bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeled Impacts of Sea Ice Exchange Processes on Arctic Ocean Carbon Uptake and Acidification (1980–2015)
Authors: Mortenson Eric , Steiner Nadja , Monahan Adam H. , Hayashida Hakase , Sou Tessa , Shao Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA regional Arctic ice ocean model incorporating biogeochemical processes occurring inside the sea ice and water column is used to assess changes to the Arctic Ocean's carbon system, including oceanic carbon uptake and ocean acidification, over the recent period of Arctic sea ice decline (1980–2015). Two novel modifications are the following: (1) incorporation of carbon uptake by sea ice algae and (2) modification of the sea ice carbon pump to allow for vertical transport by brine plumes with high concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) to the bottom of the mixed layer. The simulated carbon uptake north of 66.5°N increases by 20%, from 110 to 135 Tg C yr−1 from 1980–2015, and the mean pan‐Arctic sea surface pH decreases from 8.1 to 8.0. There is substantial regional and seasonal variability, highlighting potential problems with interpolating sparse measurements. Two sensitivity studies assess the effects of modifications to the near‐surface carbonate system. First, excluding the sea ice carbon pump results in a marked decrease in seasonal variability of pan‐Arctic‐mean sea surface DIC (∼25% less than the standard run) and TA (∼10% less), suggesting that neglecting the ice carbon pump results in models overestimating the saturation state in summer. Second, neglecting the sea ice algae results in an underestimation of the Arctic Ocean's annual carbon uptake (∼3% per year), indicating that the accumulating year‐on‐year underestimation of annual carbon uptake, as a result of neglecting sea ice algae, would lead to increasing error over multidecadal runs of polar ocean models.
On the Generation and Salinity Impacts of Intraseasonal Westward Jets in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Nyadjro Ebenezer S. , Rydbeck Adam V. , Jensen Tommy G. , Richman James G. , Shriver Jay F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile westerly winds dominate the equatorial Indian Ocean and generate the well‐known eastward flowing Wyrtki Jets during boreal spring and fall, there is evidence of a strong westward surface jet during winter that is swifter than eastward currents during that season. A weaker westward jet is found in summer. In this study, we report the occurrence, characteristics, and intraseasonal variability of this westward jet and its impact on mixed layer salinity in the equatorial Indian Ocean using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis with the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA). The westward jet typically occurs in the upper 50 m, above an eastward flowing equatorial undercurrent, with peak westward volume transport of approximately −8 Sv. The westward jet builds up gradually, decays rapidly, and is primarily forced by local intraseasonal wind stress anomalies generated by atmospheric intraseasonal convection. Westward acceleration of the jet occurs when the dominant intraseasonal westward wind anomaly is not balanced by the zonal pressure gradient (ZPG) force. The intraseasonal westward jet generates strong horizontal advection and is the leading cause of mixed layer freshening in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. Without it, a saltier mixed layer would persist and weaken any barrier layers. Existing barrier layers are strengthened following the passage of freshwater‐laden westward jets. Deceleration of the westward jet occurs when the eastward ZPG becomes increasingly important and the westward intraseasonal wind anomalies weaken. A rapid reversal of atmospheric intraseasonal convection‐driven surface winds eventually terminates the westward jet.
Immune checkpoint pathways in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mei Zi , Huang Junwen , Qiao Bin , Lam Alfred King-yin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith the understanding of the complex interaction between the tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy, there is increasing interest in the role of immune regulators in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Activation of T cells and immune checkpoint molecules is important for the immune response to cancers. Immune checkpoint molecules include cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (TIGIT), glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). Many clinical trials using checkpoint inhibitors, as both monotherapies and combination therapies, have been initiated targeting these immune checkpoint molecules. This review summarizes the functional mechanism and use of various immune checkpoint molecules in HNSCC, including monotherapies and combination therapies, and provides better treatment options for patients with HNSCC.
Options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a systematic review and economic model
Authors: Constanti Margaret , Boffa Rebecca , Floyd Christopher N. , Wierzbicki Anthony S. , McManus Richard J. , Glover Mark 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe 2011 NICE hypertension guideline (CG127) undertook a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of different blood pressure (BP) assessment methods to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. The guideline also undertook a cost–utility analysis exploring the cost-effectiveness of the monitoring methods. A new systematic review was undertaken as part of the 2019 NICE hypertension guideline update (NG136). BP monitoring methods compared included Ambulatory BP, Clinic BP and Home BP. Ambulatory BP was the reference standard. The economic model from the 2011 guideline was updated with this new accuracy data. Home BP was more sensitive and specific than Clinic BP. Specificity improved more than sensitivity since the 2011 review. A higher specificity translates into fewer people requiring unnecessary treatment. A key interest was to compare Home BP and Ambulatory BP, and whether any improvement in Home BP accuracy would change the model results. Ambulatory BP remained the most cost-effective option in all age and sex subgroups. In all subgroups, Ambulatory BP was associated with lower costs than Clinic BP and Home BP. In all except one subgroup (females aged 40), Ambulatory BP was dominant. However, Ambulatory BP remained the most cost-effective option in 40-year-old females as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for Home BP versus Ambulatory BP was above the NICE £20,000 threshold. The new systematic review showed that the accuracy of both Clinic BP and Home BP has increased. However, Ambulatory BP remains the most cost-effective option to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension in all subgroups evaluated.
Brain structural abnormalities in obesity: relation to age, genetic risk, and common psychiatric disorders
Authors: Opel Nils , Thalamuthu Anbupalam , Milaneschi Yuri , Grotegerd Dominik , Flint Claas , Leenings Ramona , Goltermann Janik , Richter Maike , Hahn Tim , Woditsch Georg , Berger Klaus , Hermesdorf Marco , McIntosh Andrew , Whalley Heather C. , Harris Mathew A. , MacMaster Frank P. , Walter Henrik , Veer Ilya M. , Frodl Thomas , Carballedo Angela , Krug Axel , Nenadic Igor , Kircher Tilo , Aleman Andre , Groenewold Nynke A. , Stein Dan J. , Soares Jair C. , Zunta-Soares Giovana B. , Mwangi Benson , Wu Mon-Ju , Walter Martin , Li Meng , Harrison Ben J. , Davey Christopher G. , Cullen Kathryn R. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Mueller Bryon A. , Sämann Philipp G. , Penninx Brenda , Nawijn Laura , Veltman Dick J. , Aftanas Lyubomir , Brak Ivan V. , Filimonova Elena A. , Osipov Evgeniy A. , Reneman Liesbeth , Schrantee Anouk , Grabe Hans J. , Van der Auwera Sandra , Wittfeld Katharina , Hosten Norbert , Völzke Henry , Sim Kang , Gotlib Ian H. , Sacchet Matthew D. , Lagopoulos Jim , Hatton Sean N. , Hickie Ian , Pozzi Elena , Thompson Paul M. , Jahanshad Neda , Schmaal Lianne , Baune Bernhard T. , Dannlowski Udo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that obesity impacts brain physiology at multiple levels. Here we aimed to clarify the relationship between obesity and brain structure using structural MRI (n = 6420) and genetic data (n = 3907) from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) working group. Obesity (BMI > 30) was significantly associated with cortical and subcortical abnormalities in both mass-univariate and multivariate pattern recognition analyses independent of MDD diagnosis. The most pronounced effects were found for associations between obesity and lower temporo-frontal cortical thickness (maximum Cohen´sd(left fusiform gyrus) = −0.33). The observed regional distribution and effect size of cortical thickness reductions in obesity revealed considerable similarities with corresponding patterns of lower cortical thickness in previously published studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. A higher polygenic risk score for obesity significantly correlated with lower occipital surface area. In addition, a significant age-by-obesity interaction on cortical thickness emerged driven by lower thickness in older participants. Our findings suggest a neurobiological interaction between obesity and brain structure under physiological and pathological brain conditions.
Estimating nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in streams and rivers, within a machine learning framework
Authors: Shen Longzhu Q. , Amatulli Giuseppe , Sethi Tushar , Raymond Peter , Domisch Sami 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are essential nutritional elements for life processes in water bodies. However, in excessive quantities, they may represent a significant source of aquatic pollution. Eutrophication has become a widespread issue rising from a chemical nutrient imbalance and is largely attributed to anthropogenic activities. In view of this phenomenon, we present a new geo-dataset to estimate and map the concentrations of N and P in their various chemical forms at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-second (∼1 km) for the conterminous US. The models were built using Random Forest (RF), a machine learning algorithm that regressed the seasonally measured N and P concentrations collected at 62,495 stations across the US streams for the period of 1994–2018 onto a set of 47 in-house built environmental variables that are available at a near-global extent. The seasonal models were validated through internal and external validation procedures and the predictive powers measured by Pearson Coefficients reached approximately 0.66 on average.
Discovering the Unmet Needs of People With Difficulties Understanding Speech in Noise and a Normal or Near-Normal Audiogram
Authors: Mealings Kiri , Yeend Ingrid , Valderrama Joaquin T. , Gilliver Megan , Pang Jermy , Heeris Jason , Jackson Pamela 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
A proportion of people with a normal audiogram or mild hearing loss (NA-MHL) experience greater-than-expected difficulty hearing speech in noise. This preliminary exploratory study employed a design thinking approach to better understand the clinical pathway and treatment options experienced by this population.

Method
Exploratory survey data were analyzed from 233 people with NA-MHL who had consulted a clinician and 47 clinicians. Qualitative analysis was performed on interview data from 21 people with NA-MHL and seven clinicians.

Results
Results revealed that noisy environments, such as restaurants, were where many people experienced listening difficulties. Most people with NA-MHL were not offered a treatment option at their audiology appointment, and their satisfaction with the appointment was diverse. Many clients reported frustration at being told that their hearing was “normal.” Data from clinicians showed that there is no standard test protocol for this population, and most felt that they did not have adequate training or resources to help NA-MHL clients.

Conclusion
This study discusses the research needs regarding the experience of those with NA-MHL, their help-seeking behaviors, and treatment options. Understanding these needs is the first step to designing projects to improve the quality of life of this population.
Content Words in Child-Directed Speech of Mothers Toward Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tubul-Lavy Gila , Jokel Ariela , Leon-Attia Odelia , Gabis Lidia V. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
Our study aimed to analyze the characteristics of content word usage in mother's child-directed speech (
CDS) toward children with autism spectrum disorder compared to mother's CDS toward typically developing children.

Method
We analyzed the lexical characteristics of CDS of mothers of children with autism (16 dyads) and compared them from a language developmental perspective to mothers of 20 typical children at the same level of expressive language development.

Results
Results suggest that mothers of children with autism use equal amounts of content words at the same language level, but the content consists of significantly more concrete nouns and active verbs and rarely the use of abstract nouns, stative verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Conclusion
This study suggests that professionals and parents of children with autism should be aware of the importance of varying their language use of content words.
Radiologische Diagnostik von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren
Authors: Lell Michael , Detmar Klaus , Schoen Matthias , Fritscher Torsten 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Bildgebung spielt beim Staging von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren eine wichtige Rolle für die Therapieentscheidung insbesondere auch hinsichtlich der Abschätzung möglicher funktioneller Einschränkungen. Die 8. Auflage der TNM-Klassifikation hat einige Neuerungen gebracht, die sich auf das Staging unmittelbar auswirken. Bei den virusassoziierten (humanes Papilloma-Virus, HPV) Tumoren ist die eigentliche klinische TNM-Formel erst nach der Bestimmung des HPV-Status, also erst nach der histologischen Untersuchung möglich. Bei Mundhöhlen- und Hauttumoren wurde die Infiltrationstiefe in das Klassifikationsschema aufgenommen, beim Lymphknotenstaging die extranodale Ausbreitung (extranodal extension, ENE).Auch in der Nachsorge spielt die radiologische Bildgebung eine entscheidende Rolle, da durch Narbenbildung und rekonstruktive Massnahmen mittels Lappenplastiken Inspektion und klinische Untersuchung erschwert sind. Neben CT und MRT ist mittlerweile auch die PET/CT fest etabliert, von den Krankenkassen akzeptiert und vergütet. Der Beitrag fasst den aktuellen Stand in der radiologischen Diagnostik von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren zusammen.
Quantifizierung von Glukosemetabolismus und Hypoxie mittels PET bei Kopf-Hals-Tumoren
Authors: Hoberück Sebastian , Zöphel Klaus 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Bedeutung der FDG- und der Hypoxie-PET bei Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf den verschiedenen Quantifizierungsmöglichkeiten und deren Wertigkeit für die klinische Routine und Forschung. Die FDG-PET erfordert in der klinischen Routine nicht zwingend eine quantitative Analyse. Demgegenüber ist die ausschließlich qualitative Auswertung der Hypoxie-PET durch den im Vergleich zum FDG deutlich niedrigeren Kontrast, den alle Hypoxietracer gemein haben, erschwert.Dem Nachteil des niedrigeren Kontrastes steht hier die strikt eindimensionale Aufnahme bzw. das Verweilen des Hypoxie-Tracers im hypoxischen Gewebe gegenüber, ein eindeutiger Vorteil im Vergleich zum Hochkontrast-Tracer FDG, dessen Aufnahme in Tumorzellen multifaktoriell ist.Es gibt eine Vielzahl quantitativer Parameter, die weit über den scheinbar omnipräsenten, aber keinesfalls unumstrittenen maximalen Standardized uptake value (SUVmax) hinausgehen. Deren Erfordernis und ihr Einfluss auf die klinische Routinediagnostik werden dargestellt und kritisch abgewogen.
Pflegebildung in der Pflicht
Authors: Bensch Sandra 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungAuf die Digitalisierung der Berufswelt müssen auch Pflegeschulen und Fortbildungen reagieren. Um digitales Know-how zu vermitteln, braucht es vor allem kompetentes Bildungspersonal, meint Sandra Bensch. Und: einen praktischen Anwendungsbezug.
Sicher durch die Krise
Authors: Schön Wolfram 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungWenn es um Krisen geht, gibt es Menschen, die daran zerbrechen und solche, die an der Situation wachsen und teilweise sogar gestärkt daraus hervorgehen. In Zeiten von COVID-19 kommt Vorgesetzten eine besonders wichtige Rolle zu.
Implementierung eines Betriebskonzeptes in einer HNO-Klinik im Rahmen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie
Authors: Weiss Roxanne , Loth Andreas , Guderian Daniela , Diensthuber Marc , Kempf Volkhard , Hack Daniel , Wicker Sabine , Ciesek Sandra , Graf Jürgen , Stöver Timo , Leinung Martin 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie stellt das gesamte medizinische Versorgungssystem vor große Herausforderungen. Gerade in universitären Einrichtungen als Maximalversorger ist eine höhere Exposition zu potenziell infektiösen Patienten oder tatsächlichen COVID-19-Kranken zu erwarten. Es musste kurzfristig ein Betriebskonzept entwickelt werden, das den aktuellen Hygiene-Empfehlungen des Robert Koch-Instituts (RKI), den Empfehlungen der führenden Fachgesellschaften und dem daraus abgeleiteten internen Hygieneplan entsprach. Hierbei sind die Patientensicherheit und der Mitarbeiterschutz gleichermaßen zu beachten.In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene sowie dem Betriebsärztlichen Dienst wurden Maßnahmen festgelegt, um trotz begrenzter diagnostischer und Ausrüstungsressourcen Lösungen zu erarbeiten, um die COVID-19-Übertragungsgefahr für Untersucher und Patienten zu minimieren. Hierzu wurde ein Betriebskonzept erarbeitet, das aus verschiedenen Einzelmaßnahmen bestand, wie z. B. der Reduktion der ambulanten Patientenbehandlung auf Notfälle, lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen und dringliche Nachsorgen, eine Doppeltriage von Patienten sowie die Einführung von Behandlungsteams.Das neue erarbeitete Betriebskonzept konnte erfolgreich innerhalb weniger Tage umgesetzt werden. Nach ersten Erfahrungen aus dem Realbetrieb und mehreren „Hygienebegehungen“ waren lediglich geringfügige Nachbesserungen des Konzeptes erforderlich. Alle Maßnahmen wurden schriftlich im klinikinternen Qualitätshandbuch dokumentiert und sind allen Mitarbeitern zugänglich. Da es sich bei der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie um einen dynamischen Prozess mit regelmäßiger Änderung des Entwicklungs- und Informationsstandes handelt, wird das Betriebskonzept regelmäßig neu auf Gültigkeit überprüft und ggf. angepasst.
Occipital emissary foramina in adult human skulls and their clinical implications
Authors: Ganapathy Arthi , T. Sadeesh , Rao Sudha 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background and Aims: Occipital emissary veins are important sources of bleeding during skull base surgeries like suboccipital craniotomies. To prevent such complications it is important to know the topography and incidence of occipital emissary foramina hence the present study aims to find the incidence and location of occipital emissary foramina in adult human skulls of Indian origin. Materials and methods: One hundred human skulls from the collection of Department of Anatomy Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry and other medical colleges in and around Pondicherry were evaluated. The bones were examined for incidence of occipital emissary foramina. Number of emissary foramina and their distance from the margin of foramen magnum were noted. The patency of the foramina was confirmed by passing a probe through it. Results: Out of the 100 human adult skull bones examined 14(14%) of them showed patent occipital formina. Six of these foramina were present on the left side and six on the right side of midline. Double occipital foramina were seen in two skulls (2%). All the foramina were in proximity to foramen magnum than to the external occipital protuberance. The average distance of the occipital emissary foramina from the margin of foramen magnum was 1.13cm on the left side and 1.10cm on the right side. Conclusion: The present study has shown that the occipital emissary foramina occur at a higher frequency than what has been described earlier in literature.
No, Not That Way, the Other Way: Creating Active Sites in Self-Assembled Host Molecules
Authors: Hooley Richard J. 
Published: May 2020

This Account describes our efforts over the last decade to synthesize self-assembled metal–ligand cage complexes that display reactive functional groups on their interiors. This journey has taken us down a variety of research avenues, including studying the mechanism of reversible self-assembly, analyzing ligand self-sorting properties, post-assembly reactivity, molecular recognition, and binding studies, and finally reactivity and catalysis. Each of these individual topics are discussed here, as are the lessons learned along the way and the future research outlook. These self-assembled hosts are the closest mimics of enzymes to date, as they are capable of size- and shape-selective molecular recognition, substrate activation and turnover, as well as showing less common ‘biomimetic’ properties such as the ability to employ cofactors in reactivity, and alter the prevailing mechanism of the catalyzed reactions.1	Introduction2	Paddlewheels and Self-Sorting Behavior3	First-Row Transition-Metal-Mediated Assembly: Sorting and Stereochemical Control4	Post-Assembly Reactivity5	Molecular Recognition and Catalysis6	Conclusions and Outlook
A Novel Homozygous Frameshift WDR81 Mutation associated with Microlissencephaly, Corpus Callosum Agenesis, and Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia
Authors: Kalmár Tibor , Szakszon Katalin , Maróti Zoltán , Zimmermann Alíz , Máté Adrienn , Zombor Melinda , Bereczki Csaba , Sztriha László 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMicrolissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by microcephaly and extremely simplified gyral pattern. It may be associated with corpus callosum agenesis and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. In this case report, we described two siblings, a boy and a girl, with this complex brain malformation and lack of any development. In the girl, exome sequencing of a gene set representing 4,813 genes revealed a homozygous AG deletion in exon 7 of the WDR81 gene, leading to a frameshift (c.4668_4669delAG, p.Gly1557AspfsTer16). The parents were heterozygous for this mutation. The boy died without proper genetic testing. Our findings expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of WDR81 gene mutations.
Fire mosaics and habitat choice in nomadic foragers
Authors: Bliege Bird Rebecca , McGuire Chloe , Bird Douglas W. , Price Michael H. , Zeanah David , Nimmo Dale G. 
Published: May 2020

Significance
Models of human habitat choice and landscape use assume that people have negative effects on resource availability, which causes them to avoid regions that are already occupied or that show signs of extensive past use in favor of regions of higher quality. We show that when people engage in activities that increase resource productivity, like burning, there is the potential for these improvements to change habitat preferences in favor of places that have been previously modified and occupied by people. This process changes the way we think about intensification (and the origins of broad-spectrum economies), which may arise not from the negative effects of people on resources, but from the positive (and often unintentional) feedbacks between people and their environments.