bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definitions for Loss of Domain: An International Delphi Consensus of Expert Surgeons
Authors: Parker Samuel G. , Halligan Steve , Liang Mike K. , Muysoms Filip E. , Adrales Gina L. , Boutall Adam , de Beaux Andrew C. , Dietz Ulrich A. , Divino Celia M. , Hawn Mary T. , Heniford Todd B. , Hong Joon P. , Ibrahim Nabeel , Itani Kamal M. F. , Jorgensen Lars N. , Montgomery Agneta , Morales‐Conde Salvador , Renard Yohann , Sanders David L. , Smart Neil J. , Torkington Jared J. , Windsor Alastair C. J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNo standardized written or volumetric definition exists for ‘loss of domain’ (LOD). This limits the utility of LOD as a morphological descriptor and as a predictor of peri‐ and postoperative outcomes. Consequently, our aim was to establish definitions for LOD via consensus of expert abdominal wall surgeons.MethodsA Delphi study involving 20 internationally recognized abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) surgeons was performed. Four written and two volumetric definitions of LOD were identified via systematic review. Panelists completed a questionnaire that suggested these definitions as standardized definitions of LOD. Consensus on a preferred term was pre‐defined as achieved when selected by ≥80% of panelists. Terms scoring <20% were removed.ResultsVoting commenced August 2018 and was completed in January 2019. Written definition: During Round 1, two definitions were removed and seven new definitions were suggested, leaving nine definitions for consideration. For Round 2, panelists were asked to select all appealing definitions. Thereafter, common concepts were identified during analysis, from which the facilitators advanced a new written definition. This received 100% agreement in Round 3. Volumetric definition: Initially, panelists were evenly split, but consensus for the Sabbagh method was achieved. Panelists could not reach consensus regarding a threshold LOD value that would preclude surgery.ConclusionsConsensus for written and volumetric definitions of LOD was achieved from 20 internationally recognized AWR surgeons. Adoption of these definitions will help standardize the use of LOD for both clinical and academic activities.
Are Rural Hospitals in Pakistan Responding to the Global Surgery Movement? An Analysis of the Gaps, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Siddiqi Sameen , Khan Muhammad Sohaib , Rizvi Narjis , Naeem Imran , Rozi Shafquat , Enam Ather , Khan Sadaf 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAccess to essential surgical care is vital for reduction in mortality and morbidity as a result of surgical conditions. These account for 28–32% of the overall global burden of disease, yet billions of people lack access to safe, affordable surgical and anesthesia care when needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the capacity for surgical care in rural hospitals across four provinces of Pakistan.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study undertaken in 10 rural hospitals across four provinces of the country. Of these, six were district and four sub‐district hospitals that were purposively selected in consultation with the government. Data were gathered using the WHO‐PGSSC Surgical Assessment Tool.ResultsThis study estimated 3 of the 6 indicators proposed by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. While most hospitals had basic provisions of infrastructure and equipment, severe shortage of specialists was observed with 0.56 specialists (surgeons, gynecologists and anesthetists) present per 100,000 population. Two‐hour access was possible for the catchment population of 7 out of the 10 hospitals. Of the 43 essential surgical procedures assessed, 13 or 30% procedures were available per hospital. The three Bellwether procedures were provided by only 1 hospital. Mean number of surgeries performed was 753 ± 979 per 100,000 population.ConclusionsOur study has demonstrated major gaps in the provision of surgical care in rural hospitals in Pakistan. While developing a strategy and national action plan is necessary, implementation can immediately begin at the local level to address the gaps that need urgent attention.
International student migration and the postcolonial heritage of European higher education: perspectives from Portugal and the UK
Authors: Ploner Josef , Nada Cosmin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhilst the presence of international students from so-called ‘developing’ or ‘newly industrialised’ countries has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in European higher education, few scholars have explored the underlying postcolonial trajectories that facilitate student migration to many European countries today. In this article, we seek to narrow this gap by critically engaging with the postcolonial heritage of European higher education and the ways in which it informs much student migration in today’s era of neoliberal globalisation. We propose a three-fold approach to reading this postcolonial heritage of higher education which comprises its historical, epistemic, and experiential (or ‘lived’) dimensions. Whilst such an approach requires a close examination of existing postcolonial theory in higher education studies, we also draw on qualitative research with student migrants in Portugal and the UK to show how the postcolonial heritage of European higher education is negotiated in everyday contexts and may become constitutive of students’ identity formations.
Late-Holocene variability in chironomid functional assemblages and carbon utilization in a tundra lake food web
Authors: Kivilä E. Henriikka , Luoto Tomi P. , Rantala Marttiina V. , Nevalainen Liisa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHigh latitude freshwater systems are facing changes in catchment-mediated allochthonous input, as well as physical and chemical controls triggered by on-going climate change, which may alter their carbon processing and ecological characteristics. To explore changes in chironomid functional responses and carbon utilization in relation to long-term environmental change, we studied a sediment core covering ca. 2000 years from a tundra lake in northern Finland, which was analysed for sediment geochemistry, isotopic composition of chironomid remains and their functional assemblages. We aimed to relate changes in chironomid functional feeding assemblages and resource utilization, based on Bayesian stable isotope modelling, and determined that the long-term resource utilization was more controlled by sediment geochemistry (resource availability) and climatic variables, reflecting changes in habitat and lake ontogeny, rather than the functional feeding assemblage composition. Change horizons were observed for both sediment geochemistry and functional assemblage composition. However, different timing of these changes suggests different drivers affecting the dynamics of primary production and chironomid community functionality. We also compared the recent warming period to Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), observing divergent patterns, which suggests that MCA may not be a good analogue for changes induced by on-going climate warming.
Optimizing Excitation Coil Currents for Advanced Magnetorelaxometry Imaging
Authors: Schier Peter , Liebl Maik , Steinhoff Uwe , Handler Michael , Wiekhorst Frank , Baumgarten Daniel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMagnetorelaxometry imaging is a highly sensitive technique enabling noninvasive, quantitative detection of magnetic nanoparticles. Electromagnetic coils are sequentially energized, aligning the nanoparticles’ magnetic moments. Relaxation signals are recorded after turning off the coils. The forward model describing this measurement process is reformulated into a severely ill-posed inverse problem that is solved for estimating the particle distribution. Typically, many activation sequences employing different magnetic fields are required to obtain reasonable imaging quality. We seek to improve the imaging quality and accelerate the imaging process using fewer activation sequences by optimizing the applied magnetic fields. Minimizing the Frobenius condition number of the system matrix, we stabilize the inverse problem solution toward model uncertainties and measurement noise. Furthermore, our sensitivity-weighted reconstruction algorithms improve imaging quality in lowly sensitive areas. The optimization approach is employed to real measurement data and yields improved reconstructions with fewer activation sequences compared to non-optimized measurements.
Orientation-dependent solid solution strengthening in zirconium: a nanoindentation study
Authors: Lodh Arijit , Pant Prita , Kumar Gulshan , Mani Krishna K. V. , Tewari Raghvendra , Samajdar Indradev 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrientation-dependent solid solution strengthening was explored through a combined microtexture plus nanoindentation study. Pure zirconium (6N purity crystal-bar Zr) and commercial Zircaloy-2 were investigated for comparison. Local mechanical properties were estimated through finite element (FE) simulations of the unloading part of the nanoindentation load–displacement response. Combinations of ‘averaging’ scheme and constitutive relationship were used to resolve uncertainty of FE-extracted mechanical properties. Comparing the two grades, non-basal oriented grains showed an overall hardening and increase in elastic modulus. In contrast, insignificant change was observed for basal (or near-basal) oriented grains. The strengthening of non-basal orientations appeared via elimination of the lowest hardness/stiffness values without a shift in the peak value. Such asymmetric development brought out the clear picture of orientation-dependent solid solution strengthening in zirconium.
A Signature-Based Algorithm for Computing Gröbner Bases over Principal Ideal Domains
Authors: Francis Maria , Verron Thibaut 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSignature-based algorithms have become a standard approach for Gröbner basis computations for polynomial systems over fields, but how to extend these techniques to coefficients in general rings is not yet as well understood. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept signature-based algorithm for computing Gröbner bases over commutative integral domains. It is adapted from a general version of Möller’s algorithm (J Symb Comput 6(2–3), 345–359, 1988) which considers reductions by multiple polynomials at each step. This algorithm performs reductions with non-decreasing signatures, and in particular, signature drops do not occur. When the coefficients are from a principal ideal domain (e.g. the ring of integers or the ring of univariate polynomials over a field), we prove correctness and termination of the algorithm, and we show how to use signature properties to implement classic signature-based criteria to eliminate some redundant reductions. In particular, if the input is a regular sequence, the algorithm operates without any reduction to 0. We have written a toy implementation of the algorithm in Magma. Early experimental results suggest that the algorithm might even be correct and terminate in a more general setting, for polynomials over a unique factorization domain (e.g. the ring of multivariate polynomials over a field or a PID).
Efficacy of a stewardship intervention focused on reducing unnecessary use of non–Clostridioides difficile antibiotics in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Hecker Michelle T. , Son Andrea H. , Alhmidi Heba , Wilson Brigid M. , Wiest Peter M. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In a tertiary-care hospital and affiliated long-term care facility, a stewardship intervention focused on patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) was associated with a significant reduction in unnecessary non-CDI antibiotic therapy. However, there was no significant reduction in total non-CDI therapy or in the frequency of CDI recurrence.
“We Should Stop the Islamisation of Europe!”: Islamophobia and Right-Wing Radicalism of the Russian-Speaking Internet Users in Germany
Authors: Sablina Liliia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStarting from 2015, the Russian-speaking residents in Germany have expressed their anti-refugee position in the form of rallies and rising voting support for the right-wing populist party, Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Due to the absence of social cues, unlimited space, immediate responses, and minimal censorship online, platforms for communication have reflected the offline mobilization and became the major platforms for the spreadability of discriminatory discourse. This article sets out to investigate why Russian-speaking internet users residing in Germany justify anti-refugee discourse and how they construct the notion of “others.” Based on the netnographic analysis of the chosen online discussions and conducted interviews with its members, this article argues that, with the appearance of new “others,” Russian-speaking migrants have redefined their symbolic boundaries in order to draw the line between the incoming migrants and themselves—people with a migrant background. In many ways, participants of the analyzed discussions employed the politicized civilizational rhetoric that allowed them to redefine existing categorizations. This research explores, for the first time, the reasons lying behind the online populist activity of the Russian-speaking residents in Germany.
TempCourt: evaluation of temporal taggers on a new corpus of court decisions
Authors: Navas-Loro María , Filtz Erwin , Rodríguez-Doncel Víctor , Polleres Axel , Kirrane Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe extraction and processing of temporal expressions (TEs) in textual documents have been extensively studied in several domains; however, for the legal domain it remains an open challenge. This is possibly due to the scarcity of corpora in the domain and the particularities found in legal documents that are highlighted in this paper. Considering the pivotal role played by temporal information when it comes to analyzing legal cases, this paper presents TempCourt, a corpus of 30 legal documents from the European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice, and the United States Supreme Court with manually annotated TEs. The corpus contains two different temporal annotation sets that adhere to the TimeML standard, the first one capturing all TEs and the second dedicated to TEs that are relevant for the case under judgment (thus excluding dates of previous court decisions). The proposed gold standards are subsequently used to compare ten state-of-the-art cross-domain temporal taggers, and to identify not only the limitations of cross-domain temporal taggers but also limitations of the TimeML standard when applied to legal documents. Finally, the paper identifies the need for dedicated resources and the adaptation of existing tools, and specific annotation guidelines that can be adapted to different types of legal documents.
Expression of connexin-43 in the cardiac muscle of children diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a Western blot and confocal laser scanning microscopy study
Authors: Lodi Fábio R. , Palma Luiz F. , de Victo Nathalia C. , Alonso Luís G. , de Moraes Luís O. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHypoplastic left heart syndrome consists of several structural abnormalities in the left side of the heart and may be associated with a hereditary genetic cause, possibly related to the connexin gene GJA1; however, only a few studies have investigated it. The present study aimed to analyse the expression of connexin-43 in the cardiac muscle of hypoplastic left heart syndrome children by Western blot method and confocal laser scanning microscopy. For that, tissue samples were taken during corrective surgery to treat heart defects. Patients of control group (8) presented any type of heart defect not related to hypoplastic left heart syndrome, connexin-43, or its gene and those of hypoplastic left heart syndrome group (9) presented this disease singly, without any other associated congenital diseases. By means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was noticed no connexin-43 qualitative differences in positioning and location pattern between both groups. From Western blot analysis, the connexin-43 expression did not show a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0571) as well. Within the limits of this study, it is suggested that cardiomyocytes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome children are similar in connexin-43 location, distribution, and structural and conformational patterns to those of children with heart defects not related to this protein and its genes.
Are serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations related to brain structure and psychopathology in late childhood and early adolescence?
Authors: de Araujo Celia Maria , Swardfager Walter , Zugman Andre , Cogo-Moreira Hugo , Belangero Sintia I. , Ota Vanessa K. , Spindola Leticia M. , Hakonarson Hakon , Pellegrino Renata , Gadelha Ary , Salum Giovanni A. , Pan Pedro M. , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Hoexter Marcelo , Picon Felipe , Sato João R. , Brietzke Elisa , Grassi-Oliveira Rodrigo , Rohde Luis A. P. , Miguel Euripedes C. , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Jackowski Andrea P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveMental disorders can have a major impact on brain development. Peripheral blood concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are lower in adult psychiatric disorders. Serum BDNF concentrations and BDNF genotype have been associated with cortical maturation in children and adolescents. In 2 large independent samples, this study tests associations between serum BDNF concentrations, brain structure, and psychopathology, and the effects of BDNF genotype on BDNF serum concentrations in late childhood and early adolescence.MethodsChildren and adolescents (7-14 years old) from 2 cities (n = 267 in Porto Alegre; n = 273 in São Paulo) were evaluated as part of the Brazilian high-risk cohort (HRC) study. Serum BDNF concentrations were quantified by sandwich ELISA. Genotyping was conducted from blood or saliva samples using the SNParray Infinium HumanCore Array BeadChip. Subcortical volumes and cortical thickness were quantified using FreeSurfer. The Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment was used to identify the presence of a psychiatric disorder.ResultsSerum BDNF concentrations were not associated with subcortical volumes or with cortical thickness. Serum BDNF concentration did not differ between participants with and without mental disorders, or between Val homozygotes and Met carriers.ConclusionsNo evidence was found to support serum BDNF concentrations as a useful marker of developmental differences in brain and behavior in early life. Negative findings were replicated in 2 of the largest independent samples investigated to date.
Reflections on the Role of the International Law Commission in Consideration of the Final Form of Its Work
Authors: RIM Yejoon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the changing trend in the final form of International Law Commission [ILC] outcomes, and implications vis-à-vis the role of the ILC in the development of international law. To this end, the paper considers changes in the form of ILC outcomes and recommendations, the reasons for such changes, and finally, implications for the development of international law. It argues that, in opting for various forms appropriate for dealing with a wider scope of topics, the ILC is providing for its continuing role in the development of international law by ensuring the flexibility and efficacy of its deliberations.
Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by	potassium iodate in porcine thyroid
Authors: Iwan Paulina , Stepniak Jan , Karbownik-Lewinska Malgorzata 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Under normal iodine supply, calculated physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid is approx. 9 mM. Either potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3) are used in iodine prophylaxis. KI is confirmed as absolutely safe. KIO3 possesses chemical properties suggesting its potential toxicity. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Study aims: to evaluate potential protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) induced by KI or KIO3 in porcine thyroid. Homogenates of twenty four (24) thyroids were incubated in presence of either KI or KIO3 without/with melatonin (5 mM). As melatonin was not effective against KI-induced LPO, in the next step only KIO3 was used. Homogenates were incubated in presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25 mM) without/with melatonin or 17ß-estradiol. Five experiments were performed with different concentrations of melatonin (5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 1.0; 0.625 mM) and one with 17ß-estradiol (1.0 mM). Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. KIO3 increased LPO with the strongest damaging effect (MDA + 4-HDA level: ≈1.28 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) revealed at concentrations of around 15 mM, thus corresponding to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Melatonin reduced LPO (MDA + 4-HDA levels: from ≈0.97 to ≈0,76 and from ≈0,64 to ≈0,49 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) induced by KIO3 at concentrations of 10 mM or 7.5 mM. Conclusion: Melatonin can reduce very strong oxidative damage to membrane lipids caused by KIO3 used in doses resulting in physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid.
Mendel and Darwin: untangling a persistent enigma
Authors: Fairbanks Daniel J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMendel and Darwin were contemporaries, with much overlap in their scientifically productive years. Available evidence shows that Mendel knew much about Darwin, whereas Darwin knew nothing of Mendel. Because of the fragmentary nature of this evidence, published inferences regarding Mendel’s views on Darwinian evolution are contradictory and enigmatic, with claims ranging from enthusiastic acceptance to outright rejection. The objective of this review is to examine evidence from Mendel’s published and private writings on evolution and Darwin, and the influence of the scientific environment in which he was immersed. Much of this evidence lies in Mendel’s handwritten annotations in his copies of Darwin’s books, which this review scrutinises in detail. Darwin’s writings directly influenced Mendel’s classic 1866 paper, and his letters to Nägeli. He commended and criticised Darwin on specific issues pertinent to his research, including the provisional hypothesis of pangenesis, the role of pollen in fertilisation, and the influence of “conditions of life” on heritable variation. In his final letter to Nägeli, Mendel proposed a Darwinian scenario for natural selection using the same German term for “struggle for existence” as in his copies of Darwin’s books. His published and private scientific writings are entirely objective, devoid of polemics or religious allusions, and address evolutionary questions in a manner consistent with that of his scientific contemporaries. The image that emerges of Mendel is of a meticulous scientist who accepted the tenets of Darwinian evolution, while privately pinpointing aspects of Darwin’s views of inheritance that were not supported by Mendel’s own experiments.