bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlations between triaxial shapes and formation history of dark matter haloes
Authors: Lau Erwin T , Hearin Andrew P , Nagai Daisuke , Cappelluti Nico 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The shape of dark matter (DM) haloes plays a critical role in constraining cosmology with upcoming large-scale structure surveys. In this paper, we study the correlations between the triaxial shapes and formation histories in DM haloes in the MultiDark Planck 2 N-body cosmological simulation. We find that halo ellipticity is strongly correlated with halo properties that serve as proxies of halo formation history, such as halo concentration and the normalized peak-centroid offset. These correlations are nearly independent of the halo density peak height. We present a simple model for the correlation between halo ellipticity and concentration using conditional abundance matching, and provide fitting formulae for the multidimensional distributions of triaxial halo shape as a function of halo peak height. We apply our halo shape model to gauge the effects of halo ellipticity and orientation bias on the excess surface mass density profiles in cluster-sized haloes. Our model should be useful for exploring the impact of triaxial halo shape on cosmological constraints in upcoming weak lensing surveys of galaxy clusters.
Can jets make the radioactively powered emission from neutron star mergers bluer?
Authors: Nativi L , Bulla M , Rosswog S , Lundman C , Kowal G , Gizzi D , Lamb G P , Perego A 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Neutron star mergers eject neutron-rich matter in which heavy elements are synthesized. The decay of these freshly synthesized elements powers electromagnetic transients (‘macronovae’ or ‘kilonovae’) whose luminosity and colour strongly depend on their nuclear composition. If the ejecta are very neutron-rich (electron fraction Ye &lt; 0.25), they contain fair amounts of lanthanides and actinides that have large opacities and therefore efficiently trap the radiation inside the ejecta so that the emission peaks in the red part of the spectrum. Even small amounts of this high-opacity material can obscure emission from lower lying material and therefore act as a ‘lanthanide curtain’. Here, we investigate how a relativistic jet that punches through the ejecta can potentially push away a significant fraction of the high opacity material before the macronova begins to shine. We use the results of detailed neutrino-driven wind studies as initial conditions and explore with 3D special relativistic hydrodynamic simulations how jets are propagating through these winds. Subsequently, we perform Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations to explore the resulting macronova emission. We find that the hole punched by the jet makes the macronova brighter and bluer for on-axis observers during the first few days of emission, and that more powerful jets have larger impacts on the macronova.
Two-component galaxy models with a central BH – II. The ellipsoidal case
Authors: Ciotti Luca , Mancino Antonio , Pellegrini Silvia , Ziaee Lorzad Azadeh 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTRecently, two-component spherical galaxy models have been presented, where the stellar profile is described by a Jaffe law, and the total density by another Jaffe law, or by an r−3 law at large radii. We extend these two families to their ellipsoidal axisymmetric counterparts: the JJe and J3e models. The total and stellar density distributions can have different flattenings and scale lengths, and the dark matter halo is defined by difference. First, the analytical conditions required to have a nowhere negative dark matter halo density are derived. The Jeans equations for the stellar component are then solved analytically, in the limit of small flattenings, also in the presence of a central BH. The azimuthal velocity dispersion anisotropy is described by the Satoh k-decomposition. Finally, we present the analytical formulae for velocity fields near the centre and at large radii, together with the various terms entering the virial theorem. The JJe and J3e models can be useful in a number of theoretical applications, e.g. to explore the role of the various parameters (flattening, relative scale lengths, mass ratios, rotational support) in determining the behaviour of the stellar kinematical fields before performing more time-expensive integrations with specific galaxy models, to test codes of stellar dynamics and in numerical simulations of gas flows in galaxies.
ROGER: Reconstructing orbits of galaxies in extreme regions using machine learning techniques
Authors: de los Rios Martín , Martínez Héctor J , Coenda Valeria , Muriel Hernán , Ruiz Andrés N , Vega-Martínez Cristian A , Cora Sofía A 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the ROGER (Reconstructing Orbits of Galaxies in Extreme Regions) code, which uses three different machine learning techniques to classify galaxies in, and around, clusters, according to their projected phase-space position. We use a sample of 34 massive, M200 &gt; 1015h−1M⊙, galaxy clusters in the MultiDark Planck 2 (MDLP2) simulation at redshift zero. We select all galaxies with stellar mass M⋆ ≥ 108.5h−1M⊙, as computed by the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation SAG, that are located in, and in the vicinity of, these clusters and classify them according to their orbits. We train ROGER to retrieve the original classification of the galaxies from their projected phase-space positions. For each galaxy, ROGER gives as output the probability of being a cluster galaxy, a galaxy that has recently fallen into a cluster, a backsplash galaxy, an infalling galaxy, or an interloper. We discuss the performance of the machine learning methods and potential uses of our code. Among the different methods explored, we find the K-Nearest Neighbours algorithm achieves the best performance.
The stochastic enrichment of Population II stars
Authors: Welsh Louise , Cooke Ryan , Fumagalli Michele 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the intrinsic scatter in the chemical abundances of a sample of metal-poor ([Fe/H] &lt; −2.5) Milky Way halo stars. We draw our sample from four historic surveys and focus our attention on the stellar Mg, Ca, Ni, and Fe abundances. Using these elements, we investigate the chemical enrichment of these metal-poor stars using a model of stochastic chemical enrichment. Assuming that these stars have been enriched by the first generation of massive metal-free stars, we consider the mass distribution of the enriching population alongside the stellar mixing and explosion energy of their supernovae. For our choice of stellar yields, our model suggests that the most metal-poor stars were enriched, on average, by $\hat{N}_{\star }=5^{+13}_{-3}~(1\sigma)$ Population III stars. This is comparable to the number of enriching stars inferred for the most metal-poor DLAs. Our analysis therefore suggests that some of the lowest mass structures at z ∼ 3 contain the chemical products from &lt; 13(2σ) Population III enriched minihaloes. The inferred IMF is consistent with that of a Salpeter distribution and there is a preference towards ejecta from minimally mixed hypernovae. However, the estimated enrichment model is sensitive to small changes in the stellar sample. An offset of ∼ 0.1 dex in the [Mg/Ca] abundance is shown to be sensitive to the inferred number of enriching stars. We suggest that this method has the potential to constrain the multiplicity of the first generation of stars, but this will require: (1) a stellar sample whose systematic errors are well understood; and, (2) documented uncertainties associated with nucleosynthetic yields.
Optimal therapeutic targeting by HDAC inhibition in biopsy-derived treatment-naïve diffuse midline glioma models
Authors: Vitanza Nicholas A , Biery Matt C , Myers Carrie , Ferguson Eric , Zheng Ye , Girard Emily J , Przystal Justyna M , Park Giulia , Noll Alyssa , Pakiam Fiona , Winter Conrad A , Morris Shelli M , Sarthy Jay , Cole Bonnie L , Leary Sarah E S , Crane Courtney , Lieberman Nicole A P , Mueller Sabine , Nazarian Javad , Gottardo Raphael , Brusniak Mi-Youn , Mhyre Andrew J , Olson James M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), have a dismal prognosis, with less than 2% surviving 5 years postdiagnosis. The majority of DIPGs and all DMGs harbor mutations altering the epigenetic regulatory histone tail (H3 K27M). Investigations addressing DMG epigenetics have identified a few promising drugs, including the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) panobinostat. Here, we use clinically relevant DMG models to identify and validate other effective HDACi and their biomarkers of response.

Methods
HDAC inhibitors were tested across biopsy-derived treatment-naïve in vitro and in vivo DMG models with biologically relevant radiation resistance. RNA sequencing was performed to define and compare drug efficacy and to map predictive biomarkers of response.

Results
Quisinostat and romidepsin showed efficacy with low nanomolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (~50 and ~5 nM, respectively). Comparative transcriptome analyses across quisinostat, romidepsin, and panobinostat showed a greater degree of shared biological effects between quisinostat and panobinostat, and less overlap with romidepsin. However, some transcriptional changes were consistent across all 3 drugs at similar biologically effective doses, such as overexpression of troponin T1 slow skeletal type (TNNT1) and downregulation of collagen type 20 alpha 1 chain (COL20A1), identifying these as potential vulnerabilities or on-target biomarkers in DMG. Quisinostat and romidepsin significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) inhibited in vivo tumor growth.

Conclusions
Our data highlight the utility of treatment-naïve biopsy-derived models; establishes quisinostat and romidepsin as effective in vivo; illuminates potential mechanisms and/or biomarkers of DMG cell lethality due to HDAC inhibition; and emphasizes the need for brain tumor–penetrant versions of potentially efficacious agents.
Potential efficacy of dendritic cell immunomodulation in the treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Alahdal Murad , Zhang Hui , Huang Rongxiang , Sun Wei , Deng Zhiqin , Duan Li , Ouyang Hongwei , Wang Daping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are a cluster of heterogeneous antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Rare reports have discussed their role in OA immunopathogenesis. Recently, DCs derived from the synovial fluid of OA mice were shown to have increased expression of toll-like receptors. Moreover, from in vitro studies it was concluded that DCs derived from OA patients had secreted high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Likewise, a significant increase in CD123+BDCA-2 plasmacytoid DCs has been observed in the synovial fluid of OA patients. Furthermore, DCs have a peripheral tolerance potential and can become regulatory under specific circumstances. This could be exploited as a promising tool to eliminate immunoinflammatory manifestations in OA disease. In this review, the potential roles DCs could play in OA pathogenesis have been described. In addition, suggestions for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies involving intra-articular injections of tolerogenic plasmacytoid DCs for treating OA inflammations have been made.
Day-to-day and longer-term longitudinal associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in children
Authors: Antczak Devan , Sanders Taren , del Pozo Cruz Borja , Parker Philip , Lonsdale Chris 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
To determine the day-to-day and longer-term longitudinal associations between daytime physical activity and night-time sleep.

Methods
We used data from a 2-year longitudinal study which included three time points (i.e. baseline, year 1, and year 2). Participants were recruited from primary schools and included 1059 children (50% girls) with a mean age of 8.81-years-old (SD = 0.72) at baseline. Sleep variables included sleep duration, sleep efficiency, time in bed, sleep onset, and wake time. Physical activity variables included light, moderate, moderate-to-vigorous, and vigorous physical activity as well as sedentary time. We objectively assessed physical activity and sleep behaviors using the GENEActiv wrist-worn accelerometer over an 8-day period at each timepoint for a potential 21 190 observed days.

Results
We used fixed-effects multilevel models and parallel latent growth curve modeling to examine day-to-day and longer-term associations, respectively. Day-to-day, physical activity, and sleep variables were significantly, positively, and bidirectionally associated, except for sleep efficiency, which showed little association with physical activity. Longer-term, we found little association between physical activity and sleep variables.

Conclusions
Overall, our findings indicate that there is a day-to-day association between the amount of time spent being physically active and improved sleep. The lack of a longer-term association indicates that a focus on children’s daily behavior may be most appropriate to help children improve sleep and increase physical activity.
Detection of Nematophagous Fungi from Heterodera schachtii Females Using a Baiting Experiment with Soils Cropped to Brassica Species from California’s Central Coast
Authors: Chen Ying-Yu , Koike Steven T. , Logan Geoffrey D. , Drozd Christopher , De Oliveira Silva Juliana , Colindres Nicole B. , Peacock Beth B. , Smith Becker Jennifer , Loffredo Angelo , Wu Haiyan , Ruegger Paul M. , Becker J. Ole , Borneman James 
Published: October 2020

Until the early 1990s, cyst nematodes were abundant pathogens in fields where hosts of Heterodera spp. were frequent members of crop rotations along California’s Central Coast. To mitigate damage caused by Heterodera schachtii and H. cruciferae, the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) was used by more than 43% of surveyed broccoli growers. Over the last few decades, use of 1,3-D and other nematicides has dramatically diminished, suggesting a decline in nematode disease pressure. The goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that increased population densities of nematophagous fungi contribute to the low populations of Heterodera spp. in fields frequently cropped to their hosts. In 2016, soil samples were collected from 152 Brassica fields with a broad geographical distribution, from Santa Barbara County to Santa Cruz County. The average number of Heterodera cysts per 250 cm3 of soil ranged from 0.5 to 27.5, with 62% of the soils harboring no detectable cyst nematodes and only a few samples reaching a potentially damaging threshold level. A baiting experiment with H. schachtii and cabbage was performed in a greenhouse to detect nematophagous fungi associated with nematode females as their posterior end emerged and became exposed to the soil’s rhizosphere. An Illumina-based sequence analysis of these H. schachtii females identified several known nematophagous fungi, including members of the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade, Pochonia chlamydosporia, certain Fusarium spp., and others. These soils clearly harbor a diverse population of hyperparasitic fungi that could be biologically suppressing cyst nematodes below a damaging threshold. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Guiding Elements for Success in the Nurse Educator Role
Authors: Stanley Mary Jo , Martin Carolyn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As educators and administrators, we are challenged to find processes that support faculty entering educational roles whether in part-time, full-time, or tenured positions. This article focuses on guiding elements that bring about transition from the new or novice nurse instructor to the faculty role. Supporting elements for transition include mentoring, pedagogical instruction, and continued knowledge acquisition. Without formal role preparation, many nurse faculty experience conflict and ongoing deficits in the knowledge that is needed to be successful in an academic setting.
Contamination and Decontamination of Autologous Bone in the Operating Room: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad Javad , Ghasemi Mohammad Ali , Khan Furqan Mohammed Yaseen , Zarei Mohammad , Shahabinezhad Ali 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
To perform a systematic review of the literature to determine the rate of contamination of autologous bone fragments inadvertently dropped on the operating room floor, the microbial profile (contaminating organism), and the outcome of intraoperative decontamination techniques in terms of effectiveness and cellular toxicity.

Data Sources:
PubMed, Medline, and Embase were searched for English literature published from 1990 through 2020 using terms such as “bone graft contamination,” “dropped osteoarticular fragments,” “autogenous bone decontamination,” and similar interchangeable words.

Study Selection:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Inclusion criteria consisted of all studies on contamination of host bone fragments, means and/or rate of autologous bone contamination in operating rooms, microbial analysis of contaminated bone autograft, outcome of decontamination, and cellular viability after decontamination.

Data Extraction:
All potentially eligible studies underwent a full-text review and cross-referencing after title and abstract screening. Data on authors, publication year, study type, means and rate of contamination, microbial profile, decontamination technique, and effectiveness and cellular toxicity outcomes were extracted.

Data Synthesis:
Analysis and synthesis of data were performed on Microsoft Excel 2016.

Conclusion:
The rate of contamination for dropped osteoarticular or osteochondral host fragment approached 40%. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common organism contaminating the bone graft when dropped on the operating room floor. A 5-minute bath in 10% povidone-iodine solution followed by 1-minute bulb syringe lavage with normal saline has proved successful in decontamination and maintenance of cellular viability.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Timing and Management of Surgical Site Infections in Patients With Open Fracture Wounds: A Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds Cohort Secondary Analysis
Authors: Prada Carlos , Marcano-Fernández Francesc A. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Bzovsky Sofia , Jeray Kyle , Petrisor Brad , Bhandari Mohit , Sprague Sheila ,   on behalf of the FLOW Investigators
Published: October 2020

Background:
Many studies report on the incidence or prevalence of fracture-related surgical site infections (SSIs) after open fractures; however, few studies report on their timing and management outcomes. To address this gap, we used data from the Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds trial to determine timing of diagnosis, management, and resolution of SSIs.

Methods:
All participants included in this analysis had an SSI after an open fracture. Participants were assigned to a group based on the type of SSI as follows: (1) those who developed a superficial SSI and (2) those who had either a deep or organ/space SSI. Descriptive statistics characterized the type, timing, and management of each SSI.

Results:
Of the 2445 participants in the Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds trial, 325 (13.3%) had an SSI. Superficial SSIs were diagnosed significantly earlier [26.5 days, interquartile range (IQR) 12–48] than deep or organ/space SSIs (53 days, IQR 15–119). Of the 325 patients with SSIs, 174 required operative management and 151 were treated nonoperatively. For SSIs managed operatively, median time for infection resolution was 73 days (IQR 28–165), and on average, 1.73 surgeries (95% confidence interval 1.58–1.88) were needed during the 12 months follow-up. There were 24 cases whose SSIs were not resolved at the time of the final follow-up visit (12 months).

Conclusions:
Based on this study's findings and in contradistinction to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, after an open fracture, superficial SSIs were diagnosed at one month and deep/organ/space SSIs at 2 months. This information can allow for earlier infection detection. In addition, the knowledge that approximately 50% of the SSIs in our study required a reoperation and 3 months at a minimum to resolve will assist orthopaedic surgeons when counseling their patients.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Surgical Fixation of Quadrimalleolar Fractures of the Ankle
Authors: Rammelt Stefan , Bartoníček Jan , Kroker Livia , Neumann Annika Pauline 
Published: October 2020

Summary:
We present a technique of fixation of trimalleolar fractures with additional fracture of the anterior tibial tubercle (“quadrimalleolar”) or anterior fibular rim (“quadrimalleolar equivalent”). Twenty-four patients with a mean age of 60 years were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of all 4 malleoli. There were 17 quadrimalleolar and 6 quadrimalleolar equivalent fractures. One patient had both anterior tibial and fibular avulsion fracture in addition to a trimalleolar ankle fracture. Surgical approaches and internal fixation were tailored individually. Twenty patients were operated in the prone position with direct fixation of the posterior malleolus and 4 patients in the supine position with anterior to posterior screw fixation of the posterior malleolus. After fixation of al 4 malleoli, only 1 patient (4%) required a syndesmotic screw for residual syndesmotic instability on intraoperative testing. There were no infections and no wound healing problems. All patients went on to solid union. Nineteen patients (79%) were followed for a mean of 77 months (range, 15–156 months). The Foot Function Index averaged 15 (range, 50 to 0), the Olerud and Molander Score averaged 79 (range, 45–100), and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle and Hindfoot Scale averaged 87 (range, 39–100). Fixation of the anterior and posterior tibial fragments increases syndesmotic stability by providing a bone-to-bone fixation. Anatomic reduction of the anterior and posterior tibial rim restores the physiological shape of the tibial incisura and therefore facilitates fibular reduction.