bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of germination conditions on enzyme activities and starch hydrolysis of long‐grain brown rice in relation to flour properties and bread qualities
Authors: Wunthunyarat Wipada , Seo Han‐Seok , Wang Ya‐Jane 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGluten‐free products from rice are gaining popularity because of its hypoallergenic characteristic. The absence of gluten results in inferior bread qualities such as hard texture, reduced volume, and shorter shelf‐life. Hydrolytic enzymes are activated during germination to stimulate plant growth, and germinated brown rice (GBR) has been shown to improve gluten‐free bread properties. However, the changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities under different germination conditions and their relationship with the properties of germinated rice flour and bread have not been reported. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to investigate the activities of amylases and protease in GBR under aerobic and anaerobic germination for 2 and 4 days and their impacts on starch hydrolysis, flour properties, and bread qualities. Greater enzyme activities were observed in GBR germinated under aerobic condition and a longer time, and correlated with increased sugar content and foaming capacity. Breads were prepared from GBR along with brown rice (control). GBR breads showed a greater specific volume (4% to 10%), a reduced hardness (34% to 90%), and a lower starch retrogradation (66% to 90%) compared with the control. Bread prepared from 4‐day aerobic GBR had the largest reduction in starch molecular size and displayed the lowest hardness and starch retrogradation. After stored for 5 days, GBR breads exhibited no change in specific volume and less hardness and retrogradation than the control bread. In conclusion, greater activities of protease and amylases in GBR significantly increased foaming capacity and reduced starch molecule size, respectively, which were responsible for the improved GBR bread qualities.Practical ApplicationRice flour is widely used as the main ingredient in gluten‐free breads, which however tend to have poor texture and reduced shelf‐life due to the absence of gluten. The qualities of gluten‐free breads are usually improved by the addition of many ingredients such as tapioca and potato starches. Germination process naturally produces bioactive compounds and activates enzymes. Germination conditions that produce greater activities of amylases and protease can be used to produce gluten‐free breads with better qualities and longer shelf‐life without the addition of starch.
R&D Investments and Tax Incentives: The Role of Intra‐Firm Cross‐Border Collaboration*
Authors: Huang Jing , Krull Linda , Ziedonis Rosemarie 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTU.S. multinational corporations increasingly use intra‐firm, cross‐border research collaboration to disperse R&D across different countries. This paper investigates the implications of such collaboration on the abilities of firms to garner benefits from R&D tax incentives. We find that the association between R&D intensity and tax incentives is three to five times larger when firms have extensive cross‐border collaboration connected to a country. We also find that the effect is stronger when local intellectual property protection is weaker and when local innovation resources are higher. Our results suggest that cross‐border collaboration helps firms achieve more tax‐efficient R&D investments both by reducing the nontax frictions posed by weak intellectual property protection and by increasing the nontax benefits of foreign R&D.
Concept Development of Identification of Discomfort for Nursing Home Patients With Advanced Dementia
Authors: Lee Su Jung , Park Min Sun , Choi Young‐Rim , Chang Sung Ok 
Published: January 2020

PURPOSEThe aim of this study is to clarify the concept of discomfort identification by concept development in the nursing home.METHODSThe Schwartz–Barcott and Kim's hybrid model was used.FINDINGSThe identification of discomfort can be explained as an interactive and confirmative process of sympathetically responding to patients with dementia's problem behavior expressions that communicate unmet needs.CONCLUSIONSThe identification of discomfort has the potential to improve the detection of multidimensional discomfort related to nursing diagnosis as a holistic and patient‐centered approach.IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICEThe findings could help nursing home nurses have a better understanding of identification of discomfort and can improve nurses and interdisciplinary caregivers' knowledge for developing appropriate comfort caring activities.
The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment Negative Emotionality Domain Among Treatment‐Seekers with Alcohol Use Disorder: Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance
Authors: Votaw Victoria R. , Pearson Matthew R. , Stein Elena , Witkiewitz Katie 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundThe Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), a framework for measuring heterogeneity in alcohol use disorder (AUD), focuses on 3 domains that reflect neurobiological dysfunction in addiction and correspond to the cycles of addiction: executive function, incentive salience, and negative emotionality. Kwako and colleagues (Am J Psychiatry 176:744, 2019) validated a 3‐factor model of the ANA with neuropsychological and self‐report indicators among treatment‐seekers and non–treatment‐seekers with and without AUD. The present analysis replicated and extended these findings in a treatment‐seeking sample, focusing on the negative emotionality domain.MethodsParticipants (n = 563; 58.8% male; mean age = 34.3) were part of a multisite prospective study of individuals entering AUD treatment. We examined the factor structure of the negative emotionality domain at the baseline, 6‐month follow‐up, and 12‐month follow‐up assessments. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory‐Trait Anger Subscale, and 3 Drinker Inventory of Consequences items assessing negative affective consequences were indicators in the model.ResultsResults indicated that a 1‐factor model was an excellent fit at all assessments and that the negative emotionality domain was time and gender invariant. Furthermore, negative emotionality was associated with drinking patterns and reasons for alcohol use (i.e., drinking because of negative emotions and urges/withdrawal) at all assessments.ConclusionsThis analysis provides evidence for the construct validity and measurement invariance of the ANA negative emotionality domain among AUD treatment‐seekers. Future studies are needed to evaluate prospective associations between negative emotionality and specific treatment modalities, and whether individuals with greater negative emotionality are more likely to respond to treatment that targets drinking to relieve negative affective states.
Effect of exercise prehabilitation on functional status of patients undergoing bowel resection: a systematic review
Authors: Teo Joshua Y. K. , Turner Richard , Self Mary 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundBowel resections have high morbidity and mortality rates and are becoming increasingly common in Australia. To reduce the burden on patients and the health system, measures for improving patient outcomes after resection must be investigated. One possible method for improving patient outcomes is prehabilitation with exercise. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the effect that exercise prehabilitation has on the functional status of patients undergoing colorectal resection.MethodStudies examining the effect of exercise prehabilitation on colorectal patients were gathered from online databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Australia New Zealand clinical trial registry. The study design, population, intervention and outcomes were extracted from each study.ResultsThis systematic review included six studies involving a total of 415 patients. Three studies were randomized control trials and three were prospective cohort studies. Those that tested participants post‐operatively found that the intervention group improved their 6‐min walking distance more than the control group. This result was statistically significant in three studies. Similarly, two studies found that self‐reported physical activity was significantly greater in the intervention group than in control groups. The rate of complications and length of hospital stay were not significantly different between intervention and control groups in any study.ConclusionPrehabilitation significantly improves functional capacity and self‐reported physical activity but its effect on complication rate was not significant in this review.
Intramuscular pathway and fascicular characteristics of the segmental intercostal innervation to rectus abdominis
Authors: Grinsell Damien , Azizeddin Arshia , Overland Joseph 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundRectus abdominis is a muscle that is commonly used clinically as a muscle flap, especially in reconstructive surgery. Its intramuscular innervation, however, has rarely been examined in detail or accurately mapped. The purpose of this study was to use biopsied, histological specimens complemented with a staining technique to investigate intramuscular nerve connections and distribution of the rectus abdominis.MethodsFour fresh human cadavers were included in the study and rectus abdominis was dissected bilaterally. Nerve sections innervating the rectus abdominis were biopsied and histologically processed. Sections were viewed under the microscope, and axons within each fascicle were counted using imaging software. All specimens were stained with a modified Sihler's staining technique. Intramuscular innervation was observed and the number as well as distribution was recorded.ResultsMacroscopically stained specimens showed that the eighth, ninth, 10th and 12th intercostal nerves innervated the eight muscle bellies of rectus abdominis. The greatest number of minor nerve branching as well as intramuscular nerve communications originated from nerve roots T9 and T10. Minor nerve branches crossed tendinous intersections to communicate with adjacent nerves and innervate adjacent muscle bellies. Nerves originating from T9 had the greatest number of nerve fascicles and the highest axon count in each cadaver.ConclusionThe rectus abdominis is divided into four compartments with each receiving its own independent nerve supply. Minor nerve branches crossed tendinous intersections to communicate with adjacent muscle bellies and nerves suggesting that rectus abdominis can be used as a whole in innervated free flap transfer procedures.
Do anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐α biologics affect subclinical measures of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis? A systematic review
Authors: Knowles Laurence , Nadeem Nida , Chowienczyk Philip J. 
Published: January 2020

Aims: Inflammatory cytokines, particularly tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), are thought to promote arterial disease through a variety of mechanisms leading to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. We reviewed the existing evidence of the effect of anti‐TNFα treatment on arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory disease.Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies examining effects of monoclonal antibodies against TNFα on subclinical measures of arteriosclerosis (arterial pulse wave velocity) and atherosclerosis (endothelial function measured by flow‐mediated dilation or forearm blood flow responses to endothelium‐dependent agonists, and common carotid intima‐media thickness).Results: We identified 60 studies (of 854 potential studies identified using a systematic search) in which effects of anti‐TNFα biologics on these measures were assessed in patients receiving anti‐TNFα therapy for a clinical indication (usually an inflammatory disease such as an inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease). Of these, only 6 were randomised clinical controlled trials. Whilst many observational studies and noncontrolled studies reported positive findings, positive finding were reported in only 1 of 6 randomised clinical controlled trials.Conclusions: There is no strong evidence for an effect of anti‐TNFα biologics on the subclinical measures of arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis examined in this review. This does not exclude a positive effect of TNFα biologics on clinical outcomes through alternate pathways including those induced by remission of the primary inflammatory disease.
Disentangling drivers of small mammal diversity in a highly fragmented forest system
Authors: de la Sancha Noe U. , Maestri Renan , Bovendorp Ricardo S. , Higgins Christopher L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic Forest is the second most diverse forest system in South America, and only a fraction of its original distribution remains. In this study, we aim to use robust datasets of small mammals along the entire forest system to disentangle the main drivers for diversity along this gradient. More specifically, we aim to disentangle whether deforestation (recent), biogeographical variables, including 19 bioclimatic variables (historic), or historical trapping bias best describe patterns of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities using small mammal assembles, from northeastern Brazil to eastern Paraguay. For that, we applied regression tree analyses to determine what environmental variables best describe each of the dimensions of diversity. Additionally, we implemented polynomial regression to test nonlinear relationships between biodiversity metrics and patch size. We found that patterns of overall taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities; rodent taxonomic diversity; and marsupial functional diversity were better explained by temperature variables. Meanwhile, marsupial taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities, and rodent functional and phylogenetic diversities were best explained by precipitation variables. Furthermore, patch area, trapping, and latitude were never the best descriptors for any of the diversity dimensions. Although all dimensions of biodiversity are correlated, they have unique information and should be considered individually to better understand biodiversity and inform conservation strategies. We found that fragmentation is impactful at a local scale and becomes less important at a biogeographical scale. Therefore, climatic variables drove biogeographical faunal patterns for all clades, probably reflecting important historical assembly process at large spatial scales.
The circular construction of “risk” for children of oppressed groups: Israeli social workers' perspectives on children of Ethiopian origin
Authors: Engdau‐Vanda Shelly 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a research project that explored the perceptions and constructions of Israeli social workers, serving families of Ethiopian origin in Israel, regarding “risk” vis‐à‐vis the children of this community. Thirty semistructured in‐depth interviews with social workers of Ethiopian and non‐Ethiopian origin were conducted and thematically analysed. The study findings indicate that the risk posed to children from the Ethiopian community, as conceived by the social workers charged with their treatment, tends to emerge in the interface between four main contexts: the societal, the neighbourhood, the education system, and the welfare system. Resembling the cycle of poverty, in which a cyclical set of forces trap people in perpetual poverty, children from minority groups are often caught in a cycle of risk. In each of these four contexts, a circular movement was observed in the construction of risk. Breaking the circularity of “risk” requires a context‐informed approach that adopts the perspectives of critical theories, which consider structural factors, power relations, and sociopolitical context when assessing “risk” for children in general, and for children of oppressed groups in particular.
Variants in NGLY1 lead to intellectual disability, myoclonus epilepsy, sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Panneman Daan M. , Wortmann Saskia B. , Haaxma Charlotte A. , van Hasselt Peter M. , Wolf Nicole I. , Hendriks Yvonne , Küsters Benno , van Emst‐de Vries Sjenet , van de Westerlo Els , Koopman Werner J.H. , Wintjes Liesbeth , van den Brandt Frans , de Vries Maaike , Lefeber Dirk J. , Smeitink Jan A.M. , Rodenburg Richard J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNGLY1 encodes the enzyme N‐glycanase that is involved in the degradation of glycoproteins as part of the endoplasmatic reticulum‐associated degradation pathway. Variants in this gene have been described to cause a multisystem disease characterized by neuromotor impairment, neuropathy, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Here, we describe four patients with pathogenic variants in NGLY1. As the clinical features and laboratory results of the patients suggested a multisystem mitochondrial disease, a muscle biopsy had been performed. Biochemical analysis in muscle showed a strongly reduced ATP production rate in all patients, while individual OXPHOS enzyme activities varied from normal to reduced. No causative variants in any mitochondrial disease genes were found using mtDNA analysis and whole exome sequencing. In all four patients, variants in NGLY1 were identified, including two unreported variants (c.849T>G (p.(Cys283Trp)) and c.1067A>G (p.(Glu356Gly)). Western blot analysis of N‐glycanase in muscle and fibroblasts showed a complete absence of N‐glycanase. One patient showed a decreased basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in fibroblasts. Mitochondrial morphofunction fibroblast analysis showed patient specific differences when compared to control cell lines. In conclusion, variants in NGLY1 affect mitochondrial energy metabolism which in turn might contribute to the clinical disease course.
SPAG5‐AS1 inhibited autophagy and aggravated apoptosis of podocytes via SPAG5/AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Xu Jun , Deng Yujie , Wang Yi , Sun Xiaofang , Chen Shuqin , Fu Guoxiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesPodocyte injury is a prediction marker of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and AKT/mTOR pathway–mediated inhibition of autophagy is widely reported to contribute to podocyte damage. Recent study stated that sperm‐associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) activated AKT/mTOR signalling in bladder urothelial carcinoma, indicating SPAG5 might regulate autophagy and play a role in podocyte damage.Materials and methodsApoptosis and autophagy of human podocytes (HPCs) were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF). Gene level was assessed by Western blot and RT‐qPCR. Molecular interactions were determined by pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays.ResultsSPAG5 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated under high glucose treatment in HPCs. Silencing SPAG5 reversed the increase of apoptosis and decrease of autophagy in high glucose–treated HPCs. Later, we found a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) SPAG5 antisense RNA1 (SPAG5‐AS1) as a neighbour gene to SPAG5. Mechanistically, YY1 transcriptionally upregulated SPAG5‐AS1 and SPAG5 in high glucose–treated podocytes. SPAG5‐AS1 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR‐769‐5p/YY1 axis and induce SPAG5. SPAG5‐AS1 interacted with ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 14 (USP14) and leads to de‐ubiquitination and stabilization of SPAG5 protein.ConclusionsThis study revealed that SPAG5‐AS1 inhibited autophagy and aggravated apoptosis of podocytes via SPAG5/AKT/mTOR pathway, indicating SPAG5‐AS1/SPAG5 as a potential target for the alleviation of podocyte injury and offering new thoughts for the treatments of DN.
A stroke volume‐based fluid resuscitation protocol decreases vasopressor support and may increase organ yield in brain‐dead donors
Authors: Marklin Gary F. , Klinkenberg William Dean , Helmers Benjamin , Ahrens Thomas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBrain‐dead donors are frequently hypovolemic and hypotensive requiring vasopressor support. We studied a stroke volume‐based fluid resuscitation and vasopressor weaning protocol prospectively on 64 hypotensive donors, with a recent control cohort of 30 hypotensive donors treated without a protocol. Stroke volume was measured every 30 minutes for 4 hours by pulse contour analysis or esophageal Doppler. A 500 mL saline fluid bolus was infused over 30 minutes and repeated if the stroke volume increased by 10%. No fluid was infused if the stroke volume did not increase by 10%. Vasopressors were weaned every 10 minutes if the mean arterial pressure was greater than 65 mm Hg. The protocol group received 1937 ± 906 mL fluid compared to 1323 ± 919 mL in the control group (P = .003). Mean time on vasopressors was decreased from 957.6 ± 586.2 to 176.3 ± 82.2 minutes (P<.001). Donors in the protocol group were more likely to donate four or more organs than donors in the control group (OR = 4.114, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.003‐16.876). While more organs were transplanted per donor in the protocol group (3.39 ± 1.52) than in the control group (2.93 ± 1.44) (P = .268), the difference did not reach statistical significance. A goal‐directed fluid resuscitation protocol decreased organ ischemia and may increase organs transplanted.
The cytopathologist's role in developing and evaluating artificial intelligence in cytopathology practice
Authors: McAlpine Ewen D. , Michelow Pamela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform cytopathology practice, and it is important for cytopathologists to embrace this and place themselves at the forefront of implementing these technologies in cytopathology. This review illustrates an archetypal AI workflow from project conception to implementation in a diagnostic setting and illustrates the cytopathologist's role and level of involvement at each stage of the process. Cytopathologists need to develop and maintain a basic understanding of AI, drive decisions regarding the development and implementation of AI in cytopathology, participate in the generation of datasets used to train and evaluate AI algorithms, understand how the performance of these algorithms is assessed, participate in the validation of these algorithms (either at a regulatory level or in the laboratory setting), and ensure continuous quality assurance of algorithms deployed in a diagnostic setting. In addition, cytopathologists should ensure that these algorithms are developed, trained, tested and deployed in an ethical manner. Cytopathologists need to become informed consumers of these AI algorithms by understanding their workings and limitations, how their performance is assessed and how to validate and verify their output in clinical practice.