bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simplifying the Measurement of Attitudes towards Autistic People
Authors: Hanel Paul H. P. , Shah Punit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is growing interest in quantifying attitudes towards autistic people, however there is relatively little research on psychometric properties of the only existing measure and its ability to predict engagement with people with autism. To begin addressing these issues, we compared three scales measuring attitudes towards autistic people following the development of two new measures. Exploratory factor analysis, across two datasets, revealed that the factor-structure of an established 16-item scale is unclear. Further, its predictive validity of intended engagement with autistic people was comparable to our novel and psychometrically robust 1- and 4-item measures of attitudes towards autistic people. We therefore conclude that a 1- or 4-item scale is sufficient to measure general attitudes towards autistic people in future research. Equally, we propose that additional research is required to develop measures that are grounded in theoretical models of attitude formation and therefore distinguish between different components of attitudes.
Elastic sheet-defined functions: Generalising spreadsheet functions to variable-size input arrays
Authors: MCCUTCHEN MATT , BORGHOUTS JUDITH , GORDON ANDREW D. , PEYTON JONES SIMON , SARKAR ADVAIT 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Sheet-defined functions (SDFs) bring modularity and abstraction to the world of spreadsheets. Alas, end users naturally write SDFs that work over fixed-size arrays, which limits their reusability. To help end user programmers write more reusable SDFs, we describe a principled approach to generalising such functions to become elastic SDFs that work over inputs of arbitrary size. We prove that under natural, checkable conditions, our algorithm returns the principal generalisation of an input SDF. We describe a formal semantics and several efficient implementation strategies for elastic SDFs. A user study with spreadsheet users compares the human experience of programming with elastic SDFs to the alternative of relying on array-processing combinators. Our user study finds that the cognitive load of elastic SDFs is lower than for SDFs with map/reduce array combinators, the closest alternative solution.
Statistical Study of Loss of GPS Signals Caused by Severe and Great Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Zhang Shixuan , He Liming , Wu Lixin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLoss of satellite signals is the most significant disruption to global navigation satellite system (GNSS), such as global positioning system (GPS), associated with a geomagnetic storm. To characterize the lost GPS signals during severe and great geomagnetic storms, we define two indices, that is, the number of lost GPS signals at a single site (SLGS) and the global average rate of lost GPS signals (GLGS). We analyze the response of SLGS and GLGS to 14 intense geomagnetic storms with a minimum disturbance storm time (Dst) index less than −200 nT occurred since 2000. The results calculated from global GPS observation data showed that both the SLGS and GLGS responded well to the change of Dst index for all the studied storms, the loss of satellite signals mainly occurred during the main phase and the early recovery phase of geomagnetic storms. We found that the peak value of GLGS and the standard deviation of SLGS are exponentially correlated with the magnitude of Dst. We further compare the global distribution of SLGS with the relative differential total electron content (RTEC) and the rate of total electron content index (ROTI). The comparison results indicated that the new indices would be useful to evaluate the worst impact on GNSS performance during intense geomagnetic storms, and it is also a complementarity to the existing ionospheric indices.
Spatial Variations of N2O Fluxes Across the Water‐Air Interface of Mariculture Ponds in a Subtropical Estuary in Southeast China
Authors: Yang Ping , Wang Dongqi , Lai Derrick Y.  F. , Zhang Yifei , Guo Qianqian , Tan Lishan , Yang Hong , Tong Chuan , Li Xiaofei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhile aquaculture ponds are potentially important sources of atmospheric N2O, the magnitude and variability of N2O concentrations and fluxes both within and across the ponds remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the small‐scale spatial variations of dissolved N2O concentrations in water and N2O fluxes across the water‐air interface from three mariculture ponds in a subtropical estuary in southeast China. Our results showed that the dissolved concentrations and diffusive fluxes of N2O in the shrimp ponds ranged between 2.3–19.2 nM and 16.4–589.7 nmol m−2 hr−1, respectively, over the culture period. Significant variations of N2O concentrations and fluxes were observed within the ponds, with higher values being observed in the aeration area that could be attributed to the high rates of nitrification in the water column, as well as sediment N2O production and diffusive flux into the overlying water. Also, N2O concentrations and fluxes varied significantly among the three ponds as a result of the difference in N‐NO3− and N‐NH4+ concentrations in the water column. The large fine‐scale spatial variations of N2O concentrations and fluxes observed in our aquaculture ponds suggested that management practices such as aeration and bait feeding could largely affect the extent that aquaculture activities have on N2O emissions and climate change through their influence on the physicochemical environment (e.g., oxygen and N‐NH4+ concentrations) of the ponds.
Plasma Turbulence at Comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko: Rosetta Observations
Authors: Ruhunusiri S. , Howes G. G. , Halekas J. S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe perform a power spectral analysis of magnetic field fluctuations measured by the Rosetta spacecraft's magnetometer at comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. We interpret the power spectral signatures in terms of plasma turbulent processes and discover that different turbulent processes are prominent during different active phases of the comet. During the weakly active phase of the comet, dominant injection is prominent at low frequencies near 10−2 Hz, while partial energy cascade or dispersion is prominent at high frequencies near 10−1 Hz. During the intermediately active phase, uniform injection is prominent at low frequencies, while partial energy cascade or dispersion is prominent at high frequencies. During the strongly active phase of the comet, we find that partial energy cascade or dissipation is dominant at low frequencies, while partial energy cascade, dissipation, or dispersion is dominant at high frequencies. We infer that the temporal variations of the turbulent processes occur due to the evolution of the plasma environment of the comet as it orbits the Sun.
Assimilation of Ionosphere Observations in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Thermosphere‐Ionosphere EXtension (WACCMX)
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Anderson J. L. , Chen C. H. , Raeder K. , Liu J. , Liu H.‐L. , Lin C. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA set of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are performed to assess the impact of assimilating Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) electron density profiles and ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) total electron content (TEC) observations in a whole atmosphere data assimilation system. The OSSEs are performed using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension (WACCMX) with data assimilation provided by the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. Results from the OSSEs demonstrate that the assimilation of ionosphere observations improves the short‐term (1 hr) forecasts and analyses. The OSSEs show that the short‐term forecasts and analyses are further improved when the ionosphere observations adjust the thermosphere neutral composition and temperature in addition to the ionosphere electron density. Based on an initialized forecast experiment, we find that adjusting the thermosphere neutral composition and temperature also leads to improved forecast skill in the ionosphere on longer time scales (i.e., beyond 1 hr). Additionally, it is shown that using a 1 hr data assimilation cycle, and removal of second‐order divergence damping in WACCMX+DART significantly improves tidal amplitudes, which were previously found to be too small. These initial results represent the first whole atmosphere data assimilation system with capabilities to assimilate observations from the troposphere to the ionosphere‐thermosphere.
Time‐Lapse Monitoring of Seismic Velocity Associated With 2011 Shinmoe‐Dake Eruption Using Seismic Interferometry: An Extended Kalman Filter Approach
Authors: Nishida Kiwamu , Mizutani Yuta , Ichihara Mie , Aoki Yosuke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeismic interferometry is a powerful tool to monitor the seismic velocity change associated with volcanic eruptions. For the monitoring, changes in seismic velocity with environmental origins (such as precipitation) are problematic. In order to model the environmental effects, we propose a new technique based on a state‐space model. An extended Kalman filter estimates seismic velocity changes as state variables, with a first‐order approximation of the stretching method. We apply this technique to three‐component seismic records in order to detect the seismic velocity change associated with the Shinmoe‐dake eruptions in 2011 and 2018. First, ambient noise cross correlations were calculated from May 2010 to April 2018. We also modeled seismic velocity changes resulting from precipitation and the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, with exponential type responses. Most of the results show no significant changes associated with the eruptions, although gradual inflation of the magma reservoir preceded the 2011 eruption by 1 year. The observed low sensitivity to static stress changes suggests that the fraction of geofluid and crack density at about 1‐km depth is small, and the crack shapes could be circular. Only one station pair west of the crater shows the significant drop associated with the eruption in 2011. The gradual drop of seismic velocity up to 0.05% preceded the eruption by 1 month. When the gradual drop began, volcanic tremors were activated at about 2‐km depth. These observations suggest that the drop could be caused by damage accumulation due to vertical magma migration beneath the summit.
Seasonality and Budgets of Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions From a Tropical Dry Forest Successional Gradient in Costa Rica
Authors: Calvo‐Rodriguez Sofia , Kiese Ralf , Sánchez‐Azofeifa G. Arturo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLimited information on greenhouse gas emissions from tropical dry forest soils still hinders the assessment of the sources/sinks from this ecosystem and their contribution at global scales. Particularly, rewetting events after the dry season can have a significant effect on soil biogeochemical processes and associated exchange of greenhouse gases. This study evaluated the temporal variation and annual fluxes of CO2, N2O, and CH4from soils in a tropical dry forest successional gradient. After a prolonged drought of 5 months, large emissions pulses of CO2and N2O were observed at all sites following first rain events, caused by the “Birch effect,” with a significant effect on the net ecosystem exchange and the annual emissions budget. Annual CO2emissions were greatest for the young forest (8,556 kg C ha−1yr−1) followed by the older forest (7,420 kg C ha−1yr−1) and the abandoned pasture (7,224 kg C ha−1yr−1). Annual emissions of N2O were greatest for the forest sites (0.39 and 0.43 kg N ha−1yr−1) and least in the abandoned pasture (0.09 kg N ha−1yr−1). CH4uptake was greatest in the older forest (−2.61 kg C ha−1yr−1) followed by the abandoned pasture (−0.69 kg C ha−1yr−1) and the young forest (−0.58 kg C ha−1yr−1). Fluxes were mainly influenced by soil moisture, microbial biomass, and soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations. Annual CO2and N2O soil fluxes of tropical dry forests in this study and others from the literature were much lower than the annual fluxes in wetter tropical forests. Conversely, tropical dry forests and abandoned pastures are on average stronger sinks for CH4than wetter tropical forests.
SLAMF receptors negatively regulate B cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia via recruitment of prohibitin-2
Authors: von Wenserski Lisa , Schultheiß Christoph , Bolz Sarah , Schliffke Simon , Simnica Donjete , Willscher Edith , Gerull Helwe , Wolters-Eisfeld Gerrit , Riecken Kristoffer , Fehse Boris , Altfeld Marcus , Nollau Peter , Binder Mascha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe identified a subset of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients with high Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) receptor-related signaling that showed an indolent clinical course. Since SLAMF receptors play a role in NK cell biology, we reasoned that these receptors may impact NK cell-mediated CLL immunity. Indeed, our experiments showed significantly decreased degranulation capacity of primary NK cells from CLL patients expressing low levels of SLAMF1 and SLAMF7. Since the SLAMFlow signature was strongly associated with an unmutated CLL immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) status in large datasets, we investigated the impact of SLAMF1 and SLAMF7 on the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling axis. Overexpression of SLAMF1 or SLAMF7 in IGHV mutated CLL cell models resulted in reduced proliferation and impaired responses to BCR ligation, whereas the knockout of both receptors showed opposing effects and increased sensitivity toward inhibition of components of the BCR pathway. Detailed molecular analyzes showed that SLAMF1 and SLAMF7 receptors mediate their BCR pathway antagonistic effects via recruitment of prohibitin-2 (PHB2) thereby impairing its role in signal transduction downstream the IGHV-mutant IgM-BCR. Together, our data indicate that SLAMF receptors are important modulators of the BCR signaling axis and may improve immune control in CLL by interference with NK cells.
LEF1-AS1 accelerates tumorigenesis in glioma by sponging miR-489-3p to enhance HIGD1A
Authors: Cheng Zhihua , Wang Guangyu , Zhu Weiyi , Luo Cong , Guo Zhilin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLong non-coding (lncRNA) lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 antisense RNA 1 (LEF1-AS1) has been validated to be implicated in manifold cancers, whereas its function in glioma has not been understood thoroughly. Hence, in this study, we tested that LEF1-AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. Besides, knockdown of LEF1-AS1 repressed cell proliferation while activated apoptosis in glioma cells in vitro, and also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays affirmed that LEF1-AS1 could bind with miR-489-3p. In addition, miR-489-3p expression was downregulated in glioma cells. Moreover, miR-489-3p depletion partly offset LEF1-AS1 knockdown-mediated function on proliferation and apoptosis. Further, HIGD1A identified as the target gene of miR-489-3p was upregulated in glioma cells. HIGD1A silence could restrict the process of glioma. In rescue assays, upregulation of HIGD1A remedied the inhibitory impacts of LEF1-AS1 silence on glioma cell growth. In summary, our studies corroborated the regulatory mechanism of LEF1-AS1/miR-489-3p/HIGD1A axis in glioma, suggesting that targeting LEF1-AS1 might be a promising method for glioma therapy in the future.
Identification of anti-tumoral feedback loop between VHLα and hnRNPA2B1 in renal cancer
Authors: Liu Yanbin , Zhang Hui , Li Xingzhi , Zhang Changming , Huang Haide 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOur previous study identified a novel VHLα isoform which negatively modulated hnRNPA2B1 expression and therefore influenced pyruvate kinase transcript splicing in renal cancer, while the regulation and initiation of alternative translation are largely unknown. Here we unraveled the CUG-mediated translation start of VHLα, which was subjected to the regulation by both eukaryotic initiator factor eIF2A and RNA helicase eIF4A. Unexpectedly, we found hnRNPA2B1 promoted VHLα alternative translation as well via direct interaction with its octadic pentamer region of VHL transcript. The N-terminal of VHLα was indispensable in mediating ubiquitination of hnRNPA2B1 at lysine residues 274 and 305. We further identified aberrant overexpression of c-myc as upstream oncogenic signaling to positively regulate hnRNPA2B1 transcription in renal cancer. Therefore, our data suggested an anti-tumoral feedback loop between VHLα and hnRNPA2B1.
TMEM59 interacts with TREM2 and modulates TREM2-dependent microglial activities
Authors: Liu Zhaoji , Ning Jinhuan , Zheng Xiaoyuan , Meng Jian , Han Linkun , Zheng Honghua , Zhong Li , Chen Xiao-Fen , Zhang Xian , Luo Hong , Can Dan , Xu Huaxi , Zhang Yun-wu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe surface receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays a crucial role in maintaining a multitude of microglial activities, such as survival, proliferation, migration, metabolism, inflammation, and phagocytosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TREM2-mediated microglial activities remain largely elusive. Herein, we found that TREM2 interacted with the type I transmembrane protein TMEM59, whose expression could facilitate autophagic flux through its carboxyl-terminus. TMEM59 expression was decreased upon lipopolysaccharide treatment. While downregulation of TMEM59 promoted anti-inflammatory factor expression and attenuated lipopolysaccharide treatment-induced inflammation. Importantly, we found that overexpression of TREM2 reduced TMEM59 protein levels through promoting its degradation, whereas TMEM59 levels were elevated in Trem2-deficient microglia. Finally, impaired survival, proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis, as well as dysregulated autophagy and metabolism in Trem2-deficient microglia were attenuated upon TMEM59 silencing. Together, our findings reveal a novel function of TREM2 in mediating TMEM59 protein degradation and demonstrate the importance of TMEM59 homeostasis in maintaining TREM2-mediated microglial activities.
Cell density-dependent proteolysis by HtrA1 induces translocation of zyxin to the nucleus and increased cell survival
Authors: Sabino Fabio , Madzharova Elizabeta , auf dem Keller Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProteases modulate critical processes in cutaneous tissue repair to orchestrate inflammation, cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. However, the functional consequences and implications in healing impairments of most cleavage events are not understood. Using iTRAQ-based Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS) we had characterized proteolytic signatures in a porcine wound healing model and identified two neo-N termini derived from proteolytic cleavage of the focal adhesion protein and mechanotransducer zyxin. Here, we assign these proteolytic events to the activity of either caspase-1 or serine protease HtrA1 and analyze the biological relevance of the resultant zyxin truncations. By cellular expression of full-length and truncated zyxin proteins, we demonstrate nuclear translocation of a C-terminal zyxin fragment that could also be generated in vitro by HtrA1 cleavage and provide evidence for its anti-apoptotic activities, potentially by regulating the expression of modulators of cell proliferation, protein synthesis and genome stability. Targeted degradomics correlated endogenous generation of the same zyxin fragment with increased cell density in human primary dermal fibroblasts. Hence, this newly identified HtrA1-zyxin protease signaling axis might present a novel mechanism to transiently enhance cell survival in environments of increased cell density like in wound granulation tissue.
Characterization of four subtypes in morphologically normal tissue excised proximal and distal to breast cancer
Authors: Gadaleta Emanuela , Fourgoux Pauline , Pirró Stefano , Thorn Graeme J. , Nelan Rachel , Ironside Alastair , Rajeeve Vinothini , Cutillas Pedro R. , Lobley Anna E. , Wang Jun , Gea Esteban , Ross-Adams Helen , Bessant Conrad , Lemoine Nicholas R. , Jones Louise J. , Chelala Claude 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWidespread mammographic screening programs and improved self-monitoring allow for breast cancer to be detected earlier than ever before. Breast-conserving surgery is a successful treatment for select women. However, up to 40% of women develop local recurrence after surgery despite apparently tumor-free margins. This suggests that morphologically normal breast may harbor early alterations that contribute to increased risk of cancer recurrence. We conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to characterize 57 fresh-frozen tissues from breast cancers and matched histologically normal tissues resected proximal to (<2 cm) and distant from (5–10 cm) the primary tumor, using tissues from cosmetic reduction mammoplasties as baseline. Four distinct transcriptomic subtypes are identified within matched normal tissues: metabolic; immune; matrisome/epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and non-coding enriched. Key components of the subtypes are supported by proteomic and tissue composition analyses. We find that the metabolic subtype is associated with poor prognosis (p < 0.001, HR6.1). Examination of genes representing the metabolic signature identifies several genes able to prognosticate outcome from histologically normal tissues. A subset of these have been reported for their predictive ability in cancer but, to the best of our knowledge, these have not been reported altered in matched normal tissues. This study takes an important first step toward characterizing matched normal tissues resected at pre-defined margins from the primary tumor. Unlocking the predictive potential of unexcised tissue could prove key to driving the realization of personalized medicine for breast cancer patients, allowing for more biologically-driven analyses of tissue margins than morphology alone.
Design of two-dimensional carbon-nitride structures by tuning the nitrogen concentration
Authors: Bu Saiyu , Yao Nan , Hunter Michelle A. , Searles Debra J. , Yuan Qinghong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNitrogen-doped graphene (NG) has attracted increasing attention because its properties are significantly different to pristine graphene, making it useful for various applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. However, the NGs that can currently be fabricated using most experimental methods always have low N concentrations and a mixture of N dopants, which limits the desirable physical and chemical properties. In this work, first principles calculations combined with the local particle-swarm optimization algorithm method were applied to explore possible stable structures of 2D carbon nitrides (C1−xNx) with various C/N ratios. It is predicted that C1−xNxstructures with low N-doping concentration contain both graphitic and pyridinic N based on their calculated formation energies, which explains the experimentally observed coexistence of graphitic and pyridinic N in NG. However, pyridinic N is predominant in C1−xNxwhen the N concentration is above 0.25. In addition, C1−xNxstructures with low N-doping concentration were found to have considerably lower formation energies than those with a high N concentration, which means synthesized NGs with low N-doping concentration are favorable. Moreover, we found the restrictions of mixed doping and low N concentration can be circumvented by using different C and N feedstocks, and by growing NG at lower temperatures.