bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placebo effect of caffeine on maximal strength and strength-endurance in healthy recreationally trained women habituated to caffeine
Authors: Filip Aleksandra , Krzysztofik Michal , Haltz Mateusz , Zajac Adam , Coso Juan Del , Wilk Michal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background

By using deceptive experimental designs, several investigations have observed that athletes may increase their performance when told they were given caffeine, when in fact they received a placebo (i.e., the placebo effect of caffeine). However, most of these investigations used participants not familiarized to caffeine intake, while habituation to caffeine may affect the placebo effect of caffeine. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the placebo effect of caffeine on maximal strength and strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise (BP) in healthy recreationally trained women who consume caffeine on a daily basis.
Methods

Thirteen resistance-trained women (BP 1RM = 40.0 ± 9.7 kg) habituated to caffeine (4.1 ± 1.7 mg/kg/day) completed a deceptive randomized experimental design with two experimental trials. On one occasion, participants were told that they would receive 6 mg/kg of caffeine but received a placebo (PLAC) and in other occasion they did not receive any substance and participants were told that this was a control situation (CONT). In each experimental trial, participants underwent a 1RM BP test and a strength-endurance test consisting of performing the maximal number of repetitions at 50% of their 1RM.
Results

In comparison to CONT, PLAC did not enhance 1RM (40.0 ± 10.5 vs 41.0 ± 9.5, respectively; p = 0.10), nor the number of repetitions (32.2 ± 5.1 vs 31.8 ± 4.5; p = 0.66) or mean power (130 ± 34 vs 121 ± 26; p = 0.08) in the strength-endurance test.
Conclusion

The expectancy induced by telling participants they were given caffeine did not modify any performance variable measured in this investigation. Thus, the use of the placebo effect of caffeine seemed an ineffective strategy to enhance muscle strength and strength-endurance during the BP exercise in women habituated to caffeine.
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Neonatal Mortality in Eastern Ethiopia: A Population Based Matched Case-Control Study
Authors: Ashenafi Wondimye , Mengistie Bezatu , Egata Gudina , Berhane Yemane 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Intimate partner physical, sexual and psychological abuses and controlling behaviors against pregnant women are common in low-income settings. In Ethiopia, different forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is highly prevalent and neonatal mortality has been one of the health indicators that did not show significant improvement in the country despite a significant reduction in under-five mortality. We aimed to examine whether exposure to different forms of IPV during pregnancy is associated with neonatal mortality.Methods: A population based matched case–control study was conducted from January to October 2018 in Eastern Ethiopia. A sample of 103 cases (biological mothers of deceased neonates) and 412 controls (biological mothers of survived neonates) were included in the study. The cases and controls were matched for date of birth, sex of the newborn and place of residences. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between IPV during pregnancy and neonatal mortality, controlling for selected potential confounders.Results: After controlling for potential confounding factors (pregnancy and obstetric as well socio-demographic characteristics) sexual violence during pregnancy [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =3.20: 95% CI: 1.09-9.33] and husband/partner controlling behavior (AOR=2.42: 95% CI: 1.06-5.51) were found to be significantly associated with neonatal mortality. Psychological and physical violence during pregnancy did not show significant associations with the neonatal mortality.Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is strongly associated with intimate partner sexual violence and controlling behaviors during pregnancy. Involving men in maternal health programs is imperative to address issues of violence in pregnancy and promote maternal well being and child health.
Microbiome profiling reveals distinct microbial compositions of nasal polyps in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cho Sung-Woo , Kim Dong-Young , Choi Sungmi , Kang Hye-Ryun , Yi Hana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized according to the presence or absence of nasal polyps (NPs) and displays nasal microbiota dysbiosis. However, optimal sampling methods of the nasal microbiome in CRS have not been identified. We therefore aimed to assess the microbial composition in patients with CRS, comparing different sampling methods (swab and tissue biopsy), tissue types (uncinate tissue and NP), and disease subtypes.Methods: Samples were obtained by swabbing the middle meatus and taking a biopsy of uncinate tissue (UT) in 8 patients with CRS with NP (CRSwNP), 6 patients with CRS without NP (CRSsNP), and 8 controls. NPs were also harvested in CRSwNP. Extracted DNA samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.Results: The microbiome diversity did not significantly differ between disease subtypes in nasal swabs or UT samples. However, a principal coordinates analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances revealed a greater interpersonal variance for nasal swabs than for UT. UT samples presented with a distinct pattern and composition in CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP or control. Compared to UT, NP revealed a unique microbiome profile with significantly less bacterial diversity. Prevotella was the most abundant genus in the UT regardless of the disease subtype and its prevalence was significantly reduced in NP. Prevotella abundance was negatively correlated with disease severity as measured by Lund-Mackay scoring.Conclusion: Tissue samples are better specimens than nasal swabs for assessing the microbiomes of CRS patients. Microbiomes of NP tissues revealed an association with clinical severity of CRSwNP.
Severe Pneumonia Associated With (H1N1) in a Pregnant Young Woman
Authors: ALDUIHI FATIMA ALHAMED 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
H1N1 is an acute infection that can affect any person any age as all viral infections, but it may be more aggressive in pregnant women. It may require admission to the ICU, and it carries many complications, pre-partum delivery, a severe state and even death if not treated immediately. H1N1 can correlate with a co-infection with bacterial pneumonia, and carries poor prognosis to morbidity and mortality. It needs a correlation of antibiotics and anti-swan treatment, and it needs a high intensity of clinician because, the diagnosis of H1N1 may be misleading in such cases. This case of a 14-year-old nonsmoker, a young pregnant woman, presented to the emergency department with gynecological hemorrhage 2 days prior. She was admitted to the obstetrics department and developed severe breathlessness, chest pain and nonproductive cough through hospitalization. After taking a throat swap, she was diagnosed with H1N1. She was treated with oseltamivir and antibiotics, and suspected coauthor bacterial pneumonia.
Protective Reactive Thymus Hyperplasia in the COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Cuvelier Pelagia , Roux Hélène , Couëdel-Courteille Anne , Naudin Cécile , De Muylder Bénédicte Charmeteau , Cheynier Rémi , Squara Pierre , Marullo Stefano 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background. COVID-19 (COVID) patients can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome associated or not with sepsis, coagulopathy and visceral injuries. While thoracic CT-scans are routinely performed in the initial evaluation of patients with severe pulmonary forms, thymus involvement and reactivation have not been investigated so far.Methods. In this observational study, we systematically scored the thymus enlargement and the lung involvement, using CT-scans, in all adult patients admitted in ICU for COVID or any other cause (control group) in one center between March and April 2020. Initial biological investigations included nasal detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid detection by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a subgroup of 24 patients with different degrees of pulmonary involvement and thymus hypertrophy, plasma cytokines concentrations were measured and mature T-cell export from the thymus was estimated simultaneously by PCR quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs).Results. Eighty-seven patients were studied: 50 COVID patients and 37 controls. Non-atrophic or enlarged thymus was more frequent in COVID patients than in controls (66% vs. 24%, p<0.0001). Thymus enlargement in COVID patients was associated with more extensive pulmonary involvement score on CT-scans 4 [3-5] vs. 2 [1.5-4], p=0.01, but lower mortality (8.6% versus 41.2%, p<0.001). Other factors associated with mortality were age, lymphopenia, high CRP and co-morbidities. COVID patients had higher concentrations of IL-7: 6.00 [3.72-9.25] vs. 2.17 [1.76-4.4] pg/mL; p=0.04, and higher thymic production of new lymphocytes: TRECS ratio = 2.88 [1.98-4.51] vs. 0.23 [0.15-0.60]; p=0.004. This thymic production was also correlated to the CT-scan thymic score (r = 0.38, p=0.03) and inversely correlated to the lymphocyte count (r=0.56, p=0.007).Conclusions. In COVID patients, thymus enlargement was frequent and associated with increased T-lymphocytes production that appears a beneficial adaptation to virus-induced lymphopenia. The loss of thymic reactivation might contribute to worse prognosis.Trial registration: NA
Development and characterization of thirteen novel microsatellite markers for use in Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), with cross-amplification in Pacific sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus)
Authors: Swintek Meaghan A , Walter Ryan P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective

The objectives of this research are to isolate, develop and characterize polymorphic microsatellite markers for use in Greenland sharks ( Somniosus microcephalus ). Despite utility in population analyses, microsatellite markers have not been previously developed for this species. Development of these markers, and successful amplification in closely related Pacific sleeper sharks ( S. pacificus ), will facilitate research in the genetic variation of contemporary and future populations of sleeper shark species.

Results

Thirteen microsatellite loci were successfully amplified and yielded multi-locus genotypes for 32 S. microcephalus individuals from Grise Fjord (n = 16) and Svalbard (n = 20). Each locus yielded between 2 to 9 alleles and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.11 to 0.70 when estimated across both sites. One locus and three loci deviated from HWE following Bonferroni correction, for individuals sampled from Grise Fjord and Svalbard, respectively. Cross-amplification was successful at every locus for five of the ten S. pacificus individuals.
Assessing the evidence on the differential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on initiation and progression to regular smoking: A systematic review
Authors: Kim Mimi , Curtin Geoffrey M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND: This evidence synthesis followed PRISMA guidelines to examine the Key Question: Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on initiation and progression to regular smoking compared to non-menthol cigarette use?METHODS: The protocol was registered on March 22, 2016 (updated January 10, 2019; PROSPERO: CRD42019119301). Six databases were queried from inception to December 14, 2018.RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies (19 rated as “good” and 19 rated as “fair” individual study quality) compared menthol and non-menthol cigarette smokers, and were qualitatively synthesized across four outcomes: (total adjusted studies; strength of evidence grade): age at smoking initiation (6; low); smoking initiation with menthol cigarettes (4; insufficient); switching between menthol and non-menthol cigarettes (2; insufficient); and progression to regular smoking/increased smoking over time (7; low [4 studies comparing daily versus non-daily smoking]). Generally, limited strength of evidence grades were due to issues of temporality, using current menthol status as a proxy for use at initiation. Results from two meta-analyses suggested that non-menthol smokers are more likely to report daily versus non-daily smoking; and, non-menthol smokers report younger ages at smoking initiation.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the lack of longitudinal evidence coupled with the limited strength of evidence provided by the available studies, there is no clear, differential association between menthol (versus non-menthol) cigarette use and progression to regular smoking.
The Influence Factor of Health Seeking Behavior of the Caregivers for under-Five Sick Children in Southern Xinjiang, China
Authors: Ren Lihua , Du Yefan , Yan Yongyang , Zhu Xiu , Wang Zhihao , Zou Kaiyue , Zhang Linruo , Zhang Tong , Li Fengjuan , Huang Jing , Lu Hong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Child mortality can be reduced by 20% with the caregivers’ appropriate health seeking behaviors. Therefore, in order to reduce child mortality in remote areas, we examined the Health Seeking Behavior (HSB) of caregivers of sick children under five years old in Moyu County, Southern Xinjiang, which is the remotest and poorest areas in China, and the factors influencing HSB of caregivers.Methods: We analyzed the factors influencing the health seeking behavior of 846 caregivers of sick children with a questionnaire survey in Chinese and Uighur by a cross-sectional study. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to predict the influencing factors on HSB of caregivers. Results: After the children’s illness was detected, 89.94% caregivers took their children to go to the doctor. 44.91% caregivers took their children to the doctor in the public medical institutions, while 40.07% caregivers chosen the private medical institutions. Compared with the private medical institutions, public medical institutions were likely to be chosen when caregivers consider the treatment cost or the children with cough, runny nose and stuffy nose, but considering children’s age (0.5times), reputation of doctor (0.6times), adequate drug resources (0.5times), the traditional habits on HSB (0.5times), and time to get to hospital (0.2times), the public medical institutions weren’t be chosen.Conclusions: The HSB of the caregivers for sick children in Southern Xinjiang isn’t optimistic. The doctors’ competencies, the quantity of medicines, the distance, the traditional habits influencing caregivers to choose hospitals, which is also the most significant thing to promote the health of rural children in Xinjiang and northwest China.
Host-Adaptation of Rare Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotype CHN4 in Coypu (Myocastor Coypus) in China
Authors: Yu Fuchang , Cao Yangwenna , Wang Haiyan , Liu Qiang , Zhao Aiyun , Qi Meng , Zhang Longxian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen and can infect both humans and animals. Coypus (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent, in which few E. bieneusi infections have been reported. Methods: A total of 308 fresh fecal samples were collected from seven coypu farms in China to determine the infection status and the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi from coypus using nested-PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.Results: E. bieneusi was detected with an infection rate of 41.2% (n = 127). Four genotypes were identified, including CHN4 (n = 111), EbpC (n = 8) and EbpA (n = 7) and a novel genotype named CNCP1 (n = 1). Conclusions: The rare genotype CHN4 was the most dominant genotype in this study, and the transmission dynamics of E. bieneusi in coypus were different from other rodents. This is the first report of E. bieneusi infections in coypus in China. Our study reveals that E. bieneusi in coypus may be potentially transmissible from coypus to humans.
Differential Effects of Larval and Adult Nutrition on Survival, Fecundity, and Size of the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes Aegypti
Authors: Yan Jiayue , Kibech Roumaissa , Stone Chris M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the principal vector of multiple infectious pathogens that can cause severe illness such as dengue fever, yellow fever and Zika. Their transmission potential for these arboviruses is largely shaped by their life history traits, such as their survival and fecundity. These life history traits depend on environmental conditions, such as larval and adult nutrition (e.g., nectar availability). Both these types of nutrition are known to affect the energetic reserves and life history traits of adults, but whether and how nutrition obtained during different stages have an interactive influence on mosquito life history traits remains largely unknown. Methods: Here, we experimentally manipulated both larval and adult diets to create four nutritional levels, that is, a high amount of larval food plus poor (weak concentration of sucrose) adult food: HL+PA, high larval plus good (normal sucrose concentration) adult food: HL+GA, low larval plus poor adult food: LL+PA and low larval plus good adult food: LL+GA. We then compared the size, survival and fecundity of mosquitoes reared from these nutritional regimes. Results: We found that larval and adult nutrition affected mosquito size and survival, respectively, without interactions, while both larval and adult nutrition synergistically influenced mosquito fecundity. There was a positive relationship between mosquito size and fecundity. In addition, this positive relationship was not affected by nutrition. Conclusions: These findings highlight how larval and adult nutrition differentially influence mosquito life history traits, suggesting that studies evaluating nutritional effects on vectorial capacity traits should account for environmental variation across life stages.
Religion Influences Community Adherence to COVID-19 Guidelines in Uganda
Authors: Echoru Isaac , Kasozi keneth Iceland , Usman Ibe Michael , Ssempijja Fred , Ayikobua Emmanuel Tiyo , Mujinya Regan , Ajambo Patricia Decanar , Matama Kevin , Lemuel Ann Monima , Tabakwot John Ayuba , Aruwa Joshua Ojodale , Kegoye Eric Simidi , Segun Okeniran Olatayo , Adeoye Azeez , Archibong Victor Bassey , Nankya Viola , Henry Suzann Edoho , Onongha Comfort , Welburn Susan Christina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
BackgroundSuccess of public health government programs depends on effective partnerships between religious institutions, policy makers and medical professionals. Directives from the World Health Organization (WHO) against social gatherings to control COVID-19 transmission have negatively impacted religious-political partnerships. Compliance of rural communities to national lockdowns requires support from community faith leaders. Across the African sub-continent faith plays an important role within communities that display diverse religious practice. Specific guidelines to prevent community transmission and spread of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) are however, scarce, complicating adherence to best practice as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). During the Ebola epidemic in Africa, faith groups played a crucial role in spreading information from the WHO to control community disease transmissions. MethodsHere we examined knowledge, attitudes and practices for COVID-19 among market vendors, of faith, in South-Western Uganda. A cross sectional study was undertaken among rural market vendors (n=248) in southwestern Uganda was undertaken using an online questionnaire.ResultsMost moslems (72%) and protestants (70%) were aware that COVID-19 could present symptomatically and the challenges for control of COVID-19 in Uganda. Definitive knowledge of COVID-19 transmission dynamics was most prevalent among individuals of Protestant faith (70%). Most moslems (66%) interviewed found it difficult to comply with public health measures (lockdowns and self-isolation) while most pentecostals (64%) considered wearing as face mask to be impractical. Such discrepancies within a tight knit community and religious groupings in relation to practice shows a need to strengthen and revise policy for the national implementation of COVID-19 guidelines. ConclusionEngagement from religious leaders to encourage their followers to abide to COVID-19 guidelines would facilitate Africa’s COVID-19 response to become more effective addressing key areas of non-compliance that undermine control e.g. a majority of Pentecostal Christians are hesitant to be associated with alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
Is&nbsp;Monitoring for Phosphate&nbsp;a Necessary Measure in Critical Ill Patients ?
Authors: Chen Yang , Luo Mengdi , Huang He , Zhao Weiwei , Xu Huange , He Qing 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: In recent years, some studies have shown that hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia are associated with high mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Based on this, we speculated that the abnormalities of serum phosphate when patients enter the ICU had an adverse effect on the mortality of ICU patients and conducted our study.Methods: For our retrospective cohort study, we collected the data from a publicly accessible critical care database. We selected adult patients admitted to ICU with some inclusion criteria. And we extracted a large number of clinical variables. Using multivariate Cox regression and other statistical methods, we assessed the association between serum phosphate and primary endpoints.Results: Of 27131 eligible patients, the patients with hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia had poorer clinical outcomes. After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no significant association between abnormalities phosphate and 28 or 90-day ICU mortality. Nevertheless, at the medical intensive care unit, hyperphosphatemia was associated with a 37% higher risk of 28-day mortality or a 25% higher risk of 90-day mortality.Conclusion: After adjustment for potential confounders, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia at ICU admission were not the independent risk factors of 28 or 90-day mortality for general ICU patients. However, hyperphosphatemia at admission increased the risk of 28 or 90-day mortality among patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit.
Laminated Si3N4-Mo Composites Produced by Hot Pressing
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhao Ziqiang , Wang Zhaoxun , Hao Wenhui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the physical, mechanical and friction behavior of Si3N4-Mo laminated composites were investigated. It can be found that the multilayer structure could improve the fracture toughness of laminated composite compared with pure Si3N4. Through the thermodynamic and kinetic calculations of chemical reactions, we conclude that the main product of the interface is Mo5Si3 which caused poor physical and mechanical properties of Si3N4-Mo layered ceramics. The higher content of Mo was beneficial to hinder the diffusion of cracks and improved the fracture toughness of the material, but with the lower content of Mo, Si3N4-Mo laminated ceramic composite had better tribology properity . In addition, with the increase of the load, the tribology properity of Si3N4-Mo laminated ceramic composite decreased, and the friction mechanism of Si3N4-Mo/TC4 is a mixed wear of adhesive wear and abrasive wear.