bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assay of Biogenic Amines Involved in Fish Decomposition
Authors: Malle Pierre , Vallé Michel , Bouquelet Stephane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for quantitative determination of putrefaction amines: putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, and spermine. These amines are extracted from fish bygrinding with perchloric acid at -20°C. The amines are reacted with dansyl chloride at alkaline pH, dried under a stream of nitrogen, placed in an automatic injector at -20°C, and separated ina Kromasil C18 reversed-phase column at 25°C. A new gradient elutes the amines in 22 min and regenerates the column in 30 min. Regression lines are obtained with high coefficients of correlation. This method is faster and more reproducible than other methods and shows that the quality index is a reliable, albeit species-specific, criterion of fish decomposition.
Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, and Tetracycline in Edible Animal Tissues, Liquid Chromatographic Method: Collaborative Study
Authors: MacNeil James D , Martz Valerie K , Korsrud Gary O , Salisbury Craig D C , Oka Hisao , Epstein Robert L , Barnes Charlie J ,   Collaborators:, Alfredsson G , Barry C , Bergner B , Chan W , Diserens J M , IInicki L P , Klein E , Koscinski B , Vasco G , Phillippo T , Mawhinny H , Mϋller E , Petz M , Oka H , Patel R , Telling G M , Webb M , Henry C , Farrington Wh H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thirteen laboratories analyzed samples of edible animal tissues for tetracycline residues. The method included extraction of analytes into buffer, elution from a C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis, including use of a confirmation column. An additional laboratory, using an alternative LC assay based on a different sample cleanup, also analyzed the samples. Results showed the 2 methods are comparable. The LC method for determination of cholortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in edible animal tissues has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Results from 13 laboratories indicate that the method under study provides generally better results at the higher concentrations tested than at concentrations near the detection limit and that there is less problem with interferences in muscle tissue than in kidney. The method can achieve reliable results for analytes and matrixes studied at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.6 ppm and above, depending on the analyte-matrix combination, with generally better performance to be expected with muscle than with kidney. The poorer performance for fortified samples, particularly kidney, was attributed to additional homogenization steps required to prepare these samples. Recovery of analytes from different
Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Barley, and Malt by Column Cleanup and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection
Authors: Tacke Beth K , Casper Howard H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and reliable method to determine deoxyni- valenol (DON) in wheat, barley, and malt is described. Samples are extracted with acetonitrile- water (84 + 16). Extracts are eluted through a C18- alumina (1 + 3) column, evaporated to dryness, and derivatized with trimethylsilylimidazole-trimethyl- chlorosilane (100 + 1). DON is identified and quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. This method can quantitate DON levels from 0.2 to 40 ppm. Multiple analyses of wheat spiked at 2 ppm and of naturally contaminated wheat, malt, and barley resulted in coefficients of variation of 5.1, 5.1, 6.0, and 9.8%, respectively. Recoveries of DON spikes at 3 levels were 94-100% for wheat, 100-105% for barley, and 100105% for malt. Results for wheat sample analyzed with this procedure (1.9± 0.1 ppm DON) compared well with results for the same sample analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1.9 ppm DON) and by liquid chromatography (1.7 ppm DON).
Pesticide Residue Concentrations in the Belgian Total Diet, 1991-1993
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Steurbaut Walter , Drieghe Sabine , Verstraeten Roland , Braeckman Hans 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the period 1991-1993, an official study was conducted to measure the presence and evaluate the risk of pesticide residues in plantbased food in the Belgian total diet. Positive samples were subjected to one or more culinary treatments (washing, peeling, steaming, or cooking) to determine the decrease of residues in prepared ready-to-eat food. Thus, better estimates of pesticide residues taken up through consumption were determined and compared with toxicological criteria. Washing did not significantly reduce residues. Peeling fruits removed almost all pesticides. The effects of cooking and steaming varied, depending on the type of food and pesticide.
Determination of Atrazine in Water by Magnetic Particle Immunoassay: Collaborative Study
Authors: Hayes Mary C , Jourdan Scott W , Herzog David P ,   Collaborators:, Barnes P , Charan C , Fleeker J , Francis H , Litke D W , Hall C , Luitweiler P , Lucas A , Marti L , Mihaliak C , Mumma R , Spittler T , Strauss J , Thurman E M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was performed to determine mean recovery and precision for analysis of atrazine in drinking and surface waters by immunoassay. The study design was based on the blind duplicate test plan for collaborative studies. Three blank waters (municipal drinking water, well water, and surface water) were spiked at 3 atrazine levels. Two water samples with naturally incurred atrazine loads were also spiked with atrazine at 3 levels. In the enzyme-linked immunoassay method, the water sample is mixed with a pesticide–enzyme conjugate and added to paramagnetic particles with triazine-specific antibodies attached. After separation of antibody-bound atrazine and atrazine–enzyme conjugate from free components, the bound enzyme conjugate catalyzes a reaction producing a colored end product. The color developed is inversely proportional to the original concentration of atrazine in the water sample. Fourteen laboratories participated in the collaborative study. Data were analyzed for repeatability and reproducibility, and average recoveries at the spike levels were calculated. Over the concentration range tested, the mean recovery of atrazine spiked into blank and pesticide-contaminated waters was 104%. Overall RSDRaveraged about 40% for atrazine concentrations near the method detection limit (0.05 μg/L) and about 15% at concentrations above 5 times the detection limit (0.25 μg/L). Corresponding single-analyst RSDr values were 24 and 10%. Recovery and precision for the 3 blank water matrixes and the waters that had been naturally contaminated with atrazine showed no significant differences. The magnetic particle immunoassay
Rapid Identification and Quantitation of Clotrimazole, Miconazole, and Ketokonazole in Pharmaceutical Creams and Ointments by Thin-Layer Chromatography–Densitometry
Authors: Roychowdhury Utpal , Das Saroj K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)–densitometry was used to separate, identify, and quantitate clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketokonazole (alone or combined with other drugs) in various pharmacopoeial or proprietary creams and ointments. Clotrimazole was extracted from the cream or ointment with ethyl alcohol, and miconazole and ketokonazole were extracted with a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and isopropyl alcohol. Active ingredients were separated from excipients and other drugs by TLC on a precoated silica gel F254 plate with a solvent system of n-hexane–chloroform–methanol–diethylamine (50 + 40 + 10 + 1, v/v). The 3 azoles were well separated and easily identified in this chromatographic system. The separated azoles were visualized under short-wave UV light and quantitated by scanning densitometry at 220 nm by comparing the integrated areas of samples with those of standard (one azole was used as internal standard for the other). Recoveries from samples spiked with known amounts of azoles were excellent. The method was validated further by comparison with official liquid chromatographic methods.
Efficacy of a Latex Agglutination Test for Rapid Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: Collaborative Study
Authors: Chang Tsung C , Huang Su H ,   Collaborators:, Chao H Y , Chen B L , Chen C , Chen C H , Chen T R , Chin C Y , Chiu C P , Chiu F P , Chou J , Chyr C Y , Chu S Y , Hsiao S M , Hsieh Y M , Huang A , Huang W I , Hung S S , Ko H C , Lin L P , Lin P Y , Liu C B , Liu F C , Sheu Y I , Shie J S , Tai T F , Tsai S J , Wang S J , Wen S C , Wong H C , Yan L P , Yeh T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fifteen laboratories completed a collaborative study comparing the efficacy of a latex agglutination kit (Aureus Test) with that of AOAC Official Method 987.09 (coagulase test for identification of Staphylococcus aureus). Each laboratory analyzed 240 strains of bacteria, including 160 isolates of S. aureus and 80 isolates of other bacteria. Upon receipt of cultures, collaborators subcultured each isolate on both tryptic soy agar (TSA) and Baird-Parker agar medium (BPA) to determine whether the growth medium has any effect on either method. For cultures grown on TSA, the latex test had sensitivity and specificity rates of 99.2 and 97.1 %, respectively, whereas the coagulase test had respective rates of 98.4 and 92.5%. For cultures able to grow on BPA, the latex test had sensitivity and specificity rates of 99.2 and 96.6%, respectively, while the coagulase test had respective rates of 98.3 and 91.3%. By using the McNemar pairwise comparison test of the 2 methods, the falsepositive and false-negative rates of the latex test were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.01) than those of the coagulase test for strains grown either on TSA or BPA. The latex agglutination test for identification of S. aureus isolated from foods has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Free Glutamic Acid in Soup, Meat Product, and Chinese Food: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Beljaars Paul R , Van Dijk Remmelt , Bisschop Eric , Spiegelenberg Willem M ,   Collaborators:, Hofman I , Houwen I , de Jeu C , Klerx W N M , Knaake H H A , Koopmans H , van der Linden W , Radstake D , Sens J , Steendam L , Vernoon H , van der Weert R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study of the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of free glutamic acid in soup, meat product, and Chinese food was performed. Homogenized food samples were extracted with hot water, filtered, and diluted. Aliquot portions were treated with N,N-dimethyl-2-mer-capto-ethyl-ammonium chloride (DMMAC) and o phtaldialdehyde (OPA) to convert glutamic acid to a stable fluorescent complex. After LC separation on a reversed-phase C18 column with acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 7.O)–water (80 +180 + 740, v/v) as mobile phase, glutamic acid peaks were measured fluorometrically (excitation, 340 nm, and emission, 389 and/or 440 nm). Homocysteic acid was used as internal standard. Twelve samples (6 blind duplicates) containing about 0.3–1.3% (w/w) of glutamic acid were analyzed singly by 12 laboratories. Results from one participant were excluded. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) varied from 1.3 to 4.5%, and reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 4.1 to 7.1 %. Average recovery of glutamic acid determined at 6 levels was 101.5% (range, 98–106%).
Rapid Method Based on ATP Catabolites for Evaluating the Freshness of Baltic Herring: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Hattula M Tapani , Wallin Harriet C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study was performed in 31 Finnish laboratories to determine the quality of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras). Three fish samples representing 3 levels of freshness were analyzed. To evaluate chemical freshness, a rapid paper strip method based on the degradation products of ATP was used by 22 participants. Eleven laboratories used liquid chromatography. Each laboratory also classified the samples by sensory evaluation. The rapid paper strip method proved to be a satisfactory screening method for assessing freshness of Baltic herring.
Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determining Capsaicinoids in Capsicums and Their Extractives: Collaborative Study
Authors: Parrish Mark ,   Collaborators:, Berard K , Cooper T , Das R , Esseltine C , Gonzalez L , Greenwood R , Grenon I , Humphries J , Hurst L , Korpinski T , Lucius D , Potter J , Schonfeld R , Soh E , Stengel F , Woody M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sixteen laboratories participated in an AOAC–American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) collaborative study of a liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining capsaicinoids in capsicums and their extractives. Capsicums are extracted with ethanol by refluxing and then filtered. Capsaicinoids in the filtrate are separated by re- versed-phase LC and detected spectrophotometri� cally with external standard quantitation. Participants analyzed 6 ground capsicum and 3 oleoresin products as 12 samples from a mixed scheme of blind duplicates and Youden matched pairs. Average repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations (sr and sR, respectively) and average relative standard deviations (RSDr and RSDR, respectively) for ground red pepper were as follows: sr, 610 Scoville heat units (SHU); sR, 1730 SHU; RSDr, 1.7%; RSDR, 4.9%. For ground chili peppers, the values were sr, 60 SHU; sR, 160 SHU; RSDr, 4.0%; RSDR, 10.6%. For oleoresin red pepper, the averages were sr, 46820 SHU; sR, 54990 SHU; RSDr, 8.5%; RSDR, 11.2%. The LC method has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Speciation and Determination of Dissolved Iodide and Iodine in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Anderson Kim A , Casey Barbara , Diaz Elmer , Markowski Peter , Wright Brent 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Total dissolved iodide (I−) and iodine (I2) are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) using iodine vapor generation. I− is determined directly after filtration. It is oxidized in situ to I2 with potassium nitrite in sulfuric acid in a simplified continuous-flow manifold. A standard nebulizer separates I2, which is quantitated by ICP-AES at 206.16 nm. The instrument detection limit for I− is 0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries from seawater, saltwater, and freshwater standard reference materials ranged from 86.5 to 118.6%, averaging 98.2%. I2 is analyzed by ICP-AES without the iodine vapor generation reagents. For samples containing both I2 and I−, total iodine is determined with oxidizing reagents, I2 alone is determined without oxidizing reagents, and I− is calculated from the difference. The analysis is specific for the 2 species (I− and I2). Stability of I2 in environmental samples was briefly investigated. This method demonstrates good accuracy and precision for samples of environmental interest and is especially well suited to small samples. It requires no additional apparatus for iodine generation or sample introduction.
Molecular Detection of Clostridium botulinum Type E Neurotoxin Gene in Smoked Fish by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Sciacchttano Carl J , Hlrshfield Irvin N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a rapid, sensitive technique for amplifying target DNA sequences of pathogenic microorgansims, was used to amplify Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin gene fragments in smoked fish. Other botulinal neurotoxin-producing strains, nontoxigenic strains, and food-related microorganisms did not yield nonspecificamplification products with this PCR assay. PCR products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using a low-viscosity entangled polymer system. Resolution, sensitivity, and DNA sizing accuracy were improved, and analytical times were markedly shortened. The PCR/CE assay detected the C. botulinum type E neurotoxin gene in as few as 10 cells. The technique to other foods may also be a valuable tool for detecting foodborne pathogens.
Mycotoxins Transmitted into Beer from Contaminated Grains During Brewing
Authors: Scott Peter M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Studies with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins B1 and B2 added at various stages of the brewing process show that these mycotoxins (or metabolites) may be transmitted from contaminated grains into beer. Citrinin does not survive the mashing step. Mycotoxins in beer could originate from the malted grain or from adjuncts. Although high incidences and concentrations of aflatoxins and zearalenone have been found in local beers brewed in Africa, aflatoxins have not been detected in European beers. Zearalenone and α- or β-zearalenol (the metabolite likely to occur) have not been found in Canadian and European beers, except for one sample analyzed by thin-layer chromatography only. Ochratoxin A rarely has been detected at &gt;1 ng/mL in beer; liquid chromatographic methods with a 0.05-0.1 ng/mL detection limit, however, have shown moderately high incidences of trace levels. Deoxynivalenol, which survives the brewing process, has been found with high incidence in Canadian and European beers, with concentrations of &gt;200 ng/mL reported in several German beers. Fumonisins B1 and B2 occur to a limited extent in beer.
Modular Methodology for Determination of Poly chlorinated Biphenyls in Soil as Aroclors and Individual Congeners
Authors: Donnelly Joseph R , Grange Andrew H , Herron Nelson R , Nichol Gregory R , Jeter Jeffrey L , White Richard J , Brumley William C , Van Emon Jeanette 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive screening and confirmatory method was developed for monitoring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), both as Aroclors and as individual congeners. This approach incorporates extraction, extract cleanup, and analysis modules designed to match cost, time, and data quality requirements. Soxhlet, sonication, supercritical fluid, and accelerated solvent extractions were evaluated. Carbon chromatographic cleanup procedures were used for separation of congeners on the basis of ortho substitutions, which permitted calculation of toxicity equivalents. Individual congener determinations, congener total histograms, and peak comparison techniques for Aroclor identification were elaborated by using high and low resolution mass spectrometricdata. A screening procedure based on immunoassay using the Ohmicron PCB RaPID AssayTM kit gave results comparable to those obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection in the range 0.40-230 ppm, when the appropriate Aroclor calibrator was used.
Determination and Confirmation of Pirlimycin Residue in Bovine Milk and Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Heller David N ,   Participants:, Matusik Jean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three laboratories participated in trials of methods to determine and confirm pirlimycin residue in bovine milk and liver. The methods used liquid chromatography/ thermospray mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with an internal standard to measure residue concentration. The internal standard was isopirlimycin, a stereoisomer of pirlimycin, which was resolved chromatographically. Determinative procedures were validated by replicate analyses of negative control, fortified control, and residue-incurred milk. For the milk method, average corrected recoveries (and coefficients of variation, CVs) were 83- 113% (CV, 7.5-15.4%) at 0.2 ppm, 91-98% (CV, 3.4- 18.5%) at 0.4 ppm, and 89-102% (CV, 8.8-22.9%) at 0.8 ppm. For the liver method, average corrected recoveries were 94-103% (CV, 2.2-7.1%) at 0.25 ppm, 87-94% (CV, 4.8-10.3%) at 0.5 ppm, and 96-101% (CV, 5.5-6.9%) at 1.0 ppm. There were no interferences in control samples of either matrix. Pirlimycin was confirmed by matching the retention time and relative abundances of 4 ions from sample extracts to corresponding values obtained for pirlimycin standard. Pirlimycin was confirmed in all residue- incurred samples and all samples fortified at regulatory tolerances (0.4 ppm in milk and 0.5 ppm in liver) by 2 of the 3 laboratories and in most samples by the third laboratory
Nondestructive Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Tin, Antimony, and Barium in Ceramic Glazes by Radioisotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Anderson David L , Cunningham William C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Quantitation capabilities of radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (RXRFS) for determining lead, cadmium, tin, antimony, and barium in ceramic glazes were investigated. Twenty-one airdried glazes and 85 fired glazes on test tiles were analyzed by using 109Cd and 57Co excitation sources. Accurate Pb determinations, with limits of detection (LODs) of about 0.3 mg/cm2 for 5 min counting times, were achieved by using the 75 keV Kα1 X-ray photopeak and a Pb foil calibration procedure. Cd, Sn, Sb, and Ba concentrations were determined with LODs from about 0.5 to 1.5 mg/cm2. For Pb and Ba, results obtained by using absorption corrections based only on element concentrations determined by RXRFS and an iterative approach led to analytical biases of ≤4% relative to results obtained by using corrections based on known total element compositions. Biases were more severe for Cd, Sn, and Sb because lower X-ray energies were involved and sensitivities varied as a function of matrix Pb content. Pb concentrations were above LODs (1.3-40 mg/cm2) in 39 of 47 fired "foodsafe" glazes and in 33 of the other 38 fired glazes (0.4-39 mg/cm2).
Determination of Selenium in Infant Formula and Enteral Formula by Dry Ash Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Deuterium Background Correction
Authors: Cook Kathleen K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed to determine selenium in infant formula using a graphite furnace equipped with deuterium background correction after dry ashing. The method circumvents the use of perchloric acid, 2,3-diaminonapthalene (DAN) and hydride generation without the use of Zeeman background correction. Twelve commercial infant and enteral formulas and corresponding spiked products (30-500 ng) were analyzed in triplicate for Se to evaluate this method. All test portions were digested on a hot plate after addition of magnesium nitrate-nitric acid. Following heating, digests were evaporated to dryness and placed in a 500°C muffle furnace for 30 min to complete ashing. All Se was converted to Se+4 by dissolving the ash in HCI (5 + 1) and holding the solution for 20 min in a 60°C water bath. Se+4 was subsequently reduced to Se0 with ascorbic acid and collected on a membrane filter. The membrane filters were digested in a small volume of nitric acid in a microwave oven. Following digestion, contents of the vessels were diluted and analyzed for Se by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Selenium standards in starch or in unfortified formula containing trace levels of Se were carried through the entire process. The recovery range for Se was 85-127%, and analyzed reference materials fell within their certified range for Se. This method is as sensitive (detection limit 0.44 ng Se/g) as methods reported in the literature and may be applicable to other foods.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) in Products Containing Capsaicinoids
Authors: DeWitt Bernard , Finne Gunnar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Because of interference by coeluting capsaicinoids, the commonly used liquid chromatographic method for determining butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in pepperoni and spice blends is not reliable. A gas chromatographic method is described that cleanly separates these antioxidants from interfering substances. Average recoveries of BHA and BHT from oleoresin spiked at 5 concentrations were 97.6 and 104.3%, respectively. From pepperoni spiked at 4 levels, average recoveries were 79.1 and 87.9%, respectively. The repeatability of the method when applied to 5 replicates of pepperoni toppings was 36.4 ± 1.1 ppm for BHA and 32.2 ± 0.8 ppm for BHT.