bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation Characteristics in Micromachining of Single Crystal 6H-SiC: Insight into Slip Systems Activation
Authors: Pang K. H. , Zhou R. , Roy A. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTSilicon carbide (SiC) is ideally suitable as a sensor material in harsh environments. Despite the brittleness in the macroscopic scale, plasticity in SiC is observed at small component length-scales. Previous nanoindentation based study combining experiment and numerical approaches of single-crystal 6H-SiC has shown that slip activation is rather complex, and that non-basal slip could potentially dominate the plastic deformation behaviour. In this study, we investigated the local deformation response evolution of shear strain directly under and in the vicinity of the indenter tip. The results show the pyramidal slip families contribute significantly to the deformation process.
The direct election of senators and the emergence of the modern presidency
Authors: Gray Thomas R. , Jenkins Jeffery A. , Potter Philip B.K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch on presidential power delineates between a modern era of relative autonomy and an earlier period of congressional dominance. What drove this change? Unlike prior arguments about presidential entrepreneurship and the rise of the United States as a global power, we attribute the emergence of the modern presidency partially to an institutional change—the adoption of direct election of senators that culminated in the 17th Amendment. With direct election, senators were selected by individual voters rather than state legislators. These senators answered to a new principal—the general public—that was (in the aggregate) less informed and less interested in foreign policy. As a result, senators had less incentive to constrain presidential foreign policy preferences. We find evidence for this shift in the relationship between the piecemeal adoption of direct election and senate votes to delegate foreign policy authority to the executive. The implication is that the direct election of senators played an underappreciated role in the emergence of the modern presidency.
Assessing diet in a university student population: a longitudinal food card transaction data approach
Authors: Morris M. A. , Wilkins E. L. , Galazoula M. , Clark S. D. , Birkin M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractStarting university is an important time with respect to dietary changes. This study reports a novel approach to assessing student diet by utilising student-level food transaction data to explore dietary patterns. First-year students living in catered accommodation at the University of Leeds (UK) received pre-credited food cards for use in university catering facilities. Food card transaction data were obtained for semester 1, 2016 and linked with student age and sex. k-Means cluster analysis was applied to the transaction data to identify clusters of food purchasing behaviours. Differences in demographic and behavioural characteristics across clusters were examined using χ2 tests. The semester was divided into three time periods to explore longitudinal changes in purchasing patterns. Seven dietary clusters were identified: ‘Vegetarian’, ‘Omnivores’, ‘Dieters’, ‘Dish of the Day’, ‘Grab-and-Go’, ‘Carb Lovers’ and ‘Snackers’. There were statistically significant differences in sex (P < 0·001), with women dominating the Vegetarian and Dieters, age (P = 0·003), with over 20s representing a high proportion of the Omnivores and time of day of transactions (P < 0·001), with Dieters and Snackers purchasing least at breakfast. Many students (n 474, 60·4 %) changed dietary cluster across the semester. This study demonstrates that transactional data present a feasible method for dietary assessment, collecting detailed dietary information over time and at scale, while eliminating participant burden and possible bias from self-selection, observation and attrition. It revealed that student diets are complex and that simplistic measures of diet, focusing on narrow food groups in isolation, are unlikely to adequately capture dietary behaviours.
Principal co-Higgs bundles on ℙ1
Authors: Biswas Indranil , García-Prada Oscar , Hurtubise Jacques , Rayan Steven 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFor complex connected, reductive, affine, algebraic groups G, we give a Lie-theoretic characterization of the semistability of principal G-co-Higgs bundles on the complex projective line ℙ1 in terms of the simple roots of a Borel subgroup of G. We describe a stratification of the moduli space in terms of the Harder–Narasimhan type of the underlying bundle.
Effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion
Authors: Magalhães T. S. , Carvalho G. G. P. , Santos E. M. , Freitas Júnior J. E. , Pina D. S. , Pinto L. F. B. , Mourão G. B. , Soares F. D. S. , Eiras C. E. , Cirne L. G. A. , Leite L. C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe current study was carried out to examine the effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion. Eighty uncastrated Santa Inês lambs (23 ± 2.2 kg average weight, 4 months old) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that consisted of two cottonseed processing forms (whole or ground) and two chitosan levels (0 or 136 mg/kg live weight). Higher dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was achieved with the diets containing the whole cottonseed. Ether extract ADC was higher in the animals fed the chitosan-containing diet. There was an interaction effect on the ADC of neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, which increased with chitosan inclusion associated with the whole cottonseed. The lambs that received the treatment containing the whole cottonseed showed higher microbial protein synthesis. Chitosan addition increased nitrogen retention. The animals fed chitosan-containing diets showed higher microbial protein synthesis. There was an interaction effect on microbial protein synthesis. Whole cottonseed associated with chitosan in lamb diets increases ether extract ADC and microbial protein synthesis.
Non-use of community health-care services – an exploratory cross-sectional study among family care-givers for older, home-dwelling persons with dementia
Authors: Moholt Jill-Marit , Friborg Oddgeir , Henriksen Nils , Hamran Torunn , Blix Bodil H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCommunity health-care services for older, home-dwelling persons with dementia tend to be underutilised. Family care-givers provide substantial care, and they often arrange for and co-ordinate health-care services on behalf of persons with dementia. The aim of this study was to examine family care-givers’ knowledge of unused services and their self-reported reasons for non-use of such services. We gathered cross-sectional survey data from 430 family care-givers of older persons with dementia in Northern Norway. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of family care-givers’ knowledge of unused services. An open-ended question regarding reasons for non-use of services was analysed by thematic text analysis. Characteristics of family care-givers (e.g.education level) and factors related to the care-giving circumstances (e.g.negative impact of care-giving) predicted family care-givers’ knowledge of unused services. Reasons for non-use of services were multifaceted and complex, and were related to attributes of the person with dementia and/or the family care-giver (e.g.reluctance to use services) and/or the health-care services (e.g.low quality). Although services were unused, several family care-givers indicated substantial needs for the services. Strategies aimed at addressing the non-use of services should emphasise individuals’ and families’ needs and the adaptation of information about available services and their benefits for both care recipients and family care-givers. A relationship-centred care approach is thus recommended in dementia care.
Contesting the Great Compression: The National Labor Relations Board and Skilled Workers’ Struggle to Control Wage Differentials, 1935–1955
Authors: ETHERIDGE BRYANT 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:This article argues that federal labor policy was a factor in causing the Great Compression, the dramatic compression of skill-based wage differentials that occurred in the 1940s, and in bringing it to an end. By giving the National Labor Relations Board the power to determine the appropriate collective-bargaining unit, New Dealers gave industrial unions the means with which to build a more egalitarian wage structure. Unskilled and semiskilled workers seized the opportunity and voted themselves big pay raises. Skilled craftsmen responded by petitioning the NLRB for permission to form their own craft bargaining units, a process known as “craft severance.” As conservatives gained influence in Washington in the 1940s, the board adopted a bargaining-unit policy more favorable to craft unions. By the early 1950s, skilled craftsmen had regained control of their wage demands and thereby helped bring the Great Compression to a halt.
Family sociodemographic resources moderate the path from toddlers’ hard-to-manage temperament to parental control to disruptive behavior in middle childhood
Authors: Kim Sanghag , Kochanska Grazyna 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch inspired by ecological perspectives has amply documented broad effects of the family's sociodemographic resources on children's outcomes, with parents’ young age, low education, and low income considered risk factors. Typically, sociodemographic characteristics have been studied as influencing child outcomes either directly or indirectly through parenting. We tested a more nuanced longitudinal model in a community sample of 102 infants, mothers, and fathers. We conceptualized family sociodemographic resources, measured as a composite of parents’ ages, education, and income, as moderating developmental cascades from children's hard-to-manage temperament to parental power-assertive control to children's disruptive behavior problems. Children's temperament measures encompassed proneness to anger and inability to delay, observed at 2 and 3 years in standard laboratory episodes. We observed parents’ control at 4.5 and 5.5 years in lengthy naturalistic prohibition paradigms, and obtained parental ratings of children's disruptive behavior at 6.5 and 8 years. As expected, moderated mediation analyses, covarying stability of children's difficulty and parental control, revealed that the cascade from hard-to-manage temperament to child behavior problems, mediated by parental power-assertive control, was present in families with relatively more disadvantaged sociodemographic characteristics, or fewer resources, but absent in families with more advantageous sociodemographic features, or more resources. The findings were parallel for mother– and father–child dyads.
Stress cardiomyopathy in dextrocardia with situs inversus and anomalous coronary arteries
Authors: Baker David W. , Deng Yue Y. , Nojoumian Amir-Hadi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present a 53-year-old male with the rare constellation of stress cardiomyopathy, dextrocardia with situs inversus and anomalous coronary anatomy. This case highlights the difficulties faced when managing patients with uncommon disorders and demonstrates a rare overlap of acquired and CHD.
Episodic Memory and Hippocampal Volume Predict 5-Year Mild Cognitive Impairment Conversion in Healthy Apolipoprotein ε4 Carriers
Authors: Abraham Margaret , Seidenberg Michael , Kelly Dana A. , Nielson Kristy A. , Woodard John L. , Carson Smith J. , Durgerian Sally , Rao Stephen M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele increases the risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, but not all carriers develop MCI/dementia. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if early and subtle preclinical signs of cognitive dysfunction and medial temporal lobe atrophy are observed in cognitively intact ε4 carriers who subsequently develop MCI.Methods:Twenty-nine healthy, cognitively intact ε4 carriers (ε3/ε4 heterozygotes; ages 65–85) underwent neuropsychological testing and MRI-based measurements of medial temporal volumes over a 5-year follow-up interval; data were converted toz-scores based on a non-carrier group consisting of 17 ε3/ε3 homozygotes.Results:At follow-up, 11 ε4 carriers (38%) converted to a diagnosis of MCI. At study entry, the MCI converters had significantly lower scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) Trials 1–5, and RAVLT Immediate Recall compared to non-converters. MCI converters also had smaller MRI volumes in the left subiculum than non-converters. Follow-up logistic regressions revealed that left subiculum volumes and RAVLT Trials 1–5 scores were significant predictors of MCI conversion.Conclusions:Results from this exploratory study suggest that ε4 carriers who convert to MCI exhibit subtle cognitive and volumetric differences years prior to diagnosis.
Abū JaʻFar Ibn Yazdānyār'sRawḍat al-Murīdīn: an Unknown Sufi Manual of the Fifth/Eleventh Century
Authors: SALAMAH-QUDSI ARIN 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRawḍat al-murīdīnof Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥusayn Ibn Yazdānyār al-Hamadhānī is a distinguished Sufi manual of the early fifth/eleventh century. Though an early Sufi textbook, this work is relatively unknown when compared with other Sufi textbooks written prior to and after it. This article draws on Williams’ edition from 1957 in addition to two manuscripts held in Princeton and Istanbul, in order to examine this early Sufi work and to appraise its contribution to the development of early Sufism.Rawḍat al-murīdīnpresents us a unique formula oftaṣawwufthat differs essentially from the famous manuals of the fourth/tenth and fifth/eleventh centuries which concerned themselves with Sufi rules of conduct. There is strong evidence to suggest that its author, if not formally a member ofKarrāmiyya,was a pro-Karrāmīwriter who operated in a historical context where the renunciatory-Karrāmī mode of piety was widely condemned. Unlike the early character of Abū Bakr Ibn Yazdānyār, who lived in the fourth/tenth century and was generally known as an opponent of ecstatic Sufism, the author ofRawḍaseeks to present a comprehensive umbrella of Sufism under which the teachings of al-Junayd co-exist side by side with those of al-Ḥallāj.
Preconception Hb concentration with risk of spontaneous abortion: a population-based cohort study in over 3·9 million women across rural China
Authors: Xu Qin , Yang Ying , Liu Fangchao , Wang Long , Wang Qiaomei , Shen Haiping , Xu Zongyu , Zhang Yiping , Yan Donghai , He Yuan , Zhang Ya , Zhang Hongguang , Peng Zuoqi , Ma Xu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:Evidence on the relationship between maternal Hb concentration and spontaneous abortion (SA) risk is limited and conflicting. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether maternal preconception anaemia or high Hb concentration is associated with risk of SA.Design:A population-based cohort study established between 2013 and 2017.Settings:Local maternal and child care service centres in each county.Participants:In total, 3 971 428 women aged 20–49 years, who participated in National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project from 2013 to 2016 and successfully got pregnant before 2017 in rural China.Results:A total of 101 700 (2·56 %) women were recorded having SA, with highest SA rate in women with severe anaemia (4·58 %). Compared with women with Hb of 110–149 g/l, the multivariable-adjusted OR for SA was 1·52 (95 % CI: 1·25, 1·86) for women with Hb < 70 g/l, 0·92 (0·84, 1·01) for 70–99 g/l, 0·80 (0·77, 0·83) for 100–109 g/l, 1·11 (1·08, 1·15) for 150–159 g/l, 1·12 (1·04, 1·20) for 160–169 g/l and 1·02 (0·93, 1·12) for ≥ 170 g/l, respectively. An approximate U-shaped curve for the risk of SA with Hb concentrations was observed when Hb concentrations less than 145 g/l, above which the association plateaued (Pnon-linear < 0·001).Conclusions:Severe anaemia and high Hb concentration before pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of SA. Women with mild anaemia prior to pregnancy had lower risk of SA. Underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.
Role of home visits by volunteer community health workers: to improve the coverage of micronutrient powders in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Sarma Haribondhu , Mbuya Mduduzi NN , Tariqujjaman Md , Rahman Mahfuzur , Askari Sufia , Khondker Rudaba , Sultana Sabiha , Shahin Shaima Arzuman , Bossert Thomas J , Banwell Cathy , Neufeld Lynnette M , Ahmed Tahmeed , D’Este Catherine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:We assessed the role of home visits by Shasthya Shebika (SS) – female volunteer community health workers (CHWs) – in improving the distribution of micronutrient powder (MNP), and explored the independent effects of caregiver–provider interaction on coverage variables.Design:We used data from three cross-sectional surveys undertaken at baseline (n 1927), midline (n 1924) and endline (n 1540) as part of an evaluation of a home fortification programme. We defined an exposure group as one that had at least one SS visit to the caregiver’s household in the 12 months preceding the survey considering three outcome variables – message (ever heard), contact (ever used) and effective coverage (regular used) of MNP. We performed multiple logistic regressions to explore the determinants of coverage, employed an ‘interaction term’ and calculated an odds ratio (OR) to assess the modifying effect of SS’s home visits on coverage.Settings:Sixty-eight sub-districts from ten districts of Bangladesh.Participants:Children aged 6–59 months and their caregivers.Results:A home visit from an SS positively impacts message coverage at both midline (ratio of OR 1·70; 95 % CI 1·25, 2·32; P < 0·01) and endline (ratio of OR 3·58; 95 % CI 2·22, 5·78; P < 0·001), and contact coverage both at midline (ratio of OR 1·48; 95 % CI 1·06, 2·07; P = 0·021) and endline (ratio of OR 1·74; 95 % CI 1·23, 2·47; P = 0·002). There was no significant effect of a SS’s home visit on effective coverage.Conclusions:The households visited by BRAC’s volunteer CHWs have better message and contact coverage among the children aged 6–59 months.
Radial Response of Outer Radiation Belt Relativistic Electrons During Enhancement Events at Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Pinto Victor A. , Bortnik Jacob , Moya Pablo S. , Lyons Larry R. , Sibeck David G. , Kanekal Shrikanth G. , Spence Harlan E. , Baker Daniel N. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractForecasting relativistic electron fluxes at geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) has been a long‐term goal of the scientific community, and significant advances have been made in the past, but the relation to the interior of the radiation belts, that is, to lower L‐shells, is still not clear. In this work we have identified 60 relativistic electron enhancement events at GEO to study the radial response of outer belt fluxes and the correlation between the fluxes at GEO and those at lower L‐shells. The enhancement events occurred between 1 October 2012 and 31 December 2017 and were identified using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 15 >2 MeV fluxes at GEO, which we have used to characterize the radial response of the radiation belt, by comparing to fluxes measured by the Van Allen probes Energetic Particle, Composition and Thermal Plasma Suite Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope (ECT‐REPT) between 2.5<L<6.0 at E=2.1 MeV. We have found that in general the response of the radiation belts during enhancement events is cohesive for L>5.0 and generally similar for L>4.5. Post‐enhancement maximum fluxes show a remarkable correlation for all L>4.0 although the magnitude of the pre‐existing fluxes on the outer belt plays a significant role and makes the ratio of pre‐enhancement to post‐enhancement fluxes less predictable in the region 4.0<L<4.5. For L<4 the fluxes are poorly correlated with geostationary orbit, but they also tend to be less variable. We have also examined SYM‐H, Kp, and AE indices and found that depending on their magnitude, the response of different parts of the outer belt can be better quantified.
Cumulative Influence of Summer Subsurface Soil Temperature on North America Surface Temperature in the CFSv2
Authors: Shukla Ravi P. , Huang Bohua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnalyzing a long simulation and a set of seasonal reforecasts of the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), this study demonstrates a large model cold bias in the deep soil layer (100–200 cm) over most of North America continent during summer due to weaker seasonal change in summer. The summer subsurface temperature (SUBT) cold bias influences the land surface temperature (LST) during the summer and subsequent seasons in different ways over different geographical regions in North America: West of the Rocky Mountains, the SUBT's effect on LST is largely overruled by the stronger upstream marine influence from the Pacific. Over the central Great Plains, however, it is a major cause for severe cold LST bias during summer in the model simulation and reforecasts. As a result, model underestimates sensible heat flux into the atmosphere but overestimates latent heat flux. The latter may contribute to an excessive summer rainfall in the region. Over the northeast region, the SUBT cold bias persists to August and September, which causes an additional surface cooling in the fall and helps to bring LST to the freezing point early. This sets up the stage for a prolonged snow‐albedo feedback. In particular, the model long simulation that passes through previous summer and fall demonstrates longer persistence of snow cover over the northeast region than reforecasts initialized in late winter and spring do. A cold bias of the water temperature in the North Atlantic seems also to play a role to prolong cold bias in the northeast region.
Connections Between Daily Surface Temperature Contrast and CO2 Flux Over a Tibetan Lake: A Case Study of Ngoring Lake
Authors: Han Bo , Meng Xianhong , Yang Qinghua , Wu Renhao , Lv Shihua , Li Zhaoguo , Wang Xin , Li Yubin , Yu Lejiang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo get a deep understand of the carbon cycle of Tibetan lakes, the CO2 flux over Ngoring Lake (NL), a large freshwater lake in the source region of the Yellow River, was monitored from 2011 to 2013 using an eddy covariance system. Based on the monthly mean CO2 flux, NL was a significant sink of atmospheric CO2 in 2012, with the greatest negative (downward) CO2 flux of −0.83 (±0.27) g C m−2 d−1 occurring in October. While in 2011 and 2013, NL was in quasi‐equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. The process controlling the daily variation in the CO2 flux was investigated using statistical analysis. The daily mean of the surface wind speed was significantly correlated with the observed daily CO2 flux. Under the assumption that the vertical gradient in the CO2 concentration near the water surface varied slowly, this correlation confirms the rationality of using the surface wind to express the gas transfer velocity. Following this consideration, because the thermal contrast between NL and the surrounding grassland was also significantly correlated with the daily CO2 flux, a new parameterization scheme of k600 is suggested in this study. Potential mechanisms for the coupling process between the surface wind and the thermal contrast of the lake are discussed. Based on the surface energy balance analysis, the heat storage rate of the lake played different roles in the CO2 fluxes during the three years, depending on the CO2 saturation of the lake water. The process controlling the monthly mean CO2 flux was also investigated.