bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Age-Specific Trends in Acute Stroke Incidence: A 15-Year Population-Based Study of Administrative Data in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Joundi Raed A. , Smith Eric E. , Yu Amy Y.X. , Rashid Mohammed , Fang Jiming , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT:Background:Contemporary data on temporal trends in acute stroke incidence, specific to stroke type and age, are lacking. We sought to evaluate temporal trends in incidence of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage over 15 years in a large population.Methods:We used linked administrative data to identify all emergency department visits and hospital admissions for first-ever ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in Ontario, Canada from 2003–2017. We evaluated annual age-/sex-standardized incidence per 100,000 person-years for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage across the study period. We used negative binomial regression to determine incidence rate ratios for each year compared to 2003, with assessment of modification by age, sex, or stroke type.Results:Our cohort had 163,574 people with stroke (88% ischemic stroke). For ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage combined, age-/sex-standardized incidence decreased between 2003 and 2011 (standardized rate 109.4 to 85.8 per 100,000; 22%), then increased until 2017 (standardized rate 96.8 per 100,000; 13%). The pattern of change was similar for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and for men and women, but was modified by age. For those aged 60 and above, adjusted incidence rate ratios decreased from 2003 to 2011 then subsequently increased, whereas for those aged <60 years incidence rate ratios increased throughout the entire study time period, particularly after 2011.Conclusions:Acute stroke incidence decreased from 2003 to 2011 but subsequently increased until 2017. Among those aged <60, incidence increased continuously from 2003 to 2017 but especially after 2011. The underlying reasons for these changes should be determined.
Household Emergency Preparedness Instrument Development: A Delphi Study
Authors: Heagele Tara N. , McNeill Charleen C. , Adams Lavonne M. , Alfred Danita M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:The main objective of this research was to generate a consensus on the conceptual definition of household emergency preparedness from experts representing multiple disciplines and countries, in order to facilitate the development of an all-hazards, comprehensive, valid, and reliable instrument.Methods:Questions were generated via 3 methods: literature search, using existing instruments, and expert panels using the Delphi technique.Results:Panelists (n = 154) representing 36 countries came to a consensus that household emergency preparedness is defined as the completion of several preparedness actions and assembling a kit that can be transported in an evacuation. The new 51-question instrument demonstrates face, content, and criterion validity and internal consistency reliability (α = 0.96). The instrument assesses whether specific preparedness actions have been taken, and the presence or absence of essential supplies that could enable households to safely endure conditions that disasters would likely present (loss of power, water limitations, and/or lack of access to additional supplies for a few days).Conclusion:A valid and reliable instrument provides researchers with a replicable approach to assessment of preparedness levels, which is necessary to plan mitigation strategies, enhance health promotion, prevent injuries, and increase resilience for individuals and communities. The instrument can provide evidence to support interventions addressing health needs of community members following a disaster.
Noncommutative strong maximals and almost uniform convergence in several directions
Authors: Conde-Alonso José M. , González-Pérez Adrián M. , Parcet Javier 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOur first result is a noncommutative form of the Jessen-Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund theorem for the maximal limit of multiparametric martingales or ergodic means. It implies bilateral almost uniform convergence (a noncommutative analogue of almost everywhere convergence) with initial data in the expected Orlicz spaces. A key ingredient is the introduction of the$L_p$-norm of the$\limsup $of a sequence of operators as a localized version of a$\ell _\infty /c_0$-valued$L_p$-space. In particular, our main result gives a strong$L_1$-estimate for the$\limsup $—as opposed to the usual weak$L_{1,\infty }$-estimate for the$\mathop {\mathrm {sup}}\limits $—with interesting consequences for the free group algebra.Let$\mathcal{L} \mathbf{F} _2$denote the free group algebra with$2$generators, and consider the free Poisson semigroup generated by the usual length function. It is an open problem to determine the largest class inside$L_1(\mathcal{L} \mathbf{F} _2)$for which the free Poisson semigroup converges to the initial data. Currently, the best known result is$L \log ^2 L(\mathcal{L} \mathbf{F} _2)$. We improve this result by adding to it the operators in$L_1(\mathcal{L} \mathbf{F} _2)$spanned by words without signs changes. Contrary to other related results in the literature, this set grows exponentially with length. The proof relies on our estimates for the noncommutative$\limsup $together with new transference techniques.We also establish a noncommutative form of Córdoba/Feffermann/Guzmán inequality for the strong maximal: more precisely, a weak$(\Phi ,\Phi )$inequality—as opposed to weak$(\Phi ,1)$—for noncommutative multiparametric martingales and$\Phi (s) = s (1 + \log _+ s)^{2 + \varepsilon }$. This logarithmic power is an$\varepsilon $-perturbation of the expected optimal one. The proof combines a refinement of Cuculescu’s construction with a quantum probabilistic interpretation of M. de Guzmán’s original argument. The commutative form of our argument gives the simplest known proof of this classical inequality. A few interesting consequences are derived for Cuculescu’s projections.
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response on central-line–associated bloodstream infections and blood culture contamination rates at a tertiary-care center in the Greater Detroit area
Authors: LeRose Jennifer , Sandhu Avnish , Polistico Jordan , Ellsworth Joe , Cranis Mara , Jabbo Lavina , Cullen Lori , Moshos Judy , Samavati Lobelia , Chopra Teena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe conducted a comparative retrospective study to quantify the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patient safety. We found a statistically significant increase in central-line–associated bloodstream infections and blood culture contamination rates during the pandemic. Increased length of stay and mortality were also observed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Economic signals of ethnicity and voting in Africa: analysis of the correlation between agricultural subsectors and ethnicity in Kenya
Authors: Kyung Kim Eun 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe existing literature has demonstrated that both ethnic and economic factors affect a vote decision in African democracies. I show that there is a meaningful interaction between the two cleavages in their influence on voting. In particular, I argue for political salience of agricultural subsectors that shape the electoral consequences of economic performance in the context where agricultural policy affects the livelihood of the majority population. Relying on the analyses of the 2007 and 2013 elections in Kenya, I illustrate how likely an individual, who is attached to a politically coherent ethnic group, votes for a candidate, the majority of whose ethnic members engage in the same industry as the voter himself regardless of the candidate's ethnicity. The results show that the sector factor reinforces the positive and negative effects of ethnic communities on incumbent support, and also explains voting by ethnic minorities whose motives for voting are not ethnic.
Effects of first intermediate host density, host size and salinity on trematode infections in mussels of the south-western Baltic Sea
Authors: Bommarito Claudia , Thieltges David W. , Pansch Christian , Barboza Francisco R. , Pranovi Fabio , Wahl Martin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTrematode prevalence and abundance in hosts are known to be affected by biotic drivers as well as by abiotic drivers. In this study, we used the unique salinity gradient found in the south-western Baltic Sea to: (i) investigate patterns of trematode infections in the first intermediate host, the periwinkle Littorina littorea and in the downstream host, the mussel Mytilus edulis, along a regional salinity gradient (from 13 to 22) and (ii) evaluate the effects of first intermediate host (periwinkle) density, host size and salinity on trematode infections in mussels. Two species dominated the trematode community, Renicola roscovita and Himasthla elongata. Salinity, mussel size and density of infected periwinkles were significantly correlated with R. roscovita, and salinity and density correlated with H. elongata abundance. These results suggest that salinity, first intermediate host density and host size play an important role in determining infection levels in mussels, with salinity being the main major driver. Under expected global change scenarios, the predicted freshening of the Baltic Sea might lead to reduced trematode transmission, which may be further enhanced by a potential decrease in periwinkle density and mussel size.
Philippe Pinel and the foundations of modern psychiatric nosology
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhilippe Pinel (1745–1826) played a major role in the foundation of modern psychiatric nosology. Much of his contribution, historically contextualized within the enlightenment generally and post-Revolutionary France more specifically, can be summarized through five themes in his background, education and writings. First, he applied an inductive, enlightenment-informed natural science approach to classification adapted from the biological sciences, which he had studied, and applied this to large samples of mentally ill individuals in Parisian asylums, frequently referring to ‘varieties’ and ‘species’ of insanity. Second, Pinel's classificatory approach rejected metaphysical and highly speculative etiologic theories in favor of a Baconian inductive approach utilizing observational data. Third, Pinel advocated repeated assessments of patients over time, feasible given long in-patient stays. Fourth, trained in philosophy, Pinel relied on philosophically informed models of the mind and of insanity. Fifth, Pinel extensively utilized faculty psychology to understand and classify mental illness. He anticipated further developments of nineteenth-century psychiatric nosology by challenging the then-dominant intellectualist models of insanity, adopting a humanistic-informed emphasis on the importance of symptoms alongside signs, arguing that passions could be the primary cause of mental illness, and trying to infer causal inter-relationships in psychiatric patients between disturbances in affect and understanding.
The impact of childhood trauma on thalamic functional connectivity in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Chu Minyi , Xu Tingting , Wang Yi , Wang Pei , Gu Qiumeng , Liu Qiang , Cheung Eric F. C. , Chan Raymond C. K. , Wang Zhen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundChildhood trauma is a vulnerability factor for the development of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Empirical findings suggest that trauma-related alterations in brain networks, especially in thalamus-related regions, have been observed in OCD patients. However, the relationship between childhood trauma and thalamic connectivity in patients with OCD remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the impact of childhood trauma on thalamic functional connectivity in OCD patients.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging resting-state scans were acquired in 79 patients with OCD, including 22 patients with a high level of childhood trauma (OCD_HCT), 57 patients with a low level of childhood trauma (OCD_LCT) and 47 healthy controls. Seven thalamic subdivisions were chosen as regions of interest (ROIs) to examine the group difference in thalamic ROIs and whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC).ResultsWe found significantly decreased caudate-thalamic rsFC in OCD patients as a whole group and also in OCD_LCT patients, compared with healthy controls. However, OCD_HCT patients exhibited increased thalamic rsFC with the prefrontal cortex when compared with both OCD_LCT patients and healthy controls.ConclusionsTaken together, OCD patients with high and low levels of childhood trauma exhibit different pathological alterations in thalamic rsFC, suggesting that childhood trauma may be a predisposing factor for some OCD patients.
Migrant protection regimes: Beyond advocacy and towards exit in Thailand
Authors: Vigneswaran Darshan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInternational migrants are subject to many types of violence, such as trafficking, detention, and forced labour. We need an improved understanding of what protects migrants from such violence. The concept of ‘migrant protection regimes’ draws our attention away from formal rights advocacy and to both the informal dimensions of protection and the way migrants help determine the quality of protection they receive. ‘Migrant protection regimes’ are sets of rules and practices regarding who ought to protect whom. These regimes include formal rights to protection in the law and informal relationships that protect migrants from lawful violence by the state. They may be changed by ‘power grabs’, when sovereign actors seek to monopolise protection relationships, but also by ‘exits’, when migrants refuse to accept the protection on offer. The study demonstrates the value of these concepts by using them to explain an unlikely case: a change in laws concerning migrant protection in an authoritarian state: Thailand. Drawing on rich qualitative sources, the article reveals how, after a human rights advocacy campaign had placed migrants’ protection in jeopardy, a mass migrant exodus compelled the country's junta to offer migrants protection on better terms.
All the News That’s Fit to Fabricate: AI-Generated Text as a Tool of Media Misinformation
Authors: Kreps Sarah , McCain R. Miles , Brundage Miles 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOnline misinformation has become a constant; only the way actors create and distribute that information is changing. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) such as GPT-2 mean that actors can now synthetically generate text in ways that mimic the style and substance of human-created news stories. We carried out three original experiments to study whether these AI-generated texts are credible and can influence opinions on foreign policy. The first evaluated human perceptions of AI-generated text relative to an original story. The second investigated the interaction between partisanship and AI-generated news. The third examined the distributions of perceived credibility across different AI model sizes. We find that individuals are largely incapable of distinguishing between AI- and human-generated text; partisanship affects the perceived credibility of the story; and exposure to the text does little to change individuals’ policy views. The findings have important implications in understanding AI in online misinformation campaigns.
Active Sediment Generation on Coral Reef Flats Contributes to Recent Reef Island Expansion
Authors: Ford M. R. , Kench P. S. , Owen S. D. , Hua Q. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ongoing development of Jeh Island in the Marshall Islands was investigated using aerial photographs, high‐resolution satellite imagery, and radiometric dating of island sediments. Remote sensing observations show the present‐day island of Jeh is the product of two or more smaller islands merging together between 1943 and 2006 which are continuing to expand despite local sea‐level rise (SLR). Remote sensing observations show modern island development involving a complex multistage merging of smaller islands on a linear atoll rim. Radiometric ages of sediments demonstrate that island development is occurring through the active generation and delivery of modern sediments. Results highlight that at sites where sediment production regimes are in a healthy state, island building under conditions of SLR is possible. The findings have implications for interpreting island evolution from morphostratigraphic studies and understanding future island behavior with further SLR.
Observation and Simulation of the Development of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: Post‐Sunset Rise or Upwelling Growth?
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Pedatella N. M. , Wu Qian , Huba J. D. , Lin Charles C. H. , Schreiner W. S. , Braun J. J. , Eastes R. W. , Yue Jia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the underlying physics of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) on 11 December 2019, under solar minimum conditions. The Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) ultraviolet nightglow images exhibit a periodic distribution of reduced emissions related to EPBs. Remarkably, FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (F7/C2) observes a significant altitudinal difference of ~45 km in the bottomside ionosphere between two nearly collocated electron density profiles before the onset of EPBs, indicating the presence of an upwelling. Distinct ionospheric perturbations are also observed in F7/C2 and ground‐based Global Positioning System observations, suggesting that gravity waves may contribute to the upwelling. Simulations with SAMI3/ESF are further carried out to evaluate the upwelling growth and pre‐reversal enhancement (PRE) effect on EPB development. Simulations reveal that the crests of upwellings show a localized uplift of ~50 km, and EPBs only develop from the crest of upwellings. The uplift altitude of upwellings is comparable to the F7/C2 observations and the post‐sunset rise in moderate solar conditions. The polarization electric field (Ep) developed within the upwellings can drive vertical Ep × B drifts of ~32–35 m/s, which are comparable to the PRE vertical E × B drifts. We find that the PRE alone cannot drive EPBs without upwelling growth, but it can facilitate the upwelling growth. Observations and simulations allow us to conclude that upwelling growth could play a vital role in the formation of EPBs.
Barrier Layers in a High‐Resolution Model in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Bingham F. M. , Li Z. , Katsura S. , Sprintall J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examines salinity barrier layers (BLs) in the eastern tropical North Pacific in the region of the Salinity Processes in the Upper ocean Regional Studies‐2 field campaign. We utilize a high‐resolution numerical model to study BLs and their relationship to frontal features and small‐scale ocean variability, focusing on two specific events. One is associated with a large outbreak of BL presence near 7°N along 125°W. The other is a relatively isolated but persistent BL that forms near 13°N, again along 125°W. In both cases we find that the BL is proximate to a salinity frontal feature in which isohalines tilt toward the fresh side of the front at its base. The BLs studied are associated with divergent flow at the surface on the fresh side of the front and convergent flow on the salty side. Tilting of the front is invoked to explain this, with an additional mechanism involving a vertical circulation which causes the base of the front to tilt preferentially.
What Martian Meteorites Reveal About the Interior and Surface of Mars
Authors: Udry A. , Howarth G. H. , Herd C. D. K. , Day J. M. D. , Lapen T. J. , Filiberto J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMartian meteorites are the only direct samples from Mars, thus far. Currently, there are a total of 262 individual samples originating from at least 11 ejection events. Geochemical analyses, through techniques that are also used on terrestrial rocks, provide fundamental insights into the bulk composition, differentiation and evolution, mantle heterogeneity, and role of secondary processes, such as aqueous alteration and shock, on Mars. Martian meteorites display a wide range in mineralogy and chemistry, but are predominantly basaltic in composition. Over the past 6 years, the number of martian meteorites recovered has almost doubled allowing for studies that evaluate these meteorites as suites of igneous rocks. However, the martian meteorites represent a biased sampling of the surface of Mars with unknown ejection locations. The geology of Mars cannot be unraveled solely by analyzing these meteorites. Rocks analyzed by rovers on the surface of Mars are of distinct composition to the meteorites, highlighting the importance of Mars missions, especially sample return. The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover will collect and cache—for eventual return to Earth—over 30 diverse surface samples from Jezero crater. These returned samples will allow for Earth‐based state‐of‐the‐art analyses on diverse martian rocks with known field context. The complementary study of returned samples and meteorites will help to constrain the evolution of the martian interior and surface. Here, we review recent findings and advances in the study of martian meteorites and examine how returned samples would complement and enhance our knowledge of Mars.
Laboratory Study of the Cameron Bands, the First Negative Bands, and Fourth Positive Bands in the Middle Ultraviolet 180–280 nm by Electron Impact Upon CO
Authors: Lee Rena A. , Ajello Joseph M. , Malone Charles P. , Evans J. Scott , Veibell Victoir , Holsclaw Gregory M. , McClintock William E. , Hoskins Alan C. , Jain Sonal , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Schneider Nicholas M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe have analyzed medium‐resolution (full width at half maximum, FWHM = 1.2 nm), Middle UltraViolet (MUV; 180–280 nm) laboratory emission spectra of carbon monoxide (CO) excited by electron impact at 15, 20, 40, 50, and 100 eV under single‐scattering conditions at 300 K. The MUV emission spectra at 100 eV contain the Cameron Bands (CB) CO(a 3Π → X 1Σ+), the fourth positive group (4PG) CO(A 1Π → X 1Σ+), and the first negative group (1NG) CO+(B 2Σ+ → X 2Σ) from direct excitation and cascading‐induced emission of an optically thin CO gas. We have determined vibrational intensities and emission cross sections for these systems, important for modeling UV observations of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. We have also measured the CB “glow” profile about the electron beam of the long‐lived CO (a 3Π) state and determined its average metastable lifetime of 3 ± 1 ms. Optically allowed cascading from a host of triplet states has been found to be the dominant excitation process contributing to the CB emission cross section at 15 eV, most strongly by the d 3Δ and a' 3Σ+ electronic states. We normalized the CB emission cross section at 15 eV electron impact energy by multilinear regression (MLR) analysis to the blended 15 eV MUV spectrum over the spectral range of 180–280 nm, based on the 4PG emission cross section at 15 eV that we have previously measured (Ajello et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026308). We find the CB total emission cross section at 15 eV to be 7.7 × 10−17 cm2.