bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Frequency and Incidence of QT Prolongation With Extended Use of Bedaquiline or Delamanid in a Large, Multi-Country MDR/RR-TB Cohort
Authors: Khan Uzma , Rich Michael , Franke Molly F , Lachenal Nathalie , Ahmed Saman , Bekele Amsalu , Isani Afshan K , Hewison Catherine , Sari Cut Yulia Indah , Tan Cecilio L , Varaine Francis , Flores Edwin Herrera , Putri Fauziah Asnely , Faqirzai Jamil , Beauchamp Jude , Vo Luan Nguyen Quang , Siddiqui Muhammad Rafi , Seung Kwonjune , Bastard Mathieu , Nkunkanyirazo Patrick , Kiria Nana , Khan Munira , Algozhin Yerkebulan , Melikyan Nara , Saki Nazis Arefin , Vilbrun Stalz C , Fatima Razia , Naing Ye Yint , Islam Shirajul , Mamsa Shahid , Mitnick Carole D , Huerga Helena , Khan Palwasha Y 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
The 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) recommend 6 months of bedaquiline (Bdq) in the all-oral 9-month shorter regimen and 6 months or longer for Bdq and delamanid (Dlm) in the 18–20-month longer regimen. However, lack of evidence on extended treatment using Bdq or Dlm has limited their use to 6 months. We examine the frequency and incidence of QT prolongation based on duration of Bdq and/or Dlm use in longer regimens.

Methods
We analyzed a prospective cohort of MDR/RR-TB patients from 16 countries who initiated treatment with Bdq and/or Dlm containing regimens from 1 April 2015 to 30 September 2018. Data were systematically collected using a shared protocol. The outcome of interest was the first clinically relevant prolonged QT interval (grade 3 or above) or a serious adverse event (SAE) involving prolonged QT of any grade.

Results
Among 2553 patients, 59% received &gt;6 months of Bdq and/or Dlm. Of these, 579 (20.9%) patients experienced a prolonged QT event, the majority (95.5%) being grade 1 or 2. Sixty-four (2.5%) patients experienced the outcome of interest with only 12 (0.5%) having ≥1 QT prolonging drugs permanently suspended. The incidence rate of the first prolonged QT event was highest in the first six months of treatment and lower in subsequent 6-month periods.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that Bdq and/or Dlm use beyond 6 months is safe in longer MDR/RR-TB regimens with most clinically relevant QT prolongation events occurring in the first 6 months. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring for early identification of QT prolongating events is possible in programmatic conditions.
The Marshall–Fetter controversy over the ‘old rent concept’
Authors: McCaffrey Matthew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Alfred Marshall’s theory of rent was a watershed moment in economics, and his ideas on the subject continue to (positively and negatively) influence economists and social scientists well into the twenty-first century. Far less well known is the scathing critique of Marshall’s theory published by Frank A. Fetter in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1901. Fetter identified several concepts of rent in Marshall’s work that he attacked as contradictory, arguing that Marshall embraced classical errors while still attempting to emancipate himself from them. Marshall responded by adding a critical note on Fetter to the 5th edition of his Principles (1907), but otherwise showed little public interest in a reply. However, archival evidence reveals that both Marshall and Fetter took this dispute seriously and personally, and that they continued to debate each other at a distance for several decades. This paper brings to light previously unknown archival sources—including unpublished notes, correspondence and manuscripts—to tell the full story of their controversy. Doing so sheds new light on the work of both men and adds in several ways to our understanding of the early history of neoclassical economics, of the development of the theory of rent and of theoretical paths not taken.
An evaluation of novaluron on Southern green stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs and sublethal effects on fecundity in adults
Authors: Douglas Thomas J , Jacobson Alana L , Brown Steve , Kesheimer Katelyn A , Graham Scott H 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Stink bug species emerged as major insect pests of cotton in the mid-southern United States following the eradication of the boll weevil and the introduction of genetically modified Bt cotton for lepidopteran pests. Considering the limited number of chemical classes available for insect control, further insights into other chemistries are necessary to inform management strategies with the overall goal of establishing and maintaining the most cost efficient and efficacious control programs for stink bugs in Alabama. The insect growth regulator, novaluron, has shown control of tarnished plant bugs, but little research has been done on its effect in stink bugs. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effects of novaluron, in a laboratory setting, on adult fecundity, nymphal mortality, and yield and damage in the field. We hypothesized that novaluron would have a direct effect on mortality in nymphs and could decrease fecundity in adult stink bugs. Although the effect on fecundity was counter to our hypothesis, this study shows effective control of nymphs in our model insect, the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Future evaluation of proper timing of novaluron applications could make this a valuable tool for residual control of stink bugs in cotton.
Gender representation in cardiothoracic surgical academia: a call to support women across the globe
Authors: Pompili Cecilia , Costa Rita , Cangut Busra , Opitz Isabelle , Ugalde Figueroa Paula , Molena Daniela , Backhus Leah , Blackmon Shanda , Fiedler Amy , Kluin Jolanda , Cleuziou Julie , Melfi Franca , Fuller Stephanie , Wood Douglas E , Antonoff Mara B 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Central Message
Underrepresentation of women in surgical specialties persists, especially in academic leadership roles. Efforts to better understand disparities and support women cardiothoracic surgeons are ongoing.
Impact of COVID-19 and related measures on the professional life of school staff based in Switzerland: challenges, strategies, and benefits
Authors: Fadda Marta , Bernegger Guenda , Bezani Kleona , Falvo Ilaria , Suggs L Suzanne , Caiata-Zufferey Maria 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
To reduce the spread of COVID-19, schools closed and moved to remote learning in many countries and municipalities. At the time of this study, Switzerland maintained the position that schools should be prioritized to remain open. The state of knowledge regarding the challenges that school staff encountered during the pandemic was limited. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore the impact of COVID-19 and related measures in Switzerland on the professional life of school staff in terms of challenges, strategies, and benefits. Data were collected between November 2021 and March 2022. We conducted interviews with 47 participants working in nurseries, kindergartens, primary, middle, special, and after-schools across Switzerland. The majority were women and part of the teaching staff. Most had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants reported various challenges such as isolation, loneliness, and ‘dryness’ of work, pedagogical alienation and deontological distress, privacy loss, and confusion regarding health measures. They also cited different strategies, namely resuming simple activities, finding the right degree of transgression, recreating normality with children, and continuous adaptation. Finally, they identified some benefits, i.e. improvements in education regarding hygiene standards, greater acceptance of illness and death as a normal part of life, recognition of the privilege of being able to attend school in-person, and valorization of cultural diversity. We highlight the importance of listening to staff’s concerns, enacted strategies, and perceived benefits and taking them into account when developing appropriate and effective public health and communication efforts.
Selective advantage of redirected helping in a viscous population
Authors: Flatrès Alan , Wild Geoff 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
When a brood fails, the failed parent can help a neighbor rear its offspring. This behavior is known as redirected helping and occurs in various species. The advantage of redirected helping may seem obvious, provided the individual whose brood fails helps a related neighbor: The helper at least gains indirect fitness by redirecting its parental effort. However, complications arise when considering a viscous population, where individuals remain on or close to their natal site. In such a population, individuals compete with relatives, which dilutes the advantage of helping and may counteract it altogether. This raises a question: when can we expect redirected helping to evolve in a viscous population? We address this question with inclusive fitness models. We find that redirected helping can always be favored in a viscous population, provided the cost is sufficiently low. We also identify life-history features—like survival, dispersal, and brood-failure rate—that promote redirected helping. The effect of these life-history features, in general, depends on which component of fitness (survival or fecundity) benefits from help and how brood failure varies among demes. Unlike previous authors, we find that helping can be more strongly promoted when it provides survival rather than fecundity benefits.
Red, gold, and green: comparative genomics of polymorphic leopards from South Africa
Authors: Lagcher Elina , Lensing Kim , Bosse Mirte , Fischer Klaus , Camacho Gerrie , McManus Jeannine , Tensen Laura 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
An important goal of comparative and functional genomics is to connect genetic polymorphisms to phenotypic variation. Leopards (Panthera pardus) from northern South Africa are particularly diverse, as here a unique color morph occurs, as well as two deeply diverged southern (SA) and central African (CA) mitochondrial clades, stemming from Pleistocene refugia. Here, we present the first whole genomes of a red leopard and a black (captive) leopard, and wildtypes belonging to the CA and SA mitochondrial clades, to evaluate genome-wide diversity, divergence, and high-impact mutations that may relate to their phenotype. In the black leopard, we found long runs of homozygosity (ROHs), low nucleotide diversity across the genome, and a large number of homozygous structural variants, likely resulting from inbreeding to maintain this color morph in captivity. In red leopards, runs of homozygosity were slightly longer compared to wildtype leopards, with potential deleterious mutations relating to its phenotype, including impaired vision. When assessing population structure, we found no divergence between CA and SA leopards and the rest of Africa, whether comparing single nucleotide or structural variants. This illustrates the homogenizing effect of introgression, and highlights that although leopards in northern South Africa may be phenotypically unique, they are not genetically different.
Perspectives of general practitioners and practice nurses on nurse-led patient consultations and dose changes of permanent medications—results of a focus group study
Authors: Weise Solveig , Steybe Tatjana , Thiel Carolin , Frese Thomas 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Shifting tasks from General practitioners (GPs) to practice nurses (PNs) could help address the shortage of GPs in Europe. Internationally, PN-led care (PNLC) is feasible and offers similar health outcomes to usual care. However, PN-led consultations (PN-cons) or as PN-led dosage changes for permanent medication (PN-DCPM) are uncommon in German general practice offices (GPO).

Objective
To explore GPs’ and PNs’ views on the feasibility and acceptability of PN-cons and PN-DCPM in GPOs.

Methods
In this exploratory, qualitative online focus group study, we recruited GPs, GP trainees, PNs and specialized PNs (APN) currently working in German GPO using a qualitative sampling plan. We used a semi-structured self-developed interview guide. Separate focus groups (FGs) were performed for each profession, with audio and video recordings, and the transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results
Two FGs comprising 15 GPs and three FGs with 26 PNs revealed four major themes: (i) Attitudes towards PN-cons and PN-DCPM, revealing that participants were generally open towards a PN-cons, but were more reserved towards PN-DCPM. (ii) Acceptable reasons for encounters for PN-cons, e.g. diabetes or hypertension, and acceptable medications for PN-DCPM, e.g. antidiabetics, antihypertensive drugs. (iii) Conditions mentioned for implementing PN-led care were e.g. adequate qualification and supervision concepts. (iv) Perceived chances were e.g. time savings and increased quality of care and perceived risks were e.g. fear of treatment errors

Conclusion
Participants showed openness towards PN-cons and were more reserved towards PN-DCPM in German GPO. Further quantitative studies should assess how acceptance and rejection of PN-led care are distributed among patients, GPs, and PNs.
Two H3K23 histone methyltransferases, SET-32 and SET-21, function synergistically to promote nuclear RNAi-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zhebrun Anna , Ni Julie Z , Corveleyn Laura , Ghosh Roy Siddharth , Sidoli Simone , Gu Sam G 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Nuclear RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans induces a set of transgenerationally heritable marks of H3K9me3, H3K23me3, and H3K27me3 at the target genes. The function of H3K23me3 in the nuclear RNAi pathway is largely unknown due to the limited knowledge of H3K23 histone methyltransferase (HMT). In this study we identified SET-21 as a novel H3K23 HMT. By taking combined genetic, biochemical, imaging, and genomic approaches, we found that SET-21 functions synergistically with a previously reported H3K23 HMT SET-32 to deposit H3K23me3 at the native targets of germline nuclear RNAi. We identified a subset of native nuclear RNAi targets that are transcriptionally activated in the set-21;set-32 double mutant. SET-21 and SET-32 are also required for robust transgenerational gene silencing induced by exogenous dsRNA. The set-21;set-32 double mutant strain exhibits an enhanced temperature-sensitive mortal germline phenotype compared to the set-32 single mutant, while the set-21 single mutant animals are fertile. We also found that HRDE-1 and SET-32 are required for cosuppression, a transgene-induced gene silencing phenomenon, in C. elegans germline. Together, these results support a model in which H3K23 HMTs SET-21 and SET-32 function cooperatively as germline nuclear RNAi factors and promote the germline immortality under the heat stress.
Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Mortality Risk in Older Adults: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Pooled Analysis in the Seniors-ENRICA Cohorts
Authors: Duarte Junior Miguel Angelo , Pintos-Carrillo Salud , Hernández-Martínez Alba , López-Gil José Francisco , Graciani Auxiliadora , Banegas José Ramón , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , Cabanas-Sánchez Verónica , Martinez-Gomez David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
We assessed the association of adherence to the guidelines and subsequent changes over time in adherence with all-cause mortality.

Methods
We used data from 3 518 and 3 273 older adults, aged 60–96 years at baseline, from Seniors-ENRICA 1 and 2 cohorts, respectively. Adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines was defined as ≥150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB) ≤8 h/d (including ≤3 h/d of recreational screen time), and 7–9 h/d of sleep if aged 18–64 years or 7–8 h/d if aged ≥65 years. All-cause mortality was ascertained up to January 31, 2024. Analyses were performed using Cox regression adjusted for the main confounders.

Results
Of the 6 613 participants with complete data, 1 353 died during a mean follow-up of 10.1 (standard deviation [SD] = 4.0) years. Meeting MVPA (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65–0.82), SB (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80–0.99), and sleep (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80–0.99) recommendations were associated with lower mortality. Also, we noticed a reduction in mortality in meeting MVPA combined with both SB (34%) and sleep (12%), sleep and SB combined (23%), and meeting all 24-hour movement guidelines (40%). Changes in meeting 24-hour movement guidelines occurred between a mean follow-up of 2.8 (0.6) years. Meeting 24-hour movement guidelines at baseline and follow-up is associated with lower mortality (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.47–0.99), compared to not meet them at both examinations.

Conclusions
This prospective cohort study underscores the critical impact of adhering to and maintaining adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines in reducing mortality risk among older adults.
Aging alone (while Black): Living alone, loneliness, and health among older Black women
Authors: Versey H Shellae , Gibbons Joseph 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Increasingly, Black women are aging alone. Yet information about health correlates and the residential context where older Black women are aging-in-place is lacking. The current study examines one aspect of Aging While Black that impacts Black women – living alone without close family or kin in the household among a sample of older Black women (N = 890).

Research Design and Methods
Using hierarchical linear models and data from the 2014/2015 and 2019 waves of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey, living alone status (e.g., Level 1) and area-level indicators of residential segregation and social capital (e.g., Level 2) are examined as correlates of self-rated health and loneliness.

Results
Our findings indicate that while Black women live in primarily segregated areas, living alone is associated with lower odds of loneliness and has no relation to self-rated health. Additionally, area-level social capital is correlated with a lower likelihood of reported loneliness.

Discussion and Implications
These results are somewhat contrary to current aging-in-place literature that claims that living alone always contributes to social isolation, loneliness, and poorer health. For older Black women in urban settings, living alone may reflect independence rather than loneliness. Efforts to increase community supports and opportunities for maintaining social connectedness should be considered for future research and policy aiming to support aging-in-place.
Identification of C-mannosylation in a receptor tyrosine kinase AXL
Authors: Mori Kento , Suzuki Takehiro , Waki Urara , Hayashi Soichiro , Kadono Shigehito , Kawahara Ryota , Takeuchi Minae , Mizuta Hayato , Dohmae Naoshi , Katayama Ryohei , Simizu Siro 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
C-mannosylation is a unique type of glycosylation in which a mannose is added to tryptophan in a protein. However, the biological function of C-mannosylation is still largely unknown. AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase, and its overexpression contributes to tumor malignancy. The role of AXL in cancer cells is broad, including invasion, drug resistance, and vasculogenic mimicry formation. Although Trp320 of AXL was predicted to be C-mannosylated, it has not been confirmed. Here, we demonstrated that Trp320 of AXL is C-mannosylated, measured by mass spectrometry of recombinant AXL purified from various cancer cells. Furthermore, re-expression of C-mannosylation-deficient AXL in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells lacking AXL by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in reduction of vasculogenic mimicry formation. Interestingly, phosphorylation levels of AKT in C-mannosylation-deficient AXL re-expressing cells were comparable to those of parental and wild-type AXL re-expressing cells. These results represent the first discovery of C-mannosylation in a receptor tyrosine kinase and the possibility that C-mannosylation may affect AXL function, distinct from its downstream signaling in cancer cells.
Implementation science research priorities for Universal Health Coverage: methodological lessons from the design and implementation of a multicountry modified Delphi study
Authors: Wodnik Breanna K , Namyalo Prossy Kiddu , Michaelides Ophelia , Essue Beverley M , Kane Sumit , Di Ruggiero Erica 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Delphi studies are rapidly gaining prominence in global health research. However, researchers’ modifications to the Delphi method are often not well-described or justified, limiting opportunities to systematically learn from these studies when the methods are applied to other topics and settings. This paper aims to describe an approach to implementing a modified Delphi study and reflect on the research process in the context of a multicountry study of implementation science research priorities to advance Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We review trends in the use of the modified Delphi method in global health research, outline our three-phased modified Delphi approach, and share reflections on five decision points for implementing the study: (I) identifying and recruiting participants for the expert panel, (II) addressing participant attrition between rounds, (III) justifying the most appropriate cutoff points, (IV) incorporating new items raised by participants in open-ended survey sections, and (V) ensuring maximum variation in perspective in the panel of experts. Insights from this work foster greater understanding of the underlying assumptions for, and interpretation of, ‘modified’ in modified Delphi studies. This study will encourage critical dialogue about points of methodological contention in Delphi methodology and thus are relevant for scaling the use of modified Delphi studies in public health, including global health research.
Rising states and the liberal world order: the case of China
Authors: Chan Steve , Hu Weixing 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Many international relations analysts see rising states as a source of threat to international peace and order. Yet they often fail to provide an explicit logic for their argument or to submit their claim to rigorous empirical verification. As a consequence, existing studies on this topic tend to be based more on rhetorical assertions than careful analyses. We argue that there is a need for greater conceptual clarity, transparent logic and systematic evidence to substantiate the claim that a rising China poses a threat to international peace and stability. This topic is clearly important for verifying theories of war and peace. It also has obvious policy relevance, as an armed clash between China and the United States would be an enormous tragedy not only for the people of those countries but also for the rest of humanity. For these reasons, we discuss the case of China; we place it in the context of prevailing discourse on the sources of war and order, and caution against sweeping generalizations and dogmatic assertions. We offer caveats both for colleagues studying International Relations and those in the policy community. We aspire to encourage greater empathy and introspection in contemplating the issue of rising states and world order.