bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise‐dependent increases in protein synthesis are accompanied by chromatin modifications and increased MRTF‐SRF signalling
Authors: Solagna Francesca , Nogara Leonardo , Dyar Kenneth A. , Greulich Franziska , Mir Ashfaq A. , Türk Clara , Bock Theresa , Geremia Alessia , Baraldo Martina , Sartori Roberta , Farup Jean , Uhlenhaut Henriette , Vissing Kristian , Krüger Marcus , Blaauw Bert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimResistance exercise increases muscle mass over time. However, the early signalling events leading to muscle growth are not yet well‐defined. Here, we aim to identify new signalling pathways important for muscle remodelling after exercise.MethodsWe performed a phosphoproteomics screen after a single bout of exercise in mice. As an exercise model we used unilateral electrical stimulation in vivo and treadmill running. We analysed muscle biopsies from human subjects to verify if our findings in murine muscle also translate to exercise in humans.ResultsWe identified a new phosphorylation site on Myocardin‐Related Transcription Factor B (MRTF‐B), a co‐activator of serum response factor (SRF). Phosphorylation of MRTF‐B is required for its nuclear translocation after exercise and is accompanied by the transcription of the SRF target gene Fos. In addition, high‐intensity exercise also remodels chromatin at specific SRF target gene loci through the phosphorylation of histone 3 on serine 10 in myonuclei of both mice and humans. Ablation of the MAP kinase member MSK1/2 is sufficient to prevent this histone phosphorylation, reduce induction of SRF‐target genes, and prevent increases in protein synthesis after exercise.ConclusionOur results identify a new exercise signalling fingerprint in vivo, instrumental for exercise‐induced protein synthesis and potentially muscle growth.
Review article: COVID‐19 and liver disease—what we know on 1st May 2020
Authors: Garrido Isabel , Liberal Rodrigo , Macedo Guilherme 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), became a global threat to human health. Liver impairment has been frequently reported as a common manifestation, although its clinical significance is still unclear, particularly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease (CLD).AimsTo summarise the changes in liver function tests during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and the impact of COVID‐19 in patients with underlying CLD.MethodsA literature review using online database PubMed was done using the search terms “SARS‐CoV‐2”, “COVID‐19”, “liver”, “cirrhosis” and “liver transplantation”.ResultsCOVID‐19 is frequently associated with different degrees of abnormal liver function tests, most notably transaminases, which are usually transitory and of mild degree. Available evidence suggests that liver injury may result from direct pathogenic effect by the virus, systemic inflammation or toxicity from commonly used drugs in this subset of patients. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children is associated with minimal or no increase in liver enzymes, thus the presence of abnormal liver function tests should trigger evaluation for underlying liver diseases. Although it seems that patients with CLD are not at greater risk for acquiring the infection, those with cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases or liver transplant may have a greater risk for severe COVID‐19.ConclusionsAbnormal liver function tests during the course of COVID‐19 are common, though clinically significant liver injury is rare. Further research is needed focusing on the effect of existing liver‐related comorbidities on treatment and outcome of COVID‐19.
A part‐dependent account of biological individuality: why holobionts are individuals and ecosystems simultaneously
Authors: Suárez Javier , Stencel Adrian 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTGiven one conception of biological individuality (evolutionary, physiological, etc.), can a holobiont – that is the host + its symbiotic (mutualistic, commensalist and parasitic) microbiome – be simultaneously a biological individual and an ecological community? Herein, we support this possibility by arguing that the notion of biological individuality is part‐dependent. In our account, the individuality of a biological ensemble should not only be determined by the conception of biological individuality in use, but also by the biological characteristics of the part of the ensemble under investigation. In the specific case of holobionts, evaluations of their individuality should be made either host‐relative or microbe‐relative. We support the claim that biological individuality is part‐dependent by drawing upon recent empirical evidence regarding the physiology of hosts and microbes, and the recent characterization of the ‘demibiont’. Our account shows that contemporary disagreements about the individuality of the holobiont derive from an incorrect understanding of the ontology of biological individuality. We show that collaboration between philosophers and biologists can be very fruitful in attempts to solve some contemporary biological debates.
Review: Alleviating loneliness in young people – a meta‐analysis of interventions
Authors: Eccles Alice M. , Qualter Pamela 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundLoneliness is common among youth and is associated with poor physical and mental health, and poor educational outcomes. To date, there have been no meta‐analyses of interventions aimed at reducing loneliness among young people.MethodsWe conducted meta‐analyses of single group and randomised control trials (RCTs) of studies published between 1980 and 2019, which measured loneliness as an outcome in youth ages 25 years or younger. Moderators, including sample demographics and intervention characteristics, that might affect intervention success, were examined.ResultsA total of 39 studies (14 single group and 25 RCTs) were included, and we found evidence that youth loneliness could be reduced via intervention. Moderator analysis – including intervention characteristics, study quality and sample demographics – was also examined.ConclusionsWhile interventions were shown to reduce loneliness among youth, the interventions included in the meta‐analyses often targeted youth viewed to be at risk – for example those with health concerns – and rarely did the interventions target youth who reported loneliness. There is also no indication of whether youth experienced chronic or transient loneliness. In future work, interventions should be designed specifically for loneliness, with universal programmes helping youth manage their transient feelings of loneliness, and targeted interventions for those suffering from chronic loneliness. There is also a need to look at socioeconomic and other risk factors outside the individual for targeted interventions.Key Practitioner MessageThere have been no meta‐analyses that have evaluated the effect of interventions for reducing loneliness among children and adolescents.We found intervention programmes targeted at youth are successful at reducing loneliness.Future interventions should be designed specially with loneliness in mind, with (a) universal programmes to help youth manage their experiences of transient loneliness, and (b) targeted interventions for youth reporting chronic loneliness. They should also examine the longer‐term outcomes of the interventions.Future interventions should be designed, evaluated and then documented using guidelines on how to write up an intervention evaluation.
Cultural Responses to the War on Drugs: Writing, Occupying, and ‘Public‐ing’ in the Mexican City
Authors: O’Hare Patrick , Bell Lucy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCardboard publishers (editoriales cartoneras) are small, independent publishers linked by the recovered cardboard that covers their books, a commitment to the promotion of local authors, and a drive to make literature accessible. This cultural movement, whose actors often form part of broader social movements, has spread across Latin America and beyond, with other 250 active collectives. Drawing on ethnography conducted with some of Mexico’s thirty cartoneras, and literary analysis of their texts, this paper contributes to debates on violence and public space in the context of the brutal Mexican “war on drugs”. Dialoguing with a body of scholarship spanning from Setha Low’s pioneering urban anthropology to Jacques Rancière’s art theory, we argue that cartoneras might be considered “public‐ers”, in that their book‐making labor involves the production not just of books, but of new social relations, communities, and publics. By analyzing aesthetic materials in relation to the social contexts in which they are embedded, we demonstrate that decisions to denounce violence and perform its alternatives on the written page, and in the public plaza, are inseparable and intertwined cultural forms of action that create affective encounters, contact zones, and spaces of dissensus in the city.
Addressing social attitudes toward lethal control of wildlife in national parks
Authors: Martínez‐Jauregui María , Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Arroyo Beatriz , Soliño Mario 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe extraordinary population growth of certain ungulate species is increasingly a concern in agroforestry areas because overabundance may negatively affect natural environments and human livelihoods. However, society may have negative perceptions of killing wildlife to reduce their numbers and mitigate damage. We used an online survey that included a choice experiment to determine Spanish citizens’ (n = 190) preferences toward wildlife population control measures related to negative effects of ungulate overabundance (negative impacts on vegetation and other wildlife species and disease transmission to livestock) in 2 agroforestry national parks in Spain. We used latent‐class and willingness‐to‐pay in space models to analyze survey results. Two percent of respondents thought a national park should have no human intervention even if lack of management may cause environmental degradation, whereas 95% of respondents favored efforts to reduce damage caused by overabundant ungulate species. We estimated human well‐being losses of survey respondents when sustainable effects of deer overabundance on the environment became unsustainable effects and well‐being gains when sustainable effects transitioned to no visible effects. We found that the type of wildlife‐control program was a very relevant issue for the respondents; indirect control in which killing was avoided was the preferred action. Sixty‐six percent of respondents agreed with the option of hunters paying for culling animals to reduce ungulate impacts rather than management cost coming out of taxes, whereas 19% of respondents were against this option and willing to pay for other solutions in national parks. Our results suggest that killing wildlife in national parks could be a socially acceptable tool to manage overabundance problems in certain contexts, but it could also generate social conflicts.
Emergent conservation outcomes of shared risk perception in human‐wildlife systems
Authors: Carter Neil H. , Baeza Andres , Magliocca Nicholas R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHuman perception of risks related to economic damages caused by nearby wildlife can be transmitted through social networks. Understanding how sharing risk information within a human community alters the spatial dynamics of human‐wildlife interactions has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We developed an agent‐based model that simulates farmer livelihood decisions and activities in an agricultural landscape shared with a population of a generic wildlife species (wildlife‐human interactions in shared landscapes [WHISL]). In the model, based on risk perception and economic information, farmers decide how much labor to allocate to farming and whether and where to exclude wildlife from their farms (e.g., through fencing, trenches, or vegetation thinning). In scenarios where the risk perception of farmers was strongly influenced by other farmers, exclusion of wildlife was widespread, resulting in decreased quality of wildlife habitat and frequency of wildlife damages across the landscape. When economic losses from encounters with wildlife were high, perception of risk increased and led to highly synchronous behaviors by farmers in space and time. Interactions between wildlife and farmers sometimes led to a spillover effect of wildlife damage displaced from socially and spatially connected communities to less connected neighboring farms. The WHISL model is a useful conservation‐planning tool because it provides a test bed for theories and predictions about human‐wildlife dynamics across a range of different agricultural landscapes.
Short‐term skin reactions following use of N95 respirators and medical masks
Authors: Hua Wei , Zuo Ying , Wan Ruoyu , Xiong Lidan , Tang Jie , Zou Lin , Shu Xiaohong , Li Li 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, cases of adverse skin reactions related to the wearing of masks have been observed.ObjectivesTo analyze the short‐term effects of N95 respirators and medical masks, respectively, on skin physiological properties and to report adverse skin reactions caused by the protective equipment.MethodsThis study used a randomized crossover design with repeated measurements. Twenty healthy Chinese volunteers were recruited. Skin parameters were measured on areas covered by the respective masks and on uncovered skin 2 and 4 hours after donning, and 0.5 and 1 hour after removing the masks, including skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, pH, and sebum secretion. Adverse reactions were clinically assessed, and perceived discomfort and non‐compliance measured.ResultsSkin hydration, TEWL, and pH increased significantly with wearing the protective equipment. Erythema values increased from baseline. Sebum secretion increased both on the covered and uncovered skin with equipment‐wearing. There was no significant difference in physiological values between the two types of equipment. More adverse reactions were reported following a N95 mask use than the use of a medical mask, with a higher score of discomfort and non‐compliance.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that skin biophysical characters change as a result of wearing a mask or respirator. N95 respirators were associated with more skin reactions than medical masks.
Characterising communities impacted by the 2015 Indiana HIV outbreak: A big data analysis of social media messages associated with HIV and substance abuse
Authors: Cuomo Raphael E. , Cai Mingxiang , Shah Neal , Li Jiawei , Chen Wen‐Hao , Obradovich Nick , Mackey Tim K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsInfoveillance approaches (i.e. surveillance methods using online content) that leverage big data can provide new insights about infectious disease outbreaks and substance use disorder topics. We assessed social media messages about HIV, opioid use and injection drug use in order to understand how unstructured data can prepare public health practitioners for response to future outbreaks.Design and MethodsWe conducted an retrospective analysis of Twitter messages during the 2015 HIV Indiana outbreak using machine learning, statistical and geospatial analysis to examine the transition between opioid prescription drug abuse to heroin injection use and finally HIV transmission risk, and to test possible associations with disease burden and demographic variables in Indiana and Marion County. Tweets from October 2014 to June 2015 were compared to disease burden at the county level for Indiana, and classification of census blocks by presence of relevant messages was done at the census block level for Marion County. Marion County was used as it exhibited the highest total count of Tweets.Results257 messages about substance abuse and HIV were significantly related to HIV rates (P < 0.001) and opioid‐related hospitalisations (P = 0.037). Using 157 characteristics from the American Community Survey, a linear classifier was computed with an appreciable correlation (r = 0.49) to risk‐related social media messages from Marion County.Discussion and ConclusionsCommunities appear to communicate online in response to disease burden. Classification produced an accurate equation to model census block risk based on census data, allowing for high‐dimensional estimation of risk for blocks with sparse populations.
Goal achievement of HbA1c and LDL‐cholesterol in a randomized trial comparing colesevelam with ezetimibe: GOAL‐RCT
Authors: Bajaj Harpreet S. , Brown Ruth E. , Jiandani Dishay , Venn Karri , Al‐Asaad Hani , Khandwala Hasnain , Steen Oren , Abdel‐Salam Suzan , Aronson Ronnie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimTo compare the efficacy and safety of colesevelam and ezetimibe as second‐line low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐c)‐lowering options in type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and MethodsGOAL‐RCT is a 24‐week, open‐label, randomized, pragmatic clinical trial. Subjects with T2D with uncontrolled HbA1c (7.1%‐10%) and LDL‐c (>2.0 mmol/L) were randomized 1:1 to colesevelam 3.75 g or ezetimibe 10 mg daily. The primary composite outcome was the proportion of participants achieving an LDL‐c target of ≤2.0 mmol/L and HbA1c target of ≤7.0%. Intention to treat analysis was performed.ResultsTwo hundred subjects were enrolled: mean age 59 ± 10 years; mean HbA1c 8.0%; mean LDL‐c 2.5 mmol/L; 97% on statin therapy. The primary composite outcome was achieved by similar proportions of participants with colesevelam (14.6%) and ezetimibe (10.5%) (Pnon‐inferiority < .001, Psuperiority = .41). LDL‐c reduction from baseline was less with colesevelam compared with ezetimibe (14.0% vs. 23.2%, P < .01), as was the proportion of subjects achieving an LDL‐c target of ≤2.0 mmol/L (47.6% and 67.0%, respectively; P = .007). Mean HbA1c was reduced with colesevelam (−0.26 ± 0.10%), while no change was observed with ezetimibe (difference P = .06). Adverse events and discontinuation rates were higher for colesevelam (20.2% and 31.1%) compared with ezetimibe (7.2% and 6.2%), respectively.ConclusionsAmong subjects with T2D, the initiation of colesevelam or ezetimibe led to similar achievement of primary composite outcome (LDL‐c and HbA1c within target), with ezetimibe recording a greater LDL‐c reduction and better tolerability than colesevelam.
COVID‐19: Focus on the lungs but do not forget the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Smyk Wiktor , Janik Maciej K. , Portincasa Piero , Milkiewicz Piotr , Lammert Frank , Krawczyk Marcin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 was declared in the last weeks as global pandemic. Currently affecting more than 5 000 000 individuals worldwide, COVID‐19 is most commonly associated with symptoms caused by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As the number of infected individuals increases, we are learning that not only lungs, but also other organs can be affected by the virus. The gastrointestinal symptoms, for example diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea or abdominal pain, are frequent in patients with COVID‐19. Moreover, alimentary tract symptoms may precede the respiratory presentation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate management of infected patients. In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid can be detected in faeces of infected patients and rectal swabs are even reported to remain positive for a longer period of time than nasopharyngeal swabs. Here, we aim to provide an update on the gastrointestinal involvement of COVID‐19 presenting the symptoms that can be encountered in infected patients. We address the role of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a functional receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, which also was found in the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, we briefly discuss faecal shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Adverse responses of Cabera pusaria caterpillars to high dietary manganese concentration
Authors: Martinek Petr , Hedbávný Josef , Kudláček Tomáš , Šťasta Michal , Kula Emanuel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe adaptation of insects to environmental changes can constitute a crucial factor in their development and activity. The response of Cabera pusaria L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) caterpillars to high manganese (Mn) concentrations in the diet was studied. Birch leaves were treated by dipping in MnCl2·4H2O solutions, thereby achieving Mn contents of 370 (T0), 695 (T1), 3 198 (T2), and 6 302 mg kg−1 (T3). The reactions were determined by observing caterpillar mortality, development time, food consumption, and pupal weight. Manganese concentrations in larval excrement, pupae, and food were determined. Manganese in the diet at unnaturally increased concentrations caused great stress for caterpillars. All individuals in the treatment with the highest Mn concentration (T3) died during rearing and successful pupation occurred in only four individuals in T2. Even in the case of caterpillars from T1 (twofold higher than T0) a negative reaction (increased food consumption and prolonged development) was recorded. We also determined significantly increased Mn concentration in pupae from T1 (T2 and T3 were not included in this evaluation due to mortality) and excrement (T1‒T3) compared with T0 having a natural Mn concentration. Caterpillars were seen to eliminate negatively acting dietary Mn by its translocation to excrement. However, the highest mortality rate in T2 and T3 and negative reactions of individuals in T1 very likely demonstrate energy insufficiency and the high energy requirements of Mn elimination mechanisms.
Taxonomic and functional diversity in a subtropical stream: A longitudinal pattern analysis
Authors: Zhang Dong , Heng Wujing , Chu Ling , Xu Dongpo , Kang Bin , Yan Yunzhi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIdentifying the spatial patterns of fish diversity in streams is basic for the conservation and management of stream fishes. The “upstream–downstream” patterns in the taxonomic α‐diversity of stream fishes have been widely surveyed. However, the longitudinal patterns in the functional diversity and β‐diversity of stream fishes have been given less attention. In this study, we surveyed fishes along an upstream–downstream gradient in a headwater stream of the Qiantang River, China, and examined the longitudinal variations in fish diversity. Our aims were to assess whether the longitudinal patterns in fish diversity were consistent between the taxonomic and functional metrics and between the α‐ and β‐aspects of diversity. We found that both species richness and functional richness of fishes showed a hump‐shaped relationship with the distance from headwaters, while both taxonomic and functional β‐diversities presented the U‐shaped distributions along the river continuum. Functional diversity related more to the distance from headwaters than taxonomic diversity. Despite their similar relationship with the distance from headwaters, taxonomic and functional β‐diversities were dominated by species turnover and function nestedness components, respectively. Our results suggest that, along the river continuum in a subtropical stream, the α‐ and β‐aspects of fish diversity present different longitudinal variations. Although the taxonomic and functional diversity shows similar relationships with distance from headwaters, their spatial variations are driven by different ecological processes.