bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vestibular disease in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: Epidemiology and clinical management
Authors: Radulescu Sinziana Maria , Humm Karen , Eramanis Louis Mark , Volk Holger A. , Church David B. , Brodbelt David , O'Neill Dan Gerard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundVestibular disease (VD), central or peripheral, can be a dramatic primary‐care presentation. Current literature describes mostly dogs examined in referral centers.Hypothesis/ObjectivesDescribe the prevalence, presentation, clinical management, and outcomes of VD in dogs under primary veterinary care at UK practices participating in VetCompass.AnimalsSeven hundred and fifty‐nine vestibular cases identified out of 905 544 study dogs.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Potential VD cases clinically examined during 2016 were verified by reviewing clinical records for signalment, presenting clinical signs, treatments, and outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with VD.ResultsThe overall prevalence of VD was 8 per 10 000 dogs (95% CI = 7‐9). Median age at first diagnosis was 12.68 years (interquartile range [IQR], 11.28‐14.64). Compared with crossbreeds, breeds with the highest odds of VD diagnosis included French Bulldogs (odds ratio [OR] = 9.25, 95% CI = 4.81‐17.76,P < .001), Bulldogs (OR = 6.53, 95% CI = 2.66‐16.15,P < .001), King Charles Spaniels (OR = 4.96, 95% CI = 2.52‐9.78,P < .001), Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 2.50‐5.06,P < .001), and Springer Spaniels (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 2.52‐4.52,P < .001). The most common presenting signs were head tilt (69.8%), nystagmus (68.1%), and ataxia (64.5%). The most frequently used treatments were antiemetics (43.2%), systemic glucocorticoids (33.1%), antimicrobials (25%), and propentofylline (23.25%). There were 3.6% of cases referred. Improvement was recorded in 41.8% cases after a median of 4 days (IQR, 2‐10.25).ConclusionsOur study identifies strong breed predispositions for VD. The low referral rates suggest that primary‐care data sources offer more generalizable information for benchmarking to help clinicians review their own clinical activities.
Professional learning, organisational change and clinical leadership development outcomes
Authors: Hofmann Riikka , Vermunt Jan D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study is to develop a conceptually sound outcome model for clinical leadership (CL) development in healthcare, linking individual professional learning and organisational change. Frontline doctors’ CL is often offered as a solution to healthcare challenges worldwide. However, there is a paucity of rigorous evidence of effectiveness of CL development, or theories supporting it. Importantly, the literature currently lacks robust outcome models for CL development, impeding robust impact evaluations.MethodsThis multi‐source, sequential integrated mixed‐methods study draws on systematic content analysis of NHS policy documents and empirical data from a CL programme evaluation study: exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 142 participants’ survey responses and thematic qualitative analysis of 30 in‐depth participant interviews across six cohorts. Through integrating findings from the three analyses we examine: (a) the expected organisational outcomes of CL, (b) individual learning outcomes of CL development, and (c) the mechanisms linking the two.ResultsThe policy analysis identified three desired solutions to key healthcare problems which CL is expected to offer: Speeding up good practice, Inter‐professional collaboration and dialogue, and Change and transformation. Triangulating the EFA results with the qualitative analysis produced five individual outcome constructs: Self‐efficacy, Engaging stakeholders, Agency, Boundary‐crossing expertise, and Willingness to take risks and to learn from risks and failures. Further qualitative analysis uncovered key mechanisms linking the individual outcomes with the desired organisational changes.DiscussionDespite significant investments into CL development in the UK and worldwide, the absence of conceptually robust and operationally specific outcome models linking individual and organisational impact impedes rigorous evaluations of programme effectiveness. Our study developed a novel individual and organisational outcome model including a theory of change for clinical leadership. Our findings further contribute to professional learning theory in medical settings by conceptualising and operationalising the mechanisms operating between individual and organisational learning outcomes.
Age‐related differences in gut microbial community composition of captive spotted seals (Phoca largha)
Authors: Tian Jiashen , Du Jing , Han Jiabo , Song Xinran , Lu Zhichuang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAge is an important factor that significantly impacts the gut microbiota of various mammals. Captive spotted seals (Phoca largha) provide an ideal opportunity to study how age affects their gut microbiota, excluding other environmental factors, which is a challenge when monitoring wildlife. Here, the bacterial composition of the feces of captive spotted seals from four age groups were analyzed; namely, pup (<1 year old), juvenile (1–2 years old), subadult (2–3 years old), and adult (≥4 years old). Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria in all measured feces; however, the composition of gut microbiota in seals of different ages was distinct. Blautia, Slackia, and an unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae were more abundant in pups; Clostridium was abundant in juveniles; Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Psychrobacter were abundant in subadults; and Dorea and Peptostreptococcus abundant in adults. Two and 4 years of age appeared to be the most influential time nodes for variation in gut microbiota. In conclusion, this study identified age‐related differences in the composition of gut microbiota in P. largha.
The basal transcription factor II H subunit Tfb5 is required for stress response and pathogenicity in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata
Authors: Fu Huilan , Chung Kuang‐Ren , Gai Yunpeng , Mao Lijuan , Li Hongye 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe basal transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is a multicomponent complex. In the present study, we characterized a TFIIH subunit Tfb5 by analysing loss‐ and gain‐of‐function mutants to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying stress resistance and pathogenicity in the citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. Tfb5 deficiency mutants (ΔAatfb5) decreased sporulation and pigmentation, and were impaired in the maintenance of colony surface hydrophobicity and cell wall integrity. ΔAatfb5 increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light, DNA‐damaging agents, and oxidants. The expression of Aatfb5 was up‐regulated in the wild type upon infection in citrus leaves, implicating the requirement of Aatfb5 in fungal pathogenesis. Biochemical and virulence assays revealed that ΔAatfb5 was defective in toxin production and cellwall‐degrading enzymes, and failed to induce necrotic lesions on detached citrus leaves. Aatfb5 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus and physically interacted with another subunit, Tfb2, based on yeast two‐hybrid and co‐immunoprecipitation analyses. Transcriptome and Antibiotics & Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell (antiSMASH) analyses revealed the positive and negative roles of Aatfb5 in the production of various secondary metabolites and in the regulation of many metabolic and biosynthetic processes in A. alternata. Aatfb5 may play a negative role in oxidative phosphorylation and a positive role in peroxisome biosynthesis. Two cutinase‐coding genes (AaCut2 and AaCut15) required for full virulence were down‐regulated in ΔAatfb5. Overall, this study expands our understanding of how A. alternata uses the basal transcription factor to deal with stress and achieve successful infection in the plant host.
Comparison of blur and magnification effects on stereopsis: overall and meridional, monocularly‐ and binocularly‐induced
Authors: Atchison David A , Schmid Katrina L , Haley Emma C , Liggett Elisabeth M , Lee Sally J , Lu Jianing , Moon Ho Jung , Baldwin Alex S , Hess Robert F 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether monocularly‐ and binocularly‐induced spherical and meridional blur and aniseikonia had similar effects on stereopsis thresholds.MethodsTwelve participants with normal binocular vision viewed McGill modified random dot stereograms to determine stereoacuities in a four‐alternative forced‐choice procedure. Astigmatism was induced by placing trial lenses in front of the eyes. Twenty‐three conditions were used, consisting of zero (no lens), +1 D and +2 D spheres and cylinders at axes 180, 45 and 90 in front of the right eye, and the following binocular combinations of both lens powers: R × 180/L × 180, R × 45/L × 45, R × 90/L × 90, R sphere/L sphere, R × 180/L × 90, R × 45/L × 135, R × 90/L × 180. Aniseikonia was induced by placing magnifying lenses in front of the eyes. Twenty‐three conditions were used, consisting of zero, 6% and 12% overall magnification and both magnifications at axes 180, 45 and 90 in front of the right eye only, and the following binocular combinations using 3% and 6% lenses: R × 90/L × 90, R × 45/L × 45, R × 180/L × 180, R overall/L overall, R × 90/L × 180, R × 45/L × 135, and R × 180/L × 90.ResultsStereopsis losses for binocular blur effects with parallel axes (non‐anisometropic) were the same as for monocular blur effects of the same axes, and these were strongly dependent on axis (spherical blur and ×90 had the greatest effects). Binocular blur effects with orthogonal axes had greater effects than with parallel axes, with the axis combination of the former having no effect (e.g. R × 90/L × 180 was similar to R × 45/L × 135). For induced aniseikonia, splitting the magnifications between the eyes improved stereopsis slightly, and the effects were not dependent on axis.ConclusionBinocular blur affects stereopsis similarly to monocular meridional blur if axes in the two eyes are parallel, whereas the effect is greater if the axes are orthogonal. In meridional aniseikonia, splitting magnification between the right and left lenses produces a small improvement in stereopsis that is independent of axis direction and right/left combination.
Epidemiology of Pediatric Surgery in the United States
Authors: Rabbitts Jennifer A. , Groenewald Cornelius B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of pediatric surgery in the United States and whether disparities in access to surgical care exist on a national level remain inadequately described.AimsWe determined rates of surgical intervention and associations with sociodemographic factors among children 0‐17 years of age in the United States.MethodsAnalysis of the 2005‐2018 National Health Interview Survey samples included 155,064 children. Parents reported on whether their child had a surgery or surgical procedure either as an inpatient or outpatient over the past 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, income, language, parent education, region, having a usual source of care, and comorbid conditions, examined odds ratios for sociodemographic factors associated with surgery, analyzing the most recent data (2016‐2018; 25 544 children).ResultsIn the most recent data, 4.7% of children had surgical intervention each year, with an average of 3.9 million surgeries performed annually. Rates of surgery were stable between 2005 and 2018. Minority children had lower adjusted odds (aOR) of surgical intervention as compared to white, non‐Hispanic children (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.5‐0.8 for black children, and aOR = 0.7, 95%CI = 0.5‐0.9 for Hispanic children). Other sociodemographic factors associated with a lower adjusted odd of surgical intervention included uninsured status (aOR = 0.5; 95%CI = 0.3‐0.9), and primary language other than English (aOR = 0.5; 95%CI 0.3‐0.9). Income was not associated with surgical intervention.ConclusionsOn average, 3.9 million surgeries are performed on children 0‐17 years of age in the United States each year. Significant disparities exist in surgical care for children, with black and Hispanic children having lower rates of surgery over and above contribution of other disparity domains. These findings in a nationally representative sample highlight the need for national policies to eliminate disparity of care received by minority children.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in melanocyte pigmentation and melanomagenesis
Authors: Bang Jakyung , Zippin Jonathan H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous functions in both benign melanocytes and melanoma cells. cAMP is generated from two distinct sources, transmembrane and soluble adenylyl cyclases (tmAC and sAC, respectively), and is degraded by a family of proteins called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). cAMP signaling can be regulated in many different ways and can lead to varied effects in melanocytes. It was recently revealed that distinct cAMP signaling pathways regulate pigmentation by either altering pigment gene expression or the pH of melanosomes. In the context of melanoma, many studies report seemingly contradictory roles for cAMP in tumorigenesis. For example, cAMP signaling has been implicated in both cancer promotion and suppression, as well as both therapy resistance and sensitization. This conundrum in the field may be explained by the fact that cAMP signals in discrete microdomains and each microdomain can mediate differential cellular functions. Here, we review the role of cAMP signaling microdomains in benign melanocyte biology, focusing on pigmentation, and in melanomagenesis.
Chronic sole ulcer in a child with dyskeratosis congenita: An atypical wound successfully treated with punch grafting
Authors: Quintana‐Castanedo Lucía , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Pérez‐Conde Isabel , Maseda‐Pedrero Rocío , Chiloeches‐Fernández Clara , de Lucas Laguna Raúl 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDyskeratosis congenita (DC) is an unusual inherited disease characterized by the triad of mucosal leukoplakia, nail dystrophy, and skin pigmentation. Hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles is another reported skin finding. This hyperkeratosis can lead to fissures, chronic erosion, and deep ulcerations. These atypical wounds are not only a diagnostic but a therapeutic challenge for clinicians, and there are no standardized treatments for these types of chronic wounds. Punch grafting is a traditional and minimally invasive technique to enhance wound healing, and it has been associated with significant and quick pain reduction in ulcers with various underlying causes. Herein, we describe a patient with DC with a chronic and refractory plantar ulcer successfully treated with punch grafting.
Combined lung and liver transplantation for noncirrhotic portal hypertension with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Shin Sohyun , Suh Dong In , Ko Jung Min , Park June Dong , Lee Jeong‐Moo , Yi Nam‐Joon , Kim Young Tae , Park Samina , Lee Seunghyun , Koh Jaemoon , Choi Yu Hyeon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDC is caused by defects at the level of telomere maintenance, and cells from patients with this disease have abnormally short telomeres and show premature senescence. One consequence of DC is bone marrow failure. Thus, patients with DC often require HSCT. However, HSCT does not ameliorate other DC‐related manifestations. In fact, HSCT can accelerate organ dysfunction due to treatment‐related complications, and solid organ transplantation is required in some patients with DC. In this report, we describe the clinical course of a 5‐year‐old boy who was transferred to our hospital because of progressive dyspnea, 2 years after HSCT. At admission, he had tachypnea and hypoxemia. A liver biopsy was performed for suspected HPS caused by PH, and LT was considered. Eventually, his hypoxemia worsened, and he was transferred to a PICU and started on VA ECMO. He subsequently underwent a CLLT. ECMO was stopped on post‐operative day 12, extubation was achieved on post‐operative day 29, and the patient recovered well from the surgery. Our results show that CLLT could be a life‐saving treatment option for DC patients with very severe HPS in whom a poor outcome is expected after LT.
Prognostic significance of p16 expression in high‐grade prostate adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takahara Taishi , Satou Akira , Sugie Miho , Watanabe Masahito , Kanao Kent , Sumitomo Makoto , Tsuzuki Toyonori 
Published: August 2020

AbstractManagement of advanced hormone‐naïve prostate cancer (HNPC) is a critical public health issue. Useful prognostic markers are thus needed to select patients who will benefit from recently introduced upfront therapies. p16 expression is an adverse prognostic marker in prostate cancer. The present study aimed to determine whether p16 expression would serve as an adverse prognostic marker in advanced HNPC. A total of 79 patients diagnosed by needle biopsy with adenocarcinoma Gleason score ≥8 between 2010 and 2013 at Aichi Medical University were included in this study. The median patient age was 73 (range 52–87) years. The median follow‐up was 62 months (range 2–98). Fourteen patients had p16‐positive samples. Fifteen patients died from prostate cancer, 10 of whom were in the p16‐positive group. p16 positivity was associated with clinical T stage (P < 0.001), presence of IDC‐P (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). These results indicate that p16 expression is associated with adverse prognostic factor of prostate cancer and suggest that p16 expression may provide useful information for treatment planning and identifying suitable candidates for upfront chemotherapy or androgen receptor axis‐targeted therapy.
Identification and application of thePigm‐1gene in rice disease resistance breeding
Authors: Yang D. , Li S. , Lu L. , Fang J. , Wang W. , Cui H. , Tang D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRice blast, caused byMagnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. The identification and utilization of resistance genes are crucial and significant for breeding resistant rice cultivars.We identified a resistance gene from Shuangkang77009, which is highly resistant to the rice blast isolate Guy11 using map‐based cloning. We performed bulked segregant analysis combined with specific length amplified fragment sequencing. We also performed association analysis, candidate gene prediction and cDNA sequencing to identify the candidate gene.The resistance gene is located on chromosome 6, and we ultimately mapped the resistance locus to a 92‐kb region. The resistance gene in Shuangkang77009 was allelic toPigmR, hereafter referred to asPigm‐1. The Pigm‐1 protein had one amino acid change: serine (Ser) residue 860 was replaced by tyrosine (Tyr) in Pigm‐1 compared with the previously identified Pigm protein, which significantly changed the structure of the Pigm‐1 protein based on 3‐D structure simulation. In addition, using the developed molecular marker linked to thePigm‐1 gene and molecular marker‐assisted selection technology, we introduced thePigm‐1gene into Minghui86, a widely used and excellent restorer. We generated 11 stable homozygous rice lines with desirable agronomic traits and strong resistance to rice blast.In conclusion,Pigm‐1,a natural allelic variant ofPigmR,was responsible for blast resistance in Shuangkang77009 rice. The molecular marker‐assisted breeding strategy forPigm‐1was highly efficient.
Multiple resistance of Plasmopara viticola to QoI and CAA fungicides in Brazil
Authors: Santos Ricardo F. , Fraaije Bart A. , Garrido Lucas da R. , Monteiro‐Vitorello Cláudia B. , Amorim Lilian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGrapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is commonly controlled by quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. QoI resistance is conferred by a mutation resulting in a G143A alteration in cytochrome b, while CAA resistance is associated with a G1105S mutation in cellulose synthase 3. The aims of this study were to (a) verify the presence of QoI and CAA resistance in P. viticola in Brazil, (b) develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection pyrosequencing assay for quantitative detection of G143A, and (c) determine the geographic prevalence and distribution of G143A and G1105S in Brazilian field populations. P. viticola isolates were sampled from two vineyards reporting failures of QoI and CAA control. Their growth was unaffected by azoxystrobin and mandipropamid, and resistance was associated with the G143A and G1105S mutations, respectively. The SNP detection pyrosequencing assay developed for G143A detection was precise and accurate. Pyrosequencing assays revealed that G143A and G1105S frequencies varied among the 66 field populations and were positively correlated with the number of QoI and CAA applications, respectively. The G143A mutation was observed in 60 populations, 39 of them with frequencies over 90%. G1105S was detected in 20 populations with frequencies ranging from 18.3% to 100%, and which also carried the G143A mutation. Multiple resistance to QoI and CAA in P. viticola was confirmed for the first time in South America. Future resistance monitoring surveys and management strategies must be adopted to prevent further increase in QoI and CAA resistance in Brazil.
A review on the beneficial effect of thymol on health and production of fish
Authors: Alagawany Mahmoud , Farag Mayada R. , Abdelnour Sameh A. , Elnesr Shaaban S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe thymol molecule is a food additive, used to boost the growth, production and feed efficiency via improving the digestive secretion and activating the structure and function of digestive system. The major application of thymol essential oil is used in animal rations, particularly as a natural feed additive to decrease hazardous compounds in a wide range of animal species. Thymol essential oil plays an important role in improving the nutrient bioavailability, reproductive and productive performance, general health and immunity of livestock besides reducing problems of many animal diseases such as cancer and some other diseases. These roles may be attributed to the ability of thymol as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulators, anti‐inflammatory and antispasmodic factors through suppressing free radicals and harmful constituents from interacting with cellular biological components and its capability to manipulate the balance of the intestinal microbiota, increased digestion, metabolism and absorption of nutrients. This review elucidates the chemical structure and natural sources, physical proprieties and practical applications of thymol in fish nutrition.