bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review and Potential Development of Solar Window Technology and Feasibility Study in Urban Area, Hong Kong as Case Study
Authors: Chan Ka Yan , Lee Hei Yan , Lam Tony Ngan Tung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) has been a rising topic in recent years, the route to achieve NZEB through renewable energy generation with the adaptation of solar window is explored. Literature review with current market research on the technology are studied and consolidated. Transformation from the current semi-transparent to future visibly transparent solar window is observed. Potential development of modular design with Wireless Power transfer is suggested for wide application of solar window. In the light of the large potential of solar window, feasibility study is conducted to analysis the application of the technology in Hong Kong context in term of the climate and installation criteria due to the Feed-In-Tariff (FiT). Solar analysis of solar resource availability and electricity generation are evaluated and simulated by Radiance using the morphologies of Central, Hong Kong as case study. Equations are developed for setting up selection criteria and estimating the suitable area for installation. 40.1% of solar insolation on an unobstructed horizontal plane was identified as threshold for installation in Hong Kong and the minimum installation is estimated to be 50 m2 in order to be cost effective
A closer look at constraints, stakeholders and boundary definitions in Energy (Master) Planning between neighbourhood and district
Authors: Haase Matthias , Baer Daniela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes and contrasts the framing goals and limitations that must be considered when energy master planning is conducted for communities in six different countries. The analyses will be based on findings from countries participating in the International Energy Agency’s “Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 73”. The paper covers design constraints such as emissions, sustainability and resilience goals, regulations and directives, and regional and local limitations such as available energy types, local conditions and different levels of stakeholders as well as community objectives. We illustrate how a comprehensive consideration of these constraints can be used to guide the planner toward design options that will lead to an optimum solution for an energy master plan. An analysis of the different constraints on different planning levels was done and the key stakeholders were identified characterized by different governance structures and thereby stakeholder constellations.
Inhabitable Infrastructures: A scenario towards sustainable energy in Berlin
Authors: Gailard Couston Carolyne Maria , Auda Jasmin , Caçar Cansu , Hwang Jijyun , Karl Moritz Maria , Bunschoten Raoul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Following the pattern of several megacities and European large cities, Berlin grows and changes at a fast rate. The fast transformations that cities are undergoing can no more be considered only a local phenomenon, since they have global implications: large agglomerations and megacities are drivers of climate change. Nevertheless, the increased tempo of transformations and technological innovation also triggers the city to regenerate its systems, opening a path for the emergence of new sustainable models. If these models succeed, their impact can be bold and effective on the reduction of global CO2 emissions and climate change, aiming to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as affordable and clean energy, industry, innovation and infrastructure and sustainable cities and communities.
The fast growth has overloaded Berlin’s housing stock. In order for it to keep pace and relieve the real-estate market, the senate released the development plan “Berlin-2030”, which aims to create 200.000 new dwellings on the affordable housing sector by then.
Cities consume 80% of the energy produced worldwide and produce approximately 85% of global emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the Energy and Climate Protection Program developed by the Senate, Berlin aims to become climate neutral by 2050. By now the city is far behind in its tempo for achieving its ambitious goals.
This paper investigates a scenario for Berlin involving housing co-operatives and stakeholders from the energy sector joining efforts. It explores a system that operates with a building kit for housing developments with optimized elements for energy generation in order to increase production of new socially sustainable affordable housing and a energetic production – consumption simulation. This scenario explores the creation of the housing co-operatives 4.0 and simultaneously the establishment on a long-term basis of an ecologically sustainable virtual-power-plant grid driven by renewable energy sources and a pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) system.
Development and evaluation of occupancy-aware model predictive control for residential building energy efficiency and occupant comfort
Authors: Turley C , Jacoby M , Henze G , Pavlak G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The residential sector accounts for 25% of global primary energy consumption. Two methods have previously been proposed to reduce residential energy use associated with the provision of occupant thermal comfort: 1. Occupancy-based HVAC control, operating systems only during confirmed occupancy, and 2. model predictive control (MPC), harnessing a mathematical model and forecasts to find optimal operating strategies. Previous studies estimate the average energy savings of the two methods individually in the range of 21% and 16%, respectively. The research presented herein was carried out to evaluate the energy savings potential in residential buildings by combining both approaches across different climates, house vintages, and occupancy patterns. Occupancy and eight different physical modalities (e.g. CO2 and VOC) data were collected from five homes for time periods of 4–9 weeks. Collected data sets were used to train occupancy prediction models suggested by an extensive literature survey of occupancy model types. The trained prediction models were combined with MPC and detailed EnergyPlus building simulation models to evaluate residential building performance in terms of annual energy savings and thermal comfort, along with discomfort exceedance metrics. Multiple home types and regions were analyzed to understand regional and climate-dependent potential. Based on actual field data, the occupancy models had a prediction inaccuracy between 8% and 35% across the investigated homes. Average occupancy for the collected data ranged from 56% to 86%, a typical range reported in the literature. Building simulations were conducted for three control scenarios: conventional thermostatic control, occupancy-based, and occupancy-based MPC. The results indicate that all advanced strategies improve upon the conventional control, with some scenarios cutting energy use in half with only occasional incurrence of discomfort. The findings indicate that occupancy-aware model predictive residential building control has the potential to drastically reduce energy use and associated emissions while maintaining occupant comfort for both new and existing buildings.
Beyond Building Energy Simulation Tools
Authors: Delzendeh E , Alaaeddine R , Al-Adhami M , Wu S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Various energy simulation tools are used to predict energy consumption in buildings at different stages from design to post-occupancy and maintenance. The inaccuracy and insufficiency of inputs used for building energy simulation (BES) often cause a discrepancy between the predicted and actual energy consumption. Inaccurate energy consumption estimations affect the accomplishment of the sustainability goals and reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings. The review of the existing literature suggests that the potential causes of the aforementioned uncertainty in building energy predictions are divided into 2 categories: human error (in design, construction, energy modelling, etc.) and the inaccuracy and insufficiency of inputs in BES. This research proposes the way forward for BES tools to improve their accuracy by enhancing the precision of various energy simulation inputs, integration of real-time data and use of machine learning and other emerging technologies.
Pathways to Universal Electricity Access for Rural Communities in Africa
Authors: Bahaj A S , Alam M , Blunden L S , James P A B , Kiva I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents results covering the efficiency of appliances to support reduce power needs in both mini grids and upgradeable solar home systems. In addition the research has compared the efficacy of DC vs AC mini grids at different scales. In general, the results indicated that DC mini grids could compete well at sites with a smaller geographical footprint, providing efficient appliances are integrated at system implementation. At the higher ‘tiers’ of electrification, we also present results and experiences from the five e4D solar photovoltaics (PV) mini-grid projects in Kenya and Uganda. The work includes analysis of community engagement, electrical load characterisation, and system operation of the mini grids in rural settings. The results indicate that energy consumption varies significantly between the sites, associated with socio-economic factors, whilst all the villages’ trading centres have experienced varying levels of business growth. Overall outcomes from this research provide clear indications that mini-grid interventions not only invigorate rural communities by enhancing education and health provisions, but are also associated with growth in existing businesses and the creation of new businesses. Therefore, it is recommended that where needed, rural electrification policies be amended to give priority to facilitate and attract investment in decentralized mini grids.
Open Smart Energy Eco-System for the Future
Authors: Haghgoo Maliheh , Dognini Alberto , Storek Thomas , Plamanescu Radu , Rahe Ulrike , Gheorghe Stefan , Albu Mihaela , Monti Antonello , Dirk Muller 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to the increasing complexity of the global energy system and the amount of data transmitted by smart devices, there is an urgent need to unlock smart technologies and sendees with investments on the scalability of computational resources. This objective can be achieved by means of a standardized software platform that can support interoperability and behave as the main vehicle for the rapid implementation of innovative energy sendees. One possibility to enhance computational power on demand is cloud computing, which forms the Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, a customizable open-source IoT platform setup using the FIWARE framework is deployed, which exploits the advantages for a smart energy domain. The term platform comprehends a set of software tools that allow quick integration of various devices. This study presents the implemented platform and analyses its functionality in different use cases on the European level.
Development of reference building models based on statistical data for the analysis of the building heat demand
Authors: Barton M , Schwan L , Hahn J , Anders R , Schweigler C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For the transition of the energy system from the status quo to a point where the political targets are achieved, the largest potentials for energy and CO2 savings are in the building sector, especially due to older unrenovated buildings. For the state of Bavaria, preliminary investigations have shown that approximately 27 % of the total final energy demand is provided for space heating and domestic hot water preparation of the residential building stock. Extensive measures must be taken in this sector for a successful energy transition.
To make the best use of available resources, investigations with realistic reference building models are essential. Previous studies have shown that a significant classification of the building stock can performed and large parts of it can be represented with a limited number of reference buildings models. In this study, it is shown that the representativity can be further increased by selective grouping of the categories while keeping the number of necessary models as small as possible. In addition, a method is presented to model reference buildings using statistical data. The methods of grouping and modelling as well as possible applications and outputs of the generated models are shown for a realistic example.
Towards zero life cycle GHG emissions apartment buildings in Lebanon
Authors: Stephan A , Stephan L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Buildings are one of the main drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their life cycle emissions need to be significantly reduced in order to address the unprecedented climate emergency. While there are numerous studies on zero operational energy and GHG emissions buildings, very few studies exist on buildings that aim to reach zero life cycle GHG emissions buildings. The apartment building typology is particularly challenging due to the very small roof area per apartment and the limited capacity for renewable energy generation. This study investigates a four-storey apartment building in Sehaileh, Lebanon and modifies it to reach zero life cycle GHG emissions through a series of measures targeting embodied and/or operational GHG emissions. Both a life cycle GHG emissions analysis and a life cycle cost analysis are conducted on all measures their combination, including the installation of a 50kWp photovoltaic array for the building. Results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve zero life cycle GHG emissions for that building typology and number of storeys, in a Lebanese Mediterranean climate, but at a net life cycle cost of ∼43 kUSD2020 over 50 years, compared to the base case guilding. Implications in terms of policy and further research are discussed.
The third-country effects of CO2emissions in BRI countries: A verification on China’s impacts by spatial Durbin panel data model
Authors: Song Z G 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince the WTO accession in 2001, China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and foreign trade have been leaping forward, especially reflected as the “One Belt & One Road” initiative (BRI), proposed in 2013, which has been its largest public product for international community thus far. On that basis, this study focuses on the third-country effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in BRI related countries, and delves into its spatial interaction from rising impacts of China’s global economic cooperation activities, with the economic & political distance from China as institutional factors, using spatial econometric method in a panel data of 60 BRI countries from 2007 to 2016. Accordingly, the empirical results first significantly reveal the existence of spatial autocorrelation for CO2 emissions per capita in BRI countries by Moran’s I test. Furthermore, according to the main estimated results of the spatial Durbin model with spatial fixed effects, China’s OFDI and imports to BRI countries exert third-country effects or spatial spillover effects; from the perspective of sustainability and emission reduction during BRI, China is required to launch more economic cooperation in emerging and low carbon industries with limited political claims. In response, BRI countries are supposed to develop its high tech and low carbon complementary industries with surrounding countries, so as to keep the CO2 emissions at a low level.
Data quality as an antecedent for commercial viability of circular economy business models: a case study
Authors: Argus K , Iyer-Raniga U , Van Bueren B , Mulherin P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction - The aim of this paper is to explore data quality as an antecedent of commercially viable business models within the circular economy. Australian state governments are developing policies to enable a circular economy. However, in the building industry most data systems rely on self-reporting, which has compromised the accuracy, objectivity, transparency and integrity of data reported on raw materials within components and products.

Method - This paper uses a case study to demonstrate how digital data systems that independently track, trace and verify the provenance of inputs of raw materials, components and products, can accurately inform the value of circularity in the built environment. Interviews were conducted with an office furniture supplier who developed a digital system to inform circularity. Also interviewed was a sustainability consultant who assisted, and has since prototyped a digital system designed to accurately enable circular value to be identified in the built environment. Feedback on the design and protype of this proposed system was provided by building industry value-chain stakeholders though a series of seminars and design thinking workshops.

Results - Commercial viability of a circular economy model was reliant on a framework of data quality that recorded raw materials, traceability and verification to establish trust: 1) data capturing raw materials within components of products (e.g. metals, melamine and plastics), 2) data tracking of products throughout their life-cycle, and 3) data verifying the authenticity of raw materials and products. This framework of data quality was critical to delivering circularity outcomes for reuse of products, repurposing components, recycling and minimising landfill.

Conclusion - This study proposes that data quality is integral to the commercial viability of circular economy business models in the built environment. Data quality in a circular economy means having the digital capability to objectively track, trace and verify the integrity and composition of building materials, products and assemblies throughout their lifecycle.
A triple-layered one-stop-shop business model canvas for sustainable house renovations
Authors: Pardalis Georgios , Mahapatra Krushna , Mainali Brijesh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Triple Layer Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) is a tool helping us to explore sustainability-oriented business model innovation. It extends the business dimension of the canvas with the addition of an environmental dimension based on life cycle perspective and a social dimension based on stakeholder perspective. A combined consideration of the three dimensions of the business model allows us to understand how an organization generates economic, environmental and social values. This paper presents the TLBMC of One-Stop- Shop (OSS) business model for energy renovation of detached houses. This three-layer canvas allows us to under- stand how OSS creates different types of values related to energy renovation, by using elements of life-cycle analysis and stakeholder management. It also contributes to the identification of gaps in research on energy renovation of detached houses, which need to be filled in order to better quantify the benefits of energy efficient renovation in those dwellings and develop such an OSS that will serve better the growing needs of the urban environments of the future.
Business Models in the context of carbon mitigation: New Questions and Approaches illustrated by the Example of Energy Performance Contracting in Germany
Authors: Honold A , Lützkendorf T , Lohse R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The German government has set ambitious climate protection targets to limit global warming. The goal is to achieve an energy efficient and almost climate-neutral building stock by 2050. This will require, among other actions, a reduction of the primary energy demand of buildings by up to 95% by the end of 2050. In order to achieve an almost climate-neutral building stock, measures for deep energy retrofit are required. In addition to an existing financial demand, there are additional barriers to the expansion of activities to improve the energy performance and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the existing building stock. One way to overcome these barriers are novel business models such as Energy Performance Contracting (EPC). The question arises as to whether and how the reduction of GHG emissions can be taken into account in the savings guarantees as they are typical for EPCs. This and other questions are addressed in the paper using conjoint analysis. Among other results, it is pointed out that specific approaches are required for different target groups such as the public sector and private homeowners. Finally, recommendations for further action are given. The presented partial results are drawn from the research work “Analysis of business models with regard to their potential for GHG reduction and energy efficiency of buildings”.
Green Finance Performance and Role of Sustainability Engineers in the Greater Bay Area
Authors: Lee Hei Yan , So Gladys , Tang Ellie , Lam Tony , Cheng Vincent 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To encourage the implementation of sustainable green features, large scale infrastructure and transportation projects, the Central Government and HKSAR government is keen to promote green finance, determined to develop Hong Kong as the leading hub in the Greater Bay Area region [1]. Since 2016, a series of green finance developments accelerated, including the setting up of Hong Kong Green Finance Association (HKGFA) and the launching of Green Finance Certification Scheme. The green finance development in the Greater Bay Area, in particular Hong Kong, is outlined using a case study of the New World Development Company Limited (“the Group”) approach to green financing and their recently completed project – K11 ATELIER King’s Road. The paper discusses the role of sustainability engineer in green finance project throughout the four components of green finance project by providing technical support to quantify and assess the environmental impacts and benefits. In particular, sustainability engineers can contribute in green finance by developing a standardized benchmarking system on green building environmental impacts and benefits. The need of benchmarking system is discussed using the first green loan project in Hong Kong, K11 ATERLIER King’s Road, as case study. The harmonious collaboration between financial experts and engineering professionals is encouraged in order to push the boundary of sustainability technology. The authors discuss an effective collaboration approach delivered by sustainability engineering professionals to support and create a greater impact of the green finance development in the Greater Bay Area.