bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical Processing of Multimodal Sensory Learning in Human Neonates
Authors: Dall'Orso S , Fifer W P , Balsam P D , Brandon J , O’Keefe C , Poppe T , Vecchiato K , Edwards A D , Burdet E , Arichi T 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFollowing birth, infants must immediately process and rapidly adapt to the array of unknown sensory experiences associated with their new ex-utero environment. However, although it is known that unimodal stimuli induce activity in the corresponding primary sensory cortices of the newborn brain, it is unclear how multimodal stimuli are processed and integrated across modalities. The latter is essential for learning and understanding environmental contingencies through encoding relationships between sensory experiences; and ultimately likely subserves development of life-long skills such as speech and language. Here, for the first time, we map the intracerebral processing which underlies auditory-sensorimotor classical conditioning in a group of 13 neonates (median gestational age at birth: 38 weeks + 4 days, range: 32 weeks + 2 days to 41 weeks + 6 days; median postmenstrual age at scan: 40 weeks + 5 days, range: 38 weeks + 3 days to 42 weeks + 1 days) with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance (MR) compatible robotics. We demonstrate that classical conditioning can induce crossmodal changes within putative unimodal sensory cortex even in the absence of its archetypal substrate. Our results also suggest that multimodal learning is associated with network wide activity within the conditioned neural system. These findings suggest that in early life, external multimodal sensory stimulation and integration shapes activity in the developing cortex and may influence its associated functional network architecture.
Postnatal Development of Glutamate and GABA Transcript Expression in Monkey Visual, Parietal, and Prefrontal Cortices
Authors: Hoftman Gil D , Bazmi H Holly , Ciesielski Andrew J , Dinka Liban A , Chen Kehui , Lewis David A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Visuospatial working memory (vsWM) requires information transfer among multiple cortical regions, from primary visual (V1) to prefrontal (PFC) cortices. This information is conveyed via layer 3 glutamatergic neurons whose activity is regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. In layer 3 of adult human neocortex, molecular markers of glutamate neurotransmission were lowest in V1 and highest in PFC, whereas GABA markers had the reverse pattern. Here, we asked if these opposite V1–visual association cortex (V2)–posterior parietal cortex (PPC)–PFC gradients across the vsWM network are present in layer 3 of monkey neocortex, when they are established during postnatal development, and if they are specific to this layer. We quantified transcript levels of glutamate and GABA markers in layers 3 and 6 of four vsWM cortical regions in a postnatal developmental series of 30 macaque monkeys. In adult monkeys, glutamate transcript levels in layer 3 increased across V1–V2–PPC–PFC regions, whereas GABA transcripts showed the opposite V1–V2–PPC–PFC gradient. Glutamate transcripts established adult-like expression patterns earlier during postnatal development than GABA transcripts. These V1–V2–PPC–PFC gradients and developmental patterns were less evident in layer 6. These findings demonstrate that expression of glutamate and GABA transcripts differs across cortical regions and layers during postnatal development, revealing potential molecular substrates for vsWM functional maturation.
Transition to Dolutegravir Is Associated With an Increase in the Rate of Body Mass Index Change in a Cohort of Virally Suppressed Adolescents
Authors: Thivalapill Neil , Simelane Tandzile , Mthethwa Nobuhle , Dlamini Sandile , Lukhele Bhekumusa , Okello Velephi , Kirchner H Lester , Mandalakas Anna M , Kay Alexander W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens that contain dolutegravir (DTG) have been associated with increases in body mass index (BMI) in adults. However, this relationship has not been well described in adolescents.

Methods
In a retrospective observational cohort of 460 virally suppressed (&lt;200 copies/mL) adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus at a clinical site in Eswatini, body mass index (BMI) measurements were analyzed between 1 year prior to the transition to DTG and up to 1 year after DTG transition. Random-effects linear spline models were used to describe the rate of change in BMI before and after the transition to DTG.

Results
In adolescents, BMI increased at a rate of 0.3 kg/m2 per year before DTG transition and increased to a rate of 1.2 kg/m2 per year after DTG transition. Sex of the adolescent modified the relationship between DTG and rate of BMI change: BMI rate of change after DTG transition was increased by 1.1 kg/m2 in females and 0.6 kg/m2 per year in males.

Conclusions
Transition to DTG in virally suppressed adolescents (aged 10–19 years) is associated with an increase in the rate of BMI change. Female adolescents may experience a larger change than males. Further investigation is required to elucidate the mechanism that underlies these observations and to assess how DTG impacts BMI in adolescents following longer durations of treatment.
Health equity funds as the pathway to universal coverage in Cambodia: care seeking and financial risk protection
Authors: Jithitikulchai Theepakorn , Feldhaus Isabelle , Bauhoff Sebastian , Nagpal Somil 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cambodia has developed the health equity fund (HEF) system to improve access to health services for the poor, and this strengthens the health system towards the universal health coverage goal. Given rising healthcare costs, Cambodia has introduced several innovations and accomplished considerable progress in improving access to health services and catastrophic health expenditures for the targeted population groups. Though this is improving in recent years, HEF households remain at the higher risk of catastrophic spending as measured by the higher share of HEF households with catastrophic health expenses being at 6.9% compared to the non-HEF households of 5.5% in 2017. Poverty targeting poses another challenge for the health system. Nevertheless, HEF appeared to be more significantly associated with decreased out-of-pocket expenditure per illness among those who sought care from public providers. Increasing population and cost coverages of the HEF and effectively attracting beneficiaries to the public sector will further enhance the financial protection and pave the pathway towards universal coverage. Our recommendations focus on leveraging the HEF experience for expanding coverage and increasing equitable access, as well as strengthening the quality of healthcare services.
Creating an appropriate access for endovascular repair by replacing a dissected femoral artery in aortic dissection
Authors: Kobayashi Kimihiro , Uchida Tetsuro , Yamashita Atsushi , Sadahiro Mitsuaki 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Transfemoral endovascular repair has been widely accepted as an effective treatment for type B aortic dissection. However, if the dissection extends to the femoral artery, the transfemoral approach increases the risk of access complications. We describe a case of acute complicated type B aortic dissection involving the dissected bilateral femoral arteries. Successful endovascular repair without access complications was performed through an appropriate access route created by a femoral arterial conduit. We believe that this approach results in reliable cannulation of the true lumen and the reduction of the risk for intimal injury in aortic dissection with the dissected femoral artery.
Sepsis and the Microbiome: A Vicious Cycle
Authors: Miller William D , Keskey Robert , Alverdy John C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Sepsis has been characterized as a dysregulated host response to infection, and the role of the microbiome as a key influencer of this response is emerging. Disruption of the microbiome while treating sepsis with antibiotics can itself result in immune dysregulation. Alterations in the gut microbiome resulting from sepsis and its treatment have been implicated in organ dysfunction typical of sepsis across multiple tissues including the lung, kidney, and brain. Multiple microbiota-directed interventions are currently under investigation in the setting of sepsis, including fecal transplant, the administration of dietary fiber, and the use of antibiotic scavengers that attenuate the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota while allowing them to concentrate at the primary sites of infection. The emerging evidence shows that the gut microbiome interacts with various elements of the septic response, and provides yet another reason to consider the judicious use of antibiotics via antibiotic stewardship programs.
Validation of Indian Adaptation of Burn Outcomes Questionnaire—Hindi Version (I-BOQ-HV) for Pediatric Subgroup 5 to 18 Years
Authors: Arumugam Praveen Kumar , Thayal Piyush K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals for Children Burn Outcomes Questionnaire (BOQ) is burn-specific quality of life assessment questionnaire for children. In this study, we modified the questionnaire to suit the Indian population and also translated it to Hindi. Three questions were modified according to its Indian context. One new question was added to the “Transfers and mobility” domain; a new domain “Economic impact” with two questions was added to study the economic impact on families. Twenty-five patients of age 5 to 18 years were included in the study. The Indian adaptation of Burn Outcome Questionnaire—Hindi Version 5 to 18 years (I-BOQ-HV 5–18 years) was found to be feasible in the Indian population. The internal consistency of the modified scale was good with all except one domain with Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.7. Test–retest reliability was done with intraclass correlation which was good, with values of greater than 0.7 for all domains. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed good discriminant validity between the domains. Factor analysis using principle component analysis with orthogonal rotation resulted in 10 of the 12 components with good factor loadings. The I-BOQ-HV 5 to 18 years has been shown to reliably predict quality of life of children with burns in India.
Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases
Authors: Diuk-Wasser Maria A , VanAcker Meredith C , Fernandez Maria P 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority of vector-borne disease cases in temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. This emergence has been attributed to multiple and interactive drivers including changes in climate, land use, abundance of key hosts, and people’s behaviors affecting the probability of human exposure to infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how land use changes have shaped the eco-epidemiology of Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, in particular the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the eastern United States. We use this as a model system, addressing other tick-borne disease systems as needed to illustrate patterns or processes. We first examine how land use interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) and biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) to influence the enzootic hazard, measured as the density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.s. We then review the evidence of how specific landscape configuration, in particular forest fragmentation, influences the enzootic hazard and disease risk across spatial scales and urbanization levels. We emphasize the need for a dynamic understanding of landscapes based on tick and pathogen host movement and habitat use in relation to human resource provisioning. We propose a coupled natural-human systems framework for tick-borne diseases that accounts for the multiple interactions, nonlinearities and feedbacks in the system and conclude with a call for standardization of methodology and terminology to help integrate studies conducted at multiple scales.
Towards a More Competitive Mobile Payment Industry: Standardization And Beyond
Authors: Yan Xingyu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Mobile payments are becoming increasingly popular around the world. In countries like China, they appear in the form of barcode payments and are poised to replace cash and bank card payments for day-to-day consumer purchases. Against that backdrop, this paper analyzes the availability of barcode standardization as an approach to interoperability and ultimately to enhanced competition in the mobile payment industry. It uses the Chinese industry as a study case, which features a duopoly structure and shifting competitive dynamics among three definable groups of market players. This paper confirms that standardization can enhance competition and argues that, in this case, a government-mandated standardization is preferable to a voluntary one because the latter is prone to financial market failures. Along this line, this paper makes three suggestions for furthering the barcode standardization. It also advises prudence and competitive neutrality for the financial regulator and calls for more active involvements of the competition and data protection authorities.
Virchow’s node as the initial presentation of metastatic prostate cancer: a case series of a common cancer in uncommon location
Authors: Mbwambo Orgeness J , Mremi Alex , Mbwambo Jasper S , Bright Frank , Mteta Alfred K , Ngowi Bartholomeo N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the commonest cancers among men contributing significantly to the overall cancer burden globally. Most patients present with lower urinary tract symptoms. Metastasis to supraclavicular lymph nodes is unusual presentation, which has been rarely reported particularly as the primary presentation. We report two rare cases of advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma presenting with firm, non-tender lump in the left supraclavicular region between the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, (that is Virchow’s node) as initial primary symptom. Examination of the patients revealed an elevated prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) of &gt; 100 ng/ml levels, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histological evaluation and immunostaining with PSA of the supraclavicular lymph nodes and prostate biopsies. This case series emphasizes the importance of considering prostate cancer in the differential diagnosis of male patients with supraclavicular lymphadenopathy.
Visuality of a treaty: reflection on Versailles
Authors: Miles Kate 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article revisits one moment in international law through the prism of visual culture, analysing paintings, photographs and political cartoons of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. It considers the historical representation of treaty-making, narratives of international law as beneficent universal regulator and spectacle, and the projection of ‘successful’ international law through image. It reflects on photographs that capture working, ‘behind-the-scenes’ moments and portrayals of a more agitated, restless visual international law. And it explores the idea that visuality contributes to the construction of international legal reality and is a specific site of meaning for our understanding of treaty-making at Versailles.
Long-term evolution of surviving companion stars of Type Iax supernovae
Authors: Liu Zheng-Wei , Zeng Yaotian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The nature of the progenitors and explosion mechanism of Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) remain a mystery. The single-degenerate (SD) systems that involve the incomplete pure deflagration explosions of near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs (WDs) have recently been proposed for producing SNe Iax in which non-degenerate companions are expected to survive from SN explosions. In this work, we concentrate on the main-sequence (MS) donor SD progenitor systems. By mapping the computed companion models from three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of ejecta-companion interaction into a one-dimensional stellar evolution code mesa, we investigate the long-term appearance and observational signatures of surviving MS companions of SNe Iax by tracing their post-impact evolution. Depending on different MS companion models, it is found that the shocked surviving companion stars can significantly expand and evolve to be more luminous (5–$500\, L_{\odot }$) for a time-scale of 10–104 yr. Comparing with the late-time light curve of an observed SN Iax (SN 2005hk), it is suggested that surviving MS companions of SNe Iax would expect to be visible about 1000 d after the explosion when SN itself has been faded.
Impacts of pre-initial conditions on anisotropic separate universe simulations: a boosted tidal response in the epoch of reionization
Authors: Masaki Shogo , Nishimichi Takahiro , Takada Masahiro 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
To generate initial conditions for cosmological N-body simulations, one needs to prepare a uniform distribution of simulation particles, the so-called pre-initial condition (pre-IC). The standard method to construct the pre-IC is to place the particles on the lattice grids evenly spaced in the three-dimensional spatial coordinates. However, even after the initial displacement of each particle according to cosmological perturbations, the particle distribution remains to display an artificial anisotropy. Such an artefact causes systematic effects in simulations at later time until the evolved particle distribution sufficiently erases the initial anisotropy. In this paper, we study the impacts of the pre-IC on the anisotropic separate universe simulation, where the effect of large-scale tidal field on structure formation is taken into account using the anisotropic expansion in a local background (simulation volume). To quantify the impacts, we compare the simulations employing the standard grid pre-IC and the glass one, where the latter is supposed to suppress the initial anisotropy. We show that the artificial features in the grid pre-IC simulations are seen until z ∼ 9, while the glass pre-IC simulations appear to be stable and accurate over the range of scales we study. From these results we find that a coupling of the large-scale tidal field with matter clustering is enhanced compared to the leading-order prediction of perturbation theory in the quasi-non-linear regime in the redshift range 5 ≲ z ≲ 15, indicating the importance of tidal field on structure formation at such high redshifts, e.g. during the epoch of reionization.
The effect of a magnetic field on the dynamics of debris discs around white dwarfs
Authors: Hogg M A , Cutter R , Wynn G A 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Observational estimates of the lifetimes and inferred accretion rates from debris discs around polluted white dwarfs are often inconsistent with the predictions of models of shielded Poynting–Robertson drag on the dust particles in the discs. Moreover, many cool polluted white dwarfs do not show any observational evidence of accompanying discs. This may be explained, in part, if the debris discs had shorter lifetimes and higher accretion rates than predicted by Poynting–Robertson drag alone. We consider the role of a magnetic field on tidally disrupted diamagnetic debris and its subsequent effect on the formation, evolution, and accretion rate of a debris disc. We estimate that magnetic field strengths greater than ∼10 kG may decrease the time needed for circularization and the disc lifetimes by several orders of magnitude and increase the associated accretion rates by a similar factor, relative to Poynting–Robertson drag. We suggest some polluted white dwarfs may host magnetic fields below the typical detectable limit and that these fields may account for a proportion of polluted white dwarfs with missing debris discs. We also suggest that diamagnetic drag may account for the higher accretion rate estimates among polluted white dwarfs that cannot be predicted solely by Poynting–Robertson drag and find a dependence on magnetic field strength, orbital pericentre distance, and particle size on predicted disc lifetimes and accretion rates.
A Descriptive Analysis of Music Therapy Employment from 2013 to 2019
Authors: Oden Jonathon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to descriptively analyze music therapy employment data from 2013 to 2019, including years in the field, gender, age, ethnicity, hours worked, jobs created, number of new board-certified music therapists (MT-BCs), funding sources, and wages. A database was created to analyze descriptive data from the 2013–2019 American Music Therapy Association Workforce Analysis Surveys as well as data from the Certification Board for Music Therapists. Results indicate a large portion of music therapists (MTs) have been in the field for five years or less. Though the majority of MTs work full time, there is a high rate of part-time employment. An estimate of the total number of new full-time jobs represented a ratio of 57% of new MT-BCs during the period. Private pay was the most reported funding source for music therapy services. Music therapy wages tended to be higher for those with higher levels of education. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are provided.
A simplified strategy for titrating gene expression reveals new relationships between genotype, environment, and bacterial growth
Authors: Mathis Andrew D , Otto Ryan M , Reynolds Kimberly A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A lack of high-throughput techniques for making titrated, gene-specific changes in expression limits our understanding of the relationship between gene expression and cell phenotype. Here, we present a generalizable approach for quantifying growth rate as a function of titrated changes in gene expression level. The approach works by performing CRISPRi with a series of mutated single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that modulate gene expression. To evaluate sgRNA mutation strategies, we constructed a library of 5927 sgRNAs targeting 88 genes in Escherichia coli MG1655 and measured the effects on growth rate. We found that a compounding mutational strategy, through which mutations are incrementally added to the sgRNA, presented a straightforward way to generate a monotonic and gradated relationship between mutation number and growth rate effect. We also implemented molecular barcoding to detect and correct for mutations that ‘escape’ the CRISPRi targeting machinery; this strategy unmasked deleterious growth rate effects obscured by the standard approach of ignoring escapers. Finally, we performed controlled environmental variations and observed that many gene-by-environment interactions go completely undetected at the limit of maximum knockdown, but instead manifest at intermediate expression perturbation strengths. Overall, our work provides an experimental platform for quantifying the phenotypic response to gene expression variation.