bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stressing State Analysis of Reinforcement Concrete Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic
Authors: Huang Jie , Shi Jun , Xiao Hengheng , Shen Jiyang , Yang Baisong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper investigated the working behavior characteristics of six reinforcement concrete (RC) beams subjected to bending based on the numerical shape function (NSF) method and structural stressing state theory. Firstly, the structural stressing state mode is expressed based on the generalized strain energy density (GSED) derived from the measured strain data. Then, one of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)-strengthened RC beams is taken as an example and the leap characteristics of RC beam’s stressing state are detected by applying the Mann–Kendall (M–K) criterion, updating the existing definition of the structural failure load. Accordingly, the stressing state modes and strain fields of the CFRP-strengthened RC beam are proposed to reveal their leap characteristics. Furthermore, through comparing the working performance of six RC beams, the effects of different strengths and different reinforcement ratios on CFRP strengthening performance are investigated. Finally, the NSF method is applied to reasonably interpolate the limited strain data for further revealing the stressing state characteristics of the RC beams. The research results explore a new analysis method to conduct an accurate estimation of the structural failure load and provide a reference for the future design of CFRP-strengthened RC beams.
Dimensional variability of orthodontic slots and archwires: an analysis of torque expression and clinical implications
Authors: Tepedino Michele , Paiella Giordano , Iancu Potrubacz Maciej , Monaco Annalisa , Gatto Roberto , Chimenti Claudio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The loss of third-order information in pre-adjusted brackets due to torsional play is a problem in clinical orthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of slot height, archwire height, width and edge bevel’s radius on the torsional play for three brackets/archwire systems.

Methods
Ninety brackets with a 0.022 × 0.028 in. slot with McLaughlin-Bennett-Trevisi prescription from three different manufacturers were selected, and the slot’s height and depth were measured using a profile projector. Sixty stainless-steel rectangular archwires from three different manufacturers were sectioned and observed with a SEM to measure their height, width, and radius of edge bevel. The recorded data were used to calculate the theoretical torsional play between different slot−archwire combinations. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurements within different bracket types and among different manufacturers.

Results
Slot height was usually oversized. Archwire’s height was usually undersized, but oversized wires were also observed. The radius edge bevel was the most variable parameter. A certain degree of torsional play is always present that differs from one bracket type to another of the same producer and that can even be doubled from one manufacturer to another.

Conclusions
Due to production tolerance, differences between the nominal values and the real dimensions of any components of a slot/archwire system are common. This results in a torsional play that limits torque expression. The archwire’s edge bevel plays an important role in torque expression, and clearer information should be provided by the manufacturers regarding this aspect.
“If you aren’t White, Asian or Indian, you aren’t an engineer”: racial microaggressions in STEM education
Authors: Lee Meggan J. , Collins Jasmine D. , Harwood Stacy Anne , Mendenhall Ruby , Huntt Margaret Browne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRace and gender disparities remain a challenge in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. We introduce campus racial climate as a framework for conceptualizing the role of racial microaggressions (RMAs) as a contributing factor to the lack of representation of domestic students of color in STEM programs on college campuses. We analyze the experiences of students of color in STEM majors who have faced RMAs at the campus, academic, and peer levels. We draw from an online survey of more than 4800 students of color attending a large public university in the USA. The STEM major subsample is made up of 1688 students of color. The study estimates a series of Poisson regressions to examine whether one’s race, gender, or class year can be used to predict the likelihood of the regular occurrence of microaggressions. We also use interview data to further understand the challenges faced by STEM students of color.ResultsThe quantitative and qualitative data suggest that RMAs are not isolated incidents but are ingrained in the campus culture, including interactions with STEM instructors and advisers and with peers. Students of color experience RMAs at all three levels, but Black students in the STEM majors are more likely to experience RMAs than other students of color in the sample.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the need for campus officials, academic professionals, faculty members, and students to work together to address racism at the campus, academic, and peer levels. Additionally, STEM departments must address the impacts of the larger racial campus culture on their classrooms, as well as how departmental culture reinforces racial hostility in academic settings. Finally, our findings reveal the continued presence of anti-Black racism in higher education.
Direct and indirect effects of marijuana use on the risk of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation
Authors: Chihuri Stanford , Li Guohua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Marijuana and alcohol each play a significant role in fatal crash initiation. We decomposed the total effect of marijuana use in the presence or absence of alcohol on fatal crash initiation into direct and indirect effects.

Methods
Pair-matched data on 5856 culpable drivers (initiators) and 5856 nonculpable drivers (noninitiators) involved in the same fatal 2-vehicle crashes recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed using the conditional logistic regression model and the unified mediation and interaction analysis framework.

Results
Crash initiators were more likely than noninitiators to test positive for marijuana (16.1% vs. 9.2%, P < 0.001), alcohol (28.6% vs. 9.7%, P < 0.001) and both substances (6.3% vs. 1.6%, P < .0001). Adjusted odds ratios of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation revealed a positive interaction on the additive scale between marijuana and alcohol. Of the total effect of marijuana use on fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation, 68.8% was attributable to the direct effect (51.5% to controlled direct effect and 17.3% to reference interaction effect with alcohol) and 31.2% to the indirect effect (7.8% to mediated interaction effect and 23.4% to pure indirect effect through alcohol).

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the increased odds of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation associated with marijuana use is due mainly to the direct effect.
Does the choice of syndesmotic screw versus suture button in ankle surgery has a silver lining? – a technical note
Authors: D’Hooghe Pieter , Salameh Motasem 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Unstable ankle fractures with associated syndesmotic injury are of considerable morbidity in the professional athlete population. The use of dynamic suture button versus static syndesmotic screws fixation, rehabilitation protocols and timing to return to play are still areas of debate. We report the use of novel algorithm of sequential static and dynamic syndesmotic fixation in an elite football player with Weber C ankle fracture.

Methods
The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation for a weber C ankle fracture with associated syndesmotic and deltoid ligament injury. The osteosynthesis included lateral malleolus neutralizing plate, two syndesmotic screws and deltoid anchor repair. At 6 weeks post-operative both syndesmotic screws were removed and one suture button was implanted in the proximal screw hole. After the second operation the patient was allowed full weight bearing and range of motion in all direction with accelerated rehabilitation protocol.

Results
The technique provided satisfactory results. At 4 month the player participated in a 90 min official football match. The fracture healed uneventfully with no recurrent syndesmotic diastasis.

Conclusion
The presented technique of sequential dynamic and static fixation of associated syndesmotic injuries combined advantages of both syndesmotic screws and suture button implants. In an aim to allow earlier return to play in an elite football player. This opens the way for higher level of evidence clinical trials.
Noisy environments: untangling the role of anthropogenic noise on bird species richness in a Neotropical city
Authors: Carral-Murrieta Cecilia Odette , García-Arroyo Michelle , Marín-Gómez Oscar H. , Sosa-López J. Roberto , MacGregor-Fors Ian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Among urban stimuli, anthropogenic noise has been identified to be one of the behavioral drivers of species that rely on acoustic signals for communication. Studies have shown both species-specific and assemblage responses to urban noise, ranging from the modulation of their acoustic frequencies and spatiotemporal adjustments to declines in species richness. In this study, we assessed the citywide relationship between two anthropogenic noise variables (noise levels recorded during bird surveys and daily average noise levels) and vegetation cover with bird species richness.

Methods
This study was conducted in the city of Xalapa (Mexico) through a 114 citywide point-count survey. We recorded bird communities at each sampling site. We measured noise levels using a sound level meter while performing point-counts. Then, we generated a map of average daily noise of the city using an array of 61 autonomous recording units distributed across the city of Xalapa and calculated daily noise levels for the 114 points. We ran a linear model (LM) to assess potential relationships between both point-count and daily (24 h) noise values and vegetation cover with bird richness.

Results
Results from the LM show: (1) a negative relationship between maximum point-count noise and avian species richness, (2) no relationship between 24 h noise and bird species richness, and (3) a positive relationship between vegetation cover and bird species richness.

Conclusions
Results provide evidence that decreases in urban bird species richness do not necessarily imply the permanent absence of species, suggesting that birds can temporarily fly away from or avoid sites when noisy, become cryptic while noisy events are occurring, or be undetected due to our inability to record them in the field during noisy events.
Thermogenic responses in Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) to seasonal acclimatization and temperature-photoperiod acclimation
Authors: Li Lin , Ge Jingru , Zheng Sangyu , Hong Lihong , Zhang Xini , Li Ming , Liu Jinsong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Small birds in temperate habitats must either migrate, or adjust aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior to cope with seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod. It is, however, difficult to accurately measure how seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod affect physiological processes such as basal metabolic rate (BMR) and metabolic activity. To address this problem, we collected data in each month of the year on body mass (Mb) and BMR, and conducted a series of experiments to determine the effect of temperature and photoperiod on Mb, BMR and physiological markers of metabolic activity, in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus).

Methods
In one experiment, we measured monthly change in Mb and BMR in a captive group of birds over a year. In another experiment, we examined the effects of acclimating birds to two different temperatures, 10 and 30 °C, and a long and a short photoperiod (16 h light:8 h dark and 8 h light:16 h dark, respectively) for 4 weeks.

Results
We found that these treatments induced sparrows to adjust their Mb and metabolic rate processes. Acclimation to 30 °C for 4 weeks significantly decreased sparrows’ Mb, BMR, and energy intake, including both gross energy intake and digestible energy intake, compared to birds acclimated to 10 °C. The dry mass of the liver, kidneys and digestive tract of birds acclimated to 30 °C also significantly decreased, although their heart and skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly relative to those acclimated to 10 °C. Birds acclimated to 30 °C also had lower mitochondrial state-4 respiration (S4R) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in their liver and skeletal muscle, compared to those acclimated to 10 °C. Birds acclimated to the long photoperiod also had lower mitochondrial S4R and COX activity in their liver, compared to those acclimated to the short photoperiod.

Conclusions
These results illustrate the changes in morphology, physiology, and enzyme activity induced by seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod in a small temperate passerine. Both temperature and photoperiod probably have a strong effect on seasonal variation in metabolic heat production in small birds in temperate regions. The effect of temperature is, however, stronger than that of photoperiod.
Implementation and evaluation of different eradication strategies for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Authors: Neirynck Willem , Boyen Filip , Chantziaras Ilias , Vandersmissen Tamara , Vyt Philip , Haesebrouck Freddy , Dewulf Jeroen , Maes Dominiek 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrachyspirainfections are causing major losses to the pig industry and lead to high antimicrobial use. Treatment ofBrachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriaeinfections may be problematic due to the high level of antimicrobial resistance. The present study implemented and evaluated farm-specific eradication programmes forB. hyodysenteriaein 10 different infected pig farms in Belgium.ResultsTen pig farms clinically infected withB. hyodysenteriaevolunteered to implement a farm-specific eradication programme. The programme depended on the farm and management characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility of theB. hyodysenteriaestrain and the motivation of the farmer. Two farms practiced total depopulation, six farms partial depopulation and two farms antimicrobial medication without depopulation. In addition, all farms implemented biosecurity measures, and faeces samples were tested for the presence ofB. hyodysenteriaeat 6, 9 and 12 months after the start of the program. SingleBrachyspiraisolates from before and after the programme were typed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST).Eradication was successful in four farms. Two of them (farrow-to-finish and finishing herd) had applied total depopulation and respected a vacancy period of at least 3 weeks. A third farm (gilt farm) practised partial depopulation, the rooms remained empty for 28 days and changed the source of breeding gilts. The fourth farm practised partial depopulation, the stables remained empty for 3 weeks, and used antimicrobial medication. The eradication programme was not successful in six farms. Two of the latter farms only used medication without partial depopulation. Four farms practiced partial depopulation, one of them combined it with antimicrobial medication. The cleaning and disinfection procedures, rodent control, stand-empty period and/or other biosecurity measures in the six farms were not always implemented properly. In two of three farms, isolates belonging to the same MLST type were found before and after eradication.ConclusionsTotal depopulation or partial depopulation combined with implementing strict biosecurity measures allowed eradication ofB. hyodysenteriaefrom clinically infected pig farms. Programmes based on antimicrobials without depopulation or partial depopulation without strictly adhering to all suggested biosecurity measures were not successful. Stockmanship and motivation of the farmer to permanently maintain high biosecurity standards are essential for success.
Parotid sialolithiasis and sialadenitis in a 3-year-old child: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ahmad Tarmizi Nur Eliana , Abdul Rahim Suhana , Mohan Singh Avatar Singh , Chooi Lina Ling , Ong Fei Ming , Lum Sai Guan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Salivary gland calculi are common in adults but rare in the paediatric population. It accounts for only 3% of all cases of sialolithiasis. Parotid ductal calculus is rare as compared to submandibular ductal calculus.

Case presentation
A 3-year-old boy presented with acute painful right parotid swelling with pus discharge from the Stensen duct. Computed tomography revealed calculus obstructing the parotid duct causing proximal ductal dilatation and parotid gland and masseter muscle oedema. The child was treated with conservative measures, and subsequently the swelling and calculus resolved.

Conclusions
Small parotid duct calculus in children may be successfully treated with conservative measures which obviate the need for surgery. We discuss the management of parotid sialolithiasis in children and conduct literature search on the similar topic.
The range of possible chromium III applications in medicine - the short review
Authors: Wiśniewska Patrycja , Czyżewska Izabela , Jarosz Piotr M. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: The key importance of chromium III in many physiological processes of human body, its influence on insulin regulation and glucose metabolism became an indicator to make an attempt to apply chromium III supplementation in disorders treatment. Mostly because diseases such as Alzheimer’s diseases, type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome are caused by disorders of this process. Objective: The aim of this review was to present currently available knowledge on online database PubMed about an application, effectivity and the range of possible chromium III supplementation in medicine.Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Knowledge on the subject of the function of chromium III is constantly widening. Up to the year 2014 chromium was thought to be the very necessary root responsible for appropriate functioning of human body. Nowadays, the essential role of chromium III is questionated. It is the result of the lack of sufficient manifestation of chromium deficiency in humans and animals. The recent clinical trials have been distinctly indicated that the impact of chromium III should be considered rather as a pharmacological activity than an essential trace element for humans. Conclusions: The possible ways of chromium III supplementation in treatment of many marjory society diseases are still being searched. The recent clinical trials provided evidence both in favor and against the effectiveness and validity of chromium III supplementation. Studies finished with success are very promising but there is still a need for more updated researches.
Shining a Light on Skin Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Role for Prevention
Authors: Long Millie D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Risks of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been well described. Newer data have classified risks of subsequent squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma in patients with IBD after an initial skin cancer excision. In this editorial, risks of continuing medical therapy for IBD after a skin cancer diagnosis are discussed in the context of a holistic preventive care approach for patients with IBD.
Time Trend of the Radiation Exposure Dose in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Over an 8-Year Period: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Hayashi Shiro , Nishida Tsutomu , Osugi Naoto , Yamaoka Sho , Sugimoto Aya , Mukai Kaori , Nakamatsu Dai , Matsumoto Kengo , Yamamoto Masashi , Fukui Koji , Takenaka Mamoru , Hosono Makoto , Inada Masami 
Published: September 2020

INTRODUCTION:
The global needs for a reduction in radiation exposure (RE) are increasing. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a significant fluoroscopic procedure in the gastrointestinal field. However, the actual RE in ERCP and its annual trend are still unclear. Therefore, we examined the yearly trend of RE in ERCP.

METHODS:
This retrospective, single-center cohort study included consecutive cases of ERCP from September 2012 to June 2019. We measured the air kerma (AK, mGy), dose area product (DAP, Gycm2), and fluoroscopy time (FT, min). We also evaluated the annual trend of the RE before and after the fluoroscopy device update.

RESULTS:
In total, 2,174 patients receiving ERCP were enrolled. Among these, the mean age was 74.3 years, and 913 patients were women (42.0%). The median/third quartile values of AK (mGy), DAP (Gycm2), and FT (min) were 109/234 mGy, 13.3/25.8 Gycm2, and 18.2/27.7 minutes. The annual AK, DAP, and FT from 2012 to 2019 were 138, 207, 173, 177, 106, 71.0, 45.0, and 33.3 mGy; 23, 21.4, 19, 18.3, 11.9, 9.0, 6.8, and 6.4 Gycm2; and 12.5, 12.1, 9.7, 9.8, 8.2, 10.8, 9.4, and 10.3 minutes, respectively. The corresponding values before and after the update in July 2016 were 177 and 52 mGy (P < 0.0001), 19.2 and 7.6 Gycm2 (P < 0.0001), and 10.2, and 9.9 minutes (P = 0.05), respectively.

DISCUSSION:
The RE from ERCP tended to decrease every year, especially after fluoroscopy device updates.
Multidimensional Scaling: Sustainability of Arabika Coffee Agro-Tourism in Kabupaten Bangli Bali
Authors: YUDHARI I Dewa Ayu Sri , DARWANTO Dwidjono Hadi , WALUYATI Lestari Rahayu , MULYO Jangkung Handoyo 
Published: September 2020

One of the world tourism destinations recognized as Unesco Global Geopark in Bali is Kabupaten Bangli. The main attraction of agriculture in Kabupaten Bangli is Kintamani coffee agrotourism with a beautiful panoramic view of coffee, safe tracking routes for tourists, strategic location, and producing special Arabica Coffee products making Bangli an agricultural tourism destination worth visiting.
The purpose of this study is to look at leveraging factors and assess the status of agro-tourism sustainability in terms of four dimensions of sustainability, namely the economic, socio-cultural, environmental and institutional dimensions for the development of Arabica coffee agro-tourism.
The results of the evaluation of the 4 dimensions of sustainability indicate that the environmental dimension gets the lowest value. This is because environmental conditions are very vulnerable to land conversion in the future. If agro-tourism cannot provide benefits and economic improvement for the surrounding community, farmers will divert coffee plants to other plants that are more economically profitable. A regulation or local government policy needs to be made in preventing land conversion in the Arabica coffee agro tourism area of Kabupaten Bangli.