bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It is never too late to start: adherence to physical activity recommendations for 11–22 years and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The HUNT Study
Authors: Moholdt Trine , Skarpsno Eivind Schjelderup , Moe Børge , Nilsen Tom Ivar Lund 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo examine associations between long-term (11–22 years) adherence to physical activity recommendations and mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease.DesignProspective population-based study with repeated assessments of self-reported physical activity (1984–86, 1995–97 and 2006–08) and follow-up until the end of 2013.SettingCounty of Nord-Trøndelag, Norway.ParticipantsMen and women aged ≥20 years; 32 811 who participated in 1984–86 and 1995–97; 22 058 in 1984–86 and 2006–08; 31 948 in 1995–97 and 2006–09 and 19 349 in all three examinations (1984–1986, 1995–95 and 2006–08).Main outcome measuresAll-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality from the national Cause of Death Registry.ResultsCompared with the reference category comprising individuals who adhered to the physical activity recommendations (≥150 min of moderate intensity or ≥60 min of vigorous intensity physical activity per week) over time, individuals who remained inactive (reporting no or very little physical activity) from 1984–86 to 1995–97 had HRs (95% CI) of 1.56 (1.40 to 1.73) for all-cause mortality and 1.94 (1.62 to 2.32) for cardiovascular disease mortality. Individuals who were inactive in 1984–86 and then adhered to recommendations in 2006–08 had HRs of 1.07 (0.85 to 1.35) for all-cause mortality and 1.31 (0.87 to 1.98) for cardiovascular disease mortality. In a subsample of individuals who participated at all three time points, those who were inactive or physically active below the recommended level across three decades (1984–86, 1995–97 and 2006–2008) had an HR of 1.57 (1.22 to 2.03) for all-cause mortality and 1.72 (1.08 to 2.73) for cardiovascular disease mortality.ConclusionIndividuals who remained, or became, physically inactive had substantially greater risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality compared with those who met the physical activity recommendations throughout the lifespan.
Improving the American Diabetes Association Framework for individualizing treatment in older adults: evaluating life expectancy
Authors: Lee Alexandra K , Steinman Michael A , Lee Sei J 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionFor older adults with type 2 diabetes, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Framework uses comorbidities and functional status to categorize patients by estimated life expectancy to guide individualization of glycemic treatment. We evaluated whether modifying the ADA Framework by removing three comorbidities and incorporating age could improve life expectancy stratification and better identify patients likely to benefit from intensive treatment.Research design and methodsWe examined 3166 Health and Retirement Study participants aged ≥65 with diabetes from 1998 to 2004, using a prospective cohort design with mortality follow-up through 2016. We classified participants into one of three ADA Framework categories: Healthy, Intermediate Health, and Poor Health. We created modified categories by excluding comorbidities weakly associated with mortality (hypertension, arthritis, and incontinence). Using Gompertz regression, we estimated life expectancy across age strata for both original and modified ADA Framework categories.ResultsThe original ADA Framework classified 34% as Healthy (likely to benefit from intensive treatment), 50% as Intermediate Health, and 16% as Poor Health (unlikely to benefit from intensive treatment). Our comorbidity modification reclassified 20% of participants from Intermediate Health to Healthy. Using the modified ADA Framework, median life expectancy of the Healthy varied greatly by age (aged 65–69: 16.3 years; aged ≥80: 7.6 years), indicating differing likelihood of benefit. Additionally, age ≥80 made extended life expectancy unlikely (median life expectancy for Healthy 7.6 years, Intermediate Health 5.9 years, Poor Health 2.5 years), suggesting adults ≥80 are unlikely to benefit from intensive treatment.ConclusionsModifying the ADA Framework by incorporating age and focusing on comorbidities associated with mortality improved life expectancy stratification, resulting in different treatment recommendations for many older adults.
Study of Natural products Adverse Reactions (SONAR) in children seen in mental health clinics: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sparks Emma , Zorzela Liliane , Necyk Candace , Khamba Baljit , Urichuk Liana , Barnes Joanne , Vohra Sunita 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundPaediatric mental health patients frequently use natural health products (NHP) in addition to prescription medications, but very little is known about adverse events and possible NHP–drug interactions.ObjectiveTo determine: (1) the prevalence of paediatric mental health patients taking prescription medications only, NHP only, both NHP and prescription medications concurrently or neither; (2) which prescription medications and NHP are most commonly used in paediatric mental health populations and (3) adverse events experienced in the last 30 days (serious and non-serious).DesignCross-sectional surveillance study.SettingPaediatric mental health clinics.Population/interventionOn their first clinic visit, paediatric mental health patients were provided with a form inquiring about prescription drug use, NHP use and any undesirable event experienced in the last month.ResultsOf the 536 patients included in this study, 23% (n=120) reported taking only prescription medication(s), 21% (n=109) reported only NHP use, 21% (n=112) reported using both NHP and prescription drugs concurrently, and 36% (n=191) reported using neither. Overall, there were 23 adverse events reported; this represents 6.3%, 2.8%, 10.8% and 0.6% of each population, respectively. The majority of patients who experienced an adverse event reported taking more than one NHP or prescription drug. No serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionNearly half of the paediatric mental health patients in this study were taking NHPs alone or in addition to prescription medications. Active surveillance identified multiple adverse events associated with NHP and prescription drug use; none were serious. Healthcare professionals were encouraged to initiate conversations regarding NHP use.
Place and causes of acute cardiovascular mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Mamas Mamas A , Mohamed Mohamed O , Kwok Chun Shing , Roebuck Chris , Humberstone Ben , Denwood Tom , Luescher Thomas , de Belder Mark A , Deanfield John E , Gale Chris P 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo describe the place and causes of acute cardiovascular death during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsRetrospective cohort of adult (age ≥18 years) acute cardiovascular deaths (n=5 87 225) in England and Wales, from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2020. The exposure was the COVID-19 pandemic (from onset of the first COVID-19 death in England, 2 March 2020). The main outcome was acute cardiovascular events directly contributing to death.ResultsAfter 2 March 2020, there were 28 969 acute cardiovascular deaths of which 5.1% related to COVID-19, and an excess acute cardiovascular mortality of 2085 (+8%). Deaths in the community accounted for nearly half of all deaths during this period. Death at home had the greatest excess acute cardiovascular deaths (2279, +35%), followed by deaths at care homes and hospices (1095, +32%) and in hospital (50, +0%). The most frequent cause of acute cardiovascular death during this period was stroke (10 318, 35.6%), followed by acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (7 098, 24.5%), heart failure (6 770, 23.4%), pulmonary embolism (2 689, 9.3%) and cardiac arrest (1 328, 4.6%). The greatest cause of excess cardiovascular death in care homes and hospices was stroke (715, +39%), compared with ACS (768, +41%) at home and cardiogenic shock (55, +15%) in hospital.Conclusions and relevanceThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an inflation in acute cardiovascular deaths, nearly half of which occurred in the community and most did not relate to COVID-19 infection suggesting there were delays to seeking help or likely the result of undiagnosed COVID-19.
Hormonal contraception and risk of STIs and bacterial vaginosis in South African adolescents: secondary analysis of a randomised trial
Authors: Balle Christina , Gill Katherine , Konstantinus Iyaloo N , Jaumdally Shameem Z , Lennard Katie , Esra Rachel , Happel Anna-Ursula , Barnabas Shaun L , Gamieldien Hoyam , Pidwell Tanya , Maseko Venessa , Lesosky Maia , Myer Landon , Passmore Jo-Ann S , Bekker Linda-Gail , Jaspan Heather B 
Published: September 2020

Objectives
Young women in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of STIs and unintended pregnancies, yet hormonal contraceptive (HC) use may affect STI risk. We compared the influence of three HCs on the incidence and prevalence of STIs and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in South African adolescents.

Methods

One hundred and thirty adolescents between 15 and 19 years were randomised to the injectable norethisterone enanthate (Net-En), combined oral contraceptives (COC) (Triphasil or Nordette) or a combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CCVR; NuvaRing) for 16 weeks (clinicaltrials.gov/
NCT02404038
). Vaginal samples were collected at baseline and 16 weeks post contraceptive initiation for STI and BV testing.

Results

In an intention-to-treat analysis, no significant differences in BV prevalence were found between study arms. The overall incidence of any STI at follow-up was high: 16.2% in the COC arm; 25.7% in the Net-En arm; and 37.1% in the CCVR arm. The incidence rate (IR) of any STI was similar between Net-En (IR 0.74 (95% CI 0.34 to 1.41)) and the oestrogen-containing contraceptives (IR 0.78 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.22)). A lower IR of
Chlamydia trachomatis
(incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.68 (95% CI 0.19 to 1.99)) and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(IRR 0.25 (95% CI 0.01 to 1.35)) but a higher IR of
Mycoplasma genitalium
(IRR 16.0 (95% CI 2.96 to 400)), was observed in the Net-En arm compared with the oestrogen-containing contraceptives, although the overall incidence of
M. genitalium
was low (4.7%). In an exploratory analysis, the risk of any STI and
N. gonorrhoeae
was lower in the COC arm compared with CCVR. A per-protocol analysis yielded similar results.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that use of Net-En may be associated with increased risk of
M. genitalium
compared with oestrogen-containing contraceptives but not with overall STI risk. COC use may decrease STI risk relative to CCVR.
Impact of COVID-2019 on stroke services in China: survey from the Chinese Stroke Association
Authors: Wang Xia , Ouyang Menglu , Carcel Cheryl , Chen Chen , Sun Lingli , Yang Jie , Zhang Yao , Chen Guofang , You Shoujiang , Cao Yongjun , Ma Lu , Hu Xin , Sui Yi , Anderson Craig , Song Lili , Wang Yongjun , Wang David 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and physical distancing guidelines have compelled stroke practices worldwide to reshape their delivery of care significantly. We aimed to illustrate how the stroke services were interrupted during the pandemic in China.MethodsA 61-item questionnaire designed on Wenjuanxing Form was completed by doctors or nurses who were involved in treating patients with stroke from 1 February to 31 March 2020.ResultsA total of 415 respondents completed the online survey after informed consent was obtained. Of the respondents, 37.8%, 35.2% and 27.0% were from mild, moderate and severe epidemic areas, respectively. Overall, the proportion of severe impact (reduction >50%) on the admission of transient ischaemic stroke, acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) was 45.0%, 32.0% and 27.5%, respectively. Those numbers were 36.9%, 27.9% and 22.3%; 36.5%, 22.1% and 22.6%; and 66.4%, 47.5% and 41.1% in mild, moderate and severe epidemic areas, respectively (all p<0.0001). For AIS, thrombolysis was moderate (20%–50% reduction) or severely impacted (>50%), as reported by 54.4% of the respondents, while thrombectomy was 39.3%. These were 44.4%, 26.3%; 44.2%, 39.4%; and 78.2%, 56.5%, in mild, moderate and severe epidemic areas, respectively (all p<0.0001). For patients with acute ICH, 39.8% reported the impact was severe or moderate for those eligible for surgery who had surgery. Those numbers were 27.4%, 39.0% and 58.1% in mild, moderate and severe epidemic areas, respectively. For staff resources, about 20% (overall) to 55% (severe epidemic) of the respondents reported moderate or severe impact on the on-duty doctors and nurses.ConclusionWe found a significant reduction of admission for all types of patients with stroke during the pandemic. Patients were less likely to receive appropriate care, for example, thrombolysis/thrombectomy, after being admitted to the hospital. Stroke service in severe COVID-19 epidemic areas, for example, Wuhan, was much more severely impacted compared with other regions in China.
Measuring the effects of the new ECOWAS and WAEMU tobacco excise tax directives
Authors: Tesche Jean , Van Walbeek Corne 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundIn December 2017, the 15-member ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) and the 8-member WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union, a subset of ECOWAS) passed new Tobacco Tax Directives. Both Directives increased the minimum ad valorem excise tax rate to 50%. In addition the ECOWAS Directive introduced a minimum specific tax (US$ 0.02/stick), but the WAEMU Directive did not. This paper examines the likely effects of these new Directives on cigarette prices, sales volumes and revenues.MethodTax simulation models using comparable data were constructed for each of the 15 countries to estimate the effects of the ECOWAS and WAEMU Directives.ResultsIf the 15 ECOWAS members implement the ECOWAS Directive it would substantially increase the retail price of cigarettes (unweighted average 51%, range: 12% to 108%), decrease sales volumes (22%, range: −8% to −39%) and increase tax revenue (373%, range: 10% to 1243%). The impact of the WAEMU Directive on WAEMU countries’ cigarette prices (unweighted average +2%), sales volumes (−1%) and revenue (+17%) is likely to be minimal.ConclusionsThe 2017 ECOWAS Directive, which adds a specific excise tax per pack, along with an increase in the ad valorem tax, substantially improves its members’ cigarette tax structure. The specific tax overcomes the weakness of the ad valorem excise tax, since it does not depend on import or ex-factory values, which comprise only a small part of the retail price in ECOWAS countries. We recommend that WAEMU countries adopt the ECOWAS Directive, rather than the WAEMU Directive.
Constraints on $$\sigma _8$$ and degeneracies from linear Nash-Greene perturbations in subhorizon scale
Authors: Capistrano Abraão J. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUsing a joint statistical analysis, we test a four-dimensional FLRW model embedded in a five-dimensional bulk based on the Nash-Greene embedding theorem. Performing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modelling, we combine observational data sets as those of the recent growth data, the best-fit Planck2018/$$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM parameters on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) measurements, the Pantheon Supernovae type Ia and the Hubble parameter data. From linear Nash-Greene fluctuations of the metric, we show the related perturbed equations in longitudinal Newtonian gauge to obtain the evolution of growth matter. A mild alleviation may be obtained from the degeneracies on the model parameter analyzing the $$\sigma $$
σ
tension between the growth amplitude factor and the matter content in the plane $$(\sigma _8$$

(

σ
8

-$$\varOmega _m)$$

Ω
m

)

on the observations from CMB and Large Scale Structure (LSS) probes. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is also applied and we find a relative statistical consistence of the present model with both $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM and wCDM models lower than 1$$\%$$
%
of percentage difference at early times on the evolution of the Hubble function H(z). We also apply the Om(z) diagnosis to distinguish the present model from $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM and wCDM models.
Geochemistry and geodynamic constraint of volcanic and plutonic magmatism within the Banfora Belt (Burkina-Faso, West-Africa): contribution to mineral exploration
Authors: Ilboudo Hermann , Sawadogo Sâga , Zongo Gounwendmanaghre Hubert , Naba Seta , Wenmenga Urbain , Lompo Martin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Predominant volcano-plutonic (mafic–felsic) activity is expressed in the eastern Banfora Belt. The geochemical signature shows different geodynamic settings: (1) mafic rocks are tholeiitic, subalkaline and show high-Mg tendency, whereas pyroxenolite (MgO
c.
15.4 wt%) has komatiite affinity; (2) felsic volcanic rocks are subalkaline; and (3) granitoids surrounding the Banfora Belt are alkaline to calc-alkaline, high K, peraluminous to metaluminous. The geochemistry of mafic volcanic rocks shows an unusual evolution from Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalt to Arc-related. The Western Granite and Eastern Granites were emplaced by fractional crystallization and partial melting, respectively, but sourced from igneous protolith (I-type magma) in a volcanic arc setting. The Sodingue granite was emplaced by fractional crystallization from A-type magma in a ‘within-plate setting’. Two-mica S-type granites located at the central portion of the belt relate to syn-collisional fractional crystallization. The paper highlights the complexity of the magma process through a diversity of sources, geochemical patterns and tectonic settings. An emphasis on the komatiite affinity of mafic magma is a challenge for related commodities, such as copper and gold resources.
Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization
Authors: Santana Nathália Gonçalves de , Malm Christina , Maia Mariana Zanini , Megda Tábata , Beier Suzane Lilian , Mamão Leonardo Dias , Franco Thaíssa Castro 
Published: September 2020

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (μg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (μg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (μg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome, myofascial trigger points and trigger points in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Sato Nadia Yuri Shimosaka , Bastos Bárbara Buff Blumer , Pereira Marco Aurélio Amador , Campos Karina D’Angelo , Ambrósio Aline Magalhaes , Formenton Maira Rezende , Fantoni Denise Tabacchi 
Published: September 2020

Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) a is a painful condition related to myofascial trigger points (TP) in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to perform a literature review on the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of MPS in veterinary medicine. The research sites used for this purpose were: Scientific Electronic Library, PubMed and Medline. The inclusion criteria for the papers were: must be written in English; published between 1990 and 2018; include the following keywords: myofascial pain syndrome veterinary/dog/canine/cat/feline/horse/equine, trigger points veterinary/dog/canine/cat/feline/horse/equine. Through the review, it was observed that veterinary clinical studies are scarce, and the articles found lack information such as MPS description, incidence and specific treatment techniques in dogs and horses, and no studies in cats were found.
Evolution of Avian coronavirus (AvCoV) in BHK-21 and VERO cells
Authors: Brandão Paulo Eduardo , Leite Beatriz Alcântara , Miyagi Sueli Akemi Taniwaki 
Published: September 2020

Avian coronavirus (AvCoV) infects a range of tissues in chickens and several other avian species. Although the virus can be isolated in chicken embryos, only a few strains of the 6 genotypes/33 lineages can grow in cell lines, with the Beaudette strain (GI-1 lineage) being the most used for in vitro studies. Considering the differences between cell lines and chicken embryos as habitats for AvCoV, this study aimed to assess the diversity of the genes coding for the nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) and spike envelope protein (S) after serial passages in BHK-21 and Vero cells. After 14 passages of an embryo-adapted Beaudette strain, the virus loads fluctuated in both cell lines, with the highest loads being 8.72 log genome copies/µL for Vero and 6.36 log genome copies/µL for BHK-21 cells. No polymorphisms were found for nsp3; regarding S, not only aa substitutions (Vero: 8th passage A150S, and 14th S150A; BHK-21: 4th S53F, 8th F53Y, and 8th S95R), but also minor variants could be detected on chromatograms with fluctuating intensities. As the regions of these aa substitutions are within the receptor-binding domain of S, it can be speculated that differences in cell receptors between Vero and BHK-21 cells and the speed of cell death led to the selection of different dominant strains, while the stability of nsp3 supports its function as a protease involved in AvCoV replication. In conclusion, AvCoV quasispecies evolution is influenced by the biological model under consideration, and a gradual transition is seen for minor and major variants.