bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Approach to the Investigation of Films Occurring at Crude Oil-Water Interfaces
Authors: Harvey Robert R. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 350–353.

Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that the films forming at crude oil-water interfaces are the result of naturally occurring surface-active components in the crude oil rather than oxidation products resulting from exposure of the oil to air. Since the presence of such films may strongly affect the displacement of oil from porous media, a knowledge of their composition and formation is of fundamental importance.
In this study, without the assumption of a specific mechanism, film formation is considered to involve the transfer of a weakly surface-active species in solution in the oil to the oil-water interface. The film gas law and the Gibbs adsorption equation may thus be applied to the system.
The rigid films which form upon decrease of the oil-water interfacial area are considered a result of the very slow rate of re-solution of the film material into the oil. When the shrinkage of the interface is very rapid, the amount of film material leaving the interface is negligible, and the system may then be treated in the same manner as an insoluble film.
The combination of these treatments leads to a new concept of the film factor in which it may be quantitatively related to the concentration of film-forming material at the interface. Suitable experiments can then yield the following information.Original concentration of surface-active species in the oil.The change of concentration with time.Concentration of surface active species at the interface.The change of this concentration with time.Interfacial tension of the System at any time and its variation with time.Equilibrium concentrations for a given set of conditions.Concentration requirements for solid film formation.Molecular diameter of the adsorbed species.
These calculations may be made solely from data taken from measurements on the original oil.
Measurement of the Dynamic Characteristics of Perforating Shaped Charges by the Use of Ultra High-Speed Photographic Techniques
Authors: Brink David E. , Poulter Thomas C. , Caldwell Blake M. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 257–263.

Abstract
The flash X-ray has been used more than a decade to study the configuration of the jet from a shaped charge. The high-speed, rotating-mirror smear camera has provided time-distance graphs of detonations and shock fronts in transparent material, and the high-speed framing camera has given pictorial representations of the progress of explosive phenomena.
Adequate means for measuring the paths and velocities of all parts of the shaped-charge cavity liner during the collapse phase have not existed heretofore. A technique enabling the single-lens framing camera to make stereoscopic photographs of the cavity liner while it is collapsing has been developed. Analysis of this photographic record gives the directions and velocities of various parts of the liner surface, permitting direct quantitative measurement where this has previously been impossible. Significant improvements in shaped-charge design are expected to result.

Introduction
The familiar oilwell jet perforating charge, generally referred to as a "shaped charge", is related to the Munroe charge first described by C. E. Munroe in 1888 and later by Neumann in 1910. It differs in construction from the Munroe charge in that its cavity is lined with some inert material (usually metal), and it differs in performance by projecting a fast jet of dense liner material against the target instead of a stream of expanding detonation products.
Fig. 1 represents a typical shaped charge in axial cross section. The charge is circularly symmetrical about its longitudinal axis. The cavity at the right is lined with metal, usually copper; and, with the exception of air, the liner is otherwise completely empty. High-explosive material is intimately in contact with the convex surface of the liner and extends in the other direction to the booster. This is a pellet of high explosive having somewhat different characteristics and serves to couple the detonator to the main charge.
Geology of Southwest Texas
Authors: McClain O.G. 
Published: February 2020

Oil Recovery Symposium on Southwest Texas, 29–30 October, Corpus Christi, Texas

Introduction
Since the problems mutually faced by both petroleum geologists and engineers are exploration, development and production of oil and gas, various aspects of the geology of Southwest Texas pertinent to these problems are presented in this paper. Southwest Texas is considered geographically to occupy Railroad Commission Districts 2 and 4 and the southeastern portion of District 1.Structure, stratigraphy and sedimentation are of critical interest to petroleum geologists and petroleum engineers. These will be sketched in broad outline so as to provide a framework and pertinent detail then added.

Structure
Fig. 1 is an outline map of Southwest Texas on which the following data are noted:Railroad Commission Districts 2 and 4 and part of 1.The paths of four cross sections.The producing trends.The Vicksburg Flexure.
To understand the structure and stratigraphy of Southwest Texas a series of cross sections are most helpful. Fig. 2 through 7 are regional cross sections approximately normal to the coast and to the strike. They show coastward dip and coastward thickening of the formations. Fig. 8 is approximately a strike section along the lower coast showing thickening into the Rio Grande Embayment.
In a larger context, Southwest Texas is situated on the southwestern flank of a large basin, the central part of which is now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico. The long axis of this basin is near the shore of and parallel with the present Texas coast line. Strikewise along this southwest flank there are alternating areas that have received a preponderance of sediments, having had a relative subsidence to accommodate them and intervening areas of relative stability which have generally thinner sedimentary sections The Rio Grande Embayment, with the present day Rio Grande River being near or shortly to the south of its axis, has received an added thickness of sediments. During times of advance of the sea it was deeper than the adjacent areas, so that rivers brought more sediments into it and deposited them farther inland. During times of recession the area remained relatively low and the rivers continued to flow into and across it, depositing great quantities of sediments.
The Problem of Determining Petroleum Reservoir Rock Wettability
Authors: Dodd Charles G. 
Published: February 2020

Secondary Recovery Conference, 2–3 May, Wichita Falls, Texas

Introduction
Soil scientists were probably the first research investigators to study the role of capillarity and capillary forces in determining the static distribution of water and air in porous rocks. These workers developed the "and pressure" concept, as applied to porous sands, based on the fundamental Laplace equation of capillarity relating the pressure difference across a curved fluid interface to the interfacial tension and principal radii of curvature. In addition to interfacial tension it was recognized that the contact angle at the solid water interface played an important role in determining the distribution of fluids within porous sands or soils, but the assumption generally was made that this contact angle as measured through water was zero. In a petroleum reservoir, however, consisting of a porous rock system containing oil, water, and gas the angle of contact cannot be neglected, when considering the capillary pressure, because there is considerably less certainty that it is always near zero as measured through the water phase.
In 1940 Leverett developed the idealized capillary model of static equilibrium between fluid phases in a sandstone rock. This work, together with that of Buckley and Leverett, has been used as a basis for the approximate solution of reservoir engineering problems involving the calculation of reserves or the advance of a displacing gas or water front.
The displacement of one fluid by another on the surface of the solid involves changes in the energy of the system. In systems such as an interface between two immiscible fluid phases in a capillary tube, contact angle measurements permit the quantitative prediction of the pressure required for one fluid to displace another. When an attempt is made, however, to apply this concept to study the behavior of a petroleum reservoir, numerous difficulties arise which detract from its usefulness.
Reinforced Temperature Activated Polymer Plug Completely Isolates Naturally Fractured Water Producing Sandstone in a High Temperature Environment
Authors: Fazal Adnan , Yousuf Arif , Rehman Azir ur , Dar Afnan , Temuri Saqib Jah , Mahmood Azfar , Sattar Abdul , Akbar Nabeel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Water production or cross flow during production phase is highly undesirable as it incurs additional costs of water handling at surface and reduces relative permeability of hydrocarbons to flow. Problems associated with water production or its cross flow escalate in depleted and HT wells limiting water shut-off options. Long-term zonal isolation to prevent unwanted fluids and cross flow is challenging in such wells due to the need of proper placement in the targeted zone, compatibility of fluid/tool with the downhole temperature and its sustainability. The use of mechanical plugs including packing elements have limitation of application in some instances due to high temperature and odd sized tubulars.
Having the abovesaid limitations, an engineering solution was made by testing and implementing reinforced Polymer Gel (a polymer-based gel loaded with silica sand) providing right angle set properties upon exposure to the given temperatures. The aforesaid combination produces a rigid, robust gel structure ideal for shutoff treatments into fractured, vugular and high permeability formations. Such gels can penetrate deep into the matrix or small fissures where the mechanical packers cannot reach to shut off the excess water.
This paper demonstrates the assessments to counter above challenges and application of re-enforced temperature activated anionic polymer for water shut off in candidate wells in Southern & Northern regions of Pakistan.
Mechanism Study on Wettability and Experiments in Removal of Water Blocking in Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Zhu Qi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing and drilling are commonly and widely used in many formations, particularly in unconventional reservoirs, such as tight sandstone reservoirs and so on. Whereas, during the fracturing or drilling process, large quantities of fluids are lost in the formation. Specially, many gas wells suffer a loss in productivity as a result of liquid invasion into the rock matrix. Liquid invasion is referred to as "water blocking", which is the primary damage that occurs in tight reservoirs and in low-permeability and ultra-low-permeability reservoirs. Some methods and materials, like methanol, are used to eliminate "water blocking", but only providing a temporary solution to the problem.
This paper introduces a hydrophobic wettability function and mechanisem that effectively eliminates "water blocking" on the tight sandstone. The results from wettability experiments using tight sandstone show that hydrophobic wettability function on the sandstone surface, making a contact angle greater than 90°. The inner wall of capillary tube changes wettability and the capillary pressure becomes a positive driving force rather than a negative resistance. The experimental studies demonstrate that altering the wettability of tight sandstone to produce a hydrophobic surface is a viable method for recovering permeability and eliminating "water blocking".
The primary cilium dampens proliferative signaling and represses a G2/M transcriptional network in quiescent myoblasts
Authors: Venugopal Nisha , Ghosh Ananga , Gala Hardik , Aloysius Ajoy , Vyas Neha , Dhawan Jyotsna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Reversible cell cycle arrest (quiescence/G0) is characteristic of adult stem cells and is actively controlled at multiple levels. Quiescent cells also extend a primary cilium, which functions as a signaling hub. Primary cilia have been shown to be important in multiple developmental processes, and are implicated in numerous developmental disorders. Although the association of the cilium with G0 is established, the role of the cilium in the control of the quiescence program is still poorly understood. Results Primary cilia are dynamically regulated across different states of cell cycle exit in skeletal muscle myoblasts: quiescent myoblasts elaborate a primary cilium in vivo and in vitro , but terminally differentiated myofibers do not. Myoblasts where ciliogenesis is ablated using RNAi against a key ciliary assembly protein (IFT88) can exit the cell cycle but display an altered quiescence program and impaired self-renewal. Specifically, the G0 transcriptome in IFT88 knockdown cells is aberrantly enriched for G2/M regulators, suggesting a focused repression of this network by the cilium. Cilium-ablated cells also exhibit features of activation including enhanced activity of Wnt and mitogen signaling and elevated protein synthesis via inactivation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1. Conclusions Taken together, our results show that the primary cilium integrates and dampens proliferative signaling, represses translation and G2/M genes, and is integral to the establishment of the quiescence program.
Characterization of two in vivo challenge models to measure functional activity of monoclonal antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein
Authors: Raghunandan Rama , Mayer Bryan T , Flores-Garcia Yevel , Gerber Monica W , Gottardo Raphael , Jhun Hugo , Herrera Sonia M , Perez-Ramos Daniel W , Locke Emily , King C Richter , Zavala Fidel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background

New strategies are needed to reduce the incidence of malaria, and promising approaches include the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). To select the best candidates and speed development, it is essential to standardize preclinical assays to measure the potency of such interventions in animal models.

Methods

Two assay configurations were studied using transgenic Plasmodium berghei expressing Plasmodium falciparum full-length circumsporozoite protein. The assays measured 1) reduction in parasite infection of the liver (liver burden) following an intravenous (i.v) administration of sporozoites and 2) protection from parasitaemia following mosquito bite challenge. Two human CSP mAbs, AB311 and AB317, were compared for their ability to inhibit infection. Multiple independent experiments were conducted to define assay variability and resultant impact on the ability to discriminate differences in mAb functional activity.

Results

Overall, the assays produced highly consistent results in that all individual experiments showed greater functional activity for AB317 compared to AB311 as calculated by the dose required for 50% inhibition (ID50) as well as the serum concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC50). The data were then used to model experimental designs with adequate statistical power to rigorously screen, compare, and rank order novel anti-CSP mAbs.

Conclusion

The results indicate that in vivo assays described here can provide reliable information for comparing the functional activity of mAbs. The results also provide guidance regarding selection of the appropriate experimental design, dose selection, and group sizes.
Incidence and Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in a Pediatric Malawian Trauma Cohort: a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Bjornstad Erica C. , Muronya William , Smith Zachary H. , Gibson Keisha , Mottl Amy K , Charles Anthony , Marshall Stephen W. , Golightly Yvonne M. , Munthali Charles K. , Gower Emily W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is highly associated with mortality risk in children worldwide. Trauma can lead to AKI and is a leading cause of pediatric death in Africa. However, there is no information regarding the epidemiology of pediatric, trauma-associated AKI in Africa. Methods Prospective cohort study of pediatric trauma patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in Malawi. Participants enrolled at admission were followed prospectively throughout their hospitalization. AKI was defined by creatinine-only Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. We calculated descriptive statistics and univariate relative risks (RR) for hypothesis-generation of potential risk factors associated with AKI. Results We analyzed data from 114 participants. Depending on baseline creatinine definition, AKI incidence ranged from 4-10%. The new Schwartz equation estimated baseline creatinine values best and yielded an AKI incidence of 9.7%. Almost one in ten children died during hospitalization, but those with AKI (n=4) were at significantly higher risk of death compared to those without AKI (40.0% vs 6.2%; RR 6.5, 95% CI 2.2-19.1). Burn injuries were most commonly associated with AKI (63.6%). Other potential AKI risk factors included multiple injuries, trunk or facial injuries, and recent consumption of herbal remedies. Conclusions AKI occurs in up to 10% of admitted pediatric trauma patients in Malawi and increases the risk of death 7-fold compared to those without AKI. This large unrecognized burden in trauma requires further investment by researchers, clinicians and policymakers to develop evidenced-based triage, recognition, and management approaches to prevent the associated sequelae and potential mortality from AKI.
Supervised exercise protocol for lower limbs in subjects with chronic venous disease: an evaluator-blinded randomized clinical trial
Authors: Volpe Esther Tinoco , Resqueti Vanessa Regiane , Silva Ana Aline Marcelino , Gualdi Lucien Peroni , Fregonezi Guilherme Augusto de Freitas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background : Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) causes pathophysiological changes in lower limb muscles, particularly calf muscles, and limits ankle range of motion (ROM). These changes reduce functional activities and decrease quality of life (QOL). Although several studies have shown benefits of exercise (strengthening the calf muscles to improve calf muscle pumping and QOL) in patients with CVI, few studies are randomized controlled trials. This has led to a weak indication of exercise for the treatment of patients with CVI. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a supervised exercise program to improve calf muscle endurance as well as QOL in patients with CVI. Methods: This is an evaluator-blind, randomized clinical trial with an 8-week duration and a follow-up evaluation at week 16. A pilot study with subjects with CVI diagnosis will be performed to calculate sample size. The participants will be randomly allocated (1:1) into a treatment or control group (usual care/no intervention). The treatment intervention consists of a bi-weekly supervised exercise program of the lower limbs that will include aerobic training, strengthening, and cardiovascular exercises. The participants from both groups will participate in a health education lecture. Primary outcomes are changes in calf muscle endurance and QOL score. Secondary outcomes are changes in exercise capacity, ankle ROM, electrical muscle activity and cardiac output. First statistical comparison will be performed after 8 weeks intervention. Discussion : Patients with CVI may have an impaired calf muscle pump and decreased exercise capacity. A randomized controlled trial evaluating a supervised exercise program will provide much needed information on the management of CVI to promote health and independence.
Simulation study of a coincidence detection system for non-invasive determination of arterial blood time-activity curve measurements
Authors: Toufique Yassine , Bouhali Othmane , Negre Pauline , Doherty Jim O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background : Arterial sampling in PET studies for the purposes of kinetic modeling remains an invasive, time intensive and expensive procedure. Alternatives to derive the blood time-activity curve (BTAC) non-invasively are either reliant on large vessels in the field of view or are laborious to implement and analyse as well as being prone to many processing errors. An alternative method is proposed in this work by the simulation of a non-invasive coincidence detection unit. Results: We utilized GATE simulations of a human forearm phantom with a blood flow model, as well as a model for dynamic radioactive bolus activity concentration based on clinical measurements. A fixed configuration of 14, and also separately, 8 detectors were employed around the phantom, and simulations performed to investigate signal detection parameters. BGO crystals proved to show the highest detection efficiency and sensitivity to a simulated BTAC with a maximum coincidence rate of 575 cps. Repeatable location of the blood vessels in the forearm allowed a half-ring design with only 8 detectors. Using this configuration, maximum coincident rates of 250 cps and 42 cps were achieved with simulation of activity concentration determined from 15 O and 18 F arterial blood sampling. NECR simulated in a water phantom at 3 different vertical positions inside the 8-detector system (Y=-1 cm, Y=-2 cm and Y=-3 cm) was 8360 cps, 13041 cps and 20476 cps at an activity of 3.5 MBq. Addition of extra axial detection planes to the half-ring configuration provided increases in system sensitivity by a factor of approximately 10. Conclusions: Initial simulations demonstrated that the configuration of a single half-ring 8 detector of monolithic BGO crystals could describe the a simulated BTAC in a clinically relevant forearm phantom with good signal properties, and an increased number of axial detection planes can provide increased sensitivity of the system. The system would find use in the derivation of the BTAC for use in the application of kinetic models without physical arterial sampling or reliance on image-based techniques.
ENGTL based antenna for Wi-Fi and 5G
Authors: Nelaturi Suman , Sundar Ramesh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This article reported patch antenna functioning at Wi- Fi and 5G bands. Wi-Fi band (2.4 GHz) is obtained by loading Epsilon Negative Transmission Line (ENGTL) metamaterials into the patch radiating at 5G band (3.5 GHz). To acquire Circular Polarization (CP) at 5G band, conventional square patch is embedded with poly fractals. The experimental and simulated data are in close proximity. The obtained impedance bandwidth is 4.01% at Wi-Fi and is 10.68% at 5G band. CP bandwidth is 2.43% at 5G. This mix of ENGTL as well as fractals provides good compactness appropriate for portable gadgets