bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Cross-Sectional Imaging in Tongue Lesions
Authors: Deepthi BT  , Gautham M  , Mathew Jefrin Roy 
Published: August 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of CT and MR imaging in demonstrating lesions of the tongue. Imaging can help to decide the further management of the patient, and when resection is considered, the precise extent of the lesion can be delineated, and also if organ conservation therapy can be suggested. Hence, knowing the differentiating characteristics of these lesions is essential for a Radiologist to narrow the differential diagnosis. The aim of the study is to describe the imaging findings of various tongue lesions, give radio-pathological correlation, and discuss the role of CT and MRI in planning further appropriate treatment, the extent of involvement of adjacent structures, resectability, postoperative reconstruction & prognosis. Subjects and Methods: Twenty patients with tongue masses were prospectively evaluated with CT & MRI for eighteen months from June 2018 - Nov 2019. Contrast-enhanced CT axial images with reconstruction were acquired. MRI plain & contrast study done. Imaging findings & diagnoses were later correlated with surgical and histopathological results in all possible cases. Results: Among twenty patients, three patients revealed no abnormality; seventeen patients with findings on imaging include twelve squamous cell carcinoma, two venous malformations, two thyroglossal cysts, one hemangioma & one fatty lipoma. Conclusion: Few specific lesion characteristics can aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Solid high-density lesions in the midline mostly represent lingual thyroids. Calcifications likely indicate goitrous transformation. Phleboliths are highly suggestive of venous malformations. Multinodular, thin-rim enhancing cystic lesions are indicative of lymphatic malformations, primarily when fluid-fluid levels are found. Fat/calcium content within a complex cystic lesion is specific for a dermoid cyst, whereas diffusion restriction within a pure cystic lesion is suggestive of an epidermoid cyst. Finally, when an injury is Trans spatial, three differentials to be considered are highly aggressive malignancies, congenital masses & aggressive infections.
Utility of CT in Head Injury- A Prospective Study
Authors: Anil Kumar Bansal  , Gupta Anil Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Background: Head injury is defined as an impairment in brain function as a result of mechanical force. The dysfunction can be temporary or permanent, and may or may not result in underlying structural changes in the brain. Head injuries are a major public health problem worldwide. A limited amount of neurological damage occurs at the time of impact (primary injury). Subjects and Methods: The study was a prospective observational study took place in the Department of Radiology, over a 8 month period which involves all type of head injuries. Informed consent was obtained by the subjects who participated in the study. All head injury patients attending the emergency department were included, while those with no clear history of trauma as the primary event and neurologic deficit that could not be explained by head trauma were excluded. Results: A total of 1000 patients underwent CT for a head injury. Table 1 shows baseline characteristics as age, gender, referred cases, type of injury, mode of injury and clinical features where we observed 48.2% cases were in the age group between 21-40 years with 80% of male subjects. While observing for the mode of injury, we found most of the cases falls in the category of road traffic accidents (77%) with external injury (83.5%) and loss of consciousness (63.4%) as highly observed clinical features. Conclusion: This study showed a significant association of overall CT positivity with patients sociodemographic and clinical factors such as: male gender, elderly age group (>60 years), history of alcohol consumption, LOC >5 min, history of vomiting, history of seizures, evidence of ear bleed, evidence of nosebleed, and GCS 12 (moderate and Severe head injury). From the results of this study, we recommend the following indications for doing CT in head injury patients: (1) CT is indicated in all patients with moderate and severe head injury (GCS ≤12).
Role of Computed Tomography Scan in the Assessment of Subacute Intestinal Obstruction at Bhuj, Kutch: A Prospective Study
Authors: Ashvin Pansuriya  
Published: August 2020

Background: Bowel obstruction occurs when the normal flow of intraluminal contents is interrupted. Obstruction can be functional or due to a mechanical obstruction. Now a day’s CT is considered to be the most efficacious imaging technique for determining the cause of intestinal obstruction. However, the indications for the use of CT in patients with Sub-Acute Intestinal Obstruction (SAIO) have not been fully defined. Objectives of the present study are to study the role of CT in Diagnosis of patients with suspected subacute intestinal obstruction (SAIO), to find out site & cause of obstruction and to diagnose complications of obstruction. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted at Department of Radiodiagnosis, Gujarat Adani institute of Medcial Science, Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. Total number of 22 patients with SAIO having equivocal findings on USG was included in this study. Detailed clinical evaluation of the patients was done. Plain x-ray of abdomen in erect posture & abdominopelvic ultrasound were performed before CT scan. CT scans were performed on a GE lightspeed VCT 64 slice scanner and acquired in precontrast & portovenous phase at 60sec after i.v. contrast administration. Results: Age of the patients in the study range between 14 to 76 years. Out of 22 were 12 male & 10 female patients. On CT scan all 22 patients were found to have obstruction with 19 patients having mechanical obstruction & 3 patients having pseudo obstruction secondary to appendicitis, jejunal perforation. Most common cause of SAIO was ileal stricture 38% followed by intussusceptions 23%. Conclusion: CT is not only useful in distinguishing mechanical obstruction from paralytic ileus but also it often establishes the cause of obstruction & presence of complications like strangulation & perforation.
Outlook on Life Writing and American Studies
Authors: Schultermandl Silvia , Balestrini Nassim 
Published: August 2020

In lieu of an abstract, here is the first paragraph of this contribution:
Having discussed five distinct areas of inquiry within life writing studies, we are acutely aware of the various interconnected themes. By way of a conclusion, we would like to sketch three particular aspects which merit extensive attention. First, the fact that all of the contributions highlight the constructedness of life writing can be seen as a call for enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of self-representation and their implications for the represented autobiographical self and for the multi-genre phenomenon of life writing. The field of life writing studies has been instrumental in uncovering multiple phenotypes linked to medium-specific possibilities and to the contexts in which such content is generated, disseminated, and received. Thus, we will need to grapple further with researching competing and differing media selves, including the roles of curators and adapting generic forms like the scrapbook and the self-help manual as well as the economic backdrop and impact of production and distribution.
Water Consumption Trend among Students in a University’s Residential Hall
Authors: Mohd Daud Faezzah , Abdullah Suhaida 
Published: August 2020

In a university, student can be considered as the largest proportion of the campus residents. A university has to allocate high costs to cover student facilities with a very restricted fund. It is important to understand how the student used these facilities. Hence, in this study, a trend of water consumption among student was investigated. The objective is to identify the amount of water usage per person and the difference between genders. To measure the water consumption among student, water meter reading (in litres) was done by observing every block of student’s hostels at randomly selected days within five weeks. The collected water meter reading (in litres) was analysed using descriptive and some statistical hypothesis tests. From the analysis, it was found that the average daily water consumption of students in the residential halls is exceed average water demand which is 250 litres/student that provided by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). In addition, female student found to consume more water than male student. These outcomes showed that the university should take some initiatives to enhance student awareness on the importance of saving their daily water usage.
Evaluation of the Effect of Jambira Pinda Sweda in Cervical Spondylosis w.r.t. Clinical Symptomatology
Authors: Sharma Sakshi , Makhija Renu , Dua Mridula , Deep Valiparambil Chandran , Radhakrishnan Paravazhi , Madan Amit , Gupta Bharti , Singhal Richa , Rana Rakesh , Lavaniya Vinod Kumar , Sharma Madan Mohan , Srikanth Narayanam , Dhiman Kartar Singh 
Published: August 2020

Introduction:
Cervical spondylosis is a chronic degenerative condition of the cervical spine that affects the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs of the neck, and the contents of the spinal canal. Spondylosis progresses with age and often develops at multiple interspaces. Though many conventional treatments are available but in view of their side effects and dependency, it is important to search for safe and effective Ayurvedic treatment.

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of Jambira Pinda Sweda in cervical spondylosis w.r.t. clinical symptomatology.

Materials and methods:
A single-arm, open, prospective interventional clinical study was conducted at two peripheral institutes of Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences. Total 60 patients of either sex aged between 30 years and 65 years, with clinical and radiological evidence of cervical spondylosis, were selected for the study. The treatment procedure Jambira Pinda Sweda was done daily for the period of 14 days. The patients were assessed at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day (after 1 week without intervention) on the basis of relief in sign and symptoms of cervical spondylosis by reduction in the visual analog scale (VAS) score, Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, and SF-36 Health Survey Score for Quality of life.

Results:
Mean value of VAS on baseline was 6.90, on 7th day it was 3.37, and decreased up to 2.57 on 14th day and 2.08 on 21st day showing statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001). The mean value of Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire on baseline was 45.79, on 7th day it was 23.57, which further decreased to 17.32 on 14th day showing statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001). The significant improvement was revealed in all the parameters of the SF-36 health survey (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Jambira Pinda Sweda have been shown to be an effective local Ayurvedic treatment for cervical spondylosis. During the study, no adverse effect was noticed; hence, it proved to be a safe treatment.
Meta-Study on Integrated Cooling of Modern Integrated Circuits using Microfluidics
Authors: Administrator System , Andrew Ben , McNamara Jesse , Karanikolas Michael 
Published: August 2020

The substantial increase in the transistor density of integrated circuits (ICs) in recent times has allowed considerable improvements in computing power. With increasing transistor and power density, the heat produced by modern ICs has increased significantly. This in turn has negative effects on the performance, reliability, and power consumption of the ICs. A solution to the IC’s complications caused by overheating is integrated cooling, in which cooling fluid is delivered through microchannel heat sinks on the backside of an IC. This meta-study will investigate two microfluidic cooling technologies. First, implementing varied size microfluidic channels close to the silicone substrate of the IC. Additionally, a micro-pin fin heat sink is integrated into the ICs’ fluidic microchannels. Different sized pin fins were used, to achieve a wider understanding of the application of pin fins in microfluidic cooling and compare the thermal performances of each cooling method. Integrated cooling subverts the need for suboptimal thermal interfaces and bulky heat-sinks, as well as reducing the intensity of localised hotspots commonly present in high-power electronics. Further, by locating the main heat exchange medium closer to the die of an IC, we reduce the number of thermal interfaces. This meta-study suggests that cylindrical micro-pin fin arrays with pitch longitude and latitude of 60μm and 120μm, are more thermally efficient than plain microfluidic cooling channels.
Characterizing model errors in chemical transport modeling of methane: impact of model resolution in versions v9-02 of GEOS-Chem and v35j of its adjoint model
Authors: Stanevich Ilya , Jones Dylan B. A. , Strong Kimberly , Parker Robert J. , Boesch Hartmut , Wunch Debra , Notholt Justus , Petri Christof , Warneke Thorsten , Sussmann Ralf , Schneider Matthias , Hase Frank , Kivi Rigel , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Walker Kaley A. , Deng Feng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The GEOS-Chem simulation of atmospheric CH4 was evaluated against observations from the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observations Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We focused on the model simulations at the 4∘×5∘ and 2∘×2.5∘ horizontal resolutions for the period of February–May 2010. Compared to the GOSAT, TCCON, and ACE-FTS data, we found that the 2∘×2.5∘ model produced a better simulation of CH4, with smaller biases and a higher correlation to the independent data. We found large resolution-dependent differences such as a latitude-dependent XCH4 bias, with higher column abundances of CH4 at high latitudes and lower abundances at low latitudes at the 4∘×5∘ resolution than at 2∘×2.5∘. We also found large differences in CH4 column abundances between the two resolutions over major source regions such as China. These differences resulted in up to 30 % differences in inferred regional CH4 emission estimates from the two model resolutions.
We performed several experiments using 222Rn, 7Be, and CH4 to determine the origins of the resolution-dependent errors. The results suggested that the major source of the latitude-dependent errors is excessive mixing in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, including mixing at the edge of the polar vortex, which is pronounced at the 4∘×5∘ resolution. At the coarser resolution, there is weakened vertical transport in the troposphere at midlatitudes to high latitudes due to the loss of sub-grid tracer eddy mass flux in the storm track regions. The vertical air mass fluxes are calculated in the model from the degraded coarse-resolution wind fields and the model does not conserve the air mass flux between model resolutions; as a result, the low resolution does not fully capture the vertical transport. This produces significant localized discrepancies, such as much greater CH4 abundances in the lower troposphere over China at 4∘×5∘ than at 2∘×2.5∘.
Although we found that the CH4 simulation is significantly better at 2∘×2.5∘ than at
4∘×5∘, biases may still be present at 2∘×2.5∘ resolution. Their importance, particularly in regards to inverse modeling of CH4 emissions, should be evaluated in future studies using online transport in the native general circulation model as a benchmark simulation.
OPENING THE MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL WINDOW: HIGH-PRECISION U-Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPROTEROZOIC OLYMPIC DAM Cu-U-Au-Ag DEPOSIT, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Courtney-Davies Liam , Ciobanu Cristiana L. , Tapster Simon R. , Cook Nigel J. , Ehrig Kathy , Crowley James L. , Verdugo-Ihl Max R. , Wade Benjamin P. , Condon Daniel J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Establishing timescales for iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit formation and the temporal relationships between ores and the magmatic rocks from which hydrothermal, metal-rich fluids are sourced is often dependent on low-precision data, particularly for deposits that formed during the Proterozoic. Unlike accessory minerals routinely used to track hydrothermal mineralization, iron oxides are dominant components of IOCG systems and are therefore pivotal to understanding deposit evolution. The presence of ubiquitous, magmatic-hydrothermal U-(Pb)-W-Sn-Mo–bearing zoned hematite resolves a range of geochronological issues concerning formation of the ~1.6 Ga Olympic Dam IOCG deposit, South Australia, at up to ~0.05% precision (207Pb/206Pb weighted mean; 2σ) using isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS). Coupled with chemical abrasion-ID-TIMS zircon dates from host granite and volcanic rocks within and enclosing the ore-body, a confident magmatic-hydrothermal chronology is defined. The youngest zircon date from the granite intrusion hosting Olympic Dam indicates magmatism was occurring up until 1593.28 ± 0.26 Ma. The orebody was principally formed during a major mineralizing event following granite uplift and during cupola collapse, whereby the hematite with the oldest age is recorded in the outer shell of the deposit at 1591.27 ± 0.89 Ma, ~2 m.y. later than the youngest documented magmatic zircon. Hematite dates captured throughout major lithologies, different ore zones, and the ~2-km vertical extent of the deposit support ~2 m.y. of hydrothermal activity. New age constraints on the spatial-temporal evolution of the formation of Olympic Dam are considered with respect to a mantle to crustal continuum model. Cyclical tapping of magma reservoirs to maintain crystal mushes for extended time periods and incremental building of batholiths on the million-year scale prior to main mineralization pulses can explain the ~2-m.y. temporal window temporal window inferred from the data. Despite the challenge of reconciling such an extended window with contemporary models for porphyry deposits (≤1 m.y.), formation of Proterozoic ore deposits has been addressed at high-precision and supports the case that giant IOCG deposits may form over millions of years.
“Día de Muertos” en Oaxaca: mercantilización y folklorización del patrimonio cultural
Authors: Valtierra Zamudio Jorge , Bernal Lugo Ricardo 
Published: August 2020

En el presente artículo se analiza la idea de patrimonio cultural debido a su relevancia para la materialización de los derechos culturales por parte de los Estados. Con base en los aportes de la antropología y la sociología establecemos una distinción entre una forma de concebir el patrimonio cultural centrada en el folclor y las exigencias del mercado turístico, y otra de carácter más vivencial que subraya la dinamicidad de la cultura, su carácter simbólico y el papel de la memoria. Para ejemplificar esta distinción presentamos algunas ideas surgidas de un ejercicio etnográfico y de observación participante del día de muertos del día 01 al 03 de noviembre de 2018 y 2019, en dos localidades del estado de Oaxaca. Los planteamientos teóricos y los aportes etnográficos nos llevan a subrayar la importancia de tener una concepción más amplia del patrimonio cultural para evitar que los derechos culturales sean reducidos al folclor y a objetos mercantiles.
The Coevolution
Authors: Lee Edward Ashford 
Published: August 2020

Should digital technology be viewed as a new life form, sharing our ecosystem and coevolving with us?
Are humans defining technology, or is technology defining humans? In this book, Edward Ashford Lee considers the case that we are less in control of the trajectory of technology than we think. It shapes us as much as we shape it, and it may be more defensible to think of technology as the result of a Darwinian coevolution than the result of top-down intelligent design. Richard Dawkins famously said that a chicken is an egg's way of making another egg. Is a human a computer's way of making another computer? To understand this question requires a deep dive into how evolution works, how humans are different from computers, and how the way technology develops resembles the emergence of a new life form on our planet.
Lee presents the case for considering digital beings to be living, then offers counterarguments. What we humans do with our minds is more than computation, and what digital systems do—be teleported at the speed of light, backed up, and restored—may never be possible for humans. To believe that we are simply computations, he argues, is a “dataist” faith and scientifically indefensible. Digital beings depend on humans—and humans depend on digital beings. More likely than a planetary wipe-out of humanity is an ongoing, symbiotic coevolution of culture and technology.
Catching Ourselves in the Act
Authors: Hendriks-Jansen Horst 
Published: August 2020

Catching Ourselves in the Act uses situated robotics, ethology, and developmental psychology to erect a new framework for explaining human behavior. Rejecting the cognitive science orthodoxy that formal task-descriptions and their implementation are fundamental to an explanation of mind, Horst Hendriks-Jansen argues for an alternative model based on the notion of interactive emergence.
Situated activity and interactive emergence are concepts that derive from the new discipline of autonomous agent research. Hendriks-Jansen puts these notions on a firm philosophical basis and uses them to anchor a "genetic" or "historical" explanation of mental phenomena in species-typical activity patterns that have been selected by a cultural environment of artifacts, language, and intentional scaffolding by adults. Situated robotics, allied with techniques and principles from ethology, allows the testing of hypotheses framed in terms of natural kinds that can be grounded through the theory of natural selection. This approach negotiates the "nature versus nurture" dispute in a radically new way.
Catching Ourselves in the Act provides a thorough overview of autonomous agent research in America and Europe, focusing in particular on work by such eminent researchers as Rodney Brooks, Pattie Maes, Maja Mataric, and Rolf Pfeifer. It reassesses the basic principles of artificial life and explores the repercussions of autonomous agent research for human psychology and the philosophy of mind, as well as its affinities with the "contextual revolution" in sociology and anthropology.
Bradford Books imprint
DERMS DO 5: A Proposed Curriculum for Dermatologic Training in 5 Osteopathic Competencies
Authors: Giesey Rachel , Kamel Joseph , Delost Gregory , Lloyd Jenifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dermatology programs seeking osteopathic recognition under the new single graduate medical education (GME) accreditation system are required to demonstrate osteopathic competencies within their teaching curriculum. Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has put forth guidelines to obtain osteopathic recognition, ambiguity lingers regarding specialty-specific content that would fulfill these requirements. To date, there are no set curriculum guidelines addressing osteopathic principles within the field of dermatology. In this article, we review the existing literature surrounding key competencies and propose a dermatology-focused educational model, “DERMS (Direct, Empathy, Restore, Mobilize, Senses) DO 5,” to encourage the teaching of osteopathic competencies within GME training programs. Our proposed curriculum model addresses the 5 osteopathic care models and applications of osteopathic manipulative treatment within the realistic realm of dermatology.