bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variation of fish community biomass and energy flow throughout a tropical river network
Authors: Venarsky Michael P. , Stewart‐Koster Ben , Hunt Richard J. , Jardine Timothy D. , Bunn Stuart E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Accurately accounting for flows of energy through food webs is challenging because of the spatial and temporal variability associated with energy production and consumption. Wet–dry tropical rivers have a highly seasonal discharge regime where wet season flows allow access to energy sources (inundated wetlands) that are not available during the dry season when aquatic consumers are confined to disconnected waterholes.

We combined measures of fish community biomass with previously published feeding guild specific stable isotope analyses to explore how opposing wet‐ and dry‐season habitat templates influence spatial and temporal trends in the sources of energy supporting fish biomass throughout a river network in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia.

Accounting for the relative contribution of each feeding guild to fish community biomass was a critical component of our analyses, as a single feeding guild (invertivore/piscivore) influenced spatial and temporal patterns in the sources of energy supporting overall fish biomass. During the early dry season, the reliance of fish communities on autochthonous sources of energy (periphyton) decreased from the upper to lower reaches of the river network, which correlates with increasing floodplain area and wet season inundation times. These patterns disappeared by the late dry season as fish in both upper and lower reaches became increasingly reliant on autochthonous sources produced within waterholes over the course of the dry season, indicating that the large wet‐season gains in fish biomass are maintained through the dry season by energy produced within waterhole refuges.

Collectively these results indicate that a combination of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of energy work in unison to support fish community biomass throughout the Mitchell River catchment and that access to these sources of energy is dictated by seasonal patterns in discharge interacting with spatial variability in river geomorphology (channel geometry and floodplain area).

Many rivers are experiencing decreased flows due to water resource development and more frequent and severe droughts. Thus, we suggest our study provides insight into how changes in discharge regime could influence food web energetics throughout river networks.
Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems
Authors: Arndt Kyle A. , Lipson David A. , Hashemi Josh , Oechel Walter C. , Zona Donatella 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCold seasons in Arctic ecosystems are increasingly important to the annual carbon balance of these vulnerable ecosystems. Arctic winters are largely harsh and inaccessible leading historic data gaps during that time. Until recently, cold seasons have been assumed to have negligible impacts on the annual carbon balance but as data coverage increases and the Arctic warms, the cold season has been shown to account for over half of annual methane (CH4) emissions and can offset summer photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Freeze–thaw cycle dynamics play a critical role in controlling cold season CO2 and CH4 loss, but the relationship has not been extensively studied. Here, we analyze freeze–thaw processes through in situ CO2 and CH4 fluxes in conjunction with soil cores for physical structure and porewater samples for redox biogeochemistry. We find a movement of water toward freezing fronts in soil cores, leaving air spaces in soils, which allows for rapid infiltration of oxygen‐rich snow melt in spring as shown by oxidized iron in porewater. The snow melt period coincides with rising ecosystem respiration and can offset up to 41% of the summer CO2 uptake. Our study highlights this important seasonal process and shows spring greenhouse gas emissions are largely due to production from respiration instead of only bursts of stored gases. Further warming is projected to result in increases of snowpack and deeper thaws, which could increase this ecosystem respiration dominate snow melt period causing larger greenhouse gas losses during spring.
Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic Migraine: A Narrative Review
Authors: Burstein Rami , Blumenfeld Andrew M. , Silberstein Stephen D. , Manack Adams Aubrey , Brin Mitchell F. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine.BackgroundOnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive treatment that significantly reduces headache frequency. The traditional mechanism described for onabotulinumtoxinA – reducing muscle contractions – is insufficient to explain its efficacy in migraine, which is primarily a sensory neurological disease.MethodsA narrative literature review on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine.ResultsFollowing injection into tissues, onabotulinumtoxinA inhibits soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE)‐mediated vesicle trafficking by cleaving one of its essential proteins, soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion attachment protein (SNAP‐25), which occurs in both motor and sensory nerves. OnabotulinumtoxinA inhibits regulated exocytosis of motor and sensory neurochemicals and proteins, as well as membrane insertion of peripheral receptors that convey pain from the periphery to the brain, because both processes are SNARE dependent. OnabotulinumtoxinA can decrease exocytosis of pro‐inflammatory and excitatory neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and glutamate from primary afferent fibers that transmit nociceptive pain and participate in the development of peripheral and central sensitization. OnabotulinumtoxinA also decreases the insertion of pain‐sensitive ion channels such as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) into the membranes of nociceptive neurons; this is likely enhanced in the sensitized neuron. For chronic migraine prevention, onabotulinumtoxinA is injected into 31‐39 sites in 7 muscles of the head and neck. Sensory nerve endings of neurons whose cell bodies are located in trigeminal and cervical ganglia are distributed throughout the injected muscles, and are overactive in people with migraine. Through inhibition of these sensory nerve endings, onabotulinumtoxinA reduces the number of pain signals that reach the brain and consequently prevents activation and sensitization of central neurons postulated to be involved in migraine chronification.ConclusionOnabotulinumtoxinA likely acts via sensory mechanisms to treat chronic migraine.
Increased dairy product consumption as part of a diet and exercise weight management program improves body composition in adolescent females with overweight and obesity—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calleja Melissa , Caetano Feitoza Natalie , Falk Bareket , Klentrou Panagiota , Ward Wendy E. , Sullivan Philip J. , Josse Andrea R. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundExercise can improve body composition in adolescents and adults with overweight/obesity. Consumption of dairy foods, as part of a healthy lifestyle program, can also promote favourable body composition changes in adults with overweight/obesity. However, the few studies examining these combined effects on body composition in adolescents are inconclusive.ObjectiveTo determine whether increased dairy product consumption, as part of a lifestyle modification program featuring exercise training and dietary guidance promotes favourable body composition changes in adolescent females with overweight/obesity.MethodsFifty‐four participants (age: 14.8 ± 2.2y; BMI percentile: 95th ± 6) assigned to three groups completed the study. There were two experimental groups: recommended dairy (RDa; n = 24) and low dairy (LDa; n = 22), and a no‐intervention control group (Con; n = 8). RDa and LDa participated in a 12‐week, eucaloric, lifestyle modification intervention consisting of mixed‐mode exercise (3x/week), and nutritional counselling. RDa was provided 4 servings/day of dairy foods, while LDa and Con maintained habitually low intakes (0‐2 servings/day). Body weight/composition, waist/hip circumference, cardiovascular fitness and food intake were assessed at weeks 0 and 12.ResultsWeight did not significantly change in any group. RDa significantly decreased fat mass (FM) and increased lean mass (LM) more than LDa and Con (FM: −1.3 ± 2.1 kg, −1.1 ± 2.0 kg, 0.8 ± 1.8 kg; LM: 1.5 ± 1.9 kg, 0.7 ± 1.6 kg, 0.5 ± 1.4 kg, respectively). LDa also significantly decreased FM and increased LM more than Con (P < .005; all interactions).ConclusionThe inclusion of dairy foods in the diet of adolescent females with overweight/obesity, as part of a diet and exercise intervention, favourably improves body composition in the absence of weight loss.
A large‐scale group decision making method with a consensus reaching process under cognitive linguistic environment
Authors: Wu Xingli , Nie Song , Liao Huchang , Gupta Pankaj 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGroup decision making (GDM) problems involving large‐scale experts are critical and frequent in practice. However, it is difficult to make an appropriate decision due to the disagreement among experts and the uncertain information of experts because of their different backgrounds and limited knowledge. This study aims to propose a large‐scale GDM method with a consensus reaching process under the cognitive linguistic environment. First, we divide the large‐scale group into several subgroups to simplify the problem. Then, the double normalization based multiaggregation (DNMA) method is extended to deal with the individual decision matrix of each subgroup that is composed of complex linguistic evaluations. In addition, a consensus reaching process is proposed to check the consensus level between subgroups and achieve a soft consensus through a consensus improvement method. A dynamic weight‐determining method is developed for subgroups based on their consensus levels. Finally, the framework of the large‐scale group DNMA method with a consensus reaching process is constructed. The practicality of the proposed method is illustrated by an illustrative example about the e‐book supplier selection, and the advantages of the proposed method are highlighted by comparative analyses with other decision‐making methods.
An exploration of nursing home residents' experiences of a non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers
Authors: Serraes Brecht , Hecke Ann Van , Van Tiggelen Hanne , Anrys Charlotte , Verhaeghe Sofie , Beeckman Dimitri 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPressure ulcers are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue and are associated with a negative impact on well‐being and health‐related quality of life. This explorative, qualitative study aimed to explore the true meaning of elderly nursing home residents' perspectives and critical success factors when implementing a new non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers. Individual, loosely structured interviews were conductedin 12 nursing homes in Flanders, the Northern region of Belgium, a convenience sampling of 14 nursing home residents were selected based on the following eligibility criteria: high risk for pressure ulcer and/or with category 1 pressure ulcer, being bedbound and/or chair‐bound, aged >65 years, and use of an alternating air pressure mattress previous to the application of the non‐powered static air mattress overlay. Interviews were conducted in the participants' personal rooms between June 2017 and March 2018. Interviews included broad, open‐ended questions, to invite and encourage participants to openly discuss their perspectives and experiences. Participants were interviewed once during the 14‐day observation period between day 3 and day 14. All interviews were audio‐recorded and fully transcribed by an experienced transcriber. Interviews were read several times to reveal emerging patterns and were marked with codes into NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software. During the process, (sub) themes were discussed by the authors until a consensus was reached. Three main themes emerged from the analysis process: rest and sleep; mobility; and discomfort and pain associated with the use of the support surface. Themes were divided into multiple subthemes: motion, noise, sensation, repositioning, and transfer in and out of bed. Through interviews, critical success factors associated with the implementation were identified, including the lack of information and time needed to evaluate the functionality and effects of a new mattress overlay. Implementation of a non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers has a far‐reaching impact on nursing home residents' experiences. This study provides insight into the true meaning of patients' perspectives by focusing on learning from the patients' experiences that provide valuable information for healthcare professionals and other stakeholders.
Increasing atrial fibrillation: What is the cause?
Authors: Gianni Carola , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Kim Jun , Sahore Salwan Anu , Natale Andrea , Al‐Ahmad Amin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA 72‐year‐old woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus node dysfunction is seen in clinic for routine follow‐up.
Diarrhea and altered inflammatory cytokine pattern in severe coronavirus disease 2019: Impact on disease course and in‐hospital mortality
Authors: Zhang Lei , Han Chaoqun , Zhang Shengyan , Duan Caihan , Shang Haitao , Bai Tao , Hou Xiaohua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimDynamic changes of immunocyte subsets and inflammatory profiles in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were undetermined.MethodsA single‐center retrospective analysis of 409 severe, hospitalized COVID‐19 patients from 20 January to 29 February 2020 was performed. The longitudinal characteristics of immune inflammatory cytokines in patients with/without diarrhea were analyzed. The relations of diarrhea and immuno‐inflammatory factors with illness course and clinical outcomes were further explored.ResultsDiarrhea was more common and more serious with longer duration (4.9 ± 1.5 vs 4.2 ± 1.5 days, P = 0.039) and higher frequency (5.5 ± 2.1 vs 4.0 ± 2.0 times/day, P = 0.001) in deceased patients than in the survivors. Also, diarrhea patients were more inclined to develop multi‐organ damage: survivors have longer illness course (media 41.0 vs 36.0 days, P = 0.052) and hospital stays (media 27.0 vs 23.0 days, P = 0.041), and the deceased patients had higher mortality (33.0% vs 22.6%, P = 0.045) and earlier death (media 20.0 vs 25.0 days, P = 0.038). Progressively, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, especially the declined CD8+ T cells, were demonstrated in diarrhea patients relative to the non‐diarrhea cases. The inflammatory cytokines including IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α were intensively increased in patients with diarrhea. The multivariable logistic analysis showed longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.036), higher neutrophil counts (P = 0.011), and lower lymphocyte counts (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors of in‐hospital death. The proportional hazards model indicated that longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.002), higher frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.058), higher neutrophil counts (P = 0.001), lower lymphocyte counts (P = 0.035), and decreased proportion of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.001) were independently associated with longer illness course of the survivors.ConclusionsDiarrhea patients were more likely to present with neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and cytokine storm and to develop multi‐organ damage. The inflammatory patterns were independent factors associated with illness course of the survivors and in‐hospital death of severe COVID‐19.
Dual effects of S-adenosyl-methyonine on PC12 cells exposed to the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+
Authors: Cantelmo Rebeca Araujo , dos Santos Neife Aparecida G , dos Santos Antonio Cardozo , Joca Sâmia Regiane Lourenço 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate S-adenosyl-methyonine (SAM) effects on PC12 cells viability and neuritogenesis treated with MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium).

Methods
PC12 cell viability test (MTT assay) in DMEM medium with SAM and/or MPP+; PC12 cell neuritogenesis test in F-12K medium with nerve growth factor (NGF); DNMT activity in PC12 cells (DNMT Activity Assay Kit) with SAM and/or MPP+.

Key findings
(1) MPP+ decreased cell viability; (2) SAM did not affect cell viability per se, but it increased MPP+ neurotoxicity when co-incubated with the neurotoxin, an effect abolished by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibitors; (3) pretreatment with SAM for 30 min or 24 h before MPP+ addition had no effect on cell viability. Neuritogenesis: Treatment with SAM for 30 min or 24 h (1) increased cell differentiation per se, (2) increased NGF differentiating effects (additive effect) and (3) blocked the neuritogenesis impairment induced by MPP+. SAM with MPP+ increased the DNMT activity, whereas SAM alone or MPP+ alone did not.

Conclusions
(1) SAM might induce neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects on PC12 cells, depending on the exposure conditions; (2) DNMT inhibitors might attenuate the MPP+ exacerbation toxicity induced by SAM; (3) DNA methylation might be involved in the observed effects of SAM (needs further investigation).
The effect of dietary 17α‐methyltestosterone administration on secondary sex coloration in adult female Rosy Barbs and Dwarf Gouramis
Authors: Ramee Shane W. , Lipscomb Taylor N. , Wood Amy L. , Watson Craig A. , DiMaggio Matthew A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSexual phenotype is highly plastic in teleosts and controlled by a variety of species‐dependent factors. In aquaculture, hormone manipulations applied at different life stages are used to control sex ratios and exploit desirable traits such as ornate coloration in male ornamental species. This study investigated the effects of dietary 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) administration on adult female Rosy Barbs Pethia conchonius and Dwarf Gourami Trichogaster lalius and Dwarf Gouramis. A panel of judges evaluated male secondary sex coloration weekly during and after prolonged MT feeding. Growth parameters, survival, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were assessed at the end of the feeding regime. In both species, none of the MT diet concentrations affected survival, and all resulted in coloration changes, highlighting both the efficacy and safety of MT administration. In Dwarf Gouramis, MT diets caused pronounced color changes and reduced their GSIs at all dietary concentrations. In Rosy Barbs, MT diets induced the expression of male coloration but generally did not reach the color intensity of naturally occurring males and did not result in differences in GSIs. This study suggests that postdifferentiation androgenic treatment may be a viable option to induce secondary male sex coloration in ornamental species.
Iodine status during pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 18 months post‐partum
Authors: Aakre Inger , Morseth Marianne Sandsmark , Dahl Lisbeth , Henjum Sigrun , Kjellevold Marian , Moe Vibeke , Smith Lars , Markhus Maria Wik 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post‐partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine‐containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post‐partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post‐partum (n = 915), 6 months post‐partum (n = 849), 12 months post‐partum (n = 733) and 18 months post‐partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post‐partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post‐partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post‐partum and gradually improved with increasing time post‐partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine‐containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post‐partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine‐containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status.
Monitoring the microcirculation in the diagnosis and follow‐up of systemic sclerosis patients: Focus on pulmonary and peripheral vascular manifestations
Authors: Ruaro Barbara , Nallino Maria Gabriella , Casabella Andrea , Salton Francesco , Confalonieri Paola , De Tanti Antonio , Bruni Cosimo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease, characterized by vascular damage and progressive fibrosis, affecting the skin and internal organs. The vascular changes include functional and structural abnormalities in the microcirculation, which play a central role not only in diagnosis but also in the prognosis and follow‐up of systemic sclerosis patients. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is a safe, validated, noninvasive, inexpensive, reliable, and reproducible method that allows for the evaluation of structural changes in scleroderma microangiopathy. However, capillary blood flow/perfusion cannot be measured by NVC under standard conditions and, consequently, must rely on various laser techniques and thermography for the assessment and quantification of cutaneous blood perfusion. Other emerging technologies, such as optical Doppler tomography and spectroscopy, may be used to evaluate the skin flow. This review updates current knowledge on the use of microvascular evaluation techniques in SSc, including complications such as digital ulcers and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Uncovering small membrane proteins in pathogenic bacteria: Regulatory functions and therapeutic potential
Authors: Garai Preeti , Blanc‐Potard Anne 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBacterial small proteins (below 50 amino acids) encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs) are recognized as an emerging class of functional molecules that have been largely overlooked in the past. While some were uncovered serendipitously, global approaches have recently been developed to detect these sORFs. A large portion of small proteins appears to be hydrophobic and located in the bacterial membrane. In the present review, we describe functional small hydrophobic proteins discovered in pathogenic bacteria and report recent advances in the discovery of additional ones. Small membrane proteins contribute to bacterial adaptation to changing environments and often appear to be implicated in negative feedback regulation loops by modulating the function or stability of larger membrane proteins. A subset of these proteins belongs to toxin‐antitoxin modules. We highlight the features of characterized hydrophobic small proteins that may pave the way for identification of the functional small proteins among novel sORFs discovered. Besides providing new insights into bacterial pathogenesis, identification of naturally occurring small hydrophobic proteins of pathogenic bacteria can lead to new therapeutic interventions, as recently shown with the development of synthetic peptides derived from natural small proteins that display antibacterial or antivirulence properties.