bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“These Were Their Number”
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 conducts a detailed study of the archival forms of the citations in Ezra-Nehemiah. It reviews the three major types of cited documents in these texts—imperial decrees, letters, and lists of people, places, and objects—arguing that through these citations, Ezra-Nehemiah takes on the look of an archive. This archival form explains the otherwise uneven and disruptive collection of documents that pervade the book, disrupting narrative coherence. The chapter argues that the act of citation is less about authorizing this account or symbolizing the fulfillment of imperial or prophetic promises and much more about the reestablishing a community through building an archive. Citation provides a way to assemble an archive made entirely out of text. This is a phenomenon termed “archival historiography.”
Resisting Oblivion
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 compares a phenomenon, termed “archival historiography,” with the historiographical forms exhibited by several versions of the story of Esther. This comparison, made more complex by Esther’s multiple Greek versions and significant later additions, shows that Esther approaches archival form, without fully imitating it. This similarity is more apparent in the extant Greek versions of Esther than in the Bible’s Hebrew text, as the former adds citations of documents that the Hebrew version lacks. The differences between Esther’s and Ezra-Nehemiah’s relationships with documents can be explained through each story’s disposition toward their colonial contexts. In short, while Ezra-Nehemiah imagines survival based on textual gathering and reclamation, Esther pins its hopes on textual counterclaim and dissemination.
Reading Scriptures as Spaces
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 returns to the question of what may be accomplished by the performance, as it were, of archival historiography. This chapter argues that Ezra-Nehemiah’s archival historiography both signals and, by virtue of its collection, performs movement toward sociopolitical recovery after the losses of exile. The narrative of Ezra-Nehemiah deals heavily in loss. Through citation, however, its archival form becomes a dynamic tool in recovery efforts. Reassembling a collection through texts becomes a critical innovation on that path toward re-collecting—and, in some cases, re-creating—memory. In Ezra-Nehemiah, archive becomes the historiographical script that choreographs the recovery of memory and reveals a resuscitated political body after the losses of exile. In this way, the concept of archival historiography enables us to see modes of history writing beyond the binaries of narrative coherence and incoherence.
Come Out, Come Out, Wherever You Are
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origin of the term coming out to gay men in pre–World War II urban communities, who spoke of coming out into gay society. It recounts how, by the 1970s, coming out had become a political tactic by which people revealed their sexual orientation to friends, neighbors, and co-workers or—in the case of celebrities—more publicly via the mass media in an effort to challenge harmful stereotypes and gain sympathy. It reviews how, in the 1980s and 1990s, coming out was set up in explicit relation to the metaphor of the closet and how the mantra “Come Out, Come Out, Wherever You Are” became a demand for members of sexual minorities to declare their sexual orientation—bringing forth the “closet case” and “outing.” It considers critiques of the imperative to come out and arguments that gay men and lesbians have moved “beyond the closet.”
Coming Out of Glass Closets
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses coming out as fat. It shows how fat lesbian feminists, who were already steeped in talk of coming out as lesbian, first extrapolated from that experience to talk of coming out as fat. It argues that coming out as fat is less about disclosing one’s size than refusing to downplay it in the hopes that others will not notice it. It means politicizing body size in order to challenge negative stereotypes and stand up against weight-based oppression. This chapter uses the case of coming out as fat to consider the broader question of the role visibility plays in coming out. It argues that coming out has never been only about revealing a hidden identity. It is about proudly reclaiming this identity. Thus community and pride—and not just disclosure—are an integral part of coming out.
Introduction
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses existing interpretations of the treatment of foreigners in Plato’s dialogues. The view that Platonic political thought is xenophobic remains prominent in both popular accounts and the scholarly literature, but there is reason to question the traditional narrative. First, recent historical work shows that Athenian attitudes toward foreigners were more mixed than was previously believed. Plato, then, may well have held a positive conception of foreigners. Second, the analysis shows why quoting lines out of the dramatic contexts of the dialogues is problematic. If one of Plato’s characters speaks disparagingly of foreigners, that does not make Plato xenophobic. The chapter proposes instead a close reading of Plato’s dialogues using the techniques of literary analysis. It presents original data on the use of terminology related to foreigners throughout the Platonic corpus, and explains the process of selecting which dialogues to analyze.
The Panharmonic Music of the Piraeus
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the treatment of foreigners in Plato’s Republic. It argues that by giving the dialogue a diverse setting and cast of characters, Plato indicates the importance of cross-cultural engagement in provoking examinations of justice. As the drama unfolds, Plato demonstrates this by depicting foreigners and metics helping the dialogue’s Athenian characters recognize the discordance within the Athenian belief that one should seem just, but be unjust. Although this philosophy was initially the backbone of Athenian imperialism, eventually citizens came to use it on each other, with the help of the sophists’ teachings. As the dialogue proceeds, the incongruity between Socrates’ deeds (visiting a diverse place, worshipping a non-Greek goddess, applauding a non-Greek procession, and engaging in an all-night discussion with foreigners) and the city he and his interlocutors develop in speech (which excludes the foreign and treats non-Greeks as enemies) serves to prompt reflection on the tension found in Greek attitudes toward barbarians.
Civic Myths through Immigrant Voices
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the treatment of foreigners in Plato’s Menexenus. The Menexenus appears to offer some of the most striking evidence of Platonic xenophobia, as it features Socrates delivering a mock funeral oration that glorifies Athens’s exclusion of foreigners. When readers play along, however, with Socrates’ exhortation to imagine the oration through the voice of its alleged author, Aspasia, Pericles’ foreign mistress, the oration becomes ironic or dissonant. This dissonance arises in part because Aspasia, a foreigner, speaks disparagingly of foreigners. Yet it also arises because Aspasia is the metic mother of an Athenian citizen, even though her speech praises the pure-blooded, autochthonous nature of Athenians. This chapter thus expands on the central argument that cross-cultural engagement exposes contradictions in the civic beliefs of Athenians by showing how the intersection of national origin and gender can magnify this effect.
Building Better Social Programs
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Evidence-based policymaking has, in recent decades, become a focus of program innovation in social care, engaging foundations, universities, as well as state and federal governments. Rigorous research, epitomized by randomized controlled trials, has become the benchmark for demonstrating efficacy and efficiency in social programming. Building Better Social Programs situates evidence-based policymaking with respect to the welfare state, describes key organizations driving the evidence-based movement, and proposes innovations designed to extend benefits to the working class. Interviews with leaders in the movement animate the discussion. Building Better Social Programs will be essential reading for faculty, program managers, foundation program officers, and research students.
A Refundable Volunteer Tax Credit
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The depopulation of small towns and rural communities could be ameliorated by a Refundable Volunteer Tax Credit (RVTC) that allows mayors and county commissioners to authorize reimbursement of citizens who volunteer to provide essential services, such as public safety, libraries, building and road maintenance, etc. Pegged at the minimum wage, RVTCs would ensure minimal support for schools, police and fire departments, ambulance services, and the like. In so doing, an RVTC would correct for the disproportionate advantage that cities have enjoyed in charitable contributions, which are encouraged by the tax code, in favor of rural America.
In$ync
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In$ync bridges higher education and employers preparing “good jobs” for young adults who are pursuing training in high tech. Despite a norm that all youth should complete college in order to secure a well-paying job almost as many “good jobs” paying at least $60,000 a year do not require an undergraduate degree, compared to those that do. Using the Los Alamos National Lab and Northern New Mexico College as a case study, In$ync demonstrates how Associate degrees can propel individual upward mobility as well as community development. The model is similar to other ventures, such as the Federation for Advanced Manufacturing Education and Credential Engine.
“Kant’s Great Service to Philosophy”
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the purposiveness theme from Kant’s Critique of Judgment. It argues that Kant’s innovation consists in the claim that purposiveness defines the space of judgment and that purposiveness plays a much larger role in Kant’s philosophy than is usually assumed. It begins by considering Kant’s theory of judgment in the first Critique, arguing that the problem of purposiveness is already present there in a nascent form. It then turns to the third Critique, arguing that internal purposiveness (an organic model) has priority over external purposiveness (a designer-artifact model) in connection with judgment’s powers, exploring Kant’s conception of internal purposiveness of form. The concept of a natural purpose (Naturzweck) is central for understanding Kant’s expanded understanding of conceptual form. The chapter also discusses Kant’s antinomy of teleological judgment and argues against the need for positing the idea of an intuitive understanding in the resolution of that antinomy. The chapter concludes by responding to an initial objection against Hegel’s claim that purposiveness is constitutive—namely, a worry about hylozoism.
Hegel’s Speculative Identity Thesis
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Hegel’s speculative identity thesis, defending the importance of Schelling for Hegel’s appropriation of Kant’s purposiveness theme. It provides an interpretation of Hegel’s first published text, the Differenzschrift, and analyzes the relation between “subjective subject-objects” and “objective subject-objects” as an early presentation of Hegel’s philosophical method. In addition to defending the contribution of Schelling, this chapter provides an interpretation of Fichte’s contribution via his notion of the self-positing activity of the I. It then turns to a reading of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, demonstrating that the notion of “negativity” can be understood along the lines of speculative identity. The chapter argues that Hegel presents life as constitutive for self-consciousness by way of a three-dimensional argument: the employment of an analogy; a transcendental argument; and a refutation of idealism argument. It concludes by briefly outlining how the speculative identity thesis is carried forward in the Science of Logic.
The Objectivity of the Concept
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the transition to “Objectivity,” continuing the investigation into the role of the Gattung as an objective universal. Hegel’s chapters on “Mechanism,” “Chemism,” and “Teleology,” establish the genus not only as an objective context of predication but also as the necessary context of objective existence, determining the degree to which self-determining activity can be realized. This chapter defends Hegel’s employment of the ontological proof and argues that the being or existence that can be inferred from the Concept is being as self-individuating activity. The processes of mechanism, chemism, and external purposiveness all fall short of self-determining activity, which is marked by descriptions of striving and violence. This chapter also discusses what Hegel calls “objective judgment,” and considers its relation to the practical syllogism. Hegel’s analysis reveals that there is an irreducible role for judgment as an act of self-determination and self-constitution, an activity that is immediately manifest in the activity of life.
Life as the Immediate Idea
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores Hegel’s chapter on “Life,” focusing on the discussion of logical life as “original judgment.” It argues that the Idea must be understood in two senses: as ground and as “doubled.” Returning to a passage from Faith and Knowledge, this chapter argues that the doubling of the Idea is Hegel’s attempt to replace Kant’s doctrine of the two stems of knowledge, where life and cognition take the place of intuitions and concepts. To understand how this works, this chapter provides a detailed account of Hegel’s chapter on “Life,” suggesting that it provides an a priori schema that at once enables and constrains the activities of self-conscious cognition. The three processes of logical life—corporeality (Leiblichkeit), externality (Äußerlichkeit), and genus (Gattung)—are interpreted as three a priori form-constraints presupposed by the actualization of self-conscious cognition—three processes without which cognition would be “empty,” or without actuality.
Sequence recompletion
Authors: Hoey Elliott M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes an interactional practice called “sequence recompletion,” which is a way that participants in a lapse deflect speakership from themselves. The emergence of lapses is sketched, as well as the types of problems they can engender. Sequence recompletion is then analyzed as a recurrent solution to some of those problems that occur in lapses. The analysis is based on a collection of cases of sequence recompletion found in ordinary conversational interactions. The collection is analyzed quantitatively with respect to lapse duration, the distribution of the practice across different settings, and features of the sequence recompletion turn. The qualitative analysis describes five methods by which sequence recompletion is done and the differences between those methods. The analysis concludes with a deviant case. The practice of sequence recompletion is then summarized and discussed with relation to turn-taking, sequence organization, and unit completion.
Lapses as social objects
Authors: Hoey Elliott M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes and discusses the prior chapters and then relates the findings to other domains of social research. The findings of the four empirical studies are summarized and placed into a broader perspective. The lapse environment is characterized as a particular place in talk where particular practical issues come to the fore. Those practical issues that are characteristic of lapses are then related to the range of behaviors that occur in lapses. The findings as a whole are then discussed with relation to other research on silence. Particular attention is given to so-called awkward silence, how lapses can be generative of embarrassment, and how this is grounded in agency and turn-taking. The chapter ends with a discussion of lapses in comparative or cross-cultural perspective.
Theorizing Informal Organizations
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the central theory the book explores. After a brief review of prevailing functionalist and power-based approaches, it argues that to understand when informal organizations will be established one must explain, first, how states form preference as to the legal designs of international organizations, and second, whose preferences are likely to hold sway when states join each other at the negotiating table. The theory of preference formation emphasizes the importance of domestic institutional structures, levels of domestic constraints, and levels of politicization. The account of preference aggregation processes, or bargaining, emphasizes the structure of the bargaining scenario and the distribution of power. The final part of the chapter outlines the more dynamic theory of informality that is offered. This account explains how domestic shifts within powerful states—especially growing polarization and the rise of the regulatory state—have projected outward and reshaped the global system.
Analyzing the Origins of Informality
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of a quantitative analysis designed to test the observable implications of the two-step theory. The chapter begins with an overview of the dependent variable and the sample of international organizations that is used. The chapter then explains how the central domestic politics, functionalist, and power-based variables have been operationalized. The results of the statistical analysis are presented next, along with sensitivity analyses designed to check the robustness of the results. Overall, this provides strong support for the two-step theory explored in the book. In the final part of the chapter, the dynamic accounts of each theory are weighed against one another. This analysis reveals that shifts within the domestic political arenas of powerful states have been the biggest source of informality. Changing cooperation problems have played a critical role, too, but it appears that shifting power and interests have not influenced this trend in a significant way.
The Implications of Informality
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the book, draws out its empirical and theoretical implications, and reflects on the broader policy debate about informal organizations. It begins by integrating the different pieces of evidence that have been presented in the book to assemble a more complete picture of the origins of informality. The main theoretical and empirical implications are then discussed. These primarily relate to current theorizing about informal organizations, research on the broader informal order these bodies are a part of, and the study of international relations and international organizations, broadly conceived. With respect to the policy debate, the chapter argues that the theory provides reasons to doubt some of the more optimistic claims made about informal organizations. Informal bodies are, in fact, less likely to be well matched with the problems they are supposed to solve.
Soils
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a basic introduction to soil formation and fundamental soil processes in agroecosystems. The types of soils found in agroecosystems and their importance for agriculture is explored, with a principal focus on soil biodiversity, i.e. soil-dwelling organisms, their variety and function, and the interaction between soil biology, agriculture, and food production. The chapter describes some of the issues associated with soils in agroecosystems. These include interactions between agricultural practices and soil erosion and soil quality issues such as salinization and desertification. The major challenges to maintaining ‘healthy’ soils on productive land are outlined, and approaches and techniques for managing soils described.
Water (Hydrology)
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the biological impacts of water use and pollution related to agricultural systems. Topics include drainage, irrigation, water harvesting, and the water cycle (e.g. under polytunnels and greenhouses) and how management of water for agriculture links with biology. Water availability as a limiting factor for agriculture is discussed, particularly in relation to arid areas (e.g. salinization, biological impacts of collecting water for storage for agriculture in arid areas). Outputs from agriculture and potential biological impacts are also explored (e.g. nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, bacterial pathogens, sediment in water). Potential management tools for water use and protection in relation to farming are introduced.
Towards a Concept of Interactive Political Leadership
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChapter 3 examines what political leadership means in the age of governance. In unison, theories of metagovernance and recent theories of political leadership provide the necessary building blocks for developing a concept of interactive political leadership that captures what political leadership implies in a context where the members of the political community take an active part in governing society. While metagovernance theory highlights the role of hands-off and hands-on forms of governance in regulating self-governance, new theories of political leadership provide a helpful redefinition of the role of power and the relationship between leaders and followers in political leadership. These important insights pave the way for the development of a concept of interactive political leadership and a specification of nine tasks for political leaders in multi-actor policy-making. The chapter concludes by listing a number of challenges and dilemmas facing politicians who aspire to become interactive political leaders.
Democratic Perspectives on Interactive Political Leadership
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Representative democracy is in transition in theory as well as in practice, and this transition affects the way we think about political leadership and democratic representation. New theories of democracy challenge traditional understandings of what it entails to represent the people, and a mushrooming of new forms of political participation destabilizes traditional views of the role of citizens in democratic decision-making. Chapter 4 shows how these theoretical and empirical developments, which are partially triggered by inherent tensions in democratic thought, promote a turn towards interactive forms of political leadership. Interactive political leadership can potentially alleviate the tensions in democratic thought and strengthen the input legitimacy of representative democracy in times of declining trust in politicians. A turn to interactive political leadership is no panacea. It triggers new dilemmas and challenges for elected politicians.