bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and experimental study of a passive power-source-free stiffness-self-adjustable mechanism
Authors: Liu Yuwang , Wang Dongqi , Yang Shangkui , Liu Jinguo , Hao Guangbo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPassive variable stiffness joints have unique advantages over active variable stiffness joints and are currently eliciting increased attention. Existing passive variable stiffness joints rely mainly on sensors and special control algorithms, resulting in a bandwidth-limited response speed of the joint. We propose a new passive power-source-free stiffness-self-adjustable mechanism that can be used as the elbow joint of a robot arm. The new mechanism does not require special stiffness regulating motors or sensors and can realize large-range self-adaptive adjustment of stiffness in a purely mechanical manner. The variable stiffness mechanism can automatically adjust joint stiffness in accordance with the magnitude of the payload, and this adjustment is a successful imitation of the stiffness adjustment characteristics of the human elbow. The response speed is high because sensors and control algorithms are not needed. The variable stiffness principle is explained, and the design of the variable stiffness mechanism is analyzed. A prototype is fabricated, and the associated hardware is set up to validate the analytical stiffness model and design experimentally.
Computational models for contact current dosimetry at frequencies below 1 MHz
Authors: Schneeweiss Pia , Panescu Dorin , Stunder Dominik , Kroll Mark W. , Andrews Christopher J. , Theiler Tobias 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectric contact currents (CC) can cause muscle contractions, burns, or ventricular fibrillation which may result in life-threatening situations. In vivo studies with CC are rare due to potentially hazardous effects for participants. Cadaver studies are limited to the range of tissue’s electrical properties and the utilized probes’ size, relative position, and sensitivity. Thus, the general safety standards for protection against CC depend on a limited scientific basis. The aim of this study was therefore to develop an extendable and adaptable validated numerical body model for computational CC dosimetry for frequencies between DC and 1 MHz. Applying the developed model for calculations of the IEC heart current factors (HCF) revealed that in the case of transversal CCs, HCFs are frequency dependent, while for longitudinal CCs, the HCFs seem to be unaffected by frequency. HCFs for current paths from chest or back to hand appear to be underestimated by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 60479-1). Unlike the HCFs provided in IEC 60479-1 for longitudinal current paths, our work predicts the HCFs equal 1.0, possibly due to a previously unappreciated current flow through the blood vessels. However, our results must be investigated by further research in order to make a definitive statement. Contact currents of frequencies from DC up to 100 kHz were conducted through the numerical body model Duke by seven contact electrodes on longitudinal and transversal paths. The resulting induced electric field and current enable the evaluation of the body impedance and the heart current factors for each frequency and current path.
Microstructure and Residual Stress Evolution of Laser Powder Bed Fused Inconel 718 under Heat Treatments
Authors: Marchese Giulio , Atzeni Eleonora , Salmi Alessandro , Biamino Sara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe current work aimed to study the influence of various heat treatments on the microstructure, hardness, and residual stresses of Inconel 718 processed by laser powder bed fusion process. The reduction in residual stresses is crucial to avoid the deformation of the component during its removal from the building platform. Among the different heat treatments, 800 °C kept almost unaltered the original microstructure, reducing the residual stresses. Heat treatments at 900, 980, and 1065 °C gradually triggered the melt pool and dendritic structures dissolution, drastically reducing the residual stresses. Heat treatments at 900 and 980 °C involved the formation of δ phases, whereas 1065 °C generated carbides. These heat treatments were also performed on components with narrow internal channels revealing that heat treatments up to 900 °C did not trigger sintering mechanisms allowing to remove the powder from the inner channels.
Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection
Authors: Xu Qian , Tang Yuting , Huang Gang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.
Geological Signatures of Tectonic Instability along the North Cambay Basin during the Late Holocene Period, North Gujarat, India
Authors: Das Archana , Solanki Tarun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the present study, the tectono-geomorphic attributes of the northern part of the Cambay basin, Western India, which has recently witnessed a surge in seismic activity has been investigated. The anomalies in the drainage network (morphometry) along with the sedimentological character of the drainages with OSL chronology was used to unravel the abrupt aggradation and incision processes during the late Holocene period. The analysis reveals two major lineaments i.e. NE-SW, which are related to the transfer faults and NW-SE lineaments, related to the listric/normal faults prevalent in the northern Cambay region. The NW-SE trend exhibited the first order streams, which hints the ongoing tectonic activity along the buried structural elements/faults. The valley fill sediments were incised during the late Holocene period i.e. &lt; 3 ka, which is ascribed to the tectonic activity along the buried structure/faults in the Tharad-Sanchor block of the north Cambay basin. The present study is the first attempt to characterize the tectonic activity along the Tharad-Sanchor block of the north Cambay basin using geomorphometry and optical dating.
Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Samples from Cambay Shale Formation, Cambay Basin, in Context of Shale Gas or Shale Oil
Authors: Bohra Mridula , Patel K. R. , Kumar Arun , Tripathi R. P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In Cambay basin (India) a thick sedimentary sequence exits consisting of shales. This sequence is known as Cambay Shale Formation (both younger and older). In the present investigation 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy study was carried on samples of Cambay Shale Formation. These samples are collected from various depth interval from well UBER#2. Results thus obtained are also compared with the Mössbauer spectroscopic study already available on shale samples of (from Cambay Shale Formation) well K-263. It was found that samples from well UBER#2 show presence of iron mainly in clay forming minerals in Fe2+ state, but show no presence of pyrite or ferric sulphate minerals. In contrast sample studied from well K-263 show presence of iron mainly in pyrite and in ferric sulphate but iron clay minerals is absent in most of the samples. Implication of distribution of iron minerals in these wells is discussed in context of future shale oil and shale gas exploration from this basin.
Post-testing measurement of freely movable and diffusible hydrogen in context of WEC formation at cylindrical roller thrust bearings from 100Cr6
Authors: Linzmayer Martin , Gutiérrez Guzmán Francisco , Manke Gregor , Jacobs Georg , Sous Christopher , Pohl Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSub-surface crack networks in areas of altered microstructure are a common cause for bearing failures. Due to its appearance under light microscopy, the damage pattern is referred to as White Etching Cracks (WEC). The root causes leading to the formation of WEC are still under debate. Nevertheless, it has already been shown that atomic hydrogen can have an accelerating effect on the formation and propagation of WEC. In addition to hydrogen pre-charging, hydrogen can be released and absorbed during rolling/sliding due to the decomposing of the lubricant and water. The current work focuses on the analysis of the hydrogen content of cylindrical roller thrust bearings after testing in a FE8 type test rig using two different lubricants. Within the framework of this work, two different hydrogen analysis methods were used and assessed regarding their applicability. The results show that the so-called Hydrogen Collecting Analysis (HCA) is more suitable to investigate the correlation between lubricant chemistry and hydrogen content in the test bearings than the Local Hydrogen Analysis (LHA). The measurements with the HCA show a continuously increasing freely movable and diffusible hydrogen content under tribological conditions, which leads to the formation of WEC. Comparative tests with an oil without hydrogen showed that the tendency of the system to fail as a result of WEC can be reduced by using a lubricant without hydride compounds.
Polling place changes and political participation: evidence from North Carolina presidential elections, 2008–2016
Authors: Clinton Joshua D. , Eubank Nick , Fresh Adriane , Shepherd Michael E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHow do changes in Election Day polling place locations affect voter turnout? We study the behavior of more than 2 million eligible voters across three closely-contested presidential elections (2008–2016) in the swing state of North Carolina. Leveraging within-voter variation in polling place location change over time, we demonstrate that polling place changes reduce Election Day voting on average statewide. However, this effect is almost completely offset by substitution into early voting, suggesting that voters, on average, respond to a change in their polling place by choosing to vote early. While there is heterogeneity in these effects by the distance of the polling place change and the race of the affected voter, the fully offsetting substitution into early voting still obtains. We theorize this is because voters whose polling places change location receive notification mailers, offsetting search costs and priming them to think about the election before election day, driving early voting.
Threat analysis for more effective lion conservation
Authors: Bauer Hans , Dickman Amy , Chapron Guillaume , Oriol-Cotterill Alayne , Nicholson Samantha K. , Sillero-Zubiri Claudio , Hunter Luke , Lindsey Peter , Macdonald David W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe use comparable 2005 and 2018 population data to assess threats driving the decline of lion Panthera leo populations, and review information on threats structured by problem tree and root cause analysis. We define 11 threats and rank their severity and prevalence. Two threats emerged as affecting both the number of lion populations and numbers within them: livestock depredation leading to retaliatory killing of lions, and bushmeat poaching leading to prey depletion. Our data do not allow determination of whether any specific threat drives declines faster than others. Of 20 local extirpations, most were associated with armed conflicts as a driver of proximate threats. We discuss the prevalence and severity of proximate threats and their drivers, to identify priorities for more effective conservation of lions, other carnivores and their prey.
Towards the comprehension of fasciolosis (re-)emergence: an integrative overview
Authors: Alba Annia , Vazquez Antonio A. , Hurtrez-Boussès Sylvie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, ‘adjusting’ capabilities and parasitic strategies ofFasciolato infect. Such features define the high adaptability ofFasciolaspecies for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. AsFasciolainfection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.
Family functioning in the families of paediatric heart transplant recipients prior to outpatient visits and procedures
Authors: Tadros Hanna J. , Rawlinson Alana R. , Gupta Dipankar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn a cross-sectional study, we assessed family functioning prior to outpatient visits and routine heart catheterisations in the families of paediatric heart transplant recipients. Caregivers rated higher short-term family functioning prior to outpatient visits, but not prior to catheterisations. This finding may indicate that family functioning benefits from the support provided during outpatient visits.
Antimicrobial resistance in Mannheimia haemolytica: prevalence and impact
Authors: Credille Brent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in North American beef cattle. In recent years, isolation of strains of Mannheimia haemolytica that are resistant to multiple different classes of antimicrobials has become commonplace. New research would suggest that the routine use of antimicrobials by some cattle operations might be driving emerging resistance patterns, with the majority of the spread observed due to propagation of strains of M. haemolytica that have acquired integrative conjugative elements. To date, there is little information evaluating the impact of antimicrobial resistance on clinical outcome in cattle with BRD.
Inter-pregnancy interval and later pediatric cardiovascular health of the offspring – a population-based cohort study
Authors: Imterat Majdi , Wainstock Tamar , Sheiner Eyal , Pariente Gali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that a long inter-pregnancy interval (IPI: time interval between live birth and estimated time of conception of subsequent pregnancy) poses a risk for adverse short-term perinatal outcome. We aimed to study the effect of short (<6 months) and long (>60 months) IPI on long-term cardiovascular morbidity of the offspring. A population-based cohort study was performed in which all singleton live births in parturients with at least one previous birth were included. Hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving cardiovascular diseases and according to IPI length were evaluated. Intermediate interval, between 6 and 60 months, was considered the reference. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare the cumulative morbidity incidence between the groups. Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for confounders. During the study period, 161,793 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 14.1% (n = 22,851) occurred in parturient following a short IPI, 78.6% (n = 127,146) following an intermediate IPI, and 7.3% (n = 11,796) following a long IPI. Total hospitalizations of the offspring, involving cardiovascular morbidity, were comparable between the groups. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrated similar cumulative incidences of cardiovascular morbidity in all groups. In a Cox proportional hazards model, short and long IPI did not appear as independent risk factors for later pediatric cardiovascular morbidity of the offspring (adjusted HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80–1.18; adjusted HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.83–1.37, for short and long IPI, respectively). In our population, extreme IPIs do not appear to impact long-term cardiovascular hospitalizations of offspring.
Energy Conversions Associated With Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Fadanelli S. , Lavraud B. , Califano F. , Cozzani G. , Finelli F. , Sisti M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present theoretical and computational analyses of energy conversions in a magnetized collisionless plasma. We first revisit the theoretical approach to energy conversion analysis and discuss the expected correlations between the different conversion terms. We then present results from a Hybrid‐Vlasov simulation of a turbulent plasma, focusing on the immediate vicinity of a reconnection site. Energy transfers are examined locally and correlations between them are discussed in detail. We show a good anticorrelation between pressure‐driven and electromagnetic acceleration terms. A similar but weaker anticorrelation is found between the heat flux and thermodynamic work acting on internal energies. It is the departure from these anticorrelations that drives the effective changes in the species’ kinetic and internal energies. We also show that overall energy gain or loss is statistically related to the local scale of the system, with higher conversion rates occurring mostly at the smallest local plasma scales. To summarize, we can say that the energization and de‐energization of a plasma is the result of the complex interplay between multiple electromagnetic and thermodynamic effects, which are best taken into account via such a point‐by‐point analysis of the system.
Dynamic Mechanisms Associated With High‐Energy Electron Flux Dropout in the Earth's Outer Radiation Belt Under the Influence of a Coronal Mass Ejection Sheath Region
Authors: Da Silva L. A. , Shi J. , Alves L. R. , Sibeck D. , Souza V. M. , Marchezi J. P. , Medeiros C. , Vieira L. E. A. , Agapitov O. , Jauer P. R. , Alves M. E. S. , Wang C. , Li H. , Liu Z. , Dal Lago A. , Alves M. V. , Rockenbach M. S. , Baker D. N. , Zhang S. Y. , Kanekal S. G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe near‐Earth interplanetary environment conditions affect the dynamics of the relativistic electron population quasitrapped in the radiation belts. A complex chain of processes observed in the magnetosphere can contribute to the variability of these populations when interplanetary structures, such as the interplanetary counterpart of a solar coronal mass ejection (ICME), and high‐speed solar wind streams interact with the magnetosphere. However, as these processes can coexist, it is hard to untangle the relative contribution of each process to the loss of particles and the eventual repopulation. Here we show evidence that it is possible to distinguish the relative contribution of mechanisms related to the loss of the outer radiation belt electrons for an event observed on July 19 and 20, 2016. The interaction of an ICME's turbulent sheath with the Earth's magnetosphere resulted in a decrease in the outer radiation belt relativistic electron population. The ultralow frequency (ULF) and chorus wave activities are detected in the outer radiation belt during the time when the Earth's magnetosphere is under the influence of the ICME's sheath region, as well as the ICME's magnetic cloud region, while the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the outer belt are observed only during the sheath region. Dynamic mechanisms such as magnetopause shadowing, outward radial diffusion driven by ULF waves, pitch‐angle scattering driven by both EMIC and chorus waves are quantitatively analyzed. Our results suggest that the structures of the ICMEs can trigger the drivers to generate the different dynamic mechanisms responsible for the radiation belt population variability.
Deformation Memory in the Lithosphere: A Comparison of Damage‐dependent Weakening and Grain‐Size Sensitive Rheologies
Authors: Fuchs Lukas , Becker Thorsten W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrain localization in the lithosphere and the formation, evolution, and maintenance of resulting plate boundaries play a crucial role in plate tectonics and thermo‐chemical mantle convection. Previously activated lithospheric deformation zones often appear to maintain a “memory” of weakening, leading to tectonic inheritance within plate reorganizations including the Wilson cycle. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain such strain localization, but it remains unclear which operates on what spatio‐temporal scales, and how to best incorporate them in large‐scale mantle convection models. Here, we analyze two candidates, (1), grain‐size sensitive rheology and, (2), damage‐style parameterizations of yield, stress which are sometimes used to approximate the former. Grain‐size reduction due to dynamic recrystallization can drive localization in the ductile domain, and grain growth provides a time‐dependent rheological hardening component potentially enabling the preservation of rheological heterogeneities. We compare the dynamic weakening and hardening effects as well as the timescales of strength evolution for a composite rheology including grain‐size dynamics with a pseudo‐plastic rheology including damage‐ (or “strain”‐) dependent weakening. We explore the implications of different proposed grain‐size evolution laws, and test to which extent strain‐dependent rheologies can mimic the weakening and hardening effects of the more complex micro‐physical behavior. Such an analysis helps to better understand the parallels and differences between various strain‐localization modeling approaches used in different tectonics and geodynamics communities. More importantly, our results contribute to efforts to identify the key ingredients of strain‐localization and damage hysteresis within plate tectonics and how to represent those in planetary‐scale modeling.