bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shannon diversity index: a call to replace the original Shannon’s formula with unbiased estimator in the population genetics studies
Authors: Konopiński Maciej K. 
Published: June 2020

Background
The Shannon diversity index has been widely used in population genetics studies. Recently, it was proposed as a unifying measure of diversity at different levels—from genes and populations to whole species and ecosystems. The index, however, was proven to be negatively biased at small sample sizes. Modifications to the original Shannon’s formula have been proposed to obtain an unbiased estimator.

Methods
In this study, the performance of four different estimators of Shannon index—the original Shannon’s formula and those of Zahl, Chao and Shen and Chao et al.—was tested on simulated microsatellite data. Both the simulation and analysis of the results were performed in the R language environment. A new R function was created for the calculation of all four indices from the genind data format.

Results
Sample size dependence was detected in all the estimators analysed; however, the deviation from parametric values was substantially smaller in the derived measures than in the original Shannon’s formula. Error rate was negatively associated with population heterozygosity. Comparisons among loci showed that fast-mutating loci were less affected by the error, except for the original Shannon’s estimator which, in the smallest sample, was more strongly affected by loci with a higher number of alleles. The Zahl and Chao et al. estimators performed notably better than the original Shannon’s formula.

Conclusion
The results of this study show that the original Shannon index should no longer be used as a measure of genetic diversity and should be replaced by Zahl’s unbiased estimator.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Waste Management among Primary School Children
Authors: Sulistyawati Sulistyawati , Sukesi Tri Wahyuni , Mulasari Surahma Asti , Tentama Fatwa , Djannah Sitti Nur 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Waste is becoming a problem until recently in many countries. Globally, the amount of wastes has increased with the growing population and the level of consumerism in society. One investment in the future to control waste production is by providing the value of waste treatment from an early age of children. The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding waste management among primary school children.
Study Design: Pre-experimental, with a one-shot case study design, was used in this study.
Methodology: Forty children in primary school, aged between 11 and-12 years, were sampled in this study. The intervention was delivered through an oral presentation and play video followed by a survey using tested questionnaires contained knowledge, attitude and practice towards waste management questions.
Results: More than 70% of respondents answered with a satisfying score in all questions. However, respondents had less than 70% in knowledge about waste type. Most of the respondents said there was no waste treatment facility in their schools. Respondents disliked the enactment of punishment for those who did not imbibe the spirit of waste disposal effectively and efficiently.
Conclusion: Our result implies respondent knowledge about waste management is sufficient, but it is essential to push them to practice the knowledge in their daily life.
The Role of Fishermen’s Wives to Increase the Incomes of Traditional Fishermen Households (A Case Study at Pangandaran Sub District, Pangandaran District, Indonesia)
Authors: Wantini Santi Ayu , Nurhayati Atikah , Bangkit B. S. Ibnu , Handaka Asep Agus 
Published: June 2020

This research aimed to analyze working time of fishermen’s wives, the income of traditional fishermen households and the contribution fishermen’s wives to increase the income of fishermen households. This research was conducted at Pangandaran and Pananjung Villages, Pangandaran Sub-District, Pangandaran District, Indonesia in October 2019 until March 2020. The method used in this research was a case study with the fishermen’s wives as the analysis unit. Primary data were obtained from 35 respondents who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed that the type of works fishermen’s wives are salted fish processor, “jambal roti” processor, seller fish and net puller. The average of working hours in economy activities (productive activities) is 6.9 hours or 28.6% per day, working hours in domestic activities is 3.8 hours or 15.7% per day and working hours in social activities is 2.5 hours or 10.4% per day. The average of total household income IDR 3,867,560,- or US$ 266.73. The contribution of fishermen’s wives to household income is 36% and categorized as “low”.
A Qualitative Exploration of Access and Utilization of Focused Antenatal Care among Pastoral Community in North Eastern Kenya
Authors: Ahmed Ismail , Mwanzo Isaac , Agina Okello 
Published: June 2020

Background: Ministry of Health Kenya has adopted new guidelines for FANC services emphasizing on four antenatal care visits, birth planning and emergency preparedness. In North eastern Kenya predominately occupied by Somali pastoralist Communities only 37% of women of reproductive age receive ANC service at least 4 times during pregnancy, which is considerably lower than the national rate of 58%. There is limited utilization of healthcare services among nomadic pastoralist compared to general population, this is due to several constraints stemming from their migratory way of life, poor social services and spatial disparities. Limited studies have adopted qualitative approaches to explore access and utilization FANC among pastoralist communities. The study explored access and utilization of FANC service among pastoralist community of North Eastern Kenya.
Methodology: The study is an exploratory qualitative study, using a purposive sampling method forty eight women who give birth two years prior to the study were selected, sixteen male partners and three ANC providers. Data was collected using FGDs and KIIs and analyzed thematically.
Results: There is low utilization of FANC among pastoralist communities, the proportion of respondents who had utilized was 83.3% but only few 39.6% had utilized the required four visits (FANC). There is delayed initiation of uptake of FANC services where majority respondents 55.0% had attended ANC in their second trimester while only 17.5% had utilized in their first trimester as recommended. Barrier that hampered FANC uptake are: long distance to health centre, transport cost, low level of FANC knowledge, TBAs practice, low income and harmful cultural practices. Major facilitators identified are free FANC charges, good attitude of a care giver and fear of pregnancy complication. Access challenges range from inadequate infrastructure, lack of skilled health attendants and logistical constraints to harmful cultural practices.
Conclusion: There is need to reduce travelling time to the health facility by conducting regular outreach services targeting nomads with no near facility, improve culturally sensitive FANC to increase accessibility, involving all health stakeholders and community representatives to increase cultural acceptability and also help priorities policies that increases FANC service uptake.
Migrant Health: Healthy Migrant Effect and the Need to Prioritize Migrant Health
Authors: Sserwanja Quraish , Kawuki Joseph 
Published: June 2020

Globally, the number of international migrants is about 258 million with over 60% of these living in Asia and Europe and the rest of the 40% living in Northern America, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania. We aimed to describe the healthy migrant effect, the public health challenges faced by migrants and approaches that host countries can adopt to improve migrant health. We used literature searched from key databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, among others, to collect relevant and recent information about migrant health. Several studies have shown recent migrants to be healthier than native-born populations. Several studies have concluded that with a longer stay in a host country, the health of migrants tends to deteriorate which could be as a result of low living and working conditions and adoption of risky health behaviour. Communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental and social problems, contribute significantly to the morbidity burden of new migrants in host countries. Migrants in host countries are less likely to access or fully benefit from the healthcare system as they face various challenges such as language barrier, denial of access basing on the lack of documentation, and negative healthcare provider attitudes. This mini-review identifies that in order to ensure the health of migrants, host countries have to effectively coordinate and collaborate with other countries and sectors. Furthermore, it highlights a need to promote migrant-sensitive health policies aimed at improving the health of migrants, promoting equitable access to health protection and care for migrants and advocating migrants’ health rights.
Microbiology and Safety of Ogi Fermentation: A Review
Authors: Margaret Adisa Abosede , Enujiugha Victor N. 
Published: June 2020

Ogi a widely consumed breakfast cereal in Nigeria and other West African countries plays an important role in the nutrition and economy of many of the populace, especially among the under-privileged as its consumption cut across all age groups. It is significant for its application as a cheap and convenient weaning food for children, breakfast and soft meal for adult, convalescents, pregnant and nursing women. This paper is aimed at reviewing the production of ogi from different cereals, which maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and millet (Penisetum glaucum). The microflora of ogi is mainly dominated by lactic acid bacteria which are generally regarded as safe with Lactobacillus plantarum dominating and certain beneficial fungal species which belong to the genus Saccharomyces and Aspergillus niger. The safety of the potential microorganisms which are responsible for the fermentation of the product from the various substrates is also of vital importance. The importance of good hygiene practice to reduce post production re- contamination of the product which could possibly lead to food poisoning especially at the grassroot level is also considered. The widespread use of ogi as a weaning food for children in sub-Saharan Africa makes this review very significant and relevant.
Rice Blast Disease (Magnaporthe oryzae): A Menace to Rice Production and Humanity
Authors: Agbowuro G. O. , Afolabi M. S. , Olamiriki E. F. , Awoyemi S. O. 
Published: June 2020

Rice blast disease is one of the major constraints to rice production, threatening food security globally. Rice grain production losses due to the disease leads economic losses to the farmers, and to an increase in global rice price as a result of the supply that is far below the consumer demand. The losses from the disease annually was estimated to feed over 60 million individual. The disease has been studied comprehensively by researchers due to the importance attached to rice and its vast spread and destructiveness across the globe. A good understanding of the pathogen causing the disease, its life cycle and development, epidemiology, symptoms, management strategy will offer a good insight into the disease incidence and give an appropriate and effective decision-making in its management. Different control measures have been adopted managing the disease, including the use of resistant varieties. Integrated disease management strategies coupled with good agronomy practices are required for successful control of rice blast for food security. This review, therefore, examined the fundamentals of rice blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) and offered strategies to minimize the disease activities to ensure proper production and increase the supply of rice grains.
Influence of Anthropic and Topographic Factors on the Physicochemical Properties of the Soil around Temporary Pools in Ferlo, North Senegal
Authors: Faye Ndiabou , Diallo Mariama Dalanda , Peiry Jean Luc , Diallo Aly , Guisse Aliou 
Published: June 2020

The temporary ponds at Ferlo constitute wetlands whose pastoral activity is of paramount importance in the economy of Senegal. These zones are characterized by a fairly specific microclimate (soft and humid), a shallow depth of the water table, alternating phases of submersion and exudation whose functioning is linked to the soil. Thus the restoration and conservation of these wetlands requires a good knowledge of the soil factors.
The objective of this study is to compare the physico-chemical parameters of the soil around temporary pools in grazed and ungrazed areas and different topographical units in order to determine their relative similarities.
The samples taken at different horizons from seven soil pits (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7) opened in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond were analyzed in the laboratory.
The results obtained show that the soils of Ferlo have a sandy texture and low fertility in the slopes and plateaus. However, they have a balanced texture and average fertility in ponds and ungrazed areas. The factorial analysis made it possible to highlight three distinct soil classes. A class of sandy texture soil with very low chemical fertility comes from the plateau. A class of soil with a balanced texture which is rich in cation and calcium exchange capacity found in the low zones of strong mineralization. A last class rich in chemical element with a silty texture which is found in wooded areas.
These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropic and topographic factors on the evolution and physico-chemical composition of the soil.
Penetrating Scrotal Injury: Two Unusual Case Reports in Children and Brief Review of Literature
Authors: Owusu Ofori Emmanuel , Bin Alhassan Baba Alhaji , Essoun Samuel , Asante-Asamani Alvin , Maison Patrick 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Scrotal trauma is a rare surgical emergency that accounts for less than 1% of all traumatic injuries. They are more prevalent in 15-40 years age group. Blunt scrotal trauma contributes to about 80% of all scrotal injuries whilst penetrating scrotal injuries constitute the remaining 20%. Penetrating scrotal injuries are however, more rare in children but can result from bicycle handlebars, falls with impalement, and animal bites.
Case Reports: We did a retrospective review of our records over a 7-year period for penetrating scrotal injuries and report two (2) cases involving 13-year old and 14-year old males who sustained injuries from a tree branch and an iron rod respectively after falling from heights.
Discussion: Penetrating scrotal trauma can present with complex injury patterns involving the testes and other surrounding structures, and all invariably need urgent scrotal exploration. Consequently, both of our cases had immediate surgical exploration with conservative debridement of non-viable tissue and surprisingly both were spared any testicular injury.
Conclusion: Penetrating scrotal trauma may spare the testis and the scrotal contents despite the gravity of the injury.
Education, ancient Near East
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Apprentice scribes in the ancient Near East were taught by master scribes to read and write the cuneiform script, and to master literary forms and use mathematical tables. During the Ur III period, education probably took place in an edubba or “tablet house” sponsored by a temple or palace, but later scribes were often educated in the home of a master scribe. The curriculum tablets used to train the scribes were remarkably consistent everywhere, and exercises took place in more or less the same sequence. Some women were also educated, as indicated by the names and activities of female scribes.
Scribes, ancient Near East
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Few people were literate during most of ancient Near East history. Scribes were trained in a fairly standard curriculum, and many of the students were sons of scribes. They were responsible for all record keeping and most long‐distance communication. Scribes generally wrote on rectangular clay tablets, indeed, the ancient Sumerian and Akkadian terms for a scribe meant “tablet writer.” Inscriptions on stone and metal are also known. Many scribes served on the administrative staffs of temples and palaces, or as diplomats, royal secretaries, translators, merchants, businessmen, judges, physicians, and teachers. Elite women in the palaces and temples sometimes employed female scribes.
Seals, Byzantine
Authors: Karagiorgou Olga 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Sigillography studies all forms of sealing implements and their impressions. The sealing media
par excellence
during the early Byzantine period were clay and especially lead, imprinted (from the fourth century onwards) with the use of a
boulloterion
. Byzantine lead sealings up to 700
ce
bear the name, title(s), and office of their owner (in Greek and/or Latin) in linear inscriptions or in monograms and are usually decorated with depictions of the Theotokos, various saints, eagles, or (in the special case of the
kommerkiarioi
seals) with portraits of the emperor(s).
Toll
Authors: van Tilburg Cornelis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn Greek and Roman society, several types of tolls were in use. The most important Greek tax was the so‐calledpentekoste. The majority of Roman taxes were situated at the frontiers of the Roman Empire and its harbors; besides these points, there were also tolls at city gates, roads, province boundaries, mountain passes, and bridges. The Latin word for toll isportorium, a word connected withportus, “harbor.” Livy cites this word at first in 508bce. There is discussion about the importance of (local) tolls. Some groups of people and some goods were exempt from toll. For thepublicaniortelonai, the investigation was a problem.
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes
Authors: Nadig Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPtolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes was a son of Ptolemy IX Soter II, who became king after the death of Ptolemy XI Alexander II in 80bce. He gained the support of Roman politicians through extensive bribes. He fled to Rome after the Roman annexation of Cyprus but got back his throne in 55bcethrough military help from the proconsul of Syria, Aulus Gabinius. Ptolemy XII made his daughter Cleopatra VII his co‐regent and died in the spring of 51.
Raqqa
Authors: Genequand Denis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Al‐Raqqa is a town of modern Syria situated on the left bank of the Euphrates River. It was the site of a city during Antiquity and Late Antiquity. It gained in importance in the early Islamic period and first became the place of a garrison city called al‐Rāfiqa under the Abbasid caliph al‐Mansūr. Later on, during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Haār
ū
n al‐Rashīd, for about twelve years (796–808
ce
), al‐Raqqa became temporarily the capital of the empire when the caliph decided to settle there. It resulted in the building, to the north of the town, of a huge palatial area.
Drama (Pharaonic Egypt)
Authors: Gillam Robyn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is little agreement about the existence of drama in ancient Egypt. Although there are references to various types of performances in Egyptian and other classical sources, only four texts survive that are widely agreed to display dramatic form and content. To the Ramesseum Dramatic Papyrus, Shabaka Stone, and the Triumph of Horus, spanning the late Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period, has been recently added a Ptolemaic “Demotic Drama.” All these texts present incidents in the conflict between Horus and Seth for kingship over Egypt, which lends itself to enactment, pointing to the existence of an Egyptian dramatic tradition.
Materfamilias
Authors: Hallett Judith P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The Latin noun
materfamilias
literally means “mother” of a Roman “family,” that is, all persons subject to the control of one man, whether relations, freedmen, or slaves, organized into a household. Our earliest Roman sources use
materfamilias
for the wife of a paterfamilias, the male head of household, and the mistress of a household; and for a respectable married woman or matron.
Nonvolatile Electrically Reconfigurable Integrated Photonic Switch Enabled by a Silicon PIN Diode Heater
Authors: Zheng Jiajiu , Fang Zhuoran , Wu Changming , Zhu Shifeng , Xu Peipeng , Doylend Jonathan K. , Deshmukh Sanchit , Pop Eric , Dunham Scott , Li Mo , Majumdar Arka 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReconfigurability of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) has become increasingly important due to the growing demands for electronic–photonic systems on a chip driven by emerging applications, including neuromorphic computing, quantum information, and microwave photonics. Success in these fields usually requires highly scalable photonic switching units as essential building blocks. Current photonic switches, however, mainly rely on materials with weak, volatile thermo‐optic or electro‐optic modulation effects, resulting in large footprints and high energy consumption. As a promising alternative, chalcogenide phase‐change materials (PCMs) exhibit strong optical modulation in a static, self‐holding fashion, but the scalability of present PCM‐integrated photonic applications is still limited by the poor optical or electrical actuation approaches. Here, with phase transitions actuated by in situ silicon PIN diode heaters, scalable nonvolatile electrically reconfigurable photonic switches using PCM‐clad silicon waveguides and microring resonators are demonstrated. As a result, intrinsically compact and energy‐efficient switching units operated with low driving voltages, near‐zero additional loss, and reversible switching with high endurance are obtained in a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible process. This work can potentially enable very large‐scale CMOS‐integrated programmable electronic–photonic systems such as optical neural networks and general‐purpose integrated photonic processors.
Highly Air‐Stable Single‐Crystalline β‐CsPbI3 Nanorods: A Platform for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mahato Somnath , Ghorai Arup , Srivastava Sanjeev Kumar , Modak Mantu , Singh Sudarshan , Ray Samit K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of single‐crystalline β‐CsPbI3 perovskite nanorods (NRs) using a colloidal process is reported, exhibiting their improved photostability under 45–55% humidity. The crystal structure of CsPbI3 NRs films is investigated using Rietveld refined X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns to determine crystallographic parameters and the phase transformation from orthorhombic (γ‐CsPbI3) to tetragonal (β‐CsPbI3) on annealing at 150 °C. Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy images are utilized to determine the probable atomic distribution of Cs, Pb, and I atoms in a single β‐phase CsPbI3 NR, in agreement with the XRD structure and selected area electron diffraction pattern, indicating the growth of single crystalline β‐CsPbI3 NR. The calculation of the electronic band structure of tetragonal β‐CsPbI3 using density functional theory (DFT) reveals a direct transition with a lower band gap and a higher absorption coefficient in the solar spectrum, as compared to its γ‐phase. An air‐stable (45–55% humidity) inverted perovskite solar cell, employing β‐CsPbI3 NRs without any encapsulation, yields an efficiency of 7.3% with 78% enhancement over the γ‐phase, showing its potential for future low cost photovoltaic devices.