bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of fungal, oomycete and nematode interactions on apple root development in replant soil
Authors: Tilston Emma L. , Deakin Gregory , Bennett Julie , Passey Thomas , Harrison Nicola , Fernández Felicidad , Xu Xiangming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a phenomenon associated with poor tree establishment at sites where the same, or a closely-related species, has grown for at least 1–2 years. No single organism has been identified as the universal causal agent, but there is increasing evidence that multiple soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes form an ARD disease complex. Root damage caused by root lesion nematodes has also been implicated in facilitating the entry of pathogens into root tissues resulting in the development of severe ARD.

Methods
We used a reductionist approach to determine effects of one or more members of the ARD complex on ARD in a number of selected rootstock genotypes with contrasting characteristics. Through a 15-month pot-based experiment in which semi-selective biocides were applied to soil from a replant orchard, we investigated (1) the nature of the interactions (i.e. antagonistic, additive or synergistic) between different groups of soil biota and ARD severity, and (2) whether rootstock characteristics modify ARD severity.

Results
There might be competitive interactions between oomycetes and fungal pathogens in infecting apple roots and hence subsequent ARD development. Controlling all three ARD components (oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes) led to the best root development. However, these effects on root development were not manifested in the above-ground tree development 15 months after treatment. Specific soil biocide treatments against fungi and oomycetes led to large changes in soil microbial communities whereas the nematicide treatment led to least changes. In spite of the observed ARD, comparing rhizosphere microbial sequences among treatments failed to reveal candidate pathogens for ARD.

Conclusions
Candidate ARD oomycetes and fungal pathogens are likely to engage in competitive interactions among themselves in infecting apple roots. Although soil amendments affected soil microbiota, such effects appear to be very unpredictable.
Dissociative identity disorder: out of the shadows at last?
Authors: Reinders Antje A. T. S. , Veltman Dick J. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryDissociative identity disorder (DID) is a severely debilitating disorder. Despite recognition in the current and past versions of the DSM, DID remains a controversial psychiatric disorder, which hampers its diagnosis and treatment. Neurobiological evidence regarding the aetiology of DID supports clinical observations that it is a severe form of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Randomized Phase III KEYNOTE-181 Study of Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy in Advanced Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Kojima Takashi , Shah Manish A. , Muro Kei , Francois Eric , Adenis Antoine , Hsu Chih-Hung , Doi Toshihiko , Moriwaki Toshikazu , Kim Sung-Bae , Lee Se-Hoon , Bennouna Jaafar , Kato Ken , Shen Lin , Enzinger Peter , Qin Shu-Kui , Ferreira Paula , Chen Jia , Girotto Gustavo , de la Fouchardiere Christelle , Senellart Helene , Al-Rajabi Raed , Lordick Florian , Wang Ruixue , Suryawanshi Shailaja , Bhagia Pooja , Kang S. Peter , Metges Jean-Philippe ,   on behalf of the KEYNOTE-181 Investigators
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE Patients with advanced esophageal cancer have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options after first-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label, phase III study, we randomly assigned (1:1) 628 patients with advanced/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, that progressed after one prior therapy, to pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 2 years or chemotherapy (investigator’s choice of paclitaxel, docetaxel, or irinotecan). Primary end points were overall survival (OS) in patients with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 10, in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, and in all patients (one-sided α 0.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8%, respectively). RESULTS At final analysis, conducted 16 months after the last patient was randomly assigned, OS was prolonged with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for patients with CPS ≥ 10 (median, 9.3 v 6.7 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.93]; P = .0074). Estimated 12-month OS rate was 43% (95% CI, 33.5% to 52.1%) with pembrolizumab versus 20% (95% CI, 13.5% to 28.3%) with chemotherapy. Median OS was 8.2 months versus 7.1 months (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.63 to 0.96]; P = .0095) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 7.1 months versus 7.1 months (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.75 to 1.05]; P = .0560) in all patients. Grade 3-5 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 18.2% of patients with pembrolizumab versus 40.9% in those who underwent chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Pembrolizumab prolonged OS versus chemotherapy as second-line therapy for advanced esophageal cancer in patients with PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10, with fewer treatment-related adverse events.
Disparities at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity: Examining Trends and Outcomes in Hispanic Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Champion Cosette D. , Thomas Samantha M. , Plichta Jennifer K. , Parrilla Castellar Edgardo , Rosenberger Laura H. , Greenup Rachel A. , Hyslop Terry , Hwang E. Shelley , Fayanju Oluwadamilola M. 
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE: We sought to examine tumor subtype, stage at diagnosis, time to surgery (TTS), and overall survival (OS) among Hispanic patients of different races and among Hispanic and non-Hispanic (NH) women of the same race. METHODS: Women 18 years of age or older who had been diagnosed with stage 0-IV breast cancer and who had undergone lumpectomy or mastectomy were identified in the National Cancer Database (2004-2014). Tumor subtype and stage at diagnosis were compared by race/ethnicity. Multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to estimate associations between race/ethnicity and adjusted TTS and OS, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 44,374 Hispanic (American Indian [AI]: 79 [0.2%]; Black: 1,011 [2.3%]; White: 41,126 [92.7%]; Other: 2,158 [4.9%]) and 858,634 NH women (AI: 2,319 [0.3%]; Black: 97,206 [11.3%]; White: 727,270 [84.7%]; Other: 31,839 [3.7%]) were included. Hispanic Black women had lower rates of triple-negative disease (16.2%) than did NH Black women (23.5%) but higher rates than did Hispanic White women (13.9%; P < .001). Hispanic White women had higher rates of node-positive disease (23.2%) versus NH White women (14.4%) but slightly lower rates than Hispanic (24.6%) and NH Black women (24.5%; P < .001). Hispanic White women had longer TTS versus NH White women regardless of treatment sequence (adjusted means: adjuvant chemotherapy, 42.71 v 38.60 days; neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 208.55 v 201.14 days; both P < .001), but there were no significant racial differences in TTS among Hispanic patients. After adjustment, Hispanic White women (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81]) and Black women (hazard ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58 to 0.96]) had improved OS versus NH White women (reference) and Black women (hazard ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.12 to 1.18]; all P < .05). CONCLUSION: Hispanic women had improved OS versus NH women, but racial differences in tumor subtype and nodal stage among Hispanic women highlight the importance of disaggregating racial/ethnic data in breast cancer research.
The HK5 and HK6 cytokinin receptors mediate diverse developmental pathways in rice
Authors: Burr Christian A. , Sun Jinjing , Yamburenko Maria V. , Willoughby Andrew , Hodgens Charles , Boeshore Samantha Louise , Elmore Agustus , Atkinson Jonathan , Nimchuk Zachary L. , Bishopp Anthony , Schaller G. Eric , Kieber Joseph J. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The phytohormone cytokinin regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and development. Our understanding of the metabolism and perception of cytokinin has made great strides in recent years, mostly from studies of the model dicot Arabidopsis. Here, we employed a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach to disrupt a subset of cytokinin histidine kinase (HK) receptors in rice (Oryza sativa) in order to explore the role of cytokinin in a monocot species. In hk5 and hk6 single mutants, the root growth, leaf width, inflorescence architecture and/or floral development were affected. The double hk5 hk6 mutant showed more substantial defects, including severely reduced root and shoot growth, a smaller shoot apical meristem, and an enlarged root cap. Flowering was delayed in the hk5 hk6 mutant and the panicle was significantly reduced in size and infertile due to multiple defects in floral development. The hk5 hk6 mutant also exhibited a severely reduced cytokinin response, consistent with the developmental phenotypes arising from a defect in cytokinin signaling. These results indicate that HK5 and HK6 act as cytokinin receptors, with overlapping functions to regulate diverse aspects of rice growth and development.
The nature of the open birth interval distribution
Authors: Ross John , Bietsch Kristin 
Published: October 2020

Background: The open birth interval -- the time since the woman’s latest birth -- is closely correlated to the usual fertility measures, but it adds important information from the age of the woman’s youngest child, with its implications for her freedom from domestic roles. Studies of the open interval by age and parity can elucidate the transitions in reproductive behavior that women experience over time. Methods: 249 surveys of married women in 75 countries in the DHS series provide information on the open interval by age and parity, and by the fertility measures of the total fertility rate (TFR), the general fertility rate (GFR), and children ever born (CEB), with time trends. Stata 15 and the “R” software were used, and a two-parameter equation was employed to model the distribution. Results: The distribution of women by the open interval follows a downward curve from birth to 20 years; it varies across countries and over time only by its starting level and the steepness of the curve. Declines in the shortest intervals soon after birth reflect recent fertility declines. Variations are large by both age and parity, but in quite different patterns. Past modeling analyses demonstrate the effects of female and spouse mortality, declining fecundability, contraceptive use, and reduced sexual exposure. Both period and cohort effects can impact the curve. The open interval distribution is modelled in an equation with two parameters and calculated for the latest surveys in the 75 countries. Conclusions: The time since a woman’s birth is easily captured with a single question in successive surveys. Changes in the open interval distribution serve as sensitive indicators of recent fertility changes, and the dynamics of reproductive behavior across women’s life stages are captured in new ways, as gauged by age and parity trends in the distributions.
Gestation at completion of prenatal questionnaires in ALSPAC
Authors: Iles-Caven Yasmin , Northstone Kate , Golding Jean 
Published: October 2020

Enrolling a cohort in pregnancy can be methodologically difficult in terms of structuring data collection. For example, some exposures of interest may be time-critical while other (often retrospective) data can be collected at any point during pregnancy. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a prime example of a cohort where certain data were collected at specific time points and others at variable times depending on the gestation at contact. ALSPAC aimed to enrol as many pregnant women as possible in a geographically defined area with an expected date of delivery between April 1991 and December 1992. The ideal was to enrol women as early in pregnancy as possible, and to collect information, when possible, at two fixed gestational periods (18 and 32 weeks). A variety of methods were used to enrol participants. Approximately 80% of eligible women resident in the study area were enrolled. Gestation at enrolment ranged from 4-41 (median = 14) weeks of pregnancy. Given this variation in gestation we describe the various decisions that were made in regard to the timing of questionnaires to ensure that appropriate data were obtained from the pregnant women. 45% of women provided data during the first trimester, this is less than ideal but reflects the fact that many women do not acknowledge their pregnancy until the first trimester is safely completed. Data collection from women at specific gestations (18 and 32 weeks) was much more successful (80-85%). Unfortunately, it was difficult to obtain environmental data during the first trimester. Given the time critical nature of exposures during this trimester, researchers must take the gestational age at which environmental data was collected into account. This is particularly important for data collected using the questionnaire named ‘Your Environment’ (using data known as the A files).
Information Transparency, Multihoming, and Platform Competition: A Natural Experiment in the Daily Deals Market
Authors: Li Hui , Zhu Feng 
Published: October 2020

Platform competition is shaped by the likelihood of multihoming (i.e., complementors or consumers adopt more than one platform). To take advantage of multihoming, platform firms often attempt to motivate their rivals’ high-performing complementors to adopt their own platforms, or they attempt to prevent their current complementors or consumers from multihoming. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of such strategies in the context of the online daily deals market. We first develop a game-theoretical model that takes into account multihoming on both sides of the market and strategic behavior of all participants—consumers, platform firms, and merchants. We then derive hypotheses and empirically test them. The empirical analysis leverages a policy change of Groupon that reduced information transparency and weakened LivingSocial’s ability to identify popular Groupon deals and poach the corresponding merchants. Our results show that limiting information transparency reduced multihoming: after the policy change, LivingSocial copied fewer deals from Groupon and increased its efforts to source new deals. Consequently, industry-wide deal variety increased. We also observe a seesaw effect in that reduced merchant-side multihoming led to increased consumer-side multihoming, thereby strengthening LivingSocial’s market position on the consumer side. Overall, after accounting for changes in both lifetime value of the customer base and acquisition cost of merchants, Groupon’s policy change reduced LivingSocial’s profitability. This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.
Timing to the Statement: Understanding Fluctuations in Consumer Credit Use
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Bubna Amit , Lipscomb Molly 
Published: October 2020

We show that consumers spend 15% more per day in the first week following the receipt of a credit card statement than in the days just prior to the statement. This increase in spending includes both an increase in the likelihood that they use the credit card in the first weeks following their statement and an increase in transaction amount on days they use the credit card. In contrast to the effect on credit card spending, debit card spending is unaffected by credit card statement issuance, suggesting that consumers are not simply switching among modes of payment. Our estimates are based on exogenous variation from bank-assigned statement dates. We propose and test several alternative explanations to this spending puzzle: optimization of the free float, salience effect of the credit card statement, mental accounting, liquidity constraints, and automatic payments. We find that the consumers most apt to spend early in the credit card cycle tend to be those who do not revolve balances and are not close to their credit limit. Thus, this paper documents a puzzle with mixed support for several alternative explanations. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.
A review of outcomes associated with femoral neck lengthening osteotomy in patients with coxa brevis
Authors: Ghaffari Arash , Kold Søren , Rahbek Ole 
Published: October 2020

Purpose Double and triple femoral neck lengthening osteotomies have been described to correct coxa brevis deformity. Only small studies reported the results. Our aim was to provide an overview of the outcomes of double and triple femoral neck lengthening. Methods After an extensive search of different online databases, we included studies reporting the results of double and triple femoral neck osteotomies. Clinical and radiological outcomes, and reported complications were extracted. The review process was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results After evaluating 456 articles, we included 11 articles reporting 149 osteotomies in 143 patients (31% male, 64% female, 5% unspecified). Mean age of the patients was 20 years (range 7 years to 52 years). Indications were developmental hip dysplasia (51%), Perthes disease (27%), infection (6%), post-trauma (4%), congenital disorders (2%), slipped capital femoral epiphysis (1%), idiopathic (3%) and unknown (6%). The mean limb length discrepancy reduced by 12 mm (0 mm to 40 mm). In total, 65% of 101 positive Trendelenburg sign hips experienced improvement of abductor muscle strength. An 18% (9% to 36%) increase could be found in functional hip scores. Mean increase in articulo-trochanteric distance was 24 mm (10 mm to 34 mm). Five patients older than 30 years at the time of osteotomy and two younger patients with prior hip incongruency had disappointing results and required arthroplasty. In all, 12 complications occurred in 128 osteotomies, in which complications were reported. Conclusions Double and triple femoral neck lengthening osteotomies in coxa brevis show good results with few complications in the literature, especially in young patients with non-arthritic hips. Level of evidence III
Low-complexity equalizer with a hybrid decision scheme for 50  Gb/s/λ PAM4-PON using a low-cost 10 G receiver
Authors: Tang Xizi , Chen You-Wei , Zhang Rui , Yao Shuang , Zhou Qi , Shen Shuyi , Guo Mengqi , Qiao Yaojun , Chang Gee-Kung 
Published: October 2020

In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a

50

G
b

/

s

/

λ

four-level pulse amplitude modulation-based passive optical network system with a 10 G class receiver. A memory polynomial equalizer (MPE) combined with a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is applied to eliminate channel distortions in the system. To further improve the performance of the MPE-DFE, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a low-complexity hybrid decision scheme (HDS) is proposed, which consists of single-symbol decision (SSD) and multi-symbol decision (MSD). The SSD is exactly the conventional hard decision based on minimum Euclidean distance, whereas MSD is based on a simplified maximum likelihood detection principle with M-algorithm. In terms of complexity, MSD requires 19.1% more multiplications than SSD, but the symbol number of MSD only accounts for less than 20% of the total signal frame when the received optical power is greater than

−

27

d
B
m

. Experimental results show that the proposed MPE-DFE with HDS achieves a 0.7 dB and 1.3 dB sensitivity gain compared with conventional SSD, and up to 35.4 dB and 31.4 dB link power budget, regarding the forward error correction threshold of

10

−
2

and

10

−
3

, respectively.
An Analysis of the GIQuIC Nationwide Quality Registry Reveals Unnecessary Surveillance Endoscopies in Patients With Normal and Irregular Z-Lines
Authors: Wani Sachin , Williams J. Lucas , Falk Gary W. , Komanduri Srinadh , Muthusamy V. Raman , Shaheen Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Population-based estimates of adherence to Barrett's esophagus (BE) guidelines are not available. Using a national registry, we assessed surveillance intervals for patients with normal and irregular Z-lines based on the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and among patients with suspected or confirmed BE.

METHODS:
We analyzed data from the GI Quality Improvement Consortium Registry. Endoscopy data, including procedure indication, demographics, endoscopy and histology findings, and recommendations for further endoscopy, were assessed from January 2013 through December 2019. Patients with an indication of BE screening or surveillance or an endoscopic finding of BE were included. Biopsy and surveillance practices were assessed based on the length of columnar epithelium (0 cm, <1 cm, 1–3 cm, and >3 cm) and diagnosis based on histology findings.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,907,801 endoscopies were assessed; 135,704 endoscopies (7.1%) performed in 114,894 patients met the inclusion criteria (men 61.4%, Whites 91%, and mean age of 61.7 years [SD 12.5]). Among patients with normal Z-lines, surveillance endoscopy was recommended for 81% of patients with IM and 20% of individuals without IM. Among patients with irregular Z-lines, surveillance endoscopy was recommended for 81% with IM and 24% without IM. Approximately 30% of patients with confirmed nondysplastic BE (lengths 1–3 and >3 cm) had recommended surveillance intervals of <3 years.

DISCUSSION:
An analysis of data from a nationwide quality registry demonstrated that patients without BE are receiving recommendations for surveillance endoscopies and many patients with nondysplastic BE are reexamined too soon.
An Increasing Incidence of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Over 23 Years: A Prospective Population-Based Study in Sweden
Authors: Andreasson Anna , Talley Nicholas J. , Walker Marjorie M. , Jones Michael P. , Platts Loretta G. , Wallner Bengt , Kjellström Lars , Hellström Per M. , Forsberg Anna , Agréus Lars 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
We hypothesized that the prevalence of functional dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the community may be increasing.

METHODS:
Randomly selected adults were surveyed on 4 occasions: 1988 (n = 1,151, 21–79 years, response rate [rr] = 90%), 1989 (n = 1,097, 22–80 years, rr = 87%), 1995 (n = 1,139, 20–85 years, rr = 76%), and 2011 (n = 1,175, 20–93 years, rr = 63%).

RESULTS:
In functional dyspepsia, the odds of postprandial distress syndrome tripled over 23 years' follow-up (odds ratio [OR]: 3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.60–4.84, mixed-effect regression analysis), whereas a small decrease in epigastric pain syndrome was observed (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.42–1.00). The odds of reporting gastroesophageal reflux disease doubled (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.50–2.73).

DISCUSSION:
The underlying mechanisms behind the increase in postprandial distress syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease remain to be determined.