bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of vancomycin plus piperacillin and risk of acute kidney injury: a worldwide pharmacovigilance database analysis
Authors: Contejean Adrien , Tisseyre Mylène , Canouï Etienne , Treluyer Jean-Marc , Kerneis Solen , Chouchana Laurent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Excess of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to the association of vancomycin plus piperacillin is debated.

Objectives
To detect a signal for an increased risk of AKI with the vancomycin and piperacillin combination compared with other vancomycin-based regimens.

Methods
Using VigiBase, the WHO global database of individual case safety reports (ICSR) from 1997 to 2019, we conducted a disproportionality analysis comparing the reporting of AKI cases between different vancomycin-based regimens (vancomycin plus piperacillin, cefepime or meropenem). To take into account a possible notoriety bias, we secondarily restricted the study period to before 2014, the date of the first publication of AKI in patients receiving vancomycin plus piperacillin. Results are expressed using the reporting OR (ROR) and its 95% CI.

Results
From 1997 to 2019, 53 701 ICSR concerning vancomycin have been registered in the database, including 6016 reports of AKI (11.2%), among which 925 (15.4%) were reported with vancomycin/piperacillin, 339 (5.6%) with vancomycin/cefepime and 197 (3.7%) with vancomycin/meropenem. ROR (95% CI) for AKI was 2.6 (2.4–2.8) for vancomycin/piperacillin, 2.5 (2.2–2.9) for vancomycin/cefepime and 0.5 (0.4–0.6) for vancomycin/meropenem versus other vancomycin-containing regimens. After restriction of the study period to 1997–2013, the ROR for AKI remains significant only for vancomycin/piperacillin [ROR (95% CI) = 2.1 (1.8–2.4)].

Conclusions
We found a disproportionality in reports of AKI in patients receiving vancomycin plus piperacillin compared with vancomycin in other regimens. This suggests a drug–drug interaction between these two antibiotics resulting in an increased risk of AKI.
Impact of a problem-oriented view on clinical data retrieval
Authors: Semanik Michael G , Kleinschmidt Peter C , Wright Adam , Willett Duwayne L , Dean Shannon M , Saleh Sameh N , Co Zoe , Sampene Emmanuel , Buchanan Joel R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
The electronic health record (EHR) data deluge makes data retrieval more difficult, escalating cognitive load and exacerbating clinician burnout. New auto-summarization techniques are needed. The study goal was to determine if problem-oriented view (POV) auto-summaries improve data retrieval workflows. We hypothesized that POV users would perform tasks faster, make fewer errors, be more satisfied with EHR use, and experience less cognitive load as compared with users of the standard view (SV).

Methods
Simple data retrieval tasks were performed in an EHR simulation environment. A randomized block design was used. In the control group (SV), subjects retrieved lab results and medications by navigating to corresponding sections of the electronic record. In the intervention group (POV), subjects clicked on the name of the problem and immediately saw lab results and medications relevant to that problem.

Results
With POV, mean completion time was faster (173 seconds for POV vs 205 seconds for SV; P &lt; .0001), the error rate was lower (3.4% for POV vs 7.7% for SV; P = .0010), user satisfaction was greater (System Usability Scale score 58.5 for POV vs 41.3 for SV; P &lt; .0001), and cognitive task load was less (NASA Task Load Index score 0.72 for POV vs 0.99 for SV; P &lt; .0001).

Discussion
The study demonstrates that using a problem-based auto-summary has a positive impact on 4 aspects of EHR data retrieval, including cognitive load.

Conclusion
EHRs have brought on a data deluge, with increased cognitive load and physician burnout. To mitigate these increases, further development and implementation of auto-summarization functionality and the requisite knowledge base are needed.
Language and Consumer Dishonesty: A Self-Diagnosticity Theory
Authors: Gai Phyliss Jia , Puntoni Stefano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHow does foreign language influence consumer dishonesty? We propose a self-diagnosticity theory arguing that compared to one’s native language, using a foreign language makes lying appear less self-diagnostic, thereby increasing or decreasing lying depending on which aspect of the self is salient. In situations where lying reflects an undesirable, dishonest self, using a foreign language increases lying. In contrast, in situations where lying primarily reflects a desirable (e.g., competent or compassionate) self, using a foreign language decreases lying. Ten studies, spanning various languages, consumer contexts, and experimental paradigms, support the theory. The studies establish that the effect of language on lying jointly depends on the self-diagnosticity of lying and on whether lying is diagnostic of a positive or a negative aspect of the self. The findings highlight self-diagnosticity as a valuable lens to understand the behavior of bilingual consumers and offer practical guidance for addressing dishonesty in the marketplace.
Radiation signatures from striped blazar jet
Authors: Zhang Haocheng , Giannios Dimitrios 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Relativistic jets from supermassive black holes are among the most powerful and luminous astrophysical systems in Universe. We propose that the open magnetic field lines through the black hole, which drive a strongly magnetized jet, may have their polarity reversing over time scales related to the growth of the magnetorotational dynamo in the disc, resulting in dissipative structures in the jet characterized by reversing toroidal field polarities, referred to as ‘stripes’. The magnetic reconnection between the stripes dissipates the magnetic energy and powers jet acceleration. The striped jet model can explain the jet acceleration, large-scale jet emission, and blazar emission signatures consistently in a unified physical picture. Specifically, we find that the jet accelerates to the bulk Lorentz factor Γ ≳ 10 within 1-parsec distance from the central engine. The acceleration slows down but continues at larger distances, with intrinsic acceleration rate $\dot{\Gamma }/\Gamma$ between $0.0005$ and $0.005~\rm {yr^{-1}}$ at tens of parsecs, which is in very good agreement with recent radio observations. Magnetic reconnection continuously accelerates non-thermal particles over large distances from the central engine, resulting in the core-shift effect and overall flat-to-inverted synchrotron spectrum. The large-scale spectral luminosity peak νpeak is antiproportional to the location of the peak of the dissipation, which is set by the minimal stripe width lmin. The blazar zone is approximately at the same location. At this distance, the jet is moderately magnetized, with the comoving magnetic field strength and dissipation power consistent with typical leptonic blazar model parameters.
Nucleosynthesis in magneto-rotational supernovae
Authors: Reichert M , Obergaulinger M , Eichler M , Aloy M Á , Arcones A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present the nucleosynthesis of magneto-rotational supernovae (MR-SNe) including neutrino-driven and magneto-rotational-driven ejecta based, for the first time, on two-dimensional simulations with accurate neutrino transport. The models analysed here have different rotation and magnetic fields, allowing us to explore the impact of these two key ingredients. The accurate neutrino transport of the simulations is critical to analyse the slightly neutron rich and proton rich ejecta that are similar to the, also neutrino-driven, ejecta in standard supernovae. In the model with strong magnetic field, the r-process produces heavy elements up to the third r-process peak (A ∼ 195), in agreement with previous works. This model presents a jet-like explosion with proton-rich jets surrounded by neutron rich material where the r-process occurs. We have estimated a lower limit for 56Ni of 2.5 × 10−2M⊙, which is still well below the expected hypernova value. Longer simulations including the accretion disk evolution are required to get a final prediction. In addition, we have found that the late evolution is critical in a model with weak magnetic field in which lately ejected neutron rich matter produces elements up to the second r-process peak. Even if we cannot yet provide conclusions for hypernova nucleosynthesis, our results agree with observations of old stars and radioactive isotopes in supernova remnants. This makes MR-SNe a good additional scenario to neutron star mergers for the synthesis of heavy elements and brings us closer to understand their origin and the role of MR-SNe in the early galaxy nucleosynthesis.
Tracing the simulated high-redshift circum-galactic medium with Lyman α emission
Authors: Mitchell Peter D , Blaizot Jérémy , Cadiou Corentin , Dubois Yohan , Garel Thibault , Rosdahl Joakim 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), it is now possible to detect spatially extended Lyman α (Lyα) emission from individual faint (MUV ∼ −18) galaxies at redshifts, 3 &lt; z &lt; 6, tracing gas out to circum-galactic scales. To explore the implications of such observations, we present a cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulation of a single galaxy, chosen to be typical of the Lyα-emitting galaxies detected by MUSE in deep fields. We use this simulation to study the origin and dynamics of the high-redshift circum-galactic medium (CGM). We find that the majority of the mass in the diffuse CGM is comprised of material infalling for the first time towards the halo center, but with the inner CGM also containing a comparable amount of mass that has moved past first-pericentric passage, and is in the process of settling into a rotationally supported configuration. Making the connection to Lyα emission, we find that the observed extended surface brightness profile is due to a combination of three components: scattering of galactic Lyα emission in the CGM, in-situ emission of CGM gas (mostly infalling), and Lyα emission from small satellite galaxies. The weight of these contributions vary with distance from the galaxy such that (1) scattering dominates the inner regions (r &lt; 7 kpc), at surface brightness larger than a few 10−19 cgs, (2) all components contribute equally around r ∼ 10 kpc (or SB∼10−19), and (3) the contribution of small satellite galaxies takes over at large distances (or SB∼10−20).
Measurements of pulse jitter and single-pulse variability in millisecond pulsars using MeerKAT
Authors: Parthasarathy A , Bailes M , Shannon R M , van Straten W , Osłowski S , Johnston S , Spiewak R , Reardon D J , Kramer M , Venkatraman Krishnan V , Pennucci T T , Abbate F , Buchner S , Camilo F , Champion D J , Geyer M , Hugo B , Jameson A , Karastergiou A , Keith M J , Serylak M 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Using the state-of-the-art SKA precursor, the MeerKAT radio telescope, we explore the limits to precision pulsar timing of millisecond pulsars achievable due to pulse stochasticity (jitter). We report new jitter measurements in 15 of the 29 pulsars in our sample and find that the levels of jitter can vary dramatically between them. For some, like the 2.2 ms pulsar PSR J2241−5236, we measure an implied jitter of just ∼4 ns h−1, while others, like the 3.9 ms PSR J0636−3044, are limited to ∼100 ns h−1. While it is well known that jitter plays a central role to limiting the precision measurements of arrival times for high signal-to-noise ratio observations, its role in the measurement of dispersion measure (DM) has not been reported, particularly in broad-band observations. Using the exceptional sensitivity of MeerKAT, we explored this on the bright millisecond pulsar PSR J0437−4715 by exploring the DM of literally every pulse. We found that the derived single-pulse DMs vary by typically 0.0085 cm−3 pc from the mean, and that the best DM estimate is limited by the differential pulse jitter across the band. We postulate that all millisecond pulsars will have their own limit on DM precision which can only be overcome with longer integrations. Using high-time resolution filterbank data of 9 μs, we also present a statistical analysis of single-pulse phenomenology. Finally, we discuss optimization strategies for the MeerKAT pulsar timing program and its role in the context of the International Pulsar Timing Array.
The rapid transition from star formation to AGN-dominated rest-frame ultraviolet light at z ≃ 4
Authors: Bowler R A A , Adams N J , Jarvis M J , Häußler B 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
With the advent of deep optical-to-near-infrared extragalactic imaging on the degree scale, samples of high-redshift sources are being selected that contain both bright star-forming (SF) galaxies and faint active galactic nuclei (AGN). In this study, we investigate the transition between SF- and AGN-dominated systems at z ≃ 4 in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV). We find a rapid transition to AGN-dominated sources brightward of MUV ≃ −23.2. The effect is observed in the rest-frame UV morphology and size–luminosity relation, where extended clumpy systems become point-source-dominated, and also in the available spectra for the sample. These results allow us to derive the rest-frame UV luminosity function (LF) for the SF- and AGN-dominated subsamples. We find the SF-dominated LF is best fit with a double power law, with a lensed Schechter function being unable to explain the existence of extremely luminous SF galaxies at MUV ≃ −23.5. If we identify AGN-dominated sources according to a point-source morphology criterion, we recover the relatively flat faint-end slope of the AGN LF determined in previous studies. If we instead separate the LF according to the current spectroscopic AGN fraction, we find a steeper faint-end slope of α = −1.83 ± 0.11. Using a simple model to predict the rest-frame AGN LF from the z = 4 galaxy LF, we find that the increasing impact of host galaxy light on the measured morphology of faint AGN can explain our observations.
Pentapeptide repeat protein QnrB1 requires ATP hydrolysis to rejuvenate poisoned gyrase complexes
Authors: Mazurek Łukasz , Ghilarov Dmitry , Michalczyk Elizabeth , Pakosz Zuzanna , Metelev Mikhail , Czyszczoń Wojciech , Wawro Karolina , Behroz Iraj , Dubiley Svetlana , Süssmuth Roderich D , Heddle Jonathan G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase found predominantly in bacteria, is the target for a variety of ‘poisons’, namely natural product toxins (e.g. albicidin, microcin B17) and clinically important synthetic molecules (e.g. fluoroquinolones). Resistance to both groups can be mediated by pentapeptide repeat proteins (PRPs). Despite long-term studies, the mechanism of action of these protective PRPs is not known. We show that a PRP, QnrB1 provides specific protection against fluoroquinolones, which strictly requires ATP hydrolysis by gyrase. QnrB1 binds to the GyrB protein and stimulates ATPase activity of the isolated N-terminal ATPase domain of GyrB (GyrB43). We probed the QnrB1 binding site using site-specific incorporation of a photoreactive amino acid and mapped the crosslinks to the GyrB43 protein. We propose a model in which QnrB1 binding allosterically promotes dissociation of the fluoroquinolone molecule from the cleavage complex.
In vivo phage display: identification of organ-specific peptides using deep sequencing and differential profiling across tissues
Authors: Pleiko Karlis , Põšnograjeva Kristina , Haugas Maarja , Paiste Päärn , Tobi Allan , Kurm Kaarel , Riekstina Una , Teesalu Tambet 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In vivo phage display is widely used for identification of organ- or disease-specific homing peptides. However, the current in vivo phage biopanning approaches fail to assess biodistribution of specific peptide phages across tissues during the screen, thus necessitating laborious and time-consuming post-screening validation studies on individual peptide phages. Here, we adopted bioinformatics tools used for RNA sequencing for analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data to estimate the representation of individual peptides during biopanning in vivo. The data from in vivo phage screen were analyzed using differential binding—relative representation of each peptide in the target organ versus in a panel of control organs. Application of this approach in a model study using low-diversity peptide T7 phage library with spiked-in brain homing phage demonstrated brain-specific differential binding of brain homing phage and resulted in identification of novel lung- and brain-specific homing peptides. Our study provides a broadly applicable approach to streamline in vivo peptide phage biopanning and to increase its reproducibility and success rate.
Mobile element warfare via CRISPR and anti-CRISPR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: León Lina M , Park Allyson E , Borges Adair L , Zhang Jenny Y , Bondy-Denomy Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bacteria deploy multiple defenses to prevent mobile genetic element (MGEs) invasion. CRISPR–Cas immune systems use RNA-guided nucleases to target MGEs, which counter with anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. Our understanding of the biology and co-evolutionary dynamics of the common Type I-C CRISPR–Cas subtype has lagged because it lacks an in vivo phage-host model system. Here, we show the anti-phage function of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type I-C CRISPR–Cas system encoded on a conjugative pKLC102 island, and its Acr-mediated inhibition by distinct MGEs. Seven genes with anti-Type I-C function (acrIC genes) were identified, many with highly acidic amino acid content, including previously described DNA mimic AcrIF2. Four of the acr genes were broad spectrum, also inhibiting I-E or I-F P. aeruginosa CRISPR–Cas subtypes. Dual inhibition comes at a cost, however, as simultaneous expression of Type I-C and I-F systems renders phages expressing the dual inhibitor AcrIF2 more sensitive to targeting. Mutagenesis of numerous acidic residues in AcrIF2 did not impair anti-I-C or anti-I-F function per se but did exacerbate inhibition defects during competition, suggesting that excess negative charge may buffer DNA mimics against competition. Like AcrIF2, five of the Acr proteins block Cascade from binding DNA, while two function downstream, likely preventing Cas3 recruitment or activity. One such inhibitor, AcrIC3, is found in an ‘anti-Cas3’ cluster within conjugative elements, encoded alongside bona fide Cas3 inhibitors AcrIF3 and AcrIE1. Our findings demonstrate an active battle between an MGE-encoded CRISPR–Cas system and its diverse MGE targets.
Impact of Tobacco Smoking on the Risk of COVID-19: A Large Scale Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Paleiron Nicolas , Mayet Aurélie , Marbac Vanessa , Perisse Anne , Barazzutti Hélène , Brocq François-Xavier , Janvier Frédéric , Dautzenberg Bertrand , Bylicki Olivier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionPreliminary reports indicated that smokers could be less susceptible to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19. However, once infected an increased risk of severe disease is reported. We investigated the association between smoking and COVID-19 during an outbreak of the disease on a naval vessel.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, observational study on the 1769 sailors of the same navy aircraft carrier at sea exposed at the same time to SARS-CoV2 to investigate the link between tobacco consumption and Covid-19.ResultsAmong the 1688 crewmembers (87% men; median age = 28 [interquartile range 23–35]) included, 1279 (76%) developed Covid-19 (1038 [62%] reverse-transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction testing–positive and 241 [14%] with only clinical signs). One hundred and seven patients were hospitalized. The univariable analysis odds ratio (OR) for Covid-19 infection was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45–0.78; p &lt; .001) for current smokers versus former and nonsmokers; sex, body mass index or blood group had no significant impact. Crewmembers &gt;50 years old had an increased risk of contracting Covid-19 (OR, 2.84 [95% CI, 1.30–7.5]; p = .01). Multivariable analysis retained the lower risk of current smokers becoming infected (OR, 0.64 [0.49–0.84]; p &lt; .001) and age &gt;50 years was significatively associated with Covid-19 (OR, 2.6 [1.17–6.9]; p = .03).ConclusionsCurrent smoking status was associated with a lower risk of developing Covid-19 but cannot be considered as efficient protection against infection. The mechanism of the lower susceptibility of smokers to SARS-CoV-2 requires further research.Trial RegistrationIRB no.: 0011873-2020-09Implications(1) Recent epidemiologic data suggest a paradoxical link between smoking and COVID-19. (2) Among the 1688 crewmembers (with an attack rate of 76% and exposed at the same time in the same place to SARS-CoV2), we found a significantly lower risk for developing COVID-19 in current smokers (71%) versus former and nonsmokers (80%). This finding strongly supports the need for further research on nicotine physiological pathway and its impact on COVID-19 infection whilst emphasizing that tobacco smoking should not be considered as efficient protection against COVID-19.
Mass mobilization for police accountability: The case of Nigeria’s #EndSARS protest
Authors: Ojedokun Usman A , Ogunleye Yetunde O , Aderinto Adeyinka A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Organized public protests against police organization are a rare occurrence in Nigeria. However, between November 2017 and October 2020, a series of online and offline protests organized under the umbrella of #EndSARS campaign was staged against the operation of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) unit of the Nigeria Police Force. Thus, this article X-rayed the circumstances that led to the emergence of the #EndSARS protest as a strategic means for seeking police accountability, and the impact of the mass action on policing and law enforcement in Nigeria. Although the #EndSARS protest constitutes a major turning point in the yearnings of Nigerian citizens for police accountability, the campaign has some far-reaching consequences on policing and law enforcement in Nigeria. It is imperative for the Nigeria Police Force to make more efforts towards developing the protest policing skills and approach of its personnel.