bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On judicial autonomy and the autonomy of the parties in international adjudication, with special regard to investment arbitration and ICSID annulment proceedings
Authors: Tanzi Attila M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe article addresses the relationship between judicial autonomy and the autonomy of the parties principles. The issue is not addressed so much through the lens of the procedural rules on the conduct of the proceedings, as through the prism of the general principles of adjudication which dictate the boundaries of judicial, or arbitral, decision-making. The focus will be on the combination between the principles ne, ultra and infra, petita and non liquet as they flow from the consensual nature of international adjudication and arbitration, on the one hand, and the principle jura novit curia which mirrors the autonomy of the judicial function, on the other. The analysis does not draw from national legal systems, nor from commercial arbitration. Due to the significantly different configuration of the principles at issue in different jurisdictions, it will focus on international litigation as an autonomous phenomenon. It will address firstly inter-state adjudication and then international investment arbitration. Special attention will be given to the ICSID system in consideration of its unique annulment mechanism. The article draws from researched case law an encouragement, if not simply the need, for international adjudicative bodies to undertake a proactive attitude in the conduct of the proceedings. More generally potentials emerge from the analysis, to the effect that not only inter-state adjudication may impact on investor-state arbitration, but also vice versa.
Acceptability of a brief training programme targeting attention and interpretation biases for threat in youth with a history of maltreatment
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y.F. , Sharma Narayan Prasad , Bennett Eleanor , Dhakal Sandesh , Vaswani Ayesha , Pandey Rakesh , Niraula Shanta , Kumari Veena 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground:Tendencies to attend to threatening cues in the environment and to interpret ambiguous situations with negative/hostile intent maintain and may even precipitate internalizing and externalizing problems in young people with a history of maltreatment. Challenging maladaptive information-processing styles using cognitive bias modification (CBM) training may reduce symptoms.Aims:To investigate the acceptability of CBM training in nine young people attending alternate education provision units in the UK, and 10 young people living in out-of-home care institutions in Nepal with a history of maltreatment.Method:CBM training consisted of five sessions of training over a 2-week period; each training session consisted of one module targeting attention biases and one module targeting interpretation biases for threat. A feedback form administered after training measured acceptability. Pre- and post-intervention measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were also taken.Results:Most young people (89%) found the training helpful and 84% found the training materials realistic. There were reductions in many symptom domains, but with individual variation. Although limited by the lack of a control condition, we established generalizability of acceptability across participants from two cultural settings.Conclusions:Replication of these findings in larger feasibility randomized controlled trials with measures of attention and interpretation bias before and after intervention, are needed to assess the potential of CBM in reducing anxiety symptoms and its capacity to engage targeted mechanisms.
Sleep restriction therapy may be effective for people with insomnia and depressive complaints: evidence from a case series
Authors: Lancee J. , Maric M. , Kamphuis J.H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground:Insomnia and depression are clearly interrelated. Several studies showed that treating insomnia with cognitive behavioural therapy positively affects concurrent depressive symptoms. However, it is unclear what treatment component is responsible for the change in depressive symptoms.Aims:To develop the evidence base we employed a case series design in which we administered a single component sleep restriction treatment to individuals with both insomnia and depressive symptoms.Method:Seven patients were included, of whom six completed the intervention. Patients completed weekly assessments during the 4-week wait period and 6-week treatment phase.Results:At the post-assessment, two out of six patients showed clinical improvement in depressive symptoms. All six patients showed clinically meaningful improvement at the 3-month follow-up assessment, and two patients had maintained gains at 6-month follow-up.Conclusions:This case series study shows that, especially at 3-month follow-up, sleep restriction therapy is associated with clinically relevant treatment gains in patients with both insomnia and depressive symptoms.
Cyberbullying, Self-concept and Academic Goals in Childhood
Authors: Delgado Beatriz , Escortell Raquel , Martínez-Monteagudo María Carmen , Ferrández-Ferrer Alicia , Sanmartín Ricardo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Cyberbullying has aroused scientific interest given the impact it has on the lives of young people. The present study proposes to analyze the relationship between self-concept (Self-Description Questionnaire I), academic goals (Achievement Goals Tendencies Questionnaire), and the participation of the roles of victim, bully and bystander in cyberbullying (Cyberbullying. Screening for peer bullying and cyberbullying), by gender and grade. The sample was composed of 548 students (49.8% girls) in 5th and 6th grade of Primary Education (M
age
= 10.95, SD = 0.7). Logistic regression analyses showed the explicative role of social self-concept and learning goals in the three roles, highlighting the academic self-concept and achievement goals in the victims, as well as the high social reinforcement goals in bullies and bystanders. This relation varied slightly according to gender and grade, being the motivational orientation towards school achievement a protector of victimization in girls and 6th grade students. The findings are discussed, pointing out their involvement in the development of preventive cyberbullying programs in preadolescence.
Power Law Growth and Delayed Feedbacks in Socio‐Hydrological Systems
Authors: Parolari Anthony J. , Manoli Gabriele 
Published: November 2019

Water infrastructure dynamics result from coupled social and physical hydrological processes embedded in “socio‐hydrological systems” (SHSs). Freshwater fuels socioeconomic activity, which in turn exerts pressure on water resources through increased water demand and water quality degradation. Many factors emphasize the need for quantitative tools to predict the future of these systems, including SHS failures due to growing water scarcity from population growth and climate change. However, unfolding the interactions between social and hydrological factors continues to resist theoretical treatment, impeding progress toward a predictive framework. To resolve this issue, we propose and evaluate time delays as surrogates for the social dynamics in SHS models. This approach permits the development of models that describe SHS dynamics in terms of observable, physical, hydrological state variables. We apply this approach to two case studies: (a) reservoir storage capacity growth in the world and the U.S. Water Resources Regions and (b) global water withdrawals. Substantial variability was identified in empirical estimates of growth rates and time delays. Reservoir construction typically follows a saturating, logistic curve with periodic, punctuated equilibria, separated by delays ranging from 5 to 20 years both globally and regionally. In contrast, global water withdrawal data display faster‐than‐exponential growth, characteristic of a positive feedback through which water use drives further water development. Historical analysis suggests that growth trends in water resources systems are superimposed by recurring periods of innovation and inactivity which are indicative of slow memory dissipation and delayed effects of past water use on current water infrastructure decisions.
Identifying STEVE's Magnetospheric Driver Using Conjugate Observations in the Magnetosphere and on the Ground
Authors: Chu Xiangning , Malaspina David , Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Liang Jun , Andersson Laila , Ma Qianli , Artemyev Anton , Liu Jiang , Ergun Robert E. , Thaller Scott , Akbari Hassanali , Zhao Hong , Larsen Brian , Reeves Geoffrey , Wygant John , Breneman Aaron , Tian Sheng , Connors Martin , Donovan Eric , Archer William , MacDonald Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe magnetospheric driver of strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is investigated using conjugate observations when Van Allen Probes' footprint directly crossed both STEVE and stable red aurora (SAR) arc. In the ionosphere, STEVE is associated with subauroral ion drift features, including electron temperature peak, density gradient, and westward ion flow. The SAR arc at lower latitudes corresponds to regions inside the plasmapause with isotropic plasma heating, which causes redline‐only SAR emission via heat conduction. STEVE corresponds to the sharp plasmapause boundary containing quasi‐static subauroral ion drift electric field and parallel‐accelerated electrons by kinetic Alfvén waves. These parallel electrons could precipitate and be accelerated via auroral acceleration processes powered by Alfvén waves propagating along the magnetic field with the plasmapause as a waveguide. The electron precipitation, superimposed on the heat conduction, could explain multiwavelength continuous STEVE emission. The green picket‐fence emissions are likely optical manifestations of electron precipitation associated with wave structures traveling along the plasmapause.
Ice Sheet Elevation Change in West Antarctica From Ka‐Band Satellite Radar Altimetry
Authors: Otosaka Inès , Shepherd Andrew , McMillan Malcolm 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSatellite altimetry has been used to track changes in ice sheet elevation using a series of Ku‐band radars in orbit since the late 1970s. Here, we produce an assessment of higher‐frequency Ka‐band satellite radar altimetry for the same purpose, using SARAL/AltiKa measurements recorded over West Antarctica. AltiKa elevations are 3.8 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.1 m higher than those determined from airborne laser altimetry and CryoSat‐2, respectively, likely due to the instruments' coarser footprint in the sloping coastal margins. However, AltiKa rates of elevation change computed between 2013 and 2019 are within 0.6 ± 2.4 and 0.1 ± 0.1 cm/year of airborne laser and CryoSat‐2, respectively, indicating that trends in radar penetration are negligible. The fast‐flowing trunks of the Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers thinned by 117 ± 10 and 100 ± 20 cm/year, respectively, amounting to a 9% reduction and a 43% increase relative to the 2000s.
Initial Cost Barrier of Ammonia Control in Central China
Authors: Zheng Mingming , Wang Yuhang , Bao Jianguo , Yuan Lianxin , Zheng Huang , Yan Yingying , Liu Dantong , Xie Mingjie , Kong Shaofei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAmmonia control has received increasing attention as a measure to decrease particulate concentrations. Modeling analysis of observation data from central China over the period of September 2015 to August 2016 shows clear asymmetric responses of particulate pH and mass to ammonia emissions. With a change of ±80% of NHx (NH3 + NH4+), the corresponding ΔpH are +0.5 and −3.0, respectively, and the corresponding particulate NH4+ changes are +2.62% and −61.8%, respectively. This asymmetry implies that there is a Critical Total Ammonia Concentration, above which particulate pH and mass are insensitive to ammonia control. Analysis of the observation data suggests that the Critical Total Ammonia Concentration is −25%. The estimated cost for an NHx reduction of 25% is $140 – 320 million for Hubei province, which is the initial cost barrier before ammonia control can effectively affect particulate pH and mass in central China. This cost barrier will increase as NOx and SO2 emissions decrease.
A See‐Saw in Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water Formation Driven by Atmospheric Modes
Authors: Meijers A. J. S. , Cerovečki I. , King B. A. , Tamsitt V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSubantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the Pacific forms in two distinct pools in the south central and southeast Pacific, which subduct into the ocean interior and impact global storage of heat and carbon. Wintertime thickness of the central and eastern SAMW pools vary predominantly out of phase with each other, by up to ±150 m between years, resulting in an interannual thickness see‐saw. The thickness in the eastern (central) pool is found to be strongly positively (negatively) correlated with both the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The relative phases of the SAM and ENSO set the SAMW thickness, with in phase reinforcing modes in 2005–2008 and 2012–2017 driving strong differences between the pools. Between 2008 and 2012 out of phase atmospheric modes result in less coherent SAMW patterns. SAMW thickness is dominated by local formation driven by SAM and ENSO modulated wind stress and turbulent heat fluxes.
Contemporary Mountain‐Building of the Tianshan and its Relevance to Geodynamics Constrained by Integrating GPS and GRACE Measurements
Authors: Pan Yuanjin , Chen Ruizhi , Yi Shuang , Wang Wei , Ding Hao , Shen Wenbin , Chen Liang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe present‐day deformation of the Tianshan Mountain range is largely resulting from the collision between India and the Eurasian plate, but the mechanism causing its uplift remains controversial. In this study, we present the contemporary tectonic and geodynamic processes resulting in the growth of the Tianshan Mountain range as revealed by integrating Global Positioning System (GPS) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements during 2010–2016. The average ground uplift rate is 0.72 ± 0.12 mm/year, of which 0.39 mm/year is attributed to elastic effects of glacier melting. The residual average tectonic uplift rate of 0.33 ± 0.12 mm/year closely matches the crustal thickening rate (0.33 ± 0.03 mm/year), indicating that horizontal compression plays an essential role in Tianshan orogeny. We also find the Lake Issyk‐Kul region is converging and subsiding, which can be explained by a regional crust folding model. The interaction of adjacent rigid blocks in the Tianshan and surrounding areas is also manifested by the crustal shortening derived from GPS horizontal velocities. This study provides new geodetic results and a new model in current orogenic movement in the Tianshan Mountain range and highlights its complexity.
Introduction to the Special Collection: Magnetism in the Geosciences—Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Dekkers Mark J. , Feinberg Joshua , Florindo Fabio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMagnetic property research in the geosciences has seen an enormous development during the most recent decade. The underlying special collection published in two AGU journals: Journal of Geophysical Research—Solid Earth and Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems is an outcome of the 11th International Conference on Rock Magnetism, held in Utrecht (The Netherlands) in July 2017 and reflects this full breadth. We recognize four groups in which individual contributions are gathered. (1) Recent advances in fundamental rock and mineral magnetic methods, including discussions on how to assess magnetic grain size, which is centrally important to magnetic stability over geologic timescales and high‐fidelity paleomagnetic recording. (2) Geomagnetism with an emphasis on late Pleistocene paleosecular variation and relative paleointensity records, relevant to geomagnetic field models. (3) Reassessments of classic paleomagnetic field tests and examples of tectonic and magnetostratigraphic applications. (4) The merit of magnetic property analysis in solving geoscience problems, both in soft and hard rocks.
Monthly Variability in Bering Strait Oceanic Volume and Heat Transports, Links to Atmospheric Circulation and Ocean Temperature, and Implications for Sea Ice Conditions
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Barrett Andrew P. , Crawford Alex D. , Woodgate Rebecca A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Bering Strait oceanic heat transport influences seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea. Monitored since 1990, it depends on water temperature and factors controlling the volume transport, assumed to be local winds in the strait and an oceanic pressure difference between the Pacific and Arctic oceans (the “pressure head”). Recent work suggests that variability in the pressure head, especially during summer, relates to the strength of the zonal wind in the East Siberian Sea that raises or drops sea surface height in this area via Ekman transport. We confirm that westward winds in the East Siberian Sea relate to a broader central Arctic pattern of high sea level pressure and note that anticyclonic winds over the central Arctic Ocean also favor low September sea ice extent for the Arctic as a whole by promoting ice convergence and positive temperature anomalies. Month‐to‐month persistence in the volume transport and atmospheric circulation patterns is low, but the period 1980–2017 had a significant summertime (June–August) trend toward higher sea level pressure over the central Arctic Ocean, favoring increased transports. Some recent large heat transports are associated with high water temperatures, consistent with persistence of open water in the Chukchi Sea into winter and early ice retreat in spring. The highest heat transport recorded, October 2016, resulted from high water temperatures and ideal wind conditions yielding a record‐high volume transport. November and December 2005, the only months with southward volume (and thus heat) transports, were associated with southward winds in the strait.
Quantifying Eulerian Eddy Leakiness in an Idealized Model
Authors: Liu Tongya , Abernathey Ryan , Sinha Anirban , Chen Dake 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn idealized eddy‐resolving ocean basin, closely resembling the North Pacific Ocean, is simulated using MITgcm. We identify rotationally coherent Lagrangian vortices (RCLVs) and sea surface height (SSH) eddies based on the Lagrangian and Eulerian framework, respectively. General statistical results show that RCLVs have a much smaller coherent core than SSH eddies with the ratio of radius is about 0.5. RCLVs are often enclosed by SSH anomaly contours, but SSH eddy identification method fails to detect more than half of RCLVs. Based on their locations, two types of eddies are classified into three categories: overlapping RCLVs and SSH eddies, nonoverlapping SSH eddies, and nonoverlapping RCLVs. Using Lagrangian particles, we examine the processes of leakage and intrusion around SSH eddies. For overlapping SSH eddies, over the lifetime, the material coherent core only accounts for about 25% and about 50% of initial water leak from eddy interior. The remaining 25% of water can still remain inside the boundary, but only in the form of filaments outside the coherent core. For nonoverlapping SSH eddies, more water leakage (about 60%) occurs at a faster rate. Guided by the number and radius of SSH eddies, fixed circles and moving circles are randomly selected to diagnose the material flux around these circles. We find that the leakage and intrusion trends of moving circles are quite similar to that of nonoverlapping SSH eddies, suggesting that the material coherence properties of nonoverlapping SSH eddies are not significantly different from random pieces of ocean with the same size.
Parameterization of Entrainment Rate and Mass Flux in Continental Cumulus Clouds: Inference From Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Bera Sudarsan , Prabha Thara V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLarge eddy simulation with contrasting environmental humidity is used to study entrainment and detrainment rates and convective mass flux during the development stages of continental deep cumulus clouds. The cumulus clouds studied here are deeper than marine shallow cumulus or stratocumulus in the published literature. The main objective of the study is to parameterize the entrainment and detrainment rates in monsoon clouds during the break monsoon periods over land, useful for the large‐scale atmospheric models. A systematic decrease in cloud liquid water path is noted in drier environments as clouds become shallower due to the reduction of positive buoyancy in the cloud core. Updraft and downdraft velocities in the subcloud layers are strengthened in the drier environments, which are found to affect in‐cloud updraft strength. A most important finding of the present study is the effect of environmental humidity on the entrainment (and detrainment) rates and the convective mass flux. Many previous studies on this topic reported opposite results. The present study found that decreasing environmental humidity leads to a decrease in both the entrainment rate and the convective mass flux but an increase in the detrainment rate. The relationship of the entrainment parameters with the environmental relative humidity can be used for parameterization in the large‐scale models. The physical mechanism responsible for such response is identified as the strengthening of the subcloud updrafts compensated by the enhanced downdraft into the boundary layer in the drier environments, and this mechanism subsequently led to higher in‐cloud updraft velocity, resulting in lower entrainment rate.
Possible Wintertime Sources of Fine Particles in an Urban Environment
Authors: Meskhidze Nicholas , Jaimes‐Correa Juan C. , Petters Markus D. , Royalty Taylor M. , Phillips Brittany N. , Zimmerman Alyssa , Reed Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLocal sources of particles and precursor gases have long been considered as the major control for the ground‐level particle number concentration in an urban environment. Here we show the existence of two distinct sources. The first source was detectable during morning and afternoon rush hours and was defined by high black carbon concentrations. Particle number concentration inversely correlated with the local planetary boundary layer height. The particle size distributions were characterized by a wide range of modal diameters and did not exhibit detectable modal growth. This source was attributed to vehicular emissions. The second source yielded particle number concentration comparable to those during the rush hours and was detected six times over the 3‐week measurement campaign. Small particles produced by this source were recorded during the midday after the diminishment of the rush‐hour traffic effects. The particles exhibited prolonged modal growth over 8 hr, which may indicate a regional scale nucleation event. The data suggest that these particles were likely formed above the nocturnal boundary layer after sunrise and were subsequently transported to the surface through convective mixing. Overall, the nocturnal and convective boundary layer evolution was found to be closely associated with the of small particle event and the most important factor affecting the ground‐level particle number concentration. Shallow nocturnal boundary layers trapped pollution near the ground leading to particle number concentrations over 104 cm−3.