bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photodegradation assessment of amisulpride, doxepin, haloperidol, risperidone, venlafaxine, and zopiclone in bulk drug and in the presence of excipients
Authors: Maślanka Anna , Żmudzki Paweł , Szlósarczyk Marek , Talik Przemysław , Hubicka Urszula 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Photostability of amisulpride, doxepin, haloperidol, risperidone, venlafaxine, and zopiclone in APIs and powdered tablets during exposure to UVA irradiation was studied. In order to evaluate the photodegradation process an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. It was found that the photodegradation of the studied compounds depends on the type of drug and co-existing excipients. Different percentage of photodegradation of the studied drugs was observed, and therefore amisulpride decomposed at 2.63% in bulk drug and at 5.74% in pharmaceutical preparation, doxepin: 29% and 72.38%, haloperidol: 3.71% and 26.20%, risperidone: 7.13% and 12.86%, venlafaxine: 38.59% and 4.22%, zopiclone: 18.62% and 31.42% respectively, after 114 days of UVA irradiation. In addition, kinetic evaluation of the photodegradation process was performed by determining the order of reaction, reaction rate constant k and time t0.1 and t0.5. The photodegradation products of studied drugs were identified, and their fragmentation pathways, derived from MS/MS data, were proposed. The photostability testing is an integral part of the drug stability assessment to ensure quality, efficacy and safety of the formulated products during manufacturing process, storage as well as normal use.

Graphic abstract
Worshipping the Tiger: Modeling Non-use Existence Values of Wildlife Spiritual Services
Authors: Lopes Adrian A. , Atallah Shady S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeveral indigenous tribes around the world derive spiritual value from revering fauna and flora species. Species conservation is not a prime objective of such traditions but can be an unintended consequence. Conventional species conservation practices ignore this spiritual value and tribes are often evicted from protected areas. We use the existence value framework to develop a coupled ecological-economic model of the use and non-use, existence values of wildlife for a tribe that derives spiritual value from a wildlife population. We calibrate the model for the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve in India with the resident Soligas tribe who consider tigers as sacred and back out an existence value of tigers in this reserve from a tribe manager’s perspective. The model ascertains tiger population dynamics under several management scenarios. Steady-state convergence is observed under secure property rights for the Soligas. Scenarios in which they are evicted from the BRT reserve and lose their property rights yields localized tiger extinction. Finally, we generate a marginal existence value function and discuss the potential for using existence value estimates in guiding conservation policy.
Genetic Selective Abortion: Still a Matter of Choice
Authors: Blackshaw Bruce P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractJeremy Williams has argued that if we are committed to a liberal pro-choice stance with regard to selective abortion for disability, we will be unable to justify the prohibition of sex selective abortion. Here, I apply his reasoning to selective abortion based on other traits pregnant women may decide are undesirable. These include susceptibility to disease, level of intelligence, physical appearance, sexual orientation, religious belief and criminality—in fact any traits attributable to some degree to a genetic component. Firstly, I review Williams’ argument, which claims that if a woman is granted the right to abort based on fetal impairment, then by parity of reasoning she should also be granted the right to choose sex selective abortion. I show that these same considerations that entail the permissibility of sex selective abortion are also applicable to genetic selection abortion. I then examine the objections to sex selective abortion that Williams considers and rejects, and show that they also lack force against genetic selection abortion. Finally, I consider some additional objections that might be raised, and conclude that a liberal pro-choice stance on selective abortion for disability entails the permissibility of selective abortion for most genetic traits.
Permanent Spacers Are a Reliable Solution for Peri-prosthetic Shoulder Infection: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alessio-Mazzola Mattia , Repetto Ilaria , Russo Antonio , Clemente Antonio , Ventura Niccolò , Formica Matteo , Burastero Giorgio , Felli Lamberto 
Published: April 2020

Background Peri-prosthetic shoulder infection (PSI), a highly disabling complication of shoulder arthroplasty, often requires additional surgery and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Of strategies proposed to manage this devastating condition, the use of cement spacers, perhaps even as a definitive treatment, is debated. Questions/Purposes We sought to systematically review the literature on antibiotic-loaded cement spacers as a viable, perhaps definitive, treatment for PSI, evaluating the eradication rates, mechanical reliability, and functional results related to its use. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies published from January 1, 1980, through September 1, 2019. Following the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, we searched for studies reporting functional and clinical outcomes in patients with PSI treated with a permanent spacer of the shoulder. Two independent reviewers searched eight databases, as well as reference lists of the retrieved articles. Results After exclusion criteria were applied, 12 studies were included, involving a total of 143 patients. The mean age was 65.8 years; the mean follow-up was 37.4 months. A total of 133 patients (93%) were free from infection at latest follow-up. The mean post-operative active elevation of the shoulder ranged from 48.6 to 90°, the mean abduction ranged from 51 to 75°, and external rotation ranged from 3.6 to 29°. The mean Constant–Murley score ranged from 20.6 to 42 points (out of 100, from worst to best). Conclusion The use of a permanent cement spacer is a reliable solution to PSI in low-demand, older patients with comorbidities, a population in whom it is desirable to avoid additional surgery. Our review found a high rate of infection eradication and moderate-to-good objective and subjective results. However, the overall level of evidence of included studies was very low, and higher-quality studies are needed to clarify the role of permanent spacers in the treatment of PSI.
Distributionally robust optimization with decision dependent ambiguity sets
Authors: Luo Fengqiao , Mehrotra Sanjay 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe study decision dependent distributionally robust optimization models, where the ambiguity sets of probability distributions can depend on the decision variables. These models arise in situations with endogenous uncertainty. The developed framework includes two-stage decision dependent distributionally robust stochastic programming as a special case. Decision dependent generalizations of five types of ambiguity sets are considered. These sets are based on bounds on moments, covariance matrix, Wasserstein metric, Phi-divergence and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. For the finite support case, we use linear, conic or Lagrangian duality to give reformulations of these models with a finite number of constraints. Reformulations are also given for the continuous support case for moment, covariance, Wasserstein and Kolmogorov–Smirnov based models. These reformulations allow solutions of such problems using global optimization techniques within the framework of a cutting surface algorithm. The importance of decision dependence in the ambiguity set is demonstrated with the help of a numerical example modeling simultaneous determination of order quantity and selling price for a newsvendor problem.
Endometriumkarzinom
Authors: Ouassou Katja , Klingelhöfer Doris , Brüggmann Dörthe 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Endometriumkarzinom (EC) ist weltweit die sechsthäufigste Krebserkrankung der Frau. Im Jahr 2018 wurden mehr als 380.000 Neuerkrankungen und mehr als 89.000 Todesfälle registriert. Bekannte Risikofaktoren sind das steigende Lebensalter, ein erhöhter Body-Mass-Index (BMI) und eine alleinige Hormontherapie mit Östrogenen ohne Gestagenschutz. Aufgrund der meist früheinsetzenden Symptomatik (z. B. abnormale uterine Blutungen) wird das EC häufig in einem frühen Stadium diagnostiziert, welches sich begünstigend auf die Therapie und die generelle Prognose auswirkt. Eine Früherkennungsuntersuchung wird trotz steigender Inzidenzzahlen nicht empfohlen. Präventiv wirken eine gesunde und sportlich aktive Lebensweise, eine hohe Geburtenzahl und die Verhütung mittels gestagenhaltiger Kontrazeptiva oder der Hormonspirale.
Border Justice: Migration and Accountability for Human Rights Violations
Authors: Costello Cathryn , Mann Itamar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis introductory Article sets out the premise of the Special Issue, the entrenched and pervasive nature of human rights violations in the context of migration control and the apparent lack of accountability for such violations. It sets out features of contemporary migration control practices and their legal governance that contribute to this phenomenon, namely the exceptional treatment of migration in international law; the limited scope of international refugee law; and the pervasive use of externalized, delegated migration controls, in particular by the EU and its Member States. The roots of the current condition are traced back to the containment practices that emerged at the end of the Cold War, with the 2015 “crisis” framed both as an illustration of the failures of containment, and a source of further stasis. Following an overview of the contributions that make up the Special Issue, this Article identifies five emergent themes, and suggests further lines of inquiry. These are: the promise and limits of strategic human rights limitations; the role of both international criminal law, and domestic (and regional) tort law in securing accountability; the turn to positive obligations to challenge entrenched features of containment; and the role of direct action in support of and solidarity with those challenging migration controls most directly, refugees and migrants themselves. Rather than offering panaceas, the Article concludes with the identification of further new challenges, notably the role of new technologies in further dissipating lines of accountability for decisions to exclude.
The Great Depression and the Making of Turkish-Syrian Border, 1921–1939
Authors: Öztan Ramazan Hakkı 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article explores how the Great Depression in 1929 led to the expansion of illicit circuits globally, and examines the ways in which the introduction of anti-smuggling campaigns came to consolidate the border regimes in Turkey and French Syria. The global economic downturn in the late 1920s led states to embrace protectionist measures such as heightened tariffs and import quotas, all designed to protect local industries and maintain a favorable trade balance. The introduction of such measures, however, often resulted in the emergence of highly profitable illicit circuits, including in the borderland between Turkey and Syria. Here, a sturdy coalition of producers, shop owners, smugglers, trackers, and peddlers began to smuggle into Turkey a range of goods from silk textiles to cigarette papers, while funneling out narcotics into Syria. By seeking the global trajectories of such commodity flows, this article examines the impact of these borderland mobilities on the making of Turkey's southern border by exploring the local and bureaucratic responses to a rapidly changing world economic order in the aftermath of the Great Depression.
Government Employment Guarantee, Labor Supply, and Firms’ Reaction: Evidence from the Largest Public Workfare Program in the World
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Alok Shashwat , Chopra Yakshup , Tantri Prasanna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUsing establishment-level data, we examine the impact of the Indian government’s employment guarantee program on labor and firm behavior. We exploit the staggered implementation of the program for identification and find that the program led to a 10% reduction in the permanent workforce in firms. Firms responded to the adverse labor-supply shock by resorting to increased mechanization. This significantly increased the firms’ cost of production, leading to a decline in net profits and productivity. These effects manifested primarily in firms paying low wages, firms having low labor productivity and greater sales volatility, and firms located in states with pro-employer labor regulations.
Sea-floor and sea-ice conditions in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica, around the wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Endurance
Authors: Dowdeswell Julian A. , Batchelor Christine L. , Dorschel Boris , Benham Toby J. , Christie Frazer D.W. , Dowdeswell Evelyn K. , Montelli Aleksandr , Arndt Jan Erik , Gebhardt Catalina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMarine-geophysical evidence on sea-floor morphology and shallow acoustic stratigraphy are used to examine the substrate around the location at which Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance sank in 1915 and on the continental slope-shelf sedimentary system above this site in the western Weddell Sea. Few signs of turbidity-current and mass-wasting activity are found near or upslope of the wreck site, and any such activity was probably linked to full-glacial higher-energy conditions when ice last advanced across the continental shelf. The wreck is well below the maximum depth of iceberg keels and will not have been damaged by ice-keel ploughing. The wreck has probably been draped by only a few centimetres of fine-grained sediment since it sank in 1915. Severe modern sea-ice conditions hamper access to the wreck site. Accessing and investigating the wreck of Endurance in the Weddell Sea therefore represents a significant challenge. An ice-breaking research vessel is required, and even this would not guarantee that the site could be reached. Heavy sea-ice cover at the wreck site, similar to that encountered by Agulhus II during the Weddell Sea Expedition 2019, would also make the launch and recovery of autonomous underwater vehicles and remotely operated vehicles deployed to investigate the Endurance wreck problematic.
GIS tool to predict photosynthetically active radiation in a Dry Valley
Authors: Acosta Dimitri , Doran Peter T. , Myers Madeline 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding primary productivity is a core research area of the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research Network. This study presents the development of the GIS-based Topographic Solar Photosynthetically Active Radiation (T-sPAR) toolbox for Taylor Valley. It maps surface photosynthetically active radiation using four meteorological stations with ~20 years of data. T-sPAR estimates were validated with ground-truth data collected at Taylor Valley's major lakes during the 2014–15 and 2015–16 field seasons. The average daily error ranges from 0.13 mol photons m-2 day-1 (0.6%) at Lake Fryxell to 3.8 mol photons m-2 day-1 (5.8%) at Lake Hoare. We attribute error to variability in terrain and sun position. Finally, a user interface was developed in order to estimate total daily surface photosynthetically active radiation for any location and date within the basin. T-sPAR improves upon existing toolboxes and models by allowing for the inclusion of a statistical treatment of light attenuation due to cloud cover. The T-sPAR toolbox could be used to inform biological sampling sites based on radiation distribution, which could collectively improve estimates of net primary productivity, in some cases by up to 25%.
Magnitudes and Spatial Patterns of Interdecadal Temperature Variability in CMIP6
Authors: Parsons Luke A. , Brennan M. Kathleen , Wills Robert C.J. , Proistosescu Cristian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAttribution and prediction of global and regional warming requires a better understanding of the magnitude and spatial characteristics of internal global mean surface air temperature (GMST) variability. We examine interdecadal GMST variability in Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Projects, Phases 3, 5, and 6 (CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6) preindustrial control (piControl), last millennium, and historical simulations and in observational data. We find that several CMIP6 simulations show more GMST interdecadal variability than the previous generations of model simulations. Nonetheless, we find that 100‐year trends in CMIP6 piControl simulations never exceed the maximum observed warming trend. Furthermore, interdecadal GMST variability in the unforced piControl simulations is associated with regional variability in the high latitudes and the east Pacific, whereas interdecadal GMST variability in instrumental data and in historical simulations with external forcing is more globally coherent and is associated with variability in tropical deep convective regions.
Low Geo‐Effectiveness of Fast Halo CMEs Related to the 12 X‐Class Flares in 2002
Authors: Schmieder B. , Kim R.‐S. , Grison B. , Bocchialini K. , Kwon R.‐Y. , Poedts S. , Démoulin P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt is generally accepted that extreme space weather events tend to be related to strong flares and fast halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In the present paper, we carefully identify the chain of events from the Sun to the Earth induced by all 12 X‐class flares that occurred in 2002. In this small sample, we find an unusual high rate (58%) of solar sources with a longitude larger than 74°. Yet all 12 X‐class flares are associated with at least one CME. The fast halo CMEs (50%) are related to interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) at L1 and weak Dst minimum values (more than −51 nT), while five (41%) of the 12 X‐class flares are related to solar proton events (SPEs).We conclude that (i) all 12 analyzed solar events, even those associated with fast halo CMEs originating from the central disk region, and those ICMEs and SPEs were not very geo‐effective. This unexpected result demonstrates that the suggested events in the chain (fast halo CME, X‐class flares, central disk region, ICME, and SPE) are not infallible proxies for geo‐effectiveness. (ii) The low value of integrated and normalized southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (
) may explain the low geo‐effectiveness for this small sample. In fact,
is well correlated to the weak Dst and low auroral electrojet activity. Hence, the only space weather impact at Earth in 2002 we can explain is based on
at L1.
The 3rd AGILE Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Catalog. Part I: Association to Lightning Sferics
Authors: Lindanger A. , Marisaldi M. , Maiorana C. , Sarria D. , Albrechtsen K. , Østgaard N. , Galli M. , Ursi A. , Labanti C. , Tavani M. , Pittori C. , Verrecchia F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present a complete and systematic search for terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs), detected by AGILE, that are associated with radio sferics detected by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) in the period February 2009 to September 2018. The search algorithms and characteristics of these new TGFs will be presented and discussed. The number of WWLLN identified (WI) TGFs shows that previous TGF selection criteria needs to be reviewed as they do not identify all the WI TGFs in the data set. In this analysis we confirm with an independent data set that WI TGFs tend to have shorter time duration than TGFs without a WWLLN match. TGFs occurs more often on coastal and ocean regions compared to the distribution of lightning activity. Several multipulse TGFs were identified and their WWLLN match are always associated with the last gamma‐ray pulse. We also present the first Terrestrial Electron Beam detected by AGILE. This data set together with the TGF sample identified by selection criteria (companion paper Maiorana et al., 2020) constitute the 3rd AGILE TGF catalog.
Low‐Temperature Frictional Characteristics of Chlorite‐Epidote‐Amphibole Assemblages: Implications for Strength and Seismic Style of Retrograde Fault Zones
Authors: Fagereng Åke , Ikari Matt J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn retrograde faults exhuming mafic rocks, shearing occurs in metamorphic and/or hydrothermally altered mineral assemblages whose frictional properties are not well known. Here, we present the results of laboratory shearing experiments on chlorite schist, epidotite, and hornblende‐dominated amphibolite and mixtures of these rocks and evaluate their frictional properties and microstructures. The experiments were conducted on powdered rock samples with starting grain size of <125 μm, at room temperature, under fluid‐saturated conditions and applied normal stress of 10 MPa. The results show that chlorite schist is relatively weak (friction coefficient of 0.36), whereas epidotite and amphibolite are strong (friction coefficients of 0.63 and 0.67, respectively). The friction of chlorite schist‐epidotite and chlorite schist‐amphibolite mixtures decreases nearly linearly with increasing chlorite content. Chlorite schist exhibits velocity‐strengthening behavior, epidotite is velocity‐weakening, and the amphibolite shows mostly velocity‐weakening friction. Mixtures show intermediate strength and velocity dependence of friction. Well‐developed striations formed on slip surfaces in samples with ≥50% chlorite schist. The epidotite slip surface exhibits a mixture of very fine particles and coarser crystals. Amphibolite slip surfaces have less very fine grains and are composed of subhedral to euheral needles. Few intragranular fractures are preserved, and we infer wear at contact asperities to be the likely cause of velocity‐weakening in our epidote gouges. Addition of chlorite to epidotite and amphibolite produces a striated slip surface and disrupts contacts between harder grains. Therefore, retrograde chlorite growth is expected to facilitate frictional weakening and stable slip in higher‐grade mineral assemblages exhumed to low‐temperature conditions.
Concerning the Article by Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha et al. entitled:
Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Level in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kunicki Michał , Rudnicka Ewa , Smolarczyk Roman 
Published: April 2020

Dear Editor,We carefully read with a great interest the study of Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha et al.
entitled: Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Level in Women with Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1. We thank the authors for their hard work and also citing our latest
work in this field-covering the largest study population ( Rudnicka et al. 2016)
2. However, we think that the title of
that meta-analysis is not appropriate and the conclusions are not adequate.
Psychiatrische Wohnheime in Deutschland – Transparenz und Strukturen
Authors: Jenderny Sarah , Schreiter Julia , Steinhart Ingmar 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Beschreibung der bundesweiten Unterstützungslandschaft für Menschen mit seelischen Behinderungen, die in stationären Einrichtungen der Eingliederungshilfe unterstützt werden.
Methodik Bundesweite quantitative Erhebung von Struktur- und Prozessdaten stationärer Wohneinrichtungen mittels Onlinefragebogen, durchgeführt im Rahmen der „ZIPHER“-Studie (Zwangsmaßnahmen im Psychiatrischen Hilfesystem – Erfassung und Reduktion).
Ergebnisse Es wurde ein Rücklauf von 20 % erzielt, insgesamt konnten 11 881 offene und 1268 geschlossene Plätze erfasst werden. In den psychiatrischen Wohnheimen leben vorwiegend männliche, über 50-jährige, an Schizophrenie erkrankte Menschen. Die Mitarbeiterstruktur und Ausstattung mit einer Nachtwache differiert zwischen den offenen und geschlossenen Wohnkontexten.
Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf eine mangelnde Datenlage im Bereich der stationären Wohneinrichtungen und die Notwendigkeit einer regionalen Sozialberichterstattung.