bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variance for behavioural ‘predictability’ of stress response
Authors: Prentice Pamela M. , Houslay Thomas M. , Martin Julien G. A. , Wilson Alastair J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGenetic factors underpinning phenotypic variation are required if natural selection is to result in adaptive evolution. However, evolutionary and behavioural ecologists typically focus on variation among individuals in their average trait values and seek to characterize genetic contributions to this. As a result, less attention has been paid to if and how genes could contribute towards within‐individual variance or trait ‘predictability’. In fact, phenotypic ‘predictability’ can vary among individuals, and emerging evidence from livestock genetics suggests this can be due to genetic factors. Here, we test this empirically using repeated measures of a behavioural stress response trait in a pedigreed population of wild‐type guppies. We ask (a) whether individuals differ in behavioural predictability and (b) whether this variation is heritable and so evolvable under selection. Using statistical methodology from the field of quantitative genetics, we find support for both hypotheses and also show evidence of a genetic correlation structure between the behavioural trait mean and individual predictability. We show that investigating sources of variability in trait predictability is statistically tractable and can yield useful biological interpretation. We conclude that, if widespread, genetic variance for ‘predictability’ will have major implications for the evolutionary causes and consequences of phenotypic variation.
Barriers to access and ways to improve dementia services for a minority ethnic group in England
Authors: Hossain Muhammad Z. , Khan Hafiz T.A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThere is a general lack of awareness and understanding of dementia within ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. There is also a dearth of research involving ethnic minority caregivers about reducing barriers to accessing services and optimizing engagements with religiously tailored interventions. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study that examined the barriers to health care service use in the Bangladeshi community living in the United Kingdom.MethodsThe research draws on findings from a doctoral level research study on understanding dementia among the Bangladeshi community in England. The data for the doctoral research were gathered in two ways: (a) focus group discussions and (b) semi‐structured interviews. All data were audio‐recorded and analysed using thematic analysis. NVivo software was used to aid transcribing, coding, and interpretation of emergent themes.ResultsThe data showed that there were some barriers experienced by participants due to their religious and cultural beliefs and practices with other barriers related to the complexity of the UK health care system. Gender‐based caregiving also appeared to interfere with religious ideologies while religiously appropriate health care services were deemed of great importance for successfully accessing those services.ConclusionsThe findings provide an understanding of the experiences of the Bangladeshi community when seeking to access mainstream UK health care services and may help to provide useful directions for future research.
Endoscopic acanthosis nigricans appearance: A novel specific marker for diagnosis of low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Cheng Jinnian , Xu Xianjun , Zhuang Qian , Luo Shengzheng , Gong Xiaoyuan , Wu Xiaowan , Wan Xinjian , Zhou Hui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimAt present, there is no recognized diagnostic criteria for gastric low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN). The purpose of this study was to determine whether an “endoscopic acanthosis nigricans appearance (EANA)” could be a useful endoscopic marker for distinguishing LGIN lesions from peripheral non‐neoplastic tissues.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 638 cases of suspected superficial lesions with endoscopic images from white light endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging. According to the pathological results of accurate biopsies, those lesions were divided into three groups: a control group, an LGIN group, and an early gastric cancer (EGC) group.ResultsAccording to the presence of EANAs, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for differentiating between the LGIN and control groups were 24.8%, 97.3%, 78.3%, and 76.6%, respectively. The sensitivity (84.1%) and negative predictive value (92.4%) were significantly improved by combining EANA with types IV–VI pit pattern. The intervening part and mean gray value of glands, representing microsurface features and microvascular variation, were significantly larger or higher in EANA lesions than in the surrounding non‐neoplastic mucosa. LGIN with EANA was more likely to be present in lesions of type 0‐IIa. In addition, the prevalence of EANAs in EGC was 16.7%.ConclusionAn EANA could be used as an auxiliary indicator for a diagnosis of LGIN in suspected lesions. It could also play a potential assistive role in the diagnosis of EGC lesions.
Aging, Diabetes, Obesity, and Cognitive Decline: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Ganguli Mary , Beer Joanne C. , Zmuda Joseph M. , Ryan Christopher M. , Sullivan Kevin J. , Chang Chung‐Chou H. , Rao R. Harsha 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESTo investigate potential mechanisms underlying the well‐established relationship of diabetes and obesity with cognitive decline, among older adults participating in a population‐based study.DESIGN/SETTINGTen‐year population‐based cohort study.PARTICIPANTSA total of 478 individuals aged 65 years and older.MEASUREMENTSWe assayed fasting blood for markers of glycemia (glucose and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), insulin resistance (IR) (insulin and homeostatic model assessment of IR), obesity (resistin, adiponectin, and glucagon‐like peptide‐1), and inflammation (C‐reactive protein). We modeled these indices as predictors of the slope of decline in global cognition, adjusting for age, sex, education, APOE*4 genotype, depressive symptoms, waist‐hip ratio (WHR), and systolic blood pressure, in multivariable regression analyses of the entire sample and stratified by sex‐specific median WHR. We then conducted WHR‐stratified machine‐learning (Classification and Regression Tree [CART]) analyses of the same variables.RESULTSIn multivariable regression analyses, in the entire sample, HbA1c was significantly associated with cognitive decline. After stratifying by median WHR, HbA1c remained associated with cognitive decline in those with higher WHR. No metabolic indices were associated with cognitive decline in those with lower WHR. Cross‐validated WHR‐stratified CART analyses selected no predictors in participants older than 87 to 88 years. Faster cognitive decline was associated, in lower WHR participants younger than 87 years, with adiponectin of 11 or greater; and in higher WHR participants younger than 88 years, with HbA1c of 6.2% or greater.CONCLUSIONSOur population‐based data suggest that, in individuals younger than 88 years with central obesity, even modest degrees of hyperglycemia might independently predispose to faster cognitive decline. In contrast, among those younger than 87 years without central obesity, adiponectin may be a novel independent risk factor for cognitive decline. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:991–998, 2020
Gross anatomy of the shoulder and arm intrinsic muscles in the white‐footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus – Günther, 1876): Inter‐ and intraspecific anatomical variations
Authors: Monroy‐Cendales María José , Vélez‐García Juan Fernando , Castañeda‐Herrera Fabian Enrique 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundSaguinus leucopus is a Neotropical primate with an arboreal quadrupedal locomotion pattern, which requires wide movements of the shoulder and arm. This investigation studies the muscles of these regions in order to serve as a basis for clinical and surgical procedures and to compare with other primates.MethodsGross dissections of twenty thoracic limbs were performed.ResultsThe muscles examined were the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis longus, coracobrachialis brevis, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, tensor fasciae antebrachii, and anconeus epitrochlearis. The anconeus was absent. The following variants were found: an accessory head of the biceps brachii, the unilateral absence of the short head of the biceps brachii, an accessory head of the coracobrachialis longus, and one infraspinatus muscle innervated by the axillary nerve.ConclusionsThese muscles are adapted to quadrupedal locomotion and can have inter‐ and intraspecific variations in their attachments and innervation.
Quantification of Optic Nerve and Sheath Diameter by Transorbital Sonography: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis
Authors: Schroeder Christoph , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Richter Daniel , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Gold Ralf , Krogias Christos 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo date, normal values for optic nerve diameter (OND) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) for transorbital sonography (TOS) have only been reported by individual small‐scale studies, exposing a great variability in the measurement of the OND and ONSD.METHODSWe performed a systematic review and metanalysis of available to date studies on TOS evaluation of adults without elevated intracranial pressure to provide an overview of the published literature, measuring methods and further specify normal values for OND and ONSD.RESULTSIn total, we included 39 studies with 2,927 healthy volunteers (mean age 36.1 years, 44.4% female), so that a total of 5,854 eyes were examined. All pooled analyses were based on random effect models. Mean values for OND were provided in 13 studies. Calculated mean pooled OND value was 3.08 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9‐3.25), with low heterogeneity across studies (I2= 12.7%). Thirty‐four studies provided mean values for ONSD measurement. The pool of mean ONSD measurements was 4.78 mm (95% CI, 4.63‐4.94), with evidence of substantial heterogeneity between estimates ONSD (I2= 50.6%). There were no significant differences (P= .139) in the subsequent subgroup analysis for the different geographic continents. Also, no significant differences could be recorded for the effect of age (P= .824) or gender (P= .093).CONCLUSIONSTOS is a frequently described and widely used method. We provide reference values of OND and ONSD that are based on metanalytical analysis. Different measuring methods of ONSD result in higher heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant correlation between ONSD and age, gender, or geographic origin.
Fully Digital Workflow with Magnetically Connected Guides for Full‐Arch Implant Rehabilitation Following Guided Alveolar Ridge Reduction
Authors: Costa Alan Jony de Moura , Teixeira Neto Alexandre Domingues , Burgoa Shaban , Gutierrez Virgilio , Cortes Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis technique report describes a fully digital workflow in which two surgical guides (i.e. one for alveolar bone reduction and the other for implant placement) are magnetically connected to ensure stability during full‐arch implant surgery following guided bone reduction. Digital prosthesis design as well as virtual bone reduction and implant planning are developed from the superimposition of facial, intraoral and CBCT scans. With this technique, different surgical guides and interim poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) fixed prosthesis are precisely connected with magnets after being digitally designed and 3D‐printed. As a result, such magnetic connection allows for satisfactory stability of the implant surgical guide, as well as of the interim fixed PMMA fixed prosthesis during capture of screw‐retained abutments.
Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs
Authors: Kuhl Amanda , Odunayo Adesola , Price Josh , Hecht Silke , Marshall Kristen , Steiner Joerg , Tolbert M. Katherine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundUpper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration and bleeding in critically ill dogs can cause severe anemia and increase morbidity. Acid suppressants using proton pump inhibitors or histamine‐2 receptor blockers administered IV is commonly recommended.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of IV administered esomeprazole, pantoprazole, and famotidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on increasing the intragastric pH of dogs. We hypothesized that esomeprazole and famotidine CRI would provide superior acid suppression compared to pantoprazole and reach pH goals for the treatment of GI bleeding.AnimalsNine healthy research Beagles.MethodsRandomized, 3‐way crossover. Dogs received pantoprazole or esomeprazole at 1 mg/kg IV q12h and famotidine with a loading dose of 1 mg/kg followed by 8 mg/kg IV CRI daily for 3 consecutive days. The intragastric pH was recorded at baseline and for 72 hours of treatment. The mean pH and the mean percentage time (MPT) the intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 were compared among and within treatment groups.ResultsSignificant increases in mean pH (P < 0.0001), MPT ≥3 (P < 0.001), and MPT ≥4 (P = 0.0006) were noted over time with all 3 treatments. The time effect did not differ by treatment for mean pH, MPT ≥3, and MPT ≥4 (P = .29, .56, and .37, respectively); however, only esomeprazole and famotidine CRI achieved the goals established for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration in people.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFamotidine CRI and esomeprazole might be superior acid suppressants compared to standard doses of pantoprazole for the first 72 hours of treatment.
Phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase D is required for hyphal cell‐cell fusion and fungal‐plant symbiosis
Authors: Hassing Berit , Eaton Carla J. , Winter David , Green Kimberly A. , Brandt Ulrike , Savoian Matthew S. , Mesarich Carl H. , Fleissner Andre , Scott Barry 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough lipid signaling has been shown to serve crucial roles in mammals and plants, little is known about this process in filamentous fungi. Here we analyze the contribution of phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) in hyphal morphogenesis and growth of Epichloë festucae and Neurospora crassa, and in the establishment of a symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and Lolium perenne. Growth of E. festucae and N. crassa PLD deletion strains in axenic culture, and for E. festucae in association with L. perenne, were analyzed by light‐, confocal‐ and electron microscopy. Changes in PA distribution were analyzed in E. festucae using a PA biosensor and the impact of these changes on the endocytic recycling and superoxide production investigated. We found that E. festucae PldB, and the N. crassa ortholog, PLA‐7, are required for polarized growth and cell fusion and contribute to ascospore development, whereas PldA/PLA‐8 are dispensable for these functions. Exogenous addition of PA rescues the cell‐fusion phenotype in E. festucae. PldB is also crucial for E. festucae to establish a symbiotic association with L. perenne. This study identifies a new component of the cell‐cell communication and cell fusion signaling network for hyphal morphogenesis and growth of filamentous fungi.
Colletotrichum keratitis: A rare yet important fungal infection of human eyes
Authors: Hung Ning , Hsiao Ching‐Hsi , Yang Ching‐Sheng , Lin Hsin‐Chiung , Yeh Lung‐Kun , Fan Yun‐Chen , Sun Pei‐Lun 
Published: February 2020

SummaryBackgroundColletotrichum is a rare cause of human infection. Previous reports about Colletotrichum keratitis were limited, and most diagnoses from past reports were based on morphological distinction, which could have led to underestimation of the prevalence of Colletotrichum species.ObjectiveWe reported phylogenetic analysis, clinical feature and treatment outcome of molecularly diagnosed Colletotrichum keratitis in our hospital.Patients/MethodsWe recruited 65 patients with culture‐proven filamentous fungal keratitis between January 1, 2015 and December 30, 2018. Through molecular sequencing including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis of fungal DNA, seven patients were verified as infected with Colletotrichum species, and their medical records were reviewed to determine the clinical characteristics.ResultsSix of seven patients had predisposing factors including trauma (5) and immunosuppressive status (1). Six isolates were initially misidentified as other fungi through morphological identification. ITS sequencing identified the isolates belonged to two species complex (SC): C. truncatum and C. gloeosporioides; multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis enabled species identification including C. tropicale (3), C. fructicola (2), C. truncatum (1) and C. fusiforme (1). Five patients with C. gloeosporioides SC responded well to medical treatment and two patients with C truncatum SC underwent evisceration because of either no visual potential or intractable pain.ConclusionsThe molecular approach provides accurate diagnosis and raises epidemiological awareness of Colletotrichum keratitis. Through multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis, we report the human infections caused by C. tropicale, C. fructicola and C. fusiforme. We also highlight the different clinical outcomes between C. gloeosporioides SC and C. truncatum SC.
Ribosomal protein L4 of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRB alters resistance to macrolides and other antibiotics
Authors: Biswas Saswati , Keightley Andrew , Biswas Indranil 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLactobacillus rhamnosus is an important lactic acid bacterium that is predominantly used as a probiotic supplement. This bacterium secretes immunomodulatory and antibacterial peptides that are necessary for the probiotic trait. This organism also occupies diverse ecological niches, such as gastrointestinal tracts and the oral cavity. Several studies have shown that L. rhamnosus is prone to spontaneous genome rearrangement irrespective of the ecological origins. We previously characterized an oral isolate of L. rhamnosus, LRB, which is genetically closely related to the widely used probiotic strain L. rhamnosus LGG. In this study, we isolated a nontargeted mutant that was particularly sensitive to acid stress. Using next generation sequencing, we further mapped the putative mutations in the genome and found that the mutant had acquired a deletion of 75 base pairs in the rplD gene that encodes the large ribosomal subunit L4. The mutant had a growth defect at 37°C and at ambient temperature. Further antibiotic sensitivity analyses indicated that the mutant is relatively more resistant to erythromycin and chloramphenicol; two antibiotics that target the 50S subunit. In contrast, the mutant was more sensitive to tetracycline, which targets the 30S subunit. Thus, it appears that nontargeted mutations could significantly alter the antibiotic resistance profile of L. rhamnosus. Our study raises concern that probiotic use of L. rhamnosus should be carefully monitored to avoid unintended consequences.
The Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae type IV pilus alignment subcomplex protein PilN contributes to regulation of bacterial surface‐associated behaviours and T3SS system
Authors: Li Yilang , Yan Yichao , Deng Songge , Zhang Cuiping , Haq Fazal , Chen Tao , Li Yingbin , Li Shengzhang , Yang Rihuan , Zou Lifang , Chen Gongyou 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe gram‐negative plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is able to infect the host rice and effectively colonize in vascular tissues. The type IV pilus (T4P) is one of the major virulence factors playing an important role in migration of Xoo through host vascular tissues. Here, we identified PilN, a T4P alignment subcomplex protein, which is involved in regulation of swimming motility, and analysed its contribution to bacterial surface‐associated behaviours and virulence. We found that the pilN deletion mutant exhibited dramatically reduced twitching motility and scarcely detectable levels of T4P major pili PilA, as well as enhanced biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. In addition, deletion of the pilN gene in Xoo resulted in impaired virulence in host rice and attenuated type III secretion system (T3SS) genes expression, which is independent of PilA assembly. Expression of the relevant pilN gene in trans was capable of restoring twitching motility and biofilm formation to the wild‐type levels in the pilN mutant but partially recovering EPS production and virulence. Moreover, the expression of trh and xrvA genes, which encode the HrpG positive regulators, was decreased in the pilN mutant. Our results suggest that PilN executes versatile functions in bacterial virulence and cell surface‐associated behaviours.
Presidential Unilateral Action as a Tool of Voter Mobilization
Authors: Kang Myunghoon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractI develop a formal model that investigates conditions under which the president acts unilaterally to establish a given policy. The key innovation is that unilateral action is considered a costly tool for voter mobilization. Presidential unilateral action activates voters' constitutional concerns, which increases the cost of voting and leads the president's supporters to abstain. However, it also provides extra expressive benefits of voting to the president's supporters who deeply care about the policy established by the unilateral action. Hence, the president acts unilaterally to establish the policy only if its mobilizing effects outweigh its demobilizing effects. This result implies that the president's unilateral action acquires popular support that can compensate for the lack of its constitutionality. I discuss the possibly benign effects of unilateral action that are conducive to an effective government and argue that it is necessary to account for these effects when making normative judgments about unilateral action.
Cardiovascular effects of brief mindfulness meditation among perfectionists experiencing failure
Authors: Koerten Hannah R. , Watford Tanya S. , Dubow Eric F. , O’Brien William H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch links perfectionism, the tendency to hold and pursue unrealistically high standards, to negative mental health outcomes such as eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Previous research used high frequency heart rate variability (HF‐HRV) to measure recovery from stress during a mindfulness meditation in perfectionistic university students and found that only nonperfectionists demonstrated HF‐HRV recovery from stress, suggesting that mindfulness was not effective for perfectionists. However, the mindfulness meditation did not incorporate a nonjudgment element, which may be a key component for perfectionists. In the current study, we examined whether mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment helps university student perfectionists (n = 120) recover from failure (measured by heart rate (HR), HF‐HRV, pNN50). Students were randomly assigned to one of four meditation groups: nonjudgment mindfulness, general mindfulness (i.e., attentional awareness without a nonjudgment component), progressive muscle relaxation, and nothing. Cardiac data were recorded during a 5‐min baseline, failure task, and 10‐min meditation session. HR results suggest that both mindfulness conditions and “nothing” encouraged cardiovascular recovery, but that the mindfulness conditions showed even further recovery during the last five minutes of the meditations. HF‐HRV results indicated that participants in the nonjudgment mindfulness condition had marginally higher HF‐HRV during the last five minutes of the meditation than at baseline, while participants in the other conditions did not. Therefore, mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment of emotions may be especially important to help perfectionists improve HF‐HRV after failure.