bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in equine clinical practice; a questionnaire‐based study of current use
Authors: Redpath Adam , Hallowell Gayle D. , Bowen Ian Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVeterinary use of the aminoglycoside antibiotics is under increasing scrutiny. This questionnaire‐based study aimed to document the use of aminoglycosides with a particular focus on gentamicin. An online questionnaire was delivered to generalist equine veterinary surgeons and specialists in internal medicine to determine the perceived importance, frequency of use and routes of administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. A series of hypothetical scenarios were also evaluated regarding gentamicin. Data were compared to evaluate the impact of the level of specialisation on prescribing practices for different antibiotics using Chi‐squared and Fischer's exact tests. Data were analysed from 111 responses. Gentamicin was commonly used empirically without culture and susceptibility testing. Generalists were more likely to use gentamicin only after susceptibility testing than specialists in a variety of clinical presentations including respiratory diseases, septic peritonitis, acute febrile diarrhoea, cellulitis and contaminated limb wounds (p < 0.01). Intravenous administration of gentamicin was most common, although inhaled and regional administration of gentamicin and amikacin were also described. Amikacin was most commonly used by intra‐articular administration. Gentamicin was more likely to be used in high‐risk procedures or contaminated surgeries (86% and 74%, respectively) compared with clean surgery (32%;p < 0.0001). Gentamicin was often used perioperatively in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy and more commonly used in horses undergoing an enterotomy (90%) than without and enterotomy (79%;p = 0.04). Most respondents (86%) used gentamicin at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg in adults, with few changing their dosing strategies based on the presence of sepsis, although higher doses were more reported in foals (7–15 mg/kg) irrespective of the presence of sepsis. Aminoglycosides are widely used in equine practice and use outside current EU marketing authorisations is common. Stewardship of the aminoglycoside antibiotics could be enhanced in both generalists and specialists through the more frequent use of susceptibility testing, regional administration and dose adjustment, especially in foals.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of memory‐guided attention: Frontal and parietal activation suggests involvement of fronto‐parietal networks
Authors: Fischer Manda , Moscovitch Morris , Alain Claude 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrior knowledge and long‐term memory can guide our attention to facilitate search for and detection of subtle targets embedded in a complex scene. A number of neuropsychological and experimental studies have investigated this effect, yet results in the field remain mixed, as there is a lack of consensus regarding the neural correlates thought to support memory‐guided attention. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to identify a common set of brain structures involved in memory‐guided attention. Statistical analyses were computed on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that presented participants with a task that required them to detect a target or a change embedded in repeated and novel complex visual displays. After a systematic search, 10 fMRI studies met the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. The results yielded four significant clusters. Activity in right inferior parietal (Brodmann area [BA] 9) and right superior parietal (BA 7) lobes suggests involvement of a fronto‐parietal attention network, while activity in left mid‐cingulate cortex (BA 23) and right middle frontal gyrus (BA 10) suggests involvement of a fronto‐parietal control network. These findings are consistent with the notion that fronto‐parietal circuits are important for interfacing retrieved memories with attentional systems to guide search.This article is categorized under:
Psychology > Memory
Psychology > Learning
Psychology > Attention
Current and emerging histomorphometric and imaging techniques for assessingage‐at‐deathand cortical bone quality
Authors: Andronowski Janna M. , Cole Mary E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBones are dynamic living organs that undergo continual change throughout life. An internal process of tissue renewal, called remodeling, removes mature microscopic packets of bone, and replaces them with new bone in a highly coordinated manner. To date, it remains difficult to directly observe and track individual remodeling events in cortical bone due to the small size of the structures involved. High‐resolution imaging techniques hold the potential to provide novel three‐dimensional information pertaining to changes in bone's microarchitecture, cortical porosity, and the remodeling process. This review critically explores the methodological approaches used historically by researchers to assess the products of remodeling within cortical bone and relate it to age‐at‐death estimation, extending from histology to modern ex vivo imaging modalities, and discusses the growing potential of in vivo imaging. We further provide an introduction to various histological indicators of bone quality and fragility, their forensic relevance, and examples of novel imaging modalities employed for their investigation. The review concludes with an introduction to cutting‐edge in vivo four‐dimensional imaging techniques that include the use of animal models to shed new light on the dynamic nature of bone, and the processes of bone aging and disease. Data gleaned from these new insights will ultimately lead to the development of future histologic age‐estimation methods in forensic anthropology.This article is categorized under:Forensic Anthropology > Age AssessmentForensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and MethodsForensic Medicine > Imaging Modalities
Cruel traces: Bone surface modifications and their relevance to forensic science
Authors: Egeland Charles P. , Pickering Travis Rayne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe reconstruction of perimortem and postmortem events is of critical importance to criminal investigations. In many cases, the information required for these reconstructions can be accessed through the analysis of skeletal remains. One particular class of skeletal data—trauma to the surfaces of bones, or bone surface modifications (BSMs)—can reveal much about the perimortem and postmortem intervals. While the study of BSMs originated within the fields of paleontology and archeology and was only later integrated into forensic science, a fruitful interdisciplinary exchange of data and methods is now commonplace. BSMs from thermal alteration, sharp‐force trauma, terrestrial and aquatic scavengers and predators, bacteria and fungi, insects, weathering, and sediment abrasion can supply investigators with valuable information about the agents and events of a corpse's deposition, including weapon type, local environmental conditions, the postmortem interval, and the presence, temperature(s), and/or length(s) of thermal exposure. Based on a review of this rich body of literature, we argue that (a) all associations between a BSM and its alleged source must rest on observational cause‐and‐effect studies; (b) secure identifications of BSMs should rely both on the intrinsic features of the modifications themselves and relevant contextual data; (c) the scientific validity of BSM research depends, ultimately, on rigorous blind‐testing and the establishment of error rates; and (d) researchers need to make a concerted effort to enhance interanalyst correspondence through objective definitions, measurements, and/or codes of BSM features. The most promising path forward lies in the combination of digital image analysis and multivariate predictive modeling.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Anthropology > Trauma Analysis
Forensic Anthropology > Taphonomic Changes and the Environment
Forensic Anthropology > Time Since Death Estimation
Manufacturing of firearms parts: Relevant sources of information and contribution in a forensic context
Authors: Werner Denis , Berthod Romain , Rhumorbarbe Damien , Gallusser Alain 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the context of forensic cases involving firearms, a major issue to address is the identification of the firearm used to discharge questioned elements of ammunition—bullets or cartridge cases—found during the scene investigation. When a questioned firearm is available, reference bullets and cartridge cases are produced through controlled test‐fires. The marks left on both the questioned and reference elements of ammunition are analyzed before being compared. The processes used to manufacture the firearms tend to influence the type and frequency of some of these marks. Knowing how the questioned firearm was produced is a key element to identify the relevant marks for comparison purposes. Finding this information can be challenging, as it is not necessarily publicly available. After presenting the manufacturing processes used to produce the main parts of firearms in contact with the elements of ammunition, this review includes an updated list of processes used by specific manufacturers, relying not only on the literature. The results highlight the necessity to consider a wide range of sources when gathering information about the manufacturing processes. Apart from general and specialized forensic literature, the online content made available by the manufacturers themselves is also a valuable complementary source of information. Contacting the manufacturers or visiting their premises is sometimes necessary to understand the full extent of the processes and how they can influence the marks of forensic interest.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Fingermarks and Other Marks
Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Trace Evidence
Erwachsene mit angeborenen Herzfehlern im Notaufnahmedienst
Authors: Mair J. , Diller G.-P. , Geiger H. , Greutmann M. , Hessling G. , Tobler D. 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Patientengruppe der Erwachsenen mit angeborenen Herzfehlern (EMAH) ist mittlerweile bereits größer als die der Kinder mit angeborenen Herzfehlern. EMAH-Patienten weisen auch nach Reparaturoperationen oft komplexe pathophysiologische und anatomische Verhältnisse auf. Bei Komplikationen kann es sehr rasch zu Notfallsituationen auch bei ansonsten asymptomatischen oder nur wenig symptomatischen Patienten kommen. Gemessen an der Gesamtzahl der Patienten, die von Notärzten und in den Notaufnahmen versorgt werden, sind EMAH-Notfallsituationen nach wie vor sehr selten. Diese Übersicht soll die Notfallbetreuung von EMAH-Patienten erleichtern. Für ca. zwei Drittel aller Notfälle sind Rhythmusstörungen und akute Herzinsuffizienz verantwortlich. Rhythmusstörungen müssen in der Regel zügig terminiert werden, weil sie unbehandelt rasch zur kardialen Dekompensation führen können. Bei Scheitern der medikamentösen Therapie oder hämodynamischer Instabilität müssen EMAH-Patienten mit tachykarden Rhythmusstörungen rasch elektrisch kardiovertiert werden. Symptomatische Bradykardien können eine rasche Schrittmacherversorgung erforderlich machen. Aufgrund der komplexen Anatomie kann das Einschwemmen eines transvenösen Interim-Schrittmachers bei einzelnen Vitien unmöglich sein. Die akute kardiale Dekompensation bei EMAH ist oft durch ein akutes Rechtsherzversagen verursacht. Weitere relativ häufige Aufnahmegründe sind Infektionen, Synkopen, Thromboembolien und Aortendissektion. Der Herzpass der Patienten informiert über das vorliegende Vitium. Die umgehende Kontaktaufnahme mit dem behandelnden EMAH-Zentrum wird dringend empfohlen.
Der Einfluss postmigratorischer Stressoren auf die Prävalenz depressiver Symptome bei Geflüchteten in Deutschland. Analyse anhand der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung 2016
Authors: Nutsch Niklas , Bozorgmehr Kayvan 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Internationale Studien belegen eine hohe psychische Krankheitslast bei Geflüchteten. Postmigratorische Stressoren im Zufluchtsland können die psychische Gesundheit beeinträchtigen und zu Depressionen führen.

Ziel
Die Studie untersucht, ob postmigratorische Stressoren mit der Prävalenz depressiver Symptome bei erwachsenen Geflüchteten in Deutschland assoziiert sind.

Methoden
Sekundärdatenanalyse basierend auf für Deutschland repräsentativen Querschnittsdaten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten 2016 (N = 4465). Depressivität wurde mit dem Patient Health Questionnaire‑2 (PHQ-2) erfasst. Unadjustierte und adjustierte Odds Ratios (OR) und 95 %-Konfidenzintervalle (KI) wurden anhand binär logistischer Regressionsmodelle berechnet, um Zusammenhänge zwischen Depressivität und soziodemografischen, postmigratorischen und psychosozialen Faktoren zu untersuchen.

Ergebnisse
Depressive Symptome weisen 19,4 % der befragten Geflüchteten auf. Fast alle einbezogenen Postmigrationsstressoren sind nach Adjustierung für soziodemografische und psychosoziale Faktoren statistisch signifikant mit Depressivität assoziiert. Erwerbslosigkeit (aOR = 1,48 [1,04–2,12]), Einsamkeit (aOR = 1,14 [1,10–1,18]) und ein abgelehnter oder noch nicht entschiedener Asylantrag (aOR = 1,34 [1,06–1,70]) erhöhen die Chance für depressive Symptome, während eine stattgefundene Anhörung (aOR = 0,71 [0,56–0,91]) und eine höhere Wohnzufriedenheit (aOR = 0,94 [0,91–0,98]) die Chance für Depressivität verringern.

Diskussion
Postmigrationsstressoren bei Geflüchteten sind mit dem Vorkommen depressiver Symptome assoziiert. Die Berücksichtigung belastender und protektiver Faktoren der Postmigrationsphase in sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen kann die psychische Krankheitslast in Flüchtlingspopulationen reduzieren.
Clinically feasible semi-automatic workflows for measuring metabolically active tumour volume in metastatic melanoma
Authors: van Sluis Joyce , de Heer Ellen C. , Boellaard Mayke , Jalving Mathilde , Brouwers Adrienne H. , Boellaard Ronald 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Metabolically active tumour volume (MATV) is a potential quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging biomarker in melanoma. Accumulating data indicate that low MATV may predict increased chance of response to immunotherapy and overall survival. However, metastatic melanoma can present with numerous (small) tumour lesions, making manual tumour segmentation time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate multiple semi-automatic segmentation workflows to determine reliability and reproducibility of MATV measurements in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Methods
An existing cohort of 64 adult patients with histologically proven metastatic melanoma was used in this study. 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic baseline images were acquired using a European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Research Limited–accredited Siemens Biograph mCT PET/CT system (Siemens Healthineers, Knoxville, USA). PET data were analysed using manual, gradient-based segmentation and five different semi-automatic methods: three direct PET image–derived delineations (41MAX, A50P and SUV40) and two based on a majority-vote approach (MV2 and MV3), without and with (suffix ‘+’) manual lesion addition. Correlation between the different segmentation methods and their respective associations with overall survival was assessed.

Results
Correlation between the MATVs derived by the manual segmentation and semi-automated tumour segmentations ranged from R2 = 0.41 for A50P to R2 = 0.85 for SUV40+ and MV2+, respectively. Manual MATV segmentation did not differ significantly from the semi-automatic methods SUV40 (∆MATV mean ± SD 0.08 ± 0.60 mL, P = 0.303), SUV40+ (∆MATV − 0.10 ± 0.51 mL, P = 0.126), MV2+ (∆MATV − 0.09 ± 0.62 mL, P = 0.252) and MV3+ (∆MATV − 0.03 ± 0.55 mL, P = 0.615). Log-rank tests showed statistically significant overall survival differences between above and below median MATV patients for all segmentation methods with areas under the ROC curves of 0.806 for manual segmentation and between 0.756 [41MAX] and 0.807 [MV3+] for semi-automatic segmentations.

Conclusions
Simple and fast semi-automated FDG PET segmentation workflows yield accurate and reproducible MATV measurements that correlate well with manual segmentation in metastatic melanoma. The most readily applicable and user-friendly SUV40 method allows feasible MATV measurement in prospective multicentre studies required for validation of this potential PET imaging biomarker for clinical use.
Efficacy of a Novel Vertebral Body Augmentation System in the Treatment of Patients with Symptomatic Vertebral Body Fractures
Authors: Marcia Stefano , Piras Emanuele , Hirsch Joshua A. , Mereu Alessio , Marras Mariangela , Spinelli Alessio , Saba Luca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel augmentation implant in the treatment of patients with symptomatic vertebral body fractures.

Materials and Methods
Thirty consecutive patients (seven males and 23 females), mean age of 70 years (range 56 to 89) with osteoporotic fractures and/or low-energy trauma fractures (osteoporosis confirmed by CT), were enrolled in an IRB-approved prospective study. The type of fracture was classified according to the Magerl classification. The patients were treated with the Tektona® dedicated vertebral body augmentation system. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were obtained after 1, 6 and 12 months. Quality of life was assessed with the SF36 score.

Results
A total of 37 vertebral bodies, mostly from T6 to L5, were treated in the 30 enrolled patients. In 67.6% of the cases (n = 25), lumbar fractures were treated. Most of the fractures (43%; n = 16) were A1.1 according to the Magerl classification. A significant pain reduction evaluated by VAS scores (p < 0.0001) was observed on average 7.6 (before the procedure) to 2.8 (immediately post-treatment), 2.1 and 2.7 (after 6 and 12 months later, respectively). The mean ODI score was 55.5% before treatment, and this was statistically significant reduced to 22.3% and 26.9%, respectively, at 6 and 12 months after treatment (p < 0.0001). The SF36 scores, both physical and mental components, showed statistically significant variations (p < 0.0001) whose direction was subpopulation dependent.

Conclusion
Patients with confirmed osteoporosis, suffering from symptomatic vertebral body fractures (osteoporotic and/or low-energy traumatic), were treated safely and effectively using this novel implant.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Participates in the Adult-Phase Adventitious Rooting Recalcitrance
Authors: Li Xu , Xu Xiaozhao , Shen Fei , Li Wei , Qiu Changpeng , Wu Ting , Wang Yi , Xu Xuefeng , Han Zhenhai , Zhang Xinzhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn many tree species especially the rooting-recalcitrant woody perennials, the adventitious root (AR) in the juvenile phase can be easily induced by exogenous auxin, but AR formation becomes recalcitrant in the adult phase. Also, it is reported that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits primary root growth in Arabidopsis and the AR formation in poplar (Populus ssp). So far, how GABA affects or is affected by the ontogenetic phase or auxin remains unclear. Here, we used an apple rootstock, Malus xiaojinensis, and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) to investigate this question. We first analyzed the content of GABA, the activity of GABA synthetic enzyme GAD, and the expression of the coding gene MxGADs, respectively, in leafy cuttings of juvenile and adult phase. Next, the effect of exogenous GABA on AR formation was examined in in vitro shoots of M. xiaojinensis and tobacco. Interestingly, significant and consistent increases in GABA concentration, GAD activity, and expression of MxGAD genes in response to exogenous indole butyric acid (IBA) were detected in adult-phase cuttings, but not in juvenile-phase cuttings. Exogenous GABA application inhibited the AR formation by delaying rooting time and reducing root number and the total root length in in vitro shoots of both M. xiaojinensis and tobacco. The expression of MxPIN members increased in response to IBA application, but these changes were restrained by the addition of GABA. These results indicate that both the loss of juvenility and IBA are required to trigger GABA accumulation. GABA may affect the AR formation as a co-actor by inhibiting polar auxin transport. Together, these findings facilitate the understanding of the regulatory network among GABA, juvenility, and auxin signaling on the AR formation.
N-Doped Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Studied by EPR
Authors: Tampieri Francesco , Tommasini Matteo , Agnoli Stefano , Favaro Marco , Barbon Antonio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGraphene-derived materials attract a great deal of attention because of the peculiar properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. Among such materials, nano-sized systems show very interesting behaviour and high reactivity. Often such materials have unpaired electrons that make them suitable for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In this work we study by continuous wave and pulse EPR spectroscopy undoped and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (GQD) with a size of about 2 nm. The analysis of the spectra allows identifying different types of paramagnetic centers related to electrons localized on large graphenic flakes and molecular-like radicals. By hyperfine spectroscopies on nitrogen-doped samples, we determine the hyperfine coupling constant of paramagnetic centers (limited-sizeπ-delocalized unpaired electrons) with dopant nitrogen atoms. The comparison of the experimental data with models obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports the interpretation of doping as due to the insertion of nitrogen atoms in the graphene lattice. The dimension of the delocalized regions in the flakes observed by pulse EPR is of about 20–25 carbon atoms; the nitrogen dopant can be classified as pyridinic or graphitic.
Deformation-Induced Roughening by Contact Compression in the Presence of Oils with Different Viscosity: Experiment and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Starzynski Grzegorz , Buczkowski Ryszard , Zylinski Bartlomiej 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of the work is to show both the similarities and differences in the formation of deformation-induced roughness in contact compression in the presence of oil and the problem of free surface roughing during uniaxial stretching in a plastic area. The relationships between changes in the roughness are caused by the deformation of the sample and the viscosity of oil at the contact area. It has been shown that normal contact loading with the presence of oil initially leads to an increase in surface roughness, then to its smoothening. The results of the experimental research have been compared with numerical simulation made using FSI (Fluid Structure Interaction) and ABAQUS systems. Using finite element calculations, it was possible to explain the phenomenon of roughness formation on the surface of a smooth steel sample. The changes in the structure of the smooth surface resulting from compression in the presence of oil are caused by the rotation and deformation of surface grains. The roughness of this structure is dependent on the viscosity of oil: the more viscous the liquid is, the rougher texture is formed.