bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-15 Extrusion of corn-soybean product blends in replacement of soybean meal in weanling pig diets
Authors: Milani Natália C , Paula Vinicius R C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Sedano Anderson A , Junior Hélio Moreira , Fernandes Raquel S , Andrade José M M , Ruiz Urbano S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Extrusion is a thermomechanical process that can reduce the content antinutritional factors in soybean, improving the use of its nutrients by pigs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate extruded corn-soybean grain blends, replacing soybean meal in weanling pig diets, on pig growth performance from 21 to 63 d old. Ground corn and the corn-soybean blend (75.27% of ground corn and 24.73%) were extruded at 120°C in a single-screw extruder. One hundred and sixty crossbred weaned pigs (6.02 ± 0.63 kg) were used in a three-phase feeding program (21-35, 36-49, 50-63 days of age) and fed a basal diet (BD - extruded corn, dairy product, spray dried plasma, and soybean meal) or one of four diets in which soybean meal was replaced for deactivated (DS) or extruded (EX) corn-soybean blend, in 50 or 100%, generating diets DS50, DS100, EX50 and EX100. Diets were formulated to provide 3.40, 3.38, and 3.20 Mcal of ME/kg; 220, 215, and 190 g/kg of CP; and 14.5, 13.3, and 10.9 g/kg of digestible lysine, in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A randomized block design based on initial BW was used. The data was submitted to ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey test (5%). Pigs fed diets EX50 and EX100 presented reductions (P&lt; 0.05) in ADG (16-50%), final BW and G:F (13-33%) compared to pigs submitted to diets SBM100, DS50 or DS100 in phases 1 and 2. ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs were not affected (P &gt;0.05) in phase 3, but final BW of pigs fed extruded corn-soybean blend were lower (P&lt; 0.05) than that of pigs fed other diets. The extrusion temperature may have been insufficient to inactivate the anti-nutritional factors of soybean that probably reduced pig growth performance. The inclusion of extruded corn-soybean blend in replacement of soybean meal reduced growth performance of pigs.
PSVI-9 Mint oil, yeast cell, and ɣ-tocopherol supplementation in gestation and lactation diets on offspring performance during the post-wean period
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Dunn James L , Wenninghoff Joel , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaning is a period of pig growth associated with increased incidence of oxidative stress which can impact post-weaning performance. Inclusion of feed additives with antioxidant activity in sow diets has been reported to improve offspring growth beyond the suckling phase. A study assessed yeast cell, mint oil, and ɣ-tocopherol supplementation in sow gestation and lactation diets has on offspring post-weaning performance. A total of 605 piglets (6.14 ± 2.53 kg BW) from 53 sows were randomly allotted to 62 pens, balanced by weight and litter within maternal diet [Control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.15% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + ɣ-tocopherol at 200 ppm (GT)]. Pens of pigs were given a common diet for 126 d post-wean in a 9-phase feeding regimen. After d29 post-wean, performance of pigs deemed light (&lt; 5.10 kg) and heavy (&gt;7.25 kg) at weaning were followed to d126. Performance was analyzed as randomized complete block with pen as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. Pigs from CON sows tended to be lighter pigs from all other treatment groups at weaning and d29 post-wean due to differences in daily gain. Lightweight MO and GT pigs had a heavier weight at d42 (P=0.002) than CON and YC pigs (16.8, 16.7, 19.3, and 19.9 ± 0.77 kg in CON, YC, MO, and GT, respectively). At d70 post-wean, GT pigs tended to be heavier than CON pigs, with YC and MO intermediate. Lightweight pigs from MO sows had greater gain (P=0.04) during the finishing period than all other treatment groups, with GT pigs gaining less. There were no detectable differences in BW during the finishing phase among treatments in heavyweight pigs, however, CON pigs tended (P=0.07) to gain the least. Exposure to mint oil and ɣ-tocopherol during the prenatal and suckling period may provide lasting benefits to light-weight pigs post-wean.
PSVI-5 Effect of apple and anise flavour supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and carcass quality in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Seok Woo Jung , Kim Yong Min , Ahn Je min , Liu Xiao , Ao Xiang , Kim In Ho 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of different flavours (apple and anise) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and carcass quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.7 kg were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. The treatments consisted of (1) CON, basal diet; (2) APF, basal diet + 0.05% apple flavour; (3) ANF, basal diet + 0.05% anise flavour. There were 8 replications (pens) per treatment and 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). The flavour was added at the expense of corn (0.05%). The experiment lasted for 15 wks. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with the pen as the experimental unit. Variability in the data was expressed as the standard error of means (SEM) and a probability level of p &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. During week 0-5, pigs fed ANF diets had greater (p &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those fed CON and APF diets. Dietary ANF treatment increased (p &lt; 0.05) ADG during 0-15 week compared with CON treatment (Table 1). At the end of 5 week, the apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen in ANF treatment was improved (p &lt; 0.05) compared with that in CON treatment (Table 1). There were no differences (p &gt; 0.05) in the red blood cell and white blood cell counts or lymphocyte percentage among treatments. In conclusion, anise flavour supplementation could lead to significant improvement in ADG and N digestibility in growing pigs and the ADG was also higher in finishing pigs fed anise flavour supplemented diet. Furthermore, apple flavour supplementation had minor effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles or carcass quality in finishing pigs.
PSVI-7 Increased consumption of Methionine as DL-Methionine or OH-Methionine improved pigs growing performance and carcass traits under hot conditions
Authors: da Silva Caio A , Callegari Marco A , Barbi José Henrique , Fagundes Naiara , Dias Cleandro P , Souza Kelly L , Batonon-Alavo Dolores I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of increasing Methionine (Met) supply on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs under summer conditions in Brazil. A total of 200 barrows and females, 63 d-old (20.43±2.0 kg), were allocated in a 2 x 2 factorial design (two Met sources [DL-Met and OH-Met] and two Met doses [100 and 120% Brazilian Nutritional recommendation) with 10 replicates of 5 animals each. Corn-DDGS-wheat-soya based diets were formulated. Treatments were offered during four phases: growing I (63-93 d old), growing II (94-114 d old), finishing I (115-142 d old) and finishing II (143-160 d old). The recommended digestible Met levels were: 0.32, 0.30, 0.29 and 0.24% respectively for the four phases. Average temperature was 27.12 ± 4.51ºC and relative humidity was 61.72 ± 5.65%. Growth performance was measured for each rearing phase. Carcass yield, back fat height, loin depth, and lean meat yield were measured at the end of the experiment. Data were submitted to a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test. There was no significant interaction between the Met source and the dose for all performance and carcass traits. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were similar between treatments (P &gt;0.05). The individual daily weight gain and live weight were better for the highest doses of methionine (P&lt; 0.05) in all phases and on the whole period, except for the finishing II where the weight gain was similar for all treatments. Likewise, carcass yield, lean meat was increased with the highest dose of methionine in comparison to the adequate dose. No significant difference was found between DL-Met and OH-Met on growth performance parameters. OH-Met resulted in a higher loin depth (58.37 mm) in comparison to DL-Met (55.21 mm). Overall, these results demonstrated the interest of increasing Met supply under hot conditions to improving performance and carcass quality traits.
PSI-5 Effects of rest period prior to processing on anthelmintic response during the receiving period in feedlot heifers
Authors: Stafford Nicole , Tarpoff A J , Theurer Miles , Jones Tom , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A major stressor affecting feedlot cattle performance is transportation. Knowing when to process cattle and how much rest to provide prior to processing may improve cattle health and response to processing, such as anthelmintic administration. The goal of this project was to determine the impact of time of rest prior to initial processing on parasite prevalence during the receiving period. Eighty mixed-breed heifers (250±4.2 kg BW) were purchased at live auction in Oklahoma City, OK and transported to the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center in Manhattan. Heifers were allotted in a completely randomized design to one of four treatments processed at 0, 6, 24, or 48 hours after arrival. At processing (d 0), fecal samples were collected, and cattle were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 ml/50 kg BW moxidectin (Cydectin®, Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS) and orally dosed with 1.0 mL/50 kg BW oxfendazole (Synanthic®, Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Joseph, MO). Fecal samples were collected again on d 14. Fecal samples were analyzed by the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for qualitative and quantitative fecal float. Time of processing did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) any measured response criteria. On d 0, there was a high prevalence of fecal parasites, which was significantly reduced by d 14 (94.5% vs. 23.1% of cattle with detected fecal parasites on d 0 vs. 14, respectively). On d 0, semi-quantitative density showed the highest concentration of strongyle and eimeria parasites, which were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by d 14 (315 and 155 vs. 2 and 6.5 eggs/g of feces detected for strongyle vs. eimeria, respectively). In summary, time of rest prior to processing had no detected impact on anthelmintic response, but the dual injection/oral protocol used in this experiment was highly effective at reducing parasite levels within 2 weeks of administration.
PSI-2 Effects of extended release eprinomectin on heifer performance while grazed on endophyte-infected tall fescue or housed in drylot
Authors: Navarrete Julissa , Graham Sarah , Neira Lucas , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of LongRange, an extended-release eprinomectin, on beef heifer performance while grazed on endophyte-infected tall fescue or housed in drylot. Fall-born, Angus × Simmental heifers (n = 153) were utilized in a split-plot design. Heifers were stratified by BW and assigned to 6 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental treatments: grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue (Pasture) or housed in drylot and fed alfalfa hay. Within environmental treatment groups, heifers were randomly assigned to LongRange (LR) or control (Saline). Prior to experiment initiation, heifers were treated with oral fenbendazole (SafeGuard) to minimize parasite load. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. At d 0, 56, and 112, heifer BW, ADG, BCS, hair coat score (HCS), and fecal egg counts (FEC) were collected. Treatments did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) BW on d 0 and 56. On d 112, drylot heifers tended (P = 0.08) to be heavier than pasture heifers and LR increased (P = 0.01) BW. There was an interaction (P = 0.02) for ADG; LR increased ADG to a greater magnitude in pasture than drylot heifers. On d 0, 56, and 112, there was no interaction or LongRange effect (P ≥ 0.11) on BCS; however, pasture heifers had greater (P = 0.05) d 112 BCS than drylot heifers. On d 56, there was an interaction (P = 0.01) on HCS; LR decreased HCS in pasture heifers, but did not affect HCS in drylot heifers. Although treatment did not effect (P ≤ 0.33) FEC at d 0, there was an interaction (P = 0.01) observed on d 56. LongRange decreased FEC in pasture heifers but not in drylot. In conclusion, LongRange increased heifer growth performance with a greater difference for heifers grazing tall fescue, compared with heifers in drylot.
PSI-9 Factors associated with birthing interval and total farrowing duration in sows and gilts within a production setting
Authors: Kovarna Madison , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Common sow barn protocol is to provide farrowing assistance (i.e. sleeving) when 20 min has elapsed since the previous piglet to reduce the incidence of stillbirths with limited consideration for parity, litter size or sow energy status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of litter size, birth order, parity, and feed intake before farrowing on total farrowing duration and birthing interval. Farrowing duration and piglet birth interval were measured in 80 farrowings (PIC 1050 gilts and multiparous). Farrowing was supervised by trained technicians 24 h/d starting at d114 of gestation. The time of each piglet birth was documented, and the total farrowing duration was determined as the time elapsed between the birth of the first and last piglet. Sleeving protocol used when 60 min had elapsed since the previous piglet, oxytocin provided when farrowing was deemed complete to aid in milk let down. Information from the electronic lactation feeding system was used to characterize the feed intake pattern of sows before farrowing. Data was analyzed by PROC MIXED procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). The overall rate of stillbirths was 8.3%. Sows with litters &gt;14 piglets had shorter birthing interval than sows with litters &lt; 14 piglets (P &lt; .0001) resulting in 9 min shorter total farrowing with larger litter sizes (Table 1). Order of birth affected birth interval (P = 0.014), where piglets of order 1 to 4 had the longest birth interval and orders 9 to 12 shortest. Sow feed intake prior to farrowing and parity did not affect total farrowing duration or birthing interval; however, farrowing duration of mid parity sows was 30 to 50 min shorter than young and older females. Sow barn farrowing care protocols may need to be revised considering sow parity and number of piglets born.
PSIII-6 Effects of repeated freeze and thaw cycles on serum and plasma metabolite concentrations in beef cattle
Authors: Monaghan Jera L , Rathert Abigail R , Meyer Allison M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether repeated freeze and thaw cycles alter bovine circulating metabolite concentrations, which serve as indicators of nutrient utilization. In research settings, it is common to thaw and refreeze samples when confirming results or performing further analyses; thus, it is important to determine if these actions alter metabolites. Jugular blood samples were collected from beef cows (n = 14) and fall-born calves (n = 14) at weaning. Samples were processed into multiple aliquots and stored at -20°C until analysis. Samples were thawed at 4°C for 8 to 10 h on each day of analysis and refrozen for at least 48 h between cycles. Concentrations of serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum urea N, plasma triglycerides, and plasma glucose were analyzed using commercially available kits on a UV-visible light plate reader. Data were analyzed with sample type (cow vs. calf), thaw (cycles 1-4), and their interaction in a mixed model. Additionally, R2 were determined among freeze-thaw cycles within each metabolite. Thaw cycle impacted glucose concentrations (P = 0.03); other metabolites were unaffected (P &gt; 0.25). Thaw cycle and its interaction with sample type did not affect metabolite concentrations (P &gt; 0.33). Sample type did not affect triglyceride and BUN concentrations (P &gt; 0.34). There was a type effect (P &lt; 0.0001) for NEFA and glucose; NEFA were greater in cows and glucose was greater in calves. There was a strong relationship between urea N thaw cycles 1 and 2 (R2 = 0.88), which was also apparent between all other urea N, triglycerides, NEFA, and glucose cycles (R2 ≥ 0.79, 0.96, 0.91, and 0.61 respectively). These data indicate that repetitive freezing and thawing of bovine serum and plasma samples has little effect on non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and urea N, but may impact glucose concentrations.
PSIII-7 Evaluating sow colostrum somatic cell count as an indicator for colostrum composition or litter characteristics
Authors: Maurer Ryan T , Gourley Kiah M , Rathbun Theresa J , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sow colostrum is essential during early piglet life to provide passive immunity via immunoglobulins and leukocytes.The somatic cell population in colostrum and milk consists of leukocytes and epithelial cells. Somatic cell count (SCC) of milk is commonly used as an indicator of cow milk quality and health status, but not commonly measured in lactating gilts or sows. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the relationship between colostrum SCC and colostrum composition or litter performance. A total of 194 frozen (-20℃) colostrum samples from Large White × Landrace females were evaluated for SCC. Cells were pelleted and washed twice by centrifugation (10 min. at 400 x g; 4℃) in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS; pH 7.2, LifeTechnologies). The resulting cell sample was labelled with a nuclear dye (LDS751) and cells counted via micro-capillary bench-top flow cytometer (Guava EasyCyte Plus, Millipore). Final SCC (cells/mL) was calculated by dividing sample cell count (cells/sample) by original sample volume (mL/sample). Data was analyzed for relationship between SCC and response variables using Pearson correlation. A pairwise comparison was used to evaluate SCC by parity category (gilts vs. sows). Results were considered significant at P&lt; 0.05. Final somatic cell counts ranged from 5.8×104 to 2.9×106 cells/mL. Sows had decreased (P=0.033) SCC compared to gilts (3.0 ×105 vs. 3.7 ×105). There was no evidence for a relationship (P &gt;0.05) between SCC and piglet weight at 24h or weaning, 24h litter gain, 24h or pre-wean mortality, sow backfat or body weight. Colostrum total solids, protein, lactose, and immunoglobulin G concentration showed no evidence for relationship (P &gt;0.05) to SCC. Colostrum fat showed a weak positive correlation (P=0.018, R=0.18) with SCC. In conclusion, colostrum SCC is lower in sows than gilts, but does not appear to correlate to colostrum composition or litter performance.
4 Examining x, y, and z vibration patterns of commercial pig transport trailers from the farm to the abattoir
Authors: Gonzalez John M , Davis Ben , Morris Benjamin , Brokesh Edwin , Flippo Daniel , Houser Terry , Najar-Villarreal Francisco , Turner Kari , Williams Jamison 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure and examine 3-axis acceleration data from 6 locations within commercial transport trailers shipping market pigs. Over winter months (December through February) of 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020, 16 pot-belly and 14 straight-deck trailer loads of market pigs were measured from 2 producers located in Kansas and North Carolina, respectively. Six accelerometers were placed in protective cases and affixed to the underside of the floor in the approximate center of the front compartment, middle of the trailer, and back compartment of the top and bottom decks. Data were post-processed to calculate power spectral density (PSD) functions and corresponding root mean square (RMS) accelerations. The PSDs lend insight into the vibrational frequency content of the trailers, while the RMS values indicate the severity of the vibration over the duration of each trip. With the exception of the lower aft portion of the trailer where levels are significantly higher, RMS values were consistent across trips and largely similar between sensor location and axis. Accelerations ranged between 0.06 and 0.18 g and varied in time, indicating data were non-stationarity. The PSD results reveal a largely broadband frequency response of the loaded trailers between 0 and 50 Hz, especially for sensors on the lower deck. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates the severity of vibrations experienced by pigs during transport would be considered uncomfortable by humans.
5 Effect of rest stop on welfare indicators of conditioned and non-conditioned ranch-direct or auction-market-sourced beef cattle, transported by road
Authors: Meléndez Daniela M , Marti Sonia , Schwinghamer Timothy , Haley Derek B , Nordi Wiolene M , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8-mo-old conditioned and non-conditioned beef calves, sourced from either a ranch or an auction market. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (245 ± 35.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); source, ranch direct (R) or auction market (A); and rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h. After resting, animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum amyloid-A (SAA) and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations prior to the first loading (L1); after 36 h of transport; prior to and after the additional 4 h of transport, on the day of arrival (0); and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after the 4h transport. Daily standing % and dry matter intake (DMI) were assessed for 3 d after transport. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Fixed effects included conditioning, source, and time (nested in rest), while random effects were animal and pen. At L1, mean concentrations of NEFA, SAA and CK were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for N-R0 than C-R0 and for N-R8 than C-R8. The N and R groups had greater (P &lt; 0.05) standing % than the C and A groups, respectively. On d 0 and 1, the C-R0 and C-R8 groups had greater (P &lt; 0.05) DMI than the N-R0 and N-R8 groups, respectively. Overall, physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare were greater in conditioned than non-conditioned calves, while fewer differences were observed between ranch and auction market calves, as well as rested or unrested calves.