bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Historical View of Studies of Women’s Work
Authors: Balka Ellen , Wagner Ina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper places observational studies of women’s work in historical perspective. We present some of the very early studies (carried out in the period from 1900 to 1930), as well as several examples of fieldwork-based studies of women’s work, undertaken from different perspectives and in varied locations between the 1960s and the mid 1990s. We outline and discuss several areas of thought which have influenced studies of women’s work - the automation debate; the focus on the skills women need in their work; labour market segregation; women’s health; and technology and the redesign of work – and the research methods they used. Our main motivation in this paper is threefold: to demonstrate how fieldwork based studies which have focussed on women’s work have attempted to locate women’s work in a larger context that addresses its visibility and value; to provide a thematic historiography of studies of women’s work, thereby also demonstrating the value of an historical perspective, and a means through which to link it to contemporary themes; and to increase awareness of varied methodological perspectives on how to study work.
Impaired chloroplast positioning affects photosynthetic capacity and regulation of the central carbohydrate metabolism during cold acclimation
Authors: Kitashova Anastasia , Schneider Katja , Fürtauer Lisa , Schröder Laura , Scheibenbogen Tim , Fürtauer Siegfried , Nägele Thomas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhotosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism of higher plants need to be tightly regulated to prevent tissue damage during environmental changes. The intracellular position of chloroplasts changes due to a changing light regime. Chloroplast avoidance and accumulation response under high and low light, respectively, are well known phenomena, and deficiency of chloroplast movement has been shown to result in photodamage and reduced biomass accumulation. Yet, effects of chloroplast positioning on underlying metabolic regulation are less well understood. Here, we analysed photosynthesis together with metabolites and enzyme activities of the central carbohydrate metabolism during cold acclimation of the chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (chup1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. We compared cold acclimation under ambient and low light and found that maximum quantum yield of PSII was significantly lower in chup1 than in Col-0 under both conditions. Our findings indicated that net CO2 assimilation in chup1 is rather limited by biochemistry than by photochemistry. Further, cold-induced dynamics of sucrose phosphate synthase differed significantly between both genotypes. Together with a reduced rate of sucrose cycling derived from kinetic model simulations our study provides evidence for a central role of chloroplast positioning for photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to low temperature.
Using Longitudinal Social Network Analysis to Evaluate a Community-Wide Parenting Intervention
Authors: Kleyn Lisa M. , Hewstone Miles , Ward Catherine L. , Wölfer Ralf 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHarsh parenting attitudes and behaviors negatively impact children’s behavior and development, and are linked to heightened levels of violence in children. Parent training programs are effective preventive interventions, but only reach caregivers who attend them. In this study, programs were implemented alongside a community mobilization process, intended to use caregivers’ social networks to disseminate new parenting skills community wide. We used social network analysis to explore whether this intervention, first, increased positive parenting, second, changed social networks of female caregivers (selection), and, third, influenced parenting behavior via connections (socialization), while controlling for psychiatric morbidity, parenting stress, alcohol misuse, and child’s age. “Colored” Afrikaans-speaking female caregivers (N = 235; mean age 35.92 years) in a rural community in South Africa, with children between 1½ and 18 years old, were included in the study; two waves of data were collected (January–April 2016 and June–October 2017). We detected community-wide increases in positive parenting behavior (involvement, supervision, consistent discipline, and reduced corporal punishment). Attending at least one session of a parenting skills training program (n = 51; 21.7%) significantly predicted increases in network centrality (i.e., outdegree and indegree). Caregivers appeared to use similar parenting behavior to other caregivers they were connected to within the network, especially when those others attended a parenting skills training program. Overall, the results suggest that the information in the intervention was spread throughout the community through social interactions with program attendees and the community mobilization process. The results also illustrate the value of social network analysis for ascertaining the processes by which the intervention achieved its impact.
Brine Formation and Mobilization in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems: Insights from a Novel Multiphase Hydrothermal Flow Model in the System H2O–NaCl
Authors: Vehling F. , Hasenclever J. , Rüpke L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNumerical models have become indispensable tools for investigating submarine hydrothermal systems and for relating seafloor observations to physicochemical processes at depth. Particularly useful are multiphase models that account for phase separation phenomena, so that model predictions can be compared to observed variations in vent fluid salinity. Yet, the numerics of multiphase flow remain a challenge. Here we present a novel hydrothermal flow model for the system H2O–NaCl able to resolve multiphase flow over the full range of pressure, temperature, and salinity variations that are relevant to submarine hydrothermal systems. The method is based on a 2-D finite volume scheme that uses a Newton–Raphson algorithm to couple the governing conservation equations and to treat the non-linearity of the fluid properties. The method uses pressure, specific fluid enthalpy, and bulk fluid salt content as primary variables, is not bounded to the Courant time step size, and allows for a direct control of how accurately mass and energy conservation is ensured. In a first application of this new model, we investigate brine formation and mobilization in hydrothermal systems driven by a transient basal temperature boundary condition—analogue to seawater circulation systems found at mid-ocean ridges. We find that basal heating results in the rapid formation of a stable brine layer that thermally insulates the driving heat source. While this brine layer is stable under steady-state conditions, it can be mobilized as a consequence of variations in heat input leading to brine entrainment and the venting of highly saline fluids.
Relationships of sleep disturbance, intestinal microbiota, and postoperative pain in breast cancer patients: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yao Zhi-Wen , Zhao Bing-Cheng , Yang Xiao , Lei Shao-Hui , Jiang Yu-Mei , Liu Ke-Xuan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Our study was designed to examine the possible relationship between gut microbiota, sleep disturbances, and acute postoperative pain.

Methods
Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we analyzed preoperative fecal samples from women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Preoperative sleep disturbance was evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Peak and average pain at rest and movement were evaluated 24 h after surgery, using a numerical rating scale (NRS). Preoperative symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), respectively. Inflammation was measured using white blood cell and neutrophil counts, together with platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.

Results
Preoperative sleep disturbance was associated with more severe acute postoperative pain. At the phylum level, women with poor sleep quality had higher relative abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.021) and lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.013). At the genus level, women with poor sleep quality harbored higher relative abundance of Acidaminococcus and lower relative abundance of several genera. The genus Alloprevotella was negatively associated with peak pain at movement during the first 24 h (r = − 0.592, p < 0.001). The genus Desulfovibrio was negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety (r = − 0.448, p = 0.006). However, partial correlations suggested that the relationship between Alloprevotella and peak pain at movement during the first 24 h was not statistically significant after controlling for sleep (r = − 0.134, p = 0.443).

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the changed gut microbiota may be involved in sleep-pain interaction and could be applied as a potential preventive method for postoperative pain.

Trial registration
The present clinical study has been registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn); the clinical trial registration number is ChiCTR1900021730; the date of registration is March 7, 2019.
Machine learning for human learners: opportunities, issues, tensions and threats
Authors: Webb Mary E. , Fluck Andrew , Magenheim Johannes , Malyn-Smith Joyce , Waters Juliet , Deschênes Michelle , Zagami Jason 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMachine learning systems are infiltrating our lives and are beginning to become important in our education systems. This article, developed from a synthesis and analysis of previous research, examines the implications of recent developments in machine learning for human learners and learning. In this article we first compare deep learning in computers and humans to examine their similarities and differences. Deep learning is identified as a sub-set of machine learning, which is itself a component of artificial intelligence. Deep learning often depends on backwards propagation in weighted neural networks, so is non-deterministic—the system adapts and changes through practical experience or training. This adaptive behaviour predicates the need for explainability and accountability in such systems. Accountability is the reverse of explainability. Explainability flows through the system from inputs to output (decision) whereas accountability flows backwards, from a decision to the person taking responsibility for it. Both explainability and accountability should be incorporated in machine learning system design from the outset to meet social, ethical and legislative requirements. For students to be able to understand the nature of the systems that may be supporting their own learning as well as to act as responsible citizens in contemplating the ethical issues that machine learning raises, they need to understand key aspects of machine learning systems and have opportunities to adapt and create such systems. Therefore, some changes are needed to school curricula. The article concludes with recommendations about machine learning for teachers, students, policymakers, developers and researchers.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Disease Model System for Heart Failure
Authors: Deicher Anton , Seeger Timon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Heart failure is among the most prevalent disease complexes overall and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The underlying aetiology is manifold including coronary artery disease, genetic alterations and mutations, viral infections, adverse immune responses, and cardiac toxicity. To date, no specific therapies have been developed despite notable efforts. This can especially be attributed to hurdles in translational research, mainly due to the lack of proficient models of heart failure limited translation of therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside.

Recent Findings
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are rising in popularity, granting the ability to divide infinitely, to hold human, patient-specific genome, and to differentiate into any human cell, including cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). This brings magnificent promise to cardiological research, providing the possibility to recapitulate cardiac diseases in a dish. Advances in yield, maturity, and in vivo resemblance due to straightforward, low-cost protocols, high-throughput approaches, and complex 3D cultures have made this tool widely applicable. In recent years, hiPSC-CMs have been used to model a wide variety of cardiac diseases, bringing along the possibility to not only elucidate molecular mechanisms but also to test novel therapeutic approaches in the dish.

Summary
Within the last decade, hiPSC-CMs have been exponentially employed to model heart failure. Constant advancements are aiming at improvements of differentiation protocols, hiPSC-CM maturity, and assays to elucidate molecular mechanisms and cellular functions. However, hiPSC-CMs are remaining relatively immature, and in vitro models can only partially recapitulate the complex interactions in vivo. Nevertheless, hiPSC-CMs have evolved as an essential model system in cardiovascular research.
The Geometry of Marked Contact Engel Structures
Authors: Manno Gianni , Nurowski Paweł , Sagerschnig Katja 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA contact twisted cubic structure$$({\mathcal M},\mathcal {C},{\varvec{\upgamma }})$$

(
M
,
C
,

γ

)

is a 5-dimensional manifold $${\mathcal M}$$
M
together with a contact distribution $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
and a bundle of twisted cubics $${\varvec{\upgamma }}\subset \mathbb {P}(\mathcal {C})$$

γ

⊂
P
(
C
)

compatible with the conformal symplectic form on $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
. The simplest contact twisted cubic structure is referred to as the contact Engel structure; its symmetry group is the exceptional group $$\mathrm {G}_2$$

G
2

. In the present paper we equip the contact Engel structure with a smooth section $$\sigma : {\mathcal M}\rightarrow {\varvec{\upgamma }}$$

σ
:
M
→

γ

, which “marks” a point in each fibre $${\varvec{\upgamma }}_x$$

γ

x

. We study the local geometry of the resulting structures $$({\mathcal M},\mathcal {C},{\varvec{\upgamma }}, \sigma )$$

(
M
,
C
,

γ

,
σ
)

, which we call marked contact Engel structures. Equivalently, our study can be viewed as a study of foliations of $${\mathcal M}$$
M
by curves whose tangent directions are everywhere contained in $${\varvec{\upgamma }}$$

γ

. We provide a complete set of local invariants of marked contact Engel structures, we classify all homogeneous models with symmetry groups of dimension $$\ge 6$$

≥
6

up to local equivalence, and we prove an analogue of the classical Kerr theorem from Relativity.
Conscientious internationalisation in higher education: contextual complexities and comparative tensions
Authors: Ledger Susan , Kawalilak Colleen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, authors focus on how internationalisation is defined, interpreted, and responded to by Universities in Australia and Canada, two decades after de Wit’s (Strategies for the internationalisation of higher education. A comparative study of Australia, Canada, Europe and the USA. European Association for International Education, Amsterdam, 1995) comparison of internationalisation in four higher education contexts. Guided by humanitarian factors that impact internationalisation in higher education contexts, authors find convergence and divergence with de Wits earlier study. A critical policy lens is employed to further analyse, probe and pose critical questions related to people, philosophy, place, processes, and power (5Ps). Authors argue that the intent (philosophy) of institutions (place) to internationalise (process) are impacted by the interests (power) of individuals and institutions (people) and these often conflict with descriptions and ideals of internationalisation. The authors offer conscientious internationalisation (CI) to recalibrate discourse and practices embedded in the internationalisation of higher education. CI prioritises ethics over markets. It is characterized as practices and processes informed by constitutive principles and ethical practices that amplify equity, reciprocity, and integrity.
The Measurement of the Silicon Lattice Parameter and the Count of Atoms to Realise the Kilogram
Authors: Massa Enrico , Sasso Carlo Paolo , Mana Giovanni 
Published: November 2020

AbstractX-ray interferometry established a link between atomic and macroscopic realisations of the metre. The possibility of measuring the silicon lattice parameter in terms of optical wavelengths opened the way to count atoms, to determine the Avogadro constant with unprecedented accuracy, and, nowadays, to realise the kilogram from the Planck constant.
Also, it is a powerful tool in phase-contrast imaging by X-rays and, combined with optical interferometry, in linear and angular metrology with capabilities at the atomic scale. This review tells the history of the development of this fascinating technology at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica in the last forty years. Eventually, it highlights its contribution to the redefinition of the International System of Units (SI).
Survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in treated groundwater consumed in northern Cameroon
Authors: Djaouda Moussa , Wadoubé Zoua , Baponwa Odile , Youssoufa Soumayyata , Gaké Bouba , Liang Song , Nola Moïse 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTreated groundwater is a major source of drinking water but subject to potential contamination of fecal–oral pathogens. To understand ecology of the pathogens in the treated water, this study evaluated survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in the treated groundwater in northern Cameroon. E. coli and V. cholerae O1 were isolated from human feces. Water samples were collected from the following sources: a well, tap water from the Cameroon Water Utilities Company, and mineral and borehole waters sold in Maroua, respectively. These waters were treated by one or more processes, including autoclaving, filtration, chlorination and ozonation and were used for the constitution of microcosms. E. coli and V. cholerae were inoculated into each microcosm at respective concentrations of 50 CFU/10 mL (separately) and 40 CFU/10 mL each (together). All bacterial strains survived in all microcosms were used. The ability to survive and grow varied with the bacterial strain and microcosm (P < 0.05). When inoculated separately into the same type of microcosms, V. cholerae grew faster than E. coli with the latter even showing decrease in concentration in mineral water. When inoculated together, V. cholerae grew faster than E. coli, except in autoclaved well water and filtered and autoclaved well water. Autochthonous ultramicroflora inhibited the growth of E. coli in filtered well water (P < 0.05).
Comparative assessment of Mucuna solannie as an alternative fluid loss control material in synthetic drilling fluid design
Authors: Igwilo Kevin C. , Uwaezuoke N. , Onyekwere Raymond K. , Amaefule Vivian C. , Durogbitan Abimbola A. , Ikoro Victor G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, research using biomaterials in drilling fluid design has thrown light on their biodegradability, availability and low cost. Apart from these, they have in some cases shown properties superior to those of synthetic materials. This research assessed Mucuna solannie as a fluid loss control agent, looking at its fluid loss, filter cake quality, rheology and comparing them with those of Sodium Asphalt Sulfonate, a commonly used drilling mud additive. It assessed the additives at varying concentrations of 2 ppb, 4 ppb, 6 ppb and 8 ppb. The results obtained were filtrate volumes of 5.5 against 4.8 at 2 ppb, 5.0 against 4.5 at 4 ppb, 4.5 against 4.2 at 6 ppb, and 4.1 against 3.8 at 8 ppb, all at 30 min. Field standard value is 5.0 ml fluid loss. Filter cake thickness was1mm for all concentrations of Mucuna solannie. On rheology, plastic viscosity, yield point and yield stress were 27cP against 28cP, 19Ib/100ft2 against 19Ib/100ft2, and 5Ib/100ft2 against 6Ib/100ft2, showing slight difference in their rheological properties.
The standard formula of Solvency II: a critical discussion
Authors: Scherer Matthias , Stahl Gerhard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEstablishing a standard formula (SF) for the regulation of European insurance companies is a Herculean task. It has to acknowledge very different business models and national peculiarities. In addition, regulatory authorities—as a stakeholder on their own—have a number of supervisory objectives the SF should incentivize. With the intervention of the SF in economic activities, the principle of equal treatment must be maintained. The large circle of users makes its procedural simplicity indispensable to ensure that it is applied and implemented in a proportionate manner. Above all, the SF should be risk-sensitive. Compared to Solvency I, the SF of Solvency II is considered a significant improvement, as many of the aforementioned desiderata have been much better realized. The following analysis and survey of model-theoretical aspects of the SF shows that these improvements could be achieved above all with regard to epistemic uncertainties. The stochastic model underneath the SF is still subject to considerable uncertainties; so that the probability functional of the SF is exposed to significant model risk. As part of the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA), insurance companies must prove the adequacy of the SF for their company. The vague prior knowledge represented by the stochastic component of the SF is not sufficient for an SF intrinsic validation of the aleatoric component.
Applications of Nanobiomaterials in the Therapy and Imaging of Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Jin Yuanyuan , Wang Haixia , Yi Ke , Lv Shixian , Hu Hanze , Li Mingqiang , Tao Yu 
Published: November 2020

Highlights

This review focuses on the therapeutic mechanisms, targeting strategies of various nanomaterials in acute liver failure, and recent advances of diverse nanomaterials for acute liver failure therapy, diagnosis, and imaging.

This review provides an outlook on the applications of nanomaterials, especially on the new horizons in acute liver failure therapy, and inspires broader interests across various disciplines.

Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF), a fatal clinical disease featured with overwhelming hepatocyte necrosis, is a grand challenge in global health. However, a satisfactory therapeutic option for curing ALF is still absent, other than liver transplantation. Nanobiomaterials are currently being developed for the diagnosis and treatment of ALF. The liver can sequester most of nanoparticles from blood circulation, which becomes an intrinsic superiority for nanobiomaterials targeting hepatic diseases. Nanobiomaterials can enhance the bioavailability of free drugs, thereby significantly improving the therapeutic effects in ALF. Nanobiomaterials can also increase the liver accumulation of therapeutic agents and enable more effective targeting of the liver or specific liver cells. In addition, stimuli-responsive, optical, or magnetic nanomaterials exhibit great potential in the therapeutical, diagnostic, and imaging applications in ALF. Therefore, therapeutic agents in combination with nanobiomaterials increase the specificity of ALF therapy, diminish adverse systemic effects, and offer a multifunctional theranostic platform. Nanobiomaterial holds excellent significance and prospects in ALF theranostics. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic mechanisms and targeting strategies of various nanobiomaterials in ALF. We highlight recent developments of diverse nanomedicines for ALF therapy, diagnosis, and imaging. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives in the theranostics of ALF are also discussed.