bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a mechanistic understanding of competence: a missing link in diversity–disease research
Authors: Stewart Merrill Tara E. , Johnson Pieter T. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBiodiversity loss may increase the risk of infectious disease in a phenomenon known as the dilution effect. Circumstances that increase the likelihood of disease dilution are: (i) when hosts vary in their competence, and (ii) when communities disassemble predictably, such that the least competent hosts are the most likely to go extinct. Despite the central role of competence in diversity–disease theory, we lack a clear understanding of the factors underlying competence, as well as the drivers and extent of its variation. Our perspective piece encourages a mechanistic understanding of competence and a deeper consideration of its role in diversity–disease relationships. We outline current evidence, emerging questions and future directions regarding the basis of competence, its definition and measurement, the roots of its variation and its role in the community ecology of infectious disease.
SCORES IN BLOOM: SOME RECENT ORALLY TRANSMITTED EXPERIMENTAL MUSIC
Authors: Nickel Luke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA small group of composers and performers are collaborating orally/aurally on the creation of experimental music that eschews written scores (‘living scores’). By charting the overlaps between working methods and relationships – both social and musical – this article endeavours to shed light on how these practices rub against standard modes of documentation, transmission, scholarship and performance. The article begins by mapping out of the orally transmitted collaborative practices of four composers – Cassandra Miller, Pascale Criton, Éliane Radigue and me – as documented through interviews with prominent performer-collaborators such as Deborah Walker, Silvia Tarozzi, Juliet Fraser and Cat Hope. A guiding metaphor frames these practices as gardens and highlights shared thematic concepts such as extended time, hospitality, note-taking and responsibility.
Magneto-Hydrodynamic simulations on galaxy modeling
Authors: Wang Wei-Chen , Chen Ke-Jung 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMagnetic field plays an important role in star formation and galaxy evolution. Previous studies discussed about the origin of magnetic field and its effect to the environment. With the recent advancement of supercomputers, adding the magnetic field to a cosmological hydrodynamic simulations only become feasible. In this proceeding, we present the results of high-resolution magneto-hydrodynamic simulation with GIZMO and compare our simulation result with the previous literature and the observations.
Atmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution
Authors: Gronoff G. , Arras P. , Baraka S. , Bell J. M. , Cessateur G. , Cohen O. , Curry S. M. , Drake J. J. , Elrod M. , Erwin J. , Garcia‐Sage K. , Garraffo C. , Glocer A. , Heavens N. G. , Lovato K. , Maggiolo R. , Parkinson C. D. , Simon Wedlund C. , Weimer D. R. , Moore W. B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive thermal, chemical, and physical alteration of planetary atmospheres, including escape. Many known extrasolar planets experience vastly different stellar environments than those in our solar system: It is crucial to understand the broad range of processes that lead to atmospheric escape and evolution under a wide range of conditions if we are to assess the habitability of worlds around other stars. One problem encountered between the planetary and the astrophysics communities is a lack of common language for describing escape processes. Each community has customary approximations that may be questioned by the other, such as the hypothesis of H‐dominated thermosphere for astrophysicists or the Sun‐like nature of the stars for planetary scientists. Since exoplanets are becoming one of the main targets for the detection of life, a common set of definitions and hypotheses are required. We review the different escape mechanisms proposed for the evolution of planetary and exoplanetary atmospheres. We propose a common definition for the different escape mechanisms, and we show the important parameters to take into account when evaluating the escape at a planet in time. We show that the paradigm of the magnetic field as an atmospheric shield should be changed and that recent work on the history of Xenon in Earth's atmosphere gives an elegant explanation to its enrichment in heavier isotopes: the so‐called Xenon paradox.
Quantifying Coastal Fluvial Morphodynamics Over the Last 100 Years on the Lower Rio Grande, USA and Mexico
Authors: Swartz John M. , Goudge Timothy A. , Mohrig David C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDownstream changes in fluvial channel morphology are commonly observed in association with the backwater zone, where rivers transition from quasi‐uniform flow with normal‐flow depth to gradually varying flow. This transition is linked to changes in channel morphology and mobility and resulting fluvial stratigraphy. However, the majority of systems studied to date are perennial rivers with relatively consistent flow conditions. Here we investigate the evolution of a large river with significant flood‐to‐baseflow variability as it transverses and builds a large delta. We provide the first comprehensive study of the morphology and morphodynamics of the lower Rio Grande, a major continental drainage system that enters the western Gulf of Mexico. We quantify the morphology of the current Rio Grande channel and document spatial trends in channel geometry and kinematics using lidar, historical surveys, and hydrographic analysis. The modern Rio Grande channel morphology does not significantly vary toward the coast. Rather, the channel width, levee, and bed slopes remain nearly constant for ~200 river km. We find historical migration rates between 10 and 100 m/yr with no significant reduction toward the coast in contrast to previously studied systems. We propose that this invariant channel geometry and sustained high migration rates are signatures of the channel not requiring adjustment within the lower coastal reach to accommodate baseflow conditions, and the channel remains continuously adjusted solely to peak flow conditions.
The Role of Subsurface Flow on Evapotranspiration: A Global Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Maina Fadji Zaouna , Siirila‐Woodburn Erica R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWater resources are impacted by water‐energy balance fluxes at the land surface, most notably evapotranspiration (ET), the largest component of surface energy balance. While integrated hydrologic models show promise in quantifying the nonlinear dynamics at this interface, the model results are plagued by parametric uncertainties. Given the high computational demand of running multiple parameter spaces of these models, little is known about how these uncertainties propagate into land surface processes. In this work, we perform a global sensitivity analysis by computing Sobol and AMAE indices using a surrogate model constructed with a polynomial chaos expansion to assess the impacts of the subsurface physical properties on ET. We do so by modeling a semisynthetic test case. Our results show that the effects of vertical hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and the water retention curve parameter Van Genuchten α mainly control ET. However, we note that while evaporation (E) shows behavior similar to the ET with high sensitivity to the parameters controlling the flow in the unsaturated zone, transpiration (T) is very sensitive to the saturated zone parameters and groundwater flow, especially during periods without rain. Our results also show that heterogeneities in land cover impact the flow in the saturated zone. Furthermore, our work demonstrates that reduced‐order models can be developed to make integrated models more accessible for rigorous sensitivity analyses and calibration purposes.
Reflected Protons in the Lunar Wake and Their Effects on Wake Potentials
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Poppe Andrew R. , Halekas Jasper S. , Harada Yuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe refilling of the lunar wake is facilitated by the wake ambipolar electric potential arising from the electron pressure gradient. Incident solar wind protons can be reflected by the lunar crustal magnetic fields and the lunar surface on the dayside and repicked up, entering the lunar wake due to their large gyroradii. This burst of positive charges can cause the lunar wake potential to be reduced by hundreds of volts. We utilize over 7 years of ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun) measurements to systematically investigate how the reflected protons affect the lunar wake potential structure when the Moon is immersed in the solar wind. RPs have a peak occurrence rate of ∼20% for downstream distances from the Moon at N×2πRg and a preference of high occurrence rates and high densities in the direction of the motional electric field of the solar wind. We show that reflected protons in the lunar wake can significantly change the electrostatic ambipolar potentials in the wake, leading in turn to the formation of field‐aligned, accelerated electron beams. Our case study also suggests a nonmonotonic field‐aligned potential structure in the presence of reflected protons in the wake. Lastly, our results show that when the reflected proton density is larger than ∼30% of the local proton density from refilling solar wind protons, the wake potential scales as the logarithmic density of reflected protons, which can be explained by the Boltzmann relation.
Tsunamis Generated by Submerged Landslides: Numerical Analysis of the Near‐Field Wave Characteristics
Authors: Romano A. , Lara J. L. , Barajas G. , Di Paolo B. , Bellotti G. , Di Risio M. , Losada I. J. , De Girolamo P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe accurate modeling of the landslide‐generated tsunami characteristics in the so‐called near‐field is crucial for many practical applications. In this paper, we present a new full‐3‐D numerical method for modeling tsunamis generated by rigid and impermeable landslides in OpenFOAM® based on the overset mesh technique. The approach has been successfully validated through the numerical reproduction of past experiments for landslide‐generated tsunamis triggered by a rigid and impermeable wedge at a sloping coast. The method has been applied to perform a detailed numerical study of the near‐field wave features induced by submerged landslides. A parametric analysis has been carried out to explore the importance of the landslide's initial acceleration, directly related to the landslide‐triggering mechanisms, on the tsunami generation process and on the related wave properties. Near‐field analysis of the numerical results confirms that the influence of the initial acceleration on the tsunami wave properties is significant, affecting wave height, wave period, and wave celerity. Furthermore, it is found that the tsunami generation mechanism experiences a saturation effect for increasing landslide's initial acceleration, confirming and extending previous studies. Moreover, the resulting extended database, composed of previous experimental data and new numerical ones, spanning a wider range of governing parameters, has been represented in the form of a “nondimensional wavemaker curve,” and a new relationship for predicting the wave properties in the near‐field as a function of the Hammack number is proposed.
The Impacts of Flood, Drought, and Turbidites on Organic Carbon Burial Over the Past 2,000 years in the Santa Barbara Basin, California
Authors: Sarno Caitlyn T. , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia R. , Ziolkowski Lori A. , Hendy Ingrid L. , Davis Catherine V. , Tappa Eric J. , Thunell Robert C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractClimate conditions and instantaneous depositional events can influence the relative contribution of sediments from terrestrial and marine environments and ultimately the quantity and composition of carbon buried in the sediment record. Here, we analyze the elemental, isotopic, and organic geochemical composition of marine sediments to identify terrestrial and marine sources in sediment horizons associated with droughts, turbidites, and floods in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California, during the last 2,000 years. Stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) indicate that more terrestrial organic carbon (OC) was deposited during floods relative to background sediment, while bulk C to nitrogen (C/N) ratios remained relatively constant (~10). Long‐chain n‐alkanes (C27, C29, C31, and C33), characteristic of terrestrial OC, dominated all types of sediment deposition but were 4 times more abundant in flood layers. Marine algae (C15, C17, and C19) and macrophytes (C21 and C23) were also 2 times higher in flood versus background sediments. Turbidites contained twice the terrestrial n‐alkanes relative to background sediment. Conversely, drought intervals were only distinguishable from background sediment by their higher proportion of marine algal n‐alkanes. Combined, our data indicate that 15% of the total OC buried in SBB over the past 2,000 years was deposited during 11 flood events where the sediment was mostly terrestrially derived, and another 12% of deep sediment OC burial was derived from shelf remobilization during six turbidite events. Relative to twentieth century river runoff, our data suggest that floods result in considerable terrestrial OC burial on the continental margins of California.
Reconstructing Arctic Precipitation Seasonality Using Aquatic Leaf Wax δ2H in Lakes With Contrasting Residence Times
Authors: Thomas E. K. , Hollister K. V. , Cluett A. A. , Corcoran M. C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArctic precipitation is predicted to increase this century. Records of past precipitation seasonality provide baselines for a mechanistic understanding of the dynamics controlling Arctic precipitation. We present an approach to reconstruct Arctic precipitation seasonality using stable hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) of aquatic plant waxes in neighboring lakes with contrasting water residence times and present a case study of this approach in two lakes on western Greenland. Residence time calculations suggest that growing season lake water δ2H in one lake reflects summer precipitation δ2H, while the other reflects amount‐weighted annual precipitation δ2H and evaporative enrichment. Aquatic plant wax δ2H in the “summer lake” is relatively constant throughout the Holocene, perhaps reflecting competing effects of local summer warmth and increased distal moisture transport due to a strengthened latitudinal temperature gradient. In contrast, aquatic plant wax δ2H in the “mean annual lake” is 100‰ 2H depleted from 6 to 4 ka relative to the beginning and end of the record. Because there are relatively minor changes in summer precipitation δ2H, we interpret the 100‰ 2H depletion in mean annual precipitation to reflect an increase in winter precipitation amount, likely accompanied by changes in winter precipitation δ2H and decreased evaporative enrichment. Thus, unlike the “summer lake,” the “mean annual lake” records changes in winter precipitation. This dual‐lake approach may be applied to reconstruct past changes in precipitation seasonality at sites with strong precipitation isotope seasonality and minimal lake water evaporative enrichment.
The Value of CME Arrival Time Forecasts for Space Weather Mitigation
Authors: Owens M. J. , Lockwood M. , Barnard L. A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSevere geomagnetic storms are driven by the coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Consequently, there has been a great deal of focus on predicting if and when a CME will arrive in near‐Earth space. However, it is useful to step back and ask, “How valuable is this information, in isolation, for making decisions to mitigate against the adverse effects of space weather?” While all severe geomagnetic storms are triggered by CMEs, not all CMEs trigger severe storms. Thus, even perfect knowledge of CME arrival time will provide “actionable” forecast information only in operational situations where false alarms can be tolerated. Of course, any CME transit model used to predict CME arrival time must also produce an estimate of CME speed at Earth. This can help discriminate between geoeffective and nongeoeffective CMEs, reducing false alarms and expanding the range of operational scenarios under which a forecast provides value. Thus, from an end‐user perspective, CME arrival speed should form part of the standard metric by which CME transit models are evaluated. Looking to the future, even coarse information about the CME magnetic properties would likely provide even greater forecast value. These points are illustrated by a simple analysis of solar wind data.
Compound Effects of Flood Drivers and Wetland Elevation Correction on Coastal Flood Hazard Assessment
Authors: Muñoz D. F. , Moftakhari H. , Moradkhani H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCompound flooding frequently threatens life and assets of people who live in low‐lying coastal regions. Co‐occurrence or sequence of extremes (e.g., high river discharge and extreme coastal water level) is of paramount importance as it may result in flood hazards with potential impacts larger than each extreme in isolation. Here, we use a coupled approach, that is, bivariate statistical analysis linked to hydrodynamic modeling, to quantify compounding effects of flood drivers and generate flood hazard maps near Savannah, Georgia. Also, we integrate wetland elevation correction in digital elevation models to improve hydrodynamic simulations of compound events and hence the accuracy of flood hazard (inundation and velocity) maps. Using statistical measures, we analyze compounding effects of terrestrial/coastal flood drivers and wetland elevation correction on maximum floodwater height (MFH) and velocity (MFV) for 50‐year return period scenarios. In addition, we compare our results to MFH and MFV patterns of Hurricane Matthew that hit the West Atlantic Coasts on October 2016. The statistical measures indicate significant differences among the scenarios, partly explained by wetland elevation correction. Inundation and velocity maps suggest that a proposed composite, that is, synthesis of marginal Q, marginal H, and “AND” scenarios, can lead to the lowest average underestimation of MFH (−0.35 m) and overestimation of MFV (0.20 m/s) within wetland areas. We conclude that a thorough compound flooding assessment should leverage statistical analysis and hydrodynamic modeling of extremes including corrections of coastal digital elevation models.
ZSCAN4 facilitates chromatin remodeling and promotes the cancer stem cell phenotype
Authors: Portney Benjamin A. , Arad Michal , Gupta Aditi , Brown Robert A. , Khatri Raju , Lin Phyo Nay , Hebert Andrea M. , Angster Kristen H. , Silipino Lorna E. , Meltzer W. Alex , Taylor Rodney J. , Zalzman Michal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells within tumors that maintain the ability to self-renew, drive tumor growth, and contribute to therapeutic resistance and cancer recurrence. In this study, we investigate the role of Zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 4 (ZSCAN4) in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The murine Zscan4 is involved in telomere maintenance and genomic stability of mouse embryonic stem cells. Our data indicate that the human ZSCAN4 is enriched for, marks and is co-expressed with CSC markers in HNSCC. We show that transient ZSCAN4 induction for just 2 days increases CSC frequency both in vitro and in vivo and leads to upregulation of pluripotency and CSC factors. Importantly, we define for the first time the role of ZSCAN4 in altering the epigenetic profile and regulating the chromatin state. Our data show that ZSCAN4 leads to a functional histone 3 hyperacetylation at the promoters of OCT3/4 and NANOG, leading to an upregulation of CSC factors. Consistently, ZSCAN4 depletion leads to downregulation of CSC markers, decreased ability to form tumorspheres and severely affects tumor growth. Our study suggests that ZSCAN4 plays an important role in the maintenance of the CSC phenotype, indicating it is a potential therapeutic target in HNSCC.
Intra-arterial hepatic beads loaded with irinotecan (DEBIRI) with mFOLFOX6 in unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a Phase 2 study
Authors: Pernot Simon , Pellerin Olivier , Artru Pascal , Montérymard Carole , Smith Denis , Raoul Jean-Luc , De La Fouchardière Christelle , Dahan Laetitia , Guimbaud Rosine , Sefrioui David , Jouve Jean-Louis , Lepage Côme , Tougeron David , Taieb Julien ,   for FFCD1201-DEBIRI investigators/Collaborators
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Chemo-embolisation with drug-eluting beads loaded with irinotecan (DEBIRI) increased survival as compared with intravenous irinotecan in chemorefractory patients with liver-dominant metastases from colorectal cancer (LMCRC). First-line DEBIRI with systemic chemotherapy may increase survival and secondary resection.

Methods
In the FFCD-1201 single-arm Phase 2 study, patients with untreated, non-resectable LMCRC received DEBIRI plus mFOLFOX6. Four courses of DEBIRI were performed alternating right and left lobe or two sessions with both lobes treated during the same session.

Results
Fifty-seven patients were enrolled. Grade 3–5 toxicities were more frequent when both lobes were treated during the same session (90.5% versus 52.8%). Nine-month PFS rate was 53.6% (95% CI, 41.8–65.1%). The objective response rate (RECIST 1.1) was 73.2%, and the secondary R0 surgery was 33%. With a median follow-up of 38.3 months, median OS was 37.4 months (95% CI, 25.7–45.8), and median PFS 10.8 months (95% CI, 8.2–12.3).

Conclusions
Front-line DEBIRI + mFOLFOX6 should not be recommended as the hypothesised 9-month PFS was not met. However, high response rate, deep responses, and prolonged OS encourage further evaluation in strategies integrating biologic agent, in particular in patients with secondary surgery as the main goal.

Clinical trial registration
NCT01839877.
Cervical screening: ESGO-EFC position paper of the European Society of Gynaecologic Oncology (ESGO) and the European Federation of Colposcopy (EFC)
Authors: Kyrgiou Maria , Arbyn Marc , Bergeron Christine , Bosch F. Xavier , Dillner Joakim , Jit Mark , Kim Jane , Poljak Mario , Nieminen Pekka , Sasieni Peter , Kesic Vesna , Cuzick Jack , Gultekin Murat 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper summarises the position of ESGO and EFC on cervical screening based on existing guidelines and opinions of a team of lead experts. HPV test is replacing cytology as this offers greater protection against cervical cancer and allows longer screening intervals. Only a dozen of HPV tests are considered as clinically validated for screening. The lower specificity of HPV test dictates the use of triage tests that can select women for colposcopy. Reflex cytology is currently the only well validated triage test; HPV genotyping and p16 immunostaining may be used in the future, although methylation assays and viral load also look promising. A summary of quality assurance benchmarks is provided, and the importance to audit the screening histories of women who developed cancer is noted as a key objective. HPV-based screening is more cost-effective than cytology or cotesting. HPV-based screening should continue in the post-vaccination era. Only a fraction of the female population is vaccinated, and this varies across countries. A major challenge will be to personalise screening frequency according to vaccination status. Still the most important factor for successful prevention by screening is high population coverage and organised screening. Screening with self-sampling to reach under-screened women is promising.