bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence to improve back pain outcomes and lessons learnt from clinical classification approaches: three systematic reviews
Authors: Tagliaferri Scott D. , Angelova Maia , Zhao Xiaohui , Owen Patrick J. , Miller Clint T. , Wilkin Tim , Belavy Daniel L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) could enhance the ability to detect patterns of clinical characteristics in low-back pain (LBP) and guide treatment. We conducted three systematic reviews to address the following aims: (a) review the status of AI/ML research in LBP, (b) compare its status to that of two established LBP classification systems (STarT Back, McKenzie). AI/ML in LBP is in its infancy: 45 of 48 studies assessed sample sizes <1000 people, 19 of 48 studies used ≤5 parameters in models, 13 of 48 studies applied multiple models and attained high accuracy, 25 of 48 studies assessed the binary classification of LBP versus no-LBP only. Beyond the 48 studies using AI/ML for LBP classification, no studies examined use of AI/ML in prognosis prediction of specific sub-groups, and AI/ML techniques are yet to be implemented in guiding LBP treatment. In contrast, the STarT Back tool has been assessed for internal consistency, test−retest reliability, validity, pain and disability prognosis, and influence on pain and disability treatment outcomes. McKenzie has been assessed for inter- and intra-tester reliability, prognosis, and impact on pain and disability outcomes relative to other treatments. For AI/ML methods to contribute to the refinement of LBP (sub-)classification and guide treatment allocation, large data sets containing known and exploratory clinical features should be examined. There is also a need to establish reliability, validity, and prognostic capacity of AI/ML techniques in LBP as well as its ability to inform treatment allocation for improved patient outcomes and/or reduced healthcare costs.
Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Lapate Regina C. , Samaha Jason , Rokers Bas , Postle Bradley R. , Davidson Richard J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMetacognitive awareness—the ability to know that one is having a particular experience—is thought to guide optimal behavior, but its neural bases continue to be the subject of vigorous debate. Prior work has identified correlations between perceptual metacognitive ability and the structure and function of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC); however, evidence for a causal role of this region in promoting metacognition is controversial. Moreover, whether LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of perceptual and emotional features of complex, yet ubiquitous face stimuli is unknown. Here, using model-based analyses following a causal intervention to LPFC in humans, we demonstrate that LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of the orientation of faces—although not of their emotional expressions. Collectively, these data support the causal involvement of the prefrontal cortex in metacognitive awareness, and indicate that the role of LPFC in metacognition encompasses perceptual experiences of naturalistic social stimuli.
Evaluation of molecular subtypes and clonal selection during establishment of patient-derived tumor xenografts from gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Peille Anne-Lise , Vuaroqueaux Vincent , Wong Swee-Seong , Ting Jason , Klingner Kerstin , Zeitouni Bruno , Landesfeind Manuel , Kim Woo Ho , Lee Hyuk-Joon , Kong Seong-Ho , Wulur Isabella , Bray Steven , Bronsert Peter , Zanella Nina , Donoho Greg , Yang Han-Kwang , Fiebig Heinz-Herbert , Reinhard Christoph , Aggarwal Amit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPatient-derived xenografts (PDX) have emerged as an important translational research tool for understanding tumor biology and enabling drug efficacy testing. They are established by transfer of patient tumor into immune compromised mice with the intent of using them as Avatars; operating under the assumption that they closely resemble patient tumors. In this study, we established 27 PDX from 100 resected gastric cancers and studied their fidelity in histological and molecular subtypes. We show that the established PDX preserved histology and molecular subtypes of parental tumors. However, in depth investigation of the entire cohort revealed that not all histological and molecular subtypes are established. Also, for the established PDX models, genetic changes are selected at early passages and rare subclones can emerge in PDX. This study highlights the importance of considering the molecular and evolutionary characteristics of PDX for a proper use of such models, particularly for Avatar trials.
STK11 (LKB1) missense somatic mutant isoforms promote tumor growth, motility and inflammation
Authors: Granado-Martínez Paula , Garcia-Ortega Sara , González-Sánchez Elena , McGrail Kimberley , Selgas Rafael , Grueso Judit , Gil Rosa , Naldaiz-Gastesi Neia , Rhodes Ana C. , Hernandez-Losa Javier , Ferrer Berta , Canals Francesc , Villanueva Josep , Méndez Olga , Espinosa-Gil Sergio , Lizcano José M. , Muñoz-Couselo Eva , García-Patos Vicenç , Recio Juan A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractElucidating the contribution of somatic mutations to cancer is essential for personalized medicine.STK11(LKB1) appears to be inactivated in human cancer. However, somatic missense mutations also occur, and the role/s of these alterations to this disease remain unknown. Here, we investigated the contribution of four missense LKB1 somatic mutations in tumor biology. Three out of the four mutants lost their tumor suppressor capabilities and showed deficient kinase activity. The remaining mutant retained the enzymatic activity of wild type LKB1, but induced increased cell motility. Mechanistically, LKB1 mutants resulted in differential gene expression of genes encoding vesicle trafficking regulating molecules, adhesion molecules and cytokines. The differentially regulated genes correlated with protein networks identified through comparative secretome analysis. Notably, three mutant isoforms promoted tumor growth, and one induced inflammation-like features together with dysregulated levels of cytokines. These findings uncover oncogenic roles of LKB1 somatic mutations, and will aid in further understanding their contributions to cancer development and progression.
Correlation of fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and NanoSIMS stable isotope imaging on a single tissue section
Authors: Loussert-Fonta Céline , Toullec Gaëlle , Paraecattil Arun Aby , Jeangros Quentin , Krueger Thomas , Escrig Stephane , Meibom Anders 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCorrelative light and electron microscopy allows localization of specific molecules at the ultrastructural level in biological tissue but does not provide information about metabolic turnover or the distribution of labile molecules, such as micronutrients. We present a method to directly correlate (immuno)fluorescent microscopy, (immuno)TEM imaging and NanoSIMS isotopic mapping of the same tissue section, with nanometer-scale spatial precision. The process involves chemical fixation of the tissue, cryo sectioning, thawing, and air-drying under a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol. It permits to effectively retain labile compounds and strongly increases NanoSIMS sensitivity for 13C-enrichment. The method is illustrated here with correlated distribution maps of a carbonic anhydrase enzyme isotype, β-tubulin proteins, and 13C- and 15N-labeled labile micronutrients (and their anabolic derivates) within the tissue of a reef-building symbiotic coral. This broadly applicable workflow expands the wealth of information that can be obtained from multi-modal, sub-cellular observation of biological tissue.
α2A-adrenoceptor deficiency attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by increasing norepinephrine levels and inhibiting alveolar macrophage activation in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Cong Zhukai , Li Dan , Lv Xiangpeng , Yang Cui , Zhang Qiang , Wu Changyi , Wang Zongyu , Zhu Xi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe condition with high morbidity and mortality and few interventions. The role of sympathetic stress in the pathogenesis of ARDS has attracted recent research attention. Blockade of α-2 or α2A-adrenoceptor (α2A-AR) has been shown to attenuate lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. However, the mechanism is unclear. We confirmed the role of α2A-AR in ARDS using knockout mice and alveolar macrophages following LPS stimulation to assess the underlying mechanisms. We found that α2A-AR deficiency decreased the permeability of the alveolar capillary barrier in ARDS mice and suppressed lung inflammation by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and the production of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and CXCL2/MIP-2. LPS stimulation decreased NF-κB activation in lung tissues of α2A-AR deficient mice and increased norepinephrine concentrations. In vitro, we found that norepinephrine inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL2/MIP-2 and promoted the secretion of IL-10 from LPS-stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. Blockade of α2A-AR by a specific antagonist further inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Furthermore, norepinephrine down-regulated NF-κB activation in stimulated alveolar macrophages. Altogether, these results suggest that α2A-AR deficiency ameliorates lung injury by increasing norepinephrine concentrations in lung tissues and inhibiting the activation of alveolar macrophages.
Hypertriglyzeridämie
Authors: Merkel Martin 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungEine Erhöhung der Triglyzeride ist ein häufiger Befund. Die klinische Bedeutung einer leichten bzw. moderaten Hypertriglyzeridämie besteht in einer Erhöhung des kardiovaskulären Risikos. Neben Diät, Lebensstilmaßnahmen und der Behandlung ursächlicher Krankheiten wie Diabetes mellitus oder Hypothyreose ist die wichtigste therapeutische Maßnahme eine kardiovaskuläre Risikoreduktion. Dies erfolgt durch zielwertgerechte Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins bzw. des Non-HDL-Cholesterins unter Einsatz von Statinen, Ezetimib und gegebenenfalls PCSK9-Senkern. Fibrate und Omega-3-Fettsäuren spielen keine signifikante Rolle. Das klinische Risiko einer schweren Hypertriglyzeridämie über 880 mg/dl bzw. 10 mmol/l und des familiären Chylomikronämiesyndroms besteht wiederum in einer akuten Pankreatitis. Zusätzlich zu Diät und Lebensstilmaßnahmen kommen insbesondere beim familiären Chylomikronämiesyndrom der Fettersatz durch MCT-Fette und ggf. eine Medikation mit dem Antisense-Oligonukleotid
Volanesorsen zur Anwendung.
The Flipped Classroom: An Innovative Approach to Medical Education in Ophthalmology
Authors: Alabiad Chris R. , Moore Kevin J. , Green David P. , Kofoed Matthew , Mechaber Alex J. , Karp Carol L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to report the creation of a flipped ophthalmology course and preclinical medical student perceptions and knowledge gains before and after a flipped ophthalmology course.
Design  The form of the study discussed is an observational study.
Subjects The subjects involved in the study are second-year (U.S.) United States medical students at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine (n = 401).
Methods Second-year medical students participated in a 1-week “flipped classroom” ophthalmology course geared toward primary care providers at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. Eleven hours of traditional classroom lectures were condensed into 4.5 hours of short videos with self-assessment quizzes, small group discussions, and a large group case-based discussion. Fifty-seven short videos (<9 minutes) focused on major ophthalmology topics and common conditions were viewed by the students at their leisure. Students completed a pre- and post-course evaluation on their perceptions and opinions of the flipped classroom approach. Final exam scores in the flipped classroom cohort were compared with the final exam scores in the traditional didactic format used in years prior.
Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures include: student final exam performance; student satisfaction, opinions, and perceptions.
Results Over the course of 2 years, 401 second-year U.S. medical students participated in the flipped classroom ophthalmology course. The majority of students enjoyed the flipped classroom experience (75.3%) and expressed interest in using the approach for future lessons (74.6%). The flipped classroom videos were preferred to live lectures (61.2%). Over 90% of students stated the self-assessment quizzes were useful, 79% reported that the small group discussions were an effective way to apply knowledge, and 76% cited the large group case-based discussion as useful. Pre-course knowledge assessment scores averaged 48%. Final examination scores in the flipped group (average ± standard deviation [SD] = 92.1% ± 6.1) were comparable to that of the traditional group when evaluating identical questions (average ± SD = 91.7% ± 5.54), p = 0.34.
Conclusion The flipped classroom approach proved to be a well-received and successful approach to preclinical medical education for ophthalmology. This was achieved using 35% less course time than our traditional course. This innovative approach has potential for expansion to other medical schools, medical education abroad, and for other medical school modules.
Hippocrates transformed: crafting a Hippocratic discourse of medical semiotics in English, 1850–1930
Authors: Karimullah Kamran I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study presents a methodology for adapting corpus linguistics to the genealogical analysis of translation’s role in the evolution of medical concepts. This methodology is exhibited by means of a case study that draws on a number of corpora to explore how two English translators—Francis Adams, a Scottish physician, and Williams H.S. Jones, a Cambridge philologist, classicist and ancient historian—translated a set of terms in Hippocratic medical texts that refer to how the body reveals illness. Drawing on the Genealogies of Knowledge subcorpora of ancient Greek and modern English, it examines some of the ways in which translation contributes to the creation of a Hippocratic semiotic discourse in English whose lexical features differ from those attested to in the subcorpus of Greek Hippocratic texts. A comparative analysis of keyword frequency and collocations of Greek semiotic terms such assēmeion, and English terms such assignandsymptomreveals the different translation strategies Jones and Adams used to translate the text. The result of this process is a Hippocratic semiotic discourse in English whose lexical features do not reflect those in the Hippocratic texts in a straightforward way.
Too bored to bother? Boredom as a potential threat to the efficacy of pandemic containment measures
Authors: Martarelli Corinna S. , Wolff Wanja 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by coronavirus (SARS-nCoV2) is currently spreading across the world. In response, different sets of pandemic containment measures have been employed by several countries. The effectiveness of non-pharmacological measures such as home confinement hinges on adherence by the population. While adherence to these social distancing measures appears to be high in general, adherence might be more challenging for some individuals and complying with these measures might become more difficult the longer they last. Here, we suggest that boredom and self-control are two important psychological concepts for understanding the challenges the COVID-19 pandemic containment measures pose to individuals. To maximize adherence to these measures, we propose to consider the specific and combined effects of boredom and self-control demands elicited by this situation on subsequent behavior.
The complex choreography of agricultural biotechnology in Africa
Authors: Rock Joeva , Schurman Rachel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In spite of impressive efforts from public and private organizations over the last 25 years, agricultural biotechnology has gained relatively little ground in Africa. Using ethnographic research and case studies from across the continent, we argue that a complex choreography of socio-political, regulatory, and business conditions is required for agricultural biotechnology projects to ‘succeed’ in Africa. While this choreography is rarely achieved, efforts to bring agricultural biotechnology to the continent have resulted in significant reconfigurations of political, legal, and media landscapes in many African countries. These shifts cry out for more scholarly attention, which we attempt to give here.
Breadwinners and Losers: Does the Mental Health of Mothers, Fathers, and Children Vary by Household Employment Arrangements? Evidence From 7 Waves of Data From the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
Authors: King Tania L , Shields Marissa , Byars Sean , Kavanagh Anne M , Craig Lyn , Milner Allison 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force participation (household employment configuration) and the mental health of parents and children. Seven waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used, comprising 2004–2016, with children aged 4–17 years). Mental health outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children/adolescents) and 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (parents). A 5-category measure of household employment configuration was derived from parental reports: both parents full-time, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared-part-time employment (both part-time) and father full-time/mother part-time (1.5-earner). Fixed-effects regression models were used to compare within-person effects, controlling for time-varying confounders. For men, the male-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared with the 1.5-earner configuration (β = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.36). No evidence of association was observed for either women or children. This counters prevailing social attitudes, suggesting that neither children nor women are adversely affected by household employment configuration, nor are they disadvantaged by the extent of this labor-force participation. Men’s mental health appears to be poorer when they are the sole household breadwinner.
Safe Glabellar Wrinkle Correction With Soft Tissue Filler Using Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Lee Won , Moon Hyoung-Jin , Kim Ji-Soo , Yang Eun-Jung 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Glabellar wrinkle corrections are usually performed by injecting botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid fillers. The glabella is one of the most dangerous locations for filler injection because of possible visual complications.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to use Doppler ultrasound to determine the anatomic relation between glabellar wrinkles and the supratrochlear artery pathway, perform safe hyaluronic acid filler injection to correct glabellar wrinkles, and determine the efficacy of the procedure.

Methods
From January 2019 to July 2019, 42 patients (74 glabellar wrinkle lines; 32 bilateral and 10 unilateral wrinkles) were evaluated. Glabellar wrinkle lines were corrected with hyaluronic acid filler. Doppler ultrasound was used to avoid the supratrochlear artery.

Results
Among the 74 wrinkle lines, the supratrochlear arteries were located either at the glabellar wrinkle lines (30/74, 41%) or lateral to the glabellar wrinkle lines (44/74, 59%). In the latter 44 wrinkles, fillers were injected into the subdermal layer of the glabellar wrinkle lines. In the 30 wrinkles where supratrochlear artery was located at the glabellar wrinkle lines, the artery was located at the deep subcutaneous layer in 24 and at the subdermal layer in 6; thus, filler injection was not performed.

Conclusions
The supratrochlear artery may be located either at or lateral to the glabellar wrinkle lines. When performing glabellar wrinkle correction, Doppler ultrasound can be used to confirm the location of the supratrochlear artery before filler injection, which helps in avoiding vascular complications.

Level of Evidence: 4
Factors Related to Organisational Commitment amongst Social Workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
Authors: Safadi Najwa S , Easton Scott D , Hasson Robert G 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examined the contribution of social–demographic characteristics, employee attitudes and environmental factors in explaining levels of organisational commitment amongst public sector social workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected in the summer of 2016 from employees at twelve local directorates of the Ministry of Social Development (N = 237) in the West Bank. Palestinian social workers reported extremely high levels of overall organisational commitment. Results of multiple regressions revealed predictors of this outcome, including job stress, job satisfaction and service orientation. As hypothesised, job satisfaction and service orientation were positively related to the dependent variable. Surprisingly, higher levels of job stress were related to higher levels of organisational commitment. Implications for organisational policies and future research are discussed.
Graded, multidimensional intra- and intergroup variations in primary progressive aphasia and post-stroke aphasia
Authors: Ingram Ruth U , Halai Ajay D , Pobric Gorana , Sajjadi Seyed , Patterson Karalyn , Lambon Ralph Matthew A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLanguage impairments caused by stroke (post-stroke aphasia, PSA) and neurodegeneration (primary progressive aphasia, PPA) have overlapping symptomatology, nomenclature and are classically divided into categorical subtypes. Surprisingly, PPA and PSA have rarely been directly compared in detail. Rather, previous studies have compared certain subtypes (e.g. semantic variants) or have focused on a specific cognitive/linguistic task (e.g. reading). This study assessed a large range of linguistic and cognitive tasks across the full spectra of PSA and PPA. We applied varimax-rotated principal component analysis to explore the underlying structure of the variance in the assessment scores. Similar phonological, semantic and fluency-related components were found for PSA and PPA. A combined principal component analysis across the two aetiologies revealed graded intra- and intergroup variations on all four extracted components. Classification analysis was used to test, formally, whether there were any categorical boundaries for any subtypes of PPA or PSA. Semantic dementia formed a true diagnostic category (i.e. within group homogeneity and distinct between-group differences), whereas there was considerable overlap and graded variations within and between other subtypes of PPA and PSA. These results suggest that (i) a multidimensional rather than categorical classification system may be a better conceptualization of aphasia from both causes; and (ii) despite the very different types of pathology, these broad classes of aphasia have considerable features in common.