bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crustal domains in the Western Barents Sea
Authors: Shulgin Alexey , Faleide Jan Inge , Mjelde Rolf , Breivik Asbjørn , Huismans Ritske 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARY
The crustal architecture of the Barents Sea is still enigmatic due to complex evolution during the Timanian and Caledonian orogeny events, further complicated by several rifting episodes. In this study we present the new results on the crustal structure of the Caledonian–Timanian transition zone in the western Barents. We extend the work of Aarseth et al. (2017), by utilizing the seismic tomography approach to model Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs ratio, combined with the reprocessed seismic reflection line, and further complemented with gravity modelling. Based on our models we document in 3-D the position of the Caledonian nappes in the western Barents Sea. We find that the Caledonian domain is characterized by high crustal reflectivity, caused by strong deformation and/or emplacement of mafic intrusions within the crystalline crust. The Timanian domain shows semi-transparent crust with little internal reflectivity, suggesting less deformation. We find, that the eastern branch of the earlier proposed Caledonian suture, cannot be associated with the Caledonian event, but can rather be a relict from the Timanian terrane assemblance, marking one of the crustal microblocks. This crustal block may have an E–W striking southern boundary, along which the Caledonian nappes were offset. A high-velocity/density crustal body, adjacent to the Caledonian–Timanian contact zone, is interpreted as a zone of metamorphosed rocks based on the comparison with global compilations. The orientation of this body correlates with regional gravity maxima zone. Two scenarios for the origin of the body are proposed: mafic emplacement during the Timanian assembly, or massive mafic intrusions associated with the Devonian extension.
HNK-1 sulfotransferase modulates α-dystroglycan glycosylation by 3-O-sulfation of glucuronic acid on matriglycan
Authors: Sheikh M Osman , Venzke David , Anderson Mary E , Yoshida-Moriguchi Takako , Glushka John N , Nairn Alison V , Galizzi Melina , Moremen Kelley W , Campbell Kevin P , Wells Lance 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMutations in multiple genes required for proper O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan are causal for congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies and abnormal brain development in mammals. Previously, we and others further elucidated the functional O-mannose glycan structure that is terminated by matriglycan, [(-GlcA-β3-Xyl-α3-)n]. This repeating disaccharide serves as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that HNK-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST/carbohydrate sulfotransferase) sulfates terminal glucuronyl residues of matriglycan at the 3-hydroxyl and prevents further matriglycan polymerization by the LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. While α-dystroglycan isolated from mouse heart and kidney is susceptible to exoglycosidase digestion of matriglycan, the functional, lower molecular weight α-dystroglycan detected in brain, where HNK-1ST expression is elevated, is resistant. Removal of the sulfate cap by a sulfatase facilitated dual-glycosidase digestion. Our data strongly support a tissue specific mechanism in which HNK-1ST regulates polymer length by competing with LARGE for the 3-position on the nonreducing GlcA of matriglycan.
DNA methylation QTL analysis identifies new regulators of human longevity
Authors: Szymczak Silke , Dose Janina , Torres Guillermo G , Heinsen Femke-Anouska , Venkatesh Geetha , Datlinger Paul , Nygaard Marianne , Mengel-From Jonas , Flachsbart Friederike , Klapper Wolfram , Christensen Kaare , Lieb Wolfgang , Schreiber Stefan , Häsler Robert , Bock Christoph , Franke Andre , Nebel Almut 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Human longevity is a complex trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, whose interaction is mediated by epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation. Here, we generated genome-wide whole-blood methylome data from 267 individuals, of which 71 were long-lived (90–104 years), by applying reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We followed a stringent two-stage analysis procedure using discovery and replication samples to detect differentially methylated sites (DMSs) between young and long-lived study participants. Additionally, we performed a DNA methylation quantitative trait loci analysis to identify DMSs that underlie the longevity phenotype. We combined the DMSs results with gene expression data as an indicator of functional relevance. This approach yielded 21 new candidate genes, the majority of which are involved in neurophysiological processes or cancer. Notably, two candidates (PVRL2, ERCC1) are located on chromosome 19q, in close proximity to the well-known longevity- and Alzheimer’s disease-associated loci APOE and TOMM40. We propose this region as a longevity hub, operating on both a genetic (APOE, TOMM40) and an epigenetic (PVRL2, ERCC1) level. We hypothesize that the heritable methylation and associated gene expression changes reported here are overall advantageous for the LLI and may prevent/postpone age-related diseases and facilitate survival into very old age.
Reflection on modern methods: generalized linear models for prognosis and intervention—theory, practice and implications for machine learning
Authors: Arnold Kellyn F , Davies Vinny , de Kamps Marc , Tennant Peter W G , Mbotwa John , Gilthorpe Mark S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrediction and causal explanation are fundamentally distinct tasks of data analysis. In health applications, this difference can be understood in terms of the difference between prognosis (prediction) and prevention/treatment (causal explanation). Nevertheless, these two concepts are often conflated in practice. We use the framework of generalized linear models (GLMs) to illustrate that predictive and causal queries require distinct processes for their application and subsequent interpretation of results. In particular, we identify five primary ways in which GLMs for prediction differ from GLMs for causal inference: (i) the covariates that should be considered for inclusion in (and possibly exclusion from) the model; (ii) how a suitable set of covariates to include in the model is determined; (iii) which covariates are ultimately selected and what functional form (i.e. parameterization) they take; (iv) how the model is evaluated; and (v) how the model is interpreted. We outline some of the potential consequences of failing to acknowledge and respect these differences, and additionally consider the implications for machine learning (ML) methods. We then conclude with three recommendations that we hope will help ensure that both prediction and causal modelling are used appropriately and to greatest effect in health research.
Activity of cefiderocol against high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Delgado-Valverde Mercedes , Conejo M del Carmen , Serrano Lara , Fernández-Cuenca Felipe , Pascual Álvaro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundCefiderocol is a novel siderophore cephalosporin, developed for activity against MDR Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB).ObjectivesTo assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefiderocol against a collection of MDR-GNB clinical isolates from hospitals in southern Spain.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty-one isolates of successful clones were tested: 125 Enterobacterales (121 ESBL- and/or carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and 4 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae), 80 Acinetobacter baumannii, 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 20 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefepime, aztreonam, meropenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, colistin and tigecycline were used as comparators against Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Minocycline, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were studied against S. maltophilia instead of aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and cefepime. MICs were determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI guidelines. MIC determination was performed in CAMHB for all antimicrobials except cefiderocol, where iron-depleted CAMHB was used.ResultsCefiderocol showed potent in vitro activity against the isolates analysed. MIC50 and MIC90 values were in the ranges 0.125–8 mg/L and 0.5–8 mg/L, respectively, and 98% of isolates were inhibited at ≤4 mg/L. Only five isolates showed cefiderocol MICs of &gt;4 mg/L: three ST2/OXA-24/40-producing A. baumannii, one ST114/VIM-1-producing E. cloacae and one ST114/VIM-1 + OXA-48-producing E. cloacae. All KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae were susceptible to cefiderocol, even those resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam. P. aeruginosa isolates showed cefiderocol MICs of &lt;4 mg/L, including those resistant to ceftolozane/tazobactam. S. maltophilia isolates displayed cefiderocol MICs of &lt;4 mg/L, including those resistant to levofloxacin and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.ConclusionsCefiderocol showed excellent activity against MDR-GNB, including carbapenem-resistant isolates, and was the most active antimicrobial tested against this collection.
Tailoring plant-associated microbial inoculants in agriculture: a roadmap for successful application
Authors: Saad Maged M , Eida Abdul Aziz , Hirt Heribert 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPlants are now recognized as metaorganisms which are composed of a host plant associated with a multitude of microbes that provide the host plant with a variety of essential functions to adapt to the local environment. Recent research showed the remarkable importance and range of microbial partners for enhancing the growth and health of plants. However, plant–microbe holobionts are influenced by many different factors, generating complex interactive systems. In this review, we summarize insights from this emerging field, highlighting the factors that contribute to the recruitment, selection, enrichment, and dynamic interactions of plant-associated microbiota. We then propose a roadmap for synthetic community application with the aim of establishing sustainable agricultural systems that use microbial communities to enhance the productivity and health of plants independently of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Considering global warming and climate change, we suggest that desert plants can serve as a suitable pool of potentially beneficial microbes to maintain plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we propose a framework for advancing the application of microbial inoculants in agriculture.
Beneficial soil-borne bacteria and fungi: a promising way to improve plant nitrogen acquisition
Authors: Dellagi Alia , Quillere Isabelle , Hirel Bertrand 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant productivity, thus, it is abundantly applied to the soil in the form of organic or chemical fertilizers that have negative impacts on the environment. Exploiting the potential of beneficial microbes and identifying crop genotypes that can capitalize on symbiotic associations may be possible ways to significantly reduce the use of N fertilizers. The best-known example of symbiotic association that can reduce the use of N fertilizers is the N2-fixing rhizobial bacteria and legumes. Bacterial taxa other than rhizobial species can develop associative symbiotic interactions with plants and also fix N. These include bacteria of the genera Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and Bacillus, some of which are commercialized as bio-inoculants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are other microorganisms that can develop symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants, favoring access to nutrients in a larger soil volume through their extraradical mycelium. Using combinations of different beneficial microbial species is a promising strategy to boost plant N acquisition and foster a synergistic beneficial effect between symbiotic microorganisms. Complex biological mechanisms including molecular, metabolic, and physiological processes dictate the establishment and efficiency of such multipartite symbiotic associations. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge and future prospects regarding plant N nutrition improvement through the use of beneficial bacteria and fungi associated with plants, individually or in combination.
Inclusion Versus Exclusion in Intra-Orthodox Politics: Between Agudat Israel and Hungarian Orthodoxy*
Authors: Keren-Kratz Menachem 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Ever since the concept of Jewish Orthodoxy emerged in the early-19th century, and especially after Jews were awarded equal civic rights in the 1860s, several religious leaders sought to establish Orthodox organizations. They, however, faced two main obstacles: first, the concept of an Orthodox organization was new to Jewish history and conservative rabbis automatically opposed anything new and condemned it as “modern.” Second, an Orthodox organization meant a religious jurisdiction superior to that of the local rabbis who were reluctant to give up the full authority they enjoyed. Following a long period of deterioration in the power and influence of the rabbis, local Orthodox organizations were established in Hungary, Galicia and Germany. In 1912, after the establishment of international movements by Reform rabbis, Maskilim, Jewish socialists, and finally the Zionists, leading Orthodox figures decided to establish the international Orthodox organization titled Agudat Israel. Recognizing its critical role in preserving traditional Judaism, individual rabbis and local Orthodox organizations from many countries joined Agudat Israel. The only country whose rabbis refused to join was Hungary. There, Jewish Orthodoxy enjoyed a special civil status and had its own separate communities. Seeking to maintain their distinct status, Hungarian leaders demanded that Agudat Israel declare itself an Orthodox organization and refrain from accepting Jews who belonged to non-Orthodox communities, who were lax in their religious conduct, or who supported Zionism. After deliberating the pros and cons, Agudat Israel decided to decline the “Hungarian demand” and, instead, to accept every Jew who wanted to join. Consequently, most Hungarian rabbis banned the organization. Nevertheless, the political and social circumstances following World War I drove some Hungarian rabbis and their communities to join Agudat Israel.
Spectral variability of a sample of extreme variability quasars and implications for the Mg iibroad-line region
Authors: Yang Qian , Shen Yue , Chen Yu-Ching , Liu Xin , Annis James , Avila Santiago , Bertin Emmanuel , Brooks David , Buckley-Geer Elizabeth , Carnero Rosell Aurelio , Carrasco Kind Matias , Carretero Jorge , da Costa Luiz , Desai Shantanu , Thomas Diehl H , Doel Peter , Frieman Josh , Garcia-Bellido Juan , Gaztanaga Enrique , Gerdes David , Gruen Daniel , Gruendl Robert , Gschwend Julia , Gutierrez Gaston , Hollowood Devon L , Honscheid Klaus , Hoyle Ben , James David , Krause Elisabeth , Kuehn Kyler , Lidman Christopher , Lima Marcos , Maia Marcio , Marshall Jennifer , Martini Paul , Menanteau Felipe , Miquel Ramon , Plazas Malagón Andrés , Sanchez Eusebio , Scarpine Vic , Schindler Rafe , Schubnell Michael , Serrano Santiago , Sevilla Ignacio , Smith Mathew , Soares-Santos Marcelle , Sobreira Flavia , Suchyta Eric , Swanson Molly , Tarle Gregory , Vikram Vinu , Walker Alistair 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTWe present new Gemini/GMOS optical spectroscopy of 16 extreme variability quasars (EVQs) that dimmed by more than 1.5 mag in the g band between the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Dark Energy Survey epochs (separated by a few years in the quasar rest frame). These EVQs are selected from quasars in the SDSS Stripe 82 region, covering a redshift range of 0.5 &lt; z &lt; 2.1. Nearly half of these EVQs brightened significantly (by more than 0.5 mag in the g band) in a few years after reaching their previous faintest state, and some EVQs showed rapid (non-blazar) variations of greater than 1–2 mag on time-scales of only months. To increase sample statistics, we use a supplemental sample of 33 EVQs with multi-epoch spectra from SDSS that cover the broad Mg ii λ2798 line. Leveraging on the large dynamic range in continuum variability between the multi-epoch spectra, we explore the associated variations in the broad Mg ii line, whose variability properties have not been well studied before. The broad Mg ii flux varies in the same direction as the continuum flux, albeit with a smaller amplitude, which indicates at least some portion of Mg ii is reverberating to continuum changes. However, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of Mg ii does not vary accordingly as continuum changes for most objects in the sample, in contrast to the case of the broad Balmer lines. Using the width of broad Mg ii to estimate the black hole mass with single epoch spectra therefore introduces a luminosity-dependent bias.
Wave propagation in semiconvective regions of giant planets
Authors: Pontin C M , Barker A J , Hollerbach R , André Q , Mathis S 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations of Jupiter and Saturn suggest that heavy elements may be diluted in the gaseous envelope, providing a compositional gradient that could stabilize ordinary convection and produce a stably stratified layer near the core of these planets. This region could consist of semiconvective layers with a staircase-like density profile, which have multiple convective zones separated by thin stably stratified interfaces, as a result of double-diffusive convection. These layers could have important effects on wave propagation and tidal dissipation that have not been fully explored. We analyse the effects of these layers on the propagation and transmission of internal waves within giant planets, extending prior work in a local Cartesian model. We adopt a simplified global Boussinesq planetary model in which we explore the internal waves in a non-rotating spherical body. We begin by studying the free modes of a region containing semiconvective layers. We then analyse the transmission of internal waves through such a region. The free modes depend strongly on the staircase properties, and consist of modes with both internal and interfacial gravity wave-like behaviour. We determine the frequency shifts of these waves as a function of the number of steps to explore their potential to probe planetary internal structures. We also find that wave transmission is strongly affected by the presence of a staircase. Very large wavelength waves are transmitted efficiently, but small-scale waves are only transmitted if they are resonant with one of the free modes. The effective size of the core is therefore larger for non-resonant modes.
Different modes of star formation – II. Gas accretion phase of initially subcritical star-forming clouds
Authors: Machida Masahiro N , Basu Shantanu 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The accretion phase of star formation is investigated in magnetically dominated clouds that have an initial subcritical mass-to-flux ratio. We employ non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations that include ambipolar diffusion and ohmic dissipation. During the early prestellar phase, the mass-to-flux ratio rises towards the critical value for collapse, and during this time the angular momentum of the cloud core is reduced significantly by magnetic braking. Once a protostar is formed in the core, the accretion phase is characterized by the presence of a small amount of angular momentum but a large amount of magnetic flux in the near-protostellar environment. The low angular momentum leads to a very small (or even non-existent) disc and weak outflow, while the large magnetic flux can lead to an interchange instability that rapidly removes flux from the central region. The effective magnetic braking in the early collapse phase can even lead to a counterrotating disc and outflow, in which the rotation direction of the disc and outflow is opposite to that of the infalling envelope. The solutions with a counterrotating disc, tiny disc, or non-existent disc (direct collapse) are unique outcomes that are realized in collapse from magnetically dominated clouds with an initial subcritical mass-to-flux ratio.
Blazhko effect in the Galactic bulge fundamental mode RR Lyrae stars – II. Modulation shapes, amplitudes, and periods
Authors: Skarka M , Prudil Z , Jurcsik J 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The number of stars observed by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) project in the Galactic bulge offers an invaluable chance to study RR Lyrae stars in a statistical manner. We used data of 3141 fundamental-mode RR Lyrae stars showing the Blazhko effect observed in OGLE-IV to investigate a possible connection between modulation amplitudes and periods, light curve, and pulsation characteristics. We found that there is no simple monotonic correlation between any combination of two parameters concerning the Blazhko and pulsation amplitudes, periods, and the shape of the light curves. There are only systematic limits. There is a bottom limit of the modulation period with respect to the pulsation period. We also found that the possible range of modulation amplitudes decreases with increasing pulsation period, which could point towards that the Blazhko effect is suppressed in cooler, larger, more luminous, and less metal abundant bulge RR Lyrae stars. Our investigation revealed that the distribution of the modulation periods can be described with two populations of stars with the mean modulation periods of 48 and 186  d. There is a certain region with a low density of the modulated stars, which we call the Blazhko valley, in the pulsation period–modulation period plane. Based on the similarity of the modulation envelopes, basically every star can be assigned to one of six morphological classes. The double modulation was found in 25 per cent of the studied stars. Only 6.3 per cent of modulated stars belong to the Oosterhoff group II.
X-ray properties of the X-CLASS-redMaPPer galaxy cluster sample: the luminosity–temperature relation
Authors: Molham Mona , Clerc Nicolas , Takey Ali , Sadibekova Tatyana , Morcos A B , Yousef Shahinaz , Hayman Z M , Lieu Maggie , Raychaudhury Somak , Gaynullina Evelina R 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
This article presents the results of a spectroscopic analysis of the X-CLASS-redMaPPer (XC1-RM) galaxy cluster sample. X-CLASS is a serendipitous search for clusters in X-ray wavebands based on the XMM–Newton archive, whereas redMaPPer is an optical cluster catalogue derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The present sample comprises 92 X-ray extended sources identified in optical images within 1 arcmin separation. The area covered by the cluster sample is ∼ 27 deg2. The clusters span a wide redshift range (0.05 &lt; z &lt; 0.6) and 88 clusters benefit from spectrosopically confirmed redshifts using data from SDSS Data Release 14. We present an automated pipeline to derive the X-ray properties of the clusters in three distinct apertures: R500 (at fixed mass overdensity), Rfit (at fixed signal-to-noise ratio) and ${R}_{300\, {\rm kpc}}$ (fixed physical radius). The sample extends over wide temperature and luminosity ranges: from 1–10 keV and from 6 × 1042 to 11 × 1044 erg s−1, respectively. We investigate the luminosity–temperature (L–T) relation of the XC1-RM sample and find a slope equal to 3.03 ± 0.26. It is steeper than predicted by self-similar assumptions, in agreement with independent studies. A simplified approach is developed to estimate the amount and impact of selection biases that might be affecting our recoveredL–Tparameters. The result of this simulation process suggests that the measuredL–Trelation is biased to a steeper slope and higher normalization.