bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the Presence and Size of Intracranial Aneurysms in the General Population
Authors: Cras Tim Y. , Bos Daniel , Ikram M. Arfan , Vergouwen Mervyn D.I. , Dippel Diederik W.J. , Voortman Trudy , Adams Hieab H.H. , Vernooij Meike W. , Roozenbeek Bob 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
The prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) in the adult population is ≈3%. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm can have devastating consequences, which emphasizes the importance of identification of potentially modifiable determinants for the presence and size of UIAs. Our aim was to study the association of a broad spectrum of potential determinants with the presence and size of UIAs in a general adult population.

Methods:
Between 2005 and 2015, 5841 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age, 64.4 years, 45.0% male) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (1.5T). These scans were evaluated for the presence of incidental UIAs. We determined number and volume of the UIAs. Using logistic and linear regression models, we assessed the association of cardiovascular, lifestyle and emerging inflammatory and hormonal determinants with the presence and volume of UIAs.

Results:

In 134 (2.3%) participants, ≥1 UIAs were detected (149 UIAs in total), with a median volume of 61.1 mm
3
(interquartile range, 33.2–134.0). In multivariable models, female sex (odds ratio, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.33–2.84]), hypertension (odds ratio, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.13–2.68]), and current smoking (odds ratio, 3.75 [95% CI, 2.27–6.33]) were associated with the presence of UIAs. We found no association of alcohol use, physical activity, or diet quality with UIA presence. Finally, we found white blood cell count to relate to larger aneurysm volume (difference in volume of 33.6 mm
3
per 10
9
/L increase in white blood cell [95% CI, 3.92–63.5]).

Conclusions:
In this population-based study, female sex, hypertension, and smoking, but no other lifestyle determinants, were associated with the presence of UIAs. White blood cell count is associated with size of UIAs. Preventive strategies should focus on treating hypertension and promoting cessation of smoking.
Content and Discourse Analysis of Cruelty towards Stray Dogs as Presented in Chinese Social Media
Authors: Whyke Thomas William , López-Múgica Joaquin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
After recent reports emerged of a third arson attack on stray dog kennels in China’s Shandong province, those who have shown both hostility towards and support for the dogs and others involved in this event on Chinese social media have appeared. By analyzing posts and user attitudes on China’s Weibo and Baidu Tieba towards such kinds of media reports of stray dog cruelty, this article answers what the differing outlooks are on cruelty to stray dogs in contemporary Mainland China. The purpose of this article is therefore to attempt to increase a deeper understanding of the portrayal and response to certain forms of misconduct to stray dogs in user-generated contents in social media today. Several thematic demonstrations of cruelty are identified, and criticism/activism, compassion, and animosity are included. These themes are not limited, with some reports including aspects of several themes.
“He’s Just a Man!”: Pashtun Salafists and the Representation of the Prophet
Authors: Hartung Jan-Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Against the widespread understanding that Salafism in Pashtun religious circles owes its establishment to the close interaction with Arab representatives of that current since the resistance to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan between 1979 and 1990, a theologically quite radical form had indigenously emerged already in the late 1940s. This current, originating in the small town of Panjpīr in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, stands out by a rigid Salafī epistemology.
Negotiating Salafī Islam and the State: The Madkhaliyya in Indonesia
Authors: Sunarwoto A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The focus of this article is on the Salafiyya-Madkhaliyya in Indonesia, which takes its name from Saudi scholar Rabīʿ al-Madkhalī. After an account of how they emerged and developed in Indonesia, the relationship of the Madkhalīs with the state, which is based on a “fiqh of obedience”, is analyzed. It is argued that, while this legal underpinning necessitates that they give total loyalty to the ruler (walī l-amr, or ūlū l-amr), the Indonesian Madkhalīs are unable to entirely follow this principle. The Madkhalīs have had to come to terms with the fact that Indonesia follows a democratic system, which, in fact, prevents the comprehensive accommodation of their Salafī principles. The resulting ambiguities prove difficult to solve. It is argued here that the negotiation between Madkhalī Salafīs and the Indonesian state is characterized by the constant efforts of the former to tackle those ambiguities.
Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām
Authors: Bruckmayr Philipp 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Salafī refutations of Sunnī kalām have long been focused almost exclusively on the Ashʿariyya. In recent decades, however, Salafī authors and activists have also turned their attention towards the Māturīdī current, which has been historically predominant in those parts of the Muslim world dominated by the Ḥanafī madhhab. In the present article, the characteristics of the Salafī challenge to the Māturīdiyya are presented and the main factors behind its emergence and dissemination are traced. It is shown that the recent growing awareness of the Māturīdiyya as a theological other among adherents of Salafī Islam owes much to the efforts of the Pakistani scholar Shams al-Dīn al‑Salafī al‑Afghānī, a graduate of the Islamic University of Medina. It is argued that his work, which was influenced both by his specific South Asian background and by his exposure to established forms of Salafī education and daʿwa in Medina, was instrumental in raising the spectre of a “modern Māturīdiyya” as a serious doctrinal challenger and impediment to Salafī expansion in South Asia and elsewhere. Hereby it was specifically the late Ottoman scholar Muḥammad Zāhid al-Kawtharī and his followers, as well as the South Asian Deobandī and Barelvī (i.e., Ahl-i Sunnat) masālik, which were identified as prime representatives of the contemporary Māturīdiyya. Finally, it is shown that the Salafī assault on the Māturīdiyya seems to have resulted in a revival of theological madh­hab‑consciousness, as well as in growing cooperation between Ḥanafī scholars in different parts of the Muslim world.
迭部藏語的“清音濁化” (The voicing of unvoiced obstruents in Thebo Tibetan)
Authors:   桑吉次力
Published: June 2020

摘要
本文主要探討古藏語中前置輔音b-後跟清阻塞音的複輔音對應迭部藏語濁輔音的現象。這種對應在藏語諸方言中非常罕見。以此可以認為迭部藏語經歷了一種“清音濁化”。 結合前人對古藏語形態的研究成果，一些雙唇阻塞音的例子可以證明這種音變創新發生在前藏文時代。
搁 GE en dialecte de Shenyang (appartenant au mandarin du Nord-Est)
Authors: TAN Song 
Published: June 2020

Résumé
Cet article se consacre à l’ analyse du morphème polyfonctionnel 搁 GE en dialecte de Shenyang appartenant au mandarin du Nord-Est. 搁 GE peut fonctionner comme un verbe, une préposition, un adverbe et un subordonnant et il possède cinq réalisations possibles : [kɤ44], [kɤ24], [kɤ213], [kɑu44], [kɑu24]. L’ emploi privilégié de 搁 GE est toutefois celui de la préposition polysémique « à ». En fonction du sens des morphèmes qu’ il met en relation, 搁 GE « à » présente, au niveau sémantique, des valeurs spatiales (localisation des objets ou des activités, trajet, provenance), temporelle, instrumentale ou encore la valeur d’ accompagnement et la valeur de conformité.
Pursuing “the Subjective” in “Subjective Rights”
Authors: Jacobsen Mogens Chrom 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the conceptual history of subjective rights. The subjective right is generally understood as an individual right in contradistinction to the system of legal rules, which are named the ‘objective right.’ These notions have enjoyed immense popularity among Continental legal scholars and historians. This article gives an explanation of how the terms “subjective” and “objective” right came into usage in Germany, and it shows how these terms were elaborated within a metaphysical context. This paper suggests that the origin of this terminology is to be found in the philosophy of Christian Wolff and in particular in that of one of his pupils, Joachim Georg Darjes. The notion of a subjective right thus has its origin in an intellectualistic and perfectionist philosophy, where rights in a primary sense are at the same time conceived as duties.
Quantifying the Impact of Medicalisation on the Distribution of Births over the Course of the Day
Authors: Gietel-Basten Stuart 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Very few historical studies have been able to demonstrate the times of day when humans give birth in a ‘natural’ setting—i.e. outside of any hospital context or potential intervention. Two villages in the southwestern Russian Empire present rare examples of nineteenth-century baptism registers where time of birth were recorded. The evidence supports the thesis that ‘natural’ human births disproportionately occur between midnight and early morning. Evidence from the registers also show a seasonal effect, likely driven by the relationship between luminosity and melatonin production. The study, then, contributes to the ongoing debate regarding the medicalisation of childbearing, the deterioration of female autonomy in the sphere of childbearing, as well as other negative health outcomes. Historical evidence can demonstrate how far the circumstances of contemporary society differ from the ‘natural’ mode in something as fundamental as the time of the day when we give birth.
Use of Indirect Laryngeal Biopsy Forceps to Treat Epiglottic Abscess
Authors: Wu Xiufa , Zhang Jing , Fang Rui , Wei Chunsheng 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps in the treatment of epiglottic abscess (EA). Methods: Twenty patients were diagnosed with EA in our department and were randomly divided into group A (indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps combined antibiotics) and group B (antibiotics only). Demographics, the degree of epiglottic and arytenoid swelling, and inflammatory cells were collected for analysis. The drainage of EA was performed under local anesthesia in conscious patients with indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps and 70° direct laryngoscopes. The length of symptomatic relief and length of hospitalization were assessed. Results: Ten patients were treated with indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps under the view of the 70° direct laryngoscopes combined with intravenous antibiotics, whereas the other 10 patients were treated with antibiotics only. The differences between the 2 groups had no statistical significance in age, gender, white blood cell count, neutrophils count, and the percent of neutrophils, abscess size, and scope classification at the time of diagnosis. The length of hospitalization and length of symptomatic relief was significantly lower in patients treated with indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps combined antibiotics than those treated with antibiotics only. Conclusions: Indirect laryngeal biopsy forceps are safe and effective method to treat EA, which shorten the hospitalization and has the advantages of cost savings and convenience.
Patients’ and caregivers’ experiences of driving with chronic breathlessness before and after regular low-dose sustained-release morphine: A qualitative study
Authors: Ferreira Diana H , Boland Jason W , Kochovska Slavica , Honson Aaron , Phillips Jane L , Currow David C 
Published: June 2020

Background: Chronic breathlessness is a disabling syndrome that profoundly impacts patients’ and caregivers’ lives. Driving is important for most people, including those with advanced disease. Regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine safely reduces breathlessness, but little is known about its impact on driving. Aim: To understand patients’ and caregivers’ (1) perspectives and experiences of driving with chronic breathlessness; and (2) perceived impact of regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine on driving. Design: A qualitative study embedded in a pragmatic, phase III, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose, sustained-release morphine (⩽32 mg/24 h) for chronic breathlessness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted immediately after participants withdrew or completed the randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Informed by grounded theory, a constant comparative approach to analysis was adopted. Setting/participants: Participants were recruited from an outpatients palliative care service in Adelaide, Australia. Participants included patients ( n = 13) with severe breathlessness associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their caregivers ( n = 9). Results: Participants were interviewed at home. Eleven received morphine 8–32 mg. Three themes emerged: (1) independence; (2) breathlessness’ impact on driving; and (3) driving while taking regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine. Conclusion: Driving contributed to a sense of identity and independence. Being able to drive increased the physical and social space available to patients and caregivers, their social engagement and well-being. Patients reported breathlessness at rest may impair driving skills, while the introduction of sustained-release morphine seemed to have no self-reported impact on driving. Investigating this last perception objectively, especially in terms of safety, is the subject of ongoing work.
Altered Expression of Aggrecan, FAM20B, B3GALT6, and EXTL2 in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck Disease
Authors: Lei Jian , Deng Huan , Ran Yan , Lv Yizhen , Amhare Abebe Feyissa , Wang Liyun , Guo Xiong , Han Jing , Lammi Mikko J. 
Published: June 2020

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of enzymes involved in synthesis and modification of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in knee cartilage tissue of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Methods The knee articular cartilage samples were obtained from 18 age- and gender-matched donors with 6 each in KBD, OA, and control groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, toluidine blue (TB) staining, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed to estimate the expression level and localization of aggrecan, along with FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2, which are associated with CS synthesis and modification. Rank-based analyses of variance test was used for the multiple comparisons of discrepancy in the positive staining rate among the 3 groups. Results In HE and TB staining results, damaged morphology, decreased chondrocyte numbers and proteoglycans were observed in OA and KBD groups compared with the control group. In line with these trends, the positive staining rates of aggrecan were lower in KBD and OA groups than in the control group. Meanwhile, the positive staining rates of CS chain modifying enzymes FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2 decreased in OA and KBD groups. Conclusions In conclusion, it was demonstrated that altered expression of CS chain modifying enzymes in OA and KBD groups influenced the synthesis procession of CS and could contribute to the damage of cartilage. Further investigation of these enzymes can provide new theoretical and experimental targets for OA and KBD pathogenesis studies.
Feasibility of “Sit Less, Move More”: An intervention for reducing sedentary behavior Among African Americans with MS
Authors: Baird Jessica F. , Sasaki Jeffer E. , Sandroff Brian M. , Cutter Gary R. , Motl Robert W. 
Published: June 2020

Background Sedentary behavior is a major concern in multiple sclerosis, as it may accelerate disease progression and physical disability. This is especially concerning in African Americans, who present with greater neurological disability than Caucasians. Objective We conducted a feasibility trial on an intervention targeting sedentary behavior in African Americans with multiple sclerosis. Methods We examined the feasibility of the Sit Less, Move More program, a 12-week behavioral intervention that used text messaging along with theory-driven newsletters and behavioral coaching for managing sedentary behavior. We recruited ambulatory, inactive, African Americans with multiple sclerosis, and assessed feasibility on process, resource, management, and scientific outcomes. Results Of the 64 people initially contacted, 45 were assessed for eligibility, 31 were sent the informed consent document, and 30 returned a signed document and were included in the study. Study costs were US$7242.38. Personnel time to complete the study was 130 h. There was a small effect on both device-measured ( d = −0.19) and self-reported ( d = −0.39) sedentary behavior. Conclusions The Sit Less, Move More intervention is safe and feasible for African Americans with multiple sclerosis, and yielded a small reduction in sedentary behavior. The intervention was low cost and well received. Our results suggest the Sit Less, Move More program should progress towards a Phase II trial to determine its efficacy.
Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic carotid stenosis in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke in the Netherlands
Authors: den Brok Melina GHE , Kuhrij Laurien S , Roozenbeek Bob , van der Lugt Aad , Hilkens Pieter HE , Dippel Diederik WJ , Nederkoorn Paul J 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Literature on prevalence of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis is scarce and heterogeneous. Prevalence may have decreased in recent years due to improved management of cardiovascular risk factors. We aim to estimate current prevalence and identify risk factors of ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with recent hemispheric transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke in the Netherlands. Patients and methods We included consecutive adult patients admitted to two large hospitals in the Netherlands in 2014 who suffered from amaurosis fugax, retinal ischaemia, transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke in the vessel territory of the internal carotid artery. Primary outcome was presence of ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (degree subdivided following NASCET criteria), as assessed with duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography and/or magnetic resonance angiography. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for the presence of a 50–100% internal carotid artery stenosis. Results We analysed 883 consecutive patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke. Of these, 110 (12.5%) had 50–99% ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis. Subgroup analyses showed higher prevalence of any degree of internal carotid artery stenosis for male sex and White patients. In adjusted analyses, higher age (odds ratio 1.4/10 years; 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.63), male sex (odds ratio 2.8; 95% confidence interval 1.83–4.19), retinal ischaemia (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.32–4.76) and current smoking (odds ratio 1.8; 95% confidence interval 1.09–2.79) were statistically significant risk factors for 50–100% internal carotid artery stenosis. Conclusion The prevalence of internal carotid artery stenosis seems to be lower in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke than stated in previous studies. We found that higher age, male sex, White ethnicity, retinal ischaemia and current smoking were important risk factors for symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis.
Cost-effectiveness of first-line vs third-line ibrutinib in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Patel Kishan K. , Isufi Iris , Kothari Shalin , Davidoff Amy J. , Gross Cary P. , Huntington Scott F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The ALLIANCE A041202 trial found that continuously administered ibrutinib in the first-line setting significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared with a fixed-duration treatment of rituximab and bendamustine in older adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, we created a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of ibrutinib in the first-line setting, compared with a strategy of using ibrutinib in the third-line after failure of time-limited bendamustine and venetoclax-based regimens. We estimated transition probabilities from randomized trials using parametric survival modeling. Lifetime direct health care costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated from a US payer perspective. First-line ibrutinib was associated with an improvement of 0.26 QALYs and 0.40 life-years compared with using ibrutinib in the third-line setting. However, using ibrutinib in the first-line led to significantly higher health care costs (incremental cost of $612 700), resulting in an ICER of $2 350 041 per QALY. The monthly cost of ibrutinib would need to be decreased by 72% for first-line ibrutinib therapy to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150 000 per QALY. In a scenario analysis where ibrutinib was used in the second-line in the delayed ibrutinib arm, first-line ibrutinib had an incremental cost of $478 823, an incremental effectiveness of 0.05 QALYs, and an ICER of $9 810 360 per QALY when compared with second-line use. These data suggest that first-line ibrutinib for unselected older adults with CLL is unlikely to be cost-effective under current pricing. Delaying ibrutinib for most patients with CLL until later lines of therapy may be a reasonable strategy to limit health care costs without compromising clinical outcomes.
Sentinel headache as a warning symptom of ischemic stroke
Authors: Lebedeva Elena R. , Ushenin Anton V. , Gurary Natalia M. , Gilev Denis V. , Olesen Jes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
There are no previous controlled studies of sentinel headache in ischemic stroke. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the presence of such headache, its characteristics and possible risk factors as compared to a simultaneous control group.

Methods
Eligible patients (n = 550) had first-ever acute ischemic stroke with presence of new infarction on magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging (n = 469) or on computed tomography (n = 81). As a control group we studied in parallel patients (n = 192) who were admitted to the emergency room without acute neurological deficits or serious neurological or somatic disorders. Consecutive patients with stroke and a simultaneous control group were extensively interviewed soon after admission using validated neurologist conducted semi-structured interview forms. Based on our previous study of sentinel headache in transient ischemic attacks we defined sentinel headache as a new type of headache or a previous kind of headache with altered characteristics (severe intensity, increased frequency, absence of effect of drugs) within seven days before stroke.

Results
Among 550 patients with stroke 94 patients (17.1%) had headache during seven days before stroke and 12 (6.2%) controls (p < 0.001; OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.7–5.8). Totally 81 patients (14.7%) had sentinel headache within the last week before stroke and one control. Attacks of arrythmia during seven days before stroke were significantly associated with sentinel headache (p = 0.04, OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1–4.8).

Conclusions
A new type of headache and a previous kind of headache with altered characteristics during one week before stroke are significantly more prevalent than in controls. These headaches represent sentinel headaches. Sudden onset of such headaches should alarm about stroke.