bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic
Authors: Dai Xu , Song Haijun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammonoid cosmopolitanism during this time interval. Then, we tested the three proposed models in these case studies. Our results confirm that at least two remarkable cosmopolitanism events occurred after the Permian–Triassic and late Smithian (Early Triassic) extinctions, respectively. Partitioned analyses of survivors and newcomers revealed that the immediate cosmopolitanism event (Griesbachian) after the Permian–Triassic event can be attributed to endemic genera becoming cosmopolitan (model 2) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera after the extinction (model 3). Late Smithian cosmopolitanism is caused by selective extinction in endemic taxa (model 1) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera (model 3). We found that the survivors of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction did not show a wider geographic range, suggesting that this mass extinction is nonselective among the biogeographic ranges, while late Smithian survivors exhibit a wide geographic range, indicating selective survivorship among cosmopolitan genera. These successive cosmopolitanism events during severe extinctions are associated with marked environmental upheavals such as rapid climate changes and oceanic anoxic events, suggesting that environmental fluctuations play a significant role in cosmopolitanism.
In vitrobiological control of bovine parasitic nematodes byArthrobotrys cladodes,Duddingtonia flagransandPochonia chlamydosporiaunder different temperature conditions
Authors: Vieira Ítalo Stoupa , Oliveira Isabela de Castro , Campos Artur Kanadani , Araújo Jackson Victor de 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVariations in temperature can affect the development of nematophagous fungi, especially when they are used in the biological control of parasitic nematodes in the pastures where cattle are reared. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of temperature on the performance of nematophagous fungi in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes. The mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity ofDuddingtonia flagrans, Arthrobotrys cladodesandPochonia chlamydosporiawere evaluated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The fungal strains achieved mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity on parasitic nematodes under all temperature conditions tested. The fungi showed higher growth at intermediate temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) than at the extremes of 15 and 35°C. At 25 and 30°C,D. flagransrealized 96.8 and 94.5% nematicidal activity on bovine parasitic nematodes, respectively.Arthrobotrys cladodeseffected nematicidal activity of 85.3 and 83.5%, at 20 and 25°C, respectively. At 20 and 30°C,P. chlamydosporiaachieved nematicidal activity of 81.3 and 87.4%, respectively. The maximum chlamydospore production was reached at 20, 25 and 30°C forD. flagrans, at 20 and 25°C forA. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia.The results of this study demonstrated that the tested fungal strains ofD. flagrans, A. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia,when used in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes, were not limited byin vitrotemperature variations. Therefore, the use of these strains of fungi as biological control agents of parasitic nematodes is promising.
Peri-orbital surgical emphysema following endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Bladen J C , Siah W F , Tan P , Litwin A S , Ali S , Malhotra R 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPeri-orbital surgical emphysema is a rare complication that can occur after lacrimal surgery. It has only been described in isolated cases, following external dacryocystorhinostomy (n = 2) and Lester Jones tube insertion (n = 1).MethodA retrospective, non-comparative case series was conducted of patients who developed surgical emphysema following endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.ResultsA total of 356 endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy cases (primary, n = 316; revision, n = 40) were performed over a six-year period. Seven cases of post-operative surgical emphysema were identified, all of which were preceded by uncontrolled sneezing, nose-blowing or coughing within the first week of surgery. The occurrence of surgical emphysema post-endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in our centre was 7 in 356, or 2 per cent, over six years.ConclusionThis is the first study to report the occurrence of surgical emphysema post-endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Clinicians may wish to suggest patients stifle the aforementioned triggers within the first week to reduce the potential for surgical emphysema.
‘The words has been immigrate’: Chronotopes in context-shaping narrative co-construction about Taiwanese loanwords with Taiwanese Americans
Authors: Wang Ping-Hsuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study argues for the analytical validity of the chronotope in research on context by examining a conversational narrative between Taiwanese and Taiwanese Americans. It offers an endogenous view of context in the sense that chronotopes are anchored by how participants invoke specific time-space representations relevant to the active shaping of context. Furthermore, it adds a historical dimension to the understanding of context as multi-layered in meaning. In the data, participants’ discussion of Taiwanese loanwords creates three connected chronotopes that draw on Taiwan's transnational history for the narrative co-construction. Finally, the chronotopic analysis demonstrates how identities emerge as time-space coordinates—seventeenth-century Dutch in Taiwan and twenty-first-century Taiwanese in the US—and are used as resources to map a shared background with a Taiwanese origin. The study applies the notion of the chronotope outside of the interview setting and contributes to a more laminated theorization of context in naturally occurring conversation. (Chronotope, context, narrative, historicity, Taiwanese American, identity)*
The decentralisation of death? Local budgets and organised crime violence
Authors: Arends Helge 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFiscal decentralisation theory calls for enhanced local revenue and spending responsibilities to promote the efficiency of public service delivery. However, some have pointed to the danger of local capture cancelling out these effects. I examine the argument that organised crime violence (OCV) intensifies as mafias fight for access to local government resources, which they consider an attractive income source. I regress violence on local spending (LS) in Mexican municipalities over the period 1995–2015. I find a significant relationship between LS and the intensity of violence: higher levels of LS per capita are strongly related to higher homicide rates, conditional on them being positive. However, LS does not determine the probability of OCV taking place in the first place. The results suggest that caution should be exercised when initiating decentralisation reforms in the context of local capture and OCV.
‘Behind the Digi-God's back’: social representations of older people's digital competences and internet use in regional Finnish newspapers
Authors: Rasi Päivi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article discusses how three Finnish regional newspapers represented older people's digital competences and internet use in their daily coverage. The study explored media representations from the perspective of social representations and sought to answer the following questions: In what kind of internet user roles do the articles portray older people? How and with what kind of images do the articles portray older people's digital competences in various internet user roles? How are older people positioned at a societal level in the articles? The analysis revealed that older people were portrayed as incompetent outcasts of a digitalised society. However, there was a clear difference according to whether older people were portrayed as recipients of public services or as consumers of private services. As targets of public services, older people were predominantly portrayed as happy targets, who welcomed the services provided for them. This result can be interpreted as part of the promotion of government digitalisation policies.
On the Semantics of Abstract Argumentation Frameworks: A Logic Programming Approach
Authors: Alfano Gianvincenzo , Greco Sergio , Parisi Francesco , Trubitsyna Irina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecently there has been an increasing interest in frameworks extending Dung’s abstract Argumentation Framework (AF). Popular extensions include bipolar AFs and AFs with recursive attacks and necessary supports. Although the relationships between AF semantics and Partial Stable Models (PSMs) of logic programs has been deeply investigated, this is not the case for more general frameworks extending AF.In this paper we explore the relationships between AF-based frameworks and PSMs. We show that every AF-based framework Δ can be translated into a logic program PΔ so that the extensions prescribed by different semantics of Δ coincide with subsets of the PSMs of PΔ. We provide a logic programming approach that characterizes, in an elegant and uniform way, the semantics of several AF-based frameworks. This result allows also to define the semantics for new AF-based frameworks, such as AFs with recursive attacks and recursive deductive supports.
Managing caching strategies for stream reasoning with reinforcement learning
Authors: DODARO CARMINE , EITER THOMAS , OGRIS PAUL , SCHEKOTIHIN KONSTANTIN 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEfficient decision-making over continuously changing data is essential for many application domains such as cyber-physical systems, industry digitalization, etc. Modern stream reasoning frameworks allow one to model and solve various real-world problems using incremental and continuous evaluation of programs as new data arrives in the stream. Applied techniques use, e.g., Datalog-like materialization or truth maintenance algorithms to avoid costly re-computations, thus ensuring low latency and high throughput of a stream reasoner. However, the expressiveness of existing approaches is quite limited and, e.g., they cannot be used to encode problems with constraints, which often appear in practice. In this paper, we suggest a novel approach that uses the Conflict-Driven Constraint Learning (CDCL) to efficiently update legacy solutions by using intelligent management of learned constraints. In particular, we study the applicability of reinforcement learning to continuously assess the utility of learned constraints computed in previous invocations of the solving algorithm for the current one. Evaluations conducted on real-world reconfiguration problems show that providing a CDCL algorithm with relevant learned constraints from previous iterations results in significant performance improvements of the algorithm in stream reasoning scenarios.
Solving the climate crisis: lessons from ozone depletion and COVID-19
Authors: Baldwin Mark P. , Lenton Timothy M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The ‘climate crisis’ describes human-caused global warming and climate change and its consequences. It conveys the sense of urgency surrounding humanity's failure to take sufficient action to slow down, stop and reverse global warming. The leading direct cause of the climate crisis is carbon dioxide (CO2) released as a by-product of burning fossil fuels,i which supply ~87% of the world's energy. The second most important cause of the climate crisis is deforestation to create more land for crops and livestock. The solutions have been stated as simply ‘leave the fossil carbon in the ground’ and ‘end deforestation’. Rather than address fossil fuel supplies, climate policies focus almost exclusively on the demand side, blaming fossil fuel users for greenhouse gas emissions. The fundamental reason that we are not solving the climate crisis is not a lack of green energy solutions. It is that governments continue with energy strategies that prioritize fossil fuels. These entrenched energy policies subsidize the discovery, extraction, transport and sale of fossil fuels, with the aim of ensuring a cheap, plentiful, steady supply of fossil energy into the future. This paper compares the climate crisis to two other environmental crises: ozone depletion and the COVID-19 pandemic. Halting and reversing damage to the ozone layer is one of humanity's greatest environmental success stories. The world's response to COVID-19 demonstrates that it is possible for governments to take decisive action to avert an imminent crisis. The approach to solving both of these crises was the same: (1) identify the precise cause of the problem through expert scientific advice; (2) with support by the public, pass legislation focused on the cause of the problem; and (3) employ a robust feedback mechanism to assess progress and adjust the approach. This is not yet being done to solve the climate crisis, but working within the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement framework, it could be. Every nation can contribute to solving the climate crisis by: (1) changing their energy strategy to green energy sources instead of fossil fuels; and (2) critically reviewing every law, policy and trade agreement (including transport, food production, food sources and land use) that affects the climate crisis.
Sharpness of the Midlithospheric Discontinuities and Craton Evolution in North China
Authors: Sun Weijia , Zhao Liang , Yuan Huaiyu , Fu Li‐Yun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe lithospheric layering and evolution of Archean cratons can be effectively constrained by seismic properties. We present fine‐scale lithospheric discontinuity images of the North China Craton (NCC) using the seismic daylight imaging (SDI) technique, which is also known as the autocorrelogram method. With the aid of large‐scale surface‐wave velocity models, the characters of autocorrelograms related to lithospheric discontinuities in the NCC are investigated. Spatial variation in discontinuity characteristics is revealed across the craton. In the modified/destroyed eastern NCC, both the midlithospheric discontinuity (MLD) and the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) are rather sharp (~2 km). Various dynamic processes, including juvenile underplating, asthenospheric upwelling, and corner flow induced by paleo‐Pacific Plate subduction, may contribute to such sharp interfaces. In the stable western NCC, P wave reflections cannot easily reveal the LAB, suggesting a diffuse (thicker than 30 km) lithosphere‐asthenosphere transition (LAT). Multiple MLDs are also found that may have arisen during craton formation and multiple phases of rejuvenation of the cratonic lithosphere as evidenced by the petrological results. The use of higher‐frequency data enables us to distinguish among the lithospheric discontinuity styles and favor multiple origins of the MLDs and LAB in the cratonic lithosphere.
Location and Setting of the Mars InSight Lander, Instruments, and Landing Site
Authors: Golombek M. , Williams N. , Warner N. H. , Parker T. , Williams M. G. , Daubar I. , Calef F. , Grant J. , Bailey P. , Abarca H. , Deen R. , Ruoff N. , Maki J. , McEwen A. , Baugh N. , Block K. , Tamppari L. , Call J. , Ladewig J. , Stoltz A. , Weems W. A. , Mora‐Sotomayor L. , Torres J. , Johnson M. , Kennedy T. , Sklyanskiy E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKnowing precisely where a spacecraft lands on Mars is important for understanding the regional and local context, setting, and the offset between the inertial and cartographic frames. For the InSight spacecraft, the payload of geophysical and environmental sensors also particularly benefits from knowing exactly where the instruments are located. A ~30 cm/pixel image acquired from orbit after landing clearly resolves the lander and the large circular solar panels. This image was carefully georeferenced to a hierarchically generated and coregistered set of decreasing resolution orthoimages and digital elevation models to the established positive east, planetocentric coordinate system. The lander is located at 4.502384°N, 135.623447°E at an elevation of −2,613.426 m with respect to the geoid in Elysium Planitia. Instrument locations (and the magnetometer orientation) are derived by transforming from Instrument Deployment Arm, spacecraft mechanical, and site frames into the cartographic frame. A viewshed created from 1.5 m above the lander and the high‐resolution orbital digital elevation model shows the lander is on a shallow regional slope down to the east that reveals crater rims on the east horizon ~400 m and 2.4 km away. A slope up to the north limits the horizon to about 50 m away where three rocks and an eolian bedform are visible on the rim of a degraded crater rim. Azimuths to rocks and craters identified in both surface panoramas and high‐resolution orbital images reveal that north in the site frame and the cartographic frame are the same (within 1°).
Is Enhanced Predictability of the Amundsen Sea Low in Subseasonal to Seasonal Hindcasts Linked to Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling?
Authors: Wang Shaoyin , Liu Jiping , Cheng Xiao , Kerzenmacher Tobias , Braesicke Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Amundsen Sea low (ASL) is one of the key components of the Antarctic surface climate. Here, we assess the subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) predictive skill of the ASL in two state‐of‐the‐art forecasting systems based on the anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC). It is found that the ASL predictability during austral spring is higher than in the other seasons with lead times ranging from 1 to 4 weeks. The spring ASL predictability has an ACC of about 0.6 with lead times of 1–2 weeks and about 0.44 with lead times of 3–4 weeks. The enhanced ASL predictability during austral spring is mainly due to the strengthening of stratosphere‐troposphere coupling, coincident with a weakened stratospheric polar night jet and increased wave‐mean flow interactions in the stratosphere. This study demonstrates that the stratosphere‐troposphere coupling provides an important source of predictability for the Antarctic surface weather and climate on S2S timescale.
Plasma and Field Observations in the Magnetospheric Source Region of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) Arc by the Arase Satellite on 28 March 2017
Authors: Inaba Yudai , Shiokawa Kazuo , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Otsuka Yuichi , Oksanen Arto , Shinbori Atsuki , Gololobov Artem Yu , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kazama Yoichi , Wang Shiang‐Yu , Tam Sunny W. Y. , Chang Tzu‐Fang , Wang Bo‐Jhou , Yokota Shoichiro , Kasahara Satoshi , Keika Kunihiro , Hori Tomoaki , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasahara Yoshiya , Kumamoto Atsushi , Kasaba Yasumasa , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Shoji Masafumi , Shinohara Iku , Stolle Claudia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA stable auroral red (SAR) arc is an aurora with a dominant 630 nm emission at subauroral latitudes. SAR arcs have been considered to occur due to the spatial overlap between the plasmasphere and the ring‐current ions. In the overlap region, plasmaspheric electrons are heated by ring‐current ions or plasma waves, and their energy is then transferred down to the ionosphere where it causes oxygen red emission. However, there have been no study conducted so far that quantitatively examined plasma and electromagnetic fields in the magnetosphere associated with SAR arc. In this paper, we report the first quantitative evaluation of conjugate measurements of a SAR arc observed at 2204 UT on 28 March 2017 and investigate its source region using an all‐sky imager at Nyrölä (magnetic latitude: 59.4°N), Finland, and the Arase satellite. The Arase observation shows that the SAR arc appeared in the overlap region between a plasmaspheric plume and the ring‐current ions and that electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves and kinetic Alfven waves were not observed above the SAR arc. The SAR arc was located at the ionospheric trough minimum identified from a total electron content map obtained by the GNSS receiver network. The Swarm satellite flying in the ionosphere also passed the SAR arc at ~2320 UT and observed a decrease in electron density and an increase in electron temperature during the SAR‐arc crossing. These observations suggest that the heating of plasmaspheric electrons via Coulomb collision with ring‐current ions is the most plausible mechanism for the SAR‐arc generation.
Change in Total Electron Content During the 26 December 2019 Solar Eclipse: Constraints From GNSS Observations and Comparison With SAMI3 Model Results
Authors: Senapati Batakrushna , Huba J. D. , Kundu Bhaskar , Gahalaut Vineet K. , Panda Dibyashakti , Mondal Saroj Kumar , Catherine Joshi K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report spatiotemporal variation in the total electron content (TEC) in ionosphere caused by the 26 December 2019 annular solar eclipse, seen over most of the Southeast Asia. Sparsely distributed network of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sites located on the continental parts and on islands documented the transhemispheric coellipse changes in the ionospheric electron density. A significant depletion in TEC of ~6–8 TECU (1 TECU = 1 × 1016 electrons m−2) is observed along the path of the eclipse shadow. Simulations using the SAMI3 model are consistent with the observations of TEC depletion. The model also predicted a magnetically conjugate region of marginal increased TEC of ~0.2–0.3 TECU around northern Japan and adjacent Pacific Ocean, which is also consistent with the ground‐based GNSS observations in that region.
Permeability Variations in Illite‐Bearing Sandstone: Effects of Temperature and NaCl Fluid Salinity
Authors: Cheng Chaojie , Milsch Harald 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTemperature changes and variations in pore fluid salinity may negatively affect the permeability of clay‐bearing sandstones with implications for natural fluid flow and geotechnical applications alike. In this study these factors are investigated for a sandstone dominated by illite as the clay phase. Systematic long‐term flow‐through experiments were conducted and complemented with comprehensive microstructural investigations and the application of Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) theory to explain mechanistically the observed permeability changes. Initially, sample permeability was not affected by low pore fluid salinity indicating strong attraction of the illite particles to the pore walls as supported by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Increasing temperature up to 145°C resulted in an irreversible permeability decrease by 1.5 orders of magnitude regardless of the pore fluid composition (i.e., deionized water and 2 M NaCl solution). Subsequently diluting the high salinity pore fluid to below 0.5 M yielded an additional permeability decline by 1.5 orders of magnitude, both at 145°C and after cooling to room temperature. By applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) thermo‐mechanical pore throat closure and illite particle migration were identified as independently operating mechanisms responsible for observed permeability changes during heating and dilution, respectively. These observations indicate that permeability of illite‐bearing sandstones will be impaired by heating and exposure to low salinity pore fluids. In addition, chemically induced permeability variations proved to be path dependent with respect to the applied succession of fluid salinity changes.