bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation the influence of structure parameters on giant-magnetoimpedance effect measured by non-contact method
Authors: Feng Zhu , Zhi Shaotao , Sun Xuecheng , Yan Lili , Liu Cui , Lei Chong 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the influence of structure parameters on giant-magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect measured by non-contact method.

Design/methodology/approach
The GMI sensor contains a Co-based internal magnetic core fabricated by laser cutting and an external solenoid. The influences of magnetic permeability of magnetic core and structure parameters on GMI effect were calculated in theoretical model. The output impedance, resistance, reactance and GMI ratio were measured by non-contact method using impedance analyzer.

Findings
Enhancing external magnetic field intensity can decrease the magnetic permeability of core, which has vital influences on the magnetic property and the output response of GMI sensor. In addition, increasing the width of magnetic core and the number of solenoid turns can increase the maximum GMI ratio. The maximum GMI ratio is 3,230% with core width of 6 mm and solenoid turns of 200.

Originality/value
Comparing with traditional contact-measured GMI sensor, the maximum GMI ratio and the magnetic field sensitivity are improved and the power consumption is decreased in non-contact measured GMI sensor. GMI sensor measured by non-contact method has a wide range of potential applications in ultra-sensitive magnetic field detection.
Optimization of knowledge transferring costs in designing product portfolio: a fuzzy binary linear programming model
Authors: Dorostkar-Ahmadi Nahid , Shafiei Nikabadi Mohsen , babaie-kafaki Saman 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
The success of any organization in a knowledge-based economy depends on effective knowledge transferring and then proper use of the transferred knowledge. As is known, optimizing the knowledge transferring costs in a product portfolio plays an important role in improving productivity, competitive advantage and profitability of any organization. Therefore, this paper aims to determine an optimal product portfolio by minimizing the konlwedge transferring costs.

Design/methodology/approach
Here, a fuzzy binary linear programming model is used to select an optimal product portfolio. The model is capable of considering the knowledge transferring costs while taking into account the human-hours constraints for each product by a fuzzy approach. Using fuzzy ranking functions, a reasonable solution of the model can be achieved by classical or metaheuristic algorithms.

Findings
Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed fuzzy model is practically effective.

Originality/value
The contributions of this work essentially consist of considering knowledge transferring costs in selecting an optimal product portfolio and using the fuzzy data which make the model more realistic.
Stress and coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis of field excited flux switching machine
Authors: Umair Muhammad , Khan Faisal , Ullah Wasiq 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
Field excited flux switching machines (FEFSM) are preferred over induction and synchronous machines due to the confinement of all excitation sources on the stator leaving a robust rotor. This paper aims to perform coupled electromagnetic thermal analysis and stress analysis for single phase FEFSM as, prolonged high-speed operational time with core and copper losses makes it prone to stress and thermal constraints as temperature rise in machine lead to degraded electromagnetic performance whereas the violation of the principle stress limit may result in mechanical deformation of the rotor.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents the implementation of coupled electromagnetic-thermal and rotor stress analysis on single-phase FEFSM with non-overlap winding configurations using finite element analysis (FEA) methodology in JMAG V. 18.1. three-dimensional (3D) magnetic loss analysis is performed and extended to 3D thermal analysis to predict temperature distribution on various parts of the machine whereas Stress analysis predicts mechanical stress acting upon edges and faces of the rotor.

Findings
Analysis reveals that temperature distribution and rotor stress on the machine is within acceptable limits. A maximum temperature rise of 37.7°C was noticed at armature and field windings, temperature distribution in stator near pole proximity was 35°C whereas no significant change in rotor temperature was noticed. Furthermore, principal stress at the speed of 3,000 rpm and 30,000 rpm was found out to be 0.0305 MPa 3.045 MPa, respectively.

Research limitations/implications
The designed machine will be optimized for improvement of electromagnetic performance followed by hardware implementation and experimental testing in the future.

Practical implications
The model is developed for axial fan applications.

Originality/value
Thermal analysis is not being implemented on FEFSM for axial fan applications which is an important analysis to ensure the electromagnetic performance of the machine.
Amelioration of freeze thaw damage of concrete with multi-walled carbon nano tubes
Authors: Peerzada Mudasir , Naqash Javed Ahmed 
Published: October 2020

PurposeIn cold areas, frost damage is the main factor for diminution of durability and serviceability of structures. Due to incessant freeze thaw regimes, micro cracks spread and deteriorate concrete to point of failure.Design/methodology/approachThe study aims to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of concrete after thirty freeze-thaw cycles tailored with carbon nano tubes. For this purpose, samples with 0.4, 0.45, 0.48, 0.5 and 0.55 water cement ratio while 0.5 and 1% carbon nano tube (CNT) content by weight of cement were prepared.FindingsAt 0.48 water cement ratio and 0.5% CNT by weight of cement workability reduced by 37% and water absorption reduced by 0.04%. But compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increased by 15.38, 33.02 and 15.75%, respectively, after 30 freeze thaw cycles. Also, weight loss reduced with addition of 0.5% CNT by weight of cement after freeze thaw cycles.Originality/valueNovelty of this research is to tailor traditional concrete with new materials.
Resilience of rhizosphere microbial predators and their prey communities after an extreme heat event
Authors: Thakur Madhav P. , van der Putten Wim H. , Apon Fariha , Angelini Ezio , Vreš Branko , Geisen Stefan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Climate change is known to disrupt above‐ground food chains when the various trophic layers respond differently to warming. However, little is known about below‐ground food chains involving microbial preys and their predators. Here, we study how climate warming‐induced heat shocks influence resistance (change immediately after a disturbance) and resilience (ability to recover back to pre‐disturbance levels) in rhizosphere microbial communities.

We used three species of rhizosphere protists as microbial predators and six different rhizosphere bacterial communities as their prey. Protist species and bacterial communities were extracted from Centaurea stoebe—a range‐expanding plant species in the Northern Europe. We then examined the temporal dynamics of protists and bacterial communities after an extreme heat event for several generations with sufficient recovery periods. We hypothesized that bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event would be higher particularly when extreme heat effects would negatively affect their predators.

Our results show that prey community biomass was strongly reduced after the extreme heat event and persisted with lower biomass throughout the recovery period. Opposite to what was expected, predators showed negligible changes in their active density after the same heat event. However, abundances of the three predators varied markedly in their temporal dynamics independent of the extreme heat event. Extreme heat event further increased the inactive density of predators, whereas one of the predators showed a decline in its body size owing to extreme heat event. Bacterial community resistance and resilience after the extreme heat event were independent of predator presence, although species‐specific effects of predators on bacterial community resilience were different in the last week of recovery. Predator resilience (based on active predator density) also varied among the three predators but converged over time.

Our results highlight that extreme heat events can be more detrimental to microbial prey communities than microbial predators when microbial predators can exhibit thermal acclimation (e.g. change in body size or become inactive) to overcome heat stress. Such thermal acclimation may promote predator resilience after extreme heat events.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Collateral diseases: Aquaculture impacts on wildlife infections
Authors: Bouwmeester Mark M. , Goedknegt M. Anouk , Poulin Robert , Thieltges David W. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aquaculture is a promising source of fish and other aquatic organisms to ensure human food security but it comes at the price of diverse environmental impacts. Among others, these include diseases which often thrive under the conditions in aquaculture settings and can cause high economic losses. These diseases may also affect wildlife, however, the impacts of aquaculture on disease dynamics in wild species in surrounding ecosystems are poorly understood.

In this Review, we provide a conceptual framework for studying the effects of aquaculture on wildlife diseases, and illustrate the different mechanisms identified with examples from the literature. In addition, we highlight further research needs and provide recommendations for management and policy.

We identified five potential means by which farmed populations may alter wildlife disease dynamics: (a) farmed species may co‐introduce parasites to the new environment, which infect wild conspecifics without infecting other species (intraspecific parasite spillover); (b) these co‐introduced parasites from farmed species may infect other wild host species potentially leading to emerging diseases (interspecific parasite spillover); (c) parasites from other wild host species may infect farmed species, amplifying parasite numbers and increasing parasite infections when spilling back to wild hosts (interspecific parasite spillback); (d) farmed species may acquire parasites from wild conspecifics, increasing parasite population size and subsequently raising infection loads in the wild host population (intraspecific parasite spillback); and (e) farmed species may be neither hosts nor parasites, but affect the transmission of parasites between wild host species (transmission interference). Although these mechanisms can alter wildlife disease dynamics, we found large knowledge gaps regarding collateral disease impacts and strong biases in terms of production countries, aquaculture practices and host taxa.

Synthesis and applications. The strong potential for aquaculture to affect the dynamics of diseases in wildlife populations calls for the consideration of collateral disease impacts in risk assessments and biosecurity protocols regarding aquaculture. In particular, comprehensive parasite inventories of both farmed and wild hosts as well as disease monitoring in wildlife surrounding farms will be necessary to increase our knowledge on aquaculture impacts on wildlife disease and to develop adequate prevention and mitigation measures.
Finding clarity in ecological outcomes using empirical integrated social–ecological systems: A case study of agriculture‐dependent grassland birds
Authors: Allen Michael C. , Lockwood Julie L. , Burger Joanna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Efforts to monitor and conserve populations and ecosystems in human‐dominated landscapes can benefit from an empirical social–ecological systems approach.

Here we illustrate how latent variable structural equation modelling of regional time series data can effectively describe interconnected drivers of population fluctuations in dynamic landscapes and can help to reveal previously unknown system drivers.

Using a declining farmland‐dependent bird species (Ammodramus savannarum) in the eastern United States (1994–2015) as a case study, our analysis reveals how farm management decisions drive population fluctuations (R2 = 20%), while management is in turn highly influenced by climate (R2 = 23%–51%), but not by regional conservation spending.

Synthesis and applications. Structural equation modelling revealed potential social–ecological pathways for halting regional population declines in a grassland bird, the Grasshopper Sparrow. Lower population growth rates followed years of higher hay yields (~4 percentage points per metric ton increase in hay yield) and later harvests (~2 percentage points per 10‐day delay in harvest). Thus, one pathway for stabilising regional populations could involve compensating farmers for reducing hay harvests, potentially requiring a six‐fold increase in current annual agri‐environmental conservation spending.
Crop pollination services: Complementary resource use by social vs solitary bees facing crops with contrasting flower supply
Authors: Bänsch Svenja , Tscharntke Teja , Gabriel Doreen , Westphal Catrin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany farmers are facing high economic risks if pollinator declines continue or temporal and spatial variation in wild bee communities cause reduced pollination services. Co‐flowering crops might compete for pollinators, while they also might facilitate the delivery of pollination services. This rarely studied topic is of particular interest with respect to the foraging decisions of bees from different functional groups and when more sparsely and mass‐flowering crops are in bloom at the same time.The abundance of honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees in strawberry fields was quantified with transect walks along a gradient of oilseed rape (OSR) availability (product of OSR land cover and temporally changing OSR flower cover). We established a pollination experiment with pollination treatments (open‐, wind‐ and self‐pollination) to study the effects of insect pollination on strawberry fruit weight and quality.Changes in OSR availability exhibited contrasting effects on social versus solitary bees in strawberry fields. Bumble bees and honey bees were less abundant in strawberry fields when OSR availability was high, whereas solitary bees were facilitated. With more strawberry flowers, we found more bees in general.When flowers were open‐pollinated, they resulted in heavier fruits with better commercial grades compared to wind‐ and self‐pollinated flowers. A higher bee abundance enhanced the strawberry fruit weight and quality but depended on flower order and variety.Synthesis and applications. Sparsely flowering crops may compete with mass‐flowering crops for social bee pollinators, while solitary pollinators in the field might be evenly facilitated. To ensure best fruit weight and quality, it can be beneficial to support bee abundance in the field. While some social and solitary bee species can be managed for pollination services, wild bees, in particular solitary species, should be conserved and promoted for stable crop pollination services in dynamic agricultural landscapes.
Wildflower strips enhance wild bee reproductive success
Authors: Ganser Dominik , Albrecht Matthias , Knop Eva 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Intensification of agriculture has resulted in a simplification and fragmentation of agroecosystems. Yet, its impact on the reproductive success and population dynamics of wild bees, and how adverse effects can be mitigated, remains poorly understood.

We established populations of seven solitary bee species varying in body size in experimentally sown wildflower strips (WFS), existing semi‐natural habitats (SNH; forest edges) and isolated sites lacking WFS and SNH in the local surrounding (350 m radius) to test (a) whether the wild bee species use planted flowers of WFS to provision offspring with pollen, (b) whether vicinity to WFS reduces their foraging trip duration, (c) parasitism rate and (d) whether it increases bee reproductive success of nesting populations. Furthermore, we tested whether the effect size depends on the body size of the bee species considered.

We show that wild bees nesting in WFS provisioned their offspring primarily with pollen from plants of WFS. This led to shorter foraging trips of all bee species nesting in WFS compared to bees nesting in isolated (unrestored) sites and overall increased reproductive success (i.e. more viable offspring). Reproductive success of bees nesting in WFS was also higher, and parasitism rates lower, compared to bees nesting at forest edges. Smaller—potentially less mobile—bee species benefitted more than larger ones from WFS plantings in terms of reproductive success.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings demonstrate that diverse WFS can enhance the reproductive success of multiple solitary wild bee species, thereby mitigating negative impacts of agroecosystem simplification through the provision of suitable floral resources and reduced foraging times required for offspring provisioning. Our study further indicates that a relatively fine‐meshed network of wildflower plantings and nesting habitats is required to most effectively enhance reproduction and populations of solitary bees in agricultural landscapes.
Chikungunya infection in pregnancy – reassuring maternal and perinatal outcomes: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Foeller ME , Nosrat C , Krystosik A , Noel T , Gérardin P , Cudjoe N , Mapp‐Alexander V , Mitchell G , Macpherson C , Waechter R , LaBeaud AD 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, disease severity, and mother‐to‐child transmission of pregnant women with Chikungunya infection (CHIKV).DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingGrenada.PopulationWomen who gave birth during a Chikungunya outbreak between January 2014 and September 2015 were eligible.MethodsThis descriptive study investigated 731 mother‐infant pairs who gave birth during a CHIKV outbreak. Women and infants underwent serological testing for CHIKV by ELISA.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes: composite pregnancy complication (abruption, vaginal bleeding, preterm labour/cervical incompetence, cesarean delivery for fetal distress/abruption/placental abnormality or delivery for fetal distress) and composite neonatal morbidity.ResultsOf 416 mother‐infant pairs, 150 (36%) had CHIKV during pregnancy, 135 (33%) had never had CHIKV, and 131 (31%) had CHIKV outside of pregnancy. Mean duration of joint pain was shorter among women infected during pregnancy (μ = 898 days, σ = 277 days) compared with infections outside of pregnancy (μ = 1064 days, σ = 244 days) (P < 0.0001). Rates of pregnancy complications (RR = 0.76, P = 0.599), intrapartum complications (RR = 1.50, P = 0.633), and neonatal outcomes were otherwise similar. Possible mother‐to‐child transmission occurred in two (1.3%) mother‐infant pairs and two of eight intrapartum infections (25%).ConclusionCHIKV infection during pregnancy may be protective against long‐term joint pain sequelae that are often associated with acute CHIKV infection. Infection during pregnancy did not appear to pose a risk for pregnancy complications or neonatal health, but maternal infection just prior to delivery might have increased risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of CHIKV.Tweetable abstractChikungunya infection did not increase risk of pregnancy complications or adverse neonatal outcomes, unless infection was just prior to delivery.
Recent advances on the application of UV‐LED technology for microbial inactivation: Progress and mechanism
Authors: Kebbi Yasmine , Muhammad Aliyu Idris , Sant'Ana Anderson S. , do Prado‐Silva Leonardo , Liu Donghong , Ding Tian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConventional technologies for the inactivation of microorganisms in food products have their limitations, especially changes in quality attributes that have led to quality deterioration, low consumer acceptance, impact on the environment, and potential health hazards (carcinogens). Ultraviolet (UV) light is an emerging promising nonthermal technology employed for microbial inactivation in water, liquid, and solid food products to curtail the limitations above. This review provides an insight into UV light‐emitting diodes (UV‐LEDs)' potential as an alternative to the traditional UV lamps for microbial inactivation in liquid and solid media. Also, the mechanisms of inactivation of lone and combined UVA‐, UVB‐, and UVC‐LEDs were discussed. The strategies utilized to improve the efficacy between the UV‐LED treatments at various wavelengths were summarized. Combining different UV‐LEDs treatments at different wavelengths have a synergistic effect and suppression of microbial cell reactivation. The UV‐LED‐based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) also have high germicidal action against numerous microorganisms and are efficient for the degradation of micropollutants. Among the UV‐LEDs discussed, UVC‐LED has the most antimicrobial effect with the most efficient micropollutants decomposition with regards to UV‐LED‐based AOPs. This review has provided vital information for future application, development, and customization of UV‐LED systems that can meet the food and water safety requirements and energy efficiency.
Residential aged care homes: Why do they call ‘000’? A study of the emergency prehospital care of older people living in residential aged care homes
Authors: Dwyer Rosamond A , Gabbe Belinda J , Tran Thach , Smith Karen , Lowthian Judy A 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical characteristics, medical interventions and patterns of ambulance service use related to the emergency, prehospital care of older people living in residential aged care (RAC) homes.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using secondary analyses of routinely collected clinical and administrative data from Ambulance Victoria and population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics for the state of Victoria, Australia. Participants included people aged 65 years and over, attended by emergency ambulances from 2008 to 2013, with data captured in the Ambulance Victoria electronic record.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) age of RAC residents attended by emergency ambulance was 85 (7.3) years and 63% were women. Common comorbidities included dementia (32.7%), ischaemic heart disease (27.7%) and osteoarthritis (24.6%). Polypharmacy was prevalent with 70% currently prescribed antibiotics, over 20% prescribed sedatives and a further 14.9% antipsychotics. Fifteen percent of attendances were for falls, which were more frequent among women than men. Other common reasons for ambulance call‐out included uncontrolled pain, respiratory tract infection, non‐specific febrile illness and altered conscious state. Almost 90% of people were transported to hospital from the RAC, with just over half of call‐outs occurring out‐of‐hours.ConclusionThis is the first study to describe emergency prehospital care, case‐mix and intervention of frail, older people living in RAC. These results demonstrate a clinically complex group of people with high rates of comorbidity, cognitive impairment and polypharmacy. These valuable data will inform education and training of prehospital clinicians, assist in targeting preventative medicine and primary care programmes and further development of alternate, acute and emergency care pathways for this unique patient group.