bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projecting terrestrial biodiversity intactness with GLOBIO 4
Authors: Schipper Aafke M. , Hilbers Jelle P. , Meijer Johan R. , Antão Laura H. , Benítez‐López Ana , de Jonge Melinda M. J. , Leemans Luuk H. , Scheper Eddy , Alkemade Rob , Doelman Jonathan C. , Mylius Sido , Stehfest Elke , van Vuuren Detlef P. , van Zeist Willem‐Jan , Huijbregts Mark A. J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractScenario‐based biodiversity modelling is a powerful approach to evaluate how possible future socio‐economic developments may affect biodiversity. Here, we evaluated the changes in terrestrial biodiversity intactness, expressed by the mean species abundance (MSA) metric, resulting from three of the shared socio‐economic pathways (SSPs) combined with different levels of climate change (according to representative concentration pathways [RCPs]): a future oriented towards sustainability (SSP1xRCP2.6), a future determined by a politically divided world (SSP3xRCP6.0) and a future with continued global dependency on fossil fuels (SSP5xRCP8.5). To this end, we first updated the GLOBIO model, which now runs at a spatial resolution of 10 arc‐seconds (~300 m), contains new modules for downscaling land use and for quantifying impacts of hunting in the tropics, and updated modules to quantify impacts of climate change, land use, habitat fragmentation and nitrogen pollution. We then used the updated model to project terrestrial biodiversity intactness from 2015 to 2050 as a function of land use and climate changes corresponding with the selected scenarios. We estimated a global area‐weighted mean MSA of 0.56 for 2015. Biodiversity intactness declined in all three scenarios, yet the decline was smaller in the sustainability scenario (−0.02) than the regional rivalry and fossil‐fuelled development scenarios (−0.06 and −0.05 respectively). We further found considerable variation in projected biodiversity change among different world regions, with large future losses particularly for sub‐Saharan Africa. In some scenario‐region combinations, we projected future biodiversity recovery due to reduced demands for agricultural land, yet this recovery was counteracted by increased impacts of other pressures (notably climate change and road disturbance). Effective measures to halt or reverse the decline of terrestrial biodiversity should not only reduce land demand (e.g. by increasing agricultural productivity and dietary changes) but also focus on reducing or mitigating the impacts of other pressures.
Interictal Hyperperfusion in the Higher Visual Cortex in Patients With Episodic Migraine
Authors: Michels Lars , Villanueva Jeanette , O’Gorman Ruth , Muthuraman Muthuraman , Koirala Nabin , Büchler Roman , Gantenbein Andreas R. , Sandor Peter S. , Luechinger Roger , Kollias Spyros , Riederer Franz 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundMigraine pathophysiology is complex and probably involves cortical and subcortical alterations. Structural and functional brain imaging studies indicate alterations in the higher order visual cortex in patients with migraine. Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL‐MRI) is a non‐invasive imaging method for assessing changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo.ObjectiveTo examine if interictal CBF differs between patients with episodic migraine (EM) with or without aura and healthy controls (HC).MethodsWe assessed interictal CBF using 2D pseudo‐continuous ASL‐MRI on a 3 Tesla Philips scanner (University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland) in EM (N = 17, mean age 32.7 ± 9.9, 13 females) and HC (N = 19, mean age 31.0 ± 9.3, 11 females).ResultsCompared to HC, EM showed exclusively hyperperfusion in the right MT+ and Cohen’s d effect size was 0.99 (HC mean CBF ± SD: 33.1 ± 5.9 mL/100 g/minutes; EM mean CBF: 40.9 ± 9.4 mL/100 g/minutes). EM with aura (N = 13, MwA) revealed hyperperfusion compared to HC in the right MT+ and superior temporal gyrus. For MT, Cohen’s d effect size was 1.34 (HC mean CBF ± SD: 33.1 ± 5.9 mL/100 g/minutes; MwA mean CBF: 43.3 ± 8.6 mL/100 g/minutes). For the superior temporal gyrus, Cohen’s d effect size was 1.28 (HC mean CBF ± SD: 40.1 ± 4.9 mL/100 g/minutes; MwA mean CBF: 47.4 ± 6.4 mL/100 g/minutes). In EM, anxiety was positively associated with CBF in the parietal operculum and angular gyrus.ConclusionsOur results suggest that extrastriate brain regions probably involved in cortical spreading depression are associated with CBF changes in the interictal state. We conclude that ASL‐MRI is a sensitive method to identify local neuro‐functional abnormalities in CBF in patients with EM in the interictal state.
Reappraising the Tolosa‐Hunt Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria: A Case Series
Authors: Mullen Evan , Rutland John W. , Green Mark W. , Bederson Joshua , Shrivastava Raj 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionTolosa‐Hunt syndrome (THS), a condition characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia and accompanied by cranial nerve palsies, remains as a diagnosis of exclusion. Nevertheless, the 3rd Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) has refined its diagnostic criteria to require the demonstration of granulomatous inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging or biopsy. We sought to assess the effectiveness of the new criteria in arriving at accurate diagnoses.MethodsWe extracted all patient charts from our institution’s electronic medical record associated with ICD‐9 code 378.55 (external ophthalmoplegia). We then completed the retrospective diagnostic workups to determine if subjects met ICHD‐3 criteria for THS and compared our findings with their final diagnoses.ResultsOf 62 patients associated with ICD‐9 code 378.55, 10 (16%) was identified to have presenting symptoms concerning THS. The average age at the first onset of THS‐like symptoms was 58 years. Five of the 10 (50%) met ICHD‐3 criteria for THS. Two of the 5 (40%) meeting ICHD‐3 criteria for THS were discovered to have other diagnoses. Two of the 5 (40%) patients not meeting ICHD‐3 criteria for THS nevertheless received a final diagnosis of THS.DiscussionOur false‐negative rate of 40% is consistent with previous case series found in the literature. Our false‐positive rate of 40% is, to our knowledge, a new contribution to the literature as no other case series includes more than a single false‐positive. The false‐positive rate is most concerning, as a preliminary misdiagnosis of THS can delay treatment tailored to the true etiology. Furthermore, infectious etiologies can be exacerbated with steroid treatment.ConclusionOur case series suggests that ICHD‐3 criteria are suboptimal for the accurate diagnosis of THS. We recommend a close follow‐up for all patients with symptoms concerning THS until a definitive responsible etiology is discovered and we encourage further studies assessing ICHD‐3 guidelines to optimize their sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of THS.
Oncologist‐patient‐caregiver decision‐making discussions in the context of advanced cancer in an Asian setting
Authors: Malhotra Chetna , Kanesvaran Ravindran , Barr Kumarakulasinghe Nesaretnam , Tan Sing‐Huang , Xiang Ling , Tulsky James A. , Pollak Kathryn I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivePatient involvement in treatment decisions is recommended in clinician‐patient encounters. Little is known about how oncologists engage patients in shared decision making in non‐Western countries. We assessed the prevalence of shared decision making among Singaporean oncologists and analysed how they discussed prognosis.MethodsWe audio‐recorded 100 consultations between advanced cancer patients and their oncologists. We developed a coding system to assess oncologist encouragement of patient participation in decision making and disclosure of an explicit prognosis. We assessed patient and oncologist characteristics that predicted these behaviours.ResultsForty‐one consultations involved treatment discussions. Oncologists almost always listed more than one treatment option (90%). They also checked patient understanding (34%), discussed pros and cons (34%) and addressed uncertainty (29%). Oncologists discussed prognosis mostly qualitatively (34%) rather than explicitly (17%). They were more likely to give an explicit prognosis when patients/caregivers asked questions related to prognosis.ConclusionOncologists in our sample engaged their patients in decision making. They have areas in which they can improve to involve patients at a deeper level to ensure shared decision making. Findings will be used to develop an intervention targeting oncologists and patients to promote patient involvement in decision making.
HIV testing strategies outside of health care settings in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA): a systematic review to inform European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control guidance
Authors: Croxford S , Tavoschi L , Sullivan AK , Combs L , Raben D , Delpech V , Jakobsen SF , Amato‐Gauci AJ , Desai S 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesIn recent years, new technologies and new approaches to scale up HIV testing have emerged. The objective of this paper was to synthesize the body of recent evidence on strategies aimed at increasing the uptake and coverage of HIV testing outside of health care settings in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA).MethodsSystematic searches to identify studies describing effective HIV testing interventions and barriers to testing were run in five databases (2010–2017) with no language restrictions; the grey literature was searched for similar unpublished studies (2014–2017). Study selection, data extraction and critical appraisal were performed by two independent reviewers following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsEighty studies on HIV testing in non‐health care settings were identified, the majority set in Northern Europe. Testing was implemented in 65 studies, with men who have sex with men the risk group most often targeted. Testing coverage and positivity/reactivity rates varied widely by setting and population group. However, testing in community and outreach settings was effective at reaching people who had never previously been tested and acceptability of HIV testing, particularly rapid testing, outside of health care settings was found to be high. Other interventions aimed to increase HIV testing identified were: campaigns (n = 8), communication technologies (n = 2), education (n = 3) and community networking (n = 1).ConclusionsThis review has identified several strategies with potential to achieve high HIV testing coverage outside of health care settings. However, the geographical spread of studies was limited, and few intervention studies reported before and after data, making it difficult to evaluate the impact of interventions on test coverage.
Is the type of outsourced internal audit function provider associated with audit efficiency? Empirical evidence from Oman
Authors: Baatwah Saeed Rabea , Al‐Ebel Abood Mohammad , Amrah Muneer Rajab 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe main aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence examining how outsourced internal audit function (IAF) providers are associated with audit efficiency, and how such providers interact with high‐quality external auditors. We use a sample of 711 observations for companies listed on the Muscat Security Market during the period 2005–2014. Based on pooled regression, we find that audit efficiency is significantly improved when the IAF provider is from a Big4 audit firm, whereas a non‐Big4 audit firm IAF provider is associated with reduced audit efficiency. Furthermore, we find evidence suggesting significant interaction between the external auditor and IAF in relation to audit efficiency if the outsourced IAF provider is from a Big4 audit firm. In additional analysis, we construct a new measure for audit efficiency, dividing the IAF providers into Big4, second tier, and other non‐Big4, and consider the time of connection between such providers and their clients. We still observe that Big4, as an outsourced IAF provider, is more significantly associated with audit efficiency than other types of IAF provider. This paper is important because there is currently little evidence concerning the type of outsourced IAF provider; it contains useful information for auditors, companies, and regulators.
The frequency of low‐risk morbilliform drug eruptions observed in patients treated with different classes of antibiotics
Authors: Krispinsky Andrew J. , Shedlofsky Lydia B. , Kaffenberger Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAntibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide but can lead to numerous cutaneous adverse events. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions can range from a common and low‐risk morbilliform eruption to severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as toxic epidermal necrolysis. In the hospital setting, patients often start a myriad of new drugs and may be on multiple antibiotics when the dermatologist is consulted. With the current lack of commercially available testing for delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions, etiologic confirmation is challenging. While the Naranjo and other standardized assessment criteria are available, complete scoring is often impossible in hospitalized patients. Further, multiple drugs may have been initiated at the same time point. Therefore, the prevalence of antibiotic‐associated drug eruptions often is required to facilitate causality assessments. This review summarizes the prevalence of morbilliform eruptions for the most frequently prescribed antibiotics based upon systematic reviews, retrospective, and prospective analyses, with case series and reports providing other salient details.
Use of maggot debridement therapy in hospitalised patients in Germany
Authors: von Beckerath Olga , Kanya Susanne , Gäbel Gabor , Kröger Knut , Juntermanns Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExact data regarding the clinical role of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) for wound care in a specific country are not available. Thus, we analysed the use of MDT in hospitalised patients in Germany. Detailed lists of all hospitalised cases treated with MDT in Germany for the years 2011 to 2016 were provided by the Federal Statistical Office as well as the lists of the 15 most frequent principal and additional diagnoses, respectively, and the 10 most frequent procedures documented with MDT in 2016. Within the 6‐year time period of the study, the number of cases treated with MDT increased by 11% from 4513 in 2011 to 5.017 in 2016. Lower leg and foot were the most frequent anatomic sides of treatment counting up to 83.9% of all cases. In addition, MDT procedures for temporary soft tissue coverage including negative pressure wound therapy were often performed: for treatment of large areas in 36.7% and small areas in 6.2%. 41.3% of all cases treated with MDT had infection with Escherichia coli and 35.9% of all cases with Bacillus fragilis. Our analysis shows a limited use of MDT with a small increase only in the last 6 years in German hospitals. MDT is predominately used to treat foot or leg ulcers.
Sociodemographic and culture results of paediatric burns
Authors: Asena Muhammet , Aydin Ozturk Pinar , Ozturk Unal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPaediatric burn wounds are challenging conditions to manage for both the doctors and patients and can cause several complications entailing a complicated treatment and recovery process. This study aims to evaluate sociodemographic conditions and antibiogram culture results of paediatric burn wounds. Our study retrospectively evaluated 419 paediatric patients with burns regarding age, gender, burn area and degree, total days spent in hospital, surgical history, final condition, additional disease history, previous attempts, and culture results with their antibiotic resistances, haemogram results, C‐reactive protein results, sociocultural conditions, burned region of the body, and structure of the burn. The prominent observations were an increased rate of incidence in male patients and patients with low socioeconomic conditions, the highest incidence of burns from scalding and domestic accidents, and the highest incidence of third‐degree burns. Furthermore, even though the most encountered burn types were extremity burns, the burn types with the highest culture growth ratio were the perineum burns. The dominant culture growth bacterial group was coagulase‐negative staphylococcus, and the ratio of medication resistance was 67.8%. It is imperative to raise awareness regarding domestic accidents to prevent paediatric burn wounds. The mortality risk can be reduced by carefully monitoring multiple organ involvement and providing timely treatment. Moreover, appropriate wound care is warranted to avoid infection from skin flora.
Indentation cracking and deformation mechanism of sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses
Authors: Januchta Kacper , Liu Pengfei , Hansen Søren R. , To Theany , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDeveloping less brittle oxide glasses is a grand challenge in the field of glass science and technology, as it would pave the way toward new glass applications and limit the overall raw material usage and energy consumption. However, in order to achieve this goal, more insight into the correlation between the chemical composition and material properties is required. In this work, we focus on the mechanical properties of quaternary sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses, wherein systematic changes in glass chemistry yield different resistances to indentation crack initiation. We discuss the origin of the composition dependence of indentation cracking based on an evaluation of the deformation mechanism taking place during the indentation event. To this end, we use a simple metric, the extent of indent side length recovery upon annealing, to quantify the extent of reversible volume deformation. Finally, we also compare the compositional trend in crack initiation resistance to that in crack growth resistance (fracture toughness), showing no simple correlation among the two.
Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: Insights from beta diversity partitioning
Authors: Carvalho José C. , Malumbres‐Olarte Jagoba , Arnedo Miquel A. , Crespo Luís C. , Domenech Marc , Cardoso Pedro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimThe main aims were to determine: (a) the relative contribution of species replacement and richness difference from components to overall taxonomic (TDβ) and functional (FDβ) beta diversity of spider communities; (b) the degree to which TDβ and FDβ components can be explained by the environmental or geographic predictors; (c) whether FDβ components were lower than expected given the underlying TDβ variation.LocationThis study was carried out in 22 oak forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula. The area comprises two biogeographic regions, Eurosiberian (North) and Mediterranean (Centre and South).MethodsSpiders were sampled using a standardized protocol. A species x traits matrix was constructed. Total taxonomic (TDβtotal) and total functional (FDβtotal) beta diversity were calculated, by pairwise comparisons, and partitioned into their replacement (βrepl) and richness difference (βrich) components. Mantel tests were used to relate taxonomic and functional dissimilarity with environmental and geographic distances. A spatial eigenfunction model was constructed and the variation in TDβ and FDβ explained by environment and geographic predictors was quantified. Null models were used to test if FDβ was higher or lower than expected given TDβ.Resultsβrepl was the dominant component contributing to 84.2% and 72.8% for TDβtotal and FDβtotal, respectively. TDβtotal and FDβtotal (and their replacement components) were higher between‐ than within‐biogeographic regions. TDβtotal and TDβrepl were positively correlated with environmental and geographic distances, even when controlling for a biogeographic effect, but their functional counterparts were only correlated with environmental distance. Variation partitioning showed that pure environmental and spatially structured environmental effects had a small contribution to beta diversity, except for TDβrich. The observed slopes of the regressions of FDβtotal and FDβrepl in relation to environmental distance were slower than the null model expectations.Main ConclusionsSpider assemblage variation was mainly determined by the replacement, and not the net loss, of species and traits. TDβ was influenced by niche filtering and dispersal limitation, whereas FDβ was mainly generated by niche filtering. A high level of functional convergence among spider communities, despite the high taxonomic divergence, revealed the signal of replacement of species performing similar functions across sites.
Model complexity affects species distribution projections under climate change
Authors: Brun Philipp , Thuiller Wilfried , Chauvier Yohann , Pellissier Loïc , Wüest Rafael O. , Wang Zhiheng , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimStatistical species distribution models (SDMs) are the most common tool to predict the impact of climate change on biodiversity. They can be tuned to fit relationships at various levels of complexity (defined here as parameterization complexity, number of predictors, and multicollinearity) that may co‐determine whether projections to novel climatic conditions are useful or misleading. Here, we assessed how model complexity affects the performance of model extrapolations and influences projections of species ranges under future climate change.LocationEurope.Taxon34 European tree species.MethodsWe sampled three replicates of predictor sets for all combinations of 10 levels (n = 3–12) of environmental variables (climate, terrain, soil) and 10 levels of multicollinearity. We used these sets for each species to fit four SDM algorithms at three levels of parameterization complexity. The >100,000 resulting SDM fits were then evaluated under environmental block cross‐validation and projected to environmental conditions for 2061–2080 considering four climate models and two emission scenarios. Finally, we investigated the relationships of model design with model performance and projected distributional changes.ResultsModel complexity affected both model performance and projections of species distributional change. Fits of intermediate parameterization complexity performed best, and more complex parameterizations were associated with higher projected loss of current ranges. Model performance peaked at 10–11 variables but increasing number of variables had no consistent effect on distributional change projections. Multicollinearity had a low impact on model performance but distinctly increased projected loss of current ranges.Main conclusionsSDM‐based climate change impact assessments should be based on ensembles of projections, varying SDM algorithms as well as parameterization complexity, besides emission scenarios and climate models. The number of predictor variables should be kept reasonably small and the classical threshold of maximum absolute Pearson correlation of 0.7 restricts collinearity‐driven effects in projections of species ranges.