bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Novel Electrode Using Nickel-Based Film with Bi2-XRu2O7-Z Nano-Particles on Resin for Air Secondary Battery
Authors: Tamura Yuichiro , Kawaguchi Kenji , Hirose Yutaka , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Nakanishi Shinji , Iba Hideki , Morimitsu Masatsugu 
Published: February 2020

An air secondary battery has a gas diffusion electrode as the positive electrode, so that the battery has no need to store the active mass in the electrode and the capacity of the positive electrode is not limited. This also means that the weight of the air electrode can be reduced and is independent of the battery capacity. For this purpose, we have been developing the air electrode’s material which consists of nickel-based film co-deposited with pyrochlore-type oxide on resin by electroless nickel plating [1]. In this work, we present a novel preparation method to obtain the nickel-based film which contains Bi2-xRu2O7-z nano-particles in the outermost surface on resin and the results of the polarization measurements for oxygen reduction and evolution in KOH solutions.
The precipitate obtained from the metal salt solution containing Bi(III) and Ru(III) after adding NaOH solution was calcined to obtain Bi2-xRu2O7-z nano-particles, which were added into the electroless nickel plating solution. The oxide particles on the outermost surface of the nickel-based film formed on ABS resin were obtained by electroless nickel plating with using the rotating disk electrode (RDE). The obtained sample was analyzed by SEM and EDX and used as the rotating disk electrode in a three-electrode cell to measure the polarization behaviors for oxygen reduction and evolution in 0.1 mol/L KOH solutions.
The SEM and EDX results revealed that more Bi2-xRu2O7-z particles were deposited on the outermost surface of the nickel-based film formed on ABS resin than those in our previous work [1], although the oxide particles seemed to be aggregated. This surface modified resin electrode was set as the RDE in KOH solution, and cyclic voltammetry was carried out for ORR and OER, in which the measurement for oxygen reduction was performed with the solutions under O2 or N2 atmosphere and the net current was obtained by subtracting the current in N2 from that in O2. The results indicated that the oxygen reduction and evolution on the electrode were observed and the current density for both reactions was higher than that obtained in our previous work [1], because more oxide catalysts were contained in the nickel-based film and were seen on the outermost surface, resulting in the increase in surface area. The results also indicated a possibility of a light air electrode based on 3D-structured resin of which the surface is modified with a conductive nickel-based film containing a bi-functional oxide catalyst such as bismuth ruthenium oxide. More detailed results will be shown in this paper.
Reference
[1]Y. Tamura, M. Morimitsu, PRiME 2016, Abs#0787, Honolulu (2016).
Performance Test and Examination Technologies of High Energy Solid-State Lithium Ion Batteries (SSLIB)
Authors: Chao Chung-Hsiang , Chang Chih-Ching , Wu Wei-Hsin , Jin Yi-Chun , Wu Sheng-Hui , Lee Jen-Jeh , Fang Jason 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, the international battery manufactories plan to mass produce high energy-storage products with 300Wh/kg or higher in 2020-2030 to double EV cars traveling distance. However, this will not be immediately effective meet the huge demands used in transporting vehicles. To connect this technical gap, we challenge high energy SSLIB (350Wh/kg) with following strategies: (1) Nickel-rich high working-voltage (>3.9V) cathode material with core-shell structure. (2) Lithium metal/ alloy anode with buffer layer and special morphology. (3) Nano-composited solid state electrolyte with inorganic oxide compound Li+ superconductor. (Total conductivity= 2*10-4S/cm @ rt.)
Another part of this poster, we apply different temperature, voltage and current density limit to maximize the efficacy of SSLIB. Meanwhile, we force the battery to fail. To the best of our knowledge, there are limited literatures discussing about SSLIB failure mode. With in-situ micro- and macroscopic examination, we can exam SSLIB failure mechanism. With comparison of computerial simulation, we try to define SSLIB failure mode and establish SSLIB safety testing standards.

Figure 1
Enhanced Optical Coated Witness Plates for the in Situ Monitoring of Spacecraft Health
Authors: Rutherford Gugu N , Seasly Elaine E , Thornblom Mark N , Cashwell Irving , Bahoura Messaoud 
Published: February 2020

In the field of aerospace, contamination control is an engineering field that develops a strategy to mitigate molecular and particulate contamination effects on spacecraft performance. Molecular contamination is known as the hidden risk that interferes with the performance of optical, thermal, electronic, and mechanical systems. Traditional methods for monitoring spacecraft health involves the use of rinsate from a witness surface to collect molecular films known as non-volatile residues (NVR). In order to identify a chemical fingerprint of potential harmful contaminants, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are tools for characterizing the NVR. Unfortunately, these passive characterization tools limit the ability to find problematic NVR during the early phases of the assembly of space flight hardware. A common method is the optical witness plate program that uses FTIR to monitor the collection of NVR within a 28 day period. The witness plate program has a limit of detection within several microns of NVR. Often nanometer thick molecular films can interfere with sensitive surfaces. In this work, we evaluate the use of enhanced optical coatings deposited onto witness surfaces as a practical sensing application to monitor the health of spacecraft. This method has the potential to enable in situ monitoring of spacecraft by utilizing the enhanced optical coated surfaces coupled with a portable Raman Spectrometer during the assembly, integration, and test phases to qualitatively identify egregious contaminants that may adversely impact spacecraft system cost and schedule.
(Invited) Real-Time Striatal Measurements of Oxidative Stress and Dopamine in the Dyskinetic Rat during Chronic L-DOPA Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sombers Leslie A , Wilson Leslie R. , Mason Catherine F. , Lee Christie A 
Published: February 2020

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons stemming from the substantia nigra pars compacta and innervating the dorsal striatum. The substantial decreases in striatal dopamine (DA) result in devastating hypokinetic movements and motor disturbances. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is also thought to contribute to Parkinsonian symptoms. However, the precise role of H2O2 in the initiation, progression, and maintenance of the disease remains unclear, as reactive oxygen species are difficult to monitor in brain tissue. Further, several lines of evidence suggest that the standard treatment strategy of dopaminergic replacement therapy via administration of Levodopa (L-DOPA; L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) may serve to increase oxidative stress and potentiate cell death. We are investigating how striatal H2O2 and DA dynamics underlie behavioral changes that result from chronic L-DOPA administration in a rodent model of PD (unilateral 6-OHDA lesion) using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, an electrochemical technique that affords precise spatial and temporal resolution, as well as selective detection of these neurochemicals. Specifically, carbon-fiber microelectrodes are used to simultaneously quantify rapid H2O2 and DA fluctuations at single recording sites in the dorsal striatum over several weeks of L-DOPA administration. The chemical fluctuations are correlated with behavioral abnormalities that develop over the course of treatment. These studies are advancing our understanding of how oxidative stress modulates nigrostriatal DA signaling, and are demonstrating how these signals correspond with dyskinetic movements in the treatment of PD.
(Invited) Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry for Probing Depression and Developmental Disorders
Authors: Hashemi Parastoo 
Published: February 2020

Dysfunctions of the brain’s serotonin system are thought to underlie the symptoms of depression and autism spectrum disorder (ASD); the former is thought to be underpinned by a decrease in serotonin signaling and the latter an increase. However, because the roles of serotonin in the brain during health and disease are ill defined, it is extremely challenging to investigate these hypotheses with an eye towards therapies. This situation is confounded because current therapies assume that the serotonin system dysfunctions in the same way regardless of the multitude of causes (psychological, genetic, exposure, disease) of human disease. In this work, we develop and utilize novel voltammetric tools and combine them with mathematical models and confocal imaging to characterize serotonin neurotransmission in different animal models of depression and ASD. We find characteristic chemical serotonin phenotypes that underlie the two disorders. We model the experimental data and offer mechanistic insights into how different extracellular mechanisms that regulate serotonin circumstantially dysfunction. These insights lead us to suggest novel treatment strategies.
Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed La0.3Sr0.7TiO3
-
δ Interconnect for High-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhang Shan-Lin , Li Cheng-Xin , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: February 2020

Lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (La0.3Sr0.7TiO3
-
δ, LST) perovskite is regarded as a promising candidate for high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (HT-SOFCs) interconnect material due to its good phase stability, good thermal expansion matching to other components, as well as high electrical conductivity in reducing atmosphere. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is a cost-effective processing method to fabricate membranes in SOFCs. However, the LST coatings deposited following the conventional routine exhibit a typical lamellar structure with a limited interlamellar bonding, which dominates the properties of interconnect including gas tightness and electrical conductivity. Besides, the preferential evaporation of Sr during plasma spraying may degrade the performance of LST coatings as interconnect for HT-SOFCs. In this paper, dense LST membranes were deposited on YSZ substrates at preheated conditions by APS. The effect of particle size of LST powders on the chemical composition, phase composition, and electrical conductivity of LST coatings were studied. It was found that the columnar grain growth across lamellar interfaces in LST coatings at the deposition temperature of ~500 °C was highly enhanced with increased interlamellar bonding ratio. Moreover, when the LST particle size is <30 μm, the evaporation of Sr increased remarkably with the decreasing of particle size. When the the LST particle size is ＞30 μm, the evaporation loss of Sr in LST coatings was greatly reduced. A vortex convection model of LST droplets during the spraying process was built to explain the effect of particle size on Sr evaporation. The electrical conductivity and stability of the LST interconnects were tested at controlled atmospheres at an operating temperature of 850 °C. The results show that the electrical conductivity of dense LST coatings prepared with large particles was greatly improved. The LST coatings exhibited excellent phase stability in both reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. Results suggest that LST interconnect with high performance can be deposited by APS through optimizing the microstructure and controlling the chemical composition.
System Approach of a Pressurized High-Temperature Electrolysis
Authors: Brabandt Joerg , Posdziech Oliver 
Published: February 2020

Electrolysis is a well-known process to split water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) by using electrical energy. If the water can be converted into steam by waste heat from other processes or steam is directly available at an industrial facility, it is more efficient to perform a high temperature electrolysis (HTE) and convert the steam directly. Steam is commonly supplied at elevated pressure, and the industrial demand for hydrogen product gas is at high pressure too. Therefore, the overall process efficiency can be increased by operating the HTE at elevated pressure level because steps of expansion and compression of the involved gases are saved. As technique for HTE, solid oxide cells (SOC) are used. So far they are mainly known and used as fuel cells (SOFC). SOC are usually made of different ceramics. They consist of a membrane for gas separation, a hydrogen electrode and an oxygen electrode. The SOC is easy scalable. So called Stacks are a series connection of multiple cells, and these Stacks can as well be connected in series or in parallel to fulfill the requirements of the specific application.
Sunfire presents a system approach for a pressurized SOC system. It is shown how Stacks and Hot-BoP components can be operated at elevated pressures. First results of a prototype with a nominal electrolysis DC input power of 10 kW and an operation range of up to 15 bar are shown. Main objectives are the control of the different pressure sections, stack performance and thermal behaviour at varying pressure levels.

Acknowledgement

The research leading to these results has received funding from the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under grant agreement n°621210 for the HELMETH project (www.helmeth.eu).

Figure 1
Analyzing the Mechanical Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Interfacial Anode/Electrolyte Regions Using Sub-Micron Resolution 3D X-Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Heenan Thomas M. M. , Robinson James B. , Lu Xuekun , Bailey Josh J , Brett Daniel J.L. , Shearing Paul R. 
Published: February 2020

The use of composite Ni-YSZ cermets is now commonplace, the addition of electrolyte ceramic to the electrode is observed to cause non-linear strain when outside of isothermal environments [1], thought to be maximised at the material interfaces [2, 3].
X-ray tomography has proven to be a powerful tool in the characterisation of electrochemical devices, particularly, when inspecting the structural alterations caused by degradation mechanisms [4]. Additionally, in combination with techniques such as digital volume correlation (DVC), strain and material displacement can be mapped in three dimensions with trajectory information [5], improving understanding of material migration under operationally relevant conditions.
This work presents the microstructural developments at interfacial regions within a solid oxide half-cell exposed to varying degrees of thermal shock, similar to that which would be expected in operational conditions. The microstructure is analysed with use of lab-based X-ray tomography achieving statistically relevant data with sub-micron resolutions while preserving macroscopic mechanical influence via large sample volumes, ca. 5 x107 μm3. By imaging the same volume sequentially using the authors were able to correlate the structural dynamics within the volume using computational DVC analysis.
Figure 1 presents the change in electrolyte angle of an anode supported solid oxide-half cell through increased thermal shock. Various degrees of thermal ramp-rate are examined via X-ray tomography slices and phase percolation network lengths. Decreased connectivity in the electrochemical activity maps within the anode is observed with the increasing electrolyte bowing, resulting in a reduction in the percolated triple phase boundary (TPB) reaction site density. The results here present enhance insight into the real-world mechanical influence of expansion gradients between neighbouring layers during operational thermal cycling.

Robinson, J.B., et al., 2015. Journal of Power Sources, 288, pp.473-481.

Clague, R., et al., 2011. Journal of Power Sources, 196(21), pp. 9018-9021.

Celik, S., et al., 2014. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(33), pp.19119-19131.

Shearing, P.R., et al., 2012. Solid State Ionics, 216, pp.69-72.

Finegan, D.P., et al., 2015. Advanced Science.

Figure 1

Electrolyte bowing observed in an anode supported Ni-YSZ/YSZ solid oxide half-cell captured using X-ray computed tomography: a) profiles for the four thermal cycles at successively increasing ramp rates of 3, 10, 20 and 30 ᴼC/min, with accompanying single tomograph slices from the b) pre and ci) post-cycling tomograms, cii) magnified electrolyte bowing from the post-cycling tomogram, and d) Ni percolation mapping where white and red paths represent segments longer and shorter than 10 μm respectively.

Figure 1
Development of High Efficiency Steel Cell Technology for Multiple Applications
Authors: Leah Robert Timothy , Bone Adam , Hammer Eva , Selcuk Ahmet , Rahman Mahfujur , Clare Andrew , Rees Lee , Lawrence Nick , Ballard Andrew , Domanski Tomasz , Mukerjee Subhasish , Selby Mark 
Published: February 2020

Ceres Power’s unique SteelCell low temperature metal-supported SOFC technology has demonstrated best-in-class robustness to cyclic operation, along with efficiency comparable with more conventional SOFC technology, and intrinsically low cost at the 1kWe scale.
There is also considerable work being undertaken to develop SteelCell technology to be used for higher power applications. Multiple development streams are being pursued to achieve the objectives of high efficiency (60%) and long life needed for prime power applications. This paper will discuss the progress being made to demonstrate the improvements to the fuel cell design to enhance efficiency, life, volumetric power density and fuel utilisation consistent with the requirements of larger power generation units.
Quantitative Study of LSCF and LSM-YSZ Cathode Microstructure by FIB/SEM Tomography
Authors: Wankmüller Florian , Joos Jochen , Meffert Matthias , Gerthsen Dagmar , Ivers-Tiffée Ellen 
Published: February 2020

The mixed ionic-electronic conducting cathode (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O3-δ (LSCF) is utilized worldwide for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated at intermediate temperatures [1] because of its excellent oxygen reduction reaction rate. The challenge of using LSCF as cathode material is the complex nature of the interface to Zirconia-based electrolytes, which may counteract this advantage [2, 3]. The composite cathode (La, Sr)MnO3 (LSM) – Y2O3 doped ZrO2(YSZ) is an adequate alternative for higher temperatures only. LSM-YSZ offers fewer regions of oxygen reduction (triple phase boundaries) due to spatially separated ionically (YSZ) and electronically (LSM) conductive phases. If electrochemical and microstructural parameters of both types of electrodes are quantified by appropriate techniques, the performance can be modeled and compared for different operating conditions. Advanced imaging techniques such as focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) or X-ray tomography are promising techniques for microstructure quantification enabling 3D reconstructions of µm- and sub-µm-scaled multiphase electrodes [4, 5, 6]. Reconstructing the composite cathode, in particular, comprises the challenge of overcoming the weak material contrast between LSM and YSZ using scanning electron microscopy.
This contribution will show how FIB/SEM tomography can help to identify different microstructural parameters such as porosity, particle size, surface area and tortuosity. We will compare LSCF and LSM-YSZ cathodes and enlighten new challenges in image reconstruction, parameter acquisition and parameter interpretation for the different material sets.
[1] H. Yokokawa, et al., J. Power Sources, 182, p. 400 (2008)
[2] J. Szasz, et al., ECS Trans., 66(2), p. 79 (2015)
[3] Yokokawa, et al., Solid State Ionics, 262, p. 454 (2014)
[4] J.R. Wilson, et al., Nature Materials
5(17), p. 541 (2006)
[5] J. Joos, et al., Electrochim. Acta
82, p. 268 (2012)
[6] Y. C. K. Chen-Wiegart, et al., J. Power Sources, 218, p. 348 (2012)

Figure 1
Removal of Gaseous Hexavalent Chromium Species in a SOFC System By a Chromium Getter
Authors: De Vos Yves 
Published: February 2020

Chromium containing alloys release hexavalent chromium species, which degrade SOFC stacks, and are hazardous for human health. Cathode air preheaters are a known source for hexavalent chromium, as they have a large surface area, consisting of austenitic steel, containing 22% chromium. The preheaters in this study use 0.5 – 1.0 m² steel surface, with maximum wall temperatures of 700 – 900 °C. These preheaters release 0.05 – 0.1 g hexavalent chromium in 1000 h. Improved alloy selection reduces this by a factor 15 – 20.
Higher reduction is required, depending on the operating temperatures in the SOFC stack, and for automotive applications such as SOFC APU’s. Hexavalent chromium at end of life is a hazardeous waste, and might complicate the recycling strategy for used vehicles.

The design and performance of a Chromium Getter is presented: this component captures hexavalent chromium, as released by a cathode air preheater or another steel component. The Getter is a catalyst: it reduces hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, which is stored on a Ti/TiO2 surface in the component.

Lab tests were executed during 1000 h, at 750°C, 4 g/s mass flow, 3% moisture. The source of the hexavalent chromium is a plate heat exchanger, with contains 0.6 m² heat exchanging walls, consisting of austenitic alloy. These walls were kept at 780°C overall. This was done for accelerated testing. Chromium was analyzed at 7 collection runs, each taking 20h. During the collection runs, the outflowing hot gas was cooled in a Liebig cooler. The Liebig coolers were rinsed with acid, and the total chromium amount in the acid was measured using ICP-OES. The hexavalent fraction was determined by photometry after derivatization.

The concentration of hexavalent chromium species at the outlet of the Chromium Getter is below the analytical detection limit during the 1000h test. This corresponds to a conversion by a factor 650 or higher, as compared to measurements on heat exchangers without chromium getter.

Post mortem analysis shows that the chromium stored on the active surface is trivalent chromium, as desired. Therefore, the component can be recycled as regular metal at the end of life. The storage capacity of the component is calculated for a 1.2 kWe SOFC system, using a Chromium Getter with 0.17 l volume.

Figure 1