bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic quantum efficiency in south‐eastern Amazonian trees may be already affected by climate change
Authors: Tiwari Rakesh , Gloor Emanuel , da Cruz Wesley Jonatar A. , Schwantes Marimon Beatriz , Marimon‐Junior Ben Hur , Reis Simone M. , de Souza Igor Araújo , Krause Heinrich G. , Slot Martijn , Winter Klaus , Ashley David , Béu Raiane G. , Borges Camila S. , Da Cunha Maura , Fauset Sophie , Ferreira Laura D. S. , Gonçalves Maélly Dállet A. , Lopes Thaynara T. , Marques Eduardo Q. , Mendonça Natalia G. , Mendonça Natana G. , Noleto Pedro T. , de Oliveira Carla Heloísa L. , Oliveira Milene A. , Pireda Saulo , dos Santos Prestes Nayane C. C. , Santos Denilson M. , Santos Eduarda B. , da Silva Ediméia Laura S. , de Souza Izabel A. , de Souza Luciana J. , Vitória Angela P. , Foyer Christine H. , Galbraith David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTropical forests are experiencing unprecedented high‐temperature conditions due to climate change that could limit their photosynthetic functions. We studied the high‐temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis in a rainforest site in southern Amazonia, where some of the highest temperatures and most rapid warming in the Tropics have been recorded. The quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II was measured in seven dominant tree species using leaf discs exposed to varying levels of heat stress. T50 was calculated as the temperature at which Fv/Fm was half the maximum value. T5 is defined as the breakpoint temperature, at which Fv/Fm decline was initiated. Leaf thermotolerance in the rapidly warming southern Amazonia was the highest recorded for forest tree species globally. T50 and T5 varied between species, with one mid‐storey species, Amaioua guianensis, exhibiting particularly high T50 and T5 values. While the T50 values of the species sampled were several degrees above the maximum air temperatures experienced in southern Amazonia, the T5 values of several species are now exceeded under present‐day maximum air temperatures.
CD147 regulates melanoma metastasis via the NFAT1‐MMP‐9 pathway
Authors: Liu Nian , Qi Min , Li Keke , Zeng Weiqi , Li Jiaoduan , Yin Mingzhu , Liu Hong , Chen Xiang , Zhang JiangLin , Peng Cong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough accumulating evidence had revealed that NFAT1 has oncogenic characteristics, the role of this molecule in melanoma cells remains unclear. Previous studies proved that CD147 plays a crucial function in melanoma cell metastasis and invasion through matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) expression; however, the details of how CD147 regulates MMP‐9 expression remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that CD147 and NFAT1 are overexpressed in the tissues of patients with primary and metastatic melanoma, which has shown a positive correlation. Further, we observed that CD147 regulates NFAT1 activation through the [Ca2+]i‐calcineurin pathway. Knockdown of NFAT1 significantly suppresses melanoma metastasis, and we demonstrated that CD147 affects melanoma metastasis in an NFAT1‐dependent manner. Moreover, we verified that NFAT1 directly binds to MMP‐9 promoter. Inhibition of CD147 expression significantly abrogates MMP‐9 promoter luciferase gene reporter activity as well as NFAT1 association with MMP‐9 promoter. Taken together, this study demonstrated that CD147 affects MMP‐9 expression through regulating NFAT1 activity and provided a novel mechanism by which NFAT1 contributes to melanoma metastasis through the regulation of MMP‐9.
Healthcare Professionals Risk Assessments for Alert Overrides in High‐Risk IV Infusions Using Simulated Scenarios
Authors: Su Wan‐Ting K. , Lehto Mark R. , Degnan Dan D. , Yih Yuehwern , Duffy Vincent G. , DeLaurentis Poching 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to use healthcare professionals’ assessments to calculate expected risk of intravenous (IV) infusion harm for simulated high‐risk medications that exceed soft limits and to investigate the impact of relevant risk factors. We designed 30 infusion scenarios for four high‐risk medications, propofol, morphine, insulin, and heparin, infused in adult intensive care unit (AICU) and adult medical and surgical care unit (AMSU). A total of 20 pharmacists and 5 nurses provided their assessed expected risk of harm in each scenario. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with least square mean, and post hoc test were conducted to test the effects of field limit type, soft (SoftMax), and hard maximum drug limit types (HardMax), and care area‐medication combination on risk of harm. The results showed that overdosing scenarios with continuous and bolus dose limit types were assessed with significantly higher risks than those of bolus dose rate type. An overdose infusion in AICU over a large SoftMax was assessed to be of higher risk than over a small one, but not in AMSU. For overdose infusions with three levels of drug amount, greater drug amount in AICU and AMSU was assessed to have higher risk, except insignificant risk difference between the infusions with higher and moderate drug amount in AMSU. This study obtained expected risk for simulated high‐risk IV infusions and found that different field limit and SoftMax types can affect expected risk based on healthcare professionals’ perspectives. The findings will be regarded as benchmarks for validating risk quantification models in future research.
Simulating Gene Silencing through Intervention Analysis
Authors: Djordjilović Vera , Chiogna Monica , Romualdi Chiara 
Published: April 2020

SummaryWe propose a novel method for simulating the effects of gene silencing. Our approach combines relevant subject matter information provided by biological pathways with gene expression levels measured in regular conditions to predict the behaviour of the system after one of the genes has been silenced. We achieve this by modelling gene silencing as an external intervention in a causal graphical model. To account for the uncertainty that is associated with the structure learning of the graphical model, we adopt a bootstrap approach. We illustrate our proposal on a Drosophila melanogaster gene silencing experiment.
Marvel, DC, and Sport: Investigating Rivalry in the Sport and Comic Settings
Authors: Havard Cody T. , Grieve Frederick G. , Lomenick Megan E. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveThe current article empirically investigated differences in fandom and rivalry between fans of a sport team and fans of the Marvel or DC comic brands.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to fans of a sport team and/or the comic genre to measure how fans identified with their favorite brands (both sport and comics), and how they felt toward their rival brands.ResultsResults illustrated that sport fans reported higher identification with their favorite teams than did fans of Marvel or DC toward their favorite brands. Additionally, fans of sport reported more negative perceptions of their rival teams than fans of the comic genre. Finally, people who were fans of both a sport team and the comic genre were more positive regarding their rival than fans who were a fan of only a sport team or the comic genre.ConclusionTheoretical implications include support for the measures in a nonsport setting along with support for the common in‐group model. Practical implications deriving from the findings are discussed, and avenues for future research are presented.
Intracellular acidification facilitates receptor‐operated TRPC4 activation through PLCδ1 in a Ca2+‐dependent manner
Authors: Thakur Dhananjay P. , Wang Qiaochu , Jeon Jaepyo , Tian Jin‐Bin , Zhu Michael X. 
Published: April 2020

Key points
Receptor‐operated activation of TRPC4 cation channels requires Gi/o proteins and phospholipase‐Cδ1 (PLCδ1) activation by intracellular Ca2+.
Concurrent stimulation of the Gq/11 pathway accelerates Gi/o activation of TRPC4, which is not mimicked by increasing cytosolic Ca2+.
The kinetic effect of Gq/11 was diminished by alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) and increased pHi buffer capacity.
Acidic pHi (6.75–6.25) together with the cytosolic Ca2+ rise accelerated Gi/o‐mediated TRPC4 activation.
Protons exert their facilitation effect through Ca2+‐dependent activation of PLCδ1.
The data suggest that the Gq/11‐PLCβ pathway facilitates Gi/o activation of TRPC4 through hydrolysing phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce the initial proton signal that triggers a self‐propagating PLCδ1 activity supported by regenerative H+ and Ca2+.
The findings provide novel mechanistic insights into receptor‐operated TRPC4 activation by coincident Gq/11 and Gi/o pathways and shed light on how aberrant activation of TRPC4 may occur under pathological conditions to cause cell damage.
AbstractTransient Receptor Potential Canonical 4 (TRPC4) forms non‐selective cation channels activated downstream from receptors that signal through G proteins. Our recent work suggests that TRPC4 channels are particularly coupled to pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gi/o proteins, with a co‐dependence on phospholipase‐Cδ1 (PLCδ1). The Gi/o‐mediated TRPC4 activation is dually dependent on and bimodally regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2), the substrate hydrolysed by PLC, and intracellular Ca2+. As a byproduct of PLC‐mediated PIP2 hydrolysis, protons have been shown to play an important role in the activation of Drosophila TRP channels. However, how intracellular pH affects mammalian TRPC channels remains obscure. Here, using patch‐clamp recordings of HEK293 cells heterologously co‐expressing mouse TRPC4β and the Gi/o‐coupled μ opioid receptor, we investigated the role of intracellular protons on Gi/o‐mediated TRPC4 activation. We found that acidic cytosolic pH greatly accelerated the rate of TRPC4 activation without altering the maximal current density and this effect was dependent on intracellular Ca2+ elevation. However, protons did not accelerate channel activation by directly acting upon TRPC4. We additionally demonstrated that protons exert their effect through sensitization of PLCδ1 to Ca2+, which in turn promotes PLCδ1 activity and further potentiates TRPC4 via a positive feedback mechanism. The mechanism elucidated here helps explain how Gi/o and Gq/11 co‐stimulation induces a faster activation of TRPC4 than Gi/o activation alone and highlights again the critical role of PLCδ1 in TRPC4 gating.
Citizen science campaign reveals widespread fallout of contaminated dust from mining activities in the central Peruvian Andes
Authors: Molloy James B. , Rodbell Donald T. , Gillikin David P. , Hollocher Kurt T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Inadequate management of mine tailings at Cerro de Pasco, one of Peru’s largest mining complexes, has resulted in elevated concentrations of Pb, As, Cu, Zn, and Ag in surface soil horizons across the Junín Plain, central Peru. During June 2016, in response to local concern over mine contamination, teams of local citizens armed with sample bags, plastic trowels, and GPS receivers acquired 385 surface soil samples and 9 plant samples from agricultural lands from an area ∼1000 km2 on the Junín Plain. Metal concentrations were determined by acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and results revealed elevated levels of Pb, As, Cu, Zn, and Ag in all samples within a 10 km radius of the center of mining activities, and measurable contamination at least 30 km to the south-southwest, in the direction of prevailing winds. Dust traps emplaced for a 12 month period confirmed that contamination is ongoing. High metal concentrations in grasses growing on contaminated soils revealed that a portion of the total metal contamination is removed from the soil and held in grass tissue, where it can be ingested by graminivores, especially llama, alpaca, and sheep, thereby entering the human food supply.
Doushantuo-Pertatataka–type acanthomorphs and Ediacaran ecosystem stability
Authors: Grazhdankin Dmitriy , Nagovitsin Konstantin , Golubkova Elena , Karlova Galina , Kochnev Boris , Rogov Vladimir , Marusin Vasiliy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Large (100 to ∼700 µm diameter) spheroidal carbonaceous microfossils ornamented with regularly arranged spinose or branched processes are globally distributed in the Ediacaran (635–542 Ma). These microfossils, collectively known as the Doushantuo-Pertatataka–type acanthomorphs, have been variously interpreted as a polyphyletic assortment of resting stages of eukaryotes, including animals. The stratigraphic range of the acanthomorphs has long been thought to be restricted to the interval between the uppermost Cryogenian glacial deposits and the largest-known carbon isotope excursion in Earth’s history, the Shuram event. The mid-Ediacaran disappearance of the acanthomorphs was puzzling until they were discovered in younger strata in south China, in northwestern Russia, and in Mongolia. Here, we report Doushantuo-Pertatataka–type acanthomorphs coeval with Cambrian-type small skeletal fossils. It appears that neither the Shuram event nor the emergence of macro-organisms, eumetazoans, and biologically controlled mineralization significantly affected the acanthomorphs, suggesting a marked stability of Ediacaran ecosystems up to the very beginning of the Cambrian.
Hospital youth workers for violence reduction
Authors: Jacob Hannah , Travers Charles , Hann Gayle 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionYouth workers (YWs) can engage young people following hospital attendances with violence-related injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of YWs in an urban district hospital and to explore the views of the young people engaged.MethodsEveryone referred to the hospital YWs during the 31-month study period was included and demographic data were collected. Those who engaged completed emotional disturbance, risk of criminality and feedback questionnaires.ResultsThere were 496 young people referred during the study period with a mean age of 14. 9 years (range 7–26). Of these, 85 (17%) engaged with YWs and 15/85 (18%) completed the programme. Most (14/15, 93%) showed reduced or no change in their criminality and emotional disturbance scores. Young people liked having credible, accessible mentors and learning effective coping strategies.DiscussionYWs based in a district hospital’s emergency department can work effectively with vulnerable young people, and this is well received by young people.
Preventing injuries in alpine skiing giant slalom by shortening the vertical distance between the gates rather than increasing the horizontal gate offset to control speed
Authors: Gilgien Matthias , Crivelli Philip , Kröll Josef , Luteberget Live S , Müller Erich , Spörri Jörg 
Published: April 2020

Background/AimTo set a safe giant slalom course, speed needs to be controlled in certain sections. Speed may be reduced by adjusting how the gates are set on a course. We studied the effect of elements of course-setting, entrance speed and terrain incline on the mechanics of turning (ie, turn speed, turn radius, and ground reaction force and impulse).MethodsDuring seven World Cup alpine giant slalom competitions, the course and terrain characteristics of the official racetracks and the mechanics of a professional-level athlete skiing the course immediately prior to competition were analysed with differential global navigation satellite system technology. Data were analysed using a linear mixed-effects model.ResultsCourse-setting geometry (vertical gate distance and horizontal gate offset), entrance speed and terrain incline modulated the injury-relevant factor turn speed. Depending on the terrain, the speed throughout a turn can be reduced by 0.5 m/s either by shortening the vertical gate distance by 4.9–6.9 m (from −20% to −29%) or by increasing the horizontal gate offset by 2.8–3.2 m (from +33% to +55%). However, increasing the horizontal gate offset causes the skier to turn with a smaller minimal turn radius, increase maximal ground reaction force and also increase impulse.DiscussionTo reduce speed, we recommend decreasing the vertical gate distance rather than increasing the horizontal gate offset. Increasing horizontal gate offset would require the skiers to sharpen and prolong their turns (reducing turn radius), and this increases the acting ground reaction force and impulse and thus the athlete’s fatigue.
Shared genetic architecture and casual relationship between leptin levels and type 2 diabetes: large-scale cross-trait meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Wang Xinpei , Jia Jinzhu , Huang Tao 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate genetic correlation, identify shared loci and test causality between leptin levels and type 2 diabetes (T2D).Research design and methodsOur study consists of three parts. First, we calculated the genetic correlation of leptin levels and T2D or glycemic traits by using linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis. Second, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait meta-analysis using cross-phenotype association to identify shared loci between trait pairs that showed significant genetic correlations in the first part. In the end, we carried out a bidirectional MR analysis to find out whether there is a causal relationship between leptin levels and T2D or glycemic traits.ResultsWe found positive genetic correlations between leptin levels and T2D (Rg=0.3165, p=0.0227), fasting insulin (FI) (Rg=0.517, p=0.0076), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (Rg=0.4785, p=0.0196), as well as surrogate estimates of β-cell function (HOMA-β) (Rg=0.4456, p=0.0214). We identified 12 shared loci between leptin levels and T2D, 1 locus between leptin levels and FI, 1 locus between leptin levels and HOMA-IR, and 1 locus between leptin levels and HOMA-β. We newly identified eight loci that did not achieve genome-wide significance in trait-specific genome-wide association studies. These shared genes were enriched in pancreas, thyroid gland, skeletal muscle, placenta, liver and cerebral cortex. In addition, we found that 1-SD increase in HOMA-IR was causally associated with a 0.329 ng/mL increase in leptin levels (β=0.329, p=0.001).ConclusionsOur results have shown the shared genetic architecture between leptin levels and T2D and found causality of HOMA-IR on leptin levels, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between leptin levels and T2D.
Human resources and curricula content for early child development implementation: multicountry mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Kohli-Lynch Maya , Ponce Hardy Victoria , Bernal Salazar Raquel , Bhopal Sunil S , Brentani Alexandra , Cavallera Vanessa , Goh Esther , Hamadani Jena D , Hughes Rob , Manji Karim , Milner Kate M , Radner James , Sharma Sonia , Silver Karlee L , Lawn Joy E , Tann Cally J 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveThe WHO recommends responsive caregiving and early learning (RCEL) interventions to improve early child development (ECD), and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals’ vision of a world where all children thrive. Implementation of RCEL programmes in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) requires evidence to inform decisions about human resources and curricula content. We aimed to describe human resources and curricula content for implementation of RCEL projects across diverse LMICs, using data from the Grand Challenges Canada Saving Brains ECD portfolio.SettingWe evaluated 32 RCEL projects across 17 LMICs on four continents.ParticipantsOverall, 2165 workers delivered ECD interventions to 25 909 families.InterventionProjects were either stand-alone RCEL or RCEL combined with health and nutrition, and/or safety and security.Primary and secondary outcomesWe undertook a mixed methods evaluation of RCEL projects within the Saving Brains portfolio. Quantitative data were collected through standardised reporting tools. Qualitative data were collected from ECD experts and stakeholders and analysed using thematic content analysis, informed by literature review.ResultsMajor themes regarding human resources included: worker characteristics, incentivisation, retention, training and supervision, and regarding curricula content: flexible adaptation of content and delivery, fidelity, and intervention duration and dosage. Lack of an agreed standard ECD package contributed to project heterogeneity. Incorporation of ECD into existing services may facilitate scale-up but overburdened workers plus potential reductions in service quality remain challenging. Supportive training and supervision, inducement, worker retention, dosage and delivery modality emerged as key implementation decisions.ConclusionsThis mixed methods evaluation of a multicountry ECD portfolio identified themes for consideration by policymakers and programme leaders relevant to RCEL implementation in diverse LMICs. Larger studies, which also examine impact, including high-quality process and costing evaluations with comparable data, are required to further inform decisions for implementation of RCEL projects at national and regional scales.
Progression to blindness in 20 years among patients with glaucomatous visual field loss in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines
Authors: Cabrera Cathleen Camille , Tumbocon Joseph Anthony , de Leon John Mark 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo determine visual field (VF) rates of change among patients with glaucomatous VF loss and proportion of those becoming blind based on residual life expectancy and factors associated with fast progression.Methods and analysisThis was a retrospective study of the VFs of patients with glaucomatous VF defects in at least one eye. Baseline and final VFs were reviewed. Rates of VF change (decibels (dB)/year) for each eye, together with the residual life expectancy based on age and sex, were used to predict mean deviation/defect (MD) at the end of expected lifetime. Blindness was defined if computed MD was 22 dB (Octopus) or −22 dB (Humphrey) or worse in the better eye. Factors associated with fast progression (>1 dB/year for Octopus or <−1 dB/year for Humphrey) and blindness were determined.ResultsThere were 1016 eyes of 583 patients eligible. There was decline in VF MD/year in 613/1016 (60.3%), 95% CI (57.3% to 63.3%) of eyes; however, only 98/1016 (9.7%), 95% CI (7.9% to 11.5%) of eyes showed fast progression. Among patients with bilateral VFs, 43/433 (9.9%), 95% CI (7.1 to 12.8) of eyes were predicted to progress to blindness. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with fast progression were baseline MD (p<0.001) and male sex (p=0.041). Factors associated with blindness were age <60 years (p=0.003), baseline MD (p=0.022), bilateral glaucomatous VF defects (p=<0.001) and fast progression (p<0.001).ConclusionPatients reaching blindness in a routine clinical setting was 10%. Because of association of age and baseline MD on blindness, early disease detection is important. VF progression rates and residual life expectancy must be incorporated in glaucoma care.