bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Change and Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The evidence does not support gloomy generalizations about an irreversible African environmental crisis or pessimistic arguments that barriers to adopting Green Revolution technologies are insuperable. Although evidence on agricultural technology in Africa is often unreliable, food output and grain yields do appear to have risen strongly in some African economies.. Huge variations in crop yields, including within similar agro-ecological zones, suggest massive potential for policies to promote a rapid increase in yields. Agricultural research and development (R&D) within African countries—and production on many large-scale farms—has shown that dramatically higher yields are possible. Crop yield improvements—with the aid of suitable high-yield varieties (HYVs), public agricultural research spending, and especially investment in irrigation—are possible without draconian resettlement schemes, without wasteful extension service spending, and without recourse to micro-finance schemes. The methods underpinning commonly produced estimates of yields are unreliable, calling into question conventional wisdom that small farms are more efficient than larger farms.
High-Yielding Variety Policies in Africa
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 highlights policy priorities capable of generating large productivity improvements, balance of payments improvements, and big increases in employment, especially for rural women. Growth, structural transformation, and welfare improvements in African economies require a sustained high investment rate, led by public sector spending to maximize crowding in of private investment; they require state support for the development of ‘national champion’ firms (and farms); they cannot be sustained without a massive export drive; investment needs to be encouraged in specific kinds of labour-intensive economic activities. This ‘possibilist’ strategy depends developing capabilities for monitoring performance and disciplining recipients of state resources; among the relevant targets for firms are measures to encourage the effective organization and voice of the workers they employ. The strategy also has to include policies to expand the non-inflationary supply of basic wage goods, including intervention to manage grain prices.
Stopped Clocks
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 begins by examining a prominent trope in photographs of the home front: the stopped clock. Unpacking the manifold, often competing, meanings of this image—by turns denoting suspension and dislocation, but also temporal resilience and transcendence—it underscores how the photographic medium corroborates or problematizes the temporalities portrayed within its frames. The chapter then turns to the short stories of Elizabeth Bowen and William Sansom, both of whom variously conceived of their own writing as ‘photographic’. Rendering a temporality somewhere between what Frank Kermode, in narratological terms, called ‘tick-tock’ and ‘tock-tick’, Bowen’s and Sansom’s fragmented short stories blended fiction with non-fiction, and were ultimately anthologized as ‘records’ of the war.
The Archaeology of Ruin-Time
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 addresses the peculiar archaeology of the blitzed landscape, when air raids made new ruins out of modern-day infrastructure, even while revealing older ones from London’s Roman past. Theorists have often conceived of the temporality of ruins as a dialectic between pastness and futurity, ending and return, and these tensions pose representational challenges in the wartime present, when ruins from different eras populated the visual landscape. This chapter argues that wartime works responded to this environment by engaging in their own acts of imaginative archaeology, excavating past ruins to find continuity with those of the dislocated present. It reads a wide array of visual and literary texts: from the romantic paintings of the Recording Britain scheme to portraits of bomb damage made by the War Artists’ Advisory Committee, and from the paratactic poetry of H.D. to the hallucinatory short fiction of Elizabeth Bowen.
Conclusion
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This final chapter of the book summarizes the argument, discusses its main findings, and situates the German case in a broader comparative framework. The chapter mentions possible extensions of the argument especially with respect to the role of the education system for Germany’s variant of coordinated capitalism (in particular in contrast to its Scandinavian homologue). It then summarizes the argument of how the German welfare state provided capital and labor with functional equivalents for the structures of neo-corporatist concertation which Germany’s federal and “economically liberal” polity lacks. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of the argument for a comparative political economy of advanced capitalisms.
Introduction
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe introductory chapter explains why it is timely to focus on China’s discourse and behaviour with respect to the UN’s human protection agenda. The book’s contributions include advancing understanding of the obstacles faced by the UN in redefining the concept of security to embrace the idea of human protection, and China’s contributions and general wariness with respect to this policy area. The research question focuses on how a more powerful China satisfies its desire to shape global norms relating to human protection in ways that not only reflect its ideological beliefs, but also bolster its image as a responsible great power. Also covered in brief before further elaboration in chapter one is the methodological approach adopted; the organizing framework associated with China’s beliefs, power, and international image; the sources utilized; and the structure of each chapter and central argument that is arrived at. This introductory chapter also provides chapter outlines for chapters one through eight.
UN Peace Operations
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe primary aim of this chapter is to explain the apparent paradox of increasing Chinese support and involvement even as UN peace operations have become more complex, dangerous, and intrusive. The argument explores why Beijing moved from a position of hostility to UN operations in the Maoist era to one of constructive if still cautious engagement. It then establishes how the building of a positive image and reputation through involvement in UN peace operations has proven useful to the more active presentation of its core beliefs about the role of such activity in generating peace and security, before assessing the extent to which its ideas contradict or complement some of the central recommendations offered in the major reports that the UN has commissioned on this topic and that will be referenced in the opening sections of this chapter. A final section concentrates on Beijing’s decision to augment further the UN’s capacity to carry out peace operations, particularly after 2015, before exploring some of the consequences, actual and potential, that have come in the wake of that decision.
The Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe protection of civilians in armed conflict (POC) since 1999 has been recognized as a core obligation of the United Nations, and as vital to the legitimation of the Security Council’s role and status in its efforts to control and confront large-scale violence. Over the course of this same period, and with the passage in 2000 of Security Council Resolution 1325, the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda has also become a prominent part of action associated with the protection of civilians. This chapter first discusses some of the steps that have been taken to put POC and WPS on the UN’s agenda, before turning to the official Chinese response to these two core areas of the UN’s activities. That response illustrates once again a complex interplay between Beijing’s understanding that it must be responsive in this area of action, while remaining attentive to its belief in the need to ensure the preservation of a state-based international order that includes a restrained UN Security Council interpretation of the types of conflict that represent threats to international peace and security. In both the POC and WPS policy areas, China accords a primary role to economic development as the most effective means of preventing the conflicts that are the source of civilian harm and for improving women’s rights and representation.
The ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P)
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter traces the origins and elaboration of the R2P norm. It places the accent on the process of norm development during which a variety of states, including China, were able to shape the norm’s characteristics. It begins with a discussion of the norm’s origins in 1990s debates, initial reception in 2001, formalization in documentary form in 2005, and then its implementation structure as elaborated in 2009. Next, it turns to the Libyan intervention in 2011 under the R2P banner and the impact of that usage on R2P’s status. The tracing of the R2P’s pathway shows that for a state, such as China, that is concerned about international image and does not wish to appear obstructive or irresponsible, it can find welcome and bedrock support for its conservative attitude towards R2P among several other states concerned about the norm’s implications. The discussion also shows how the complex layering of the norm has presented China with the ability to shape the norm discursively and to insert its own normative preferences into the process of R2P elaboration.
The Syrian Crisis
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief exploration of the various phases of this devastating conflict. It explores why China has used its veto power on seven occasions over the course of this war (up to September 2019); a puzzle, because vetoing is extremely unusual Chinese behaviour. The chapter also explores the image consequences for China, mostly damaging in the early stages of this war, that have flowed from that change in its approach. It references some of the resolutions that have caused UN Security Council division. In particular, it focuses on the justifications Beijing has offered for the voting decisions it has made over the course of a devastating conflict that has included the use of chemical weapons. The Syrian case is afforded its own chapter in this study not only because of China’s more frequent use of the veto, but also because of Syria’s status as one of the worst failures in human protection since World War II. The case study is additionally instructive with regard to China’s approaches to the UN’s POC and R2P agendas.
The UN’s Human Rights Bodies
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolution of the UN’s two human rights bodies: namely, the UN Commission on Human Rights and its replacement, the UN Human Rights Council. Three key moments in China’s history in relation to these organizations—notably the Commission’s (and Sub-Commission’s) role during and after the Tiananmen crisis of June 1989, the movement from Commission to Council in 2005–6, as well as the impact of the UN’s 2011 Libyan intervention and the advent of the broader ‘Arab Spring’—are used to uncover how and why Beijing has worked to influence the procedures of bodies designed to advance the UN’s human protection agenda. In all these instances, China’s active involvement in the work of these bodies demonstrates a potent relationship between its ideological beliefs and concerns about image. The chapter concludes that China has become less reticent and more confident in putting forward its world view about what best promotes human rights. The balance has shifted in its approach from an essentially defensive strategy towards one that aims to promote its own ideas in this issue area. Beijing is arguing for a development-first model based on the assumption that the benefits of its politico-economic model, and the relationship of that model to improved levels of human protection, have become plainer to many other states.
Quantum Phenomena
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The behavior of electrons provides several concrete examples of quantum phenomena. We consider electron spin properties, how electrons move, quantum randomness and the relationships between observables, quantum limits on empirical prediction, superpositions, interference effects, nonlocality, and the role of observation in generating quantum phenomena. Each illustrates the counterintuitive nature of quantum phenomena and provides a sense of the sort of phenomena that any satisfactory formulation of quantum mechanics must predict and explain.
The Quantum Measurement Problem
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We use the Wigner’s friend story to characterize the quantum measurement problem. On the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, whether a physical system is measured determines which of the theory's two dynamical laws obtains. For this reason, the logical consistency of the theory depends on one specifying strictly disjoint conditions for when when each law obtains, which means that one needs to say precisely what constitutes a measurement. But since the term measurement occurs in the standard theory as an undefined primitive term, the theory is at best incomplete. We see precisely how this conceptual incompleteness threatens the logical inconsistency of the theory and why, on even the most charitable reading, it entails that the theory is empirical incomplete. We end by considering why its empirically incompleteness is extremely difficult to test.
Pure Wave Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Everett thought of the quantum measurement problem as one of providing a consistent description of nested measurement. He proposed solving the measurement problem by simply supposing that all physical systems whatsoever always obey the linear dynamics and hence never collapse. Dropping the collapse dynamics immediately solves the measurement problem, but it introduces two new problems: explaining determinate measurement records and explaining quantum probabilities. In addition to these, we also consider the problem of empirical coherence in the context of pure wave mechanics. We then discuss how Everett himself understood determinate records and probabilities in his relative-state formulation of pure wave mechanics. What he ultimately provided was an argument that his formulation of quantum mechanics was consistent and empirically faithful. We will see why this is a relative weak standard by which to judge the empirical adequacy of a physical theory.
Morality by Degrees
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Consequentialist theories of the right connect the rightness and wrongness (and related notions) of actions with the intrinsic goodness and badness of states of affairs consequential on those actions. The most popular such theory is maximization, which is said to demand of agents that they maximize the good, that they do the best they can, at all times. Thus it may seem that consequentialist theories are overly demanding, and, relatedly, that they cannot accommodate the phenomenon of going above and beyond the demands of duty (supererogation). However, a clear understanding of consequentialism leaves no room for a theory of the right, at least not at the fundamental level of the theory. A consequentialist theory, such as utilitarianism, is a theory of how to rank outcomes, and derivatively actions, which provides reasons for choosing some actions over others. It is thus a purely scalar theory, with no demands that certain actions be performed, and no fundamental classification of actions as right or wrong. However, such notions may have pragmatic benefits at the level of application, since many people find it easier to guide their conduct by simple commands, rather than to think in terms of reasons of varying strength to do one thing rather than another. A contextualist semantics for various terms, such as “right,” “permissible,” “harm,” when combined with the scalar approach to consequentialism, allows for the expression of truth-apt propositions with sentences containing such terms.
Harm
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The standard consequentialist account of harm is given by the following principle: HARM An act A harms a person P just in case P is worse off, as a consequence of A, than she would have been if A hadn’t been performed. An act A benefits a person P just in case P is better off, as a consequence of A, than she would have been if A hadn’t been performed. In most cases, there are multiple different alternatives, and no context-free method of determining which is the appropriate one with which to compare A. Judgments of harm are thus always implicitly relative to alternatives. There is no fundamental fact of the form: A really harms (or benefits) P.
Contextualism
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The threat of determinism suggests that every action, including the action of holding morally responsible, is both the best and worst of all possible alternatives. This seems to pose a problem for consequentialist approaches to determinism, and moral responsibility. The solution is to appeal to the conversational context of praising, blaming, judging right and wrong, holding responsible, and the like. Even if, strictly speaking, an agent couldn’t have done otherwise, conversational context may select certain counterpossible alternatives as the relevant ones with which to compare the action. The non-identity “problem,” popularized by Parfit, suggests that the existential dependence of people on our actions creates puzzles, problems even, for some common approaches to ethics. A scalar version of consequentialism, combined with a contextualist semantics for some moral terms, dissolves the apparent problem. The scalar contextualist approach has practical implications for our moral discourse.
Facing Up to Risk
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
By banishing decision-making in the face of uncertainty (risk) to the margins of moral philosophy, nonconsequentialists have obscured the quotidian, unavoidable, and ubiquitous tradeoffs we face in almost every arena. The chapter explores the historical antecedents of the marginalization of risk in contemporary moral philosophy, and details how nonconsequentialist arguments have finessed the problem of risk. It also explores the catastrophic consequences for all of us when the nonconsequentialist view that bad outcomes are both necessary and sufficient to establish the badness of the conduct that produced them is let loose in the policy realm.
Reason and Experience in Mendelssohn and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work examines the lifelong intellectual relationship between Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86). Both engaged in a common project of striking the right balance between rationalism and empiricism, they sometimes borrowed from one another, often disagreed with one another, and can usefully be compared even when they did not directly interact. Their arguments and conclusions on metaphysical issues such as proofs of the existence of God, immortality, and idealism are examined; their works in aesthetics are compared; and the path-breaking work of both on the “religion of reason” and the separation of church and state are contrasted. Both philosophers turn out to have much to offer: Kant sometimes provides deeper insight into the underlying structure of human thought, but Mendelssohn is often the deeper student of the variety of human experience.
Martin Luther and the Theology of the Two Kingdoms
Authors: Bain William 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the nominalist orientation of Martin Luther’s separation of sacred and secular, signified by his two kingdoms framework. The aim is to show that his thinking about the nature of God, character of creation, and authority of Scripture resonates with the theory of imposed order. Luther gives priority to the will, as against reason, which follows from his preoccupation with God’s freedom and power. This points to an inner unity in Luther’s thought, whereby his theology informs a parallel understanding of reality that emphasizes the contingency of singular things, a system of external relations, and explanation in terms of efficient causes. Luther’s importance in this context is not discerned in what he contributes to political theory; he transmits the nominalist way of knowing and explaining reality that others would use to theorize political order. Consequently, his separation of the earthly kingdom and the spiritual kingdom does not de-theologize politics as much as signal the ascendency of the theory of imposed order and its theological commitments. In this respect, he contributes indirectly to a way of thinking and speaking about political order that stresses the nominalist vocabulary of will and artifice.
Introduction: Textbook and Essay
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter briefly situates the rise of modern positive law as an affordance of a specific information and communication technology (ICT)—namely the printing press, which is better described as an information and communication infrastructure (ICI). One of the challenges that modern positive law faces is the transformation of the ICI from books and mass media to a digital and computational ICI. Cyberspace here refers to cyber (steering) and connects with cybernetics (remote control of one's environment by means of feedback loops). This highlights that the new ICI is fundamentally different from speech, writing, printing, and mass media. Cyberspace is not merely a digitized version of physical space, but refers to an architecture with two novel characteristics: its hyperconnectivity and its computational pre-emptions.
Domains of Law: Private, Public, and Criminal Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the three major domains in law and the study of law: private, public, and criminal law. These domains have their own principles, vocabularies, and structures, each geared to the type of relationships they aim to regulate and constitute. This chapter first explains how these domains differ based on a set of conceptual distinctions, such as absolute and relative rights, legal subjects and legal objects, mandatory and default law. After describing law as a unity of primary and secondary rules and their underlying principles (in chapter 2), this chapter describes law as a system of legal relations between legal subjects, with regard to legal objects. This understanding provides the foundations for the introduction of the core structure, vocabulary, and underlying principles of each domain, highlighting the difference between supposedly horizontal relations in private law and the vertical relations of public and criminal law. This, for instance, connects with the prominence of the legality principle in constitutional, administrative, and criminal law, whereas individual autonomy, fairness, and societal trust inform the rules and principles of private law.