bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic mRNA-based differentiation method enables early detection of Parkinson's phenotypes in neurons derived from Gaucher disease-induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Akiyama Tomohiko , Sato Saeko , Ko Shigeru B. H. , Sano Osamu , Sato Sho , Saito Masayo , Nagai Hiroaki , Ko Minoru S. H. , Iwata Hidehisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most prevalent metabolic storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene GBA1, which lead to the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in affected cells. Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1), although defined as a nonneuronopathic subtype, is accompanied by an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. To gain insights into the association of progressive accumulation of GlcCer and the Parkinson's disease phenotypes, we generated dopaminergic (DA) neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from a GD1 patient and a healthy donor control, and measured GlcCer accumulation by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We tested two DA neuron differentiation methods: a well-established method that mimics a step-wise developmental process from iPSCs to neural progenitor cells, and to DA neurons; and a synthetic mRNA-based method that overexpresses a transcription factor in iPSCs. GD1-specific accumulation of GlcCer was detected after 60 days of differentiation by the former method, whereas it was detected after only 10 days by the latter method. With this synthetic mRNA-based rapid differentiation method, we found that the metabolic defect in GD1 patient cells can be rescued by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1 or the treatment with an inhibitor for GlcCer synthesis. Furthermore, we detected the increased phosphorylation of α-synuclein, a biomarker for Parkinson's disease, in DA neurons derived from a GD1 patient, which was significantly decreased by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1. These results suggest that synthetic mRNA-based method accelerates the analyses of the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease in GD1 patients and possibly facilitates drug discovery processes.
Walking the line: mechanisms underlying directional mRNA transport and localisation in neurons and beyond
Authors: Abouward Reem , Schiavo Giampietro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMessenger RNA (mRNA) localisation enables a high degree of spatiotemporal control on protein synthesis, which contributes to establishing the asymmetric protein distribution required to set up and maintain cellular polarity. As such, a tight control of mRNA localisation is essential for many biological processes during development and in adulthood, such as body axes determination inDrosophila melanogasterand synaptic plasticity in neurons. The mechanisms controlling how mRNAs are localised, including diffusion and entrapment, local degradation and directed active transport, are largely conserved across evolution and have been under investigation for decades in different biological models. In this review, we will discuss the standing of the field regarding directional mRNA transport in light of the recent discovery that RNA can hitchhike on cytoplasmic organelles, such as endolysosomes, and the impact of these transport modalities on our understanding of neuronal function during development, adulthood and in neurodegeneration.
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Mountain Gorilla Respiratory Outbreaks
Authors: Mazet Jonna A. K. , Genovese Brooke N. , Harris Laurie A. , Cranfield Michael , Noheri Jean Bosco , Kinani Jean Felix , Zimmerman Dawn , Bahizi Methode , Mudakikwa Antoine , Goldstein Tracey , Gilardi Kirsten V. K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRespiratory illness (RI) accounts for a large proportion of mortalities in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), and fatal outbreaks, including disease caused by human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections, have heightened concern about the risk of human pathogen transmission to this endangered species, which is not only critically important to the biodiversity of its ecosystem but also to the economies of the surrounding human communities. Our goal was to conduct a molecular epidemiologic study to detect the presence of HRSV and HMPV in fecal samples from wild human-habituated free-ranging mountain gorillas in Rwanda and to evaluate the role of these viruses in RI outbreaks. Fecal samples were collected from gorillas with clinical signs of RI between June 2012 and February 2013 and tested by real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; comparison fecal samples were obtained from gorillas without clinical signs of RI sampled during the 2010 Virunga gorilla population census. PCR assays detected HMPV and HRSV first in spiked samples; subsequently, HRSV-A, the worldwide-circulating ON1 genotype, was detected in 12 of 20 mountain gorilla fecal samples collected from gorillas with RI during outbreaks, but not in samples from animals without respiratory illness. Our findings confirmed that pathogenic human respiratory viruses are transmitted to gorillas and that they are repeatedly introduced into mountain gorilla populations from people, attesting to the need for stringent biosecurity measures for the protection of gorilla health.
Employment and further study outcomes for care-experienced graduates in the UK
Authors: Harrison Neil , Baker Zoë , Stevenson Jacqueline 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLife outcomes for people who spent time in the care of the state as children (‘care-experienced’) are known to be significantly lower, on average, than for the general population. The reasons for this are complex and multidimensional, relating to social upheaval, disrupted schooling, mental and physical health issues and societal stigmatisation. Previous studies across several countries have demonstrated that they are significantly less likely to participate in higher education and more likely to withdraw early. However, little is currently known about their outcomes after graduation.This paper therefore explores the initial outcomes for the 1,010 full-time students identified as care-experienced within the cohort graduating from an undergraduate degree programme in the UK in 2016/17—the most recent year for which data are available. They were found to be slightly more likely to be unemployed and less likely to be in work (and particularly professional work) than their peers, but, conversely, more likely to be studying. These differences largely disappeared once background educational and demographic factors were controlled.The paper discusses the relationship between care-experience and other sites of inequality, concluding that care-experienced graduates are crucially over-represented in groups that are disadvantaged in the graduate labour market—e.g. by ethnicity, disability or educational history. This intersectional inequality largely explains their lower graduate outcomes. While there are important limitations with the data available, this speaks for the transformational potential of higher education in enabling care-experienced graduates to transcend childhood adversity. Recommendations for national policy and local practices conclude the paper.
Withholding tax rates on dividends: symmetries versus asymmetries or single- versus multi-rated double tax treaties
Authors: Petkova Kunka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOut of all double tax treaties (DTTs) in force in 2012, around 41% are symmetric (single-rated) and 59% are asymmetric (multi-rated), i.e., they prescribe different dividend withholding tax rates depending on the foreign investor’s ownership fraction. The paper investigates the reasons for this phenomenon, namely why some countries in their DTTs prefer homogenous withholding tax rates over separate rates for participation and portfolio dividends. In a theoretical model, I demonstrate why home countries may have an interest in a high withholding tax rate in the host country, even though they do not receive the revenue from this tax. Further, I find confirming evidence that a reason for having multi-rated withholding taxes on dividends is an existing spatial dependence on the rates of the countries’ peers that may be a driving factor for setting multi-rated taxes. Finally, I confirm that the spread itself (i.e., the difference between the portfolio and participation dividends negotiated in the tax treaty) is also affected by the peer countries.
Persistence of Biogeochemical Alterations of Deep‐Sea Sediments by Bottom Trawling
Authors: Paradis S. , Goñi M. , Masqué P. , Durán R. , Arjona‐Camas M. , Palanques A. , Puig P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBottom trawling grounds have been expanding to deeper areas of the oceans since the mid‐XXth century, and mitigating strategies aimed to protect fish stocks, such as temporal trawling closures, have recently been implemented. Here we investigated the biogeochemical properties of sediment from a deep‐sea trawling ground in Palamós Canyon (NW Mediterranean) to assess the effects of a 2‐months trawling closure in the recovery of sedimentary organic matter. In comparison to untrawled areas, the continuous erosion and sediment mixing in trawling grounds led to coarser reworked sediments impoverished in organic carbon (∼30% loss) and promoted the degradation of labile compounds (52–70% loss). These impacts persisted after the temporal trawling closure, highlighting that this management strategy is insufficient to restore the seafloor. Considering the continuous expansion of bottom trawling grounds, this activity could have significant and irreversible biogeochemical impacts on ocean margins at a global scale, hampering their carbon burial capacity.
Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetry in Energetic (>20 keV) Particles Adjacent to Saturn's Magnetopause
Authors: Liou Kan , Paranicas Chris , Vines Sarah , Kollmann Peter , Allen Robert C. , Clark George B. , Mitchell Donald G. , Jackman Caitriona M. , Masters Adam , Achilleos Nick , Roussos Elias , Krupp Norbert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEnergetic particles (>∼25 keV) have been observed routinely in the terrestrial magnetosheath, but have not been well studied at the magnetosheaths of the outer planets. Here we analyze energetic electrons and ions (mostly protons) in the vicinity (±1 RS) of Saturn's magnetopause, using particle data acquired with the low‐energy magnetosphere measurements system, one of the three sensors of the magnetosphere imaging instrument on board the Cassini spacecraft, during a period of ∼14 years (2004–2017). It is found that energetic particles, especially ions, are also common in Saturn's magnetosheath. A clear inward (toward Saturn) gradient in the electron differential flux is identified, suggestive of magnetospheric sources. Such an inward gradient does not appear in some of the ion channels. We conclude that Saturn's magnetopause acts as a porous barrier for energetic electrons and, to a lesser extent, for energetic ions. A dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the gradient of particle flux across the magnetopause is also identified, with a gradual decrease at the dawn and a sharp decrease at the dusk magnetopause. It is also found that magnetic reconnection enhanced flux levels just outside of the magnetopause, with evidence suggesting that these particles are from magnetospheric sources. These findings strongly suggest that Saturn's magnetosphere is most likely the main source of energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath and magnetosphere leakage is an important process responsible for the presence of the energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath.
Correlated Observation on Global Distributions of Magnetosonic Waves and Proton Rings in the Radiation Belts
Authors: Zhou Qinghua , Jiang Zheng , Yang Chang , He Yihua , Liu Si , Xiao Fuliang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFast magnetosonic (MS) waves are excited by the ring distribution of energetic protons preferably when the ring velocity (VR) is within a factor of 2 above or below the local Alfvén speed (VA). Here we examine the global distributions of MS waves and proton rings with 0.5VA ≤ VR ≤ 2VA based on 64 months (from October 25, 2012 to February 28, 2018) of Van Allen Probes observations. The statistical results show that MS waves are present over a broad region of L = 1.2–6.0 and 00–24 magnetic local time (MLT), with a higher occurrence rate at L = 2.5–5.5 on the dayside. Proton rings occur mainly on the dayside of L > 5.0. During active geomagnetic periods, both MS waves and proton rings occur more frequently and extend to low L‐shells. The current results provide the further observational evidence that MS waves can be excited by proton rings at a distant region and propagate to low L‐shells.
Impact of GOLD Retrieved Thermospheric Temperatures on a Whole Atmosphere Data Assimilation Model
Authors: Laskar F. I. , Pedatella N. M. , Codrescu M. V. , Eastes R. W. , Evans J. S. , Burns A. G. , McClintock W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present investigation evaluates the assimilation of synthetic data which has properties similar to actual Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) level‐2 (L2) temperatures and other conventional lower atmospheric observations. The lower atmospheric and GOLD L2 temperature (Tdisk) are assimilated in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension using Data Assimilation Research Testbed. It is found that inclusion of the GOLD Tdisk improves the forecast root mean square error (RMSE) and bias by 5% and 71%. When compared to lower atmosphere only assimilation, the improvements in RMSE and bias are 20% and 94%. An investigation of the global diurnal westward‐propagating wavenumber 1 (DW1) and local diurnal tidal characteristics shows that inclusion of the GOLD temperatures improves the DW1 by about 8% and diurnal tide by more than 17%. Larger percentage improvements in the tides are seen in the lower thermosphere. Considerable improvements in the model state are also seen at times and locations where there are no GOLD observations available. These results and the background data assimilation procedure are presented here, which demonstrate that GOLD thermospheric temperature is an excellent data set that can be used for thermospheric assimilation studies and operational purposes.
Equation of State of TiN at High Pressures and Temperatures: A Possible Host for Nitrogen in Planetary Mantles
Authors: Daviau Kierstin , Fischer Rebecca A. , Brennan Matthew C. , Dong Junjie , Suer Terry‐Ann , Couper Samantha , Meng Yue , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNitrogen, the most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, is also a primary component of solid nitride minerals found in meteorites and on Earth's surface. If they remain stable to high pressures and temperatures, these nitrides may also be important reservoirs of nitrogen in planetary interiors. We used synchrotron X‐ray diffraction to measure the thermal equation of state and phase stability of titanium nitride (TiN) in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell at pressures up to ∼70 GPa and temperatures up to ∼2,500 K. TiN maintains the cubic B1 (NaCl‐type) crystal structure over the entire pressure and temperature range explored. It has K0 = 274 (4) GPa, K0′ = 3.9 (2), and γ0 = 1.39 (4) for a fixed V0 = 76.516 (30) Å3 (based on experimental measurements), q = 1, and θ0 = 579 K. Additionally, we collected Raman spectra of TiN up to ∼60 GPa, where we find that the transverse acoustic (TA), longitudinal acoustic (LA), and transverse optical phonon modes exhibit mode Grüneisen parameters of 1.66(17), 0.54(15), and 0.93 (4), respectively. Based on our equation of state, TiN has a density of ∼5.6–6.4 g/cm3 at Earth's lower mantle conditions, significantly more dense than both the mantle of the Earth and the estimated densities of the mantles of other terrestrial planets, but less dense than planetary cores. We find that TiN remains stable against physical decomposition at the pressures and temperatures found within Earth's mantle, making it a plausible reservoir for deep planetary nitrogen if chemical conditions allow its formation.
Evaluation of the Stratospheric and Tropospheric Bromine Burden Over Fairbanks, Alaska Based on Column Retrievals of Bromine Monoxide
Authors: Wales Pamela A. , Salawitch Ross J. , Lind Elena S. , Mount George H. , Canty Timothy P. , Chance Kelly , Choi Sungyeon , Donohoue Deanna , Kurosu Thomas P. , Simpson William R. , Suleiman Raid M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn spring 2011, columns of bromine monoxide (BrO) were retrieved over Fairbanks, Alaska using a ground‐based multifunction differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MFDOAS) instrument. MFDOAS vertical column BrO is consistently lower than retrievals from the satellite‐based Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), with a relative bias of 20 ± 14%. Numerous tropical‐based studies suggest that 5 ± 2 parts per trillion (ppt) of bromine from very short‐lived substances (VSLS) reaches the stratosphere. We evaluate upper limits on the contribution of VSLS to stratospheric bromine by treating the column retrievals of BrO as purely stratospheric and modeling the ratio of BrO to total inorganic bromine. The OMI and MFDOAS retrievals respectively present 8 and 5 ppt upper limits on the stratospheric injection of VSLS, and kinetic uncertainties in the daytime partitioning of bromine species decrease both values by ∼1.7 ppt. The OMI‐based estimate is in agreement with the 5 ppt tropical‐based value for stratospheric injection of VSLS if the tropospheric column of BrO is 1.5 × 1013 molecules cm−2 over Fairbanks, which is within the range of uncertainty of a second ground‐based instrument that monitored tropospheric BrO during the campaign. Because our ground‐based instruments detected no BrO near the surface, this value for tropospheric BrO would originate from higher altitudes in the troposphere and is in agreement with previous retrievals of background tropospheric BrO. Our calculations of tropospheric BrO over Fairbanks are most sensitive to uncertainties in the stratospheric loading of VSLS, followed by the difference between the OMI and MFDOAS retrievals of BrO.
Spectral Characterization of Bennu Analogs Using PASCALE: A New Experimental Set‐Up for Simulating the Near‐Surface Conditions of Airless Bodies
Authors: Donaldson Hanna K. L. , Bowles N. E. , Warren T. J. , Hamilton V. E. , Schrader D. L. , McCoy T. J. , Temple J. , Clack A. , Calcutt S. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe describe the capabilities, radiometric stability, and calibration of a custom vacuum environment chamber capable of simulating the near‐surface conditions of airless bodies. Here we demonstrate the collection of spectral measurements of a suite of fine particulate asteroid analogs made using the Planetary Analogue Surface Chamber for Asteroid and Lunar Environments (PASCALE) under conditions like those found on Earth and on airless bodies. The sample suite includes anhydrous and hydrated physical mixtures, and chondritic meteorites (CM, CI, CV, CR, and L5) previously characterized under Earth‐ and asteroid‐like conditions. And for the first time, we measure the terrestrial and extra‐terrestrial mineral end members used in the olivine‐ and phyllosilicate‐dominated physical mixtures under the same conditions as the mixtures and meteorites allowing us better understand how minerals combine spectrally when mixed intimately. Our measurements highlight the sensitivity of thermal infrared emissivity spectra to small amounts of low albedo materials and the composition of the sample materials. As the albedo of the sample decreases, we observe smaller differences between Earth‐ and asteroid‐like spectra, which results from a reduced thermal gradient in the upper hundreds of microns in the sample. These spectral measurements can be compared to thermal infrared emissivity spectra of asteroid (101955) Bennu's surface in regions where similarly fine particulate materials may be observed to infer surface compositions.
A Practical, Objective, and Robust Technique to Directly Estimate Catchment Response Time
Authors: Giani G. , Rico‐Ramirez M. A. , Woods R. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMethodologies to estimate the response time of a catchment to new rainfall inputs based on rainfall and streamflow observations require the analyst to make a number of uncertain and subjective steps. Moreover, these methods make the assumption that the water producing the discharge peak fell in the last rainfall event, which does not necessary apply to all the environments and conditions. Hence, here we present a practical, objective, and robust method to estimate catchment response time (Tr) based on hourly rainfall and streamflow time series only, which removes most of the sources of uncertainties arising from current methodologies by restating the conceptual hypothesis and minimizing the user’s choices. The proposed method, used originally in the field of economics to assess the temporal correlation between two variables, has been adapted to be used for the first time in the field of hydrology. The method does not make any assumption about the rainfall‐runoff transformation (no hydrograph separation needed), does not require event selection or parameter estimation, and it is easily reproducible. The above features make the proposed method a useful tool even under different hypothesis regarding the hydrograph water age. The method agrees well with the traditionally used method to estimate Tr from observed hyetographs and hydrographs (Spearman rank correlation r = 0.82). The proposed method gives robust results for relatively short records, and works in presence of noise and bias in the time series.
Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals
Authors: Babbin Andrew R , Tamasi Tyler , Dumit Diana , Weber Laura , Rodríguez María Victoria Iglesias , Schwartz Sarah L , Armenteros Maickel , Wankel Scott D , Apprill Amy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.