bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johann Etzler and the Mühlhausen Emigration Society (1829–31)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Back in Mühlhausen, John became friends with Johann Etzler, who had spent the last seven years in the Americas, where he hoped to establish a communal farming and manufacturing settlement somewhere. He’d come home explicitly to recruit young Germans to accompany him back across the Atlantic. To the force of Etzler’s personality were added two decisive events. In May 1830, John saw his first suspension bridge in Bamberg, and two months later the July revolution broke out in Paris. John’s response to the uncertainty was to team up with Etzler and form the Mühlhausen Emigration Society. Together they drew up a plan for settlement; wrote a pamphlet, “A General Overview of the United States of North America for Emigrants, With a Plan Toward a Communal Settlement There”; and waged a promotional campaign in the press designed to recruit like-minded emigrants.
Internal Improvements (1838–41)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
John left farming in the wake of the panic of 1837 and found work as a surveyor, eventually working on a series of canal projects around western Pennsylvania, where he met Charles Schlatter. Despite his evident ability and expertise, John was doing little more than grubbing around for piecemeal surveying work before linking up with Schlatter. In 1838, Pennsylvania placed Schlatter in charge of surveying three potential railroad routes across the state, and he immediately drafted John to help. While submitting his survey report to the state authorities in Harrisburg, John got embroiled with Charles Ellet in a competition to build the first long span suspension bridge in the United States, over the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. Ellet won the contract, instituting a rivalry that would last much of the next twenty years.
Private Life, Public Works (1844–45)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Right as John was trying to establish his new business, Pittsburgh found itself in need of a new aqueduct to carry the Pennsylvania Canal over the Allegheny River. John got to work immediately: designing, promoting, corralling, and influencing. While waiting to hear about the bridge contract, John wrote a long, revealing letter home to his father, in which he pondered the nature of life and death, along with issues of matter and the soul. John’s philosophyowed much to Hegel’s Weltgeist (“world spirit”) and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas on nature and the soul. John was certainly a man of strict science, but he was also a bit of a spiritual mystic, inclined to the hard lines of the Enlightenment as well as the soft textures of Romanticism. The work on the Allegheny Aqueduct was extremely difficult and the effort was massive, but all was proceeding well until a fire broke out on the other side of town.
Setting the Future (1846–47)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The year 1846 was the most significant one in John’s life. And after his triumphs on the Allegheny and Monongahela bridges, John set about planning his furture put himself about with remarkable vigor. In February, he was in Cincinnati negotiating for a suspension bridge to span the Ohio. Later that month he drew up plans for a huge Y-shaped bridge extending out from Pittsburgh into the middle of the Ohio River and then branching off both north and south to either side of the river. John called this his Tri-Partite Bridge, and each branch would comprise a suspended span. The plan was audacious. In April, he visited New York for the first time and began to conceive of a mammoth suspension bridge to span the East River. By the end of the year, John was traveling between Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) and Niagara Falls in preparation for submitting plans to erect gigantic suspension bridges in both locations.
Economies of Scale (1848–51)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Between 1847 and 1852, John built four separate aqueducts for the Delaware and Hudson Canal; moved his home, family, and wire rope factory from western Pennsylvania to Trenton, New Jersey; secured the contract to build a huge railroad bridge over the Kentucky River; and continued to mount substantial campaigns to win contracts to span the Ohio at Wheeling and the Niagara Gorge. The four D&H spans were mini masterpieces of engineering and planning. Each structure was very different; each required new solutions to site-specific problems. One of the spans, the Delaware Aqueduct, exists to this day, the oldest suspension bridge in the United States and one of the oldest “modern” suspension bridges in the world. On the larger projects, John again lost out to his old rival Ellet on both the Wheeling and the Niagara spans.
Securing Niagara (1852–55)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Niagara contract was a fitting judgment on John’s career to date, and the bridge itself was a triumph, eliciting praise and admiration from all over the globe, for both its handsome Egyptian architecture and the soundness of its design. It took four years to build and was the world’s first railroad suspension bridge, or at least the first successful one, fully demonstrating the strength and effectiveness of the suspension plan for heavy-going freight. It also compared very favorably with Robert Stephenson’s recently completed Britannia Tubular Bridge, the British engineer’s rival solution to the problem of long-span railroad bridges. A lifelong, committed abolitionist who wrote extensively about the evils of slavery, John also appreciated the impact his bridge had (somewhat incidentally) on the institution of slavery. Harriet Tubman (among others) used John’s bridge numerous times in the late 1850s to lead runaway slaves out of the United States and into British Canada.
And the War Came (1861–65)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The American Civil War saw the Roebling family engaged in very different pursuits. John’s son Washington enlisted in the Union Army and saw service in battle, as an advance scout, as a bridge builder, and as an aide-de-camp. For John, the Civil War was a confounding period of relative inactivity, and he spent most of the war years churning out essay after essay on a whole host of different topics. His most sustained efforts were in the realm of philosophy. John was driven by the need to design and make things and to create order out of the world. A longtime reader of philosophy, John blended elements of Swedenborgian mysticism, Emersonian spiritualism, Kantian ethics, and Hegelian dialectics, eventually producing a 1,493-page philosophical treatise, “The Truth of Nature,” an eye-opening account of John’s philosophical and spiritual beliefs.
Epilogue
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
John’s funeral was held in Trenton and the whole town turned out to say goodbye. Tributes weregiven; respect, love, and admiration were expressed. John’s charitable giving and lifetime achievements were shown. He left a void in the community, in the engineering profession, and at the heart of the East River bridge project, which was quickly filled by his son Washington. John’s life is summed up. He wasn’t particularly interested in happiness. He was a seeker and a believer. He was a thinker and an ideas man, and as such, he always had his eyes fixed on the future and on the opposite shore, not—sadly—on those around him, especially on his son Washington.
Opening Ideas
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces several concepts used throughout the book. A discussion of Christopher Small’s musicking begins the chapter. The reader then gets to know the 30 adolescent contributors along with their backgrounds. The chapter explores the concept of being musical as the core of one’s musical identity including one’s musical self-esteem, self-concept, and self-representation. In the interest of further unpacking musical identities, three key ideas are offered including the self as adaptive, identities as complete self-systems, and the influence of individuals and social systems on identity. The end of the chapter calls on the reader to focus on here and now and acquaints the reader with the book’s structure.
Listening and Advocating for Adolescent Musicking
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on music educators’ roles in listening and advocating for adolescent music-making. Adolescents shared advice for music educators, which is communicated to the reader in three themes: (a) challenging adolescents to become themselves, (b) helping through transitions and providing a bridge between experiences, and (c) extending educators’ reach. Roger Gould and Roberto Fernandez’s work on brokering is presented as an example of a potential direction for educators to extend their reach and bridge gaps in social structures. At the end of the chapter, Sandra Stauffer’s radical listening is introduced for reflection. Educators are challenged to consider dynamic possibilities for adolescents in their lives.
China and the New Geopolitics of Eurasia
Authors: Markey Daniel S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces China’s new global initiatives like the vaunted “Belt and Road” and previews how the political and economic interests of other states in South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East tend to set the conditions for Chinese activities and shape regional outcomes. It leads with the history of China’s involvement in Pakistan’s Gwadar port. It then identifies ways in which Eurasia’s powerful and privileged groups often expect to profit from their connections to China, while others fear commercial and political losses. Similarly, it foreshadows how statesmen across Eurasia are scrambling to harness China’s energy purchases, arms sales, and infrastructure investments to outdo strategic competitors, like India and Saudi Arabia, while negotiating relations with Russia and the United States. This chapter introduces the book’s subsequent chapters on China’s Eurasian aspirations, South Asia and China, Central Asia and China, the Middle East and China, and the American policy response.
South Asian Entanglements
Authors: Markey Daniel S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the intersection of Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian economic, political, and security interests in South Asia. It introduces a brief history of China’s interaction with South Asia and explains how China now perceives its economic, security, and diplomatic goals in the region. It shows how Pakistanis are divided in their perceptions of China and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and explains how the military and other establishment figures are likely to gain from closer ties, while liberals and other opposition groups stand to lose. It details how Pakistan benefits from its military ties to China, especially in the areas of nuclear weapons, missiles, and drone technologies, and how China’s diplomatic support shields Pakistan from international pressure. It evaluates that on balance, China’s deepened regional presence and economic, military, and diplomatic assistance to Pakistan will tend to raise tensions with India.
Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative
Authors: Davis Mark , Lohm Davina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative explores how members of the general public experienced the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It examines the stories related to us by individuals about what happened to them in 2009, their reflections on news and expert advice given to them, and how they considered vaccination, social isolation, and other infection control measures. The book charts also the storytelling of public life, including the “be alert, not alarmed” messages from the beginning of the outbreak through to the “boy who cried wolf” problem that emerged later in the outbreak when the virus turned out to be less serious than first thought for most people. Key themes of the book are the significance of personal immunity for people as they reflected on how to respond to the threat of an influenza virus and the ways in which universal public health advice was interpreted quite differently by people according to their medical and biographical situation. The book provides unprecedented insight into the lives of ordinary people during 2009, some affected profoundly and others hardly affected at all. By drawing on currents in sociocultural scholarship of narrative, illness narrative, and narrative medicine, it develops a novel “narrative public health” approach that bridges health communications and narrative. The book provides therefore important new insights for health communicators and researchers across the social and health sciences.
Renewable Cities
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
While the policy needed to expand renewable energy mostly lies at the federal and state level, cities have a role to play. Cities can require or promote renewable energy adoption, aggregate demand, and facilitate expansion that is ongoing through state and federal policies. This chapter starts by examining the role of cities in developing renewable resources. It then discusses various cities that have committed to obtaining 100 percent of their electricity from renewable energy, with particular emphasis on solar. For instance, cities that own their own utilities, such as Austin, Texas, can require them to adopt renewables in the same way states can. A pathway some cities are taking, particularly in Europe, is remunicipalizing their utilities. In Hamburg, Germany, there is a citizen-led campaign to buy back its utility. This has put the city on a pathway to 100 percent renewable energy.
Electrifying Transportation
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Cities have a key role in accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles, particularly in building charging infrastructure. This chapter examines the efforts of five leading cities—three European cities and two in the United States—each with a different set of challenges. It shows that they have different strategies for addressing regulatory and planning issues that determine what types of charging stations can be placed where and how to charge for electricity. Some cities are electrifying their bus fleets and supporting the transition of taxi fleets and delivery vehicles to electric. Several are examining ways to charge using renewable power. And a few cities are pursuing vehicle-to-grid integration—two-way interaction in which cars can push power back into the grid during periods of peak demand. The electrified transportation experiments in these five cities have met largely with success, and their innovations are already spreading to others.
How Eco-innovation Districts Can Accelerate Urban Climate Action
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Eco-innovation districts are defined areas in which cities concentrate state-of-the-art technologies in green building, smart infrastructure, and renewable energy to create sustainable, resilient, and inclusive districts that accelerate action on climate change and sustainability. This chapter addresses four questions: Does the district perform better than or as well as the rest of the city on per capita carbon emissions? How well does the district serve as a test bed for green technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Does the city employ a deliberate process of organizational learning that allows city planners and elected officials to apply effective practices and lessons learned from district-scale experimentation? What measures have been put in place to ensure a diversity of income levels? It also examines whether the experimentation undertaken in European eco-innovation districts can be replicated in the United States.
Evidence from Audition
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The reason for using vision as an example in the previous three chapters is that more is known about the human visual system and visual psychophysics than about other neural systems. But this choice begs the question of whether other systems corroborate the evidence drawn from vision. Is the same empirical strategy used in other sensory systems to contend with the same problem (i.e., the inability of animals to measure the actual properties of the world)? Based on accumulated anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical information, audition is the best bet in addressing this question in another modality. This chapter examines whether the perception of sound can also be explained empirically as a way to deal with a world in which the physical parameters of sound sources can’t be apprehended.
The Major Options
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGiven the argument and evidence that the operating principle of nervous systems is to generate neural associations on a wholly empirical basis, it makes sense to compare this framework with other ideas that neuroscientists have proposed for understanding brain function. These concepts fall into several broad categories: (1) neural operation based on detecting, computing, and representing stimulus features as such; (2) neural computation and representation based on statistical inferences about physical reality; and (3) neural operation based on efficient and/or predictive coding. Another concept pertinent to all these ideas, including neural operation as empirical association, is whether nervous systems are carrying out computations. This section reviews these conceptual options and some implications that follow.
Grandstanding
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
People used to hold out great hope for a public square in which individuals put petty disputes aside and engage in rational discussion about important issues. Unfortunately, public discourse today—especially on the internet—is full of adults behaving like poorly socialized children, acting out to show off for people they want to impress. In short, they engage in moral grandstanding, or the use of moral talk for self-promotion. Drawing from work in psychology, economics, and political science, this book develops an explanation of why people grandstand when they talk about morality and politics. Using the tools of moral philosophy, it argues that grandstanding is not just annoying, but morally bad. And finally, it explains what we can do to encourage people to support a public square worth participating in, by avoiding grandstanding.
The Promise of Space Revisited
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Across the twentieth century, an international network of thinkers has created an astounding vision of human movement into the cosmos. Everything done in space was first anticipated by these space expansionists, but only tiny parts of their vision have been realized. Space expansionism is the ideology of the global pro-space movement and offers a Big History narrative of the human past, present, and future, centered on technological advance and habitat enlargement. Advocates claim that their projects to build large orbital infrastructures, colonize celestial bodies, and alter asteroidal orbits can solve global energy and resource problems and ensure humanity’s survival from major Earth disasters. But the actual and prospective consequences of their projects are far darker then recognized. Space activities have increased the probability of nuclear war. Space colonization is likely to result in human extinction and should be avoided.
Questions, Debates, and Frameworks
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
No general assessment of space activities, actual and prospective, exists. Space thinking falls into three broad competing programs: military, habitat, and planetary security expansionisms. Habitat expansionism is most ambitious, with cosmic scope, but largely unrealized. Military and planetary security approaches are opposites, each partially realized, and focused (so far) on near-Earth space. Space-political questions are entangled in seven great debates about contemporary Planetary Earth. Will accelerating technology produce utopia or oblivion? Should world government replace international anarchy? Can new frontiers escape closure, or must a steady state emerge? Who will control global information systems? Are freedom, democracy, and capitalism still viable? Will humanity be replaced by superhumans or advanced computers? Which understanding of the relations between technology, politics, and humanity is superior? What happens in space will decisively shape outcomes of these debates. Space arguments rely heavily on claims about geography, geopolitics, and geohistory, which provide a focus for comprehensive and even-handed assessment. An ancient story about the astronomer Thales captures the overall argument.
New Heavens, New Earth
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Humans have always attributed enormous importance to occurrences in the heavens. Over the past several centuries modern astronomy has revealed a cosmos of staggering size, filled with trillions of worlds. Its vacuum, weightlessness, lethal radiations, and fantastic speeds make space harshly inhospitable to human life. To access orbital space requires velocities some thirty-four times as fast as jet aircraft, climbing out of steep gravity wells. Of the many bodies mapped by science in this solar system, asteroids are most practically important because they sometimes collide with great violence, profoundly shaping Earth’s deep history. As knowledge of the cosmos has grown, anticipations of nearby intelligent life have dramatically shrunk. The Space Age has also witnessed a far-reaching revolution in understanding the Earth System. Marked by complexity, chaos, and emergence, life on Earth is incompletely understood and inventoried and much less subject to human control than previously assumed, reducing the feasibility of expansionist visions.
Technological Imaginaries, Feasibilities, Syndromes, and Catastrophes
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Space expansionism, science fiction, and space developments are intimately linked. SF from Verne, Wells, and others inspires space expansionists, and SF is shaped by space discoveries. SF makes space expansionism seem plausible but is often unbound by scientific possibility. An assessment of building block, life-engineering, and transformative technologies reveals that large-scale space activities are becoming more feasible, but creating enclosed ecologies, geo-engineering and terraforming remain doubtful. Anticipating the consequences of new technologies (technology assessment) remains difficult. Technology governance is plagued by recalcitrant syndromes. Theorists of catastrophic and existential risk view space colonization as necessary to escape a long list of possible major calamities (including hostile artificial superintelligence and misused genetic engineering for improved humans, called transhumanism). Human survival increasingly depends on competent futurism and social capacities to steer technology with reversals, regulations, and relinquishments, but these are difficult to establish and maintain. Can vital arrangements of restraint survive large-scale space expansion?