bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-17 Investigation of rumen starch and protein degradation kinetics in relation to corn processed by super-conditioned pelleting, extruding and puffing
Authors: Rahimi Atieh - , Naserian Abbasali , Valizadeh Reza , Tahmasebi Abdolmansour , Dehghani Hesam , Soltani Esmaeil , Sung Kyung-Il , Kim Byong-Wan , Kim Ji-Yung , Lee Bae-Hun , Nejad Jalil Ghasemi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen dry matter (DM), starch and protein degradation kinetics of an Iranian corn grain (single crass 702) processed using different thermal processing methods including 1) grinding (G, 2mm), 2) super-conditioned pelleting (SCP; moisture 20%, retention time 6 min and conditioning temperature 95°C), 3) puffing (PUF; puffing temperature 200°C, hot air velocity 25 m/s, feed rate 100 g/m) and 4) extruding (EX; moisture 20%, temperature of melting zone 75°C and die zone 125°C and time 150s). Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. Samples were incubated into the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Rumen degradation kinetics were fitted based on equations. Data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS (P &lt; 0.05) using a completely randomized design with 6 replications for every treatment. Rapidly soluble fraction (a) and fractional rate constant (c) of DM were higher (P &lt; 0.01) in PUF and EX corns than SCP. The lowest (P &lt; 0.05) slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM was found in SCP. The highest (P &lt; 0.01) effective rumen degradability of DM (ERDM), starch (ERDS) and protein (ERDP) were observed in the EX, followed by PUF, SCP and G corns. Fraction a of starch and protein was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.01) in EX, PUF and SCP than G. The rate of degradability (c) of starch, DM and protein in EX and PUF were similar and higher (P &lt; 0.01) than SCP and G, but c for starch in EX was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than PUF and fallowed by SCP and G corns. In conclusion, the super-conditioning of corn as a new method of corn processing increased rapidly soluble fraction starch similar to PUF and EX corns and effective rumen degradability of starch was significantly increased in SCP corn.
PSIX-14 Influence of living yeast of the genus Rhodotorula against probiotic and pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Nikanova Daria A , Kolodina Evgenia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of the research was to study the effect of live yeast Rhodotorula spp. (LYR) on the growth and development of microorganisms and microbial profiles in batch culture. A liquid medium was used to prepare the inoculum (20 g/L glucose, 20 g/L peptone, 10 g/L yeast extract). The study in vitro was a 3×5 factorial arrangement, including low (5.0) and high media pH (7.5) and temperature (from 20 to 39 ° C). The treatments were LYR with concentrations from 1·103 to 1·1011 CFU/ml. The bacteria were selected: Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus ATCC 7469, Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15701, E. coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990. The analyses were carried out separately for each culture and LYR concentration by broth dilution. For incubation were used Saburo agar for LYR and differential-diagnostic media for each bacterial species. After incubation, there was a lack of growth of E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis in LYR concentrations from 1·109 to 1·1011 CFU/ml at the temperature of 28±0.5 °С, while the number of yeast cells did not decrease. At the temperature above 32±0.5 °C there was a decrease in the amount of LYR by more than 1000-fold in the samples of all cultures. The presence of LYR in the medium led to an increase (p≤0.001) in the number of L. casei at pH 5.0 and temperature less than 30±0.5 °С. Unlike L. casei, the viability of the B. breve culture has decreased (P ≤0.05) by 200 times at pH 5.0, but has increased (p≤0.001) by more than 1000 times at pH 7.0. The optimal cultivation temperature was 36±0.5 °С. These results indicate the multidirectional effect of LYR on microorganisms in vitro. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (topics GZ AAAA-A18-118021590136-7).
PSIX-10 In vitro dry matter digestibility, gas production and pH of silages of several maize hybrids
Authors: Queiroz Pedro , Filho Israel Alves , Junior Sergio Pereira , van Cleef Flavia Scarpino , Ezequiel Jane , Kaneko Flavio , van Cleef Eric H C B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production and pH of silages of 10 maize hybrids in Iturama, Brazil (XB 6012 BT, BM 709 VT PRO2, BM 815 VT PRO2, DKB 363 VT PRO3, AG 8740 VT PRO3, SYN 555 VIP3, SX 8555 VIP3, SX 7005 VIP3, DKB 390 VT PRO3, and RB 9789 VIP3). The maize was ensiled in experimental mini silos in a completely randomized design with 3 repetitions. After 120 d, a subsample from each mini silo was taken and the IVDMD was estimated using Ankom Daisy II and F-57 bags (n = 44). Rumen fluid from two cannulated Nellore steers were mixed and placed into fermenter jars containing Ankom buffers (1:4; v/v). After 48-h incubation (39ºC), 40 mL 6 N HCl and 8 g pepsin were added to each jar and incubated for another 24 h. For gas production and pH evaluations, penicillin-type glass vials (n = 40) were filled with McDougall buffer (20 mL), rumen fluid (10 mL) and substrates (200 mg) and incubated in a shaker (39ºC) for 24 h. The cumulative pressure was measured, vials were opened, and terminal pH was measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The DKB 363 VT PRO3 presented the greatest IVDMD (84.9%, P = 0.02) and the lowest pH (6.60, P = 0.002). The opposite was observed for DKB 390 VT PRO3, which presented the lowest IVDMD (71.1%) and the greatest pH (6.65). The BM 709 PRO2 produced more gas than the others (246.1 mL/g DM), while SYN 555 VIP3 produced less gas than the others (167.7 mL/g DM, P = 0.0005). In conclusion, the material DKB 363 VT PRO3 presented the most interesting characteristics for use as silage for beef cattle in Iturama, Brazil.
PSIX-20 Mechanisms of Programmed Nutrition in finishing cattle
Authors: Schiff Amanda P , McLeod Kyle , Klotz James L , Holder Vaughn , Harmon David L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (Alltech Inc.) is a supplement that could reduce the use of feed additives such as Monensin and Tylosin in feedlots. The objective of this study was to examine changes in rumen fermentation when feeding Monensin/Tylosin and Programmed Nutrition. Eight steers (BW = 363 ± 22 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure where animals were fed a high-concentrate diet at 2.0 x NEm. Treatments were Control (C; conventional trace mineral supplement), Control + Monensin + Tylosin (MT), Programmed Nutrition (PN; Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher), or Programmed Nutrition + Monensin + Tylosin (PNMT), incorporated daily to the diet at 75 g/day. Rumen pH was measured continuously for 48 h, rumen fluid was collected every 2 h for 48 h and analyzed for VFA. Dietary digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance were determined by collection of total urine and fecal output for 7 days, and indirect calorimetry for 48 h. Protein turnover was determined via 15N-glycine end-product method. The experiment was analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with mixed models of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). Mean differences were analyzed using LSD, rumen VFA and pH data were analyzed using repeated measures. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, dry matter digestibility and rumen pH. Addition of MT to the diet lowered fecal N output (P = 0.0092), ruminal valerate concentration (P = 0.0125) and molar proportion (P = 0.0235). When PN was fed in combination with MT it decreased ADF digestibility (P = 0.0342), protein turnover (P = 0.0211), protein synthesis (P = 0.0362) and protein degradation (P = 0.0292). Although no differences in ADG and dry matter digestibility were observed, significant metabolic changes occurred when supplementing PN with or without MT.
PSIX-15 Intake of corn stover plant parts by feedlot beef steers
Authors: Karls Caleb , Shinners Kevin , Schaefer Dan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Corn stover supports feedlot operations in intensive corn producing regions. A single-pass corn grain and stover harvest system was developed to increase efficiency of field operations and capture different anatomical fractions than are typically harvested with conventional corn stover. The objectives were to feed beef steers diets that included a roughage component consisting of harvested corn residue in chopped form from conventional corn stover bales (CST) or single-pass bales (SPB). Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) served as a control. Steers (n = 90, 5 pens/treatment) were fed during Grow (84 d) and Finish (66 d) phases to assess consumption of corn plant botanical fractions and calculate net energy values of the stover feeds. Cattle consumed a larger proportion of stover as cob (P &lt; 0.001) and less as stalk (P = 0.001) when stover was offered as SPB rather than CST. These differences are consistent with the fractional distribution of botanical components offered. During the Grow phase, cattle fed WPCS had greater (P = 0.018) daily gains (1.27 kg d-1) than cattle fed the SPB (1.14 kg d-1) and CST (1.08 kg d-1), and were more efficient than CST cattle. Steers sorted corn stover during both phases and consumed 52.5% of corn stover offered. SPB cob intake was 70% greater than CST cob intake (P &lt; 0.01) indicating if more cob fraction is available, cattle will consume more. There was no treatment effect on final body weight (P = 0.37) or growth rate (P = 0.12) during the Finish phase. Stover NEm and NEg were calculated using Dairy NRC (2001) methods for SPB (1.04 and 0.49 Mcal kg-1) and CST (0.98 and 0.44 Mcal kg-1), respectively. In conclusion, there is evidence that CST and SPB can substitute for WPCS in beef feedlot diets without adverse effects on overall steer performance.
PSVI-1 Effects of dietary nonforage fiber sources and starch levels on nutrition digestion and rumen fermentation of fattening Hu lambs
Authors: Guo Tongqing , Li Fadi , Li Fei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The primary objectives of this experiment were to study the effects of fiber sources [beet pulp (BP) vs. soybean hull (SH)] and dietary starch levels [low = 22% dry matter (DM), medium = 25% DM, and high = 27% DM] on nutrition digestion, rumen parameters and rumen bacteria in fattening Hu lambs. A total of 360 Hu lambs were assigned a 2×3 factorial arrangements, including a 63-day experimental periods. Six diets were formulated to include two fiber sources and three starch levels, and the samples including feed, feces, rumen contents, and rumen fluids were collected in different experimental periods. Analysis of fiber sources and starch levels was performed using two-way ANOVA by SPSS software version 17.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, United States). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) declined in (P = 0.005) increasing starch contents. Increasing starch levels increased the concentrations of propionate (P = 0.002) and valerate (P = 0.001) and decreased the concentrations of acetate (P &lt; 0.001) and the ratio of acetate/propionate (P = 0.005). At the genus level, increasing starch levels reduced the abundance of Butyrivibrio_2 (P = 0.020). Nevertheless, the ADF digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in lambs fed SH than lambs fed BP. The concentrations of butyrate were higher (P = 0.005) while the rumen pH was less (P = 0.001) in lambs fed BP than those fed SH. Fiber sources influenced the abundance of Succiniclasticum, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Ruminococcus_1 and Christensenellaceae_R-7, which were higher in lambs fed SH compared with those fed BP (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, the interaction of fiber sources and starch levels had no differences on growth performance, and lambs fed SH increased final BW compared lambs fed BP. Fiber sources mainly changed the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen community.
PSVI-5 Effects of exogenous glucoamylase enzymes or a combination with a neutral protease on total tract apparent digestibility and feces D-lactate in bulls fed a total mixed ration rich in rolled corn
Authors: Devant Maria , Yu Shukun , Genis Sandra , Larsen Torben , Li Wenting 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 glucoamylases (GA) and the combination of one GA with a neutral protease on total tract apparent digestibility in bulls fed a total mixed ration (TMR) rich in rolled corn. Sixteen Angus beef bulls (266 ± 4.9 kg of initial BW, and 182 ± 1.7 d of age) were housed individually in pens and were distributed in 4 blocks of 4 animals balanced by BW. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square (4 blocks and 4 periods) with periods of 2 wks. Four treatments were tested; 1) control, a blank solution of 0.2% potassium sorbate and 0.6% sodium benzoate corresponding to the preservatives used in the enzyme preparation, 2) a GA preparation from Trichoderma reesei; 3) a GA preparation from Aspergillus fumigatus; 4) and a GA from Aspergillus fumigatus and a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens neutral protease preparation. These enzyme solutions were daily mixed was mixed in a dry TMR with 70% of rolled corn at a rate of 10 mL for 40 kg TMR. From day 8 to 14 chromium oxide (1 mg/kg) was mixed with the diet and from day 12 to 14 feces were collected to estimate total tract apparent digestibility and D-lactate concentration. Intake was recorded daily. Enzyme supplementation, regardless of enzyme type, increased (P &lt; 0.05) DM (from 66.7% to 73.1% ± 2.01), OM (from 66.7% to 72.9% ± 2.03), and starch (from 74.7% to 81.8% ± 2.25) total tract apparent digestibility, and did not affect feces D-lactate concentration (1.26 vs 1.00 ± 0.200 mM for control and enzyme supplemented, respectively). So, any of the enzyme preparations tested (glucoamylases from Trichoderma reesei or Aspergillus fumigatus, or Aspergillus fumigatus glucoamylase n combination with the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens protease) increased by 9.5% starch digestibility.
PSXII-10 The effects of different mineral supplementation strategies on feedlot performance of mineral deficient cattle
Authors: Brady Tevan J , Reichhardt Caleb C , Briggs Reganne K , Smith Laura A , Thornton Kara J , Rood Kerry , Tarbet Bart , Garcia Matthew D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mineral deficient cattle that enter a feedlot have been documented to have increased morbidity and mortality rates and decreased feedlot performance. The objective of this research was to explore current practices used by feedlot producers when receiving mineral deficient cattle. To accomplish this, forty steers were blocked by weight and mineral status, then assigned to one of four treatment groups: control (Con; n = 10), industry mineral requirements (IND; n = 10) top dressed on TMR fed, 2X industry mineral requirements (2XIND; n = 10) top dressed on TMR fed, and MultiMin® injection at labeled dose (MM; n = 10). All steers received the same ration in pens equipped with GrowSafe® bunks. Standing liver biopsies were collected on day 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 and analyzed for mineral content. Steers were weighed on day 0, 14, 28, 41, 56, 70, 84, and 110. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency (FE) were recorded. After the trial, steers were harvested at a commercial facility and carcass data was obtained from the plant. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in weight gain or overall ADG between treatment groups. When analyzed over time, treatment had an effect (P &lt; 0.001) on liver copper and selenium concentrations, but no effects (P &gt; 0.05) were observed on liver manganese and zinc concentrations. Additionally, when DMI was analyzed over time, effects (P &lt; 0.05) of time, treatment, and treatment*time were observed, and effects (P &lt; 0.05) of time and treatment*time were observed on FE. Treatment had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on carcass data. These data indicate that different mineral supplementation strategies have diverse effects on feedlot performance and liver mineral concentrations over time.
PSX-26 The identification of novel SNPs significant for reproductive abilities in sheep using GWAS
Authors: Shevtsova Varvara , Kolosova Maria , Bakoev Siroj , Getmantseva Lyubov , Getmantseva Varvara , Bakoev Nekruz , Usatov Alexander , Kostyunina Olga V , Fornara Margaret S , Kolosov Anatoly 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Reproductive ability of ewes is one of the most important traits in sheep breeding. Hence the mechanisms underlying this complex trait are poorly understood till now. To study the genetic architecture of litter size and search for SNPs associated with Total lambs born (TLB) we conducted genome-wide association study of Volgograd sheep. A total of 48 sheep after the second lambing were collected: 24 of them had 1 lamb, and 24 others had two lambs. All the samples were genotyped using the OvineSNP50 Genotyping BeadChip according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Then they were filtered using the parameters –hwe = 10–3, --maf = 0.05, --geno = 0.1, --indep-pairwise 50 5 0.5. After the quality control 46249 SNPs of 54241 were retained in the working dataset for the GWAS. A total of 14 significant SNPs located on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7, 15, 18, and 19 reached the genome-wide significance level. More than 50% of SNPs are located in the introns of genes, the rest are located in regulatory regions of genes and intergenic regions. We searched for candidate genes located near the significant SNPs using the Ensembl database. A total of 14 genes were selected. Gene annotation was completed using Panther. The detailed information about those significant SNPs and the possible genes associated with TLB are presented in Table. These genes take part in cellular processes, biological regulation and regulation of metabolic processes, some of them are involved in the formation of the immune system and biological adhesion. The data obtained allowed us to determine a number of SNPs that are significant for the formation of such complex reproductive trait as Total lamb born (TLB) in sheep and could be potentially applied in sheep breeding programs.
PSIV-32 Do self-assessments reflect actual skill level of the student in an introductory equine laboratory course?
Authors: Lee Samantha , Cagle-Holtcamp Katie , Nicodemus Molly , Evans Holly , Walters Avery , Gilmore Alicia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the hiring process, employers look for confidence in a potential employee. This confidence is particularly important in the equine industry when a lack of confidence can create safety issues for both the handler and horse. Earlier studies report previous exposure to horses gives students an advantage in the understanding of equine behavior and self-reported equine handling abilities. However, does this understanding and perceived ability reflect actual equine handling skills? Course assessments by instructors in determining student learning and abilities often defer to student self-assessments, but the exposure to the horse may only develop a perceived confidence and not an actual skill set. Therefore, the objective of the study was to compare students’ perceived confidence in equine handling to actual skill level. Study participants were enrolled in introductory equine laboratory courses (n = 83) during the fall semester. Laboratories consisted of basic equine handling activities that were covered over 30 contact hours throughout the semester. Students worked with horses on a weekly basis for 2 hours each week for 10 weeks. A survey instrument consisting of 18 questions was given at the beginning (pre-) and end (post-) of the semester. Questions focused on the student’s confidence in their perceived equine handling skills. Students ranked their confidence with a score from 1 to 5 with 5 indicating a high confidence level. Laboratory instructors completed a 10 question pre- and post- skill assessment. Each question ranked the students’ skills 1–4 with 4 indicating a high skill level. By the end of the semester, students improved both in their self-assessed confidence (P &lt; 0.05) and in their instructor-assessed skill level (P &lt; 0.05) with a positive correlation seen between the two assessment methods. Thus, instructors limited on how they can assess a student can defer to self-assessments when evaluating course impact in an introductory equine laboratory course.
PSI-41 Impacts of Flunixin Meglumine injection on wound score and swelling appearance of either rubber ring castrated and tail docked or surgically castrated and docked lambs
Authors: Anderson Paige P , Long Amanda M , Crane Alison R , Hoffman Travis W , Stokka Gerald , Hanna Lauren L Hulsman , Kirsch James D , Schauer Christopher S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our hypothesis was that administering Flunixin Meglumine (FM) to lambs that were either rubber ring castrated and docked (RR) or surgically castrated and emasculator docked (SC) would decrease swelling and wound appearance score. Rambouillet ram lambs (n = 181) were allocated in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of RR or SC and emasculator docking on ram lambs with administration of FM (2.2 mg/kg of BW) or saline (S; 2.2 mg/kg of BW). Wounds were assessed on days 4 and 7 post-treatment. The Wound Assessment Scale ranged from 1 – 5 and was determined from levels of discharge, scabbing, and wound healing. The swelling score was also a 1 - 5 scale, varying from no swelling, large amounts, or healed. Scrotal wound exhibited a treatment x day interaction (P &lt; 0.001), however tail wound score (P = 0.84) and scrotal swelling (P = 0.36) were not affected. The SC treated lambs had a higher wound score on day 4 and 7 when compared to the RR treated lambs for both the scrotum and tail score (P &lt; 0.001). Flunixin Meglumine had no effect on wound score of the scrotum (P &gt; 0.50) and tail (P &gt; 0.43) for both RR and SC groups. However, RR treated lambs had higher swelling scores on day 4 and 7 (P &lt; 0.001). Flunixin Meglumine administration did not influence swelling score in treated lambs (P &gt; 0.43). Surgical castration resulted in an increase in wound score compared to rubber ring castrated and docked lambs, but rubber ring castrated and docked lambs had an increase in wound swelling. Flunixin Meglumine did not have an impact on either wound score or wound swelling, regardless of castration method.