bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patience
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the practice of patience in Buddhism. Some techniques cannot be practiced alone in a quiet place but have to be done on the ground in day-to-day life. Here, the individual works on developing patience not through visualization or imagination but when confronted with real-life people and obstacles. Patience in a Buddhist context is not just about waiting for stuff; it is an attitude toward a much wider range of difficulties. In its most basic sense, it means not getting upset when things do not go to plan, a calm acceptance of frustrating things. What does it mean to respond with patience when people are aggressive or hostile to an individual? At the very least, it means not getting angry or aggravated. Ideally, it also involves responding with compassion and understanding. This does not mean that the individual has to relent and submit to their abuse. Nor does it mean that they smugly respond in a gentle voice with sanctimonious platitudes. Instead, the individual responds with genuine concern for the other individual and their feelings and feels an impulse to help them rather than lash out.
Reading, Writing, and Reciting
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Buddhist literary practices. A huge number of Buddhist practices focus on the written word. Though early Buddhist teachings were passed on orally, they eventually took the form of written texts, which began to occupy a special place in Buddhist practice. Buddhist texts often function as tools to help us reorient the mental life. We interact with books in many ways; they are things we create, use, neglect, admire, destroy, and contemplate. Buddhists in particular spend huge amounts of time and energy reading, reciting, memorizing, studying, interpreting, and translating texts. These are widespread Buddhist practices and can function not only to preserve and spread Buddhist ideas and techniques but as distinctive practices of their own.
Getting Over Yourself
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents some recommendations and advice regarding Buddhism. For Dogen, a famous Japanese Buddhist philosopher, anything the individual does can be a form of Buddhist practice as long as they do it with the right mindset. This counters a temptation to think of practice as something formal, something that happens only at a meditation center or a temple. But ideally, Buddhist practice is not limited in these sacred domains; it is everything that individual does in their life. This can sound overwhelming, but Dogen's insight is that practice is not something the individual does in order to reach enlightenment; it is enlightenment. Ultimately, the heart of Buddhism is recalibrating how the individual relates to themself and to the world. It is about confronting unpleasant realities directly, with an attitude of problem solving.
Reign of Arrows
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
From minor nomadic tribe to major world empire, the story of the Parthians’ success in the ancient world is nothing short of remarkable. In their early history, the Parthians benefited from strong leadership, a flexible and accommodating cultural identity, and innovative military characteristics that allowed them to compete against and indeed eventually overcome Greek, Persian, Central Asian, and eventually Roman rivals who were often more powerful. Reign of Arrows provides the first comprehensive study dedicated entirely to early Parthian history within the Hellenistic world prior to contact with Rome and the first comprehensive effort since 1938 to evaluate early Parthian political history. It is a major effort to synthesize a wide array of especially recent scholarship across numerous fields of study in order to present the reader with the most cogent, well-rounded, and up-to-date account of the intersections of Hellenistic and Parthian history possible. It draws on a wide variety of sources to explain the political and military encounters that shaped the international environment of the Hellenistic Middle East from the middle third to the early first centuries bce. This study treats broader issues of international relations in the ancient world, state decision-making, royal identity and ideology, evolving spatial perspectives and power relations, and state security concerns. It combines traditional historical approaches, such as source criticism and the integration of material evidence, with the incorporation of modern international relations theory to better examine the rise of the Parthians to dominance over the ancient Middle East.
Histories
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter tracks both the processes of change as they have unfolded in the home and the implications of socio-technical change across a wide range of domestic media technologies, as they flow through the home and ripple out through home life. This chapter situates this longer global history within more recent and local contexts that initiated our research agenda. This historical account presents previous scholarship on the domestication of media technologies, as well as mapping the shifting and accumulating hardware devices, software systems, and infrastructural layers of technology shaping contemporary digital domesticity. The domestic sphere is seen not only as a significant context for technology consumption but as a significant, multifaceted site for making meaning of technologies and for postmarket innovation in technology application.
Conclusion
Authors: Khan B. Zorina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The modern knowledge economy had its start in the United States when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution. This strong endorsement for property rights and decentralized markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and economic progress, which conventional economic theories about innovation and growth have yet to fully capture. European administered innovation systems assumed that elites, scarce knowledge, and costly human capital inputs were the primary sources of useful ideas and productivity advances. Administered arrangements failed to induce inventions at appropriate prices, perpetuated errors because of a lack of monitoring and feedback, and were associated with rent-seeking and significant deadweight losses. By contrast, market-oriented policies in the United States generated increasing returns associated with its larger and more diverse population of inventors and useful ideas, which encouraged self-sustaining endogenous growth and a global technological advantage that has persisted for well over a century.
Introduction
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The spiritual biography of Margarito Bautista (1878–1961), a Mexican cultural nationalist and Mormon evangelizer of Mexican and Mexican Americans in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, this book follows Bautista’s journey into and out of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and his subsequent founding of a polygamist utopia in Central Mexico. It argues that Bautista’s insistence on indigenous ecclesiastical self-governance led to his estrangement from the Mormon Church. Bautista’s prolific writings allow a view of his life and thought in his own voice. The book embeds Bautista’s experience in the religious history of the borderlands by devoting beginning chapters to the loss of indigenous spiritual authority at the time of the Spanish Conquest and the arrival of Mormonism in Mexico in 1875. Subsequent chapters follow Bautista’s preaching of a Mexican exceptionalism founded on the Book of Mormon, for which he was ultimately excommunicated in 1936.
Bautista’s Repatriation to Mexico, 1935
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bautista repatriated to Mexico in 1935 where he hoped to participate in the political, cultural, and spiritual evolution of Mexico. The chapter argues that despite disappointments in Salt Lake City, Bautista found purpose as he proselytized Mexicans, gave readings of his tome, and won the admiration of Mexican Mormons. The chapter follows Bautista’s efforts to publish and market his magnum opus, La evolución de México, including his attendance at Mexico’s Second National Congress of History, where he hoped to connect with Mexicans shaping the nation’s future. Though this attempt failed, Bautista’s authorship afforded him celebrity among Mexican Mormons, who financed the publication of his book. This celebrity waned when Harold W. Pratt informed Mexican members that the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints would not endorse Bautista’s book. The chapter also discusses Bautista’s covert wooing of young women he hoped to make polygamous wives.
Creating Utopia
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter follows the history of Bautista’s polygamous utopia, Colonia Industrial/Nueva Jerusalén, from the purchase of property in 1942 to Bautista’s death in 1961. The chapter argues that after his excommunication from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) and his expulsion from the Third Convention in 1937, Bautista’s vision of Mexican chosen-ness accompanied by the responsibility he felt to prepare Mexicans for their millennial duties, catapulted him into the role of a utopian founder. The colony’s establishment involved backbreaking labor and years of austere living. Bautista enforced rules to regulate communalism and to govern the acquisition and behavior of wives, often very young girls. The chapter includes a discussion of Bautista’s theological pillars: polygamy, communalism, and indigenous priesthood. He continued to send missionaries from his colony to proselytize, and he continued to publish tracts and pamphlets he authored until two years before his death in 1961.
The Origin of Jaws and Paired Fins
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Between 450 and 500 million years ago, some vertebrates evolved paired fins and jaws, which made them more efficient swimmers and fiercer predators. These jawed vertebrates (i.e., gnathostomes) diversified in the Devonian period, but most died out during the end-Devonian mass extinction. The surviving gnathostomes had a more complex vestibular apparatus than their jawless ancestors, an expanded set of olfactory receptor genes, and vomeronasal receptors. A major innovation in the brains of gnathostomes was the emergence of a cerebellum that is distinct from the cerebellum-like areas found in all vertebrates. The telencephalon of early vertebrates processed primarily olfactory information, but this olfactory dominance was independently reduced in three later lineages, namely in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and tetrapods. In concert with the reduction in olfactory dominance, these lineages enlarged their telencephalon, relative to other brain regions, and evolved a telencephalic “dorsal pallium” that receives non-olfactory sensory information from the diencephalon.
The Conquest of Land
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Early amniotes evolved water-resistant skin and eggs, which allowed them to live and reproduce entirely on land. Roughly 300 million years ago, amniotes split into synapsids (including mammals) and sauropsids (“reptiles” and birds). The sauropsid lineage includes squamates (lizards and snakes), turtles, and archosaurs (crocodilians and dinosaurs, including birds). Tympanic ears and more complex auditory systems evolved at least twice within the various amniote lineages. Amniotes also evolved a separate vomeronasal epithelium and more diverse modes of locomotion and feeding. Brain size relative to body size increased in early amniotes and then increased further in several amniote lineages, notably mammals and birds. The most enlarged regions were the cerebellum and the telencephalon. Within the telencephalon, sauropsids enlarged mainly the ventral pallium, whereas mammals enlarged the dorsal pallium (aka neocortex). Although these regions are not homologous to one another, they both receive unimodal auditory, visual, and somatosensory input from the thalamus.
The Rise of Endothermy
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mammals and birds exhibit many examples of convergent evolution, including endothermy and related traits that helped them survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The subsequent diversification of both lineages was accompanied by multiple expansions in relative and (often) absolute brain size. Examples of convergent evolution in the brain include complex folding of the cerebellar cortex, complex auditory circuits, and highly laminar areas within the telencephalon. Of course, birds and mammals also diverged in numerous respects. In particular, early mammals (but not birds!) shifted into a nocturnal niche, which was accompanied by an expansion of the olfactory system and the evolution of highly light-sensitive eyes. In the process, early mammals became “color-blind,” but excellent color vision re-evolved in some diurnal lineages, notably platyrrhine primates. Mammalian brains are also unusual for having strong reciprocal connections between thalamus and dorsal pallium (i.e., neocortex) and extensive commissural connections between the left and right neocortex.
Self-Control as a Coordination Problem
Authors: Sklar Asael Y. , Fujita Kentaro 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of self-control from a motivational perspective, modeling it as the resolution of a conflict between proximal and distal concerns. It briefly reviews “divided-mind” models that suggest that self-control entails competition between opposing elements of the mind, and discusses some of the empirical and conceptual challenges to these conceptual frameworks. The authors then propose an alternative account that addresses these challenges, suggesting that coordination of (rather than competition between) elements of the mind is key to self-control. They review empirical evidence for the new model, and then conclude by outlining some of its implications for future research and theory.
Frankfurt and the Problem of Self-Control
Authors: Cummings Ryan , Roskies Adina L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Frankfurt’s compatibilist account of free will considers an individual to be free when her first- and second-order volitions align. This structural account of the will, this chapter argues, fails to engage with the dynamics of will, resulting in two shortcomings: (1) the problem of directionality, or that Frankfurtian freedom obtains whenever first- and second-order volitions align, regardless of which desire was made to change, and (2) the potential for infinite regress of higher-order desires. The authors propose that a satisfying account of the genesis of second-order volitions can resolve these issues. To provide this they draw from George Ainslie’s mechanistic account of self-control, which relies on intertemporal bargaining wherein an individual’s self-predictions about future decisions affect the value of her current choices. They suggest that second-order volitions emerge from precisely this sort of process, and that a Frankfurt-Ainslie account of free will avoids the objections previously raised.
“Religion always wins” rules are bad for religious liberty
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the First Amendment doctrine that the Supreme Court is now developing. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the Court’s most important recent decision on accommodation, is no victory for religious liberty. It replaces the sensible regime of balancing with a rule whereby religion will almost always be given special treatment, even if that means that nonadherents suffer enormous harm. If this is now to be the authoritative meaning of freedom of religion, then the consensus that once supported it will inevitably collapse. This chapter shows the destructive implications of the decision for the discrimination question—implications that have already been drawn by several federal courts.
Landscape
Authors: Stadler Nurit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on female rituals and how are they materialized and encrypted in the Holy Land landscape. The author shows that the debate on ownership of territories is not only integrated with the discourse of motherhood, fertility, maternal feelings, and intimacy but is also associated with local power relations and demands. All the same, human ritualistic performances, whether they are encrypted in sacred caves, holy mountains, enchanted forests, rivers, or trees, mark all their symbolic and physical traces on the landscape. These ritualistic sacred traces create human sacred maps that are alternatives to all other human maps, such as route maps, urban maps, maps of state borders, transportation maps, and other official maps. The power of rituals to create alternative maps, more specifically alternative female sacred maps, and their construction in the landscape is at the heart of this chapter.
Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism advances a new, production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. Its overarching arguments are these: (1) Judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made in terms of how it was created, and, furthermore, this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. (2) Among the ways in which art is ethically criticized, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, shifts in policy, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism. (3) Together, (1) and (2) constitute an approach to the ethical criticism of art that is not only tacit in many art appreciative practices, but which is rationally warranted and defensible. In short, there are many cases in which one should ethically critique artworks in terms of how they are created because this approach encompasses cases that other approaches cannot and results in plausible judgments about the works’ ethical merits and flaws.
Animals in Contemporary Art
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With reference to a number of contemporary cases, such as that surrounding the Guggenheim’s Art and China after 1989: Theater of the World exhibition, this chapter argues that some important controversies about the ethics of art can be explained in terms of a disconnect between people who tacitly adopt the perspectivist (or another interpretation-oriented) approach to ethical criticism and people who tacitly adopt a production-oriented approach to ethical criticism. The chapter argues that perspectivism tends to be favored not only in philosophical aesthetics, but also in art criticism and in many art world institutions. In contrast, non-specialists tend to tacitly adopt the production-oriented approach. In the case of the use of animals in contemporary art, current controversies are further explained by the fact that, given some fairly uncontroversial premises about the moral respect that we owe to non-human animals, people who evaluate such work from a production-oriented approach are likely to find much that is prima facie ethically blameworthy. Moreover, they are rationally warranted in doing so.
The geological setting, cave formation, and stratigraphy of the fossil-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein Caves
Authors: Stratford Dominic 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Understanding the formation of the Sterkfontein Caves is critical for interpreting the geologic age and patterns of accumulation of the fossils found there. The complex stratigraphy of the caves has been investigated for decades, often yielding conflicting interpretation. Current research at Sterkfontein aims to apply new mutlidisciplinary stratigraphic analyses to new stratigraphically sensitive excavations, thereby providing high-resolution contextual support to recovered assemblages and attempts to increase our understanding of excavated deposit morphology through identification and study of sedimentary and stratigraphic features preserved in the remnants of previous excavations. The Sterkfontein deposits separated into six members, Member 1 to Member 6, of which Member 2, 4, and 5 have yielded hominin remains. Partial collapses and localized erosion of deposits are common, and the spaces created are often filled with sediments from distinct sources, complicating interpretation. This is especially the case with Members 4 and 5. Characterizing taxonomic, morphological, or cultural variability from excavated deposits where no stratigraphy was recognized is difficult but is the subject of ongoing work.
Carpals
Authors: Tocheri Matthew W. , Kibii Job 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A capitate and scaphoid are the only carpal bones known from Sterkfontein, and are described here. These bones lack the derived features that characterize the wrist of modern humans and Neandertals solely on the geological and paleontological context of where these specimens were recovered. These elements are attributed to Australopithecus africanus because of where they were recovered, but recent discoveries of A. sediba and Homo naledi from the same geographical region underscore the complexity and diversity of hominin evolution in southern Africa throughout the Pleistocene and suggest extreme caution is needed in attributing isolated hominin elements to particular taxa. Functional interpretations based on single fossil carpals also must be treated cautiously until more reasonably complete fossil hominin hand skeletons are recovered. That said, however, the comparative morphology of these bones suggests that they belonged to hominins in which hand functional morphology was likely broadly similar to that of other early hominins, such as australopiths and Homo floresiensis.
Femur
Authors: DeSilva Jeremy M. , Grabowski Mark W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed description of the Sterkfontein hominin femora and additional comparative and functional interpretations of these fossils, all of which are incomplete but still provide important information. While some have postulated that the differences among Sterkfontein femora reflect taxonomic differences, we regard these as large and small versions of the same general morphology. Multiple taxa may have been present at Sterkfontein; we just do not see evidence for it in the femora. However, while the distal femur of Australopithecus africanus is similar to that found in A. afarensis, the proximal femur is not. Sterkfontein Member 4 femora have relatively longer and more compressed femoral necks than their east African comparators, and a large femoral head to femoral neck ratio. Whether these subtle morphological differences reflect differences in substrate use, reflect differences in locomotor kinematics, or result in functional equivalency remains unclear.