bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fingerprinting of volatile organic compounds for quick assessment of vigour status of seeds
Authors: Umarani R. , Bhaskaran M. , Vanitha C. , Tilak M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeed is a fertilized mature ovule, which possesses an embryonic plant. When the dry, mature seeds are subjected to imbibition, they release a wide range of organic substances, which include low molecular weight carbonyl compounds (gases and volatiles) and water-soluble organic substances (enzymes and polysaccharides). The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are molecules of low molecular weight (300 g mol−1) and high vapour pressure (0.01 kPa at 20°C) and include diverse chemical compounds. The nature and emission kinetics of volatiles produced from seeds vary, depending on the moisture content of the seeds. Orthodox seeds stored at ‘low seed moisture content’ undergo seed deterioration, predominantly due to lipid peroxidation, initiated by autoxidation or enzymatic oxidation of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. This peroxidation leads to emission of volatile compounds. The quantity of VOCs emitted is positively correlated with the advancement of seed deterioration. With respect to the seed germination process, exposure of seeds to ‘high moisture conditions’ leads to increased respiration, triggers glycolysis and mobilization of storage reserves, resulting in the emission of volatile metabolic products. The quantity of VOCs emitted on commencement of metabolic activity in germinating seeds depends on (1) vigour status and (2) amount of storage reserves. Since it has been established that there is a significant difference between high and low vigour seeds with respect to quantity and profile of VOCs emitted, there is great potential for utilizing the VOC profile to obtain a quick and reproducible test of vigour status of crop seeds. In order to harness the VOC profile for quick assessment of vigour status of seeds, research has to be taken up to develop standard protocols for fingerprinting of VOCs for the purpose of seed vigour assessment and to fix the standard volatile biomarker(s) specific to crop and vigour status of seeds.
Paris in the Orient: a spatial micro-history of the French in Shanghai (1942)
Authors: Armand Cécile , Henriot Christian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this article, we rely on a census of French residents in 1942 to conduct a quantitative micro-history of the French community in the wake of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai. On the basis of this snapshot, we examine this group from the perspective of long-term demography combined with a spatial approach drawing on the geospatial resources built over a decade in Shanghai. We argue that the system of power in the French Concession shaped the structural traits of the French population as a self-contained community. It created a politically, culturally and linguistically defined space where French nationals were presented with opportunities and even privileges. It sheds light on the social characteristics of foreign communities in a transcolonial city and on the spatial patterns they created in a non-western urban setting. Methodologically, we harness Geographical Information System tools to bridge demography and spatial history.
Chemical control of suckers in hazelnut orchards of western Oregon
Authors: de Souza Larissa Larocca , Moretti Marcelo L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHazelnut naturally grows as a multi-stemmed tree. The basal sprouts, known as suckers, grow throughout the season. Suckers are removed to promote a single trunk that facilitates production mechanization and increased yield. In western Oregon, herbicides are the most common method of sucker control, and at least four applications per season are performed in the spring and summer seasons. This study evaluated the efficacy of foliar-applied herbicides currently registered for sucker control in hazelnuts. Season-long and short-term field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of herbicides to control hazelnut suckers. In the season-long studies, four consecutive applications of treatments that contained 2,4-D, glufosinate, or paraquat provided 50% to 80% control, maintained sucker height at 50 cm or less as compared to 155 cm for the nontreated control, and reduced sucker biomass by 87% as compared to the nontreated control. The short-term study results confirmed the efficacy of 2,4-D, glufosinate, and paraquat for sucker control, and in this study, carfentrazone and saflufenacil reduced sucker biomass to a level comparable to 2,4-D or glufosinate treatment. These results confirm that 2,4-D, glufosinate, paraquat, carfentrazone, and saflufenacil can be used for sucker control in hazelnut and emphasize the necessity of multiple applications during the growing season to control suckers in hazelnut. Proper herbicide selection is important to control suckers with success.
What Came First, Mud or Biostabilizers? Elucidating Interacting Effects in a Coupled Model of Mud, Saltmarsh, Microphytobenthos, and Estuarine Morphology
Authors: Brückner Muriel Z. M. , Braat Lisanne , Schwarz Christian , Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMud accretion and establishment of biostabilizers, such as microphytobenthos and saltmarsh vegetation, govern the development of estuarine morphology. Mud facilitates saltmarsh survival and microphytobenthos growth, which in turn promotes sedimentation and reduces mud erosion. Consequently, an increasing extent and thickness of mud cover might lead to a stabilization of large‐scale estuarine morphology. To disentangle the interactions between saltmarsh establishment, microphytobenthos colonization, and mud layer formation, we use our novel eco‐morphodynamic model applied to the Western Scheldt estuary. Our model shows that presence of dynamic saltmarsh vegetation and microphytobenthos enhances predictions of mud location in the computations compared to field data. Saltmarsh establishment is partly determined by the antecedent mud content in the bed, resulting in varying emerging vegetation coverage between model experiments of a generic saltmarsh and a saltmarsh species that requires prior mud for establishment. In contrast to microphytobenthos enhancing seasonal mud accretion during their growth period, saltmarshes promote largest accretion when lower biomass and high water levels are present. Interestingly, thick long‐term mud is enhanced despite the biostabilizers seasonal growth. The combination of saltmarsh and microphytobenthos leads to expanding saltmarsh cover and mud area. Generally, mud layer thickness is governed by the ratio of hydroperiod and maximum flow velocity that is mediated by the biostabilizers. On estuary scale, the presence of intertidal vegetation leads to increased mud volumes in the intertidal. Mud layers are enhanced in extent by a mud‐dependent species and in thickness by a generic species. Thus, local biostabilization alters large‐scale morphology controlling long‐term estuarine development.
Comparing Methods of Uncertainty Estimation in Optimal Fingerprinting
Authors: Trenary L. , DelSole T. , Tippett M.K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe performances of different uncertainty estimates in multipattern optimal fingerprinting are compared. The comparisons are performed in a perfect model context using the Canadian Earth System Model Large Ensemble to provide a clean comparison in the absence of model error or inconsistencies in internal variability. Performance is quantified in terms of the accuracy (correct coverage) of the confidence intervals for the fingerprint scaling factors. Sensitivity to temporal and spatial smoothing is tested. The most accurate method for interval estimation differs between variables, with a maximum likelihood method being most accurate for temperature and a bootstrap method being most accurate for precipitation. These differences can only partially be explained in terms of a relevant measure of signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Linkage Between the Vertical Evolution of Clouds and Droplet Growth Modes as Seen From FY‐4A AGRI and GPM DPR
Authors: Chen Yilun , Li Weibiao , Chen Shumin , Zhang Aoqi , Fu Yunfei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBased on matched scans from the FY‐4A satellite's Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) and the NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory's Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR), the microphysical mechanisms of the derived vertical evolution of cloud effective radius (Re) and its correspondence with precipitation droplet growth modes are revealed in this study. The results show that there were two turning points in the Re vertical evolution, which divided the Re profile into solid‐phase, mixed‐phase, and liquid‐phase zones from top to bottom. There were also two turning points in the upper layer of DPR reflectivity, which showed good correspondence with Re turning points in both height and physical sense. The main droplet growth modes in the three zones are nucleation/glaciation, deposition, and riming, respectively. The linkage between Re vertical evolution and droplet growth modes would be useful in real‐time monitoring of cloud microphysical processes.
Powering the Galilean Satellites with Moon‐Moon Tides
Authors: Hay Hamish C. F. C. , Trinh Antony , Matsuyama Isamu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is compelling evidence for subsurface water oceans among the three outer Galilean satellites and evidence for an internal magma ocean in the innermost moon, Io. Tidal forces from Jupiter periodically deform these bodies, causing heating and deformation that, if measured, can probe their interior structures. In addition to Jupiter‐raised tides, each moon also raises tides on the others. We investigate moon‐moon tides for the first time in the Galilean moons and show that they can cause significant heating through the excitation of high‐frequency resonant tidal waves in their subsurface oceans. The heating occurs both in the crust and ocean and can exceed that of other tidal sources and radiogenic decay if the ocean is inviscid enough. The resulting tidal deformation can be used to constrain subsurface ocean thickness. Our understanding of the thermal‐orbital evolution and habitability of the Jovian system may be fundamentally altered as a result.
Toward Global Stochastic River Flood Modeling
Authors: Wing Oliver E. J. , Quinn Niall , Bates Paul D. , Neal Jeffrey C. , Smith Andrew M. , Sampson Christopher C. , Coxon Gemma , Yamazaki Dai , Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , Alfieri Lorenzo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlobal flood models integrate flood maps of constant probability in space, ignoring the correlation between sites and thus potentially misestimating the risk posed by extreme events. Stochastic flood models alleviate this issue through the simulation of flood events with a realistic spatial structure, yet their proliferation at large scales has historically been inhibited by data quality and computer availability. In this paper, we show, for the first time, the efficacy of modeled river discharge reanalyses in the characterization of flood spatial dependence in the absence of a dense stream gauge network. While global hydrological models may show poor correspondence with absolute observed river flows, we find that the rate at which they can simulate the joint occurrence of relative flow exceedances at two given locations is broadly similar to when a gauge‐based statistical model is used. Evidenced over the United States, flood events simulated using observed gauge data from the U.S. Geological Survey versus those generated using modeled streamflows have similar (i) distributions of site‐to‐site correlation strength, (ii) relationships between event size and return period, and, importantly, (iii) loss distributions when incorporated into a continental‐scale flood risk model. Extremal dependence is generally quantified less accurately on larger rivers, in arid climates, in mountainous terrain, and for the rarest high‐magnitude events. However, local‐scale errors are shown to broadly cancel each other out when combined, producing an unbiased flood spatial dependence model. These findings suggest that building accurate stochastic flood models worldwide may no longer be a distant aspiration.
Temporal aiming
Authors: Pacheco-Peña Victor , Engheta Nader 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDeflecting and changing the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves are needed in multiple applications, such as in lens–antenna systems, point-to-point communications and radars. In this realm, metamaterials have been demonstrated to be great candidates for controlling wave propagation and wave–matter interactions by offering manipulation of their electromagnetic properties at will. They have been studied mainly in the frequency domain, but their temporal manipulation has become a topic of great interest during the past few years in the design of spatiotemporally modulated artificial media. In this work, we propose an idea for changing the direction of the energy propagation of electromagnetic waves by using time-dependent metamaterials, the permittivity of which is rapidly changed from isotropic to anisotropic values, an approach that we calltemporal aiming. In so doing, here, we show how the direction of the Poynting vector becomes different from that of the wavenumber. Several scenarios are analytically and numerically evaluated, such as plane waves under oblique incidence and Gaussian beams, demonstrating how proper engineering of the isotropic—anisotropic temporal function of εr(t) can lead to a redirection of waves to different spatial locations in real time.
Recent advances in 2D, 3D and higher-order topological photonics
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Jacob Zubin , Rho Junsuk 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOver the past decade, topology has emerged as a major branch in broad areas of physics, from atomic lattices to condensed matter. In particular, topology has received significant attention in photonics because light waves can serve as a platform to investigate nontrivial bulk and edge physics with the aid of carefully engineered photonic crystals and metamaterials. Simultaneously, photonics provides enriched physics that arises from spin-1 vectorial electromagnetic fields. Here, we review recent progress in the growing field of topological photonics in three parts. The first part is dedicated to the basics of topological band theory and introduces various two-dimensional topological phases. The second part reviews three-dimensional topological phases and numerous approaches to achieve them in photonics. Last, we present recently emerging fields in topological photonics that have not yet been reviewed. This part includes topological degeneracies in nonzero dimensions, unidirectional Maxwellian spin waves, higher-order photonic topological phases, and stacking of photonic crystals to attain layer pseudospin. In addition to the various approaches for realizing photonic topological phases, we also discuss the interaction between light and topological matter and the efforts towards practical applications of topological photonics.
Implication of 5-HT7 receptor in prefrontal circuit assembly and detrimental emotional effects of SSRIs during development
Authors: Olusakin Jimmy , Moutkine Imane , Dumas Sylvie , Ponimaskin Evgeni , Paizanis Eleni , Soiza-Reilly Mariano , Gaspar Patricia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAltered development of prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits can have long-term consequences on adult emotional behavior. Changes in serotonin homeostasis during critical periods produced by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the serotonin transporter (SERT, or Slc6a4), have been involved in such developmental effects. In mice, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), administered during postnatal development cause exuberant synaptic connectivity of the PFC to brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) circuits, and increase adult risk for developing anxiety and depressive symptoms. SERT is transiently expressed in the glutamate neurons of the mouse PFC, that project to the DRN. Here, we find that 5-HTR7 is transiently co-expressed with SERT by PFC neurons, and it plays a key role in the maturation of PFC-to-DRN synaptic circuits during early postnatal life. 5-HTR7-KO mice show reduced PFC-to-DRN synaptic density (as measured by array-tomography and VGLUT1/synapsin immunocytochemistry). Conversely, 5-HTR7 over-expression in the developing PFC increased PFC-to-DRN synaptic density. Long-term consequences on depressive-like and anxiogenic behaviors were observed in adults. 5-HTR7 over-expression in the developing PFC, results in depressive-like symptoms in adulthood. Importantly, the long-term depressive-like and anxiogenic effects of SSRIs (postnatal administration of fluoxetine from P2 to P14) were not observed in 5-HTR7-KO mice, and were prevented by co-administration of the selective inhibitor of 5-HTR7, SB269970. This study identifies a new role 5-HTR7 in the postnatal maturation of prefrontal descending circuits. Furthermore, it shows that 5-HTR7 in the PFC is crucially required for the detrimental emotional effects caused by SSRI exposure during early postnatal life.
Neuroethics at the interface of machine learning and schizophrenia
Authors: McFarlane Jacob , Illes Judy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEthical discourse around machine learning analysis of free speech for the detection of schizophrenia has largely focused on consent and personal privacy. We focus here on additional ethics concerns and principles that must be addressed to move the pendulum of risk over to benefit and propose solutions to achieve that shift.
Neural dynamics during the vocalization of ‘uh’ or ‘um’
Authors: Sugiura Ayaka , Alqatan Zahraa , Nakai Yasuo , Kambara Toshimune , Silverstein Brian H. , Asano Eishi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPeople occasionally use filler phrases or pauses, such as “uh”, “um”, or “y’know,” that interrupt the flow of a sentence and fill silent moments between ordinary (non-filler) phrases. It remains unknown which brain networks are engaged during the utterance of fillers. We addressed this question by quantifying event-related cortical high gamma activity at 70–110 Hz. During extraoperative electrocorticography recordings performed as part of the presurgical evaluation, patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy were instructed to overtly explain, in a sentence, ‘what is in the image(subject)’, ‘doing what(verb)’, ‘where(location)’, and ‘when(time)’. Time–frequency analysis revealed that the utterance of fillers, compared to that of ordinary words, was associated with a greater magnitude of high gamma augmentation in association and visual cortex of either hemisphere. Our preliminary results raise the hypothesis that filler utterance would often occur when large-scale networks across the association and visual cortex are engaged in cognitive processing, including lexical retrieval as well as verbal working memory and visual scene scanning.
Weak rTMS-induced electric fields produce neural entrainment in humans
Authors: Zmeykina Elina , Mittner Matthias , Paulus Walter , Turi Zsolt 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potent tool for modulating endogenous oscillations in humans. The current standard method for rTMS defines the stimulation intensity based on the evoked liminal response in the visual or motor system (e.g., resting motor threshold). The key limitation of the current approach is that the magnitude of the resulting electric field remains elusive. A better characterization of the electric field strength induced by a given rTMS protocol is necessary in order to improve the understanding of the neural mechanisms of rTMS. In this study we used a novel approach, in which individualized prospective computational modeling of the induced electric field guided the choice of stimulation intensity. We consistently found that rhythmic rTMS protocols increased neural synchronization in the posterior alpha frequency band when measured simultaneously with scalp electroencephalography. We observed this effect already at electric field strengths of roughly half the lowest conventional field strength, which is 80% of the resting motor threshold. We conclude that rTMS can induce immediate electrophysiological effects at much weaker electric field strengths than previously thought.
Ovary and uterus related adverse events associated with statin use: an analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Jiao Xue-feng , Li Hai-long , Jiao Xue-yan , Guo Yuan-chao , Zhang Chuan , Yang Chun-song , Zeng Li-nan , Bo Zhen-yan , Chen Zhe , Song Hai-bo , Zhang Ling-li 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExperimental studies have demonstrated statin-induced toxicity for ovary and uterus. However, the safety of statins on the functions of ovary and uterus in real-world clinical settings remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify ovary and uterus related adverse events (AEs) associated with statin use by analyzing data from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). We used OpenVigil 2.1 to query FAERS database. Ovary and uterus related AEs were defined by 383 Preferred Terms, which could be classified into ten aspects. Disproportionality analysis was performed to assess the association between AEs and statin use. Our results suggest that statin use may be associated with a series of ovary and uterus related AEs. These AEs are involved in ovarian cysts and neoplasms, uterine neoplasms, cervix neoplasms, uterine disorders (excl neoplasms), cervix disorders (excl neoplasms), endocrine disorders of gonadal function, menstrual cycle and uterine bleeding disorders, menopause related conditions, and sexual function disorders. Moreover, there are variabilities in the types and signal strengths of ovary and uterus related AEs across individual statins. According to our findings, the potential ovary and uterus related AEs of statins should attract enough attention and be closely monitored in future clinical practice.
Nonlocal chiral symmetry breaking in curvilinear magnetic shells
Authors: Sheka Denis D. , Pylypovskyi Oleksandr V. , Landeros Pedro , Gaididei Yuri , Kákay Attila , Makarov Denys 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe concept of curvature and chirality in space and time are foundational for the understanding of the organic life and formation of matter in the Universe. Chiral interactions but also curvature effects are tacitly accepted to be local. A prototypical condensed matter example is a local spin-orbit- or curvature-induced Rashba or Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. Here, we introduce a chiral effect, which is essentially nonlocal and resembles itself even in static spin textures living in curvilinear magnetic nanoshells. Its physical origin is the nonlocal magnetostatic interaction. To identify this interaction, we put forth a self-consistent micromagnetic framework of curvilinear magnetism. Understanding of the nonlocal physics of curved magnetic shells requires a curvature-induced geometrical charge, which couples the magnetic sub-system with the curvilinear geometry. The chiral interaction brings about a nonlocal chiral symmetry breaking effect: it introduces handedness in an intrinsically achiral material and enables the design of magnetolectric and ferrotoroidic responses.