bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of phenylephrine vs. noradrenaline for the management of hypotension associated with neuraxial anaesthesia in women undergoing caesarean section
Authors: Heesen M. , Hilber N. , Rijs K. , Rossaint R. , Girard T. , Mercier F.J. , Klimek M. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryPhenylephrine is recommended for the management of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing caesarean section. Noradrenaline, an adrenergic agonist with weak β‐adrenergic activity, has been reported to have a more favourable haemodynamic profile than phenylephrine. However, there are concerns that noradrenaline may be associated with a higher risk of fetal acidosis, defined as an umbilical artery pH < 7.20. We performed a systematic review of trials comparing noradrenaline with phenylephrine, concentrating on primary outcomes of fetal acidosis and maternal hypotension. We identified 13 randomised controlled trials including 2002 patients. Heterogeneity among the studies was high, and there were too few data to calculate a pooled effect estimate. Fetal acidosis was assessed in four studies that had a low risk of bias and a low risk of confounding, that is, studies which used a prophylactic vasopressor and where women received the allocated vasopressor only. There were no significant differences between these studies. No significant differences were observed for hypotension. Two trials found a significantly lower incidence of bradycardia when using noradrenaline. Cardiac output was significantly higher after noradrenaline in two of three studies. For other secondary outcomes including nausea, vomiting and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, no studies found significant differences. The evidence so far is too limited to support an advantage of noradrenaline over phenylephrine. Concerns of a deleterious effect of noradrenaline on fetal blood gas status cannot currently be assuaged by the available data from randomised controlled studies.
The Internet of Landlords: Digital Platforms and New Mechanisms of Rentier Capitalism
Authors: Sadowski Jathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDigital platforms are a nearly ubiquitous form of intermediary and infrastructure in society. By positioning platforms in the geographical political economy/ecology literature, this paper provides a critical analysis of platforms as a dominant form of rentier in contemporary capitalism. In doing so, I extend this work on rent theory beyond applications to land and nature so that it also includes platforms and data. I argue that the rapid rise of the “X‐as‐a‐service” business model across nearly all sectors of the economy is creating rentier relations by another name. This model is premised on the platform latching onto and inserting itself into the production, circulation, or consumption process, thus creating opportunities to capture value. To better understand the operations and implications of platforms, I outline three key mechanisms: data extraction, digital enclosure, and capital convergence.
Six commonly used empirical body surface area formulas disagreed in young children undergoing corrective heart surgery
Authors: Sigurdsson Theodor Skuli , Lindberg Lars 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimFormulas for empirical body surface area (BSA), which is used to estimate body size and standardise physiological parameters, may disagree in children. We compared six commonly used BSA formulas—Du Bois, Boyd, Costeff, Haycock, Meban and Mosteller—in a surgical cohort.MethodsThis retrospective single‐centre cohort study comprised 68 children who had corrective heart surgery at Skåne University Children's Hospital, Lund, Sweden, from February 2010 to March 2017.ResultsThe children (51% female) underwent surgery at a mean weight of 7.0 kilograms (range 2.7‐14.1 kg) and a mean age 11 months (range 0‐43 months). All the BSA formulas showed good correlation with mean BSA, but there were considerable variations between them. Mosteller's formula was exactly the same as the mean BSA (bias 0.000). The Du Bois and Boyd formulas had the largest mean BSA deviations (bias −0.012 and 0.015). Costeff's formula showed good agreement with mean BSA, Haycock's formula showed minimal overestimation and Meban's formula demonstrated a systemic error in older children.ConclusionCommonly used BSA formulas did not agree in young children undergoing heart surgery, but they were all close to the overall mean of the six formulas, with the Mosteller formula producing the same value.
Renal oxygenation: From data to insight
Authors: Gardiner Bruce S. , Smith David W. , Lee Chang‐Joon , Ngo Jennifer P. , Evans Roger G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractComputational models have made a major contribution to the field of physiology. As the complexity of our understanding of biological systems expands, the need for computational methods only increases. But collaboration between experimental physiologists and computational modellers (ie theoretical physiologists) is not easy. One of the major challenges is to break down the barriers created by differences in vocabulary and approach between the two disciplines. In this review, we have two major aims. Firstly, we wish to contribute to the effort to break down these barriers and so encourage more interdisciplinary collaboration. So, we begin with a “primer” on the ways in which computational models can help us understand physiology and pathophysiology. Second, we aim to provide an update of recent efforts in one specific area of physiology, renal oxygenation. This work is shedding new light on the causes and consequences of renal hypoxia. But as importantly, computational modelling is providing direction for experimental physiologists working in the field of renal oxygenation by: (a) generating new hypotheses that can be tested in experimental studies, (b) allowing experiments that are technically unfeasible to be simulated in silico, or variables that cannot be measured experimentally to be estimated, and (c) providing a means by which the quality of experimental data can be assessed. Critically, based on our experience, we strongly believe that experimental and theoretical physiology should not be seen as separate exercises. Rather, they should be integrated to permit an iterative process between modelling and experimentation.
Can vancomycin lock therapy extend the retention time of infected long‐term catheters?
Authors: Alonso Beatriz , Fernández‐Cruz Ana , Díaz Marta , Sánchez‐Carrillo Carlos , Martín‐Rabadán Pablo , Bouza Emilio , Muñoz Patricia , Guembe María 
Published: February 2020

We assessed the success rate of vancomycin catheter lock therapy (VLT) in combination with systemic antimicrobials in patients with staphylococcal catheter‐related bloodstream infection (C‐RBSI). Over a 6‐year period, we retrospectively collected clinical and microbiological data from patients with long‐term central venous catheters and staphylococcal C‐RBSI who were treated with systemic antimicrobials and VLT. We then assessed the success rate of VLT based on two criteria: 1) catheter retention time> 3 months and 2) catheter in place until end of use. We found 217 staphylococcal C‐RBSI episodes, 115 (53.0%) of which were managed with conservative therapy. Of these, 76 (66.1%) were treated with VLT (85.5% coagulase‐negative staphylococci and 14.5% Staphylococcus aureus). The success rate of VLT was 42.1% with criterion 1 and 71.1% with criterion 2. We did not find statistically significant differences between success and failure in the majority of the clinical data recorded. We only found differences for crude mortality in criterion 1 and for parenteral nutrition in criterion 2. The success of catheter retention using VLT was moderate, reaching slightly more than 70% when the catheter was kept in place until the end of use.
Measurement invariances of the PHQ‐9 across gender and age groups in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Leung Doris Y.P. , Mak Yim Wah , Leung Sau Fong , Chiang Vico C.L. , Loke Alice Yuen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) is widely used to determine the severity of depression in adult populations, but its psychometric properties with regard to adolescents has been poorly explored. The present study aims to identify the factor structure and examine the measurement invariance of this instrument across genders and age groups in a Chinese adolescent sample.MethodsA large sample of Chinese schoolchildren completed the PHQ‐9 in a cross‐sectional survey in Hong Kong (N = 10 933). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the factor structure and a multiple group CFA to test the gender and age invariances of the PHQ‐9 in adolescents were conducted. Cronbach alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire, and Pearson correlations with anxiety, self‐esteem, and perceived control were used to assess its construct validity.ResultsThe CFA results indicate that a one‐factor model with three pairs of item correlations fitted the PHQ‐9 data well, and measurement invariances by age and gender were supported. The PHQ‐9 also possesses adequate internal consistency (>.84) and is strongly correlated with anxiety (>.77), self‐esteem (<−.57), and perceived control (<−.56) in the expected directions in the overall sample and in the gender and age subsamples.DiscussionThe results support the claim that the PHQ‐9 is a reliable and valid scale and can be used to assess and compare depressive severity across ages and genders during the period of adolescence.
Single‐incision laparoscopic colectomy for ascending colon tumor with relapsing polychondritis
Authors: Teranishi Ryugo , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Kido Kansuke , Nishide Masayuki , Fujino Shiki , Ogino Takayuki , Takahashi Hidekazu , Uemura Mamoru , Matsuda Chu , Mizusima Tsunekazu , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA 69‐year‐old man underwent single‐incision laparoscopic colectomy for a colon tumor. He had comorbid relapsing polychondritis, an uncommon and intractable chronic inflammatory disease that shows various symptoms and systemically invades the cartilaginous tissue throughout the body. In this case, the bronchial wall was edematous and the glottis was incompetent. Steroids were also administered. Although the patient had high‐risk factors for surgical complications, none occurred during the perioperative period. Once the C‐reactive protein value returned to within the normal range after surgery, we reduced the steroid dose. This is the first report of single‐incision laparoscopic colectomy for a patient with relapsing polychondritis.
Climate‐based approach for modeling the distribution of montane forest vegetation in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Huan‐Yu , Li Ching‐Feng , Chen Tze‐Ying , Hsieh Chang‐Fu , Wang Guangyu , Wang Tongli , Hu Jer‐Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimsClimate shapes forest types on our planet and also drives the differentiation of zonal vegetation at regional scale. A climate‐based ecological model may provide an effective alternative to the traditional approach for assessing limitations, thresholds, and the potential distribution of forests. The main objective of this study is to develop such a model, with a machine‐learning approach based on scale‐free climate variable estimates and classified vegetation plots, to generate a fine‐scale predicted vegetation map of Taiwan, a subtropical mountainous island.LocationTaiwan.MethodsA total of 3,824 plots from 13 climate‐related forest types and 57 climatic variable estimates for each plot were used to build an individual ecological niche model for each forest type with random forest (RF). A predicted vegetation map was developed through the assemblage of RF predictions for each forest type at the spatial resolution of 100 m. The accuracy of the ensemble RF model was evaluated by comparing the predicted forest type with its original classification by plot.ResultsThe climate environment of regions higher than 100 m above sea level in Taiwan was classified into potential habitats of 13 forest types by using model predictions. The predicted vegetation map displays a distinct altitudinal zonation from subalpine to montane cloud forests, followed by the latitudinal differentiation of subtropical mountain forests in the north and tropical montane forests in the south, with an average mismatch rate of 6.59%. An elevational profile and 3D visualization demonstrate the excellence of the model in estimating a fine, precise, and topographically corresponding potential distribution of forests.ConclusionsThe machine‐learning approach is effective for handling a large number of variables and to provide accurate predictions. This study provides a statistical procedure integrating two sources of training data: (a) the locations of field sampling plots; and (b) their corresponding climate variable estimates, to predict the potential distribution of climate‐related forests.
Acute exposures to e‐cigarettes and heat‐not‐burn products reported to the Czech Toxicological Information Centre over a 7‐year period (2012‐2018)
Authors: Obertova Nikola , Navratil Tomas , Zak Ivan , Zakharov Sergey 
Published: February 2020

AbstractE‐cigarettes and heat‐not‐burn cigarettes (HNBC) present new health risks due to their rising popularity, high content of nicotine and serious adverse effects. The objective of the study was to analyse the cases of acute exposure to e‐cigarettes, e‐liquids and HNBC products containing nicotine that led to toxicological consultations at our poisons control centre during a 7‐year period (2012‐2018) and identify the categories of special concern that require further investigation and intervention. The demographic, toxicological and clinical data were analysed by descriptive statistics. Poisoning severity score (PSS) was estimated. From 119 229 consultations, 148 cases concerned acute exposure to e‐cigarettes. Children and adolescents were exposed in 91 (61%) cases, including exposure of neonates and infants in 54 (36%) cases. The main route of exposure was ingestion in 129 (87%), inhalation in nine (6%), ocular in six (4%) and intravenous administration in three (2%) cases. The source of exposure was the cartridge with e‐liquid (107; 72%), refillable tank in 29 (20%) and HNBC refill in nine (6%) cases. The reason for exposure was accidental in 110 (74%), incorrect application of the device in 10 (7%), abuse in six (4%), suicide attempt in six (4%) and other/unknown in 16 (11%) cases. The dose estimation was severe/lethal in 6 (4%), toxic in 53 (36%), low‐to‐moderate in 35 (24%) and unknown in 54 (36%) cases. Vomiting was observed in 38 (26%) patients; 72% of patients were hospitalised. In symptomatic cases, 41 patient had PSS 1, 12 patients had PSS 2, and one patient had PSS 3. Activated charcoal was applied in 57 (39%) patients, and symptomatic treatment was recommended in 75 (51%) patients. Cases of unintentional exposure of children demonstrate the need for preventive risk reduction measures.
A Bayesian nonparametric testing procedure for paired samples
Authors: Pereira Luz Adriana , Taylor‐Rodríguez Daniel , Gutiérrez Luis 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe propose a Bayesian hypothesis testing procedure for comparing the distributions of paired samples. The procedure is based on a flexible model for the joint distribution of both samples. The flexibility is given by a mixture of Dirichlet processes. Our proposal uses a spike‐slab prior specification for the base measure of the Dirichlet process and a particular parametrization for the kernel of the mixture in order to facilitate comparisons and posterior inference. The joint model allows us to derive the marginal distributions and test whether they differ or not. The procedure exploits the correlation between samples, relaxes the parametric assumptions, and detects possible differences throughout the entire distributions. A Monte Carlo simulation study comparing the performance of this strategy to other traditional alternatives is provided. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to spirometry data collected in the United States to investigate changes in pulmonary function in children and adolescents in response to air polluting factors.
Self‐disgust mediates the relationship between childhood adversities and psychosis
Authors: Simpson Jane , Helliwell Ben , Varese Filippo , Powell Philip 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTraumatic events in childhood have been implicated in the development of psychosis, but given that trauma is not in itself sufficient to cause psychosis, researchers have started to investigate other psychological constructs potentially involved in explaining this relationship. Given that self‐disgust as a transdiagnostic construct plays a role in the development/maintenance of a range of mental health difficulties, the objective of this study was to investigate whether self‐disgust mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis.MethodA cross‐sectional quantitative study design was used. Seventy‐eight participants (Mage = 37.64 years, SDage = 11.57 years; 77% women; 88% White Caucasian) who reported experiencing clinical levels of psychosis were recruited using social media. The participants completed online survey measures of childhood trauma, self‐disgust, experiences of psychosis, self‐esteem, and external shame. The data were analysed using correlation and mediation analyses.ResultsSignificant indirect effects of childhood trauma on both positive (β = .17, BC 95% CI [0.06, 0.30]) and negative symptoms (β = .26, BC 95% CI [0.14, 0.40]) of psychosis via self‐disgust were observed. These effects remained despite the inclusion of self‐esteem and external shame as control variables in the mediation models.ConclusionThis study is the first to show a mediating role for self‐disgust in the relationship between childhood trauma and later psychosis. Although the findings should be considered preliminary until strengthened by further research, they nevertheless provide corroboration of the potential utility of self‐disgust as a transdiagnostic construct not only from a theoretical perspective, but also from its potential to inform formulation and interventions.Practitioner points

When assessing individuals with psychosis, especially those with a trauma history explore experiences and feelings related to the construct of self‐disgust. Such experiences are likely to centre on feelings of repulsion towards the self/need for distance and might also manifest in the content of their psychotic experiences.

Individuals with significant levels or experiences of self‐disgust are likely to need specific interventions to address these; while interventions seeking to improve positive aspects of their identity might well be useful, they are unlikely to address the specific maladaptive elements of self‐disgust.

While self‐disgust‐focused interventions have not been widely researched, limited current evidence suggests cognitive restructuring and affirmation techniques might be useful.
Long‐term data from a phase 3 study of radotinib versus imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed, chronic myeloid leukaemia in the chronic phase (RERISE)
Authors: Do Young Rok , Kwak Jae‐Yong , Kim Jeong A. , Kim Hyeoung Joon , Chung Joo Seop , Shin Ho‐Jin , Kim Sung‐Hyun , Bunworasate Udomsak , Choi Chul Won , Zang Dae Young , Oh Suk Joong , Jootar Saengsuree , Reksodiputro Ary Harryanto , Lee Won Sik , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Kong Jee Hyun , Caguioa Priscilla B. , Kim Hawk , Park Jinny , Kim Dong‐Wook 
Published: February 2020

SummaryIn the phase 3 study RERISE, patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase demonstrated significantly faster and higher rates of major molecular response (MMR) with twice‐daily radotinib 300 mg (n = 79) or 400 mg (n = 81) than with once‐daily imatinib 400 mg (n = 81) after 12 months. With ≥48 months’ follow‐up, MMR was higher with radotinib 300 mg (86%) or 400 mg (83%) than with imatinib (75%). Among patients with BCR‐ABL1 ≤ 10% at three months, MMR and molecular response 4·5 (MR4·5) were achieved within 48 months by more radotinib‐treated patients (300 mg: 84% and 52%, respectively; 400 mg: 74% and 44%, respectively) than imatinib‐treated patients (71% and 44%, respectively). Estimated overall and progression‐free survival rates at 48 months were not significantly different between imatinib (94% and 94%, respectively) and radotinib 300 mg (99% and 97%, respectively) or 400 mg (95% and 93%, respectively). The treatment failure rate was significantly higher with imatinib (19%) than with radotinib 300 mg (6%; P = 0·0197) or 400 mg (5%; P = 0·0072). Safety profiles were consistent with previous reports; most adverse events occurred within 12 months. Radotinib continues to demonstrate robust, deep molecular responses, suggesting that treatment‐free remission may be attainable.
Effects of a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), GSK2849466A, on stress urinary incontinence and bladder activity in rats with ovariectomy‐induced oestrogen deficiency
Authors: Kadekawa Katsumi , Kawamorita Naoki , Shimizu Takahiro , Kurobe Masahiro , Turnbull Philip S. , Chandra Sundeep , Kambara Takahito , Barton Joanna C. , Russell Alan J. , Yoshimura Naoki 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesTo report the effect of a selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) on the urethral continence mechanisms in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) induced by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX).Materials and methodsFemale Sprague‐Dawley rats with bilateral OVX were used. Rats were divided into five groups; sham operated, vehicle‐treated OVX, low‐dose SARM‐treated OVX (GSK2849466A: 0.005 mg/kg/day, per os [p.o.]), high‐dose SARM‐treated OVX (GSK2849466A: 0.03 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)‐treated OVX (1 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous) groups. After 4 weeks of SARM treatments or 3 weeks of DHT treatment (6 weeks after OVX), rats were subjected to evaluation of the sneeze‐induced continence reflex using microtransducer‐tipped catheter methods, sneeze‐induced leak‐point pressure, and continuous cystometry measurements, followed by histological analyses of urethral tissues.Results(i) OVX significantly impaired urethral continence function after 6 weeks to induce SUI during sneezing. (ii) Low‐dose SARM treatment restored urethral baseline pressure (UBP) without affecting the amplitude of urethral response during sneezing (A‐URS), partially reversing OVX‐induced SUI during sneezing. (iii) High‐dose SARM treatment reversed decreases in both UBP and A‐URS, more effectively preventing SUI during sneezing. (iv) DHT treatment only restored A‐URS without affecting UBP, partially preventing OVX‐induced SUI during sneezing. (v) The high‐dose SARM treatment induced hypertrophy of the striated and smooth muscle around the urethra. (vi) SARM treatment did not affect bladder function in sham or OVX rats.ConclusionTreatment with SARMs could be a more effective modality for the treatment of SUI than DHT, without affecting bladder function, by enhancing smooth‐ and striated muscle‐mediated urethral function under stress conditions such as sneezing.