bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural Characterization of Particulate Matter from Gasoline-Fuelled Vehicle Emissions
Authors: Güney Bekir , Aladağ Ali 
Published: August 2020

Exhaust emissions from vehicle traffic refers to the particles released into the air due to combustion of fuels, additives and wear of engine parts in the system during vehicle use. These emissions occur depending on the type of vehicle, type of fuel, combustion process and environmental conditions. In this study, microstructure and chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM) released from gasoline-fuelled vehicles were examined using electron microscopy techniques. As a result, much solid soot, metalloids, heavy metals, ash, sulphates, phosphates, minerals, volatile organic and inorganic pollutants were found to be present in gasoline exhaust emission. These toxic structures still pose a danger to environmental safety and human health.
Aim: In study, microstructure characterization of emissions released from gasoline-fuelled vehicles exhaust were investigated using electron microscopy techniques. Study design: SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR electron microscopy techniques were used for characterization.
Place and Duration of Study: Material Characterization Laboratory of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, between Junuary 2020 and July 2020.
Results: The vehicles still continue to spread toxic pollutants.
Conclusions: The chemical structure of PM contains 20 elements including C, F, N, Na, O, Mg, Br, Si, Hg, S, P, Pb, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn. There are pollutant functional groups such as OH, CO, SO in the structure. Hydrocarbons, metalloids, heavy metals, different minerals, phosphates, sulfates, many volatile organic and inorganic compounds pollute the air in PM structure. These toxic pollutants harm the environment and human health.
Burden of Helicobacter pylori Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Cases of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Egypt
Authors: Kady Hadir M. El- , Kahiry Waiel Al- , Abdelsalam Hadeel Said Tawfik 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a worldwide nutritional problem; it accounts for about half of the world’s anaemia burden. Globally, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is becoming an increasingly troublesome economic and public health problem. The colonization of the organism in gastric mucosa may impair iron uptake and increase iron loss, potentially leading to iron deficiency anaemia. The mechanisms by which H. pylori is postulated to cause IDA are H. pylori -associated chronic gastritis resulting in hypo/or achlorhydria, reduced ascorbic acid secretion and reduced intestinal iron absorption, occult blood loss due to chronic erosive gastritis, and sequestration and utilization of iron by Helicobacter pylori.
Aims: To detect H. pylori–related IDA prevalence among asymptomatic cases of anaemia and to address the possibility that such infection may play a detrimental role in their blood picture, serum iron and ferritin levels and total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
Study Design & Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from December 2018 to May 2019. Screening was done for asymptomatic attendants of a number of private laboratories in Beheira, Alexandria and Gharbiya governorates. Three hundreds of whom were proved to be cases of IDA and were further tested for H. pylori antigen in stool.
Results: Helicobacter pylori Ag test in stool was positive in 180 out of 300 cases of iron deficiency anaemia. The infection significantly affected the haemoglobin level, MCV, MCH and RDW in studied cases (p<0.05). Infection with H. pylori also significantly affected the serum iron, serum ferritin and TIBC in the studied cases of IDA (p<0.05).
Conclusion: A significant association between H. pylori infection and IDA. Screening for H. pylori among unexplained cases of IDA is recommended.
Multi-items Batch Scheduling Model for a Batch Processor to Minimize Total Actual Flow Time of Parts through the Shop
Authors: Hidayat Nita P.A , Cakravastia Andi , Samadhi T.M.A Ari , Halim Abdul Hakim 
Published: August 2020

This study is inspired by a batch scheduling problem in metal working industry which guarantees to satisfy a due date as a commitment to customers. Actual flowtime adopts the backward scheduling approach and considers the due date. Using the actual flowtime as the objective means that the solution is oriented to satisfy the due date, and simultaneosly to minimize the length of time of the parts spending in the shop. This research is to address a problem of scheduling batches consisting of multiple items of parts processed on a batch processor where the completed parts must be delivered several time at different due dates. We propose an algorithm to solve the problem.
Test of the analysis of competing hypotheses in legal decision‐making
Authors: Maegherman Enide , Ask Karl , Horselenberg Robert , van Koppen Peter J. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH) has been suggested to be a method that can protect against confirmation bias in the context of intelligence analysis. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether ACH could counter confirmation bias in the reasoning with evidence in the context of criminal law proceedings. Law students (N = 191) received information about the ACH method or general information about biases. They were given a case vignette with a main suspect and a list of 24 questions, 6 of which they could ask about the case. Half of the questions related to incriminating information, whereas the other half related to exonerating information. Contrary to our expectations, participants in both conditions favoured questions relating to exonerating information and rated the exonerating evidence as being more important for their decision. Despite the lack of bias observed, it seems participants failed to properly apply the ACH method.
Smart Acid‐Activatable Self‐Assembly of Black Phosphorous as Photosensitizer to Overcome Poor Tumor Retention in Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wang Yingwei , Xie Jianlei , Kang Jianlong , Choi Wonseok , Jangili Paramesh , Zhang Bin , Xie Ni , Nie Guohui , He Jun , Zhang Han , Liu Liping , Kim Jong Seung 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNanomaterials‐based photothermal therapy (PTT) could efficiently eliminate cancer cells in a noninvasive manner. However, nanoscale photosensitizers still suffer from several drawbacks, limiting them from being an ideal PTT approach against cancer. These include unfavorable biodistribution and poor retention in tumor tissue. In this study, acid‐activatable smart self‐assembly of black phosphorous (BP) and polyoxometalates (POM) is carried out to yield POM@BP with prolonged tumor retention and enhanced efficacy of PTT. The as‐rationally designed POM@BP photosensitizers in acidic tumor microenvironments self‐assemble into nanoparticles with larger sizes, remarkably increasing the light absorption ability of BP nanosheets in PTT of cancer. The as‐obtained POM@BP endows prolonged retention and enhances the photothermal response in tumor tissue by smart self‐assembly of BP into larger nanoparticles. In summary, the proposed potent approach for the rational design and tailor photosensitizer for cancer treatment looks very promising for future scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine.
Biomimetic Trachea Regeneration Using a Modular Ring Strategy Based on Poly(Sebacoyl Diglyceride)/Polycaprolactone for Segmental Trachea Defect Repair
Authors: Xu Yong , Guo Yifan , Li Yaqiang , Huo Yingying , She Yunlang , Li Hao , Jia Zihao , Jiang Gening , Zhou Guangdong , You Zhengwei , Duan Liang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe lack of a biomimetic tracheal substitute featured with cartilage ring/vascularized connective tissue alternate structure (CVCAS) has significantly retarded a clinical breakthrough of tissue‐engineered trachea in repairing extensive tracheal lesions. Herein, a novel modular strategy based on cartilage rings and biomaterial rings is used to generate a biomimetic trachea with CVCAS. Poly(sebacoyl diglyceride) and polycaprolactone (PCL) (PSeD/PCL) are blended to fabricate a porous scaffold with satisfactory mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. A cartilage ring is engineered in vitro using ring‐shaped PSeD/PCL scaffold loaded with chondrocytes and cartilage tube is generated in vivo through the fusion of multiple modular cartilage rings. More importantly, biomimetic tracheas with CVCAS are successfully fabricated in vivo through alternately stacked cartilage rings and PSeD/PCL rings on a silicon tube. Notably, the engineered biomimetic trachea exhibits not only a bionic structure but also superior mechanical properties compared with the native rabbit trachea. Finally, segmental tracheal defects in rabbits are repaired by transplanting the biomimetic trachea with pedicled muscular flaps. The biomimetic trachea establishes stable blood supply and provided sufficient mechanical strength and biological function similar to those of native trachea. This work represents the first successful regeneration of biomimetic trachea with CVCAS and a promising approach for clinical application.
Bioinspired Interface Design of Sewable, Weavable, and Washable Fiber Zinc Batteries for Wearable Power Textiles
Authors: Wang Changfeng , He Tao , Cheng Jianli , Guan Qun , Wang Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWearable electronics have great demands for flexibility, high‐performance, and customized batteries that require the significant advancement of renewable and weavable power fiber design. Here, weavable, sewable, and washable aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs)‐based power fibers are developed by the synergistic interfacial design of the quinone‐rich polydopamine as organic redox‐active cathodes and nano‐binders on the carbon substrate simultaneously. By the removal of soluble monomers or oligomers and the boosted ratios of the quinone groups, the polydopamine polymers as organic redox‐active cathodes in AZBs deliver large specific capacity (372.3 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1), excellent toughness, and long‐term cyclic durability (80% retention over 1700 cycles at 1000 mA g−1). Moreover, the power textiles with custom‐tailored patterns can be prepared by the direct use of the fiber electrodes as the threads for a sewing and loom machine. The sewn or woven power textiles display stable electrochemical performances that can power various electronic devices under different bending conditions, even after washing for 3 h. This work provides great potential for large‐scale production of AZBs with high‐performance for next‐generation wearable energy‐storage devices.
Molecular Engineering to Access Fluorescent Trackers of Organelles by Cyclization: Chemical Environment of Nitrogen Atom‐Modulated Targets
Authors: Ma Weixin , Zhang Luoqiang , Shi Yang , Ran You , Liu Yang , You Jingsong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the application of new fluorescent bioimaging reagents, typically, one synthetic method yields one type of organelle tracker. Herein, a molecular engineering approach to access fluorescent trackers of multiple organelles via a powerful synthetic toolbox is described. Starting from easily available acridone and analogues, a one‐pot strategy is set up for the synthesis of structurally diversified heteroatom‐doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, types I–V) through the rhodium‐catalyzed oxidative [4 + 2] cyclization of C = X (X = N, O, S) bonds with alkynes, which assembles both ionic and neutral fluorescent frameworks. The tetracyclic acridine‐type luminogens (I–IV) are capable of targeting multiple organelles, including lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and mitochondria‐nucleus, in which the chemical environments of the nitrogen atom modulate the targeting regions. The fluorescent organelle trackers developed herein possess unique features. The formally protonated type I molecules are suitable for the long‐term detection of the lysosomes (>24 h). The type IV molecules exhibit the photo‐induced transfer from mitochondria to nucleus targeting, which indicates that IV can be used as an effective tool for real‐time research on physiological processes related to cell trafficking.
Enhancing the Injectability of High Concentration Drug Formulations Using Core Annular Flows
Authors: Jayaprakash Vishnu , Costalonga Maxime , Dhulipala Somayajulu , Varanasi Kripa K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHighly concentrated biological drug formulations would offer tremendous benefits to global health, yet they cannot be manually injected using commercial syringes and needles due to their high viscosities. Current approaches to address this problem face several challenges such as crosscontamination, high cost, needle clogging, and protein inactivation. This work reports a simple method to enhance formulation injectability using a core annular flow, where the transport of highly viscous fluids through a needle is enabled by coaxial lubrication by a less viscous fluid. A phase diagram to ensure optimally lubricated flow while minimizing the volume fraction of lubricant injected is established. The technique presented here allows for up to a 7x reduction in injection force for the highest viscosity ratio tested. The role of buoyancy‐driven eccentricity in governing nominal pressure reduction is also examined. Finally, the findings are implemented into the development of a double barreled syringe that significantly expands the range of injectable concentrations of several biologic formulations.
Elucidating the Opportunities and Challenges for Nanocellulose Spinning
Authors: Rosén Tomas , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Söderberg L. Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMan‐made continuous fibers play an essential role in society today. With the increase in global sustainability challenges, there is a broad spectrum of societal needs where the development of advanced biobased fibers could provide means to address the challenges. Biobased regenerated fibers, produced from dissolved cellulose are widely used today for clothes, upholstery, and linens. With new developments in the area of advanced biobased fibers, it would be possible to compete with high‐performance synthetic fibers such as glass fibers and carbon fibers as well as to provide unique functionalities. One possible development is to fabricate fibers by spinning filaments from nanocellulose, Nature's nanoscale high‐performance building block, which will require detailed insights into nanoscale assembly mechanisms during spinning, as well as knowledge regarding possible functionalization. If successful, this could result in a new class of man‐made biobased fibers. This work aims to identify the progress made in the field of spinning of nanocellulose filaments, as well as outline necessary steps for efficient fabrication of such nanocellulose‐based filaments with controlled and predictable properties.
Superior Carrier Lifetimes Exceeding 6 µs in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskites
Authors: Yang Xiaoyu , Fu Yunqi , Su Rui , Zheng Yifan , Zhang Yuzhuo , Yang Wenqiang , Yu Maotao , Chen Peng , Wang Yanju , Wu Jiang , Luo Deying , Tu Yongguang , Zhao Lichen , Gong Qihuang , Zhu Rui 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLead halide perovskite films have witnessed rapid progress in optoelectronic devices, whereas polycrystalline heterogeneities and serious native defects in films are still responsible for undesired recombination pathways, causing insufficient utilization of photon‐generated charge carriers. Here, radiation‐enhanced polycrystalline perovskite films with ultralong carrier lifetimes exceeding 6 μs and single‐crystal‐like electron–hole diffusion lengths of more than 5 μm are achieved. Prolongation of charge‐carrier activities is attributed to the electronic structure regulation and the defect elimination at crystal boundaries in the perovskite with the introduction of phenylmethylammonium iodide. The introduced electron‐rich anchor molecules around the host crystals prefer to fill the halide/organic vacancies at the boundaries, rather than form low‐dimensional phases or be inserted into the original lattice. The weakening of the electron‐phonon coupling and the excitonic features of the photogenerated carriers in the optimized films, which together contribute to the enhancement of carrier separation and transportation, are further confirmed. Finally the resultant perovskite films in fully operating solar cells with champion efficiency of 23.32% are validated and a minimum voltage deficit of 0.39 V is realized.
Versatile Phospholipid Assemblies for Functional Synthetic Cells and Artificial Tissues
Authors: Wang Xuejing , Du Hang , Wang Zhao , Mu Wei , Han Xiaojun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe bottom‐up construction of a synthetic cell from nonliving building blocks capable of mimicking cellular properties and behaviors helps to understand the particular biophysical properties and working mechanisms of a cell. A synthetic cell built in this way possesses defined chemical composition and structure. Since phospholipids are native biomembrane components, their assemblies are widely used to mimic cellular structures. Here, recent developments in the formation of versatile phospholipid assemblies are described, together with the applications of these assemblies for functional membranes (protein reconstituted giant unilamellar vesicles), spherical and nonspherical protoorganelles, and functional synthetic cells, as well as the high‐order hierarchical structures of artificial tissues. Their biomedical applications are also briefly summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field of synthetic cells and artificial tissues based on phospholipid assemblies are proposed.
Gel Electrocatalysts: An Emerging Material Platform for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Fang Zhiwei , Li Panpan , Yu Guihua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeeking sustainable and cost‐effective energy sources is one of the significant challenges for the sustainable development of modern society. To date, considerable expectations have been held for technologies, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, where the performance strongly depends on electrochemical conversion processes that can generate and store chemical energy through the breaking or formation of chemical bonds. However, those advanced technologies are severely limited by the efficiency, selectivity, and durability of electrocatalysis. Thanks to their hierarchically porous architecture, compositional and structural tunability, and ease of functionalization, the family of gel materials opens exciting opportunities for advanced energy technologies. Unique advances in gel materials based on controllable compositions and functions enable gel electrocatalysts to potentially break the limitations of current materials, enhancing the device performance of electrochemical energy. Here, recent developments and challenges for nanostructured gel‐based materials for electrocatalysis applications are summarized. Future possibilities and challenges for gel electrocatalysts in terms of synthesis and applications are also discussed.
High‐Performance Semitransparent and Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells with MoOx/Ag/WOx as the Rear Transparent Electrode
Authors: Liang Fengxia , Ying Zhiqin , Lin Yi , Tu Bao , Zhang Zheng , Zhu Yudong , Pan Hui , Li Haifeng , Luo Linbao , Ageev Oleg , He Zhubing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSemitransparent solar cells play a crucial role in such typical photovoltaic applications as smart windows, transparent chargeable devices, tandem and bifacial devices, and so on. Relying on the commercial conductive transparent oxides as the front electrodes, the development of rear transparent electrode (RTE) is especially essential. Here, an efficient semitransparent perovskite solar cell (PSC) with the softly deposited transparent MoOx/Ag/WOx (MAW) as the rear electrode is demonstrated. MoOx enables the continuously grown silver ultrathin film while the high‐refractive‐index WOx capping layer can modulate the whole optical interference and enhance the light transmission throughout the device. As a result, depending on the MAW RTE, the semitransparent normal planar PSC owns the optimal conversion efficiency of 15.40% along with 10.17% in the average visible‐light transmission (AVT) simultaneously, which claims the best conversion efficiency of the semitransparent PSCs at such considerable AVT. Combining the optical characterizations, the bifacial performance test of the same device also reveals the uneven absorption due to the different optical interference depending on the light direction, as well as the typical parasitic absorption by the functional layers. This paper paves an alternative and promising way to fabricate high‐performance semitransparent optoelectronic devices in the future.
Facile Resist‐Free Nanopatterning of Monolayers of MoS2 by Focused Ion‐Beam Milling
Authors: Mupparapu Rajeshkumar , Steinert Michael , George Antony , Tang Zian , Turchanin Andrey , Pertsch Thomas , Staude Isabelle 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNanopatterning of monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides offers a new avenue for the creation of nanoscale light sources and their integration into hybrid nanophotonic systems. Here, focused gallium ion‐beam milling is employed as a resist‐free and simple nanofabrication approach to pattern MoS2 monolayers grown by chemical vapor deposition into nanoribbons. Using photoluminescence (PL), Raman, and valley polarization spectroscopy, it is investigated how the optoelectronic properties of the MoS2 monolayers are affected by the nanopatterning as a function of the ion fluence used for milling. Characteristic spectral shifts in the Raman and PL peaks are observed, which are indicative of a release of strain in patterned MoS2 monolayers as compared to the as‐grown monolayers. Furthermore, while the total PL signal is reduced in the patterned monolayers, using circular‐polarization‐resolved cryogenic PL spectroscopy it is shown that the valley polarization is well preserved for monolayers patterned within an optimal ion‐fluence range. The results and in particular the observed robustness of the valley polarization indicate that focused ion‐beam nanopatterned MoS2 monolayers are interesting candidates for their integration into hybrid quantum systems consisting of designed photonic nanostructures and precisely placed nanoscale excitonic light sources.
Fabrication of Graphene‐Based Self‐Assembly Monoliths through Reversible Fluorination and Defluorination Strategy
Authors: Fan Kun , Wang Yue , Liu Yang , Li Yu , Chen Yue , Meng Yeqiao , Liu Xiangyang , Feng Wei , Wang Xu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe low bending stiffness and inferior self‐lubricating ability of graphene bring about flexible nanosheet and poor mobility, greatly restricting its well‐organized self‐assembly in direct solid‐phase molding. Herein, abundant fluorine atoms are introduced onto graphene nanosheet to obtain fluorinated graphene (FG). A direct dry‐compression molding achieves to rapidly fabricate highly compact FG monolith under room temperature. Tracing origins, the enhanced bending stiffness guarantees relatively flat FG nanosheet and excellent self‐lubricating ability actuates flat FG nanosheets to automatically slip, thereby accomplishing well‐organized and compact layer‐by‐layer stacking with interlock structure. Whereafter, highly compact graphene monolith is finally obtained by high‐temperature annealing, because interlock structure in FG monolith restricts graphene′s deformations during defluorination. Obtained graphene monolith owns a high conductivity of 5.5 × 104 S m−1 and compression strength of 77 MPa, while graphene without above process only forms fluffy foam with a low conductivity of 6.8 S m−1. Interestingly, transitional FG monolith presents a higher compression strength of 102 MPa, ultralow dielectric constant of 1.72 and prolongable chemical reactivity for preparing “Janus” monolith. Designing reversible fluorination and defluorination strategy offers an unexplored avenue to effectively manufacture high‐quality graphene‐based monoliths.