bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-22 Comparison of the meat quality traits of crossbred pigs and the Large Black pigs
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Thakali Keshari , Shelby Sarah , Apple Jason , Huang Yan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the meat quality and genomic differences between cross-bred commercial pig (CP) and domestic Large Black pig (BP). Seven cross-bred commercial pigs and eight British Large Black pigs were assigned to CP group and BP group, with initial mean body weights of 18.82±1.412 kg for CP group and 23.31±1.935 kg for BP group, P = 0.061, and fed ad libitum. The final BW of the CP at d101 was similar to the BP (130.0±8.16 kg vs. 121.1±2.80 kg, P = 0.132). However, the BP group took 108 days to reach the final BW. The ADG in the CP was higher than BP (1.102±0.0599 kg vs. 0.905±0.0138 kg, P = 0.003). The hot carcass weight of CP was higher (P &lt; 0.01) than BP, but the backfat of BP was higher (P &lt; 0.01) than CP. The a* value of CP was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than BP, and the c* value of CP was tended to be higher (P &lt; 0.10) than BP. However, the h value of BP was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than CP. The longissimus dorsi muscle fat content of BP was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than CP. For the fatty acid composition, the SFA and MUFA of BP were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than CP, but the PUFA of CP was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than BP. The metmyoglobin content of CP was tended to be higher (P &lt; 0.10) than BP. For the meat metabolism, the oxygen consumption of longissimus dorsi muscle of BP was higher (P &lt; 0.01) than CP. The RNA-Seq data showed that the expression of the genes related to lipid metabolism is higher in BP (fold change &gt; 3, P &lt; 0.05). To conclude, BP has higher meat quality, while CP has its advantages in growth performance. And the differences between these two breeds may due to the genomic diversity.
PSII-23 Concurrent supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids impairs C2C12 from the acquisition of functional brown adipocyte phenotype by negatively affecting the mitochondrial thermogenesis
Authors: Ghnaimawi Saeed , Baum Jamie , Liyanage Rohana , Huang Yan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Regarding the beneficial roles in fetal neurodevelopment, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are wildly used as dietary supplements during pregnancy. However, it may affect fetal and offspring muscle development and energy balance by changing the levels of key proteins controlling lipid metabolism and energy utilization. Regulation of energy balance in vivo is a topic of great interest and prominent goal for many studies. In this study, we focus on the effect of EPA and DHA on C2C12 brown adipogenic capacity. We demonstrated that the differentiation route of C2C12 into brown adipocytes was compromised by PUFA treatment through reducing their thermogenesis independent of UCP1 gene. This effect might be in part due to down-regulation of the expression of some brown adipocytes specific genes such as CP-3, DIO2, and PGC1α. Moreover, members of complex ІV (COX7a1 and COX8b) and complex V (ATP5j2) regulating ECT function were reduced in PUFA treated group. Also, mitochondrial biogenesis related genes including PGC1α, PGC1β, TFAM, and ERR-a were significantly suppressed by PUFA treatment. The mass spectrometric evaluation exhibited a strong correlation between PUFA treatment and the decreasing of levels of the proteins regulate Krebs cycle and ETC, such as ATP synthase α and β (F1F0 complex), citrate synthase, succinate CO-A, aconitate hydratase, and cytochrome c. Genomic and proteomic changes were accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction represented by reducing oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, and proton leak (All statistically different at P &lt; 0.05). In line with that, our results demonstrated an increase in lipid droplets size and number. EPA and DHA associated inhibition of the acquisition of functional brown adipocytes might negatively affect factor in the neonatal thermoregulation but potentially increase the intramuscular adipogenesis.
PSII-33 Differences in prostaglandin release in cows with high vs low circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins
Authors: Reese Sydney T , Schubach Kelsey , Brandão Alice , West Sarah M , O’Neil Meaghan M , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Williams Gary L , Pohler Ky 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Embryonic mortality (EM) is a major factor limiting pregnancy rates in cattle and occurs early (&lt; day 28) or late (≥ day 28) during gestation. However, causes and mechanisms associated with late EM remain unknown. Despite negative connotations related to pregnancy, prostaglandin F2α (PGF) is capable of being released by the bovine uterus between days 28 and 32 of gestation. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate differences in PGF release between cows with high circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) vs low PAG following an oxytocin (OT) challenge. Increased concentrations of PAG are associated with pregnancy success. At day 29 of gestation, pregnant cows were divided into high (n = 10) and low (n = 10) PAG groups and received either 100 I. U. of oxytocin intramuscularly (OT) or saline (control). Blood samples were collected every 30 minutes beginning 1 hour before and continuing for 4 hours after treatment. Prostaglandin F2α metabolite (PGFM), progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and PAG concentrations were determined. Peak concentration of PGFM occurred 2 hours after OT injection (average high PAG group peak: 345.6 ± 73.6 pg/mL; low PAG group peak: 326.4 ± 61.4 pg/mL, P &gt; 0.05) and returned to baseline levels by 4 hours. No correlations were observed between PAG and PGFM concentrations (P &gt; 0.05). There was no difference in initial or final PGFM concentrations between high or low PAG groups and control animals (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in P4 or E2 concentration between treatment and control animals (P &gt; 0.05) despite a luteolytic release of PGF2α. In summary, cows with high vs low PAG concentrations at day 30 of gestation have a similar PGFM response to OT challenge. This project supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from USDA-NIFA.
PSII-27 Determining genetic variation in sheep with Flock54: a genotyping by sequencing panel
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Eidman Lesa , Duan Mingrui , Hunter Samuel S , Davenport Kimberly M , Murdoch Brenda 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Genetic selection can accelerate progress of the United States sheep industry, yet it is underutilized by the seedstock sector. Poor reproductive and lamb rearing rates and inconsistent meat quality are two major issues that have limited domestic production of lamb and allowed imports to hold a more favorable market share in the United States. Better understanding of genetic merit for important production traits earlier in a breeding animal’s life, obtained through the use of genomic technology, is one possible way to address these issues. Flock54, a recently developed low density genotype by sequencing panel, provides genotyping data to producers at a price point that encourages wide-spread utilization. The complete capabilities of the data captured by this panel have yet to be fully explored. This project aims to investigate the application of this 1000 marker panel for the determination of genetic variation (heterozygosity) and inbreeding coefficients within a population. Superior Farms producer-members provided 384 sheep tissue or blood samples from which DNA was extracted and sent to Thermo Fisher for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) using Torrent Suite 5.10. Genetic variation and inbreeding coefficients were successfully calculated for all animals. With the ability to estimate relatedness within a population and call markers for economically important quantitative trait loci and mendelian inherited traits, producer utilization of Flock54 can facilitate accurate genetic selection within the U.S sheep industry.
PSI-18 Rumen fluid metabolites associated with feed efficiency in Angus steers
Authors: Clemmons Brooke A , Henniger Madison T , Powers Joshua B , Embree Mallory M , Voy Brynn H , Myer Phillip R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The functional capacity of the rumen is central to ruminant feed efficiency, and therefore,differences in ruminal metabolism may contribute to cattle feed efficiency variations. The objective of this study was to determine differences in rumen metabolites associated withvariations in feed efficiency. Fifty steers were utilized and maintained on a backgrounding diet (11.57% CP; 76.93% TDN DM basis; 28 mg monensin/kg DM) for 70 days following a two-week diet adaptation. Feed intake was monitored using the GrowSafe system. Following the 70-day trial, steers were ranked by residual feed intake (RFI) and divided into low- (n = 14) and high-RFI (n = 15) based on RFI ±0.5 SD around the mean. On day 70, rumen fluid was collected viaorogastric tubing and filtered through a 0.22 μM syringe filter. Untargeted metabolomics wasconducted utilizing the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UPLC system and electrospray ionization used tointroduce samples into an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. Eighty-eight known metabolites wereidentified using MAVEN. Metabolites were median-centered, log-transformed, and pareto-scaled using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Normality was assessed using the SAS 9.4 PROC UNIVARIATE procedure. Normal distribution was considered based on a Shapiro-Wilk score of ≥ 0.85 andvisual analysis of histogram and plots of residuals. Normally distributed metabolites wereanalyzed using one-way ANOVA in SAS with Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test, whereas non-normally distributed variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Kruskal Wallis H test. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Eight metabolites differed between high- and low-RFI steers. Twelve metabolites identified as having &gt; two-fold change between low- and high-RFI steers, including 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate and sulfolactate. Orthogonal PLSDA revealed overlap ofrumen fluid metabolites from high- and low-RFI steers. Understanding rumen metabolites in high- and low-RFI steers will provide researchers with information to identify more efficient cattle.
PSI-21 Public perception of equine and livestock management varies by classification of horses, industry experience, and animal welfare definitions
Authors: Wallace Shelby , Melvin Kelly , Schneider Liesel G , Ivey Jennie L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Classification of horses as livestock or companion animals is often contested in cases of management and welfare concerns, legislation, and educational forums. Limited data are available regarding perception of equids in relationship to animal agriculture management practices. Therefore, our objective was to test associations between livestock management practices and perception of horses as companion animals or livestock. An online survey was administered for 6 weeks to U.S. residents over age 18. Participants provided demographic information, connection to the industry, and welfare definition of choice. Management questions included 2 scenarios each—one regarding horses and a direct comparison for another livestock species. Respondents then chose which scenario was most concerning or if the scenarios were equally non-concerning (i.e. no issue) or concerning. Analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), with significance set at α=0.05. Multinomial logistic regression (PROC GLIMMIX) was used to test factors affecting management scenario responses. Out of 1,334 respondents, 807 (60.5%) categorized equids as companion animals; 527 (39.5%) classified equids as livestock. Welfare definition, equid classification, and industry connection significantly affected responses to every management scenario (P &lt; 0.01). People who classified horses as livestock had 2.8 times greater odds (OR=2.8; 95%CI:1.8, 4.5) to select lack of shelter during spring months as equally non-concerning for horses and cattle rather than selecting horses without shelter as a concern compared to respondents who classified horses as companion animals. Respondents heavily connected to the equine industry were less likely (OR=0.38; 95%CI:0.19, 0.75) to select that both species without shelter were concerning rather than selecting that only horses lacking shelter was concerning compared to respondents lightly connected to the industry. Understanding associations between public perceptions of livestock management and individual’s welfare definition, equine classification and industry connection may improve our ability to educate the public regarding animal agricultural practices.
PSI-22 Effects of supplementing sugar beet processing by-products in low-quality forage diets on in vitro fermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility
Authors: Ogren Glory M , Chibisa Gwinyai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Sugar beet processing by-products can be used to increase nutrient supply in beef cattle fed low-quality forages. However, information on the effectiveness of the different byproducts on modulating ruminal fermentation is still limited. Our objective was to determine the effects of providing supplemental molasses, concentrated seperator by-product, liquid feed-grade (32% purity) and crystalline betaine (97%) on in vitro fermentation and dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). A batch culture system was used to evaluate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (3 h), pH (24 and 48 h), and IVDMD (24 and 48 h). A low-quality hay (7.5% crude protein; 58% total digestible nutrients) was used as a substrate and the inclusion level was 10% (dry matter [DM] basis) for all by-products except for crystalline betaine. Because it is a solid, a solution of crystalline betaine was made such that the betaine inclusion level was similar to that of feed-grade betaine. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Total VFA concentration was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for crystalline and liquid betaine compared to molasses and concentrated seperator by-product. Molar proportion of propionate was lower for concentrated seperator by-product (P = 0.04) than for the other treatments whereas the molar proportion of butyrate was lower (P = 0.04) for crystal betaine compared to molasses and concentrated seperator by-product. However, although pH was lower (P &lt; 0.01) at 48 than 24 h, whereas DMD was greater (P &lt; 0.01) at 48 than 24 h, there was no treatment effect (P ≥ 0.18) on pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) at both 24 and 48 h. In summary, although adding different by-products from sugar beet processing resulted in changes in the VFA profile at 3 h of in vitro incubation, it had no effect on 24 and 48 h pH and IVDMD.
PSI-29 Impact of sociometric status on brush utilization in environmentally-enriched, feedlot steers
Authors: Meneses Xandra Christine A , Park Rachel M , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) provides mental and physical stimulation to animals housed in captivity. Provision of brushes as EE allow cattle to perform diverse grooming behaviors, and previous research demonstrated that cattle engage in fewer stereotypic and aggressive behaviors when provided a brush. However, competition incited by a novel object may compromise animal welfare and prevent socially low-ranking individuals from using the brush. The objective of this study was to evaluate individual social relationships of feedlot cattle exposed to a brush as EE. Twenty-seven British and British-Continental crossbred steers were blocked by weight and assigned to three pens (n = 3 pens with 9 animals/pen), each containing an L-shaped, mounted brush. Video recordings were decoded from 0800 to 1730 for displacement frequency, as well as frequency and duration of brush usage on d 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 relative to brush implementation. A sociometric index was calculated for each individual by dividing the number of displacements initiated (Di) by the number of displacements received (Dr). A positive number indicated Di &gt; Dr, and a negative number indicated Di &lt; Dr. No linear or quadratic relationships (PROC REG) were observed between sociometric index and duration of brush usage (P &gt; 0.05). Regardless of sociometric status, each steer had an equal opportunity to use and benefit from the cattle brush. EE efficacy is influenced by stocking density with the goal of each animal having the same level of access to a common resource, and this goal was achieved in this study. Displacement behaviors and sociometric indexes can be used as effective metrics to determine optimal stocking density in pens for EE and resource use.
PSI-27 Excretion of purine derivatives and rumen microbial protein synthesis in Nelore steers supplemented with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block and fed low-quality forage
Authors: Feliciano Andresa L , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Grilo Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza , Artioli Luís Felipe Arelaro , Barbosa Fabiano A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation of low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in the excretion of purine derivatives and in the synthesis of ruminal microbial protein. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’ hay ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulky (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)] or low-moisture, cooked sugarcane molasses-based protein block [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Each experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection). The total urinary volume was measured for five days in each experimental period. The urine was collected in rubber funnels fixed by elastic loops on the backs of the animals. The urine was conduct through hoses connected to a 20 L polyethylene bucket containing 250 mL of 20% H2SO4 solution. Every 24 hours, the collected urine was homogenized and the total excreted volume was measured. The data were analyzed using Software R, having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. Supplementation with LMB lead to greater excretion of allantoin (P = 0.046), microbial nitrogen flow (P = 0.023) and higher microbial crude protein (P = 0.023) into the intestine compared to UR and PS. While no effect was observed on total purines and purines absorbed (P &gt; 0.05). Thus, LMB supplementation for rumen cannulated Nellore steers fed low quality forage was effective to improve metabolizable protein supply.
PSI-28 Effect of supplementation with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block on intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid profile on steers fed low quality forage
Authors: Feliciano Andresa L , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Granja-Salcedo Yury , Grilo Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza , Artioli Luís Felipe Arelaro , Barbosa Fabiano A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation of molasses based on low moisture molasses (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in DM intake and ruminal VFA. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulks (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt, and mineral- vitamin premix)] or protein block based on low-moisture cooked sugarcane molasses [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Before subsequent feeding, samples of orts were collected to monitor the daily intake. After 14-d adaptation period, rumen fluid samples were collected in each experimental period at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h after feeding, to evaluate concentrations of VFA, which was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using Software R, with measures repeated in time for VFA and having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. The intake of hay (P = 0.024), total DM (g/day, P = 0.001), NDF (P = 0.027) and supplement (P &lt; 0.001) was higher for animals supplemented with PS. The total VFA and acetate ratio were not affected by the treatment (P &gt; 0.05). The propionate ratio was higher for LMB (P = 0.016). The butyrate ratio (P = 0.005), valerate (P = 0.010) and A:P ratio (P = 0.017) was higher when the animals were supplemented with PS. The results indicate that the use of LMB improves propionate ratio and decrease the acetate:propionate ratio for steers fed low quality forage.
PSI-24 Poor maternal nutrition and gestational age affect oxidative stress in offspring muscle
Authors: Iannitti Helen R , Dias Brittany A , Jones Amanda K , Martin Dominique E , Pillai Sambhu , Hoffman Maria L , Govoni Kristen E , Zinn Steven A , Reed Sarah A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition during gestation decreases growth, increases lipid accumulation, and influences metabolism in offspring muscle. Oxidative stress is associated with lipid and protein damage and changes in metabolic function during fetal development which can persist postnatally. We hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would increase oxidative stress in offspring muscle. To test this, 47 individually housed pregnant ewes received diets containing 60% (restricted-fed), 100% (control-fed), or 140% (over-fed) of National Research Council requirements for TDN beginning on day 30 ± 0.2 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized and offspring longissimus muscles (LM) were collected at d 90 or 135 of gestation, or within 24 h of birth (n = 8 to 14 offspring per maternal diet per gestational day). Offspring are referred to as RES, CON, and OVER, respectively. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl concentrations were determined in LM homogenates using commercial assays. Data were analyzed for effects of maternal diet, day of gestation, and their interaction using the glimmix procedure in SAS. Offspring born to over-fed ewes had reduced glutathione concentrations compared with offspring born to control-fed and restricted-fed ewes (OVER: 1.82 ± 0.30, CON: 5.58 ± 0.29, RES: 5.66 ± 0.29, M/g; P &lt; 0.001). Malondialdehyde concentration increased in offspring LM from d 90 to d 135 and birth (d 90: 9.48 ± 2.2, d 135: 16.7 ± 2.1, birth: 20.9 ± 1.8 M/g; P &lt; 0.001). Protein carbonylation was increased at d 90 compared with d 135 and birth (d 90: 8.05 ± 0.80, d 135: 5.68 ± 0.83, birth: 3.82 ± 0.84 g/mg; P = 0.003). Thus, gestational age influences lipid and protein oxidation. Poor maternal nutrition affects oxidative status in ovine offspring LM, which may negatively affect offspring muscle growth and development.