bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary sodium and potassium intake: knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards dietary salt intake among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Saje Semira Mitiku , Endris Bilal Shikur , Nagasa Bikila , Ashebir Genet , Gebreyesus Seifu Hagos 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to estimate the consumption of Na and K and to assess salt-related knowledge, attitude and behaviour among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Design:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Estimates of Na and K intake were made using repeated multiple-pass 24-h dietary recall as well as using random urine. The usual intake of Na and K from the 24-h dietary recall was determined using the National Cancer Institute methodology. Estimated 24-h Na and K excretion was calculated using International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure and Tanaka formula.Settings:Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia.Participants:Individuals aged 20 years and above residing in the city.Result:The mean Na and K intake estimated using the diet recall data was 3·0 (0·9) g/d and 1·9 (0·6) g/d, respectively. Based on the urine analysis, the estimated mean Na and K intakes were 3·3 (0·7) g/d and 1·9 (0·4) g/d, respectively. Moreover, the analysis showed that the mean Na:K ratio was 2·5 (1·4). The daily intake of K was below the recommended amount for all study participants. More than 98 % and 90 % of participants had an excess intake of Na and Na:K ratio, respectively.Conclusion:We found a high prevalence of inadequate K intake as well as excess intake of Na resulting in an increased prevalence of excess Na:K ratio. Thus, interventions targeting to decrease Na intake and to increase K intake are needed.
Economic freedom and antisemitism
Authors: Berggren Niclas , Nilsson Therese 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe examine how variation in antisemitism across countries can be explained by economic freedom. We propose two mechanisms. First, the more economic freedom, the greater the scope of market activities. If people perceive Jews as particularly skilful at doing business at the expense of others, a greater reliance on markets can increase antisemitism. Second, a key type of institution undergirding the market is an effective and fair legal system, or the rule of law. The stronger the rule of law, the smaller the risk for exploitative behaviour, and the less hostile people will be towards groups seen as exploiters. If Jews are seen as such, more economic freedom reduces antisemitism. We use the ADL Global 100 survey of antisemitic attitudes and relate them, for up to 106 countries, to the Economic Freedom of the World index and its five areas. Our empirical findings confirm the two predictions: The more economic openness, the more antisemitism; and the stronger the rule of law, the less antisemitism. These findings indicate a complex relationship between markets and attitudes towards Jews.
Making friends with uncertainty: experiences of developing a transdiagnostic group intervention targeting intolerance of uncertainty in IAPT. Feasibility, acceptability and implications
Authors: Mofrad Layla , Tiplady Ashley , Payne Danielle , Freeston Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCo-morbid mental health diagnoses present challenges for services structured to provide disorder-specific models of treatment, such as those structured around Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT). Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been identified as both disorder specific and transdiagnostic, although little research explores transdiagnostic approaches to treatment of IU alone. A cognitive behavioural therapy treatment targeting IU previously established for individual therapy was adapted for a group within an IAPT primary care service: the ‘Making Friends with Uncertainty’ (MFWU) group. Twenty patients presenting with symptoms of a range of disorders including generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and depression completed the intervention in three groups. Measures of IU, anxiety and depression administered in the first and final sessions of the group have been analysed as well as examining common themes in participant feedback and facilitators’ own reflections. The results showed that nine participants (45%) showed reliable change in IU following the group and 16 (80%) showed reliable change on a measure of depression or anxiety. A thematic analysis identified universality, tolerance and acceptance and the manifestation of IU in the group process as key. The results suggest that the MFWU group provides an effective and feasible option for individuals presenting to IAPT services, including those reporting co-morbid difficulties. Implications for future practice are discussed as iteration and evaluation of the framework and content will continue.Key learning aims(1)To gain an overview of a transdiagnostic model of IU.(2)To develop understanding of a group intervention for building tolerance to uncertainty.(3)To describe some group processes observed and learn from the delivery of a transdiagnostic group intervention.(4)To consider applications of transdiagnostic treatment in a group setting in IAPT.(5)To understand how to structure a group treatment for IU, and which factors to consider.
Constraining Uncertainty in Projected Gross Primary Production With Machine Learning
Authors: Schlund Manuel , Eyring Veronika , Camps‐Valls Gustau , Friedlingstein Pierre , Gentine Pierre , Reichstein Markus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe terrestrial biosphere is currently slowing down global warming by absorbing about 30% of human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The largest flux of the terrestrial carbon uptake is gross primary production (GPP) defined as the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis. Elevated atmospheric CO2concentration is expected to increase GPP (“CO2fertilization effect”). However, Earth system models (ESMs) exhibit a large range in simulated GPP projections. In this study, we combine an existing emergent constraint on CO2fertilization with a machine learning approach to constrain the spatial variations of multimodel GPP projections. In a first step, we use observed changes in the CO2seasonal cycle at Cape Kumukahi to constrain the global mean GPP at the end of the 21st century (2091–2100) in Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 simulations with ESMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to 171 ± 12 Gt C yr−1, compared to the unconstrained model range of 156–247 Gt C yr−1. In a second step, we use a machine learning model to constrain gridded future absolute GPP and gridded fractional GPP change in two independent approaches. For this, observational data are fed into the machine learning algorithm that has been trained on CMIP5 data to learn relationships between present‐day physically relevant diagnostics and the target variable. In a leave‐one‐model‐out cross‐validation approach, the machine learning model shows superior performance to the CMIP5 ensemble mean. Our approach predicts an increased GPP change in northern high latitudes compared to regions closer to the equator.
Quantification of Chaotic Intrinsic Variability of Sea‐Air CO2 Fluxes at Interannual Timescales
Authors: Gehlen M. , Berthet S. , Séférian R. , Ethé Ch. , Penduff T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChaotic intrinsic variability (CIV) emerges spontaneously from nonlinear ocean dynamics even without any atmospheric variability. Eddy‐permitting numerical simulations suggest that CIV is a significant contributor to the interannual to decadal variability of physical properties. Here we show from an ensemble of global ocean eddy‐permitting simulations that large‐scale interannual CIV propagates from physical properties to sea‐air CO2 fluxes in areas of high mesoscale eddy activity (e.g., Southern Ocean and western boundary currents). In these regions and at scales larger than 500 km (~5°), CIV contributes significantly to the interannual variability of sea‐air CO2 fluxes. Between 35°S and 45°S (midlatitude Southern Ocean), CIV amounts to 23.76 TgC yr−1 or one half of the atmospherically forced variability. Locally, its contribution to the total interannual variance of sea‐air CO2 fluxes exceeds 76%. Outside eddy‐active regions its contribution to total interannual variability is below 16%.
Late 20th Century Indian Ocean Heat Content Gain Masked by Wind Forcing
Authors: Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Ryan Svenja , England Matthew H. , Scheinert Markus , Wagner Patrick , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRapid increases in upper 700‐m Indian Ocean heat content (IOHC) since the 2000s have focused attention on its role during the recent global surface warming hiatus. Here, we use ocean model simulations to assess distinct multidecadal IOHC variations since the 1960s and explore the relative contributions from wind stress and buoyancy forcing regionally and with depth. Multidecadal wind forcing counteracted IOHC increases due to buoyancy forcing from the 1960s to the 1990s. Wind and buoyancy forcing contribute positively since the mid‐2000s, accounting for the drastic IOHC change. Distinct timing and structure of upper ocean temperature changes in the eastern and western Indian Ocean are linked to the pathway how multidecadal wind forcing associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation is transmitted and affects IOHC through local and remote winds. Progressive shoaling of the equatorial thermocline—of importance for low‐frequency variations in Indian Ocean Dipole occurrence—appears to be dominated by multidecadal variations in wind forcing.
Common Mechanism for Interannual and Decadal Variability in the East African Long Rains
Authors: Walker Dean P. , Marsham John H. , Birch Cathryn E. , Scaife Adam A. , Finney Declan L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe East African long rains constitute the main crop‐growing season in the region. Interannual predictability of this season is low in comparison to the short rains, and recent decadal drying contrasts with climate projections of a wetter future (the “East African climate paradox”). Here, we show that long rains rainfall totals are strongly correlated with 700 hPa zonal winds across the Congo basin and Gulf of Guinea (
). Westerly anomalies align with more rainfall, with the same mechanism controlling covariability on interannual and decadal time scales. On both time scales wind anomalies are linked to geopotential anomalies over the Sahel and Sahara, and warming there. Rainfall and wind are significantly correlated with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) amplitude, and around 18% of the decadal drying can be explained by MJO amplitude variability. This work shows that predictions of East African rainfall across time scales require robust prediction of both zonal winds and MJO activity.
Turbulent Wavefield Morphology and Ion Scattering in the Magnetosheath
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Travnicek P. , Russell C. T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe analyze multipoint measurements in magnetosheath plasmas, just upstream of the Earth's magnetopause, to investigate the morphology of the turbulent fields and coincident 3‐D ion distributions observed. Using interferometric and generalized wave polarization analyses, we show how the fields comprise a multiscale spectrum of Alfvénic structures composed of flow shears and vortices, and current sheets and filaments advected over the spacecraft with the magnetosheath flow. It is shown how these features are correlated with intervals of enhanced ion energy, temperature anisotropy, and impulsive variations in the agyrotropy of ion velocity space distributions. It is demonstrated that the observed variation in ion properties is inconsistent with an adiabatic response but is instead correlated with the spectral energy density of nonplanar structures at ion gyroradii scales. The capacity of these field structures to scatter ions is considered.
Holocene Monsoon Change and Abrupt Events on the Western Chinese Loess Plateau as Revealed by Accurately Dated Stalagmites
Authors: Tan Liangcheng , Li Yanzhen , Wang Xiqian , Cai Yanjun , Lin Fangyuan , Cheng Hai , Ma Le , Sinha Ashish , Edwards R. Lawrence 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHere we present, to date, the highest‐resolved (~5 years) and most precisely dated Holocene monsoon climate reconstruction for the western Chinese Loess Plateau based on five replicated stalagmite δ18O records from Wuya Cave, eastern Gansu, China. Our record suggests the wettest period occurred between 10,500 and 6,600 a BP in this region. After this period, the amplitude of Asian summer monsoon decadal‐scale variability progressively increased likely in response to increasing ENSO frequency since the middle Holocene. Our study reveals similar asymmetric centennial‐scale double‐plunging structures of the 8.2, 5.5, and 2.8 ka events in the western Chinese Loess Plateau, suggesting a possible role of solar activity whose impact was amplified around 8.2 ka BP by the meltwater flood. In contrast, the 4.2 ka event exhibit gradually declining monsoon rainfall with centennial‐ to decadal‐scale fluctuations.
Recent Increase in Tropical Cyclone Weakening Rates Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. , Duan Yihong , Guo Hongtao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigates annual mean changes in 24‐h weakening rates of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) and annual number of rapid weakening (RW) events from 1982 to 2019. There is a significant increasing trend in the mean weakening rate, which correlates with a significant increase in RW number. Because stronger TCs are more likely to experience greater weakening rates and thus undergo RW, the increase in the ratio of intense TCs to all TCs can cause an increase in the weakening rate and RW frequency. Furthermore, the weakening rate and the RW number significantly increase over the region of 25°N–35°N, 120°E–150°E from 1982–2000 to 2001–2019. Over this region, there are stronger sea surface temperature gradients in more recent years, likely contributing to a higher probability of TCs undergoing RW. Other environmental variables do not exhibit significant changes. Our study highlights inhomogeneous Pacific warming that may favor RW of TCs.
Rapid Reconfiguration of the Greenland Ice Sheet Coastal Margin
Authors: Moon Twila A. , Gardner Alex S. , Csatho Beata , Parmuzin Ivan , Fahnestock Mark A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Greenland Ice Sheet has lost mass at an accelerating rate over the last two decades, but limits of early remote sensing restricted examination of localized change at an ice‐sheet‐wide scale. We use satellite‐derived ice sheet surface velocities, glacier terminus advance/retreat, and surface elevation change data spanning ~1985–2015 to explore local characteristics of what is now a rapid reconfiguration of the ice sheet coastal margin. Widespread glacier terminus retreat is a more consistent climate response indicator than surface velocities, though local velocity patterns provide indicators of ice flow reconfiguration, including narrowing zones of fast‐flow, ice flow rerouting, and outlet abandonment. The implications of this observed rapid reconfiguration are wide ranging and likely include alteration of subglacial hydrology, iceberg discharge, liquid freshwater flux, potential nutrient and sediment flux, and mass flux. Without detailed observations of earlier deglaciations and with present limits on ice sheet model capabilities, these observational records provide an important analogue for past deglaciation and for projecting future ice loss.
Evaluation of an angiotensin Type 1 receptor blocker on the reconsolidation of fear memory
Authors: Swiercz Adam P. , Iyer Laxmi , Yu Zhe , Edwards Allison , Prashant N. M. , Nguyen Bryan N. , Horvath Anelia , Marvar Paul J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInhibition of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) has been shown to decrease fear responses in both humans and rodents. These effects are attributed to modulation of extinction learning, however the contribution of AT1R to alternative memory processes remains unclear. Using classic Pavlovian conditioning combined with radiotelemetry and whole-genome RNA sequencing, we evaluated the effects of the AT1R antagonist losartan on fear memory reconsolidation. Following the retrieval of conditioned auditory fear memory, animals were given a single intraperitoneal injection of losartan or saline. In response to the conditioned stimulus (CS), losartan-treated animals exhibited significantly less freezing at 24 h and 1 week; an effect that was dependent upon memory reactivation and independent of conditioned cardiovascular reactivity. Using an unbiased whole-genome RNA sequencing approach, transcriptomic analysis of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) identified losartan-dependent differences in gene expression during the reconsolidation phase. These findings demonstrate that post-retrieval losartan modifies behavioral and transcriptomic markers of conditioned fear memory, supporting an important regulatory role for this receptor in reconsolidation and as a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for maladaptive fear disorders such as PTSD.
Early expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibits SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response and may predict fatal COVID-19 outcome
Authors: Sacchi Alessandra , Grassi Germana , Bordoni Veronica , Lorenzini Patrizia , Cimini Eleonora , Casetti Rita , Tartaglia Eleonora , Marchioni Luisa , Petrosillo Nicola , Palmieri Fabrizio , D’Offizi Gianpiero , Notari Stefania , Tempestilli Massimo , Capobianchi Maria Rosaria , Nicastri Emanuele , Maeurer Markus , Zumla Alimuddin , Locatelli Franco , Antinori Andrea , Ippolito Giuseppe , Agrati Chiara 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe immunological mechanisms underlying the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and those influencing the disease outcome remain to be defined. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been described to be highly increased during COVID-19, however, their role remains elusive. We performed an in depth analysis of MDSC in 128 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC expanded during COVID-19, in particular in patients who required intensive care treatments, and correlated with IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α plasma levels. PMN-MDSC inhibited T-cells IFN-γ production upon SARS-CoV-2 peptides stimulation, through TGF-β- and iNOS-mediated mechanisms, possibly contrasting virus elimination. Accordingly, a multivariate regression analysis found a strong association between PMN-MDSC percentage and fatal outcome of the disease. The PMN-MDSC frequency was higher in non-survivors than survivors at the admission time, followed by a decreasing trend. Interestingly, this trend was associated with IL-6 increase in non-survivors but not in survivors. In conclusion, this study indicates PMN-MDSC as a novel factor in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2 infection, and open up to new therapeutic options.
The anti-malarial drug atovaquone potentiates platinum-mediated cancer cell death by increasing oxidative stress
Authors: Coates James T. T. , Rodriguez-Berriguete Gonzalo , Puliyadi Rathi , Ashton Thomas , Prevo Remko , Wing Archie , Granata Giovanna , Pirovano Giacomo , McKenna Gillies W. , Higgins Geoff S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlatinum chemotherapies are highly effective cytotoxic agents but often induce resistance when used as monotherapies. Combinatorial strategies limit this risk and provide effective treatment options for many cancers. Here, we repurpose atovaquone (ATQ), a well-tolerated & FDA-approved anti-malarial agent by demonstrating that it potentiates cancer cell death of a subset of platinums. We show that ATQ in combination with carboplatin or cisplatin induces striking and repeatable concentration- and time-dependent cell death sensitization in vitro across a variety of cancer cell lines. ATQ induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH) pools in a concentration-dependent manner. The superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTBAP rescues ATQ-induced mROS production and pre-loading cells with the GSH prodrug N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) abrogates the sensitization. Together, these findings implicate ATQ-induced oxidative stress as key mediator of the sensitizing effect. At physiologically achievable concentrations, ATQ and carboplatin furthermore synergistically delay the growth of three-dimensional avascular spheroids. Clinically, ATQ is a safe and specific inhibitor of the electron transport chain (ETC) and is concurrently being repurposed as a candidate tumor hypoxia modifier. Together, these findings suggest that ATQ is deserving of further study as a candidate platinum sensitizing agent.
Trichohyalin-like 1 protein plays a crucial role in proliferation and anti-apoptosis of normal human keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Makino Teruhiko , Mizawa Megumi , Yoshihisa Yoko , Yamamoto Seiji , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Miyai Masashi , Hibino Toshihiko , Sasahara Masakiyo , Shimizu Tadamichi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEpidermal differentiation is a complex process that requires the regulated and sequential expression of various genes. Most fused-type S100 proteins are expressed in the granular layer and it is hypothesized that these proteins may be associated with cornification and barrier formation. We previously identified a member of the fused-type S100 proteins, Trichohyalin-like 1 (TCHHL1) protein. TCHHL1 is distributed in the basal layer of the normal epidermis. Furthermore, the expression is markedly increased in cancerous/non-cancerous skin samples with the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. We herein examined the role of TCHHL1 in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The knockdown of TCHHL1 by transfection with TCHHL1 siRNA significantly inhibited proliferation and induced the early apoptosis of NHKs. In TCHHL1-knockdown NHKs, the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was markedly decreased. In addition, the slight inhibition of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) phosphorylation and upregulation of forkhead box-containing protein O1(FOXO1), B-cell lymphoma2 (BCL2) and Bcl2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) was observed. Skin-equivalent models built by TCHHL1-knockdown NHKs showed a markedly hypoplastic epidermis. These findings highlight that TCHHL1 plays an important role in homeostasis of the normal epidermis. TCHHL1 was expressed in the growing cells of cutaneous SCC; therefore, we next examined an association with the cell growth in HSC-1 cells (a human SCC line). In HSC-1 cells, the knockdown of TCHHL1 also suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. These cells showed an inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and signal transducers and activator of transcription 3, and the significant upregulation of FOXO1, BCL2, and BCL2L11. Accordingly, TCHHL1 is associated with survival of cutaneous SCC. In addition, we hypothesize that TCHHL1 may be a novel therapeutic target in cutaneous SCC.