bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 suggest multiple outbreak sources of transmission
Authors: Zhang Liangsheng , Yang Jian-Rong , Zhang Zhenguo , Lin Zhenguo 
Published: February 2020

SummaryWe examined 169 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and found that they can be classified into two major genotypes, Type I and Type II. Type I can be further divided into Type IA and IB. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the Type IA resembles the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 most. Type II was likely evolved from Type I and predominant in the infections. Our results suggest that Type II SARS-CoV-2 was the source of the outbreak in the Wuhan Huanan market and it was likely originated from a super-spreader. The outbreak caused by the Type I virus should have occurred somewhere else, because the patients had no direct link to the market. Furthermore, by analyzing three genomic sites that distinguish Type I and Type II strains, we found that synonymous changes at two of the three sites confer higher protein translational efficiencies in Type II strains than in Type I strains, which might explain why Type II strains are predominant, implying that Type II is more contagious (transmissible) than Type I. These findings could be valuable for the current epidemic prevention and control.
Causes of death in newborn C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Capas-Peneda Sara , Morello Gabriela Munhoz , Lamas Sofia , Olsson I Anna S , Gilbert Colin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNeonatal mortality in wild-type laboratory mice is an overlooked welfare and financial problem in animal facilities around the world. Causes of death are often not reported and its causes remain unknown.In this study, 324 newborn pups from two breeding colonies of healthy wildtype C57BL/6 mice underwent post-mortem analysis with special focus on obtaining proof of life after birth, evaluation of stomach contents and observation of congenital abnormalities that could compromise survival.Based on a combination of lung morphology findings, outcome of lung float test, stomach contents and brown adipose tissue colouration, 21.6% of the pups found dead were considered stillbirths. Of the livebirths, only 3.2% were observed to have milk inside the stomach, indicating successful suckling. Congenital abnormalities were diagnosed only in a small fraction of the pups analysed. These results suggest that starvation was the most common cause of death, followed by stillbirth.
Inhibitory midbrain neurons mediate decision making
Authors: Essig Jaclyn , Hunt Joshua B. , Felsen Gidon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDecision making is critical for survival but its neural basis is unclear. Here we examine how functional neural circuitry in the output layers of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) mediates spatial choice, an SC-dependent tractable form of decision making. We focus on the role of inhibitory SC neurons, using optogenetics to record and manipulate their activity in behaving mice. Based on data from SC slice experiments and on a canonical role of inhibitory neurons in cortical microcircuits, we hypothesized that inhibitory SC neurons locally inhibit premotor output neurons that represent contralateral targets. However, our experimental results refuted this hypothesis. An attractor model revealed that our results were instead consistent with inhibitory neurons providing long-range inhibition between the two SCs, and terminal activation experiments supported this architecture. Our study provides mechanistic evidence for competitive inhibition between populations representing discrete choices, a common motif in theoretical models of decision making.
Simulation on heat transfer performances of hollow tube electric heaters with dual-side longitudinal flow
Authors: Mei Xianzhi , Chen Yaping , Wu Jiafeng , Zhou Xiaoyu 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
Conventional electric heaters mostly use U-shaped electric heating tubes and the hollow tube electric heaters are new type ones that rely on the heat transfer tubes as heating elements. However, in the original design, the fluid flows through the annular gaps between the shell wall and the supporting plates, the chambers between supporting plates are generally stagnant zones. The purpose of study is to overcome these deficiencies.

Design/methodology/approach
A modified approach is proposed in which the heating tubes are surrounded by holes on the supporting plates, thus the stagnant flow zone can be eliminated and the heating surfaces of both inside and outside the tube can be fully used. Numerical simulations were carried out on four schemes of hollow tube electric heaters, i.e. plate blocked, countercurrent, parallel and split. The results show that the two schemes of parallel and split can reduce the temperature difference between the two sides of the fixed tube plate, and thus reduce thermal stress and prolong the service life.

Findings
The split scheme of electric heater has the highest comprehensive index, moderate heat transfer coefficient and minimum pressure drop on the shell side. Its average heat transfer coefficient and comprehensive index are, respectively, 15.7% and 52.9% higher and its average pressure drop and tube wall temperature are, respectively, 57.6% and 19 K lower than those of the original plate blocked scheme, thus it can be recommended as the best scheme of the hollow tube electric heaters.

Originality/value
Based on the original design of hollow tube electric heater with plate blocked scheme, three plate perforated schemes were proposed and investigated. The thermal and flow features of the four schemes were compared in terms of heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and comprehensive index ho·Δpo−1/3. The split scheme can reduce the temperature difference between two sides of the fixed tube plate with reduced thermal stress. It has moderate tube wall temperature and heat transfer coefficient, the smallest shell side pressure drop and the highest comprehensive index ho·Δpo−1/3, and it can be recommended as the optimal scheme.
Housing policy and demographic changes: the case of Iran
Authors: Ghaedrahmati Safar , Zarghamfard Moslem 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
Housing is an essential element in the dynamics of urbanization. One of the main reasons for urbanization is population growth. As the population grows, the need for housing also increases. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the links between housing policies and plans and demographic issues in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach
The research has been conducted using the qualitative method. First, 14 main indicators of the population that occurred over the past 40 years have been extracted. To investigate the role of demographic indicators in seven main housing plans and policies in Iran, 30 indigenous housing experts have been interviewed. A criteria-based sampling method has been used in this research.

Findings
The results of this study show that demographic developments have been neglected in the formulation of Iranian housing policies and plans. It is also worth noting that the lack of attention to demographic issues a main reason for the failure of housing policies in Iran.

Practical implications
As an important implication, the present paper revealed that the mere submission of planning to the economists has been associated with an unpleasant consequence in Iran, and now, it is time to use various expertise and sciences in this important process, as well. Certainly, the use of other sciences such as urban planners contribute greatly to the housing promotion of plans.

Originality/value
In the present research, the relationship between housing and population changes has been investigated because of the significance of the housing sector in Iran besides the problems in the implementation of housing plans.
Empirical analysis of enablers and performance outcome of manufacturing flexibility in an emerging economy
Authors: Mishra Ruchi 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to empirically test and verify the enablers of volume flexibility and product-mix flexibility and to assess the influence of these flexibilities on operational performance.Design/methodology/approachA research framework consisting of nine pairs of hypotheses was developed using an extensive literature review. Using a self-administered questionnaire, 391 responses were collected, and these responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling techniques.FindingsThe findings empirically confirm the enablers of volume flexibility and product-mix flexibility. The proposed model explained 59 percent variance in volume flexibility and 63 percent variance in product-mix flexibility. Volume flexibility and product-mix flexibility together explained 38 percent variance in operational performance.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this study advances flexibility literature in two significant ways. First, the study conducts first of its kind quantitative empirical investigation considering upstream, downstream, and internal integration practices as enablers of volume flexibility and product-mix flexibility. Second, this study adds to the flexibility literature by suggesting the positive influence of volume and product-mix flexibility on the operational performance of firms.Originality/valueThe study reinforces the role of enablers in the development of volume and product-mix flexibilities. Thus, the study provides a comprehensive view of flexibility enablers that can be used as a diagnostic tool, which practitioners can use to assess and deploy flexibility.
A maturity model for the servitization of product-centric companies
Authors: Adrodegari Federico , Saccani Nicola 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the servitization phenomenon of product-centric companies, by identifying the resources, capabilities and organizational aspects needed to successfully deploy a servitized business model (BM).Design/methodology/approachBy adopting a literature-based approach, this paper develops a servitization maturity model (SeMM) aimed at assessing and positioning companies in the servitization journey. The paper also illustrates the model application to two small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a machinery and a forklift truck company.FindingsThe SeMM identifies a set of 85 critical requirements that are used to evaluate the servitization level of product-centric companies, through a specific five-stage measurement scale. The requirements are categorized into: five maturity dimensions (organizational approach, process management, performance management, tools, capabilities) and nine BM Canvas components. The empirical application exemplifies how the SeMM can support managers in identifying and bridging the gaps in their servitization journey.Originality/valueThe SeMM adopts an original bi-dimensional approach and provides an operationalization of the servitization process through the identification of specific critical requirements framed on established BM and maturity dimensions taken from the literature. Moreover, the model responds to a call for research to develop practitioner-oriented tools and guidelines to support the servitization process, in particular for SMEs, and to the need to go beyond to measures of servitization based on indicators about number of services offered or their turnover.
“Tacit pedagogy” and “entanglement”: practice-based learning and innovation
Authors: Derrick Jay 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThis paper argues that the informal dimensions of practice are critical for understanding workplace learning and innovation, but have been under-theorised and under-researched. This paper aims to build on the thinking of Ellström (2010), Billett (2012) and Guile (2014) to account for the emergence of innovation through practice, and propose two new concepts for improving our understanding of innovation as process: “tacit pedagogy” and “entanglement”. This argument is evidenced through a recent study of team-working in a high-profile engineering company.Design/methodology/approachQualitative interview data was collected on the informal features of organisational culture and work processes supporting innovation, and how these features intersect and interrelate with the formal features and procedures of the organisation.FindingsThree generic modes of team-working practice are identified which, it is suggested, are likely to be associated with innovatory working, and are observable practices available to future researchers.Practical implicationsProductive approaches to the organisation of work processes so as to enhance practitioner learning and the potential for innovation are evidenced and evaluated.Originality/valueThe concepts “tacit pedagogy” and “entanglement”, intended to improve theoretical understanding of learning and innovation through practice, are introduced.
Structural empowerment and organisational citizenship behaviour
Authors: Narzary Genuine , Palo Sasmita 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe present study aims at investigating mediating–moderating effect of job satisfaction between structural empowerment and organisational citizenship behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted using standardised questionnaires. Responses were gathered from 178 auxiliary nurse and midwives working in primary health care centres in Chirang and Kokrajhar districts of Assam. Census method of data collection was adopted. The mediating–moderating effect of job satisfaction was assessed using the structural equation modelling.FindingsStructural equation modelling result shows that structural empowerment has significant and positive effect on job satisfaction (0.68) and organisational citizenship behaviour (0.37). Job satisfaction has significant and positive effect on organisational citizenship behaviour (0.39). Job satisfaction significantly mediates-moderates (0.23) between structural empowerment and organisational citizenship behaviour.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the only female auxiliary nurse and midwives and comparatively small sample obtained in this study, no attempt should be made to generalise these findings to other nurses or organisations. All data were obtained through a self-report survey, presenting a possibility for common method bias.Practical implicationsPromoting structural empowerment may help medical officer (supervisor) to increase auxiliary nurse and midwives’ level of job satisfaction and promote organisational citizenship behaviour.Originality/valueThis is the first study conducted on the mediating–moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between structural empowerment and organisational citizenship behaviour among auxiliary nurse and midwives workings in rural and semi-urban areas in Assam (India).
How recruiters can fill roles faster when unemployment is low
Authors: Owens Brad 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to summarize how sales best practices can be applied to recruiting. Unemployment is at an all-time low. Recruiters need to change their process to fill roles. The purpose of this paper is to summarize best practices.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on 12 years of recruiting experience, the author has outlined what the top companies are doing to hire the best talent.

Findings
It was found that recruiting needs to shift toward a more sales-driven approach.

Originality/value
Recruiters looking to fill their roles faster, regardless of the unemployment rate, will learn how to apply the best practices of sales to their recruiting tool kit.
Concrescent conversation environment, psychological safety, and team effectiveness
Authors: Akan Obasi Haki , Jack Eric P. , Mehta Anju 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
This study aims to examine the relationship between concrescent conversation environment (CCE), psychological safety and team effectiveness. Although CCE has been known to influence team outcomes, little is known about how it influences them. Integrating the social constructionist and social psychology perspectives, this study argues that CCE ignites a climate of psychological safety resulting in “joint-action” necessary for positive team outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
Survey data were collected from 301 team members from US firms operating in different industries. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS.

Findings
The study establishes CCE as an antecedent to psychological safety and demonstrates that psychological safety mediates the relationship between CCE and team effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications
This is one of the initial studies to show how verbal behaviors socially construct team dynamics in the shape of psychological safety to influence team outcomes. In doing so, the authors advance the theory pertaining to the role of social exchanges in team processes and outcomes.

Practical implications
The results provide insights on how managers can improve team outcomes by influencing the conversational environment of the team to elicit feelings of psychological safety. The results also suggest that managers must focus on relational outcomes as well, along with performance outcomes.

Originality/value
From a social constructionist perspective, team development is built upon the verbal behaviors of the members as they pursue tasks. However, the extant group dynamics literature undervalues conversations’ role in team processes and outcomes. This is the first study that examines the link between a team's conversational environment, psychological safety and team outcomes.
Vertical migrations of fish schools determine overlap with a mobile tidal stream marine renewable energy device
Authors: Whitton Timothy A. , Jackson Suzanna E. , Hiddink Jan G. , Scoulding Ben , Bowers David , Powell Ben , D'Urban Jackson Tim , Gimenez Luis , Davies Alan G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Large increases in the generation of electricity using marine renewable energy (MRE) are planned, and assessment of the environmental impacts of novel MRE devices, such as kites, are urgently needed. A first step in this assessment is to quantify overlap in space and time between MRE devices and prey species of top predators such as small pelagic fish.

Here, we quantify how the distribution of fish schools overlaps with the operational depth (20–60 m) and tidal current speeds (≥1.2–2.4 m/s) used by tidal kites, and the physical processes driving overlap.

Fish schools undertake diel vertical migrations driven by the depth of light penetration into the water column, controlled by the supply of solar radiation and water column light absorption and scattering, which in turn depends on the cross‐sectional area of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Fish schools were found shallower in the morning and evening and deeper in the middle of the day when solar radiation is greatest, with the deepest depths reached during predictable bimonthly periods of lower current speeds and lower cross‐sectional area of SPM.

Potential kite operations overlap with fish schools for a mean of 5% of the time that schools are present (maximum for a day is 36%). This represents a mean of 6% of the potential kite operating time (maximum for a day is 44%). These were both highest during a new moon spring tide and transitions between neap and spring tides.

Synthesis and applications. Overlap of fish school depth distribution with tidal kite operation is reasonably predictable, and so the timing of operations could be adapted to avoid potential negative interactions. If all interaction between fish schools was to be avoided, the loss of operational time for tidal kites would be 6%. This information could also be used in planning the operating depths of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices to avoid or minimize overlap with fish schools and their predators by developers, and for environmental licencing and management authorities to gauge potential ecological impacts of different MRE device designs and operating characteristics.
The Case for Reform of the Reserve Bank of Australia Policy and Communication Strategy
Authors: Preston Bruce 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAt any time, the public should be able to evaluate whether the Reserve Bank of Australia's (RBA) interest rate decisions are consistent with achieving statutory mandates. The RBA's current policy and communication strategy makes this difficult. The mandates, as interpreted by the RBA, fail to provide a clearly identifiable performance benchmark. And the supporting communication strategy falls short of a commitment to explain the economic basis of why and how interest rate decisions achieve mandated objectives. Examples of both concerns are given from various public documents. Basic reforms would improve the accountability and effectiveness of monetary policy.
Labour and the Culture Wars of Modern Politics
Authors: Lawrence Jon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAnyone who attempts to understand and reverse the major defeat suffered by Labour in the December 2019 general election needs first to appreciate why comparisons with the defeats of the 1980s are so unhelpful. In 1983 Labour was all but wiped out across southern England, but held on comfortably across the ‘red wall’. By contrast, in 2019 Labour did well in cities and university towns across the south, and appears to have solved its historic problem with the southern, educated middle class. However, this has been at the expense of alienating working class voters across the country, not just in its former industrial heartlands. But this is not inevitable. A reanalysis of testimony from hundreds of interviews with working people across England from the 1940s onwards allows insights into attitudes and values that are often obscured by survey techniques. Crucially, it points to a broad‐based vernacular liberalism at odds with the culture wars model of a terminal crisis for social democracy.
Tracing the Provenance of Urbanist Ideals: A Critical Analysis of The Quito Papers
Authors: Lawton Philip 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this essay, I undertake a critical analysis of the UN‐Habitat publication, The Quito Papers. I begin by unpacking the representation within The Quito Papers of the Charter of Athens of 1941 as an outcome of CIAM IV in 1933. Here, the ways in which the authors centralize the Charter of Athens within their critique of contemporary urbanization is critically analysed. Ultimately, I argue that what emerges is a simplification of the complex intertwining of urbanization and urbanist ideals. Based on this, I situate what is presented in The Quito Papers as alternative imaginaries—centred largely on European ideals of urbanism—within the context of urban change since the 1970s. This includes a discussion of the manner in which these ideals are promoted within urbanist discourse, including the role of the authors themselves in their engagement with UN‐Habitat. Finally, I situate some of the arguments contained in The Quito Papers within current debates in urban theory. I contend that the relationship between processes of urbanization and the ideals of modernist urbanism are more genealogical than direct. Furthermore, I argue that it is through this relationship that broader power dynamics and their resultant inequalities can be further examined and challenged.