bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic Profiles of Confirmed Pediatric Tuberculosis Patients and Household Contacts Identifies Active Tuberculosis, Infection, and Treatment Response Among Indian Children
Authors: Tornheim Jeffrey A , Madugundu Anil K , Paradkar Mandar , Fukutani Kiyoshi F , Queiroz Artur T L , Gupte Nikhil , Gupte Akshay N , Kinikar Aarti , Kulkarni Vandana , Balasubramanian Usha , Sreenivasamurthy Sreelakshmi , Raja Remya , Pradhan Neeta , Shivakumar Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra , Valvi Chhaya , Hanna Luke Elizabeth , Andrade Bruno B , Mave Vidya , Pandey Akhilesh , Gupta Amita ,   CTRIUMPh RePORT India Study Team
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundGene expression profiling is emerging as a tool for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment response monitoring, but limited data specific to Indian children and incident tuberculosis infection (TBI) exist.MethodsSixteen pediatric Indian tuberculosis cases were age- and sex-matched to 32 tuberculosis-exposed controls (13 developed incident TBI without subsequent active tuberculosis). Longitudinal samples were collected for ribonucleic acid sequencing. Differential expression analysis generated gene lists that identify tuberculosis diagnosis and tuberculosis treatment response. Data were compared with published gene lists. Population-specific risk score thresholds were calculated.ResultsSeventy-one genes identified tuberculosis diagnosis and 25 treatment response. Within-group expression was partially explained by age, sex, and incident TBI. Transient changes in gene expression were identified after both infection and treatment. Application of 27 published gene lists to our data found variable performance for tuberculosis diagnosis (sensitivity 0.38–1.00, specificity 0.48–0.93) and treatment response (sensitivity 0.70–0.80, specificity 0.40–0.80). Our gene lists found similarly variable performance when applied to published datasets for diagnosis (sensitivity 0.56–0.85, specificity 0.50–0.85) and treatment response (sensitivity 0.49– 0.86, specificity 0.50–0.84).ConclusionsGene expression profiles among Indian children with confirmed tuberculosis were distinct from adult-derived gene lists, highlighting the importance of including distinct populations in differential gene expression models.
Teaching International Relations through the Format of a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
Authors: Kaempf Sebastian , Finn Carrie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Since the early twenty-first century, tertiary education has witnessed a dramatic shift with the rise of massive open online courses (MOOCs). Celebrated by some as the ultimate “democratization” of education, this development has not been without controversy. The main purpose of this article is neither to confirm nor dispel the controversies rather it seeks to critically examine one MOOC to encourage more nuanced reflections about teaching international relations through this new format. The case study presented here is of “MEDIAWARx,” a MOOC offered on edX in the IR field since 2017. This article provides an in-depth view into the pedagogical aims and design as well as the response to and experience of one specific MOOC.
Probing the ionosphere by the pulsar B0950+08 with help of RadioAstron ground-space baselines
Authors: Zhuravlev Vladimir I , Yermolaev Yu I , Andrianov A S 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The ionospheric scattering of pulses emitted by PSR B0950+08 is measured using the 10-mRadioAstron Space Radio Telescope, the 300-m Arecibo Radio Telescope, and the 14 x 25-m Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) at a frequency band between 316 and 332 MHz. We analyse this phenomenon based on a simulated model of the phase difference obtained between antennas that are widely separated by nearly 25 Earth diameters. We present a technique for processing and analysing the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) at the ground stations of the ground-space interferometer. This technique allows us to derive almost synchronous half-hour structures of the TEC in the ionosphere at an intercontinental distance between the Arecibo and WSRT stations. We find that the amplitude values of the detected structures are approximately twice as large as the values for the TEC derived in the international reference ionosphere (IRI) project. Furthermore, the values of the TEC outside these structures are almost the same as the corresponding values found by the IRI. According to a preliminary analysis, the detected structures were observed during a geomagnetic storm with a minimum Dst index of ∼75 nT generated by interplanetary disturbances, and may be due to the influence of interplanetary and magnetospheric phenomena on ionospheric disturbances. We show that the Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry provides us with new opportunities to study the TEC, and we demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument to research the ionosphere.
Globular clusters in the stellar stream surrounding the Milky Way analogue NGC 5907
Authors: Alabi Adebusola B , Forbes Duncan A , Romanowsky Aaron J , Brodie Jean P 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We study the globular clusters (GCs) in the spiral galaxy NGC 5907 well-known for its spectacular stellar stream – to better understand its origin. Using wide-field Subaru/Suprime-Cam gri images and deep Keck/DEIMOS multi-object spectroscopy, we identify and obtain the kinematics of several GCs superimposed on the stellar stream and the galaxy disc. We estimate the total number of GCs in NGC 5907 to be 154 ± 44, with a specific frequency of 0.73 ± 0.21. Our analysis also reveals a significant, new population of young star cluster candidates found mostly along the outskirts of the stellar disc. Using the properties of the stream GCs, we estimate that the disrupted galaxy has a stellar mass similar to the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy accreted by the Milky Way, i.e. $\sim 10^8~\rm M_\odot$.
Population History and Gene Divergence in Native Mexicans Inferred from 76 Human Exomes
Authors: Ávila-Arcos María C , McManus Kimberly F , Sandoval Karla , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Juan Esteban , Villa-Islas Viridiana , Martin Alicia R , Luisi Pierre , Peñaloza-Espinosa Rosenda I , Eng Celeste , Huntsman Scott , Burchard Esteban G , Gignoux Christopher R , Bustamante Carlos D , Moreno-Estrada Andrés 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNative American genetic variation remains underrepresented in most catalogs of human genome sequencing data. Previous genotyping efforts have revealed that Mexico’s Indigenous population is highly differentiated and substructured, thus potentially harboring higher proportions of private genetic variants of functional and biomedical relevance. Here we have targeted the coding fraction of the genome and characterized its full site frequency spectrum by sequencing 76 exomes from five Indigenous populations across Mexico. Using diffusion approximations, we modeled the demographic history of Indigenous populations from Mexico with northern and southern ethnic groups splitting 7.2 KYA and subsequently diverging locally 6.5 and 5.7 KYA, respectively. Selection scans for positive selection revealed BCL2L13 and KBTBD8 genes as potential candidates for adaptive evolution in Rarámuris and Triquis, respectively. BCL2L13 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and could be related to physical endurance, a well-known phenotype of the northern Mexico Rarámuri. The KBTBD8 gene has been associated with idiopathic short stature and we found it to be highly differentiated in Triqui, a southern Indigenous group from Oaxaca whose height is extremely low compared to other Native populations.
Predicting occupational allergy in culinary and hairdressing apprentices
Authors: Lipińska-Ojrzanowska A , Walusiak-Skorupa J , Nowakowska-Świrta E , Wiszniewska M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Apprentices are usually exposed to the same workplace agents as qualified professionals. There is therefore a risk of the development of occupational allergy in apprentices exposed to high (HMW-A) and low molecular inhalant allergens (LMW-A).

Aims
To evaluate and compare the occurrence of work-related allergy-like symptoms in apprentices exposed to HMW-A and LMW-A in a culinary and hairdressing school during the first and second year of vocational training.

Methods
We asked culinary and hairdressing apprentices in their first and second year of vocational training to complete a questionnaire about work-related allergy-like symptoms. In first-year apprentices, we undertook spirometry, skin prick tests for occupational allergens and blood tests for allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.

Results
Hypersensitivity to occupational allergens was more frequent in first-year apprentices exposed to HMW-A compared to LMW-A (P &lt; 0.05). Apprentices exposed to LMW-A reported increasing occurrence of skin disorders and upper respiratory tract symptoms between the first and second years of training. First-year apprentices exposed to HMW-A more frequently reported rhino-conjunctivitis and dyspnoea (approximately P &lt; 0.001 and P &lt; 0.05) and those exposed to LMW-A more often reported skin symptoms (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Periodic skin and respiratory health surveillance for apprentices exposed to LMW-A or HMW-A might help with early identification and management of occupational allergy.
Provider perspectives on a clinical demonstration project to transition patients with stable mental health conditions to primary care
Authors: Fletcher Terri L , Johnson Adrienne L , Kim Bo , Yusuf Zenab , Benzer Justin , Smith Tracey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Research to improve access to mental healthcare often focuses on increasing timely referrals from primary care (PC) to specialty mental health (SMH). However, timely and appropriate transitions back to PC are indispensable for increasing access to SMH for new patients. We developed and implemented a formalized process to identify patients eligible for transition from SMH to PC. The FLOW intervention was piloted at a Veterans Health Administration community-based outpatient clinic. Qualitatively examine provider perspectives regarding patient transitions at initiation and termination of the FLOW project. Sixteen mental health providers and three PC staff completed qualitative interviews about the benefits and drawbacks of FLOW at initiation. Ten mental health providers and one PC staff completed interviews at 12-month follow-up. Primary benefits anticipated at initiation were that FLOW would increase access to SMH, provide acknowledgment of veterans’ recovery, and differentiate between higher and lower intensity mental health services. SMH providers reported additional perceived benefits at 12-month follow-up, including decreased stress over their caseloads and increased ability to deliver efficient, effective treatment. Anticipated drawbacks at initiation were that veterans would get inconsistent care, PC could not offer the same level of care as SMH, and veterans might view transition as a rejection by their SMH provider. Perceived drawbacks were similar at 12-month follow-up, but there was less frequent endorsement. Findings highlight need for sustained and frequent provider education regarding (i) the appropriate characteristics of individuals eligible for transition and (ii) established procedures to ensure care coordination during and after transition.
Sustainability of a biobehavioral intervention implemented by therapists and sustainment in community settings
Authors: Ryba Marlena M , Lo Stephen B , Andersen Barbara L 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe ultimate aim of dissemination and implementation of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in behavioral medicine is (a) sustainability of the therapist/provider’s EST usage and (b) sustainment of EST delivery in the setting. Thus far, sustainability has been understudied, and the therapist and setting variables that may be influential are unclear. The purpose of the study was to test the therapists’ sustainability of a cancer-specific EST using a prospective longitudinal design and examine its predictors. Oncology mental health therapists (N = 134) from diverse settings (N = 110) completed training in the biobehavioral intervention (BBI) and were provided with 6 months of support for implementation, with no support thereafter. BBI usage (percent of patients treated) was reported at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. Using a generalized estimating equation with a logistic link function, 12-month sustainability (a nonsignificant change in usage from 6 to 12 months) was studied along with therapist, supervisor, and setting variables as predictors. BBI usage increased through 6 months and, importantly, usage was sustained from 6 (68.4% [95% CI = 62.2%–73.9%]) to 12 months (70.9% [95% CI = 63.6%–77.3%]), with sustainment in 66 settings (60.0%). Predictors of implementation-to-sustainability usage were therapists’ early intentions to use the BBI (p &lt; .001) and from the setting, supervisors’ positive attitudes toward ESTs (p = .016). Adding to the DI literature, a health psychology intervention was disseminated, implemented, and found sustainable across diverse therapists and settings. Therapists and setting predictors of usage, if modified, might facilitate future sustainability/sustainment of ESTs.
Transcription-independent Induction of ERBB1 through Hypoxia-inducible Factor 2A Provides Cardioprotection during Ischemia and Reperfusion
Authors: Lee Jae W. , Koeppen Michael , Seo Seong-Wook , Bowser Jessica L. , Yuan Xiaoyi , Li Jiwen , Sibilia Maria , Ambardekar Amrut V. , Zhang Xu , Eckle Tobias , Yoo Seung-Hee , Eltzschig Holger K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
During myocardial ischemia, hypoxia-inducible factors are stabilized and provide protection from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Recent studies show that myocyte-specific hypoxia-inducible factor 2A promotes myocardial ischemia tolerance through induction of epidermal growth factor, amphiregulin. Here, the authors hypothesized that hypoxia-inducible factor 2A may enhance epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (ERBB1) expression in the myocardium that could interface between growth factors and its effect on providing tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Methods
Human myocardial tissues were obtained from ischemic heart disease patients and normal control patients to compare ERBB1 expression. Myocyte-specific Hif2a or ErbB1 knockout mice were generated to observe the effect of Hif2a knockdown in regulating ERBB1 expression and to examine the role of ERBB1 during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Results
Initial studies of myocardial tissues from patients with ischemic heart disease showed increased ERBB1 protein (1.12 ± 0.24 vs. 13.01 ± 2.20, P < 0.001). In contrast, ERBB1 transcript was unchanged. Studies using short hairpin RNA repression of Hif2A or Hif2a

loxP/loxP
Myosin Cre+ mice directly implicated hypoxia-inducible factor 2A in ERBB1 protein induction during hypoxia or after myocardial ischemia, respectively. Repression of RNA-binding protein 4 abolished hypoxia-inducible factor 2A–dependent induction of ERBB1 protein. Moreover, ErbB1

loxP/loxP
Myosin Cre+ mice experienced larger infarct sizes (22.46 ± 4.06 vs. 46.14 ± 1.81, P < 0.001) and could not be rescued via amphiregulin treatment.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor 2A promotes transcription-independent induction of ERBB1 protein and implicates epidermal growth factor signaling in protection from myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Preoperative Risk and the Association between Hypotension and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Mathis Michael R. , Naik Bhiken I. , Freundlich Robert E. , Shanks Amy M. , Heung Michael , Kim Minjae , Burns Michael L. , Colquhoun Douglas A. , Rangrass Govind , Janda Allison , Engoren Milo C. , Saager Leif , Tremper Kevin K. , Kheterpal Sachin ,   on behalf of the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Investigators
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite the significant healthcare impact of acute kidney injury, little is known regarding prevention. Single-center data have implicated hypotension in developing postoperative acute kidney injury. The generalizability of this finding and the interaction between hypotension and baseline patient disease burden remain unknown. The authors sought to determine whether the association between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury varies by preoperative risk.

Methods
Major noncardiac surgical procedures performed on adult patients across eight hospitals between 2008 and 2015 were reviewed. Derivation and validation cohorts were used, and cases were stratified into preoperative risk quartiles based upon comorbidities and surgical procedure. After preoperative risk stratification, associations between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury were analyzed. Hypotension was defined as the lowest mean arterial pressure range achieved for more than 10 min; ranges were defined as absolute (mmHg) or relative (percentage of decrease from baseline).

Results
Among 138,021 cases reviewed, 12,431 (9.0%) developed postoperative acute kidney injury. Major risk factors included anemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate, surgery type, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status, and expected anesthesia duration. Using such factors and others for risk stratification, patients with low baseline risk demonstrated no associations between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury. Patients with medium risk demonstrated associations between severe-range intraoperative hypotension (mean arterial pressure less than 50 mmHg) and acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.65 to 4.16 in validation cohort). In patients with the highest risk, mild hypotension ranges (mean arterial pressure 55 to 59 mmHg) were associated with acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.56). Compared with absolute hypotension, relative hypotension demonstrated weak associations with acute kidney injury not replicable in the validation cohort.

Conclusions
Adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery demonstrate varying associations with distinct levels of hypotension when stratified by preoperative risk factors. Specific levels of absolute hypotension, but not relative hypotension, are an important independent risk factor for acute kidney injury.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Outcomes of Scleral Contact Lens Use in Veteran Population
Authors: Kanakamedala Amritha , Salazar Humberto , Campagna Giovanni , Chamberlain Paul , Vadapalli Sangita , Orengo-Nania Silvia , Khandelwal Sumitra 
Published: December 2019

Objectives:
To document outcomes associated with use of scleral contact lenses (SL) in the veteran population and analyze the medical and demographic factors that affect these outcomes, specifically those involved in contact lens discontinuation.

Methods:
A retrospective study of consecutive patients first fitted with Jupiter Scleral lenses at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 2010 and 2018. The primary outcome was continuation of SL use at 1 year. Demographic factors and variables such as presence of comorbid diseases, improvement in visual acuity, and daily lens wear time were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors were associated with SL discontinuation.

Results:
One hundred twenty patients with a mean age of 56.7±15.1 years were fitted with SL during the study period. The most common diagnosis was corneal ectasia (55.8%). Sixty-six (55.0%) patients had difficulty with wear, the most common being ocular irritation (20.0%) and mid-day fogging or bubbles (15.8%). Forty-one patients (34.2%) discontinued SL use with a median time from fitting to discontinuation of 5.2 months. The most common reason for SL discontinuation was difficulty with insertion and removal (53.7%). Comorbid neurologic disease had a statistically significant association with discontinuation (odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3–17, P=0.022). There were statistically significant differences in mean visual acuity improvement (P=0.003) and daily wear time (P<0.001) but not age (P=0.70) between patients who continued and discontinued lens use.

Conclusions:
Scleral contact lenses are effective for treating a wide variety of ocular diseases and have positive outcomes in veterans. This study aids in understanding patient factors that affect outcomes of SL use in veterans. Further prospective studies are needed to make formal recommendations regarding candidate selection.
Associations between recent thymic emigrants and CD4+ T-cell recovery after short-term antiretroviral therapy initiation
Authors: Briceño Olivia , Chávez-Torres Monserrat , Peralta-Prado Amy , Garrido-Rodríguez Daniela , Romero-Mora Karla , Pinto-Cardoso Sandra , Reyes-Terán Gustavo 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
Around 20–30% of HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) on successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to normalize their CD4+ T-cell counts. Various factors could contribute to the lack of immune reconstitution, one of them being thymic insufficiency. We aimed to explore associations between recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and CD4+ T-cell recovery.

Design:
ART-naive HIV+ individuals who started ART with advanced AIDS were selected. Good versus poor immune reconstitution was defined by CD4+ gains above or below 100 CD4+ T cells/μl. The follow-up period was 6 months.

Methods:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and flow cytometry was used to characterize RTEs as the fraction of naive CD4+ T cells expressing CD31+, the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Markers of cellular activation, senescence, exhaustion and cycling were also assessed.

Results:
After 6 months on ART, HIV+ individuals with good immune reconstitution had higher absolute numbers of RTEs, compared with those with poor immune reconstitution, and these strongly correlated with CD4+ gains in those individuals with good immune reconstitution but not with poor immune reconstitution. We also found that CD8+ T-cell immune activation decreased as early as 2 months post-ART initiation in individuals with good immune reconstitution, but only at month 6 post-ART in individuals with poor immune reconstitution. Levels of immune activation were inversely correlated with the absolute numbers of RTEs in both groups, but more strongly so in individuals with poor immune reconstitution.

Conclusion:
We show that RTEs are linked to CD4+ T-cell recovery and that the degree of immune reconstitution is not directly linked to persistent immune activation.