bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse, evolving conformer populations drive distinct phenotypes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by the same MAPT-P301L mutation
Authors: Daude Nathalie , Kim Chae , Kang Sang-Gyun , Eskandari-Sedighi Ghazaleh , Haldiman Tracy , Yang Jing , Fleck Shelaine C. , Gomez-Cardona Erik , Han Zhuang Zhuang , Borrego-Ecija Sergi , Wohlgemuth Serene , Julien Olivier , Wille Holger , Molina-Porcel Laura , Gelpi Ellen , Safar Jiri G. , Westaway David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTau protein accumulation is a common denominator of major dementias, but this process is inhomogeneous, even when triggered by the same germline mutation. We considered stochastic misfolding of human tau conformers followed by templated conversion of native monomers as an underlying mechanism and derived sensitive conformational assays to test this concept. Assessments of brains from aged TgTauP301L transgenic mice revealed a prodromal state and three distinct signatures for misfolded tau. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-MAPT-P301L patients with different clinical phenotypes also displayed three signatures, two resembling those found in TgTauP301L mice. As physicochemical and cell bioassays confirmed diverse tau strains in the mouse and human brain series, we conclude that evolution of diverse tau conformers is intrinsic to the pathogenesis of this uni-allelic form of tauopathy. In turn, effective therapeutic interventions in FTLD will need to address evolving repertoires of misfolded tau species rather than singular, static molecular targets.
Research paper on abiotic factors and their influence on Ixodes ricinus activity—observations over a two-year period at several tick collection sites in Germany
Authors: Gethmann Jörn , Hoffmann Bernd , Kasbohm Elisa , Süss Jochen , Habedank Birgit , Conraths Franz J. , Beer Martin , Klaus Christine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTick-borne diseases are a public health issue. To predict vector tick abundance and activity, it is necessary to understand the driving factors for these variables. In this study, the activity ofIxodes ricinuswas investigated in forest and meadow habitats in Germany with a focus on abiotic factors.Ixodes ricinusadults, nymphs and larvae were caught by flagging over a period of 2 years. Microclimatic and weather conditions were recorded at the collection sites. Statistical models were applied to describe correlations between abiotic factors and tick activity in univariable and multivariable analyses. Tick activity was observed in a broad range of air temperature between 3 and 28 °C, and air humidity varied between 35 and 95%. In general, tick activity of nymphs and larvae was higher in forest habitats than that in meadows. With the exception of a single specimen ofDermacentor reticulatus, all ticks wereIxodes ricinus, most of them nymphs (63.2% in 2009 and 75.2% in 2010). For the latter, a negative binomial mixed-effects model fitted best to the observed parameters. The modelling results showed an activity optimum between 20 and 23 °C for air temperature and between 13 and 15 °C for ground temperature. In univariable analyses, the collection site, month, season, ground and air temperature were significant factors for the number of ticks caught and for all life stages. In the multivariable analysis, temperature, season and habitat turned out to be key drivers.Ixodes ricinuspositive for RNA of tick-borne encephalitis virus was only found at a single sampling site. The results of this study can be used in risk assessments and to parameterise predictive models.
Neck cooling induces blood pressure increase and peripheral vasoconstriction in healthy persons
Authors: Koehn Julia , Wang Ruihao , de Rojas Leal Carmen , Kallmünzer Bernd , Winder Klemens , Köhrmann Martin , Kollmar Rainer , Schwab Stefan , Hilz Max J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Noninvasive temperature modulation by localized neck cooling might be desirable in the prehospital phase of acute hypoxic brain injuries. While combined head and neck cooling induces significant discomfort, peripheral vasoconstriction, and blood pressure increase, localized neck cooling more selectively targets blood vessels that supply the brain, spares thermal receptors of the face and skull, and might therefore cause less discomfort cardiovascular side effects compared to head- and neck cooling. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of noninvasive selective neck cooling on cardiovascular parameters and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV).

Methods
Eleven healthy persons (6 women, mean age 42 ± 11 years) underwent 90 min of localized dorsal and frontal neck cooling (EMCOOLS Brain.Pad™) without sedation. Before and after cooling onset, and after every 10 min of cooling, we determined rectal, tympanic, and neck skin temperatures. Before and after cooling onset, after 60- and 90-min cooling, we monitored RR intervals (RRI), systolic, diastolic blood pressures (BPsys, BPdia), laser Doppler skin blood flow (SBF) at the index finger pulp, and CBFV at the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA). We compared values before and during cooling by analysis of variance for repeated measurements with post hoc analysis (significance: p < 0.05).

Results
Neck skin temperature dropped significantly by 9.2 ± 4.5 °C (minimum after 40 min), while tympanic temperature decreased by only 0.8 ± 0.4 °C (minimum after 50 min), and rectal temperature by only 0.2 ± 0.3 °C (minimum after 60 min of cooling). Index finger SBF decreased (by 83.4 ± 126.0 PU), BPsys and BPdia increased (by 11.2 ± 13.1 mmHg and 8.0 ± 10.1 mmHg), and heart rate slowed significantly while MCA-CBFV remained unchanged during cooling.

Conclusions
While localized neck cooling prominently lowered neck skin temperature, it had little effect on tympanic temperature but significantly increased BP which may have detrimental effects in patients with acute brain injuries.
The Impact of Reducing the Pension Generosity on Inequality and Schooling
Authors: Sanchez-Romero Miguel , Prskawetz Alexia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe investigate the impact of a reduction in the pension replacement rate on the schooling choice and on inequality in an overlapping generations model in which individuals differ by their life expectancy and in their cost of attending schooling. Within our framework we illustrate that many pension systems are ex ante regressive due to the difference in life expectancy across skill groups. We then derive the level of progressivity that needs to be implemented to restore an equal treatment of the pension system across skill groups.
Comprehensive magnetic resonance characteristics of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles: a new frontier for the core-shell–type contrast agents
Authors: Grudzinski Ireneusz P. , Bystrzejewski Michal , Bogorodzki Piotr , Cieszanowski Andrzej , Szeszkowski Wojciech , Poplawska Magdalena , Bamburowicz-Klimkowska Magdalena 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINS) is of considerable interest in many areas of cancer nanotechnology, ranging from basic tumor biology to early detection and treatment of cancer. To meet these challenges, the present study was undertaken to determine the magnetic and relaxometric performance of CEINS used as a new contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preclinical phantom models. CEIN samples were synthesized using a carbon arc discharge route, and the as-synthesized nanoparticles were purified and functionalized with surface acidic groups. The presence of various Fe-bearing metallic phases reflecting the net magnetic properties of CEINS was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry. The morphological and surface chemistry features were characterized by electron microscopy (transmission electron microscopy [TEM] and scanning electron microscopy [SEM]), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The textural properties of CEINS, including porosity, surface total charge density, and zeta potentials, were also measured. The as-synthesized different CEIN samples were finally examined as a potent MRI contrast drug candidate. Magnetic resonance relaxation measurements were performed in bovine gelatin-based phantom models by using a 1.5-T MRI scanner equipped with a standard radiofrequency “birdcage” type head coil. To obtain data, T1- and T2-weighted MR images were acquired using the inversion recovery spin echo (SE) and the SE protocol with multiple time of echo (TE), respectively. Chemical characterization showed similarity in morphology and textural properties between as-synthesized CEINS, purified CEINS, and CEINS functionalized with acidic groups. The as-synthesized CEINS had significantly higher Fe content and higher saturation magnetization. The analysis of the relaxometric properties of CEINS revealed that all the CEIN samples decreased T2 relaxation times on the T2-weighted images. The relaxation rate (1/T2) showed some differences between the as-synthesized, purified, and surface-functionalized CEINS containing surface carboxylic groups. Both the as-synthesized and purified CEINS slightly decreased the T1 relaxation times, which was evident through increase in the relaxation rates (1/T1). This study concludes that CEINS may represent a novel “core-shell”–type negative contrast drug candidate for MRI. It should be emphasized that all the studied CEIN samples have acceptable r2 relaxivities at the field strength of 1.5 T where most of the MRI systems operate in clinical radiology.
Brain imaging technologies as source for Extrospection: self-formation through critical self-identification
Authors: Aydin Ciano , de Boer Bas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBrain imaging technologies are increasingly used to find networks and brain regions that are specific to the functional realization of particular aspects of the self. In this paper, we aim to show how neuroscientific research and techniques could be used in the context of self-formation without treating them as representations of an inner realm. To do so, we show first how a Cartesian framework underlies the interpretation and usage of brain imaging technologies as functional evidence. To illustrate how material-technological inventions and developments can have a significant and lasting impact on views of the self, we show how this framework was influenced by another technology: the camera obscura. Subsequently, we show that brain imaging technologies challenge the idea that privileged access to the self can be obtained merely through introspection, indicating a strong discontinuity between the Cartesian and the current neuroscientific framework. Building on these insights, we reframe the self in terms of self-formation. This view neither regards the brain as an independent realizer of aspects of the self, nor assumes that self-knowledge can be obtained through introspection. From this perspective, self-formation is realized throughcritical self-identification: instead of offering representational knowledge of an ‘inner self,’ the potential use of brain imaging technologies within this framework lies in their capacity to offer what we call ‘extrospective knowledge’ that pragmatically can contribute to self-formation. Brain imaging technologies contribute to this process because they foreground our neurophysiology, which helps to critically integrate biological aspects into self-formation.
Fatal α-PVP and amphetamine poisoning during a sauna and autoerotic practices
Authors: Lunetta Philippe , Kriikku Pirkko , Tikka Julius , Ojanperä Ilkka 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe describe the sudden death of a middle-aged man while having a sauna under the influence of α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) (PM blood concentration: 0.8 mg/L), amphetamine (0.34 mg/L), and other drugs (buprenorphine, benzodiazepines), and engaging in solitary sexual activities. The drugs’ effects on the cardio-circulatory system and on body thermoregulation combined with the high temperatures are likely to have been central mechanisms leading to death. The high levels of adrenaline triggered by sexual arousal and the respiratory depression caused by buprenorphine, in association with benzodiazepines, may have also contributed to his death. This previously unreported type of accidental autoerotic death illustrates the risk of using amphetamine-like sympathomimetic drugs (e.g. cathinone derivates) in hot environments such as a sauna, and during sexual activities therein.
Developing a National Geodemographic Classification of Workplace Zones
Authors: Cockings Samantha , Martin David , Harfoot Andrew 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGeodemographics conventionally refers to the classification of geographical areas based on the socioeconomic characteristics of their residents. In this paper, we develop the novel concept of a classification based on the characteristics of workers and workplaces. The paper describes the implementation of this concept at the small area level for the whole of the UK, which has involved reconciliation of three slightly different national censuses. It presents a summary of the resulting classification (a Classification of Workplace Zones for the UK (COWZ-UK)) and an innovative validation exercise based on comparison with a very large digital mapping dataset containing specific workplace locations. The openly available classification provides important new insights into the characteristics of workers and workplaces at the small area level across the UK, which will be useful for analysts in a range of sectors, including health, local government, transport and commerce. The generic concept of a classification based on the characteristics of workers and workplaces within a set of workplace zones is transferable to other countries, with refinement to reflect context- and country-specific phenomena. The concept can be readily implemented by census agencies or other data providers where individual level worker and workplace data are available.
Regularity of Solutions to the Quaternionic Monge–Ampère Equation
Authors: Kołodziej Sławomir , Sroka Marcin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe regularity of solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the quaternionic Monge–Ampère equation is discussed. We prove that the solution to the Dirichlet problem is Hölder continuous under some conditions on the boundary values and the quaternionic Monge–Ampère density from $$L^p(\Omega )$$Lp(Ω) for $$p>2$$p>2. As a step towards the proof, we provide a refined version of stability for the weak solutions to this equation.
Automatisierte Bestimmung von Dentalmaterialien aus Speichel
Authors: Thurow Kerstin , Roddelkopf Thomas , Rohde Max , Bartel Jone , Fleischer Heidi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDue to their excellent properties, methacrylates are often used in tooth restoration. However, numerous studies have shown the occurrence of allergies in both patients and medical personnel. Thus, a precise knowledge of the concentrations of dental components from tooth materials is required. An automated solid phase extraction method was developed, which was evaluated for the determination of MA, MMA and HEMA in aqueous solutions and artificial saliva. The method allows the detection of the compounds in the lower ppb range with coefficients of variation between 1.97 and 4.55 per cent.
Kompartimentierung bei den Enzymkaskaden: statisch oder Durchfluss
Authors: Kara Selin , von Langermann Jan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDevelopment of efficient enzymatic reaction cascades necessitates individual and careful handling of reaction conditions, which may differ from one enzymatic step to another one. Compartmentalization is a key solution that can be either done under static or flow conditions. The recent developments enable the use of different strategies, materials and set-ups, which can be applied based on the requirements of different bioprocesses.
I–C–E Framework: Concepts for Group Dynamics Research in Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Abrams Anna M. H. , der Pütten Astrid M. Rosenthal-von 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe research community of human-robot interaction relies on theories and phenomena from the social sciences in order to study and validate robotic developments in interaction. These studies mainly concerned one (human) on one (robot) interactions in the past. The present paper shifts the attention to groups and group dynamics and reviews relevant concepts from the social sciences: ingroup identification (I), cohesion (C) and entitativity (E). Ubiquitous robots will be part of larger social settings in the near future. A conceptual framework, the I–C–E framework, is proposed as a theoretical foundation for group (dynamics) research in HRI. Additionally, we present methods and possible measures for these relevant concepts and outline topics for future research.
The impact of cumulative stress on asthma outcomes among urban adolescents
Authors: Miadich Samantha A. , Everhart Robin S. , Greenlee Jessica , Winter Marcia A. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionMany families living in low‐income, urban areas experience a number of stressors (e.g., poverty, neighborhood stress, family functioning) that place adolescents at risk for worse asthma outcomes. Adolescents may face additional challenges (e.g., peer pressure, school stress) that add to their overall stress and influence their disease care and health outcomes. The current study examined the impact of a cumulative risk model of stressors including poverty, neighborhood stress, school stress, peer pressure, and caregiver‐adolescent conflict on asthma outcomes (e.g., emergency department [ED] visits, asthma control, quality of life [QOL]) among urban adolescents (13–17 years).MethodsData were collected from 61 urban families of adolescents with asthma (54.1% female; 93.4% African American) in the United States. Caregivers and adolescents completed questionnaires assessing stressors and asthma outcomes separately during a research session.ResultsCumulative risk was significantly associated with worse adolescent QOL and asthma control, and more ED visits. The cumulative risk index was also a more robust predictor of QOL and asthma control than any one individual predictor. Poverty, neighborhood stress, and school stress emerged as individual predictors of ED visits. Further, adolescents with well‐controlled asthma had significantly lower neighborhood and school‐related stress scores.ConclusionsFindings suggest that beyond the risk conferred by individual risk factors, an accumulation of stress can have an especially negative impact on asthma outcomes for urban adolescents. Future intervention work aimed at improving asthma outcomes should consider incorporating strategies for minimizing overlapping sources of stress in adolescents’ daily lives.
Risk factors for nonclosure of defunctioning stoma and stoma‐related complications among low rectal cancer patients after sphincter‐preserving surgery
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zheng Wei , Cui Jian , Wu Yun‐Long , Xu Tian‐Lei , Zhang Hai‐Zeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundDefunctioning stoma is widely used to reduce anastomotic complications in rectal cancer surgery. However, the complications of stoma and stoma reversal surgery should not be underestimated. Furthermore, in some patients, stoma reversal failed. Here, we investigated the complications of defunctioning stoma surgery and subsequent reversal surgery and identify risk factors associated with the failure of getting stoma reversed.MethodsIn total, 154 patients who simultaneously underwent low anterior resection and defunctioning stoma were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether their stoma got reversed or not. The reasons that patients received defunctioning stoma and experienced stoma‐related complications and the risk factors for failing to get stoma reversed were analysed.ResultsThe mean follow‐up time was 47.54 (range 4.0–164.0) months. During follow‐up, 19.5% of the patients suffered stoma‐related long‐term complications. Only 79 (51.3%) patients had their stomas reversed. The morbidity of complications after reversal surgery was 45.6%, and these mainly consisted of incision‐related complications. Multivariate analyses showed that pre‐treatment comorbidity (HR = 3.17, 95% CI 1.27–7.96, P = 0.014), postoperative TNM stage (HR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.05–6.18, P = 0.038), neoadjuvant therapy (HR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.07–7.05, P = 0.036), anastomosis‐related complications (HR = 4.52, 95% CI 1.81–11.29, P = 0.001), and disease recurrence (HR = 24.83, 95% CI 2.90–213.06, P = 0.003) were significant independent risk factors for a defunctioning stoma to be permanent.ConclusionsDefunctioning stoma is an effective method to reduce symptomatic anastomotic leakage, but the stoma itself and its reversal procedure are associated with high morbidity of complications, and many defunctioning stomas eventually become permanent. Therefore, surgeons should carefully assess preoperatively and perform defunctioning stomas in very high risk patients. In addition, doctors should perform stoma reversal surgery more actively to prevent temporary stomas from becoming permanent.
Self-nudging and the citizen choice architect
Authors: REIJULA SAMULI , HERTWIG RALPH 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article argues that nudges can often be turned into self-nudges: empowering interventions that enable people to design and structure their own decision environments – that is, to act as citizen choice architects. Self-nudging applies insights from behavioral science in a way that is practicable and cost-effective, but that sidesteps concerns about paternalism or manipulation. It has the potential to expand the scope of application of behavioral insights from the public to the personal sphere (e.g., homes, offices, families). It is a tool for reducing failures of self-control and enhancing personal autonomy; specifically, self-nudging can mean designing one's proximate choice architecture to alleviate the effects of self-control problems, engaging in education to understand the nature and causes of self-control problems and employing simple educational nudges to improve goal attainment in various domains. It can even mean self-paternalistic interventions such as winnowing down one's choice set by, for instance, removing options. Policy-makers could promote self-nudging by sharing knowledge about nudges and how they work. The ultimate goal of the self-nudging approach is to enable citizen choice architects’ efficient self-governance, where reasonable, and the self-determined arbitration of conflicts between their mutually exclusive goals and preferences.
Agent-Relative Reasons as Second-Order Value Responses
Authors: Löschke Jörg 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAgent-relative reasons are an important feature of any nonconsequentialist moral theory. Many authors think that they cannot be accommodated within a value-first theory that understands all value as agent-neutral. In this paper, I offer a novel explanation of agent-relative reasons that accommodates them fully within an agent-neutral value-first view. I argue that agent-relative reasons are to be understood in terms of second-order value responses: when an agent acts on an agent-relative reason, she responds appropriately to the agent-neutral value of her own appropriate response to some agent-neutral value. This view helps reconcile important elements of deontology and consequentialism.