bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Has “Skin in the Game”?
Authors: Blankshain Jessica D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the changing role of the reserve component in the post–Cold War era has affected US civil-military relations. It argues that as the reserve component has transitioned from strategic to operational reserve, the part-time service members of the reserve component have become less distinct from their active-duty counterparts. The blurring of the distinction between citizen-soldier and professional soldier has important implications for key issues in civil-military relations. Policymakers previously assumed the societal disruption caused by mobilizing the reserve component would impose significant political costs on presidents who conduct overseas military operations, but this does not appear to be the case today. In addition, political activity—including serving in Congress—by members of the reserve component who simultaneously publicize their ongoing military service may exacerbate concerns about the politicization of the military.
Cyber Operations, Legal Secrecy, and Civil-Military Relations
Authors: Rudesill Dakota S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
What civil-military challenges will arise from the virtual world of cyber warfare? Congress and the president have grown increasingly comfortable with permissive grants of authorities and decentralized delegations—including via classified documents with legal force (secret law)—, allowing military commanders to operationalize cyber tools in both defensive and offensive modes with greater ease and frequency. These cyber tools are unusually complex in their variety, design, and potential uses, at least relative to more traditional and conventional weapons. Their technical attributes render them difficult to monitor and regulate because those responsible for decisions to use such weapons—civilian officials—are often least likely to have experience or familiarity with them. The relatively low-cost, rapid-effect nature of cyberwar also encourages not just use in armed conflict, but also below the standard threshold of war. Cyber operations initiated without careful inter-agency planning, decision process, and presidential review drive up operational risk and undermine civil-military norms. To foster more effective civilian oversight and control of the nation’s military’s cyber sword, and to encourage more deliberative application of ever-evolving technologies, Congress should use its constitutional authorities over “the [cyber] land and naval Forces” to craft better decision processes and better civil-military and legal transparency balances.
Conclusion
Authors: Brooks Risa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter synthesizes insights from the individual chapters, identifying six overarching lessons: civilian control of the US military is complex and understudied; norms are essential for healthy civil-military relations; the relationship between society and the military is less than healthy; partisanship is corroding civil-military relations; public scrutiny of the military is essential to military effectiveness; and the fundamental character of civil-military relations is changing. In turn, it proposes several questions for future research, suggesting that more could be known about public accountability of military activity; the nature and measurement of military politicization; and changing actors and roles in civil-military relations.
Staying in Bounds
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Obama administration was remarkably successful in mitigating intraparty conflict while moving forward with major rulemakings. When challenged in court, many of these rules were upheld, and have proven difficult to reverse, because they were supported by rigorous analysis. Over the course of its eight years, the administration pursued rulemakings on a large number of subjects. Political considerations and the demands of party constituencies no doubt influenced the direction of policy, but so too did evidence, analysis, and expertise, in keeping with the practices of prior administrations. President Obama and senior officials showed considerable respect for the system of governance that they inherited, with its established methods for incorporating analysis and evidence into regulatory decision making. Their personal policy preferences and perspectives were tempered by these long-standing practices, which ultimately led to better decision making.
Retreating from Reason
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After the election of Barack Obama, Republican politicians and elites largely adopted a strategy of wholesale opposition to the new president. This included attacking policy tools, such as cost-benefit analysis and the use of market-based mechanisms to control pollution, that had long been core Republican Party orthodoxy. The rise of the Tea Party and the 2010 midterm results only exacerbated the oppositional tendency of the Republican Party. With the financial crash-induced recession continuing to bite, a major talking point of Republican politicians was to accuse the administration of pursuing “job-killing regulations,” among other hyperbolic criticism of regulations that had strong cost-benefit justifications. In the aftermath of the 2016 election, the Trump administration accelerated the trend toward disregard for cost-benefit analysis. Agencies under Trump have engaged in absurd distortions, ignored evidence, and obviously twisted the methodology to achieve pre-desired outcomes.
Erasing Public Health Science
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Trump administration has called into question the scientific studies supporting the most significant health benefits of regulations, principally from reductions in air pollution. By seeking to ignore validly conducted and well-respected peer-reviewed studies, the Trump administration is not just placing a light thumb on the scale against regulation—it is pressing down hard. This effort is part of an overarching strategy by the Trump administration to erase the significant benefits of regulation in general and of environmental regulation in particular. Some of the most serious risks posed by pollution could go unregulated if the administration has its way.
Ignoring Indirect Benefits
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Established and well-accepted practices for conducting cost-benefit analysis require the consideration not only of the direct consequences of rules but also of their indirect consequences. Such indirect effects must be considered whether they are negative (indirect costs) or positive (indirect benefits, also referred to as ancillary benefits or co-benefits). The Trump administration is now calling into question the longtime reliance on the indirect benefits of regulation while at the same time urging that the indirect costs of regulation must be taken into account and interpreted expansively. Arguing, as the administration does, that the indirect consequences of regulation must be taken into account if they are negative and must be ignored if they are positive is a hallmark of irrationality.
Improving the Guardrails
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Future administration can begin undoing the mistakes of the Trump administration by reinstating prior norms concerning cost-benefit analysis and meaningful regulatory review. Several reforms can go even further and improve the regulatory system. One reform involves rethinking the role of ex-post analysis of regulation, to focus resources on identifying and addressing cross-cutting areas of uncertainty in regulatory decision making. A second area where improvements can be made is improving the quantification of costs and benefits that are currently left unquantified. A third area for improvement involves developing general guidelines for examining and weighing the distributional effects of regulatory decisions.
Martial Arts into Media Culture
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After reflecting on the convulsions and tectonic shifts in attitudes and approaches to interpersonal combat caused by the horrors of the First World War, Chapter 3 explores the movements of ‘Martial Arts into Media Culture’. This chapter covers the emergence of different kinds of comic (from war comics to Marvel) which feature impressive feats of combat, and the early appearance of arts such as judo and karate in various media. It analyses memorable media moments, such as the influential TV series, The Avengers, and the long-running series of adverts for the aftershave ‘Hai Karate’, before opening out into the discursive explosion of martial arts texts in the 1970s.
Everybody Was Kung Fu Citing
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Key among influential texts in the movement of martial arts texts into popular consciousness is the 1974 international hit disco song, ‘Kung Fu Fighting’ by Carl Douglas. Chapter 4, ‘Everybody Was Kung Fu Citing: Inventing Popular Martial Arts Aesthetics’ consists of a sustained close reading of this song, focusing on its lyrics, its aural and visual semiotics, its intertextual relations with other sound effects and songs, and some controversial instances of its reiteration and redeployment in different cultural contexts. Following the main questions that arise about this song in journalistic contexts, news stories, and conversations online, the chapter poses the well-worn question, ‘Is it racist?’ In doing so, the chapter enters into debates about orientalism, ethnic stereotyping, and cultural appropriation, but does so in a way that recasts the orientations of these debates, away from moralism and judgmentalism and towards questions of interest, desire, investment in, and involvement or encounters with ‘other cultures’.
From Linear History to Discursive Constellation
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that any attempt to construct a linear history of martial arts in media and popular culture as it exploded after the 1970s cannot but fail. The sheer proliferation of martial arts images, themes, texts, and practices precludes easy linear narrativization. Accordingly, Chapter 5 argues for the need to move ‘From Linear History to Discursive Constellation’ in our approach to martial arts in media and popular culture. The chapter attempts to establish the main discursive contours that appeared and developed through the 1980s—a decade in which ninjas and Shaolin monks explode onto the cultural landscape. This is followed by attention to the 1990s, in which three major events took place in the same year: the first Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), the Wu-Tang Clan’s release of their enormously popular album, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), and the appearance on children’s television screens around the world of ‘The Power Rangers’—all of which took place in 1993. The chapter then attempts to track the major discursive tendencies and contours of martial arts aesthetics through the first decade of the twenty-first century, up to the mainstreaming of combat sports in more recent years.
The Meaning of Martial Arts
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Having taken the time to identify several discursive regularities and recurring motifs in martial arts imagery, Chapter 6 moves further into ‘delineating a discursive constellation’. This chapter combines a deeper theorization of the discursive entity of martial arts as a floating signifier with a study of martial arts in the British national press and a discussion of the cacophony of images of martial arts in recent media history. In further clarifying the shifting and variable status of martial arts in anglophone contexts, the chapter reflects on its similarities and differences in terms of a consideration of the range of terms used for Chinese martial arts. It argues that all of these reflect different cultural and political interests, and turns to reflect on what it terms the narrative arc of appropriation in martial arts. The chapter closes on a discussion of martial arts and issues in gender and feminism, before returning to the fragmented and fragmentary character of encounters with and representations of martial arts.
I Want My TKD
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 picks up the idea of the fragmentariness of contemporary media culture in examining martial arts in music videos. Called ‘I want my TKD: Martial Arts in Music Videos’, this chapter is a wide-ranging survey of pop, hip-hop, and rock videos. The chapter begins with a discussion of the historical emergence of music videos as a powerful player in international popular culture with the appearance of MTV, before moving into an analysis of the earliest music videos to feature martial arts—several of which were, interestingly, parodic, comic, novelty, or eccentric rap songs, performed by white artists. Later texts demonstrate chaotic relationships with and (mis)understandings of Asian countries and cultures. The chapter argues that martial arts themes are particularly significant in progressive rap and hip-hop music videos, while in pop and rock videos martial arts are often treated as comic.
Darwin's Psychology
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Darwin has long been hailed as forefather to behavioural science, and even more so nowadays, with the growing popularity of evolutionary psychologies. This is the first book to examine Darwin’s own extensive writings about psychological matters. It finds that Darwin’s fulcrum was the agency of living creatures—both in his psychology and in his theory of evolution. A careful reading of Darwin’s writings on topics from climbing plants to babies shows that no individual-based theory of evolution can explain everything about human action. The interpersonal domain, group-life and culture, are also key, whether we consider the dynamics of conscience, emotional expressions or the dramas of desire. For example, Darwin argues that the anatomy and physiology of evolutionarily ‘purposeless’ facial movements gain meaning through their perception by others. His explanation of blushing adds a layer of complexity to such recognition—my blush results from my perception of how you are reading me. A similar reflexive dynamic governs how Darwin understands sexual desire, conscience, the setting of social standards, and the place of culture in human agency. Testing the main plank of Darwin’s psychology—that a capacity for group-interaction underpins the most human aspects of human agency—has awaited contemporary research, being recently confirmed by film-studies of young babies. Darwin’s writings frame a surprisingly well-resourced arena for elaboration of a socialized, agentic account of how we and our fellow creatures live. Moreover, Darwin stands at the forefront of moves toward an evolutionary biology in which organisms lead and genes follow.
Being Read
Authors: Bradley Ben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Blushing is unique to humans. So Darwin could not show it had evolved by studying its occurrence in animals. Neither do infants blush. Hence, unlike crying, it was not easily shown to be innate. Furthermore its triggers appear to be immaterial. Expression solves the problem of why and when people blush by hypothesizing a reflexive process of reading: I blush because I read you as reading and judging me—my appearance, or conduct. This dynamic of meta-recognition or self-attention requires the construction of a complex theory of human agency, involving: a dual self; the operation of innate sympathy; a physiological hypothesis; and an evolutionary derivation. Meta-recognition underpinned Darwin’s understanding of sexual attraction, group cohesion, and conscience. It also served as a formative influence on later psychologies of symbolic interaction.
Reasoning and reason judgements
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes the first step in developing a constructivist theory of practical reasons. It does so by giving an account of the cognitive role that judgements about those reasons play in an agent’s psychology. In particular, it presents the Normative Guidance Account of practical reasoning, according to which such reasoning always involves a reason judgement that guides it. This account is shown to be preferable to competing accounts in the literature and defended against two influential objections: the objection that it requires too much conceptual sophistication and thus excludes certain reasoners, and the objection that it leads into an infinite regress.
Hamiltonians and solution techniques
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces several of the common principles, techniques and approximations that will be employed throughout the text. Classically, the Hamiltonian is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. In quantum mechanics, it is an operator that, by operating on the statefunction, leads to the energy observable. The chapter begins with a preliminary description of the crystal’s Hamiltonian and then introduces approximation techniques that permit useful solutions. Beginning with the simple jellium model, Hartree and Hartree-Fock approaches are developed, exchange interactions and correlation effects are explored, and both time-independent perturbation and time-dependent perturbation techniques discussed. Examples illustrate scattering by perturbation as well as adiabatic evolution. The centrality of fast-and-slow interactions is stressed, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is illustrated through the configuration coordinate diagram, and interacting electron systems are analyzed. The multi-electron aspects are stressed by discussing static screening, dynamic screening and the meaning of permittivity therein.
Major scattering processes
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses major scattering processes found in semiconductors, including phonon scattering (deformation scattering, piezoelectric scattering, polar scattering and non-polar scattering), scattering arising from impurities (charged, so a Coulomb scattering, and charge neutral) and scattering arising in compositional randomness, from carrier-carrier events and due to coupled-particle interactions. The discussion starts by making connections between the classical scattering cross-section and its quantum-mechanical origins through the matrix elements for scattering. The ability to write the matrix element is employed for describing scattering by phonons in its various forms, for impurities and their various levels of accuracy of the description. Umklapp processes are described. When multiple scattering processes are present, the resulting transport manifests the processes’ independence and dependence. With an understanding of the scattering, observed behavior in semiconductors of interest is summarized to show their relative importance. The chapter concludes by discussing frequency and high field behavior manifested by electron ensembles.
Light interactions with semiconductors
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how electromagnetic waves—light, photons—interact with semiconductors through coupling between the electromagnetic wave and dipoles of various kinds and analyzed via a dipole interaction Hamiltonian. Phenomena in the energy range of micro eV to several eVs are explored, stressing surface interactions, absorption, emission and luminescence. The first involves coupled plasmon interactions. Absorption and emission arise across energy and through multiple mechanisms. Free carrier processes are pronounced for low energy. Direct electron-photon interactions—a direct transition—can involve allowed transitions and forbidden transitions across the gap. Indirect transitions of both these varieties can arise in phonon-assisted processes. Oscillator strength is fleshed out. Field dependence, doping dependence and temperature dependence are analyzed, broadening the discussion to the Franz-Keldysh effect as well as dependence due to impurities, excitons, plasmons and crystal oscillations, to unravel the dielectric function and reflectivity’s behavior at high frequencies and restrahlen often observed.
Stress and strain effects
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter extends this book’s discussion of bandstructure, band discontinuities and transport—much of the text up to this point—to a manipulation of them through stress and strain. Semiconductors can be strained through a variety of techniques, with strained growth leading to a strained layer, and pattern definition leading to local strained region, being the most common. Strain changes bandstructures and interface bandedge energies, distorts and warps bands, removes degeneracies, affects scattering and thus changes a variety of properties. Following a continuum description of stress-strain relationships, effects of stress—biaxial, hydrostatic and uniaxial—are analyzed for bandstructure and transport in electron bands, light-hole bands, heavy-hole bands and split-off bands in group IV and group III-V semiconductors. Transport effects can be particularly strong in quantum-confined conditions, where changes in density of states can be significant, along with other bandstructure and scattering changes.
Introduction
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter situates the enquiry by considering the transitions which healthcare practice is undergoing because of turns in healthcare thinking towards philosophy, person-centredness, and social theory. Such changes accentuate a problem inherent in other trends in modern healthcare which have tended to reduce the scope for exploring the human condition and morally worthy ways of living life within it. The historic response of Christian ethicists to such transitions and trends is reviewed as a kind of cautionary tale which, by distinguishing different theological approaches, discloses the contested nature of an enquiry such as this. Options for the proper mode of the enquiry are thereby considered, with an argument made for a version of ‘faithful secularity’ being predominant, drawing on Nigel Biggar and Luke Bretherton, while incorporating other insights. The structure of the book is then outlined, the political context is introduced, some distinctions are highlighted, and a guide to reading is offered.
Compassion in Healthcare Policy and Practice
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers three areas of healthcare practice and policy, selected because of collaborative work that has been pursued by the author and in light of the challenges they pose to compassion. For the first, healthcare professionalism, it draws on work with the Royal College of Physicians London to consider how the doctor’s roles as healer, patient-partner, advocate, and innovator, matter for compassionate relationships in practice, addressing especially the challenge of machine learning. The second concerns marketisation in healthcare, including both its corrosive and beneficial effects on compassionate relationships. The role of faithfulness and covenant in healthcare practice is explored, resulting in a recommendation for a Healthcare Covenant binding together public, healthcare professionals, researchers, and corporate actors. The third, drawing on partnership with biomedical researchers and clinicians, concerns the technologisation of healthcare, specifically in the field of precision medicine. The discussion examines problems with the culture of precision medicine and practical ideas to strengthen compassionate relationships.