bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect predictions with a large number of genotyped animals using the algorithm for proven and young
Authors: Garcia Andre L S , Masuda Yutaka , Tsuruta Shogo , Miller Stephen , Misztal Ignacy , Lourenco Daniela 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReliable single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) effects from genomic best linear unbiased prediction BLUP (GBLUP) and single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) are needed to calculate indirect predictions (IP) for young genotyped animals and animals not included in official evaluations. Obtaining reliable SNP effects and IP requires a minimum number of animals and when a large number of genotyped animals are available, the algorithm for proven and young (APY) may be needed. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate IP with an increasingly larger number of genotyped animals and to determine the minimum number of animals needed to compute reliable SNP effects and IP. Genotypes and phenotypes for birth weight, weaning weight, and postweaning gain were provided by the American Angus Association. The number of animals with phenotypes was more than 3.8 million. Genotyped animals were assigned to three cumulative year-classes: born until 2013 (N = 114,937), born until 2014 (N = 183,847), and born until 2015 (N = 280,506). A three-trait model was fitted using the APY algorithm with 19,021 core animals under two scenarios: 1) core 2013 (random sample of animals born until 2013) used for all year-classes and 2) core 2014 (random sample of animals born until 2014) used for year-class 2014 and core 2015 (random sample of animals born until 2015) used for year-class 2015. GBLUP used phenotypes from genotyped animals only, whereas ssGBLUP used all available phenotypes. SNP effects were predicted using genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) from either all genotyped animals or only core animals. The correlations between GEBV from GBLUP and IP obtained using SNP effects from core 2013 were ≥0.99 for animals born in 2013 but as low as 0.07 for animals born in 2014 and 2015. Conversely, the correlations between GEBV from ssGBLUP and IP were ≥0.99 for animals born in all years. IP predictive abilities computed with GEBV from ssGBLUP and SNP predictions based on only core animals were as high as those based on all genotyped animals. The correlations between GEBV and IP from ssGBLUP were ≥0.76, ≥0.90, and ≥0.98 when SNP effects were computed using 2k, 5k, and 15k core animals. Suitable IP based on GEBV from GBLUP can be obtained when SNP predictions are based on an appropriate number of core animals, but a considerable decline in IP accuracy can occur in subsequent years. Conversely, IP from ssGBLUP based on large numbers of phenotypes from non-genotyped animals have persistent accuracy over time.
The ECCC’s Approach to Evidence and Proof
Authors: McDermott Yvonne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has made normative decisions as to the probative value of different categories of evidence and the manner in which the evidentiary record should be assessed. Defying expectations that the ECCC’s inquisitorial model would render it quite unique in relation to matters of evidence and proof, this article argues that many of the key epistemological debates witnessed before other international criminal tribunals have also seeped into the practice of the ECCC. Indeed, an analysis of its practice shows that there are several commonalities in approach between the ECCC and the principal contemporary international criminal tribunals on such key issues as whether the evaluation of evidence should be carried out in a piecemeal or a holistic manner, and the weight to be given to hearsay and other categories of evidence. Despite an enormously challenging fact-finding environment and inconsistencies in practice, the ECCC has developed an admirably thorough approach to the evaluation of evidence.
Barriers to Effective Tick Management and Tick-Bite Prevention in the United States (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Eisen Lars , Stafford Kirby C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are increasing in the United States. Development of tick control tools have focused primarily on the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. Application of acaricides or entomopathogenic fungal agents to kill host-seeking ticks or ticks on rodents can suppress I. scapularis abundance in residential landscapes, but evidence is lacking for impact on human tick bites or tick-borne disease. Similar studies remain limited for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Other knowledge gaps include how well homeowners and pest control companies perform in the broadcast application of tick-killing products, relative to high efficacy reported in research studies, and the tick-killing potential of natural product formulations exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration. Area-wide control based on preventing ticks from feeding on their main reproductive host, the white-tailed deer, can suppress populations of both I. scapularis and A. americanum. Some studies also suggest an impact on Lyme disease cases, but this needs to be further validated in larger-scale intervention studies. The effectiveness, scale, cost, and implementation of various tick management strategies are important considerations in efforts to reduce human tick encounters and tick-borne disease. Additional barriers include weak incentives for industry and academia to develop, test, and register new tick and pathogen control technologies, including vaccines targeting humans, tick reproductive hosts, or wildlife pathogen reservoirs. Solutions will need to be ‘two-pronged’: improving the tick and pathogen control toolbox and strengthening the public health workforce engaging in tick control at local and state levels.
Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
Authors: Baumann Antje 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the arbitration rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). It begins with a background on the ICC International Court of Arbitration, with emphasis on its role in the development of international commercial arbitration. It then examines the 2017 ICC Arbitration Rules, citing some relevant figures related to ICC arbitration for the year 2017, including the number of parties involved in cases, the arbitral tribunals, and awards rendered by arbitral tribunals. Figures on other ICC dispute resolution rules are also given. The chapter concludes with a commentary of Articles 1–42 of the ICC Arbitration Rules, which cover topics such as definitions; time limits for written notifications or communications; request for arbitration and the respondent’s counterclaims to such a request; effect of the arbitration agreement; constitution of the arbitral tribunal; appointment, confirmation, challenge, and replacement of arbitrators; and rules of law applicable to the arbitral proceedings.
New York Convention
Authors: Haas Ulrich , Kahlert Heiner 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention or NYC), the most important convention on international commercial arbitration. It first provides an overview of the content and role of the NYC before discussing its history and its future prospects. It then considers the legal nature of (international) arbitration and how the provisions in the NYC are to be interpreted. It also offers a commentary on Articles I–VII of the NYC, which cover topics such as the prerequisites for recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, obligation to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards, settlements in arbitration proceedings, recognition of arbitration agreements and the requirements as to their form, grounds for refusal of recognition, and enforcement of an arbitral award, and the relationship of the NYC to international and national regulations on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards.
Introduction
Authors: John Dewar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the definition and characteristics of project finance. Project finance deals with the financing of a specific asset in which lenders look principally to the revenues generated by the operation of that asset for the source of funds from which loans will be repaid. Project finance is commonly deployed in the development of large infrastructure projects (e.g. power generation, toll roads, and telecommunications), social infrastructure (such as hospitals and schools), and the exploitation of energy and other natural resources, but it can be used to finance a broad range of assets and services. Common characteristics of project finance include project development through a separate—and usually single—purpose, financial and legal entity; separation of the debt of the project company from the sponsors' direct obligations; and project assets (including contracts with third parties) and revenues being generally pledged as security for the lenders.
Approaching Legal Issues in a Project Finance Transaction
Authors: Fletcher Phillip 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Project finance is at its core a form of secured lending. It entails lenders extending a large amount of credit to a newly formed, thinly capitalized company whose principal assets at the time of closing are not physical but rather merely contracts, licences, and ambitious plans. There is a broad commonality of legal and commercial issues to be considered across virtually all projects, and the reliability of the approaches customarily used by project finance professionals in analysing those issues has been tested and proven through decades of complex transactions. How those methods are applied to individual transactions may vary, but the issues to be assessed remain consistent across industries, jurisdictions, and financial structures. This chapter considers both those methods and their application in specific contexts.
Allocation of Risks in Project Documentation
Authors: Dewar John , Taufatofua Chris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the allocation of risks within the project’s contractual architecture. Stakeholders and potential stakeholders in a project will typically approach risk allocation from one of two perspectives. The first perspective will be as a potential contract counterparty negotiating its involvement in the project document structure—i.e. such a counterparty will be directly involved in the risk allocation process itself. The second perspective will be as a potential lender (or sometimes equity investor) performing due diligence to assess the risk allocation under an existing or proposed project document structure so as to determine whether the project is bankable (or, in the case of a potential equity investor, whether the risk allocation justifies the making of an investment in the project).
International Projects—Sector Focus
Authors: Davies Aled , Orme James 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the key features of project financing in the following sectors: oil and gas mining, conventional power, renewable energy, and nuclear power. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A on oil and gas covers project structuring, sales contracts, key risks in an oil and gas project, and financial considerations. Section B on mining covers environmental and social impact, completion risk, reserve estimates and market risks, resource nationalism and political risk, terms of a mining financing; and steaming agreements, royalty agreements, and other alternative finance options. Section C on conventional power covers the IPP model, an overview of power markets, IPP risk allocation and contractual structure, key risks in an independent power project, and financing considerations. Sections D and E cover renewable energy and nuclear power projects, respectively. Section F focuses on the development and financing of public infrastructure and public private partnership (PPP) projects.
Dispute Resolution in Project Finance Transactions
Authors: Nolan Michael , Canning Tom , Culbertson Erin , Kinninmont Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the project finance context, dispute resolution mechanisms are a means of enforcing the allocation of risks among a project’s many participants—sponsors, lenders, contractors and subcontractors, service providers, offtake purchasers, and others. To the extent that a dispute resolution mechanism is swift, flexible, reliable, final, and enforceable, the project’s intended allocation of risks can be maintained. This chapter identifies various dispute resolution mechanisms that are available to project participants and discusses their suitability for the maintenance of a project’s intended risk allocation. It first addresses the options for the resolution of disputes about commercial risks. It then considers options for resolving disputes about political risks. Finally, it discusses the enforcement of arbitral awards and domestic judgments.
Civil Enforcement by Regulators
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies regulators’ extensive power of enforcement action. In broad summary, regulators may discipline authorised firms and approved persons through the imposition of financial penalties or through the issuance of ‘public censure’; and vary, cancel, or impose requirements upon a firm’s Part 4A permission to carry out a regulated activity. They may also prohibit an individual from being employed in connection with a regulated activity; require restitution of profits which have accrued to authorised persons contravening relevant requirements or persons engaged in market abuse, or of losses which have been suffered by others as a result of those breaches; and apply to court for injunctions and other orders against persons contravening relevant requirements or persons engaged in market abuse. Part 26 of the FSMA contains the procedural requirements that must be met before the relevant regulator may impose the sanctions and penalties. The chapter then considers the constitution and procedures of the Regulatory Decisions Committee, which has a central role in the regulatory function of the FCA.
The Disclosure Paradigm
Authors: Hu Henry T C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the United States' (US) disclosure paradigm. It explains that the disclosure paradigm contemplates a unique regulatory role for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Here, the fulfilment of its core mission is essential not only to investor protection and market efficiency, but to a wide variety of transparency-dependent corporate governance mechanisms. Financial innovation is contributing to a ‘too complex to depict’ problem that brings into question the sufficiency of the core approach to information that the SEC has used since its creation. Moreover, particular financial innovations pose product-specific challenges to the fulfilment of the SEC's mission. Additionally, changing conceptions of the ends to be achieved by public disclosure, within the SEC disclosure system itself and pursuant to a new disclosure system driven by regulators with far different mindsets, raise new issues. It is now demonstrable that the new modes of information and the alternative data made possible by technological innovation can help address some of the disclosure challenges posed by financial innovation. At the same time, these new modes and alternative data introduce regulatory complexities. The chapter thus concludes that modern divergences are making life interesting for regulators, practitioners, and academics alike.
The Contents of the Prospectus
Authors: Strampelli Giovanni 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the financial information to be included in a prospectus. It argues that as far as financial information is concerned, the new EU prospectus regime is in line with the objectives of the European Commission to reduce the administrative burden for issuers when drawing up a prospectus, and to make the prospectus a more relevant disclosure tool for potential investors. Nevertheless, in spite of such simplifications, it remains that financial information is one of the most technical elements of the prospectus contents and, as such, is primarily addressed to sophisticated investors. In particular, pro forma financial information and profit estimates and forecast are deemed to be of limited usefulness for unsophisticated investors. Therefore, in this regard, it is particularly important that (as recommended by the European Commission) the information included in the prospectus summary and primarily addressed to retail investors should not be a mere compilation of excerpts from the prospectus.
Omission of Information, Incorporation by Reference, Publication, and Language of the Prospectus
Authors: Leocani Paola 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the topics of omission of information, incorporation by reference, publication, and language of the prospectus. It argues that the reform of the prospectus provisions governing these topics is aimed to facilitate the recourse to capital markets by reducing the costs of a prospectus, without weakening investor protection. The new rules also determine a more efficient coordination of the prospectus regime with other aspects of the EU legal framework for capital markets. Indeed, the Prospectus Regulation allows for prospectus information to be omitted in some cases without the responsible parties being accountable for it, provided that specific requirements are complied with in order to guarantee investor protection. The first type of omission allowed is the incorporation by reference, where the relevant information is not expressly disclosed, but incorporated by reference to one or more documents having certain characteristics. Here, enhancement of the incorporation by reference is a valuable instrument to reduce the administrative and paperwork burdens of drawing up a prospectus, to make the prospectus a more relevant disclosure tool for potential investors, and to achieve more convergence between the EU prospectus and other EU disclosure rules.
The Approval of Prospectus
Authors: Di Noia Carmine , Gargantini Matteo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the rules regarding competent authorities, approval of the prospectus, notification, and sanctions. It analyses the regulatory framework for prospectus approval by national competent authorities (NCAs). NCAs approve prospectuses after verifying that they are complete, consistent, and comprehensible. The delegated acts supplementing the Prospectus Regulation specify the contents of the supervisory activity at a much greater level of detail than the previous regime. However, it remains to be seen whether this will suffice to ensure an actual level playing field across the Union. Indeed, NCAs might maintain different approaches during the approval process even in the presence of ESMA's coordination efforts. Next to this, Member States retain discretion on some crucial regulatory options, and the liability regimes are often uneven across Member States. All these remaining differences create space for arbitration, and make the rules on the identification of the relevant NCA all the more important. This chapter thus analyses the legal regime for the allocation of the power to approve prospectuses from two different perspectives.
France
Authors: Bonneau Thierry 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the French law. Financial operations triggering the obligation to draw up a prospectus are common in France. By contrast, the chapter shows that there is no judicial decision holding people accountable for infringing the prospectus legislation. However, this does not mean that there are no decisions concerning prospectuses or, more generally, financial information. The chapter asserts that these decisions to in fact exist. However, in these decisions, either provisions other than provisions of the prospectus legislation are applied to prospectuses, or the document of information is other than the prospectus. More often than not, the decisions are about people who are accused of having spread false or misleading information. From this point of view, these decisions are relevant regardless of the context and the document used in order to disseminate such information. The solutions resulting from these decisions are applicable to difficulties concerning information included in a prospectus.
Relocating Manzanar: Environmental Histories of Racial Violence in Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston’s Farewell to Manzanar and Nina Revoyr’s Southland
Authors: Toy Gregory 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhereas previous studies of internment have emphasized the political and psychological dimensions of the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, this essay considers the entanglement of land use, urban segregation, and water politics that underlies the construction of Manzanar War Relocation Center. In unearthing the multilayered histories underlying the formation of Manzanar War Relocation Center, this essay shows how the evacuation of Japanese Americans to California's Owens Valley emerges out of and draws into relief the region's overlapping histories of environmental and social injustice, as evident in regional conflicts such as the California water wars, that extend beyond the scope of World War II. In doing so, this essay advances an environmental critique of US imperialist expansion and settler colonialism by focusing on recurrent environmental tropes in two works that cast internment and adjacent sites of racial containment as interlinked spaces of unequal political status: Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston's memoir Farewell to Manzanar (1973), coauthored with her husband James D. Houston, and Nina Revoyr's novel Southland (2003). These texts suggest that the racial geography of the United States has been shaped by the concentration of people of color in devitalized landscapes, intended sites of environmental ruin and economic disinvestment, that serve to assimilate or alienate ethnic populations.
Correct Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Allows Sailor to Remain on Active Duty
Authors: Frazier Andrea R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Diabetes is a growing epidemic worldwide and among our active duty population, posing a significant threat to maintaining military health and operational readiness. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a growing clinical phenotype of diabetes, with overlap between traditional type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this case, a 27-year-old active duty male presented with polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and recent weight loss. He was diagnosed with LADA, placed on a period of limited duty status and started on insulin. Eight months after diagnosis, he was transitioned from insulin to a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in an effort to be returned to full duty status and worldwide deployable. Over 3 years after initial diagnosis, he has achieved partial clinical remission. He remains on active duty, serving on a medically limited platform with a single medication (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) and high compliance with a gluten-free, low-carbohydrate diet and regular exercise. One should consider the diagnosis of LADA and its unique management, especially in the younger active duty population. Not only is making the correct diagnosis regarding the type of diabetes critical in regard to prognosis and optimal medical management, but it can affect the ability of military members to remain on active duty.