bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in Visible Light‐Induced Difluroalkylation of Olefins
Authors: Laishram Ronibala Devi , Chen Jingchao , Fan Baomin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe incorporation of difluoromethylated (CF2) moiety into potentially useful parent molecules lead to significant changes in metabolic stability, lipophilicity, and solubility of the molecules. Over the past several years, with the advent of new difluoromethylating reagents, great progress has been made in the development of a protocol for the direct incorporation of the CF2H group into organic molecules. Among them, difluroalkylation induced by visible light has emerged as an efficient strategy over the past few years. In particular, this protocol provides a more sustainable alternative to other traditional radical‐triggered reactions in terms of environment, energy, step‐economy, health, and safety. The present review mainly focuses on the development of the photocatalytic difluoroalkylation to olefinic moiety using transition‐metal complexes, organic dyes as the photocatalyst; and some organic compounds as a medium of photocatalysis.
Design Optimization of Dual‐Redundancy PM Brushless DC Motors for Torque Enhancement
Authors: Li Quanwu , Dong Wei , Jiang Wei , Liu Ze , He Zili , Xu Jinghui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo enhance the torque of short‐time duty permanent magnet (PM) dual‐redundancy brushless DC motors (DR‐BLDCM) and avoid the motor overheating under a fixed outer diameter and length, a design method based on the optimization of split ratio and stator magnetic density (Bm) considering thermal limitations is presented. The global thermal limitation of DR‐BLDCM is set by limiting loss density. The local thermal limitation of the winding is set by limiting current density. The thermal limitations are taken as the boundary of torque enhancement design optimization. Both the cold backup and hot backup DR‐BLDCM are studied in this paper. By researching the relationship between torque, split ratio, and Bm, the optimal combination of split ratio and Bm are calculated analytically. The influences of thermal limitations on the maximum torque and the optimal combination are analyzed, and the principle to determine the optimal combination is obtained. The analytically calculated results are verified by finite element simulation, and the error is less than 6.82%. A prototype is manufactured based on analytical design results. The error between the calculated and measured copper loss is 6.96%. The verification results show that the proposed optimization method can fully enhance the torque of DR‐BLDCM under the condition of fixed overall dimension and thermal limitations. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Culture as a mediator of climate change adaptation: Neither static nor unidirectional
Authors: Few Roger , Spear Dian , Singh Chandni , Tebboth Mark G. L. , Davies Julia E. , Thompson‐Hall Mary C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThough there is increasing recognition of the cultural dimensions that shape climate change adaptation, our experience from working with actors engaged in adaptation policy and practice suggests that the role of culture still tends to be conceived in overly narrow and fixed terms. This is exemplified in portrayals of conservative cultural norms as stifling positive change. A growing body of research across the world indicates that the reality is seldom as simple as this—culture works in complex and variable ways, and, most importantly, is inherently dynamic. Drawing especially from research work on vulnerability and adaptation conducted in semi‐arid regions, we illustrate this argument by briefly exploring three themes—multiple knowledge systems for farming in Botswana, the dynamics of pastoralist values and livelihoods in Kenya, and the interplay of caste and livelihood choices in India. Understanding how different facets of culture such as these operate in context helps move away from viewing culture statically as a barrier or enabler, and toward a more plural and dynamic appreciation of the role of culture in adaptation. This includes recognizing the potential for factors that may be construed as barriers to become enablers. Critical, balanced engagement with cultural dimensions in both research and practice, understanding and working with these dynamic social structures, is essential if adaptation is to create meaningful and lasting change for those who need it most.This article is categorized under:Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
On FEM analysis of Cosserat-type stiffened shells: static and stability linear analysis
Authors: Burzyński Stanisław 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present research investigates the theory and numerical analysis of shells stiffened with beams in the framework based on the geometrically exact theories of shells and beams. Shell’s and beam’s kinematics are described by the Cosserat surface and the Cosserat rod, respectively, which are consistent including deformation and strain measures. A FEM approximation of the virtual work principle leads to the conforming shell and beam FE with 6 DoFs (including the drilling rotation for shells) in each node. Examples of static and stability linear analyses are included. Novel design formulas for the stability of stiffened shells are included.
Parameter zur Messung der regionalen Versorgungssituation
Authors: Kis A. , Augustin J. , Lischka T. 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die regionale augenärztliche Versorgung wird in Deutschland über die Bedarfsplanungs-Richtlinie mit dem korrigierten Versorgungsgrad gesteuert. Der korrigierte Versorgungsgrad ist ein Instrument, um die medizinische Versorgungssituation abzubilden, allerdings haben frühere Studien Grenzen offenbart. So werden Faktoren wie Erreichbarkeit des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs (ÖPNV) oder das Vorhandensein von Gesundheitsfachberufen zur Bewertung der Versorgungssituation noch nicht im ausreichenden Maße berücksichtigt. Insbesondere Gesundheitsfachberufe haben eine starke unterstützende Funktion in der regionalen Gesundheitsversorgung.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel dieser Studie ist es, verschiedene Parameter zur Überprüfung der regionalen Gesundheitsversorgung am Beispiel der ophthalmologischen Versorgung kritisch zu vergleichen.

Material und Methoden
Hierfür wurde exemplarisch für die Metropolregion Hamburg ein Score aus den Parametern „Dichte der Arztstandorte mit orthoptischem Angebot (Angebote/100.000 Einwohner) auf Kreisebene“, der „Bevölkerungsanteil mit ÖPNV-Erreichbarkeit zum nächstgelegenen Augenarzt <30 min auf Kreisebene“, der „Bevölkerungsanteil mit ÖPNV-Erreichbarkeit zum nächstgelegenen Augenarzt mit orthoptischem Angebot <30 min auf Kreisebene“ gebildet und dem korrigierten Versorgungsgrad gegenübergestellt.

Ergebnisse
Während der korrigierte Versorgungsgrad in keinem der Teilräume eine Unterversorgung feststellen kann, offenbaren die anderen betrachteten Parameter durchaus deutliche Versorgungsunterschiede.

Diskussion
Die Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Parameter zeigt ein heterogenes Bild der Versorgungssituation. Dies sollte in der Bedarfsplanung für die Bewertung berücksichtigt werden.
Safety and efficacy of sucroferric oxyhydroxide in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Greenbaum Larry A. , Jeck Nikola , Klaus Günter , Fila Marc , Stoica Cristina , Fathallah-Shaykh Sahar , Paredes Ana , Wickman Larysa , Nelson Raoul , Swinford Rita D. , Abitbol Carolyn Larkins , Balgradean Mihaela , Jankauskiene Augustina , Perrin Amandine , Enoiu Milica , Ahn Sun-Young 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Pediatric patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often prescribed oral phosphate binders (PBs) for the management of hyperphosphatemia. However, available PBs have limitations, including unfavorable tolerability and safety.

Methods
This phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open-label study investigated safety and efficacy of sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SFOH) in pediatric and adolescent subjects with CKD and hyperphosphatemia. Subjects were randomized to SFOH or calcium acetate (CaAc) for a 10-week dose titration (stage 1), followed by a 24-week safety extension (stage 2). Primary efficacy endpoint was change in serum phosphorus from baseline to the end of stage 1 in the SFOH group. Safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).

Results
Eighty-five subjects (2–18 years) were randomized and treated (SFOH, n = 66; CaAc, n = 19). Serum phosphorus reduction from baseline to the end of stage 1 in the overall SFOH group (least squares [LS] mean ± standard error [SE]) was − 0.488 ± 0.186 mg/dL; p = 0.011 (post hoc analysis). Significant reductions in serum phosphorus were observed in subjects aged ≥ 12 to ≤ 18 years (LS mean ± SE − 0.460 ± 0.195 mg/dL; p = 0.024) and subjects with serum phosphorus above age-related normal ranges at baseline (LS mean ± SE − 0.942 ± 0.246 mg/dL; p = 0.005). Similar proportions of subjects reported ≥ 1 TEAE in the SFOH (75.8%) and CaAc (73.7%) groups. Withdrawal due to TEAEs was more common with CaAc (31.6%) than with SFOH (18.2%).

Conclusions
SFOH effectively managed serum phosphorus in pediatric patients with a low pill burden and a safety profile consistent with that reported in adult patients.
Characteristics and management of the offending veins in microvascular decompression surgery for trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Kasuya Hidetoshi , Tani Shigeru , Kubota Yuichi , Yokosako Suguru , Ohbuchi Hidenori , Arai Naoyuki , Inazuka Mayuko , Chernov Mikhail 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe optimal technique of microvascular decompression (MVD) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) caused by venous conflict remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to characterize the offending veins identified during MVD for TN and to evaluate intraoperative technique applied for their management. From 2007 till 2019, 308 MVD surgeries were performed in 288 consecutive patients with TN, and in 58 of them, pure venous conflict was identified. In 44 patients, the offending vein was interrupted, as was done for small veins arising from the cisternal trigeminal nerve (CN V) or its root entry zone (REZ) causing their stretching (19 cases), small veins on the surface of REZ (9 cases), transverse pontine vein (TPV) compressing REZ or distal CN V (12 cases), and superior petrosal vein (SPV) using flow conversion technique (4 cases). In 14 other cases, the offending vein was relocated, as was done for the SPV or the vein of cerebellopontine fissure (8 cases), TPV (3 cases), and the vein of middle cerebellar peduncle (3 cases). Complete pain relief after surgery was noted in 49 patients (84%). No one patient experienced major neurological deterioration. Postoperative facial numbness developed in 14 patients (24%), and in 8 of them, it was permanent. In 14 patients, MRI demonstrated venous infarction of the middle cerebellar peduncle, which was associated with the presence of any (P = 0.0180) and permanent (P = 0.0002) facial numbness. Ten patients experienced pain recurrence. Thus, 39 patients (67%) sustained complete pain relief at the last follow-up (median, 48 months), which was significantly associated with the presence of any (P = 0.0228) and permanent (P = 0.0427) postoperative facial numbness. In conclusion, in cases of TN, small offending veins arising from REZ and/or distal CN V and causing their stretching may be coagulated and cut. In many cases, TPV can be also interrupted safely or considered as collateral way for blood outflow. The main complication of such procedures is facial numbness, which is associated with the venous infarction of middle cerebellar peduncle and long-term complete pain relief.
The critical role of QM/MM X-ray refinement and accurate tautomer/protomer determination in structure-based drug design
Authors: Borbulevych Oleg Y. , Martin Roger I. , Westerhoff Lance M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConventional protein:ligand crystallographic refinement uses stereochemistry restraints coupled with a rudimentary energy functional to ensure the correct geometry of the model of the macromolecule—along with any bound ligand(s)—within the context of the experimental, X-ray density. These methods generally lack explicit terms for electrostatics, polarization, dispersion, hydrogen bonds, and other key interactions, and instead they use pre-determined parameters (e.g. bond lengths, angles, and torsions) to drive structural refinement. In order to address this deficiency and obtain a more complete and ultimately more accurate structure, we have developed an automated approach for macromolecular refinement based on a two layer, QM/MM (ONIOM) scheme as implemented within our DivCon Discovery Suite and "plugged in" to two mainstream crystallographic packages: PHENIX and BUSTER. This implementation is able to use one or more region layer(s), which is(are) characterized using linear-scaling, semi-empirical quantum mechanics, followed by a system layer which includes the balance of the model and which is described using a molecular mechanics functional. In this work, we applied our Phenix/DivCon refinement method—coupled with our XModeScore method for experimental tautomer/protomer state determination—to the characterization of structure sets relevant to structure-based drug design (SBDD). We then use these newly refined structures to show the impact of QM/MM X-ray refined structure on our understanding of function by exploring the influence of these improved structures on protein:ligand binding affinity prediction (and we likewise show how we use post-refinement scoring outliers to inform subsequent X-ray crystallographic efforts). Through this endeavor, we demonstrate a computational chemistry ↔ structural biology (X-ray crystallography) "feedback loop" which has utility in industrial and academic pharmaceutical research as well as other allied fields.
The choice of biopolymer is crucial to trigger angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor releasing coatings
Authors: Claaßen Christiane , Dannecker Miriam , Grübel Jana , Kotzampasi Maria-Elli , Tovar Günter E. M. , Stanzel Boris V. , Borchers Kirsten 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBio-based coatings and release systems for pro-angiogenic growth factors are of interest to overcome insufficient vascularization and bio-integration of implants. This study compares different biopolymer-based coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes in terms of coating homogeneity and stability, coating thickness in the swollen state, endothelial cell adhesion, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release and pro-angiogenic properties. Coatings consisted of carbodiimide cross-linked gelatin type A (GelA), type B (GelB) or albumin (Alb), and heparin (Hep), or they consisted of radically cross-linked gelatin methacryloyl-acetyl (GM5A5) and heparin methacrylate (HepM5). We prepared films with thicknesses of 8–10 µm and found that all coatings were homogeneous after washing. All gelatin-based coatings enhanced the adhesion of primary human endothelial cells compared to the uncoated membrane. The VEGF release was tunable with the loading concentration and dependent on the isoelectric points and hydrophilicities of the biopolymers used for coating: GelA-Hep showed the highest releases, while releases were indistinguishable for GelB-Hep and Alb-Hep, and lowest for GM5A5-HepM5. Interestingly, not only the amount of VEGF released from the coatings determined whether angiogenesis was induced, but a combination of VEGF release, metabolic activity and adhesion of endothelial cells. VEGF releasing GelA-Hep and GelB-Hep coatings induced angiogenesis in a chorioallantoic membrane assay, so that these coatings should be considered for further in vivo testing.
Probabilistic Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind and Applications
Authors: Adell José A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAssociated with each complex-valued random variable satisfying appropriate integrability conditions, we introduce a different generalization of the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Various equivalent definitions are provided. Attention, however, is focused on applications. Indeed, such numbers describe the moments of sums of i.i.d. random variables, determining their precise asymptotic behavior without making use of the central limit theorem. Such numbers also allow us to obtain explicit and simple Edgeworth expansions. Applications to Lévy processes and cumulants are discussed, as well.
Longer-Term Outcomes of the Incredible Years Parenting Intervention
Authors: Overbeek Geertjan , van Aar Jolien , de Castro Bram Orobio , Matthys Walter , Weeland Joyce , Chhangur Rabia R. , Leijten Patty 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConduct problems can develop into behavior disorders and put children at risk for other mental health problems. Parenting interventions have been shown to successfully reduce conduct problems and are often expected to prevent the development of broader mental health problems. Few studies have evaluated the longer-term and broader effects of these interventions. To what extent are parenting intervention effects sustained in the years after the intervention? And do effects pertain to conduct problems specifically, or do they also affect broader aspects of children’s mental health? We used a randomized controlled trial to assess the longer-term (2.5 years) effects of the Incredible Years parenting intervention on children’s conduct problems in an indicated prevention setting (N = 387; 79% retention rate). Using a multi-method (survey and computerized tasks) and multi-informant (parents, teachers, and children) approach, we tested whether initial effects on conduct problems were sustained, and whether Incredible Years had broader effects on children’s peer problems, emotional problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, attention and inhibition deficits, and service use. Incredible Years, relative to control (no intervention), led to sustained reductions in parent-reported conduct problems (Cohen’s d = 0.31), but not teacher- and child-reported conduct problems. There were no broader benefits: Incredible Years did not reduce children’s peer problems, emotional problems, ADHD-symptoms, attention and inhibition deficits, or their service use. Improvements in parents’ perceptions of child conduct problems sustained until 2.5 years later. Our findings do not show benefits of Incredible Years as a preventive intervention for children’s broader mental health.
Testing for efficiency in the Saudi stock market: does corporate governance change matter?
Authors: Al-Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh , Dockery Everton 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe study the informational efficiency of the Saudi stock market (SSM), while accounting for corporate governance change, based on single, multiple, and variance ratio-based WALD tests and runs test. The main findings indicate that when the whole period is considered, the random walk hypothesis is rejected, but when divided into two sub-periods separated by the pre-corporate governance and the period marked by corporate governance change, the analysis demonstrates sub-period improvement in weak-form efficiency for the examined series. Robustness of results is verified by analysis using sector indices, which point to market efficiency. Interestingly, Hurst Exponent estimates evidence long-range dependence which suggests the predictability of stock prices and the prospect of speculative opportunities.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Ni-C, Co-C, and Ni-Co-C Liquid Alloys Using the Modified Quasichemical Model
Authors: Jeon Junmo , Kwon Sun-Yong , Lindberg Daniel , Paek Min-Kyu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The strong interactions between the metallic elements and C in liquid Ni, Co, and Ni-Co alloys have been thermodynamically analyzed. The liquid solution properties in Ni-C and Co-C systems showed significant asymmetry because of the short-range ordering of C exhibited in the liquid solution. Using the modified quasichemical model in the pair approximation, the Ni-C and Co-C systems were re-optimized to simultaneously reproduce the present experimental results of the C solubility and the reported thermodynamic properties in the liquid phases. In particular, the partial enthalpy data of C in liquid Ni and Co alloys were considered for the first time on the thermodynamic assessment of Ni-C and Co-C liquid solutions. The asymmetric interpolation method was introduced to evaluate the Gibbs free energy in the ternary system based on the binary Gibbs free energies in the Ni-C and Co-C systems. The C solubility data measured in the ternary Ni-Co-C alloy melt over a wide Co concentration range were successfully reproduced without any additional ternary model parameter by considering the short-range ordering of C.
Biochemical Characterization of Phenylacetaldehyde Dehydrogenases from Styrene-degrading Soil Bacteria
Authors: Zimmerling Juliane , Oelschlägel Michel , Großmann Carolin , Voitel Matthias , Schlömann Michael , Tischler Dirk 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFour phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (designated as FeaB or StyD) originating from styrene-degrading soil bacteria were biochemically investigated. In this study, we focused on the Michaelis-Menten kinetics towards the presumed native substrate phenylacetaldehyde and the obviously preferred co-substrate NAD+. Furthermore, the substrate specificity on four substituted phenylacetaldehydes and the co-substrate preference were studied. Moreover, these enzymes were characterized with respect to their temperature as well as long-term stability. Since aldehyde dehydrogenases are known to show often dehydrogenase as well as esterase activity, we tested this capacity, too. Almost all results showed clearly different characteristics between the FeaB and StyD enzymes. Furthermore, FeaB fromSphingopyxis fribergensisKp5.2 turned out to be the most active enzyme with an apparent specific activity of 17.8 ± 2.1 U mg-1. Compared with that, both StyDs showed only activities less than 0.2 U mg-1except the overwhelming esterase activity of StyD-CWB2 (1.4 ± 0.1 U mg-1). The clustering of both FeaB and StyD enzymes with respect to their characteristics could also be mirrored in the phylogenetic analysis of twelve dehydrogenases originating from different soil bacteria.
Prevalence of comorbidities in elderly cancer patients
Authors: Wenkstetten-Holub Alfa , Fangmeyer-Binder Maria , Fasching Peter 
Published: October 2020

SummaryComorbidity is common among cancer patients and increases with age. Comorbid conditions potentially affect treatment, therapy outcomes, and survival of people with cancer. This short review aims at presenting the prevalence of comorbidities, to illustrate their impact on elderly persons with cancer and to discuss their assessment.