bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of progenitor asymmetries on the neutrino-driven convection in core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Kazeroni Rémi , Abdikamalov Ernazar 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The explosion of massive stars in core-collapse supernovae may be aided by the convective instabilities that develop in their innermost nuclear burning shells. The resulting fluctuations support the explosion by generating additional turbulence behind the supernova shock. It was suggested that the buoyant density perturbations arising from the interaction of the pre-collapse asymmetries with the shock may be the primary contributor to the enhancement of the neutrino-driven turbulent convection in the post-shock region. Employing three-dimensional numerical simulations of a toy model, we investigate the impact of such density perturbations on the post-shock turbulence. We consider a wide range of perturbation parameters. The spatial scale and the amplitude of the perturbations are found to be of comparable importance. The turbulence is particularly enhanced when the perturbation frequency is close to that of the convective turnovers in the gain region. Our analysis confirms that the buoyant density perturbations is indeed the main source of the additional turbulence in the gain region, validating the previous order-of-magnitude estimates.
Tidal oscillations of rotating hot Jupiters
Authors: Lee Umin 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We calculate small amplitude gravitational and thermal tides of uniformly rotating hot Jupiters composed of a nearly isentropic convective core and a geometrically thin radiative envelope. We treat the fluid in the convective core as a viscous fluid and solve linearized Navier–Stokes equations to obtain tidal responses of the core, assuming that the Ekman number, Ek, is a constant parameter. In the radiative envelope, we take account of the effects of radiative dissipations on the responses. The properties of tidal responses depend on thermal time-scales τ* in the envelope and Ekman number, Ek, in the core and on whether the forcing frequency ω is in the inertial range or not, where the inertial range is defined by |ω| ≤ 2Ω for the rotation frequency Ω. If Ek ≳ 10−7, the viscous dissipation in the core is dominating the thermal contributions in the envelope for τ* ≳ 1 d. If Ek ≲ 10−7, however, the viscous dissipation is comparable to or smaller than the thermal contributions and the envelope plays an important role to determine the tidal torques. If the forcing is in the inertial range, frequency resonance of the tidal forcing with core inertial modes significantly affects the tidal torques, producing numerous resonance peaks of the torque. Depending on the sign of the torque in the peaks, we suggest that there exist cases in which the resonance with core inertial modes hampers the process of synchronization between the spin and orbital motion of the planets.
Renal function decline in older men and women with advanced chronic kidney disease—results from the EQUAL study
Authors: Chesnaye Nicholas C , Dekker Friedo W , Evans Marie , Caskey Fergus J , Torino Claudia , Postorino Maurizio , Szymczak Maciej , Ramspek Chava L , Drechsler Christiane , Wanner Christoph , Jager Kitty J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the differences in renal decline between men and women may improve sex-specific clinical monitoring and management. To this end, we aimed to compare the slope of renal function decline in older men and women in chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 4 and 5, taking into account informative censoring related to the sex-specific risks of mortality and dialysis initiation.

Methods
The European QUALity Study on treatment in advanced CKD (EQUAL) study is an observational prospective cohort study in Stages 4 and 5 CKD patients ≥65 years not on dialysis. Data on clinical and demographic patient characteristics were collected between April 2012 and December 2018. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. eGFR trajectory by sex was modelled using linear mixed models, and joint models were applied to deal with informative censoring.

Results
We included 7801 eGFR measurements in 1682 patients over a total of 2911 years of follow-up. Renal function declined by 14.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9–15.1%] on average each year. Renal function declined faster in men (16.2%/year, 95% CI 15.9–17.1%) compared with women (9.6%/year, 95% CI 6.3–12.1%), which remained largely unchanged after accounting for various mediators and for informative censoring due to mortality and dialysis initiation. Diabetes was identified as an important determinant of renal decline specifically in women.

Conclusion
In conclusion, renal function declines faster in men compared with women, which remained similar after adjustment for mediators and despite a higher risk of informative censoring in men. We demonstrate a disproportional negative impact of diabetes specifically in women.
Sexual Consent and Having Sex Together
Authors: Chadha Karamvir 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Some influential theorists have recently argued that if sex is in some sense ideal, then each partner’s consent is unnecessary: even absent each partner’s consent, neither partner infringes the other’s moral rights. I challenge a key premise in their argument for this alarming conclusion. I instead defend the Common-sense View: if you have sex with someone without their consent, you thereby infringe that person’s moral rights. In the course of defending the Common-sense View, I develop what I call the Hybrid Account of Consent. The Hybrid Account retains the benefits of two existing accounts of consent while avoiding their shortcomings. I close by suggesting some benefits of my alternative picture and some implications for law reform.
Access to Justice and the Rule of Law
Authors: Lucy William 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article examines the often-affirmed link between access to justice (AtoJ) and the rule of law. Section 2 offers an account of what we mean by AtoJ, arguing that the most plausible account of that idea has three components. Section 3 examines the rule of law. The article distinguishes between the concept and conceptions of the rule of law and argues that there is a plausible and widely shared concept of the rule of law. It shows that, on that core sense of the rule of law, there are connections, some more direct than others, between the rule of law and AtoJ. Section 4 argues that other alleged connections between the rule of law and AtoJ are not made out. The article shows that we should be circumspect about the assumed link between AtoJ and the rule of law, since it is almost always too glibly and quickly asserted.
Standard versus non-standard CP phases in neutrino oscillation in matter with non-unitarity
Authors: Martinez-Soler Ivan , Minakata Hisakazu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We formulate a perturbative framework for the flavor transformation of the standard active three neutrinos but with a non-unitary flavor mixing matrix, a system which may be relevant for the leptonic unitarity test. We use the $\alpha$ parametrization of the non-unitary matrix and take its elements $\alpha_{\beta \gamma}$ ($\beta,\gamma = e,\mu,\tau$) and the ratio $\epsilon \simeq \Delta m^2_{21} / \Delta m^2_{31}$ as the small expansion parameters. Two qualitatively new features that hold in all the oscillation channels are uncovered in the probability formula obtained to first order in the expansion: (1) The phases of the complex $\alpha$ elements always come into the observable in the particular combination with the $\nu$SM CP phase $\delta$ in the form $[e^{- i \delta } \bar{\alpha}_{\mu e}, ~e^{ - i \delta} \bar{\alpha}_{\tau e}, ~\bar{\alpha}_{\tau \mu}]$ under the Particle Data Group convention of a unitary $\nu$SM mixing matrix. (2) The diagonal $\alpha$ parameters appear in particular combinations $\left( a/b - 1 \right) \alpha_{ee} + \alpha_{\mu \mu}$ and $\alpha_{\mu \mu} - \alpha_{\tau \tau}$, where $a$ and $b$ denote, respectively, the matter potential due to charged current and neutral current reactions. This property holds only in the unitary evolution part of the probability, and there is no such feature in the genuine non-unitary part, while the $\delta$–$\alpha$ parameter phase correlation exists for both. The reason for such remarkable stability of the phase correlation is discussed.
What You See Is All There Is*
Authors: Enke Benjamin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
News reports and communication are inherently constrained by space, time, and attention. As a result, news sources often condition the decision of whether to share a piece of information on the similarity between the signal and the prior belief of the audience, which generates a sample selection problem. This article experimentally studies how people form beliefs in these contexts, in particular the mechanisms behind errors in statistical reasoning. I document that a substantial fraction of experimental participants follows a simple “what you see is all there is” heuristic, according to which participants exclusively consider information that is right in front of them, and directly use the sample mean to estimate the population mean. A series of treatments aimed at identifying mechanisms suggests that for many participants, unobserved signals do not even come to mind. I provide causal evidence that the frequency of such incorrect mental models is a function of the computational complexity of the decision problem. These results point to the context dependence of what comes to mind and the resulting errors in belief updating.
Identification of microRNAs and their target gene networks implicated in arterial wall remodelling in giant cell arteritis
Authors: Bolha Luka , Pižem Jože , Frank-Bertoncelj Mojca , Hočevar Alojzija , Tomšič Matija , Jurčić Vesna 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To identify dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and their gene targets in temporal arteries from GCA patients, and determine their association with GCA pathogenesis and related arterial wall remodelling.

Methods
We included 93 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded temporal artery biopsies (TABs) from treatment-naïve patients: 54 positive and 17 negative TABs from clinically proven GCA patients, and 22 negative TABs from non-GCA patients. miRNA expression analysis was performed with miRCURY LNA miRNome Human PCR Panels and quantitative real-time PCR. miRNA target gene prediction and pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the miRDB and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) databases, respectively.

Results
Dysregulation of 356 miRNAs was determined in TAB-positive GCA arteries, among which 78 were significantly under-expressed and 22 significantly overexpressed above 2-fold, when compared with non-GCA controls. Specifically, TAB-positive GCA arteries were characterized by a significant overexpression of ‘pro-synthetic’ (miR-21-3p/-21-5p/-146a-5p/-146b-5p/-424-5p) and under-expression of ‘pro-contractile’ (miR-23b-3p/-125a-5p/-143-3p/-143-5p/-145-3p/-145-5p/-195-5p/-365a-3p) vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype-associated regulatory miRNAs. These miRNAs targeted gene pathways involved in the arterial remodelling and regulation of the immune system, and their expression correlated with the extent of intimal hyperplasia in TABs from GCA patients. Notably, the expression of miR-21-3p/-21-5p/-146a-5p/-146b-5p/-365a-3p differentiated between TAB-negative GCA arteries and non-GCA temporal arteries, revealing these miRNAs as potential biomarkers of GCA.

Conclusion
Identification of dysregulated miRNAs involved in the regulation of the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and intimal hyperplasia in GCA arterial lesions, and detection of their expression profiles, enables a novel insight into the complexity of GCA pathogenesis and implies their potential utilization as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of GCA.
Safety and efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 treatment in 40 patients, followed in a single centre, with AA amyloidosis secondary to familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Ugurlu Serdal , Ergezen Bilgesu , Egeli Bugra Han , Selvi Oguzhan , Ozdogan Huri 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The main devastating complication of FMF is AA amyloidosis. Approximately 10–15% of the patients are either intolerant or have an insufficient response to colchicine treatment. The most promising alternative treatment approach is anti-IL-1 agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-IL-1 therapy in FMF amyloidosis.

Methods
Forty-four patients with amyloidosis who had been treated with anti-IL-1 agents, anakinra and/or canakinumab, were assessed retrospectively for efficacy and safety. Five patients were on haemodialysis and four had received a renal transplant.

Results
The mean duration of anti-IL-1 treatment was 21.4  (18) months. Among 35 patients who were not on dialysis, renal function was maintained or improved in 79.4% but deteriorated in 20.6%. Patients with creatinine levels below 1.5 mg/dl at onset benefitted more from IL-1 inhibition with regard to their kidney functions and acute phase reactants. No additional side effects were observed in patients with renal replacement treatments. The major side effect of anakinra was injection-site reaction observed in four patients.

Conclusion
Anti-IL-1 agents are well tolerated and effective in the treatment of amyloidosis secondary to FMF, including patients on dialysis and renal transplant recipients. This approach may improve the lifespan of transplanted kidneys in FMF patients.
Early recognition of patients with axial spondyloarthritis—evaluation of referral strategies in primary care
Authors: Baraliakos Xenofon , Tsiami Styliani , Redeker Imke , Tsimopoulos Konstantinos , Marashi Ali , Ruetten Sebastian , Fedorov Kyril , Avram Annalina , Morzeck Doris , Fruth Martin , Braun Juergen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Chronic inflammatory back pain (IBP) is frequently reported in axial SpA (axSpA) but also in the general population. We evaluated a recently proposed two-step referral system for early recognition of axSpA in primary care and compare it with other combinations of symptoms and SpA-related items.

Methods
Consecutive chronic back pain patients ≤45 years of age answered a questionnaire and were seen by a primary care physician who decided whether HLA-B27 needed to be determined. They were then referred to a rheumatologist who made the diagnosis. Generally sticking to the two-step system with HLA-B27 as an additional option, combinations with a sensitivity ≥90% and a likelihood ratio &gt;4 were compared.

Results
A total of 326 patients were included, 46 of whom were diagnosed with axSpA (14.1%). The sensitivity of the strategy was 87%, the specificity was 56.8% and the positive and negative predictive values were 24.8% and 96.4%, respectively. A ‘good response to NSAIDs’, ‘morning stiffness &gt;30 min’ and ‘elevated C-reactive protein’ performed best, with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 67%, positive predictive value of 31% and negative predictive value of 98%. On that basis, only three patients had to be seen by a rheumatologist to diagnose one.

Conclusion
The earlier proposed referral system worked well but was outperformed by other combinations with high sensitivity and better specificity, which deserve to be prospectively studied.
Leadership Development for Future Medical School Deans: Outcomes of the AAMC Council of Deans Fellowship Program
Authors: Steele Margaret M. , Pennell Steve , Prescott John E. , Sweeney Nicole , Steinecke Ann , Buckley Peter F. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
To determine the outcomes of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Council of Deans (COD) Fellowship Program with respect to participants’ achieving the goals of becoming a medical school dean and developing leadership skills, and to ascertain fellows’ views about the program’s value, beneficial aspects, and areas for improvement.

Method
The 37 COD fellows from 2002 to 2016 were invited to participate in a 2017 survey addressing demographics, training, current leadership position, and value of the program. The survey also included 3 open-ended questions. A 2018 web-based search was conducted to determine fellows’ senior leadership roles since their program participation.

Results
The survey response rate was 73% (27/37). The majority of respondents were male (82%, 22), aged 51–70 (89%, 25), and white (82%, 22). The top 5 medical specialties reported were internal medicine, pediatrics, anesthesiology, psychiatry, and surgery. Most respondents (63%, 17) reported having a graduate degree. All reported being in leadership positions in academia and/or health care. The web-based search found that 27% (10/37) of the fellows became medical school deans (average tenure 5.6 years); 2 fellows became deans of other types of schools. Overall, survey respondents perceived the program as valuable. Respondents identified shadowing a dean mentor, attending COD meetings, and attending the AAMC Executive Development Seminar for Deans as the most valuable program components. The majority (88%, 23/26) indicated their fellow experience persuaded them to pursue being a dean; 2 (8%) indicated it did not. Respondents identified 4 key opportunities for program improvement: more sponsorship by deans, development of a learning community, enhanced mentoring, and coaching.

Conclusions
The COD Fellowship Program appears to be successful in preparing senior faculty to become deans and assume other senior leadership roles in academia and/or health care. Fellows’ feedback will be used to inform future revisions to the program.
Associations Between Medical Education Assessments and American Board of Family Medicine Certification Examination Score and Failure to Obtain Certification
Authors: Peterson Lars E. , Boulet John R. , Clauser Brian 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
Family medicine residency programs can be cited for low pass or take rates on the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) certification examination, and the relationships among standardized medical education assessments and performance on board certification examinations and eventual board certification have not been comprehensively studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of all required standardized examinations in medical education with ABFM certification examination scores and eventual ABFM certification.

Method
All graduates of U.S. MD-granting family medicine residency programs from 2008 to 2012 were included. Data on ABFM certification examination score, ABFM certification status (as of December 31, 2014), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) section scores, undergraduate grade point average, all United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step scores, and all ABFM in-training examination scores were linked. Nested logistic and linear regression models, controlling for clustering by residency program, determined associations between assessments and both certification examination scores and board certification status. As many international medical graduates (IMGs) do not take the MCAT, separate models for U.S. medical graduates (USMG) and IMGs were run.

Results
The study sample was 15,902 family medicine graduates, of whom 92.1% (14,648/15,902) obtained board certification. In models for both IMGs and USMGs, the addition of more recent assessments weakened the associations of earlier assessments. USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge was predictive of certification examination scores and certification status in all models in which it was included.

Conclusions
For family medicine residents, more recent assessments generally have stronger associations with board certification score and status than earlier assessments. Solely using medical school admissions (grade point average and MCAT) and licensure (USMLE) scores for resident selection may not adequately predict ultimate board certification.
Pregnancy and Parenthood Remain Challenging During Surgical Residency: A Systematic Review
Authors: Todd Anna R. , Cawthorn Thomas R. , Temple-Oberle Claire 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
To examine common themes and synthesize data surrounding pregnancy and parenthood during surgical residency training.

Method
The authors conducted a systematic search of the literature in March 2019. They searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus, seeking articles published from 2003 to 2018 that focused on pregnancy, parenthood, and the experience of surgical residents. They excluded articles that examined nonsurgical programs, as well as editorials, abstracts, and commentaries. Two investigators independently reviewed all citations, selected articles for full-text review, and extracted data from the selected articles.

Results
Of 523 titles and abstracts screened, 27 were included. Overall, female surgical residents had fewer children during residency training than their male counterparts (18%–28% vs 32%–54%). As compared with the general population, surgical residents had their first child later in life (30–34 vs 25 years old), and had fewer children overall (0.6–2.1 vs 2.7). Infertility rates were higher among female surgeons than in the general population (30%–32% vs 11%), as were assisted reproductive technology rates (8%–13% vs 1.7%). Pregnant surgical residents experienced a high rate of obstetrical complications; working more than 6 overnight calls shifts per month or 60 hours per week were predictors of increased complication rates. The authors noted no differences in attrition, caseload, or exam pass rates amongst female surgical residents who had become pregnant as compared with other residents. Despite these similar academic outcomes, negative attitudes and perceptions toward pregnancy during residency were consistently identified.

Conclusions
Female surgical residents experience high rates of infertility and obstetrical complications, contend with negative attitudes and stigma during their pregnancies, and voluntarily delay childbearing. Formal maternity policies, a shift in surgical culture, and ongoing discussion with all stakeholders are needed to attract and retain female surgical residents.