bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of continuous-flow diphenyldiazomethane synthesis: an integrated undergraduate chemistry experiment
Authors: van Summeren Luuk T. C. G. , Gerretzen Jan , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Bloemberg Tom G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present a challenging flow-chemistry experiment concerning the synthesis of diphenyldiazomethane using the Omura-Sharma-Swern oxidation, that we have developed and used in our second-year undergraduate lab classes over the past seven years. The experiment integrates a number of different aspects and concepts of chemistry that are traditionally taught as separate subjects in undergraduate chemical education: organic synthesis, quantitative chemical analysis, design of experiments, optimization, statistical modelling, computer programming and continuous-flow processes.
Dass eine Familie weiß, wo sie was an Hilfe kriegen kann, wenn sie Hilfe braucht, das finde ich wichtig – Sozialräumliche Vernetzung von Kitas in der Migrationsgesellschaft und die Rolle der Leitungen
Authors: Salem Tanja , Lengyel Drorit 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungIn vielen Regionen der Migrationsgesellschaft Deutschland ist Superdiversität Normalität für Kitas. Aufgabe von Kitas ist es, an den heterogenen Sozialisationserfahrungen und Bildungsvoraussetzungen von Kindern anzuknüpfen und ihre Arbeit sozialräumlich auszurichten, um Bildungsmöglichkeiten für Kinder (und Familien) zu eröffnen und zu erweitern. Im Anschluss an theoretische Konzepte zu Raum im Kontext von Bildung und die Rolle von Kita-Leitungen für die sozialräumliche Vernetzung in der Migrationsgesellschaft, geht die vorliegende empirische Studie den Zusammenhängen zwischen sozialstrukturellen und -kulturellen Bedingungen in und im Umfeld der Kita, der Vernetzung im Sozialraum sowie der Rolle der Kita-Leitungen hierfür nach.
Disability trajectories in activities of daily living of elderly Chinese before death
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Feldman Marcus W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aims to analyze the changes in activities of daily living (ADL) of the Chinese elderly before death, and to explore the heterogeneity in this process. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), we quantify disability trajectories of ADL using a group-based trajectory model and find that there are three types of disability trajectory for ADL. The elderly who differ by socioeconomic status, childhood experiences, health behaviors, ages and birth cohorts show significant differences in their disability trajectories. Long duration of disability is found to be more prevalent in older females and people with high socioeconomic status. Good and stable status of ADL is more common among males and people of low socioeconomic status, while the elderly in an early cohort who died at older ages were more likely to have experienced a long duration of disability. Selective and protective effects contribute to the observed differences in trajectories.
Numerical and experimental validation of SMArt thermography for the inspection of wind blade composite laminate
Authors: De Giorgi Marta , Nobile Riccardo , Saponaro Andrea 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn innovative active thermography technique is proposed for the inspection of typical wind blade material. The proposed technique is based on the use of a multifunctional material obtained adding a grid of Shape Memory Alloy wires, which would serve also as a protection against lightning, to a traditional glass fibre composite panel. This technique, called SMArt thermography, which exploits the SMA wires as internal heat sources, has been compared to a traditional pulsed thermography in the case of a representative panel of unidirectional glass fibre and epoxy matrix with embedded SMA wires and artificial defects. The experimental results of the two techniques are reported and compared to the result of a numerical FEM transient model, in order to establish the reliability and the detectability limit of the proposed technique. The FEM model has been proven to be a useful tool for the definition of the multifunctional material at a design stage.
Investigating the relation among disturbed sleep due to social media use, school burnout, and academic performance
Authors: Evers Katerina , Chen Sufen , Rothmann Sebastiaan , Dhir Amandeep , Pallesen Ståle 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionPrevious studies have revealed the significant influence of electronic devices, especially social media use, on sleep difficulties among adolescents. In this study, disturbed sleep due to social media use (DSSM) was defined as reduced or troubled sleep caused by nighttime‐specific behaviors such as waking to check updates, being notified by incoming messages, or postponed bedtime because of social media activities. Inadequate and disturbed sleep during youth interferes with daytime academic efficiency and may be associated with school burnout, which were examined in this study.MethodsUsing two data waves collected from questionnaires on school burnout and DSSM and school test scores of 2462 Taiwanese middle school students (52.5% males) from various school types with average ages of 13.9 (SD = 0.72) and 14.3 (SD = 0.66) at Time 1 and Time 2, we investigated the relationship between the variables across time.ResultsDSSM, academic performance, and school burnout were significantly correlated. Cross‐lagged analyses to the group of adolescents with higher than the average DSSM scores revealed that burnout predicted lower academic achievements through DSSM as a mediator. Burnout did not have a direct effect on school performance but influenced the latter through disturbed sleep. Poor academic achievement in its turn showed a feedback effect on higher levels of burnout.ConclusionsThis research reveals a vicious cycle of burnout, disturbed sleep, and academic achievement. During adolescence, school burnout through DSSM increase can lead to a lower academic performance that may later cause even higher burnout.
COVID-19 Models for Hospital Surge Capacity Planning: A Systematic Review
Authors: Klein Michael G. , Cheng Carolynn J. , Lii Evonne , Mao Keying , Mesbahi Hamza , Zhu Tianjie , Muckstadt John A. , Hupert Nathaniel 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:Health system preparedness for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) includes projecting the number and timing of cases requiring various types of treatment. Several tools were developed to assist in this planning process. This review highlights models that project both caseload and hospital capacity requirements over time.Methods:We systematically reviewed the medical and engineering literature according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We completed searches using PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Google search engine.Results:The search strategy identified 690 articles. For a detailed review, we selected 6 models that met our predefined criteria. Half of the models did not include age-stratified parameters, and only 1 included the option to represent a second wave. Hospital patient flow was simplified in all models; however, some considered more complex patient pathways. One model included fatality ratios with length of stay (LOS) adjustments for survivors versus those who die, and accommodated different LOS for critical care patients with or without a ventilator.Conclusion:The results of our study provide information to physicians, hospital administrators, emergency response personnel, and governmental agencies on available models for preparing scenario-based plans for responding to the COVID-19 or similar type of outbreak.
Prediction and Severity Ratings of COVID-19 in the United States
Authors: Yue Liping , Tu Taotao , Geng Xiuyuan 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:The objectives of this study is to predict the possible trajectory of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread in the United States. Prediction and severity ratings of COVID-19 are essential for pandemic control and economic reopening in the United States.Method:In this study, we apply the logistic and Gompertz model to evaluate possible turning points of the COVID-19 pandemic in different regions. By combining uncertainty and severity factors, this study constructed an indicator to assess the severity of the coronavirus outbreak in various states.Results:Based on the index of severity ratings, different regions of the United States are classified into 4 categories. The result shows that it is possible to identify the first turning point in Montana and Hawaii. It is unclear when the rest of the states will reach the first peak. However, it can be inferred that 75% of regions will not reach the first peak of coronavirus before August 2, 2020.Conclusion:It is still essential for the majority of states to take proactive steps to fight against COVID-19 before August 2, 2020.
Impact of a Physician Clinical Support Supervisor in Supporting Patients and Families, Staff, and the Health-Care System During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tevis Sarah E. , Patel Hemali , Singh Sarguni , Ehrenfeucht Cathy , Little Charlie , Kutner Jean , Persoff Jason 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTAs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2), became a pandemic, hospitals activated Hospital Incident Command Systems (HICS). At our institution, we included a role of Physician Clinical Support Supervisor (PCSS) in the HICS structure. The PCSS role was filled by physicians who served hospital leadership positions, such as Physician Advisor, Medical Staff leadership, Chief Quality Officer, and Chief Medical Informatics Officer. In an effort to summarize the lessons learned by implementation of the PCSS role during the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluated a PCSS working Microsoft Teams™ spreadsheet and the experience of physicians in the PCSS role. Through efficient daily 2-way communication between frontline providers, HICS, and hospital leadership, the PCSS role facilitated rapid change and improved support for frontline staff, patients and families, and the health-care system. We recommend including the role of PCSS in HICS structure in the event of future pandemics or other crises.
Performing Qualitative Mask Fit Testing Without a Commercial Kit: Fit Testing Which Can Be Performed at Home and at Work
Authors: O’Kelly Eugenia , Arora Anmol , Pearson Charlotte , Ward James R. , Clarkson P. John 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:Qualitative fit testing is a popular method of ensuring the fit of sealing face masks such as N95 and FFP3 masks. Increased demand due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to shortages in testing equipment and has forced many institutions to abandon fit testing. Three key materials are required for qualitative fit testing: the test solution, nebulizer, and testing hood. Accessible alternatives to the testing solution have been studied. This exploratory qualitative study evaluates alternatives to the nebulizer and hoods for performing qualitative fit testing.Methods:Four devices were trialed to replace the test kit nebulizer. Two enclosures were tested for their ability to replace the test hood. Three researchers evaluated promising replacements under multiple mask fit conditions to assess functionality and accuracy.Results:The aroma diffuser and smaller enclosures allowed participants to perform qualitative fit tests quickly and with high accuracy.Conclusions:Aroma diffusers show significant promise in their ability to allow individuals to quickly, easily, and inexpensively perform qualitative fit testing. Our findings indicate that aroma diffusers and homemade testing hoods may allow for qualitative fit testing when conventional apparatus is unavailable. Additional research is needed to evaluate the safety and reliability of these devices.
COVID-19 Presenting as Lupus Erythematosus-Like Syndrome
Authors: El Aoud Sahar , Morin Clément , Lorriaux Pauline , Obert Julie , Sorial Didier , Chaabouni Tarek , Thomas Laurent 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection had newly emerged with predominant respiratory complications. Other extrapulmonary features had been recently described. Here, we describe a COVID-19 patient presenting with multiorgan involvement mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus. He was successfully treated with glucocorticoids and tocilizumab.
Cybersecurity in the EU The Example of the Financial Sector: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Calliess Christian , Baumgarten Ansgar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCybersecurity in the financial sector is a dynamic and evolving policy field with unique challenges and specific characteristics. While it has recently received a lot of attention from disciplines like Economics and Politics, legal literature on this topic, especially with regard to EU law, still lags behind. This is surprising, given that cybersecurity in the EU is characterized by complex governance structures, a variety of legal sources, and a wide range of different rule makers and involved actors, and given that only a clear legal framework with efficient institutions at both EU and Member State level can provide for a safe digital environment. The purpose of this Article, therefore, is twofold: On the one hand, it aims to introduce the legal aspects of cybersecurity in the financial sector while taking stock of existing cybersecurity schemes, including their strengths and weaknesses from a legal perspective. On the other hand, it will set out key elements that cybersecurity regulation in the financial sector must respect in order to be effective and come up with reform proposals to make the EU financial sector more cybersecure.
Vicariance in a generalist fish parasite driven by climate and salinity tolerance of hosts
Authors: Andreou D. , Antognazza C.M. , Williams C.F. , Bradley H. , Reading A.J. , Hardouin E.A. , Stewart J.R. , Sheath D. , Galligar A. , Johnson E. , Britton J.R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAcanthocephalans are parasites with complex lifecycles that are important components of aquatic systems and are often model species for parasite-mediated host manipulation. Genetic characterization has recently resurrectedPomphorhynchus tereticollisas a distinct species fromPomphorhynchus laevis, with potential implications for fisheries management and host manipulation research. Morphological and molecular examinations of parasites from 7 English rivers across 9 fish species revealed thatP. tereticolliswas the onlyPomphorhynchusparasite present in Britain, rather thanP. laevisas previously recorded. Molecular analyses included two non-overlapping regions of the mitochondrial gene – cytochrome oxidase and generated 62 sequences for the shorter fragment (295 bp) and 74 for the larger fragment (583 bp). These were combined with 61 and 13 sequences respectively, from Genbank. A phylogenetic analysis using the two genetic regions and all the DNA sequences available forP. tereticollisidentified two distinct genetic lineages in Britain. One lineage, possibly associated with cold water tolerant fish, potentially spread to the northern parts of Britain from the Baltic regionviaa northern route across the estuarine area of what is now the North Sea during the last Glaciation. The other lineage, associated with temperate freshwater fish, may have arrived laterviathe Rhine/Thames fluvial connection during the last glaciation or early Holocene when sea levels were low. These results raise important questions on this generalist parasite and its variously environmentally adapted hosts, and especially in relation to the consequences for parasite vicariance.
The Economy-Wide Impact of Subsidy Reform: A CGE Analysis
Authors: Roos Elizabeth L. , Adams Philip D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOil prices fell from around $US110 per barrel in 2014 to less than $US50per barrel at the start of 2017. This put enormous pressure on government budgets within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. The focus of GCC economic policies quickly shifted to fiscal reform, including the removal of domestic subsidies on energy products. In this paper, we use a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to investigate the economic impact of the gradual removal of subsidies on refined petroleum and electricity, with specific reference to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Our study shows that removing subsidies eliminates a large distortion in the economy. This improves the efficiency of resource use, so that even though employment and capital in most years fall relative to baseline levels, real GDP rises. In addition, we show that fully-funded compensation payments offset the increases in energy prices, leaving economic welfare of the Saudi-national population little affected. Removing the energy subsidies leads to an improvement in the net volume of trade, while leading to a mixed outcome for industries.
Delirium at the end of life
Authors: Knoepfel Silvana , Bode Leonie , Gehrke Samuel , Spiller Tobias , Fuchs Simon , Ernst Jutta , von Känel Roland , Boettger Soenke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe general in-hospital mortality and interrelationship with delirium are vastly understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the rates of in-hospital mortality and terminal delirium.MethodIn this prospective cohort study of 28,860 patients from 37 services including 718 in-hospital deaths, mortality rates and prevalence of terminal delirium were determined with simple logistic regressions and their respective odds ratios (ORs).ResultsAlthough overall in-hospital mortality was low (2.5%), substantial variance between services became apparent: Across intensive care services the rate was 10.8% with a 5.8-fold increased risk, across medical services rates were 4.4% and 2.4-fold, whereas at the opposite end, across surgical services rates were 0.7% and 87% reduction, respectively. The highest in-hospital mortality rate occurred on the palliative care services (27.3%, OR 19.45). The general prevalence of terminal delirium was 90.7% and ranged from 83.2% to 100%. Only across intensive care services (98.1%, OR 7.48), specifically medical intensive care (98.1%, OR 7.48) and regular medical services (95.8%, OR 4.12) rates of terminal delirium were increased. In contrast, across medical services (86.4%, OR 0.32) and in particular oncology (73.9%, OR 0.25), pulmonology (72%, OR 0.31) and cardiology (63.2%, OR 0.4) rates were decreased. For the remaining services, rates of terminal delirium were the same.Significance of resultsAlthough in-hospital mortality was low, the interrelationship with delirium was vast: most patients were delirious at the end of life. The implications of terminal delirium merit further studies.
Metabolic and behavioural effects in offspring exposed to maternal sucrose consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from rodent models
Authors: Morahan H. L. , Leenaars C. H. C. , Boakes R. A. , Rooney K. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) during pregnancy has been associated with childhood obesity. Research in which rodent dams have been given high-fat/high-sugar diets has consistently found metabolic alterations in their offspring. However, what remains unclear is the potential impact on the developing fetus of giving sugar in isolation at concentrations similar to SSBs to the mothers. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (Protocol No: 127115 on Prospero) to identify potential relationships between maternal sucrose consumption and metabolic outcomes in offspring of rodent (rat or mouse) models. We analysed studies that provided rodent mothers dams with access to sucrose solutions (8–20% w/v) prior to conception, during pregnancy and/or lactation and that reported offspring outcomes of body weight (BW), body composition and glycaemic control. Following a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus) performed on 15 January 2019, maternal and offspring data from 15 papers were identified for inclusion. Only rat studies were identified. Meta-analyses were performed on standardised mean differences for maternal and offspring BW and fasting glucose levels, with subgroup analyses of strain, sucrose concentration, exposure period and sex of offspring. A bias towards the inclusion of only data from male offspring was identified and this limited interpretation of potential sexually dimorphic outcomes. Maternal sucrose exposure was associated with an increased risk of obesity and poor glucose disposal in adult and aged offspring.
Live biotherapeutic products: the importance of a defined regulatory framework
Authors: Cordaillat-Simmons Magali , Rouanet Alice , Pot Bruno 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProbiotics have been defined as “Live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. This definition covers a wide range of applications, target populations and (combinations of) microorganisms. Improved knowledge on the importance of the microbiota in terms of health and disease has further diversified the potential scope of a probiotic intervention, whether intended to reach the market as a food, a food supplement or a drug, depending on the intended use. However, the increased interest in the clinical application of probiotics may require specific attention given their administration in a diseased population. In addition to safety, the impact of the type of product, in terms of quality, production method and, e.g., the acceptance of side effects, is now part of the current regulatory constraints for developers. In the European Union, foods are regulated by the European Food Safety Authority and drugs by the European Medicines Agency; in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) deals with both categories. More recently, the FDA has defined a new “live biotherapeutic products” (LBP) category, clarifying pharmaceutical expectations. Since 2019, the quality requirements for this category of drug products have also been clarified by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). Similar to all products intended to prevent or treat diseases, LBPs will have to be registered as medicinal products to reach the market in the US and in Europe. In this area, regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry will routinely use guidelines of the “International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use” (ICH). Although ICH guidelines are not legally binding, they provide very important recommendations, recognized by almost all drug authorities in the world. In this review, we discuss some aspects of this regulatory framework, especially focusing on products with an intended use in a diseased or vulnerable target population.