bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐viral activity of jatrophone against RSV‐induced respiratory infection via increase in interferon‐γ generating dendritic cells
Authors: Li Kai , Xu Yuan , Yue Wei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of Paramyxoviridae family is responsible for bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The present study investigated anti‐viral and anti‐inflammatory activities of jatrophone against RSV‐infection in pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro and in mice model in vivo. The changes in viabilities of RSV infected cells by jatrophone treatment were determined by MTT assay. The fluorescence associated with production of ROS was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using H2DCFDA dye. The IFN‐γ secreting cells were detected in mice BALF by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The reduction of BEAS‐2B cell viability by RSV was alleviated on treatment with jatrophone in dose based manner. The cytopathogenic changes by RSV infection were prevented and viral growth inhibited by jatrophone in BEAS‐2B cells. Jatrophone treatment significantly alleviated RSV mediated overproduction of IL‐6/‐8 and suppressed ROS generation in the cells. The pulmonary viral titers were found to be markedly lower in mice treated with jatrophone relative to untreated group. The jatrophone treated mice also showed reduced IL‐4/‐5/‐13 levels and elevated IFN‐γ level in BALF relative to untreated RSV infected mice. Flow cytometry revealed elevated count of IFN‐γ generating cells in RSV infected mice on treatment with jatrophone. Thus jatrophone inhibits viral growth and oxidative damage by RSV in pulmonary epithelial cells. In RSV infected mice jatrophone increased immunity for viral infection by modulating cell phenotype for promotion of anti‐viral IFN‐γ. Thus jatrophone acts as potential anti‐viral compound and may be developed for treatment of respiratory treat infection.
Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study
Authors: Besser Gerold , Oswald Michaela M. , Liu David T. , Renner Bertold , Mueller Christian A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Olfactory training is recommended in olfactory dysfunction (OD) showing promising results. OD patients frequently ask for training modifications in the hope of a better outcome. Also, a lack of knowledge of the flavor system is evident. This investigation sought to implement flavor education (FE) and encourage patients to experience flavors in terms of a flavor training (FT).

Methods
In included patients (n = 30), OD was either of postinfectious (86.7%) or posttraumatic (13.3%) cause. Chemosensory abilities were tested orthonasally (using Sniffin Sticks = TDI) and retronasally (using the Candy Smell Test = CST). Key points of flavor perception were demonstrated in an educative session. Subjects were instructed to consciously experience flavors out of a list of 50. Effects of FT were explored in two groups (group A and B), with group B starting FT 17 weeks later.

Results
FE was appreciated and drop-out rate stayed very low (one participant). Compliance was high and 30.4 ± 12.9 flavors were tried. Overall TDI scores improved in 10 patients (6 group A, 4 group B) in a clinically significant way (> 5.5). For group A (starting FT earlier) rm-ANOVA showed a significant effect of session (timepoint) on CST (p < 0.01).

Conclusion
Flavor education is demonstrated as feasible and appreciated in a clinical setting. FT seems to be a welcomed second-line therapy in patients with olfactory dysfunction. This study shows beneficial trends of FT; however, further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized training protocols are needed.
Presuppositions of determiners are immediately used to disambiguate utterance meaning: A mouse-tracking study on the German language
Authors: Schneider Cosima , Bade Nadine , Franke Michael , Janczyk Markus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe present study investigated how listeners understand and process the definite and the indefinite determiner. While the definite determiner clearly conveys a uniqueness presupposition, the status of the anti-uniqueness inference associated with the indefinite determiner is less clear. In a forced choice production task, we observed that participants make use of the information about number usually associated with the two determiners to convey a message. In a subsequent mouse-tracking task, participants had to select one of two potential referents presented on screen according to an auditorily presented stimulus sentence. The data revealed that participants use the information about uniqueness or anti-uniqueness encoded in determiners to disambiguate sentence meaning as early as possible, but only when they are exclusively faced with felicitous uses of determiners.
Using high-resolution Pb isotopes to unravel the petrogenesis of Sakurajima volcano, Japan
Authors: Brown Joshua R. , Taylor Rex N. , Iguchi Masato 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSakurajima volcano on the rim of Aira caldera erupts daily, threatening the major nearby population centre of Kagoshima. Before 1955, eruptions have typically consisted of intermittent Plinian and effusive activity, but since 1955, frequent Vulcanian explosions have occurred, indicating a change in pre-eruptive processes. High-resolution Pb isotopes are used here to constrain the components, including crustal assimilants, and petrogenetic processes contributing to the composition of both pre and post 1955 magmas. Sakurajima eruptive products have more radiogenic Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 18.40–18.42) than nearby Sumiyoshiike basalts (206Pb/204Pb = 18.24), a proxy for the primitive magma feeding the Sakurajima-Aira system. Sakurajima samples lie along a mixing line between these basalts and locally exposed crustal compositions. Their Pb isotopes are consistent with addition of ~ 5% average crustal melt to the primitive basaltic magma. The narrow range of Pb isotope ratios, despite variable SiO2 contents (56.6–72.3 wt%), suggests that the final erupted magmas are derived from fractional crystallization of a mafic precursory magma displaying relatively consistent levels of crustal contamination. Andesites erupted between 4–3.7 ka and the 1995 eruption are contaminated to a greater extent, indicating that magmas with distinct compositions can feed phases of activity or individual eruptions. Post 1955 andesitic pyroclastics have lower SiO2 and higher MgO than older lavas, yet equivalent Pb isotope ratios. The more mafic composition of post 1955 eruptive products can be attributed to increased throughput of mafic magma to the system.
Is surgery justified for 80-year-old or older intracranial meningioma patients? A systematic review
Authors: Rautalin Ilari , Niemelä Mika , Korja Miikka 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSince the number of elderly people with intracranial meningiomas (IM) continues to rise, surgical treatment has increasingly become a considerable treatment option, even in very old (≥ 80 years old) meningioma patients. Since little is known about whether meningioma surgery in this age group is safe and justified, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the results of surgical outcomes in very old meningioma patients. We performed a systematic literature search in Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. Primarily, we extracted 1-month and 1-year survival rates, and 1-year morbidity rates, as well as information about preoperative morbidity, operative complications, meningioma size, location, histology, and peritumoral edema. Quality of the included studies was evaluated by Cochrane Collaboration Handbook and Critical Appraisal Skills Program. From the 1039 reviewed articles, seven retrospective studies fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Motor deficits (27–65%) and mental changes (51–59%) were the most common indications for surgery. One-month and 1-year mortality rates varied between 0–23.5% and 9.4–27.3%, respectively. Most of the operated IM patients (41.2–86.5%) improved their performance during postoperative follow-up. Impaired preoperative performance and comorbidities were most commonly related to higher postoperative mortality. None of the studies fulfilled the criteria of high quality. Based on the evidence currently available, surgical treatment of very old IM patients seems to improve the performance of highly selected individuals. Given the rapid increase of the aging population, more detailed retrospective studies as well as prospective studies are needed to prove the outcome benefits of surgery in this patient group.
A novel method for predicting the budget impact of innovative medicines: validation study for oncolytics
Authors: Geenen Joost W. , Belitser Svetlana V. , Vreman Rick A. , van Bloois Martijn , Klungel Olaf H. , Boersma Cornelis , Hövels Anke M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
High budget impact (BI) estimates of new drugs have led to decision-making challenges potentially resulting in restrictions in patient access. However, current BI predictions are rather inaccurate and short term. We therefore developed a new approach for BI prediction. Here, we describe the validation of our BI prediction approach using oncology drugs as a case study.

Methods
We used Dutch population-level data to estimate BI where BI is defined as list price multiplied by volume. We included drugs in the antineoplastic agents ATC category which the European Medicines Agency (EMA) considered a New Active Substance and received EMA marketing authorization (MA) between 2000 and 2017. A mixed-effects model was used for prediction and included tumor site, orphan, first in class or conditional approval designation as covariates. Data from 2000 to 2012 were the training set. BI was predicted monthly from 0 to 45 months after MA. Cross-validation was performed using a rolling forecasting origin with e^|Ln(observed BI/predicted BI)| as outcome.

Results
The training set and validation set included 25 and 44 products, respectively. Mean error, composed of all validation outcomes, was 2.94 (median 1.57). Errors are higher with less available data and at more future predictions. Highest errors occur without any prior data. From 10 months onward, error remains constant.

Conclusions
The validation shows that the method can relatively accurately predict BI. For payers or policymakers, this approach can yield a valuable addition to current BI predictions due to its ease of use, independence of indications and ability to update predictions to the most recent data.
Assessing parameter uncertainty in small-n pharmacometric analyses: value of the log-likelihood profiling-based sampling importance resampling (LLP-SIR) technique
Authors: Broeker Astrid , Wicha Sebastian G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAssessing parameter uncertainty is a crucial step in pharmacometric workflows. Small datasets with ten or fewer subjects appear regularly in drug development and therapeutic use, but it is unclear which method to assess parameter uncertainty is preferable in such situations. The aim of this study was to (i) systematically evaluate the performance of standard error (SE), bootstrap (BS), log-likelihood profiling (LLP), Bayesian approaches (BAY) and sampling importance resampling (SIR) to assess parameter uncertainty in small datasets and (ii) to evaluate methods to provide proposal distributions for the SIR. A simulation study was conducted and the 0–95% confidence interval (CI) and coverage for each parameter was evaluated and compared to reference CIs derived by stochastic simulation and estimation (SSE). A newly proposed LLP-SIR, combining the proposal distribution provided by LLP with SIR, was included in addition to conventional SE-SIR and BS-SIR. Additionally, the methods were applied to a clinical dataset. The determined CIs differed substantially across the methods. The CIs of SE, BS, LLP and BAY were not in line with the reference in datasets with ≤ 10 subjects. The best alignment was found for the LLP-SIR, which also provided the best coverage results among the SIR methods. The best overall results regarding the coverage were provided by LLP and BAY across all parameters and dataset sizes. To conclude, the popular SE and BS methods are not suitable to derive parameter uncertainty in small datasets containing ≤ 10 subjects, while best performances were observed with LLP, BAY and LLP-SIR.
Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Hand and Wrist Injuries in Professional Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lehman Jason D. , Krishnan Karthik R. , Stepan Jeffrey G. , Nwachukwu Benedict U. 
Published: April 2020

Background Injuries to the hand and wrist constitute up to 25% of all athletic injuries, yet not much information is available on the effects of such injuries on the careers of professional athletes. Understanding whether elite athletes can return to sport and at what level has value for athletes, coaches, managers, and others, including athletes at other levels of play. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on injuries of the hand and wrist in professional athletes to determine the prevalence and types of injuries sustained in professional sports, the management and clinical outcomes of such injuries, and the statistics regarding return to play. Methods A systematic review was conducted of PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify all studies reporting on hand and wrist injuries in professional athletes that were published between January 1970 and April 2019. Inclusion criteria were injuries of the upper extremity distal to the elbow that occurred in professional athletes during athletic competition, English language, and a study cohort consisting of four or more subjects. Details of injury sustained, sport, treatment, clinical outcome, and return to sport were extracted. Results We identified 32 nonoverlapping studies involving a total of 4299 hand and wrist injuries. The most common sport studied was baseball (eight studies), followed by football (seven), boxing (six), and basketball (five). Specific injury type was included in 29 of 32 studies and totaled 792 injuries. Metacarpal fractures were the most common injuries ( n = 273; 34.5%), followed by thumb collateral ligament injuries ( n = 110; 13.9%), phalangeal fractures ( n = 87; 11.0%), and scaphoid fractures ( n = 56; 7.1%). The overall operative rate was 18.3% ( n = 708 of 3867). One-half of the studies reported the return to play (average, 2.8 months; range, 0.5 to 9 months). Seven studies reported sport-specific objective performance measures, with six describing consistent return to preinjury levels of performance among athletes. Conclusions Based on the available evidence, a large majority of hand and wrist injuries in professional athletes are treated conservatively. Athletes frequently return to preinjury levels of performance after surgery. Additionally, return to play after a hand injury appears to be faster than that after other bony injuries. Further research is needed into the impact of these injuries on athletic performance, as well as how surgical intervention affects validated patient-reported outcome measures in professional athletes.
Adaptive Bet-Hedging Revisited: Considerations of Risk and Time Horizon
Authors: Tal Omri , Tran Tat Dat 
Published: April 2020

AbstractModels of adaptive bet-hedging commonly adopt insights from Kelly’s famous work on optimal gambling strategies and the financial value of information. In particular, such models seek evolutionary solutions that maximize long-term average growth rate of lineages, even in the face of highly stochastic growth trajectories. Here, we argue for extensive departures from the standard approach to better account for evolutionary contingencies. Crucially, we incorporate considerations of volatility minimization, motivated by interim extinction risk in finite populations, within a finite time horizon approach to growth maximization. We find that a game-theoretic competitive optimality approach best captures these additional constraints and derive the equilibria solutions under straightforward fitness payoff functions and extinction risks. We show that for both maximal growth and minimal time relative payoffs, the log-optimal strategy is a unique pure strategy symmetric equilibrium, invariant with evolutionary time horizon and robust to low extinction risks.
Handling of advanced persistent threats and complex incidents in healthcare, transportation and energy ICT infrastructures
Authors: Papastergiou Spyridon , Mouratidis Haralambos , Kalogeraki Eleni-Maria 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the use of information technologies in Critical Infrastructures is gradually increasing. Although this brings benefits, it also increases the possibility of security attacks. Despite the availability of various advanced incident handling techniques and tools, there is still no easy, structured, standardized and trusted way to manage and forecast interrelated cybersecurity incidents. This paper introduces CyberSANE, a novel dynamic and collaborative, warning and response system, which supports security officers and operators to recognize, identify, dynamically analyse, forecast, treat and respond to security threats and risks and and it guides them to handle effectively cyber incidents. The components of CyberSANE are described along with a description of the CyberSANE data flow. The main novelty of the CyberSANE system is the fact that it enables the combination of active incident handling approaches with reactive approaches to support incidents of compound, highly dependent Critical Information Infrastructures. The benefits and added value of using CyberSANE is described with the aid of a set of cyber-attack scenarios.
Attitudes towards genetic testing and information: does parenthood shape the views?
Authors: Saastamoinen Antti , Hyttinen Virva , Kortelainen Mika , Aaltio Juho , Auranen Mari , Ylikallio Emil , Lönnqvist Tuula , Sainio Markus , Suomalainen Anu , Tyynismaa Henna , Isohanni Pirjo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study examines how parents of pediatric patients might differ in their views and attitudes towards genetic technology and information when compared to adult patients. There is surprisingly little evidence on how parents compare to other parts of population in their attitudes. Previous empirical studies often relate health-related preferences and attitudes to factors such as age, education, and income instead of parental status, thus evading comparison of parents to others as health-related decision makers. Findings related to the parental status can be useful when implementing genetic technology in clinical practice. We conducted a survey of views on genetic technology and information for groups of adult neurology patients (n = 68) and parents of pediatric neurology patients (n = 31) to shed some light on this issue. In addition to our own survey instrument, we conducted other surveys to gain insight on psychosocial factors that might affect these attitudes. The results suggest that parents are more concerned about their children’s genetic risk factors when compared to the attitudes of adult patients about their own risk. For both groups, negative emotional state was associated with more concerns towards genetic information. Our study provides insights on how parental views might affect the acceptance of genetic technology and information.
Comprehensive Insight into the Mechanism, Material Selection and Performance Evaluation of Supercapatteries
Authors: Balasubramaniam Saravanakumar , Mohanty Ankita , Balasingam Suresh Kannan , Kim Sang Jae , Ramadoss Ananthakumar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElectrochemical energy storage devices (EESs) play a crucial role for the construction of sustainable energy storage system from the point of generation to the end user due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. Additionally, to meet the demand for next-generation electronic applications, optimizing the energy and power densities of EESs with long cycle life is the crucial factor. Great efforts have been devoted towards the search for new materials, to augment the overall performance of the EESs. Although there are a lot of ongoing researches in this field, the performance does not meet up to the level of commercialization. A further understanding of the charge storage mechanism and development of new electrode materials are highly required. The present review explains the overview of recent progress in supercapattery devices with reference to their various aspects. The different charge storage mechanisms and the multiple factors involved in the performance of the supercapattery are described in detail. Moreover, recent advancements in this supercapattery research and its electrochemical performances are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and possible future developments in this field are summarized.
Beyond sectarianism: Intermarriage and social difference in Lebanon
Authors: Deeb Lara 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBased on interviews with Lebanese in over 150 mixed-religion marriages and their extended family members, I argue that sect may conceal or stand in for other forms of difference, including ideas about status and hierarchy related to class and regional origin in Lebanon. Because it is the most readily available discourse for understanding social difference, parents often use sectarian rhetoric to describe their concerns about a variety of problems they see in their children's chosen partners. By listening between the lines of parental objections, I suggest that expressions of bias against people of other sects may mask concerns with other forms of social difference, in effect reducing a complex and shifting social field of multiple axes of difference into sect. Rather than assume sectarianism's a priori importance, this approach allows me to bring other discourses of difference and analytic lenses to the foreground.
The Call to Play: New Work and Labor at Artsadmin
Authors: Livergant Elyssa 
Published: April 2020

February 2010. The lights are off. As I adjust to the dark I can make out shapes of others scattered around the room. Disoriented and uncertain I wait for some sign or direction of what to do. The air is thick with anticipation, but as time drags it becomes clear that no instructions are coming. Then it begins all around me. Sat in the dark in a workshop in the courtroom studio of Toynbee Studios, I begin to feel anxious. I see the outline of another body in front of me and I panic. I should do something. I reach for anything that might keep things working, that might keep play going. Does anyone want to dance, I ask. I waltz. I sense someone dancing behind me.In what follows I think through my participation in a 2010 workshop led by Anne Bean, recounted in part above, to understand better the role of play in the conditions of production for theatre and performance under capital. Bean is an interdisciplinary artist, belonging to (or claimed by) multiple experimental art scenes, including visual, performance, and sound art, who has been a central figure of European live art since the 1970s. The workshop, which was conducted largely in the dark and focused on the aestheticization of cooperation through an emphasis on its participants doing play was held at Artsadmin's Toynbee Studios, the influential UK arts producing organization's home in East London. This article puts my account of Bean's workshop in conversation with Victorian economist Arnold Toynbee's demand for a new capitalist morality. Toynbee's appeal was, of course, not directed at me or the other workshop participants disoriented and uncertain in the dark. But, I argue, the situation of play that arose in Bean's workshop is a contemporary iteration of what Toynbee called agospel of life,a term referring to a commitment to self and civic betterment at the core of a burgeoning capitalist morality. The connection between the shaping of Victorian labor practices and the staging of cooperation between participants in Bean's contemporary workshop is the basis for this essay's core assertion: that the value of play as a counterpoint to work within practices and discourses of theatre and performance needs considerable rethinking.