bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Practical Aspects of Working with Customers on System Design and Implementation
Authors: Deininger Debra 
Published: February 2020

Synkera Technologies Inc. has developed a range of chemical sensors, and worked with customers in a variety of applications, including process control, air quality, industrial health and safety, and consumer markets to use these sensors in their systems. This talk will discuss these experiences and some lessons learned about the challenges of integrating sensors successfully into a wide range of devices. Ultimately, the total system can have substantial effects on sensor performance and the success or failure of a given sensor technology in the market.Synkera Technologies Inc. has developed several types of chemical sensors that are able to detect components of air quality, toxic gases and flammable gases. In the commercial implementation of these sensors, Synkera has worked with customers in a variety of markets, including process control, air quality, consumer and industrial health and safety applications, in order to successfully deploy these sensors in their systems. Here, we discuss these experiences and some lessons learned about the challenges of integrating sensors successfully into a wide range of devices. In particular, we discuss the effects of electronic design, user interface, mechanical and packaging design, and calibration and compensation algorithms on sensor performance.
Ultimately, the total system design can have substantial effects on sensor performance and the success or failure of a given sensor technology in the market.
Effect of Steel Surface Variation on Electrochemical Heterogeneity and the Protection Afforded By Organic Coatings
Authors: Jamali Sina Seyed , Mills Douglas John 
Published: February 2020

A well-prepared surface is the foundation on which an effective protective paint system is built. Most adhesion theories consider a rough surface to be favourable for achieving a high adhesive strength with a given organic coating. However, results of some case studies have found no relationship1,2 or inverse relationship3,4 between corrosion protection properties of the organic coating and the surface roughness. In the present work four conventional surface preparation methods including ultra high pressure (UHP) hydroblasting, wet abrasive blasting, acid pickling and abrasion with emery were used and compared to an as received control surface. Scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) was used to study the formation of active anodic sites on a local scale. Multiple repetitive scans were performed to study the dynamic of anodic activity. Figure 1 shows the variation of anodic activity by type of surface preparation in the early stages of corrosion. The level of surface activity was compared with the surface roughness and surface free energy. Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) methods were used to study the effect of surface preparation on electrochemical properties at the surface as well as at the interface.
Results revealed the important role of the native oxide film and the deleterious effect of surface contaminants on the protective performance of the subsequently applied organic coating. Also it was shown that a large surface profile combined with a highly active surface can be deleterious if an appropriate interaction between organic coating and metal is not achieved. This is due in part to surfaces with coarse surface profile presenting a larger active area. It appears that the number of initial anodic sites plays a key role in the long term anodic/cathodic activity and this number varies by the surface preparation method.
Figure 1 Local distribution of current density for (a) as received (control), (b) abraded, (c) acid treated, (d) hydroblasted and (e) abrasive blasted samples after 5 min immersion in 1 mM NaCl.
1. P.R. Sere, A.R. Armas, C.I. Elsners, A.R. Di Sarli, Corros. Sci.,
38, 853–866 (1996).
2. A. Momber, S. Koller, H. Dittmers, J. Protect. Coat. Lin., 44–50 (2004).
3. D.M. Santágata, P.R. Seré, C.I. Elsner, A.R. Di Sarli, Prog. Org. Coat.,
33, 44–54 (1998).
4. D.J. Mills, K. Schaefer, Prog. Org. Coat.
69, 193–198 (2010).
Corrosion Inhibition of C-Steel Using Supported and Non-Supported Cu-Nanoparticles/Benzotriazole
Authors: Abdullah Aboubakr Moustafa , Atta Nada Farouk , Galal Ahmed , Afifi Asmaa Ahmed 
Published: February 2020

Depositing Cu nanoparticles on the C-steel surface using the self-replacement technique has shown a corrosion inhibition efficiency higher than 91% in acidic medium if the Fe/Cu system was preimmersed in 1 mM benzotriazole for 30 minutes. The use of polyaniline nanotubes as a support for the Cu nanoparticles did not enhance the inhibition efficiency of Cu nanopraticles for Fe. On the contrary, it decreased a little bit. This work compares between corrosion inhibition efficiency of the polyaniline nanotubes and Cu nanoparticles separately and in presence and absence of benzotriazole. In addition, this work introduces a new and simple technique that is able to decide how the benzotriazole molecules interact with the Cu surface. It was proven using this technique that at the free corrosion potential, the interaction takes place mainly through the adsorption mechanism rather than the Cu(I)BTA film formation one.
The image shows the change of the corrosion type from the uniform to the pitting form.
Effect of Ca and Y on the Oxidation of Mg Alloys
Authors: Lee Dongbok , Yadav Poonam , Abro Muhammad Ali , KIM Minjung 
Published: February 2020

The AZ91D magnesium alloys containing 1% Ca and 1% Y were cast and oxidized between 350 and 500oC in atmospheric air to study the effect of Ca and Y on the oxidation of Mg alloys. The Mg+1% Ca alloy consisted of α-Mg, Al12Mg17, and Al2Ca. The AZ91D+1% Y alloy consisted of α-Mg, Al12Mg17, and Al2Y. Al2Ca and Al2Y were present in the form of platelets or blocky particles along the boundaries of primary α–Mg grains.
The oxidation rates observed for the three alloys in the study decreased in the following order: AZ91D, AZ91D+1% Y, and AZ91D+1% Ca. As the oxidation progressed, the compact MgO oxide scale became porous, non-adherent, thick, and fragile. Ca, in the AZ91D+1% Ca alloy, was the most active element, and it appeared to diffuse outward toward the oxide layer rather easily. The presence of CaO in the oxide layer retarded the oxidation of the Mg alloy. Both the oxide scale and the matrix of the AZ91D+1% Y alloy contained oxygen. The dissolution of oxygen beyond the oxide scale indicates that Y could not effectively deter the ingress of oxygen, although the 1% Y content did increase the oxidation resistance of the alloy.

Acknowledgement. This work is the outcome of "Environment-friendly and Energy-efficient Manufacturing Technology of Eco-Mg" program (No. 10035292-2010-01) funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.
Understanding the Phenomenon of Biocorrosion on Uncoated and Coated AA-2024
Authors: Paez Maritza Angelica , Vejar Nelson , Azocar M. Ignacio , Gulppi Miguel , Melo Francisco , Zagal Jose H 
Published: February 2020

Microorganisms have a strong tendency to colonize solid surfaces, leading to a complex microbial community that strongly adheres to the substrate, called biofilm. Biofilms are detrimental to the underlying substrates, causing physical degradation or biodeterioration of the metal surfaces. This phenomenon is widely recognized as biocorrosion or microbiologically influenced corrosion. Among the many microorganisms which induce the degradation or corrosion of metallic materials, Pseudomonas is one of the most studied and it is associated with corrosion of aluminum and its alloys.
In this work microbiologically influenced corrosion of an aluminium alloy, AA-2024, in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied.
In order to understand the mechanism by which the bacterium promotes corrosion in AA-2024, bacteria were cultured for different times in the presence of AA-2024 alloy samples. The morphology of the metallic surfaces was studied by optical microscopy and the bacterial population, living or dead, was examined in a confocal microscope. Localized corrosion was followed by further observations of metallic sections after immersing in the bacterial culture for defined time intervals. Susceptibility to corrosion was assessed by potentiodynamic measurements, and bacteria-substrate interaction was followed by Atomic Force Microcopy (AFM).
The results revealed that the presence of pseudomona aeruginosa catalyze corrosion. The participation of catalase in increasing the cathodic reaction kinetics and consequently, the global corrosion process was demonstrated by electrochemical measurements using cobalt phtalocyanine modified electrodes, obtained in the absence and presence of the bacteria. In addition, from atomic force microscopy, bacterial cells within the biofilm exhibited high adhesion strength to the metal substrate. Corrosion events correlates with the hydrogen peroxide content in the crop and also, with the high adhesion of bacteria to the aluminium alloy surface.

When the aluminum alloy is coated with a polymeric film, synthesized by the mixing of Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and trietoxioctilsilano (TEOCS), surface examinations in the confocal microscope reveal that the polymer possess antibacterial ability against the bacteria. In addition, the electrochemical experiments show that the coating inhibits the microbiologically influenced corrosion on the alloy in 0.1 M NaCl. The nature of the antibacterial ability resides mainly in the hydrophobic characteristic of polymers and pH changes at the polymer-electrolyte interface.
Microelectrode Studies of Lithium Battery Materials
Authors: Clancy Tomas , Rohan James F. 
Published: February 2020

Personal electronic devices rely on regular replacement of primary batteries or recharging of secondary batteries, requiring users to carry backup batteries or be tied to docking stations. A more desirable solution would be the integration of micro or nanosystems including energy storage with energy harvesting and the microelectronic devices to be powered. The autonomy of such devices requires the development of novel storage solutions for the scavenged or harvested energy. A truly autonomous device would have an on-device energy storage system that: (1) interfaces with various energy harvesting components, (2) provides power on demand to the electronic sensing, communication, and display components, and (3) retains its performance on charge and discharge cycling over the anticipated device lifetime.
In the typical 2D, thin-film geometry, lithium diffusion and poor electronic conductivity limits electrode thickness to micrometers and thus large surface areas resulting in a battery dominated by the substrate and other inactive cell components. Commercial thin film microbatteries are typically rated at <1 mWh/cm2. The target energy storage solution should occupy a volume no larger than the electronics it drives (sub <0.1 cm3) and be integrated on chip to store energy harvested at a level of 10 mW/cm2. Integrated electronic and energy devices for advanced micro and nanosystems technology therefore require energy sources with increased performance per unit substrate area. This requires not only structured electrodes to increase the surface area and quantitiy of active materials per unit footprint but materials with improved electronic characteristics for increased rate capabilities. In this work we will describe the results of core-shell lithium battery nanomaterials analysis at microelectrodes.
An AFM Evaluation of Rhenium-Nickel Electrodeposit Nucleation on Copper
Authors: Mondal Sujit Kumar , Contu Francesco , Ewers Bradly , Batteas James D , Taylor S Ray 
Published: February 2020

The electrodeposition of rhenium and rhenium alloys is well documented both in acidic1-5 and alkaline6,7 solutions. The effect of complexing agents as well as the catalytic effect of divalent nickel ions has also been extensively investigated2-4. It has been shown that Re-Ni electrodeposits consist of alternating layers of Ni-rich and Re-rich phases2. However, a detailed explanation of the origin of such layers as well as the electrodeposit nucleation process is still missing. The objective of the present work is threefold. First, we seek to elucidate the nucleation mechanism of Re-Ni alloys. AFM will be used to document the formation and growth of electrodeposit nuclei and delineate the progressive vs. instantaneous nucleation mechanism. Second, the multilayered structure of the Re-Ni deposits will be addressed by documenting the formation of the initial layer and its evolution over time. Finally, nickel deposits will be used as substrates for pure rhenium electrodeposition to test the hypothesis that a strike layer of nickel is necessary to promote the deposition of pure rhenium.
Galvanostatic pulse methods were used to electrodeposit pure nickel and pure rhenium salts separately from citrate solutions on (111) single crystal copper substrates as well as mica-supported copper films. The results are compared with the electrodeposition behavior of Re-Ni bath mixtures. A very small time scale is needed to deposit a monolayer of nickel. Distinct differences in frictional force of the initial deposit nuclei was captured by AFM. Figure 1 shows the difference in frictional force between a bare copper surface (111) and nickel deposit on a copper (111) surface. Nickel was deposited electrochemically by exposing a copper surface (111) to a 96 mM nickel sulfamate solution under galvanostatic polarization for 1 ms at -53.0 mA/cm2. The spots observed in the frictional image are attributed to islands of nickel atoms that are too thin to be detected in the topography mode.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from AFOSR under grant FA9550-10-1-0520.

References

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Study of Loss Mechanisms in a Regenerative Hydrogen Vanadium Fuel Cell
Authors: Hewa Dewage Harini , Yufit Vladimir , Wu Billy , Tariq Farid , Cooper Samuel J. , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: February 2020

Development of renewable energies such as solar and wind power have received a great deal of attention. However, in order to utilise efficiently the power generated, it is essential to introduce energy storage systems at the grid level scale. Redox flow batteries are excellent candidates for this purpose as they present many potential advantages such as: decoupling of power and energy; modularity (kilowatts to megawatts systems); site independence; long cycle life and minimal maintenance.
But there remains scope to reduce the cost and improve the performance of current systems, and in this context a novel regenerative fuel cell, utilising an aqueous vanadium electrolyte and hydrogen gas has recently been reported1. The advantages offered by this approach are fast hydrogen kinetics, use of half of vanadium electrolyte in comparison to the conventional all vanadium flow battery and the absence of cross-contamination between the positive and negative half-cells.
The first generation of this vanadium-hydrogen cell assembled with commercial MEAs demonstrated a maximum power density of 107 mW/cm2 in a 1M V(IV)/V(V) solution. In this work we report improved performance to achieve a maximum power density of 229 mW/cm2 through cell design modification. Half-cell measurements have been used to gain a better understanding of the loss mechanisms in the cathode and anode. Additionally, the authors have implemented the use of 3D tomography to study the structural changes of carbon based electrodes over different numbers of experimental conditions (Figure 1). The latest results from these studies will be presented.

1 V. Yufit, B. Hale, M. Matian, P. Mazur and N.P. Brandon,
Development of a Regenerative Hydrogen-Vanadium Fuel Cell for energy storage applications
, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 160 (2013), A856-A861.
Figure 1: 3D reconstructed image of a used SGL 10AA carbon electrode acquired using x-ray tomography. The volume represents a size of 211 x 749 x 914 μm3.
Performance Evaluation of the Non-Aqueous Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Different Separators
Authors: Escalante-Garcia Ismailia L. , Wainright Jesse S. , Thompson Levi T , Savinell Robert F. 
Published: February 2020

Non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB) systems are being considered for grid-level energy-storage applications. Non-aqueous electrolytes exhibit wide electrochemical potential windows, generally > 2 V, which has a direct impact on the system energy and power density prospects. The increased cell potential is considered the primary advantage of non-aqueous RFBs over aqueous RFBs, which are limited by the electrochemical stability of water. Nevertheless, the development of non-aqueous RFBs is still at an early stage and thus significant research efforts are needed to achieve similar performance as in aqueous RFBs, especially, at the cell component level. The membrane or separator is one component that to a great extent affects the overall performance of RFB systems for practical applications. However, few reports have been found in the literature on the development and evaluation of separator materials for non-aqueous RFBs to date.
In this work, a small-scale redox flow battery prototype was designed to simulate energy storage and to evaluate the performance parameters of non-aqueous redox electrolytes. Cation exchanged Nafion® ionomer and microporous Daramic separators were prepared and investigated. A non-aqueous, single-metal redox flow battery based on vanadium (III) acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) with a thermodynamic potential of 2.2 V was considered. At least a 70-fold increase in charge/discharge current density was achieved by using modified Nafion® or a microporous separator compared with current literature. Coulombic and round-trip energy efficiencies of 70-90% and of 65-80%, respectively, were obtained depending on the separator. Both the modified Nafion® and microporous separators are promising options for non-aqueous redox electrolyte systems.
(Technology Award of the Battery Division) An Overview of New Technologies and Related Materials Research and Development for Rechargeable Batteries in China
Authors: Wu Feng , Li Li , Wu Chuan 
Published: February 2020

Global concerns on environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emission, and climate changes are making the developments of renewable energy technologies and deployments a priority. Rechargeable batteries and related materials research and development are key to enabling the renewable energy technology deployments, playing an important role. Since China is one of the largest energy consumers in the world today, largely driven by the fast growing domestic utility and automobile market sectors, the strategic planning and policy implementation for rechargeable batteries R&D in China are receiving more worldwide attention.
Here an overview on the research and technology development of rechargeable batteries in China is first presented, followed by a few examples of recent results obtained in our laboratories that are unique to represent the existing efforts and directions. These battery-related technology research and development activities include new generations of functional electrolytes; new reinforced composite polymer electrolyte membranes to improve the safety and thermal stability of lithium ion batteries; multi-valence electrode systems for the next generation of high-energy-density batteries; as well as the bioleaching technology to effectively extract transition metals from the scrapped lithium-ion batteries.
Hybrid Porous Silicon- Rhodamine B Derivative Nanostructures as Chemical Sensor for Hg(II) Detection
Authors: De la Cruz Guzman Paola Mayela , Aguilar-Aguilar Angelica , Bañuelos-Frias Alan , Chazaro-Ruiz Luis Felipe , Palestino Gabriela 
Published: February 2020

In this work we propose a new method to produce a fluorescent chemical sensor for mercury detection (Hg(II)). This device is mainly based on the optical properties of porous silicon nanostructures (PSi) [1] coupled with the fluorescent properties of Rhodamine B [2] (Rh-urea-Ph-urea-Si) ligand derivative, which is covalently linked to PSi acting as receptor of metal ions. The Rh-urea-Ph-urea-Si (Ph=Phenil) compound was synthesized and its complexing ability was studied in liquid phase and solid by fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the fluorescence response of the metallic complex is metal concentration dependent. If the Hg(II) concentration increases, the florescence intensity also increases to reach the saturation point of the fluorophore. The electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon wafer [3] produced the PSi transducers, which in turn were functionalized with the organic receptors. The ligand infiltration into the PSi matrix and the metal coordination on the hybrid substrate were evaluated by specular reflectance, infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, and SEM. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the qualitative detection of Hg(II) ions due to the increase of the fluorescence observed after metal capture. The changes in electrical impedance upon porous silicon samples before and after the chemical modification, allowed us to obtain the approximate surface area of the porous devices. During the presentation of this work, the Hg (II) detection through voltammetric techniques will be discussed.
Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by the CONACYT, Project No. CB-153161 and 169634. P Mayela De la Cruz thanks the

CONACYT Scholarship: 237466. We acknowledge to Olga Dávalos Montoya for FTIR support and Prof. Jaime Ruiz for the facilities provided for the use of the fluorescent microscope.

References.
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[2] Zhisheng Wu, Xuanjun Wu, Yuhui Yang, Ting-bin Wen, Shoufa Han, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 22 (2012) 6358–6361.
[3] G. Palestino, M. Martin, V. Agarwal, R. Legros, T. Cloitre, László Zimanyi, C. Gergely, Phys. Status Solidi C. 6(7) (2009) 1624-1628