bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study of Natural Convective Heat Transfer From Two-Sided Inclined Square Plates Having a Finite Thickness
Authors: Manna Rafiq , Oosthuizen Patrick H. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous natural convective heat transfer from the top, bottom and side surfaces of two-sided inclined square plates having various thicknesses has been numerically investigated. The aim of this work is to determine whether the plate thickness has a significant influence on the heat transfer rates from the plate surfaces when the plate is inclined to the horizontal and to determine how the heat transfer rate varies with this angle of inclination. The upper, lower and side surfaces of the plate have been assumed to be isothermal and at the same temperature which is higher than that of the surrounding fluid. The range of conditions considered is such that laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow occur over the plate. The numerical solution has been obtained using the commercial CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT©. In this study, results have only been obtained for the case where the plate is exposed to air. Inclination angles of between 0 and 40 degrees from the horizontal and plate dimensionless thicknesses (thickness-to-side length ratios) of between 0 and 0.3 have been considered. Variations of the mean Nusselt number with Rayleigh number for the top surface, bottom surface, side surface and that averaged over all heated surfaces of the plate for various inclination angles and for various plate dimensionless thicknesses have been obtained.
Hydrolytic Aging in Rubber-Like Materials: A Micro-Mechanical Approach to Modeling
Authors: Bahrololoumi Amir , Dargazany Roozbeh 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The effect of hydrolytic aging on mechanical responses of Rubber likes materials, in particular, Mullins effect and the permanent set has been modeled. Hydrolytic aging is considered as the result of the competition between two phenomena (1) chain scission and (2) cross-link scission/reformation. Both phenomena were modeled and thus, the strain energy of the polymer matrix is written with respect to three independent mechanisms; i) the shrinking original matrix which has not been attacked by water, ii) conversion of the first network to a new network due to the reduction of the crosslinks, and iii) energy loss from network degradation due to water attacks to ester groups. The model is validated with respect to a set of experimental data. Besides accuracy, the simplicity and few numbers of fitting parameters make the model a good choice for further implementations.
ROS Based Adjustable Resolution Compact 3D Scanner
Authors: Dion Scott , Tatoglu Akin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This research study aims to design and develop a compact multi-sensor 3D scanning system for a mobile robot which can detect object types. Sensor suite is equipped with a 3D Lidar with 360-degree field of view and a stationary camera mounted on top of a 2DOF turret. The sensor data is fused to generate a 3D point cloud. Mechanism is required to sweep the 3D space in pitch and roll axes. While servo controller can adjust generated point cloud resolution — and scan duration —, camera images can also be registered to generate a panoramic image of the environment followed by radial distortion corrections. System can generate variable density scans for specific application such mapping or self-driving. This study is the perception portion of our full-scale self-driving golf cart research project of Autonomous Mobile Robotics Research Group.
Virtual Reality Laboratory: Green Robotic Ultrasonic Welding
Authors: Chiou Richard Y. , Mauk Michael G. , C. Husanu Irina , Tseng Tzu-Liang (Bill) , Sowmithran Sowrirajan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper describes recent developments in an ongoing project to develop a series of virtual reality (VR) based robotic ultrasonic welding laboratory simulations, designed to impress upon users the importance of proper laboratory safety procedures and the potential consequences of not doing so. Robotic ultrasonic welding virtual reality laboratory is developed as an educational project and laboratory component for undergraduate engineering curricula. Ultrasonic welding is a relatively fast, clean process that does not require adhesives, binding agents, solders, fluxes, or solvents. However, it can only be done either by an experienced welder or a welding robot since it is difficult to weld due to high-frequency mechanical vibration and complex welding path. This paper explores the use of virtual reality simulation of industrial robots and its application in the field of industrial design and automation with lab-on-a-chip devices. With a virtual reality based welding simulator, learning ultrasonic welding can be made easier and faster. Accordingly, educational approaches that combine and integrate multiple disciplines afford more efficient and effective use of time and resources. A concluding section discusses the student learning outcomes during this project.
Modelling Damage Accumulation During Cyclic Loading in Elastomeric Gels With Interpenetrating Networks
Authors: Morovati Vahid , Dargazany Roozbeh 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Double network (DN) elastomers are a class of reinforced gels that benefit from a significantly high stretch-ability and toughness. However, DN gels lose their toughness due to the accumulation of damage under cyclic loading during their lifetime. While recent advances in the process and characterization of the DN gels have led to significant improvements in their properties, our understandings of the accumulated damage mechanisms within the material remain sparse and inconclusive. Here, a physically motivated constitutive model is presented for DN gels subjected to a high number of cyclic deformations, which will eventually approach a steady-state after thousands of cycles. The model can be particularly used to elucidate the inelastic features, such as permanent damage during deformation of each cycle. The observed damage may be induced from the chain scission, chain slippage, or polymer relaxation. Therefore, irreversible chain detachment and decomposition of the first network due to its highly cross-linked structure are explored as the underlying reasons for the nonlinear stress softening phenomenon. The model is validated against the experimental tests. The model contains a few numbers of material constants and shows good agreement with cyclic uni-axial tensile test data.
Quantifying Mechanical Properties of PCL-Based Nanofiber Mats Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: White Allison , DeVos Amanda , Elhussein Amr Elamin , Blank Jack , Nair Kalyani 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Polymeric scaffolds aid in creating an environment for cell proliferation and differentiation in tissue engineering applications by acting as temporary artificial extracellular matrices (ECMs) for cells to form functional tissue. Many studies have reported that cell behavior can be significantly affected by the physical and chemical properties of a given scaffold. Therefore, the mechanical and structural properties of these scaffolds must be characterized. Polymeric solutions, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), have been electrospun into nanofiber mats to be used as cell scaffolds. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biocompatible polymer and is commonly used in tissue engineering applications; however, PCL is hydrophobic, which makes it difficult for cells to adhere to the mat. Coating the PCL-based mats with collagen, a naturally occurring protein with hydrophilic properties, may improve cell adhesion to the scaffold. The collagen coating may also alter the mechanical properties of the nanofiber mats. In this study, the effect of collagen coating on cell adhesion and proliferation are investigated using alamarBlue tests. Additionally, the mechanical and surface properties of PCL-based nanofiber mats are investigated using a Nanosurf C3000 atomic force microscope (AFM). One batch of PCL mats were coated with collagen, while the uncoated mats were used as controls. The cell behavior and material property values obtained from the uncoated PCL and collagen-coated PCL mats were analyzed and compared. The results of this study suggest that collagen does significantly influence the cell proliferation and material properties of PCL-based mats and that further studies should be conducted to better understand the effects of the nanoscale properties of the PCL-based mats on cell adhesion.
Study on Model Evolution Method Based on the Hybrid Modeling Technology With Support Vector Machine for a SOFC-GT System
Authors: Chen Jinwei , Sun Shengnan , Chen Yao , Zhang Huisheng , Lu Zhenhua 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The mechanism models of solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC-GT) systems are very useful to analyze the detail thermodynamic performance, including the internal complex mass, heat and electrochemical processes. However, several characteristic parameters in the mechanism model are difficult to be estimated accurately due to the unknown offset. As a result, it is difficult for the mechanism model to maintain high accuracy during the full operating cycle. In this paper, a model evolution method based on hybrid modeling technology is proposed to simulate the thermodynamic performance more accurately during the full operation cycle. A hybrid model framework of SOFC-GT system is designed to evolve the mechanism model. The electrochemical characteristic of SOFC is identified and evolved by a data-driven model based on least squares-support vector machine algorithm (LS-SVM) rather than a mechanism electrochemical model. Firstly, the prediction performance of the electrochemical LS-SVM model is compared with the test data. The maximum error of prediction is only about 1.776 A/m2, and the prediction accuracy reaches 99.998%. Then the hybrid model, coupled with the LS-SVM electrochemical model from the mechanism model, is developed to simulate the thermodynamic performance of SOFC-GT system. The off-design performance of the SOFC-GT system is analyzed by the hybrid model and mechanism model. In addition, the comparison results show that the hybrid model can accurately predict the SOFC-GT system performance. The maximum error is less than 2.2% at off-design condition. In consideration of its significant advantages combining data-driven model and mechanism model, hybrid model is a powerful candidate for accurate performance simulation during full operation cycle.
Mechanical Design of Distributed Solar Sail Deployment Systems
Authors: Li Ni , Kim Salla , Lin Jason , De La Torre Benjamin , Wong Manhong , Shen He , Patel Vimal 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Solar sailing has been increasingly considered for future space missions as an alternative method of propulsion, since it uses radiation pressure exerted by sunlight on a large mirrored surface for thrust and it does not require propellants such as chemicals or compressed gasses. For decades, single solar sail designs and deployment mechanisms have been studied and implemented in several CubeSats with the purpose of propulsion or deorbiting. Recently, a distributed four sail design has been proposed. The distributed four sails would have the potential to not only provide the spacecraft with propulsion force for space travel, but also control the attitude of the spacecraft by the coordinated motion of the four sails. Considering the large dimensions of the sails, it is necessary for the solar sails to be effectively stowed before launch and then deployed in a controlled manner in space. In this paper, the mechanical design of a deployment system that can stow and deploy four independent triangular solar sails with the ability to rotate after deployment will be presented. To demonstrate the effectiveness and the feasibility of the design, a prototype has been developed and validated through theoretical analysis and experimental tests.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Team Projects and Augmented Reality on Student Learning in Sustainable Building Science
Authors: Lin Cheng-Xian , Pradhananga Nipesh , Vassigh Shahin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Sustainable building design and construction involves complex systems that require multidisciplinary teams from engineering, construction, and architecture, to design and analyze the systems at every stage of the process during the building’s life cycle. However, students who are the future work force are often trained in different disciplines across different colleges. When these students are grouped together to work on the building design and analysis, learning in a multidisciplinary environment could be both beneficial and challenging due to the difference in their background. In this paper, we report our experience and analysis of data examining the learning effectiveness of the undergraduate students from three cross-college departments in architecture, construction, and engineering. Using pre- and post-semester tests on selected building science problems, we have investigated how the student’s understanding of building science had changed through team projects. Particularly, for mechanical engineering students in the design of thermal/fluid systems classes, we analyzed whether a cross-college multidisciplinary team could do better as compared to a disciplinary-specific team within the same class. We also examined the potential effects of emerging technology, augmented reality, on student learning in the same team environment. It was interesting to find that students’ learning in discipline-specific teams can be improved as in the multidisciplinary teams, due to the challenges in the complexity of the projects.
A 5-cm2 PEM Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layer Experimental Study and Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization
Authors: Montoya Segnini Jose , Carbajal Gerardo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The present experimental study aims to determine the effect of two different gas diffusion layers in the performance of a 5-cm2 proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The gas diffusion layers consisted of a carbon cloth gas diffusion (GDL-CT) and a non-woven carbon paper (Sigracet 25 BC, Sigracet 29, and BC Sigracet 35 BC). The effect of the GDL parameters on the fuel cell performance was evaluated by the polarization curve. Based on the polarization curve results, it was confirmed that the carbon cloth gas diffusion layer had a better performance than the non-woven carbon. Different temperatures, hydrogen flow rates and inlet pressures were tested. Images from the scanning electron microscopy were obtained to visualize the internal structure of a carbon paper GDL and a carbon cloth GDL; it was observed different surface structures between them.
A Study of Concussions in Women’s Lacrosse
Authors: Honarmandi Peyman , Toscano Lisa , Calicchia Michael , Diaz Miguel , Kaishian Emma , Stallings William 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Concussions in athletes can be brought on by a hit to the head or sudden change in direction of the neck or head. This causes the brain to oscillate in the cranium hitting against the skull. Two common scenarios that result in a concussion in women’s lacrosse were studied: lacrosse ball to head contact and stick to head contact. Current Manhattan College student athletes on the Women’s Lacrosse team were used to obtain data regarding the average velocity of the ball, stick, and players. A pitching machine was utilized to accurately control the velocity of the ball when striking the dummy’s head to obtain the time of impact. The first step of this research is computational, as the collision scenarios were modeled and analyzed from a mechanical point of view. A linear acceleration value was obtained for a wide range of potential impact scenarios between the ball and player. When a linear acceleration greater than 50g is sustained, a concussion is likely to occur. The maximum linear acceleration calculated in this research was roughly 75.46g for ball to head contact and 62.3g for stick to head contact. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a high risk that a player will suffer a concussion in these scenarios. The results highlight the dangers in a gameplay setting, which indicates a potential need for alteration to game play style or regulations.
Design, Modeling and Analysis of a Novel Reconfigurable Wheeled Robot With Elastic Actuated Mechanism
Authors: Attia Tamer , Furukawa Tomonari 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the novel design of a Reconfigurable Wheeled Robot (RWR) with an Elastic Actuated Mechanism (EAM) capable of improving the robots dynamic stability on irregular terrain by controlling the RWR’s ground clearance, body roll and pitch angles with optimally distributing the vertical force on each tire. The EAM mainly consists of a linear actuator connected in series with a shock absorber. Four sets of the EAM are used to create different robot configurations to adapt to the terrain. The RWR dynamic model is derived for analyzing the dynamic behavior using the linear actuators positions and speeds as inputs to determine the resulting ground clearance, body roll, and pitch angles. Sensors are integrated onboard the RWR to calculate the robot’s states in real-time for use in feedback control. Results obtained in real environments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed novel design in stabilizing the RWR on irregular terrain.
Positive Intelligence Education for Unleashing Student Potential
Authors: Tyagi Pawan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Student attitude towards learning is strongly dependent on the hidden traits and habits they develop during the growing up period. Based on circumstances many students live in an individualistic mindset and perceive rather permanent misconceptions about the surrounding and opportunities. This paper focuses on providing positive intelligence training to college student to equip them with the necessary knowledge to not only unleash their talent but also to enable other students to give the highest performance. This paper focuses on an experiment under which 22 students in the senior level design of energy system course were exposed to the fundamental aspects of positive intelligence. Every student was tasked to demonstrate the depth of understanding about the positive intelligence and then apply it to group members to understand the strength and weakness. Most of the students expressed satisfaction that they were able to understand their attitude and behavior that they found as an impediment in their progress. After positive intelligence training, several students exhibited an increased maturity level and many students expressed higher degree of empathy towards their team members.
An Initial Framework for Implementation of Industry 4.0 in the High Technological Manufacturing Sector in Southern California
Authors: James Sagil , Shetty Anupam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0 is a new paradigm that is significantly influencing several manufacturing industries across the globe. Industry 4.0 synchronizes concepts such as Smart Manufacturing, Smart Factory, and the Internet of Things with existing factory automation technologies in order to improve value in manufacturing by monitoring key performance indicators and creates value in all manufacturing related aspects. Currently, several industries have started early initiatives of implementing these technologies. As the industries are evaluating their readiness for implementing the Industry 4.0 concepts, there are several challenges which need to be addressed including high initial investment, lack of standardization, data security and lack of skilled labor. A strategic roadmap towards implementing the Industry 4.0 paradigms is still unclear in the industry as well as in academia. This research develops an initial framework for the effective implementation of Industry 4.0 in the high technology manufacturing sectors in the Southern California region. The results of this study are expected to provide a platform to expand the opportunities of Industry 4.0 further and facilitate worldwide adoption.
Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelet Addition on the Conductive Behavior of Solution Mixing Processed Polylactide Biopolymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Qi , Mertiny Pierre 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The fabrication of highly thermally and electrically conductive polymer materials is of interest for multiple applications, for example, in electronics packaging and biosensors. Polylactic acid (PLA), a commercially available and biodegradable polyesters, is widely used and studied since it is considered a environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical-based synthetic polymers. In the present study, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) reinforced PLA composites were prepared via solution blending followed by a compression molding process. Various physical and thermo-mechanical analyses were performed with the prepared composites. For instance, the electrical conductivity of PLA/GNP composites at various filler loadings was determined using four-point probe resistivity measurements. An electrical conductivity of 0.1 S/cm was achieved at a GNP loading of 12 wt%. Using the hot-disk transient plane source method, anisotropic thermal conductivity properties were evaluated. An in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.87 W/mK and 0.58 W/mK was achieved with the addition of 6 wt% GNP, which is a nearly twofold and over fourfold increase compared to neat PLA, respectively.
Evaluation and Characterization of ASS316L at Sub-Zero Temperature
Authors: Kosaraju Satyanarayana , Kalluri Anil , Singh Swadesh Kumar , ul Haq Ahsan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Austenitic Stainless-Steel grade 316L is one among the significant ASS grades which is most commonly used in various industry sectors. It has excellent corrosion resistance in ordinary atmospheric and also in more arduous environments such as salt water and environments where resistance to chloride corrosion is required. Whilst performing well when exposed to relatively high temperatures, this grade of Austenitic Stainless steel also maintains its strength and toughness at sub-zero temperatures, making this an excellent choice for various applications in industries sectors such as Marine, general construction, and water treatment. Therefore, present study focused on evaluating the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and strain hardening exponent (n) are evaluated based on the experimental data obtained from the uniaxial isothermal tensile tests performed at an interval of −25 °C from 0 °C to −50 °C and at three orientations (0, 45, 90) degrees to the rolling direction and cross head velocity (3, 5, 7) mm/min were chosen. A total of 27 experiments have been planned based on design of experiments to conduct experiments. A mathematical model for the prediction of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and strain hardening exponent (n) was developed using process parameters such as temperature, orientation and cross head velocities. Results have shown that mechanical properties can be predicted with a reasonable accuracy within the range of process parameters considered in this study.