bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteotomies for the Management of Medial Compartment Defects of the Knee
Authors: Grimm Nathan L. , Levy Benjamin J. , Jimenez Andrew E. , Arciero Robert A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFor nearly three-quarters of a century the proximal tibia osteotomy has been used as an effective treatment for cartilage injuries of the knee. Over this same timeframe several advancements have been made in our diagnostic, preoperative planning, and technical execution of this procedure. As such, good-to-excellent short-, mid-, and long-term outcomes have been reported. Since its inception, the most important step in deciding on this procedure is identifying the ideal candidate. This candidate should be a young patient (<55 years old), active, with isolated medial compartment arthrosis without significant comorbidities. With appropriate patient selection and careful preoperative planning, the patient should achieve excellent results and high satisfaction.
The Effect of Perforator Skeletonization on Pedicled Fasciocutaneous Flaps of the Lower Extremity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Soteropulos Carol E. , Shulzhenko Nikita O. , Nayar Harry S. , Poore Samuel O. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background Lower extremity defects often require free tissue transfer due to a paucity of local donor sites. Locoregional perforator-based flaps offer durable, single-stage reconstruction while avoiding the pitfalls of microsurgery. Multiple harvest techniques are described, yet few studies provide outcome comparisons. Specifically, no study has examined the impact of perforator flap pedicle skeletonization on reconstructive outcomes. This systematic review characterizes technique and impact of pedicle skeletonization on perforator-based fasciocutaneous flaps of the lower extremity.
Methods PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were reviewed for literature examining perforator-based fasciocutaneous flaps from knee to ankle, from January 2000 through November 2018. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews-Individual Participant Data (PRISMA-IPD) structure was used.
Results Thirty-six articles were included for quantitative analysis. Of 586 flaps, 365 were skeletonized (60.1%) with 58 major (9.9%) and 19 minor complications (3.2%). With skeletonization, overall reoperative rate was higher (odds ratio [OR]: 9.71, p = 0.004), specifically in propeller (OR: 12.50, p = 0.004) and rotational flaps (OR: 18.87, p = 0.004). The complication rate of rotational flaps also increased (OR: 2.60, p = 0.04). Notably, skeletonization reduced complications in flaps rotated 90 degrees or more (OR: 0.21, p = 0.02). Reoperative rate of distal third defects (OR: 14.08, p = 0.02), flaps over 48 cm2 (OR: 33.33, p = 0.01), and length to width ratios over 1.75 (OR: 7.52, p = 0.03) was increased with skeletonization. Skeletonization increased complications in traumatic defects (OR: 2.87, p = 0.04) and reduced complications in malignant defects (OR: 0.10, p = 0.01).
Conclusion Pedicled, perforator-based flaps can provide a reliable locoregional alternative to free tissue transfer for lower extremity defects. Though skeletonization increased the overall reoperative rate, the complication rate for flaps with 90 degrees or more of rotation was significantly reduced. This suggests skeletonization should be considered when large rotational movements are anticipated to reduce complications that can arise from pedicle compression and venous congestion.
What does it mean to be an isolating language?
Authors: Gil David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter poses the question “What does it mean to be an
isolating language?” and addresses it by offering a case study of such a language, Riau
Indonesian. First, this chapter surveys the debate concerning the viability of the
notion of word as a comparative concept, proposes a definition of word as a cut-off
point between two distinct levels of structure, morphology and syntax, and then follows
with a definition of an isolating language as one lacking a robust structural unit of
word. Next, the chapter presents an extensive exploration of wordhood in Riau
Indonesian, examining 14 potential sources of evidence for word structure. Overall, the
evidence for wordhood is shown to be sparse, thereby justifying the characterisation of
Riau Indonesian as an isolating language and at the same time demonstrating what an
isolating language may look like.
Becoming Austronesian
Authors: Donohue Mark , Denham Tim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We examine the spread of Austronesian languages as a process that
proceeded in different ways at different times, even in the same locale. We examine the
many ways a language can show ‘Austronesian traits’, and confront this with the known
presence of pre-Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, and the inferred
similarity of social processes between mainland and Island Southeast Asia. We argue that
many languages which are classified as Austronesian are indeed exemplary Austronesian
languages, but that many others should be considered to be the outcome of creolisation
processes, and yet others show the traces of scenarios involving (imperfect) language
shift from earlier non-Austronesian languages. Indeed, ‘many’ of the languages
should be considered to be non-Austronesian languages (‘Papuan’) with (in some cases
minimal) Austronesian (lexical) veneers.
Demands of professional cycling races: Influence of race category and result
Authors: Van Erp Teun , Sanders Dajo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study analyses the influence of race category and result on the demands of professional cycling races. In total, 2920 race files were collected from 20 male professional cyclists, within a variety of race categories: Single‐day (1.WT) and multi‐day (2.WT) World Tour races, single‐day (1.HC) and multi‐day (2.HC) Hors Catégorie races and single‐day (1.1) and multi‐day (2.1) category 1 races. Additionally, the five cycling “monuments” were analysed separately. Maximal mean power outputs (MMP) were measured across a broad range of durations. Volume and load were large to very largely (d = 1.30–4.80) higher in monuments compared to other single‐day race categories. Trivial to small differences were observed for most intensity measures between different single‐day race categories, with only RPE and sRPE·km−1 being moderately (d = 0.70–1.50) higher in the monuments. Distance and duration were small to moderately (d = 0.20–0.80) higher in 2.WT races compared to 2.HC and 2.1 multi‐day race categories with only small differences in terms of load and intensity. Generally, higher ranked races (i.e. Monuments, 2.WT and GT) tend to present with lower shorter‐duration MMPs (e.g. 5–120 sec) compared to races of “lower rank” (with less differences and/or mixed results being present over longer durations), potentially caused by a “blunting” effect of the higher race duration and load of higher ranked races on short duration MMPs. MMP were small to largely higher over shorter durations (<5 min) for a top‐10 result compared to no top‐10, within the same category.
Cathodoluminescence visualisation of local thickness variations of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well tubes on nanowires
Authors: Gustafsson Anders , Jiang Nian , Zheng Changlin , Etheridge Joanne , Gao Qiang , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Wong-Leung Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We present spatially and spectrally resolved emission from nanowires with a thin radial layer of GaAs embedded in AlGaAs barriers, grown radially around taper-free GaAs cores. The GaAs layers are thin enough to show quantization, and are quantum wells. Due to their shape, they are referred to as quantum well tubes (QWTs). We have investigated three different nominal QWT thicknesses: 1.5, 2.0, and 6.0 nm. They all show average emission spectra from the QWT with an energy spread corresponding to a thickness variation of ±30%. We observe no thickness gradient along the length of the nanowires. Individual NWs show a number of peaks, corresponding to different QW thicknesses. Apart from the thinnest QWT, the integrated emission from the QWTs shows homogeneous emission intensity along the NW. The thinnest QWTs show patchy emission patterns due to the incomplete coverage of the QWT. We observe a few NWs with larger diameters. The QWTs in these NWs show spatially resolved variations across the NW. An increase in the local thickness of the QWT at the corners blocks the diffusion of carriers from facet to facet, thereby enabling us to visualise the thickness variations of the radial quantum wells.
Divergence of the dielectric constant in ultrathin granular metal films near the percolation threshold
Authors: Bakkali H , Blanco E , Lofland S E , Domínguez M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We report on the electronic and optical properties of ultrathin granular films. We demonstrate that the static dielectric constant increases with thickness in the dielectric regime and diverges at the critical thickness, as predicted by classical percolation theory. However, for thicker samples, the dc conductivity does not obey scaling laws due to the presence of tunneling conduction. In this region the dielectric constant is positive, and the electronic transport is not metallic but can be described by Jonscher’s universal power law, even though there is a Drude-like response indicating the presence of free charge carriers. Only for thicker films when the dielectric constant becomes negative is there metallic conduction.
Study on the effect of ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the transport behavior of CH4 and CO2 gases in polysulfone membrane
Authors: Ch’ng Wei Mann Christine , Fong Yeong Yin , Jusoh Norwahyu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
CO2 capture has been given much attention worldwide in order to minimize the CO2 emission in protecting the harmful impact on climate change. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles was embedded in polysulfone (PSf) polymer and the changes of the transport behavior of CO2 and CH4 single gases of the resultant membranes were investigated. The solubility of the gases through the membranes were determined by using dual-volume sorption cell at 5 bar and room temperature. Subsequently, the diffusion coefficients were determined from the permeability and solubility values. From the results obtained, the CO2 sorption values for both resultant membranes were higher than that of CH4. Meanwhile, the membrane incorporated with ZIF-8 demonstrated greater CO2 sorption capacity compared to pure PSf membrane. It can be concluded that the improvement of CO2 permeability after the incorporation of ZIF-8 into PSf is mainly due to the enhancement in solubility and diffusivity of the membrane.
Wall thickness dependencies of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites
Authors: Ahmed K S , Islam M W , Ibrahim I 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Indentation analyses are conducted to investigate the CNT’s wall thickness dependencies of the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. This study incorporates Berkovich nanoindentation analyses for chemically non-bonded CNT/matrix interface, including the size effects of nanocomposites. For non-bonded interface, the properties of nanocomposite are generally controlled by mechanical interlocking, thermal residual stress, Poisson’s contraction and van der Waal’s (vdW) interaction between CNT and matrix. Considering all these parameters, a series of finite element models for nano-indentation tests have been constructed, aiming to investigate the mechanical properties of CNT reinforced nanocomposites. The model is validated and numerical results are compared with that of existing experimental indentation test. Analysis has been run for ten different wall thicknesses of CNTs in a range of wall thickness starting from 0.034 nm to 0.334 nm. Elasto-plastic behavior of steel and CNT including strain gradient is considered in the program. The study on wall thickness dependencies of CNTs in nanocomposite shows that mechanical properties of nanocomposites largely depends on the wall thickness of CNTs. A minimum wall thickness for a particular tube diameter to achieve a pick value of hardness and modulus of elasticity of nanocomposites is determined. The minimum wall thickness of CNTs is suggested to be 0.2 for an outer diameter of 1nm in order to achieve the maximum value of composite properties. In addition, a wall thickness smaller than 0.05 nm may even reduce the hardness and modulus of elasticity of CNT reinforced composites compare to that of pure matrix.
Study of The Effect of The Electric Current Strength of The Weld on The Tensile Strength of The Welded Gas Cylinder Material Joint Capacity of 3 Kg
Authors: Sudjadi Usman , Wibowo Basuki , Hermawan Erwan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The effect of welding electric current strength on the tensile strength of the 3 kg capacity gas cylinder material welding joint has been studied. The welding carried out in this study is a damping arc welding with variations in electric current of 40A, 60A, 80 A, 100 A, and 120 A. The results show that: The maximum tensile stress is found in the welded specimen with an electric current of 40 A with a tensile strength of 13 kg/mm2, 60 A with a tensile strength of 12 kg/mm2, 80 A with a tensile strength of 28 kg/mm2, 100 A with a tensile strength of 46 kg/mm2. The maximum tensile stress is the test object which is welded with 120 A electric current with a tensile strength of 39 kg/mm2. With the above results, it can be seen that the highest tensile strength of maximum is the sample that is welded with 100 A electric current. The highest maximum tensile strength reaches 46 kg/mm2. The results of observations of micro structures in welded and HAZ matrix areas are Ferrite and Perlite.
Technological, cycle and actual productivity of the surfacing process in the restoration of parts of forest machines
Authors: Timokhova O , Burmistrova O , Shakirzyanov D , Burmistrov V , Snopok D , Timokhov R , Shol N , Mikhailenko E 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMost forestry machines and mechanisms operate in adverse conditions: an abrasive medium at low temperatures, which impede lubrication of parts and components of mechanisms and affect the mechanical characteristics of metals; under significant loads caused by working conditions in the forest. Therefore, the issues of operation and repair of precisely logging machines are most relevant. Scientific research and best practices of repair enterprises currently have a significant number of studied methods for building up worn parts in the recovery process. Scientific research and best practices of repair enterprises currently have a significant number of studied methods for building up worn parts in the recovery process. The requirement to ensure high productivity of the extension operation is relevant and important. The most high-performance methods are metallization, casting, electro contact, surfacing. But the first two methods do not provide guaranteed adhesion to the base metal. When applying metal to a worn surface by surfacing, good adhesion and the possibility of obtaining a wear-resistant surface are ensured. When floating metal overhead, technological work is performed, which means “work to change the shape, properties, condition and position of the subject of labor. “Productivity of the equipment is determined by the amount of technological work performed for a certain period of time.
Properties of fine Sr2+-substituted hydroxyapatite synthesized using ultrasonication
Authors: Minamisawa H , Nomura K , Onda A , Umegaki T , Kojima Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the properties of fine Sr2+-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) synthesized using ultrasonication. SrHAp was synthesized by the addition of phosphoric acid solution to an ultrasonicated calcium hydroxide suspension containing strontium hydroxide. The X-ray diffraction peaks for SrHAp were shifted to low angle with increasing Sr/(Ca + Sr) atomic ratio. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy measurements confirmed that HAp and strontium apatite (Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2;SrAp) formed a complete solid solution. When the Sr/(Ca + Sr) atomic ratio was 0.3 or less, the (Ca + Sr)/P atomic ratio was 1.67 or less, and the specific surface area was also large. The bending strength of a SrHAp sintered body was increased and the bending strength of the SrAp sintered body became 40 MPa when the Sr/(Ca + Sr) atomic ratio was above 0.3. The ethanol conversion rate using SrAp as catalyst was 7% for 1 hour and was 40% of HAp reagent. However, selectivity of SrAp from ethanol to butanol was 70%.
Validating multi-photon quantum interference with finite data
Authors: Flamini Fulvio , Walschaers Mattia , Spagnolo Nicolò , Wiebe Nathan , Buchleitner Andreas , Sciarrino Fabio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Multi-particle interference is a key resource for quantum information processing, as exemplified by Boson Sampling. Hence, given its fragile nature, an essential desideratum is a solid and reliable framework for its validation. However, while several protocols have been introduced to this end, the approach is still fragmented and fails to build a big picture for future developments. In this work, we propose an operational approach to validation that encompasses and strengthens the state of the art for these protocols. To this end, we consider the Bayesian hypothesis testing and the statistical benchmark as most favorable protocols for small- and large-scale applications, respectively. We numerically investigate their operation with finite sample size, extending previous tests to larger dimensions, and against two adversarial algorithms for classical simulation: the mean-field sampler and the metropolized independent sampler. To evidence the actual need for refined validation techniques, we show how the assessment of numerically simulated data depends on the available sample size, as well as on the internal hyper-parameters and other practically relevant constraints. Our analyses provide general insights into the challenge of validation, and can inspire the design of algorithms with a measurable quantum advantage.
Number of equidistant neighbors on honeycomb lattice
Authors: Kozioł Zbigniew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A convenient scheme is presented for calculating potential energy of van der Waals interacting bilayer graphene and other similar 2D compounds. It is based on the notion of the existence of two types of local symmetry of carbon atoms ordering, a 3- and 6-fold one. Potential energy of an atom is expressed as a sum of contributions from rings of equidistant atoms on neighboring layer. Methods are described to compute the radius of rings of equidistant atoms and number of atoms they contain. Exact positions of atoms are found as well, allowing to apply the introduced method in modelling of anisotropic potentials and to be used when twisting between layers is present.
Machine learning enabled discovery of application dependent design principles for two-dimensional materials
Authors: Venturi Victor , Parks Holden L , Ahmad Zeeshan , Viswanathan Venkatasubramanian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The unique electronic and mechanical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials make them promising next-generation candidates for a variety of applications. Large-scale searches for high-performing 2D materials are limited to calculating descriptors with computationally demanding first-principles density functional theory. In this work, we alleviate this issue by extending and generalizing crystal graph convolutional neural networks to systems with planar periodicity and train an ensemble of models to predict thermodynamic, mechanical and electronic properties. We carry out a screening of nearly 45,000 structures for two separate applications: mechanical strength and photovoltaics. By collecting statistics of the screened candidates, we investigate structural and compositional design principles that impact the properties of the structures surveyed. Our approach recovers some well-accepted design rules: hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites with lead and tin tend to be good candidates for solar cell applications and titanium based MXenes usually have high stiffness coefficients. Interestingly, other members of the group 4 elements also contribute to increasing the mechanical strength of MXenes. For all-inorganic perovskites, we discover some compositions that have not been deeply studied in the field of photovoltaics and thus open up paths for further investigation. We open-source the code-base to spur further development in this space.
The Court at work (1)
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A very small percentage of cases reach the Supreme Court. “The Court at Work” explains that even if a case meets all the criteria, the justices are still at liberty to refuse it. The Court has navigated debates about the separation of powers and conflicting approaches to interpretations of the statutes. The growth of the administrative state means that the Court is now more often tasked with determining whether administrative agencies are carrying out their duties correctly. What do cases and controversies mean to the Supreme Court? Why are these terms important, and how have the Court’s interpretations of them changed over time?
The Court at work (2)
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
“The court at work (2)” looks at the significance of the marble building the justices moved into in 1935. This permanent home had both practical and symbolic weight, communicating the Court’s role at the head of a coequal branch of government. The Court has been criticized for its risk of bias, choice of cases, and focus on the “litigated Constitution” rather than structural problems that may be beyond any court’s reach. While much of the work happens behind closed doors rather than in the open sessions, the Internet has brought the Court closer to the public, with audio files and transcripts available almost in real time.
The Court and the world
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
When the Framers set the Supreme Court in motion, they had no template for what they were about to create. “The court and the world” demonstrates that other countries were able to use the Supreme Court for inspiration, and many have done so. What they have chosen to take and leave from the Court’s example is instructive. Lifetime tenure is less common outside the United States, with most European courts preferring nine- or ten-year appointments and aiming for unanimity rather than majority. While specific knowledge about the Court is limited, the U.S. Supreme Court still holds a place in the public imagination.