bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation Controls on Methane‐Hydrate Dynamics Across Glacial/Interglacial Stages: An Example From International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1517, Hikurangi Margin
Authors: Screaton E. J. , Torres M. E. , Dugan B. , Heeschen K. U. , Mountjoy J. J. , Ayres C. , Rose P. S. , Pecher I. A. , Barnes P. M. , LeVay L. J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDissolved chloride concentrations higher than seawater were observed over a broad depth range in pore water profiles from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1517 on the Hikurangi Margin. This Cl maximum is not associated with an 87Sr/86Sr anomaly, indicating that it is not caused by hydration reactions during ash alteration. We use a numerical modeling approach to examine possible causes for recent gas hydrate formation that can result in the observed Cl high. Our approach considers sedimentation, sea level, and bottom water temperature (BWT) changes due to glaciation as drivers for the downward migration of the base of gas hydrate stability and gas hydrate formation. The modeling results reveal that lowering of sea level during glaciation can allow methane hydrate dissociation followed by postglacial hydrate formation as sea level rises. However, BWT cooling of 2 °C during glaciation followed by warming during deglaciation would mostly counteract the impacts of sea level change. Bottom water cooling during glaciation is expected in this region and many locations worldwide. As a result, our simulations do not support the previous hypotheses of large‐scale gas hydrate dissociation due to sea level drop during glaciation, which have been proposed as triggers for widespread gas release and slope failure. Such a mechanism is only possible where BWT remains constant or increases during glaciation. Our simulations indicate that sedimentation constitutes the largest factor driving recent methane hydrate formation at Site U1517, and we suggest that sedimentation may play a larger role in gas hydrate dynamics along margins than previously recognized.
Sensitivity of land precipitation to surface evapotranspiration: a nonlocal perspective based on water vapor transport
Authors: Wei Jiangfeng , Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe sensitivity of precipitation over land to surface evapotranspiration (ET) is among the most uncertain issues in land‐atmosphere interactions. Past studies have mostly investigated this issue locally, and it remains a challenge to assess the nonlocal impacts. Here, we use a moisture tracking method and statistical analyses to quantify the sensitivity of precipitation to both local and nonlocal ET. It is found that, in a point‐to‐point sense, boreal summer precipitation is more sensitive to local ET than nonlocal ET for about 2/3 of land areas, while for about 1/5 land areas, precipitation is sensitive to ET of more than 1,000 km away. Remote sensitivities are generally an order of magnitude smaller than local sensitivities, but their combined effect could be large and useful, especially for regions without significant local sensitivities. Future studies of land‐atmosphere interactions should be careful when making local assumptions.
Magma Oscillations in a Conduit‐Reservoir System, Application to Very Long Period (VLP) Seismicity at Basaltic Volcanoes: 2. Data Inversion and Interpretation at Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Liang Chao , Crozier Josh , Karlstrom Leif , Dunham Eric M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVery long period (VLP) seismic events (with dominant periods of 15 to 40 s), observed from 2007 to 2018 at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, arise from resonant oscillations in the shallow magma plumbing system. Utilizing an oscillation model developed in the companion paper (Liang et al., 2020), we perform Bayesian inversions on seismic data from four representative VLP events separately for the parameters of the shallow conduit‐reservoir system, exploring both sphere and crack reservoir geometries. Both sphere and crack geometries are preferentially located ∼1–2 km beneath the northeast edge of Halema‘uma‘u crater and produce similar fits to the data. Considering a reasonable range for reservoir storativity, magma density, and density contrast between the top and bottom of the conduit, we favor a spherical reservoir with a radius of 0.8 to 1.2 km and a short conduit of less than a few hundred meters. For this geometry, buoyancy from density stratification in the conduit provides the dominant restoring force for the VLP oscillation. Viscosity is constrained within an order of magnitude for each event (e.g., approximately 2 to 23 Pa s for one event versus 27 to 513 Pa s for another). Changes in VLP period T and quality factor Q can be explained by changes in viscosity, density stratification, and/or conduit/reservoir geometry. In particular, observed fluctuations in Q over short time intervals (e.g., hours) with minimal changes in T apparently require rapid changes of magma viscosity by over an order of magnitude, assuming geometry remains unchanged, possibly reflecting changes in volatile content, bubble concentration, or conduit flow regime.
Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions in Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds and the Role of Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham , Kazil Jan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn shallow cumulus clouds, cloud deepening as a dynamical response to increased droplet number concentration has recently been shown to buffer the microphysical suppression of precipitation. In the current study, large eddy simulations with a two‐moment bin microphysics model are employed to revisit this buffering and to investigate the role of vertical wind shear in aerosol‐cloud interactions in trade wind cumuli. An idealized case is developed based on ship measurements and corresponding reanalysis data over the Sulu Sea in the Philippines in September 2012. A quasi‐steady state is reached after roughly 25 – 35 hr for all six simulations performed (three different aerosol concentrations covering 35 – 230 cm−3, with/without vertical wind shear). All simulations show that the aerosol effect is buffered, to first order; increased aerosol results in deeper clouds, a reduced cloud fraction, and an increase in the shortwave cloud radiative effect. For the no‐shear cases, positive aerosol perturbations result in a small increase in surface precipitation, while the opposite is true in the presence of vertical wind shear because of muted deepening. Analysis shows competing influences of vertical wind shear; enhanced cloud clustering protects clouds from evaporation and entrainment while tilting of clouds enhances evaporation. In spite of the small responses of surface precipitation to very large changes in aerosol, cloud size and spatial distributions and charge/discharge precipitation cycles differ significantly, expressing changes in the pathways to surface precipitation and a dynamical buffering of the system.
The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Description and Results at High Resolution
Authors: Caldwell Peter M. , Mametjanov Azamat , Tang Qi , Van Roekel Luke P. , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Lin Wuyin , Bader David C. , Keen Noel D. , Feng Yan , Jacob Robert , Maltrud Mathew E. , Roberts Andrew F. , Taylor Mark A. , Veneziani Milena , Wang Hailong , Wolfe Jonathan D. , Balaguru Karthik , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Dong Lu , Klein Stephen A. , Leung L. Ruby , Li Hong‐Yi , Li Qing , Liu Xiaohong , Neale Richard B. , Pinheiro Marielle , Qian Yun , Ullrich Paul A. , Xie Shaocheng , Yang Yang , Zhang Yuying , Zhang Kai , Zhou Tian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study provides an overview of the coupled high‐resolution Version 1 of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1) and documents the characteristics of a 50‐year‐long high‐resolution control simulation with time‐invariant 1950 forcings following the HighResMIP protocol. In terms of global root‐mean‐squared error metrics, this high‐resolution simulation is generally superior to results from the low‐resolution configuration of E3SMv1 (due to resolution, tuning changes, and possibly initialization procedure) and compares favorably to models in the CMIP5 ensemble. Ocean and sea ice simulation is particularly improved, due to better resolution of bathymetry, the ability to capture more variability and extremes in winds and currents, and the ability to resolve mesoscale ocean eddies. The largest improvement in this regard is an ice‐free Labrador Sea, which is a major problem at low resolution. Interestingly, several features found to improve with resolution in previous studies are insensitive to resolution or even degrade in E3SMv1. Most notable in this regard are warm bias and associated stratocumulus deficiency in eastern subtropical oceans and lack of improvement in El Niño. Another major finding of this study is that resolution increase had negligible impact on climate sensitivity (measured by net feedback determined through uniform +4K prescribed sea surface temperature increase) and aerosol sensitivity. Cloud response to resolution increase consisted of very minor decrease at all levels. Large‐scale patterns of precipitation bias were also relatively unaffected by grid spacing.
Deep Origin of the Dome‐Shaped Hyblean Plateau, Southeastern Sicily: A New Tectono‐Magmatic Model
Authors: Henriquet Maxime , Dominguez Stéphane , Barreca Giovanni , Malavieille Jacques , Cadio Cécilia , Monaco Carmelo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSoutheastern Sicily is characterized by a prominent topography known as the Hyblean Plateau. It is commonly considered as a flexural bulge formed by the northwest plunging of the Hyblean‐Malta platform beneath the Sicilian Fold and Thrust Belt. However its noncylindrical shape and multiphase uplift history correlated to the Late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene volcanism outline a possible magmatic control on the Hyblean Plateau topographic expression. We argue, using 2‐D flexural models, that the flexural bending alone is unlikely to explain the high anomalous elevation of the Hyblean Plateau. Moreover, topographic analysis show that the Hyblean Plateau has a dome shape composed of radially tilted preserved surfaces defining individual blocks. The block edges seem to be related to deep‐seated inherited faults. Using an analogue modeling approach, we show that magmatic intrusions beneath the thick Meso‐Cenozoic sedimentary cover can reproduce the first‐order morphology of the Hyblean Plateau when a structural inheritance is imposed. Accordingly, we propose a tectono‐magmatic model that favors mafic sill intrusions as the major uplift source for the topographic anomaly. However, to explain the strong positive Bouguer anomaly, a deeper high‐density intracrustal body is needed. Moho uprising related to Mesozoic rifting or mafic lower crust underplating/intraplating since the Late Cretaceous can be evoked. The small wavelength of the topography and the deep intracrustal mass anomaly makes the lithospheric elastic stresses sufficiently high to maintain a nonisostatic state over the geological time scales.
Analytical Solution of Advection‐Dispersion Boundary Value Processes in Environmental Flows
Authors: Sridharan Vamsi Krishna , Hein Andrew M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe one‐dimensional advection‐dispersion equation with streamwise boundaries has been used to model a wide range of real‐world processes including groundwater contaminant transport, atmospheric plume deposition, and the movement of planktonic organisms and migratory animals through riverine systems. Imposing boundary conditions at upstream and downstream locations complicates the analysis of this equation, and processes that require such boundary conditions are, therefore, typically modeled using approximations that are valid only under certain conditions. Approximations typically involve a simplification of the mass influx into the system, require a large separation between source and boundary, or work only in either strongly advection‐ or strongly dispersion‐dominated systems. Here, we circumvent these limitations by providing an analytical solution to a class of advection‐dispersion equations that are broadly applicable to the processes described above as well as many other physical and biological problems. Our solution makes it possible to relax the assumptions required under previous analytic approximations, making it a more flexible approach for modeling advection‐dispersion processes under realistic field conditions. We show that the solution is in good agreement with random walk simulations. To illustrate the broad utility of the method, we also apply it to an empirical data set from a population of migratory fish moving through a river system in the California Central Valley and demonstrate that it describes the data more accurately than do existing methods.
Adjustment of Radar‐Gauge Rainfall Discrepancy Due to Raindrop Drift and Evaporation Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and Dual‐Polarization Radar
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yang Qiqi , Han Dawei , Rico‐Ramirez Miguel A. , Zhang Shuliang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRadar‐gauge rainfall discrepancies are considered to originate from radar rainfall measurements while ignoring the fact that radar observes rain aloft while a rain gauge measures rainfall on the ground. Observations of raindrops observed aloft by weather radars consider that raindrops fall vertically to the ground without changing in size. This premise obviously does not stand because raindrop location changes due to wind drift and raindrop size changes due to evaporation. However, both effects are usually ignored. This study proposes a fully formulated scheme to numerically simulate both raindrop drift and evaporation in the air and reduces the uncertainties of radar rainfall estimation. The Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to simulate high‐resolution three‐dimensional atmospheric fields. A dual‐polarization radar retrieves the raindrop size distribution for each radar pixel. Three schemes are designed and implemented using the Hameldon Hill radar in Lancashire, England. The first considers only raindrop drift, the second considers only evaporation, and the last considers both aspects. Results show that wind advection can cause a large drift for small raindrops. Considerable loss of rainfall is observed due to raindrop evaporation. Overall, the three schemes improve the radar‐gauge correlation by 3.2%, 2.9%, and 3.8% and reduce their discrepancy by 17.9%, 8.6%, and 21.7%, respectively, over eight selected events. This study contributes to the improvement of quantitative precipitation estimation from radar polarimetry and allows a better understanding of precipitation processes.
Quantification of Hyporheic Nitrate Removal at the Reach Scale: Exposure Times Versus Residence Times
Authors: Frei S. , Durejka S. , Le Lay H. , Thomas Z. , Gilfedder B.S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe rate of biogeochemical processing associated with natural degradation and transformation processes in the hyporheic zone (HZ) is one of the largest uncertainties in predicting nutrient fluxes. We present a lumped parameter model that can be used to quantify the mass loss for nitrate in the HZ operating at the scale of river reaches to the entire catchments. The model is based on using exposure times (ET) to account for the effective timescales of reactive transport in the HZ. Reach scale ET distributions are derived by removing the portion of hyporheic residence times (RT) associated with flow through the oxic zone. The model was used to quantify nitrate removal for two scenarios: (1) a 100 m generic river reach and (2) a small agricultural catchment in Brittany (France). For the field site, hyporheic RT were derived from measured in‐stream 222Rn activities and mass balance modeling. Simulations were carried out using different types of RT distributions (exponential, power law, and gamma‐type) for which ET were derived. Mass loss of nitrate in the HZ for the field site ranged from 0 to 0.45 kg day−1 depending on the RT distribution and the availability of oxygen in the streambed sediments. Simulations with power law ET distribution models only show very little removal of nitrate due to the heavy weighting toward shorter flow paths that are confined to the oxic sediments. Based on the simulation results, we suggest that using ET will likely lead to more realistic estimates for nutrient removal in river and stream networks.
The inflammasome NLRP3 plays a dual role on mouse corpora cavernosa relaxation
Authors: Fais Rafael S. , Rodrigues Fernanda L. , Pereira Camila A. , Mendes Allan C. , Mestriner Fabíola , Tostes Rita C. , Carneiro Fernando S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNLRP3 plays a role in vascular diseases. Corpora cavernosa (CC) is an extension of the vasculature. We hypothesize that NLRP3 plays a deleterious role in CC relaxation. Male C57BL/6 (WT) and NLRP3 deficient (NLRP3−/−) mice were used. Intracavernosal pressure (ICP/MAP) measurement was performed. Functional responses were obtained from CC strips of WT and NLRP3−/− mice before and after MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) or LPS + ATP (NLRP3 stimulation). NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, eNOS, nNOS, guanylyl cyclase-β1 (GCβ1) and PKG1 protein expressions were determined. ICP/MAP and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation in CC were decreased in NLRP3−/− mice. Caspase-1, IL-1β and eNOS activity were increased, but PKG1 was reduced in CC of NLRP3−/−. MCC950 decreased non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC), acetylcholine (ACh), and SNP-induced relaxation in WT mice. MCC950 did not alter NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β, but reduced GCβ1 expression. Although LPS + ATP decreased ACh- and SNP-, it increased NANC-induced relaxation in CC from WT, but not from NLRP3−/− mice. LPS + ATP increased NLRP3, caspase-1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Conversely, it reduced eNOS activity and GCβ1 expression. NLRP3 plays a dual role in CC relaxation, with its inhibition leading to impairment of nitric oxide-mediated relaxation, while its activation by LPS + ATP causes decreased CC sensitivity to NO and endothelium-dependent relaxation.
Teaching Preschoolers With Down Syndrome Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication Modeling During Small Group Dialogic Reading
Authors: Quinn Emily D. , Kaiser Ann P. , Ledford Jennifer R. 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThis study evaluated the effect of aided augmentative and alternative communication modeling (AAC-MOD) on the communication skills of children with Down syndrome (DS) during small group dialogic reading.MethodFour children with DS between 3;1 and 5;3 (years;months;M= 4;5) and 5 typically developing peers between 3;5 and 5;9 (M= 4;3) participated. Effects were examined using a multiple probe across behaviors design with 4 children with DS. To simulate typical dialogic reading routines in inclusive classrooms, a strategy calledRead, Ask, Answer, Prompt(Binger, Kent-Walsh, Ewing, & Taylor, 2010) was applied during the baseline and intervention sessions.ResultsA functional relation was demonstrated between (a) AAC-MOD and percentage of correctly identified symbols for 3 participants, (b) AAC-MOD and rate of symbolic communication for 2 participants, and (c) AAC-MOD and number of different words for 2 participants. Increases in number of multiple word combinations occurred for 2 participants. All 4 children maintained their percentage of correctly identified symbols. Increases in rate of symbolic communication did not generalize to thematic play contexts, a distal measure of response generalization.ConclusionAAC-MOD is an effective strategy for teaching target vocabulary and increasing rate of symbolic communication in young children with DS.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10093538
Low‐loss and lightweight magnetic material for electrical machinery
Authors: Ahmadi Farzad , Sozer Yilmaz , Donahue Michael J. , Tsukerman Igor 
Published: November 2019

A low‐loss and lightweight core material, with applications in electrical machinery, is made of highly packed and insulated magnetic microwires (MWs). These MWs are aligned in such a way as to guide the flux in the rotor/stator, with the ultimate goal of increasing the efficiency and substantially reducing core losses. Commercial ‐based MWs with a 127 μm diameter and a 33 μm insulation coating are utilised. The magnetic measurements of the fabricated sample demonstrate the high permeability and low core loss in a wide range of frequencies. To prove the utility of this type of material, the authors used it in the rotor core of a prototype 25 W three‐phase synchronous reluctance machine. The core is lighter and the losses are significantly lower than in conventional core materials under the same torque density.
Bone Defect Management with Vascularized Fibular Grafts in the Treatment of Grade III-IV Osteomyelitis
Authors: Antonini Andrea , Rossello Carlo , Salomone Carlo , Iacoviello Paolo , Chiarlone Francesco , Burastero Giorgio 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Purpose This study is a retrospective analysis of our experience in microsurgical bone transfers for complex limb reconstructions. The aim of this study is to evaluate reliability of the vascularized fibula technique: infection recurrence, hypertrophy, time to bone union, complications, and time to healing in severe osteomyelitis (Cierny-Mader III and IV) cases over a 38 to 93 month follow-up.
Patients and Methods From March 2010 until December 2015, 18 patients’ limbs (6 females and 1 2 males; mean age 48.7 years) were reconstructed with 10 free fibula flaps, 5 pedicled fibula flaps, 3 peroneus brevis osteomuscular flaps. We reconstructed 2 radiuses, 2 ulnae, 4 femurs, 4 tibiae, 1 acetabulum and 3 fibular malleoli.
Results We considered as successful results all cases where patients had successful functional bone reconstruction with no recurrence of infection during the follow up (mean time 63.6 months). We obtained 14 complete functional reconstructions, 2 limb salvages with impaired function, and 2 failures which underwent major amputations. In only one case there was an infection recurrence.
Conclusions The bone defect reconstruction with vascularized fibula grafts in severe bone infections is an effective option, but requires a well trained multidisciplinary team to manage the high rate of complications. Complications, in our series, were demonstrated to be significantly associated to patients defined as B-hosts according to Cierny-Mader’s classification (P < 0.05), and caliber discrepancy between fibula and reconstructed bones such as Tibia and Femur (P < 0.005). Furthermore, stress fractures in the grafted fibulae were prognostic indicators for overall treatment failure (P < 0.05).