bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrashort inspiratory times homogenize ventilation distribution in an inhomogeneous two‐compartment model of the neonatal lung
Authors: Baumgartner Jana , Klotz Daniel , Schneider Hendryk , Schumann Stefan , Fuchs Hans 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundInhomogeneous lung ventilation and pulmonary air leaks are common adverse effects of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. We hypothesized that shortening of inspiratory times can improve the homogeneity of lung aeration. We assumed that ultrashort inspiratory times lead to a full build‐up of pressure in regions with low compliance while maintaining incomplete filling of regions with high compliance.MethodsWe connected a two‐compartment model of the lung with different compliances of the two compartments to a neonatal ventilator. Pressures and flow rates were measured separately for each compartment at inspiratory times ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 s and various combinations of tidal volumes.ResultsAn inspiratory time of 0.8 s resulted in near total pressure equalization between the airway pressure and the two compartments, as 97% of the maximum applied peak pressure was reached in the low compliance compartment and 95% in the high compliance compartment. The distribution of the tidal volume was proportional to the compartment compliance. Ultrashort inspiratory times lowered the peak pressure and tidal volume in the high compliance compartment but maintained higher pressure and volume in the low compliance compartment. An inspiratory time of 0.2 s resulted in a peak pressure of 80% of peak airway pressure in the low compliance compartment and in 61% of peak airway pressure in the high compliance compartment (p < .001).ConclusionVentilation with ultrashort inspiratory times may improve homogeneity of air distribution in inhomogeneous lungs of ventilated preterm or term infants.
α‐Cyclopiazonic Acid from Synthesis Perspective
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Hameed Shahid , Zhurakovskyi Oleksandr , Inayat Humaira 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFirst reported in 1968, α‐cyclopiazonic acid is an ergot alkaloid that remained a synthetic challenge for the long time. The key problem lied with the diastereocontrol of three adjoining stereocentres at the core of the molecule. The early syntheses relied on stepwise approaches and classical reactions, such as intramolecular Michael addition and Dieckmann condensation. Later, advances in methodology allowed for concurrent construction of the stereochemical triad in one step, and expedient construction of the rest of the molecule. This review will cover the history of α‐cyclopiazonic acid highlighting important discoveries that came out of the synthetic efforts, in particular the use of sulfur ylides.
Recent Applications of Ritter Reactions in Organic Syntheses
Authors: Mohammadi Ziarani Ghodsi , Soltani Hasankiadeh Fatemeh , Mohajer Fatemeh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Ritter reactions are an important Classes of organic reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles and linear amides. Ritter reaction products are pyridine, quinazolinone, and other heterocyclic structures, which have different biological activities such as antibacterial and antivirous application from 2017 to 2020. Furthermore, the Ritter reaction in the synthesis of linear amides is evaluated from 2015 to 2020 in this review. Linear amides are essential components in drug molecules which are difficult to synthesize by conventional methods but can be synthesized through the Ritter reaction.
A Spectroscopic Approach towards the Comparative Binding Studies of the Antioxidizing Flavonol Myricetin with Various Single‐Stranded RNA
Authors: Chowdhury Susmita , Bhuiya Sutanwi , Haque Lucy , Das Suman 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRNA based drugs have come to limelight owing to the major role played by RNA in the development of many viral diseases. Molecules which can effectively bind with RNA can induce morphological changes in RNA which further modifies its biological properties. Flavonoids are phytochemicals having a wide range of pharmacological properties and are known to interact with DNA. We have used RNA instead of DNA and aimed at establishing a comparison of binding of three single stranded forms of RNA homopolymers namely polyriboadenylic acid [poly(rA)], polyuridylic acid [poly(rU)] and polycytidylic acid [poly(rC)] with the flavonol myricetin (herein after MTN), our probe of interest. A series of spectroscopic experiments like spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry and circular dichroism studies indicate a stronger binding of myricetin with poly(rA) followed by poly(rU) and finally poly(rC). This was confirmed from the construction of Scatchard plot using the Mc‐Ghee von Hippel equation for cooperative binding. The magnitude of the order of binding was 103 M−1 at 25 °C in all the cases. It is to be noted that most eukaryotic mRNAs have a poly adenylate tail. Binding of MTN to poly(rA) in virulent cells could effectively alter the encoded protein synthesis and reduce chances of occurrence of the disease.
Catalyst Free, Multicomponent Green Approach to Benzo[a]chromeno[2,3‐c]phenazines Using Glycerol as a Recyclable and Biodegradable Promoting Medium
Authors: Nazeef Mohd , Saquib Mohammad , Tiwari Saurabh Kumar , Yadav Vikas , Ansari Saif , Sagir Hozeyfa , Hussain Mohd. Kamil , Siddiqui I. R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA series of benzo[a]chromeno[2,3‐c]phenazine derivatives were synthesized through an efficient one‐pot, multicomponent eco‐friendly reaction of 2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1,4‐dione, o‐phenylenediamines, cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and aromatic aldehydes, promoted by glycerol. To the best of our knowledge this is the first catalyst free protocol for synthesis of this important scaffold having potential applications in medicinal and materials chemistry. Other important attributes of the present method are the use of glycerol as a bio‐renewable and biodegradable reaction medium‐cum‐promoter, use of readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, easy workup, and high yields and atom efficiency, which makes the disclosed protocol a superior alternative to existing methods.
Synthesis of 2‐Chloro‐N‐(4‐(6‐chloroH‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐2‐yl)phenyl) Acetamide Derivatives as Antitubercular Agents
Authors: Nadaf AfraQuasar A. , Gaonkar Supreet , Mantur Shivaraj , Najare Mahesh S. , Yaseen Mohammed , Sunagar Manjunath G. , Joshi Shrinivas , Khazi Imtiyaz Ahmed M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present article reports the synthesis of 2‐chloro‐N‐(4‐(6‐chloroH‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐2‐yl)phenyl)acetamide derivatives (PINRAc 1–12) using 5‐chloropyridin‐2‐amine and 2‐bromo‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethanone in a multi‐step protocol. The structures of all the compounds were characterized by NMR, FT‐IR and GCMS. The compounds were screened for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the microplate Alamar Blue assay. Most of them exhibited good antitubercular activity with MIC in the range of 1.6–25 μg/mL and the cytotoxicity study carried out on human embryonic kidney cell line showed no toxicity on the normal cells. The docking study was performed on mycolic acid transporter protein MmpL3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis which supported the in vitro results.
Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols over Thiophene‐based Covalent Triazine Frameworks with A Narrow Band Gap
Authors: Liao Longfei , Ditz Daniel , Zeng Feng , Alves Favaro Marcelo , Iemhoff Andree , Gupta Kavita , Hartmann Heinrich , Szczuka Conrad , Jakes Peter , Hausoul Peter J. C. , Artz Jens , Palkovits Regina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhotocatalytic selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols by covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is a sustainable strategy to replace present metal‐based heterogeneous catalytic oxidation systems. Covalent triazine‐based frameworks (CTFs), a subgroup of COFs, possess promising properties as efficient catalysts for photocatalytic oxidation. Sulfur‐containing metal‐free CTFs exhibit a good performance in photocatalysis due to their narrowed band gap, and the fast generated photoelectrons/holes separation and transfer. Here, we report the synthesis of thiophene‐based CTFs under mild conditions for photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to the corresponding benzaldehydes using pure oxygen as the oxidant. Full conversion and a selectivity as high as 90 % to benzaldehyde were obtained paving the way for a potential application of these metal‐free photocatalysts in fine chemicals synthesis.
Generalist versus specialist CEOs and acquisitions: Two‐sided matching and the impact of CEO characteristics on firm outcomes
Authors: Chen Guoli , Huang Sterling , Meyer‐Doyle Philipp , Mindruta Denisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryTo address endogeneity concerns stemming from firm‐CEO matching, we deploy a two‐sided matching model that identifies the complementarities arising from the CEO‐firm match and subsequently account for these complementarities in empirical tests. Applying this approach, we examine how the nature of CEOs' human capital affects the acquisition behavior and performance of firms. We find that generalist CEOs (CEOs with a broader set of knowledge and skills) are more likely to engage in unrelated acquisitions than specialist CEOs (CEOs with a narrower but deeper set of knowledge and skills). We also find that the fit between the nature of CEOs' human capital and the type of acquisitions they undertake is associated with stronger performance. Our paper contributes to research on CEOs, human capital, M&As, and microfoundations.Managerial SummaryWe deploy an empirical approach that takes into account the complementarities that arise from the matching of CEOs and firms when testing hypotheses on how CEO attributes shape firm outcomes. Based on this approach, our study finds that CEOs with a broader set of managerial knowledge and skills (generalist CEOs) are more likely to engage in unrelated acquisitions (acquisitions outside a firm's main industry) than CEOs with a narrower but deeper set of knowledge and skills that is more closely tied to a particular industry, firm, or domain (specialist CEOs). We also find that the fit between the nature of CEOs' human capital and the type of acquisitions they engage in is associated with stronger performance.
The contagion externality of a superspreading event: The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and COVID‐19
Authors: Dave Dhaval , McNichols Drew , Sabia Joseph J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge in‐person gatherings of travelers who do not socially distance are classified as the “highest risk” for COVID‐19 spread by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). From August 7–16, 2020, nearly 500,000 motorcycle enthusiasts converged on Sturgis, South Dakota for its annual rally in an environment without mask‐wearing requirements or other mitigating policies. This study is the first to explore this event's public health impacts. First, using anonymized cell phone data, we document that foot traffic at restaurants/bars, retail establishments, and entertainment venues rose substantially at event locations. Stay‐at‐home behavior among local residents fell. Second, using a synthetic control approach, we find that the COVID‐19 case rate increased substantially in Meade County and in the state of South Dakota in the month following the Rally. Finally, using a difference‐in‐differences model to assess nationwide spread, we find that following the Sturgis event, counties outside of South Dakota that contributed the highest inflows of rally attendees experienced a 6.4–12.5% increase in COVID‐19 cases relative to counties without inflows. Our findings highlight that local policy decisions assessing the tradeoff between local economic benefits and COVID‐19 health costs will not be socially optimal in the presence of large contagion externalities.
Folding Stability and Self‐Association of a Triplet‐Repeat (CAG)20 RNA Hairpin in Cytomimetic Media
Authors: Hautke Alexander Christoph , Ebbinghaus Simon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRNA molecules with trinucleotide repeat expansions are involved in the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease. A central research objective is to understand how trinucleotide repeat RNAs fold and function in disease progression. Studies that investigate the sequence structure, stability and self‐assembly of such RNAs mainly focused on in vitro methods in dilute aqueous solution. Functional studies in cells reveal further aspects of transport, protein association or assembly in phase separated compartments. Our study aims to understand governing factors for folding stability of trinucleotide repeats on the cellular level by assessing the influence of key components of the cellular medium in vitro. We investigate (CAG)20 RNA in complex and cytomimetic media using Fast Relaxation Imaging. Using distinct cosolutes we analyze the different enthalpic and entropic contributions that determine folding stability. We find a remarkable destabilization and aggregation of the RNA in cellular lysate that can be attributed to specific and non‐specific interactions with the unfolded state.
Domestic wastewater treatment in a coupled sequential batch reactor‐electrochemical reactor process
Authors: Akula Lokesh Kumar , Gaddam Vidyasagar Babu , Damaraju Madhuri , Bhattacharyya Debraj , Kurilla Kiran Kumar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe effectiveness of a sequenced biological–physicochemical reactor system for treating sewage was studied. The biological degradation was conducted in a Sequential Batch Reactor, which had innovative features for simplifying the operation and maintenance of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 4, 6, 8, and 12 hr cycle. Up to 82% removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 50% removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), 45% removal of Total Nitrogen (TN), and 45% removal of Total Phosphorus (TP) were achieved. The treated effluent was further polished in a continuous‐flow bipolar‐mode electrochemical reactor to remove additional recalcitrant organic matter from the wastewater. The process parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology. At the optimum condition (pH = 8.7; Current = 1.0; reaction time = 9.0), up to 90% removal of COD, 67% removal of DOC, 61% removal of TN, and 99.9% removal of TP were achieved in the coupled system. Micropollutants belonging to Pharmaceutically Active Compounds, pesticides, etc., were significantly removed. The coupled system completely removed Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. However, coliforms were detected at the outlet samples. A UV or ozone disinfection treatment is recommended for the safe reuse of the treated water for nonpotable purposes.Practioner points

Sequential sequential batch reactor‐electrochemical reactor process (SBR‐ECR) technology is effective for micropollutant removal from sewage.

The coupled SBR‐ECR system requires less footprint compared to conventional biological systems for wastewater treatment.

Carbon material balance study revealed that more than 60% of carbon escapes from wastewater in the form of CO2
Introduction to the special issue on the Flatreef PGE-Ni-Cu deposit, northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex
Authors: Maier Wolfgang D. , Yudovskaya Marina , Jugo Pedro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMore than 30 years ago, Cox and Singer (1986) suggested that magmatic platinum-group element (PGE)-Ni-Cu deposits are amongst the best understood of ore deposits, yet the origin of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) remains controversial after a century of study. In the northern limb of the BIC, the unravelling of ore formation proved particularly difficult due to relatively poor outcrop, which is typically affected by contamination of the intruding magmas with the host rocks and expressed in the form of abundant xenoliths, footwall rafts and disturbance of magmatic stratigraphy. In this thematic issue, we present contributions on the Flatreef, a recently discovered world-class PGE-Ni-Cu deposit constituting a downdip extension of the mineralized unit of the Platreef of the northern limb. Two deep shafts are currently being sunk, making the Flatreef one of the most significant new mine development on the Bushveld in several decades.
Effect of a subsequent pregnancy on anal sphincter integrity and function after obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI)
Authors: Okeahialam Nicola Adanna , Thakar Ranee , Sultan Abdul H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroduction and hypothesisEndoanal ultrasound (EAUS) and anal manometry are used in the assessment women with a history of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), both postpartum and in a subsequent pregnancy, to aid counselling regarding mode of delivery (MOD).MethodsA prospective observational study between 2012 to 2020 was completed. Women were reviewed 3 months postpartum following OASI and in the second half of a subsequent pregnancy. Anorectal symptoms were measured using the validated St Mark’s Incontinence Score (SMIS: asymptomatic to mild symptoms = ≤ 4). Anal manometry (incremental maximum squeeze pressure [iMSP: normal = > 20 mmHg]) and EAUS (abnormal = sphincter defect > 1 h in size) were performed.ResultsOne hundred forty-six women were identified and 67.8% had an anal sphincter defect ≤ 1 h in size postnatally. In those with a defect ≤ 1 h, postpartum mean iMSP and SMIS significantly improved in a subsequent pregnancy (p = 0.04 andp = 0.01, respectively). In women with a defect > 1 h, there was no significant difference between the mean iMSP or SMIS score postnatally compared to a subsequent pregnancy. At both time points, significantly more women had an anal sphincter defect ≤ 1 h and SMIS of ≤ 4 (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively) compared to those with a defect < 1 h. In addition, significantly more women had an anal sphincter defect ≤ 1 h and iMSP ≥ 20 mmHg (p < 0.001). Overall, out of the 146 women included in this study, 76 (52.1%) with a defect ≤ 1 h also had an iMSP ≥ 20 mmHg and SMIS ≤ 4 at 3 months postpartum.ConclusionsWomen who remain asymptomatic with normal anal manometry and no abnormal sphincter defects on EAUS postnatally do not need to have these investigations repeated in a subsequent pregnancy and can be recommended to have a vaginal delivery. If our protocol was modified, over half of the women in this study could have had their MOD recommendation made in the postnatal period alone.
Suturing methods in prolapse surgery: a biomechanical analysis
Authors: Hachenberg J. , Sauerwald A. , Brunke H. , Ludwig S. , Scaal M. , Prescher A. , Eichler C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Pelvic organ prolapse is a common problem in urogynecological surgery. Abdominal and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is currently considered to be the gold standard of treatment. The main problem remains the anatomical point of fixation as well as how sutures are placed. We evaluated the biomechanical difference between an in-line ligament suture versus an orthogonal ligament suture and a single suture versus a continuous suture at the anterior longitudinal ligament in an in-vitro, sacrocolpopexy model.

Methods
Biomechanical in-vitro testing was performed on human, non-embalmed, female cadaver pelvises. An Instron test frame (tensinometer) was used for load/ displacement analysis. The average patient age was 75 years. Ligament preparation yielded 15 ligaments available for testing. Recorded parameters were the ultimate load, failure displacement, and stiffness.

Results
This in-vitro analysis of different suturing methods showed the difference between an orthogonal and an in-line approach to be the ultimate load. Orthogonal sutures displayed an ultimate load of 80 N while in-line suturing yielded only 57 N (p < 0.05). For the anterior longitudinal ligament, this study demonstrated that continuous suture is significantly superior to a single suture regarding failure displacement (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
We established baseline biomechanical parameters for the sacrospinous ligament and anterior longitudinal ligament. An orthogonal suture is superior to an in-line suture in an in-vitro model. A continuous suture is superior to a single suture at the anterior longitudinal ligament. Clinical trials might be able to evaluate whether any clinical significance can be established from these findings.
Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older hospitalized Dutch patients according to the STOPP/START criteria v2: a longitudinal study
Authors: Damoiseaux-Volman Birgit A. , Medlock Stephanie , Raven Kimmy , Sent Danielle , Romijn Johannes A. , van der Velde Nathalie , Abu-Hanna Ameen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate prevalence, independent associations, and variation over time of potentially inappropriate prescriptions in a population of older hospitalized patients.

Methods
A longitudinal study using a large dataset of hospital admissions of older patients (≥ 70 years) based on an electronic health records cohort including data from 2015 to 2019. Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) and potential prescribing omission (PPO) prevalence during hospital stay were identified based on the Dutch STOPP/START criteria v2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for analyzing associations and trends over time.

Results
The data included 16,687 admissions. Of all admissions, 56% had ≥ 1 PIM and 58% had ≥ 1 PPO. Gender, age, number of medications, number of diagnoses, Charlson score, and length of stay were independently associated with both PIMs and PPOs. Additionally, number of departments and number of prescribing specialties were independently associated with PIMs. Over the years, the PIM prevalence did not change (OR = 1.00, p = .95), whereas PPO prevalence increased (OR = 1.08, p < .001). However, when corrected for changes in patient characteristics such as number of diagnoses, the PIM (aOR = 0.91, p < .001) and PPO prevalence (aOR = 0.94, p < .001) decreased over the years.

Conclusion
We found potentially inappropriate prescriptions in the majority of admissions of older patients. Prescribing relatively improved over time when considering complexity of the admissions. Nevertheless, the high prevalence shows a clear need to better address this issue in clinical practice. Studies seeking effective (re)prescribing interventions are warranted.