bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediation of soil polluted with spent oil using cow dung
Authors: Nwinyi Obinna C , Akinmulewo B. A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Spent oil is any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that contain impurities or loss of major properties thus affecting its unique purpose. In this study, we selected and contaminated a site in Covenant University with spent oil. This site was amended with cow dung and studied for 56 days. Spent oil contaminated soil without stimulation with cow dung served as the control. This study was done during the dry season period and the sites left to natural edaphic factors. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, moisture content were monitored to determine the influence of cow dung as biostimulatory agent when compared with control (untreated) site. Within the period of this investigation, we recorded decrease in the pH value on the amended site, the value ranged between 8.60-7.77 while the control increased from 8.30 -8.42. The moisture content (%) were 95.0- 82.1 and 90.8-103.0 for the amended and control sites respectively. Following these obtained dynamics, we isolated organisms using enrichment technique from the contaminated sites and the control. We characterized the isolates using phenotypic characteristics and comparison with standard reference organisms. The bacterial isolates obtained include: Arthrobacter Mycobacteria Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium. The axenic cultures ability to utilize spent oil was monitored via indirect estimation using pH and Optical density dynamics for 240hrs. All the organisms exhibited growth in the MS medium supplemented with spent oil. The pH and optical density (OD) from bacterial species obtained from the control sample ranged between 6.91 ± 0.20- 6.56± 0.29 and the OD 0.278±0.150-0.826 ± 0.33. For the amended sample, the bacterial species showed decline in pH that ranged between 7.13±0.30 - 6.33±0.10 while the recorded OD values ranged between 0.190±0.03 - 0.621±0.50. Comparing the results obtained for the control and the amended soil. It was obvious that organisms from the amended soil (either in-situ or in-vivo) showed more metabolic activities on the spent oil. This study suggests that use of cow dung in appropriate concentrations could be very useful in bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent oil.
Effect of Saw-dust on soils contaminated with waste lubricating oil
Authors: Nwinyi Obinna C , Ikhine P. J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the influence of sawdust as biostimulatory agent on waste-lubricating oil site. To achieve this, two sites were contaminated with waste lubricating oil, with one of the site amended with sawdust and the other left to serve as control. This study was conducted during the dry season. Decreases in pH and percentage moisture content were used to monitor the metabolic activities between the amended and control sites. Both sites (amended and control) showed decrease in the pH values however the control site showed just slight decrease. The mean pH value obtained ranged between 7.68± 0.15-8.08± 0.57 for the amended and control while the mean moisture content (%) 38.3 – 48.6 respectively for the amended and control sites. We screened for fungal species that showed growth on sawdust amended site using waste lubricating oil as source of carbon/energy. This was done through conventional enrichment culture methods. The isolated fungal strains tentatively named as P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 were identified by visual observation and micro-morphological technique. From the cultural, and morphological characterization and comparison with respect to the standard reference of fungi, the fungal species were identified as members Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., Pénicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus and Mucor sp. Pure cultures of these fungal species were tested for their ability to utilize waste lubricating oil as carbon and energy source. The ability of these fungal species to use the waste lubricating oil was done by monitoring their physiological responses via Optical Density (OD) and pH gradient readings. The mean pH obtained range from 5.90-7.33 and the (OD) 0.715-1.978. The fluctuations in OD readings as well as pH values for the different microfungi may be due to variation in growth patterns of the different fungal species.
Wine production from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes using probiotics starter cultures
Authors: Omole U. , Oranusi S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Aqueous calyxes extract of Roselle, popularly known as Zobo drink in Nigeria is a non-alcoholic local beverage widely consumed by millions of people across different socio-economic classes. However, large-scale production of zobo is hindered by the rapid deterioration of the drink if not refrigerated. Thus the aim of this research was to extend the viability of the drink by fermentation into red wine using probiotic organism Lactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both organisms produced wines of different physicochemical properties within 24hours fermentation and with pH 3.47 – 2.76, titratable acidity; 0.236%–0.252%; Vitamin C; 5.22 mg/100 – 2.44 mg/100 and total dissolvable solids; 11.95 Mg/L – 9.97 Mg/L for Lactobacillus fermentum and pH 3.48 – 2.8, titratable acidity; 0.2% – 0.225%, Vitamin C; 8.56mg/100 – 6.33mg/100 and total dissolvable solids; 13.32 Mg/L – 9.71 Mg/L for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was also a gradual alcohol increase during fermentation process and at the end, both wines showed alcohol content of 5.71% and 5.61% for Lactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively. Except for the alcohol content, the results shows that the formulation with the brewers yeast produced a better wine at the 12 hour fermentation time. The sensory evaluation was also conducted using a 5 judge panel on a 7 point hedonic scale and the result shows that the wine produced from fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was moderately accepted (value 3) by the panel and the mean heterotrophic microbial load of 3±0.2 x 103 cfu/ml indicated that formulated red wine is safe for human consumption. The outcome of this study will boost the economy of this country if adopted for large scale production as it will generate revenue that would have been lost on importation of wine.
Air pollution Estimation Over Ponta
Authors: Emetere M.E. , Ahiara M.O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The principal challenge of air pollution reportage in most communities of West Africa is the unavailability of working data. In this paper, satellite measurements were used to derive salient parameter (aerosol loading) to describe air quality over Ponta-Cape Verde was considered. Fifteen years primary (aerosol optical depth) dataset was obtained from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR). The dataset is important to quantify the extent of air pollution in the research area. The statistical analysis of the dataset was also presented. It was observed that air pollution over Ponta is seasonal and comes from same source. Hence the pollution over is sustained due to a same pollution routine over the years.
Study of the lightning temporal and spatial characteristics based on CMA Lightning Detection Network in China
Authors: Li Feng , Li Yan , Wang Zhichao , Liang Li 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Based on the lightning location data during 2009-2013 from China Meteorological Administration National-Lightning-Detection-Network (CMA LDN), this study analysed the temporal-spatial characteristics of the lightning in mainland China, and the results show: 1) Lightning detection systems used the Improved Performance through Combined Technology (IMPACT) method, which combined the direction finding (DF) and the time difference of arrival (TOA) technology. Among the four localization algorithms, the four-station method had the highest positioning accuracy, and its usage frequency also increased continuously, accounted for 50 %, up to 6000-10000 times by 2013. 2) Lightning activities showed clearly seasonal variation, and it had an increasing trend with a little inter-annual variation during the period of 2009 to 2013, which was mainly affected or restricted by ground temperature (rising from May every year, reaching its peak in August, and then gradually decreasing), potential water and convection in the atmosphere. 3) The negative cloud-to-ground (-CG) flashes were the absolute majority in China, positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) flashes accounted for 5.1 % of the total. Most of lightning currents ranged from -60 to +60kA. 4) The average lightning intensity of +CG and -CG flashes were 64.2kA and -40.28kA respectively. The positive lightning ratio is prominently high in December and January, most of which distributed in southern Anhui province, northern Jiangxi province, North Central Guangxi province, Yunnan province and West of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
Analysis of subsidy strategy for sustainable development of environmental protection policy
Authors: Ko Chuan-Chuan , Liu Chien-Yu , Zhou Jing , Chen Zan-Yu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the face of severe climate change and serious air pollution, governments should actively protect the environment and innovation to develop low-carbon energy, and formulate relevant carbon emission policies for enterprises to solve global warming problems. According to the social welfare point of view, this paper calls for the international must maintain global warming within the controllable range. Its core work is to effectively reduce carbon emissions. Under the assumption that the corporate profit target remains unchanged, when the government formulates a carbon reduction policy to levy a carbon emission tax for enterprises, enterprises should avoid the transfer of taxation costs to consumers; on the other hand, the government should formulate subsidy policies to encourage enterprises to actively cooperate. Carbon reduction, subsidized for the increased production costs of the company’s innovative technology to reduce carbon emissions. This paper uses the real options approach of dynamic decision-making, assuming that the subsidy rate of subsidy policy follows the geometric Brownian movement, constructs the government’s optimal subsidy policy model, and provides the government with a reference policy for subsidy policy, in order to create a realm of win-win situation for enterprises, government and social environment.
Sources and ecological assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediment in Honghai Bay
Authors: Sun Qinbang , Liang Bin , Zhang Chong , Gao Fan , Chen Zhaolin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The sources and ecological environment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediment of the Honghai Bay were studied, and the contents of seven heavy metals in sediment samples from 20 sampling stations were analysed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the contribution rates of the first and second principal component was 60.41% and 16.48%, respectively. The study showed that the major sources of heavy metal contamination were industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater. Combined with the results of correlation analysis between heavy metals and TOC, it was found that Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and As had a certain degree of homology. The contribution rate of each pollutant variable calculated by PCA method was used to determine the marine sediment pollution index (MSPI) to evaluate the contamination level of heavy metal, and the potential adverse effects of heavy metal contamination on the ecological environment were evaluated by the mean sediment guideline quotient (SQG-Q). The results showed that the sediment conditions were average (MSPI: 40.30-57.92), and the potential adverse biological effects had reached a moderate level (SQG-Q: 0.10-0.21). Heavy metal contamination level of the study area was moderate.
Impacts of environmental external driving forces on land-use changes of farm ponds in Taiwan
Authors: Yen Ke-Chin , Liu Yi-Hsuan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Taiwan, the ponds which are mostly distributed on tablelands in the north areas are the special landscapes established for the water diversion and agricultural irrigation in the past. They provide beneficial functions to local environments and ecology under extreme climate. However, with the relocations of urban development centers, the urban expansions focusing on land developments leads the land-uses changes of ponds. Land uses are modes constructed by the interactions of manual activities and natural environmental factors, and the land-use changes are caused by the multiple interlacements of environmental external driving forces. Through the investigations of the external driving forces and the influence ways, the early analysis and to predictions of land-use changes will provide the references for environmental managements and plans. The contributions are more essential to Taoyuan areas with many ponds and rapid development especially. Based on the research achievements of coast environmental land-use changes, the research establishes the environmental external driving factor systems. Then it applies the DPSIR model to explore the land-use modes driving the changes of ponds, inducts the categories of land-use changes, and investigates the causality between them. Exploring how the ponds disappear and finding the factors will contribute to not only the environmental protection and ecological system maintenance, but also the adaption for climate change. The research results will provide the reference for land resource plans and developments by simulating the land-use changes of ponds.
Application of traditional water conservancy wisdom in the landscape of Suzhou Grand Canal
Authors: Xing Siqi , Ma Jianwu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
China has a long history of shipping and an extremely rich cultural heritage of the Grand Canal, traditional water conservancy is an important part of it. As a section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Suzhou Grand Canal has a profound impact on the historical development of Suzhou. In the context of the revitalization and activation of the historical heritage of the Grand Canal, this paper follows the superior planning of the Suzhou High-tech Zone Planning Branch, takes the nodes along the Suzhou Grand Canal from Hengtang to Fengqiao as the base of creation to sort out the Suzhou Canal culture and traditional water conservancy’s technology. The purpose of this article is, from the perspective of the application of water conservancy facilities in the design of modern waterfront landscapes, to explore the possibility and reference of the combination of historical and cultural heritage rejuvenation with contemporary urban life, traditional wisdom reuse and contemporary landscape design.
High resolution OSL dating of the late quaternary loess from Central Shandong Mountains in eastern China and the paleoclimatic implications
Authors: Zhao Qiuyue , Ding Min , Peng Shuzhen , Zhang Wei , Song Bo , Zhou Rui , Yue Junsheng , Liang Mingying , Zhang Dongmei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe loess deposits widely distributed in the Central Shandong Mountains are significant terrestrial palaeoclimatic archives in the alluvial plain of eastern China. It is also sensitive records of East Asian monsoon changes for situating in a key region connected to the Eurasian plate and the Pacific Ocean. However, research into the climate changes in CSM loess is restricted by the lack of independent age control. High resolution samples of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating results are presented from a new Heishan loess section over ~34 ka. Our results reveal the following: (1) The boundary age defined by the sedimentation rates model between the Pleistocene and the Holocene at Heishan loess section is 10.9±0.6 ka. (2) A marked hiatus in the record is identified between ~30 and ~17 ka, probably resulting from deflation; this has never been raised in previous CSM loess researches and indicates that the study area is the wind erosion area during this time. (3) The relatively rapid sedimentation rate spanning 10.9±0.6 to 8.5±0.4 ka may be related to the post-depositional disturbance induced by more monsoon precipitation in the CSM region.
Research on dissolved organic matter degradation in biofilm reactor using the micro-bubbles
Authors: Chang Ming , Gao Chang , Hu Yanbin , Ji Meichen , Guo Dongheng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The performance of biofilm reactor using the micro-bubbles for dissolved organic matter (DOM) degradation was evaluated in this study. Synchronous fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy indicates that the small molecule substances was cleavaged in the reactor with ordinary bubbles, the degree of aromaticity increased during the reacting time and the removal efficiency of protein-like materials was ideal. Whereas in the reactor with microbubbles, the humic and protein-like materials both increased during the reaction time, suggesting that the reactor with microbubbles can improve the biochemical treatment of rural domestic sewage.
Numerical Investigation of a New Single Vortex Generation Technique
Authors: Hazel S , Huang Y , amirat M Ait 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this work a new single vortex generation method based on the flow past a rotating cylinder is proposed. Two dimensional numerical simulation for a laminar flow at Re = 100 is conducted to investigate this method. An impulsive drop of the rotation speed appeared to trigger a vortex roll up process; one single vortex is growing behind the cylinder and detached from it. The process is studied for different rotation drop rates and several final rotation rates. Vortex characteristics are computed and compared for different cases. Increasing rotation drop rate generates a more rapidly growing vortex. Its trajectory is closer to the geometric centreline and its size and intensity are higher. This new vortex generation method allows the investigation of new experimental configurations for studying vortex flame interaction.
A Discussion on Furniture Rental Service for Urban Migrants in China——From the Gain of a Lifestyle Design Research in Hong Kong & Beijing
Authors: Du Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article describes the results of a study on lifestyle design research in relation to the consumption of space & furniture of the urban migrants in China. The methodology adopted was based on online investigations of life patterns and residential situations of the straits and desires concerning with furniture and space. The results showed that Chinese urban migrants might be a suitable audience for renting furniture service, while the persona ‘Artistic Youth’ seems to be the most potential consumer group. The study found that an adequate service should be considered with Functional categories, Styles, Grade, Price and Accessory products, then a viable furniture rental model was initially conceived. The study also proposed the different emphases on furniture rental service between Hong Kong and Beijing: HK’s would focus on practical function and full use of space, BJ’s should pay more attention to whether it can improve the quality and taste of living.
An International Regime in an Age of Empire
Authors: Pedersen Susan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.
Contrasting phenotypes emerging from stable rules: A model based on self-regulated control loops captures the dynamics of shoot extension in contrasting maize phenotypes
Authors: Vidal T , Andrieu B 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
The dynamics of plant architecture is a central aspect of plant and crop models. Most models assume that whole shoot development is orchestrated by the leaf appearance rate, which follows a thermal time schedule. However, leaf appearance actually results from leaf extension and taking it as an input hampers our ability to understand shoot construction. The objective of the present study was to assess a modelling framework for grasses, in which the emergence of leaves and other organs is explicitly calculated as a result of their extension.

Methods
The approach builds on a previous model, which uses a set of rules co-ordinating the timing of development within and between phytomers. We first assessed rule validity for four experimental datasets, including different cultivars, planting densities and environments, and accordingly revised the equations driving the extension of the upper leaves and of internodes. We then fitted model parameters for each dataset and evaluated the ability to simulate the measured phenotypes across time. Finally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis to identify the parameters that had the greatest impact and to investigate model behaviour.

Key Results
The modified version of the model simulated correctly the contrasting maize phenotypes. Co-ordination rules accounted for the observations in all studied cultivars. Factors with major impact on model output included extension rates, the time of tassel initiation and initial conditions. A large diversity of phenotypes could be simulated.

Conclusions
This work provides direct experimental evidence for co-ordination rules and illustrates the capacity of the model to represent contrasting phenotypes. These rules play an important role in patterning shoot architecture and some of them need to be assessed further, considering contrasting growth conditions. To make the model more predictive, several parameters could be considered in the future as internal variables driven by plant status.