bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainability as a non-functional requirement: challenges and recommendations
Authors: Chazette Larissa , Schneider Kurt 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSoftware systems are becoming increasingly complex. Their ubiquitous presence makes users more dependent on their correctness in many aspects of daily life. As a result, there is a growing need to make software systems and their decisions more comprehensible, with more transparency in software-based decision making. Transparency is therefore becoming increasingly important as a non-functional requirement. However, the abstract quality aspect of transparency needs to be better understood and related to mechanisms that can foster it. The integration of explanations into software has often been discussed as a solution to mitigate system opacity. Yet, an important first step is to understand user requirements in terms of explainable software behavior: Are users really interested in software transparency and are explanations considered an appropriate way to achieve it? We conducted a survey with 107 end users to assess their opinion on the current level of transparency in software systems and what they consider to be the main advantages and disadvantages of embedded explanations. We assess the relationship between explanations and transparency and analyze its potential impact on software quality. As explainability has become an important issue, researchers and professionals have been discussing how to deal with it in practice. While there are differences of opinion on the need for built-in explanations, understanding this concept and its impact on software is a key step for requirements engineering. Based on our research results and on the study of existing literature, we offer recommendations for the elicitation and analysis of explainability and discuss strategies for the practice.
A secure and extensible blockchain-based data provenance framework for the Internet of Things
Authors: Sigwart Marten , Borkowski Michael , Peise Marco , Schulte Stefan , Tai Stefan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs data collected and provided by Internet of Things (IoT) devices power an ever-growing number of applications and services, it is crucial that this data can be trusted. Data provenance solutions combined with blockchain technology are one way to make data more trustworthy by providing tamper-proof information about the origin and history of data records. However, current blockchain-based solutions for data provenance fail to take the heterogeneous nature of IoT applications and their data into account. In this work, we identify functional and non-functional requirements for a secure and extensible IoT data provenance framework, and conceptualise the framework as a layered architecture. Evaluating the framework using a proof-of-concept implementation based on Ethereum smart contracts, we conclude that our framework can be used to realise data provenance concepts for a wide range of IoT use cases. While blockchain technology generally poses constraints on scalability and privacy, we discuss multiple solutions aiming to overcome these issues.
The obstacle problem for degenerate doubly nonlinear equations of porous medium type
Authors: Schätzler Leah 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe prove the existence of nonnegative variational solutions to the obstacle problem associated with the degenerate doubly nonlinear equation $$\begin{aligned} \partial _t b(u) - {{\,\mathrm{div}\,}}(Df(Du)) = 0, \end{aligned}$$

∂
t

b

(
u
)

-

div

(
D
f

(
D
u
)

)

=
0
,

where the nonlinearity $$b :\mathbb {R}_{\ge 0} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{\ge 0}$$

b
:

R

≥
0

→

R

≥
0

is increasing, piecewise $$C^1$$

C
1

and satisfies a polynomial growth condition. The prototype is $$b(u) := u^m$$

b

(
u
)

:
=

u
m

with $$m \in (0,1)$$

m
∈
(
0
,
1
)

. Further, $$f :\mathbb {R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{\ge 0}$$

f
:

R

n

→

R

≥
0

is convex and fulfills a standard p-growth condition. The proof relies on a nonlinear version of the method of minimizing movements.
Runtime revision of sanctions in normative multi-agent systems
Authors: Dell’Anna Davide , Dastani Mehdi , Dalpiaz Fabiano 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo achieve system-level properties of a multiagent system, the behavior of individual agents should be controlled and coordinated. One way to control agents without limiting their autonomy is to enforce norms by means of sanctions. The dynamicity and unpredictability of the agents’ interactions in uncertain environments, however, make it hard for designers to specify norms that will guarantee the achievement of the system-level objectives in every operating context. In this paper, we propose a runtime mechanism for the automated revision of norms by altering their sanctions. We use a Bayesian Network to learn, from system execution data, the relationship between the obedience/violation of the norms and the achievement of the system-level objectives. By combining the knowledge acquired at runtime with an estimation of the preferences of rational agents, we devise heuristic strategies that automatically revise the sanctions of the enforced norms. We evaluate our heuristics using a traffic simulator and we show that our mechanism is able to quickly identify optimal revisions of the initially enforced norms.
Business models innovation in investment banks: a resilience perspective
Authors: Ramdani Boumediene , Binsaif Ahmed , Boukrami Elias , Guermat Cherif 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFirms frequently change their business models in order to respond to internal and external challenges. This study aims to explore how investments banks adjust their business models in response to internal and external challenges. Based on a qualitative data from ten major investment banks operating in the largest financial market in the Middle East, we show that investment banks can achieve resilience by adjusting their business models through continuous activity changes in response to internal and external challenges. Specifically, investment banks adjust their business models through deploying alternative combinations of activities from a broad repertoire of activities. Within the same bank, divisions that respond to external challenges tend to sustain their performance, whereas resilient divisions that respond to both internal and external challenges tend to bounce back or achieve substantial increase in performance levels. This study contributes to the literature by proposing resilience as an alternative approach to business model innovation and by providing insight into how firms adjust their business models by altering specific activities in response to both internal and external challenges.
Influence of Rotating Wheels and Moving Ground Use on the Unsteady Wake of a Small-Scale Road Vehicle
Authors: Rejniak Aleksandra Anna , Gatto Alvin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNew insights into how different ground simulation methods affect road vehicle aerodynamics are presented. Experiments are conducted on a 1/24th-scale model, representative of a Heavy Goods Vehicle, at a Reynolds number, based on width of 2.3 × 105. Particular focus lay in characterising differences in unsteady wake development, with mean drag, base pressures, and wake velocities quantified, compared, and evaluated. Distinctly, these tests include the effects of elevated blockage ratio and wheel rotation. Results show moving ground use can have a substantial influence under these conditions, with increases in wake length and average base pressure coefficient of 17% and 9%, respectively. The dominant wake dynamics, characterised by a global streamwise oscillation commonly referenced as the bubble pumping mode, was also found dependent with asymmetric shedding frequencies from both vertical and horizontal base edges higher with static ground use. For these conditions, development of a low-frequency turbulence source, near omni-directional in nature, positioned behind the model, further contaminates the flow-field. This feature disappears with moving ground use. Both the nature and characteristics of the turbulence generated behind the wheels were also found to evolve differently, with a moving ground promoting stronger and more defined oscillatory behaviour up to model mid-height, two-and-a-half widths downstream. Overall, these results highlight that while variations in time-independent quantities to differing ground simulation can often be very subtle, prompting the interpretation of negligible overall effects, in-depth consideration from a time-dependent perspective may lead to a different conclusion.
Caps and progression-free sets in $${{\mathbb {Z}}}_m^n$$
Authors: Elsholtz Christian , Pach Péter Pál 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study progression-free sets in the abelian groups $$G=({{\mathbb {Z}}}_m^n,+)$$

G
=
(

Z
m
n

,
+
)

. Let $$r_k({{\mathbb {Z}}}_m^n)$$

r
k

(

Z
m
n

)

denote the maximal size of a set $$S \subset {{\mathbb {Z}}}_m^n$$

S
⊂

Z
m
n

that does not contain a proper arithmetic progression of length k. We give lower bound constructions, which e.g. include that $$r_3({{\mathbb {Z}}}_m^n) \ge C_m \frac{((m+2)/2)^n}{\sqrt{n}}$$

r
3

(

Z
m
n

)

≥

C
m

(

(
m
+
2
)

/
2
)

n

n

, when m is even. When $$m=4$$

m
=
4

this is of order at least $$3^n/\sqrt{n}\gg \vert G \vert ^{0.7924}$$

3
n

/

n

≫

|
G
|

0.7924

. Moreover, if the progression-free set $$S\subset {{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^n$$

S
⊂

Z
4
n

satisfies a technical condition, which dominates the problem at least in low dimension, then $$|S|\le 3^n$$

|
S
|

≤

3
n

holds. We present a number of new methods which cover lower bounds for several infinite families of parameters m, k, n, which includes for example: $$r_6({{\mathbb {Z}}}_{125}^n) \ge (85-o(1))^n$$

r
6

(

Z

125

n

)

≥

(
85
-
o

(
1
)

)

n

. For $$r_3({{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^n)$$

r
3

(

Z
4
n

)

we determine the exact values, when $$n \le 5$$

n
≤
5

, e.g. $$r_3({{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^5)=124$$

r
3

(

Z
4
5

)

=
124

, and for $$r_4({{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^n)$$

r
4

(

Z
4
n

)

we determine the exact values, when $$n \le 4$$

n
≤
4

, e.g. $$r_4({{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^4)=128$$

r
4

(

Z
4
4

)

=
128

. With regard to affine caps, i.e. sets without 3 points on a line, the new methods asymptotically improve the known lower bounds, when $$m=4$$

m
=
4

and $$m=5$$

m
=
5

: in $${{\mathbb {Z}}}_4^n$$

Z
4
n

from $$2.519^n$$

2
.

519
n

to $$(3-o(1))^n$$

(
3
-
o

(
1
)

)

n

, and when $$m=5$$

m
=
5

from $$2.942^n$$

2
.

942
n

to $$(3-o(1))^n$$

(
3
-
o

(
1
)

)

n

. This last improvement modulo 5 appears to be the first asymptotic improvement of any cap in AG(n, m), when $$m \ge 5$$

m
≥
5

over a tensor lifting from dimension 6 (see Edel, in Des Codes Crytogr 31:5–14, 2004).
Thermal Response of Timber Slabs Exposed to Travelling Fires and Traditional Design Fires
Authors: Richter Franz , Kotsovinos Panagiotis , Rackauskaite Egle , Rein Guillermo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEngineered timber is an innovative and sustainable construction material, but its uptake has been hindered by concerns about its performance in fire. Current building regulations measure the fire performance of timber using fire resistance tests. In these tests, the charring rate is measured under a series of heat exposures (design fires) and from this the structural performance is deduced. Charring rates are currently only properly understood for the heat exposure of a standard fire, not for other exposures, which restricts the use of performance-based design. This paper studies the charring rates under a range of design fires. We used a multiscale charring model at the microscale (mg-samples), mesoscale (g-samples), and macroscale (kg-samples) for several wood species exposed to different heating regimes and boundary conditions. At the macroscale, the model blindly predicts in-depth temperatures and char depths during standard and parametric fires with an error between 5% and 22%. Comparing simulations of charring under travelling fires, parametric fires, and the standard fire revealed two findings. Firstly, their charring rates significantly differ, with maximum char depths of 42 mm (travelling), 46 mm (parametric), and 59 mm (standard fire), and one (standard fire) to four (travelling fire) charring stages (no charring, slow growth, fast growth, steady-state). Secondly, we observed zero-strength layers (depth between the 200 °C and 300 °C isotherm) of 7 to 12 mm from the exposed surface in travelling fires compared to 5 to 11 mm in parametric fires, and 7 mm in the standard fire. Both traditional design fires and travelling fires, therefore, need to be considered in structural calculations. These results help engineers to move towards performance-based design by allowing the calculation of charring rates for a wide range of design fires. In turn, this will help engineers to build more sustainable and safe structures with timber.
The evolution of rural areas influenced by large-scale farming: four case studies from Hungary
Authors: Mikle György , Randelli Filippo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn order to study complex transformation of rural areas in the long term, our paper aims to integrate the concepts of rural restructuring and evolutionary economic geography. We argue that these approaches can complement each other to understand the mechanisms shaping rural evolutionary paths. We apply our theoretical framework to the case of rural areas evolving under the influence of large-scale farms in Hungary, namely the so-called manorial settlements. Tracing the processes on three different scales (global, national and local) we claim that during the last one hundred years the rural configuration in these areas shows a number of continuities despite the significant political-economic transitions throughout this period. The global dependency and semi-peripheral position of Hungary is apparent, and also the role of global agri-food regimes can be observed. Political transitions on the national scale appear primarily as ‘external shocks’. Despite the strong path dependency in terms of powerlessness and passivity of local societies at manorial settlements, the role of certain local actors in path creation should not be ignored.
Implementing programming in school mathematics and technology: teachers’ intrinsic and extrinsic challenges
Authors: Vinnervik Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe 2017 reform of the Swedish national curriculum requires that all compulsory school mathematics and technology teachers integrate programming into their teaching. The new programming policy poses a particular challenge since a majority of the affected teachers have little or no previous programming experience. This paper reports on a study of teachers preparing to implement the new policy. Insight into the preparation process was made possible through recorded group conversations and data were collected in March 2018, less than 4 months before the formal enactment of the new curriculum. The results, conceptualised by using a framework for intrinsic and extrinsic challenges, reveal several challenges that can potentially affect the uptake of the programming policy and the quality of implementation such as uncertainty about the subject content, unequal professional development opportunities, lack of teaching materials and recurring problems with school IT infrastructure. This study seeks to provide knowledge about teachers’ concerns and expressed needs while negotiating programming as new curriculum content and thus aims to contribute to the understanding of teachers’ strategies to approach the 2017 Swedish educational reform that introduces programming. Such knowledge is valuable for the possibilities to better understand under what circumstances programming is included in school mathematics and technology. The results illustrate the complexity of curriculum reform implementation and may be of value for decision makers at all levels of school policy and also for providers of both in-service and preservice teacher training.
Callous-Unemotional Traits and Antisocial Behavior in South Korean Children: Links with Academic Motivation, School Engagement, and Teachers’ Use of Reward and Discipline
Authors: Hwang Suhlim , Waller Rebecca , Hawes David J. , Allen Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCallous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with atypical responses to reward and punishment cues, with evidence suggesting that such traits may shape caregiver use of reward and punishment practices over time. To date, research has predominantly focused on parental rewards and discipline, with far less attention paid to teacher behavior management strategies. The first aim of the current study was to investigate the potential moderating effect of CU traits on the relationship between teacher classroom management strategies (rewards and discipline) and two important school-related outcomes: student engagement and academic motivation. The second aim was to examine whether CU traits were related to teachers’ use of discipline and reward strategies over time. Children attending South Korean primary schools (N = 218; aged 10–12 years; 52% boys) reported on CU traits, antisocial behavior, teacher classroom management strategies, school engagement and academic motivation at two time points (the beginning and end of a single academic year). First, harsh teacher discipline predicted lower school engagement, but only for children low in CU traits. Second, cross-lagged longitudinal models showed that CU traits predicted decreased use of teacher rewards, over and above associations with antisocial behavior. CU traits were not related to harsh discipline cross-sectionally or longitudinally in models that accounted for antisocial behavior. Findings show that CU traits are related to reduced sensitivity to teacher discipline, suggesting that teachers may need additional support to implement both discipline and reward-based strategies with children high in these traits.
Heart-rate tuned comb filters for processing photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals in pulse oximetry
Authors: Alkhoury Ludvik , Choi Ji-won , Wang Chizhong , Rajasekar Arjun , Acharya Sayandeep , Mahoney Sean , Shender Barry S. , Hrebien Leonid , Kam Moshe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCalculation of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation $${\text{(SpO}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{)}}$$

(SpO
2

)

levels in humans is often made with a pulse oximeter, using photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms. However, measurements of PPG waveforms are susceptible to motion noise due to subject and sensor movements. In this study, we compare two $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

-level calculation techniques, and measure the effect of pre-filtering by a heart-rate tuned comb peak filter on their performance. These techniques are: (1) “Red over Infrared,” calculating the ratios of AC and DC components of the red and infrared PPG signals,$$\frac{(AC/DC)_{red}}{(AC/DC)_{infrared}}$$

(
A
C
/
D
C
)

red

(
A
C
/
D
C
)

infrared

, followed by the use of a calibration curve to determine the $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

level Webster (in: Design of pulse oximeters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997); and (2) a motion-resistant algorithm which uses the Discrete Saturation Transform (DST) (Goldman in J Clin Monit Comput 16:475–83, 2000). The DST algorithm isolates individual “saturation components” in the optical pathway, which allows separation of components corresponding to the $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

level from components corresponding to noise and interference, including motion artifacts. The comparison we provide here (employing the two techniques with and without pre-filtering) addresses two aspects: (1) accuracy of the $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

calculations; and (2) computational complexity. We used both synthetic data and experimental data collected from human subjects. The human subjects were tested at rest and while exercising; while exercising, their measurements were subject to the impacts of motion. Our main conclusion is that if an uninterrupted high-quality heart rate measurement is available, then the “Red over Infrared” approach preceded by a heart-rate tuned comb filter provides the preferred trade-off between $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

-level accuracy and computational complexity. A modest improvement in $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

estimate accuracy at very low SNR environments may be achieved by switching to the pre-filtered DST-based algorithm (up to 6% improvement in $${\text{SpO}}_{{\text{2}}}$$

SpO
2

level accuracy at −10 dB over unfiltered DST algorithm and the filtered “Red over Infrared” approach). However, this improvement comes at a significant computational cost.
Gestational Weight Gain by Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI and Childhood Problem Behaviours in School-Age Years: A Pooled Analysis of Two European Birth Cohorts
Authors: Tore Elena C. , Antoniou Evangelia E. , de Groot Renate H. M. , Gielen Marij , Godschalk Roger W. L. , Roumeliotaki Theano , Smits Luc , Southwood Taunton R. , Spaanderman Marc E. A. , Stratakis Nikos , Vafeiadi Marina , Chatzi Vaia L. , Zeegers Maurice P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Maternal pre-pregnancy weight is known to affect foetal development. However, it has not yet been clarified if gestational weight gain is associated with childhood behavioural development.

Methods
We performed a pooled analysis of two prospective birth cohorts to investigate the association between gestational weight gain and childhood problem behaviours, and the effect modification of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. In total, 378 mother–child pairs from the Maastricht Essential Fatty Acids Birth cohort (MEFAB) and 414 pairs from the Rhea Mother–Child cohort were followed up from early pregnancy to 6–7 years post-partum. At follow up, parents assessed their children’s behaviour, measured as total problems, internalizing and externalizing behaviours, with the Child Behaviour Checklist. We computed cohort- and subject-specific gestational weight gain trajectories using mixed-effect linear regression models. Fractional polynomial regressions, stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI status, were then used to examine the association between gestational weight gain and childhood problem behaviours.

Results
In the pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group, greater gestational weight gain was associated with higher problem behaviours. On average, children of women with overweight/obesity who gained 0.5 kg/week scored 25 points higher (on a 0–100 scale) in total problems and internalizing behaviours, and about 18 points higher in externalizing behaviours than children whose mothers gained 0.2 kg/week. Inconsistent results were found in the pre-pregnancy normal weight group.

Conclusions for Practice
Excessive gestational weight gain in women with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity might increase problem behaviours in school-age children. Particular attention should be granted to avoid excessive weight gain in women with a pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity.
Prediction of bifurcations by varying critical parameters of COVID-19
Authors: Nazarimehr Fahimeh , Pham Viet-Thanh , Kapitaniak Tomasz 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 is a recent strong challenge for the world. In this paper, an epidemiology model is investigated as a model for the development of COVID-19. The propagation of COVID-19 through various sub-groups of society is studied. Some critical parameters, such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from infected to resistance, affect the conditions of society. In this paper, early warning indicators are used to predict the bifurcation points in the system. In the interaction of various sub-groups of society, each sub-group can have various parameters. Six cases of the sub-groups interactions are studied. By coupling these sub-groups, various dynamics of the whole society are investigated.