bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid luminosity decline and subsequent reformation of the innermost dust distribution in the changing-look AGN Mrk 590
Authors: Kokubo Mitsuru , Minezaki Takeo 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We examine the long-term optical/near-infrared (NIR) flux variability of a ‘changing-look’ active galactic nucleus (AGN) Mrk 590 between 1998 and 2007. Multiband multi-epoch optical/NIR photometry data from the SDSS Stripe 82 data base and the Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring (MAGNUM) project reveal that Mrk 590 experienced a sudden luminosity decrease during the period from 2000 to 2001. Detection of dust reverberation lag signals between V- and K-band light curves obtained by the MAGNUM project during the faint state in 2003–2007 suggests that the dust torus innermost radius Rdust of Mrk 590 had become very small [Rdust ≃ 32 light-days (lt-days)] by the year 2004 according to the aforementioned significant decrease in AGN luminosity. The Rdust in the faint state is comparable to the H β broad-line region (BLR) radius of RH β, BLR ≃ 26 lt-days measured by previous reverberation mapping observations during the bright state of Mrk 590 in 1990–1996. These observations indicate that the innermost radius of the dust torus in Mrk 590 decreased rapidly after the AGN ultraviolet-optical luminosity drop, and that the replenishment time-scale of the innermost dust distribution is less than 4 yr, which is much shorter than the free fall time-scale of BLR gas or dust clouds. We suggest that rapid replenishment of the innermost dust distribution can be accomplished either by new dust formation in radiatively cooled BLR gas clouds or by new dust formation in the disc atmosphere and subsequent vertical wind from the dusty disc as a result of radiation pressure.
Periodic mode changing in PSR J1048−5832
Authors: Yan W M , Manchester R N , Wang N , Wen Z G , Yuan J P , Lee K J , Chen J L 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
By analysing the data acquired from the Parkes 64-m radio telescope at 1369 MHz, we report on the phase-stationary non-drift amplitude modulation observed in PSR J1048−5832. The high-sensitivity observations revealed that the central and trailing components of the pulse profile of this pulsar switch between a strong mode and a weak mode periodically. However, the leading component remains unchanged. Polarization properties of the strong and weak modes are investigated. Considering the similarity to mode changing, we argue that the periodic amplitude modulation in PSR J1048−5832 is periodic mode changing. The fluctuation spectral analysis showed that the modulation period is very short (∼2.1 s or 17P1), where P1 is the rotation period of the pulsar. We find that this periodic amplitude modulation is hard to explain by existing models that account for the periodic phenomena in pulsars like sub-pulse drifting.
Self-intersection of the fallback stream in tidal disruption events
Authors: Lu Wenbin , Bonnerot Clément 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We propose a semi-analytical model for the self-intersection of the fallback stream in tidal disruption events (TDEs). When the initial periapsis is less than about 15 gravitational radii, a large fraction of the shocked gas is unbound in the form of a collision-induced outflow (CIO). This is because large apsidal precession causes the stream to self-intersect near the local escape speed at radius much below the apocentre. The rest of the fallback gas is left in more tightly bound orbits and quickly joins the accretion flow. We propose that the CIO is responsible for reprocessing the hard emission from the accretion flow into the optical band. This picture naturally explains the large photospheric radius [or low blackbody (BB) temperature] and typical line widths for optical TDEs. We predict the CIO-reprocessed spectrum in the infrared to be Lν ∝ ν∼0.5, shallower than a BB. The partial sky coverage of the CIO also provides a unification of the diverse X-ray behaviours of optical TDEs. According to this picture, optical surveys filter out a large fraction of TDEs with low-mass blackholes due to lack of a reprocessing layer, and the volumetric rate of optical TDEs is nearly flat wrt. the blackhole mass in the range $M\lesssim 10^7\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$. This filtering also causes the optical TDE rate to be lower than the total rate by a factor of ∼10 or more. When the CIO is decelerated by the ambient medium, radio emission at the level of that in ASASSN-14li is produced, but the time-scales and peak luminosities can be highly diverse. Finally, our method paves the way for global simulations of the disc formation process by injecting gas at the intersection point according to the prescribed velocity and density profiles.
Multispectral analysis of the night sky brightness and its origin for the Asiago Observatory, Italy
Authors: Simoneau Alexandre , Aubé Martin , Bertolo Andrea 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Night protection has been a major concern for astronomers since the electrification of cities and is beginning to be recognized as a major environmental problem. In recent years, regulations have been put in place through the establishment of Dark Sky Reserves that impose stringent constraints on lighting practices for cities in protected areas. Astronomers from the Asiago Observatory, located in the Veneto region of Italy, would like to create an area of this nature around their facilities to improve and protect the quality of their astronomical observations. This study assesses the current state of the sky in the region through numerical modelling using the latest improvements to the ILLUMINA model and aims to identify the main contributing sources of artificial light. The explicit calculation of the contribution of private residential lighting helps to discern the origin of the light. We also present a new approach for extracting an estimate of the distribution of lamp technology in a region from images taken from the International Space Station.
Predialysis fluid overload and gait speed: a repeated measures analysis among patients on chronic dialysis
Authors: Carlos Christopher , Grimes Barbara , Segal Mark , Johansen Kirsten 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Slow gait speed is associated with hospitalization and death. We examined whether predialysis fluid overload contributes to gait speed impairment.

Methods
We measured predialysis gait speed at baseline and 12 and 24 months among 298 patients recruited in the A Cohort Study to Investigate the Value of Exercise in ESRD/Analyses Designed to Investigate the Paradox of Obesity and Survival in ESRD. We used multivariable linear mixed modeling to examine associations between patient data and gait speed. We then added either bioimpedance-estimated volume of predialysis fluid overload or volume of delivered ultrafiltration to ascertain whether fluid excess was associated with gait speed and its trajectory. We also tested whether fluid overload change with time was predictive of gait speeds.

Results
The mean baseline gait speed was 1.01 m/s and it declined by an average of 0.08 m/s/year. Older age, nonwhite race, Hispanic ethnicity, diabetes, recent fall, recent hospitalization, tobacco use and lower serum albumin were associated with slower gait speed. Each liter of predialysis fluid overload was associated with a 0.02 m/s slower gait speed [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.04, P = 0.008] and 0.05 m/s additional slowing per year (95% CI 0.03–0.06, P &lt; 0.0001). Higher ultrafiltration volumes were associated with 0.07 m/s slower gait speed per 3% body weight removed (0.002–0.14, P = 0.045) but not with gait speed trajectory (P = 0.08). Patients who increased fluid overload walked 0.08 m/s slower compared with those who decreased fluid overload (95% CI 0.003–0.15, P = 0.04).

Conclusions
Predialysis fluid overload was associated with slower gait speed and gait speed decline over time. Interventions that limit fluid overload may lead to improvements in physical performance.
Perspectives on Spinal Precautions in Patients Who Have Cancer and Spinal Metastasis
Authors: Guo Ying , Ngo-Huang An Thuy , Fu Jack B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Bones are the third most common site for cancer metastases, and the axial skeleton is the most frequent skeletal location. In a postmortem study, bone metastases were reported in 70% of breast and prostate cancer patients. Bone metastases from breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney cancers account for 80% of all bone metastases. Bone lesions exist in 60% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. With increasing numbers of people who have survived cancer, many patients with cancer and axial skeletal bony metastases will be seen by physical and occupational therapists. Guidelines are lacking on how to perform physical examinations and provide exercise programs for these patients without compromising the diseased spine. In this article, we discuss the available evidence for similar spinal conditions, the biomechanics of spinal load, and changes associated with posture and weight load. We provide recommendations on how to assess a patient’s strength, how to strengthen without compromising the diseased spine, and how to teach patients to use correct body mechanics during mobility and activities of daily living.
Corporate Innovation and Returns
Authors: Bena Jan , Garlappi Lorenzo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Among U.S. public firms, technological innovation is concentrated on a small set of large players, with innovation “leaders” having considerably lower systematic risk than “laggards.” To understand this fact, we build a winner-takes-all patent race model and show that a firm’s expected return decreases in its innovation output and increases in that of its rivals. Using a comprehensive firm-level panel of information on patenting activity by fields of technology in 1950–2010, we find strong support for the model’s predictions. Our results highlight that strategic interactions among firms competing in innovation are an important determinant of risk and expected returns. (JEL G12, G31)
Received August 6, 2018; editorial decision October 19, 2019 by Andrew Ellul. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Efficacy of fractional CO2 laser treatment in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome: a multicenter study
Authors: Filippini Maurizio , Luvero Daniela , Salvatore Stefano , Pieralli Annalisa , Montera Roberto , Plotti Francesco , Candiani Massimo , Angioli Roberto 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective:
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), especially vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), is one of the most common conditions among women in either natural (4%-47%) or medically induced (23.4%-61.5%) menopause. The aims of this study are to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of CO2 laser in postmenopausal women with clinical signs and symptoms of GSM, in particular VVA, and to evaluate both possible early and late side effects related to this kind of treatment.

Methods:
This retrospective, multicenter study was conducted after collecting data from a pre-existing database. We performed three to four CO2 laser treatments on all the women enrolled in this protocol. We used a fractional CO2 laser system (SmartXide2 V2LR, Deka m.e.l.a., Florence, Italy) with a VulvoVaginal Laser Reshaping (V2LR) scanning system and appropriate handpieces for the vaginal area. All women before and after the treatment were assessed. The pre- and post-treatment averages of the symptoms, the standard deviation, and the P values were calculated.

Results:
Six hundred forty-five women who met the inclusion criteria were considered. In all the parameters examined (dyspareunia, vaginal orifice pain, dryness/atrophy, itching, burning, pH) statistically significant data were found between the pretreatment and the post-treatment (dryness: before = 8.30, after = 2.97 [P
< 0.0001], dyspareunia: before = 8.70, after = 3.51 [P
< 0.0001]; burning: before = 6.12, after = 1.78 [P
< 0.0001]; vaginal orifice pain: before = 8.07, after = 2.94 [P
< 0.0001]; itching: before = 6.09, after = 1.32 [P
< 0.0001]).

Conclusions:
Our results show the effectiveness and a good degree of tolerance of treatment with the CO2 laser system in postmenopausal women with GSM.
Association between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition with menopausal symptoms in early postmenopausal women
Authors: Moradpour Fatemeh , Koushkie Jahromi Maryam , Fooladchang Mahboobeh , Rezaei Rasoul , Sayar Khorasani Mohammad Reza 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between daily physical activity (daily activities, exercise, and sitting time), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and body composition (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR)] with menopausal symptoms and to determine the strongest predictor(s) of menopausal symptoms.

Methods:
The Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire was used to examine somatic, psychological, urogenital, and total symptoms of menopause. The energy expenditure of daily physical activity, exercise, and sitting time was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and CRF was measured by estimating the maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) through the Rockport test. Statistical methods of the Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple linear regression were used for data analysis.

Results:
Fifty-six women, aged 50 to 65 years, voluntarily participated in the study. Exercise energy expenditure was inversely correlated with total (r = −0.403, P = 0.002), somatic (r = −0.293, P = 0.023), and urogenital (r = −0.343, P = 0.009) symptoms of menopause. VO2max was inversely correlated with urogenital symptoms of menopause (r = −0.414, P = 0.002). WHR was positively correlated with somatic symptoms of menopause (r = 0.286, P = 0.032); sitting was correlated with total (r = 0.40, P = 0.002), somatic (r = 0.325, P = 0.015), and psychological (r = 0.274, P = 0.015) symptoms of menopause. Among the study variables, sitting (β=0.365, P = 0.004) and VO2max (β=−0.286, P = 0.030) were the most important predictors of total symptoms of menopause; sitting was the predictor of somatic symptoms (β=0.265, P = 0.045), and VO2max was the predictor of urogenital symptoms of menopause (β=−0.332, P = 0.014). The inclusion of age, BMI, WHR, and duration of menopause as confounding variables in regression analysis did not change the findings related to the predictions of menopausal symptoms.

Conclusion:
Reducing sitting time, improving VO2max, decreasing WHR, and exercise can be recommended by priority to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Considering the small number of participants in this investigation, future studies are, however, recommended.
Bilateral Versus Unilateral Cranialization in the Management of a Breached Frontal Sinus
Authors: Belzberg Micah , Shalom Netanel Ben , Wolff Amir , Huang Judy , Gordon Chad 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Frontal sinus breach during craniotomy may occur inadvertently or intentionally. Management of a breached frontal sinus is controversial as numerous operative techniques have been described. Frontal sinus breach may result in life-threatening complications, require additional surgeries, and increase the risk for long-term infectious sequelae. A literature review found a paucity of neurosurgical reports examining breached frontal sinus management or specific analyses of unilateral versus bilateral frontal sinus cranialization.

Objective:
A frontal sinus cranialization technique employed for patients involving frontal sinus breach and analyze outcomes managed with bilateral versus unilateral cranialization was presented in this study.

Methods:
A retrospective review of outcomes was performed using our Institutional Review Board-approved surgical case database between September 2012 and September 2018.

Results:
Thirty-three frontal sinus cranializations following frontal sinus breach were identified. Average follow-up time was 25 months. A statistically significant difference in postoperative infections was observed in patients with a history of previous cranial surgery who underwent unilateral compared to bilateral frontal sinus cranialization.

Conclusion:
These results suggest surgeons performing craniotomy or consulted intraoperatively for suspected frontal sinus breach should have a high suspicion for breached frontal sinus and a low threshold for frontal sinus cranialization. Furthermore, when performing frontal sinus cranialization, surgeons should consider performing bilateral, instead of unilateral, cranialization in patients with a history of previous craniotomy as bilateral cranialization was shown to decrease the risk of postoperative infection.
Distinctive epigenomic alterations in NF1-deficient cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas drive differential MKK/P38 signaling
Authors: Grit Jamie L. , Johnson Benjamin K. , Dischinger Patrick S. , Essenburg Curt J. , Campbell Stacy , Pollard Kai , Pratilas Christine , Triche Tim J. , Graveel Carrie R. , Steensma Matthew R. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBenign peripheral nerve sheath tumors are the clinical hallmark of Neurofibromatosis Type 1. They account for substantial morbidity in NF1 and are difficult to manage. Cutaneous (CNF) and plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) share identical histology, but maintain different growth rates and risk of malignant conversion. The reasons for their disparate clinical behavior are not well explained on the basis of recent genome or transcriptome profiling studies. We hypothesized that CNFs and PNFs are epigenetically distinct tumor types that exhibit differential signaling due to genome-wide and site-specific methylation events. We interrogated the methylation profiles of 45 CNFs and 17 PNFs (Illumina EPIC 850K) using normal tissue controls from NF1 subjects. Based on these profiles, we confirm that CNFs and PNFs are epigenetically distinct tumors with broad differences in higher order chromatin states, and specific methylation events altering genes involved in key biological and cellular processes such as inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, RAS/MAPK signaling, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and oxytocin signaling. Based our identification of 2 separate DMRs associated with alternative leading exons inMAP2K3, we demonstrate differential RAS/MKK3/P38 signaling between CNFs and PNFs. Epigenetic reinforcement of RAS/MKK/P38 was a defining characteristic of CNFs leading to pro-inflammatory signaling and chromatin conformational changes, whereas PNFs signaled predominantly through RAS/ERK. Tumor size also correlated with specific CpG methylation events. Taken together, these findings confirm that epigenetic regulation of RAS signaling fates accounts for observed differences in CNF and PNF clinical behavior. CNFs may also respond differently than PNFs to RAS-targeted therapeutics raising the possibility of targeting P38-mediated inflammation for CNF treatment.
Organogenesis and Distribution of the Ocular Lymphatic Vessels in the Anterior Eye: Implication to Glaucoma Surgery Site Selection
Authors: Wu Yifan , Seong Young Jin , Li Kin , Choi Dongwon , Park Eunkyung , Daghlian George H. , Jung Eunson , Bui Khoa , Zhao Luping , Madhavan Shrimika , Daghlian Saren , Daghlian Patill , Chin Desmond , Cho Il-Taeg , Wong Alex K. , Heur J. Martin , Zhang-Nunes Sandy , Tan James C. , Ema Masatsugu , Huang Alex S. , Hong Young-Kwon 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTGlaucoma surgeries, such as trabeculectomy, are performed to lower the intraocular pressure to reduce the risk of vision loss. The surgeries create a new passage in the eye that reroutes the aqueous humor outflow to the subconjunctival space, where the fluid is presumably absorbed by the conjunctival lymphatics. However, the current knowledge of these ocular surface lymphatics remains limited. Here, we characterized the biology and function of the ocular lymphatics using transgenic lymphatic reporter mice and rats. We found that the limbal and conjunctival lymphatic networks are progressively formed by a primary lymphatic vessel that grows out from the nasal-side medial canthus region at the time of birth. This primary lymphatic vessel immediately branches out and invades the limbus and conjunctiva, and then simultaneously encircles the cornea in a bidirectional manner. As a result, the distribution of the ocular lymphatic is significantly polarized toward the nasal side, and the limbal lymphatics are directly connected to the conjunctival lymphatics. New lymphatic spouts are mainly produced from the nasal-side limbal lymphatics, posing the nasal side of the eye more responsive to fluid drainage and inflammatory stimuli. Consistently, when a fluorescent tracer was injected, fluid clearance was much more efficient in the nasal side than the temporal side of the eyes. In comparison, blood vessels are evenly distributed on the front surface of the eyes. We found that these distinct vascular distribution patterns were also conserved in human eyes. Together, our study demonstrated that the ocular surface lymphatics are more densely present in the nasal side and uncovered the potential clinical benefits in selecting the nasal side as a surgical site for glaucoma surgeries to improve the fluid drainage.
Schistocephalusparasite infection alters sticklebacks’ movement ability and thereby shapes social interactions
Authors: Jolles Jolle W. , Mazué Geoffrey P. F. , Davidson Jacob , Behrmann-Godel Jasminca , Couzin Iain D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractParasitism is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Although many fundamental aspects of host-parasite relationships have been unravelled, few studies have systematically investigated how parasites affect organismal movement. Here we combine behavioural experiments ofSchistocephalus solidusinfected sticklebacks with individual-based simulations to understand how parasitism affects individual movement ability and how this in turn influences social interaction patterns. Detailed movement tracking revealed that infected fish swam slower, accelerated slower, turned more slowly, and tended to be more predictable in their movements than did non-infected fish. Importantly, the strength of these effects increased with increasing parasite load (% of body weight), with the behaviour of more heavily infected fish being more impaired. When grouped, pairs of infected fish moved more slowly, were less cohesive, less aligned, and less coordinated than healthy pairs. Mixed pairs exhibited intermediate behaviours and were primarily led by the non-infected fish. These social patterns emerged naturally in model simulations of self-organised groups composed of individuals with different speeds and turning tendency, consistent with changes in mobility and manoeuvrability due to infection. Together, our results demonstrate how infection with a complex life cycle parasite affects the movement ability of individuals and how this in turn shapes social interactions, providing important mechanistic insights into the effects of parasites on host movement dynamics.