bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do galactic bars depend on environment?: an information theoretic analysis of Galaxy Zoo 2
Authors: Sarkar Suman , Pandey Biswajit , Bhattacharjee Snehasish 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We use an information theoretic framework to analyse data from the Galaxy Zoo 2 project and study if there are any statistically significant correlations between the presence of bars in spiral galaxies and their environment. We measure the mutual information between the barredness of galaxies and their environments in a volume limited sample (Mr ≤ −21) and compare it with the same in data sets where (i) the bar/unbar classifications are randomized and (ii) the spatial distribution of galaxies are shuffled on different length scales. We assess the statistical significance of the differences in the mutual information using a t-test and find that both randomization of morphological classifications and shuffling of spatial distribution do not alter the mutual information in a statistically significant way. The non-zero mutual information between the barredness and environment arises due to the finite and discrete nature of the data set that can be entirely explained by mock Poisson distributions. We also separately compare the cumulative distribution functions of the barred and unbarred galaxies as a function of their local density. Using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, we find that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected even at $75{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence level. Our analysis indicates that environments do not play a significant role in the formation of a bar, which is largely determined by the internal processes of the host galaxy.
A semi-analytical treatment to wind accretion in neutron star supergiant high-mass X-ray binaries – I. Eccentric orbits
Authors: Bozzo E , Ducci L , Falanga M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present in this paper a first step toward a semi-analytical treatment of the accretion process in wind-fed neutron star (NS) supergiant X-ray binaries with eccentric orbits. We consider the case of a spherically symmetric wind for the supergiant star and a simplified model for the accretion on to the compact object. A self-consistent calculation of the photoionization of the stellar wind by the X-rays from the accreting NS is included. This effect is convolved with the modulation of the mass accretion rate induced by the eccentric orbit to obtain the expected X-ray luminosity of a system along the orbit. As part of our results, we first show that the bi-modality of low- and high-X-ray luminosity solutions for supergiant X-ray binaries reported in previous papers is likely to result from the effect of the NS approaching first and then moving away from the companion (without coexisting simultaneously). We propose that episodes of strong wind photoionization can give rise to off-states of the sources. Our calculations are applied to the case of a few classical supergiant X-ray binary systems with known eccentricities (Vela X-1, 4U 1907+09, GX 301-2) and to the case of the only supergiant fast X-ray transient with a confirmed eccentric orbit, IGR J08408-4503. The results are compared with observational findings on these sources. We also discuss the next steps needed to expand the calculations toward a more comprehensive treatment in future publications.
Party Whips and Expertise: Explaining Committee Switching in the Scottish Parliament
Authors: Cairney Jerome , Gherghina Sergiu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Committee work lies at the core of parliamentary activities in established representative democracies. While extensive literature refers to committee activity, there is limited research on committee switching. This article seeks to address this gap and aims to explain what drives Members of the Scottish Parliament to switch committees. It focuses on the fifth session (since 2016) in which committee switching is frequent. The qualitative analysis uses semi-structured interviews conducted with committee switchers in January–February 2020. Findings illustrate that the main drivers for committee switching are a combination of organisational constraints and individual motivations. Among these, key determinants are party control and the legislators’ expertise and interest in the subject.
The Mechanism of Non-Photochemical Quenching in Plants: Localization and Driving Forces
Authors: Ruban Alexander V , Wilson Sam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) remains one of the most studied topics of the 21st century in photosynthesis research. Over the past 30 years, profound knowledge has been obtained on the molecular mechanism of NPQ in higher plants. First, the largely overlooked significance of NPQ in protecting the reaction center of photosystem II (RCII) against damage, and the ways to assess its effectiveness are highlighted. Then, the key in vivo signals that can monitor the life of the major NPQ component, qE, are presented. Finally, recent knowledge on the site of qE and the possible molecular events that transmit ΔpH into the conformational change in the major LHCII [the major trimeric light harvesting complex of photosystem II (PSII)] antenna complex are discussed. Recently, number of reports on Arabidopsis mutants lacking various antenna components of PSII confirmed that the in vivo site of qE rests within the major trimeric LHCII complex. Experiments on biochemistry, spectroscopy, microscopy and molecular modeling suggest an interplay between thylakoid membrane geometry and the dynamics of LHCII, the PsbS (PSII subunit S) protein and thylakoid lipids. The molecular basis for the qE-related conformational change in the thylakoid membrane, including the possible onset of a hydrophobic mismatch between LHCII and lipids, potentiated by PsbS protein, begins to unfold.
Towards a responsible integration of artificial intelligence technology in the construction sector
Authors: Pillai Vishnu Sivarudran , Matus Kira J M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe uptake of artificial intelligence (AI) innovations in the construction industry implies new physical and socio-political risks. Risk analysis is crucial to managing these risks, but is challenging due to the inherent complexity and lack of applied knowledge specific to construction activities. We forecast potential AI innovation trends related to construction from a keyword concurrence analysis of 974 journal articles. We use this analysis to identify potential sector-specific risks in construction activities by forming a risk map based on an analysis of ninety-four articles related to the ethics and impacts of AI technologies. We found that trends in innovation more often involve areas in construction considered ‘back-end’ tasks, as opposed to ‘on-site’. Thus, the potential risks and regulatory challenges from the use of AI technology in the construction sector will be legal, financial, and social, as opposed to risks involving physical harm to users on construction sites.
AlgU, a Conserved Sigma Factor Regulating Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Promoting Virulence inPseudomonas syringae
Authors: Wang Haibi , Yang Zichu , Swingle Bryan , Kvitko Brian H. 
Published: December 2020

Pseudomonas syringae can rapidly deploy specialized functions to deal with abiotic and biotic stresses. Host niches pose specific sets of environmental challenges driven, in part, by immune defenses. Bacteria use a “just-in-time” strategy of gene regulation, meaning that they only produce the functions necessary for survival as needed. Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors transduce a specific set of environmental signals and change gene expression patterns by altering RNA polymerase promoter specificity, to adjust bacterial physiology, structure, or behavior, singly or in combination, to improve chances of survival. The broadly conserved ECF sigma factor AlgU affects virulence in both animal and plant pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae AlgU controls expression of more than 800 genes, some of which contribute to suppression of plant immunity and bacterial fitness in plants. This review discusses AlgU activation mechanisms, functions controlled by AlgU, and how these functions contribute to P. syringae survival in plants.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021
Dysphagia and Satisfaction Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery
Authors: Paziuk Taylor , Henry Tyler , Koons Katelyn , Conaway William , Mangan John , Hilibrand Alan , Vaccaro Alexander , Rihn Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

Study Design:
Prospective observation.

Objective:
To assess the effect of dysphagia on patient satisfaction following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Background:
Difficulty with swallowing is a common complaint following anterior cervical spine surgery. The exact impact of this issue on the patient’s overall satisfaction is unknown because of its often-transient nature.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective evaluation of all patients from a single surgeon undergoing an anterior cervical spine surgery. Dysphagia was evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively at set intervals via a combination of 3 validated scoring systems. Mean satisfaction scores at 6 months was evaluated at 6 months via modified CSRS survey. Comparative analysis was performed to determine if there was any relationship between the 2 outcomes.

Results:
A total of 96.77% (68/71) of enrolled patients completed all of their follow-up surveys. The prevalence of dysphagia was 32.4% at 2 weeks after surgery, 20.6% at 6 weeks, 13.2% at 3 months, and 13.2% at 6 months. In total, 82.35% (56/68) of patients were satisfied with their surgical outcome and only 5.88% (4/68) were dissatisfied with their outcome. There was no relationship between a patient’s overall satisfaction level and the presence of dysphagia at any postoperative interval. The absence of neck pain at 6 months was the only significant predictor of patient satisfaction (P=0.003).

Conclusion:
Dysphagia is a common but often transient complaint following anterior cervical spine surgery. Fortunately, its presence does not seem to correlate with a patient’s overall satisfaction level following surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level I
Prior Treatment for Non–small Cell Lung Cancer Is Associated With Improved Survival in Patients who Undergo Definitive Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for a Subsequent Lung Malignancy
Authors: Farrugia Mark K. , Jun Ma Sung , Hennon Mark W. , Nwogu Chukwumere E. , Dexter Elisabeth U. , Picone Anthony L. , Demmy Todd L. , Gomez-Suescun Jorge A. , Fung-Kee-Fung Simon , Yendamuri Sai S. , Singh Anurag K. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Despite occurring commonly, the prognoses of second early-stage non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are not well known.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of inoperable patients who underwent thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) from February 2007 to April 2019. Those with previous small cell lung cancers or SBRT treatments for tumors other than NSCLC were excluded. Multivariate Cox regression and a matched pair cohort analyses evaluated the prognoses of patients undergoing definitive SBRT for a new second primary.

Results:
Of 438 patients who underwent definitive SBRT for NSCLC, 84 had previously treated NSCLC. Univariate log-rank tests identified gender, Karnofksy performance status (KPS), prior lung cancer, anticoagulation use, and history of heart disease to correlate with overall survival (OS) (P<0.05). These factors were incorporated into a multivariate Cox regression model that demonstrated female sex (P=0.004, hazard ratio [HR]=0.68), KPS (P<0.001, HR=2.0), and prior lung cancer (P=0.049, HR=0.7) to be significantly associated with OS. A similar approach found only gender (P=0.017, HR=0.64) and tumor stage (P=0.02, HR=1.7) to correlate with relapse-free survival. To support the Cox regression analysis, propensity score matching was performed using gender, age, KPS, tumor stage, history of heart disease, and anticoagulation use. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis within the matched pairs found prior lung cancer to be associated with improved OS (P=0.011), but not relapse-free survival (P=0.44).

Conclusions:
Compared with initial lung cancer SBRT inoperable cases, ablative radiotherapy for new primaries was associated with improved OS. Physicians should not be dissuaded from offering SBRT to such patients.
Glioma-Associated Oncogene-1 Expression in Basal Cell Carcinoma and Its Histologic Mimics
Authors: Gradecki Sarah E. , Eid Mary V. , Pramoonjago Patcharin , Wick Mark R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, and it has numerous histologic mimics with variable prognoses and treatments. Although some immunohistochemical stains can be used for the differential diagnosis of BCC, variability and overlap in results can complicate their interpretation. Immunohistochemical staining for glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli-1) was performed on 26 nodular BCCs, 22 infiltrative BCCs, 9 basaloid squamous cell carcinomas, 12 desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas, 19 Merkel cell carcinomas, 11 sebaceous carcinomas, 10 cylindromas, 14 spiradenomas, 12 adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCC), and 1 solitary trichoepithelioma. Strength of staining was scored as 0, 1+, 2+, or 3+, and distribution of staining was categorized as diffuse, multifocal, or focal. Strong, diffuse Gli-1 expression was seen in all tumors with basal epidermal-type differentiation, including BCC, trichoepithelioma, and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. All examples of Merkel cell carcinoma were negative for cytoplasmic expression. Seven out of 11 sebaceous carcinomas were negative for Gli-1, and the remaining 4 showed 1+ expression. Cylindroma, spiradenoma, and AdCC, each an adnexal skin tumor, showed the most variable staining, but with cylindroma and spiradenoma demonstrating comparable labeling patterns. Overall, although Gli-1 may not distinguish between basal epidermal-type tumors, it may have a role in separating that group from lesions with adnexal differentiation, particularly sebaceous carcinoma, but also cylindroma, spiradenoma, and AdCC. Any cytoplasmic staining seems to exclude the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma.
Younger Donor Tissue in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery: Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Hill Jordan R. , Chen Shin-Yi , Bauer Alex J. , Straiko Megan M. W. , Sanchez Philip James , Straiko Michael D. , Terry Mark A. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To determine whether using younger donor tissue for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) surgery influences clinical outcomes.

Methods:
Scroll tightness, unscrolling time, rebubble rate, and preoperative and 3- and 6-month postoperative endothelial cell density (ECD) and endothelial cell loss (ECL) were compared for 661 DMEK grafts prepared from younger (aged younger than 50 yrs, n = 81) and older donors (aged 50 yrs or older, n = 580) with Student t test, χ2 test, or Mann–Whitney U test.

Results:
There was no difference in overall unscrolling time (younger donors: 3.1 ± 3.1 min, older donor: 2.9 ± 2.7 min, P = 0.503). Experienced faculty surgeons, compared with fellows, had a significantly lower unscrolling times for both younger donors (2.4 ± 2.3 vs. 4.6 ± 3.9 min, P = 0.002) and older donors (2.5 ± 2.1 vs. 3.7 ± 3.3 min, P <0.001). Rebubble rates were not statistically different between younger (12.3%) and older donors (15.0%, P = 0.527). Three-month ECD was higher in grafts from younger compared with that in those from older donors (2138 ± 442 vs. 1974 ± 470 cells/mm2, P = 0.024). Six-month ECD was similar for younger (1972 ± 509 cells/mm2) and older donors (1947 ± 460 cells/mm2, P = 0.585). There was no difference in 3- or 6-month ECL comparing younger (3-mo: 24.3% ± 13.4%; 6-mo: 31.1% ± 15.2%) with older donors (3-mo: 25.9% ± 15.5%, P = 0.489; 6-mo: 27.8% ± 15.1%, P = 0.231).

Conclusions:
DMEK grafts prepared from younger donors exhibited similar unscrolling times, rebubble rates, and 3- and 6-month ECL compared with older donors. Experienced surgeons might begin to accept DMEK grafts from younger donors with confidence.
Importance of Reviewing Antibiotic Courses by 48 Hours: Risk Factors for Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance Among AmpC Harboring Organisms in Urine and Respiratory Cultures
Authors: Stultz Jeremy S. , Bice Tabitha , Johnstone Kimberly , Stuart Connor M. , Shelton Chasity M. , Arnold Sandra R. , Bagga Bindiya , Lee Kelley R. 
Published: December 2020

Background:

Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Morganella, and Serratia (AmpC organisms) species can exhibit third-generation cephalosporin (TGC) resistance after TGC exposure. We aimed to assess if institutional TGC utilization correlated with institutional AmpC organism susceptibility and if prior TGC exposure ≤48 hours were associated with TGC resistance in the first culture of a future infection episode caused by an AmpC organism.

Methods:
A 5-year retrospective cohort study was performed, including AmpC organisms isolated from pediatric urinary and respiratory tract cultures at an institution with TGC courses reviewed by the antimicrobial stewardship program at 48 hours. Correlations were assessed by Pearson’s correlation. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with TGC resistance in a subcohort of infection episodes.

Results:
Among 654 cultures, AmpC organism TGC susceptibility increased from 74% in 2013 to 89.3% in 2017, and this correlated with a 26.1% decrease in TGC utilization (R = −0.906; P = 0.034). Among 275 AmpC organism infections, 21.1% were resistant. Resistance occurred in 13.6%, 17.4%, and 56.5% of infections with no exposure, ≤48 hours, and >48 hours of TGC exposure in the past 30 days, respectively. TGC exposure ≤48 hours was not associated with resistance (odds ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32–4.94; P = 0.74), whereas, TGC exposure >48 hours was (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 3.67–20.6; P
< 0.001). Infections in 2017 were less likely to be resistant (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.8; P = 0.019).

Conclusions:
Decreased TGC utilization, likely related to antimicrobial stewardship, correlated with increased AmpC organism susceptibility. Limiting TGC exposure to ≤48 hours when possible may reduce AmpC organism resistance in future infections.
Development of Methods to Extract RNA From Archived Pediatric Needle Liver Biopsies to Produce Sequencing Data
Authors: Shin Emilia , Jones‐Brando Lorraine V. , Florea Liliana D. , Schwarz Kathleen B. , Yolken Robert H. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTGenetic susceptibility has been proposed as etiopathogenic in several pediatric liver diseases including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). High throughput sequencing (HTPS) has been applied to archived needle liver biopsies obtained from adults but rarely to pediatric biopsies. For conclusive diagnosis of AIH, most subjects have an initial formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) needle liver biopsy that is eventually archived and may be stored for decades.Objective:Our goal was to develop methods to utilize tissue from archived needle liver biopsies for extraction of RNA sufficient to produce HTPS data.Methods:We extracted total RNA from 45 FFPE needle liver biopsy samples (24 AIH type 1 patients and 21 controls [ages 15_11 and 19_10]; biopsy storage time 0.5–20 years) and constructed cDNA libraries that were then sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform.Results:Forty (89%) of the libraries produced high‐quality sequences for further analyses. The average number of sequences obtained per library from HTPS was 55,136,519 (range 14,914,291–184,027,499). There was a significant inverse relationship between the number of human reads obtained and the age of the specimen (P < 2_10_7). It was possible to classify more than 90% of the reads as known genes in samples that had been stored for less than 10 years.Conclusions:Archived needle liver biopsies can be used for sequence based interrogation of the etiologic origins of complex liver diseases of young subjects, such as AIH.
Sulfurimonas indica sp. nov., a hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph isolated from a hydrothermal sulfide chimney in the Northwest Indian Ocean
Authors: Hu Qitao , Wang Shasha , Lai Qiliang , Shao Zongze , Jiang Lijing 
Published: December 2020

A novel mesophilic, hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain NW8NT, was collected from a sulfide chimney at the deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Carlsberg Ridge of the Northwest Indian Ocean. The cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile, short rods with a single polar flagellum. The temperature, pH and salinity ranges for growth of strain NW8NT were 4–40 °C (optimum, 33 °C), pH 4.5–7.5 (optimum, pH 5.5) and 340–680 mM NaCl (optimum, 510 mM). The isolate was an obligate chemolithoautotroph capable of growth using hydrogen, thiosulfate, sulfide or elemental sulphur as the sole energy source, carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source and molecular oxygen as the sole electron acceptor. The major cellular fatty acids of strain NW8NT were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
ω7c and/or C18 : 1
ω6c). The total size of its genome was 2 093 492 bp and the genomic DNA G+C content was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and core genes showed that the novel isolate belonged to the genus

Sulfurimonas

and was most closely related to

Sulfurimonas paralvinellae

GO25T (97.4 % sequence identity). The average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNAhybridization values between strain NW8NT and

S. paralvinellae

GO25T was 77.8 and 21.1 %, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented here, strain NW8NT represents a novel species of the genus

Sulfurimonas

, for which the name Sulfurimonas indica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NW8NT (=MCCC 1A13988T=KTCC 15780T).
Protection of health care workers from exhaled air of patients operated under local, regional, spinal or epidural anaesthesia during COVID 19 pandemic
Authors: Atodaria Kuldeepsinh Pradipkumar , Singh Mayank , Prajapati Vimalkumar , Shah Kush Shaileshkumar , Atodaria Pradipkumar Raghuvirsinh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic mandates the use of N-95/FFP-2 masks for healthcare workers, especially in operation room (OR) for surgical or aerosol producing procedures. During pandemic, surgical interventions such as limb trauma, limb amputations, and limb malignancies continued to flow into the hospitals and are normally performed under local, regional or spinal anaesthesia. N-95/FFP-2 masks normally do not prevent escape of exhaled air to surrounding and to avoid the escape of exhaled unfiltered air, sealing masks by taping its edges to face possibly serves the purpose, but causes significant discomfort to patients. HEPA filters, high vacuum suction apparatus, and negative pressure operating-room may protect partially against the-risk of infection if patient’s exhaled air is infected. In order to reduce risk of transmission from patients’ exhaled air to the healthcare workers, a technique has been designed to divert the patients’ exhaled air to outside the-OR using a suction machine. This technique is easy, simple and cost-effective and trial has been performed with four-volunteers to see feasibility to breathe through N-95 mask sealed by sticking its edges to face using tape. The trial reflected reduction in SpO2, causing increased respiratory-rate, tachycardia and hypertension, in-addition an un-acclimatized volunteers had difficulty in breathing through sealed N-95 masks, which was relieved by supplying oxygen to them. Attaching suction system to remove the-exhaled air aids to comfort levels. Treating exhaled-air with sodium-hypochlorite and diverting it externally to an open-space outside the-OR added to safety for the patients, surgical team and the hospital surroundings.