bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facility level measurement of offshore oil and gas installations from a medium-sized airborne platform: method development for quantification and source identification of methane emissions
Authors: France James L. , Bateson Prudence , Dominutti Pamela , Allen Grant , Andrews Stephen , Bauguitte Stephane , Coleman Max , Lachlan-Cope Tom , Fisher Rebecca E. , Huang Langwen , Jones Anna E. , Lee James , Lowry David , Pitt Joseph , Purvis Ruth , Pyle John , Shaw Jacob , Warwick Nicola , Weiss Alexandra , Wilde Shona , Witherstone Jonathan , Young Stuart 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Emissions of methane (CH4) from offshore oil and gas installations are
poorly ground-truthed, and quantification relies heavily on the use of
emission factors and activity data. As part of the United Nations Climate
&amp; Clean Air Coalition (UN CCAC) objective to study and reduce short-lived
climate pollutants (SLCPs), a Twin Otter aircraft was used to survey CH4
emissions from UK and Dutch offshore oil and gas installations. The aims of
the surveys were to (i) identify installations that are significant CH4
emitters, (ii) separate installation emissions from other emissions using
carbon-isotopic fingerprinting and other chemical proxies, (iii) estimate
CH4 emission rates, and (iv) improve flux estimation (and sampling)
methodologies for rapid quantification of major gas leaks. In this paper, we detail the instrument and aircraft set-up for two
campaigns flown in the springs of 2018 and 2019 over the southern North Sea
and describe the developments made in both the planning and sampling methodology
to maximise the quality and value of the data collected. We present example
data collected from both campaigns to demonstrate the challenges encountered
during offshore surveys, focussing on the complex meteorology of the marine
boundary layer and sampling discrete plumes from an airborne platform. The
uncertainties of CH4 flux calculations from measurements under varying
boundary layer conditions are considered, as well as recommendations for
attribution of sources through either spot sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ∕ δ13CCH4 or using in situ instrumental data to determine
C2H6–CH4 ratios. A series of recommendations for both
planning and measurement techniques for future offshore work within marine
boundary layers is provided.
Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process
Authors: Yver-Kwok Camille , Philippon Carole , Bergamaschi Peter , Biermann Tobias , Calzolari Francescopiero , Chen Huilin , Conil Sebastien , Cristofanelli Paolo , Delmotte Marc , Hatakka Juha , Heliasz Michal , Hermansen Ove , Komínková Kateřina , Kubistin Dagmar , Kumps Nicolas , Laurent Olivier , Laurila Tuomas , Lehner Irene , Levula Janne , Lindauer Matthias , Lopez Morgan , Mammarella Ivan , Manca Giovanni , Marklund Per , Metzger Jean-Marc , Mölder Meelis , Platt Stephen M. , Ramonet Michel , Rivier Leonard , Scheeren Bert , Sha Mahesh Kumar , Smith Paul , Steinbacher Martin , Vítková Gabriela , Wyss Simon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations.
Vegetation modulates the impact of climate extremes on gross primary production
Authors: Flach Milan , Brenning Alexander , Gans Fabian , Reichstein Markus , Sippel Sebastian , Mahecha Miguel D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Factors such as the duration, timing, and intensity of extreme events influence the magnitude of impacts on ecosystem processes such as gross primary production (GPP), i.e., the ecosystem uptake of CO2. Preceding soil moisture depletion may exacerbate these impacts. However, some vegetation types may be more resilient to climate extremes than others. This effect is insufficiently understood at the global scale and is the focus of this study.
Using a global upscaled product of GPP that scales up in situ land CO2 flux observations with global satellite remote sensing, we study the impact of climate extremes at the global scale. We find that GPP in grasslands and agricultural areas is generally reduced during heat and drought events. However, we also find that forests, if considered globally, appear in general to not be particularly sensitive to droughts and heat events that occurred during the analyzed period or even show increased GPP values during these events. On the one hand, normal-to-increased GPP values are in many cases plausible, e.g., when conditions prior to the event have been particularly positive. On the other hand, however, normal-to-increased GPP values in forests may also reflect a lack of sensitivity in current remote-sensing-derived GPP products to the effects of droughts and heatwaves. The overall picture calls for a differentiated consideration of different land cover types in the assessments of risks of climate extremes for ecosystem functioning.
Drivers of nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a groundwater-fed urban catchment revealed by high-frequency monitoring
Authors: Yu Liang , Rozemeijer Joachim C. , Broers Hans Peter , van Breukelen Boris M. , Middelburg Jack J. , Ouboter Maarten , van der Velde Ype 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Eutrophication of water bodies has been a problem causing severe degradation of water quality in cities. To gain mechanistic understanding of the temporal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in a groundwater-fed low-lying urban polder, we applied high-frequency monitoring in Geuzenveld, a polder in the city of Amsterdam. The high-frequency monitoring equipment was installed at the pumping station where
water leaves the polder. From March 2016 to June 2017, total phosphorus (TP), ammonium (NH4), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), and water temperature were measured at intervals of less than 20 min. This paper discusses the results at three timescales: annual scale, rain event scale, and single pumping event scale. Mixing of upwelling groundwater (main source of N and P) and runoff from precipitation on pavements and roofs was the dominant hydrological process governing the temporal pattern of the EC, while N and P fluxes from the polder were also regulated by primary production and iron transformations. In our groundwater-seepage controlled catchment, NH4 appeared to be the dominant form of N with surface water concentrations in the range of 2–6 mg N L−1, which stems from production in an organic-rich subsurface. The concentrations of NH4 in the surface water were governed by the mixing process in autumn and winter and were reduced down to 0.1 mg N L−1 during the algal growing season in spring. The depletion of dissolved NH4 in spring suggests uptake by primary producers, consistent with high concentrations of chlorophyll a,
O2, and suspended solids during this period. Total P and turbidity were high during winter (range 0.5–2.5 mg P L−1 and 200–1800 FNU, respectively, where FNU represents Formazin Nephelometric Unit) due to the release of P and reduced iron from anoxic sediment to the water column, where Fe2+ was rapidly oxidized and precipitated as iron oxides which contributed to turbidity. In the other seasons, P is retained in the sediment by sorption to precipitated iron oxides. Nitrogen is exported from the polder to the receiving waters throughout the whole year, mostly in the form of NH4 but in the form of organic N in spring. P leaves the polder mainly during winter, primarily associated with Fe(OH)3 colloids and as dissolved P. Based on this new understanding of the dynamics of N and P in this low-lying urban catchment, we suggested management strategies that may effectively control and reduce eutrophication in urban polders and receiving downstream waters.
Evaluation of sea-ice thickness from four reanalyses in the Antarctic Weddell Sea
Authors: Shi Qian , Yang Qinghua , Mu Longjiang , Wang Jinfei , Massonnet François , Mazloff Matthew R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Ocean–sea-ice coupled models constrained by various observations provide different ice thickness estimates in the Antarctic. We evaluate
contemporary monthly ice thickness from four reanalyses in the Weddell Sea: the German contribution of the project Estimating the Circulation and Climate of
the Ocean Version 2 (GECCO2), the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE), the Ensemble Kalman Filter system based on the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO-EnKF) and the Global Ice–Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS). The evaluation is performed against
reference satellite and in situ observations from ICESat-1, Envisat, upward-looking sonars and visual ship-based sea-ice observations. Compared with
ICESat-1, NEMO-EnKF has the highest correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.54 and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.44 m. Compared with
in situ observations, SOSE has the highest CC of 0.77 and lowest RMSE of 0.72 m. All reanalyses underestimate ice thickness near the coast of
the western Weddell Sea with respect to ICESat-1 and in situ observations even though these observational estimates may be biased low. GECCO2 and
NEMO-EnKF reproduce the seasonal variation in first-year ice thickness reasonably well in the eastern Weddell Sea. In contrast, GIOMAS ice thickness
performs best in the central Weddell Sea, while SOSE ice thickness agrees most with the observations from the southern coast of the Weddell Sea. In
addition, only NEMO-EnKF can reproduce the seasonal evolution of the large-scale spatial distribution of ice thickness, characterized by the thick
ice shifting from the southwestern and western Weddell Sea in summer to the western and northwestern Weddell Sea in spring. We infer that the thick
ice distribution is correlated with its better simulation of northward ice motion in the western Weddell Sea. These results demonstrate the
possibilities and limitations of using current sea-ice reanalysis for understanding the recent variability of sea-ice volume in the Antarctic.
Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release
Authors: Ghobrial Tadros R. , Loewen Mark R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In northern rivers, turbulent water becomes supercooled
(i.e. cooled to slightly below the freezing point) when exposed to freezing
air temperatures. In supercooled turbulent water, frazil (small ice disks)
crystals are generated in the water column, and anchor ice starts to form on
the bed. Two anchor ice formation mechanisms have been reported in the
literature: either by the accumulation of suspended frazil particles, which
are adhesive (sticky) in nature, on the riverbed or by in situ growth of
ice crystals on the bed material. Once anchor ice has formed on the bed, the
accumulation typically continues to grow (due to either further frazil
accumulation and/or crystal growth) until release occurs due to mechanical
(shear force by the flow or buoyancy of the accumulation) or thermal
(warming of the water column which weakens the ice-substrate bond) forcing
or a combination of the two. There have been a number of detailed laboratory
studies of anchor ice reported in the literature, but very few field
measurements of anchor ice processes have been reported. These measurements
have relied on either sampling anchor ice accumulations from the riverbed
or qualitatively describing the observed formation and release. In this
study, a custom-built imaging system (camera and lighting) was developed to
capture high-resolution digital images of anchor ice formation and release
on the riverbed. A total of six anchor ice events were successfully
captured in the time-lapse images, and for the first time, the different
initiation, growth, and release mechanisms were measured in the field. Four
stages of the anchor ice cycle were identified: Stage 1: initiation
by in situ crystal growth; Stage 2: transitional phase; Stage 3: linear
growth; and Stage 4: release phase. Anchor ice initiation due to in situ
growth was observed in three events, and in the remainder, the accumulation
appeared to be initiated by frazil deposition. The Stage 1 growth rates
ranged from 1.3 to 2.0 cm/h, and the Stage 2 and 3 growth rates varied from
0.3 to 0.9 cm/h. Anchor ice was observed releasing from the bed in three
modes: lifting of the entire accumulation, shearing of layers of the
accumulation, and rapid release of the entire accumulation.
Intercomparison of photogrammetric platforms for spatially continuous snow depth mapping
Authors: Eberhard Lucie A. , Sirguey Pascal , Miller Aubrey , Marty Mauro , Schindler Konrad , Stoffel Andreas , Bühler Yves 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Snow depth has traditionally been estimated based on
point measurements collected either manually or at automated weather
stations. Point measurements, though, do not represent the high spatial
variability in snow depths present in alpine terrain. Photogrammetric
mapping techniques have progressed in recent years and are capable of
accurately mapping snow depth in a spatially continuous manner, over larger
areas and at various spatial resolutions. However, the strengths and
weaknesses associated with specific platforms and photogrammetric
techniques as well as the accuracy of the photogrammetric performance on
snow surfaces have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Therefore,
industry-standard photogrammetric platforms, including high-resolution
satellite (Pléiades), airplane (Ultracam Eagle M3), unmanned aerial
system (eBee+ RTK with SenseFly S.O.D.A. camera) and terrestrial (single lens reflex
camera, Canon EOS 750D) platforms, were tested for snow depth mapping in the alpine
Dischma valley (Switzerland) in spring 2018. Imagery was acquired with
airborne and space-borne platforms over the entire valley, while unmanned
aerial system (UAS) and terrestrial photogrammetric imagery was acquired
over a subset of the valley. For independent validation of the
photogrammetric products, snow depth was measured by probing as well as
by using remote observations of fixed snow poles. When comparing snow depth maps with manual and snow pole measurements, the
root mean square error (RMSE) values and the normalized median absolute deviation (NMAD) values were 0.52 and 0.47 m, respectively, for the satellite snow
depth map, 0.17 and 0.17 m for the airplane snow depth map, and 0.16 and
0.11 m for the UAS snow depth map. The area covered by the terrestrial snow
depth map only intersected with four manual measurements and did not generate
statistically relevant measurements. When using the UAS snow depth map as a
reference surface, the RMSE and NMAD values were 0.44 and 0.38 m for the
satellite snow depth map, 0.12 and 0.11 m for the airplane snow depth map,
and 0.21 and 0.19 m for the terrestrial snow depth map. When compared to the
airplane dataset over a large part of the Dischma valley (40 km2), the
snow depth map from the satellite yielded an RMSE value of 0.92 m and an NMAD
value of 0.65 m. This study provides comparative measurements between
photogrammetric platforms to evaluate their specific advantages and
disadvantages for operational, spatially continuous snow depth mapping in
alpine terrain over both small and large geographic areas.
Le passage à l’Institut Canadien de Montréal de Madame Manoël de Grandfort, écrivaine, journaliste, voyageuse et oratrice
Authors: Incesu Umut 
Published: January 2021

Dans Gens de parole (1990), l’historien Yvan Lamonde attire notre attention sur la présence de Mme Manoël de Grandfort comme étant la seule femme à prendre la parole pendant les conférences publiques de l’Institut Canadien de Montréal (44). Cette association francophone, qui a marqué l’histoire culturelle et littéraire canadienne-française au XIXe siècle, a, selon Lamonde, organisé, 128 conférences publiques et accueilli 63 conférenciers entre 1845 et 1871 (17). Madame de Grandfort, quant à elle, y était la seule voix féminine et la seule personne « à monter trois fois à la tribune de l’Institut » (44). À une époque où l’on n’est pas encore tout à fait prêt à donner la parole aux femmes dans une sphère publique au Canada, les multiples conférences de cette écrivaine française méritent une étude approfondie. En nous appuyant sur les articles des journaux de 1854, nous chercherons à comprendre la contribution de Grandfort dans la vie littéraire et culturelle de l’Institut Canadien de Montréal et à l’histoire du féminisme au Québec au XIXe siècle.
Towards Responsible Business Conduct in Global Value Chains
Authors: Enneking Liesbeth , Veldman Jeroen 
Published: January 2021

Towards Responsible Business Conduct in Global Value Chains – Relevant Legal Developments in the Netherlands
The past few decades have seen an increasing scrutiny of the impacts – both positive and negative – that companies have on the societies in which they operate. The search for adequate responses to such scrutiny is reflected in developments in the societal, political and academic debate on three separate but interrelated concepts: corporate social responsibility, business and human rights and responsible business conduct. The focus in this Special Issue will be on law and policy relating to responsible business conduct in global value chains. The contributions in this Special Issue identify relevant developments and institutions in the Netherlands, including rules and regulations related to trade, investment and corporate governance as well as cases related to corporate and consumer responsibilities, and assess their role in relation to the potential to provide a positive response to the concern about the human and environmental impacts of business activities. Together, they provide a multi-perspective view of relevant gaps and/or best practices with regard to regulatory governance in the Netherlands while at the same time enabling a comparative debate on the extent to which these diverse developments and institutions are in line with stated policy goals in this context both at national and EU levels. In doing so, this Special Issue aims to contribute to further coherence between national and EU policies with regard to RBC in global value chains and sustainable development.
As representações da velhice e sua interface com a moda:
Authors: Teixeira Débora Pires , Farias Rita de Cássia Pereira 
Published: January 2021

No presente artigo analisou-se o uso imagem do velho como modelo e sua interface com a moda, buscando desvelar os seus significados. Para tanto, foram analisadas 156 edições da revista Claudia (1997-2010). As fotografias foram tratadas pela metodologia de imagens fixas de Mendes (2003). O corpus confirma a representação hegemônica da velhice na revista, que migra da invisibilidade para a constituição do “novo velho”. As reportagens apresentaram sujeitos ativos, magros, brancos e das classes sociais superiores, cujas imagens reiteram a noção de atividade. Em conclusão, destaca-se que, embora esse perfil representacional possa contribuir para contestar a normatividade dos padrões de beleza, pautados na juventude, visa, prioritariamente, lançar luz sobre o potencial do velho como consumidor.
Palavras-chave: Modelos com 60 anos ou mais; Moda; Representações midiáticas da velhice; Revista Claudia.
Le vocabulaire de l’architecture dans le Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (1762) : après les traces de Nicot
Authors: Bartolomé-Díaz Zaida , Trujillo-González Verónica C. 
Published: January 2021

Studies on the lexicographical treatment of technical architectural terms in general language dictionaries are scarce. Our article shows how architectural technical terms were treated by the French Academy in the fourth edition of its dictionary (1762) through the study of a series of specific terms related to architecture and building. Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne (1606) is considered to be one of the first dictionaries to have identified a large number of architectural terms. In this work, we trace the presence or absence of these terms in the Dictionary of the French Academy (1762) and study whether they have become part of the common language or whether they continue to be regarded as specialized terms.
Les études sur le traitement lexicographique des termes techniques d'architecture dans les dictionnaires de langue générale sont rares. Notre article montre comment les termes techniques concernant l’architecture ont été traités par l'Académie française dans la quatrième édition de son dictionnaire (1762) à travers l'étude d'une série de termes spécifiques liés à l'architecture et au bâtiment. Le Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne de Jean Nicot (1606) est considéré comme l'un des premiers dictionnaires à avoir identifié un grand nombre de termes architecturaux. Dans cet ouvrage, nous retraçons la présence ou l'absence de ces termes dans le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1762) et étudions s'ils sont devenus partie intégrante de la langue commune ou s'ils continuent à être considérés comme des termes spécialisés.