bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Starch, Treatment, and Modification
Authors: Wang Shujun , Ren Fei , Wang Jinwei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Starch is a homopolysaccharide composed of glucose units and has the advantages of low cost, biodegradability, renewability, and availability. Native starch is not always suitable for many applications. Therefore, modification of starch is studied to improve the functional limitations of native starches. Starch modification generally includes physical, chemical, enzymatic, and genetic bioengineering methods. The modification of starch is a reliable protocol with countless possibilities to generate novel starches with new functional properties and added value for various food and nonfood applications. This article reviews the structures and functional properties of physically, chemically, enzymatically, genetically, and dually modified starches and their applications in industry.
The locus of my study of Tokyo: From building typology to spatial anthropology and eco‐history
Authors: Jinnai Hidenobu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFor over 40 years, I have been conducting research from a variety of perspectives in the somewhat complex and difficult‐to‐read megacity of Tokyo. In this paper, I consider the characteristics of urban space in Tokyo and present an overview of my research objectives, methods, and the results obtained at each stage. The architectural typology methods to which I was introduced in Italy formed the basis for my Tokyo studies. However, as this methodology was established for Italian cities, which were designed artificially around architecture, it has limitations in exploring Tokyo, a Japanese city that was created in harmony with nature. Therefore, I have adopted the concept of "spatial anthropology" in my research, which makes it possible to identify the characteristics of Japanese cities that make them significantly different from western cities. Furthermore, the concept of eco‐history, which aims to enable new research on cities and territories by integrating history and ecology, allowed for a different perspective of Tokyo as a “water city.” This research illuminates a true affluent city that coexists with an environment suitable for the 21st century, which differs from the urban model of the modern Western development type.
Engineering the Composition of Heterogeneous Lipid Bilayers to Stabilize Tethered Enzymes
Authors: Chaparro Sosa Andres F. , Black Kenneth J. , Kienle Daniel F. , Kaar Joel L. , Schwartz Daniel K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAs surfaces for enzyme immobilization, lipid bilayers (LBs) have the potential to exhibit chaperone‐like activity, which can greatly enhance enzyme stability. Here, it is shown that this stabilizing effect can be generalized to a broad range of enzymes by modifying the mixed lipid composition based on the properties of the enzyme. This is demonstrated by analyzing the stability of nitroreductase, lipase, organophosphorus hydrolase, and lysozyme on LBs composed by mixing zwitterionic 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine with anionic 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐(1′‐rac‐glycerol) or cationic 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐ethylphosphocholine. Interestingly, while the optimal lipid composition exhibits a zeta potential with the same sign as each enzyme, the stabilizing compositional ranges are broad, and mixed lipid LBs are more stabilizing than homogeneous LBs with similar charge. This suggests that net charge and compositional heterogeneity are both important factors. Moreover, the degree of stabilization on appropriate bilayers under extremely denaturing conditions (7 m urea) is unprecedented, and activity of the enzymes is up to three‐fold greater than that of the soluble enzyme at each enzyme's temperature optimum. By correlating enzyme diffusion on LBs with information about re‐folding kinetics derived from single‐molecule measurements, the influence of charge and composition on enzyme‐LB interactions is shown, providing a rationale for the stabilizing effect of heterogeneous LBs.
Self‐Powered Electronic Skin with Multisensory Functions Based on Thermoelectric Conversion
Authors: Yuan Jinfeng , Zhu Rong , Li Guozhen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWearable electronics for personal healthcare and environment awareness are attracting more and more attention, where continuous energy supply is requisite and still faces great challenge. Here, a self‐powered electronic skin (e‐skin) system with multiple sensations as well as data processing and data visualization is developed. The core component is a hand‐shaped flexible thermoelectric generator functionalized as e‐skin, which not only harvests energy from body heat to supply power for the entire e‐skin system, but also plays a role of multisensory receptor. The e‐skin system is endowed with multifunction of sensing temperature and humidity, perceiving wind and motion, identifying material and monitoring acceleration, as well as displaying the sensing data on a liquid crystal display, all of which are powered by human body heat. The self‐powered flexible e‐skin provides an advantageous approach for applications in repair of skin injury, wearable healthcare devices, and wearable robots.
The clinical influence of the preoperative lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio on the postoperative outcome of patients with early‐stage gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Shimizu Takayuki , Ishizuka Mitsuru , Shiraki Takayuki , Sakuraoka Yuhki , Mori Shozo , Abe Akihito , Iso Yukihiro , Takagi Kazutoshi , Aoki Taku , Kubota Keiichi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) is useful for predicting the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and those with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing surgery. The relationship between the LMR and postoperative outcome of patients with early‐stage gastrointestinal cancers such as stage I GC and CRC remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 323 stage I GC and 152 stage I CRC patients undergoing surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model were performed to identify the clinical characteristics associated with overall survival (OS), and the cut‐off values of these variables were determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test were used for postoperative survival comparisons according to the LMR (GC: LMR < 4.2 vs ≥4.2; CRC: LMR < 3.0 vs ≥3.0).ResultsUnivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that OS was significantly associated with the LMR (<4.2/≥4.2) (HR, 2.489; 95% CI, 1.317‐4.702; P = 0.005), as well as age (>75/≤75 years) (HR, 3.511; 95% CI, 1.881‐6.551; P < 0.001) and albumin level (≤3.5/>3.5 g/dL) (HR, 3.040; 95% CI, 1.575‐5.869; P = 0.001), in stage I GC patients. Survival analysis demonstrated a significantly poorer OS in stage I GC patients with a LMR < 4.2 compared with ≥4.2 (P < 0.001). In stage I CRC patients, despite a significant difference in OS according to the LMR (<3.0 vs ≥3.0) (P = 0.040), univariate analysis revealed no significant association between the LMR and OS.ConclusionLMR is a useful predictor of the postoperative outcome of stage I GC patients treated surgically.
Thermal Entanglement and Correlated Coherence in Two Coupled Double Quantum Dots Systems
Authors: Filgueiras Cleverson , Rojas Onofre , Rojas Moises 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this work, the thermal quantum correlations in two coupled double semiconductor charge qubits are investigated. This is carried out by deriving analytical expressions for both the thermal concurrence and the correlated coherence. The effects of the tunneling parameters, the Coulomb interaction, and the temperature on the thermal entanglement and on the correlated coherence are studied in detail. It is found that the Coulomb potential plays an important role in the thermal entanglement and in the correlated coherence of the system. The results also indicate that the Coulomb potential can be used for significant enhancement of the thermal entanglement and quantum coherence. One interesting aspect is that the correlated coherence capture all the thermal entanglement at low temperatures, that is, the local coherences are totally transferred to the thermal entanglement. Finally, the role played by thermal entanglement and the correlated coherence responsible for quantum correlations are focused on. It is shown that in all cases, the correlated coherence is more robust than the thermal entanglement so that quantum algorithms based only on correlated coherence may be more robust than those based on entanglement.
Aspects of male sexuality enmeshing with rise of fascism in India: Tentative psychoanalytical explorations
Authors: Shukla Rakesh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis exploration assumes the universality of certain aspects of the psyche which enmesh with an ideology like fascism, while examining the phenomenon in India. It attempts to understand the support of a sizable section of people to the discernible growth of fascism in the past three decades in Indian society. The purpose is to explore group processes and individual psyche. The article attempts to articulate the factors—pre‐dominantly unconscious—in the psyche of the Indian Hindu male which might fit into or play a role in the mobilization toward a fascist political and social agenda. The nature of marital relations in society and the close “mother–son” bond are examined in the context of the development of the personality of a growing boy. The extreme suppression of sexuality, valorization of celibacy, idealization of mother, the model of the obedient son with no room for ambivalence and the feelings of inadequacy, frustrations and rage engendered form a central focus. The processes of splitting, idealization, and projective identification which result in the demonization by the Hindu community of the “other” Muslim community leading to violence are examined in this context. Evolving collective processes of acknowledging and taking back the split “dirty” parts at a community level instead of projecting onto the “other” as a way forward toward more harmonious relations.
American base‐rate neglect: It is not the math, but the context
Authors: Wu Shali , Emery Clifton 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe investigate cross‐cultural disparities in focalism bias through two studies of probability estimation. Using 60 American and 60 Chinese participants, Experiment 1 yields the standard finding that Americans manifest greater focalism bias by tending to neglect background probability base‐rates and to rely more heavily on obtained samples in estimating true probabilities, whereas Chinese participants show little tendency to ignore base‐rates. In Experiment 2, the phrasing of the probability‐estimation task is changed to bring base‐rates into the focus of the problem statement, again using a sample of 60 Americans and 60 Chinese. This allows us to test whether cross‐cultural differences result from a tendency to focus on the sample, and ignore ‘context’ (i.e., the background base‐rates), rather than simply a discrepancy in mathematical facility between the two groups. The results show far less base‐rate neglect for Americans, but essentially no change for Chinese (who always use base‐rate information, regardless of how presented). This outcome argues against the explanation that Americans are poorer Bayesians simply because they are weaker mathematicians. Implications are discussed.
Frailty in older patients undergoing emergency colorectal surgery: USA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis
Authors: Simon H L , Paula T , Luz M M , Nemeth S K , Moug S J , Keller D S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Frailty is associated with advancing age and may result in adverse postoperative outcomes. A suspected growing elderly population needing emergency colorectal surgery stimulated this study of the prevalence and impact of frailty.

Methods
Elderly patients (defined as aged at least 65 years by Medicare and the United States Census Bureau) who underwent emergency colorectal resection between 2012 and 2016 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program population database. The five-item modified frailty index (mFI-5) score was calculated, and patients stratified into groups 0, 1 or 2 +. Main outcome measures were the prevalence of frailty, and its impact on 30-day postoperative morbidity, mortality, reoperation, duration of hospital stay (LOS), discharge destination and readmission.

Results
A total of 10 025 patients were identified with a median age 75 years, of whom 41·8 per cent were men. The majority (87·7 per cent) had an ASA fitness grade of III or greater and 3129 (31·2 per cent) were frail (mFI-5 group 2+). Major morbidity occurred in one-third of patients and the postoperative mortality rate was 15·9 per cent. Some 52·0 per cent of patients had a prolonged hospital stay and 11·0 per cent were readmitted. Although most patients (88·0 per cent) lived independently before surgery, only 45·4 per cent were discharged home directly. Frailty (mFI-5 2+) predicted mortality, overall and major morbidity, reoperation, prolonged LOS, discharge to an institution and readmission, but frailty was independent of sex.

Conclusion
Frailty is associated with morbidity, mortality and loss of independence in elderly patients needing emergency colorectal surgery.
Phase I/II study of adding intraperitoneal paclitaxel in patients with pancreatic cancer and peritoneal metastasis
Authors: Yamada S , Fujii T , Yamamoto T , Takami H , Yoshioka I , Yamaki S , Sonohara F , Shibuya K , Motoi F , Hirano S , Murakami Y , Inoue H , Hayashi M , Murotani K , Kitayama J , Ishikawa H , Kodera Y , Sekimoto M , Satoi S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy using paclitaxel is considered an experimental approach for treating peritoneal carcinomatosis. This study aimed to determine the recommended dose, and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety, of the combination of intravenous gemcitabine, intravenous nab-paclitaxel and intraperitoneal paclitaxel in patients with pancreatic cancer and peritoneal metastasis.

Methods
The frequencies of dose-limiting toxicities were evaluated, and the recommended dose was determined in phase I. The primary endpoint of the phase II analysis was overall survival rate at 1 year. Secondary endpoints were antitumour effects, symptom-relieving effects, safety and overall survival.

Results
The recommended doses of intravenous gemcitabine, intravenous nab-paclitaxel and intraperitoneal paclitaxel were 800, 75 and 20 mg/m2 respectively. Among 46 patients enrolled in phase II, the median time to treatment failure was 6·0 (range 0–22·6) months. The response and disease control rates were 21 of 43 and 41 of 43 respectively. Ascites disappeared in 12 of 30 patients, and cytology became negative in 18 of 46. The median survival time was 14·5 months, and the 1-year overall survival rate was 61 per cent. Conversion surgery was performed in eight of 46 patients, and those who underwent resection survived significantly longer than those who were not treated surgically (median survival not reached versus 12·4 months). Grade 3–4 haematological toxicities developed in 35 of 46 patients, whereas non-haematological adverse events occurred in seven patients.

Conclusion
Adding intraperitoneal paclitaxel had clinical efficacy with acceptable tolerability.
Alibi believability: Corroborative evidence and contextual factors
Authors: Allison Meredith , Jung Sandy , Benjamin Amanda C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA disbelief in alibis is one contributor to wrongful convictions. One reason that triers‐of‐fact may disbelieve alibis is that they lack evidence to corroborate the whereabouts of the suspect at the time of the crime. Contextual factors, such as when the alibi was disclosed and what was the nature of the crime, can also affect alibi believability. This paper outlines two studies where mock jurors evaluated an investigation and trial description online and rated alibi believability, defendant character trait ratings, and verdicts. Both studies examined the impact of corroborative alibi evidence and the timing of the alibi disclosure. In addition, Study 1 included the type of crime and Study 2 included the number of alibi corroborators as additional independent variables. We hypothesized that alibis would be viewed more positively when they were disclosed earlier rather than later, were corroborated by strong physical evidence and multiple corroborators, and involved less violent offenses. As hypothesized, in both studies, alibis with strong physical evidence were thought to be more believable than those with no physical evidence but the number of corroborators and type of crime did not affect any dependent measures. Delayed timing had some negative effects on views of the defendant's character. Corroborative physical evidence affected alibi believability consistently, and contextual factors mattered less. Both implications and suggestions for future research are further discussed.
The Effect of TIGAR Knockdown on Apoptotic and Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Markers Expression in Doxorubicin‐Resistant Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cell Lines
Authors: Agca Can Ali , Kırıcı Mahinur , Nedzvetsky Victor S. , Gundogdu Ramazan , Tykhomyrov Artem A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a critical problem in cancer therapy, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. TP53‐induced glycolysis regulatory phosphatase (TIGAR), an important glycolysis and apoptosis regulator, plays a crucial role in cancer cell survival by protecting cells against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether TIGAR is involved in epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in doxorubicin (DOX)‐resistant human non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), A549/DOX cells. We found that the expression of TIGAR was significantly higher in A549/DOX cells than in the parent A549 cell lines. siRNA‐mediated TIGAR knockdown reduced migration, viability and colony survival of doxorubicin‐resistant lung cancer cells. Also, TIGAR knockdown decreased pro‐survival protein Bcl‐2 and increased pro‐apoptotic Bax and cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, TIGAR depletion significantly up‐regulated both caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 expression. Furthermore, TIGAR depletion up‐regulated the expression of E‐cadherin and down‐regulated the expression of vimentin. These results indicate that TIGAR knockdown may inhibit EMT in doxorubicin (DOX)‐resistant human NSCLC and may represent a therapeutic target for a non‐small lung cancer cells chemoresistance.
Mitral isthmus block is associated with favorable outcomes after reablation for long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Xin‐hua , Kong Ling‐cong , Li Zheng , Nie Peng , Pu Jun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundMitral isthmus (MI) ablation was limited due to technical challenges in the index ablation for long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LPeAF). The role of adjunctive MI ablation was controversial.HypothesisMI block could be achieved in most patients undergoing repeat LPeAF ablation and was associated with favorable clinical outcomes.MethodsOf 87 consecutively patients undergoing reablation for recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATa), 41 patients with residual MI conduction but without pulmonary vein reconnection or left atrial roof conduction were enrolled to treat recurrent atrial flutter (AFL) (n = 20) and AF (n = 21). After AFL ablation and AF cardioversion, MI conduction gaps (CGs) were mapped and closed.ResultsMI line was successfully blocked in 37 (90.2%) of 41 patients after closing 1.4 ± 0.5 CGs (31 endocardial CGs and 16 epicardial ones) in the initial MI lines. CGs were more often located at the endocardial sites close to the lateral ridge between left atrial appendage and left‐sided PVs, midportion of MI and at the epicardial breakthroughs within coronary sinus. At the end of 16.0 ± 1.9 months' follow‐up, 31 (83.8%) of 37 patients with MI block and 1 of 4 patients without MI block were free of further recurrence of ATa off anti‐arrhythmic drugs. MI block was positively associated with ATa‐free survival by Cox's regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.012, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.000‐0.456, P = .02).ConclusionsMI block could be achieved in the majority of patients during repeat ablation for LPeAF. MI block was associated with favorable clinical outcomes after LPeAF reablation.
Lignin Source and Structural Characterization
Authors: Sun Run‐Cang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLignin is a primary component of lignocellulosic biomass and an underutilized feedstock in the growing pulping and biofuel industries. Currently, over 50 million tons of industrial lignin are produced annually from pulping and bioethanol processes in the world. Around 95 % of industrial lignin is burned as fuel in heat and power plants due to its complicated, destructive, and condensed structures hindering direct industrial utilization, while the remaining 5 % of lignin is used for potential applications, such as additives, binders, dispersants, and surfactants, through modification. Meanwhile, different biorefinery processes also produce a considerable amount of lignin with various structural features and properties. The development of technologies for its structural characterization is currently desirable for lignin valorization, which will improve the techno‐economics of applications of lignins in industries.
Optimal approximation of asymmetric type fractional‐order bandpass Butterworth filter using decomposition technique
Authors: Mahata Shibendu , Kar Rajib , Mandal Durbadal 
Published: July 2020

SummaryIn this letter, the optimal rational approximation of fractional‐order bandpass Butterworth filter (FOBBF) is presented. The transfer function of the FOBBF is decomposed into a multiplication of first‐order and second‐order terms. As a result, the design stability conditions can be easily satisfied using only the variable boundary constraints. The proposed technique generalizes the symmetric fractional‐order roll‐off characteristic as only a special case of the asymmetric one. Several examples are presented to validate the modeling efficacy.
An FPGA‐based switching photovoltaic‐connected inverter topology for leakage current suppression in grid‐connected utilizations
Authors: Ghaderi Davood 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThis study presents a symmetrical photovoltaic (PV)‐connected inverter topology for eliminating the common‐state leakage current in grid‐connected inverters. A new inverter topology is introduced that minimizes the leakage current, increases efficiency, and is economically viable because it consists of six power switches and two power diodes that, compared with similar ones, consist of the same element numbers. In this inverter, power losses are lower than popular topologies such as H5, H6, and HERIC, and the voltage stresses of the switches are reduced. These features are due to the unique composition of the inverter branches and the location of the switches and diodes and the formation of a suitable freewheeling path for the current. The freewheeling path separates the alternating current (AC) side from the direct current side in the converter and cuts off the PV array leakage current to the AC grid. This will improve network reliability indices and maintain conservation standards. Finally, the content of this method is validated by comparing the proposed inverter with the existing conventional topologies. A prototype has been implemented for the performance analysis of the proposed inverter and results presented.