bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of country-level basic reproductive ratios for novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) using synthetic contact matrices
Authors: Hilton Joe , Keeling Matt J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has the potential for global spread, infecting large numbers in all countries. In this case, estimating the country-specific basic reproductive ratio is a vital first step in public-health planning. The basic reproductive ratio (R0) is determined by both the nature of pathogen and the network of contacts through which the disease can spread - with this network determined by socio-demographics including age-structure and household composition. Here we focus on the age-structured transmission within the population, using data from China to inform age-dependent susceptibility and synthetic age-mixing matrices to inform the contact network. This allows us to determine the country-specific basic reproductive ratio as a multiplicative scaling of the value from China. We predict that R0 will be highest across Eastern Europe and Japan, and lowest across Africa, Central America and South-Western Asia. This pattern is largely driven by the ratio of children to older adults in each country and the observed propensity of clinical cases in the elderly.
Tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography is associated with tongue pressure in the Japanese elderly
Authors: Nakamori Masahiro , Imamura Eiji , Fukuta Masako , Tachiyama Keisuke , Kamimura Teppei , Hayashi Yuki , Matsushima Hayato , Ogawa Kanami , Nishino Masami , Hirata Akiko , Mizoue Tatsuya , Wakabayashi Shinichi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe term “oral frailty” reflects the fact that oral health is associated with physical frailty and mortality. Tongue thickness measurement is one of the evaluations for swallowing function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tongue thickness and tongue pressure in the Japanese elderly. We evaluated 254 elderly patients; all the participants underwent tongue ultrasonography and tongue pressure measurement. To determine tongue thickness, we measured the vertical distance from the surface of the mylohyoid muscle to the tongue dorsum using ultrasonography. Result analyses revealed that tongue thickness was linearly associated with tongue pressure in both sexes. In male participants, dyslipidemia, lower leg circumference, and tongue pressure were independently significantly associated with tongue thickness. In female participants, body mass index and tongue pressure were independently significantly associated with tongue thickness. Tongue thickness was significantly decreased by age for both men and women. The optimal cutoff for tongue thickness to predict the tongue pressure of < 20 kPa was 41.3 mm in males, and 39.3 mm in females. In the Japanese elderly, tongue thickness using ultrasonography is associated with tongue pressure. Tongue thickness and tongue pressure, which are sensitive markers for oral frailty, decrease in aging. The tongue ultrasonography provides a less invasive technique for determining tongue thickness and related aspiration risks for elderly patients.
Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts
Authors: Salehipourshirazi Golnaz , Bruinsma Kristie , Ratlamwala Huzefa , Dixit Sameer , Arbona Vicent , Widemann Emilie , Milojevic Maja , Jin Pengyu , Bensoussan Nicolas , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Zhurov Vladimir , Grbic Miodrag , Grbic Vojislava 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGenetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses is hypothesized to enable broad-generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known.Tetranychus urticaeis an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution,Arabidopsisgenetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean-adapted population toArabidopsis thaliana. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation toArabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation toArabidopsisand adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteractArabidopsisdefenses. In ≈25 generations of mite selection onArabidopsisplants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the two-spotted spider mite to shift to novel plant hosts.
Cost of crime in Ukraine: an empirical analysis
Authors: Smetanina Nataliia Volodumurivna , Kulyk Kateryna Dmitryevna 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the cost of crime as understood in Ukrainian and foreign criminology, investigating both the direct and indirect damage caused by crime, its social consequences and Ukrainians’ attitudes toward its costs.

Design/methodology/approach
From January 2018 to May 2019, data were gathered using an online questionnaire from 717 respondents between 14 and 65 years of age residing in all regions of Ukraine.

Findings
Results suggest a high level of concern among Ukrainian citizens regarding security and crime. Latent criminality, crime rates and mistrust of law enforcement are high in Ukraine. It was found that the total cost of crime to the respondents (losses from crimes) reached UAH2m, and 69.3 per cent reported fear of becoming a victim of crime, with 26.2 per cent indicating that they had already been victims.

Practical implications
The knowledge of the cost of crime obtained in this study is vital for understanding crime in Ukraine. The results could be effectively leveraged to develop effective and cost-efficient means of combating crime. They could also be used to forecast crime rates, and thus, optimize future responses to the challenges of crime.

Originality/value
This is the first comprehensive study of the cost of crime in Ukraine and it indicates both the tangible and intangible costs of the damage it inflicts. Notwithstanding the country-specific case-study context, the results could inform discussions and decisions at a broader international scale, subject to the usual caveats.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Testing Validity and Reliability of University Transformation Practices as Perceived by University Staff
Authors: Miiro Farooq 
Published: February 2020

This empirical study was a cross-sectional survey examining the four subdimensions of university transformation among the six universities in the central region of Uganda. Questionnaires were distributed to 820 volunteers randomly chosen from the university staff and the data generated was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The essence was due to the fact that structural equation modelling requires a big number of sample size to measure the validity and reliability of the hypothesized measurement model of university transformation construct. The findings exhibited that the data was fit and appropriate for predicting the four subdimensions of university transformation construct. In addition, the findings reflected a relationship between the four subdimensions of university transformation construct. Implying that when university transformation practices are put into consideration universities would be able to achieve their strategic development and transformation. The study concluded by exhibiting the foundation on which future studies can base to extend the understanding and emphasis on the four subdimensions used in measuring university transformation.
Enhancement Ion Conductivity with Additives Electrolyte for Electric Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Yi Hyeon-Seok , Yang Jeong-Jin , Yuk Young-Jae , Kim Han-Joo , Park Soo-gil 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is on a rise as a kind of Energy storage system (ESS), nowadays.[1] EDLC works by physical charge and discharge electrons at double-layer (also known as Helmholtz layer). Therefore, EDLCs have high power density and long cycle life, but energy density is very low.[2] The internal structure of EDLC is consists of cathodic/anodic electrode, electrolyte and separator for prevention of short. Among of them, electrolyte is influence at internal resistance of EDLCs. Because of electrolytes were composed solvent and electrolytic salts.[3] So we need to consider characteristics of solvent and salts. Characteristics of electrolyte are those; potential stability, ion conductivity, viscosity, high temperature work, cell application.[4]
In this paper, we experiment additives in PC-based electrolyte. The additive was used γ-butyrolactone(GBL). Before papers are almost suggest cyclic structure carbonate as additives in PC or EC-based electrolyte like DEC, DMC, etc. But GBL also shows lower viscosity and wide temperature range. Furthermore, GBL has good oxidation stability. Those properties of GBL lead to good additive material in PC-based electrolyte.

Experiment

1M TEABF4 in PC as reference, GBL is added at propylene carbonate 0 to 10% by volume. In this process, whole salt concentration kept as 1M. Each concentration of sample was 1% interval.
Physical properties are measured by viscometer and DSC. Electrochemical properties are Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscope(EIS) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry(LSV). EIS shows resistance of electrolyte samples. Resistance and ion conductivity has inverse relationship. So, we can explain ion conductivity by EIS data. LSV shows electrical stability. Apply half cell and full cell, CV, impedance, charge/dis-charge was measured, too.

Result & Discussion

In viscosity result shows that the 10% GBL sample has most low value. By using GBL, PC-based electrolyte can decrease viscosity. Theoretically, boiling point of GBL is 206°C and flash point is over 80°C. So, GBL addition is enlarge non-flammable properties. Ion conductivity was observed by impedance. To suggest colligate property, the temperature range set 20°C to 80°C, and the interval is 10°C. By measuring LSV, current plateau area was detected that the area is stable potential range.
References
[1] R. Kotz a, M. Carlen, Electrochimica Acta 45 (2000) 2483–2498
[2] P. Sharma, T.S. Bhatti, Energy Conversion and Management 51 (2010) 2901–2912
[3] S. Takeuchi, K. Miyazaki, F. Sagane, T. Fukutsuka, S.K. Jeong, T. Abe, Electrochimica Acta 56 (2011) 10450– 10453
[4] A. Laheaar, H. Kurig, A. Janes, E. Lust , Electrochimica Acta 54 (2009) 4587–4594
Lessons Learned from High Throughput Screening of >250,000 Cells: New Cell Evaluation Methods and Data Mining Techniques
Authors: Brecht David , Cheng Gang , Dutton Justin , Kaye Steven S. 
Published: February 2020

Wildcat Discovery Technologies uses a proprietary high throughput synthesis and screening platform for battery materials. Wildcat’s system produces materials in bulk form, enabling evaluation of its properties in a standard cell configuration. This allows simultaneous optimization of all aspects of the cell, including the active materials, binders, separator, electrolyte and additives.
Over the past 3 years, we have screened over 250,000 cells, developing new cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes for a variety of battery types (primary, secondary, aqueous, non-aqueous). In this talk, I will discuss what we’ve learned from this work. Specifically, new analysis methods to extract more information from each cell, which performance metrics are most predictive of long term cycle life and other failure modes, and sensitivity of performance metrics to changes in cell components. I will also discuss new high throughput cell evaluation methods in use at Wildcat, including high precision coulometery and in-situ gas evolution measurement.
Investigations on Electrochemical Performance As Well As Thermal Stability of Two New Lithium Electrolyte Salts Compared to LiPF6
Authors: Murmann Patrick , Niehoff Philip , Nowak Sascha , Schmitz Raphael Wilhelm , Sartori Peter , Winter Martin , Cekic-Laskovic Isidora 
Published: February 2020

The demand for lithium-ion batteries has increased tremendously in the last few decades.[1] Since many applications require a wide working temperature range, new cell materials, especially regarding the conducting electrolyte salt, are necessary. Besides the temperature stability, the alternating salt should yield comparable results regarding the electrochemical cycling, the conductivity, the ability to form a stable layer on the graphite anode and the specification to avoid aluminum dissolution of the current collector on the cathode side.[2] Additionally, a low price, decent availability and a low toxicity are desirable. Another very important aspect, regularly highlighted by the media, is the safety of the battery.
All these points have to be taken into consideration when testing alternatives for the currently used electrolyte components.[3, 4]
In this work we investigated electrolyte solutions, containing two lithium salts lithium-cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide (LiDMSI) and lithium-cyclo-hexafluoropropane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide (LiHPSI), dissolved in organic carbonate solvents.[5] These electrolytes were electrochemically investigated on graphite (Figure 1) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) electrodes and compared to the electrolyte salt LiPF6with regard to conductivity, the electrochemical stability window, the anodic dissolution behavior vs. aluminum as well as the thermal stability behavior at 60 °C (Figure 2). Furthermore, XPS studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the salt on the composition and the thickness of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Constant current cycling experiments proved the potential applicability of the investigated salts for lithium ion batteries.
Figure1:
First 23 charge/discharge cycles of graphite in a EC:DEC (1:1) (by weight %) electrolyte containing 1 M of the electrolyte salts LiDMSI, LiHPSI or LiPF6, cycled at 20°C with Li as CE and RE. The rate of the first three cycles was C/5 and for the following 20 cycles 1C. A 1 h constant potential step at 0.025 V vs. Li/Li+ was implemented into the discharge step. The potential range values from 1.5 V to 0.025 V vs. Li/Li+. Both, the de-intercalation capacity (discharge capacity) and the coulombic efficiency are plotted versus the number of cycles. The graphite electrodes had an average mass loading of about 2.5 mg.
[1] J.B. Goodenough, Accounts Chem Res, (2012).
[2] E. Kramer, T. Schedlbauer, B. Hoffmann, L. Terborg, S. Nowak, H.J. Gores, S. Passerini, M. Winter, J Electrochem Soc, 160 (2013) A356-A360.
[3] K. Xu, Chem Rev, 104 (2004) 4303-4417.
[4] R. Wagner, N. Preschitschek, S. Passerini, J. Leker, M. Winter, J Appl Electrochem, 43 (2013) 481-496.
[5] L.H. Pohl, Volker; Sartori, Peter; Juschke, Ralf, PCT Int. Appl. (1997), WO 9731909 A1 19970904.
Improving Lithium-Air Batteries By Accurately Predicting Lithium Diffusion Coefficients
Authors: Kane Marie , Ward Donald , Templeton Jeremy , Jones Reese , Reyes Karla 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Li-ion battery technology has reached a point in which the energy density can only be increased incrementally and will not meet the needs of future electric vehicles, portable power and military applications. Metal/air batteries have the potential to yield much higher energy density due to the elimination of the cathode to make a lighter battery package and the unlimited availability of oxygen from the environment. In particular, lithium-air batteries are especially attractive due to a high theoretical energy density. However, there are numerous challenges that must be solved before these batteries can be used commercially. In particular, the performance of the battery is highly dependent on the transport of lithium through the electrolyte.
Here, we investigate the effect of carbonate-based electrolyte chemistries on the lithium diffusion coefficient by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Typically, CV measurements have been shown to greatly underestimate the diffusion coefficient (see figure) for the Li-air battery by three orders of magnitude.
We will present a new method to utilize CV measurements to accurately predict lithium diffusion coefficients in Li-air batteries and also propose a new porous silica cathode material to maximize the diffusion of lithium and lithium oxide reaction products for maximum battery efficiency. The improved diffusion of these species is supported by modeling results.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
Surface Film Characterization of a Li-Air Cell Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Stephens Jamal Frederon , Weatherspoon Mark H. , Nelson Ruben , Moss Pedro L. 
Published: February 2020

The development of Li-air batteries has presented many problematic shortcomings that effect the cyclability and efficiency of the cell. More specifically, it is known that as the cell cycles the discharge capacity of Li-air gets much smaller than its theoretical capacity. This can come from both the irreversible and reversible products that build up on the cathode surface, inhibiting the flow of reactants to the active surface. [1] This paper provides preliminary results on a technique used to characterize the surface film build-up on the cathode of a Li-air cell. The surface film capacitance and resistance are extracted from high frequency impedance measurements of the cell.
Experimental Method
The Gamry Reference 3000 was used to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on a Li-air cell employing a porous carbon cathode with a electroless deposited nickel and molybdenum (NiMo) composite that was also electrolytically oxidized. The Nyquist plot of the pre-discharge data is presented in Figure 1. The inset in Figure 1 shows a small semi-circle in the high frequency region which is indicative of a film on the surface of the cathode. In this region an associated interfacial capacitance (Cint) and interfacial resistance (Rint) was investigated.
Results
The effective capacitance (Ceff) of the film on the cathode was calculated from the high frequency reactance data in Figure 1 based upon equation (1) and is plotted in Figure 2 and 3 [2]. Zj is the imaginary impedance, and ω is the angular frequency. Cint can be approximated in Figure 2 where Ceff is seen to be frequency independent. Equation (2) was then used to determine Rint with respect to Cint and Ceff. From the calculated Cint and Rint values, the characteristic frequency (fRC) and relaxation characteristic frequency (fC ) were determined using equations (3) and (4) where Re is the solution resistance. These two frequencies are identified in Figure 3 versus Ceff and can be used to help verify the correctness of Cint and Rint. For future work, this technique will be applied to EIS data obtained both after discharge and charge to extract the full set of cathode interfacial parameters versus cycling.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the FREEDM ERC program of the National Science Foundation under award number EEC-08212121.
References

Girishkumar, G, B. McCloskey, A. C. Luntz, S. Swanson, and W. Wilcke. "Lithium-Air Battery: Promise and Challenges." Physical Chemistry (2010): 2193-2203. Web.

Orazem, Mark E., and Bernard Tribollet. "Methods for representing Impedance."Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (2008)
Novel Electronic Structures within Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Selim T , Grebel H. 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical reactions have been studied since the early eighteenth century [1,2]. Two-half cells are typically connected via a permeable membrane, which enables the passage of ions, yet, limits the flow of the bulk electrolyte molecules.
We wish to electrically control the ion flow inside an electrochemical cell. One way to do so is to externally vary the potential between the anode and the cathode electrodes. However, such approach affects the surface potential of both electrodes and, thus changes overall reaction rate. This crude approach is not suitable for control since the ion current depends on the external bias nonlinearly as may be observed by Tafel plots.
We would like to operate the cell at a fix external bias, yet to be able to control only the cell’s current. In our approach a third, permeable electrode (a gate electrode) is placed between the anode and the cathode [3,4]. This mid-electrode presents an electrical barrier to the flowing ions. By applying bias to the gate electrode one may increase, or decrease this barrier, hence controlling the ion flow and as a consequence, the cell’s external current. Examples of relatively low oxidizing, permeable, gate electrode are: graphene – monolayer or a few layers of graphite – and various configurations of functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) films. From electronic point of view, an electrochemical cell (e.g., a battery) is a two-terminal device. We turn it into a three-terminal device by introducing a central electrode – the gate electrode. Unlike other channel devices, the ions pass across the electrode in what amounts to a true large area (2-D) structure. This area may be on the orders of many cm2 or even larger. We are dealing with a multi-component current species containing both positive and negative charges.
Affecting the ionic current in electrochemical cells may be using the configuration shown in the figure. Two graphite rods are immersed in a 1% NaCl solution. A voltage is applied between the rods, Ecell. The permeable gate electrode is made of two layers of functionalized carbon nanotubes: one layer is made p-type, while the other is made n-type. This composite gate electrode constitutes a permeable p-n junction. We bias the junction(s) with a bias potential V. We measure the cell’s current Icell as a function of V at a given Ecell.
In talk we will report on cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as current-voltage experiments.
1. Galvani, L. (1791) Commentarii Bononiesi, 7, p. 363.
2. Volta, A., (1800) Phil. Mag., 8, pp. 289-311.
3. Amrita Banerjee and Haim Grebel, Electrochem. Commun. (2010), doi:10.1016/ j.elecom.2009.12.013.
4. Joel Grebel, Amrita Banerjee and Haim Grebel, Electrochimica Acta, 95 308–312 (2013).