bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk-benefit analysis of isoniazid monotherapy to prevent tuberculosis in patients with rheumatic diseases exposed to prolonged, high-dose glucocorticoids
Authors: Park Jun Won , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Lee Hajeong , Lee Jung-Kyu , Song Yeong Wook , Lee Eun Bong 
Published: December 2020

Objective
To investigate the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving high-dose glucocorticoids and to evaluate the preventive effect of isoniazid (INH).

Methods
This study included 1618 treatment episodes of prolonged (≥4 weeks), high-dose steroids (≥30mg/day of prednisone) in 1160 patients. Of these, INH was administered in 152 (9.4%) treatment episodes (INH group), while others received no prophylaxis (control group). The high-risk subgroup (n = 92) was defined as patients with 1) incomplete adherence to treatment of previous TB, 2) positive interferon-γ release assay, and/or 3) linear/reticular fibrotic lesions on chest radiographs. Primary outcome was 1-year incidence of TB in each group.

Results
During 1579.8 person-years, 21 cases of TB occurred. The high-risk subgroup showed a significantly higher TB incidence than the non-high-risk subgroup (Incidence rate ratio = 8.29). INH did not significantly affect the 1-year TB incidence in the whole population but numerically reduced it only in the high-risk subgroup [adjusted hazards ratio = 0.37 (95% CI, 0.002–5.10)]. The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to INH was 111.6 (89.3–137.9)/100 person-years, including one fatal occurrence of fulminant hepatitis. The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one case of TB was lower than the number needed to harm (NNH) for one case of severe ADR only in the high-risk subgroup (11 vs. 16).

Conclusion
INH treatment to prevent TB might be effective in high-risk patients but has a risk of frequent ADRs, which limits its use in general practice in patients not at a high risk of developing TB.
Limitations of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria surveys in areas with varied transmission intensity in Uganda 2017-2019: Implications for selection and use of HRP2 RDTs
Authors: Bosco Agaba B. , Nankabirwa Joaniter I. , Yeka Adoke , Nsobya Sam , Gresty Karryn , Anderson Karen , Mbaka Paul , Prosser Christiane , Smith David , Opigo Jimmy , Namubiru Rhoda , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Kissa John , Gonahasa Samuel , Won Sungho , Lee Bora , Lim Chae Seung , Karamagi Charles , Cheng Qin , Nakayaga Joan K. , Kamya Moses R. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are exclusively recommended for malaria diagnosis in Uganda; however, their functionality can be affected by parasite-related factors that have not been investigated in field settings.

Methods
Using a cross-sectional design, we analysed 219 RDT-/microscopy+ and 140 RDT+/microscopy+ dried blood spots obtained from symptomatic children aged 2–10 years from 48 districts in Uganda between 2017 and 2019. We aimed to investigate parasite-related factors contributing to false RDT results by molecular characterization of parasite isolates. ArcGIS software was used to map the geographical distribution of parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, with P ≤ 0.05 indicating significance. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess associations, while logistic regression was performed to explore possible factors associated with false RDT results.

Results
The presence of parasite DNA was confirmed in 92.5% (332/359) of the blood samples. The levels of agreement between the HRP2 RDT and PCR assay results in the (RDT+/microscopy+) and (RDT-/microscopy+) sample subsets were 97.8% (137/140) and 10.9% (24/219), respectively. Factors associated with false-negative RDT results in the (RDT-/microscopy+) samples were parasite density (<1,000/μl), pfhrp2/3 gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species (aOR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.62–4.38, P = 0.001; aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.72–13.66, P = 0.004; and aOR 18.65, 95% CI: 5.3–38.7, P = 0.001, respectively). Overall, gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species contributed to 12.3% (24/195) and 19.0% (37/195) of false-negative RDT results, respectively. Of the false-negative RDTs results, 80.0% (156/195) were from subjects with low-density infections (< 25 parasites per 200 WBCs or <1,000/μl).

Conclusion
This is the first evaluation and report of the contributions of pfhrp2/3 gene deletion, non-P. falciparum species, and low-density infections to false-negative RDT results under field conditions in Uganda. In view of these findings, the use of HRP2 RDTs should be reconsidered; possibly, switching to combination RDTs that target alternative antigens, particularly in affected areas, may be beneficial. Future evaluations should consider larger and more representative surveys covering other regions of Uganda.
Analysis of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK3) function in modulating expression of inflammatory markers in cell culture models: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nguyen Trang Hong , Turek Ilona , Meehan-Andrews Terri , Zacharias Anita , Irving Helen 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundIRAK3 is a critical modulator of inflammation in innate immunity. IRAK3 is associated with many inflammatory diseases, including sepsis, and is required in endotoxin tolerance to maintain homeostasis of inflammation. The impact of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell culture models remains controversial.ObjectiveTo analyse temporal effects of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers after one- or two-challenge interventions in cell culture models.MethodsA systematic search was performed to identifyin vitrocell studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data were available. Comparisons of outcome measures were performed between different cell lines and human and mouse primary cells.ResultsThe literature search identified 7766 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full-texts, a total of 89 studies were included in the systematic review.ConclusionsThe review identifies significant effects of IRAK3 on decreasing NF-κB DNA binding activity in cell lines, TNF-α protein level at intermediate time intervals (4h–15h) in cell lines or at long term intervals (16h–48h) in mouse primary cells following one-challenge. The patterns of TNF-α protein expression in human cell lines and human primary cells in response to one-challenge are more similar than in mouse primary cells. Meta-analyses confirm a negative correlation between IRAK3 and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression after two-challenges.
Fish oil supplements, oxidative status, and compliance behaviour: Regulatory challenges and opportunities
Authors: Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman , Shahwan Moyad , Zyoud Sa’ed H. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Fish oil supplements that are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). PUFAs are among the most widely-used dietary supplements globally, and millions of people consume them regularly. There have always been public concerns that these products should be guaranteed to be safe and of good quality, especially as these types of fish oil supplements are extremely susceptible to oxidative degradation.

Objectives
The aim of the current study is to investigate and examine the oxidation status of dietary supplements containing fish oils and to identify important factors related to the oxidation status of such supplements available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Methods
A total of 44 fish oil supplements were analysed in this study. For each product, the oxidative parameters peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) were calculated, and comparisons were made with the guidelines supplied by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED). Median values for each of the above oxidative parameters were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. P values < 0.05 were chosen as the statistically significant boundary.

Results
The estimate for the average PV value was 6.4 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) [4.2–8.7] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 5 meq/kg. The estimate for the average P-AV was 11 with a 95% CI [7.8–14.2] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 20. The estimate for the average TOTOX value was 23.8 meq/kg with a 95% CI [17.4–30.3] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 26 according to the GOED standards.

Conclusion
This research shows that most, although not all, of the fish oil supplements tested are compliant with the GOED oxidative quality standards. Nevertheless, it is clear that there should be a high level of inspection and control regarding authenticity, purity, quality, and safety in the processes of production and supply of dietary supplements containing fish oils.
The incidence of and risk factors for late presentation of childhood chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Plumb Lucy , Boother Emily J. , Caskey Fergus J. , Sinha Manish D. , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: December 2020

Background
When detected early, inexpensive measures can slow chronic kidney disease progression to kidney failure which, for children, confers significant morbidity and impacts growth and development. Our objective was to determine the incidence of late presentation of childhood chronic kidney disease and its associated risk factors.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL, grey literature and registry websites for observational data describing children <21 years presenting to nephrology services, with reference to late presentation (or synonyms thereof). Independent second review of eligibility, data extraction, and risk of bias was undertaken. Meta-analysis was used to generate pooled proportions for late presentation by definition and investigate risk factors. Meta-regression was undertaken to explore heterogeneity.

Results
Forty-five sources containing data from 30 countries were included, comprising 19,339 children. Most studies (37, n = 15,772) described children first presenting in kidney failure as a proportion of the chronic kidney disease population (mean proportion 0.43, 95% CI 0.34–0.54). Using this definition, the median incidence was 2.1 (IQR 0.9–3.9) per million age-related population. Risk associations included non-congenital disease and older age. Studies of hospitalised patients, or from low- or middle-income countries, that had older study populations than high-income countries, had higher proportions of late presentation.

Conclusions
Late presentation is a global problem among children with chronic kidney disease, with higher proportions seen in studies of hospitalised children or from low/middle-income countries. Children presenting late are older and more likely to have non-congenital kidney disease than timely presenting children. A consensus definition is important to further our understanding and local populations should identify modifiable barriers beyond age and disease to improve access to care.
Association between prediagnosis depression and mortality among postmenopausal women with colorectal cancer
Authors: Liang Xiaoyun , Hendryx Michael , Qi Lihong , Lane Dorothy , Luo Juhua 
Published: December 2020

Background
There are no epidemiologic data on the relation of depression before colorectal cancer diagnosis to colorectal cancer mortality among women with colorectal cancer, especially those who are postmenopausal. Our aim was to fill this research gap.

Methods
We analyzed data from a large prospective cohort in the US, the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). The study included 2,396 women with incident colorectal cancer, assessed for depressive symptoms and antidepressant use before cancer diagnosis at baseline (screening visit in the WHI study) during 1993–1998. Participants were followed up from cancer diagnosis till 2018. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) between depression (depressive symptoms or antidepressant use) at baseline, and all-cause mortality and colorectal cancer-specific mortality.

Results
Among women with colorectal cancer, there was no association between baseline depression and all-cause mortality or colorectal cancer-specific mortality after adjusting for age or multiple covariates.

Conclusion
Among women with colorectal cancer, there was no statistically significant association between depression before colorectal cancer diagnosis and all-cause mortality or colorectal cancer-specific mortality. Further studies are warranted to assess depressive symptoms and antidepressant use, measured at multiple points from baseline to diagnosis, and their interactions with specific types of colorectal cancer treatment on the risk of death from colorectal cancer.
Liver transplant waitlist removal, transplantation rates and post-transplant survival in Hispanics
Authors: Thuluvath Paul J. , Amjad Waseem , Zhang Talan 
Published: December 2020

Background and objectives
Hispanics are the fastest growing population in the USA, and our objective was to determine their waitlist mortality rates, liver transplantation (LT) rates and post-LT outcomes.

Methods
All adults listed for LT with the UNOS from 2002 to 2018 were included. Competing risk analysis was performed to assess the association between ethnic group with waitlist removal due to death/deterioration and transplantation. For sensitivity analysis, Hispanics were matched 1:1 to Non-Hispanics using propensity scores, and outcomes of interest were compared in matched cohort.

Results
During this period, total of 154,818 patients who listed for liver transplant were involved in this study, of them 23,223 (15%) were Hispanics, 109,653 (71%) were Whites, 13,020 (8%) were Blacks, 6,980 (5%) were Asians and 1,942 (1%) were others. After adjusting for differences in clinical characteristics, compared to Whites, Hispanics had higher waitlist removal due to death or deterioration (adjusted cause-specific Hazard Ratio: 1.034, p = 0.01) and lower transplantation rates (adjusted cause-specific Hazard Ratio: 0.90, p<0.001). If Hispanics received liver transplant, they had better patient and graft survival than Non-Hispanics (p<0.001). Compared to Whites, adjusted hazard ratio for Hispanics were 0.88 (95% CI 0.84, 0.92, p<0.001) for patient survival and 0.90 (95% CI 0.86, 0.94, p<0.001) for graft survival. Our analysis in matched cohort showed the consistent results.

Conclusions
This study showed that Hispanics had higher probability to be removed from the waitlist due to death, and lower probability to be transplanted, however they had better post-LT outcomes when compared to whites.
Assessing the effects of National Health Insurance reimbursement policy revisions for anti-osteoporotic drugs in Korean women aged 50 or older
Authors: Koo Ja Seo , Moon Seong Hwan , Lee Hankil , Park Sohee , Yu Yun Mi , Kang Hye-Young 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
The Korean National Health Insurance revised its reimbursement criteria to expand coverage for anti-osteoporotic drug treatments in 2011 (expanding diagnostic criteria and the coverage period for anti-osteoporotic therapy) and 2015 (including osteoporotic fracture patients regardless of bone mineral density). We examined whether the two revisions contributed to an increase in the prescription rates of anti-osteoporotic drugs in Korea.

Methods
We used the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Patient Sample data from 2010 through 2016. A segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was performed to assess changes in the monthly prescription rates of anti-osteoporotic drugs among women aged 50 or older, defined as the proportion of elderly women prescribed with anti-osteoporotic drugs.

Results
Both the levels (i.e., abrupt jump or drop) and the trends (i.e., slope) of the prescription rates of anti-osteoporotic drugs in the general population, osteoporotic patients, and osteoporotic fracture patients showed no significant changes after the first revision. However, there was a significant increase in the trends in the general population (β = 0.0166, p = 0.0173) and in osteoporotic patients (β = 0.1128, p = 0.0157) after the second revision. Women aged 65 to 79 years were the most significantly increased group in terms of the treatment proportion after the second revision because the trend was significant after the second revision in all three study populations (β = 0.0300, 0.1212, 0.1392, respectively; p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Although the two revisions expanded reimbursement coverage, only the second revision on reimbursing based on osteoporotic fracture regardless of bone mineral density was associated with increasing the proportion of post-menopausal women being treated with anti-osteoporotic drugs.
Do people have an ethical obligation to share their health information? Comparing narratives of altruism and health information sharing in a nationally representative sample
Authors: Raj Minakshi , De Vries Raymond , Nong Paige , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Platt Jodyn E. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundWith the emergence of new health information technologies, health information can be shared across networks, with or without patients’ awareness and/or their consent. It is often argued that there can be an ethical obligation to participate in biomedical research, motivated by altruism, particularly when risks are low. In this study, we explore whether altruism contributes to the belief that there is an ethical obligation to share information about one’s health as well as how other health care experiences, perceptions, and concerns might be related to belief in such an obligation.MethodsWe conducted an online survey using the National Opinion Research Center’s (NORC) probability-based, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Our final analytic sample included complete responses from 2069 participants. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine how altruism, together with other knowledge, attitudes, and experiences contribute to the belief in an ethical obligation to allow health information to be used for research.ResultsWe find in multivariable regression that general altruism is associated with a higher likelihood of belief in an ethical obligation to allow one’s health information to be used for research (OR = 1.22, SE = 0.14, p = 0.078). Trust in the health system and in care providers are both associated with a significantly higher likelihood of believing there is an ethical obligation to allow health information to be used (OR = 1.48, SE = 0.76, p<0.001; OR = 1.58, SE = 0.26, p<0.01, respectively).ConclusionsBelief that there is an ethical obligation to allow one’s health information to be used for research is shaped by altruism and by one’s experience with, and perceptions of, health care and by general concerns about the use of personal information. Altruism cannot be assumed and researchers must recognize the ways encounters with the health care system influence (un)willingness to share one’s health information.
Risk factors of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma that predispose patients to local recurrence
Authors: Kaliszewski Krzysztof , Diakowska Dorota , Rzeszutko Marta , Nowak Łukasz , Aporowicz Michał , Wojtczak Beata , Sutkowski Krzysztof , Rudnicki Jerzy 
Published: December 2020

Background
Currently, less aggressive treatment or even active surveillance of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is widely accepted and recommended as a therapeutic management option. However, there are some concerns about these approaches. We investigated whether there are any demographic, clinical and ultrasound characteristics of PTMC patients that are easy to obtain and clinically available before surgery to help clinicians make proper therapeutic decisions.

Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of 5,021 patients with thyroid tumors surgically treated in one center in 2008–2018. Finally, 182 (3.62%) PTMC patients were selected (158 (86.8%) females and 24 (13.2%) males, mean age 48.8±15.4 years). We analyzed the disease-free survival (DFS) time of the PTMC patients according to demographic and histopathological parameters. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationships of demographic, clinical and ultrasound characteristics with aggressive histopathological features.

Results
Age ≥55 years, hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, irregular tumor shape, smooth margins and high vascularity significantly increased the risk for minimal extrathyroidal extension (minETE), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and capsular and vascular invasion (p<0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant risk of LNM (OR = 5.98, 95% CI: 2.32–15.38, p = 0.0002) and trends toward significantly higher rates of minETE and capsular and vascular invasion (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 0.97–5.19, p = 0.056) in patients ≥55 years than in their younger counterparts. The DFS time was significantly shorter in patients ≥55 years (p = 0.015), patients with minETE and capsular and vascular invasion (p = 0.001 for all), patients with tumor size >5 mm (p = 0.021), and patients with LNM (p = 0.002).

Conclusions
The absence of microcalcifications, irregular tumor shape, blunt margins, hypoechogenicity and high vascularity in PTMC patients below 55 years and with tumor diameters below 5 mm may allow clinicians to select individuals with a low risk of local recurrence so that they can receive less aggressive management.
A Arte (Nacional) ao Serviço do Império nas Grandes Exposições de Novecentos.
Authors: Castro Maria João 
Published: December 2020

A ambição da universalidade, a vontade de divulgar os benefícios trazidos pela industrialização e a fé no progresso fez com que surgisse a necessidade de se criar uma estrutura de exibição aglutinadora da nova vivência urbana: as grandes exposições universais, mundiais, internacionais ou coloniais do século XX. Plataforma a partir da qual se expôs a síntese e os frutos de um desenvolvimento feito a várias escalas e em registos diversos, a “exposição universal” reuniu, sob um mesmo desígnio, a dimensão mais gloriosa do século XX, nomeadamente no que concerne às artes.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arte, Império, Exposições, Século XX, Europa.
Mobilidade e expertise na contratação dos primeiros professores do Instituto Superior Técnico
Authors: Sampaio Maria da Luz Braga , De Matos Ana Cardoso 
Published: December 2020

No início do século XX os actores da renovação do ensino técnico em Portugal foram, por um lado, estrangeiros provenientes das principais universidades e escolas de engenharia europeias e, por outro, portugueses formados nas escolas estrangeiras que na altura eram uma referência a nível internacional. Nestas escolas serão recrutados os professores estrangeiros que integraram o primeiro grupo de docentes do Instituto Superior Técnico aos quais se associaram alguns professores do antigo Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa e outros docentes, que foram selecionados por se destacarem pelo seu saber técnico-científico e pela sua prática profissional.
Um dos contributos centrais desta análise é, com base na análise crítica dos processos individuais dos primeiros professores estrangeiros do IST, verificar como foi decisiva a rede nacional e europeia de homens de ciência e engenheiros na contratação destes professores, e verificar como Portugal se inseria numa rede supranacional de mobilidade experts e de circulação de conhecimentos.