TWO LOCI IN POPULATIONS WITH LARGE SELFING RATES
Authors: Hastings Alan 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The equilibrium structure of two-locus, two-allele models with very large selfing rates is found using perturbation techniques. For free recombination, r = ½, the following results hold. If the heterozygotes do not have at least an approximate 30% advantage in fitness relative to homozygotes, a stable equilibrium with all alleles present is possible only if all of the homozygote fitnesses differ at most by approximately the outcrossing rate, t, and all stable polymorphic equilibria have disequilibrium values, D, that are at most on the order of the outcrossing rate. Once the heterozygote fitnesses are above the threshold, there are stable equilibria possible with D near its maximum possible value. The results show that the observed disequilibria in highly selfed plant populations are not likely to result from selection leading to an equilibrium.
MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION BETWEEN DUPLICATED GENETIC ELEMENTS IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Jackson Jennifer A , Fink Gerald R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We have studied the meiotic recombination behavior of strains carrying two types of duplications of an 18.6-kilobase HIS4 BamHI fragment. The first type is a direct duplication of the HIS4 BamHI fragment in which the repeated sequences are separated by Escherichia coli plasmid sequences. The second type, a tandem duplication, has no sequences intervening between the repeated yeast DNA. The HIS4 genes in each region were marked genetically so that recombination events between the duplicated segments could be identified. Meiotic progeny of the strains carrying the duplication were analyzed genetically and biochemically to determine the types of recombination events that had occurred. Analysis of the direct vs. tandem duplication suggests that the E. coli plasmid sequences are recombinogenic in yeast when homozygous. In both types of duplications recombination between the duplicated HIS4 regions occurs at high frequency and involves predominantly interchromosomal reciprocal exchanges (equal and unequal crossovers). The striking observation is that intrachromosomal reciprocal recombination is very rare in comparison with interchromosomal reciprocal recombination. However, intrachromosomal gene conversion occurs at about the same frequency as interchromosomal gene conversion. Reciprocal recombination events between regions on the same chromatid are the most infrequent exchanges. These data suggest that intrachromosomal reciprocal exchanges are suppressed.
NORMAL FEMALE GERM CELL DIFFERENTIATION REQUIRES THE FEMALE X CHROMOSOME TO AUTOSOME RATIO AND EXPRESSION OF SEX-LETHAL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Schüpbach Trudi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In somatic cells of Drosophila, the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes (X:A ratio) determines sex and dosage compensation. The present paper addresses the question of whether germ cells also use the X:A ratio for sex determination and dosage compensation. Triploid female embryos were generated which, through the loss of an unstable ring-X chromosome, contained some germ cells of 2X;3A constitution in their ovaries. Such germ cells were shown to differentiate along one of two alternative pathways: a minority developed into normal female oocytes and eggs; the majority developed into abnormal multicellular cysts. An X:A ratio of 1 is, therefore, required in female germ cell development, at least in the mature ovary after stem cell division.—Abnormal development of female germ cells was also observed when 2X;2A germ cells which were homozygous or trans-heterozygous for mutant alleles at the Sex-lethal locus were transplanted into normal female host embryos at the blastoderm stage. Germ cells homozygous for amorphic alleles failed to give rise to normal eggs. Instead, they formed multicellular cysts, very similar to those formed by 2X;3A cells. Zygotic Sxl + activity is, therefore, also necessary for the development of normal female germ cells. No abnormalities were detected in transplanted germ cells from female embryos whose mothers had been homozygous for the mutation daughterless. When normal XY germ cells were transplanted into female embryos, no traces of such cells could be found in the adult ovary. XY germ cells seem, therefore, not to develop as far as 2X;3A or Sxl homozygous cells in a female gonad. This indicates that neither 2X;3A nor Sxl homozygous germ cells are equivalent to normal XY germ cells.
TEMPERATURE-RELATED DIVERGENCE IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF WING SIZE AND SHAPE VARIATION
Authors: Cavicchi Sandro , Guerra Daniela , Giorgi Gianfranco , Pezzoli Cristina 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The effects of environmental temperature on wing size and shape of Drosophila melanogaster were analyzed in populations derived from an Oregon laboratory strain kept at three temperatures (18°, 25°, 28°) for 4 yr. Temperature-directed selection was identified for both wing size and shape. The length of the four longitudinal veins, used as a test for wing size variations in the different populations, appears to be affected by both genetic and maternal influences. Vein expression appears to be dependent upon developmental pattern of the wing: veins belonging to the same compartment are coordinated in their expression and relative position, whereas veins belonging to different compartments are not. Both wing and cell areas show genetic divergence, particularly in the posterior compartment. Cell number seems to compensate for cell size variations. Such compensation is carried out both at the level of single organisms and at the level of population as a whole. The two compartments behave as individual units of selection.
A TWO-STAGE MODEL FOR THE CONTROL OF rDNA MAGNIFICATION
Authors: Hawley R Scott , Tartof Kenneth D 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Males of the genotype bb/Ybb - have been shown to produce both magnified (bbm +) and, less frequently, reduced (bbrl) X chromosomes. An analysis of the progeny of single magnifying bb/Ybb- males reveals that bbm + revertants may be recovered either as rare single events or, more frequently, in large clusters. To analyze the role of the bb phenotype in the induction of rDNA magnification we have constructed a series of bb and bb + derivatives of Ybb-. Males carrying an X chromosomal bb allele and one of these derivatives (bb/bbYbb- or bb/bb + Ybb-) produce small numbers (one to two) of bbm + progeny at a frequency similar to that observed for bb/Ybb- males but do not produce large clusters of bbm + revertants. In addition, bb/bb + Ybb- males produce essentially equal numbers of magnified (bbm +) and reduced (bbrl) X chromosomes. These data, together with a consideration of the growth properties of the male germline in Drosophila, suggest that magnification/reduction may occur at two different times during development. Those events that give rise to large clusters, and, thus, necessarily arise early in germ cell development, appear to be dependent on the bb phenotype. However, those events that give rise to single bbm +chromosomes arise late in spermatogenesis, probably at meiosis, and are independent of the bb phenotype.
ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS MAPPING TO THE HETEROCHROMATIN OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Pimpinelli Sergio , Sullivan William , Prout Mary , Sandler L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We examined the behavior of an autosomal recessive maternal-effect mutation, abnormal-oocyte (abo), that is located in the euchromatin of the left arm of chromosome 2. When homozygous in females, abo results in a marked reduction in the probability that an egg produced by a mutant mother will develop into an adult. However, this probability is increased if the fertilizing sperm delivers to the egg either a normal allele of the maternal-effect gene or a specific type of heterochromatin (called ABO) that is located in small regions of the X and Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin as well as in some autosomal heterochromatin. These regions, moreover, all react to Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye identically and specifically. The amelioration of the maternal effect produced by this heterochromatin differs temporally from that caused by the normal allele of the euchromatic gene: the heterochromatin reduces only precellular blastoderm mortality, whereas the normal allele of the euchromatic gene reduces only postblastoderm mortality. Thus, although the genome of the preblastoderm Drosophila embryo is apparently mostly silent, the ABO-containing heterochromatin functions at this early time. Finally, preliminary data indicate that abo is but one member of a cluster of linked genes, each of which interacts with its own normal allele and with a different, locus-specific, heterochromatic factor. From these observations, it appears that Drosophila heterochromatin contains developmentally important genetic elements, and that a functional concomitant of heterochromatic location is gene action at a developmental stage during which the activity of the euchromatic genome is as yet undetectable. Some general implications of these inferences are considered.
HOW MANY PROCESSED PSEUDOGENES ARE ACCUMULATED IN A GENE FAMILY?
Authors: Walsh James Bruce 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A simple kinetic model is developed that describes the accumulation of processed pseudogenes in a functional gene family. Insertion of new pseudogenes occurs at rate ν per gene and is countered by spontaneous deletion (at rate δ per DNA segment) of segments containing processed pseudogenes. If there are k functional genes in a gene family, the equilibrium number of processed pseudogenes is k(ν/δ), and the percentage of functional genes in the gene family at equilibrium is 1/[1 + (ν/δ)]. ν/δ values estimated for five gene families ranged from 1.7 to 15. This fairly narrow range suggests that the rates of formation and deletion of processed pseudogenes may be positively correlated for these families. If δ is sufficiently large relative to the per nucleotide mutation rate μ (δ &gt; 20μ), processed pseudogenes will show high homology with each other, even in the absence of gene conversion between pseudogenes. We argue that formation of processed pseudogenes may share common pathways with transposable elements and retroviruses, creating the potential for correlated responses in the evolution of processed pseudogenes due to direct selection for control of transposable elements and/or retroviruses. Finally, we discuss the nature of the selective forces that may act directly or indirectly to influence the evolution of processed pseudogenes.
A MAPPING METHOD FOR SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE USING rad52-INDUCED CHROMOSOME LOSS
Authors: Schild David , Mortimer Robert K 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploids homozygous for the rad52-1 mutation have previously been shown to lose chromosomes mitotically. Spontaneous events and events following low levels of X-ray or methyl methanesulfonate treatment result in monosomic diploids, whereas higher levels of treatment result in near haploidization. This rad52-1-dependent chromosome loss has been used to develop a new mapping method which can be used to assign a previously unmapped gene to a chromosome. Chromosome loss mapping can be done in either of two ways: (1) if a diploid, homozygous for rad52-1 but heterozygous for a variety of other recessive markers, is constructed with an unmapped recessive mutation in coupling with known chromosomal markers, chromosome loss will result in the coordinate expression of the mutation and other recessive markers on the same chromosome; (2) if, however, the diploid is constructed with the unmapped mutation in repulsion to chromosomal markers, then even haploidization will never result in the coordinate expression of the unmapped mutation and other markers on the same homologous chromosome pair—This mapping method and subsequent tetrad analyses have been used to locate hom6 on chromosome X, ade4 on chromosome XIII and cdc31 on chromosome XV and to demonstrate that met5, previously assigned to chromosome V, actually maps to chromosome X; the met- marker on chromosome V has been shown to be met6. GAL80 and SUP5, previously assigned to an unmapped fragment, have now been mapped to the right arm of chromosome XIII.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ISOZYME VARIANTS IN DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID POTATOES
Authors: Quiros Carlos F , McHale Neil 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Genetic segregations for six enzyme-coding genes were studied in diploid and tetraploid progenies obtained from various Solanum species. The loci identified are Prx-2, Prx-3, Prx-5, Mdh-1, Pgi-1 and Sdh-1. Prx-2 and Prx-3 were found to be linked; alleles at these loci segregated concomitantly in most of the diploid progenies. The putative homologous loci in tomato, Prx-2 and Prx-3, have also been reported to be linked, suggesting that this linkage block has been conserved since the divergence of Solanum and Lycopersicon. Several interspecific crosses between the species S. phureja and S. tuberosum, S. phureja and S. chacoense, and S. tuberosum and S. chacoense, yielded segregations for Prx-2 that deviated from expected Mendelian ratios. In these progenies unexpected phenotypes were commonly found, most likely due to posttranscriptional modification. Products of some of the alleles of Mdh-1 probably suffered posttranscriptional modifications, although most of their segregations fitted expected Mendelian ratios. The most extreme case of posttranscriptional modification was found in phenotypes involving allele Mdh-1 4. Instead of the expected heterodimers in the heterozygous individuals, a slowly migrating band close to the origin was observed in these phenotypes. Some of the accessions of the diploid species S. sparsipilum were found to have a unique zymogram for a second MDH zone of electrophoretic activity, MDH-2. We propose in this paper a common nomenclature for potato isozymes based on the nomenclature used for Capsicum and Lycopersicon.
EFFECTS OF PLEIOTROPY ON PREDICTIONS CONCERNING MUTATION-SELECTION BALANCE FOR POLYGENIC TRAITS
Authors: Turelli Michael 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Previous mathematical analyses of mutation-selection balance for metric traits assume that selection acts on the relevant loci only through the character(s) under study. Thus, they implicitly assume that all of the relevant mutation and selection parameters are estimable. A more realistic analysis must recognize that many of the pleiotropic effects of loci contributing variation to a given character are not known. To explore the consequences of these hidden effects, I analyze models of two pleiotropically connected polygenic traits, denoted P 1 and P 2. The actual equilibrium genetic variance for P 1, based on complete knowledge of all mutation and selection parameters for both P 1 and P 2, can be compared to a prediction based solely on observations of P 1. This extrapolation mimics empirically obtainable predictions because of the inevitability of unknown pleiotropic effects. The mutation parameters relevant to P 1 are assumed to be known, but selection intensity is estimated from the within-generation reduction of phenotypic variance for P 1. The extrapolated prediction is obtained by substituting these parameters into formulas based on single-character analyses. Approximate analytical and numerical results show that the level of agreement between these univariate extrapolations and the actual equilibrium variance depends critically on both the genetic model assumed and the relative magnitudes of the mutation and selection parameters. Unless per locus mutation rates are extremely high, i.e., generally greater than 10-4, the widely used gaussian approximation for genetic effects at individual loci is not applicable. Nevertheless, the gaussian approximations predict that the true and extrapolated equilibria are in reasonable agreement, i.e., within a factor of two, over a wide range of parameter values. In contrast, an alternative approximation that applies for moderate and low per locus mutation rates predicts that the extrapolation will generally overestimate the true equilibrium variance unless there is little selection associated with hidden effects. The tendency to overestimate is understandable because selection acts on all of the pleiotropic manifestations of a new mutation, but equilibrium covariances among the characters affected may not reveal all of this selection. This casts doubt on the proposal that much of the additive polygenic variance observed in natural populations can be explained by mutation-selection balance. It also indicates the difficulty of critically evaluating this hypothesis.
MATERNAL AND ZYGOTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE ABNORMAL OOCYTE MUTATION AND THE SCUTE4 INVERSION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Malva C , Labella T , Manzi A , Salzano G , Lavorgna G , De Ponti L , Graziani F 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The authors have studied the interaction between the abnormal oocyte mutation and an inversion of the X chromosome, In(1)sc 4, which has a proximal breakpoint in or near the heterochromatic region (ABO) that maternally interacts with the abo product. It has been demonstrated that the presence of X chromosomes carrying this inversion, besides a marked increase in the severity of the maternal effect of the abo mutation, produces a zygotic effect resulting in the lethality of the progeny of stocks homozygous for abo and sc 4. These results indicate that the sc 4 inversion carries an abnormal region indispensable for the development of abo zygotes from sc 4;abo mothers.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SIZE-SCALING PATTERNS IN THE MOUSE MANDIBLE
Authors: Atchley William R , Plummer A Alison , Riska Bruce 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The relationship between multidimensional form of the adult mouse mandible and body size is examined from an ontogenetic perspective. The origin and ontogeny of phenotypic correlations are described in terms of genetic and environmental covariance patterns between adult skeletal morphology and growth in body weight. Different ontogenetic patterns are observed in the genetic correlations, and these can be related to the developmental as well as the functional aspects of mandibular form. The quantitative genetic aspects of craniomandibular growth and morphogenesis are explored, together with an examination of the impact of ontogenetic changes in the genetic variance-covariance structure on morphogenetic integration and evolution by selection.
JOINT FREQUENCIES OF ALLELES DETERMINED BY SEPARATE FORMULATIONS FOR THE MATING AND MUTATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Tachida Hidenori 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A method to calculate joint gene frequencies, which are the probabilities that two neutral genes taken at random from a population have certain allelic states, is developed taking into account the effects of the mating system and the mutation scheme. We assume that the mutation rates are constant in the population and that the mating system does not depend on allelic states. Under either–the condition that mutation rates are symmetric or that the mating unit is large and the mutation rate is small–the general formula is represented by two terms, one for the mating system and the other for the mutation scheme. The term for the mating system is expressed using the coancestry coefficient in the infinite allele model, and the term for the mutation scheme is a function of the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the mutation matrix. Several examples are presented as applications of the method, including homozygosity in a stepping-stone model with a symmetric mutation scheme.