bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inward Baptism
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Inward Baptism describes theological developments leading up to the great evangelical revivals in the mid-eighteenth century. It argues that Martin Luther’s insistence that a participant’s faith was essential to a sacrament’s efficacy would inevitably lead to the insistence on an immediate, perceptible communication from the Holy Spirit, which evangelicals continue to call the “new birth.” A description of “conversion” through the sacrament of penance in late-medieval Western Christianity leads to an exploration of Luther’s critique of that system, to the willingness of Reformed theologians to follow Luther’s logic, to an emphasis on “inward” rather than “outward” baptism, to William Perkins’s development of a conscience religion, to late-seventeenth-century efforts to understand religion chiefly as morality, and finally to the theological rationale for the new birth from George Whitefield, John Wesley, and Jonathan Edwards. If the average Christian around the year 1500 encountered God primarily through sacraments presided over by priests, an evangelical Christian around 1750 received God directly into his or her heart without the need for clerical mediation, and he or she would be conscious of God’s presence there.
Luther Insists on Faith
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Martin Luther’s critique of late-medieval religiosity, concentrating particularly on his understanding of infant baptism. While a legitimate sacrament in Luther’s eyes, infant baptism appears to coexist uneasily with Luther’s insistence that justification must occur through the instrumentality of faith. Confronted with the writings of the “Enthusiasts,” Luther comes to insist on the sacramental power of the baptismal water.
The “Conscience Religion” of William Perkins
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter moves to England to examine the “conscience theology” of the Puritan William Perkins, who stands in here for countless of his Puritan colleagues. Perkins’s treatises outsold Shakespeare’s plays well into the seventeenth century. To read Perkins’s many treatises is to see the encounter between the divine and the human shifting from the sacraments to the human heart.
The Outbreak of Evangelicalism
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter first describes the theology of the leaders of the evangelical awakening on the British Isles, George Whitefield and John Wesley. Both insisted that by preaching the “immediate” revelation of the Holy Spirit during what they called the “new birth,” they were recovering an essential element of primitive Christianity that had been forgotten over the centuries. Both had clear affinities with the conscience theology of William Perkins, yet both distanced themselves from it in important ways. In New England, Jonathan Edwards explored the nature of religious experience more deeply than either Wesley or Whitefield had done, and Edwards proudly claimed his Puritan heritage even as opponents found him deviating from it.
Introduction
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Introduction contextualises the pursuit of algorithmic decentralisation within the contemporary landscape of cryptocurrencies and blockchains. It problematises these new distributed ledgers within the literatures of economic geography, software studies, and anthropology to outline the analytical scope of the book. A “follow-the-thing” method is briefly introduced to demonstrate the multi-dimensional approach used to understand Bitcoin and to help foreground the monograph’s interventions and outline the academic contribution. This research technique is supported by an epistemological claim: in order to understand blockchains stakeholders must pay close attention to how they are constantly being (re)made and performed on a daily basis. This focus involves separating ideologies of algorithmic decentralisation from how it actually plays out in practice.
Grounding Cryptocurrencies
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChapter 6 documents a more specific and exploratory follow the thing research technique to uncover the digital-material architecture of Bitcoin. Treating the Bitcoin code as both a text and material, a single bitcoin is followed through the decentralised protocol “from” Australia “to” the United States. By tracing the spatial relationships between miscellaneous paraphernalia that facilitate the transaction, from proprietary software to Bitcoin mining rigs, the chapter navigates the material culture of the Bitcoin blockchain. This involves opening up source code for inspection to uncover the functional performativity of the network. The spatial lens used reveals several material infrastructures such as undersea cables, data centres, pools of Bitcoin mines, active nodes, and third-party wallet software, that assemble to form operational modes of centralisation.
Conclusion
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSummarising the book’s findings, algorithmic decentralisation is shown to be an inherent contradiction as spatial trajectories coalesce at different points around blockchain networks. This provides a starting point for understanding the economic geographies of distributed blockchain networks that, on one hand, are open for all to see and, on the other, work out of view underneath the surface of cryptographically concealed code. By following Bitcoin into different aspects of its network, its money/code/space is revealed to be a product of complex webs of humans and non-humans formed through cultural-economic practice as opposed to an autonomous machine world. In doing so, the Conclusion works to debunk the libertarian and liberatory claims of cryptocurrencies by illuminating modes of uneven power. It is argued: only by understanding these limitations can pathways be taken to building less inequitable, or at least sensationalist, blockchain forms.
Creationism USA
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Who are America’s creationists? What do they want? Why do they think dinosaurs were on Noah’s ark? Creationism USA reveals that misconceptions about creationism have led Americans into a full century of unnecessary culture-war histrionics about evolution education and creationism. In fact, America does not and never has had deep, fundamental disagreements about evolution. Not about the actual science of evolution, that is, and not in ways that truly matter to public policy. Americans do have significant disagreements about creationism, though, and Creationism USA offers a new way to understand those battles. Describing the history of creationism and its variations demonstrates that the real conflict about evolution is not between creationists and evolution. The true landscape of American creationism is far more complicated than headlines suggest. This book digs beyond those headlines to prove two fundamental facts about American creationism. First, by any reasonable definition, almost all Americans can be classified as creationists. At the same time, almost all Americans, including creationist Americans, want their children to learn mainstream evolutionary science. Taken together, these difficult truths about American creationism point to a large and productive middle ground, a widely shared public vision of the proper relationship between schools, science, and religion. These facts aren’t hidden, yet they remain surprising to those who do not understand the real world of American creationism. Creationism USA explains the history and current state of America’s true battles over creationism. It offers a nuanced but simple prescription to solve them.
The Evolution of Radical Creationism
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The most eye-catching form of American creationism is the one that builds huge replicas of Noah’s ark and insists that humans and dinosaurs must have shared the planet at one time. This chapter relates the unique history of this kind of radical young-earth belief. In the 1920s, very few creationists thought that their ardent opposition to evolutionary theory needed to include a belief that humanity was created relatively recently. By the end of the twentieth century, belief in a young earth came to be far more common. This evolution was part of a revolution in both religion and public life, as this chapter relates. As radical creationism was pushed out of mainstream universities and scientific life, it flourished in more and more radical forms.
Evolution and All That
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
When radical creationists warn about the dangers of evolutionary theory, they do not focus on scientific ideas. Rather, the threat of evolutionary theory to radical creationists comes from such ideas as homosexuality and abortion. For many radical creationists, evolutionary theory is not necessarily bad by itself, but terrifying in its suggested threat of utter social disintegration. Adopting an evolutionary worldview, they warn, is a stepping stone to abandoning traditional morality altogether. This chapter relates the long history of radical-creationist worry about the social threats of evolutionary theory. It argues that creationists who worry about evolution are not generally nervous about science but social decline.
What Not to Know and How Not to Know It
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, radical creationists have built a network of institutions to spread the word about their anti-evolution faith. Universities, schools, museums, and publishing companies all provide an environment in which Americans can raise children in a world safe from mainstream thinking. As this chapter argues, the alternate world of creationist institutions does not see the threat as being evolutionary theory itself but rather a changing society, one in which traditional values are no longer seen as sacrosanct. Children are not only taught creationist ideas but also a deep distrust of mainstream thinking.
Evolution USA
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In spite of common stereotypes, American creationists do not dislike science. Even radical young-earth creationists have never dismissed the value of science. To be sure, radical creationists often have ideas about science that differ from mainstream ones, but they never dispute the value of science itself. This chapter describes the true feelings of radical creationism about science and demonstrates that even the most radical of creationists actually want their children to learn mainstream evolutionary science, if it can be done safely. Americans’ shared respect for science offers a path out of long culture wars about evolution. The central issue is not about science itself, but rather about building trust.
Article II Treaties and Signaling Theory
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the treaty-making process set forth in Article II of the U.S. Constitution, which requires that presidents obtain the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate. Some scholars contend that, under modern law and practice, presidents can choose to conclude any international agreement by obtaining either ex ante authorization or ex post approval from a majority of Congress rather than obtaining the supermajority “advice and consent” of the Senate. If presidents in fact have this freedom of choice, there appears to be a puzzle: Why do they ever choose to use the Article II treaty process, which is more politically difficult than the executive agreement processes? To be sure, the use of the Article II process has been in decline, but the process is still used for some agreements, including in situations in which the process seems to make it more difficult for presidents to obtain approval of agreements that they support. A common answer to this puzzle is based on signaling theory: Using the Article II process, it is said, allows the president or the country to signal valuable information to potential treaty partners. This chapter argues that the signaling explanation is questionable and suggests that domestic legal and political factors better explain the continued use of the Article II process.
International Law in American Courts
Authors: Born Gary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the grave flaws in the current treatment of international law in American courts. Both the status and content of public and private international law in the United States are uncertain, frequently governed by contradictory or parochial rules of State law; the resulting body of international law that is applied by U.S. courts is unpredictable and incoherent. Over the past fifty years, U.S. federal courts have also increasingly marginalized both international law and the role of American courts in resolving international disputes. This treatment of international law threatens serious damage to historic U.S. values and frustrates vitally important national policies. The chapter then considers how the current treatment of international law in American courts is also contrary to the U.S. Constitution’s allocation of authority over the nation’s foreign relations and international trade, which vests the federal government with both plenary and exclusive authority over U.S. foreign relations and commerce, while, exceptionally, forbidding State involvement in either field. Moreover, this treatment conflicts with vital national interests and policies in both fields, frustrating long-standing national interests in the nation’s compliance with international law and development of the international legal system.
Forum Non Conveniens in the Fourth Restatement
Authors: Childress Donald Earl 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the approach taken by the Fourth Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States to the forum non conveniens doctrine in light of the doctrine’s history and present usage. The Fourth Restatement states succinctly the forum non conveniens doctrine: A U.S. federal court “may dismiss a case if: (a) there is an available and adequate alternative forum; and (b) despite the deference owed to the plaintiff’s choice of forum, the balance of public and private interests favors dismissal.” The Fourth Restatement next details in the comments various intricacies of the doctrine and proposes rules derived from U.S. federal court decisions with the hope of constraining judicial discretion in applying the main rule. These rules illustrate that the Fourth Restatement treats the forum non conveniens doctrine as a doctrine of law, as opposed to one of judicial discretion. In so doing, the Fourth Restatement formulates clear rules for U.S. federal courts to apply in resolving a forum non conveniens motion. This chapter considers Supreme Court decisions developing the doctrine to set the stage for assessing the Fourth Restatement’s approach and explores the doctrine as it has developed through various restatement projects, including the Fourth Restatement. The chapter concludes by examining the role of party interests in the forum non conveniens analysis and explores tensions in the doctrine that should be accounted for by U.S. federal courts and in future restatement projects.
The Fourth Restatement, International Law, and the “Terrorism” Exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
Authors: Stephens Beth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the “terrorism” exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States sets out to “restate” the law of the United States and “relevant portions of international law,” not to critique U.S. law or settle debates about the content of international law. However, that task is complicated when the law of the United States triggers questions about unresolved international law issues. The “terrorism” exception to the FSIA illustrates this complexity. Congress, the executive branch, and the judiciary have employed the exception as a politically motivated weapon to target disfavored states, while excluding U.S. allies, politically powerful states, and the United States itself from the reach of the statute. The text of the Fourth Restatement merely restates the U.S. law governing the “terrorism” exception, without identifying international law concerns or analyzing the issues they raise. The chapter, by contrast, offers a critique of the “terrorism” exception, focusing on the statute as written, as amended to reach particular targets, and as applied in practice. A well-crafted statutory exception to sovereign immunity for state human rights violations would be a welcome addition to human rights accountability. The “terrorism” exception falls far short of that goal.
The Jurisdictional Immunities of International Organizations
Authors: Stewart David P. , Wuerth Ingrid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on developments in the law of international organization (IO) immunity, focusing on the United States. As international entities, IOs are generally entitled to some measure of immunity from the jurisdiction of domestic courts. Immunity allows IOs to fulfill their missions without interference from the domestic courts of the countries in which they locate and operate. As IOs grew, the domestic and international legal regulation of their activities also expanded. A variety of social harms were increasingly addressed by positive law and resolved through private litigation, both in the United States and around the world. As a consequence of these developments, immunity for IOs today may shield them from more conduct that would otherwise be actionable in court than it did when most treaties and statutes conferring IO immunity were adopted. In addition, the immunity of foreign states has generally become subject to more exceptions during this period, another factor that makes absolute immunity for IOs appear anomalous to some observers, despite the differences between IOs and foreign states. Although IOs generally remain entitled to a high level of immunity in the United States as they do around the world, cases in the United States and elsewhere have begun to indicate ways in which that immunity will be limited going forward. The chapter then suggests that the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law take up the topic of IO immunity.
Can the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law Foster Legal Stability?
Authors: Nzelibe Jide 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the kind of legal stability one may expect the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations to foster is even feasible, and if it is, whether it is desirable. It makes two key points. First, in the current political climate, the objective of fostering legal stability in foreign relations law may no longer be as feasible as it once was. For much of the postwar era until the administration of President George W. Bush, various commentators have suggested that even though there were occasional partisan skirmishes, a relatively bipartisan consensus on liberal internationalism prevailed. However, today, the conditions that produced that moderate bipartisan consensus no longer hold, and thus the quest to foster stability in foreign relations law is likely to face even more of an uphill battle. Second, while the Fourth Restatement may occasionally foster stability in foreign relations law, there is also the possibility that it may do so in undesirable circumstances. This point assumes that whereas too little legal stability can sometimes be disruptive, too much of it could be inhibiting.
Sound Quality
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter takes a closer look at sonic concepts and the relevant major strands of research in the cognitive sciences. The chapter explores the ways in which the cognitive processing of sound is a multimodal task that extends into the world via language, technology, and actions. The main source of information in this study consists of cognitive metaphors reflected in written accounts, but the chapter also outlines nonlinguistic realizations of sound quality such as visual metaphors (e.g., graphical user interfaces) and enacted metaphors (e.g., bodily actions). The transition from analog mixing boards to digital ones that maintain the actions and look of the first-generation models is explored in the context of the signal flow metaphor. Finally, the schematic function of force metaphors in sound production is covered.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Introduction to this volume explores the importance of individual–world interactions through the medium of sound in distinguishing between different traditions of Christian worship. I introduce ideas of musicking and resonance and suggest their potential usefulness in exploring the different patterns of interaction present in musical acts of devotion. I draw attention to resonance’s ability to point toward the simultaneous or subsequent sounding of energy in and between multiple actors, entities, and spaces, and to its particular conceptual advantages and strengths in approaching congregational singing. I highlight its ability to foreground the materiality of music while simultaneously giving conceptual space for the overtones latent within and surrounding such materiality. Alongside this, it is able to offer a relatively loose sense of priority that evokes very strongly complex dynamics of interplay back and forth between numerous agents, spaces, things, and materials as energy and vibration are passed between them.
Singing, Resonance, and Ascetic Struggle
Authors: Porter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests that an exploration of ascetic singing within its broader ecology serves to illuminate practices of recitation within the literature of the early Desert Fathers. Solitary recitation provides a relatively stripped-down mode of devotion, with few opportunities for interpersonal interaction. However, within this context, the idea of resonance highlights the way in which ascetic singing relates the individual to body, architecture, landscape, and the surrounding spiritual world. It focuses attention on the dynamic interplay of these different spaces and actors in the activity of singing. This chapter moves toward an ecological understanding of music as integrally caught up in broader projects.
Space, Multiplicity, and De/Reconstructing Resonance
Authors: Porter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Congregational singing has become problematized within the emerging-church movement. This movement is a self-consciously postmodern expression of Christianity that brings into question not only ideas of group singing but also of the congregation itself, intentionally deconstructing the boundaries, patterns, and norms that have typically served to define the congregational group. Nevertheless, music and sound remain important, if contested, components of emerging-church practices. Through fieldwork undertaken in a number of emerging-church groups, this chapter investigates the ways in which sonic material is deployed in nontraditional settings, and the different patterns of interaction that are set up between agents, spaces, and objects in these environments. In particular, this chapter draws attention to a move away from totalizing patterns of high-intensity resonant union, toward models that, in a variety of different ways, offer space for individuals to experience their own micro-resonant interactions as they engage in a range of different devotional activities.