bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Fact in German Physics around 1900: A Comparison between Mach and Einstein
Authors: de Waal Elske , ten Hagen Sjang L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe concept of “fact” has a history. Over the past centuries, physicists have appropriated it in various ways. In this article, we compare Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein’s interpretations of the concept. Mach, like most nineteenth-century German physicists, contrasted fact and theory. He understood facts as real and complex combinations of natural events. Theories, in turn, only served to order and communicate facts efficiently. Einstein’s concept of fact was incompatible with Mach’s, since Einstein believed facts could be theoretical too, just as he ascribed mathematical theorizing a leading role in representing reality. For example, he used the concept of fact to refer to a generally valid result of experience. The differences we disclose between Mach and Einstein were symbolic for broader tensions in the German physics discipline. Furthermore, they underline the historically fluid character of the category of the fact, both within physics and beyond.
Establishment and evaluation of a training course in advanced laparoscopic surgery based on human body donors embalmed by ethanol-glycerol-lysoformin fixation
Authors: Ackermann Johannes , Wedel Thilo , Hagedorn Heiko , Maass Nicolai , Mettler Liselotte , Heinze Tillmann , Alkatout Ibrahim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Education of clinical anatomy and training of surgical skills are essential prerequisites for any surgical intervention in patients. Here, we evaluated a structured training program for advanced gynecologic laparoscopy based on human body donors and its impact on clinical practice.

Methods
The three-step training course included: (1) anatomical and surgical lectures, (2) demonstration and hands-on study of pre-dissected anatomical specimens, and (3) surgical training of a broad spectrum of gynecological laparoscopic procedures on human body donors embalmed by ethanol-glycerin-lysoformin. Two standardized questionnaires (after the course and 6 months later) evaluated the effectiveness of each of the training modules and the benefits to surgical practice.

Results
Eighty participants took part in 6 training courses using a total number of 24 body donors (3 trainees/body donor). Based on a 91.3% (73/80) response rate, participants rated high or very high the tissue and organ properties of the body donors (n = 72, 98.6%), the technical feasibility to perform laparoscopic surgery (n = 70, 95.9%), and the overall learning success (n = 72, 98.6%). Based on a 67.5% (54/80) response rate at 6 months, participants rated the benefit of the course to their daily routine as very high (mean 80.94 ± 24.61%, n = 53), and this correlated strongly with the use of body donors (r = 0.74) and the ability to train laparoscopic dissections (r = 0.77).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the technical feasibility and didactic effectiveness of laparoscopic training courses in a professional and true-to-life setting by using ethanol-glycerol-lysoformin embalmed body donors. This cost-efficient fixation method offers the option to integrate advanced surgical training courses into structured postgraduate educational curricula to meet both the technical demands of minimal invasive surgery and the ethical concerns regarding patients´ safety.
Effect of wheat germ on metabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liaqat Humna , Jeong Eunseon , Kim Kyeong Jin , Kim Ji Yeon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the association of wheat germ interventions and metabolic markers. An electronic search was performed by mid-May 2019 in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Quality was evaluated using the risk of bias assessment tools. Thirty-three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, among which ten were suitable and systematically reviewed based on biomarkers (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and oxidative stress). Three biomarkers in five eligible studies were investigated by meta-analysis. Total cholesterol showed non-significant results (p = 0.98), with standard mean difference (SMD) of − 0.01 (95% confidence interval; − 0.17, 0.16). The SMD was − 0.06 (95% CI − 0.41, 0.29, n = 4) for triglycerides and − 0.09 (95% CI − 0.62, 0.45, n = 2) for glucose. No biomarkers showed heterogeneity (0%). This review revealed non-significant association between wheat germ interventions and metabolic markers. Sensitive analysis with high-quality RCTs may be worth trying.
Study of a Flame Kernel Evolution in a Turbulent Mixing Layer Using LES with a Laminar Chemistry Model
Authors: Wawrzak Agnieszka , Tyliszczak Artur 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTemporal evolution of an ignition kernel in a spark ignited turbulent hydrogen–air mixing layer is studied using the large eddy simulation approach with an implicit treatment of the reaction source terms. The applied numerical code is based on a high-order compact difference approximation combined with a weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme, which provide an accurate resolution of the small scale phenomena. The spark is modelled by an energy deposition model coupled with the enthalpy equation. Since the fuel and oxidiser streams move in the opposite directions the flow is dominated by shear stresses and vortical structures. The ignition follows three different scenarios depending on the spark location. An interaction between the developing flame kernel and large turbulent structure is analysed starting from the energy transfer up to a fully reacting state. The size and shape of the flames are correlated with the initial ignition scenario. A 3D visualisation of the transient position of the flame kernel shows its different spatio-temporal behaviour. It is observed that the flame can stay close to the initial position and spread equally in all directions or it can move far from the initial location and follow the evolving flow field. In the latter scenario two separate sub-stages are convincingly identified. Concerning the ignition probability ($$P_{ign}$$

P

ign

), when the spark is located in the immediate vicinity of the mixing layer, the $$P_{ign}$$

P

ign

on the fuel-rich side is higher. On the other hand, when the ignition occurs far from the mixing layer, the $$P_{ign}$$

P

ign

is significantly larger on the lean side. Unlike the local composition the impact of the strain rate of the velocity field was found to have very limited impact on the $$P_{ign}$$

P

ign

.
Elevated MMP9 expression in breast cancer is a predictor of shorter patient survival
Authors: Joseph Chitra , Alsaleem Mansour , Orah Nnamdi , Narasimha Pavan L. , Miligy Islam M. , Kurozumi Sasagu , Ellis Ian O. , Mongan Nigel P. , Green Andrew R. , Rakha Emad A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
MMP9 is a matricellular protein associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, that promotes tumour progression, and modulates the activity of cell adhesion molecules and cytokines. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of MMP9 and its association with cytoskeletal modulators in early-stage invasive breast cancer (BC).

Methods
MMP9 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a well-characterised series of primary BC patients with long-term clinical follow-up. Association with clinicopathological factors, patient outcome and ECM remodelling BC-biomarkers were investigated. METABRIC dataset, BC-GenExMiner v4.0 and TCGA were used for the external validation of MMP9 expression. GSEA gene enrichment analyses were used to evaluate MMP9 associated pathways.

Results
MMP9 immunopositivity was observed in the stroma and cytoplasm of BC cells. Elevated MMP9 protein levels were associated with high tumour grade, high Nottingham Prognostic Index, and hormonal receptor negativity. Elevated MMP9 protein expression correlated significantly with cytokeratin 17 (Ck17), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), proliferation (Ki67) biomarkers, cell surface adhesion receptor (CD44) and cell division control protein 42 (CDC42). Cytoplasmic MMP9 expression was an independent prognostic factor associated with shorter BC-specific survival. In the external validation cohorts, MMP9 expression was also associated with poor patients’ outcome. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed a positive association between MMP9 and ECM remodelling biomarkers. GSEA analysis supports MMP9 association with ECM and cytoskeletal pathways.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence for the prognostic value of MMP9 in BC. Further functional studies to decipher the role of MMP9 and its association with cytoskeletal modulators in BC progression are warranted.
To Formalize or Not to Formalize: Women Entrepreneurs’ Sensemaking of Business Registration in the Context of Nepal
Authors: Thapa Karki Shova , Xheneti Mirela , Madden Adrian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite the depiction of decisions to formalize informal firms as rational and ethical, many entrepreneurs in developing countries continue to operate informally regardless of its perceived illicit status. While existing research on why entrepreneurs choose informality emphasizes the economic costs and benefits of such decisions, this often overlooks the realities of the informal economy and the constraints which marginal populations—particularly women—face. In this paper, we use institutional theory and sensemaking to understand the experiences of women in the informal economy and what formalization means to them. We use a qualitative approach to collect data from 90 women entrepreneurs in three different cities in Nepal. In our findings we identify three groups of women with distinctive understandings of formalization—business sustainability, livelihood sufficiency and strategic alignment. Their interpretation of formalization reveals the complex, dynamic, and cyclical nature of formalization decisions. Decisions are also guided by the optimization of social and emotional logics, whereby formalization is conceived differently depending on different life stages, experiences within the informal economy and wider socio-cultural contexts. Our findings highlight the ethical implications of formalization where being a ‘good citizen’, rather than complying with formal rules and regulations, is about attuning to and fitting in with socially prescribed roles. Our research provides a nuanced view of formalization decisions, challenging idealized and ethical notions of formalization as a desired end state.
“BAX602” in Preventing Surgical Adhesion after Extracorporeal Ventricular Assist Device Implantation for Refractory Congestive Heart Failure: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Fukushima Satsuki , Asakura Koko , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Onda Kaori , Watanabe Takuya , Shiose Akira , Ono Minoru , Fukushima Norihide , Yamamoto Haruko , Fujita Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The high surgical risk in redo cardiac surgery is largely attributed to adhesions around the epicardium and the great vessels. BAX602 is an adhesion prevention reagent composed of two synthetic polyethylene glycols. Spraying BAX602 over the epicardium and the great vessels reportedly contributes to adhesion prevention after pediatric cardiac surgery. The present study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of BAX602 spray in patients undergoing extracorporeal ventricular assist device implantation surgery to treat refractory congestive heart failure.

Methods and Design
This investigator-initiated, multicenter, pivotal, two-arm, open-label, randomized trial will include a total of 30 patients. The primary outcome measure is the severity of adhesions, which will be evaluated during re-sternotomy surgery performed 2–12 weeks after the primary extracorporeal ventricular assist device implantation surgery. The adhesion severity will be evaluated at five predefined sites using a four-grade adhesion evaluation score (0 = no adhesion; 1 = filmy and avascular adhesion; 2 = dense/vascular adhesion; 3 = cohesive adhesion). This measure will be summarized in two ways to evaluate the effect of BAX602: (1) the total score of the severity of adhesions at all five sites (ranging from 0 to 15), and (2) the total number of sites with dense/vascular or cohesive adhesions (ranging from 0 to 5).

Ethics and Dissemination
The study findings will be disseminated at regional, national, and international conferences and through peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Trial Registration
The trial was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR: UMIN000038998) on 6 January 2020.
Perspectives on the tensions in teaching with technology in Norwegian teacher education analysed using Argyris and Schön’s theory of action
Authors: Thorvaldsen Steinar , Madsen Siri Sollied 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTeachers’ professional digital competence (PDC) is of increasing importance in classrooms in the majority of EU countries. Norway is one of the countries that has been exposed to a strong top-down implementation of information and communication technology in education. However, despite national efforts, practitioners in the education system do not seem to work in line with the given policy. There is therefore a gap between the micro and macro levels, necessitating the need for a closer exploration of the issue. We have conducted a quantitative study of teacher educators and their students in Northern Norway (N = 112). Amongst the staff, professional attitudes have a stronger impact than PDC regarding the extent of the educational use of digital tools, whereas amongst students, PDC has a stronger influence. These results are interpreted using Argyris and Schön’s theory of action in learning organisations.
Prediction meets causal inference: the role of treatment in clinical prediction models
Authors: van Geloven Nan , Swanson Sonja A. , Ramspek Chava L. , Luijken Kim , van Diepen Merel , Morris Tim P. , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , van Houwelingen Hans C. , Putter Hein , le Cessie Saskia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper we study approaches for dealing with treatment when developing a clinical prediction model. Analogous to the estimand framework recently proposed by the European Medicines Agency for clinical trials, we propose a ‘predictimand’ framework of different questions that may be of interest when predicting risk in relation to treatment started after baseline. We provide a formal definition of the estimands matching these questions, give examples of settings in which each is useful and discuss appropriate estimators including their assumptions. We illustrate the impact of the predictimand choice in a dataset of patients with end-stage kidney disease. We argue that clearly defining the estimand is equally important in prediction research as in causal inference.
Mitigating eutrophication nuisance: in-lake measures are becoming inevitable in eutrophic waters in the Netherlands
Authors: Lürling Miquel , Mucci Maíra 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the Netherlands, legacies and diffuse nutrient pollution continue to fuel recurrent cyanobacterial blooms in mostly shallow and relatively small surface waters. A survey in peer-reviewed literature and Dutch grey-literature was performed to gain insight into the physical-, chemical- and biological in-lake interventions used to bring these waters towards their desired state. A critical overview is presented on efficacy of different measures to counteract cyanobacterial blooms directly via targeting the cyanobacteria or indirectly via reduction of nutrient availability. Many actions have no or limited effects on minimising cyanobacterial blooms (air-bubble- or oil screens, surface mixers, low-energy ultrasound, effective micro-organisms, fish introduction), while others are more effective, but may vary in longevity and costs (dams, excavation or dredging, hydrogen peroxide, phosphorus inactivation agents), meet legislation restrictions (copper-based algaecides, herbicides, dreissenids), or are not currently implemented (hypolimnetic withdrawal). The selection of promising interventions requires a proper diagnosis of each problem lake, based on water- and nutrient fluxes, the biology of the lake (plants, fish), the function of the lake and the characteristics of the method, such as efficacy, costs, safety and ease of implementation. In the Netherlands, ongoing diffuse loads and legacies necessitate repetitive in-lake interventions.
Optical properties and electronic structure of V2O5, V2O3 and VO2
Authors: Schneider Krystyna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe electronic structure of the three main vanadium oxides—V2O3, VO2 and V2O5—is reviewed. The optical properties of vanadium pentoxide thin films were determined. It was found that a direct allowed transition is the most probable one in the studied vanadium pentoxide thin films.
Marked Gibbs Point Processes with Unbounded Interaction: An Existence Result
Authors: Rœlly Sylvie , Zass Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe construct marked Gibbs point processes in $${\mathbb{R}}^d$$

R

d

under quite general assumptions. Firstly, we allow for interaction functionals that may be unbounded and whose range is not assumed to be uniformly bounded. Indeed, our typical interaction admits an a.s. finite but random range. Secondly, the random marks—attached to the locations in $${\mathbb{R}}^d$$

R

d

—belong to a general normed space $${{\mathscr{S}}}$$
S
. They are not bounded, but their law should admit a super-exponential moment. The approach used here relies on the so-called entropy method and large-deviation tools in order to prove tightness of a family of finite-volume Gibbs point processes. An application to infinite-dimensional interacting diffusions is also presented.
Characterization of three soybean landraces resistant to Asian soybean rust disease
Authors: Aoyagi Luciano Nobuhiro , Muraki Yukie , Yamanaka Naoki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligatory biotrophic fungus that causes Asian soybean rust (ASR) disease. ASR control primarily involves chemical control and the use of resistant soybean cultivars carrying an Rpp (resistance to P. pachyrhizi) gene. This study aimed to characterize the ASR resistance of three soybean Asian landraces. By screening the world core collection (WC) of soybean, which consists of 80 varieties, three landraces were identified in Southeast Asia as resistant to ASR. Genetic mapping using the F2 population derived from a cross with an ASR-susceptible variety, BRS 184, indicated that KS 1034 (WC2) has ASR resistance conferred by a single dominant resistance gene, mapped on chromosome 18, in the same region where Rpp1 was mapped previously. The BRS 184 × WC61 (COL/THAI/1986/THAI-80) F2 population, on the other hand, showed an ASR resistance locus mapped by quantitative trait locus analysis on chromosome 6, in the region where the resistance conferred by PI 416764 Rpp3 resides, with a logarithm of the odds score peak at the same position as the marker, Satt079, while the BRS 184 × WC51 (HM 39) population showed the resistance to ASR allocated between Satt079 and Sat_263 markers, also in the region where Rpp3 was mapped previously. Both WC51 and WC61 have the same infection profile as FT-2 and PI 462312 when tested against the same ASR isolate panel. These three WCs can be used in MAS programs for introgression of Rpp1 and Rpp3 and the development of ASR-resistant cultivars in the breeding program.
Tempest in a teapot? Toward new collaborations between mainstream policy process studies and interpretive policy studies
Authors: Durnová Anna P. , Weible Christopher M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract“Tempest in a teapot” is an idiom that refers to a problem that has been blown out of proportion, which is how we see the supposedly divisive relationship between two research traditions: mainstream policy process studies and interpretive policy studies. In this commentary, we explore both research traditions, comparing and contrasting their views of public policy and policy processes, uses of theories, and approaches to research. Our aim is not to unite them or reject points of debate. Instead, we offer strategies for more productive collaborations, including side-by-side research, integrative research, engagement in constructive discussions of research techniques, and applied research.
Permanent pacemaker implantation rates following cardiac surgery in the modern era
Authors: Kho Jason , Ioannou Adam , O’Sullivan Katie E. , Jones Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Aims
The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation after cardiac surgery in our institution and investigate risk factors for PPM dependency to provide patients with accurate incidence figures at the time of consent for surgery.

Methods
Data was collected retrospectively from a single tertiary institution from October 2018 to April 2019 inclusive of 403 patients. Incidence of PPM implantation after various cardiac operations was evaluated. A univariate analysis was carried out to identify the independent risk factors related to PPM implantation.

Results
Ten patients required a PPM (2.48%). The most common indication for PPM implantation post-cardiac surgery was complete heart block (N = 7, 70%) followed by bradycardia/pauses (N = 2, 20%) and sick sinus syndrome (N = 1, 10%). PPM implantation after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery was the lowest (0.63%), while combined CABG and valve operations had the highest incidence (5.97%). Independent risk predictors for PPM implantation included female gender (p = 0.03), rheumatic heart disease (p = 0.008), pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.01), redo operations (p = 0.002), mitral valve procedures (p = 0.001), tricuspid valve procedures (p = 0.0003) and combined mitral and tricuspid valve procedures (p = 0.0001). Average length of intensive care unit (ICU)/high-dependency unit (HDU) stay was significantly prolonged for patients who required a PPM post-cardiac surgery.

Conclusion
As clinicians, it can be challenging to provide our patients with accurate information on the risk of PPM implantation relative to their operation. A unit-specific data may be a more accurate method of informing our patients on this risk.
Lower Grade Gliomas
Authors: Youssef Gilbert , Miller Julie J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are a group of primary brain tumors that arise from supporting glial cells. They are characterized by a mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme and include astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. They usually affect young adults, and their main treatment consists of surgical resection, followed by radiation and chemotherapy in selected patients. This article reviews recent research on the clinical and molecular aspects of the disease and innovative therapeutic modalities in the process.

Recent Findings
Newly identified clinical and molecular features are currently used in the classification of LGG and applied in treatment-planning decisions. Advanced studies on the cellular level have an advanced understanding of the metabolic effects induced by IDH mutations, offering opportunities for specific targeted therapies that may improve patient outcomes. Such findings may lead to a paradigm shift in the treatment of these tumors.

Summary
Although LGG are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, these therapies are not curative, and patient survival remains limited, raising the need for more creative and effective interventions.