bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural tree shade increases milk stability of lactating dairy cows during the summer in the subtropics
Authors: Abreu Alexandre S. , Fischer Vivian , Stumpf Marcelo T. , McManus Concepta M. , González Felix H. D. , da Silva Jéssica B. S. , Heisler Guilherme 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis research communication addresses the hypothesis that, during the summer in the subtropics, natural tree shade helps to improve milk functional characteristics such as stability and acidity. Sixteen Holstein lactating cows were enrolled. The study consisted of three periods (pre-stress, heat stress and post-stress) based on allocating grazing cows into two treatments (with and without access to shade during the Heat Stress period). Overall THI during the trial was (mean ± se) 76.0 ± 3.4. Access to shade prevented the heat stress-related decrease in milk stability both in the ethanol and in the coagulation time test, as well as maintained milk acidity within an acceptable range (14 to 18°D).
Predicting the emergence of full-threshold bipolar I, bipolar II and psychotic disorders in young people presenting to early intervention mental health services
Authors: Carpenter Joanne S. , Scott Jan , Iorfino Frank , Crouse Jacob J. , Ho Nicholas , Hermens Daniel F. , Cross Shane P. M. , Naismith Sharon L. , Guastella Adam J. , Scott Elizabeth M. , Hickie Ian B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPredictors of new-onset bipolar disorder (BD) or psychotic disorder (PD) have been proposed on the basis of retrospective or prospective studies of ‘at-risk’ cohorts. Few studies have compared concurrently or longitudinally factors associated with the onset of BD or PDs in youth presenting to early intervention services. We aimed to identify clinical predictors of the onset of full-threshold (FT) BD or PD in this population.MethodMulti-state Markov modelling was used to assess the relationships between baseline characteristics and the likelihood of the onset of FT BD or PD in youth (aged 12–30) presenting to mental health services.ResultsOf 2330 individuals assessed longitudinally, 4.3% (n = 100) met criteria for new-onset FT BD and 2.2% (n = 51) met criteria for a new-onset FT PD. The emergence of FT BD was associated with older age, lower social and occupational functioning, mania-like experiences (MLE), suicide attempts, reduced incidence of physical illness, childhood-onset depression, and childhood-onset anxiety. The emergence of a PD was associated with older age, male sex, psychosis-like experiences (PLE), suicide attempts, stimulant use, and childhood-onset depression.ConclusionsIdentifying risk factors for the onset of either BD or PDs in young people presenting to early intervention services is assisted not only by the increased focus on MLE and PLE, but also by recognising the predictive significance of poorer social function, childhood-onset anxiety and mood disorders, and suicide attempts prior to the time of entry to services. Secondary prevention may be enhanced by greater attention to those risk factors that are modifiable or shared by both illness trajectories.
Cosmotopia Delineated: Rammohun Roy, William Adam, and the Calcutta Unitarian Committee
Authors: Midgley Clare 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article seeks to establish the value of the concept of cosmotopia to historians of intercultural connections through presenting a case study of the Calcutta Unitarian Committee, which was active between 1821 and 1828. In tandem, it aims to enhance understanding of the origins of one particularly sustained set of intercultural connections: the interfaith network which developed between an influential group of Hindu religious and social reformers, the Brahmo Samaj, and western Unitarian Christians. The article focusses on the collaboration between the two leading figures on the Committee: Rammohun Roy, the renowned founder of the Brahmo Samaj, who is often described as the Father of Modern India; and William Adam, a Scottish Baptist missionary who was condemned as the “second fallen Adam” after his “conversion” to Unitarianism by Rammohun Roy, and who went on to cofound a utopian community in the United States. It explores the Calcutta Unitarian Committee's activities within the cosmopolitan milieu of early colonial Calcutta, and clarifies its role in the emergence of the Brahmo Samaj, in the development of a unique approach to Christian mission among Unitarians, and in laying the foundations of a transnational network whose members were in the vanguard of religious innovation, radical social reform, and debates on the “woman question” in nineteenth-century India, Britain, and the United States. In conclusion, the article draws on the case study to offer some broader reflections on the relationship between utopianism, cosmopolitanism, and colonialism.
Experimental warming of bryophytes increases the population density of the nematode Plectus belgicae in maritime Antarctica
Authors: Newsham Kevin K. , Hall Richard J. , Maslen N. Rolf 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDespite nematodes routinely being the most frequent soil- and bryophyte-associated animals in maritime Antarctica, there is a lack of clarity about the influence of warming on their populations in the region. Here, we report the results of a field experiment on Adelaide Island that tested the effects of warming with open-top chambers (OTCs) for 37 months on nematodes associated with the bryophytes Cephaloziella varians and Sanionia uncinata. Over the experiment's duration, OTCs increased the population density of the nematode Plectus belgicae in mats of both bryophytes by six-fold, with four- to seven-fold increases in the abundances of male, female and juvenile P. belgicae in warmed mats, and with the largest effects on the abundances of juveniles. Despite C. varians, which is black in colour, warming to a greater extent than S. uncinata during summer, no interactive effects of OTCs and bryophyte species were recorded on the population density of P. belgicae. Our results corroborate a previous study showing that warming increases Plectus population densities in maritime Antarctic soils, with implications for the region's terrestrial food webs.
Vicarious trauma in therapists: a meta-ethnographic review
Authors: McNeillie Natalie , Rose John 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground:Hearing about trauma can leave a mark on an individual, leading to a significant change in worldview that shatters their existing beliefs and is pervasive across view of self, other and the world. Individuals present with a range of symptoms that mimic post-traumatic stress disorder although the symptoms are less severe. Despite this, some individuals can experience growth through an enriched understanding of self and other. This altered perspective enables individuals to respond in ways that promote growth and positivity in their own lives.Aims:The aim of this review was to synthesise existing qualitative literature exploring how therapists experience working with trauma survivors.Method:A systematic literature search found 16 studies which were selected for review following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality appraisal. Noblit and Hare’s (1988) approach to meta-ethnography was followed.Results:The themes identified outline a cognitive model of vicarious trauma whereby therapists presented with cognitive, emotional, physiological and behavioural ‘symptoms’ due to marked changes in schemata following repeated exposure to trauma. The literature suggests that therapists experience growth and development alongside vicarious trauma through witnessing clients’ resilience and growth.Conclusion:This meta-ethnographic review suggests that the impact of working with trauma is profound and complex for therapists bearing witness to their client’s pain and concurrently, their growth.
Women’s Role in Preserving Lament Songs in the Villages of Gjirokastër, Albania
Authors: SPIRI GRIJDA 
Published: October 2020

Abstract“Vajtim,” mourning, is an expression of women’s grief and cannot be counted in months or years: it is a continued expression of the inner world that for many women can take decades. In this paper, I examine how women have carried and preserved the lament songs of the Southern Albania region from generation to generation. Field research in my hometown, Gjirokastër, reveals how the laments songs are connected from mother to daughter within the families. Using descriptions of lamenting rituals, personal interviews with mourners, and analysis of lyrics and field recordings, I demonstrate how women continue this tradition through generations.
Surface Expressions of Atmospheric Thermal Tides in the Tropical Atlantic and Their Impact on Open‐Ocean Precipitation
Authors: Christophersen J. A. , Foltz G. R. , Perez R. C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiurnal and semidiurnal variations of atmospheric pressure and surface winds are fundamental to the Earth‐Sun system. Past research in the tropical Pacific shows semidiurnal and diurnal patterns in the zonal and meridional wind anomalies, respectively. While the semidiurnal zonal wind pattern is consistent with atmospheric thermal tidal forcing, it is not yet certain what drives diurnal meridional wind variability. This study examines the diurnal cycle of meridional winds in the tropical Atlantic Ocean across four different seasons and the extent to which they impact the diurnal evolution of open‐ocean precipitation in boreal summer. Comparisons of direct observations from long‐term moored buoys to an atmospheric reanalysis (MERRA‐2) show that MERRA‐2 reproduces diurnal and semidiurnal pressure and wind variations. The MERRA‐2 atmospheric thermal tides are decomposed into migrating and nonmigrating tidal components, and the linear terms in the zonal and meridional momentum equations are calculated. There is an approximate balance between the acceleration and pressure gradient terms for the zonal migrating momentum budget in the open ocean, with larger residuals or imbalances between those terms for the other budgets. The meridional nonmigrating budget shows largest residuals near the African coastline, indicating that nonlinear processes like the evening initiation of convection are important over land. This evening convection drives the meridional component of surface convergence which is translated offshore by the nonmigrating tide in the form of gravity waves, potentially modified by the African Easterly Jet. During boreal summer, this convergence helps to induce a morning peak of precipitation over the open ocean.
Lower Hybrid Drift Waves During Guide Field Reconnection
Authors: Yoo Jongsoo , Ji Jeong‐Young , Ambat M. V. , Wang Shan , Ji Hantao , Lo Jenson , Li Bowen , Ren Yang , Jara‐Almonte J. , Chen Li‐Jen , Fox William , Yamada Masaaki , Alt Andrew , Goodman Aaron 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGeneration and propagation of lower hybrid drift wave (LHDW) near the electron diffusion region (EDR) during guide field reconnection at the magnetopause is studied with data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission and a theoretical model. Inside the current sheet, the electron beta (βe) determines which type of LHDW is excited. Inside the EDR, where the electron beta is high (βe ∼ 5), the long‐wavelength electromagnetic LHDW is observed propagating obliquely to the local magnetic field. In contrast, the short‐wavelength electrostatic LHDW, propagating nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field, is observed slightly away from the EDR, where βe is small (∼0.6). These observed LHDW features are explained by a local theoretical model, including effects from the electron temperature anisotropy, finite electron heat flux, electrostatics, and parallel current. The short‐wavelength LHDW is capable of generating significant drag force between electrons and ions.
Induced Earthquakes Before and After Cessation of Long‐Term Injections in Rongchang Gas Field
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Lei Xinglin , Ma Shengli , Wang Xiaolong , Wan Yongge 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor more than three decades, the depleted Rongchang gas reservoir in China's Sichuan Basin was used for the disposal of unwanted water, which resulted in induced earthquakes, with magnitudes as high as 5.2. After all wells were closed, the frequency of seismic activity was observed to decay following a modified Omori law, and since April 2015, seismic activity again began to increase, and a M4.9 earthquake occurred on 27 December. The results of an epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model analysis show that forced seismicity accounted for more than 70% of the total events. For most M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes, including two M ≥ 4 events, the estimated overpressure was lower than the maximum injection pressure. These results, coupled with the fact that postinjection seismic activity has similar characteristics to seismicity during injection, indicate that the injected overpressure fluid was still the driving factor for postinjection seismic activity.
Poleward Excursions by the Himalayan Subtropical Jet Over the Past Four Centuries
Authors: Thapa U. K. , St. George S. , Trouet V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSince the 1980s, the subtropical jet stream has generally moved poleward, but its behavior varies by region and season. Here we examine the interannual variability and trends in the latitudinal position of the spring subtropical jet over the Himalayas. During the modern period (1948 to 2018), the spring (March‐April‐May) jet is typically anchored immediately south of the Himalayas but has rarely (in 1956, 1971, 1984, and 1999) moved poleward to pass over Kyrgyzstan and northwest China. A tree‐ring reconstruction of the jet's latitude indicates that such poleward excursions may have become more frequent after 1950, but it is not clear whether that behavior is unprecedented within the past four centuries. These insights into the behavior of the Himalayan subtropical jet may improve seasonal weather forecasts for the region and provide a target for climate simulations to test whether the recent spate of excursions is unusual and due to anthropogenic warming.
Detection and Assessment of a Large and Potentially Tsunamigenic Periglacial Landslide in Barry Arm, Alaska
Authors: Dai Chunli , Higman Bretwood , Lynett Patrick J. , Jacquemart Mylène , Howat Ian M. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Dufresne Anja , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Geertsema Marten , Ward Jones Melissa , Haeussler Peter J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe retreat of glaciers in response to global warming has the potential to trigger landslides in glaciated regions around the globe. Landslides that enter fjords or lakes can cause tsunamis, which endanger people and infrastructure far from the landslide itself. Here we document the ongoing movement of an unstable slope (total volume of 455 × 106 m3) in Barry Arm, a fjord in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The slope moved rapidly between 2010 and 2017, yielding a horizontal displacement of 120 m, which is highly correlated with the rapid retreat and thinning of Barry Glacier. Should the entire unstable slope collapse at once, preliminary tsunami modeling suggests a maximum runup of 300 m near the landslide, which may have devastating impacts on local communities. Our findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary studies of recently deglaciated fjords to refine our understanding of the impact of climate change on landslides and tsunamis.
Impact of Antarctic Meltwater Forcing on East Asian Climate Under Greenhouse Warming
Authors: Oh Ji‐Hoon , Park Wonsun , Lim Hyung‐Gyu , Noh Kyung Min , Jin Emilia Kyung , Kug Jong‐Seong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn recent decades, Antarctic ice sheet/shelf melting has been accelerated, releasing freshwater into the Southern Ocean. It has been suggested that the meltwater flux could lead to cooling in the Southern Hemisphere, which would retard global warming and further induce a northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In this study, we use experimental ensemble climate simulations to show that Antarctic meltwater forcing has distinct regional climate impacts over the globe, leading in particular to regional warming in East Asia, which offsets the global cooling effect by the meltwater forcing. It is suggested that Antarctic meltwater forcing leads to a negative precipitation anomaly in the Western North Pacific (WNP) via cooling in the tropics and the northward shift of the ITCZ. This suppressed convection in WNP induces an anticyclonic flow over the North Pacific, which leads to regional warming in East Asia. This hypothesis is supported by analyses of interensemble spread and long‐term control simulations.
Local Anomalies in the Column‐Averaged Dry Air Mole Fractions of Carbon Dioxide Across the Globe During the First Months of the Coronavirus Recession
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Zheng Bo , Broquet Grégoire , Ciais Philippe , Liu Zhu , Davis Steven J. , Deng Zhu , Wang Yilong , Bréon François‐Marie , O'Dell Christopher W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe use a global transport model and satellite retrievals of the carbon dioxide (CO2) column average to explore the impact of CO2 emissions reductions that occurred during the economic downturn at the start of the Covid‐19 pandemic. The changes in the column averages are substantial in a few places of the model global grid, but the induced gradients are most often less than the random errors of the retrievals. The current necessity to restrict the quality‐assured column retrievals to almost cloud‐free areas appears to be a major obstacle in identifying changes in CO2 emissions. Indeed, large changes have occurred in the presence of clouds, and in places that were cloud free in 2020, the comparison with previous years is hampered by different cloud conditions during these years. We therefore recommend to favor all‐weather CO2 monitoring systems, at least in situ, to support international efforts to reduce emissions.
The Rheological Behavior of CO2 Ice: Application to Glacial Flow on Mars
Authors: Cross A. J. , Goldsby D. L. , Hager T. F. , Smith I. B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVast quantities of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from deformation experiments on pure, fine‐grained CO2 ice, over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly nonlinear power law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously unseen linear‐viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2‐rich deposits are modestly stronger than previously thought. Nevertheless, CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice, particularly on the steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
Rupture of the 2020 MW 7.8 Earthquake in the Shumagin Gap Inferred From Seismic and Geodetic Observations
Authors: Liu Chengli , Lay Thorne , Xiong Xiong , Wen Yangmao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe eastern portion of the Shumagin gap along the Alaska Peninsula ruptured in an MW 7.8 thrust earthquake on 22 July 2020. The megathrust fault space‐time slip history is determined by joint inversion of regional and teleseismic waveform data along with co‐seismic static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) displacements. The rupture expanded westward and along‐dip from the hypocenter, located adjacent to the 1938 MW 8.2 Alaska earthquake, with slip and aftershocks extending into the gap about 180 to 205 km, respectively, at depths from 15 to 40 km. The deeper half of ~75% of the Shumagin gap experienced faulting. However, the patchy slip is significantly less than possible accumulated slip since the region's last major rupture in 1917, compatible with geodetic seismic‐coupling estimates of 10‐40% beneath the Shumagin Islands. The rupture terminated in the western region of very low seismic coupling. There was a regional decade‐scale decrease in b‐value prior to the 2020 event.
Sub‐Mesoscales at Ocean Fronts: Dissipation of Eddy Kinetic Energy
Authors: Canuto V. M. , Cheng Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractD'Asaro et al. measured the dissipation of eddy kinetic energy at the Kuroshio ocean front, found it to be 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than the value predicted by the law of the wall, and suggested that the enhancement is due to sub‐mesoscales, SM. To assess their suggestion, we employ two SM models. In the first model, the buoyancy flux is based on baroclinic instabilities only and there is no momentum flux (Reynolds stresses). The model is unable to reproduce the Kuroshio data. The second model includes baroclinic instabilities, wind stress, and Reynolds stresses. It reproduces the data satisfactorily. The analytic formula for the dissipation that we present can be used in ocean general circulation models to parameterize dissipation at ocean fronts other than Kuroshio, for example, Gulf Stream and ACC, an extension that could improve the predictions of climate studies.
Regional Deformation and Offshore Crustal Local Faulting as Combined Processes to Explain Uplift Through Time Constrained by Investigating Differentially Uplifted Late Quaternary Paleoshorelines: The Foreland Hyblean Plateau, SE Sicily
Authors: Meschis M. , Scicchitano G. , Roberts G. P. , Robertson J. , Barreca G. , Monaco C. , Spampinato C. , Sahy D. , Antonioli F. , Mildon Z. K. , Scardino G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractQuaternary uplift is well documented in SE Sicily, a region prone to damaging seismic events, such as the 1693 “Val di Noto” earthquake (Mw7.4), the largest seismic event reported within the Italian Earthquake Catalogue, whose seismogenic source is still debated and, consequently, the long‐term seismic hazard is poorly understood. However, the spatial variation in the timing and rates of uplift are still debated, so it is difficult to link the dominant tectonic process(es) responsible for the uplift and the location of seismogenic sources. To better constrain the uplift rate, we have refined the dating of Late Quaternary marine terraces, using a synchronous correlation approach, driven by both published and newly obtained numerical age controls (234U/230Th dating on corals). This has allowed recalculation of uplift rates along a N‐S oriented transect within the Hyblean Plateau (HP) foreland region. Consequently, we have mapped the geometry of paleoshorelines along a coastline‐parallel transect and hence the rates of uplift. The results suggest increasing uplift rate from south to north across the HP and that uplift rates have remained constant through the Late Quaternary. This spatially changing but temporally constant uplift places constraints on the proportion of uplift produced by regional geodynamic processes versus produced by local faults, such as an offshore east dipping active normal fault. We discuss these new findings in terms of the long‐term seismic hazard for one of the most seismically active regions in the Mediterranean Basin.