bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UN Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding: Progress and Paradox in Local Ownership
Authors: Campbell Susanna P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUN peace operations have increasingly focused on the importance of “local ownership.” The logic is simple. For peace operations to succeed in helping war-torn states to create accountable, democratic institutions grounded in the rule of law, peace operations need to internalize democratic principles by making UN missions accountable to different domestic constituencies—crossing ethnic, religious, racial, social, and gender lines—within the war-torn country. As part of a special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay argues that while there is widespread consensus among UN member states and UN bureaucrats that local ownership is necessary, UN peace operations have faced significant obstacles to creating true local ownership. These obstacles include the UN's focus on host-government ownership; the challenge of creating trust with different domestic constituencies that represent diverse perspectives; the supply-driven nature of UN intervention; and the mismatch between the UN's ideal post-conflict state and the preferences of post-conflict societies. To make UN peace operations more responsive to post-conflict societies, UN staff often have to bend or break rules established only to hold them accountable to their member states.
Application of a Premelting Model to the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary
Authors: Yamauchi Hatsuki , Takei Yasuko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA seismic discontinuity known as the G‐discontinuity, which has been prevailingly detected in the oceanic mantle, is considered to provide evidence of a sharp lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We investigate whether this sharp LAB is explained by grain boundary premelting, which causes a solid‐state weakening of rock from just below the solidus temperature. We use an experimentally derived mechanical model describing the effect of premelting and calculate vertical profiles of and for various sets of oceanic geotherm and solidus values. Based on the realistic volatile distribution and solidus profile obtained from a model of fractional decompression melting, we show that even when the oceanic upper mantle is melt free, geotherm sufficiently approaches the solidus at various plate ages, resulting in a steep reduction in due to the anelastic effect of premelting. A small amount of volatile adsorbed to grain boundary plays an important role in this result. The predicted seismic discontinuity sharpness (mostly 15 km) is consistent with seismological observations (≤15 km), predicted discontinuity depth (along 1300°C isotherm) is deeper than observations (along 1100°C isotherm), and predicted velocity reduction amplitude (1%–2%) is considerably smaller than observations (≥5%). Because the predicted velocity reduction amplitude is subject to uncertainty resulted from the limited experimental data, further study is needed for the mechanical effect of premelting. We further discuss a discrepancy of seismological results from receiver function and SS precursor studies and from surface wave studies, making it difficult to explain both data consistently.
Photonuclear Reactions in Lightning: 2. Comparison Between Observation and Simulation Model
Authors: Wada Y. , Enoto T. , Nakazawa K. , Yuasa T. , Furuta Y. , Odaka H. , Makishima K. , Tsuchiya H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDuring a winter thunderstorm on 6 February 2017 in Japan, photonuclear reactions such as 14N(γ, n)13N were triggered by a downward terrestrial gamma‐ray flash (TGF), as reported by Enoto et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24630). In the present paper, we compare the observation with a simulation model of downward TGFs and subsequent photonuclear reactions constructed by the first paper of the series and Wada, Enoto, Nakazawa, et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.061103). The observation and model consist of three components: annihilation gamma rays from positrons produced by β+‐decay nuclei, deexcitation gamma rays originating from neutron captures, and radiation doses by TGF photons. Each component of the observation is reproduced by the simulation model, and we constrain a relation between the number of avalanche electrons and their production altitude of the downward TGF. The constraints by three components match within an order of magnitude. The downward TGF is estimated to comprise (0.5–2.5) × 1019 avalanche electrons above 1 MeV produced at an altitude of 1.4–2.7 km. Despite differences in altitude, direction, and season, downward TGFs in winter thunderstorms are thought to have the same mechanism of electron acceleration and multiplication in lightning as TGFs observed by in‐orbit satellites.
Properties of Water Ice and Dust Particles in the Atmosphere of Mars During the 2018 Global Dust Storm as Inferred From the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite
Authors: Luginin M. , Fedorova A. , Ignatiev N. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Shakun A. , Grigoriev A. , Patrakeev A. , Montmessin F. , Korablev O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe properties of Martian aerosols are an integral part of the planetary climatology. Global dust storms (GDS) significantly alter spatial and vertical distributions of dust and water ice aerosols and their microphysical properties. We explored the 2018/Martian year 34 GDS with the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite instrument onboard the ESA‐Roscosmos Trace Gas Orbiter mission. Solar occultation observations of thermal infrared and near infrared channels in the 0.7–6 μm spectral range with >103 signal‐to‐noise ratio are used to constrain the vertical dependence and the temporal evolution of the particle properties of water ice and dust (effective radius, effective variance, number density, and mass loading) before the 2018 GDS and during its onset and decay phases. In most of the observations, the particle size of dust and water ice decreases with altitude. The effective radius of dust and water ice particles ranges in 0.1−3.5 μm and 0.1–5.5 μm, respectively. The largest aerosol particles (> 2.5 μm for dust and > 3.5 μm for water ice) are present below 10 km before the onset and during the GDS decay phase. During the peak of the GDS, dust reached altitudes of 85 km; the most frequently observed effective radius is 1–2 μm with 0.1–1 cm−3 number density and 0.1 effective variance. Detached layers of water ice composed of 0.1–1 μm particles are systematically observed at 50–100 km during this period. Below, at 0–50 km, we see the dust mixed with the main water ice layer comprising 1–4 μm particles.
Function Space Optimization: A Symbolic Regression Method for Estimating Parameter Transfer Functions for Hydrological Models
Authors: Feigl M. , Herrnegger M. , Klotz D. , Schulz K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEstimating parameters for distributed hydrological models is a challenging and long studied task. Parameter transfer functions, which define model parameters as functions of geophysical properties of a catchment, might improve the calibration procedure, increase process realism, and can enable prediction in ungauged areas. We present the function space optimization (FSO), a symbolic regression method for estimating parameter transfer functions for distributed hydrological models. FSO is based on the idea of transferring the search for mathematical expressions into a continuous vector space that can be used for optimization. This is accomplished by using a text generating neural network with a variational autoencoder architecture that can learn to compress the information of mathematical functions. To evaluate the performance of FSO, we conducted a case study using a parsimonious hydrological model and synthetic discharge data. The case study consisted of two FSO applications: single‐criteria FSO, where only discharge was used for optimization, and multicriteria FSO, where additional spatiotemporal observations of model states were used for transfer function estimation. The results show that FSO is able to estimate transfer functions correctly or approximate them sufficiently. We observed a reduced fit of the parameter density functions resulting from the inferred transfer functions for less sensitive model parameters. For those it was sufficient to estimate functions resulting in parameter distributions with approximately the same mean parameter values as the real transfer functions. The results of the multicriteria FSO showed that using multiple spatiotemporal observations for optimization increased the quality of estimation considerably.
Color-related chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of Chinese kale can be altered through CRISPR/Cas9 targeted editing of the carotenoid isomerase gene BoaCRTISO
Authors: Sun Bo , Jiang Min , Zheng Hao , Jian Yue , Huang Wen-Li , Yuan Qiao , Zheng Ai-Hong , Chen Qing , Zhang Yun-Ting , Lin Yuan-Xiu , Wang Yan , Wang Xiao-Rong , Wang Qiao-Mei , Zhang Fen , Tang Hao-Ru 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe carotenoid isomerase gene (BoaCRTISO) of Chinese kale was targeted and edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the present study. The results showed a high mutation rate (81.25%), and 13 crtiso mutants were obtained. Only two types of mutations, insertions and replacements, were found. Both the total and individual carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations of the biallelic and homozygous mutants were reduced, and the total levels declined by 11.89–36.33%. The color of the biallelic and homozygous mutants changed from green to yellow, likely reflecting a reduction in the color-masking effect of chlorophyll on carotenoids. The expression levels of most carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes, including CRTISO, were notably lower in the mutants than in the WT plants. In addition, the functional differences between members of this gene family were discussed. In summary, these findings indicate that CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising technique for the quality improvement of Chinese kale and other Brassica vegetables.
Enrichment of beneficial cucumber rhizosphere microbes mediated by organic acid secretion
Authors: Wen Tao , Yuan Jun , He Xiaoming , Lin Yue , Huang Qiwei , Shen Qirong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResistant cultivars have played important roles in controlling Fusarium wilt disease, but the roles of rhizosphere interactions among different levels of resistant cultivars are still unknown. Here, two phenotypes of cucumber, one resistant and one with increased susceptibility toFusarium oxysporumf.sp.cucumerinum(Foc), were grown in the soil and hydroponically, and then 16S rRNA gene sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics techniques were used to investigate rhizosphere microflora and root exudate profiles. Relatively high microbial community evenness for the Foc-susceptible cultivar was detected, and the relative abundances ofComamonadaceaeandXanthomonadaceaewere higher for the Foc-susceptible cultivar than for the other cultivar. FishTaco analysis revealed that specific functional traits, such as protein synthesis and secretion, bacterial chemotaxis, and small organic acid metabolism pathways, were significantly upregulated in the rhizobacterial community of the Foc-susceptible cultivar. A machine-learning approach in conjunction with FishTaco plus metabolic pathway analysis revealed that four organic acids (citric acid, pyruvate acid, succinic acid, and fumarate) were released at higher abundance by the Foc-susceptible cultivar compared with the resistant cultivar, which may be responsible for the recruitment ofComamonadaceae, a potential beneficial microbial group. Further validation demonstrated thatComamonadaceaecan be “cultured” by these organic acids. Together, compared with the resistant cultivar, the susceptible cucumber tends to assemble beneficial microbes by secreting more organic acids.
AUREA maintains the balance between chlorophyll synthesis and adventitious root formation in tomato
Authors: Wu Junqing , Cheng Jie , Xu Chunmiao , Qi Shilian , Sun Wenru , Wu Shuang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFlooding tolerance is an important trait for tomato breeding. In this study, we obtained a recessive mutant exhibiting highly enhanced submergence resistance. Phenotypical analyses showed that this resistant to flooding (rf) mutant displays slightly chlorotic leaves and spontaneous initiation of adventitious roots (ARs) on stems. The mutation was mapped to the phytochromobilin synthase gene AUREA (AU), in which a single amino acid substitution from asparagine to tyrosine occurred. In addition to the classic function of AU in phytochrome and chlorophyll biogenesis in leaves, we uncovered its novel role in mediating AR formation on stems. We further observed temporal coincidence of the two phenotypes in the rf mutant: chlorosis and spontaneous AR formation and revealed that AU functions by maintaining heme homeostasis. Interestingly, our grafting results suggest that heme might play roles in AR initiation via long-distance transport from leaves to stems. Our results present genetic evidence for the involvement of the AU–heme oxygenase-1–heme pathway in AR initiation in tomato. As fruit production and yield in the rf mutant are minimally impacted, the mutation identified in this study may provide a target for biotechnological renovation of tomato germplasm in future breeding.
Abnormal visual representations associated with confusion of perceived facial expression in schizophrenia with social anxiety disorder
Authors: Faghel-Soubeyrand Simon , Lecomte Tania , Bravo M. Archibaldo , Lepage Martin , Potvin Stéphane , Abdel-Baki Amal , Villeneuve Marie , Gosselin Frédéric 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDeficits in social functioning are especially severe amongst schizophrenia individuals with the prevalent comorbidity of social anxiety disorder (SZ&SAD). Yet, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of facial expression of emotions—a hallmark of social cognition—are practically unexplored in SZ&SAD. Here, we aim to reveal the visual representations SZ&SAD (n = 16) and controls (n = 14) rely on for facial expression recognition. We ran a total of 30,000 trials of a facial expression categorization task with Bubbles, a data-driven technique. Results showed that SZ&SAD’s ability to categorize facial expression was impared compared to controls. More severe negative symptoms (flat affect, apathy, reduced social drive) was associated with more impaired emotion recognition ability, and with more biases in attributing neutral affect to faces. Higher social anxiety symptoms, on the other hand, was found to enhance the reaction speed to neutral and angry faces. Most importantly, Bubbles showed that these abnormalities could be explained by inefficient visual representations of emotions: compared to controls, SZ&SAD subjects relied less on fine facial cues (high spatial frequencies) and more on coarse facial cues (low spatial frequencies). SZ&SAD participants also never relied on the eye regions (only on the mouth) to categorize facial expressions. We discuss how possible interactions between early (low sensitivity to coarse information) and late stages of the visual system (overreliance on these coarse features) might disrupt SZ&SAD’s recognition of facial expressions. Our findings offer perceptual mechanisms through which comorbid SZ&SAD impairs crucial aspects of social cognition, as well as functional psychopathology.
#Healthy: smart digital food safety and nutrition communication strategies—a critical commentary
Authors: Schiro Julie L. , Shan Liran Christine , Tatlow-Golden Mimi , Li Chenguang , Wall Patrick 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper explores how food safety and nutrition organisations can harness the power of search engines, games, apps, social media, and digital analytics tools to craft broad-reaching and engaging digital communications. We start with search engines, showing how organisations can identify popular food safety and nutrition queries, facilitating the creation of timely and in-demand content. To ensure this content is discoverable by search engines, we cover several non-technical aspects of search engine optimisation (SEO). We next explore the potential of games, apps, social media, and going viral for reaching and engaging the public, and how digital data-based tools can be used to optimise communications. Throughout, we draw on examples not only from Europe and North America, but also China. While we are enthusiastic about the benefits of digital communications, we recognise that they are not without their drawbacks and challenges. To help organisations evaluate whether a given digital approach is appropriate for their objectives, we end each section with a discussion of limitations. We conclude with a discussion of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the practical, philosophical, and policy challenges associated with communicating food safety and nutrition information digitally.
Vaccination with the recombinant major outer membrane protein elicits long-term protection in mice against vaginal shedding and infertility following a Chlamydia muridarum genital challenge
Authors: Pal Sukumar , Cruz-Fisher Maria I. , Cheng Chunmei , Carmichael Jennifer R. , Tifrea Delia F. , Tatarenkova Olga , de la Maza Luis M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractImplementation of a vaccine is likely the best approach to curtailChlamydia trachomatisinfections. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a vaccine formulated with the recombinant major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and Th1 and Th2 adjuvants, delivered by combinations of systemic and mucosal routes, to elicit long-term protection in mice against a genital challenge withChlamydia muridarum. As a negative control, mice were vaccinated with the recombinantNeisseria gonorrhoeaeporinB, and the positive control group was immunized withC. muridarumlive elementary bodies (EB). The four vaccines formulated with MOMP, as determined by the titers of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum, proliferative responses of T-cells stimulated with EB and levels of IFN-γ in the supernatants, elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses over a 6-month period. Groups of mice were challenged genitally at 60, 120, or 180 days postimmunization. Based on the number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures, length of time of shedding, and number of inclusion forming units recovered, MOMP vaccinated groups were significantly protected. To assess fertility, when the vaginal cultures became negative, female mice were caged with male mice and the outcome of the pregnancy evaluated. As determined by the number of pregnant mice and the number of embryos, two of the vaccine formulations protected mice up to 180 days postimmunization. To our knowledge this is the first subunit of Chlamydia vaccine that has elicited in mice significant long-term protection against a genital challenge.
Developing the hydrological dependency structure between streamgage and reservoir networks
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sudarshana , Sankarasubramanian A. , Awasthi Chandramauli 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReliable operation of physical infrastructures such as reservoirs, dikes, nuclear power plants positioned along a river network depends on monitoring riverine conditions and infrastructure interdependency with the river network, especially during hydrologic extremes. Developing this cascading interdependency between the riverine conditions and infrastructures for a large watershed is challenging, as conventional tools (e.g., watershed delineation) do not provide the relative topographic information on infrastructures along the river network. Here, we present a generic geo-processing tool that systematically combines three geospatial layers: topographic information from the National Hydrographic Dataset (NHDPlusV2), streamgages from the USGS National Water Information System, and reservoirs from the National Inventory of Dams, to develop the interdependency between reservoirs and streamgages along the river network for upper and lower Colorado River Basin (CRB) resulting in River and Infrastructure Connectivity Network (RICON) that shows the said interdependency as a concise edge list for the CRB. Another contribution of this study is an algorithm for developing the cascading interdependency between infrastructure and riverine networks to support their management and operation.
Development of a downstream process for the production of an inactivated whole hepatitis C virus vaccine
Authors: Lothert Keven , Offersgaard Anna F. , Pihl Anne F. , Mathiesen Christian K. , Jensen Tanja B. , Alzua Garazi Peña , Fahnøe Ulrik , Bukh Jens , Gottwein Judith M. , Wolff Michael W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is a large unmet need for a prophylactic hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine to control the ongoing epidemic with this deadly pathogen. Many antiviral vaccines employ whole viruses as antigens. For HCV, this approach became feasible following the development of infectious cell culture systems for virus production. However, the lack of efficient downstream processes (DSP) for HCV purification poses a roadblock for the development of a whole virus vaccine. Using cell culture-derived genotype 1a HCV we developed a scalable and efficient DSP train, employing commonly used clarification and ultrafiltration techniques, followed by two membrane-based chromatography steps. For virus capture, steric exclusion chromatography using cellulose membranes was established, resulting in a virtually complete virus recovery with > 99% protein and 84% DNA depletion. Virus polishing was achieved by sulphated cellulose membrane adsorbers with ~ 50% virus recovery and > 99% protein and 90% DNA depletion. Additional nuclease digestion resulted in 99% overall DNA depletion with final DNA concentrations of 2 ng/mL. Process results were comparable for cell culture-derived HCV of another major genotype (5a). This study provides proof-of-concept for establishment of an efficient and economically attractive DSP with potential application for production of an inactivated whole virus vaccine against HCV for human use.
Modelling the effects of CO2 on C3 and C4 grass competition during the mid-Pleistocene transition in South Africa
Authors: Ecker Michaela , Kelley Douglas , Sato Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPalaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the interior of South Africa show a wetter environment than today and a non-analogous vegetation structure in the Early Pleistocene. This includes the presence of grasses following both C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways, whereas C3 grasses decline after the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, c. 1.2–0.8 Ma). However, the local terrestrial proxy record cannot distinguish between the potential drivers of these vegetation changes. In this study we show that low glacial CO2 levels, similar to those at the MPT, lead to the local decline of C3 grasses under conditions of decreased water availability, using a vegetation model (LPX) driven by Atmosphere–Ocean coupled General Climate Model climate reconstructions. We modelled vegetation for glacial climates under different levels of CO2 and fire regimes and find evidence that a combination of low CO2 and changed seasonality is driving the changes in grass cover, whereas fire has little influence on the ratio of C3:C4 grasses. Our results suggest the prevalence of a less vegetated landscape with limited, seasonal water availability, which could potentially explain the much sparser mid-Pleistocene archaeological record in the southern Kalahari.