bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substantially Improving Device Performance of All‐Inorganic Perovskite‐Based Phototransistors via Indium Tin Oxide Nanowire Incorporation
Authors: Hou Yue , Wang Liming , Zou Xuming , Wan Da , Liu Chang , Li Guoli , Liu Xingqiang , Liu Yufang , Jiang Changzhong , Ho Johnny C. , Liao Lei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAll‐inorganic halide perovskites (IHPs) have attracted enormous attention due to their intrinsically high optical absorption coefficient and superior ambient stabilities. However, the photosensitivity of IHP‐based photodetectors is still restricted by their poor conductivities. Here, a facile design of hybrid phototransistors based on the CsPbBr3 thin film and indium tin oxide (ITO) nanowires (NWs) integrated into a InGaZnO channel in order to achieve both high photoresponsivity and fast response is reported. The metallic ITO NWs are employed as electron pumps and expressways to efficiently extract photocarriers from CsPbBr3 and inject electrons into InGaZnO. The obtained device exhibits the outstanding responsivity of 4.9 × 106 A W−1, which is about 100‐fold better than the previous best results of CsPbBr3‐based photodetectors, together with the fast response (0.45/0.55 s), long‐term stability (200 h in ambient), and excellent mechanical flexibility. By operating the phototransistor in the depletion regime, an ultrahigh specific detectivity up to 7.6 × 1013 Jones is achieved. More importantly, the optimized spin‐coating manufacturing process is highly beneficial for achieving uniform InGaZnO‐ITO/perovskite hybrid films for high‐performance flexible detector arrays. All these results can not only indicate the potential of these hybrid phototransistors but also provide a valuable insight into the design of hybrid material systems for high‐performance photodetection.
Shape Control of Monodispersed Sub‐5 nm Pd Tetrahedrons and Laciniate Pd Nanourchins by Maneuvering the Dispersed State of Additives for Boosting ORR Performance
Authors: Zhang Huaifang , Qiu Xiaoyu , Chen Yifan , Wang Shangzhi , Skrabalak Sara E. , Tang Yawen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIt is a great challenge to simultaneously control the size, morphology, and facets of monodispersed Pd nanocrystals under a sub‐5 nm regime. Meanwhile, quantitative understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters to maneuver the shape evolution of nanocrystals in a one‐pot system still deserves investigation. Herein, a systematic study of the density functional theory (DFT)‐calculated adsorption energy, thermodynamic factors, and reduction kinetics on Pd growth patterns is reported by combining theory and experiments, with a focus on the dispersed state of additives. As pure models, monodispersed Pd tetrahedrons enclosed by (111) facets with a narrow size distribution of 4.9 ± 1 nm and a high purity approaching 98% can be obtained when using 1,1′‐binaphthalene (C20H14) +2NH3 as additives. Specifically, laciniate Pd nanourchins (Pd LUs) can evolve via anisotropic growth when replacing additive with dose‐consistent 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine (C20H16N2, two NH2 binding in C20H14). Catalytic investigations show that the sub‐5 nm Pd tetrahedrons exhibit higher activity in both the oxygen reduction (Eonset = 1.025 V, E1/2 = 0.864 V) and formic acid oxidation reaction with respect to the Pd LUs and Pd black, which represents a great step for the development of well‐defined Pd nanocrystals with size in the sub‐5 nm regime as non‐Pt electrocatalysts.
Autonomous Formation and Annealing of Colloidal Crystals Induced by Light‐Powered Oscillations of Active Particles
Authors: Altemose Alicia , Harris Aaron J. , Sen Ayusman 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the Sen group at Penn State (USA). The image shows how active Ag3PO4 particles herd inactive SiO2 particles into colloidal crystals that exhibit oscillatory motion. The crystals disperse then rejoin/reorganize, undergoing “autonomous annealing”. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/syst.201900021.
Dynamic measurement of moisture content using microwaves for moisture evaluation of agricultural products
Authors: Kon Seitaro , Kato Yuto , Horibe Masahiro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper describes a dynamic measurement method using correlations between phase and amplitude changes of microwaves for the moisture content of agricultural products such as rice and wheat. The proposed method does not require the value of the bulk density and/or the mass of the target. Static and dynamic measurements of rice with different moisture contents were performed. The results of the dynamic measurements were in close agreement with those of the static measurements. The ratio of the amplitude change and phase shift is linearly dependent on the moisture content of rice for both the static and dynamic measurements. Furthermore, it is possible to measure wrapped silage samples with a high moisture content directly. To optimize the measurement frequency, the relationships between the moisture content and phase–amplitude correlation was evaluated. As a result, an optimized frequency was obtained. The proposed method is available under conditions such as the range of moisture content from 10 to 80% with one optimized frequency. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Une aventure sociale et humaine: The Service des Centres Sociaux in Algeria, 1955–1962
Authors: Durham Brooke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The history of the Service des centres sociaux in Algeria brings together ideas about integration, fundamental education, and the existence of a unified Franco-Muslim community during the Algerian War. This chapter pairs the history of education and international development to study approaches to human development in Algeria before independence in 1962. Sanctioned by the Governor-General of Algeria, Jacques Soustelle, the centres sought to modernize the Algerian masses through improving literacy rates, and increasing Muslim Algerians’ access to medical and social services. Linked to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Fundamental Education Programs, the centres arose out of local initiatives to break down barriers between communities and to meet the needs of the most disenfranchised in the midst of colonial violence and injustice.
Einleitung
Authors: Willert Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungKollisionen und Lösungen von Stoßproblemen haben vielfältige Anwendungen in verschiedenen Bereichen von Physik, Technik und Medizin. Fasst man „Stoß“ im weiteren Sinn als kurzzeitige starke Belastung auf, betrifft das nicht nur Wechselwirkungen zwischen unverbundenen Teilen eines Systems (beispielsweise Billard-Kugeln), sondern auch dauerhafte Verbindungen (z. B. in Hüft- oder Kniegelenken beim Stolpern oder Springen).
Kontaktmechanische Grundlagen
Authors: Willert Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem sehr umfangreichen Kapitel sind die Methoden und Lösungen der Mechanik von axialsymmetrischen Kontaktproblemen dargelegt, die später zur Behandlung des Stoßproblems herangezogen werden. Ausgehend von der statischen Fundamentallösung der Elastizitätstheorie für einen homogenen elastischen Halbraum werden Schritt für Schritt die später im Buch verwendeten, relevanten Teile der axialsymmetrischen Kontaktmechanik entwickelt und dabei unterschiedliche physikalische Eigenschaften und Effekte (Adhäsion, Reibung, Viskoelastizität, Inhomogenität und Plastizität) berücksichtigt.
Quasistatische ebene Stöße von Kugeln
Authors: Willert Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungNach der Behandlung des reinen Normalstoßproblems ist das folgende Kapitel dem allgemeinen Stoßproblem von Kugeln gewidmet. Im Rahmen der im zweiten und dritten Kapitel beschriebenen Annahmen ist diese Aufgabe äquivalent zu dem ebenen Stoß einer starren Kugel auf einen deformierbaren Halbraum (siehe Abb. 2.2).
Anhang
Authors: Willert Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel werden zunächst die Lösungen einiger Tangentialkontaktprobleme, basierend auf der elastischen Fundamentallösung, hergeleitet. Außerdem ist eine kurze Übersicht der im Buch verwendeten mathematischen Spezialfunktionen und eine einfache Implementierung des MDR-Modells zur Untersuchung des ebenen Stoßes mit Reibung einer starren Kugel auf einen inkompressiblen viskoelastischen Halbraum in der Programmiersprache der kommerziellen Software MATLAB gegeben.
Economic Constraints to the Intensification of Rainfed Lowland Rice in Laos
Authors: Newby Jonathan , Manivong Vongpaphane , Cramb Rob 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite the widespread adoption of mechanised land preparation, improved varieties, and low levels of inorganic fertilisers, rainfed lowland rice production in Laos remains an economically marginal activity, with limited incentives for farmers to intensify production beyond household needs. This is a challenge for the government, which promotes rice intensification by setting high official yield targets. We analyse farmers’ decisions regarding the intensification of rainfed lowland rice systems in two lowland provinces—Savannakhet and Champasak. We demonstrate that farmers have selectively adopted a range of new technologies and continue to respond to changing incentives. However, this has largely involved the adoption of Low-Input, more labour-efficient, and more stable production systems rather than commercially oriented, High-Input, high-yield systems. We use activity budgeting and sensitivity analysis to explore the economic performance of several input scenarios, ranging from farmers’ practice to input levels required to achieve government policy targets. The budget models show that, given their resource endowments and the high degree of production and market risk they encounter, households in the rainfed lowlands have been rational in adopting a Low-Input system rather than intensifying rice production to achieve government yield and production targets. We argue that the strategy of diversifying livelihoods while maintaining a largely subsistence-oriented rice production system is likely to persist, given current economic trends.
The Role of Irrigation in the Commercialisation of Rice Farming in Southern Cambodia
Authors: Sareth Chea , Cramb Rob , Fukai Shu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores constraints to rice-based farming systems in the rainfed lowlands of Cambodia and the role of different sources of irrigation in alleviating some of those constraints. The research was carried out in lowland districts in Takeo and Kampong Speu Provinces, representing a major lowland rice-growing region with high population density, small farm sizes, and severe production constraints. Three villages were selected with similar biophysical and socioeconomic environments but different degrees of access to irrigation. The comparison shows that on-farm and (where feasible) canal irrigation can greatly increase the intensity, diversity, and profitability of land use, without being seriously constrained by available family labour. However, the potential for irrigated cropping has not been fully realised due to scattering of plots, restricted investment in tube wells, and underinvestment in maintaining canals. Nevertheless, even these partially irrigated systems not only increased land and labour utilisation but improved soil properties, reduced the risk of a household rice-deficit, increased the production of a marketable surplus of rice, and increased the level and diversity of crop income. The resultant cash flow provided the necessary working capital to keep the cropping system turning over with minimal need for credit, while providing income for household needs. While outmigration from southern Cambodia will undoubtedly continue, the case studies show that the development of more intensive, diverse, and market-oriented farming systems based on on-farm irrigation can provide a promising alternative pathway for many rural households.
Contract Farming of High-Quality Rice in Kampong Speu
Authors: Keosothea Nou , Molyaneth Heng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractContract farming is seen as one of the policies to overcome current impediments to commercialisation in the Cambodian rice sector. The Angkor Kasekam Roongroeung Co. Ltd. (AKR) was the first agribusiness firm to implement contract farming of rice and currently claims to have over 50,000 contracted farmers in four provinces. The approach was later adopted by other development organisations. Little is known about rice contract farming in Cambodia in terms of its contractual arrangements, inclusiveness, benefits, and challenges. This study examined the inclusion of smallholder farmers and the nature of contractual arrangements, the benefits of contract farming for farmers, and the challenges faced by farmers and agribusiness firms. AKR was selected as a case study because the company operates the largest scale of rice contract farming in Cambodia. The study found that the rice contract farming scheme of AKR was inclusive of poor farmers with small farms, even those with less than one hectare. With access to the benefits of the scheme, contract farmers were able to increase their returns from rice farming. However, some flaws in the contractual arrangements and the requirement to deliver high-quality rice for the export market posed a number of challenges to both AKR and the participating farmers, some of which could be addressed through policy interventions. Overcoming these challenges will enhance the benefits of contract farming for both farmers and agribusiness firms and thus contribute to further commercialisation of the rice sector and rural poverty reduction.
Issues of Rice Policy in the Lower Mekong Basin
Authors: Cramb Rob 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe commercialisation of rice farming in the Lower Mekong Basin has been at the centre of that region’s remarkable journey out of poverty and food insecurity since the 1970s. A development strategy that centred on opening rice farming to productivity-enhancing investments had the double effect of increasing the incomes of large numbers of poor rural households while generating a marketable surplus to supply the rapidly growing urban population at low prices. The growth in export demand further added to the incomes of rice farmers in the more productive parts of the Basin. Thus, a development pathway emerged that was driven by political necessity to be broadly based and inclusive. However, the very success of this pathway has created new policy issues, requiring adjustments in the long-term emphasis on the intensification of smallholder rice production. The growth in production has led to a decline in prices while costs have been increasing. This has led to pressure from rice farmers for price support. Related policy issues include the persistence of smallholdings, the growing preference for more diversified farming systems, the role of the processing and exporting sectors, and the changing physical environment in the Basin. This chapter examines policies influencing access to resources (specifically, to land, water, and technology), the management of farm activities (whether specialised in production of high-quality rice or diversified into production of non-rice crops), and the appropriation of value (as determined by interventions in the marketing and pricing of paddy and rice).
From Subsistence to Commercial Rice Production in Laos
Authors: Manivong Vongpaphane , Cramb Rob 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRice farming in Laos is the least commercialised within the Lower Mekong. Moreover, Laos has suffered the most from variability in production due to the high incidence of droughts and floods. Nevertheless, as in the region as a whole, there has been a remarkable transformation of rice-based farming systems and supply chains over recent decades. These farming systems have been undergoing a transition from subsistence-based to market-oriented production. Rice production is dominated by the rainfed lowland system and is still predominantly for subsistence production of glutinous rice, with only a small proportion marketed and even less exported. However, the cultivated area and especially the yield of both rainfed and irrigated rice have been increasing, contributing to the achievement of rice self-sufficiency at the national level. Moreover, rural livelihoods have become increasingly diversified as the economy of the region develops and opportunities for off-farm and non-farm employment increase.
Prognostic Nomogram for Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A TRIPOD‐Compliant Retrospective Long‐Term Survival Analysis
Authors: Xu Dong , Zhang Kai , Li Mingna , Neoptolemos J. P. , Wu Junli , Gao Wentao , Wu Pengfei , Cai Baobao , Yin Jie , Shi Guodong , Lu Zipeng , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrognostic prediction had been widely used in various cancer entities, from early screening to end‐stage patient caring. Currently, there is hardly any well‐validated nomogram which exists for long‐term survival prediction in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) patients in a post‐surgery setting. Our objectives are to identify possible prognostic factors in PC patients following radical resection and to develop a prognostic nomogram based on independent survival predictors.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2014, a total of 432 PC patients who underwent curative intended surgeries with complete follow‐up data were included in this current retrospective long‐term survival analysis. Clinicopathological data were extracted from medical records, and all missing values (percentage 0.9–8.3%) were imputed five times with the “PMM” method. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized. A nomogram was formulated based on results from the multivariate regression model so as to predict OS at 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year as well as median OS. Validations, including discrimination and calibration, were carried out with 1000 bootstrap resamples. External validation was conducted in order to verify the accuracy of our nomogram at 1 and 2 years by utilizing the clinicopathological data of 122 PC patients who underwent curative intended surgeries in 2015 in our centre.ResultsAge, abdominal pain, back pain, tumour location, preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, preoperative CA19‐9, tumour differentiation, microscopic nerve invasion, microscopic vascular invasion, T stage, lymph node ratio, M stage and adjuvant chemotherapy were all assembled into nomogram. The concordance index (C‐index) of internal and external validation was 0.702 and 0.688, respectively. The C‐index of the TNM staging system was 0.572 (P < 0.001 vs. nomogram).ConclusionOur prognostic nomogram based on clinicopathological parameters shows good performance in long‐term survival prediction in PC patients following radical surgery and could play a role in further clinical utilization.
The Efficacy of Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Closed Incisions in Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cagney David , Simmons Lydia , O'Leary Donal Peter , Corrigan Mark , Kelly Louise , O'Sullivan M. J. , Liew Aaron , Redmond Henry Paul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundNegative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a promising advance in the management of closed surgical incisions. NPWT application induces several effects locally within the wound including reduced lateral tension and improving lymphatic drainage. As a result, NPWT may improve wound healing and reduce surgical site complications. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic application of NPWT in preventing surgical site complications for closed incisions in breast surgery.MethodsThis systematic review was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was published in PROSPERO (CRD42018114625). Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies which compare the efficacy of NPWT versus non‐NPWT dressings for closed incisions in breast surgery. Specific outcomes of interest were total wound complications, surgical site infection (SSI), seroma, haematoma, wound dehiscence and necrosis.ResultsSeven studies (1500 breast incisions in 904 patients) met the inclusion criteria. NPWT was associated with a significantly lower rate of total wound complications [odds ratio (OR) 0.36; 95% CI 0.19–069; P = 0.002], SSI (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.24–0.86; P = 0.015), seroma (OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.13–0.59; P = 0.001), wound dehiscence (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.32–0.72; P < 0.001) and wound necrosis (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.19–0.78; P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in haematoma rate (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.19–3.2; P = 0.75). Statistically significant heterogeneity existed for total wound complications, but no other outcomes.ConclusionCompared with conventional non‐NPWT dressings, prophylactic application of NPWT is associated with significantly fewer surgical site complications including SSI, seroma, wound dehiscence and wound necrosis for closed breast incisions.
Stronger MIP formulations for the Steiner forest problem
Authors: Schmidt Daniel , Zey Bernd , Margot François 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Steiner forest problem asks for a minimum weight forest that spans a given number of terminal sets. We propose new cut- and flow-based integer linear programming formulations for the problem which yield stronger linear programming bounds than the two previous strongest formulations: The directed cut formulation (Balakrishnan et al. in Oper Res 37(5):716–740, 1989; Chopra and Rao in Math Prog 64(1):209–229, 1994) and the advanced flow formulation by Magnanti and Raghavan (Networks 45:61–79, 2005). We further introduce strengthening constraints and provide an example where the integrality gap of our models is 1.5. In an experimental evaluation, we show that the linear programming bounds of the new formulations are indeed strong on practical instances and that the related branch-and-cut algorithm outperforms algorithms based on the previous formulations.
MGUS Predicts Worse Prognosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Xu Zhao , Sun Yifeng , Xu Tianhong , Shi Yidan , Liang Lifan , Liu Peng , Ge Junbo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe performed a retrospective cohort study to analyze all 87 CAD patients with MGUS and 178 CAD patients without MGUS admitted in Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University from 2015 to 2017. Patients were followed up via regular patient visits or telephone, and the median follow-up period was 2.9 years. The end point of follow-up was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). CAD patients with MGUS had a higher risk of MACE than those without MGUS (log-rank P = 0.0015). After adjustment for other markers in the stepwise Cox regression model, MGUS was still related to the increasing risk of MACE incident (P = 0.002, HR = 2.308). Then, we constructed the nomogram based on the Cox regression model, and the concordance index (C-index) was 0.667. Hence, MGUS might be added into the risk model of CAD.