bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of intermediate compounds and photodegradation mechanisms of omeprazole under the system UV/O2
Authors: Leyva Elisa , Moctezuma Edgar , Baines Kim M. , Noriega Saúl , Pérez Flores Francisco , Lara‐Pérez Carmen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe photodegradation of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (OME) in aqueous media with the system UV/O2 is presented. The photodegradation rate was assessed by HPLC and UV‐vis spectroscopy, while the mineralization rate was obtained by TOC measurements. Degradation products were investigated by IR spectroscopy and GC‐MS analysis. UV‐vis absorbance and HPLC results indicated that OME is completely degraded within 3 minutes of irradiation. TOC analysis indicated that intermediates compounds are relatively easy to mineralize since 80% mineralization is achieved within 2 hours. IR studies demonstrated a rapid oxidation of OME leading to the formation of amines and both sulfonic and carboxylic acids. GC‐MS data indicated that the initial photoproducts are derivatives of both benzimidazole and pyridine produced after the photochemical cleavage of the C–S bond. Plausible mechanisms for the direct and indirect degradation of OME are given. In the photochemical degradation of OME, many intermediate compounds are actually generated. Several of them were generated from hydroxyl radical reactions, but some of them resulted from rearrangements, reductive reactions, and through the formation of highly reactive intermediates such as pseudo carbene, thiooxirane, and sulfenamide.
Metallo‐supramolecular Crosslinked Polyurethanes
Authors: Lambeth Robert H. , Morgan Brian F. , Savage Alice M. , Beyer Frederick L. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTThe effects of incorporating metal‐binding ligands as chain extenders in polyurethane elastomers were investigated. Segmented polyurethanes based on 2 kDa poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) and 4,4‐methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) were polymerized using a two‐step process in which 2,6‐bis(1‐ethyl‐5‐(methoxymethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine was added as a chain extender. The resulting polyurethanes were then metallated using stoichiometric amounts of Zn(II) metal salts with different counterions. The resulting metallopolymers have substantially improved Young's moduli, increased failure stress, and improved thermomechanical behavior. The materials were microphase‐separated into anisotropic hard domains within a PTMO matrix. Simultaneous small‐angle X‐ray scattering and tensile testing revealed the minority hard segment domains remain relatively intact during elongation, likely due to the strength of the metal–ligand complex. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1744–1757
In vitro comparison of unit dose vs infusion pump administration of albuterol via high‐flow nasal cannula in toddlers
Authors: Li Jie , Wei Wu , Fink James B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTransnasal pulmonary aerosol delivery using high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) devices has become a popular route of aerosol administration in toddlers. Clinically, albuterol is administered using an infusion pump or unit doses. However, little evidence is available to compare the two administration strategies.MethodsA toddler manikin (15 kg) with appropriate anatomic airway was connected with collecting filter to a simulator of distressed breathing. HFNC device with mesh nebulizer placed at the inlet of a humidifier at 37°C, with the gas flow set at 25 and 3.75 L/min. Five milligrams of albuterol was delivered in all experiments. With infusion pump administration, albuterol concentrations of 5 and 1 mg/mL were delivered at 4 and 20 mL/hr for 15 minutes. With unit dose administration, 1 mL (5 mg/mL) and 2 mL (2.5 mg/mL) of albuterol were nebulized. Additional tests with mouth open and nebulizers via mask were using 5 mg/1 mL for mesh nebulizer and 5 mg/3 mL for jet nebulizer (n = 3). The drug was eluted from the filter and assayed with UV spectrophotometry (276 nm).ResultsThe inhaled dose was higher with unit dose than infusion pump administration with gas flows of 25 L/min (2.66 ± 0.38 vs 1.16 ± 0.28%; P = .004) and 3.75 L/min (10.51 ± 1.29 vs 8.58 ± 0.68%; P = .025). During unit dose administration, compared with closed‐mouth breathing, open‐mouth breathing generated a higher inhaled dose at 3.75 L/min and lower inhaled dose at 25 L/min. Compared to the nebulizers via mask with both open and closed‐mouth breathing, nebulization via HFNC at 3.75 L/min generated greater inhaled dose, while HFNC at 25 L/min generated lower inhaled dose.ConclusionsDuring transnasal aerosol delivery, the inhaled dose was higher with medication administrated using unit dose than using an infusion pump.
Cobalt Chalcogenides/Cobalt Phosphides/Cobaltates with Hierarchical Nanostructures for Anode Materials of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Improving the Lithiation Environment
Authors: Liang Liping , Li Jiancheng , Zhu Mingyuan , Li Ying , Chou Shulei , Li Wenxian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices due to their high energy density, long cycle life, environmental friendliness, and negligible memory effect, though they also suffer from low power density, safety issues, and an aging effect. Cobalt chalcogenides/phosphides as promising anode materials have attracted intensive interests due to their high theoretical capacity based on the conversion mechanism. Cobaltates (XCo2O4, X = the other metal) have attracted attention because the X element can partially replace the high cost and toxic cobalt element. The serious volume variation during the cycling process has an impact, however, on the lithiation environment of above materials. Hierarchical construction can provide more active sites and shorten the diffusion pathways of Li ions as well as accommodating the volume expansion during lithiation processes. Herein, the research progress on the synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performances of cobalt chalcogenides/cobalt phosphides/cobaltates with hierarchical nanostructures for LIBs is presented. The concluding remarks highlight the research challenges and possible development directions of cobalt chalcogenides/cobalt phosphides/cobaltates with tailored hierarchical nanostructures for LIBs.
A hybrid optimized learning‐based compressive performance of concrete prediction using GBMO‐ANFIS classifier and genetic algorithm reduction
Authors: Rahchamani Ghodrat , Movahedifar Seyed Mojtaba , Honarbakhsh Amin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHigh performance concrete (HPC) is a type of concrete that cannot be produced using conventional methods. The exact percentage of materials used in the production of this concrete is one of the challenges facing civil engineers so that if ingredients are not in proportion, the strength of concrete is undermined. In the present study, attempts have been made to find an intelligent model to predict the quality of HPC. As a result of regression analysis, the automatic recognition would be affected by inferential estimation. Hence, to increase classification accuracy, first extracted feature is rearranged based on expectation–maximization clustering algorithm and then feature vector size is reduced using genetic algorithm. The proposed classification is adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system, which is optimized by Gases Brownian Motion Optimization and able to predict outputs at an acceptable level in limited reiterations. The split ratio of data during learning and testing steps was 0.9 and 0.1, as measured by K‐fold cross‐validation method. Computation of criteria such as mean square error and mean absolute percentage error in the algorithm indicated the desirable performance of the proposed method.
Comparison of the sequences and expression levels of genes related to follicular development and atresia between prolific and nonprolific goat breeds
Authors: Zi Xiang‐Dong , Hu Liang , Lu Jian‐Yuan , Liu Shuang , Zheng Yu‐Cai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the variations of the nucleotide sequences and ovarian expression levels of genes related to follicular development and atresia in prolific Jintang black goats and nonprolific Tibetan goats. Eight genes, FSHB, LHB, FSHR, LHCGR, ESR2, B4GANT2, BCL2 and BAX, were examined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real‐time PCR. The results showed that the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the LHB and BAX genes were not different, but there was one base change in the FSHR genes between the two breeds. There was one base change in the FSHB gene, which resulted in one amino acid substitution; there were nine base changes in the LHCGR gene, which resulted in five amino acid substitutions; and there were six base changes in the B4GANT2 gene, which resulted in four amino acid substitutions. The expression levels of the FSHR, LHCGR, ESR2, B4GANT2, BCL2 and BAX genes in the ovaries were not different between the two breeds. The plasma concentrations of FSH were not different, but the plasma concentrations of LH, P4 and E2 were lower in prolific Jintang black goats than in nonprolific Tibetan goats (P ˂ 0.05) at 40 hr after removal of the Controlled Internal Drug Release Devices. These results provide some foundations elucidating the endocrine and molecular mechanisms controlling ovulation rate in goats, but these need to be further verified.
Plastic debris in rivers
Authors: van Emmerik Tim , Schwarz Anna 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems is an emerging environmental risk, as it may negatively impacts ecology, endangers aquatic species, and causes economic damage. Rivers are known to play a crucial role in transporting land‐based plastic waste to the world's oceans, but riverine ecosystems are also directly affected by plastic pollution. To better quantify global plastic pollution transport and to effectively reduce sources and risks, a thorough understanding of origin, transport, fate, and effects of riverine plastic debris is crucial. In this overview paper, we discuss the current scientific state on plastic debris in rivers and evaluate existing knowledge gaps. We present a brief background of plastics, polymer types typically found in rivers, and the risk posed to aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, we elaborate on the origin and fate of riverine plastics, including processes and factors influencing plastic debris transport and its spatiotemporal variation. We present an overview of monitoring and modeling efforts to characterize riverine plastic transport, and give examples of typical values from around the world. Finally, we present an outlook to riverine plastic research. With this paper, we aim to present an inclusive and comprehensive overview of riverine plastic debris research to date and suggest multiple ways forward for future research.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Quality
Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Development of an e‐learning course to disseminate guidelines for effective promotion of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) initiatives in Cambodia
Authors: Alfvegren Fabian , McIntosh Brian S. , Chan Virak 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTAn estimated 8 million people in the Kingdom of Cambodia live without access to improved water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH; WHO/UNICEF, Joint monitoring program for water supply and sanitation, 2015). To increase access to WASH in rural areas, Cambodia's Ministry for Rural Development has sought to decentralize the administration of national WASH programs and implement program management at the subnational level. Working at the Center for Sustainable Water in Phnom Penh, the aim of the research was to assess whether an e‐learning platform might be utilized to facilitate the transfer of knowledge of WASH from governmental staff based in the capital to those working in the provinces. A desktop literature review revealed that the success of an e‐learning module is largely predicated on the extent to which the needs and limitations of the target audience are understood. In order to ascertain those needs and limitations in the Cambodian context, technical resource assessments and interviews were carried out at government offices in the provinces of Kampong Cham, Kratié, and Ratanakiri. Those provinces were selected on the basis that each broadly represented a distinct “zone” in terms of current capacity to carry out Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) initiatives, population size, relative poverty indices, and concentration of RWSSH partner organizations at the district level. An analysis of the qualitative data gathered from interviews in the field demonstrated that attitudes to an e‐learning program were overwhelmingly positive, on the proviso that any such program was tailored to the educational and professional background of its intended participants. Moreover, even offices in the most remote and resource‐limited province of Ratanakiri had the necessary infrastructure to support the use of e‐learning, provided that local hardware and software limitations were kept in mind. Results from the literature review, field interviews, and technical resource assessment informed the adaptation of an existing paper‐based National WASH guideline into an e‐learning format. Through a process of consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development, WaterAid Cambodia and the Institute of Technology of Cambodia, and collaboration with project staff at the Center for Sustainable Water, the contents of the ‘National Guidelines on WASH for Persons with Disabilities and Older People’ were synthesized into both an English‐language and Khmer‐language e‐learning course. Center for Sustainable Water has since obtained funding from WaterAid Cambodia to deliver the pilot e‐learning module in the provinces, a process which will undoubtedly pave the way for further improvements.
Attempting to Exit the Human Perspective: A Priori Experimentation in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Zuckert Rachel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractI consider a problem for Kant’s transcendental idealism if one construes it as a claim that human beings know from a particular, specifically human perspective. Namely, ordinarily when we speak of someone seeing from a perspective, we understand other people to have other perspectives, and think that people can change their perspectives by moving away from them, to a different one. So one may recognize that one’s own perspective is a perspective by comparing to others, by seeing a former perspective from a new vantage point. But Kant denies such plurality and variability for the perspective he identifies; it is the human perspective as such. Thus, one may worry that Kant’s view is incoherent: Kant claims that we can know only from one perspective, yet, in order to recognize that perspective, he himself must stand “outside” of it. I consider a potential Kantian response to this charge, in the form of an interpretation of the Dialectic section of the first Critique. When one attempts to know things that lie beyond the human perspective — to exit it — one falls into contradictions and empty thinking. These failed attempts to exit the human perspective constitute its horizon, a limit recognizable without one needing truly (but impossibly) to occupy a different perspective. Such failed attempts, I argue, are some of the confirming results of the a priori experimentation Kant proposes in the Preface to the Critique: his hypothesis of transcendental idealism is shown to identify the dividing line between successful and failed, productive and contradictory attempts at human knowledge.
Virtue Perspectivism, Externalism, and Epistemic Circularity
Authors: Carter J. Adam 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVirtue perspectivism is a bi-level epistemology according to which there are two grades of knowledge: animal and reflective. The exercise of reliable competences suffices to give us animal knowledge; but we can then use these same competences to gain a second-order assuring perspective, one through which we may appreciate those faculties as reliable and in doing so place our first-order (animal) knowledge in a competent second-order perspective. Virtue perspectivism has considerable theoretical power, especially when it comes to vindicating our external world knowledge against threats of scepticism and regress. Prominent critics, however, doubt whether the view ultimately hangs together without succumbing to vicious circularity. In this paper, I am going to focus on circularity-based criticisms of virtue perspectivism raised in various places by Barry Stroud, Baron Reed and Richard Fumerton, and I will argue that virtue perspectivism can ultimately withstand each of them.
The Development of iManageCancer: The Experience of a Personalised eHealth Platform for Cancer Patients’ Empowerment
Authors: Crico Chiara , Renzi Chiara 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdvances in cancer research led to more cancer patients being cured and many more being enabled to live with their cancer. There is an increasing need for cancer patients to take an active, leading role in their healthcare, thus resulting in a better quality of life. Identification of self-management processes for cancer can help to guide future research and clinical practice to improve patient’s outcome. In the present chapter, we discuss the development of iManageCancer, a cancer-specific self-management and patient empowerment platform designed according to the needs of patient groups while focusing, in parallel, on the wellbeing of the cancer patients and their families. A Personal Health Record platform (iPHR) is developed, featuring self-management tools including serious games. Emphasis was put on psychoemotional evaluation and self-motivated goals. The use-case requirements and the corresponding system architecture are presented, and the main technological components of the designed platform are described.
Predictive Precision Medicine: Towards the Computational Challenge
Authors: Tuena Cosimo , Semonella Michelle , Fernández-Álvarez Javier , Colombo Desirée , Cipresso Pietro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe emerging fields of predictive and precision medicine are changing the traditional medical approach to disease and patient. Current discoveries in medicine enable to deepen the comprehension of diseases, whereas the adoption of high-quality methods such as novel imaging techniques (e.g. MRI, PET) and computational approaches (i.e. machine learning) to analyse data allows researchers to have meaningful clinical and statistical information. Indeed, applications of radiology techniques and machine learning algorithms rose in the last years to study neurology, cardiology and oncology conditions. In this chapter, we will provide an overview on predictive precision medicine that uses artificial intelligence to analyse medical images to enhance diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases. In particular, the chapter will focus on neurodegenerative disorders that are one of the main fields of application. Despite some critical issues of this new approach, adopting a patient-centred approach could bring remarkable improvement on individual, social and business level.
Testing thermal photon and dilepton rates
Authors: Jackson G. , Laine M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We confront the thermal NLO vector spectral function (both the transverse and longitudinal channel with respect to spatial momentum, both above and below the light cone) with continuum-extrapolated lattice data (both quenched and with Nf = 2, at T ∼ 1.2Tc). The perturbative side incorporates new results, whose main features are summarized. The resolution of the lattice data is good enough to constrain the scale choice of αs on the perturbative side. The comparison supports the previous indication that the true spectral function falls below the resummed NLO one in a substantial frequency domain. Our results may help to scrutinize direct spectral reconstruction attempts from lattice QCD.
Who needs a stapling device for haemorrhoidectomy, if one has the radiofrequency device?
Authors: Sunny A. , Sellars H. , Ramsay G. , Polson R. , Watson A. J. M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Multiple operations exist to treat haemorrhoids. Although comparisons of conventional excision and other techniques have been performed, there are less comparative outcome data available for stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH) and radiofrequency haemorrhoidectomy (RFH). Use of a radiofrequency energy device for haemorrhoidectomy is an alternative to standard diathermy, scissors or scalpel. It provides vessel sealing between the jaws of the instrument and aims to minimise wider tissue damage.

Objective
To systematically review the literature comparing SH and RFH, assessing complications, outcomes, patient experience and costs.

Methods
A tailored search of medical databases identified literature containing relevant primary and secondary data comparing SH and RFH. Papers were screened for relevance and completeness of published data. Those missing methodological information, outcome data or statistical analysis were subsequently excluded. A narrative review was then performed.

Results
The primary data in this review originate from six randomised control trials (RCTs) and five meta-analyses. Evidence was conflicting, with a trend towards more early postoperative pain in the RFH vs. the SH group (three RCTs reported increased early pain scores in the RFH group). Significantly higher rates of residual and recurrent haemorrhoids and prolapse in the SH group were observed in two RCTs and four meta-analyses. Bleeding, urinary retention, incontinence and anal stenosis did not significantly differ. No detailed contemporary cost analysis was found.

Conclusion
The trials are small, with significant heterogeneity in the techniques used and outcome data recorded. However, despite the limited available evidence, RFH appears superior to SH due to significantly lower rates of residual and recurrent haemorrhoids and prolapse.
Development and Evaluation of a New Platform for Accelerating Cross-Domain Data Exchange and Cooperation
Authors: Iwasa Daiji , Hayashi Teruaki , Ohsawa Yukio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe technologies for collecting and analyzing data are developing significantly, enabling us to gain new knowledge from various types of data. Recently, the considerably increasing expectation for cross-domain data exchange and cooperation has attracted attention from data markets. However, as we lack data-utilization knowledge, an accurate evaluation of data is difficult; a non-price indicator for deciding the exchange of data is needed. Thus, in this study, we propose a new online platform for stakeholders to communicate regarding data utilization. Our online platform, called Web Innovators Marketplace on Data Jackets (Web IMDJ), is built with reference to the process of IMDJ workshops. Web IMDJ is superior to the conventional paper-based IMDJ (hereafter, Table IMDJ) in terms of reducing the burden on conducting workshops. Notably, Table IMDJ and Web IMDJ have different communication media, and this may affect the data-utilization knowledge proposed in the workshop. Therefore, we conducted workshops on both platforms under a controlled experimental environment to compare the proposed data-utilization knowledge. Consequently, the knowledge proposed in Web IMDJ gained equal or higher ratings by third-party evaluators (those who did not join in the experimental workshop). By contrast, subjects themselves evaluated the knowledge proposed in Table IMDJ as superior to Web IMDJ. These results revealed that both workshops have advantages as data-utilization platforms. Furthermore, we derived the best practices to utilize data effectively from a detailed analysis of the data obtained from the experimental workshops.