bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models for predicting the within-tree and regional variation of tracheid length and width for plantation loblolly pine
Authors: Dahlen Joseph , Nabavi Mohamad , Auty David , Schimleck Laurence , Eberhardt Thomas L 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLoblolly pine is a major fibre source for the pulp and paper industry. Here we developed the first nonlinear models to predict the within-tree and regional variation of tracheid length and width for planted loblolly pine. Data were obtained from macerated tracheids and near-infrared spectroscopy calibration models from trees sampled in 109 stands across the southeastern United States. The fixed effects for the final tracheid length model, which included cambial age, height of disk within tree, and physiographic region, explained 71 percent of the variation with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.28 mm, while the fixed effects for the final tracheid width model explained 57 percent of the variation with RMSE of 1.4 μm. There was significant variation in tracheid properties across the growing regions. Tree maps showing within-tree variability in tracheid properties were produced. Five simulated scenarios were compared using the models developed, with mean tracheid dimensions calculated on a whole-tree basis at a first and second thinnings, and at final harvest. Also from the final harvest, the tops of trees, and outerwood chips produced during lumber manufacturing were also simulated. For the whole tree scenarios, both mean tracheid length and width increased with age, increasing from 2.24 mm and 40.5 μm (age 12), to 2.51 mm and 41.3 μm (age 18), and to 2.73 and 41.8 μm at age 25, respectively. The tops of the trees at age 25 had a mean tracheid length of 2.46 mm and a mean width of 41.0 μm, while the chips had a mean tracheid length of 3.13 mm and a mean width of 42.5 μm. Due to the models representing samples collected from across the southeastern United States, and their relatively high precision, they are suitable for incorporation into growth and yield systems allowing for prediction of tracheid properties.
Genomic Insights into Plastid Evolution
Authors: Sibbald Shannon J , Archibald John M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The origin of plastids (chloroplasts) by endosymbiosis stands as one of the most important events in the history of eukaryotic life. The genetic, biochemical, and cell biological integration of a cyanobacterial endosymbiont into a heterotrophic host eukaryote approximately a billion years ago paved the way for the evolution of diverse algal groups in a wide range of aquatic and, eventually, terrestrial environments. Plastids have on multiple occasions also moved horizontally from eukaryote to eukaryote by secondary and tertiary endosymbiotic events. The overall picture of extant photosynthetic diversity can best be described as “patchy”: Plastid-bearing lineages are spread far and wide across the eukaryotic tree of life, nested within heterotrophic groups. The algae do not constitute a monophyletic entity, and understanding how, and how often, plastids have moved from branch to branch on the eukaryotic tree remains one of the most fundamental unsolved problems in the field of cell evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the origin and spread of plastids from the perspective of comparative genomics. Recent years have seen significant improvements in genomic sampling from photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic lineages, both of which have added important pieces to the puzzle of plastid evolution. Comparative genomics has also allowed us to better understand how endosymbionts become organelles.
Sexual Barter and Jewish Women’s Efforts to Save their Lives: Accounts from the Righteous Among the Nations Archives
Authors: Gusarov Katya 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Using the files from the Righteous Among the Nations Department at Yad Vashem, this article explores how Jewish women in German-occupied Eastern Europe used sexual barter with Gentile men, both non-Germans and Germans, to try to survive. It proposes that sexual barter be recognized as an expression of agency. Yet sexual barter has been stigmatized and corresponding testimonies largely excluded from the archives. Indications that sexual barter had been a motivation for saving Jews were not included in submissions for the award of the status of Righteous because the criteria for that honour require that nothing can have been received in return for saving a Jew. This essay seeks to problematize this rule, which misunderstands what it was like to live in hiding for both the rescued and the rescuers.
Imaging the subsurface using induced seismicity and ambient noise: 3-D tomographic Monte Carlo joint inversion of earthquake body wave traveltimes and surface wave dispersion
Authors: Zhang Xin , Roy Corinna , Curtis Andrew , Nowacki Andy , Baptie Brian 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYSeismic body wave traveltime tomography and surface wave dispersion tomography have been used widely to characterize earthquakes and to study the subsurface structure of the Earth. Since these types of problem are often significantly non-linear and have non-unique solutions, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods have been used to find probabilistic solutions. Body and surface wave data are usually inverted separately to produce independent velocity models. However, body wave tomography is generally sensitive to structure around the subvolume in which earthquakes occur and produces limited resolution in the shallower Earth, whereas surface wave tomography is often sensitive to shallower structure. To better estimate subsurface properties, we therefore jointly invert for the seismic velocity structure and earthquake locations using body and surface wave data simultaneously. We apply the new joint inversion method to a mining site in the United Kingdom at which induced seismicity occurred and was recorded on a small local network of stations, and where ambient noise recordings are available from the same stations. The ambient noise is processed to obtain inter-receiver surface wave dispersion measurements which are inverted jointly with body wave arrival times from local earthquakes. The results show that by using both types of data, the earthquake source parameters and the velocity structure can be better constrained than in independent inversions. To further understand and interpret the results, we conduct synthetic tests to compare the results from body wave inversion and joint inversion. The results show that trade-offs between source parameters and velocities appear to bias results if only body wave data are used, but this issue is largely resolved by using the joint inversion method. Thus the use of ambient seismic noise and our fully non-linear inversion provides a valuable, improved method to image the subsurface velocity and seismicity.
It's a man's world: carnal spectatorship and dissonant masculinities in Islamic State videos
Authors: Crone Manni 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Islamic State videos have often been associated with savage violence and beheadings. An in-depth scrutiny however reveals another striking feature: that female bodies are absent, blurred or mute. Examining a few Islamic State videos in depth, the article suggests that the invisibility of women in tandem with the ostentatious visibility of male bodies enable gendered and embodied spectators to indulge in homoerotic as well as heterosexual imaginaries. In contrast to studies on visual security and online radicalization which assert that images affect an audience, this article focuses on the interaction between video and audience and argues that spectators are not only rational and emotional but embodied and gendered as well. Islamic State videos do not only attract western foreign fighters through religious–ideological rhetoric or emotional impact but also through gendered forms of pleasure and desire that enable carnal imagination and identification. The article probes the analytical purchase of carnal aesthetics and spectatorship.
Soundscapes of war: the audio-visual performance of war by Shi'a militias in Iraq and Syria
Authors: Malmvig Helle 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article sets out to bring sound and music to the field of visual studies in International Relations. It argues that IR largely has approached the visual field as if it was without sound; neglecting how audial landscapes frame and direct our interpretation of moving imagery. Sound and music contribute to making imagery intelligible to us, we ‘hear the pictures’ often without noticing. The audial can for instance articulate a visual absence, or blast visual signs, bring out certain emotional stages or subjects’ inner life. Audial frames steer us in distinct directions, they can mute the cries of the wounded in war, or amplify the sounds of joy of soldiers shooting in the air. To bring the audial and the visual analytically and empirically together, the article therefore proposes four key analytical themes: 1) the audial–visual frame, 2) point of view/point of audition, 3) modes of audio-visual synchronization and 4) aesthetics moods. These are applied to a study of ‘war music videos’ in Iraq and Syria made and circulated by Shi'a militias currently fighting there. Such war music videos, it is suggested, are not just artefacts of popular culture, but have become integral parts of how warfare is practiced today, and one that is shared by soldiers in the US and Europe. War music videos are performing war, just as they shape how war is known by spectators and participants alike.
What If the Influenza Vaccine Did Not Offer Such Variable Protection?
Authors: Bartsch Sarah M , Mitgang Elizabeth A , Geller Gail , Cox Sarah N , O’Shea Kelly J , Boyce Angie , Siegmund Sheryl S , Kahn Jeffrey , Lee Bruce Y 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The protection that an influenza vaccine offers can vary significantly from person to person due to differences in immune systems, body types, and other factors. The question, then, is what is the value of efforts to reduce this variability such as making vaccines more personalized and tailored to individuals.

Methods
We developed a compartment model of the United States to simulate different influenza seasons and the impact of reducing the variability in responses to the influenza vaccine across the population.

Results
Going from a vaccine that varied in efficacy (0–30%) to one that had a uniform 30% efficacy for everyone averted 16.0–31.2 million cases, $1.9–$3.6 billion in direct medical costs, and $16.1–$42.7 billion in productivity losses. Going from 0–50% in efficacy to just 50% for everyone averted 27.7–38.6 million cases, $3.3–$4.6 billion in direct medical costs, and $28.8–$57.4 billion in productivity losses. Going from 0–70% to 70% averted 33.6–54.1 million cases, $4.0–$6.5 billion in direct medical costs, and $44.8–$64.7 billion in productivity losses.

Conclusions
This study quantifies for policy makers, funders, and vaccine developers and manufacturers the potential impact of efforts to reduce variability in the protection that influenza vaccines offer (eg, developing vaccines that are more personalized to different individual factors).
Myocardial Steatosis Among Antiretroviral Therapy–Treated People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Participating in the REPRIEVE Trial
Authors: Neilan Tomas G , Nguyen Kim-Lien , Zaha Vlad G , Chew Kara W , Morrison Leavitt , Ntusi Ntobeko A B , Toribio Mabel , Awadalla Magid , Drobni Zsofia D , Nelson Michael D , Burdo Tricia H , Van Schalkwyk Marije , Sax Paul E , Skiest Daniel J , Tashima Karen , Landovitz Raphael J , Daar Eric , Wurcel Alysse G , Robbins Gregory K , Bolan Robert K , Fitch Kathleen V , Currier Judith S , Bloomfield Gerald S , Desvigne-Nickens Patrice , Douglas Pamela S , Hoffmann Udo , Grinspoon Steven K , Ribaudo Heather , Dawson Rodney , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Jain Mamta K , Warner Alberta , Szczepaniak Lidia S , Zanni Markella V 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
People with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) face increased risks for heart failure and adverse heart failure outcomes. Myocardial steatosis predisposes to diastolic dysfunction, a heart failure precursor. We aimed to characterize myocardial steatosis and associated potential risk factors among a subset of the Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE) participants.

Methods
Eighty-two PWH without known heart failure successfully underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance spectroscopy, yielding data on intramyocardial triglyceride (IMTG) content (a continuous marker for myocardial steatosis extent). Logistic regression models were applied to investigate associations between select clinical characteristics and odds of increased or markedly increased IMTG content.

Results
Median (Q1, Q3) IMTG content was 0.59% (0.28%, 1.15%). IMTG content was increased (&gt; 0.5%) among 52% and markedly increased (&gt; 1.5%) among 22% of participants. Parameters associated with increased IMTG content included age (P = .013), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P = .055), history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) (P = .033), and nadir CD4 count &lt; 350 cells/mm³ (P = .055). Age and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were additionally associated with increased odds of markedly increased IMTG content (P = .049 and P = .046, respectively).

Conclusions
A substantial proportion of antiretroviral therapy–treated PWH exhibited myocardial steatosis. Age, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, low nadir CD4 count, and history of IVDU emerged as possible risk factors for myocardial steatosis in this group.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02344290; NCT03238755.
Prevalence and risks factors associated with ESBL-producing faecal carriage in a single long-term-care facility in Spain: emergence of CTX-M-24- and CTX-M-27-producing Escherichia coli ST131-H30R
Authors: Colmenarejo Cristina , Hernández-García Marta , Muñoz-Rodríguez José Ramón , Huertas Natalia , Navarro Francisco Javier , Mateo Ana Belén , Pellejero Eva María , Illescas Soledad , Vidal María Dolors , del Campo Rosa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To address the faecal carriage prevalence of antibiotic-multiresistant bacteria and associated risk factors in a public long-term care facility (LTCF).

Methods
A prospective study in a single government-funded LTCF of 300 residents in Ciudad Real, Spain. Residents’ clinical and demographic data were collected, as well as recent antibiotic consumption in the institution. Each participant contributed a rectal swab, which was plated on selective and differential-selective media. Colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF and ESBL production was confirmed by the double-disc synergy method, with characterization of the molecular mechanism by PCR. Isolates were typed by PFGE and submitted for ST131 screening by PCR.

Results
Faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales was detected in 58 (31%) of 187 participants and previous infection by MDR bacteria was identified as a risk factor. The genes characterized were: blaCTX-M-15 (40.6%); blaCTX-M-14 (28.8%); blaCTX-M-27 (13.5%); and blaCTX-M-24 (10.1%). Some 56.4% of the isolates were grouped into the E. coli ST131 clone; 70.9% of these corresponded to the O25b serotype, 51.6% of them to Clade C1 (H30) and 12.9% to Clade C2 (H30Rx). Clade C1 isolates were mostly C1-M27, whereas the C2 sublineage was mainly related to the production of CTX-M-15. ST131-CTX-M-24 isolates (n = 6) corresponded to Clade A with serotype O16.

Conclusions
A high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales faecal carriage has been detected in a single LTCF, highlighting the emergence of ST131 Clade A-M24 and Clade C1-M27 lineages.
Biomedical REAl-Time Health Evaluation (BREATHE): toward an mHealth informatics platform
Authors: Bui Alex A T , Hosseini Anahita , Rocchio Rose , Jacobs Nate , Ross Mindy K , Okelo Sande , Lurmann Fred , Eckel Sandrah , Dzubur Eldin , Dunton Genevieve , Gilliland Frank , Sarrafzadeh Majid , Habre Rima 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a configurable mobile health (mHealth) framework for integration of physiologic and environmental sensors to be used in studies focusing on the domain of pediatric asthma.Materials and MethodsThe Biomedical REAl-Time Health Evaluation (BREATHE) platform connects different sensors and data streams, contextualizing an individual’s symptoms and daily activities over time to understand pediatric asthma’s presentation and its management. A smartwatch/smartphone combination serves as a hub for personal/wearable sensing devices collecting data on health (eg, heart rate, spirometry, medications), motion, and personal exposures (eg, particulate matter, ozone); securely transmitting information to BREATHE’s servers; and interacting with the user (eg, ecological momentary assessments). Server-side integration of electronic health record data and spatiotemporally correlated information (eg, weather, traffic) elaborates on these observations. An initial panel study involving pediatric asthma patients was conducted to assess BREATHE.ResultsTwenty subjects were enrolled, during which BREATHE accrued seven consecutive days of continuous data per individual. The data were used to confirm knowledge about asthma (use of controller inhalers, time-activity behaviors, personal air pollution exposure), and additional analyses provided insights into within-day associations of environmental triggers and asthma exacerbations. Exit surveys focusing on mHealth usability, while positive, noted several translational challenges.DiscussionBased on these promising results, a longitudinal panel study to evaluate individual microenvironments and exposures is ongoing. Lessons learned thus far reflect the need to address various usability aspects, including convenience and ongoing engagement.ConclusionBREATHE enables multi-sensor mHealth studies, capturing new types of information alongside an evolving understanding of personal exposomes.
On Regional Criminal Courts as Representatives of Political Communities
Authors: van der Wilt Harmen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of moral standing: on whose behalf does a criminal court purport to act? It examines the justification for a regional criminal court, namely the proposed Criminal Chamber within the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights. The chapter draws on Emile Durkheim’s concept of the social function of criminal law and Antony Duff’s idea of the requisite ‘political community’ on whose behalf a penal institution speaks to argue that a region can constitute a political community capable of being protected by criminal law and represented by a regional criminal court. The Malabo Protocol, which establishes the Criminal Chamber, includes not only the standard ‘core crimes’ but a range of other crimes as well. This chapter argues that these are crimes that significantly affect Africans and African states, making it appropriate to create a regional institution to attempt to counter them.
Taking Internationalism Seriously
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam , Harel Alon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on why international criminal law (ICL) matters, by generating a distinctive philosophical vision for the project of international criminal justice. Specifically, this chapter rejects the notion that ICL is simply a gap-filler for ineffective penal institutions at the domestic level. So much of the literature is characterized by an assumption, buttressed by the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle, that international tribunals simply spring into action to resolve the lacunae in domestic legal processes when armed conflict or other disruptions dismantle traditional institutions for criminal enforcement. In contrast, the chapter argues that the goods of ICL and the values it promotes can only be provided by international entities. In that respect, international justice is not a second-best alternative to domestic justice but is, rather, necessarily international because international institutions are specifically designed to redress wrongs that harm the interests of the international community as a whole.
A Theory of International Crimes
Authors: Chehtman Alejandro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The quest for a unified account of international criminalization is an important part of a compelling general theory of international criminal law (ICL). Any such account would need to have a conceptual and a normative dimension. This chapter addresses these two dimensions in turn. At a conceptual level, it argues that international crimes are criminal prohibitions provided under international law that apply globally. This entails, first, that perpetrators of these crimes can be brought to justice by any national authority as well as by international and regional tribunals with no traditional connection to the crime, the perpetrators, or the victims. Second, that they can be brought to justice on the basis of international law alone, irrespective of the specific legislation of any national authority allowing or even mandating such conduct. At a normative level, it argues that international crimes must be justified before the affected political community within which they take place. Ultimately, extraterritorial jurisdiction over them is based on the fact that international criminalization contributes to the well-being of individuals in different parts of the world by communicating that they are the bearers of fundamental legal rights and that those rights are protected by international law. This symbolic function is particularly important because international crimes are perpetrated, instigated, or allowed by the state within which they are perpetrated, or this state cannot do anything about them. ICL thus provides individuals an important benefit that domestic criminal justice systems cannot provide on their own.
Enslavement as a Crime against Humanity
Authors: Bikundo Edwin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter delves into one specific crime—enslavement as a crime against humanity. It argues that the law has drawn heavily on civil and political rights, neglecting economic, social, and cultural ones. The law surrounding slavery furthermore has drawn on some basic contrasts: notably separating the concept of ‘human’ (a human being) from ‘person’ (a bearer of legal personality and rights). Another distinction is between ‘status’ and ‘condition’. The law has tended to focus on status, i.e., legal non-recognition of personhood, which has affinities with civil and political rights. The chapter argues that the law has given much less attention to ‘condition’, which looks at the person’s material conditions in fact, and which has affinities with economic and social rights. A re-imagined law better encompassing economic and social rights would be more ideologically neutral, more in keeping with human rights law, and more in keeping with the lived experiences of African would-be migrants. Thus, this chapter emphasises that recognition in law is not enough; one must also look at the material conditions of life, the deprivation of which enables enslavement.