bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of USLE and MUSLE Models for the Assessment of Soil Loss and Sediment Yield in Kuala Kari, Kelantan
Authors: Al-Ani Ibrahim Abdulrazak , Hussein Ola Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Soil loss is one of the most essential issues in the world. It is considered as the main source of sediment that introduces into the ambient environment and cause extensive impact to the. The objective of the current study is to estimate the soil loss and sediment yield by applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Data from a real site which is located in Kuala Kari, Kelantan, Northern Malaysia was obtained and utilized in which the site is subdivided into five catchments. Results show that the sediment yield produced from all the catchments was very high which has a significant impact to the adjacent water bodies. It is recommended that erosion, sediment and drainage control measures need to highlighted in an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) to be installed in the site so as to minimize soil loss and sediments generated from the site.
Discharge Headway Time Distribution Model on Congested Signalized Intersections and their Operation Management: A Case Study in Baghdad City
Authors: Alkaissi Zainab Ahmed , Kadhim Ali Jabbar , Ali Saja 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A discharge headway time is an essential parameter in the theory of traffic flow that largely utilized in various sections of engineering transport. Discharge time headway is a necessary traffic measure used widely in the analysis of signalized intersection. This research focuses on the comprehensive analysis and regression model of vehicle discharge headway at signalized intersections and applied operation management using upstream access points. A comparison of median and mean values of discharge saturation headway indicated that the median of (2.230sec.) is less than mean of (2.5272sec.). That means the concentration of small time headways and most of drivers select headways less than the mean value which cause high risk-potential for drivers and reduced safety performance at signalized intersections. Higher values of discharge headway were found to be (4.13sec.), (3.12 sec.) and (3.08sec.) for Al-Nakhala intersection, Al-Sakhara Intersection and Bairuit Intersection respectively The induced of upstream access management improved the saturation flow rate to (28%) for Al-Sakhara Intersection and (31%) for Al-Nakhala Intersection that indicated normal traffic operation with less congestion to a better operation conditions.
Experimental and numerical investigations on the behaviour of concrete filled steel tube and channel shear connectors in push-out tests
Authors: Alnebhan K M , Shallal M A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The use of shear connectors in the steel-concrete structural system is widely used to connect the steel and concrete parts of the system. The push-out test is the standard test used to detect the load capacity of different types of shear connectors. In this study, the push –out test was performed on concrete filled steel tube connected using channel shear connectors. The effect of concrete block strength and the exist of concrete core were investigated. Using concrete filled steel tube with increasing the compressive strength of the slab gain higher loading capacity and less slipping than hollow steel tube and low compressive strength of the concrete block. The experimental results were validated using ABAQUS finite element model. A numerical parametric study was carried out to show the effect of the value of concrete block compressive strength, length of the channel connectors, the strength of CFST and the yield stress of these connectors. It turns out that when increases either the length of shear connector or the concrete block strength or the yield stress of shear connector, the ultimate load increases, while the strength of CFST has no effect on ultimate load.
The Influence of Microbiology on Soil Aggregation Stability
Authors: Hashim Z E , Alzubaidi L A , Al-Madhhachi A T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the present study, this work investigated the effects of bacteria (Bacillus sp.) decay and biological aggregating factors (organic matter, microbial calcium carbonate precipitation) at various steps on soil aggregate stability. Experiments carried out at different cultivation time 2, 5, and 8 weeks. The soil samples were compared the control (pure soil) versus soil treated with bacteria. The results showed that bacterial activity played an essential function in the macro-aggregate foundation. Nevertheless, the influence of organic matter (OM) on soil aggregate stability was important, which might be related to the microbial activity of bacteria to decay the organic material to an organic mineral that is connected with soil particles to form stable micro-aggregates. The CaCO3 is one of the most stable bonding agencies in nature as it is called natural cement, The soil aggregates stability increased as calcium carbonate increased. No change of soil pH levels observed due to microbial reactions with soil. Hence, the appropriate pH was 7.5. In addition, the higher pH decreases enzymatic activity and carbonate tends to dissolve at pH levels are very low. This study affords the helpful of soil stabilization in the presence of natural cementation of bacteria in contrast with the previous studies.
The Effect of Micro-Steel Fiber on the Corrosion Steel Reinforcement
Authors: Mohamed Shaymaa Abdelghany , Sultan Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There are many possible sources of ion chloride which can be open to concrete during service. Structure thesaurus to the sea may be sprayed with salt mist or seawater carried by the wind. In order to understand the behaviour of structures, different levels of corrosion must be studied. The current study has been taken up to investigate the behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete beams (RC) and bond strength of specimens exposed to 5% chloride solution, to cause corrosion of reinforcement. Two types of mixing by using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) type (I) concrete (with and without using micro steel fiber Vf =1.2) to cast eight reinforce concrete supported simply beam. Corrosion was accelerated using electrical current with different density to cause mass loss in steel bar with different levels of 6 %, 10 %, and 16 %. The results of the bond test and beams show a decrease in capacity with increasing the corrosion. The micro steel fiber causes an increase in bond strength of concrete ranged from (40-60%), and an increase in ultimate strength of beams ranged from (4 to 38 %) as compared with the beam without steel fiber.
Utilizing Device to Device Communication in Cellular Networks with the distance-based model selection method
Authors: Rahi Kareem Dhahir , Hasan Yousif Mohsin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The recent advances in the technology of smart devices caused a tremendous increase in wireless traffic in conventional cellular networks, thus leading to overloading the base station, and hence delaying the response to users’ requests. To overcome this, Device to Device (D2D) communication has been proposed recently to alleviate the traffic congestion at the base station (BS) by establishing a direct link between users. However, deciding whether a communication should be performed directly via D2D mode or via the base station is considered one of the challenges of applying such a method. Therefore, a mode selection based model was presented in this paper. The method depends on the probability of a user’s proximity close to 1.0. Furthermore, the proposed method also takes into account the interference with both; other cellular communication and D2D communication. The simulation results showed that a significant reduction in the delay can be achieved when responding to user requests after using the proposed model selection method. The increase in frequency reuse within the cell is considered as the main reason behind this behavior. Also, for a more simplified and less complex model selection method, it is more appropriate to apply the proposed model selection method to only the cell edges.
A Review on the Utilization of Phase Change Materials forSpace Cooling Purposes
Authors: Mohammed Tawfeeq W. , Abdulrehman Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thermal energy storage systems have been investigated for the last decades, even though the information is quantitatively enormous with a few application works. In this study, a review has been carried out for the applications of phase change materials in the cooling of buildings, where these materials have tendency to gain extra heat (latent heat) during solid–liquid phase change. The study presents significant information regarding the use of phase change materials for cooling with many considerations like: climate conditions, types of phase change materials and their thermo-physical properties. Theresultant studies show that the integration of phase change material in the building have a good potential for reducing energy demand for cooling, further investigations are needed to really assess their benefits.
Analysis of Materials Applied In Cooling Systems Of Led Lighting
Authors: Kadium Akeel Hssain , Hussein Abdulrazzaq Abdzaid , Abdulwahid Qasim Saad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this article, the problems associated with the removal of heat from the LEDs are considered. Brief information about the materials included in the cooling system of LED lighting is presented. A comparison of materials such as copper, aluminum and alumo nitride ceramics, the use of which is possible in cooling systems of led lighting is conducted. Analyzing the current market relations that have a significant impact on the cost of metals, even in material terms, the use of a copper radiator does not look very expensive. Methods for calculating the heat removal are proposed, an example of the calculation is given. It was shown that at elevated operating temperatures, the lifetime of the LEDs is significantly reduced: at 105 °C, the lifetime of the LEDs is 200 thousand hours less than at 85 ° C. The maximum area of the plate on which the LED is installed, for its effective cooling, is about 24 cm2 for a 1 W LED power.
Replacement of Natural Gravel with Waste Glass in Concrete
Authors: Fahad Besma M , Ali Nisreen S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this work, sheet glass waste was used as a replacing material instead of natural gravel. The mix proportion of cement-gravel - sand was (1:1.5:3) and natural gravel was subjected in each mix at different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) all the specimens made with natural gravel were repeated with the same specification but instead of natural gravel, sheet glass waste were subjected. Compressive strength for cubic specimens were tested after immersing for different period (1, 7, 14, 28) days and a comparisons made between the concrete of waste glass with the conventional, concrete. Because of similarity of thestrength of compressive results of both glass and gravel. concrete, it was concluded that glass waste could replace natural gravel in concrete. It was obvious that all the percent’s show this behavior, but still at a particular percent’s glass concrete results were even better than gravel concrete. On the other hand glass concrete specimens were less absorbing than gravel concrete when studying the water absorption. Beside the maximum immersion time is the best to improve the properties to both series (glass, gravel).
Numerical and Experimental Analysis to Predict Life of Removable Partial Denture
Authors: Abbod Esraa A. , Al-Waily Muhannad , Al-Hadrayi Ziadoon M.R. , Resan Kadhim K. , Abbas Saif M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Specialist has attempted to treat or replace teeth in case of human dental damage as a result of illness or misuse at certain stages of life. Alternating force affects the life of teeth, and this force causes failure. In this study, partial molar denture was manufactured from a composite material, including polymethylmethacrylate acrylic with zirconia, at different weight fractions (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt%). Mechanical tests (compression and hardness) were conducted for these samples, and the best weight fraction was selected to manufacture the partial molar denture. The chewing force was measured using a F-sensor. Numerical solution was achieved using the solid work software to determine the best sample and study the distribution of the dental stresses. To predict the life of the denture experimentally, we designed and manufactured a new device that can determine the life of the dental by applying alternative load which simulates the force generated by chewing.
Using Hydrogen Blends as Fuel in a Swirl Burner
Authors: Abdulsada Mohammed H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lean premixed combustion using hydrogen fuel blends is important for reducing carbon emissions to the environment in the forthcoming technology of gas turbine combustors. In relative terms, pure hydrogen shows promise as a likely upcoming fuel for use in power generation. This is achieved by new burner designs that use a low fuel equivalence ratio (having a great calorific value of hydrogen) and burn to release relatively low NOx emissions. This article explains extensively the experimental results of the swirl burner model using pure hydrogen and hydrogen-enriched methane blends. In addition, the paper discusses the problems of flashback and blowoff and the ability to switch fuels. However, fuel blends that use a high hydrogen percentage give significantly less working operational area between flashback and blowoff when compared to CH4. Safety problems are one of the challenges in using hydrogen blends, and there is a potential for serious danger because of the high rates of burning of the fuel mixture, the propensity for flashback, and the high degree of combustion instability sometimes caused in quenching the flame. Coke oven gas (COG) has a high hydrogen percentage and provides less operational area. Blowoff limits were found to improve as the outlet velocity increased and can be further mitigated with flame confinement.
Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum SiC Nano Composites Material with Different Reinforcement Ratio
Authors: Mamoon A. , Al-Jaafari A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The fatigue properties of The Aluminum alloy (6061) metal matrix Nano composites (MMNC
s
), with different ratio of SiC wt nano particles (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%.) to fabricated by stir casting were been investigated with rotating bending type of load and the stress ratio(R=-1) at room temperature. The composite were reinforced by SiC of 10 Nanometer in grain size to. The fatigue strength and life were been obtained experimentally by using S-N curves for different ratio wt % nano particles. The highest fatigue strength and life were occurred at .2.0 wt. % nano particles due to reasonably uniform distribution reinforcement of nano particles and minimal the porosity. The enhancement percentage in endurance fatigue limits are 11.48 % and 11.05% for 107 and 5*108 cycles respectively.
Power Flow and Efficiency Analysis of a Ravigneaux Hybrid Transmission
Authors: Juber Anahed H , Esmail Essam L , Mosa Muhanad H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In urban mobility, special attention must be paid to the energy requirements in vehicles, air quality and noise pollution. This can be achieved in two ways: the first is the use of low-emission hybrid vehicles, the second is the use of gear transmission system with improved efficiency. Both will reduce fuel consumption and provide more environmental protection. In the current work, a low-emission Ravigneaux hybrid transmission with thirteen operation modes is shown to be feasible. A fuel-efficient strategy is developed to control the fuel consumption of hybrid modes and reduce emissions. An efficiency analysis for all driving modes of the Ravigneaux hybrid transmission is conducted. The concept of potential power is used to determine the power ratios of any three links in the fixed reference frame (FRF) when the input link in the moving reference frame (MRF) is predictable. A single equation is developed that can be manipulated to determine all the powers flowing through the train. A numerical example is provided to give a complete view of the expected efficiency values. The proposed Ravigneaux hybrid transmission is found to be suitable for urban rather than external routes. The results can provide a theoretical bases for design works of hybrid transmissions with complex planetary gears.
Effect of friction stir welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 6061 aluminium alloy/15vol % SiCp reinforcement
Authors: Dawood H I , Musa Kanaan Mohammad , Abbas Rafid K , Alshemary Kassim Kadhim Hameed , Uday M B , Jaddan Riyam I , Taklef Leana J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this article, the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded joints were evaluated after 15 vol. % of silicon carbide particle (SiCp) were introduced into the joint line, then compared with another welded joint without using SiCp. The rotational speed of 1750 rpm was applied during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. The microstructure was assessed at the stir zone (SZ) using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and results showed a banded structure of the particle-rich region of SiCp. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was enhanced by 79.6 %, due to the presence of SiCp. This strength increased significantly due to the pinning effect and enlarged nucleation sites associated with the SiCp. Furthermore, the reinforced particles induced the fracturing of the primary grains and showed higher ductility when compared with the SiCp-free specimen.
Effect of Nano TiO2 on Static Fracture Toughness of Fiberglass/Epoxy Composite Materials in Hot Climate regions
Authors: Al-Ameen Ehsan Sabah , Abdulla Fadhel Abbas , Ogaili Ahmed Ali Farhan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work is an experimental and numerical approach to analyze the effect of Nano powder additives and temperature on the critical crack length in fiber reinforced composite materials (FRC) exposed to uniaxial tensile load. Fiberglass/Epoxy compact tension test samples (CT) are prepared according to ASTM
standard E399
. Tio2 Nano powder is added by 2% wt to the resin to other samples. The static tensile test is applied to the samples and the results for crack length/time are discussed. ABAQUS/CAE software is used to simulate the case. The numerical and experimental results were close. The experimental results showed that the addition of 2%wt Tio2 Nano powder increased the critical crack length by 32.4%. The effect of ambient temperature is studied too by applying the experimental test on the fiberglass/Epoxy samples in room temperature (30°C) once and at outdoor (60°C) temperature. The results showed that the effect of the temperature increase decreased the critical crack length by 51%. The numerical results determined the fracture toughness (KIC) for the fiberglass/Epoxy samples to be 491 pa.mm0.5 and

517
pa.mm0.5 for the fiberglass/Epoxy-Nano powder samples.
Improvement fatigue life of polymer matrix composite by reinforcement with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Sadiq Ghanim Sh 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work, cover an improvement in fatigue life polymer matrix composite reinforcement with Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), by adding the reinforcements of Carbon Nanotubes to increase the fatigue strength. Three different percentage volume fractions added to the polymer matrix 3%, 5% and 7% to investigate which composition is more efficient and power full in mechanical application. The investigation was conducted experimentally deals with fabricated the tensile and fatigue specimens and evaluate the mechanical properties and the fatigue strength using the different volume fractions of Carbon Nanotubes and numerically by using Ansys software. Experimental results are compared with those obtained numerically using the finite element technique adopting. The comparison has shown a good agreement between the two techniques with a maximum discrepancy of (6.4%). Also, the results indicate that the reinforcement of the polymer by Carbon Nanotubes increase the fatigue limit, as the volume fraction increase the improvement of fatigue life increased.
Magnetohydrodynamics Mixed Convection Effects on the open enclosure in a horizontal channel Heated Partially from the Bottom
Authors: Al-Farhany Khaled , Alomari Mohammed Azeez , Faisal Ahmed Essa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical simulation of MHD effects on laminar fluid flow throws a two-dimensional channel with an open cavity heated partially from the bottom with a constant length for the heated wall. A constant speed fluid flow (air) inters the horizontal channel at constant cold temperature and all the walls assumed to be insulated accept the heated wall at the bottom of the open cavity. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics® Modelling Software (5.5) have been selected to solve the governing equations The results are carried out with a verity range of Richardson number and Hartmann number, while the Reynolds number and Prandtl number are kept constants (Re= 100, and Pr=0.707). The result shows that the heat transfer increases with increasing of the Richardson number, while it decreases with the increase of the magnetic field effects.
Chemical Sensitization for Electric Properties Improvement of PBDB-T-SF Polymer for Solar Cells Application
Authors: Hrostea L , Leontie L , Girtan M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper reports the effect of ferric chloride (FeCl3) sensitization on poly [(2,6 (4,8 bis (5(2ethylhexylthio)4fluorothiophen2yl)benzo[1,2b:4,5b’]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1’,3’-di-2-thienyl-5’,7’-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1’,2’c:4’,5’c’]dithiophene4,8 dione)] (known as PBDB-T-SF) in thin films (93 nm thickness), spin coated onto glass and ITO substrates. The optical properties do not undergo significant changes after FeCl3 immersion. Instead, FeCl3 sensitization leads to a dramatic decrease in resistivity of seven orders of magnitude comparing to the pristine thin films. This change is not stable over time, depending on FeCl3 solution concentration and polymer thin-film thickness, but remains remarkable after a new immersion.
Corrosion Protection of Metallic Surfaces in Peroxide – Surfactant Formulations
Authors: Chican I E , Vărășteanu D , Fierăscu I , Fierăscu R C , Calancea I-L , Petre R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Formulations containing surfactants and oxidizing agents can be used to neutralize hazardous material from different surfaces contaminated in cases of chemical aggressions. The formulations act chemically through different mechanisms on hazardous materials, transforming them into inactive agents. The surfactants are used to solubilise the slightly soluble chemical warfare agents and catalyse their decontamination. In this work we evaluated the stability of surfactants in hydrogen peroxide solutions, the surface active properties of surfactants system and also performed a study of the different types of surfactants, including amino acid-based surfactants, and corrosion inhibitors in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide to identify the mixture that better protect the surfaces against corrosion. Corrosion tests were performed on cast iron and aluminum surface, evaluating the pinching, staining as well as staining color intensity of the surface at 24 hours after the solution is deposited on the surface. Based on the results obtained, formulations containing a system of three surfactants and a corrosion inhibitor in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide were selected.