bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Ilex Species, Hybrids and Cultivars to Florida Wax Scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock)
Authors: Hodges Greg , Ruter John M. , Kristine Braman S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Susceptibility of 231 holly species, hybrids and cultivars to Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock) were evaluated on field grown plants in Tifton, Georgia. Florida wax scale have two generations/year in this region. Population ratings on different parental lines were grouped as either low populations (&lt;10 scales/60 second count), moderate populations (11–20 scales/60 second count), high populations (21–40 scales/60 second count) and very high populations (&gt;40 scales/60 second count). Taxa from the study rated as being least preferred (low populations) by the Florida wax scale included those with I. crenata, I. buergeri, I. glabra, I. myrtifolia, I. verticillata and I. vomitoria within parental lines. Those prone to heavy infestations were I. aquifolium, I. × attenuata, I. cassine, I. ciliospinosa, I. cornuta, I. × koehneana, I. latifolia, I. × meserveae, I. opaca, I. purpurea, I. rugosa and I. serrata. Other scale insects noted on the hollies included: Barnacle wax scale (Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock), Indian wax scale (Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius)), European fruit lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche), Brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum Linneaus), Tea scale (Fiornia theae Green), Latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Sign.)), and a pit scale (Asterolecanium puteanum Russell).
Resistance of Boxwood Varieties to the Boxwood Leafminer, Monarthropalpus flavus (Schrank)
Authors: d'Eustachio Gabriel , Raupp Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey of nine cultivars of Buxus at the United States National Arboretum revealed significant differences in levels of infestation by the boxwood leafminer, Monarthropalpus flavus (Schrank). An analysis of larval survival confirmed high levels of susceptibility in Buxus sempervirens ‘Myrtifolia’ and Buxus microphylla ‘National’ while B. sempervirens ‘Handsworthiensis’ and B. sempervirens ‘Vardar Valley’ exhibited high levels of resistance. Other varieties exhibited intermediate levels of resistance. Field surveys and laboratorystudies indicated that female flies deposited eggs in all cultivars even highly resistant ones. This lack of preference suggests that the mechanism of resistance is antibiosis or phenological asynchrony rather than antixenosis.
Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Control Methods for Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Container Grown Perennials
Authors: Gill Stanton , Lutz Joanne , Shrewsbury Paula , Raupp Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three trials involving the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poiner) provided convincing evidence that this entomopathogenic nematode can provide highly effective control of black vine weevil larvae under conventional methods of container plant production. In all trials, the application of nematodes significantly reduced populations of weevil larvae relative to levels found in the untreated containers. The first and second trials, using Bergenia and Heuchera, confirmed that H. bacteriophora applied at two rates caused substantial mortality to black vine weevil larvae. The third trial revealed that H. bacteriophora applied to Epimedium provided levels of control comparable to those of imidacloprid and acephate. In all trials, populations of weevil larvae were reduced by 90–100% following the application of H. bacteriophora.
Effect of High pH on Foliar Chlorosis and Growth of Five Betula Species
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The relative alkalinity tolerances of yellow birch, sweet birch, river birch, paper birch, and Japanese white birch were evaluated by comparing foliar chlorosis and growth of seedlings irrigated for 56 days with either a pH 6.0 nutrient solution (control) or K2CO3-amended solutions adjusted to pH 7.3 or 8.3. Both visual ratings and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter measurements were effective methods of quantifying the severity of alkalinity-induced foliar chlorosis. Eight weeks of the pH 8.3 treatment was more effective than 4 weeks of the same treatment or 4 or 8 weeks of the pH 7.3 treatment for detecting differences in alkalinity tolerance among the species. Treatment for 8 weeks with either pH 7.3 or 8.3 solutions increased foliar chlorosis of sweet, river, paper, and Japanese white birch seedlings relative to the control treatment, whereas yellow birch seedlings exhibited mild chlorosis only in the pH 8.3 treatment. Based upon severity of chlorosis, yellow birch was most tolerant of soil alkalinity, sweet birch was least tolerant, and river, paper and Japanese white birch were intermediate in tolerance. Stem relative growth rates and shoot and root cumulative dry mass values did not consistently corroborate the relative alkalinity tolerances of the birch species indicated by the chlorosis and chlorophyll data, possibly because of container restriction of root growth of the more rapidly growing species. Results of this study indicate that yellow birch may be valuable for developing new birch cultivars adapted to alkaline soils.
Evaluation of Sulfentrazone for Weed Control and Phytotoxicity in Field-Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Collins Kimberly B. , McNiel Robert E. , Weston Leslie A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Research was conducted in 1996 and 1997 at the Horticulture Research Farm in Lexington, KY, to evaluate full season weed control and phytotoxicity for rates of sulfentrazone alone and in combination with Gallery (0.55 kg ai/ha) (0.49 lb ai/A), Treflan (2.18 kg ai/ha) (1.94 lb ai/A), and Pennant (3.27 kg ai/ha) (2.92 lb ai/A). In general, by 12 WAT, control provided by all treatments was only fair to moderate. The greatest reductions in weed cover were observed with the high rate of sulfentrazone (0.55 kg/ha) (0.49 lb ai/A), the combination of sulfentrazone (0.41 kg/ha) (0.37 lb ai/A) plus Pennant, and combinations of sulfentrazone plus Treflan. In all cases, weed control was improved with the use of a higher rate of sulfentrazone, and not necessarily associated with the presence of the partner herbicides. Phytotoxicity was mainly associated with contact of the herbicide with developing foliage, but sulfentrazone was particularly damaging to the herbaceous species Liriope and Hemerocallis, where damage was observed throughout the plants. Sulfentrazone was present in all cases where plants exhibited severe phytotoxicity in response to herbicide treatment. The most sensitive species evaluated in this study were: Abies, Liriope, and Hemerocallis. The most tolerant species included: Fraxinus, Crataegus, and Euonymus. Postemergence directed applications or shielded preemergence applications of sulfentrazone were recommended to possibly decrease phytotoxicity to sensitive species.
Seasonal Planting, Root Regeneration and Water Deficits of Austrian Pine and Arborvitae
Authors: Larson M.M. 
Published: August 2020

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) (both 3 year old stock) were lifted and outplanted at 2 locations in northern Ohio (Wooster and Green Springs) in mid-October (early fall), mid-November (late fall) and late April (spring). At the nursery, one-half of the trees were packed in moist peat moss and the other half were root-dipped in a starch-polyacrylonitrile gel before shipment to the planting site. Samples of trees were also placed in a growth chamber in order to determine root regeneration (RR) after 4 weeks.
For Austrian pine, first-year survival of early fall, late fall, and spring planted trees averaged 15, 60, and 91%, resp. In the growth chamber, only 12% of early-fall planted pines regenerated new roots after 4 weeks, and needle water deficits (NWD) exceeded 25%, a critical value for survival. Root regeneration of spring planted trees was 60% in the growth chamber.
On June 5, average NWD of fall planted Austrian pines at Wooster was well above 25%, while that of spring planted trees was below 25%. For all pines, few trees broke bud and shoot growth was poor the first year.
For arborvitae, survival of fall- and spring-planted trees was not significantly different; mean survival was 94% for all trees in the study. However, fall planted trees showed reduced RR in the growth chamber and first-year height of field planted trees averaged 22% less than that of spring planted trees.
Survival of seedlings of both species root-dipped in starch-polyacrylonitrile gel before planting survived no better than that of undipped trees.
Poor performance of Austrian pine outplantings in Ohio, especially fall plantings, is probably due to poor RR followed by excessive NWD. Cultural methods that increase root regeneration of outplanted stock are needed.
Evaluation of Biorational Products for Powdery Mildew Management in Cornus florida
Authors: Mmbaga Margaret T. , Sheng Hongyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Between 1997 and 1999, 21 biorational products were evaluated for powdery mildew control on dogwood seedlings and compared with the traditional fungicides Banner® (propiconazole), ConSyst™ WDG (chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl) and Cleary's 3336 F® (thiophanate-methyl) in a shadehouse environment. Selected products were also evaluated in rotation with Banner®, where Banner® application was made once for every three applications. Among the biorational products the household soaps, Palmolive®, Ajax®, and Equate®, the potassium bicarbonate salt Armicarb™, and the antitranspirant Vapor Gard® were most effective in reducing powdery mildew severity. However, Vapor Gard® stunted plant growth, and Palmolive® caused some phytotoxicity. While Safer Soap®, M-Pede®, Triact™, Neem Gold®, Kaligreen™, and Ultrafine® oil were not as effective in controlling powdery mildew as the fungicides, the increase in plant growth was similar. Spray regimes that included the biorational and Banner® generally gave better disease control and enhanced plant growth over the biorational products alone. While Banner® and ConSyst™ were highly effective in controlling powdery mildew, Cleary's 3336 F® gave inconsistent results and proved only moderately effective. Overall, plant growth correlated negatively with powdery mildew severity for the biorational products (r = −0.58) and biorational/Banner rotation (r = −0.54).
Seed Germination of Southern Seaoats (Uniola paniculata) as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light
Authors: Burgess Tyler L. , Blazich Frank A. , Nash David L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage at 4C (39F) and stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 15, or 30 days at 4C (39F). Following stratification, seeds were germinated at 25C (77F) or 30C (86F) or at 8/16 hr thermoperiods of 30/20C (86/68F) or 35/25C (95/77F) with daily photoperiods at each temperature of 0 (total darkness), 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. Germination was recorded every 3 days for 30 days. Light had no effect on germination. Regardless of photoperiod the influence of light was nonsignificant (P = 0.45). On the other hand, temperature and stratification were significant (P = 0.0001) and there was a significant interaction (P = 0.001) between the two parameters. Averaged across all treatments, the highest total germination was realized at 35/25C (95/77F) (60%) followed by 30/20C (86/68F) (48%), 30C (86F) (37%), and 25C (77F) (31 %). Stratification was not a requirement for germination but stratification for 15 days increased the rate of germination but not total germination. However, stratification for 30 days decreased germination due to seed decay caused by fungal growth despite seed treatment with 1.3% sodium hypochlorite prior to stratification. Seed decay during germination was observed and treatments to reduce decay should be investigated since viability tests with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC or TZ) indicated that initial seed viability was &gt;95%.
Fertilizer Formulation and Method of Application Influence Bedding Plant Growth and Nitrogen Leaching in Urban Landscapes
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Edwards James H. , Keever Gary J. , Fare Donna C. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate fertilizer formulation, method of application, and frequency of application on growth of landscape bedding plants and nitrogen (N) leaching. In the first experiment, ‘Peppermint Cooler’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Peppermint Cooler’), ‘Bonanza Yellow’ marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Bonanza Yellow’), and ‘Hawaii Blue’ ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill. ‘Hawaii Blue’) were planted in raised beds. Four inorganic fertilizer formulations used included 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13–13–13) and 15N–0P–12.6K (15–0–15) granular water soluble (GWS) fertilizers, Osmocote 14N–6.0P–11.6K (14–14–14) (3 to 4 month release) controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), and Osmocote 17N–3.0P–10.1K (17–7–12) (12 to 14 month release) CRF. Each fertilizer was applied at a rate of 4.9 g N/m2 (1 lb N/1000 ft2) either incorporated into the top 10.2 cm (4 in) pre-plant or topdressed postplant. Additional treatments included an industry practice of incorporating 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13–13–13) pre-plant and topdressing 17N–3.0P–10.1K (17–7–12) post-plant; and a pre-plant incorporation of an organically-based fertilizer composed of recycled newspaper amended with chicken manure (caged layer manure). In Expt. 2, a similar experimental setup was used with ‘Peppermint Cooler’ vinca, ‘Red Vista’ salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. ‘Red Vista’), and ‘Strata’ salvia (Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Strata’). Inorganic fertilizers were applied in either single or multiple applications. Inorganic fertilizers included 15N–0P–12.6K (15–0–15) GWS fertilizer, Osmocote 14N–6.0P–11.6K (14–14–14) CRF, and Osmocote 17N–3.0P–10.1K (17–7–12) CRF. Three organically-based fertilizers were applied pre-plant and were composed of recycled newspaper amended with either chicken, beef cattle, or dairy cow animal manures. Summarizing across both experiments, plants treated with GWS fertilizers appeared to benefit with improved foliar color from immediate release of nutrients, while those treated with CRFs required at least 4 weeks to achieve dark foliar color. Nutrient leaching below plant roots was greater for GWS compared to CRFs. The industry practice treatment provided some improved plant growth in both experiments; however, it also caused initially high levels of soil-water-N (SWN) in Expt. 1. The organically-based fertilizer resulted in larger, more attractive (higher foliar color ratings) plants than inorganic fertilizers, though it also resulted in the highest levels of SWN compared to all other treatments.
Lignification Associated with Decreased Adventitious Rooting Competence of English Ivy Petioles
Authors: Reineke Richard A. , Hackett Wesley P. , Smith Alan G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
English ivy (Hedera helix L.) was used to study the relationship between lignin accumulation and adventitious rooting. Juvenile-phase and three chronological ages of mature-phase petioles were collected from clonal stock plants, analyzed for quantity of vascular lignin, and placed in an in vitro rooting assay. Rooting competence was determined by observing the number of roots formed per petiole. The number of roots per petiole differed significantly between juvenile-phase and mature-phase petioles. Lignin accumulation increased during petiole growth and development with chronologically older mature-phase petioles having the greatest amounts of lignin. There was a negative correlation between lignin accumulation and adventitious rooting competence.
Sorption of the Herbicides Isoxaben and Oryzalin to Soils and Container Media
Authors: Mervosh Todd L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The herbicides isoxaben (Gallery) and oryzalin (Surflan) are commonly used to prevent weed emergence around ornamental plants in nurseries and landscapes. Saturated batch experiments were conducted in the laboratory to generate equilibrium sorption isotherms for these herbicides in soils and container media. Soils consisted of [A] a sandy loam containing 1.24% organic matter (by wt) after sieving, and [B] a silt loam containing 1.36% organic matter (by wt) after sieving. Container media obtained from nurseries consisted of [C] a mixture of 50% peat and 50% sand (by vol) containing 18.5% organic matter (by wt) after sieving, and [D] a mixture of 70% bark, 25% peat, and 5% fine stone (by vol) containing 34.9% organic matter (by wt) after sieving. Sorption isotherms were generated from these data. Based on sorption coefficients (Kd, Kf), container mix D sorbed both herbicides to a much greater extent than did the other substrates. Oryzalin sorption was greater than isoxaben sorption in each soil and container mix. For oryzalin, organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) values in the soils were greater than those in the container mixes. Compositional differences in organic matter between soils and container media may account for differences in herbicide sorption in these media.
Impact of Fungicide Inputs on the Severity of Entomosporium Leaf Spot on Selections of Dwarf Indian Hawthorn
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. , Rivas-Davila M.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a simulated landscape planting in Brewton, AL, the impact of fungicide treatments on severity of Entomosporium leaf spot was assessed on 13 selections of Indian hawthorn, which range from highly susceptible to resistant to this disease. Chlorothalonil [Daconil 2787 4.17F] at 1.25 g ai/liter was applied at 2-and 4-week intervals to a randomly selected plant in each plot. The remaining plant in each plot was not sprayed and was the untreated control. From mid-winter to mid-spring in 1997, 1998, and 1999, fungicide applications were made over a 13-to 15-week period. When compared to unsprayed controls, reductions in the severity of Entomosporium leaf spot were noted on the fungicide-treated plants of nearly all selections, regardless of their susceptibility to Entomosporium leaf spot. As expected, disease severity was usually lower on those plants sprayed at 2-week rather than 4-week intervals. While chlorothalonil significantly reduced disease severity on the Entomosporium leaf spot resistant selections ‘Indian Princess’®, ‘Clara’, ‘Snow White’, ‘Olivia’™, and ‘Eleanor Tabor’™, only a limited reduction in the number of infected leaves in the canopy and perhaps a minor reduction in premature leaf loss were seen. In contrast, substantially less leaf spotting and defoliation on the selections such as ‘Spring Rapture’®, ‘White Enchantress’®, ‘Enchantress’®, ‘Heather’, ‘Harbinger of Spring’®, ‘Pinkie’, and ‘Bay Breeze’® were obtained with chlorothalonil, particularly when this fungicide was applied at 2-week intervals. When treated with chlorothalonil at 2-week intervals, disease severity on susceptible selections was, however, comparable to the damage levels observed on the unsprayed leaf spot resistant selections. When compared with costly and labor-intensive fungicide inputs, production and establishment of disease resistant selections is the preferred strategy for preventing destructive outbreaks of Entomosporium leaf spot on Indian hawthorn in the nursery and landscape.
Evaluating Recovery of Cupressaceae Taxa After Flooding at Contrasting Temperatures
Authors: Holland Bradley T. , Warren Stuart L. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chamaecyparis are ornamental plants that are used extensively in temperate-zone landscapes worldwide. However, due to their low tolerance to environmental stresses Chamaecyparis often perform poorly in urban landscapes. The objective of this research was to evaluate rootstocks of selected Cupressaceae taxa to determine their adaptability to poor drainage and high temperatures found commonly in urban landscapes. To accomplish this objective, 10 taxa (Chamaecyparis, Platycladus, Thuga spp., and x sCupressocyparis leylandii) were grown in 2.8 liter (#1) black plastic containers with a pinebark:sand (8:1 by vol) medium for 19 weeks in two greenhouses with 9/15 hr day/night temperatures of either 22/18C (72/64F) or 30/26C (86/79F). Half the plants in each greenhouse were flooded for 4 weeks. Root relative growth rate (RGR) was a better indicator of plant performance under flooded conditions compared to shoot RGR. At 22/18C (72/64F), root RGR of Chamaecyparis thyoides and Thuja ‘Green Giant’ only declined 10% and 11% between nonflooded and flooded plants, respectively. Chamaecyparis obtusa and x Cupressocyparis leylandii had the largest percentage decline in root RGR from nonflooded to flooded plants with 71% and 213%, respectively. Chamaecyparis thyoides had the highest root RGR at 30/26C (86/79F) in both nonflooded and flooded conditions with a 19% decrease in root RGR between nonflooded and flooded. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and T. ‘Green Giant’ were ranked 2 and 3 in flooded conditions at 30/26C (86/79F); however, percentage decline increased to 43% and 46%, respectively. At this temperature, the remaining seven taxa had greater than 50% decline in root RGR in flooded conditions compared to nonflooded plants. In nonflooded conditions, shoot and root RGR of all species decreased from 22/18C (72/64F) to 30/26C (86/79F) except for Chamaecyparis thyoides. The shoot and root RGR of Chamaecyparis thyoides grown in 22/18C (72/64F) and 30/26C (86/79F) were similar in nonflooded conditions. Chamaecyparis thyoides demonstrated excellent tolerance to flooding and temperature and could be a desirable understock for other Chamaecyparis when grown in poorly drained locations.
Chilling Affects Budbreak of Ginkgo biloba L.
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey C. , Altland James E. , Sibley Jeff L. , Tilt Ken M. , Foshee Wheeler G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of chilling and heat on budbreak of Ginkgo biloba L. seedlings were evaluated in a study initiated on October 1, 1999, and terminated on April 8, 2002. Chilling was a determinate factor in foliar budbreak for G biloba. Thirteen levels of chilling were applied to trees in increments of 100 hours, with twelve replications per treatment. Once the chilling requirement had been satisfied, increased chilling led to a decreased heat unit requirement, resulting in accelerated foliar budbreak and higher budbreak percentage. Trees receiving the same treatment for three consecutive years required a minimum of 100 chill hours plus 936 greenhouse hours to initiate budbreak, and a minimum of 500 chill hours plus 1168 greenhouse hours to reach 50 percent budbreak. In years one and two, trees receiving less than 100 chill hours failed to break bud and eventually died. In year three, trees receiving less than 100 chill hours broke an average of 0.05 percent buds per tree, but no subsequent growth occurred.