bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thoracic electrical impedance tomography in Chinese hospitals: a review of clinical research and daily applications
Authors: Zhao Zhanqi , Fu Feng , Frerichs Inéz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chinese scientists and researchers have a long history with electrical impedance tomography (EIT), which can be dated back to the 1980s. No commercial EIT devices for chest imaging were available until the year 2014 when the first device received its approval from the China Food and Drug Administration. Ever since then, clinical research and daily applications have taken place in Chinese hospitals. Up to this date (2019.11) 47 hospitals have been equipped with 50 EIT devices. Twenty-three SCI publications are recorded and a further 21 clinical trials are registered. Thoracic EIT is mainly used in patients before or after surgery, or in intensive care units (ICU). Application fields include the development of strategies for protective lung ventilation (e.g. tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration, recruitment, choice of ventilation mode and weaning from ventilator), regional lung perfusion monitoring, perioperative monitoring, and potential feedback for rehabilitation. The main challenges for promoting clinical use of EIT are the financial cost and the education of personnel. In this review, the past, present and future of EIT in China are introduced and discussed.
Local hardening of Raman phonons in BaxSr1−xTiO3 thin films deposited by r.f. sputtering
Authors: Zelaya-Angel O , Melendez-Lira M , Reséndiz-Muñoz J , Fernández-Muñoz J L , Caballero-Briones F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thin films of nanometric order of a solid solution of barium-strontium titanate Ba
x
Sr1−x
TiO3 (BSTO), in the entire 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 range, were deposited at 495 °C on quartz by RF reactive co-sputtering. The composition was controlled through the RF power (P) applied to the targets. X ray diffractograms (XRD) reveal that all the samples show the cubic perovskite crystalline structure. The percentage of elements (x) in the films were evaluated by usingof electron dispersion spectroscopy, also through the change of the (110) lattice interplanar spacing determination of BSTO by means of XRD patterns. Experimental data points of concentration of Ba (x) and Sr (1−x) as a function of P describe a symmetric sigmoidal curve. The average crystal size for the whole composition is around 20 nm as estimated from XRD data. Raman measurements in the 100–900 cm−1 range show that optic phonons experience local hardening in the x interval 0.6–0.8. Around this region of x it is, in general, expected in BSTO a crystalline cubic-tetragonal phase transition when is prepared at low substrates temperatures. Distortion of the unit cell is observed in that interval, which probably originates the local hardening of phonons.
Adaptive learning rate clipping stabilizes learning
Authors: Ede Jeffrey M , Beanland Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Artificial neural network training with gradient descent can be destabilized by ‘bad batches’ with high losses. This is often problematic for training with small batch sizes, high order loss functions or unstably high learning rates. To stabilize learning, we have developed adaptive learning rate clipping (ALRC) to limit backpropagated losses to a number of standard deviations above their running means. ALRC is designed to complement existing learning algorithms: Our algorithm is computationally inexpensive, can be applied to any loss function or batch size, is robust to hyperparameter choices and does not affect backpropagated gradient distributions. Experiments with CIFAR-10 supersampling show that ALCR decreases errors for unstable mean quartic error training while stable mean squared error training is unaffected. We also show that ALRC decreases unstable mean squared errors for scanning transmission electron microscopy supersampling and partial scan completion. Our source code is available at https://github.com/Jeffrey-Ede/ALRC.
Time for Better Access to High-Quality Abortion Data in the United States
Authors: Ahrens Katherine A , Hutcheon Jennifer A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite considerable lay attention on the regulation and legislation of abortion in the United States, important gaps remain in our understanding of its incidence and health and social consequences since its legalization in 1973. Many of these gaps in knowledge can be attributed to a lack of access to high-quality, individual-level abortion data over the past 46 years. Herein, we review the strengths and limitations of different, currently available methods for enumerating abortions in the United States and discuss how lack of access to high-quality data limits our surveillance and research activities of not only abortion but other important reproductive and perinatal health outcomes. We conclude by discussing some potential opportunities for improved access to high-quality abortion data in the United States.
Combatting Bias in the Criminal Courts of France, 1870s-1913
Authors: Donovan James 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In nineteenth-century France, liberals assumed that a conservative judiciary was frequently biased in favour of the prosecution, and socialists assumed that juries were dominated by the upper classes and too unrepresentative of the population to render justice equitably. Agitation by the left to combat these perceived biases led to the adoption of two key reforms of the fin de siècle. One was the abolition in 1881 of the résumé, or summing-up of the case by the chief justice of the cour d’assises (felony court). Liberals thought this reform was necessary because judges allegedly often used the résumé to persuade jurors in favour of conviction, a charge repeated by modern historians. The other reform, beginning at about the same time, was to make jury composition more democratic. By 1880, newly empowered liberals (at least in Paris) had begun to reduce the proportion of wealthy men on jury lists. This was followed in 1908 by the implementation of a circular issued by the Minister of Justice ordering the jury commissions to inscribe working-class men on the annual jury lists. However, a quantitative analysis of jury verdicts suggests that the reforms of the early 1880s and 1908 had only modest impacts on jury verdicts. Ideas and attitudes seem to have been more important. This has implications regarding two key controversies among modern jurists: the extent to which judges influence jurors and the extent to which the characteristics of jurors influence their verdicts.
Combining p-values via averaging
Authors: Vovk Vladimir , Wang Ruodu 
Published: March 2020

Summary
This paper proposes general methods for the problem of multiple testing of a single hypothesis, with a standard goal of combining a number of $p$-values without making any assumptions about their dependence structure. A result by Rüschendorf (1982) and, independently, Meng (1993) implies that the $p$-values can be combined by scaling up their arithmetic mean by a factor of 2, and no smaller factor is sufficient in general. A similar result by Mattner about the geometric mean replaces 2 by e. Based on more recent developments in mathematical finance, specifically, robust risk aggregation techniques, we extend these results to generalized means; in particular, we show that $K$ $p$-values can be combined by scaling up their harmonic mean by a factor of $\log K$ asymptotically as $K$ tends to infinity. This leads to a generalized version of the Bonferroni–Holm procedure. We also explore methods using weighted averages of $p$-values. Finally, we discuss the efficiency of various methods of combining $p$-values and how to choose a suitable method in light of data and prior information.
Global Overview of Ecosystem Services Provided by Riparian Vegetation
Authors: Riis Tenna , Kelly-Quinn Mary , Aguiar Francisca C , Manolaki Paraskevi , Bruno Daniel , Bejarano María D , Clerici Nicola , Fernandes María Rosário , Franco José C , Pettit Neil , Portela Ana P , Tammeorg Olga , Tammeorg Priit , Rodríguez-González Patricia M , Dufour Simon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fluvial riparian vegetation (RV) links fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems. It is under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities, and, therefore, the management and restoration of RV are increasingly important worldwide. RV has been investigated from different perspectives, so knowledge on its structure and function is widely distributed. An important step forward is to convert existing knowledge into an overview easily accessible—for example, for use in decision-making and management. We aim to provide an overview of ecosystem services provided by RV by adopting a structured approach to identify the ecosystem services, describe their characteristics, and rank the importance of each service. We evaluate each service within four main riparian vegetation types adopting a global perspective to derive a broad concept. Subsequently, we introduce a guided framework for use in RV management based on our structured approach. We also identify knowledge gaps and evaluate the opportunities an ecosystem service approach offers to RV management.
Riskscapes of gender, disaster and climate change in Indonesia
Authors: Tickamyer Ann R , Kusujiarti Siti 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThree prominent disasters in Indonesia demonstrate the importance of gender roles, relations and practices in delineating the social and spatial relations of Riskscapes, with implications for developing resilience to disaster and preparing for climate change. We build on a model of Riskscapes that incorporates power relations as a conceptual dimension and show how gender plays a central role in this, as well as intersecting with the other dimensions of Riskscape specification. We conclude with a series of hypotheses that can test the model and clarify and specify the ways gender requires incorporation into disaster and climate change Riskscape research, planning and action.
Recurrence of immunoglobulin A nephropathy after kidney transplantation: a narrative review of the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology and management of immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Infante Barbara , Rossini Michele , Di Lorenzo Adelaide , Coviello Nicola , Giuseppe Castellano , Gesualdo Loreto , Giuseppe Grandaliano , Stallone Giovanni 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGlomerulonephritis (GN) is the underlying cause of end-stage renal failure in 30–50% of kidney transplant recipients. It represents the primary cause of end-stage renal disease for 25% of the dialysis population and 45% of the transplant population. For patients with GN requiring renal replacement therapy, kidney transplantation is associated with superior outcomes compared with dialysis. Recurrent GN was previously considered to be a minor contributor to graft loss, but with the prolongation of graft survival, the effect of recurrent disease on graft outcome assumes increasing importance. Thus the extent of recurrence of original kidney disease after kidney transplantation has been underestimated for several reasons. This review aims to provide updated knowledge on one particular recurrent renal disease after kidney transplantation, immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). IgAN is one of the most common GNs worldwide. The pathogenesis of IgAN is complex and remains incompletely understood. Evidence to date is most supportive of a several hit hypothesis. Biopsy is mandatory not only to diagnose the disease in the native kidney, but also to identify and characterize graft recurrence of IgAN in the kidney graft. The optimal therapy for IgAN recurrence in the renal graft is unknown. Supportive therapy aiming to reduce proteinuria and control hypertension is the mainstream, with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive treatment tailored for certain subgroups of patients experiencing a rapidly progressive course of the disease with active lesions on renal biopsy and considering safety issues related to infectious complications.
Barrett’s Registry Collaboration of academic centers in Ireland reveals high progression rate of low-grade dysplasia and low risk from nondysplastic Barrett’s esophagus: report of the RIBBON network
Authors: O’Byrne Lisa M , Witherspoon Jolene , Verhage Roy J J , O’Brien Marie , Muldoon Cian , Ryan Ciara , Buckley Martin , Murphy Thomas , Reynolds Rob , Patchett Stephen , Kay Elaine , Azam Halsema , Robb William , Arumugasamy Mayilone , Mathuna Padraic Mc , Leyden Jan , Gargan Siobhan , Doherty Glen , Sheahan Kieran , Collins Chris , Nath Amar , O’Sullivan Jacintha , Donohoe Claire L , Ravi Narayanasamy , O’Toole Dermot , Reynolds John V 
Published: March 2020

Summary
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the main pathological precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC from nondysplastic BE (NDBE), low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and indefinite for dysplasia (IND) varies widely between population-based studies and specialized centers for many reasons, principally the rigor of the biopsy protocol and the accuracy of pathologic definition. In the Republic of Ireland, a multicenter prospective registry and bioresource (RIBBON) was established in 2011 involving six academic medical centers, and this paper represents the first report from this network. A detailed clinical, endoscopic and pathologic database registered 3,557 patients. BE was defined strictly by both endoscopic evidence of Barrett’s epithelium and the presence of specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM). A prospective web-based database was used to gather information with initial and follow-up data abstracted by a data manager at each site. A total of 2,244 patients, 1,925 with no dysplasia, were included with complete follow-up. The median age at diagnosis was 60.5 with a 2.1:1 male to female ratio and a median follow-up time of 2.7 years (IQR 1.19–4.04), and 6609.25 person years. In this time period, 125 (5.57%) progressed to HGD/EAC, with 74 (3.3%) after 1 year of follow-up and 38 (1.69%) developed EAC, with 20 (0.89%) beyond 1 year. The overall incidence of HGD/EAC was 1.89% per year; 1.16% if the first year is excluded. The risk of progression to EAC alone overall was 0.57% per year, 0.31% excluding the first year, and 0.21% in the 1,925 patients who had SIM alone at diagnosis. Low-grade dysplasia (LGD) progressed to HGD/EAC in 31% of patients, a progression rate of 12.96% per year, 6.71% with the first year excluded. In a national collaboration of academic centers in Ireland, the progression rate for NDBE was similar to recent population studies. Almost one in two who progressed was evident within 1 year. Crucially, LGD diagnosed and confirmed by specialist gastrointestinal pathologists represents truly high-risk disease, highlighting the importance of expertise in diagnosis and management, and providing indirect support for ablative therapies in this context.
Gender differences in networking
Authors: Mengel Friederike 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGender differences in networking have been cited as an important reason behind gender earnings and promotion gaps. Despite this fact there is comparatively little evidence on whether such differences exist or what they look like. We conduct a series of experiments to gain insight into these questions. The experiments are designed to understand differences in the strategic use of networks, when both men and women have the same opportunities to network. While we do find evidence of gender earnings and promotion gaps in the lab, we do not find evidence of gender differences in network formation, except for the fact that men display more homophily than women. Women and men do, however, not systematically differ in terms of the number of links formed or received nor in terms of their centrality in the network. Earnings and promotion gaps appear partly because male decision makers are more likely to reward their (predominantly male) network neighbours with increased earnings as well as promotion.
Networks and trade costs in commodity markets during the late nineteenth century: a new dataset and evidence
Authors: Pütz Alexander , Siklos Pierre L , Sulewski Christoph 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A new dataset of weekly wheat prices during the 1898–1914 is generated. Using variance decompositions from vector autoregressive models, a network of nine wheat markets during the sample period is constructed and information spillovers between these markets are analyzed. Our results indicate that trade costs are a significant determinant of the relative importance of information transmission in the continental European wheat trade.
Rethinking youth bulge theory in policy and scholarship: incorporating critical gender analysis
Authors: Pruitt Lesley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For decades ‘youth bulge’ theory has dominated understandings of youth in mainstream International Relations. Youth bulge theory has also become part of some public media analyses, mainstream political rhetoric, and even officially enshrined in the foreign policy of some states. Through the ‘youth bulge’ lens, youth—especially males—have been presented as current or future perpetrators of violence. However, this article argues that the youth bulge thesis postulated in mainstream IR is based on flawed theoretical assumptions. In particular, supporters of youth bulge theory fail to engage with existing research by feminist IR scholars and thus take on a biological essentialist approach. This has led to theoretical and practical misunderstandings of the roles youth play in relation to conflict, peace and security. These partial and biased understandings have also resulted in less effective policy-making. In critically reflecting on the ‘youth bulge’ thesis, this article argues that applying gender analysis is crucial to understanding the involvement of young people in general—and young men in particular—in conflict. Doing so will contribute to advancing more accurate analysis in scholarship and policy-making.
Utility of the MARS-5 in Assessing Medication Adherence in IBD
Authors: Stone James K , Shafer Leigh Anne , Graff Lesley A , Lix Lisa , Witges Kelcie , Targownik Laura E , Haviva Clove , Sexton Kathryn , Bernstein Charles N 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to validate the Medication Adherence Report Scale-5 (MARS-5) as a tool for assessing medication adherence in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to determine predictors of medication adherence.MethodsOne hundred twelve (N = 112) adults with confirmed IBD participating in the longitudinal Manitoba Living With IBD Study were eligible. Demographics, IBD type, surgeries, disease activity (using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptom Inventory and fecal calprotectin levels), perceived stress, and medication use were collected biweekly through online surveys. The MARS-5 scores were obtained at baseline and at 1 year. Correlation between medication monitoring data and MARS-5 scores was performed and the optimal MARS-5 cutoff point for adherence assessment determined. Predictors of medication adherence were assessed at both ≥90% and ≥80%.ResultsParticipants were predominantly female (71.4%), mean age was 42.9 (SD = 12.8), and the majority (67.9%) had Crohn disease (CD). Almost half (46.4%) were taking more than 1 IBD medication, with thiopurines (41.9%) and biologics (36.6%) the most common. Only 17.9% (n = 20) were nonadherent at a &lt;90% level; of those, 90% (n = 18) were using oral medications. The MARS-5 was significantly associated with adherence based on medication monitoring data at baseline (r = 0.48) and week 52 (r = 0.57). Sensitivity and specificity for adherence ≥80% and ≥90% were maximized at MARS-5 scores of &gt;22 and &gt;23, respectively. Having CD (OR = 4.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-15.7) was the only significant predictor of adherence.ConclusionMARS-5 is a useful measure to evaluate adherence in an IBD population. In this highly adherent sample, disease type (CD) was the only predictor of medication adherence.
Intrahepatic Viral Kinetics During Direct-Acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: The AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5335S Substudy
Authors: Balagopal Ashwin , Smeaton Laura M , Quinn Jeffrey , Venuto Charles S , Morse Gene D , Vu Vincent , Alston-Smith Beverly , Cohen Daniel E , Santana-Bagur Jorge L , Anthony Donald D , Sulkowski Mark S , Wyles David L , Talal Andrew H 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundDirect-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) have revolutionized outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection.MethodsWe examined early events in liver and plasma through A5335S, a substudy of trial A5329 (paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, with ribavirin) that enrolled chronic genotype 1a HCV-infected persons coinfected with suppressed HIV: 5 of 6 treatment-naive enrollees completed A5335S.ResultsMean baseline plasma HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) = 6.7 log10 IU/mL and changed by −4.1 log10 IU/mL by Day 7. In liver, laser capture microdissection was used to quantify HCV. At liver biopsy 1, mean %HCV-infected cells = 25.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4%–42.9%), correlating with plasma HCV RNA (Spearman rank correlation r = 0.9); at biopsy 2 (Day 7 in 4 of 5 participants), mean %HCV-infected cells = 1.0% (95% CI, 0.2%–1.7%) (P &lt; .05 for change), and DAAs were detectable in liver. Plasma C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) concentrations changed by mean = −160 pg/mL per day at 24 hours, but no further after Day 4.ConclusionsWe conclude that HCV infection is rapidly cleared from liver with DAA leaving &lt;2% HCV-infected hepatocytes at Day 7. We extrapolate that HCV eradication could occur in these participants by 63 days, although immune activation might persist. Single-cell longitudinal estimates of HCV clearance from liver have never been reported previously and could be applied to estimating the minimum treatment duration required for HCV infection.
Dengue Endemicity, Force of Infection, and Variation in Transmission Intensity in 13 Endemic Countries
Authors: Nealon Joshua , Bouckenooghe Alain , Cortes Margarita , Coudeville Laurent , Frago Carina , Macina Denis , Tam Clarence C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Dengue endemicity varies but comparative, multicountry data are extremely limited. An improved understanding is needed to prioritize prevention, including vaccination, which is currently recommended only under specific epidemiological conditions. We used serological study data from 46 geographical sites in 13 countries to estimate dengue force of infection (FOI, the proportion of children seroconverting per year) under assumptions of either age-constant or age-varying FOI, and the age at which 50% and 80% of children had been infected. After exclusions, 13 661 subjects were included. Estimated constant FOI varied widely, from 1.7% (Singapore) to 24.1% (the Philippines). In the site-level analysis 44 sites (96%) reached 50% seroconversion and 35 sites (75%) reached 80% seroconversion by age 18 years, with significant heterogeneity. These findings confirm that children living in dengue-endemic countries receive intense early dengue exposure, increasing risk of secondary infection, and imply serosurveys at fine spatial resolutions are needed to inform vaccination campaigns.