bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitization and Allergic Response and Intervention Therapy in Animal Models
Authors: Helm Ricki M , Burks A Wesley 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A review is presented of 3 murine models and a swine neonatal model used to investigate immunotherapeutic options. In Model 1, mutation of linear IgE-binding epitopes of Ara h 1 for the preparation of a hypoallergenic Ara h 1 is discussed with respect to expression in transgenic tobacco plants and correct folding following expression in the pET16b construct. In Model 2, the mutations of Ara h 1 were assessed for use as an immunotherapeutic agent. Although some protective benefit was observed with the modified Ara h 1 protein, animals desensitized with heat-killed E. coli preparations showed increased protection to challenge. In Model 3, soybean homologs to peanut proteins were investigated to determine if soybean immunotherapy can potentially provide benefit to peanut-allergic subjects. Although some protection was provided, additional experimentation with respect to optimal doses for sensitization and challenge will need to be investigated. In Model 4, the neonatal swine model was used to profile different foods (low to moderate to high sensitizing) similar to food allergies in humans. Evidence suggests such feasiblity; however, threshold levels for sensitization and allergic responses will need additional study. In summary, murine and swine animal models are being used to address immunotherapeutic avenues and investigation into the mechanisms of food-allergic sensitization.
Evaluation of Extraction Buffers Using the Current Approach of Detecting Multiple Allergenic and Nonallergenic Proteins in Food
Authors: Westphal Carmen D , Pereira Marion R , Raybourne Richard B , Williams Kristina M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The detection of food allergens has been a challenge because of the increasing need to ensure the absence of undeclared allergens in foods. The current trend in the detection of some food allergens, like peanuts, is based on the detection of multiple allergenic and nonallergenic proteins, and this is the approach that kit manufacturers have adopted. Because commercial kits differ in their ability to detect allergens, regulatory agencies, the food industry, and kit manufacturers are working together to standardize the detection methods. Three kits for the detection of peanuts have been evaluated for performance by the AOAC Research Institute. For this evaluation, a peanut butter suspension was used as a reference material. Several kit components contribute to between-kit analytical variation, even when the same sample is used. One component of commercial kits, which may be contributing to this variability, is the sample extraction buffer. In this study, differences in extractability of 3 allergenic foods were evaluated by using 4 different extraction buffers. The conclusion is that optimum allergen extractability was buffer-dependent, and no single buffer is appropriate for use as a universal extraction solution for all allergenic foods. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of sample preparation buffers needs to be performed for every individual allergenic food. In light of the results obtained, the current approach used for detection of peanut allergens based on the detection of multiple allergenic and nonallergenic proteins is being analyzed.
Effects of Chemical, Physical, and Technological Processes on the Nature of Food Allergens
Authors: Poms Roland E , Anklam Elke 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A review is presented of studies of different processing techniques and their effect on the allergenicity and antigenicity of certain allergenic foods. An overview of investigated technologies is givenwithregardtotheirimpactontheprotein structure and their potential application in the production of hypoallergenic foods. The use of physical processes (such as heating, high pressure, microparticulation, ultrafiltration, and irradiation), chemical processes (such as proteolysis, fermentation, and refining by extraction), and biotechnological approaches, as well as the effects of these processes on individual allergenic foods, are included. Additionally, the implications of food processing for food allergen analysis with respect to food safety assessment and industrial quality control are briefly discussed.
Determination of Six Kavalactones in Dietary Supplements and Selected Functional Foods Containing Piper methysticum by Isocratic Liquid Chromatography with Internal Standard
Authors: Hu Lihong , Jhoo Jin-Woo , Ang Catharina Y W , Dinovi Michael , Mattia Antonia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum) dietary products have been sold worldwide for treatment of nervous anxiety, tension, and restlessness. Recent reports showed potential association of kava usage and liver injuries. This study was conducted to develop simple and reliable methodologies for the extraction and determination of 6 major kavalactones: (+)-methysticin, (+)-dihydromethysticin, (+)-kavain, (+)-dihydrokavain, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin. Ultrasonic extraction techniques and isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) were optimized for different types of samples, including capsules containing kava root extract or root powder, raw root material, tea bags, and snack bar. A suitable internal standard, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone, was used for LC calibration. Kavalactones were completely separated in 30 min using a Luna C18-2 column at 60°C with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 2-propanol–acetonitrile–water–acetic acid (16 + 16 + 68 + 0.1, v/v/v/v). Within-laboratory, intraday, and interday method variation (% relative standard deviation) for most samples extracted by methanol or methanol–water mixture were &lt;5%. Lower levels of kavalactone contents and higher variations were observed for tea bags from water extraction or infusion as compared to methanol extraction. Labeling information of tea bags based on methanol extraction could be misleading to consumers. Analytical recoveries of snack bar fortified at 10 and 20 μg/g were &gt;84% with RSD values &lt;8%. Methods developed in this study offer a simple and reproducible means for analysis of kavalactones in various matrixes of dietary products.
Improved Extraction of Ginkgotoxin (4′-O-methylpyridoxine) from Ginkgo biloba Products
Authors: Lawrence Guillaume A , Scott Peter M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple extraction procedure was applied to the analysis of canned/packaged white nuts and Ginkgo biloba extracts. Extraction by shaking with water at room temperature was more convenient to use than a previously published Soxhlet procedure for analysis of packaged Ginkgo biloba seeds (white nuts) for ginkgotoxin; recoveries from spiked dried seeds by the simple extraction procedure averaged 76%. Determination was by liquid chromatography with UV or fluorescence detection. Recoveries of ginkgotoxin from a spiked and unspiked natural health product (powder from Ginkgo biloba capsules) were equivalent by both procedures; recovery from spiked powder by the simple extraction procedure was 81%. Application of this extraction procedure in the analysis of 6 samples of white nuts (vacuum packaged and canned products) showed that free ginkgotoxin was present in 5 samples at concentrations up to 25 μg/g dry weight. Total ginkgotoxin was determined after hydrolysis with β-glucosidase of sample extracts in which a peak corresponding to the 5′-O-glucoside was detected. Ginkgotoxin was determined in 10 Ginkgo biloba natural health products by the same method at levels up to 181 μg/g.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Cetirizine in Oral Formulations
Authors: Bajerski Lisiane , Cardoso Simone G , Diefenbach Isabel Fraçao , Malesuik Marcelo Donadel , Borgmann Silvia Helena Miollo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride in oral formulations are described. An isocratic LC analysis was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase was 1% orthophosphoric acid solution, pH 3.0–acetonitrile (60 + 40, v/v), pumped at a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Measurements were made at a wavelength of 232 nm. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 10–30 μg/mL (r2 = 0.9999). The relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intraday precision were 0.94 and 1.43% for tablets and compounded capsules, respectively. The RSD values for interday precision were 0.13 and 0.82% for tablets and compounded capsules, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 97.7 to 101.8% for tablets and from 98.4 to 102% for compounded capsules. No interferences from the excipients were observed. Because of its simplicity and accuracy, the method is suitable for routine quality-control analysis for cetirizine in tablets and compounded capsules.
Determination of Ceftriaxone in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Glaría Marta de Diego , Moscciati Gloria Godoy , Ramos Ricardo Godoy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An ion-pair liquid chromatographic assay was developed and validated for the determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (125 × 4 mm, 5 μm) with detection at 270 nm, a 1 mL/min flow rate and a 50 μL loop. The mobile phase consisted of 300 mL acetonitrile, 50 mL 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 3.2 g tetrabutylammonium bromide as the ion-pairing agent, and dilution with distilled deionized water to 1 L. Cephradine was used as the internal standard. The assay was linear for ceftriaxone concentrations of 0.5–50 μg/mL. The coefficients of variation for precision were &lt;4.61%. The accuracy ranged from 96.07 to 102.42%. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.019 and 0.065 μg/mL, respectively. This method was used to quantify ceftriaxone in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis. The results showed that the method described here is useful for the determination of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid.
Development of Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Quinocetone and Its Main Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine and Chicken
Authors: Huang Lingli , Xiao Aiguo , Fan Shengxian , Yin Juyi , Chen Pin , Liu Dengcai , Qiu Yinsheng , Wang Yulian , Yuan Zonghui 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT), a new antimicrobial growth promotant of quinoxalines, can effectively improve the growth and feed efficiency of food animals with more safety than is provided by olaquindox and carbadox. To clarify its metabolism and residue levels in animals, a liquid chromatographic method with UV-Vis detection was developed for the determination of QCT and its main metabolites, desoxyquinocetone (DQCT) and 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA), in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat of swine and chicken. For sample pretreatment, QCT and DQCT were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with iso-octane; after alkaline hydrolysis of the tissue, MQCA was extracted with ethyl acetate and citric acid buffer (pH 6.0), and the extract was purified over a cation-exchange column (AG MP-50 resin). Detection was at 312 and 320 nm for QCT and DQCT, respectively, and at 320 nm for MQCA. The observed limit of detection for the 3 compounds was 0.025 μg/g in various tissues. The methods were linear over the concentrations range of 0.01-0.64 μg/mL with mean recoveries of approximately 71–86% and relative standard deviations of about 4–12% at the levels of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 μg/g. The method is highly selective and can be applied to the determination of QCT and its main metabolites in animal tissues, which would accelerate the pharmacokinetic and residue study of QCT in food animals.
Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of the Antidepressant Drug Paroxetine Hydrochloride in Tablets
Authors: Önal Armağan , Kepekçi Evrim.Ş , Öztunç Aysel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Simple, sensitive, and accurate visible spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of paroxetine hydrochloride (PA) in tablets. Among them, the first 3 methods are based on the ion-pair complexes of PA formed with bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromocresol green (BCG) in aqueous acidic buffers. The complex species extracted into chloroform were quantitatively measured at 414 nm with BTB and BCG and at 412 nm with BPB. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 2–20, 2–16, and 2–16 μg/mL, respectively. The fourth method described is based on a coupling reaction between PA and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazon (NBD-Cl) in borate buffer, pH 8.5, in which a yellow reaction product that was measured at 478 nm was formed. The Beer's law range for this method was 2–10 μg/mL. The last method developed describes the interaction of PA base, as an n-electron donor, with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), as a π-acceptor, in acetonitrile to give blue-colored TCNQ− radical anion with absorption maxima at 750 and 845 nm. Measured at 845 nm, the absorbance–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 1.5–15 μg/mL. The new methods developed were successfully applied to the determination of PA in tablets without any interference from common tablet excipients. The results of the methods were in good agreement with those obtained with an official liquid chromatographic method. This report describes first colorimetric methods for the determination of PA.
Evaluation of a Chromogenic Medium for Identification and Differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes in Selected Foods
Authors: Lauer Wendy F , Facon Jean-Pierre , Patel Asmita 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes continues to be a threat to food safety in the United States despite a “zero tolerance” policy. When Listeria species are identified by standard cultural methods, confirmation of L. monocytogenes takes days to complete. RAPID'L.Mono™ agar, developed by Bio-Rad Laboratories, is a chromogenic medium that differentiates L. monocytogenes from other species of Listeria by a simple color change reaction. Differentiation is based on the specific detection of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity, resulting in a blue colony, and the inability of L. monocytogenes to metabolize xylose, resulting in the absence of a yellow halo. Detection principles of standard method agars, Oxford and PALCAM, are based on the ability of all species of Listeria to hydrolyze esculin. Thus, all species of Listeria have similar colony morphology on these agars, making differentiation of pathogenic L. monocytogenes from other nonhuman pathogens difficult. RAPID'L.Mono agar has been validated with surimi, mixed salad, brie, and processed deli turkey because of the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in these foods. Sensitivity and specificity for this medium was determined to be 99.4 and 100%, respectively. Overall method agreement of RAPID'L.Mono with standard culture methods (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service; U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual; and AOAC INTERNATIONAL) was excellent, with enrichment protocols 24 h shorter than those of standard methods.
Characterization and Event Specific-Detection by Quantitative Real-Time PCR of T25 Maize Insert
Authors: Collonnier Cécile , Schattner Alexandra , Berthier Georges , Boyer Francine , Coué-Philippe Géraldine , Diolez Annick , Duplan Marie-Noëlle , Fernandez Sophie , Kebdani Naïma , Kobilinsky André , Romaniuk Marcel , Beuckeleer Marc de , Loose Marc de , Windels Pieter , Bertheau Yves 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
T25 is one of the 4 maize transformation events from which commercial lines have so far been authorized in Europe. It was created by polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation using a construct bearing one copy of the synthetic pat gene associated with both promoter and terminator of the 35S ribosomal gene from cauliflower mosaic virus. In this article, we report the sequencing of the whole T25 insert and the characterization of its integration site by using a genome walking strategy. Our results confirmed that one intact copy of the initial construct had been integrated in the plant genome. They also revealed, at the 5′ junction of the insert, the presence of a second truncated 35S promoter, probably resulting from rearrangements which may have occurred before or during integration of the plasmid DNA. The analysis of the junction fragments showed that the integration site of the insert presented high homologies with the Huck retrotransposon family. By using one primer annealing in the maize genome and the other in the 5′ end of the integrat ed DNA, we developed a reliable event-specific detection system for T25 maize. To provide means to comply with the European regulation, a real-time PCR test was designed for specific quantitation of T25 event by using Taqman® chemistry.
Novel Reference Gene, High-mobility-group protein I/Y, Used in Qualitative and Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Transgenic Rapeseed Cultivars
Authors: Weng Haibo , Yang Litao , Liu Zhili , Ding Jiayu , Pan Aihu , Zhang Dabing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
With the development of transgenic crops, regulations to label the genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their derived products have been issued in many countries. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are thought to be reliable and useful techniques for qualitative and quantitative detection of GMOs. These methods are generally needed to amplify the transgene and compare the amplified results with that of a corresponding reference gene to get the reliable results. Specific primers were developed for the rapeseed (Brassica napus), High-mobility-group protein I/Y (HMG-I/Y) single-copy gene and PCR cycling conditions suitable for the use of this sequence as an endogenous reference gene in both qualitative and quantitative PCR assays. Both methods were assayed with 15 different rapeseed varieties, and identical amplified products were obtained with all of them. No amplification was observed when templates were the DNA samples from the other species of Brassica genus or other species, such as broccoli, stem mustard, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, sprouts, Arabidopsis thaliana, carrot, tobacco, soybean, mung bean, tomato, pepper, eggplant, plum, wheat, maize, barley, rice, lupine, and sunflower. This system was specific for rapeseed. Limits of detection and quantitation in qualitative and quantitative PCR systems were about 13 pg DNA (about 10 haploid genomes) and about 1.3 pg DNA (about 1 haploid genome), respectively. To further test the feasibility of this HMG-I/Y gene as an endogenous reference gene, samples containing transgenic rapeseed GT73 with the inserted glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) gene were quantitated. These demonstrated that the endogenous PCR detection systems were applicable to the qualitative and quantitative detection of transgenic rapeseed.
Detection of Genetically Modified Corn (Bt176) in Spiked Cow Blood Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Immunoassay Methods
Authors: Petit Laetitia , Baraige Fabienne , Bertheau Yves , Brunschwig Philippe , Diolez Annick , Duhem Koenraad , Duplan Marie-Noëlle , Fach Patrick , Kobilinsky André , Lamart Stephen , Schattner Alexandra , Martin Patrice 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The fate of DNA and protein transgenic sequences in products derived from animals fed transgenic crops has recently raised public interest. Sensitive molecular tests targeting the Bt176 genetic construct and the transgenic Cry1Ab protein were developed to determine whether plant sequences, especially transgenic sequences, are present in animal products. A protocol for total DNA extraction and purification from cow whole blood samples was first drawn up and assessed by spiking with known amounts of DNA from Bt176 maize. The limit of detection for transgenic sequences (35S promoter and Bt176-specific junction sequence) was determined by both the polymerase chain reaction–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR–ELISA) and the 5′-nuclease PCR assay. Four additional PCR systems were built to substantiate the results. The first detects a mono-copy maize-specific sequence (ADH promoter). Two others target multi-copy sequences from plant nucleus (26S rRNA gene) and chloroplast (psaB gene). The last one, used as a positive control, targets a mono-copy animal sequence (αs1-casein gene). Both methods detected a minimum spiking at 25 copies of Bt176 maize/mL in 10 mL whole blood samples. The sandwich ELISA kit used detected down to 1 ng transgenic Cry1Ab protein/mL spiked whole blood.
Determination of Penicillin G in Feeds by Liquid Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction
Authors: Gramse Matthew J , Jacobson Paul E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of penicillin G in feeds. The method involves extraction of penicillin G with methanol, concentration under a stream of nitrogen, and cleanup using Phenomenex Strata-X solid-phase extraction cartridge. Analyte separation and quantification were achieved by gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorbance at 230 nm. Average spike recoveries for samples prepared at 3 spiking levels (25, 50, and 200 g/ton) were 96.3, 92.1, and 88.6%, respectively. The overall method precision at each of the 3 spiking levels was ≤5.39% relative standard deviation. The limits of detection and quantititation (g/ton formulation) were 3.89 and 13.0 g/ton, respectively.
Development of Methods for Determination of the Residues of 15 Pesticides in Medicinal Herbs Isatis indigotica Fort. by Capillary Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture or Flame Photometric Detection
Authors: Tang Feng , Yue Yongde , Hua Rimao , Ge Shimei , Tang Jie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two multiresidue methods were developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organphosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and fungicides) in medicinal herbs Isatis indigotica Fort. and its formulations. The analytical procedure is based on ultrasonic assisted extraction and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). After solvents were added, the raw material or granule sample was sonicated in an ultrasonic water bath and then centrifuged, filtered, and cleaned up by LLE. The infusion sample was extracted with petroleum ether by LLE. The pesticide residues were determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture or flame photometric detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.4 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg ranged from 70.2 to 119.5% for raw material, 73.2 to 105.1% for granule formulation, and 72.8 to 113.3% for infusion formulation. The relative standard deviation values were &lt;20% for all of the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the ranges 0.3–0.5 μg/L for endosulfan, 3–7.5 μg/L for pyrethroids, 0.7–32.5 μg/L for organophosphorus pesticides, and 0.1–0.6 μg/L for the other pesticides. The proposed methods are simple and rapid and provide simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in Isatis indigotica Fort. with acceptable recoveries and repeatability and an adequate limit of determination.