bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation into white spots in the carapace of a moribund mud crab (Scylla serrata) from a white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) positive zone in Moreton Bay, Australia
Authors: Diggles BK , Chong RSM , Hawkins K‐A , Underwood DJ , Genge B , Driver L , Kistler C 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundA freshly deceased mud crab (Scylla serrata) exhibiting multiple white spots under the carapace was found in Pumicestone Passage, northern Moreton Bay in May 2018. This crab was taken from within a biosecurity zone established due to a recent incursion of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) into populations of wild penaeids (Penaeus spp., Metapenaeus spp.) and crabs (Thalamita crenata) in the area. Because grossly visible white spots have been previously observed under the carapace of moribund S. serrata with white spot disease (WSD) in India, an investigation into the cause of death was undertaken.Case reportThe affected S. serrata was negative for WSSV DNA when gill samples were tested by real‐time PCR. Histopathology found no evidence of WSD lesions in the form of basophilic hypertrophied intranuclear inclusions in any tissues of ectodermal or mesodermal origin. Histopathology of the affected carapace showed that the white spots consisted of multiple lighter coloured foci in the exocuticle formed from concentric crystalline‐like rings, which extended into the endocuticle. These were interpreted as evidence of mineral mobilisation within the carapace during the pre‐moult (D1 or D2) stage of the moult cycle. The cause of death in this case therefore may have been due to moult‐related complications.ConclusionThese observations confirm that formation of grossly visible white spots under the carapace of S. serrata are not pathognomonic for infection with WSSV. Similar observations in previous studies where WSSV was detected by PCR in this same host may have been incidental findings.
Sarcopenia and high NLR are associated with the development of hyperprogressive disease after second-line pembrolizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Petrova M P , Donev I S , Radanova M A , Eneva M I , Dimitrova E G , Valchev G N , Minchev V T , Taushanova M S , Boneva M V , Karanikolova T S , Gencheva R B , Zhbantov G A , Ivanova A I , Timcheva C V , Pavlov B P , Megdanova V G , Robev B S , Conev N V 
Published: August 2020

Summary
The aim of this multi-center retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) after second-line treatment with pembrolizumab in patients (n = 167) with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors expressed programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in ≥ 1% and to search for hematological and imaging biomarkers associated with its development. Prior to chemotherapy, neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio (NLR1) and platelet : lymphocyte ratio (PLR1), and prior to immunotherapy, NLR2 and PLR2 were retrospectively analyzed. The psoas major muscle area (PMMA) was calculated at the L3 position on computed tomography before chemotherapy (PMMA1) and before immunotherapy (PMMA2) (n = 112). Patients with ∆PMMA (1-PMMA2/PMMA1) × 100 ≥ 10% were considered to have sarcopenia (low muscle mass). After treatment with pembrolizumab on the first computerized tomography (CT) scan evaluation, patients were subdivided as follows as: hyperprogressors (HPs), progressors (Ps), non-progressors (NPs) and pseudoprogressors (PPs). HPs had significantly higher ∆PMMA levels, NLR2 and PLR2 than the other patients. Moreover, in multinomial logistic regression analysis, higher levels of ∆PMMA were associated with a decreased likelihood of being a P [odds ratio (OR) = 0·81; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·65–0·99; P = 0·047] or an NP (OR = 0·76; 95% CI = 0·62–0·94; P = 0·012) versus an HP. Higher NLRs tended to decrease the likelihood of being a P versus an HP (OR = 0·66; 95% CI = 0·42–1·06; P = 0·09) and significantly decreased the likelihood of being an NP versus an HP (OR = 0·44; 95% CI = 0·28–0·69; P &lt; 0·0001). Our data suggest that a high pre-immunotherapy NLR2 and the presence of sarcopenia are potential risk factors for the development of HPD.
Adaptive weighted dynamic differential evolution algorithm for emergency material allocation and scheduling
Authors: Wang Tiejun , Wu Kaijun , Du Tiaotiao , Cheng Xiaochun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEmergency material allocation and scheduling is a combination optimization problem, which is essentially a Non‐deterministic Polynomial (NP) problem. Aiming at the problems such as slow convergence, easy prematurely falling into local optimum, and parameter constraints to solve high‐dimensional and multi‐modal combination optimization problems, this article proposes an adaptive weighted dynamic differential evolution (AWDDE) algorithm. The algorithm uses a chaotic mapping strategy to initialize the population. By weighting the standard differential evolution (DE) mutation strategy, a new weighted mutation operator is proposed. The scaling factor and cross probability can be adaptively adjusted. A disturbance operator is introduced to randomly generate the perturbation mutation and to accelerate the premature individuals to jump out of the local optimum. The algorithm is applied to the problem of emergency material allocation and scheduling, and a two‐stage emergency material allocation and scheduling model is established. Compared with the standard DE algorithm and the chaos adaptive particle swarm algorithm, the results show that the AWDDE algorithm has the characteristics of stronger global optimization ability and faster convergence speed compared with other optimization algorithms, which provide assistance for smart cities research, including smart city services, applications, case studies, and policymaking considerations for emergency management.
Intraspecific variation in host plant traits mediates taxonomic and functional composition of local insect herbivore communities
Authors: Tielens Elske K. , Gruner Daniel S. 
Published: August 2020

1. Host plant phenotypic traits affect the structure of the associated consumer community and mediate species interactions. Intraspecific variation in host traits is well documented, although a functional understanding of variable traits that drive herbivore community response is lacking. We address this gap by modelling the trait‐environment relationship using insect traits and host plant traits in a multilevel model.2. We compare herbivore assemblages from the canopy of the phenotypically variable tree Metrosideros polymorpha on Hawai‘i Island. Multiple distinct varieties of M. polymorpha frequently co‐occur, with variation in morphological traits. Using this system, we identify host and insect traits that underlie patterns of herbivore abundance and quantify the strength of host‐insect trait interactions.3. This work examines plant‐insect interactions at a community scale, across 36 herbivore species in three orders. We find that co‐occurring trees of varying phenotype support distinct communities. Leaf traits, including specific leaf area, trichome presence, and leaf nutrients, explain 46% of variation in insect communities. We find that feeding guild and nymphal life history are correlated with host plant traits, and we show that model predictions are improved by including the host and insect trait interaction.4. This study demonstrates how insect herbivores traits influence community response to morphologically variable hosts. Environmental heterogeneity indirectly affected herbivore community structure via intraspecific variation in host plants, providing an important source of variation for maintaining diversity in the broader community.
Severity of summer drought as predictor for smolt recruitment in migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Jespersen Henrik , Rasmussen Gorm , Pedersen Stig 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe recruitment of anadromous brown trout smolt from a small Baltic stream, frequently exposed to summer drought, was quantified for 9 years, and the effect from drought on smolt number and age composition analysed. Drought was quantified by, (a) a newly developed index quantifying the severity of summer drought (Drought Severity Index—DSI—based on amount of precipitation, monthly mean temperature and number of hours with sun), and (b) the amount of precipitation. Both DSI and precipitation were measured 1 or 2 years prior to emigration. We found highly significant (negative) relations between DSI (1 year before emigration) and both the total number of smolt, and the number of age 1 smolt. In addition, precipitation was (positively) related to total number of smolt, but DSI proved to be a stronger predictor compared to precipitation. In addition to drought, our results support a negative influence from older parr on the survival of age 0 trout. Our results indicate that recruitment of brown trout smolt from streams, regularly affected by summer drought, may be predicted approx. 6 months before the actual emigration the following spring. This offers an opportunity for managers to adapt protective measures in accordance with local and temporal changes in recruitment.
Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A systematic review
Authors: De Sanctis P. , Doneddu P. E. , Viganò L. , Selmi C. , Nobile‐Orazio E. 
Published: August 2020

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) incidence can increase during outbreaks of infectious illnesses. A few cases of GBS associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection have been reported. The aim was to identify specific clinical features of GBS associated with COVID‐19. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were searched from 1 November 2019 to 17 May 2020 and included all papers with full text in English, Spanish, French or Italian, reporting original data of patients with GBS and COVID‐19. Data were extracted according to a predefined protocol. A total of 18 patients reported in 14 papers were included in this review. All the patients were symptomatic for COVID‐19, with cough and fever as the most frequently reported symptoms. The interval between the onset of symptoms of COVID‐19 and the first symptoms of GBS ranged from −8 to 24 days (mean 9 days; median 10 days). Most of the patients had a typical GBS clinical form predominantly with a demyelinating electrophysiological subtype. Mechanical ventilation was necessary in eight (44%) patients. Two (11%) patients died. Published cases of GBS associated with COVID‐19 report a sensorimotor, predominantly demyelinating GBS with a typical clinical presentation. Clinical features and disease course seem similar to those observed in GBS related to other etiologies. These results should be interpreted with caution since only 18 cases have been heterogeneously reported so far.
Demyelinating Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy associated with FBLN5 mutations
Authors: Safka Brozkova D. , Stojkovic T. , Haberlová J. , Mazanec R. , Windhager R. , Fernandes Rosenegger P. , Hacker S. , Züchner S. , Kochański A. , Leonard‐Louis S. , Francou B. , Latour P. , Senderek J. , Seeman P. , Auer‐Grumbach M. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeCharcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1) is a group of autosomal dominantly inherited demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathies. Symptoms usually start in the first to second decade and include distal muscle weakness and wasting, sensory disturbances and foot deformities. The most frequent cause is a duplication of PMP22 whilst point mutations in PMP22 and other genes are rare causes. Recently, FBLN5 mutations have been reported in CMT1 families.MethodsIndividuals with FBLN5‐associated CMT1 were compiled from clinical and research genetic testing laboratories. Clinical data were extracted from medical records or obtained during patients’ visits at our centres or primary care sites.ResultsNineteen CMT1 families containing 38 carriers of three different FBLN5 missense variants were identified and a mutational hotspot at c.1117C>T (p.Arg373Cys) was confirmed. Compared to patients with the common PMP22 duplication, individuals with FBLN5 variants had a later age of diagnosis (third to fifth decade) and less severely reduced motor median nerve conduction velocities (around 31 m/s). The most frequent clinical presentations were prominent sensory disturbances and painful sensations, often as initial symptom and pronounced in the upper limbs, contrasting with rather mild to moderate motor deficits.ConclusionsOur study confirms the relevance of FBLN5 mutations in CMT1. It is proposed to include FBLN5 in the genetic work‐up of individuals suspected with CMT1, particularly when diagnosis is established beyond the first and second decade and comparably moderate motor deficits contrast with early and marked sensory involvement. FBLN5‐associated CMT1 has a recognizable clinical phenotype and should be referred to as CMT1H according to the current classification scheme.
Exploding head syndrome: new observations
Authors: Hayreh S.S. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeThe etiology of ‘exploding head syndrome’ (EHS) is currently highly controversial and its management is unknown. The object was to explore these.MethodsThis observational study describes my personal experience of EHS and discusses its implications.ResultsI experienced, while suffering from EHS, recurrent episodes of transient cardiac arrests due to sick sinus syndrome. Implantation of a cardiac pacemaker resulted in immediate, dramatic, permanent cessation of both cardiac arrest episodes and EHS. This has not been reported previously.ConclusionsThis striking temporal relationship indicates a possible association between EHS and sick sinus syndrome.
Multimodal neurometabolic investigation of the effects of zolpidem on leukoencephalopathy‐related apathy
Authors: Delorme C. , Adanyeguh I. , Bendetowicz D. , Le Ber I. , Ponchel A. , Kas A. , Habert M.‐O. , Mochel F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeThe symptomatic effect of zolpidem on apathy has been reported in neurological disorders such as strokes and post‐anoxic brain injuries, but not in white‐matter disease of the brain.MethodsA 38‐year‐old patient presenting with severe apathy related to a genetic leukoencephalopathy but showing marked improvement of apathy after taking 10 mg of zolpidem was studied. To understand what may mediate such a clinical effect, a multimodal neurometabolic approach using 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) and a dedicated magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) sequence for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine + glutamate metabolism was undertaken.ResultsPre‐zolpidem FDG‐PET showed hypometabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral cortex and basal ganglia compared to healthy controls. Post‐zolpidem, FDG‐PET displayed increased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex together with improvement in the emotional and auto‐activation domains of apathy. There was no improvement in the cognitive domain of apathy, and no change in metabolism in the dorsolateral frontal cortex. Post‐zolpidem, MRS showed increased GABA and glutamine + glutamate levels in the frontal cortex and pallidum.ConclusionOur multimodal neurometabolic study suggests that the effects of zolpidem on apathy are related to increased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia secondary to GABA modulation. Zolpidem may improve apathy in other white‐matter disorders.
A Critical Exploration of Biological and Social Fathering Among Afro‐Caribbean Fathers
Authors: Green David S. , Chuang Susan S. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveThis research explores fathers' construction of fathering to expand knowledge on the behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains of father involvement, focusing on middle childhood in ethnic minority families.BackgroundFathers' contributions to children's development and socialization have received increasing attention since the 1970s. Although exploration of ethnic minority fathers has increased, the literature on ethnic and minority fathers is limited because insight into fathers living outside North America continues to be understudied.MethodThis study employed a qualitative methodology from a social constructivist perspective and a bioecological model to contextualize fathering in Afro‐Jamaican families. Phenomenological thematic analysis (PTA) was used, focusing on 24 semistructured interviews from five biological and 19 biological and social Afro‐Jamaican fathers.ResultsUsing Palkovitz's (1997) conceptualization of fathering, including behavioral, affective, and cognitive domains, phenomenological thematic analysis was extended to include the spiritual domain. Furthermore, fathers reported being engaged with their biological and social children in similar ways.ConclusionThese findings highlight the need for researchers to explore both the universal and culturalized aspects of fathering in cultural contexts.ImplicationsFathers should be supported through social policies and program intervention to encourage fathers to be involved in children's lives in multiple ways.
Climate warming increases spring phenological differences among temperate trees
Authors: Geng Xiaojun , Fu Yongshuo H. , Hao Fanghua , Zhou Xuancheng , Zhang Xuan , Yin Guodong , Vitasse Yann , Piao Shilong , Niu Kechang , De Boeck Hans J. , Menzel Annette , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClimate warming has substantially advanced spring leaf flushing, but winter chilling and photoperiod co‐determine the leaf flushing process in ways that vary among species. As a result, the interspecific differences in spring phenology (IDSP) are expected to change with climate warming, which may, in turn, induce negative or positive ecological consequences. However, the temporal change of IDSP at large spatiotemporal scales remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed long‐term in‐situ observations (1951–2016) of six, coexisting temperate tree species from 305 sites across Central Europe and found that phenological ranking did not change when comparing the rapidly warming period 1984–2016 to the marginally warming period 1951–1983. However, the advance of leaf flushing was significantly larger in early‐flushing species EFS (6.7 ± 0.3 days) than in late‐flushing species LFS (5.9 ± 0.2 days) between the two periods, indicating extended IDSP. This IDSP extension could not be explained by differences in temperature sensitivity between EFS and LFS; however, climatic warming‐induced heat accumulation effects on leaf flushing, which were linked to a greater heat requirement and higher photoperiod sensitivity in LFS, drove the shifts in IDSP. Continued climate warming is expected to further extend IDSP across temperate trees, with associated implications for ecosystem function.
Microbial macroecology: In search of mechanisms governing microbial biogeographic patterns
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Wang Nannan , Lipson David , Sinsabaugh Robert , Schimel Josh , He Liyuan , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , Tedersoo Leho 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionRapidly advancing technologies and accumulating information about microbial communities across the globe allow the quantification of microbial properties and functions at a macro‐scale. These emerging microbial biogeographic patterns call for a practical macroecological approach to investigate their underlying mechanisms.AimsThe primary aims of this paper are to review the advancements of microbial macroecology in seeking mechanisms governing microbial biogeographic patterns, and to further lay out a roadmap for microbial macroecology in 10 years.MethodsWe reviewed the progress of microbial macroecology and demonstrated the application of the microbial macroecological approach to microbial biogeographic patterns with three case studies.ResultsMicrobial macroecology provides a platform for understanding microbial abundance, community structure, and functioning across space, time, and taxonomic hierarchy. It emphasizes the integral effects of environmental filtering, microbial responses, diversification, dispersal, and local extinction that drive the microbial biogeographic patterns. The microbial macroecological approach emphasizes the last two stages of the four‐stage scientific method applied to microbial ecology: (a) describing microbial traits across scales to reveal patterns, (b) mathematically representing these patterns, (c) developing and testing conceptual models to build a mechanistic understanding of these patterns from a macroecological perspective, (d) plugging the new knowledge into the theoretical advancements. Three case studies were used to demonstrate the microbial macroecological approach for understanding the global patterns of microbial biomass carbon, microbial composition (fungi : bacteria ratio), and microbial carbon use efficiency.ConclusionsMicrobial macroecology offers a platform for understanding the mechanisms that drive biogeographic patterns of microbial abundance, diversity and functions. It is likely that these patterns and mechanisms will be increasingly incorporated into predictive models that link climate, carbon dynamics, and biogeochemical processes. A roadmap is outlined for the growing microbial macroecology field; we expect significant progress will be made in five research directions over the next 10 years.
Is there anything Left? The politics of social spending in new democracies
Authors: Sirén Sebastian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe evolution of public social expenditures displays divergent patterns across non‐western countries. This exploratory article argues that in order to understand the domestic sources of this divergence, institutional and structural explanations should be complemented with an actor‐oriented perspective. Analyses of the role of party politics in non‐OECD democracies, through multivariate fixed‐effect regressions using data from 46 countries between 1995 and 2015, reveals a robust positive association between shifts towards Left party government and increases in total public social expenditures, also when controlling for structural and institutional factors. This association however seems potentially conditional on sufficient levels of economic growth. While indicating an impact of partisanship, further research is arguably needed regarding the origins, organization and policy outputs of parties in more recently democratized countries, as well as regarding the conditions under which the ideological orientation of parties in government are actually consequential.
Access to Migraine Treatments in Ontario, Canada: A Review of the Ontario Drug Benefit Program
Authors: Cape Susan 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThis paper provides a critical review of the decision‐making process of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long‐Term Care (MOHLTC) regarding which migraine treatment drugs will be covered under the Ontario Drug Benefit Formulary (ODB).Main TextUnder MOHLTC policy, triptans and OnabotulinumtoxinA are available to patients only through the Exceptional Access Program (EAP). This policy, and justifications for it, are examined with reference to clinical guidelines, patient experiences, and health policy literature. The contexts and consequences of compromised access are outlined. Improvements in access to these treatments are suggested by highlighting how a country with similar healthcare infrastructure – Australia – employs policies that more adequately meet the needs of migraine patients as they secure treatments.ConclusionsDespite clinically significant gains in the discovery of safe and effective migraine‐specific treatments the ODB thus far has failed to align its practice with current clinical recommendations. This forces patients to rely heavily on medication that, while still effective for some, is potentially suboptimal. This review concludes it is prudent, at minimum, to follow clinical recommendations that advocate for the removal of triptans from EAP and recategorize them as Limited Use drugs. Ideally, moving them to a general benefit would further remove the barriers experienced by patients attempting to access this treatment.