bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frivolous and Abuse of Process Claims in Investor–State Arbitration: Can Rules on Cost Allocation Become Solution?
Authors: Polonskaya Ksenia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The problem of frivolous and abuse of process claims has gained a significant traction in the deliberations of the UNCITRAL Working Group III. In light of this focus, this article examines existing approaches of the arbitral tribunals to identifying frivolous and abuse of process claims and allocating costs for these types of claims. The article reveals inconsistencies in shifting the costs, and concludes that current rules on cost allocation are unlikely to create ex ante deterrence in filing of such claims.
Ginsenosides regulate adventitious root formation in Panax ginseng via a CLE45–WOX11 regulatory module
Authors: Liu Juan , Chen Tong , Zhang Jie , Li Chen , Xu Yanhong , Zheng Han , Zhou Junhui , Zha Liangping , Jiang Chao , Jin Yan , Nan Tiegui , Yi Jinhao , Sun Peiwen , Yuan Yuan , Huang Luqi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adventitious root branching is vital to plant growth and regeneration, but the regulation of this process remains unclear. We therefore investigated how ginsenosides regulate adventitious root branching in Panax ginseng. Cell proliferation and adventitious root branching were decreased in the presence of ginsenoside Rb1 and a high concentration of ginsenoside Re, but increased when treating with a low concentration of Re. Moreover, the exogenous application of a synthetic dodeca-amino acid peptide that has a CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) motif corresponding to PgCLE45 retarded root growth in both ginseng and Arabidopsis. The root Re levels and the expression of the DDS, CYP716A47, and CYP716A53 genes that encode enzymes involved in ginsenoside synthesis were decreased in the presence of PgCLE45. The expression profiles of PgWOX and PgCLE genes were determined to further investigate the CLE–WOX signaling pathway. The levels of PgWOX11 transcripts showed an inverse pattern to PgCLE45 transcripts. Using yeast one-hybrid assay, EMSA, and ChIP assay, we showed that PgWOX11 bound to the PgCLE45 promoter, which contained the HD motif. Transient expression assay showed that PgWOX11 induced the expression of PgCLE45 in adventitious roots, while PgCLE45 suppressed the expression of PgWOX11. These results suggest that there is a negative feedback regulation between PgCLE45 and PgWOX11. Taken together, these data show that ginsenosides regulate adventitious root branching via a novel PgCLE45–PgWOX11 regulatory loop, providing a potential mechanism for the regulation of adventitious root branching.
Combat Facial Fractures Sustained During Operation Resolute Support and Operation Freedom’s Sentinel in Afghanistan
Authors: Breeze John , Gensheimer William , DuBose Joseph J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Facial fractures sustained in combat are generally unrepresentative of those commonly experienced in civilian practice. In the US military, acute trauma patient care is guided by the Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guidelines but currently none exists for facial trauma.

Materials and methods
All casualties that underwent surgery to facial fractures between January 01, 2016 and September 15, 2019 at a US deployed Military Treatment Facility in Afghanistan were identified using the operating room database. Surgical operative records and outpatient records for local Afghan nationals returning for follow-up were reviewed to determine outcomes.

Results
55 casualties underwent treatment of facial fractures; these were predominantly from explosive devices (27/55, 49%). About 46/55 (84%) were local nationals, of which 32 (70%) were followed up. Length of follow-up ranged between 1 and 25 months. About 36/93 (39%) of all planned procedures developed complications, with the highest being from ORIF mandible (18/23, 78%). About 8/23 (35%) casualties undergoing ORIF mandible developed osteomyelitis, of which 5 developed nonunion. Complications were equally likely to occur in those procedures for “battlefield type” events such as explosive devices and gunshot wounds (31/68, 46%) as those from “civilian type” events such as falls or motor vehicle collisions (5/11, 45%).

Conclusions
Complications Rates from facial fractures were higher than that reported in civilian trauma. This likely reflects factors such as energy deposition, bacterial load, and time to treatment. Load sharing osteosynthesis should be the default modality for fracture fixation. External fixation should be considered in particular for complex high-energy or infected mandible fractures where follow-up is possible.
How the breakout-limited mass in B-star centrifugal magnetospheres controls their circumstellar H α emission
Authors: Owocki Stanley P , Shultz Matt E , ud-Doula Asif , Sundqvist Jon O , Townsend Richard H D , Cranmer Steven R 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Strongly magnetic B-type stars with moderately rapid rotation form ‘centrifugal magnetospheres’ (CMs) from the magnetic trapping of stellar wind material in a region above the Kepler co-rotation radius. A long-standing question is whether the eventual loss of such trapped material occurs from gradual drift and/or diffusive leakage, or through sporadic ‘centrifugal breakout’ (CBO) events, wherein magnetic tension can no longer contain the built-up mass. We argue here that recent empirical results for Balmer-α emission from such B-star CMs strongly favour the CBO mechanism. Most notably, the fact that the onset of such emission depends mainly on the field strength at the Kepler radius, and is largely independent of the stellar luminosity, strongly disfavours any drift/diffusion process, for which the net mass balance would depend on the luminosity-dependent wind feeding rate. In contrast, we show that in a CBO model, the maximum confined mass in the magnetosphere is independent of this wind feeding rate and has a dependence on field strength and Kepler radius that naturally explains the empirical scalings for the onset of H α emission, its associated equivalent width, and even its line profile shapes. However, the general lack of observed Balmer emission in late-B and A-type stars could still be attributed to a residual level of diffusive or drift leakage that does not allow their much weaker winds to fill their CMs to the breakout level needed for such emission; alternatively, this might result from a transition to a metal–ion wind that lacks the requisite hydrogen.
When Sex Chromosomes Recombine Only in the Heterogametic Sex: Heterochiasmy and Heterogamety inHylaTree Frogs
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Brelsford Alan , Baier Felix , Perrin Nicolas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSex chromosomes are classically predicted to stop recombining in the heterogametic sex, thereby enforcing linkage between sex-determining (SD) and sex-antagonistic (SA) genes. With the same rationale, a pre-existing sex asymmetry in recombination is expected to affect the evolution of heterogamety, for example, a low rate of male recombination might favor transitions to XY systems, by generating immediate linkage between SD and SA genes. Furthermore, the accumulation of deleterious mutations on nonrecombining Y chromosomes should favor XY-to-XY transitions (which discard the decayed Y), but disfavor XY-to-ZW transitions (which fix the decayed Y as an autosome). Like many anuran amphibians, Hyla tree frogs have been shown to display drastic heterochiasmy (males only recombine at chromosome tips) and are typically XY, which seems to fit the above expectations. Instead, here we demonstrate that two species, H. sarda and H. savignyi, share a common ZW system since at least 11 Ma. Surprisingly, the typical pattern of restricted male recombination has been maintained since then, despite female heterogamety. Hence, sex chromosomes recombine freely in ZW females, not in ZZ males. This suggests that heterochiasmy does not constrain heterogamety (and vice versa), and that the role of SA genes in the evolution of sex chromosomes might have been overemphasized.
RNA-binding and prion domains: the Yin and Yang of phase separation
Authors: Gotor Nieves Lorenzo , Armaos Alexandros , Calloni Giulia , Torrent Burgas Marc , Vabulas R Martin , De Groot Natalia Sanchez , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProteins and RNAs assemble in membrane-less organelles that organize intracellular spaces and regulate biochemical reactions. The ability of proteins and RNAs to form condensates is encoded in their sequences, yet it is unknown which domains drive the phase separation (PS) process and what are their specific roles. Here, we systematically investigated the human and yeast proteomes to find regions promoting condensation. Using advanced computational methods to predict the PS propensity of proteins, we designed a set of experiments to investigate the contributions of Prion-Like Domains (PrLDs) and RNA-binding domains (RBDs). We found that one PrLD is sufficient to drive PS, whereas multiple RBDs are needed to modulate the dynamics of the assemblies. In the case of stress granule protein Pub1 we show that the PrLD promotes sequestration of protein partners and the RBD confers liquid-like behaviour to the condensate. Our work sheds light on the fine interplay between RBDs and PrLD to regulate formation of membrane-less organelles, opening up the avenue for their manipulation.
Adverse gastrointestinal events with sodium polystyrene sulphonate and calcium polystyrene sulphonate use in dialysis patients: a nationwide registry study
Authors: Ferreira João Pedro , Couchoud Cécile , Edet Stéphane , Brunet Philippe , Frimat Luc 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionSodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) and calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) are commonly used cation-exchange resins for the treatment and control of hyperkalaemia. However, their use (particularly SPS) has been limited by reports of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events. The safety of these compounds in patients undergoing dialysis requires larger investigation.AimsTo study the occurrence of adverse GI events (occlusion, perforation, thrombosis/ischaemia) in the periods of SPS or CPS exposition versus the periods without exposition in dialysis patients.MethodsDialysis patients were extracted from the French National Registry and merged with the French hospital discharge database (between 2006 and 2017). For our primary analysis, we used patients who had any claim of SPS use (n = 43 771). Time-varying Cox models, negative binomial regression and pre- versus post-treatment average treatment effects.ResultsThe mean age was 66 ± 15 years, 37% were female and 92% were undergoing haemodialysis. Over a 1-year follow-up, patients on periods with SPS (on-SPS) did not present an increased risk of adverse GI events versus the periods without SPS (off-SPS): incidence rate (IR) (per 1000 person years) = 7.4 (6.4–8.7) versus 9.5 (8.1–11.0); adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) = 0.81 (0.60–1.09), P = 0.17. Patients exposed to SPS did not experience a higher rate of adverse GI events in the year after SPS initiation versus the year before SPS initiation; P-value for parallel trend = 0.87. Patients on-CPS also did not show an increased risk of adverse GI events versus off-CPS: IR (per 1000 py) = 8.6 (5.1–11.9) versus 7.8 (5.1–11.9); adjusted HR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.31–1.80), P = 0.52. The rates of adverse GI events in the periods on and off exposure were also similar over a follow-up of 5 years.ConclusionOur large, nationwide study shows that the incidence of adverse GI events in patients undergoing dialysis was low and that neither the use of SPS nor CPS was associated with increased GI events risk.
Nutritional interventions for the management of frailty in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Moraes Mariana B de , Avgerinou Christina , Fukushima Fernanda B , Vidal Edison I O 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Context
Although nutrition is considered an important intervention for the management of frailty, the actual effectiveness of interventions addressing nutrition in frail older people remains unclear.

Objective
The aim for this systematic review was to appraise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of nutritional interventions for the management of frailty in older adults.

Data Extraction
We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases were searched from January 2001 to November 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data. From 2370 initial records, 19 publications presenting data from 17 studies (1564 individuals; follow-up: 7–96 weeks) were included.

Data Analysis
None of the Bayesian random-effects meta-analyses comparing nutritional supplements with placebo regarding mortality, body mass index, weight, frailty status, muscle strength, gait speed, body composition, and cognitive function showed statistically significant differences. The same applies to a single meta-analysis comparing nutritional education with general health advice regarding muscle strength.

Conclusion
Our results suggest, mostly with low to very low degrees of certainty, that nutritional supplements or nutritional education delivered in isolation may not be effective for the management of frailty in older people.

Review registration number
CRD42018111510 (PROSPERO).
Factors influencing treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients attending health facilities in Galkayo Puntland, Somalia
Authors: Kassim Said Abasse , Cote Andre , Kassim Said Mohamed , Abbas Muhammad , Baig Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf , Ahmed Abdiweli Mohamed , Hussein Mahamoud M , Li Xiaobo , Chen Rui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aim
This study evaluated the underlying factors associated with poor tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among patients attending health care facilities in Galkayo, Puntland, Somalia.

Methods
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 in three selected TB clinics. Data were collected from 400 TB patients, through medical record review and structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results
Of the 400 TB respondents, 57.3% were new cases, 12.3% had smear-negative TB and 12.5% had extrapulmonary TB. The median age was (35.66 ± 13.16) with majority being male (65.5%). Overall, 85% of patients were successfully treated, 9.7% failed and 5.3% defaulted. Multivariate analysis revealed that patient’s body weight (odds ratio [OR]: 1.078); diabetes (OR: 8.022); family size (OR: 3.851); patients’ delay in diagnosis (OR: 11.946); frequency of receiving anti-TB medication (OR: 9.068); smoker (OR: 5.723); category of patients (retreatment versus new, OR: 5.504; retreatment versus transfer in, OR: 4.957); health facilities (OR: 6.716) and treatment duration (OR: 132.091) were independent factors associated with poor TB outcomes.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight the need to improve TB services for vulnerable groups. They also emphasize the need for health system strengthening, public awareness and risk of treatment interruption. This may reduce both patients’ delay in seeking care and TB treatment failure in Galkayo district.
Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Aerosol From the Candidate Modified-Risk Tobacco Product THS 2.2 in an 18-Month Systems Toxicology Study With A/J Mice
Authors: Titz Bjoern , Sewer Alain , Luettich Karsta , Wong Ee Tsin , Guedj Emmanuel , Nury Catherine , Schneider Thomas , Xiang Yang , Trivedi Keyur , Vuillaume Grégory , Leroy Patrice , Büttner Ansgar , Martin Florian , Ivanov Nikolai V , Vanscheeuwijck Patrick , Hoeng Julia , Peitsch Manuel C 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSmoking cessation is the most effective measure for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, switching to less harmful products (modified-risk tobacco products [MRTP]) can be an alternative to help reduce the risk for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. In an 18-month chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study in A/J mice (OECD Test Guideline 453), we assessed the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn principle, compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). To capture toxicity- and disease-relevant mechanisms, we complemented standard toxicology endpoints with in-depth systems toxicology analyses. In this part of our publication series, we report on integrative assessment of the apical and molecular exposure effects on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lungs). Across the respiratory tract, we found changes in inflammatory response following 3R4F CS exposure (eg, antimicrobial peptide response in the nose), with both shared and distinct oxidative and xenobiotic responses. Compared with 3R4F CS, THS 2.2 aerosol exerted far fewer effects on respiratory tract histology, including adaptive tissue changes in nasal and laryngeal epithelium and inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lungs. Integrative analysis of molecular changes confirmed the substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol than 3R4F CS on toxicologically and disease-relevant molecular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and xenobiotic metabolism. In summary, this work exemplifies how apical and molecular endpoints can be combined effectively for toxicology assessment and further supports findings on the reduced respiratory health risks of THS 2.2 aerosol.
Evaluating the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for SARS-CoV-2 on a global scale
Authors: Esra Rachel , Jamieson Lise , Fox Matthew P. , Letswalo Daniel , Ngcobo Nkosinathi , Mngadi Sithabile , Estill Janne , Meyer-Rath Gesine , Keiser Olivia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the absence of a viable pharmaceutical intervention for SARS-CoV-2, governments have implemented a range of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to curb the spread of infection of the virus and the disease caused by the virus, now known as COVID-19. Given the associated social and economic costs, it is critical to enumerate the individual impacts of NPIs to aid in decision-making moving forward. We used globally reported SARS-CoV-2 cases to fit a Bayesian model framework to estimate transmission associated with NPIs in 26 countries and 34 US states. Using a mixed effects model with country level random effects, we compared the relative impact of other NPIs to national-level household confinement measures and evaluated the impact of NPIs on the global trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic over time. We observed heterogeneous impacts of the easing of restrictions and estimated an overall reduction in infection of 23% (95% CI: 18-27%) associated with household confinement, 10% (95% CI: 1-18%) with limits on gatherings, 12% (95% CI: 5-19%) with school closures and 17% (95% CI: 6-28%) with mask policies. We estimated a 12% (95% CI: 9-15%) reduction in transmission associated with NPIs overall. The implementation of NPIs have substantially reduced acceleration of COVID-19. At this early time point, we cannot determine the impact of the easing of restrictions and there is a need for continual assessment of context specific effectiveness of NPIs as more data become available.
A new species ofTravassosinema(Oxyuridomorpha: Travassosinematidae) from an Indian millipede,Trigoniulus corallinus(Gervais)
Authors: Bhakat Somnath 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTravassosinema bengalensisn. sp. is described from the hind gut of the spirobolid millipede,Trigoniulus corallinus(Gervais) from West Bengal, India. Females of the new species differ from the only known Indian species,T. travassosiRao, 1958 by several characters namely tail length, length of oesophagous, size of egg, extension of umbraculum etc. It is very similar to other three species ofTravassosinema, T. travassosi, T. thyropygiHunt, 1996 andT. claudiaeMorffe & Hasegawa, 2017 as all of them lack lateral alae and body contraction posterior to vulva. ExceptT. claudiae, it differs from all other species from millipedes by longest tail length (60% SL) and differs fromT. claudiaeby shorter oesophagous length and location of vulva.A new method for presentation of morphometric data (in percentage to standard length) in nematode is suggested.On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, it is suggested that umbraculum bearing genera,Indiana, Pulchrocephalashould be excluded from the family Travassosinematidae.
Identification of a prostaglandin E2 receptor that regulates mosquito oenocytoid immune cell function in limiting bacteria and parasite infection
Authors: Kwon Hyeogsun , Hall David R. , Smith Ryan C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLipid-derived signaling molecules known as eicosanoids have integral roles in mediating immune and inflammatory processes across metazoans. This includes the function of prostaglandins and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to employ their immunological actions. In insects, prostaglandins have been implicated in the regulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses, yet studies have been limited by the absence of a described prostaglandin receptor. Here, we characterize a prostaglandin E2 receptor (AgPGE2R) in the mosquitoAnopheles gambiaeand examine its contributions to innate immunity.AgPGE2R expression is most abundant in circulating hemocytes where it is primarily localized to oenocytoid immune cell populations. Through the administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) andAgPGE2R-silencing by RNAi, we demonstrate that PGE2 signaling regulates the expression of a subset of prophenoloxidases (PPOs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). PGE2 priming via theAgPGE2R significantly limited bacterial replication and suppressedPlasmodiumoocyst survival. Additional experiments establish that PGE2 priming increases phenoloxidase (PO) activity through the increased expression ofPPO1andPPO3, which significantly influencePlasmodiumoocyst survival. We also provide evidence that PGE2 priming is concentration-dependent, where high concentrations of PGE2 promote oenocytoid lysis, negating the protective effects of PGE2 priming on anti-Plasmodiumimmunity. Taken together, our results characterize theAgPGE2R and the role of prostaglandin signaling on immune cell function, providing new insights into the role of PGE2 on anti-bacterial and anti-Plasmodiumimmune responses in the mosquito host.