bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
64 Immunological, physiological, and behavioral responses to an experimentally-induced respiratory disease challenge in growing steers
Authors: Wottlin Lauren , Carstens Gordon E , Pinchak William E , Washburn Kevin , Lawhon Sarah , Reddy Sanjay , Hanks John , Chen Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Immunologic, physiologic, and behavioral responses to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory challenge were explored in beef steers (initial BW 293 kg). Steers (n = 24) were inoculated intranasally with bovine herpes virus-1 (2×108 PFU) and intratracheally with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH, 2.15×1010 CFU) on days -3 and 0, respectively, (n = 16; VB), or similarly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline (n = 8; PBS). Venous and arterial blood were collected on -3, -1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to MH challenge for CBC, haptoglobin, and arterial blood oxygen saturation analysis. Continuously recorded variables included rumen temperature, activity, rumination, DMI, and feeding behavior. Data were analyzed with a repeated-measures mixed model (SAS 9.4) with fixed effects of day, inoculation, and the interaction. Bunk visit frequency and DMI were reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in VB steers throughout the 14 d post-MH period compared to PBS steers. Rumination (days 1, 7) and activity (days 1, 2, 4–8, and 11–13) were reduced (P &lt; 0.03) in VB steers vs PBS steers. Rumen temperature was elevated (P &lt; 0.04) in VB steers until day 6 post MH inoculation. Neutrophil concentrations (days 2 and 3), platelets (days 7–14), fibrinogen (days 2–10), and haptoglobin (days 2–7) were elevated (P &lt; 0.05) in VB vs PBS steers. Hematocrit was depressed (P &lt; 0.05) in VB steers on days 3–10. The VB steers had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) arterial SO2% and pO2 than PBS steers; however, the inoculation × day interaction was not significant. Results indicate that the experimental VB challenge substantially altered rumen temperature, DMI, feeding behavior, rumination and immunological response as expected. Arterial sO2% and pO2 concentrations were reduced minimally by VB challenge, indicating challenges in using blood gas to detect BRD in beef cattle.
71 The relationships of late gestational uterine artery blood flow with calf and placental size
Authors: Redifer Colby A , Meyer Allison M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Utilizing crossbred fall-calving beef females over 2 years, relationships of uterine artery blood flow (UBF) with cow BW, calf birth BW, and placental characteristics were investigated. Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography of both uterine arteries was conducted, and scans were grouped into 80, 60, 40, and 20 ± 5 d prior to calving (DPC; n = 28, 38, 36, and 24, respectively). Placentas were dissected post-expulsion (n = 21, 26, 26, and 19, respectively). Correlation coefficients were determined for UBF with BW and placental measures at each timepoint. Total UBF had a moderate positive (80, 40, and 20 DPC, P ≤ 0.009) or weak positive correlation (60 DPC, P = 0.02) with calf BW. Calf BW had a moderate positive correlation (P ≤ 0.04) with contralateral UBF (80, 60, and 40 DPC). Cow BW was not correlated (P ≥ 0.07) with UBF. Total and contralateral UBF had moderate positive correlations (P ≤ 0.03) with cotyledonary, intercotyledonary and total placental weights at 40 DPC and with intercotyledonary weight at 20 DPC. Contralateral UBF had a moderate positive correlation (P = 0.03) with total placental weight at 20 DPC. Ipsilateral UBF had no relationship (P ≥ 0.06) with calf or placental weights. Cotyledon number had a moderate negative correlation (P = 0.02) with ipsilateral UBF at 20 DPC, but a moderate (60 and 80 DPC) or strong (20 and 40 DPC) positive correlation (P ≤ 0.05) with contralateral UBF. Average cotyledonary size had a moderate positive correlation (P = 0.01) with total UBF at 20 DPC. Ipsilateral UBF had a moderate (80 and 40 DPC, P ≤ 0.04) or strong positive correlation (20 DPC, P = 0.003) with average cotyledonary size. These data suggest that late gestational UBF drives fetal and placental growth. Interestingly, contralateral UBF may have a disproportionately greater contribution.
74 President Oral Presentation Pick: Phenotypic plasticity of heat tolerance in beef cattle
Authors: Mateescu Raluca G , Davila Kaitlyn M Sarlo , Dikmen Serdal , Nunez Andrea , Rodriguez Eduardo , Oltenacu Pascal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bos taurus indicus cattle have superior ability for regulation of body temperature during heat stress due to a number of physiological and cellular level adaptive traits. The objectives of this study were to quantify the change in body temperature in heifers with various proportions of Brahman genes per unit increase in heat stress as measured by THI and to assess the impact of skin properties on the phenotypic plasticity. A total of 299 two-year old heifers from six breed groups ranging from 100% Angus to 100% Brahman were evaluated under hot and humid conditions during 2017 and 2018 summer days. The plasticity in body temperature of breed groups in response to environmental challenges was estimated using a random regression mixed model. Six mm skin biopsies were collected from the right side of sixth thoracic bone of each heifer. Cross-sections of biopsy samples with a thickness of 7 µm were stained with Hematoxilin–Eosin technique. The number and area of sweat and sebaceous glands and the thickness of dermis and epidermis were determined using the ImageJ program. The 100% Brahman group had the lowest intercept and slope (38.66 and 0.18) representing the body temperature under the low THI conditions and the increase in body temperature for 2 units of THI, respectively. Except for the 100% Angus group, which had a slightly higher intercept (38.68), all other breed groups had lower intercepts. Body temperature in the 100% Angus heifers increases by 0.42 for every 2 units of THI. There was a significant linear effect of Brahman percentage on the sweat gland size, with the 100% Brahman having the largest sweat gland size (203.57µm2) and purebred Angus the smallest (94.31µm2). Effective strategies will require the identification of the genes conferring the superior thermotolerance in Brahman cattle.
316 Regenerative grazing: restoring ecosystem function to improve farm profits
Authors: Teague Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
I explore the hypothesis that managing grazing using regenerative grazing principles to improve soil health is a sustainable base to improve net farm profits. Carbon-rich soil is healthy soil and beneficial for the entire ecosystem. Changing current unsustainable high-input agricultural practices to low-input practices that regenerate ecosystem function will be necessary for sustainable, resilient agro-ecosystems. Current reductionist, small-scale, short-term research managed without goals to find what management framework will deliver positive outcomes for ranchers has produced very erroneous conclusions. Healthy ecosystems function by increasing soil carbon to improve water infiltration and retention; soil nutrient access and retention; and the diversity of fungi, microbes, plants, insects, and wildlife that contribute to both improved livestock nutrition and human nutrition. I will give an overview of our research endeavors using a systems-science, multi-discipline framework to find the best grazing management for regenerating: soil health and function; delivery of ecosystem goods and services; and farmer livelihoods and social resilience. To accomplish this, we partner with farmers who have improved the environment and excel financially to convert experimental results into sound environmental, social, and economic benefits regionally and globally.
87 President Oral Presentation Pick: Oral Microbiota Populations of Adult Dogs Consuming Dental Chews Demonstrated to Reduce Dental Plaque and Calculus
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Carroll Meredith , Alexander Celeste , Lye Lynn , Somrak Amy , Keating Stephanie , Sage Adrianna , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Microbiota play a prominent role in canine periodontal disease, but little is known about the oral microbial community of dogs. We aimed to determine the differences in oral microbiota of dogs consuming dental chews demonstrated to improve oral health outcomes. Twelve adult dogs were used in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design consisting of 28-day periods. Control (CT) dogs consumed diet only, with treatment groups receiving one of three dental chews (BC, DL and GR). At baseline, teeth were cleaned. Teeth were scored for plaque, calculus, and gingivitis at the end of each period by a veterinary dentist blinded to treatments. Breath samples were measured for sulfur compounds throughout each period. Plaque [supragingival (SUP) and subgingival (SUB) plaque] and saliva (SAL) samples were collected for microbiota analysis. Total DNA from saliva and plaque samples was extracted, with 16S rDNA V4 region gene amplicons subjected to Illumina sequencing. Data were analyzed using QIIME 2 and SAS. CT dogs had a higher pocket score, breath sulfur concentrations, and plaque and calculus scores compared to those given chews. Bacterial species richness was highest for CT, with unweighted and weighted PCoA plots showed a clustering of CT dogs vs. those given chews. For all sample types, CT dogs had higher relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema) and lower relative abundance of bacterial genera associated with oral health (Neisseria, Corynebacterium, Bergeyella, and Moraxella) compared to those given chews. DL reduced Porphyromonas in SUP and SUB samples. DL and GR reduced Treponema in SUP samples. DL increased Corynebacterium in all sample types. BC increased Corynebacterium in SAL samples. DL and GR increased Neisseria and Moraxella in SAL samples. Our results suggest that the dental chews tested beneficially shifted oral microbiota populations, which were associated with improvements in plaque and calculus scores.
103 Equine enterocytes actively oxidize L-glutamine but do not synthesize L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine or L-proline in vitro
Authors: Martinez Rafael E , Leatherwood Jessica L , Bradbery Amanda N , Much Mattea L , Silvers Brittany L , Posey Erin A , Nawaratna Gayan I , Wu Guoyao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In many mammals, enterocytes are responsible for the synthesis of L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine and L-proline. However, there is limited research in the horse to determine de novo synthesis of L-citrulline or L-arginine by the enterocyte, which is the initial step in establishing dietary requirements and comprehending arginine nutrition in horses. We utilized jejunal enterocytes from 20 horses (neonate n = 2, mature n = 16, and geriatric n = 2) to study glutamine and proline metabolism. As a positive control, enterocytes were isolated from 0, 60, and 180-day old pigs (n = 8/age group). Equine or porcine enterocytes were incubated at 37oC for 30 min in oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose and either 2 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine or 2 mM L-[U-14C]proline plus 2 mM L-glutamine. Collected 14CO2 was determined by a liquid scintillation counter, whereas amino acids in cells plus medium were analyzed by HPLC. Both equine and porcine enterocytes oxidized glutamine to CO2 but had a limited ability to oxidize proline to CO2, confirming the biochemical viability of the cells in vitro. Enterocytes from neonatal and geriatric horses had lower rates (nmol/106 cells/30 min) of CO2 production (1.10 ± 0.52 and 1.31 ± 0.65, respectively) from glutamine than those (40.9 ± 5.40) from mature horses. Porcine enterocytes synthesized L-citrulline and L-arginine from glutamine and proline (e.g., 4.86 ± 0.26 nmol L-citrulline/mg protein/30 min and 0.85 ± 0.04 nmol L-arginine/mg protein/30 min from glutamine in enterocytes of 60-day-old pigs). In contrast, equine enterocytes did not synthesize L-citrulline and L-arginine from L-glutamine or L-proline. Because L-arginine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of protein, nitric oxide, and creatine, our novel findings on the lack of intestinal synthesis of L-arginine in horses have important implications for their nutrition, metabolism, and health.
357 Early life factors shaping gut development and lifelong disease risk
Authors: Moeser Adam J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The first 3–4 months of postnatal life represents a critical period in gastrointestinal (GI) development that shapes lifelong function and disease resistance. During this period, extensive maturation of the immune and nervous systems, and epithelial transport and barrier function, occurs. While some aspects of early life gut development are genetically “hard-wired,” the GI system exhibits a high degree of plasticity, and thus developmental trajectory and long-term function can be significantly modified during this period via host and environmental influences. Stress or adversity during early critical periods of development has been recognized as a significant risk factor for the later-life susceptibility to several GI and systemic chronic inflammatory and debilitating diseases in humans and animals, including functional bowel disorders characterized by dysmotility and neuroinflammation, but also disease associated with systemic inflammation, such as metabolic disorders (obesity and Type 2 diabetes) and neurobehavioral disorders including anxiety and depression. Moreover, early life stressors include routine management practices such as maternal separation and early weaning, social disruption, and early immune activation from disease or vaccination, and thus early life stress is common in animals. While the link between early life adversity and later life disease risk is well-established across species, the mechanisms that link early life stress, gut development and lifelong disease risk are poorly understood, and thus targeted management, therapeutic and nutritional strategies to reduce the negative impacts of early life stress are lacking. This goal of this presentation is to provide a biological framework for understanding how early life environmental and host factors such as stress and biological sex can alter the normal trajectory of GI development and disease risk throughout the lifespan. Ways in which changes in gut development might drive the risk for diseases important to many species, such as metabolic disease, functional/inflammatory bowel disorders and neurobehavioral disorders, will be discussed.
138 Effects of Diet Complexity and L-Threonine Supplementation on Immune Response and Intestinal Barrier Function in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Koo Bonjin , Choi Janghan , Yang Chengbo , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effects of diet complexity and L-Thr supplementation on immune response and intestinal barrier function in nursery pigs. Thirty-two pigs (7.23 ± 0.48 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement based on diet complexity (complex or simple) and L-Thr supplementation (standard, NRC 2012 or 15% more). The complex diet contained fish meal, plasma protein and dried whey to mimic a conventional nursery diet. The simple diet was formulated with corn, wheat, and soybean meal and did not contain any animal products. Pigs were individually housed and fed experimental diets ad libitum for 14 d. All data were analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pen as the experimental unit. Pigs fed the simple diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations compared to those fed the complex diet. Pigs fed the simple diet tended to show greater (P &lt; 0.10) expression of genes encoding for tumor necrosis factor-α, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum compared to those fed the complex diet. The addition of L-Thr increased (P &lt; 0.05) villus height and numbers of both villi and crypt goblet cells in the jejunum and deepened (P &lt; 0.05) crypts in the proximal colon. Also, L-Thr-supplemented diets upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) the expression of the gene encoding for occludin and tended to downregulate (P &lt; 0.10) IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum. Trends (P &lt; 0.10) for interaction between diet complexity and L-Thr supplementation were observed in villus height:crypt depth ratio, the number of goblet cells, and IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum. In conclusion, feeding a simple diet stimulated the immune system of nursery pigs compared to a complex diet. Dietary L-Thr supplementation fortified intestinal structure and function.
149 Effects of managing mature beef bulls on divergent planes of nutrition on motility and kinematic properties of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm
Authors: Dahlen Carl R , Underdahl Sarah R , Crouse Matthew S , McCarthy Kacie L , Kassetas Cierrah J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Dorsam Sheri T , Kirsch James D , Sedivec Kevin K , Ward Alison K , Caton Joel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fifteen mature beef bulls (BW = 800.4 ± 17.4 kg) were used in a 112-d experiment to evaluate effects of divergent planes of nutrition on motility and kinematic properties of fresh and frozen-thawed semen. Bulls were ranked by BW and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) managed on a positive plane of nutrition (POS, n = 8), or 2) managed on a negative plane of nutrition (NEG, n = 7). Bulls were fed a common diet, adjusted biweekly to achieve targeted weight loss or gain of 12.5% of original BW. On d 112, electroejaculation was used to collect 2 ejaculates from each bull, which were combined. An aliquot of fresh semen was evaluated via computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA; IVOS II, Hamilton Thorne, Beverly, MA, USA) for motility and kinematic properties. Remaining semen was extended and frozen. Frozen semen was thawed for 40 s and held in a heating block at 37°C, then evaluated via CASA at 0 and 3 h post-thaw. Data were analyzed in the MIXED procedure of SAS, with data for post-thaw analysis evaluated as repeated measures in time. Treatment did not influence ejaculate volume or concentration (P ≤ 0.19). In fresh ejaculates no impacts (P ≤ 0.29) of treatment were observed for motility or kinematic properties. In frozen-thawed ejaculates, however, bulls in the NEG treatment had greater (P ≤ 0.02) proportions of motile and progressively motile sperm compared with POS. In sperm classified as motile or progressively motile, NEG had greater (P ≤ 0.002) average path and straight line velocities, and greater (P ≤ 0.05) amplitude of lateral head displacement than POS. Treatment impacts observed in frozen, but not fresh, indicate that sperm metabolism, mitochondrial function, antioxidant capacity, or other factors may be influenced by plane of nutrition resulting in altered motility and kinematic properties.
385 Awardee Talk: Impacts of temperament on productive and reproductive responses of Bos taurus and B. indicus females
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Temperament is defined as the fear-related behavioral responses of cattle when exposed to human handling. Our group evaluates cattle temperament using: 1) chute score: 1 to 5 scale that increases according to excitable behavior during chute restraining, 2) exit velocity: speed of an animal exiting the squeeze chute, 3) exit score: dividing cattle according to exit velocity into quintiles using a 1 to 5 scale (1 = slowest quintile; 5 = fastest quintile), and 4) temperament score: average of chute and exit scores. Subsequently, cattle are assigned a temperament type; adequate temperament (ADQ; temperament score ≤ 3) or excitable temperament (EXC; temperament score &gt; 3). Our group associated these evaluation criteria with reproductive responses of Bos taurus and B. indicus-influenced females. Cattle classified as EXC had greater (P ≤ 0.04) plasma cortisol vs. ADQ during handling, independent of breed type or parity. Both B. taurus and B. indicus cows classified as EXC had reduced (P ≤ 0.09) annual pregnancy rates vs. ADQ cohorts, resulting in decreased calving rate, weaning rate, and kg of calf weaned/cow exposed to breeding. Bos indicus heifers classified as EXC as yearlings had less (P &lt; 0.01) growth rate and delayed puberty attainment by 15 months of age compared with ADQ heifers. Bos taurus heifers that reached puberty by 12 months of age had less (P ≤ 0.05) temperament score and plasma cortisol concentrations at weaning compared with heifers that did not reach puberty. Acclimating B. indicus-influenced and B. taurus heifers to human handling after weaning improved (P ≤ 0.02) temperament and hastened puberty attainment. Hence, temperament impacts productive and reproductive responses of beef females independent of breed type and parity. Strategies to improve herd temperament are imperative for optimal production efficiency of cow-calf operations based on B. taurus and B. indicus-influenced cattle.
225 Crude protein-content of fat-free muscle and viscera in sheep
Authors: Dougherty Holland C , Evered Mark , Oltjen James W , Oddy Hutton , Hegarty Roger 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The nutritional effects of variation in feed supply and subsequent compensatory gain can play a significant role in cattle and beef production, due to their effects on carcass quality and feed costs. A system that predicts changes in fat and protein content of muscle and viscera in animals of different life stages and nutritional histories could therefore assist management to optimize performance and reduce costs of feed. A method has been developed to simultaneously estimate body composition and nutrient requirements of ruminants. This method estimates body composition from the difference in energy balance derived from ME intake, and heat production from ME intake and protein content of muscle and viscera, but requires information on protein content of fat free mass in viscera and non-viscera “muscle” tissue. Data from the literature was combined with unpublished data from a study conducted in growing lambs. This experiment tested the effects of ad libitum intake of diets of varying energy density and added RUP on performance and carcass composition of lambs that had been previously restricted or unrestricted prior to a 12–13 week finishing phase, and both carcass and viscera components were chemically analyzed on an individual basis. On a fat-free basis, muscle crude protein averaged 20.8%; this value is in agreement with literature values, which lie between the range of 20–24% and which do not appear to vary substantially with age in postweaning sheep. In the same sheep, crude protein content of viscera averaged 15.6% on a fat-free basis; while data on visceral composition in the literature is limited, these values are within the range of available data. This data is use to parameterize functions describing growth of viscera and changes in heat production over time. This contributes to the method we have developed to estimate nutritional effects on body composition.