bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Growth Retardants to Promote Flowering of Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia L.
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Bir Richard E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spray treatments of the growth retardants A-Rest (ancymidol at 0, 53, 106 ppm), Bonzi (paclobutrazol at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 ppm) and Sumagic (uniconazole at 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 ppm) were applied to container-grown Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) to evaluate their effectiveness for promotion of flower initiation and inhibition of shoot elongation. A-Rest had no effect on flower initiation at the concentrations tested. Bonzi promoted a moderate increase in inflorescences on one cultivar evaluated. Uniconazole sprays of 50 ppm or higher increased inflorescence numbers of most cultivars tested. Application in the spring to plants two years from propagation gave the most consistent results, however, with some cultivars, applications following the second growth flush as late as early August promoted flower initiation. Uniconazole treatments also reduced stem elongation resulting in more compact growth. Stem elongation was retarded with increasing concentrations of uniconazole for the growth flush in the spring in the year following treatment. The results of this study show that Sumagic (uniconazole) in the range of 50 to 75 ppm increases inflorescence numbers without excessive growth inhibition when applied in the spring to most cultivars two years from propagation.
Spring Recovery of Constructed Wetland Plants Affects Nutrient Removal From Nursery Runoff
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Lesikar Bruce J. , Kenimer Ann L. , Wilkerson Don C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The nursery/greenhouse industry is the fastest growing segment of United States agriculture. Consumer demand for excellent product quality requires luxury applications of water and agricultural chemicals. These cultural practices tend to yield significant volumes of runoff rich in nutrients and pesticides. A capture and recycle system at the Nursery/Floral Crops Research and Education Center at the Texas A&M University was fitted with 12 sub-surface flow (SSF) and 12 free-surface flow (FSF) wetland cells. A single pass of runoff through constructed wetland cells provided substantial reduction of runoff nutrient concentrations, particularly NO3-N, without increasing electrical conductivity (EC), an indicator of salinity. Nitrate-N concentration reductions were greater in the FSF cells than SSF cells, while the greatest reductions in ammonium and nitrites were obtained with SSF cells. Growth of Iris pseudacorus L. and Canna x generalis L.H. Bailey during spring growth was greater in the FSF wetland cells, while that of Colocasia sp. Fabr. was greater in the SSF wetland cells. Equisetum hyemale L. grew equally well in both cell types. Interactions among irrigation water sources and container media types for growth indices occurred for Juniperus procumbens (Endl.) Miq. ‘Green Mound’ and Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Nana’, but not for Raphiolepis indica L. ‘Carmelita’.
Development of a Labor-Efficient Hand Pollination Procedure for Flowering Dogwood
Authors: Reed S. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of frequency and timing of hand pollinations on seed set in flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) was studied. Six hand pollination treatments and an open-pollinated control were included in this study. The hand pollination treatments, which utilized non-emasculated flowers, were performed over a 12-day period beginning with the opening of the first flowers. All open flowers within five inflorescences of an individual plant were pollinated daily, every other day, every third day, every sixth day, on day 6 only, or on day 12 only. The experiment was repeated 10 times. There were significant differences among treatments for both percentage of inflorescences setting seed and mean number of seed produced per inflorescence pollinated. Daily or every other day pollinations produced significantly more seed and had more inflorescences setting seed than did the two treatments that involved a single pollination. Labor efficiency, which was measured as number of seed set divided by number of days on which pollinations were made, was greatest for the treatment that utilized two pollinations over the course of the study. Assuming that flower numbers are not limited, pollinating the same inflorescence twice is recommended for producing the most seed from controlled crosses of flowering dogwood.
Postemergence Control of Bittercress in Container-grown Crops
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Olive John W. , Edwards James H. , Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of postemergence applied herbicides for hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.) control in container-grown crops. Manage (halosulfuron), Image (imazaquin), Action (fluthiacet-methyl), Resource (flumiclorac pentyl), Trimec Southern (Mecoprop + 2,4-D + dicamba), and Gallery (isoxaben) were applied to emerged bittercress in ‘Variegata’ and ‘Big Blue’ liriope. ‘China Girl’ holly and ‘Midnight Flare’ azalea were also treated with Manage, Image, Trimec Southern, and Gallery to evaluate injury. Among all experiments, Gallery provided 90 to 100% bittercress control at the labeled rate of 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) with no injury to liriope, holly, or azalea. Among non-flowering bittercress, Manage applied at 0.035 kg ai/ha (0.031 lb ai/A) provided 90 to 100% bittercress control, with slight to moderate injury to ‘Variegata’ liriope; Image applied at 0.070 kg ai/ha (0.062 lb ai/A) provided 73 to 99.5% bittercress control and caused severe injury to azalea; and Trimec Southern applied at 0.31 kg ai/ha (0.28 lb ai/A) provided 50 to 100% bittercress control and caused severe injury to liriope and azalea. However, using the same rates applied to flowering bittercress Manage, Image, and Trimec Southern provided only 55, 6, and 50% bittercress control, respectively. Action and Resource did not control bittercress.
Compatibility Studies in Hydrangea
Authors: Reed S. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Improvement in cold-hardiness is needed in bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla). Potential sources of cold-hardiness for enhancing the usefulness of this popular shrub include panicle hydrangea (H. paniculata), smooth hydrangea (H. arborescens), and oakleaf hydrangea (H. quercifolia). The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of creating hybrids between these three species and H. macrophylla. In addition, self-compatibility of each of the species was evaluated to determine the need for emasculation when making controlled pollinations. Numerous cultivars of the species were utilized in both the self-pollination and interspecific hybridization studies. Number of flowers self-pollinated ranged from 1000 in H. arborescens to 3000 in H. quercifolia. Viable seeds were obtained from all species except H. arborescens. All five of H. quercifolia, 9 of the 18 H. paniculata, and 1 of the 8 H. macrophylla self progeny obtained survived. Emasculation of Hydrangea flowers to be used in controlled pollinations is therefore recommended. Seedlings were obtained from all interspecific crosses in which H. macrophylla was used as the maternal parent. All putative hybrid seedlings died either at the cotyledonary stage or while the first set of true leaves was expanding.
Propagation of Anemone x hybrida by Root Cuttings
Authors: Dubois Jean-Jacques B. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Goldfarb Barry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stock plants of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Honorine Jobert’ and ‘Richard Ahrens’ were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) containers for 30 weeks beginning in April, and fertilized daily with a complete nutrient solution providing 10, 40, 80 or 150 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium: 2 nitrate. At the end of 30 weeks (November), 4-cm-long root cuttings were harvested from the stock plants and treated with the potassium salt of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) at 0, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/liter (ppm), then placed in cell packs containing a pine bark-based substrate, one cutting per cell. The containers were arranged under intermittent mist in a heated greenhouse. Overall, 91% of the cuttings regenerated a complete plant. There were cultivar differences in regeneration, and the highest K-IBA concentration was inhibitory to ‘Honorine Jobert’. Nitrogen nutrition of the stock plants, K-IBA treatment of the root cuttings, and fresh weight of the root cuttings, had no significant effect on percent regeneration. Time to shoot emergence was reduced by higher rates of N applied to the stock plants, and increased at the highest concentration of K-IBA in ‘Honorine Jobert’, but not in ‘Richard Ahrens’. Dry weights of the regenerated plants increased with increasing weight of the cuttings from which they originated. They were related linearly to rate of N applied to the stock plants in ‘Honorine Jobert’, and quadratically in ‘Richard Ahrens’, with maximum plantlet weight predicted at 114 mg/liter (ppm) N. At the observed optimal rate of N applied to the stock plants, dry weights of the regenerated plants increased with increasing K-IBA concentration, in a quadratic manner. Maximum plantlet weight is predicted at 459 mg/liter (ppm) K-IBA in ‘Honorine Jobert’, and at 425 mg/liter (ppm) in ‘Richard Ahrens’.
Comparing Effects of Container Treatments on Nursery Production and Field Establishment of Trees with Different Root Systems
Authors: Schuch Ursula K. , Pittenger Dennis R. , Barker Philip A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of container volume, container shape, and copper-coating containers on root and shoot growth during nursery production and after establishment in the field. Liners of ficus (Ficus retusa L. ‘Nitida’), a fibrous-rooted species, and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), a coarse-rooted species, were grown in regular or tall #1 containers in a glasshouse and were subsequently transplanted to the field or into #3 or #5 regular or tall containers. During the nursery phase, copper-coated containers improved rootball quality of ficus and pepper, but biomass production was not affected consistenly by copper coating. Tall, narrow versus regular containers restricted pepper growth throughout the nursery phase and field establishment, but had little effect on ficus. Biomass production of pepper trees was greatest in regular-shaped containers, and tall containers reduced growth consistently. Container shape did not affect shoot growth of ficus. The larger container volume of the #5 yielded greater total biomass of pepper and root dry weight of ficus during nursery production than did #3 pots. In the field, shoot dry weight of ficus was greatest when previously grown in #5 containers, and total biomass of pepper was greatest in both regular #3 or #5 containers.
Selling Plants through Horticultural Distribution Centers
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The services most frequently provided by horticultural distribution centers (HDCs) were delivery (98%), credit (90.2%) and information (84.3%). Only a small percentage (29.4%) of HDCs communicate with landscape architects and most HDCs try to influence their plant selection. The primary criteria in selection of plant suppliers is the ability of nurseries to supply consistent plant quality. When making decisions on which plants to purchase, HDCs rely on sales records or previous purchase history (87.8%), customer requests for plants (71.4%) and availability list from growers (55.1%). The projected changes in plant material requirements include larger plant sizes (24.1%), more color items (22.4%) and more container plants, especially trees (22.4%). The primary opportunities for plant producers to assist HDCs are in marketing support (21.3%), more frequent deliveries (19.7%) and meeting commitments for product (18.0%). The most common complaints from landscapers, the primary customer of HDCs, regarding plant material were high prices (23.8%) and inconsistency of available product (20.6%). The primary change in business activity planned by HDCs over the next five years was expansion of the plant product line (25.4%).
Consumers Preferences for Plant Size, Type of Plant Material and Design Sophistication in Residential Landscaping
Authors: Hardy Jill , Behe Bridget K. , Barton Susan S. , Page Thomas J. , Schutzki Robert E. , Muzii Karl , Fernandez R. Thomas , Haque Mary Taylor , Brooker John , Hall Charles R. , Hinson Roger , Knight Patricia , McNiel Robert , Rowe D. Bradley , Safley Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
How much value do consumers place on a good landscape? Self-selected attendees to a Detroit, MI, flower show indicated that plant size was the most important factor in the perceived value of a landscape. Holding other factors equal, increasing from the smallest size plant generally available for installation to the largest size defined in our study increased perceived home value by 5.0%. Design sophistication was almost as important as size. Holding other factors equal, upgrading from a traditional foundation planting to a sophisticated design that incorporated multiple bed and curved bedlines increased perceived home value by 4.5%. The type of plant material used was the least important. The relative importance of plant material selection as a factor contributing value added to the home by the landscape was almost half that of plant size and over 40% less than design sophistication. The conjoint model produced from 158 survey responses predicted that from the least valued landscape to the most valued landscape the perceived value of the home increased 12.7%.
Colonization and Growth Effects of the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradicies in a Commercial Nursery Container Production System
Authors: Davies F.T. , Saraiva Grossi J.A. , Carpio L. , Estrada-Luna A.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this research were to demonstrate that mycorrhiza can survive in a commercial nursery container production system, and enhance plant productivity. Four species were used as host plants [Nandina domestica ‘Moon Bay’, Loropetalum chinense variety Rubrum ‘Hinepurpleleaf’ Plumb delight®, Salvia gregii, and Photinia fraseri]. Plants were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus intraradices, and grown in a commercial nursery in Texas. For the first 5.5 months, plants were grown in #1 cans containing either 3 kg cu m (5 lbs cu yd) or 4.2 kg cu m (7 lbs cu yd) 24N–4P205–8K20. For the final 6.5 months of the study, plants were in larger containers, all of which contained 4.2 kg cu m (7 lbs cu yd) 24N–4P2O5–8K2O. The commercial inoculum of Glomus intraradices only enhanced growth of N. domestica. The shoot dry mass of mycorrhizal N. domestica plants at 3 kg cu m was the same as non-colonized plants at the higher fertility level of 4.2 cu m. Intraradical hyphae development and colonization (total arbuscules, vesicles/endospores, hyphae) of L. chinense, N. domestica, and S. gregii increased at the higher fertility levels. S. gregii had the greatest mycorrhizal development and a 216% increase in hyphae development and colonization at the higher fertility level.
Responses of Landscape Groundcovers to Minimum Irrigation
Authors: Pittenger Dennis R. , Shaw David A. , Hodel Donald R. , Holt Douglas B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four irrigation regimes based on percentages of real-time reference evapotranspiration (ET0) were applied to six widely used species of landscape groundcovers (Baccharis pilularis ‘Twin Peaks’, Drosanthemum hispidum, Vinca major, Gazania rigens v. leucolaena ‘Yellow Cascade’, Potentilla tabernaemontanii, and Hedera helix ‘Needlepoint’) during a 17-month period in Irvine, CA. Irrigation treatments (50%, 40%, 30% and 20% of ET0) were applied when accumulated real-time ET0 × treatment percentage reached 4.0 cm (1.6 in). Although the response to irrigation treatment was species dependent, Baccharis, Drosanthemum, and Hedera maintained at least minimally acceptable visual quality with applied water equal to 20% ET0, while Vinca required a minimum of 30% ET0. Acceptable visual quality of Gazania and Potentilla were not maintained at any treatment. Visual quality of Potentilla was better at ET0 greater than or equal to 30% ET0, but visual quality of Gazania was not improved with more water.
Growth Retardant Application to Canna × generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’
Authors: Bruner L.L. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of 15 to 45 ppm Cutless (flurprimidol), 2500/1500 to 7500/1500 ppm B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes (daminozide/chlormequatchloride), and 20 to 60 ppm Sumagic (uniconazole) on the vegetative growth and flowering of Canna x generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’ were determined during container nursery production and landscape establishment. Vegetative heights 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT) and vegetative and inflorescence heights at first and second flower were suppressed by all plant growth retardants (PGRs). There was no delay in flowering of the first inflorescence from any PGR treatment, and a three to seven day delay in flowering of the second inflorescence with only Sumagic. Vegetative height was suppressed quadratically 14–28% (30 DAT) and linearly 19–40% (60 DAT) by increasing Cutless rates. Inflorescence heights of plants treated with 15 or 30 ppm Cutless were suppressed proportionally to foliage heights without any detrimental effect on floral display. Heights of plants treated with Cutless and transplanted into the landscape at 60 DAT were similar to those remaining in containers at 90 DAT, and 7 cm (3 in) and 11 cm (3.5 in) taller at 120 and 150 DAT, respectively. Vegetative heights of plants in both locations were suppressed linearly by Cutless, 15–33% (90 DAT) and 7–12% (120 DAT) with height suppression effects dissipating by 150 DAT. Vegetative height was suppressed quadratically by B-Nine/Cycocel, 5–14% and 16–28% at 30 and 60 DAT, respectively. However, response was inconsistent with rate at all sampling dates both in containers and in the landscape. B-Nine/Cycocel treated plants were suppressed quadratically up to 33% (90 DAT) and up to 17% (120 DAT). Plants transplanted and treated with B-Nine/Cycocel were suppressed linearly 14–23% (90 DAT) and 6–16% (120 DAT). At 150 DAT, BNine/Cycocel treated plants were similar in height to control plants, with transplanted plants around 10 cm (4 in) taller than those remaining in containers. Sumagic suppressed vegetative height quadratically 28–33% (30 DAT) and 50–52% (60 DAT). At 60 DAT, the height suppression was excessive and leaf orientation was altered to a less upright position. Inflorescence height suppression by Sumagic was considered excessive with first and second flower occurring below the surrounding foliage. Compared to those transplanted into the landscape at 60 DAT, plants treated with Sumagic and remaining in containers were 12% (90 DAT), 36% (120 DAT), and 37% (150 DAT) shorter. In both locations, Sumagic suppressed vegetative height quadratically 46% (90 DAT) and 29% (120 DAT) compared to control plants. Compared to control plants, at 150 DAT, treated plants remaining in containers were suppressed to a greater extent (32–43%) than those transplanted into the landscape (11–14%).
Accelerated Flowering of Herbaceous Perennials Under Nursery Conditions in the Southern United States
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Raymond Kessler J. , Stephenson James C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of night-interrupted (NI) lighting initiated at different times in late winter on several herbaceous perennials produced outdoors in a southern nursery setting. Treatments were NI lighting beginning February 1, February 15, March 1, March 15, and a natural photoperiod. NI lighting accelerated flowering in ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’) 26–46 days in 1999 and 51–75 days in 2000, and in ‘Coronation Gold’ yarrow (Achillea x ‘Coronation Gold’) 2–9 days in 1999 and 2–11 days in 2000. Flower and flower bud counts increased 82–100% in ‘Coronation Gold’ achillea in 1999, 44–51% in ‘Butterfly Blue’ scabious (Scabiosa columbaria L. ‘Butterfly Blue’) and 100–151% in ‘Alaska’ shasta daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum Bergmans ex. J. Ingram ‘Alaska’) compared to counts of plants under natural photoperiod. With few exceptions, plant height increased under all NI lighting treatments, but in only ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower did it reduce plant quality. Clump verbena (Verbena canadensis L.) was minimally affected by NI lighting, and speedwell (Veronica spicata L. ‘Sunny Border Blue’) was not affected at all.
Reducing White-tailed Deer Damage to Landscape Plants with Organic Products
Authors: Coker Christine Harris , Simonne Eric H. , Merritt Lani , Joseph Eakes D. , Keith Causey M. , Owen John , Osborne Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chemical repellency is one of the most selective approaches to controlling white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) damage to horticultural crops. This study evaluated the continuous efficacy of selected organic products containing garlic, fish oil, or putrescent egg solids against feeding damage caused by confined white-tailed deer to Hosta fortunei L. H. Bailey ‘Francee’, Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Rose’, and Catharanthus roseus L. ‘Pacifica Red’. There was a significant interaction between plant species × product (p &lt; 0.02) when all 3 plant species were tested together. When products were tested separately on single plant species, differences (p ≤ 0.05) were detected among products. All products displayed some level of damage control by reducing browsing damage compared to the untreated control; yet for each species, 100% destruction occurred within 5 to 6 days. Overall product efficacy was determined by Overall Rank Sum Index. When product ranks were calculated for the 3 species, products containing putrescent egg solids appeared to be more effective than products containing garlic and/or fish oil.
Effects of Cultivar and Insecticide Choice on Oleander Aphid Management and Arthropod Dynamics on Asclepias Species
Authors: Braman S. Kris , Latimer Joyce G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Performance of oleander aphid (Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolmbe) and large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas) on 21 species of Asclepias was evaluated in a two-year field study. Season-long pest and beneficial insect population growth was monitored. Plant quality ratings also were obtained. Relative numbers of Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) larvae were also recorded. All milkweed species supported growth and development of oleander aphid except A. vestita, which failed to establish in this study. The only species that did not become infested with milkweed bugs were A. syriaca and A. sullivantii. The plant species with the lowest number of aphids, the highest plant quality ratings and the highest number of Monarch larvae (which is desirable as a larval food plant for the butterflies) was gooseplant, A. physocarpa. A.tuberosa cultivars also ranked high among all species tested.
Five insecticides were tested for efficacy against the Oleander aphid. All insecticide products evaluated: Endeavor (pymetrozine), Orthene (acephate), Merit (imidacloprid), Tempo (cyfluthrin) and Mpede (insecticidal soap) resulted in short-term reductions in aphids in field plots during 1999. Reinfestation occurred within two to three weeks. Parasitoids and predators were also suppressed to varying degrees by materials applied.