bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modular Product Architecture
Authors: Dahmus Jeffrey B. , Gonzalez-Zugasti Javier P. , Otto Kevin N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to architecting a family of products that share inter-changeable modules. Rather than a fixed product platform upon which derivative products are created through substitution of various add-on modules, the approach here permits the platform itself to be one of several possible sizes or types. Thus, the system is a collection of modules, each of which can be one of several types. We begin by developing function structures of each product in the portfolio, where each embodies a specific physical principle underlying the common technology. Different function structure systems can be used for each physical principle under consideration. These function structures are then compared to determine common and unique modules. Product modularity rules (i.e. dominant flow, branching, and conversion) are then applied to determine further possible modules. Application of any consistent set of modularity rules defines a feasible portfolio architecture. Each portfolio architecture is represented using a modularity matrix of functions versus products, with shared/unique function levels indicated in the matrix. Possible product modules are indicated with boxes while possible portfolio modules are indicated with shading. This method provides a systematic approach to generating possible portfolio architectures and serves as a communication aid for design team deliberations.
Modified FMEA Using Analysis of Automotive Remanufacturer Waste Streams to Support Design for Remanufacture
Authors: Sherwood M. , Shu L. H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the development and use of a modified Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to support design for remanufacture. The results of waste-stream analyses of three automotive remanufacturers were used for this FMEA. The waste streams were assessed to determine factors that impede the reuse of parts. Worn parts that could not be refurbished were found to be the most significant contribution to the waste stream of the automotive remanufacturers studied. The use of the modified FMEA allows consideration of factors such as ease of repair and detection of failure, in conjunction with the mass and part count contribution to the waste stream, to develop priorities in design for remanufacture.
A Design Tool to Help Small Manufacturers Reengineer a Product Family
Authors: Maupin Andrew J. , Stauffer Larry A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Small manufacturers are often less profitable because they introduce new products with little regard for compatibility with other products currently in production. The result is a portfolio of related products with an architecture that lacks company-wide strategic coordination. We present a methodology that can be used by these small manufacturers to reengineer a product family for greater profitability. The methodology is based upon application of four metrics and three design tools that are simple to use and intuitively easy to comprehend. We also present an example of applying this methodology with a small manufacturer to help the reader better understand it. We do not profess that this methodology will produce an optimal product-family architecture but one that will realize most of the potential gains. This process is particularly suitable to small manufacturers (or even larger firms) who are usually short on financial resources and lack a broad range of technical skills.
Circuit and Branch Rectification of the Spatial 4C Mechanism
Authors: Larochelle Pierre M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Spatial 4C mechanisms are two degree of freedom kinematic closed-chains consisting of four rigid links simply connected in series by cylindrical(C) joints. In this work we are concerned with the design of spatial 4C mechanisms which move a rigid body through a finite sequence of prescribed locations in space. This task is referred to as rigid-body guidance by Suh and Radcliffe (20) and as motion generation by Erdman and Sandor (6). When 4C mechanisms are synthesized for such a task, for example by utilizing Roth’s spatial generalization of Burmester’s planar methods (17; 18), the result is the physical dimensions which kinematically define the mechanism. However, the motion of the mechanism which takes the workpiece through the sequence of prescribed locations in space is not determined. In fact, it may be impossible for the mechanism to move the body through all of the desired locations without disassembling the mechanism. This condition is referred to as a circuit defect. Moreover, in some cases the mechanism may enter a configuration which requires an additional mechanical input to guide the moving body as desired. These are referred to as branch defects. This paper presents a methodology for analyzing spatial 4C mechanisms to eliminate circuit and branch defects in motion generation tasks.
A Model for Study of Stick-Slip Vibrations in Caliper-Disc Brake Systems
Authors: Meinhardt Glenn , Farhang Kambiz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Friction-induced vibration in caliper-disc brake systems is examined using mathematical formulations based on the lumped-parameter approach. The theoretical treatment of the system considers the kinematic and dynamic properties of the caliper motion, accounting for the slider translation and flexure as well as rotational stiffness of the caliper assembly. In addition, compressive and shear properties of the friction material is included in the derivation of the model. The geometric and material/friction coupling effects are also included in the model. The geometric coupling effects arise from the kinematic nature of the caliper-disc brake system. The material/friction coupling effects are due to the compressive properties of the pad friction material leading to the determination of instantaneous pad/rotor average pressure and, thereby, its influence on the transmitted braking torque due to frictional contact. The coefficients of friction of the pad are represented by an exponential function (Larsson and Farhang, 1997) that describes the decay from the static friction coefficient to the kinetic friction coefficient as the relative velocity between the pad and rotor is increased. The resulting equations of motion are a set of second-order ordinary differential equations. Results are presented using an initial vehicle speed of 55 miles per hour.
On the Overhung Rigid Rotor Balancing
Authors: Méndez-Adriani José A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article develops a more efficient technique for the balancing of the overhung rigid rotor, which is a variation of the exact influence coefficient method, that gives directly the correction weights for both balancing planes. During the calibration process, one trial weight is used for the second run and, to reduce the cross effect, only one trial weight to form a couple is used for the third run, improving the field balancing method for maintenance works.
On the Separability of the Solutions of the Direct Kinematics of a Special Class of Planar 3-RPR Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Merlet J.-P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Parallel manipulators have in general multiple solutions for the forward kinematics. In practice however from the control viewpoint only the current pose of the manipulator is of interest. We consider here a special class of planar parallel manipulator and explain how the solution corresponding to the current pose may be distinguished using a singularity criteria.
Manipulator Calibration Using a Single Endpoint Contact Constraint
Authors: Meggiolaro Marco A. , Scriffignano Guglielmo , Dubowsky Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Most manipulator calibration techniques require expensive and/or complicated pose measuring devices, such as theodolites. This paper investigates a calibration method where the manipulator endpoint is constrained to a single contact point and executes self-motions. From the easily measured joint angle readings, and an identification model, the manipulator is calibrated. Adding a wrist force sensor allows for the calibration of elastic effects due to end-point forces and moments. Optimization of the procedure is discussed. Experimental results are presented, showing the effectiveness of the method.
Identification of Compliant Pseudo-Rigid-Body Mechanism Configurations Resulting in Bistable Behavior
Authors: Jensen Brian D. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Bistable mechanisms, which have two stable equilibria within their range of motion, are important parts of a wide variety of systems, such as closures, valves, switches, and clasps. Compliant bistable mechanisms present design challenges because the mechanism’s energy storage and motion characteristics are strongly coupled and must be considered simultaneously. This paper studies compliant bistable mechanisms which may be modeled as four-link mechanisms with a torsional spring at one joint. Theory is developed to predict compliant and rigid-body mechanism configurations which guarantee bistable behavior. With this knowledge, designers can largely uncouple the motion and energy storage requirements of a bistable mechanism design problem. Examples demonstrate the power of the theory in bistable mechanism design.
Development of Equipment for Transfer to Save Manpower for Nursing
Authors: Ohashi Kota , Suzuki Naoto , Miyauchi Kenichi , Katagiri Kazuo , Dohi Takeyoshi , Tsuji Takayuki , Masamune Ken , Sakuma Ichiro , Inada Hiroshi , Suzuki Makoto , Mitsui Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Because of the rapid increasing number of the elderly, the shortage of helpers and the burden to helpers is becoming a big problem in our country. Caring work involves many simple physical tasks, and particularly, transferring between a bed and a stretcher, between a bed and a wheelchair, and so on, is heavy burden to helpers. So, many kind of tools and equipment are in practical use. But, actually, it can’t be said that the equipment for transfer which is easy to use from the point of saving manpower, the time required, storage space, efficiency, comfort for patients and user-interface has developed.
In this research, we developed a practical transfer equipment to save manpower for nursing. By moving its plate right and left, this equipment can transfer an elderly person from the bed to the stretcher directly, and decrease time-waste switches and the burden to helpers. Moreover, patients can be transferred without changes of postures.
First, we produced a prototype which has 1/3 length of full size (1800mm), and evaluated the mechanical behavior and the time required. As a result, we found that it takes about 2 minutes to fulfill the task. This result indicates that our developed equipment has a possibility to be used in practical use.
Extensional Stiffness Loss of Synchronous-Belt Cords
Authors: Iizuka Hiroshi , Takahashi Hideo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Synchronous belts consist of a rubber, a facing fabric and a helical cord that reinforces the belt stiffness. Therefore, the fatigue failure of the helical cord through the life is important for the stiffness loss of the belts. The purpose of this study is to discuss the mechanism of the extensional stiffness loss of the helical cord during the bending fatigue. The experimental results show that the extensional stiffness reduces up to about 50–60% of the initial value by the accumulation of the bending fatigue damage. The main damage is the de-bonding along the interfaces of the stranded glass filaments in the cord. The three dimensional FEM results show that the extensional stiffness is reduced by the initiation of the de-bonding. Then a simplified mechanical model is proposed to explain the stiffness loss considering the de-bonding. The model reasonably well explains the extensional stiffness loss.
Reducing Gear Windage Losses From High Speed Gears
Authors: Winfree Don D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Windage losses in gearboxes account for a large portion of the total power loss in high-speed drive trains. Very little actual data has been collected specifically quantifying these losses. Traditional techniques to measure the effects of baffles in high speed gearing applications have been done by trial and error on very complex systems. This trial and error technique is used throughout the gearing industry to solve problems without isolating each individual gear windage effect. These solutions are usually sub-optimum. They cause time-consuming delays and cost overruns in many programs. This paper describes a gear baffle test rig that was built to quantify and minimize the gear windage losses in high-speed drive trains. These tests were conducted at the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Fort Worth Texas Facility. The intent of the gearbox baffle test rig was to isolate and measure the windage effects on a single high-speed bevel gear with various baffle configurations. Results of these tests were used to define a basic set of ground rules for designing baffles. Finally the set of ground rules was used to design an optimum baffle configuration.
Characterization of 3-Dimensional Tooth Flank Topography of Gears
Authors: Kurokawa Syuhei , Pfeifer Tilo , Meyer Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to derive the meaningful parameters and the new procedure of measurement of tooth flank topography to evaluate the individual gear accuracy objectively. The tooth flank topography is characterized as the curved surface and the parameters for global tooth flank topography are obtained from the 3-dimensional measured deviations of tooth flanks with profile modification, crowning and manufacturing errors. The idea of separation of tooth flank topography into three global form deviations, that is, the 0th, the 1st and the 2nd order form deviations, and the residuals is proposed. In addition, the complete parameters for three global form deviations have been derived mathematically. As a result, the parameters for arbitrary global form deviations and the new definition of the pitch error have been obtained.
As an example, actual bevel gear flanks have been measured with CMM. The developed simulation program has calculated the concrete global parameters for their topographies with measured and nominal data. The results have shown the validity of separation procedure and the derived global parameters. Especially, with respect to the 2nd order form deviations, the parameters, from which we can easily imagine the principal curvature and the anisotropy of global topography, have been obtained. Those global parameters are also useful to characterize tooth profile modification and crowning.
Diagnostic Reliability in Environmental Technology
Authors: Drakatos Panagiotis A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The successful design of environmental technology is characterized by the degree of diagnostic reliability when such reliability is adapted to the processes of the environment. An analysis of the various phases of these environmental processes indicates that the diagnostic reliability of environmental technology must be improved considerably if a sustainable development of human society concurrently with the protection of the environment is to occur.
In order for humanity to succeed in this task, its coexistence with the environment philosophy must be based upon ethical principles; only then will environmental technology prove to be a significant factor in human progress.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Fractures in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Debelle Geoff , Morris Helen , Shaw Nick , Oates Adam 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo describe a safeguarding decision pathway for the assessment of osteopenic fractures in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy.MethodLiterature review and consensus practice of a child safeguarding team, including clinicians and social workers.ConclusionLow-energy fractures of the lower limb in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy are relatively common and explained by the presence of reduced bone strength, in the absence of any other unexplained injuries or safeguarding concerns.
Intraoperative vascular complications during 2278 cerebral endovascular procedures with multimodality IONM: relationship between signal change, complication, intervention and postoperative outcome
Authors: Wilent W Bryan , Belyakina Olga , Korsgaard Eric , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula I , Gooch M Reid , Jabbour Pascal , Rosenwasser Robert , English Joey D , Kim Warren , Tesdahl Eric , Cohen Jeffrey , Sestokas Anthony K 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundIntraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is often used during cerebral endovascular procedures.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between intraoperative vascular complications and IONM signal changes, and the impact of interventions on signal resolution and postoperative outcomes.MethodsA series of 2278 cerebral endovascular procedures conducted under general anesthesia and using electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. A subset of 763 procedures also included motor evoked potentials (MEPs). IONM alerts were categorized as either a partial attenuation or complete loss of signal. Vascular complications were subcategorized as due to rupture, emboli, instrumentation, or vasospasm. Odds ratios (ORs) for new postoperative motor deficits were calculated and diagnostic accuracy was measured using sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios.ResultsThe overall incidence of new postoperative motor deficit was 1.2%; 20.4% in cases with an IONM alert and 0.09% in cases without an alert. Relative to procedures with no alerts, odds of a new deficit increased if there was partial signal attenuation (OR=210.9, 95% CI 44.3 to 1003.5, p<0.0001) and increased further with complete loss of signal (OR=1437.3, 95% CI 297.3 to 6948.2, p<0.0001). Relative to procedures with unresolved alerts, odds of a new deficit decreased if the alert was fully resolved (OR=0.039, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.306, p<0.002). Procedures using MEPs had slightly higher sensitivity (92.3% vs 85.7%) but slightly lower specificity (96.7% vs 98.2%).ConclusionsAn IONM alert associated with an arterial complication is associated with a dramatic increase in odds of a new postoperative deficit; however, if there is resolution of the alert prior to closure, odds of a new deficit decrease significantly.
Comparison of Woven EndoBridge device sizing with conventional measurements and virtual simulation using the Sim&Size software: a multicenter experience
Authors: Cagnazzo Federico , Marnat Gaultier , Ferreira Ivan , Daube Pierre , Derraz Imad , Dargazanli Cyril , Lefevre Pierre-Henri , Gascou Gregory , Riquelme Carlos , Morganti Riccardo , Berge Jérôme , Gariel Florent , Barreau Xavier , Costalat Vincent 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSelection of the appropriate device size mandatory during aneurysm treatment with a Woven EndoBridge (WEB). We aimed to investigate if virtual simulation with Sim&Size software may have an impact on technical, angiographic, and clinical outcomes after WEB treatment.MethodsData from two large-volume centers were collected and compared (January 2017–January 2020). Virtual simulation was systematically adopted in one center, while conventional sizing was used in the other one. Outcomes were the duration of intervention, the radiation dose (in milligrays, the number of corrective interventions for inappropriate WEB size, the number of WEBs not deployed, angiographic occlusion, and complications. Univariate and multivariate linear models were adopted.ResultsA total of 186 aneurysms were treated with WEB (109 with and 77 without virtual simulation). Patient characteristics and aneurysm features were comparable among virtual and conventional sizing, except for mean age (62.2±11.8 years and 56.2±10.1 years, P=0.0004) and median aspect ratio (1.6, IQR=1.2–2 and 1.2, IQR=1–1.6, P=0.0001). Years of operator experience were comparable. Virtual simulation was independently associated with shorter intervention time (45 min, IQR=33–63.5 min vs 63.5 min, IQR=41–84.7 min, P=0.0001), lower radiation dose (1051 mGy, IQR=815–1399 mGy vs 1207 mGy, IQR=898–2084 mGy, P=0.0001), and lower number of WEBs not deployed (26/77=33.7% vs 8/109=7.3%, P=0.0001). The need for additional maneuvers was significantly lower in the virtual simulation group (5/109=4.6% vs 12/77=15.6%, P=0.021). Angiographic outcomes and complications were comparable.ConclusionsIn this multicenter experience, virtual simulation with Sim&Size software seems to facilitate the selection of the appropriate WEB device for aneurysm treatment, reducing the time of intervention, the radiation dose, the number of devices not deployed, and the need for corrective interventions.Trial registration numberclinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT04621552.
Spinal NR2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 regulates IRE(−)DMT1-mediated iron accumulation and spine morphogenesis via kalirin-7 in tibial fracture-associated postoperative pain after orthopedic surgery in female mice
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Wang Zhen , Song Chengcheng , Liu Haoyu , Li Yize , Li Jing , Yu Yonghao , Wang Guolin , Cui Wei 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundProlonged postoperative pain is a major concern and occurs more frequently in women, but mechanisms remain elusive. NR2B-containging N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a key component of nociception transduction. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)-mediated iron overload involves NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in males. Kalirin-7 is vital in synaptic plasticity underlying pathological pain in males. Herein, the requirement for kalirin-7 in NR2B phosphorylation-dependent iron accumulation and spine plasticity in postoperative pain after tibial fracture in female mice has been examined.MethodsPain-related behavior, spinal NR2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472, kalirin-7 expression, DMT1 with/without iron-responsive element (IRE (+) DMT1 and IRE (−) DMT1) level, iron concentration and spine morphology were assessed in females. NR2B antagonist Ro25-6981, iron chelator deferoxamine and kalirin-7 knockdown by short hairpin RNA were employed to assess the potential cascade.ResultsTibial fracture initiates long-term allodynia lasting at least 21 days postoperatively, and upregulates spinal NR2B phosphorylation, kalirin-7 and IRE (−) DMT1 expression, iron overload and spine density. Ro25-6981 reduces postoperative mechanical and cold allodynia, spinal NR2B phosphorylation, kalirin-7 level and IRE (−) DMT1-mediated iron overload. Kalirin-7 knockdown impairs fracture-associated allodynia, IRE (−) DMT1-mediated iron overload and spine plasticity. Deferoxamine also attenuates behavioral allodynia and spine plasticity. Spinal NMDA application elicits NR2B-dependent mechanical allodynia and iron overload, which is reversed by kalirin-7 knockdown or coadministration of deferoxamine.ConclusionSpinal NR2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 upregulates kalirin-7 expression to facilitate IRE (−) DMT1-mediated iron accumulation and spine morphogenesis in the development of fracture-associated postoperative pain in female mice.