bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of NOx and SO2 emissions from Sarnia, Ontario, using a mobile MAX-DOAS (Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) and a NOx analyzer
Authors: Davis Zoe Y. W. , Baray Sabour , McLinden Chris A. , Khanbabakhani Aida , Fujs William , Csukat Csilla , Debosz Jerzy , McLaren Robert 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Sarnia, Ontario, experiences pollutant emissions
disproportionate to its relatively small size. The small size of the city
limits traditional top-down emission estimate techniques (e.g., satellite)
but a low-cost solution for emission monitoring is the mobile MAX-DOAS
(Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy).
Measurements were made using this technique from 21 March 2017 to 23 March 2017
along various driving routes to retrieve vertical column densities (VCDs) of
NO2 and SO2 and to estimate emissions of NOx and SO2 from the Sarnia region. A novel aspect of the current study was the
installation of a NOx analyzer in the vehicle to allow real time
measurement and characterization of near-surface NOx∕NO2 ratios
across the urban plumes, allowing improved accuracy of NOx emission
estimates. Confidence in the use of near-surface-measured NOx∕NO2
ratios for estimation of NOx emissions was increased by relatively
well-mixed boundary layer conditions. These conditions were indicated by
similar temporal trends in NO2 VCDs and mixing ratios when measurements
were sufficiently distant from the sources. Leighton ratios within
transported plumes indicated peroxy radicals were likely disturbing the
NO–NO2–O3 photostationary state through VOC (volatile organic compound) oxidation. The average
lower-limit emission estimate of NOx from Sarnia was 1.60±0.34 t h−1 using local 10 m elevation wind-speed measurements. Our
estimates were larger than the downscaled annual 2017 NPRI-reported (National Pollution Release Inventory)
industrial emissions of 0.9 t NOx h−1. Our lower-limit
estimate of SO2 emissions from Sarnia was 1.81±0.83 t SO2 h−1, equal within uncertainty to the 2017 NPRI downscaled
value of 1.85 t SO2 h−1. Satellite-derived NO2 VCDs
over Sarnia from the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) were lower than
mobile MAX-DOAS VCDs, likely due to the large pixel size relative to the
city's size. The results of this study support the utility of the
mobile MAX-DOAS method for estimating NOx and SO2 emissions in
relatively small, highly industrialized regions, especially when supplemented
with mobile NOx measurements.
The Economics of Distributed Ledger Technology for Securities Settlement
Authors: Benos Evangelos , Garratt Rodney , Gurrola-Perez Pedro 
Published: November 2019

We apply economic principles to understand how distributed ledger technology (DLT) might impact the innovation process and eventual market structure in the security settlement industry. Our main conclusions are that: i) Although DLT has the potential to significantly reduce costs in securities settlement, implementation is challenging, ii) technological innovation in the post-trade industry is more likely to succeed with some degree of coordination, which could be facilitated by the relevant authorities, and iii) DLTbased securities settlement is likely to be concentrated among few providers which, absent any regulation, could result in inefficient monopoly pricing or efficient price discrimination with service providers capturing much of the market surplus
Avaliação de Roteiros de Turismo Rural: o caso da região Uva e Vinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Brambatti Luiz Ernesto 
Published: November 2019

Pouca literatura científica trata da avaliação de roteiros de turismo rural, dedicando-se mais à pesquisa e avaliação de destinos consolidados. Por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi abordar a avaliação de roteiros de turismo rural a partir de um estudo dos roteiros rurais da Região Uva e Vinho, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso com abordagem quali-quantitativa, com um recorte temporal que abrangeu desde a formação dos mesmos, a partir de 1993 até o estágio de desenvolvimento em que se encontravam, em 2017, quando foi realizada a pesquisa. A investigação tem suporte teórico na abordagem sociológica e territorial, com indicadores propostos por Miossec (1977), denominados de rupturas qualitativas; Park & Yoon (2011) e Gubert (1995). O padrão de referência sociológico foi identificado como da passagem de um familismo amoral (Banfield 1958), para um familismo eficiente (Brambatti, 2006), com base na teoria da racionalidade de Max Weber (1984). O resultado foi o crescimento desigual dos roteiros avaliados, com diferentes posicionamentos, a nível de gestão, organização interna e posicionamento de mercado. Notou-se que apesar das semelhanças entre os roteiros, o sucesso dos roteiros de Bento Gonçalves e a decadência dos roteiros de Caxias do Sul está relacionado ao empreendedorismo local e às políticas públicas municipais quanto ao turismo, o que refletiu na organização e desenvolvimento dos roteiros rurais.
Lower-Limb Factors Associated with Balance and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Clinical Synthesis
Authors: Neville Christopher , Nguyen Hung , Ross Kim , Wingood Mariana , Peterson Elizabeth Walker , Dewitt James E. , Moore Jonathan , King Michael J. , Atanelov Levan , White Josh , Najafi Bijan 
Published: November 2019

Background
Despite sufficient evidence to suggest that lower-limb–related factors may contribute to fall risk in older adults, lower-limb and footwear influences on fall risk have not been systematically summarized for readers and clinicians. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and synethesize the literature related to lower-limb, foot, and footwear factors that may increase the risk of falling among community-dwelling older adults.

Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and AgeLine. To describe the trajectory toward increasing risk of falls, we examined those articles that linked age-related changes in the lower limb or footwear to prospective falls or linked them to evidenced-based fall risk factors, such as gait and balance impairment.

Results
This systematic review consisted of 81 articles that met the review criteria, and the results reflect a narrative review of the appraised literature for eight pathways of lower-limb–related influences on fall risk in older adults. Six of the eight pathways support a direct link to fall risk. Two other pathways link to the intermediate factors but lack studies that provide evidence of a direct link.

Conclusions
This review provides strong guidance to advance understanding and assist with managing the link between lower-limb factors and falls in older adults. Due to the lack of literature in specific areas, some recommendations were based on observational studies and should be applied with caution until further research can be completed.
Low expression or hypermethylation of PLK2 might predict favorable prognosis for patients with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Xia Xiangping , Cao Fang , Yuan Xiaolu , Zhang Qiang , Chen Wei , Yu Yunhu , Xiao Hua , Han Chong , Yao Shengtao 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundAs the most aggressive brain tumor, patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a poor prognosis. Our purpose was to explore prognostic value of Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) in GBM, a member of the PLKs family.MethodsThe expression profile of PLK2 in GBM was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The PLK2 expression in GBM was tested. Kaplan–Meier curves were generated to assess the association between PLK2 expression and overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM. Furthermore, to assess its prognostic significance in patients with primary GBM, we constructed univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. The association between PLK2 expression and its methylation was then performed. Differentially expressed genes correlated with PLK2 were identified by Pearson test and functional enrichment analysis was performed.ResultsOverall survival results showed that low PLK2 expression had a favorable prognosis of patients with GBM (P-value = 0.0022). Furthermore, PLK2 (HR = 0.449, 95% CI [0.243–0.830],P-value = 0.011) was positively associated with OS by multivariate Cox regression analysis. In cluster 5, DNA methylated PLK2 had the lowest expression, which implied that PLK2 expression might be affected by its DNA methylation status in GBM. PLK2 in CpG island methylation phenotype (G-CIMP) had lower expression than non G-CIMP group (P= 0.0077). Regression analysis showed that PLK2 expression was negatively correlated with its DNA methylation (P= 0.0062, Pearsonr= −0.3855). Among all differentially expressed genes of GBM, CYGB (r= 0.5551;P< 0.0001), ISLR2 (r= 0.5126;P< 0.0001), RPP25 (r= 0.5333;P< 0.0001) and SOX2 (r= −0.4838;P< 0.0001) were strongly correlated with PLK2. Functional enrichment analysis results showed that these genes were enriched several biological processes or pathways that were associated with GBM.ConclusionPolo-like kinase 2 expression is regulated by DNA methylation in GBM, and its low expression or hypermethylation could be considered to predict a favorable prognosis for patients with GBM.
Decrease in walking speed increases hip moment impulse in the frontal plane during the stance phase
Authors: Inai Takuma , Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Kubo Masayoshi 
Published: November 2019

Background
Increased daily cumulative hip moment in the frontal plane (i.e., the product of hip moment impulse in the frontal plane during the stance phase and mean steps per day) is a risk factor for progression of hip osteoarthritis. Although hip osteoarthritis generally causes a decrease in the walking speed, its effect on hip moment impulse in the frontal plane is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between decrease in walking speed and hip moment impulse in the frontal plane.

Methods
We used a public dataset of treadmill walking in 17 older adults (mean (SD) age: 63.2 (8.0) years). The subjects walked on the treadmill for 30 s under five conditions: (1) 40% of comfortable non-dimensional speed (CNDS), (2) 55% CNDS, (3) 70% CNDS, (4) 85% CNDS, and (5) 100% CNDS. The hip moment impulse in the frontal plane non-normalized (or normalized) to step length (Nm s/kg [or Nm s/(kg m)]) for each condition was calculated. Furthermore, the relationship between walking speed and hip moment impulse in the frontal plane non-normalized (or normalized) to step length was examined using regression analysis based on a previous study.

Results
A decrease in non-dimensional speed (i.e., walking speed) significantly increased the non-normalized (or normalized) hip moment impulse in the frontal plane during the stance phase. The relationship between walking speed and non-normalized (or normalized) hip moment impulse in the frontal plane was fitted by a second-order polynomial.

Discussion
This study revealed that a decrease in walking speed increased the non-normalized (or normalized) hip moment impulse in the frontal plane in healthy older adults. This finding is useful for understanding the relationship between walking speed and hip moment impulse in the frontal plane and suggests that a decrease in walking speed may actually increase the daily cumulative hip moment in the frontal plane of patients with hip osteoarthritis.
Malefactivos y benefactivos. Dos construcciones con dativo de afectación en el español de México
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Díaz García Luis Arturo , Ibáñez Cerda Sergio ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: November 2019

En términos tipológicos, se puede diferenciar entre las lenguas que tienen un recurso gramatical específico para marcar a los benefactivos y una forma distinta para los malefactivos, y las lenguas que no diferencian estas categorías con una marca específica. El español normalmente es clasificado entre este último tipo de lenguas (Smith, 2005; Radetzky y Smith, 2010: 99), pues, se arguye, cuenta con una construcción de afectación, la de dativo, que semánticamente activa tanto un efecto positivo como negativo. A partir de un análisis semántico-sintáctico de datos de uso del español de México, este estudio muestra que el dativo de afectación se distribuye en dos tipos de construcciones básicas: las agentivas y las eventivas. En términos de frecuencia, las primeras tienden a manifestar una afectación positiva; las segundas muestran, casi categóricamente, un efecto adverso. Esto indica que en español es posible distinguir dos subcategorías de dativo de afectación: el benefactivo y el malefactivo, y que por lo tanto pertenece, al menos parcialmente, a las lenguas que cuentan con un recurso gramatical diferenciador
A Project Report on Downstream Transmission Performance of GPON
Authors: Adhikary Apurba , Podder Etu , Bellal Hossain Md. , Shekhar Mondal Himadri , M. Aslam Uddin K. 
Published: November 2019

Aims: This paper presents a Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON) model which includes a power budget analysis, availability analysis and signal performance analysis of the system.
Study Design: A Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPON) model.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, between June 2017 and February 2018.
Methodology: The system performance is presented through various parameters such as Q factor, eye diagram.
Results: The proposed models have the nominal downstream bit rate 2Gbit/s with required bandwidth.
Conclusion: The model has very efficient packaging of user traffic, with frame segmentation to allow for higher QoS for delay-sensitive traffic such as voice and video communications.
Analytical Approach to Critical Diameters in Raindrop Size Distribution in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Adetan Oluwumi , Oludare Fagbohun Olumuyiwa 
Published: November 2019

Adequate information of the raindrop size distribution is very significant for the prediction and evaluation of attenuation signal due to rain. In this study, an analytical approach is adopted to determine the peak diameter where the specific rain attenuation is maxima in Durban (29º52'S, 30º58'E), South Africa; using the spherical raindrop shape at temperature T = 20ºC. The overall rainfall attenuation is computed by integrating over all the drop sizes and determine the differential change in the attenuation as observed over a fixed diameter interval, (= 0.1 mm). The critical diameters are the range of diameters where the rain attenuation is highly predominant, which constitutes the surface area under the curve and along the abscissa regions. The critical diameters are seen to coalesce around the peak diameter, at which the maximum attenuation occurs. The maximum specific rain attenuation peaks at the diameter It was observed that the peak diameter is frequency dependent while the parameters, µ, the mean and σ the standard deviation which determines the width of the distribution are found to be region-dependent. The peak attenuation for the stratiform rainfall type varies between 0.8 ≤ D ≤ 1.5 mm whereas for the convective rainfall, the specific rain attenuation peaks between 1.4 ≤ D ≤ 2.7 mm at all frequencies. A proper knowledge of the rainfall attenuation characteristics is useful for proper planning and for the purpose of link budget analysis by operators in this particular region.
Assessment of Off-season Water Supply Situation: The Case of Abetifi in the Kwahu-East District of Ghana
Authors: Adu Kumi John , Obiri Afari Philemon , Nyarko Beatrice 
Published: November 2019

The study aims to investigate the characterising features of off-season water supplies in the Kwahu-Abetifi Township, situated in the Kwahu-East District of Ghana.
A descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed for this research.
The study was conducted in the Kwahu East district of Ghana during August 2017 to December 2017.
A stratified sampling technique was employed to select 200 respondents for this study. Respondents were interviewed using prepared and validated questionnaires. Data obtained from the completed questionnaires were analysed by using the statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
The community people including school-going children, covered long distances and stayed in long queues to access water. They, however, spend long time in accessing water for their use in homes during the dry season. Durations respondents (n= 200) used in accessing water and returning to their homes were as follows: Approximately 15 minutes (10%); 20 minutes (16%); 35 minutes (22%); and more than 40 minutes (52%). The accessed water was perceived to be good (68%) and could be used for several domestic purposes including drinking (19%), cooking (47%), bathing and washing (34%). The study underscored the need for the revamp of broken down water supply systems in the study area and expansion of existing ones by Government to ease and improve accessibility for adequate and potable water supplies mainly during the dry season.
Beyond the Construction, Design and Planning Scenarios of Eco-Buildings
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan , Coman Mirela 
Published: November 2019

Lately, even in Romania, the interest in ecological homes has begun to take on proportions. Hugged by curiosity, but especially by reorienting towards a (more) healthier lifestyle, people seek to find out as much detail as possible about them - thus capturing the outline and the present work. Although eco-house construction is simple and eliminates many of the heavy stages of a classical construction, future homeowners omit, due to lack of information, this option, especially in the context in which we do not have a good filter of information about this subject, which will give us the real benefits we have.
Ecologic houses seem to be a trend with strong growth, because the shapes that they can wear are extremely varied. The great variety, low price and promise of ecological housing is likely to convince people to completely change their lifestyle. How well are we prepared for sustainable development? How do we meet the demands of today's society? What does a green house look like, how does it behave in time, and how much does it cost? What are the trends in designing a green house? These are just a few questions that we will answer during the work.
Prescription and Prescribing: An Overview of Basic Concepts Mostly Overlooked
Authors: Mohiuddin A. K. 
Published: November 2019

While drugs have the capacity to enhance health, they all have the potential to cause harm if prescribed inappropriately. For this reason, it is recommended that healthcare professionals who prescribe medications exercise critical thinking skills to ensure the safe and effective use of therapeutic agents. Pharmacists have crucial role plays in both handling prescription and prescribing. A rational prescribing is the sole of patient safety, compliance and patient relief. This paper proposes aims that a prescriber should try to achieve, both on first prescribing a drug to maximise effectiveness, minimise risks and costs, and respect the patient's actual need.
Background: Historically, the pharmaceutical and medical professions have devoted considerable time and effort to the development and rational utilisation of safe and effective drugs for the treatment and prevention of illness. Today, that successful effort continues, helping to achieve the highest standards of health in the world for the American people. But in order to gain maximum benefit from the use of drugs while minimising their adverse side effects, prescribers and pharmacists must maintain effective communications not only among themselves, but with their patients as well. The directions for drug use and other information which prescribers indicate on prescription orders and which pharmacists transfer to prescription labels are critical to safe and effective drug therapy. In order to assure that this information is conveyed clearly and effectively to patients, the following guidelines have been developed by the American Pharmaceutical Association and the American Society of Internal Medicine.
Support on Families with Autistic Children: An Exploratory Research
Authors: Nooraini W. A. H. Wan , Lukman Z. M. , Normala R. , Azlini C. , Kamal M. Y. 
Published: November 2019

Aim: The aim of this paper is to exploratory research support on Families with Autistic Children. Objective research is needed for identifying helpful resources and helping families with autistic children.
Methods: The approximated number of participants that answered the questionnaire are 406 people and consists of men and women. Process data collection is through the research which circulated to participants consisting of families with autistic children. After the research was ends and data already gathered, the researcher will access data achieved forcleaning data and then data will be analysed.
Results: The results revealed four support resources is a best social support that is spouses (husband/wife), another child, grandparents, and doctors as the percentage of support provided are very high compared to support from other sources. To achieve the objective, researchers have identified the "helpful" and " very helpful" support of the autism family as a result of the research findings. If seen, these four groups have a great influence on the lives of parents while managing their children with autism.
Conclusion: Parents or guardians have identified many positive and supportive aspects that really help them at all levels of support available. To meet the needs of these autism children, parents or guardians need to find the best source of support to produce quality attitudes that are caring, knowledgeable and caring in other communities. Parents or guardians specifically require the support of outsiders as the support is flexible and can find dynamic needs to meet the needs of families with these autism children.
The Impact of Glass Ceiling on Career Development of Executive Level Female Employees in Financial Sector in Kandy District
Authors: Victor Lourdes Dilakshini , Shamila Faizal Antanat 
Published: November 2019

In Sri Lanka even though women represent more than half of the population, their labour force participation rate is less than men. Men's participation in the labour force is twice as women's. In recent years women and gender issues have become a major area of concern. Even seminars, workshops and conferences are being held over the world to discuss women issues and women advancement in all spheres of life, still it exists the barriers for women career development.
This study was entirely design by centering the focal problem of impact of glass ceiling on career development. This study also attempts to identify the contribution factors which create the glass ceiling effect on women career development. The study was conducted to find out the impact of glass ceiling on women career development of executive level female employees in Financial Sector in Kandy district and hypotheses were developed to find out whether there is a significant impact of individual, family, organisational and cultural factors on women career development. The data were collected from 144 executive level female respondents out of 157 executive level female employees in Financial Sector at Kandy district with a structured questionnaire. For presenting and analysing the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used through SPSS 19.0 version and the results were derived.
The major finding of this study revealed that the glass ceiling and women career development has small negative relationship and individual, family and cultural factors have a significant impact on women career development while organisational factors have an insignificant impact on women career development. Further, in this study Adjusted R2 of women career development is 0646. It is explained that 64.6% of women career development is explained by glass ceiling. The conclusion was finally made that there are significant impact of the glass ceiling on women career development of executive level female employees in the financial sector at Kandy district.