bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Comes Next?
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRapid cultural change, exacerbated by economic distress, has triggered a powerful authoritarian reflex. Whether this is the wave of the future depends on how we learn to cope with the winner-takes-all economies of advanced knowledge societies. Traditional religions present each culture’s norms as universal values, which can be dangerously divisive. To function positively in a globalizing world, religion needs a universal perspective. The cosmology of the Big Bang is at least as impressive as the account in Genesis. That universe had the potential to develop good and evil, benevolence and meaning—but none of these existed before intelligent life emerged. The account of creation in the book of Genesis can be seen as a first approximation of the more recent account provided by the Big Bang theory—which is only a first approximation of the ultimate account. Both traditional religion and modern science provide successive approximations of a truth that is still being fathomed.
Elizabeth Barrett and the Making of Browning’s Dramatic Romances and Lyrics
Authors: Cronin Richard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Reconstructing Robert Browning’s creative methods is a difficult task because the only manuscripts that survive, almost all at Balliol, are of late poems that even now are scarcely read. All the same, this chapter will discuss the germination of Browning’s early poems. It will rely principally on EBB’s notes on the poems that Browning went on to publish in Bells and Pomegranates VII that were brought together in the 56 page manuscript now held at Wellesley College. In the absence of surviving manuscripts this evidence offers the best clue as to Browning’s processes of revision. By examining Browning’s responses to EBB’s suggestions and the revisions he made to his poems after their first publication in periodicals I hope to show how his interest in the relationship between the poet and the reader is carried through into his compositional practice.
The Transition
Authors: Armstrong Kenneth A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies an innovative governance devise invented by the Brexit negotiators: transition — a stand-still period which will allow the UK to remain pro tempore part of the EU internal market and customs union despite being no longer a member state. On February 1, 2020, and ten months later than scheduled, the EU and the UK entered into a period of ‘transition’; a time between formal membership of the EU and the beginning of a new relationship. At one level, there is a certain taken-for-granted simplicity to the idea of managing not just an orderly exit of the UK from the EU but also the provision of continuity and certainty while the parties negotiate and decide their future relationship. But at another level, the formal terminology and indeed the metaphors used to describe this interim legal framework disclose some deeper tensions around the sequencing and organisation of the withdrawal process as well as the direction of travel of the parties. Transition was originally conceived as a bridge toward the future EU–UK relations, but the risks remain that it may turn into a bridge to nowhere — particularly if the period is not extended beyond December 31, 2020, given time-constraints for such new difficult negotiations.
Infinitesimal Deformations of ECD Fields
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe standard notion of Lie derivative is extended in order to include Lie derivatives of spinors, soldering forms, spinor connections and spacetime connections. These extensions are all linked together, and provide a natural framework for discussing infinitesimal deformations of Einstein-Cartan-Dirac fields in the tetrad-affine setting.
Basic Notions in Particle Physics
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe basic ideas of particle physics are reviewed, in the detector context, by exploiting several notions introduced in previous chapters. Quantum pictures are regarded as related to parallel transport along the detector with respect to a free-particle connection and a modification obtained by adding a quantum interaction morphism. The quantum interaction is seen to arise by merging the classical interaction with a quantum ‘ingredient’ constituted by a special generalised semi-density on particle momenta.
The Fugitive and the Forum
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
I, the one that is me, am the one who is at the centre of all this. In his discussions of the multiplicity of I, Pessoa has shown, though, that this state is not a stable one, that the one that I am is not static and single but, with each new heteronym assumed, another I becomes me. Pessoa describes the phenomenology in one of his most famous, and most autobiographical, poems—the poem he calls his ‘Autopsychography’. The phenomenology is that of the fugitive. The fugitive is the one who, in sustaining a multiplicity of heteronymic identities, feels nothing but estrangement, an emptiness of personality. Estrangement consists not in disidentification with any of the heteronyms but rather in merely contingent identification with each and every one. Jorge Luis Borges provides a fine depiction of fugitive phenomenology in his story Everything and Nothing. The phenomenology of the fugitive is that of introspective attention, an impartial analysis of the multiplicity of the inner lives which are one’s own. The subject position as such is rightly conceptualized as a meeting place, a forum, for them all.
Landscapes of Presence
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pessoa provides a rich set of descriptions of the all-inclusive psychological field and its structure. The metaphor that seems to recur most frequently is that of a landscape: ‘Eternal tourists of ourselves, there is no landscape but what we are.’ We have already introduced the idea that experience embeds an implicit ‘for-me’ grammatical place, that is to say that there is a dative of manifestation, a way in which experience presents itself as for-me. Evidently this is what makes a landscape of experience mine. What, though, actually is for-me-ness, the subjective character of experience, the subjective dimension? Marie Guillot states that ‘everyone agrees that subjective character has to do with the fact that the existence of an experience resonates in a particular way with the subject in whom it occurs’. My proposal is to analyse a Pessoan ‘way of feeling’ as a subject-invariant mode of consciousness, a mode of consciousness that is comparatively invariant within and across the experiential life of a given subject, but which varies from one subject to the next.
Why Frege’s Apparently Absurd View Is not Absurd at All
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter is largely an examination of the significance one of Frege’s views has for contemporary thought. The view, which was labeled the “apparently absurd view” in Chapter 6, is that (1) it is appropriate to give definitions of terms already in use that are, in part, stipulative and (2) it is appropriate to take sentences in which such terms appear as, already (pre-definition), having truth-values. It is argued that, although this view may seem absurd, it is perfectly in line with some scientific practices, in particular unexceptionable practices routinely used in epidemiology. If we follow Hilary Putnam’s view about the significance of our deference to experts, we should accept Frege’s apparently absurd view as not absurd in the least. Moreover, what we see on examination of this view are reasons for rejecting a number of contemporary views about vague language, including those of Field, Fine, Fodor and Lepore, and Williamson.
Fortifying Inequality
Authors: Van Harten Gus 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, foreign investor protections are introduced as a symbol and guarantor of global inequality. Backed by the most powerful adjudicative mechanism in international law, these protections benefit 255,000 people whose combined wealth exceeds that of 80 per cent of the world’s adult population, about four billion people. They lead one to ask if the one hundred companies responsible for most industrial greenhouse gas emissions, for example, are so vulnerable or helpful to others as to deserve extraordinary international protection. Commonplace arguments in favour of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) are surveyed and criticized. The promotional role of the ISDS industry of arbitrators, lawyers, and experts, for which ISDS has generated to billions in fees, is also highlighted, focusing on arbitrators whose pro-investor interpretations laid a foundation for the explosion of ISDS.
Functional Mechanisms
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter articulates a goal-contribution account of teleological functions. Teleological functions are causal roles that make a regular contribution to the goals of organisms. Goals can be biological or nonbiological. Biological goals are survival, development, reproduction, and helping. Nonbiological goals are any other goals pursued by organisms. Appropriate situations for the performance of a function are situations in which performing a function provides a regular contribution to a goal of an organism, unless there are more urgent functions to perform. Appropriate rates at which functions should be performed are rates that provide adequate contributions to the goals of an organism, unless there are more urgent functions to perform. Aside from the constraints imposed by tradeoffs between different functions, any condition that lowers the performance of a function below its adequate rate of performance in an appropriate situation results in malfunction.
Mechanistic Functionalism
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The first three chapters introduced mechanisms, including functional mechanisms—that is, mechanisms that have teleological functions. This chapter introduces a mechanistic version of functionalism. Functionalism is the view that the nature of something is functional. Mechanistic functionalism embeds this claim in the functions of mechanisms and their components. Mechanistic functions are inseparable from the structures that perform them at the relevant level of organization. Weak (mechanistic) functionalism entails multiple realizability; strong (mechanistic) functionalism entails medium independence. Thus, even if medium independence is closely related to computation, (mechanistic) functionalism about cognition does not entail that cognition is computational. In addition, (mechanistic) functionalism entails neither traditional anti-reductionism nor the autonomy of the special sciences.
The First Computational Theory of Cognition
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
McCulloch and Pitts were the first to use and Alan Turing’s notion of computation to understand neural, and thus cognitive, activity. McCulloch and Pitts’s contributions included (i) a formalism whose refinement and generalization led to the notion of finite automata, which is an important formalism in computability theory, (ii) a technique that inspired the notion of logic design, which is a fundamental part of modern computer design, (iii) the first use of computation to address the mind–body problem, and (iv) the first modern computational theory of cognition, which posits that neurons are equivalent to logic gates and neural networks are digital circuits.
The Church–Turing Fallacy
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Church–Turing thesis (CT) says that, if a function is computable in the intuitive sense, then it is computable by Turing machines. CT has been employed in arguments for the Computational Theory of Cognition (CTC). One argument is that cognitive functions are Turing-computable because all physical processes are Turing-computable. A second argument is that cognitive functions are Turing-computable because cognitive processes are effective in the sense analyzed by Alan Turing. A third argument is that cognitive functions are Turing-computable because Turing-computable functions are the only type of function permitted by a mechanistic psychology. This chapter scrutinizes these arguments and argues that they are unsound. Although CT does not support CTC, it is not irrelevant to it. By eliminating misunderstandings about the relationship between CT and CTC, we deepen our appreciation of CTC as an empirical hypothesis.
Divine Attributes as a Topic in Analytic Theology
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Analytic theology differs from other forms of theology primarily in its methodology: its ambitions, its style, its conversation partners, and so on. This is where the most interesting differences between analytic philosophical discussions of the divine attributes and contemporary theological discussions of that topic are to be found. The main positive thesis of this chapter is that the most distinctive features of the approach to divine attributes that one finds in the analytic philosophical literature are simply instances of more general distinctives of analytic theology. The chapter focuses on some of the distinguishing features of the way in which the topic of divine attributes is approached in analytic philosophy of religion as contrasted with the way(s) in which many contemporary theologians are inclined to approach it. The end result is a clearer picture both of the nature of analytic theology in general and of the distinctive character of an analytic approach to the topic of divine attributes.
The Changing Physical Landscape of Retailing
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the changing physical requirements that retail businesses have both today and in the future. Urbanization, technology, and regulation are identified and discussed as the major drivers of retailers’ changing space requirements, in terms of both the amount and the type of space that retail enterprises require. Overlaying these considerations are the impacts of COVID-19 on shopper behaviour and, especially, the accelerating migration of sales online and attendant remodelling needed of both individual stores and store networks. Differences between presently mature and emerging markets are discussed. Small, convenience orientated stores are identified as a format with continued strong growth prospects. By contrast, the future for the large space hypermarket format is identified as being under considerable pressure. The changing role of shopping centres and the challenges of excess space in many locations are discussed. The enduring appeal of physical shopping space for many is presented in the form of a case study of the hugely successful Bicester Village ‘Luxury Outlet Mall’ in the UK.
Bargaining Leverage and Stakeholder Perceptions
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the ways in which pre-strike ballot requirements provide bargaining leverage to unions and, to a lesser extent, employers. The chapter’s analysis of internal union processes and bargaining dynamics suggests that the pre-strike ballot process can provide unions with some benefits, or advantages, in the enterprise bargaining process. First, the process of seeking permission to run a ballot, and the conduct of a subsequent ballot, can increase leverage by escalating the ‘threat’ of industrial action without necessarily having to take the approved action. Second, the pre-strike ballot process can benefit unions by providing an opportunity to engage existing members in the bargaining campaign, and/or recruit new members. There can, however, be adverse consequences for unions—an unsuccessful ballot outcome can severely compromise the union’s credibility; provide evidence of a weak bargaining position; significantly reduce the likelihood of industrial action occurring; favour the employer in the negotiating process; delay the taking of industrial action; or even entirely derail the union campaign. In order to maximize the strategic ‘benefit’ of a pre-strike ballot, unions generally need to invest considerable time and resources to ensure that enough members vote, and vote favourably, in the ballot. Some employers use these processes to their advantage—by, for example, using the time between the application to conduct a pre-strike ballot and the actual ballot actively to try to discourage support for industrial action; trying to disrupt the momentum of the union’s campaign; or exploiting opportunities to oppose applications for pre-strike ballots.
Reflections on the Australian Pre-Strike Ballot Model
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers how Australian pre-strike ballot requirements reflect the explicit (furthering industrial democracy) and implicit (inhibiting strike action) objectives that underpinned their introduction. After summarizing the practical operation and impact of the statutory requirements, the chapter describes stakeholder perceptions of the system in practice and in principle, and their views as to how it should be reformed. In conclusion, the chapter suggests the removal of the requirement under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) for a union to apply to an industrial tribunal for permission to run a ballot. It advocates the replacement of the current complex model with a requirement that union rules contain provision for a ballot of members as a pre-condition of taking strike action, with the lawfulness of any subsequent strike being conditional upon being approved in such a ballot and subject to challenge only by the members of that union. So far as union members are concerned, this would do little more than accord formal recognition to the non-legislated democratic processes that are already the norm in Australian unions, but it would at least provide a basis for meaningful, democratic decision-making in relation to taking strike action. As such it would constitute a welcome repudiation of what the chapter describes as the hypocritical posturing that underpins current legislation in Australia (and the United Kingdom) which uses the rhetoric of democracy to deprive workers of their democratic right to take strike action to protect and to promote their legitimate social and economic interests.
Introduction
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this Introduction, a central debate in the literature on the epistemology of groups is discussed. On the one hand, deflationary theorists hold that group phenomena, such as group beliefs, can be understood entirely in terms of individual members and their states. On the other hand, inflationary theorists, maintain that group phenomena are importantly over and above, or otherwise distinct from, individual members and their states. It is argued that settling some of the issues in this debate lies at the heart of making sense of collective responsibility. It is also emphasized that a central aim of this book is to make progress in understanding crucial notions in collective epistemology—group belief, justified group belief, group knowledge, group assertion, and group lies—so as to shed light on whether it is groups, their individual members, or both who ought to be held responsible for collective actions. Finally, overviews of each chapter are provided.
Group Belief
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The received view in collective epistemology is that group belief must be understood in inflationary terms, with the most popular version being the joint acceptance account. Very roughly, group belief is the result of members jointly agreeing to accept a proposition as the group’s, even if no member believes it herself. In this chapter, this orthodoxy is challenged by showing that joint acceptance accounts lack the resources to explain how groups can lie and bullshit, and, more generally, it is argued that group belief cannot be determined by processes that are under the direct voluntary control of the members. A new view, the Group Agent Account, is then defended, according to which group belief is determined in part by relations among the bases of the beliefs of members, where these relations arise only at the collective level, but is also partly constituted by the individual beliefs of members.
Proteomic Analysis of Potato Responding to the Invasion of Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 and Its Type III Secretion System Mutant
Authors: Wang Bingsen , He Tianjiu , Zheng Xueao , Song Botao , Chen Huilan 
Published: December 2020

The infection of potato with Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 gives rise to bacterial wilt disease via colonization of roots. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a determinant factor for the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum. To fully understand perturbations in potato by R. solanacearum type III effectors(T3Es), we used proteomics to measure differences in potato root protein abundance after inoculation with R. solanacearum UW551 and the T3SS mutant (UW551△HrcV). We identified 21 differentially accumulated proteins. Compared with inoculation with UW551△HrcV, 10 proteins showed significantly lower abundance in potato roots after inoculation with UW551, indicating that those proteins were significantly downregulated by T3Es during the invasion. To identify their functions in immunity, we silenced those genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tested the resistance of the silenced plants to the pathogen. Results showed that miraculin, HBP2, and TOM20 contribute to immunity to R. solanacearum. In contrast, PP1 contributes to susceptibility. Notably, none of four downregulated proteins (HBP2, PP1, HSP22, and TOM20) were downregulated at the transcriptional level, suggesting that they were significantly downregulated at the posttranscriptional level. We further coexpressed those four proteins with 33 core T3Es. To our surprise, multiple effectors were able to significantly decrease the studied protein abundances. In conclusion, our data showed that T3Es of R. solanacearum could subvert potato root immune-related proteins in a redundant manner. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The WOMAN Trial: Clinical and Contextual Factors Surrounding the Deaths of 483 Women Following Post-Partum Hemorrhage in Developing Countries
Authors: Picetti Roberto , Miller Lori , Shakur-Still Haleema , Pepple Tracey , Beaumont Danielle , Balogun Eni , Asonganyi Etienne , Chaudhri Rizwana , El-Sheikh Mohamed , Vwalika Bellington , Arulkumaran Sabaratnam , Roberts Ian 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:409)
The etiology of maternal mortality is postpartum hemorrhage in approximately 8.0% of cases in developed countries and 19.7% in developing countries. As a leading cause of maternal death, its prevention and early treatment are a priority.