bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
Authors: Bulpa Pierre , Duplaquet Fabrice , Dimopoulos George , Vogelaers Dirk , Blot Stijn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNowadays, reports in the literature support that patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at higher risk to develop invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). However, the interpretation of Aspergillus-positive cultures from the airways in critically ill COPD is still a challenge. Indeed, as the patient could be merely colonized, tissue samples are required to ascertain IPA diagnosis but they are rarely obtained before death. Consequently, diagnosis is often only suspected on the basis of a combination of three elements: clinical characteristics, radiological images (mostly thoracic CT scan), and microbiological, and occasionally serological, results. To facilitate the analysis of these data, several algorithms have been developed, and the best effectiveness has been demonstrated by the Clinical algorithm. This is of importance as IPA prognosis in these patients remains presently very poor and using such an algorithm could promote prompter diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, and subsequently improved outcome.While the most classical presentation of IPA in critically ill COPD patients features a combination of obstructive respiratory failure, antibiotic-resistant pneumonia, recent or chronic corticosteroid therapy, and positive Aspergillus cultures from the lower respiratory tract, the present article will also address less typical presentations and discuss the most appropriate treatments which could alter prognosis.
Re-examining the mass-count distinction
Authors: Bale Alan , Gillon Brendan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper argues that the mass-count distinction does not represent a fundamental division between the world's languages. We demonstrate that such a distinction, as commonly defined within the linguistic literature, often conflates two facts: the semantic fact, found in all languages, that some words have atomic denotations and some do not, and the morphosyntactic fact, found in languages with contrasting singular-plural morphology, that some nouns have both singular and plural forms while others have only one such form. By comparing English with Mandarin Chinese, we discuss whether this morphosyntactic distinction might correlate with the presence or absence of a rich classifier system (as well as other types of quantification). This potential correlation has greatly influenced how linguists have investigated nominal systems across languages and it has even led some to hypothesize that morphosyntactic subcategories might determine the ways in which a grammar can “count” and “quantify.” We outline some important exceptions to this proposed correlation in languages such as Ch’ol, Mi’gmaq and Western Armenian. The paper concludes by arguing not only that there is no such correlation, but that linguists should rethink how they investigate nominal systems, focusing more on lexical variation (even within a single language) than on parametric variations across languages.
Pulse-echo acoustic properties evaluation method using high-frequency transducer
Authors: Li Zhangjian , Han Zhile , Jian Xiaohua , Shao Weiwei , Jiao Yang , Cui Yaoyao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The quantitative measurement of acoustic properties is indispensable for many applications. The realization of devices for the evaluation of acoustic properties with higher accuracy and lower error is of great importance. Moreover, the ability to obtain the high-frequency acoustic characteristics of materials is also highly desirable. In this research, the pulse echo method is applied to measure a material’s acoustic parameters, using a miniature transducer with a center frequency of 42.9 MHz. For this method, only one transducer is needed, and the measurement system is simple. Acoustic parameter calculation methods for three types of materials are studied, and the corresponding experiments are conducted. The experimental results show that the sound velocity of water is 1508.8 m s−1, and its attenuation coefficient is 0.981 dB mm−1; the results for liquid paraffin give results of 1386.8 m s−1 and 2.35 dB mm−1, respectively. With reference to polymer materials, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) thin film has a sound velocity of 1987.2 m s−1 and an attenuation of 37.1 dB mm−1, and polyimide thin film has a sound velocity of 2142.3 m s−1 and an attenuation of 25 dB mm−1. In terms of ceramics, the sound velocity of PZT-5H 3203HD is 4804.2 m s−1, and its attenuation is 1.71 dB mm−1; 96% alumina ceramic has a sound velocity of 9924.9 m s−1 and its attenuation 1.18 dB mm−1. All results pertaining to sound velocity agree well with those reported in previous works. The measured attenuation coefficients at high frequency are also in good agreement with the experimental data. All experimental results validate the feasibility, effectiveness, convenience, and accuracy of this method.
Fluctuations of the magnetization for Ising models on Erdős–Rényi random graphs—the regimes of small p and the critical temperature
*
Authors: Kabluchko Zakhar , Löwe Matthias , Schubert Kristina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We continue our analysis of Ising models on the (directed) Erdős–Rényi random graph. This graph is constructed on N vertices and every edge has probability p to be present. These models were introduced and first studied by Bovier and Gayrard (1993 J. Stat. Phys.
72 643–64) and further analyzed by the authors in a previous note, in which we consider the case of p = p(N) satisfying p
3
N
2 → ∞ and β < 1. In the current note we prove a quenched central limit theorem for the magnetization for p satisfying pN → ∞ in the high-temperature regime β < 1. We also show a non-standard central limit theorem for p
4
N
3 → ∞ at the critical temperature β = 1. For p
4
N
3 → 0 we obtain a Gaussian limiting distribution for the magnetization. Finally, in the critical regime p
4
N
3 → c the limiting distribution for the magnetization contains a Gaussian component as well as a

e

−

x

4

-term. Hence, at β = 1 we observe a phase transition in p for the fluctuations of the magnetization.
Zinc oxide doped arylidene based polyketones hybrid nanocomposites for enhanced biological activity
Authors: Almehmadi Samar J , Alamry Khalid A , Elfaky M A , Alqarni Sara , Samah J A , Hussein Mahmoud A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The application of Friedel-Craft reactions has been extended to the biological systems. Recently, these reactions have led to the generation of a new set of polyketones (PKa-c) along with the related zinc oxide doped nanocomposites (ZnOPKd-f). Prior to the process of polymerization, these newly synthesized monomers were subjected to spectral analysis to reveal their chemical structures. Three arylidene monomers based on three different moieties including benzylidene, thiophenylidene and furfurylidene were synthesized through a direct condensation reaction. These monomers interacted with terephthaloyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 in organic methanol solvent via Friedel–Crafts reaction, to produce the desired PKa-c. Further, a series of ZnOPKd-f nanocomposites were fabricated using a 10% loading of ZnO nanoparticles throughout the same experimental procedure as required to develop PKa-c. A common characterization tool was employed to prove the structures for PKa-c and its related ZnOPKd-f TGA results established enhancement in the thermal behavior of PK a-c with the different structures. PDT
max
values showed that all the polymers had a similar identity which appeared in the range from 578° to 630°. Additionally, the morphological properties were assessed by using scanning electron microscopy which revealed the formation of ZnOPKd-f and ZnO nanoparticles. The latter are spherical particles, ranging in of 29 to 223 nm loaded on the polymer surface. The TEM images illustrated the uniform distribution of the ZnO nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The ZnOPKd-f nanocomposites were examined for their antimicrobial activity against variable kinds of bacteria and fungi. Based on the biological screening, it was observed that the ZnOPKd-f nanocomposite materials can be used as moderate antibacterial and antifungal agents.
Electrical and microstructural properties of Ta-C thin films for metal gate
Authors: Aihaiti Litipu , Tuokedaerhan Kamale , Sadeh Beysen , Zhang Min , Xiang Qian Shen , Mijiti Abuduwaili 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Carbon rich Nano-crystalline grain size tantalum carbide (Ta-C) thin films were prepared by non- reactive simultaneously dual magnetron sputtering. The main purpose of the current work was to investigate the influence of deposition method, deposition power, film thickness and annealing temperature on structural, surface morphology and electrical resistivity of TaC thin films. The experimental result shows that the growth rate of film was about 6.7 nm min−1 and films are growth like spherical structure. The atomic percentage of elements in the films were very sensitive to the deposition power, which even if the small amount of increases in the deposition power of Ta lead the increase of Ta content. However, a small change in Ta percentage did not result in a change in film structure and surface morphology. Annealing temperature did not cause structural changes in the films, but lead small changes in the grain size (range from 7.0 to 9.1 nm) and surface roughness. Resistivity variation of deposited TaC films on the annealing temperature shows random behavior which may cause by the deposition method. Nevertheless, the resistivity of the film decreases first and then increases when the thickness increases from 79.2 nm to 134 nm. Minimum resistivity of film appears at the thickness of 79.2 nm, about 235.2 μΩ.cm. In the end, deposited TaC thin films shows good thermal stability and low enough resistivity for gate electrode application.
A Systematic Review of Wellness in Plastic Surgery Training
Authors: Grome Luke J , Reul Ross M , Agrawal Nikhil , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Winocour Sebastian , Buchanan Edward P , Maricevich Renata S , Reece Edward M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Physician and resident wellness has been increasingly emphasized as a means of improving patient outcomes and preventing physician burnout. Few studies have been performed with a focus on wellness in plastic surgery training.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to systematically review what literature exists on the topic of wellness in plastic surgery training and critically appraise it.

Methods
A PubMed search was performed to identify journal articles related to wellness in plastic surgery residency. Seventeen studies (6 cohort and 11 cross-sectional) met inclusion criteria and were appraised with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS) to determine the quality of the studies based on selection, comparability, and outcome metrics.

Results
Critical assessment showed that the studies were highly variable in focus. Overall, the quality of the data was low, with an average NOQAS score of 4.1. Only 2 studies focused on plastic surgery residents, examining work hours and social wellness, respectively; they were awarded NOQAS scores of 3 and 4 out of 10.

Conclusions
The results of this systematic review suggest that little research has been devoted to wellness in surgery training, especially in regard to plastic surgery residents, and what research that has been performed is of relatively low quality. The available research suggests a relatively high prevalence of burnout among plastic surgery residents. Evidence suggests some organization-level interventions to improve trainee wellness. Because outcomes-based data on the effects of such interventions are particularly lacking, further investigation is warranted.
Effect of Haemophilus influenzae Type b and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Childhood Pneumonia Hospitalizations and Deaths in Botswana
Authors: Congdon Morgan , Hong Hwanhee , Young Rebecca R , Cunningham Coleen K , Enane Leslie A , Arscott-Mills Tonya , Banda Francis M , Chise Mamiki , Motlhatlhedi Keneilwe , Feemster Kristen , Patel Sweta M , Boiditswe Sefelani , Leburu Tiroyaone , Shah Samir S , Steenhoff Andrew P , Kelly Matthew S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Globally, pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children. Few data exist regarding the effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) on the burden of childhood pneumonia in African settings.

Methods
We collected data on children aged 1 to 59 months at 3 hospitals in Botswana. Hib vaccine and PCV-13 were introduced in Botswana in November 2010 and July 2012, respectively. We compared pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths prevaccine (January 2009 to October 2010) with postvaccine (January 2013 to December 2017) using seasonally adjusted, interrupted time-series analyses.

Results
We identified 6943 pneumonia hospitalizations and 201 pneumonia deaths. In the prevaccine period, pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths increased by 24% (rate, 1.24; 95% CI, .94–1.64) and 59% (rate, 1.59; 95% CI, .87–2.90) per year, respectively. Vaccine introduction was associated with a 48% (95% CI, 29–62%) decrease in the number of pneumonia hospitalizations and a 50% (95% CI, 1–75%) decrease in the number of pneumonia deaths between the end of the prevaccine period (October 2010) and the beginning of the postvaccine period (January 2013). During the postvaccine period, pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths declined by 6% (rate, .94; 95% CI, .89–.99) and 22% (rate, .78; 95% CI, .67–.92) per year, respectively.

Conclusions
Pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths among children declined sharply following introduction of Hib vaccine and PCV-13 in Botswana. This effect was sustained for more than 5 years after vaccine introduction, supporting the long-term effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing childhood pneumonia in Botswana.
Combined Biologic and Immunomodulatory Therapy is Superior to Monotherapy for Decreasing the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Complications
Authors: Targownik Laura E , Benchimol Eric I , Bernstein Charles N , Singh Harminder , Tennakoon Aruni , Zubieta Antonio Aviña , Coward Stephanie , Jones Jennifer , Kaplan Gilaad G , Kuenzig M Ellen , Murthy Sanjay K , Nguyen Geoffrey C , Peña-Sánchez Juan Nicolás 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
The combination of infliximab and azathioprine is more efficacious than either therapy alone for Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]. However, it is uncertain whether these benefits extend to real-world clinical practice and to other combinations of biologics and immunomodulators.

Methods
We collected health administrative data from four Canadian provinces representing 78 413 patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] of whom 11 244 were prescribed anti-tumour necrosis factor [anti-TNF] agents. The outcome of interest was the first occurrence of treatment failure: an unplanned IBD-related hospitalization, IBD-related resective surgery, new/recurrent corticosteroid use or anti-TNF switch. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to assess the association between the outcome of interest and receiving combination therapy vs anti-TNF monotherapy. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the impact of choice of immunomodulator or biologic on reaching the composite outcome, and random effects generic inverse variance meta-analysis of deterministically linked data was used to pool the results from the four provinces to obtain aggregate estimates of effect.

Results
In comparison with anti-TNF monotherapy, combination therapy was associated with a significant decrease in treatment ineffectiveness for both CD and UC (CD: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66–0.90; UC: aHR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62–0.84). Combination therapy was equally effective for adalimumab and infliximab in CD. In UC azathioprine was superior to methotrexate as the immunomodulatory agent (aHR = 1.52 [95% CI 1.02–2.28]) but not CD (aHR = 1.22 [95% CI 0.96–1.54]).

Conclusion
In an analysis of a database of real-world patients with IBD, combination therapy decreased the likelihood of treatment failure in both CD and UC.
Biochar as electron donor for reduction of N2O by Paracoccus denitrificans
Authors: Pascual Mª Blanca , Sánchez-Monedero Miguel Ángel , Cayuela María L , Li Shun , Haderlein Stefan B , Ruser Reiner , Kappler Andreas 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Biochar (BC) has been shown to influence microbial denitrification and mitigate soil N2O emissions. However, it is unclear if BC is able to directly stimulate the microbial reduction of N2O to N2. We hypothesized that the ability of BC to lower N2O emissions could be related not only to its ability to store electrons, but to donate them to bacteria that enzymatically reduce N2O. Therefore, we carried out anoxic incubations with Paracoccus denitrificans, known amounts of N2O, and nine contrasting BCs, in the absence of any other electron donor or acceptor. We found a strong and direct correlation between the extent and rates of N2O reduction with BC's EDC/EEC (electron donating capacity/electron exchange capacity). Apart from the redox capacity, other BC properties were found to regulate the BC's ability to increase N2O reduction by P. denitrificans. For this specific BC series, we found that a high H/C and ash content, low surface area and poor lignin feedstocks favored N2O reduction. This provides valuable information for producing tailored BCs with the potential to assist and promote the reduction of N2O in the pursuit of reducing this greenhouse gas emissions.
Succession in epibenthic communities on artificial reefs associated with marine renewable energy facilities within a tide-swept environment
Authors: Taormina Bastien , Percheron Arthur , Marzloff Martin P , Caisey Xavier , Quillien Nolwenn , Lejart Morgane , Desroy Nicolas , Dugornay Olivier , Tancray Aurélien , Carlier Antoine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough colonization of artificial structures by epibenthic communities is well-documented overall, our understanding of colonization processes is largely limited to low-energy environments. In this study, we monitored epibenthic colonization of different structures associated with a tidal energy test site located in a high-energy hydrodynamic environment. Using four years of image-based underwater surveys, we characterized changes through space and time in the taxonomic composition of epibenthic assemblages colonizing two kinds of artificial structures, as well as the surrounding natural habitat. Our results highlight that ecological successions followed similar trends across the two artificial habitats, but that different habitat-specific communities emerged at the end of our survey. Deployment of these artificial structures resulted in the addition of elevated and stable substrata in an environment where natural hard substrates are unstable and strongly exposed to sediment abrasion. Although epibenthic communities colonizing artificial habitats are unlikely to have reached a mature stage at the end of our survey, these supported structurally complex taxa facilitating an overall increase in local diversity. We were able to quantify how epibenthic communities can significantly vary over time in high-energy coastal environment, and our final survey suggests that the ecological succession was still in progress five years after the deployment of artificial reefs. Thus, maintaining long-term continuous survey of coastal artificial reef habitats will be key to better discriminate between long-term ecological successions and shorter-term variability.
Bifurcation analysis of a phage-bacteria interaction model with prophage induction
Authors: Ndongmo Teytsa H M , Tsanou B , Bowong S , Lubuma J M-S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA predator-prey model is used to investigate the interactions between phages and bacteria by considering the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of phages and the prophage induction. We provide answers to the following conflictual research questions: (1) what are conditions under which the presence of phages can purify a bacterial infected environment? (2) Can the presence of phages triggers virulent bacterial outbreaks? We derive the basic offspring number $\mathcal N_0$ that serves as a threshold and the bifurcation parameter to study the dynamics and bifurcation of the system. The model exhibits three equilibria: an unstable environment-free equilibrium, a globally asymptotically stable (GAS) phage-free equilibrium (PFE) whenever $\mathcal N_0&lt;1$, and a locally asymptotically stable environment-persistent equilibrium (EPE) when $\mathcal N_0&gt;1$. The Lyapunov–LaSalle techniques are used to prove the GAS of the PFE and estimate the EPE basin of attraction. Through the center manifold approximation, topological types of the PFE are precised. Existence of transcritical and Hopf bifurcations are established. Precisely, when $\mathcal N_0&gt;1$, the EPE loses its stability and periodic solutions arise. Furthermore, increasing $\mathcal N_0$ can purify an environment where bacteriophages are introduced. Purposely, we prove that for large values of $\mathcal N_0$, the overall bacterial population asymptotically approaches zero, while the phage population sustains. Ecologically, our results show that for small values of $\mathcal N_0$, the existence of periodic solutions could explain the occurrence of repetitive bacteria-borne disease outbreaks, while large value of $\mathcal N_0$ clears bacteria from the environment. Numerical simulations support our theoretical results.
An adaptively enriched coarse space for Schwarz preconditioners forP1 discontinuous Galerkin multiscale finite element problems
Authors: Eikeland Erik , Marcinkowski Leszek , Rahman Talal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a two-level additive Schwarz domain decomposition preconditioner for the symmetric interior penalty Galerkin method for a second-order elliptic boundary value problem with highly heterogeneous coefficients. A specific feature of this preconditioner is that it is based on adaptively enriching its coarse space with functions created by solving generalized eigenvalue problems on thin patches covering the subdomain interfaces. It is shown that the condition number of the underlined preconditioned system is independent of the contrast if an adequate number of functions are used to enrich the coarse space. Numerical results are provided to confirm this claim.