bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Alternative Learning System for Youths at Risk of Involvement in Urban Violence in Bagong Silang, Manila, Philippines - Outcome Analysis, Cost-Analysis, and Economic Evaluation.
Authors: Mehra Nishant , Wang Shr-Jie , Reyes Juancho , Ambjornsen Mette Mohl , Jarl Johan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Globally, violence disproportionately affects young people, leading to injury, hospitalisation, death, social dysfunction, and poor mental wellbeing. Moreover, it has far-reaching economic consequences for whole nations, due to loss of productivity. Research suggests that attaining a higher level of education promotes factors which insulate youths from poverty and violence. Purpose: In this study we investigated the outcomes, the cost, and the efficiency of a non-formal education program with an additional psychosocial component. The short-term outcome measure was an increase in educational attainment, a crucial step for youth empowerment. The program analysed was the Alternative Learning System (ALS) offered by the Balay Rehabiliation Centre in Bagong Silang, an urban slum in Manila, which targeted out of school youth. Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis of ALS compared to a ‘do nothing approach’ was performed from the perspective of the service provider. The study sample comprised 239 learners who were enrolled in the ALS during 2015-2018. For the comparator ‘do nothing approach’, a counterfactual scenario was hypothesised. The average cost of the intervention per enrolled learner, and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for passing the Accreditation and Evaluation (A&E) exam at elementary or secondary level, were calculated. Results: The ALS intervention studied resulted in 41%(n=97) of the learners passing the examination over a period of four years (from 2015 – 2018). The estimated total cost of the intervention was $371,110, corresponding to $1,550 per enrolled learner. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for a pass in the exam was found to be $3,830. Compared to other alternative learning interventions, the ALS intervention as used in Bagong Silang was found to be more cost-effective.Conclusion: From the service provider perspective, the ALS for out-of-school young people was found to be a valuable investment to benefit poor young people living in slums in Manila.
An Integrated Cost Model Based on Real Patient Flow: Exploring Surgical Hospitalization in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Vieira Bruno Barbosa , Reis Augusto Cunha , Loures Alan de Paiva , Plácido Eliel Carlos , Sousa Fernanda Ferreira de 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Several studies have been carried out with the objective of identifying health costs and developing methods to improve this research, thus contributing to better decision making based on more reliable evidence. However, there are some gaps to be filled to provide such information. This research aims to fill one of these gaps, proposing a cost calculation model for surgical hospitalizations based on real patient flow to determine hospital institutions' costs.Methods: An empirical-theoretical study was developed. The empirical approach adopted the three-step modeling process to propose a cost model based on patient flow, considering CHEERS guidelines. For the theoretical approach, a systematic literature review using PRISMA recommendation was applied.Results: The modeling process made it possible to identify the real flow of the surgical patient. This step made it possible to identify cost sources and comprehend that costs incurred by patient occur from admission (preoperative stage) to discharge (postoperative stage). The literature review showed that most studies only address the surgical stage, neglecting the costs of the two stages mentioned. The cost model was developed with a top-down approach allowing a balance between the accuracy of the information and the feasibility of the cost estimate. The proposed model fills two gaps in the literature, the standardization of a cost model and the ability to assess a vast number of different surgery costs in the same hospital.Conclusions: Flexibility stands out as an important advantage of the proposed model, as its application is possible to encompass elective and urgent surgeries of medium and high complexity performed in public and private hospitals. As a limitation, the hospital should have a HIS and cost system implemented. The proposed cost model can provide important information that can induce better decision making. This becomes more relevant in the health sector, especially public health, which faces the lack of resources and whose positive effects can improve health care.
Genome-Wide Identification of the DUF668 Gene Family in Cotton and Expression Profiling Analysis of GhDUF668 in Gossypium Hirsutum Under Adverse Stress
Authors: Zhao Jieyin , Wang Peng , Gao Wenju , Long Yilei , Wang Yuxiang , Geng Shiwei , Su Xuening , Jiao Yang , Chen Quanjia , Qu Yanying 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Domain of unknown function 668 (DUF668) may play a crucial role in the plant growth and developmental response to adverse stress. However, our knowledge of the function of the DUF668 gene family is limited.Results: Our study was conducted based on the DUF668 gene family identified from cotton genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DUF668 family genes can be classified into four subgroups in cotton. We identified 32 DUF668 genes, which are distributed on 17 chromosomes and are mostly located in the nucleus of Gossypium hirsutum. Gene structure and motif analyses revealed that the members of the DUF668 gene family can be clustered in G. hirsutum into two broad groups, which are relatively evolutionarily conserved. Transcriptome data analysis showed that the GhDUF668 genes are differentially expressed in different tissues under various stresses (cold, heat, drought, salt, and Verticillium dahliae), and expression is generally increased in roots and stems. Promoter and expression analyses indicated that Gh_DUF668-05, Gh_DUF668-08, Gh_DUF668-11, Gh_DUF668-23 and Gh_DUF668-28 in G. hirsutum might have evolved resistance to adverse stress. Additionally, qRT-PCR revealed that these 5 genes in four cotton lines, KK1543 (drought resistant), Xinluzao 26 (drought sensitive), Zhongzhimian 2 (disease resistant) and Simian 3 (susceptible), under drought and Verticillium wilt stress were all significantly induced. Roots had the highest expression of these 5 genes before and after the treatment. Among them, the expression levels of Gh_DUF668-08 and Gh_DUF668-23 increased sharply at 6 h and reached a maximum at 12 h under biotic and abiotic stress, which showed that they might be involved in the process of adverse stress resistance in cotton.Conclusion: The significant changes in GhDUF668 expression in the roots after adverse stress indicate that GhDUF668 is likely to increase plant resistance to stress. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the function of the DUF668 gene family and the molecular mechanism of adverse stress resistance in cotton.
Cochlear-Bioelectrode: Auditory response to cochlear implant can be improved by stem cell delivery into inner ear in a pig model
Authors: Yang Shiming , Chen Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cochlear implant (CI) is the most successful auditory prosthesis and has changed the life for nearly half million people with profound hearing loss. The number and function of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the cochlea are crucial to CI performance. Clinically, some patients with SGNs degeneration fail to return to normal life due to unsatisfactory performance of their CIs. In this study, we show in a swine model that combined stem cell delivery and electrical stimulation (ES) via CI (defined as Cochlear-Bioelectrode) achieved stem cell enrichment near the SGNs and lowered CI stimulation thresholds. ES generated by the cochlear implant electrode array guided human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker to cross the osseous spiral lamina via naturally existing openings and congregate in the SGN region. In seven days, surprisingly efficient hiPSC migration into the SGN region was demonstrated, while hiPSC delivery and enrichment in the SGN region failed without ES. After two weeks of combined electric stimulation and stem cell delivery treatment, the number of SGNs increased significantly in the 60-day old pig model (mean number = 129.6/field), as compared to untreated deafness pigs of the same age (mean number = 6.2/field). With the replenished SGNs, CI stimulation thresholds were significantly reduced and hearing sensitivity and dynamic range extended, as demonstrated by electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses. Our findings provide the first evidence that in vivo Cochlear-Bioelectrode (CBe) may be feasible with broad promising clinical applications.
Association of the plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity with the metabolic parameters and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Okuyama Tomoko , Shirakawa Jun , Nakamura Takashi , Murase Takayo , Miyashita Daisuke , Inoue Ryota , Kyohara Mayu , Togashi Yu , Terauchi Yasuo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and of xanthine to uric acid. XOR also enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and causes endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the association of XOR and its substrate with the vascular complications in 94 Japanese inpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).The plasma XOR activity and plasma xanthine levels were positively correlated with the body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-GTP, fasting plasma insulin, and the homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and negatively correlated with the high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The plasma XOR activity also showed a positive correlation with the serum triglyceride. Multivariate analyses identified AST, ALT, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR as being independently associated with the plasma XOR activity. The plasma XOR activity negatively correlated with the duration of diabetes, and positively correlatted with the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Furthermore, the plasma XOR activity was significantly decreased in patients with coronary artery disease.Thus, the plasma XOR activity might be a surrogate marker for the development of vascular complications, as well as liver dysfunction and insulin resistance, in T2DM.Trial registration: This study is registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000029970; https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm). The study was conducted from Nov 15, 2017.
Prognostic significance of surgery after chemotherapy in patients with type 4 gastric cancer: a retrospective study
Authors: Arigami Takaaki , Matsushita Daisuke , Okubo Keishi , Tanaka Takako , Sasaki Ken , Noda Masahiro , Kita Yoshiaki , Mori Shinichiro , Kurahara Hiroshi , Yanagita Shigehiro , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Ishigami Sumiya , Ohtsuka Takao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The majority of patients with type 4 gastric cancer have distant metastases with extremely poor prognosis. Consequently, considering a therapeutic strategy that improves the prognosis of these patients is clinically important. The present study aimed to assess the clinical indication and prognostic impact of surgery in patients with type 4 gastric cancer who underwent chemotherapy.Methods: A total of 67 patients with type 4 gastric cancer who underwent chemotherapy were retrospectively enrolled. All patients were grouped into progressive disease (PD) and non-PD groups by tumor response to chemotherapy.Results: Distant metastases occurred in 58 patients. With regard to tumor response, 16 and 51 patients had PD and non-PD, respectively. The prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with PD than in those with non-PD (p < 0.0001). Among 23 patients who underwent surgery after chemotherapy, 21 had a R0 resection. The presence or absence of surgery was significantly correlated with age, first-line chemotherapeutic regimen, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, number of distant metastatic sites, peritoneal dissemination, and tumor response (p = 0.0412, p = 0.0096, p = 0.0024, p = 0.0059, p = 0.0128, p = 0.0020, and p = 0.0066, respectively). Multivariate analysis selected tumor response and surgery as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0009, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis for the surgery group demonstrated that metastatic nodal status (N0-1 vs. N2-3) and residual tumor status (R0 vs. R1-2) were significant independent prognostic factors (p = 0.0258 and p = 0.0458, respectively).Conclusions: Our retrospective study suggests that surgery after chemotherapy for type 4 gastric cancer may improve the prognosis of responders with N0-1 status and a curative R0 resection.
The Role of Pharmacogenetics in Antithrombotic Therapy Management: New Achievements and Barriers Yet to Overcome
Authors: Conti Valeria , Corbi Graziamaria , Manzo Valentina , Sellitto Carmine , Iannello Francesco , Esposito Simone , De Bellis Emanuela , Iannaccone Teresa , Filippelli Amelia 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Pharmacogenetics investigates the response to pharmacological treatments based on individual
genetic background. Actually, numerous pharmacogenetic tests help to predict the response to drugs used in different
medical areas, contributing to the so-called personalized medicine.

Objective:
This review aims to update the available data on the genotype-guided treatment with both the anticoagulant and
antiplatelet agents. Moreover, it shed light on the pitfalls still contrasting the implementation of cardiovascular
pharmacogenetics.

Methods:
A review of the literature on the studies investigating the effects of the genotype-guided anticoagulant and
antiplatelet treatment was performed.

Results:
Considering the large use of antithrombotic drugs, pharmacogenetics has particular importance in this field. Several
polymorphisms influence the response to both anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, and tests, based on their identification,
are now available.

Conclusions:
Recent randomized clinical trials demonstrated that pharmacogenetics might successfully contribute to
optimizing the antiplatelet therapy also in patients particularly complicated to treat. However, despite accumulating
evidence on the utility and feasibility of some pharmacogenetics tests, several barriers still contrast their implementation
into clinical practice.
Compositional Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Thymus pubescens
Essential Oil from Iran
Authors: Nickavar Bahman , Malekitabar Elaheh 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The genus Thymus is one of the well-known members of the Lamiaceae, which comprises about
215 species. It is a polymorphic genus in this family. Therefore, possible differences in chemical composition among
polymorphs may result in differences in their biological activities.

Objective:
This study was designed to specify chemical composition in order to assess antioxidant activities and to
characterize active constituents of essential oil from Thymus pubescens.

Methods:
Essential oil was collected by hydrodistillation and was analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID. Antioxidant
activities were evaluated by ABTS radical cation scavenging and β-carotene bleaching inhibition methods. Detection and
identification of antioxidant components were performed by TLC-bioautography assay using ABTS•+ reagent.

Results:
GC analyses indicated the presence of 39 components, accounting for 96.64% of total constituents, with thymol
(38.67%), γ-terpinene (7.46%), and p-cymene (5.54%) as the main components. The IC50 values for antioxidant activities
were equal to 1.15 (1.05 – 1.25) μg/mL and 0.45 (0.33 – 0.62) μg/mL for ABTS•+ scavenging and β-carotene bleaching
inhibition tests, respectively. TLC-bioautograpgy of oil resulted in identification of thymol as the major antioxidant
compound.

Conclusion:
Essential oil exhibited very potent and significant antioxidant activities correlated well with increasing dose in
vitro.
PRISMA Based Systematic Review: Pharmacognostic Study of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Authors: Singh Sonia , Kumar Aman , Semwal Bhupesh C. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Herb, Zanthoxylum armatum DC., commonly called Indian prickly ash, and
Nepal pepper (family Rutaceae), is widely utilized in the traditional medicinal system.

Objective:
The current review provides requisite data for collecting descriptive information on the
organoleptic, microscopical, ethnobotanical use, and phytochemicals and pharmacological properties
of Z. armatum; therefore, it may help in forming a bridge between research gaps and the upcoming
future findings for most of the researches.

Materials and Methods:
The systematic literature survey was conducted using the PRISMA methodology.
The collective information was gathered from books, renowned journals, and electronic databases
including Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed from 1966 to 2020.

Results:
Most of the bioactive metabolites are isolated and characterized till date, such as monoterpenes
in essential oil and lignan components are reported to be present in the herbs. Several in vitro
and in vivo pharmacological bioassays revealed the potential of Z. armatum having as possessing antimicrobial,
antifungal, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects and so on.

Conclusion:
Therefore, the current review summarizes the organoleptic, microscopy, phytochemistry
and biological activities of Z. armatum, providing more emphasis on in vitro as well as in-vivo studies
along with clinical research, helpful in exploring the potential efficacy of the plant.
Fragment-based Drug Design of Antitumoral Molecules Polo-like Kinase 1 Inhibitors: In-silico Approach
Authors: Attoui Ayoub , Sobhi Widad , Hammoudi Nour El Houda , Benguerba Yacine 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Kinase enzymes are reported to be very implicated in cancer. Polo-like
kinase 1 (PLK1) is a protein kinase with a marked role in tumorigenesis and its inhibition is a promising
anticancer therapeutic development strategy.

Objective:
The purpose of this study was de novo design of new PLK1 inhibitors using in-silico
approach.

Method:
A virtual compound library based on known inhibitors was designed using BREED algorithm.
Molecules were geometrically optimized then filtered according to lead-like properties using
QiqProp. Receptor-ligand complex-based pharmacophore model was generated with Phase and used
to virtually screen the new virtual database. Glide multistage molecular docking simulations were
performed for the resulted compounds followed with a Prime MM-GBSA minimization.

Results:
Two compounds (prd-comp 1-2) showed acceptable binding poses with a higher docking
score than known inhibitor BI2536. MM-GBSA study confirmed that the leads have better binding
energy than reference ligands. All leads bind to the key amino acids Cys133, Leu59, with a focus on
molecule prd-comp1, proposed to have better affinity due to direct H-bond with Asp194.

Conclusion:
Modifying hydration pattern of target protein by displacing water molecule is suggested
to be a promising strategy for designing new PLK1 inhibitors. This applied methodology and the
retrieved hits could be useful in the design of potent inhibitors of PLK1 as antitumoral agents.
Maternal Outcomes in Women with Major Degree Placenta Previa: An
Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Mahmoud Abdelwhab Safinaz Reda , Ali Ali El-Shabrawy , Ahmed Mostafa Abdo , Hamed Basem Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
We aimed to evaluate the maternal outcomes among pregnant women with major degree placenta
previa.

Methods:
We conducted an observational cohort study on 80 pregnant women diagnosed with major placenta previa
(grades III and IV where the placenta partially or completely cover the internal cervical os) after 20 weeks of pregnancy,
within the period from January 2019 to June 2019. The diagnosis of placenta previa was made by ultrasound and
confirmed at the time of delivery. The study participants were divided into three groups based on the placental location
(Anterior, Central, and Posterior). All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0.

Results:
Eighty pregnant women, with a mean age of 32.3 (5.01) years and a mean gestational age of 36.2 (2.03) weeks,
were included in our study. Of them, 56.30% had a previous abortion, and previous Cs delivery was reported in 75%.
Most of the placenta previa cases were central (52.5%), with a completely covered internal cervical os (70%). Thirty-nine
patients (48.8%) had placenta accreta. Blood transfusion, postpartum hemorrhage, and anemia were noted with a
percentage of 75%, 32.5%, and 32.5%, respectively. Around 28.8% of the included patients had a hysterectomy. Before
and after delivery, nine patients (21.4%) and 15 patients (35.7%) of the placenta previa centralis group had anemia,
respectively. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the three studies groups in terms of
anemia before and after delivery (P= 0.41 and P= 0.78. respectively). Placenta previa centralis showed a higher incidence
of CS hysterectomy (45.2%) while wound infection was higher in anterior placenta previa (18.2%).

Conclusion:
As a predictor of possible obstetric adverse events, placenta previa should be considered. A combination of
proper clinical assessment and timely delivery to reduce the associated complications should be considered as well as
developing a prenatal screening protocol.
A Case of Postpartum Maternal Death with COVID-19 in the West of Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Maryam , Bonab Mehrangiz Zamani , Akbari Sorour , Parsapour Hamideh , Alimohammadi Shohreh , Jenabi Ensiyeh 
Published: January 2021

Introduction::
There are a limited number of studies about COVID-19 during delivery and postpartum.

Case presentation::
A 38 -years- old G3p2 woman at 35 weeks and 4 days of gestation was referred
with the chief complaints of dyspnea, cough, headache, and fever. Pharyngeal swab polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) was negative for COVID-19; however, in chest Computed Tomography (CT)
angiography, ground glass was observed in the basal lobe of the left lung. The infant was born via
cesarean section with a gestational age of 36 weeks and an Apgar score of 8/9. No infant document
was found about COVID-19
and other infections in several days after delivery. The patient died
eight days after the onset of symptoms due to cardiovascular collapse.

Discussion::
we reported the first death of a postpartum maternal with COVID-19 and a healthy baby with no evidence of
COVID-19 and a gestational age of 36 weeks.

Conclusion::
Physicians should be aware that pregnant women with symptoms of respiratory infection and pulse negative
PCR test should be followed for infected with COVID-19. This infection may be led to maternal death.