bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: Ultrastructural Features and Review of Literature
Authors: Zhu Shen-Hua , Barrish James P , John Hicks M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Primary cardiac tumors of any type in infancy and childhood are rare, with a prevalence of 0.03%reported in autopsy surveys carried out at children's hospitals. Within the pediatric population,the most common primary tumor involving the heart is rhabdomyoma. These tumors may bedivided into 3 groups: 1) arising in tuberous sclerosis; 2) arising sporadically; or 3) arising in congenital heart disease. Many cardiac rhabdomyomas are asymptomatic and regress early in life without clinically untoward effects. Only a small proportion of these tumors come to the attention of the pediatrician and pathologist when there is obstruction of blood flow, a murmur related to subaortic stenosis, or arrhythmias. Rhabdomyomas may be detected prenatally during ultrasound examination, with one case being diagnosed at 22 weeks gestation. Although it is possible to subdivide the tumors into 3 groups, the association of this entity with tuberous sclerosis is very strong with at least 60 to 85% of children with rhabdomyomas having tuberous sclerosis.
Microcysys In the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of the Acoustically Deprived Gerbil
Authors: Yu SM , Yang YJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It has been shown that cavities or vacuoles are most evident in the posteroventral and antero ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN & AVCN) of the gerbil. These vacuoles are reported as a neurodegenerative disorder or spongioform degeneration or a dynamic process related to the degree of auditory stimulation or microenvironmental homeostasis in the cochlear nucleus of the gerbil. Little information is avalable on the origin and formation of microcysts in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the gerbil. The aim of this study, was to investigate the possible formation of microcysts in the gerbil DCN after a surgical ligation of the external auditory canal by transmission electron microscopy.
The mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus,had been acoustically deprived on the right side by a surgical ligation of the external auditory canal at six months old.
Ultrastructural Characterization of Hearts from Transgenic Mice Expressing the Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-Leader Protein
Authors: Megill JR , Monticello T M , French MH , Smith PL , Trippodo NC , Durham SK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mice expressing the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-leader protein (EBNA-LP) develop congestive heart failure and atrial thrombosis as early as four months of age. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpes virus with a complex life cycle involving chronic replication in epithelial tissues. The EBNA-LP, one of six EBV nuclear antigens, has an unknown biochemical function but is associated with EBV-induced growth transformation. This transgenic line was originally produced to investigate oncogenic consequences, but unexpectedly resulted in mice with progressive heart failure. Since the progression and development of the heart failure is highly predictable, this transgenic line may serve as a valuable model for studying the pathophysiologic changes associated with human dilated cardiomyopathy. We describe here the ultrastructural characteristics of the myocardium from EBNA-LP transgenic mice in order to better delineate the pathogenesis of the associated heart disease.
Sem And Tem Observations of Rat Trachea and Lung After Inhalation Injury and Cutaneous Burn In a Rat Model
Authors: Langlinais PC , Mozingo DW , Dubick MA , Carden SC , Goodwin CW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Inhalation injury is present in 32-38% of patients with severe burns and is associated with an increase of 20-84% above the mortality expected based on age and burn size alone. Most previous studies of smoke inhalation injury have utilized large animals such as the sheep and we have previously reported a TEM and SEM study of lung injury in the sheep. The present observations are part of a study to develop a small animal combined model of smoke inhalation and surface burn.
Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Animals were anesthetized and randomly assigned to one of four groups. Groups 1 and 2 received a 20% total body area surface (TBSA) full thickness scald burns while groups 3 and 4 were sham treated. Five hours after burn injury, rats were placed in a nose only exposure device and half of each group was exposured to either room air alone or room temperature tree bark smoke for 16.25 minutes.
The Vascular Structure of the Kidney of Mallards and Doves
Authors: Ditrich H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The architecture of the kidney of birds (and also reptiles) is, unlike in mammalians, mainly determined by the organization of the blood vascular system. Besides arterial supply and venous drainage, the renal portal system forms a main structural component. While the latter was often regarded as a “primitive” feature in the literature, morphological and physiological data reveal its great functional importance.
Microvascular corrosion casts studied in the scanning electron microscope permit the visualization of minute vessels, retaining their 3D-arrangement. Additionally, when compared with graphical reconstructions of serial sections, this method avoids several inherent artifacts like fixation and dehydration shrinkage as well as the compression of the object by the sectioning blade. Most of the studies on avian kidneys with this technique used the domestic chicken as a model. In order to provide additional material for comparative and functional studies, data on the intrarenal vascular structure of other species are required.
Blood Supply and Function of the Tegmentum Vasculosum (Stria Vascularis) of the Duckling Cochlea
Authors: Hossler FE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
On the basis of ultrastructural, biochemical, cytochemical, and electro-physiological evidence, the stria vascularis, a highly vascular epithelium of the mammalian cochlea, has been implicated as one site of endolymph synthesis. It would seem natural to suspect that its highly developed counterpart in the avian cochlea, the tegmentum vasculosum (TV), might have a similar function. This study utilizes routine light and electron microscopy, biochemistry, cytochemistry, and vascular corrosion casting to describe the structure and blood supply to the (TV) in the duckling and provide evidence for its involvement in endolymph synthesis.
Four to 16 week-old ducklings (Anas platyrhyncos)were anesthetized and anticoagulated and perfused via the common carotid arteries with buffered, 2% glutaraldehyde for routine light microscopy or transmission or scanning electron microscopy, or with Mercox resin for vascular corrosion casting. Casts were macerated in 5% KOH and warm water to remove tissue, cleaned in formic acid and water, dried by lyophilization, mounted on stubs and viewed at 10-20 kv by SEM.
Comparative 3d-Morphometry of the Microvascular Unit In Tumors and Normal Tissues: Quantitative Studies on Corrosion Casts
Authors: Konerding M A , Malkusch W , Presta M , Gaumann A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The significance of angiogenesis and the vascular architecture have been stressed in numerous studies of the structure and biological properties of the tumor vasculature and blood flow (Folkman and D'Amore, 1996; Jain, 1988). The important question as to whether the vascular architecture of an individual tumor is tumor type specific has been controversial. This is due, at least in part, to the methodologies used. Most reports confine themselves to qualitative observations and comparisons of gross vascular patterns in host and tumor, or to blood vessel density, length and diameter measurements, which in turn vary with the staining and counting techniques.
We studied the microvascular architecture of four different tumor cell lines (CaX, CaNT, SaS, HEC- 1B) in order to determine whether there is a characteristic vascular pattern for different tumor types and whether it differs significantly from two normal tissues, muscle and gut.
Microstructural Changes of the Compact Bone in the Mandible of Aging Rats Using Plastic Casting Method
Authors: Okada S , Iwaku F , Yoshida S , Ohta Y 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A method for producing plastic castings of the internal structure of hard tissue has been described by Marten et al. (1978). Although they examined dentine, this technique could also be used to examine other hard tissue such as bone (Weber, 1983). The aim of our study is to expose the true threedimensional relationships between the internal structures of the compact bone and these microstructural changes of the mandible in the aging rats.
Nine Wistar male rats were used in this study and divided into 3 groups as follows: 3 weeks-old rats as young stage, 12 weeks-old as adult stage and 80 weeks-old as old stage. All rats were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde via the ascending aorta. In one rat for each group, the mandible was decalcified by 10% EDTA and embedded in paraffin. 10 μm sections were stained with Schmorl’s staining method.
Self-Limiting Aggregation By Controlled Ligand-Receptor Stoicfflometry and Its Use For a Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Kisak E , Kennedy M , Zasadzinski J A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lipid vesicles are used as drug delivery vehicles for the slow sustained release of a drug compound to a specific site in the body. This translates to more efficient medication with limited side effects. Although unilamellar drug delivery vesicles have progressed greatly, they are still limited in there applications. Our group has designed a second generation drug release system, the “vesosome“ which incorporates an aggregate of lipid vesicles encapsulated in a second lipid membrane. The two separate membranes can be specialized to allow for increased drug encapsulation and better control over drug release rate, which leads to a more general drug delivery system.
Lipid vesicle aggregates were formed by using a ligand-receptor system (biotinated lipids protruding from the vesicle surface crosslinked with streptavidin). The streptavidin/biotin system is one of the strongest in nature, providing specific binding.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical Synapse Changes In A Rat Model Of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Meshul CK , Allen C , Kay T S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that is characterized by degeneration of the dopamine containing neurons located within the midbrain (substantia nigra). There is also substantial loss of dopamine within nerve terminals located within the striatum which originate from those dopamine neurons. Current therapy involves administration of the precursor to dopamine, namely l-dopa. This chemical is taken up into the brain and then converted to dopamine. Although replacement of dopamine is effective over the first few years, other movement disorders are associated with longterm l-dopa therapy. The l-dopa induced dyskinesias limit the usefulness of this type of therapy.
Although loss of dopamine is the major neurochemical deficit in Parkinson's disease, other neurotransmitters within the striatum may also be altered. There is a major axonal projection from the cortex to the striatum. The corticostriatal pathway uses the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, and dopamine is known to modulate the activity of glutamatergic synapses
Alterations In Glutamate Synapses In The Nucleus Accumbens Following Sensitization To Cocaine
Authors: Kozell L B , Meshul C K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Repeated intermittent administration of cocaine to rodents has been shown to result in behavioral sensitization, or enhanced locomotor activity. Because there are similarities between effects of intermittent cocaine use in humans and sensitization in rats, understanding the neural mechanism underlying sensitization may provide insights into mechanisms of psychopathologies in humans.
There is abundant evidence that the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways, originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in both nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), are critically important for development of sensitization to the motor-stimulating effects of cocaine. Evidence also suggests that changes in glutamate (Glu) transmission in the mesolimbic DA pathways are associated with sensitization to cocaine. In recent collaborative studies, we have shown that cocaine administration transiently decreases the density of nerve terminal glutamate immunolabeling within the NAc shell following withdrawal from continuous or intermittent cocaine administration. Locomotor activity was not assessed in either of these studies.
Interactions Between Mouse Lymphocytes And Borrelia Burgdorferi, The Infectious Agent Of Lyme Disease
Authors: Dorward D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lyme disease is a tick borne, multi-system disorder caused by low density systemic infections with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Without antimicrobial treatment, mammalian infections with these bacteria are persistent and chronic. Recent studies showed that B. burgdorferi can target, invade, and lyse both cultured and primary human B and T cells. Direct interactions between the spirochetes and lymphocytes also leads to adherence of B and T cell antigens on the surface of significant proportions of the bacteria. Adherent lymphocytic antigens inhibit binding of antibodies to prominent B. burgdorferi proteins, and interfere with classic complement-mediated killing, suggesting a possible role for spirochete-lymphocyte interactions in immune evasion.
In order to develop an experimental animal model for assessing spirochete-lymphocyte interactions, B. burgdorferi and primary mouse lymphocytes were co-incubated and examined by electron microscopy. Mononuclear cells were separated from fresh mouse blood by Ficoll gradient centrifugation (ICN, Biomedicals, Aurora, Ohio).
Correlative Sem And Tem Of Plant Spermatozoids: Equisetum arvensel.
Authors: Schmitt S J , Renzaglia K S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The phylogenetic position of mosses, ferns and fern allies is enhanced by detailed knowlegde of gametophyte reproductive structures, in particular the spermatozoid (freeswimming sperm). The number and placement of flagella in conjunction with their ultrastructure and that of the multilayered structure (MLS) has been used to establish related groups. Herein, ultrastructural details of pre-release spermatozoids obtained via TEM are compared with the morphological appearance of fully mature (free-swimming) spermatozoids obtained via SEM. This represents the first intensive study of any plant sperm cell that correlates 3-dimensional SEM images with TEM ultrastructural features.
Equisetum arvense L. is a fern ally commonly refered to as ‘horsetail’. The mature spermatozoid (Fig. 1) is twisted into approximately 3.5 revolutions, or gyres. A complex locomotory apparatus (Fig. 2), involving approximately 55 flagella, dominates the anterior region of the cell. The basal bodies subtending these flagella feature a well-defined stellate pattern and occur in 4 irregular rows staggered over approximately 1.75 gyres.
Speedy Plankton: Myelinated Axons In Calanoid Copepods (Crustacea)
Authors: Davis April D , Weatherby Tina M , Lenz Petra H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Copepods are an abundant and diverse group of crustaceans. One order of free living copepods, the calanoids, are usually &lt; 3 mm in length, planktonic, and possess very rapid escape responses. These animals dominate planktonic communities and their escape reactions contribute to their success. Although all calanoids respond to hydrodynamic disturbances with an escape jump, minimum reaction times vary among species, ranging from 1.5 to 6 msec. To help us understand the physiological basis underlying the phenomenally short reaction times we initiated a comparative study of the internal structures by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Traditional chemical fixation was adequate for several species of copepods, and sensory structures were clearly shown. In these calanoids, minimum reaction times ranged from 3 msec to 6 msec and can be partially explained by giant axons, the most common way invertebrates increase the rate of conduction of nerve impulses. However, the internal structures of two copepod species, Euchaeta rimana and Undinula vulgaris, were distorted (Fig. 1).
Quantitative 3d Analysis Of Intra-Nuclear Organization In The Tissue Context
Authors: Lockett SJ , Knowles DW , Pinkel D , Ortiz de Solórzano C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Confocal microscopy is revealing associations between the internal organization of the nucleus and tissue architecture and function. Such associations may exist which are too subtle or complex for visual observation or quantitative analysis may be required, for example as input data to mathematical modeling of cellular processes. In these circumstances, it is necessary to perform the analysis using computer algorithms. We have developed 3D image analysis (IA) algorithms for segmenting nuclei from within intact tissue specimens, measuring the structure of the nuclei and for segmenting specifically- labeled punctate entities within nuclei. In this study we developed algorithms for measuring the spatial organization of the two copies of a specific DNA locus (labeled using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ) inside diploid nuclei and with respect to the nuclear organization of the tissue.
For each segmented nucleus, its center of mass (CoM) was determined, which informed us about its position in the tissue.
The Role Of P115 Rhogef In The Rho Mediated Effects Of Lpa On The Actin Cytoskeleton.
Authors: Schwartz CL , Wells C , Jiang X , Arnott HJ , Sternweis PC , Wilk-Blaszczak M A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the fibroblast cell line, 3T3, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces stress fiber formation. Stress fibers participate in physiological functions such as cell motility. LPA acts through a receptor coupled to a PTX-insensitive G-protein, G13. It was shown that a constitutively activated mutant of α13 (Q226L) induces stress fiber formation in Swiss3T3 cells through a second messenger cascade that involves a monomeric G-protein, Rho. The recently discovered guanine nucleotide exchange factor, p115 RhoGEF (p115) forms a link between a n and Rho A. In the presence of α13, p115 activates Rho. The N-terminus of p115 contains a regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) box. RGS proteins act as negative regulators of G-protein dependent signaling by increasing GTPase activity and “locking” the G-protein in an inactive state. We have tested a role of p115 in the pathway coupling the LPA receptor to stress fiber formation by Rho in NTH-3T3 cells.
25 Years In A Stereology Laboratory: A Point By Point History
Authors: Basgen John M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In many experimental situations there is some three dimensional particle that is of interest to the microscopist. To obtain morphometric information about the particle, the microscopist must section some reference space that contains the particle or component of interest, but after sectioning, the reference space and component are reduced to a 2-D sample. This sample no longer contains 3-D structures but only 2-D profiles of the reference space and component.
Stereology can be used to obtain 3-D information from 2-D samples. These samples can be micrographs or digital images, or they can even be the cut surface of the 3-D reference space. The four most basic parameters measured using stereological techniques are volume (3-D), area (2-D), length (1-D), and number (0-D). When measuring these parameters it is often advisable to first measure the density of the component within the reference space, next measure the volume of the reference space, and finally multiply the density by the reference volume to obtain the actual structural parameter.
High Speed Two Photon Excitation Microscopy in Live Cell Imaging using Image Correlation Spectroscopy (ICS)
Authors: Wiseman P W , Bouwer J C , Peltier S , Ellisman M H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For live-cell imaging, two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) is proving to be a significant technological advancement. The unique features offered by TPEM are the ability to image thick sections, excellent optical sectioning capabilities, low damage to living cells, and less out of focus fluorescence and out of focus photobleaching. of these features, the most useful for the biological microscopist, is optical sectioning. Optical sectioning is an intrinsic property of the two-photon process, whereby, two infrared (IR) photons are absorbed quickly to excite a single UV/blue transition. The probability for exciting a two photon transition is proportional to the instantaneous excitation intensity squared. Therefore, for a focused laser beam, only light at the focal point of the excitation beam excites a fluorescent transition. Thus, the need for confocal apertures and time consuming deconvolution algorithms are, for the most part, eliminated.
We have continued to develop and enhance our ability to perform high-speed, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. in 1998, we successfully deployed a prototype, video-rate twophoton laser scanning system (30 frames/sec or faster at reduced scan width) developed with support from Nikon Corporation. That system was built upon a Nikon RCM 8000 confocal microscope.
Study of the Growth Curve of Vero Cell with Statistical Counting Method Based on the SEM Images
Authors: Shao Manjun , Jiang Lei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For industrial-scale culture of anchorage-dependent mammalian cell, such as vero cell, growth on the microcarriers offers certain advantages. As previous research reported, growth process can be illustrated by a growth curve - cell density versus time, which shows the change of cell density through whole growth process including: first adhesion stage; spreading and division stage; and last confluent stage. The growth curves are controlled by the culture condition (culture medium, temperature, pH value, inoculation concentration, etc.) and space condition (kind of microcarrier, microcarrier size, and surface property, etc.). Therefore, the cell growth curve is not only the important basis for studying growth kinetics, but also for designing biological reactors.
Traditionally, total cell concentration for the microcarrier cultures were determined using the crystal violet method, and the cell nuclei were counted with a hemacytometer. in this method, the cells attached on each microcarrier were trypsinized and dyed by crystal violet dye, so that the number of nuclei counted was statistically representative. in this work, the cells and microcarriers were examined by using an environmental SEM - KYKY1500. As a result, the moist cells and microcarriers in SEM images show their natural characteristics, because this environmental SEM permits biological sample to be observed directly in an environmental specimen chamber without normal preparation for biological sample. As for the normal preparation, it needs a long duration, e.g. 2 days normally, to do fixing, desiccating and gold-coating. in contrast, the operation for observation of the biological samples in this SEM is much simpler. in view of this, a statistical counting method based on the SEM images for determining cell concentration during microcarrier culture was developed.