bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future haze events in Beijing, China: When climate warms by 1.5 and 2.0°C
Authors: Liu Cuiping , Zhang Feng , Miao Lijuan , Lei Yadong , Yang Quan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChina is the world's second‐largest economy, and its capital Beijing has been suffering from severe haze pollution in recent years. However, how the winter haze events in Beijing vary under different global warming scenarios is still open for debate. In order to analyse long‐term winter haze characteristics in Beijing in the future, we have simulated haze events using the haze weather index (HWI) for the warming periods of 1.5 and 2.0°C, based on 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Our results indicate that 16 CMIP5 models have preferable performance in simulating the spatial pattern and occurrence frequency of winter haze events in Beijing. We highlight that in the 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming period (2020s–2050s), Beijing will face a significant increasing trend (6–9% growth rate) in the occurrence of winter haze events compared with the reference period (1986–2005). The frequency of winter haze events under the RCP4.5 increases less than under the RCP8.5 in the 1.5°C warming period but is closer to RCP8.5 in the 2.0°C warming period. The increase of winter haze events with respect to natural factors in Beijing could be attributed to stronger atmospheric inversions, weaker East Asian winter monsoons, and a shallowing East Asian trough induced by global warming. Our results will provide scientific instructions for environmental departments to better face meteorological hazards, such as air pollution episodes, thereby improving the early warning mechanism system for global warming.
A comparison of extreme precipitation event frequency and magnitude using a high‐resolution rain gage network and NOAA Atlas 14 across Delaware
Authors: Leathers Daniel J. , Brasher Saber E. , Brinson Kevin R. , Hughes Christopher , Weiskopf Sam 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExtreme precipitation events are arguably one of the most important natural hazards in many areas of the globe, impacting nearly every societal sector. In the Northeastern United States, extreme precipitation events have been shown to be increasing with several recent events garnering national attention (i.e., Ellicott City Maryland 2018; Tropical Storm Lee 2011). The NOAA Atlas 14 product is the nation's standard for estimating the magnitude and frequency of site‐specific extreme precipitation events, containing both precipitation frequency estimates, as well as associated confidence intervals. The Atlas uses surface stations, primarily from the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program, and statistical methodologies to provide point‐based precipitation exceedance probability estimates for several durations and potential recurrence intervals. Unfortunately, the number and quality of Cooperative Observer sites varies greatly over space and time. This research compares observed precipitation extremes from a high‐resolution statewide mesonet to those estimated by the Atlas 14 product for a 10‐year recurrence interval at several precipitation durations. Results of the analysis indicate that Atlas 14 underestimates the number and magnitude of extreme precipitation events across the state of Delaware at longer event durations (360‐ to 1,440‐min). At shorter durations (5‐ to 240‐min) the Atlas 14 estimates are more closely aligned with the observations from the high‐resolution precipitation network. These results suggest that caution should be exercised when using Atlas 14 estimates for engineering standards and hydrologic studies, especially for longer duration events. Therefore, a more rapid update cycle for revision of the Atlas 14 product should be considered, as a changing climate regime may be responsible for the differences identified in this research.
Roles of oceanic moisture exports in modulating summer rainfall over the middle‐lower Yangtze River Basin: Inter‐annual variability and decadal transition
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhang Wei , Yang Shuai , de Xu Xiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPrecipitation over the mid‐lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), which is a typical East Asian monsoon region in China, is strongly impacted by oceanic moisture exports (OMEs) and features variability at multiple spatial‐temporal scales, resulting in frequent floods and droughts. We focus on two key issues of OME and its relevance to the summer rainfall variability over the YRB: determination of the individual contributions of OME from three specific oceanic sub‐regions: the Arabian Sea (ARS), Bay of Bengal (BOB), and South China Sea (SCS), and their roles in the inter‐annual variability and decadal changes in YRB summer rainfall. Using a Lagrangian forward trajectories tracing approach, we create a catalogue of OME‐based diagnosed precipitation fields for three sub‐regions spanning the summer seasons (May to August) of 1980–2013 with 6‐hourly resolution using ERA‐Interim data. The results show that the pattern of the diagnosed OME‐based precipitation resembles the observed pattern over the YRB in terms of climatology and temporal variation. Climatologically, the SCS region accounts for the largest relative contribution (60.7%), followed by the ARS (30.8%), whereas the contributions of the BOB (8.5%) are almost negligible. On the inter‐annual scale, the variation in OME‐based rainfall originated from the ARS, and the BOB is out of phase with that of the SCS. In contrast to climatology, the inter‐annual changes in rainfall over the YRB are primarily modulated by the variation in the OME from the ARS. However, for the decadal changes, particularly in 1992/1993 over the YRB, the SCS and ARS are equivalent contributors to the summer precipitation over the YRB. These findings thus provide new insights into our understanding of the multi‐scale variability of summer precipitation over the YRB region.
Pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced molybdenum disulfide nanosheets as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of sulfonamides in environmental water samples
Authors: Li Juan Yuan , Ci Dan Zha Xi , Liao Qie Gen , Da Wen Zhang , Lin Guang Luo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSurfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced molybdenum disulfide was used as an adsorbent in pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction for the pretreatment of sulfonamides in environmental water samples. The factors affecting the extraction recoveries of the analytes, including the sample pH value, amount of sorbent, type and volume of eluent solution, and salt concentration were optimized. This pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction method demonstrated good linearity (0.05–10.0 µg/L) with a coefficient of determination of 0.9984–0.9996, limit of detection (0.2–0.4 ng/L) and limit of quantitation (0.5–1.0 ng/L), good analyte recoveries (76–91), and acceptable limit of quantitation (<10%) under the optimized conditions. These results indicated that the proposed method was a good tool for monitoring sulfonamides in environmental water samples.
Mussel‐Inspired Flexible, Wearable, and Self‐Adhesive Conductive Hydrogels for Strain Sensors
Authors: Lv Rui , Bei Zhongwu , Huang Yuan , Chen Yangwei , Zheng Zhiqiang , You Qingliang , Zhu Chao , Cao Yiping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe latest generation of wearable devices features materials that are flexible, conductive, and stretchable, thus meeting the requirements of stability and reliability. However, the metal conductors that are currently used in various equipments cannot achieve these high performance expectations. Hence, a mussel‐inspired conductive hydrogel (HAC–B–PAM) is prepared with a facile approach by employing polyacrylamide (PAM), dopamine‐functionalized hyaluronic acid (HAC), borax as a dynamic cross‐linker agent, and Li+ and Na+ as conductive ions. HAC–B–PAM hydrogels demonstrate an excellent stretchability (up to 2800%), high tensile toughness (42.4 kPa), self‐adhesive properties (adhesion strength to porcine skin of 49.6 kPa), and good self‐healing properties without any stimuli at room temperature. Furthermore, the fabricated hydrogel‐based strain sensor is sensitive to deformation and can detect human body motion. Multifunctional hydrogels can be assembled into flexible wearable devices with potential applications in the field of electronic skin and soft robotics.
Simplified method and synchronization for a class of complex chaotic systems
Authors: Huang Lilian , Zhang Zefeng , Xiang Jianhong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper is devoted to investigate a class of complex chaotic systems and a linear correlation between the real and imaginary component of complex variables in these systems is found. Based on this linear relationship, a simplified law is proposed. First, complex Lorenz system is given to show the linear correlation, then it is simplified. Second, a simplified law is proposed to determine whether the complex system can be simplified, and the complex Lü system and hyperchaotic complex Lü system are used to verify the simplified law. Finally, a new synchronization control is proposed to synchronize complex Lorenz system and real Lorenz system. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation prove the feasibility and better performance of this method.
Design and verification of an external radiobiological beam port on a 16.5 MeV GE PETtrace proton cyclotron
Authors: Asp Johan , Santos Alexandre M. Caraça , Moghaddasi Leyla , Afshar Shahraam V. , Bezak Eva 
Published: November 2019

PurposeProtons and heavy ions are considered to be ideal particles for use in external beam radiotherapy due to the superior properties of the dose distribution. While a photon (x‐ray) beam delivers considerable dose to healthy tissues around the tumor, a proton beam that is delivered with sufficient energies has: a low entrance dose (the dose in front of the tumor); a high‐dose region within the tumor, known as the Bragg peak; and, no exit dose beyond the tumor. Proton therapy is the next major step in advancing radiotherapy treatment.The purpose of this project was to adapt an existing radioisotope production cyclotron, a General Electric (GE) PETtrace, to enable radiobiological studies using proton beams. During routine use the PETtrace delivers 16.5 MeV protons to target with beam currents in the range of 10–100 µA resulting in dose rates in the order of kGy/s. To achieve the aim of the project the dose rate had to be reduced to the Gy/min range, without attenuating the proton energy below 5 MeV. This paper covers the design, construction and validation of the beam port.MethodsMonte Carlo simulations were performed, using GEANT4, SRIM and PACE4 to design the beam port and optimize its components. Once the beam port was fabricated, validation experiments were performed using EBT3 and HD‐V2 Gafchromic™ films, and a Keithley 6485 picoampere meter.Results and conclusionThe external beam port was successfully modeled, designed and fabricated. By using a 0.25 mm thick gold foil and a brass pin‐hole collimator the beam was spread from a narrow full beam diameter of 10 mm to a wide beam with a 5% flatness area in the center of the beam that had a diameter of ~20 mm. In using this system the dose rate was reduced from kGy/s to ~30 Gy/min.
Controllable Design of MoS2 Nanosheets Grown on Nitrogen‐Doped Branched TiO2/C Nanofibers: Toward Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance Induced by Pseudocapacitance Behavior
Authors: Wang Ling , Yang Guorui , Wang Jianan , Peng Shengjie , Yan Wei , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this work, expanded MoS2 nanosheets grown on nitrogen‐doped branched TiO2/C nanofibers (NBT/C@MoS2 NFs) are prepared through electrospinning and hydrothermal treatment method as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The continuous 1D branched TiO2/C nanofibers provide a large surface area to grow expanded MoS2 nanosheets and enhance the electronic conductivity and cycling stability of the electrode. The large surface area and doping of nitrogen can facilitate the transfer of both Na+ ions and electrons. With the merits of these unique design and extrinsic pseudocapacitance behavior, the NBT/C@MoS2 NFs can deliver ultralong cycle stability of 448.2 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 600 cycles. Even at a high rate of 2000 mA g−1, a reversible capacity of 258.3 mA h g−1 can still be achieved. The kinetic analysis demonstrates that pseudocapacitive contribution is the major factor to achieve excellent rate performance. The rational design and excellent electrochemical performance endow the NBT/C@MoS2 NFs with potentials as promising anode materials for SIBs.
Does your code need comment?
Authors: Huang Yuan , Jia Nan , Shu Junhuai , Hu Xinyu , Chen Xiangping , Zhou Qiang 
Published: November 2019

SummaryCode comments convey information about the programmers' intention in a more explicit but less rigorous manner than source code. This information can assist programmers in various tasks, such as code comprehension, reuse, and maintenance. To better understand the properties of the comments existing in the source code, we analyzed more than 450 000 comments across 136 popular open‐source software systems coming different domains. We found that the methods involving header comments and internal comments were shown low percentages in software systems, ie, 4.4% and 10.27%, respectively. As an application of our findings, we propose an automatic approach to determine whether a method needs a header comment, known as commenting necessity identification. Specifically, we identify the important factors for determining the commenting necessity of a method and extract them as structural features, syntactic features, and textual features. Then, by applying machine learning techniques and noise‐handling techniques, we achieve a precision of 88.5% on eight open‐source software from GitHub. The encouraging experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach.
Sperm defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia and related causes of male infertility
Authors: Sironen Anu , Shoemark Amelia , Patel Mitali , Loebinger Michael R. , Mitchison Hannah M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe core axoneme structure of both the motile cilium and sperm tail has the same ultrastructural 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement. Thus, it can be expected that genetic defects in motile cilia also have an effect on sperm tail formation. However, recent studies in human patients, animal models and model organisms have indicated that there are differences in components of specific structures within the cilia and sperm tail axonemes. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease with symptoms caused by malfunction of motile cilia such as chronic nasal discharge, ear, nose and chest infections and pulmonary disease (bronchiectasis). Half of the patients also have situs inversus and in many cases male infertility has been reported. PCD genes have a role in motile cilia biogenesis, structure and function. To date mutations in over 40 genes have been identified cause PCD, but the exact effect of these mutations on spermatogenesis is poorly understood. Furthermore, mutations in several additional axonemal genes have recently been identified to cause a sperm-specific phenotype, termed multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). In this review, we discuss the association of PCD genes and other axonemal genes with male infertility, drawing particular attention to possible differences between their functions in motile cilia and sperm tails.
Evolution of volatile compounds and physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Toscano PDO ham from fresh to dry-cured product
Authors: Sirtori Francesco , Dimauro Corrado , Bozzi Riccardo , Aquilani Chiara , Franci Oreste , Calamai Luca , Pezzati Antonio , Pugliese Carolina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhysical and chemical changes in Toscano ham lean were evaluated according to three different seasoning time (14, 16 and 18 months). Moreover, on Semimembranosus muscle, the volatile profile at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 14, 16 and 18 months of seasoning was determined by SPME–GC–MS. Eventually, a quantitative-descriptive sensory evaluation was performed. Longer seasoning times led to a decrease of Chroma in Biceps femoris, and also protein and proteolysis index decreased as the seasoning time increased. A total of 97 volatile compounds (VOCs) belonging to seven chemical families (29 aldehydes, 16 esters, 14 alcohols, 13 hydrocarbons, 12 ketones, 10 acids, 2 furans and 1 nitrogenous compound) were identified. Sensory evaluation outlined the major differences between 18th months ham and the other two classes, with the former being harder and with a slight presence of off flavor and off odor. The VOCs evolution during curing was studied and a multivariate approach was performed to test the feasibility of using the VOCs profile to predict the curing stage of Toscano ham. The discriminant analysis successfully managed to separate the samples of 0–6 months from the ones of 12–18 months using 26 of the identified VOCs. Among them, pentane 2,3-dimethyl, acetophenone and 9-decenoic acid were strong discriminants for 0–6 months hams, while dodecanoic, benzeneacetaldehyde, 3-octen-2-one and pentanoic acid ethylester were linked to 12–18 months hams. Within the high maturing classes (12, 14, 16, 18 months of seasoning), the 17 discriminating compounds identified successfully allocated only 12 and 18 months samples. The main VOCs associated with the “12 months” class were nonanal, 1,5-diphenyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazole and 6-methoxy 2-hexanone. The “18 months” seasoning class, instead, was identified by 1,5-diphenyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazole, phenol and l,2-butoxy ethanol.
Factors determining microbial colonization of liquid nitrogen storage tanks used for archiving biological samples
Authors: Bajerski F. , Bürger A. , Glasmacher B. , Keller E. R. J. , Müller K. , Mühldorfer K. , Nagel M. , Rüdel H. , Müller T. , Schenkel J. , Overmann J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe availability of bioresources is a precondition for life science research, medical applications, and diagnostics, but requires a dedicated quality management to guarantee reliable and safe storage. Anecdotal reports of bacterial isolates and sample contamination indicate that organisms may persist in liquid nitrogen (LN) storage tanks. To evaluate the safety status of cryocollections, we systematically screened organisms in the LN phase and in ice layers covering inner surfaces of storage tanks maintained in different biobanking facilities. We applied a culture-independent approach combining cell detection by epifluorescence microscopy with the amplification of group-specific marker genes and high-throughput sequencing of bacterial ribosomal genes. In the LN phase, neither cells nor bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were detectable (detection limit, 102cells per ml, 103gene copies per ml). In several cases, small numbers of bacteria of up to 104cells per ml and up to 106gene copies per ml, as well asMycoplasma, or fungi were detected in the ice phase formed underneath the lids or accumulated at the bottom. The bacteria most likely originated from the stored materials themselves (Elizabethingia,Janthibacterium), the technical environment (Pseudomonas,Acinetobacter,Methylobacterium), or the human microbiome (Bacteroides,Streptococcus,Staphylococcus). In single cases, bacteria,Mycoplasma, fungi, and human cells were detected in the debris at the bottom of the storage tanks. In conclusion, the limited microbial load of the ice phase and in the debris of storage tanks can be effectively avoided by minimizing ice formation and by employing hermetically sealed sample containers.
Workplace bullying and depressive symptoms among employees in Germany: prospective associations regarding severity and the role of the perpetrator
Authors: Lange Stefanie , Burr Hermann , Rose Uwe , Conway Paul Maurice 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-reported workplace bullying on depressive symptoms in a prospective study among a representative sample of employees from Germany. We focused specifically on the role of the perpetrator (co-workers and superiors), which was never done before in a longitudinal design.

Methods
We used data from a nation-wide representative panel study with a 5-year follow-up (N = 2172). Data on bullying exposure were obtained separately for different perpetrators (co-workers and superiors) and degree of severity (severe bullying, i.e., at least weekly). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). We used logistic regression analyses to examine the effect of workplace bullying at baseline on depressive symptoms at follow-up.

Results
After adjusting for baseline depressive symptoms, severe bullying by co-workers significantly increased the 5-year risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 2.50). Severe bullying by superiors had a nonsignificant effect.

Conclusions
Workplace bullying is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among employees in Germany. The type of perpetrator seems to be an important factor to consider, as indicated by the elevated risk of depressive symptoms when bullying is perpetrated by co-workers.
Recurrent pain and work disability: a record linkage study
Authors: Lallukka Tea , Hiilamo Aapo , Oakman Jodi , Mänty Minna , Pietiläinen Olli , Rahkonen Ossi , Kouvonen Anne , Halonen Jaana I. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Purpose
We examined the associations between recurrent single- and multisite pain and incident sickness absence (SA) of different lengths and the risk of disability pension (DP).

Methods
The data were derived from the Finnish Helsinki Health Study. Pain measures were recorded for panel 1 in 2000/2 and 2007, and for panel 2 in 2007 and 2012 (altogether 3191 employees). SA data were obtained from the employer’s personnel register and DP events from the Finnish Centre for Pensions. Negative binomial regression models with generalized estimation equations were used to model the incidence of self-certified short- (1–3 days), and medically certified medium- (4–14 days) and long-term (more than 14 days) SA episodes. Cox regression models were fitted for the associations between pain and all-cause DP and competing risk models for DP by diagnostic groups. Social and health-related covariates were adjusted for.

Results
Recurrent pain was associated with short-, medium- and long-term SA. Additionally, recurrent single- and multisite pain increased the risk of long-term SA. Recurrent single or multisite pain was further associated with an increased risk of DP, while a single instance of pain did not increase the risk.

Conclusions
These results suggest that recurrent pain is a robust determinant of subsequent SA and DP risk. Improved understanding of determinants of recurrent pain is needed to inform the development of targeted measures to reduce SA and premature exit from employment.