bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial heterogeneity of soil organic carbon in a karst region under different land use patterns
Authors: Zhang Zhenming , Huang Xianfei , Zhou Yunchao 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing the grid‐based sampling method, 2755 soil profiles consisting of 22,057 soil samples were sampled and analyzed to study the spatial distribution and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the Houzhai River Basin in Guizhou Province, a typical karst region in southwestern China. The results suggest that the total levels ofSOCstored in the 0–10, 0–20, 0–30, and 0–100 cm soil layers of the Houzhai River Basin are approximately 1.48 × 108, 2.65 × 108, 3.44 × 108, and 5.39 × 108 kg C, respectively.SOCcontent and soil bulk density levels were found to vary depending on the land use. In the 0–50 cm soil layer, forestSOCcontent levels (including arbor forests, arbor–shrub mixed forests, shrubland, and shrub grassland) are generally higher than those of uncultivated land, followed by grassland and cropland (including paddy fields, arid land, sloping cropland, and abandoned cropland), gardens, and orchard. It is believed that land use is a vital factor directly affecting carbon storage patterns in the study area. Soil thickness, rock outcrop, and slope gradients are the main factors in arrangement of land use by local governments and peasants. This study has established a feasible method for assessment ofSOCstock in karst mountainous areas. The findings of this study are applicable to other karst mountainous regions globally.
Use of historical data to improve conservation of the black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) in Northeast China
Authors: Zhang Chao , Yang Li , Wu Shuhong , Xia Wancai , Yang Lei , Li Miaomiao , Chen Minhao , Luan Xiaofeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBiological conservation requires sufficient basic data, like knowledge of the biogeographic characteristics and spatiotemporal dynamics of endangered species. Reconstructing range dynamics through time and detecting their underlying causes can be helpful for present and future conservation actions. Black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) populations have declined during the late 20th century in Northeast China, but the mechanisms are still unclear. We integrated species distribution models with long‐term historical ecological records to reconstruct historical distributions of black grouse in Northeast China (1950s–2000s). Then, we prioritized the landscape for species protection based on the long‐term historical potential distribution to improve the conservation management of this species. The area of potential distribution was 27.01% of the total study area in the 1950s, but the potential distribution in the 2000s was 16.39% of the study area. The range loss from the 1950s to the 2000s was 160,567 km2, representing a 39.30% reduction. Within the study area, the species’ potential distribution in the Changbai Mountains has gradually disappeared since the 1980s. Based on conservation prioritization analysis, the priority conservation area is 151,276 km2, which is mainly distributed in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains. National nature reserves only included 6.35% of the potential distribution of the black grouse in the 2000s. Several conservation actions should be implemented to rejuvenate black grouse populations in Northeast China.
Finding missing links in interaction networks
Authors: Terry J. Christopher D. , Lewis Owen T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDocumenting which species interact within ecological communities is challenging and labor intensive. As a result, many interactions remain unrecorded, potentially distorting our understanding of network structure and dynamics. We test the utility of four structural models and a new coverage‐deficit model for predicting missing links in both simulated and empirical bipartite networks. We find they can perform well, although the predictive power of structural models varies with the underlying network structure. The accuracy of predictions can be improved by ensembling multiple models. Augmenting observed networks with most‐likely missing links improves estimates of qualitative network metrics. Tools to identify likely missing links can be simple to implement, allowing the prioritization of research effort and more robust assessment of network properties.
Open‐label long‐term treatment of add‐on triheptanoin in adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Borges Karin , Kaul Neha , Germaine Jack , Carrasco‐Pozo Catalina , Kwan Patrick , O’Brien Terence J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate feasibility, safety, and tolerability of long‐term (48 weeks) add‐on treatment with triheptanoin (UX007), the triglyceride of heptanoate, in adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy.MethodsThis extension study was offered to adult participants with drug‐resistant epilepsy who completed a 12‐week randomized controlled trial of add‐on medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) vs triheptanoin. Participants were asked to titrate triheptanoin to their maximum tolerated dose over 3 weeks, followed by 48‐week maintenance before tapering or treatment extension. The primary aims were to assess retention and safety of the triheptanoin treatment, and secondary aims to assess the tolerated doses and changes in seizure frequency.ResultsEleven adults were enrolled and ten people were analyzed (because one patient was diagnosed as having nonepileptic seizures while on the study). Two adults finished the study and extended their treatment. Eight participants withdrew from the study, due to lack of efficacy (n = 3), unknown reasons (n = 2), belief of weight gain (n = 1), wanting to try a different treatment (n = 1), and a colonoscopy (n = 1). Diarrhea in two people and bloating in one person were deemed possibly related to treatment, but other adverse events were not. The duration of maintenance treatment dose was 27‐513 days (median 247 days, range 27‐513 days), and 0.49 ‐1.1 mL/kg triheptanoin was taken per day (0.77 ± 0.19 mL/kg, mean ± standard deviation, 40‐100 mL/d). Two participants experienced >90% and three people >50% reduction in seizure frequency, and all had focal seizures. The median seizure reduction was 48% (average 38%).SignificanceOur results indicate antiseizure effects of triheptanoin on focal seizures in 5 out of 10 adults. However, only two people finished and extended the 48‐week add‐on treatment phase, despite lack of safety or tolerability issues.More studies focused on improved treatment formulations, the potential of lower dosages, and efficacy are needed. Trial registration number: ACTRN12615000406505.
Study on the dynamic changes and formation pathways of metabolites during the fermentation of black waxy rice wine
Authors: Jiang Li , Mu Yingchun , Wei Su , Mu Yu , Zhao Chi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBlack waxy rice wine fermentation metabolites are closely related to the product's final quality. However, little is known about dynamic metabolite changes during fermentation. Here, we used gas chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐TOF‐MS) metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis to explore the relationship between metabolites and fermentation time. A total of 159 metabolites were identified during the entire fermentation process. The PCA analysis revealed a clear separation between the samples after 4 days and 2 days, and the samples after 4–24 days clustered together. This indicated that BGRW fermentation progresses rapidly in the first 48 hr of fermentation. A total of 40 metabolites were identified as differential during fermentation (VIP > 1 and p < .05), including 12 organic acids, four amino acids, one fatty acid, 17 sugars and sugar alcohols, one alcohol, and five other metabolites. Pathway analysis showed that the differential metabolites were involved in 28 metabolic pathways, and the most commonly influenced pathways (impact value > 0.1 and p < .05) were galactose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamate metabolism; the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylic acid, and dicarboxylic acid metabolism; and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Moreover, the integrated metabolic pathway was generated to understand the transformation and accumulation of differential metabolites. Overall, these results provide a comprehensive overview of metabolite changes during black waxy rice wine fermentation.
The inhibition of Kir2.1 potassium channels depolarizes spinal microglial cells, reduces their proliferation, and attenuates neuropathic pain
Authors: Gattlen Christophe , Deftu Alexandru‐Florian , Tonello Raquel , Ling Yuejuan , Berta Temugin , Ristoiu Violeta , Suter Marc René 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSpinal microglia change their phenotype and proliferate after nerve injury, contributing to neuropathic pain. For the first time, we have characterized the electrophysiological properties of microglia and the potential role of microglial potassium channels in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. We observed a strong increase of inward currents restricted at 2 days after injury associated with hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in microglial cells compared to later time‐points and naive animals. We identified pharmacologically and genetically the current as being mediated by Kir2.1 ion channels whose expression at the cell membrane is increased 2 days after SNI. The inhibition of Kir2.1 with ML133 and siRNA reversed the RMP hyperpolarization and strongly reduced the currents of microglial cells 2 days after SNI. These electrophysiological changes occurred coincidentally to the peak of microglial proliferation following nerve injury. In vitro, ML133 drastically reduced the proliferation of BV2 microglial cell line after both 2 and 4 days in culture. In vivo, the intrathecal injection of ML133 significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia and neuropathic pain behaviors after nerve injury. In summary, our data implicate Kir2.1‐mediated microglial proliferation as an important therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.
Mapping the Growth and Demographics of Managerial and Professional Staff in Higher Education
Authors: Frye Joanna R. , Fulton Amy P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a descriptive analysis of the growth of managerial and professional staff from Fall 1993 to Fall 2011 across institution types and sectors, and a detailed snapshot of the demographic composition of these staff in Fall 2016. Our results indicate tremendous growth in the population of non‐faculty staff over time, and reveal key patterns in staff employment by gender and race/ethnicity.
Business and Finance Staff: Impact and Success at Private Colleges and Universities
Authors: Dorantes Andrew R. , Peterson Joel L. A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact and success of mid‐level business and finance staff at private colleges or universities, using an adaptation of Bronfenbrenner's multilevel social integration model. This chapter also highlights the voices of mid‐level business and finance staff and describes the experiences, successes, and challenges they have encountered.
Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spills in Ice-Covered Waters: A Surface Slick Model Coupled with a Food-Web Bioaccumulation Model
Authors: Oliveira Guilherme , Khan Faisal , James Lesley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The limited knowledge on oil–ice interactions and on the ecological outcomes of oil spills in the Arctic represent sources of uncertainties for shipping and oil and gas activities in polar regions. The present work aims at the definition of the ecological risk posed by oil spills in the Arctic by the integration of an improved surface slick model to a fugacity-based food-web bioaccumulation model for icy waters. The model's outcomes are the representation of transport and weathering processes and the concentrations of a toxic component of oil, namely naphthalene, in the environmental media as a function of ice conditions. Given those concentrations, the associated ecological risk is defined in terms of the bioconcentration factor (BCF). Overall, the model predicted low bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential for naphthalene to a hypothetical Arctic food web, regardless of the ice concentration. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:729–744. © 2020 SETAC
Peanut applied to the skin of nonhuman primates induces antigen‐specific IgG but not IgE
Authors: Kulis Michael D. , Smeekens Johanna M. , Kavanagh Kylie , Jorgensen Matthew J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies in humans support the dual‐allergen exposure hypothesis, and several studies in mouse models have demonstrated that cutaneous exposure to disrupted or intact skin can lead to sensitization to peanut. However, the field lacks definitive evidence that cutaneous exposure leads to peanut allergy in humans or other primates.MethodsPeanut extract was applied to the shaved back of the neck of four male and four female African green monkeys three times per week for 4 weeks. An oral food challenge (OFC) was performed the following week by gavage of 200 mg of peanut protein, and vital signs were monitored for 30 minutes post‐OFC. Blood was collected at baseline, day 11, day 32, and 30 minutes post‐OFC. Total IgE, and peanut‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were quantified in serum collected throughout the 4 weeks. Histamine was measured in serum collected 30 minutes post‐OFC.ResultsPeanut‐specific IgE was undetectable at any time points in any of the monkeys, and there was no consistent increase in total IgE. During the oral challenge, none of the monkeys experienced allergic symptoms and histamine levels did not change. However, seven of the eight monkeys produced increasing peanut‐specific IgG by day 32, indicating that repeated skin exposure to peanut is immunogenic.ConclusionsSkin exposure to peanut did not lead to sensitization in this study, and monkeys did not experience anaphylaxis upon peanut challenge. However, monkeys produced increased peanut‐specific IgG throughout peanut exposure, indicating that repeated skin exposure to peanut is immunogenic.
Advances in research of reclaimed water irrigation in China*
Authors: Wu Wenyong , Hu Yaqi , Guan Xiaoyan , Xu Lijun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFood security and an agricultural water shortage are the double crises and challenges facing the sustainable development of agriculture in China. Development and utilization of reclaimed water is an effective way to promote the balance of water supply and demand in agriculture. In the twenty‐first century, China has conducted in‐depth research on the key technologies and applications of safe and efficient irrigation with reclaimed water. This article summarizes the major results of the research and application of reclaimed water irrigation (RWI) in China from the perspective of risk assessment, system regulation and efficient utilization, including: revealing the environmental behaviour and evaluation method of the characteristic pollutants of RWI, establishing safe and efficient irrigation systems and irrigation technology, and promoting the application model of RWI according to different utilization types. This summary will help understanding of RWI technology and application in China, and guide the practice of reclaimed water utilization in the future. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer from nonmetastatic breast cancer using second harmonic generation imaging and resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bendau Ethan , Smith Jason , Zhang Lin , Ackerstaff Ellen , Kruchevsky Natalia , Wu Binlin , Koutcher Jason A. , Alfano Robert , Shi Lingyan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subset of breast cancer that is more common in African‐American and Hispanic women. Early detection followed by intensive treatment is critical to improving poor survival rates. The current standard to diagnose TNBC from histopathology of biopsy samples is invasive and time‐consuming. Imaging methods such as mammography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, while covering the entire breast, lack the spatial resolution and specificity to capture the molecular features that identify TNBC. Two nonlinear optical modalities of second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of collagen, and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) potentially offer novel rapid, label‐free detection of molecular and morphological features that characterize cancerous breast tissue at subcellular resolution. In this study, we first applied MR methods to measure the whole‐tumor characteristics of metastatic TNBC (4T1) and nonmetastatic estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (67NR) models, including tumor lactate concentration and vascularity. Subsequently, we employed for the first time in vivo SHG imaging of collagen and ex vivo RRS of biomolecules to detect different microenvironmental features of these two tumor models. We achieved high sensitivity and accuracy for discrimination between these two cancer types by quantitative morphometric analysis and nonnegative matrix factorization along with support vector machine. Our study proposes a new method to combine SHG and RRS together as a promising novel photonic and optical method for early detection of TNBC.
Statistical mechanical prediction of ligand perturbation to RNA secondary structure and application to riboswitches
Authors: Alaidi Osama , Aboul‐ela Fareed 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe realization that noncoding RNA is implicated in numerous cellular processes, makes it imperative to understand and predict RNA‐folding. RNA secondary structure prediction is more tractable than tertiary structure or protein structure. Yet insights into RNA structure–function relationships are complicated by coupling between RNA‐folding and ligand‐binding. Here, perturbations to equilibrium secondary structure conformational distributions for two riboswitches are calculated in the presence of bound cognate ligands. This work incorporates a key factor coupling ligand binding to RNA conformation but not considered in most previous calculations: the differential affinity of the ligand for a range of RNA‐folding intermediates. Significant shifts in the free energy landscape (FEL) due to the ligand occur for transcripts of lengths corresponding to the “decision window,” following transcription of the so‐called anti‐terminator helix. The results suggest how ligand perturbation can stabilize the formation of an intermediate conformation, readily facilitating terminator hairpin formation in the full‐length riboswitch.
Recruiting diversity where it exists: The Alabama Genomic Health Initiative
Authors: May Thomas , Cannon Ashley , Moss Irene P. , Nakano‐Okuno Mariko , Hardy Sharonda , Miskell Edrika L. , Kelley Whitley V. , Curry William , East Kelly M. , Acemgil Aras , Schach Julie , Sodeke Stephen O. , Fouad Mona N. , Johnson Robert D. , Cimino James , Richards Jaimie L. , Knight Sara J. , Korf Bruce 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLack of diversity among genomic research participants results in disparities in benefits from genetic testing. To address this, the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative employed community engagement strategies to recruit diverse populations where they lived. In this paper, we describe our engagement techniques and recruitment strategies, which resulted in significant improvement in representation of African American participants. While African American participation has not reached the representation of this community as a percentage of Alabama's overall population (26%–27%), we have achieved an overall representation exceeding 20% for African Americans. We believe this demonstrates the value of engagement and recruitment where diverse populations reside.
The cost‐effectiveness of prophylaxis strategies for individuals with advanced HIV starting treatment in Africa
Authors: Walker Simon M , Cox Edward , Revill Paul , Musiime Victor , Bwakura‐Dangarembizi Mutsa , Mallewa Jane , Cheruiyot Priscilla , Maitland Kathryn , Ford Nathan , Gibb Diana M , Walker A Sarah , Soares Marta ,   the REALITY trial team
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionMany HIV‐positive individuals in Africa have advanced disease when initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) so have high risks of opportunistic infections and death. The REALITY trial found that an enhanced‐prophylaxis package including fluconazole reduced mortality by 27% in individuals starting ART with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. We investigated the cost‐effectiveness of this enhanced‐prophylaxis package versus other strategies, including using cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) testing, in individuals with CD4 <200 cells/mm3or <100 cells/mm3at ART initiation and all individuals regardless of CD4 count.MethodsThe REALITY trial enrolled from June 2013 to April 2015. A decision‐analytic model was developed to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of six management strategies in individuals initiating ART in the REALITY trial countries. Strategies included standard‐prophylaxis, enhanced‐prophylaxis, standard‐prophylaxis with fluconazole; and three CrAg testing strategies, the first stratifying individuals to enhanced‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐positive) or standard‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐negative), the second to enhanced‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐positive) or enhanced‐prophylaxis without fluconazole (CrAg‐negative) and the third to standard‐prophylaxis with fluconazole (CrAg‐positive) or without fluconazole (CrAg‐negative). The model estimated costs, life‐years and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALY) over 48 weeks using three competing mortality risks: cryptococcal meningitis; tuberculosis, serious bacterial infection or other known cause; and unknown cause.ResultsEnhanced‐prophylaxis was cost‐effective at cost‐effectiveness thresholds of US$300 and US$500 per QALY with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$157 per QALY in the CD4 <200 cells/mm3population providing enhanced‐prophylaxis components are sourced at lowest available prices. The ICER reduced in more severely immunosuppressed individuals (US$113 per QALY in the CD4 <100 cells/mm3population) and increased in all individuals regardless of CD4 count (US$722 per QALY). Results were sensitive to prices of the enhanced‐prophylaxis components. Enhanced‐prophylaxis was more effective and less costly than all CrAg testing strategies as enhanced‐prophylaxis still conveyed health gains in CrAg‐negative patients and savings from targeting prophylaxis based on CrAg status did not compensate for costs of CrAg testing. CrAg testing strategies did not become cost‐effective unless the price of CrAg testing fell below US$2.30.ConclusionsThe REALITY enhanced‐prophylaxis package in individuals with advanced HIV starting ART reduces morbidity and mortality, is practical to administer and is cost‐effective. Efforts should continue to ensure that components are accessed at lowest available prices.