bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure, phase compositions, and microwave dielectric properties of malayaite‐type Ca1−xSrxSnSiO5 ceramics
Authors: Du Kang , Fan Jun , Zou Zheng‐Yu , Song Xiao‐Qiang , Lu Wen‐Zhong , Lei Wen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLow‐permittivity Ca1−xSrxSnSiO5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.45) microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared via traditional state‐reaction at 1400°C‐1450°C for 5 hours. Moreover the microwave dielectric properties of SnO2 ceramic were obtained for the first time. SnO2 ceramic was difficult to densify, and SnO2 ceramic (ρrel = 65.1%) that was sintered at 1525°C exhibited the optimal microwave dielectric properties of εr = 5.27, Q × f = 89 300 GHz (at 14.5 GHz), and τf = −26.7 ppm/°C. For Ca1−xSrxSnSiO5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) ceramics, Sr2+ could be dissolved in the Ca2+ site of Ca1−xSrxSnSiO5 to form a single phase, and the partial substitution of Ca2+ by Sr2+ could improve the microwave dielectric properties of CaSnSiO5 ceramic. Secondary phases (SnO2 and SrSiO3) appeared at 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.45 and could adjust the abnormally positive τf value of CaSnSiO5 ceramic. The highest Q × f value (60 100 GHz at 10.4 GHz) and optimal microwave dielectric properties (εr = 9.42, Q × f = 47 500 GHz at 12.4 GHz, and τf = −1.2 ppm/°C) of Ca1−xSrxSnSiO5 ceramics were obtained at x = 0.05 and 0.45, respectively.
High‐pressure torsion of SiO2 quartz sand: Phase transformation, optical properties, and significance in geology
Authors: Wang Qing , Edalati Kaveh , Fujita Ikuro , Watanabe Motonori , Ishihara Tatsumi , Horita Zenji 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhase transformation and optical properties of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) quartz sand under high pressure/temperature has been of interest in geology and optical physics for many years. In this study, besides high pressure/temperature, high plastic strain is simultaneously applied to the quartz sand by high‐pressure torsion (HPT) processing. The material shows oxygen vacancy formation and transformation to (a) a denser nanocrystalline quartz phase, (b) a high‐temperature amorphous phase and (c) a high‐pressure coesite phase. These structural and microstructural changes lead to light absorbance, electron spin resonance, photoluminscence and photocatalytic activity, while these changes are enhanced by increasing strain. This study introduces a possible pressure‐temperature‐strain‐based mechanism for the formation of naturally observed vacancies and coesite phase in SiO2‐based minerals and sands.
Effect of Children ‐ Generated Illustrations in text on Pupils’ Achievement in Phonics
Authors: Ibenegbu Christopher Ifeanyichukwu , Ubah Ritadoris Educhi , Okwo Fred Amunabo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe study investigated the effects of children‐generated illustrations and gender on pupils’ achievement in phonics in the Udenu Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study employed a non‐equivalent quasi‐experimental 2 x 2 factorial research design. Some 172 primary two pupils from 4 schools were used for the study. The English Achievement Test (EAT) was used to collect data. Three hypotheses were tested. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that there was a significant main effect for illustration on pupils’ achievement in phonics F(1,167) = 24.596, p<.000; there was non‐significant main effect of gender on pupils’ achievement in phonics F (1,167) = 0.291, p <.082; and there was non‐significant interaction effect of illustration and gender on pupils’ achievement in phonics F (1,167) = .253, p <.615. It was recommended that the Ministries of Education should ensure that textbook authors incorporate children‐generated illustrations in the instructional materials for pupils.
Neurocognitive markers of late‐onset ADHD: a 6‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Ilbegi Shahrzad , Buitelaar Jan K. , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Hartman Catharina A. , Franke Barbara , Faraone Stephen V. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Luman Marjolein , van Lieshout Marloes , Rommelse Nanda N.J. 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThere is an increased interest in ‘late‐onset’ attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), referring to the onset of clinically significant ADHD symptoms after the age of 12 years. This study aimed to examine whether unaffected siblings with late‐onset ADHD could be differentiated from stable unaffected siblings by their neurocognitive functioning in childhood.MethodsWe report findings from a 6‐year prospective, longitudinal study of the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study, including individuals with childhood‐onset (persistent) ADHD (n = 193), their siblings with late‐onset ADHD (n = 34), their stable unaffected siblings (n = 111) and healthy controls (n = 186). At study entry (mean age: 11.3) and follow‐up (mean age: 17.01), participants were assessed for ADHD by structured psychiatric interviews and multi‐informant questionnaires. Several neurocognitive functions were assessed at baseline and after 6 years, including time reproduction, timing variability (reaction time variability and time production variability), reaction time speed, motor control and working memory; intelligence was taken as a measure of overall neurocognitive functioning.ResultsSiblings with late‐onset ADHD were similar to individuals with childhood‐onset ADHD in showing longer reaction times and/or higher error rates on all neurocognitive measures at baseline and follow‐up, when compared to healthy controls. They differed from stable unaffected siblings (who were similar to healthy controls) by greater reaction time variability and timing production variability at baseline. No significant group by time interaction was found for any of the tasks.ConclusionsFor unaffected siblings of individuals with ADHD, reaction time variability and timing production variability may serve as neurocognitive marker for late‐onset ADHD.
Investigating attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder traits in the general population: What happens in adult life?
Authors: Riglin Lucy , Leppert Beate , Langley Kate , Thapar Ajay K. , O'Donovan Michael C. , Davey Smith George , Stergiakouli Evie , Tilling Kate , Thapar Anita 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are generally considered early‐onset disorders so most research has therefore tended to focus on children. Differences between ADHD/ASD in adult life and childhood have been noted, but few population‐based studies have examined them in adulthood. Furthermore, the interpretation of findings is hampered by changes in measure and from parent report to self‐report.MethodWe examined continuous/trait measures of parent‐ and self‐rated ADHD and ASD in adulthood (age 25 years) in a UK prospective longitudinal sample ALPSAC (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), using many of the same measures that parents reported on in childhood (N = 6,064). Our aim was to investigate these traits in this population for mean‐level sex differences, overlaps with other cognitive, learning and communication problems and their associations with polygenic risk scores (PRS) for neuropsychiatric disorders (ADHD, ASD, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety).ResultsADHD and ASD traits in adulthood, as in childhood, showed associations with childhood cognitive, learning and communication problems and adult communication/language measures, although less so for self‐ratings than parent‐ratings. Males had higher ADHD and ASD trait levels, but this was not as marked as in childhood. In adulthood, ADHD (both parent‐ and self‐rated) and ASD (parent‐rated) symptoms showed associations with ADHD PRS; self‐reported ADHD also showed association with depression PRS, whereas self‐reported ASD did not show strong PRS associations.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in young adults, ADHD and ASD symptoms have similar characteristics as they do in childhood. Associations with other cognitive, learning and communication problems, and ADHD PRS were somewhat less pronounced for self‐reported adult ADHD and ASD symptoms, suggesting that even at age 25, parent reports, where available, could be clinically useful.
Role of O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine in the homeostasis of metabolic organs, and its potential links with diabetes and its complications
Authors: Morino Katsutaro , Maegawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent studies using genetically manipulated mouse models have shown the pivotal role of O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine modification (O‐GlcNAcylation) in the metabolism of multiple organs. The molecular mechanism involves the sensing of glucose flux by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which leads to the adjustment of cellular metabolism to protect against changes in the environment of each organ through O‐GlcNAcylation. More recently, not only glucose, but also fluxes of amino acids and fatty acids have been reported to induce O‐GlcNAcylation, affecting multiple cellular processes. In this review, we discuss how O‐GlcNAcylation maintains homeostasis in organs that are affected by diabetes mellitus: skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and pancreatic β‐cells. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of O‐GlcNAcylation in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms whereby cellular homeostasis is maintained, despite changes in metabolic flux, these studies might provide new targets for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and its complications.
Revised Taxonomy and Expanded Biodiversity of the Phytomyxea (Rhizaria, Endomyxa)
Authors: Hittorf Michaela , Letsch‐Praxmarer Susanne , Windegger Alexandra , Bass David , Kirchmair Martin , Neuhauser Sigrid 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhytomyxea (phytomyxids) is a group of obligate biotrophic pathogens belonging to the Rhizaria. Some phytomyxids are well studied and include known plant pathogens such as Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease. Despite this economic importance, the taxonomy and biodiversity of this group are largely cryptic, with many species described in the premolecular area. Some of these species were key for establishing the morphotaxonomic concepts that define most genera to this day, but systematic efforts to include and integrate those species into molecular studies are still lacking. The aim of this study was to expand our understanding of phytomyxid biodiversity in terrestrial environments. Thirty‐eight environmental samples from habitats in which novel and known diversity of Phytomyxea was expected were analysed. We were able to generate 18S rRNA sequences from Ligniera verrucosa, a species which is well defined based on ultrastructure. Phylogenetic analyses of the collected sequences rendered the genera Lignera, Plasmodiophora and Spongospora polyphyletic, and identified two novel and apparently diverse lineages (clade 17, clade 18). Based on these findings and on data from previous studies, we formally establish the new genera Pseudoligniera n. gen. for L. verrucosa,Hillenburgia n. gen. for Spongospora nasturtii and revert Plasmodiophora diplantherae to its original name Ostenfeldiella diplantherae.
Group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection in fish
Authors: Maekawa Shun , Wang Yi‐Ting , Yoshida Terutoyo , Wang Pei‐Chi , Chen Shih‐Chu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStreptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (GCSD) is a Gram‐positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium and mostly non‐β‐haemolytic with Lancefield group C antigen. GCSD infection has been identified in various vertebrates. From 2002 to the present, GCSD infection of fish has been reported to cause severe economic losses in aquaculture farms around the world. Moreover, GCSD isolates from teleosts have been identified in patients with ascending upper limb cellulitis. Therefore, the economic and clinical significance of GCSD has increased in aquaculture, livestock and human health. Many studies have been presented, from the first report of isolated GCSD in fish, to the pathogenesis, characterization, immune responses and vaccine development. In this review, we present the current knowledge of GCSD in teleosts.
Labor Responses, Regulation, and Business Churn
Authors: ALOI MARTA , DIXON HUW , SAVAGAR ANTHONY 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe develop a model of sluggish firm entry to explain short‐run labor responses to technology shocks. We show that the labor response to technology and its persistence depend on the degree of returns to labor and the rate of firm entry. Existing empirical results support our theory based on short‐run labor responses across U.S. industries. We derive closed‐form transition paths that show the result occurs because labor adjusts instantaneously while firms are sluggish, and closed‐form eigenvalues show that stricter entry regulation results in slower convergence to steady state. Finally, we show that our theoretical results hold in a quantitative model with capital accumulation and interest rate dynamics.
Glioma cells survival depends both on fatty acid oxidation and on functional carnitine transport by SLC22A5
Authors: Juraszek Barbara , Czarnecka‐Herok Joanna , Nałęcz Katarzyna A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, but current treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is insufficient. Even though glucose is the primary energetic substrate of glioma cells, they are capable of using fatty acids to generate energy. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mitochondria requires L‐carnitine for the formation of acylcarnitines by carnitine palmitoylotransferase 1 (CPT1) and further transport of acyl carnitine esters to mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine can be delivered to the cell by an organic cation/carnitine transporter—SLC22A5/OCTN2. In this study, we show that SLC22A5 is up‐regulated in glioma cells and that they vary in the amount of SLC22A5 in the plasma membrane. Research on glioma cells (lines U87MG, LN229, T98G) with various expression levels of SLC22A5 demonstrated a correlation between the FAO rate, the level of the transporter, and the carnitine transport. Inhibition of carnitine transport by chemotherapeutics, such as vinorelbine and vincristine, led to inhibition of FAO, which was further intensified by etomoxir—a CPT1 inhibitor. This led to reduced viability and increased apoptosis in glioma cells. Modulation of SLC22A5 level by either silencing or up‐regulation of SLC22A5 also affected glioma cell survival in a FAO‐dependent way. These observations suggest that the survival of glioma cells is heavily reliant on both FAO and SLC22A5 activity, as well as that CPT1 and SLC22A5 might be possible drug targets.
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Botulinum toxin type A as a novel method of preventing cleft lip scar hypertrophy—A literature review
Authors: Bartkowska Patrycja , Roszak Justyna , Ostrowski Hubert , Komisarek Oskar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundCleft lip is a congenital development defect. Primary cleft lip repair leads to cleft scar formation. The resulting scar often undergoes hypertrophy, which negatively affects the facial esthetics, function, and patient's mental health. One of the methods used in scar therapy described in recent years is botulinum toxin injections The aim of this work is to present current knowledge about the impact of botulinum toxin A on cleft lip scar appearance and its effect on scar hypertrophy.MethodsThe literature search was conducted in the English language via the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.ResultsThe results show injections seem to be a promising method in cleft lip scar management. However, future studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are necessary to assess the effect of BoNT‐A compared with placebo and to determine the optimal dosages and injection schemes for BoNT‐A treatment in cleft lip patients.
Deoxycholic acid in the submental fat reduction: A review of properties, adverse effects, and complications
Authors: Farina Gabriela Alacarini , Cherubini Karen , de Figueiredo Maria Antonia Zancanaro , Salum Fernanda Gonçalves 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDeoxycholic acid (DCA) was developed by the pharmaceutical industry for aesthetical use in submental fat reduction. It represents the first lipolytic substance approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for fat reduction in that area.AimsThis study presents an update of properties and the use of DCA, as well as adverse events and possible complications.MethodsA search in MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Bireme/LILACS databases was performed using the terms: “deoxycholic acid” OR “ATX‐101” AND “injection” NOT “amphotericin” NOT “biliary” NOT “bile.” Experimental studies developed in animals, clinical trials, literature reviews, case reports, and letters to the editor that included the DCA mechanism of action, dose, manner of use, adverse effects, and complications were selected.ResultsThe most frequent adverse events are edema, local pain, bruise, and numbness, which usually spontaneously regress. However, complications, including, skin necrosis, nerve injury, alopecia, and vascular events, can occur, demanding complex management without specific protocols.ConclusionAlthough DCA is beneficial for lysis of adipose tissue, clinicians should be aware about the adverse effects and risks involved with the use of this substance. The knowledge of local anatomy, properties, and adverse effects are fundamental to treatment with DCA.
Attributing Problem‐Solving to God, Receiving Social Support, and Stress‐Moderation
Authors: Rainville G. “Chuck” , Krause Neal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis research note explores the stress‐moderating effects of attributing a problem‐solving role to God among a nationwide sample of 2,260 Americans. Specifically, the ways in which the perception of “God‐as‐a‐problem‐solver” moderates stress is explored for Americans reporting low and high levels of social support from other people. Within a model that interacts two moderators (i.e., a moderated moderation analysis), two predictions are tested that extend from social support and sense of control frameworks. Consistent with one prediction, viewing God‐as‐a‐problem‐solver had a stress‐buffering effect (i.e., a reduction of the negative impact of life stressors on a depressive symptomology outcome measure) among those receiving low social support. Consistent with a second prediction, viewing God‐as‐a‐problem‐solver served as a stress‐exacerbator among those already receiving high levels of social support. Findings suggest that the optimal count of supportive sets of entities (be it God or other people) is no fewer or no more than one.
Historical charcoal burning and coppicing suppressed beech and increased forest vegetation heterogeneity
Authors: Máliš František , Bobek Přemysl , Hédl Radim , Chudomelová Markéta , Petřík Petr , Ujházy Karol , Ujházyová Mariana , Kopecký Martin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractQuestionsLong‐term legacies of historical human activities in temperate forests are increasingly recognised as an important driver of vegetation diversity and composition. To uncover centuries‐old legacies, novel approaches are, however, needed. Here, we combine anthracology of historical charcoal kilns and long‐term vegetation resurveys. We asked whether the historical coppicing oriented on charcoal production affected tree‐species composition and how the forest understorey vegetation changed after the coppicing was abandoned.LocationTemperate broadleaved forests in the Slovak Karst National Park, central Europe.MethodsTo explore the historical forest structure and long‐term changes in tree composition, we sampled charcoal remains from 28 historical kilns, identified the burnt tree taxa and estimated the original diameter of the burnt wood. To analyse the vegetation changes over the last four decades, we resurveyed plant composition of 60 quasi‐permanent plots established in 1975.ResultsHistorical charcoal burning was associated with coppicing, which decreased Fagus sylvatica dominance and favoured Quercus spp. in the tree layer. Several decades after the abandonment of coppicing, we observed the decline of Quercus spp. and spread of shade‐casting tree species with nutrient‐rich litter. This probably triggered the identified demise of light‐demanding species, the spread of nitrophytes and taxonomic homogenisation of the forest understorey.ConclusionsThe shift from historical coppicing to current high‐forest management was likely a main driver of the observed taxonomic homogenisation and decline of light‐demanding plants, as in other European lowland forests. Long‐term data from charcoal kilns showed, however, that closed‐canopy forests dominated by beech were historically more common and observed changes in vegetation thus represent a natural process. Findings also suggest that coppicing taking place over centuries enhanced diversity of forest understorey vegetation. Our novel approach combining a vegetation resurvey and charcoal kiln anthracology thus uncovered otherwise hidden links between current biological processes and the historical human legacies, with consequent important implications for nature protection and management.
Facultative hemiepiphytism as a recruitment strategy in small‐seeded tree species
Authors: Dawes Thomas N. , Burns Kevin C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsShade‐tolerant tree species often produce larger seeds with greater energetic resources to cope with light limitation. On the other hand, shade‐intolerant species often produce smaller seeds with greater dispersal potential to colonise lighter, more disturbed areas of forest. We test the hypothesis that small‐seeded species utilise an alternative recruitment strategy in a southern temperate rainforest by establishing epiphytically on the trunks of tree ferns.LocationWellington region, North Island of New Zealand.MethodsTo assess whether small‐seeded tree species rely on tree fern epiphytism for recruitment we quantified relative abundances of both epiphytic and terrestrial subpopulations in 14 woody plant species across a range of seed sizes. We used a paired study design where we surveyed all 3,727 woody plants occurring on 322 tree ferns and in matching forest floor plots of equivalent area. Using a linear model, we then assessed the relationship between species’ seed size and their epiphytic tendency (arboreality).ResultsArboreality scores differed both between species and between life history stages. Seed size predicted arboreality regardless of life history stage, with small‐seeded species more likely to occur arboreally than larger‐seeded ones. However, the effect of seed size decreased predictably in later life history stages. Seed size also predicted arboreality when the model was rerun using subsets of data restricted to common understorey tree ferns.ConclusionInterspecific differences in the epiphytic establishment of New Zealand tree species are pronounced, with only smaller‐seeded species able to use this regeneration niche. Small‐seeded species, especially Weinmannia racemosa, appear to be utilising an alternative recruitment strategy by establishing epiphytically on tree fern trunks.