bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Party Lines
Authors: Power Greg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
All political systems are ultimately based on trading votes in return for the promise of tangible improvements in the quality of people’s lives, and clientelism is an attractive and obvious political strategy in countries where the state is weak, the public is in dire need of help and political parties can fill those gaps. The promise of short-term relief in the shape of money or food, is a powerful incentive in many countries. This logic shapes electoral politics in many parts of the world—and is an integral part of the selection, election and re-election process. In many places it has become entwined in the systems of governance. But, as the history of the US and Europe shows, machine politics tends to become too costly and ineffective in the long-run, especially when more efficient alternatives emerge. MPs in many parts of the world are searching for alternatives, and the challenge lies in creating new credible currencies, where voters can believe that if they forgo immediate rewards, they are likely to benefit from wider economic development. Examples from South Africa, Uganda, Malawi, and Indonesia highlight the innate contradictions in clientelism, and how some politicians are seeking to do things differently.
Reform at Hogwarts-On-Thames
Authors: Power Greg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Westminster parliament is an atypical legislature. Although it has provided a template for many other parliaments, it is hampered by its tradition and history, which has meant that reform has tended to occur at a glacial pace. It does though offer some insights for other institutions on the difficulty and the possibility of reform. Reform in parliamentary institutions is difficult for three reasons: there is never one person in charge of a parliament, every MP has strong opinions on reform, and every MP has an influence on the process, because they will have to vote on the content of proposed changes. It is easier to frustrate parliamentary reform than it is to implement it. And the concept of “loss aversion” from behavioral science offers insights as to why MPs are so resistant to change: all reform alters the balance of power, and because it is fraught with short-term risk, it is easier to stick with the status quo. Where successful reform has overcome these factors, it has aligned the personal interests of MPs with a bigger parliamentary principle, such as strengthening oversight and accountability, and also played to the personal, professional and political concerns of Members of Parliament.
What’s In it for Me?
Authors: Power Greg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the space of ten years the Kenyan parliament went from being one of the weakest on the African content to one of the strongest. This change was down to a number of reforming MPs who understood that politicians would be attracted to reform for different reasons—some as principled reformers, others as opportunists who saw how reforms benefited them personally. As such, they carefully orchestrated a series of reforms which played to both sets of incentives. The key insight is that all MPs have the potential to be reformer and opportunist, and will frequently be both, often at the same time. Reforms need to appeal to both sides of the political mind—the altruistic and the egotistic. Reforms also need to maximize the number of potential beneficiaries, so that all MPs believe that they will gain in some way from the change. In other words, reciprocal exchange needs to be an integral part of the negotiations with different groups of politicians. Self-interest, on its own, is not enough to sustain reform. Rather it needs to tap into different sets of motivations using change that offers immediate reward to more strategic and longer-term institutional benefits.
Radical Incrementalism
Authors: Power Greg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
International development assistance suffers from three significant flaws: over-ambition, premature load-bearing, and misjudging political resistance. All three are a product of the tendency to focus on projects that are large in scale and attempt to do many things at once. Political change tends not to occur in this way, but rather as the accumulation of multiple small changes. The very nature of reform—as highlighted in previous chapters—means that it needs to be understood as a process of bricolage, rather than the product of a neat, linear and rational process. As such, it is better to approach it as a process of radical incrementalism, of thinking big, but acting small. There are three elements to this. First, start with what matters today—find ways of solving immediate problems in ways that make them easier to solve tomorrow. Second, build institutional mētis—foster the skills that mean politicians learn to value their institutions. Third, create pockets of good practice and a ripple effect—achieve change in small spaces and then replicate it.
The Literature of Extreme Poverty in the Great Depression
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Literature of Extreme Poverty in the Great Depression studies a forgotten side of modernism: the literature of unemployment and poverty in the 1930s, especially fiction and poetry about people starving on the street or half-starving on welfare, people who often don’t know where they’ll find something to eat that night or whether they’ll find someplace to sleep. They spend the night on park benches or in filthy flophouses, or they trade sex for food and shelter, or they starve. Time itself changes. For the starving poor standing for hours and hours in a breadline, the speed of modern culture slows down. This book expands on previous studies of the 1930s by recovering the fiction and poetry of dozens of forgotten writers and reading them together with political cartoons and with underknown writing by such acclaimed or understudied writers as Langston Hughes, Tom Kromer, Dorothy West, and Martha Gellhorn. From an age so immersed in despair and suffering that many writers came to doubt the very idea of literary aesthetics, this book rescues a vast archive of literary analogues to the famous documentary photographs that burned the Depression into American visual memory. It shapes a collective portrait and interpretation of a nearly lost literary history that represents a nation, its crisis, and its literature of crisis from the bottom up rather than from the top down.
How to Make a Queer
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Stories of begging for money or food, a core scene in the poetics of the stiff, sometimes take on erotic connotations. Building on Chapter 2’s account of Waiting for Nothing, this chapter looks at that novel and other stories and novels in the literature of extreme poverty from the Great Depression and identifies a recurring pattern of prosperous queer men trading food and shelter in exchange for sex with unemployed, ostensibly straight men starving on the street. In a Depression that challenges conventional models of masculinity by throwing so many men out of work, the collective portrait across a multitude of stories and novels queers the masses of down-and-out unemployed men whose unloosed gender stirred up a national anxiety of precarious masculinity.
Life on Relief in the Short Fiction of Dorothy West and Martha Gellhorn
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Martha Gellhorn and Dorothy West both worked as relief investigators (welfare investigators) during the Depression and translated what they saw into short fiction about people barely getting by on inadequate relief. Where Kromer and Hughes and so many other writers of extreme poverty in the Great Depression portray isolated, usually male stiffs adrift on the street, Gellhorn and West center on women and children in broken families struggling on relief so meager that it threatens to turn their family, or at least its men, onto the street like stiffs, and for Gellhorn, on families that break because the husband and father deserts his family to become a stiff. (Warning: this chapter discusses Gellhorn’s portrayal of child sexual abuse.)
Nomination
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Runciman receives an invitation from Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax to go as a mediator to Czechoslovakia. He refuses. Runciman’s previous career had been in British politics and as a successful businessman. British Government policy towards Germany inclined towards making good the “raw deal” of the Versailles Treaty, and overlooked Hitler’s long term aims. In early 1938 after the Austrian Anschluss, the crisis in Sudetenland grows more acute. The Sudeten German Party puts forward its Carlsbad Program of demands to the Czechoslovak Government. The chapter explores Horace Wilson’s assessment of Runciman’s character. Runciman goes onto accept Halifax’s invitation.
Days Four to Six and the First Weekend
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins with the first weekend away with the family of Zdenek (Ra) Kinský at Žd’ár nad Sázavou, now a World Heritage Site, a masterpiece of Czech Baroque architecture designed by Santini. The chapter considers the character and opinions of Ra Kinský and his wife and family. He was an owner of a famous stud of horses and the host of the Pardubice steeplechase. Hilda complains of spartan living conditions. The chapter explores the language, musical gifts and political views of Ra’s wife, Lori Clam-Gallas (formerly Schwarzenberg), and Hilda’s description of hunting methods. The Runcimans visit another Santini masterpiece, Karlova Korona at Chlumec nad Cidlinu, where they stay the night. The chapter analyzes the relationship of the aristocracy with the Czechoslovak Government. Franzi Schwarzenberg expounds to Hilda the history of the ancient kingdom of Bohemia.
Days Twenty-One to Twenty-Three
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Negotiating Committee makes no progress. Without informing Runciman, Beneš starts exploring possibilities for constitutional change. Henlein tells Ashton-Gwatkin who reports to Runciman. Beneš starts face-to-face talks with the SdP (Kundt and Sebekowski in particular). Ashton-Gwatkin flies to London with optimistic news that Henlein will negotiate with Hitler as he reported to the Foreign Office on 25 August. The assembled ministers, including Horace Wilson but not Chamberlain, pick up Runciman’s suggestion of sending a personal emissary to Hitler: Runciman should go himself. But he adamantly refuses this new role.
Days Twenty-Four to Twenty-Seven And The Fourth Weekend
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A clear pattern emerges of a violent reaction on the part of the extremists in the SdP whenever an agreement seemed to be possible between the Czechoslovak Government and the more moderate members of the SdP. The “Manifesto” by Frank and Kollner was a call to arms. The surreptitious buildup of irregular forces, and arms smuggling by the SdP, was intensifying. The chapter describes the nervousness at the historic palace of Teplice (Teplitz) where the Runcimans, with their daughter Margaret, spent the weekend with the Clary Aldingens. Hilda meets and becomes friends with Elizabeth Baillet de la Tour who was closely associated with Hitler through the Olympic Games organization. She convinces Hilda that Hitler does not desire war. Alfons Clary-Aldingen speaks of a knife-edge situation. The Runciman party go over to Rothenhaus to meet Henlein.
A Theory of Competitive Intervention in Civil War
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a generalizable theory of competitive intervention that explains protracted fighting, temporal variation in average conflict duration, and changing trends in the global prevalence of civil war. Integrating the nested interactions of domestic combatants, third-party interveners, and the international distribution of power, the theory details the distortionary effects competitive intervention entails for domestic bargaining processes, explains the escalation dilemma that competitively intervening states confront, and links variation in the prevalence of competitive intervention to international systemic change. The chapter concludes by deriving hypotheses from the theory, identifying the observable implications of the argument, and describing the research design employed in subsequent chapters.
External Meddling in Internal War
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical overview of global trends in external intervention in internal wars spanning more than six decades. It introduces a novel dataset that provides an exhaustive record of military aid transfers to civil war combatants for all years from 1946 to 2009, describes how patterns of intervention have changed over time, and establishes the nature of temporal variation in the prevalence of competitive intervention. Several striking findings emerge. First, external intervention has been a ubiquitous feature of the ostensibly “internal” civil war process since the end of the Second World War. Second, the end of bipolarity and the transition to a unipolar international structure had virtually no effect on the percentage of conflicts attracting external support. Third, while rates of intervention remained consistent across the bipolar and unipolar periods, the configuration of military aid flows changed dramatically: the rate at which civil wars attracted competitive interventions was halved in the unipolar period, while the rate of one-sided intervention increased by over one-and-a-half times. Fourth, the popular notion that great power “proxy wars” pervaded the Cold War period is correct, but incomplete; competitive interventions by less powerful states were in fact more common. Finally, the phenomenon of competitive intervention did not disappear with the end of the Cold War—a finding that underscores this book’s importance for the study of contemporary conflicts.
The Angolan MPLA–UNITA Civil War, 1975–1991
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the dynamics of competitive intervention in one of the deadliest conflicts of the past century: the Angolan civil war (1975–1991). Drawing on declassified intelligence and military reports, memoirs of military veterans, and original interviews with former military commanders, diplomats, and political elites, it demonstrates that while battlefield victory was undoubtedly the primary objective for Angola’s domestic combatants, fears of uncontrolled escalation led third-party interveners to pursue more limited objectives. The chapter documents how the need to avoid direct confrontations prompted South Africa and the United States, on one side, and Cuba and the Soviet Union, on the other, to condition the scope of their support for rebel and government forces, respectively. While this restraint was successful in helping the interveners manage escalatory risks with one another, it simultaneously prevented them from conferring decisive military advantages on their domestic clients. The net result was a stalemated civil war that persisted for decades, inflicting hundreds of thousands of deaths, displacing millions, and decimating Angola’s economic, political, and social institutions.
Quatremère de Quincy
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Antoine-Chrysosthôme Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849) was the most distinguished writer on art and architecture at the end of the Enlightenment. However, this study argues that he was also a zealous functionary and skilled publicist whose writings on the arts often intertwined with his politics. The book first demonstrates how Quatremère’s early reflections on art informed his abhorrence of destructive experimentation and his conviction that society, as much as art, needed faith, authority, and hierarchy. The next chapters then trace how Quatremère set aside his scholarly inquiries in 1789 and became a royalist politician who feared that the Revolution would destroy the cosmopolitan republic of letters that flourished when European states supported the papacy. Yet Quatremère’s disingenuous use of his opponents’ arguments means that his interventions must be understood in their political contexts and with reference to his biography, sources, and milieux. The concluding sketch of the second half of his life underlines his commitment to Crown and altar and his fight against godless materialism and the spirit of calculation. The resulting book is an exhaustively researched study of the most remarkable period in Quatremère’s biography that brings to light previously unknown writings and transforms our understanding of his famous reflections on the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, the Panthéon, art plunder, and museums. The book also offers an unfamiliar history of the French Revolution that integrates the study of political power with the history of ideas and art history.
The Making of a Missionary of Antiquity, 1755–85
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how Quatremère became a self-professed ‘missionary of antiquity’. If his family’s wealth afforded him a classical education and enabled him to indulge his artistic and intellectual interests in Paris, his experience of Italy led him to become a tireless proselytizer of the antique. He read Winckelmann, admired Piranesi, discerned in Canova’s work the ‘resurrection’ of ancient style, and came to believe that ancient temples in southern Italy embodied the untarnished essence of architecture. However, his zeal for antiquity reinforced his Christian faith rather than leading him towards classical republicanism: after travelling in Italy, he argued that Christianity inspired the greatest modern artists, and he praised popes and bishops as enlightened collectors, saviours of antiquities, and custodians of ancient buildings. Rejecting the pessimistic view that papal Rome was in decline, his extended stay in this epicentre of art and learning convinced him that it was a metaphorical museum for understanding the entire past and present world. His Italian voyages also led him to believe that one needed to experience, rather than simply read about, ancient and Christian sites because much of their beauty resulted from their surroundings.
The Friend of the Arts, 1785–9
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter reinterprets Quatremère’s first writings to demonstrate how, by the eve of the Revolution, he established a reputation as a friend of the arts capable of influencing public opinion towards urban improvements and cultural matters in Paris. With these writings, he articulated ideas about art, architecture, and cultural heritage that he later expanded and adapted for polemical ends. Despite his apparent detachment from current affairs, the chapter shows that, even before 1789, his favoured form of government was an enlightened absolutism that nurtured genius, patronized art, rediscovered and preserved antiquities, and created spectacular public monuments whilst regulating private construction. The chapter also shows how his pre-revolutionary writings about the arts expressed his predilection for hierarchy, spirituality, gradual development, and deference towards the past and his abhorrence of ‘vicious licence’, the mania for innovation, and conflating the ‘arts of genius’ with ‘fashion’.
Art in a Regenerated Nation, 1789–91
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how Quatremère became a significant public figure during the early Revolution. It argues that throughout this period he publicly paid lip service to the Revolution by adopting the language of reform despite privately considering joining the emigration in Rome and fearing that recent events harmed the art market and interest in the arts. The first half of the chapter describes his initiation to Paris municipal politics. The second half reinterprets his written contributions to mediate conflict over the future of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture and the Academy of Architecture. The chapter concludes by explaining how a combination of accident, ambition, and slander lay behind his ill-deserved reputation as a reform-minded enemy of the academies and supporter of opening the Salon to all artists.
The Nation’s Temple, 1791
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter reinterprets Quatremère’s vision in spring 1791 to transform Soufflot’s church of Sainte-Geneviève into the temple of the nation. Quatremère’s vision guided the only large-scale architectural project during the Revolution, but his ideas are overshadowed by the Panthéon’s later republican and anti-clerical associations. The chapter therefore revisits the project’s origins, showing how Quatremère defended the Constituent Assembly’s demand to repurpose the church. It explains his vision for modest architectural changes, a wooded Elysium around the temple, and decorative sculptures that shunned direct allusions to recent events and instead taught citizens to obey the law and celebrate the gradual progress of knowledge and the arts. Although the Directory of the Department of Paris endorsed Quatremère’s plan to save Soufflot’s masterpiece by making measured changes, the chapter concludes by showing how political developments in summer 1791 radicalized expectations for the nation’s temple.
Meiji Military Reforms
Authors: Tonooka Chika 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of Meiji military reforms and their centrality to Japan’s sovereign survival. It accounts for the Meiji government’s willingness and capacity to undertake extensive military reforms, and elucidates the contours of Japan’s military transformation, its choices and consequences. The chapter proceeds in four sections. Rejecting the idea of the Meiji reforms as a radical rupture, the first section highlights the important foundations laid by Tokugawa military reforms during the final decades of shogunal rule, as well as their limits. The second section considers the reform efforts of the early Meiji government, exploring the challenges and opportunities entailed in building a standardized national army. The third section focuses more closely on Meiji Japan’s Westernizing reforms, evaluating the strategic choices and constraints involved in Japan’s emulation of international best practice. The chapter concludes by exploring the importance of these reforms for Japan’s military ascendancy in terms of its performance in the Sino-Japanese (1894–1895) and Russo-Japanese (1904–1905) Wars.
Extraterritoriality in Imperial Ethiopia
Authors: Feyissa Hailegabriel G. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide an understanding of how the unequal treaties imperial Ethiopia signed with European powers during the first half of the twentieth century secured European extraterritorial privileges as well as influenced major legal reform in Ethiopia. It also highlights the precariousness and roughness of imperial Ethiopia’s semi-colonial trek compared to other prominent semi-colonial polities discussed in this book. It challenges our knowledge about extraterritorial regimes and their impact on legal change in Ethiopia, and argues extraterritoriality was a major marker of the unequal relationship between Western powers and imperial Ethiopia and was more successful after the liberation of Ethiopia from Italian rule.