bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of Britain's interwar super‐rich: reconstructing the 1928/9 ‘millionaire’ population†
Authors: Scott Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article examines the composition of Britain's `millionaire’ population during the late 1920s and early 1930s, based on data for living millionaires (in contrast to previous studies, which have focused on wealth at death). Using tabulated data compiled by the Inland Revenue for all persons on incomes over £50,000 per annum, it explores the factor incomes of Britain's millionaire population and their main sources of income, by sector. It then analyses a unique individual‐level data set of British millionaires, compiled by the Inland Revenue for the 1928/9 tax year, to show their sectoral and geographical composition. Most millionaires are shown to be `businesspeople’ rather than rentiers, while landed millionaires represented only a small proportion of the total. Businesspeople millionaires are shown to be disproportionately active in a relatively narrow range of sectors, the common characteristic of which was the potential to generate abnormal profits, mainly through cartelization or amalgamation. Thus, rather than revealing the sectors most important to national wealth, or competitive advantage, the clustering of millionaires primarily reflects rising barriers to competition in interwar Britain and the abnormal profits they generated.
Safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post hoc analysis of data from the SACRA study
Authors: Okada Kenta , Hoshide Satoshi , Kato Mitsutoshi , Kanegae Hiroshi , Ishibashi Shun , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElderly diabetic patients are likely to have uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension, which confers higher risks of cardiovascular events and heart failure. To investigate the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a sub‐analysis was performed of data from the SGLT2 inhibitor and Angiotensin receptor blocker Combination theRapy in pAtients with diabetes and uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension (SACRA) study, a multi‐center, double‐blind, randomized, parallel study of T2DM patients who were treated with empagliflozin for 12 weeks. In the present analysis, we compared efficacy and safety outcomes in participants aged <75 and ≥75 years. At baseline, 44 participants were ≥75 years and 87 were <75 years. Nighttime ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased by 4.2 mm Hg in the ≥75‐year‐old group and by 7.9 mm Hg in the <75‐year‐old group (p = .884 for the between‐age group difference in the change between baseline and week 12) [primary endpoint]. Empagliflozin, but not placebo, significantly reduced mean 24‐h SBP (−8.7 mm Hg in ≥75‐year‐olds vs. −11.0 mm Hg in <75‐year‐olds) and daytime SBP (−10.8 mm Hg in ≥ 75‐year‐olds vs. −12.3 mm Hg in <75‐year‐olds) between baseline and week 12, with no significant differences between the groups. In addition, there were significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and uric acid during 12 weeks of empagliflozin treatment in the two age groups. The incidences of hypoglycemic episodes, hypotension, and metabolic adverse events were similar in the two groups. Thus, empagliflozin was effective and well tolerated in elderly diabetic patients with uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension when administered for 12 weeks.
Genome‐wide data mining to construct a competing endogenous RNA network and reveal the pivotal therapeutic targets of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zhang Jing , Chen Ruiying , Shi Fan , Yang Pan , Sun Kun , Yang Xiaojing , Jin Yulan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders, for which there has been no effective treatments. To clarify the pathogenesis of PD, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network based on the genome‐wide RNA sequencing data. It was found that 92 RNAs were differentially expressed, including 50 mRNAs, 25 miRNAs and 17 lncRNAs, based on which a ceRNA network was constructed and evaluated from 4 aspects of number of nodes, topological coefficients, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality. The functional annotation and enrichment analysis suggested that 6 functional modules, particularly the peripheral nervous system development and toxin metabolic process, dominated the development of PD. To validate the assumption, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted basing on the genome‐wide RNAs regardless whether they were differentially expressed or not. Consistently, the results revealed that dysregulation of MAG, HOXB3, MYRF and PLP1 led to metabolic disorders of sphingolipid and glutathione, which contributed to the pathogenesis of PD. Also, in‐depth mining of previous literature confirmed a pivotal role of these dysregulated RNAs, which had been indicated to be potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of PD. Overall, we constructed a ceRNA network based on the dysregulated mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs in PD, and the aberrant expression of MAG, HOXB3, MYRF and PLP1 caused metabolism disorder of sphingolipid and glutathione, and these genes are of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
T and B cell Epitope analysis of SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein based on immunoinformatics and experimental research
Authors: Chen Ziwei , Ruan Pinglang , Wang Lili , Nie Xinmin , Ma Xuejun , Tan Yurong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is pandemic with a severe morbidity and mortality rate across the world. Despite the race for effective vaccine and drug against further expansion and fatality rate of this novel coronavirus, there is still lack of effective antiviral therapy. To this effect, we deemed it necessary to identify potential B and T cell epitopes from the envelope S protein. This can be used as potential targets to develop anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine preparations. In this study, we used immunoinformatics to identify conservative B and T cell epitopes for S proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2, which might play roles in the initiation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We identified the B cell and T cell peptide epitopes of S protein and their antigenicity, as well as the interaction between the peptide epitopes and human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Among the B cell epitopes, ‘EILDITPCSFGGVS’ has the highest score of antigenicity and great immunogenicity. In T cell epitopes, MHC‐I peptide ‘KIADYNYKL’ and MHC‐II peptide ‘LEILDITPC’ were identified as high antigens. Besides, docking analysis showed that the predicted peptide ‘KIADYNYKL’ was closely bound to the HLA‐A*0201. The results of molecular dynamics simulation through GROMACS software showed that ‘HLA‐A*0201~peptide’ complex was very stable. And the peptide we selected could induce the T cell response similar to that of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Moreover, the predicted peptides were highly conserved in different isolates from different countries. The antigenic epitopes presumed in this study were effective new vaccine targets to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Oral Health Knowledge, Practices, and Awareness of Oral Health Guidelines and Dental Coverage Policies among Midwives
Authors: Naavaal Shillpa , Claiborne Denise M. 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionGood oral health during the prenatal period translates into better oral and overall health for women and their infants. Although the importance of oral health during pregnancy is well established, oral health assessments are not routinely included in prenatal care visits. The purpose of this study was to explore prenatal care providers’ practices regarding oral health assessments and identify reasons for the gap in oral health integration in prenatal care. Data were gathered from midwives in Virginia, United States. Information on midwives’ knowledge about oral health, education, practices, and awareness of oral health guidelines and the pregnancy‐related Medicaid dental benefit policy in Virginia was collected.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to midwives practicing in Virginia through their state‐level professional organization. The data were collected online, and descriptive data analyses were conducted.ResultsA total of 30 midwives (mean age 51.9 years) participated in the survey for an overall response rate of 13.6%. Among survey participants, knowledge of oral health was high (score of 4.69 out of 5). Nearly 20% of participants reported receiving no education about oral health during professional training, and 72.4% reported no receipt of continuing education about oral health in the past year. Although 86% of the participants reported discussing oral health in clinical practice, only 10.3% reported conducting oral health assessments. Awareness of Virginia's Medicaid dental benefit policy was high (75.9%), but less than half of the participants were aware of oral health guidelines (44.1%). Although many midwives did not conduct oral health assessments, 79.3% reported that they provided oral health referrals to pregnant patients.DiscussionEnhancing and integrating education about oral health in the academic curriculum for midwives and providing them with opportunities for continuing education about oral health can improve their engagement with oral health. Sharing of evidence‐based guidelines through organizational newsletters, meetings, and other venues can be ways to increase awareness of new guidelines and health coverage benefits among midwives.
‘It was difficult, but our struggle to touch lives gave us strength’: The experience of nurses working on COVID‐19 wards
Authors: Deliktas Demirci Ayse , Oruc Mine , Kabukcuoglu Kamile 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundNurses are considered important healthcare professionals during the management of the pandemic process due to the considerable amount of time they spend in the face‐to‐face nursing of infected patients. To optimise the service of healthcare workers, it is recommended that the mental health needs of the health workforce are addressed.Aims and ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the experiences and coping strategies of Turkish nurses working in pandemic units.MethodsA grounded theory design was applied. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 15 nurses. The data were analysed according to the constant comparative method.ResultsThe study generated a core category (‘It was difficult working in the unknown, but our struggle to touch lives gave us strength’), showing that all nurses felt heroic via the satisfaction of touching patients’ lives and uncertain. Four main categories emerged: being caught in the pandemic, empowerment for coping with the struggle, challenges during the coping process and effects of the pandemic on life.ConclusionsNurses felt that their profession was sacred and valued by society, and comprehensive support had facilitated the process. Nurses had difficulty in managing their fear of infecting others and adapting to many new elements, the learning process and a lack of understanding of their role as team members. The nurses attending to the pandemic have experienced the effects of COVID‐19 on their lives, such as psychological growth, psychological symptoms and being labelled as high risk.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses would be further empowered by government and society's support and acceptance of professionalism in nursing. The findings suggest that the resources for the psychological support of nurses in the pandemic should be increased. Regular and intensive training for nursing is necessary to promote adaptation and efficacy in crisis management.
Comparison of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction screenings at first trimester in a high‐risk population
Authors: Romero Infante Ximena Carolina , Uriel Montserrat , Porras Ramírez Alexandra , Rincón Franco Sara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo compare the sensitivity and specificity of screening for preeclampsia and FGR including maternal characteristics, mean arterial blood pressure and uterine artery pulsatility index and the combined screening, which adds biochemical markers, such as placental growth factor (PlGF) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), in a sample of high risk population for hypertensive disorders.MethodsThis is a prospective study with 527 singleton pregnancies at 11–14 weeks of gestation. Maternal characteristics, biochemical and biophysical markers were studied to determine the development of preeclampsia and FGR by using receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsFor preeclampsia, screening, including sociodemographic data plus biophysical markers, had a sensitivity and specificity of 70.3% (CI% 64.3–75.2) and 93.8% (CI% 90.9–96.8), respectively. Combined screening, which includes sociodemographic data, biophysical (mean blood pressure and uterine artery pulsatility index) and biochemical markers (PlGF and PAPP‐A), increased sensitivity and specificity up to 85.5% (CI% 80.2–90.3) and 96.3% (CI% 91.4–98.9), respectively. For FGR, sociodemographic data plus biophysical markers had a sensitivity and specificity of 57.8% (CI% 50.1–63.4) and 80.1% (CI% 74.3–85.9), respectively. Combined screening increased sensitivity and specificity up to 67.2% (CI% 52.1–71.3) and 82.7% (CI% 75.2–90.1), respectively.ConclusionCombined screening for preeclampsia and FGR at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation, which includes maternal characteristics, mean blood pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, PAPP‐A and PlGF, has higher sensitivity and specificity than other screening options. Therefore, considering all these variables during screening is recommended for a superior opportunity of identifying pregnant women in risk for preeclampsia and FGR, especially in a high‐risk population.
GOHAI and OHIP‐EDENT Evaluation in Removable Dental Prostheses Users: Factorial Analysis and Influence of Clinical and Prosthetic Variables
Authors: De Carvalho Bruna Marjorie Dias Frota , Parente Rayssa Cavalcante , Franco Jéferson Martins Pereira Lucena , Silva Paulo Goberlânio de Barros 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess the degree of satisfaction and quality of life of patients with removable prostheses using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and Oral Health Impact Profile in Edentulous Adults (OHIP‐EDENT), in addition to evaluating the questionnaires for their validation.Materials and MethodsEighty patients participated in the study after completing prosthetic rehabilitation treatment. Patients were evaluated using the OHIP‐EDENT and GOHAI questionnaires to assess the criteria for quality of life, esthetics, phonetics, masticatory function, stability, comfort, and alteration of taste and pain related to the completed prostheses. The results were subjected to the chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, and a multinomial logistic regression model, with a significance level of 5%.ResultsThe most commonly used removable prosthesis was mandibular removable partial denture (RPD) (n = 43, 53.8%), followed by maxillary RPD (n = 42, 52.5%), maxillary complete denture (CD) (n = 33, 41.3%), and mandibular CD (n = 31, 38.8%). Most patients had to have one (n = 29, 36.3%), two (n = 21, 26.3%), or none (n = 18, 23.8%) adjustments in their prostheses. Five (6.3%) patients’ prostheses required three adjustments, and six (7.5%) required four or more adjustments. All reported improvement in esthetics after using the prostheses (p < 0.05). The validation of the questionnaire proved to be more viable when completed without the presence of specific domains.ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that removable prostheses improved the quality of life of rehabilitated patients. The questionnaires used need to be answered and evaluated in their entirety for validation.
Diversity of the green macroalgal genus Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) from the east and gulf coast of the United States based on molecular data
Authors: Melton James T. , Lopez‐Bautista Juan M. 
Published: December 2020

Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) is common in intertidal environments and can also be found in freshwater ecosystems. The difficulty to morphologically identify Ulva species due to cryptic diversity and morphological plasticity has caused a taxonomic conundrum. Fortunately, molecular data have begun to unravel a better understanding of its diversity. Here, we present a molecular analysis with 247 samples of Ulva from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic USA based on chloroplast (rbcL and tufA) and nuclear (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) molecular markers. Twenty‐four Ulva taxa had previously been reported for this area based on morphology and earlier molecular studies mostly from Northeastern USA and Canada. In this study, sixteen Ulva clades were identified representing 13 named clades and putatively three undescribed species. Only nine of the 24 taxa previously reported for the Western Atlantic were confirmed. Four species were identified for the first time in the U.S. East and Gulf Coast (U. aragoënsis, U. californica, U. meridionalis, and U. tepida). This study provides a foundation for future research on Ulva in this area and reiterates the necessity of using molecular‐assisted identifications for this group.
After their wives have delivered, a lot of men like going out: Perceptions of HIV transmission risk and support for HIV prevention methods during breastfeeding in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Flax Valerie L. , Hawley Imogen , Ryan Julia , Chitukuta Miria , Mathebula Florence , Nakalega Rita , Seyama Linly , Taulo Frank , van der Straten Ariane ,   MTN‐041/MAMMA Study Team
Published: December 2020

AbstractFemale‐initiated HIV prevention methods, such as oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the vaginal ring, may be important risk reduction strategies for breastfeeding women. Given their novelty, information about the sociocultural context and how it influences perceptions of and support for their use during breastfeeding is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted 23 focus group discussions separately with pregnant and breastfeeding women, male partners and grandmothers (N = 196) and 36 in‐depth interviews with key informants in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. We analysed the data using a framework analysis method. Overall, breastfeeding was the norm, and participants described the transference of health (e.g., nutrition) and disease (e.g., HIV) to children through breast milk. Participants considered the early breastfeeding period as one of high HIV transmission risk for women. They explained that male partners tend to seek outside sexual partners during this period because women need time to recover from delivery, women focus their attention on the child, and some men are disgusted by breast milk. Participants highlighted concerns about the drugs in oral PrEP transferring to the child through breast milk, but fewer worried about the effects of the vaginal ring because the drug is localized. Women, grandmothers and key informants were supportive of women using these HIV prevention methods during breastfeeding, while male partners had mixed opinions. These findings can be used to tailor messages for promoting the use of PrEP or the vaginal ring during breastfeeding in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Mycobacterial and Plasmodium ovale‐associated destruction of the jaw bones
Authors: Yang Xianrui , Ye Adam Yongxin , Katebi Negin , Volloch Vladimir , Khullar Shelley M. , Patel Vinod , Olsen Bjorn R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe project aims were to identify infectious mechanisms responsible for an extreme form of mandibular osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis in West African populations and test the hypothesis that Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a pivotal role.Materials and MethodsDNA was extracted from mandibular fragments of 9 of 19 patients previously included in a prospective study leading to the mycobacterial hypothesis. Amplified DNAs were used for preparing libraries suitable for next‐generation sequencing. For comparison of the whole‐genome sequencing data of the 9 patients with DNAs of both microbiota and human tissues, DIAMOND v0.9.26 was used to align sequencing reads to NCBI‐nr database and MEGAN 6 for taxonomy binning and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.ResultsThe data show that mandibular bone fragments of all 9 patients not only contain Homo sapiens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNAs; they also contain DNAs of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Prevotella P3‐120/intermedia; as well as large numbers of DNAs from other infectious components.ConclusionsThe data obtained provide direct evidence to support the conclusion that combinations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, and other oral bacteria are involved in this particular type of mandibular destruction in West African individuals of many ages.
Changes in height standard deviation scores during early life are affected by nutrition
Authors: Tanaka Toshiaki , Kato Noriko , Yokoya Susumu , Ono Atsushi , Isojima Tsuyoshi , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Yamagata Zentaro , Tanaka Soichiro , Matsubara Hiroko , Ishikuro Mami , Kikuya Masahiro , Chida Shoichi , Hosoya Mitsuaki , Kuriyama Shinichi , Kure Shigeo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundLarge changes in height standard deviation score (SDS) have been reported from birth to 3 years of age. We analyzed how early these changes start and whether they are affected by nutrition.MethodsThe longitudinal growth of 1,849 children born between March 1 2007 and August 31 2007 or between March 1, 2009 and August 31 2009 with five records from birth to 3 years of age was analyzed.ResultsThe height SDS at birth was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) SDS at birth (r = 0.224, P < 0.0001). The height SDS at birth decreased among children with a positive height SDS and increased among children with a negative height SDS. The changes occurred immediately after birth and became more modest as children aged. Regarding the change in the height SDS from birth to 3 years of age, 33.4% of children increased more than 0.5 SDs, 39.8% of children decreased more than 0.5 SDs, and 34.4% of children remained within ±0.5 SDs. The change in height SDS displayed a strong positive correlation with the change in weight during the four periods. From birth till 3 months, from 3 months till 6 months, from 6 months till 1.5 years, and from 1.5 years till 3 years.ConclusionsThe significant positive correlation between height SDS and BMI SDS suggests an effect of children’s nutrition status in utero. The height SDS change started immediately after birth and the change was largest from birth to 3 months. A positive correlation between changes in height SDS and weight suggest that growth during early childhood depends on nutritional status.