bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Self-Regulated Learning Intervention Program in Forethought Phase of a School Underachiever
Authors: Matitaputty Eunike Karina Nadine , Kurniawati Farida 
Published: December 2020

When someone fails to achieve their potential, it is called underachievement. This phenomenon is predominantly observed for adolescent, particularly during the transition to middle school. This finding is observed because they are obligated to adapt to many internal and external changes. Several studies have confirmed that underachievement is caused by poor self-regulated learning skills. In this study, researchers adapted the Self-Regulation Empowerment Program (SREP) to help middle school student improve their self-regulation skills in learning. This program focuses on increasing the knowledge (cognitive domain) on self-regulated learning at the forethought phase by the means of SREP. This research adopts a single-case experimental design, particularly the A-B design. The analysis is performed by observing how well the participant performs in terms of success indicators, comparison between pretest and posttest scores, and qualitative analysis. Hence, the participant could achieve all success indicators in each session. This intervention program is effective in increasing knowledge on self-regulated learning at the forethought phase in empowerment and goal setting aspects. However, it is not effective in improving the time-management aspect. The procedures in this intervention can be adapted by parent and teachers to help the participant in improving their self-regulated learning ability.
Density functional study of metal lithium atom adsorption on antimonene
Authors: Luan Xiao-Wei , Sun Jian-Ping , Wang Fan-Song , Wei Hui-Lan , Hu Yi-Fan ,   School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
Published: December 2020

<sec>	Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have been being increasingly attracted by the emerging of a bunch of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as BN, MoS<sub>2</sub> and black phosphorene. These materials possess outstanding physical and chemical properties, which could find great potential applications in nanoelectronics, energy conversion or storage, photocatalysts, etc. Recently, a theoretically predicted pucker layered material consisting of Sb atoms, antimonene, has been prepared, and is attracting the attention in the field of lithium ion batteries. </sec><sec>In this paper, based on first-principle density functional theory, the adsorption characteristics of Li atoms on antimony are studied, including the most stable adsorption configuration, the adsorption density and the diffusion path of Li atom on antimonene. The results show that the most stable adsorption configuration of Li atom is in the valley site, i.e. the center of the three Sb atoms in the top layer and one Sb in the bottom layer. The adsorption energy is 1.69 eV and the adsorption distance is 2.81 Å. The band structure shows that antimony is an indirect band gap semiconductor with a band gap of 1.08 eV. After the absorption of Li atom, the Fermi level enters into the conduction band, which shows an electronic property similar to metal. The analysis of density of states shows that the p-electronic state of Sb atom and the p and s electronic state of Li atom possess distinct resonance peaks, showing hybrid bonding characteristics. With the increase of the number of Li atoms adsorbed, the lattice structure and electronic structure of antimonene change greatly. The nudged elastic band calculation shows that the diffusion barrier of Li atom on antimony surface is 0.07 eV, and a smaller barrier height is beneficial to the rapid charge-discharge process. To sum up, antimony has a good potential as an anode material for lithium ion batteries.</sec>
Comparison of neutron induced single event upsets in 14 nm FinFET and 65 nm planar static random access memory devices
Authors: Zhang Zhan-Gang , Lei Zhi-Feng , Tong Teng , Li Xiao-Hui , Wang Song-Lin , Liang Tian-Jiao , Xi Kai , Peng Chao , He Yu-Juan , Huang Yun , En Yun-Fei ,   Science and Technology on Reliability Physics and Application of Electronic Component Laboratory, China Electronic Product Reliability and Environmental Testing Research Institute, Guangzhou 510610, China,   Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China,   Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Published: December 2020

<sec>	Based on the wide-spectrum neutron beam (covering thermal neutrons and <i>E</i> > 10 MeV neutrons, with maximum energy of 1.6 GeV) provided by the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), this paper focuses on the single event effect study of 14 nm FinFET large-capacity SRAM and 65 nm planar process SRAM device, using combined techniques of irradiation experiment, reverse analysis, and Monte-Carlo neutron transport simulation. The aim is to reveal the effect of integrated circuit process changing on the sensitivity of neutron induced single-bit and multiple-bit upsets (MBU), and to analyze the inner mechanisms, including the distribution of secondary particles in the sensitive volume, the characteristics of deposited charges, etc.	</sec><sec>	The results show that compared with the 65 nm device, single event upset (SEU) cross section of the 14 nm FinFET device, induced by <i>E</i> > 10 MeV neutrons, is reduced by about 40 times, while the MBU ratio increases from 2.2% to 7.6%, which is due to the reduction of sensitive volume size of the 14 nm FinFET device (80 nm × 30 nm × 45 nm), pitch, and critical charge (0.05 fC). The main forms of MBU are double-bit upset, triple-bit upset and quadruple-bit upset. Unlike the phenomenon that the 65 nm device is immune to thermal neutrons, the use of the <sup>10</sup>B element near M0 in the 14 nm FinFET device causes it to present the thermal neutron sensitivity to a certain extent. The SEU cross section induced by thermal neutrons is about 4.8 times smaller than that induced by <i>E</i> > 10 MeV neutrons.	</sec><sec>	Based on the device cross-section and memory area images obtained from the reverse analysis, a device model is established and neutron transport simulation based on Geant4 toolkit is carried out. The <i>E</i> > 10 MeV neutrons result in abundant secondary particle distribution in the sensitive volume of the device, covering n, p into even W. The neutron energy and presence or absence of the W plug near the sensitive volume have an importantinfluence on the type and probability of secondary particles in the sensitive volume. The analysis and calculations show that a large number of high-<i>Z</i> secondary particles with long range and large LET values generated by high-energy neutrons in the sensitive volume of the device are the inducement of MBU, and SEUs mainly result from the contribution of light ions such as p, He, and Si.	</sec>
How Pac-Man Eats
Authors: Wardrip-Fruin Noah 
Published: December 2020

How the tools and concepts for making games are connected to what games can and do mean; with examples ranging from Papers, Please to Dys4ia.
In How Pac-Man Eats, Noah Wardrip-Fruin considers two questions: What are the fundamental ways that games work? And how can games be about something? Wardrip-Fruin argues that the two issues are related. Bridging formalist and culturally engaged approaches, he shows how the tools and concepts for making games are connected to what games can and do mean.
Wardrip-Fruin proposes that games work at a fundamental level on which their mechanics depend: operational logics. Games are about things because they use play to address topics; they do this through playable models (of which operational logics are the primary building blocks): larger structures used to represent what happens in a game world that relate meaningfully to a theme. Game creators can expand the expressiveness of games, Wardrip-Fruin explains, by expanding an operational logic. Pac-Man can eat, for example, because a game designer expanded the meaning of collision from hitting things to consuming them. Wardrip-Fruin describes strategies game creators use to expand what can be said through games, with examples drawn from indie games, art games, and research games that address themes ranging from border policy to gender transition. These include Papers, Please, which illustrates expansive uses of pattern matching; Prom Week, for which the game's developers created a model of social volition to enable richer relationships between characters; and Dys4ia, which demonstrates a design approach that supports game metaphors of high complexity.
Reckonings
Authors: Chrisomalis Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Insights from the history of numerical notation suggest that how humans write numbers is an active choice involving cognitive and social factors.
Over the past 5,000 years, more than 100 methods of numerical notation—distinct ways of writing numbers—have been developed and used by specific communities. Most of these are barely known today; where they are known, they are often derided as cognitively cumbersome and outdated. In Reckonings, Stephen Chrisomalis considers how humans past and present have used numerals, reinterpreting historical and archaeological representations of numerical notation and exploring the implications of why we write numbers with figures rather than words.
Chrisomalis shows that numeration is a social practice. He argues that written numerals are conceptual tools that are transformed to fit the perceived needs of their users, and that the sorts of cognitive processes that affect decision-making around numerical activity are complex and involve social factors. Drawing on the triple meaning of reckon—to think, to calculate, and to judge—as a framing device, Chrisomalis argues that the history of numeral systems is best considered as a cognitive history of language, writing, mathematics, and technology.
Chrisomalis offers seven interlinked essays that are both macro-historical and cross-cultural, with a particular focus, throughout, on Roman numerals. Countering the common narrative that Roman numerals are archaic and clumsy, Chrisomalis presents examples of Roman numeral use in classical, medieval, and early modern contexts. Readers will think more deeply about written numbers as a cognitive technology that each of us uses every single day, and will question the assumption that whatever happened historically was destined to have happened, leading inevitably to the present.
Changes in sprint performance and sagittal plane kinematics after heavy resisted sprint training in professional soccer players
Authors: Lahti Johan , Huuhka Toni , Romero Valentin , Bezodis Ian , Morin Jean-Benoit , Häkkinen Keijo 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSprint performance is an essential skill to target within soccer, which can be likely achieved with a variety of methods, including different on-field training options. One such method could be heavy resisted sprint training. However, the effects of such overload on sprint performance and the related kinetic changes are unknown in a professional setting. Another unknown factor is whether violating kinematic specificity via heavy resistance will lead to changes in unloaded sprinting kinematics. We investigated whether heavy resisted sled training (HS) affects sprint performance, kinetics, sagittal plane kinematics, and spatiotemporal parameters in professional male soccer players.MethodsAfter familiarization, a nine-week training protocol and a two-week taper was completed with sprint performance and force-velocity (FV) profiles compared before and after. Out of the two recruited homogenous soccer teams (N = 32, age: 24.1 ± 5.1 years: height: 180 ± 10 cm; body-mass: 76.7 ± 7.7 kg, 30-m split-time: 4.63 ± 0.13 s), one was used as a control group continuing training as normal with no systematic acceleration training (CON,N = 13), while the intervention team was matched into two HS subgroups based on their sprint performance. Subgroup one trained with a resistance that induced a 60% velocity decrement from maximal velocity (N = 10, HS60%) and subgroup two used a 50% velocity decrement resistance (N = 9, HS50%) based on individual load-velocity profiles.ResultsBoth heavy resistance subgroups improved significantly all 10–30-m split times (p < 0.05,d = − 1.25; −0.62). Post-hoc analysis showed that HS50% improved significantly more compared to CON in 0–10-m split-time (d = 1.03) and peak power (d = 1.16). Initial maximal theoretical horizontal force capacity (F0) and sprint FV-sprint profile properties showed a significant moderate relationship with F0 adaptation potential (p < 0.05). No significant differences in sprinting kinematics or spatiotemporal variables were observed that remained under the between-session minimal detectable change.ConclusionWith appropriate coaching, heavy resisted sprint training could be one pragmatic option to assist improvements in sprint performance without adverse changes in sprinting kinematics in professional soccer players. Assessing each player’s initial individual sprint FV-profile may assist in predicting adaptation potential. More studies are needed that compare heavy resisted sprinting in randomized conditions.
Efficacy of Oral Artemisinin and Praziquantel Chemotherapy on Schistosoma mansoni Infected Mice by Means of Parasitological Parameters
Authors: Sulaiman Nassar, Adebayo , Solomon Bakarey, Adeleye , Aderemi Abdulazeez, Abubakar 
Published: December 2020

Aim: Praziquantel-based chemotherapy is generally effective in the control of morbidity, decline in the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infections. Nevertheless, the potential emergence of praziquantel resistance in S. mansoni posses danger in the elimination of this neglected tropical disease in Africa. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of Praziquantel and Artemisinin using mice infected with S. Mansoni cercariae.
Methods: Infected mice with S. mansoni were treated with different doses of Artemisinin and Praziquantel from day 42 post infection to assess its efficacy on adult worms and eggs. A 2-day Protocol: artemisinin 400 mg/kg with Praziquantel of 500 mg/kg daily, 4-day protocol: artemisinin 200 mg/kg with praziquantel of 250 mg/kg daily, 6-day protocol: artemisinin 100 mg/kg with praziquantel of 125 mg/kg daily were used. A value of p <0.05 was considered as the level of significance using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.
Results: Of the 150 snails collected, 60(40%) were confirmed to be Biomphalaria, while 50(33.3%) and 40(26.3%) were Bulinus and Intercalatum respectively. Highest reduction of 66.3% was found in group II, compared with 58.8% and 56.5% significant reductions in groups I and III, respectively. Also, there were 77.8% and 74.2% significant reductions in eggs per gram of the small intestinal tissue noted in groups I and II respectively as against 63.1% reduction in group III. A significant decline in the percentage of total immature stages of 6.14% in group I was observed when compared to 66.14% in the control. Furthermore, a statistically significant boost of 57.57% was found in the protocol of Artemisinin 100 mg/kg with Praziquantel 125 mg/kg daily (6-day protocol) causing decreases of 43.9% and 42.4% in the total and female worm loads, respectively. The combination decreased intestinal tissue egg loads ranging from 63.1% to 77.8% and liver egg loads ranging from 56.5% to 66.3% rates.
Conclusion: Combined effect of the drugs has confirmed some level of efficacy on experimental S. Mansoni with significant reduction in tissue egg burden.
A New Flame AAS Application for Magnesium Determination in Solid Pharmaceutical Preparations as an Active Ingredient and an Excipient
Authors: Sbahi Abdullah , Abdelwahed Wassim , Sakur Amir Alhaj 
Published: December 2020

Objective: A new application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) has been carried out to determine magnesium in its solid preparations (effervescent and uncoated compressed tablets) as an active ingredient and/or excipient.
Methodology: The linear range of magnesium was determined. A sample of magnesium effervescent tablets was analyzed. Magnesium stearate concentration was also indirectly determined in commercial paracetamol tablets using two digestion methods. Finally, a sample of drug-free tablets (only contain excipients) was analyzed to study the effect of talc on total magnesium content of the sample.
Results: Linear range was observed in concentrations between 0.08-0.40 ug/mL of magnesium. Effervescent tablets samples were recovered in the range between 98.66-103.00% which indicates that the product meets specifications. For paracetamol tablets, the content of magnesium stearate was in average of 0.2% and there is no differences between the two digestion methods (t=0.454). Our work on the drug-free sample proved a significant increase of magnesium concentrations in the presence of talc.
Conclusion: The AAS method is a simple and rapid technique that can be employed for the simultaneous estimation of magnesium in in-process and final products analyses.
Lithium‐Substituted Tunnel/Spinel Heterostructured Cathode Material for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Xinghui , Kim Hun , Jung Hun‐Gi , Sun Yang‐Kook 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSodium manganese oxides as promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted interest owing to their abundant resources and potential low cost. However, their practical application is hindered due to the manganese disproportionation associated with Mn3+, resulting in rapid capacity decline and poor rate capability. Herein, a Li‐substituted, tunnel/spinel heterostructured cathode is successfully synthesized for addressing these limitations. The Li dopant acts as a pillar inhibiting unfavorable multiphase transformation, improving the structural reversibility, and sodium storage performance of the cathode. Meanwhile, the tunnel/spinel heterostructure provides 3D Na+ diffusion channels to effectively enhance the redox reaction kinetics. The optimized [Na0.396Li0.044][Mn0.97Li0.03]O2 composite delivers an excellent rate performance with a reversible capacity of 97.0 mA h g–1 at 15 C, corresponding to 82.5% of the capacity at 0.1 C, and a promising cycling stability over 1200 cycles with remarkable capacity retention of 81.0% at 10 C. Moreover, by combining with hard carbon anodes, the full cell demonstrates a high specific capacity and favorable cyclability. After 200 cycles, the cell provides 105.0 mA h g–1 at 1 C, demonstrating the potential of the cathode for practical applications. This strategy might apply to other sodium‐deficient cathode materials and inform their strategic design.
Non‐Flammable Liquid and Quasi‐Solid Electrolytes toward Highly‐Safe Alkali Metal‐Based Batteries
Authors: Jaumaux Pauline , Wu Junru , Shanmukaraj Devaraj , Wang Yizhou , Zhou Dong , Sun Bing , Kang Feiyu , Li Baohua , Armand Michel , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRechargeable alkali metal (i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium)‐based batteries are considered as vital energy storage technologies in modern society. However, the traditional liquid electrolytes applied in alkali metal‐based batteries mainly consist of thermally unstable salts and highly flammable organic solvents, which trigger numerous accidents related to fire, explosion, and leakage of toxic chemicals. Therefore, exploring non‐flammable electrolytes is of paramount importance for achieving safe batteries. Although replacing traditional liquid electrolytes with all‐solid‐state electrolytes is the ultimate way to solve the above safety issues, developing non‐flammable liquid electrolytes can more directly fulfill the current needs considering the low ionic conductivities and inferior interfacial properties of existing all‐solid‐state electrolytes. Moreover, the electrolyte leakage concern can be further resolved by gelling non‐flammable liquid electrolytes to obtain quasi‐solid electrolytes. Herein, a comprehensive review of the latest progress in emerging non‐flammable liquid electrolytes, including non‐flammable organic liquid electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, and deep eutectic solvent‐based electrolytes is provided, and systematically introduce their flame‐retardant mechanisms and electrochemical behaviors in alkali metal‐based batteries. Then, the gelation techniques for preparing quasi‐solid electrolytes are also summarized. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives are presented. It is anticipated that this review will promote a safety improvement of alkali metal‐based batteries.
Gate‐Tunable Polar Optical Phonon to Piezoelectric Scattering in Few‐Layer Bi2O2Se for High‐Performance Thermoelectrics
Authors: Yang Fang , Wu Jing , Suwardi Ady , Zhao Yunshan , Liang Boyuan , Jiang Jie , Xu Jianwei , Chi Dongzhi , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , Lu Junpeng , Ni Zhenhua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAtomically thin Bi2O2Se has emerged as a new member in 2D materials with ultrahigh carrier mobility and excellent air‐stability, showing great potential for electronics and optoelectronics. In addition, its ferroelectric nature renders an ultralow thermal conductivity, making it a perfect candidate for thermoelectrics. In this work, the thermoelectric performance of 2D Bi2O2Se is investigated over a wide temperature range (20–300 K). A gate‐tunable transition from polar optical phonon (POP) scattering to piezoelectric scattering is observed, which facilitates the capacity of drastic mobility engineering in 2D Bi2O2Se. Consequently, a high power factor of more than 400 µW m−1 K−2 over an unprecedented temperature range (80–200 K) is achieved, corresponding to the persistently high mobility arising from the highly gate‐tunable scattering mechanism. This finding provides a new avenue for maximizing thermoelectric performance by changing the scattering mechanism and carrier mobility over a wide temperature range.
High Efficiency Inverted GaAs and GaInP/GaAs Solar Cells With Strain‐Balanced GaInAs/GaAsP Quantum Wells
Authors: Steiner Myles A. , France Ryan M. , Buencuerpo Jeronimo , Geisz John F. , Nielsen Michael P. , Pusch Andreas , Olavarria Waldo J. , Young Michelle , Ekins‐Daukes Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHigh‐efficiency solar cells are essential for high‐density terrestrial applications, as well as space and potentially vehicle applications. The optimum bandgap for the terrestrial spectrum lies beyond the absorption range of a traditional dual junction GaInP/GaAs cell, with the bottom GaAs cell having higher bandgap energy than necessary. Lower energy bandgaps can be achieved with multiple quantum wells (QWs), but such a pathway requires advanced management of the epitaxial growth conditions in order to be useful. Strain‐balanced GaAsP/GaInAs QWs are incorporated into a single junction GaAs solar cell and a dual junction GaInP/GaAs solar cell, leading to 27.2% efficiency in the single junction device and a one‐sun record 32.9% efficiency in the tandem device. Good carrier collection and low non‐radiative recombination are observed in the cells with up to 80 QWs. The GaAs cells employ a rear‐heterojunction architecture to boost the open‐circuit voltage to over 1.04 V in the quantum well device, despite the large number of QWs.