bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Los episodios de secesión-remedio. Violaciones graves y sistemáticas de los Derechos Humanos de minorías y pueblos
Authors: González Represa Gaspar 
Published: January 2020

El presente paper lleva a cabo una visión general del desarrollo del concepto de autodeterminación efectuado por las Naciones Unidas tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, desde el período del colonialismo, codificando el derecho de autodeterminación y considerando a los pueblos que lo padecieron como sujetos del mismo, hasta la aparición de episodios secesionistas y la reformulación restringida formulada en las décadas siguientes; posteriormente, será analizada la teoría del remedio de secesión como el último estadio en el proceso evolutivo de la autodeterminación en respuesta a episodios de violaciones graves y sistemáticas de derechos humanos y restricciones de las facultades de autogobierno.Recibido: 01.11.2019 Aceptado: 09.12.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Voluntad política para un tiempo de reformas: Presupuestos previos para abordar una reforma constitucional
Authors: Catala i Bas Alexandre H. 
Published: January 2020

La gran mayoría de españoles desean que la Constitución de 1978 se reforme. Para ello es necesario o, al menos, conveniente que se den una serie de presupuestos previos: que se debata de forma racional sobre ideas, que se minimice al máximo la crispación, que se busque el consenso y que se debata desde la lealtad. El autor coincide con el sentir de gran parte de la doctrina en el sentido de que más que hablar de una reforma hay que hablar de reformas que deberían acometerse gradualmente. También en que no se trata de abrir un nuevo proceso constituyente. Advierte que una anomalía, el llamado proceso independentista catalán, no puede ser el detonante ni condicionar las reformas que se vayan a acometer. Este trabajo está realizado teniendo muy presente la actualidad política por la que se atraviesa. Por ello, junto a citas doctrinales hay constantes referencias a declaraciones de políticos en entrevistas o sesiones parlamentarias, a artículos periodísticos o a barómetros del CIS.Recibido: 30.05.2019 Aceptado: 16.12.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Radiografía de una propuesta olvidada: la proposición de reforma constitucional de la Junta General asturiana sobre democracia semidirecta
Authors: López Rubio Daniel 
Published: January 2020

El Anteproyecto de Constitución elaborado en 1978 por la ponencia de la Comisión Constitucional contempló un amplio catálogo de mecanismos de democracia semidirecta. Tras el intento del partido radical italiano, en junio de ese mismo año, de derogar vía referéndum el sistema de financiación pública de los partidos políticos, el temor a que un empleo populista de los mismos pudiera impedir la consolidación de la arquitectura constitucional llevó al constituyente a diluir intensamente la propuesta primigenia, resultando un modelo de democracia basado, casi incontestablemente, en la representación. Casi cuarenta años después, la Junta General del Principado de Asturias lanza en 2014 una proposición de reforma constitucional a las Cortes Generales, sugiriendo recuperar parcialmente algunas de las ideas previstas en aquel Anteproyecto. El artículo pretende analizar en detalle los elementos de esta interesante propuesta, destacando sus virtudes y defectos a la luz de la experiencia comparada.Recibido: 19.07.2019 Aceptado: 16.12.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Paying Court to the Future – Ha llegado el tiempo para un Tribunal de comercio de la ASEAN?
Authors: Tatham Allan F. 
Published: January 2020

Con el clima global para el comercio multilateral experimentando una marcada desaceleración y el mecanismo de solución de controversias (MSC) de la Organización Mundial del Comercio bajo una fuerte tensión, la atención ha comenzado a centrarse en la priorización de las estructuras comerciales regionales. Si bien los MSC de la ASEAN han seguido tradicionalmente un camino consensuado hacia la resolución, este documento analiza las oportunidades actuales para establecer un Tribunal de Comercio de la ASEAN (TCA) permanente. Tal entidad necesitaría encajar dentro de los límites de un paso cauteloso en el desarrollo gradual del sistema de comercio de la ASEAN basado en normas, ampliando las oportunidades para utilizar el arbitraje en controversias y para proporcionar un procedimiento para garantizar una interpretación coherente de la legislación comercial de la ASEAN.Recibido: 22.10.2019 Aceptado: 21.11.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Cuestiones jurídicas emergentes: un análisis a vista de pájaro
Authors: Torres Cazorla María Isabel 
Published: January 2020

Este trabajo intenta hacerse eco de algunas de las ideas vertidas (como conferencia previa) en el último panel que cerraba el Congreso Hispano-Filipino celebrado en la Universidad de Deusto en junio de 2019. Pretende simplemente ofrecer una especie de telón de fondo en el que se ilustran diversos temas que pueden ser considerados “cuestiones jurídicas emergentes”. Es un conjunto de temas relativamente nuevos, donde la tecnología juega un papel de excepción, o donde no existe una regulación clara. No se trata de un trabajo conclusivo, sino de un estudio de ámbitos muy heterogéneos donde encontramos más interrogantes que respuestas. El arte, en sus diversas manifestaciones, actúa como idea guía de los distintos temas enunciados.Recibido: 02.09.2019 Aceptado: 21.11.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Mass immigrations in the 21st century. Case of Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Żelichowski Ryszard 
Published: January 2020

The uncontrolled wave of immigrants to the European Union countries, which reached its peak in 2015, challenged not only the well-established system of asylum policies in the Member States but also revealed the fundamental differences among them concerning the so-called “immigration issue”. The article focuses on the mechanisms and institutions which evolved during the different waves of immigrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. It also looks for an answer to the question: is mass immigration to Europe a threat or an opportunity? Depending on one’s attitude to the topic, the answer may be positive or negative.
Italy’s approach to East–West and South–North migrations: from lack of knowledge to political use of them
Authors: Vitale Alessandro 
Published: January 2020

After the end of the bipolar world, the possibility of an East–West mass migration became a new issue that took root in the Italian consciousness in forms masked by the feelings of the threat of an imminent “mass invasion” from Central and Eastern Europe. This new fear stimulated restrictive measures belatedly adopted in Italy and created a de facto unjust and imbalanced condition for new migrants from Eastern Europe because the first South–North migrations’ wave had already occurred when the regimes of Central and Eastern Europe collapsed. There are many evident similarities between the beliefs, attitudes and the use of insecurity (not based on data) of the 1990s and the current Italian migration policy. What they have in common is the incorrect perception and the misuse of it by politicians and propagandists. Immigration from Eastern Europe continues to be compared to that from the South of the world and Asia which continues to be interpreted without considering their real natures and the actual trends that characterise them. According to new studies that compared survey results with population data, contemporary Italians overestimate the number of immigrants coming from outside the EU to their country more than any other Europeans. As a result, the misuse or ignorance of the data on migrations is particularly dangerous because the devaluation of them has critical implications for policymaking.
Municipal waste in Poland: analysis of the spatial dimensions of determinants using geographically weighted regression
Authors: Antczak Elżbieta 
Published: January 2020

This article provides a quantification of the territorially varied relation between socio-economic factors and the amount of municipal waste in Polish districts. For this purpose, eight causes were identified: revenue budgets, the number and area of uncontrolled dumping sites, population density, the share of working-age population, average gross monthly wages, registrations for permanent residence, and the number of tourists accommodated. The preliminary data analysis indicated that to understand waste generation in Poland at the local level it is necessary to consider regional specificity and spatial interactions. To increase the explained variability of phenomena, and emphasise local differences in the amount of waste, geographically weighted regression was applied.
Influence of Biodiesel Waste Cooking Oil on Produce Hydrocarbon Fraction by Catalytic Cracking Waste Polystyrene and its Application in Gasoline Engine
Authors: Juwono Hendro , Elliyanti Ardita , Pamungkas Firman Satria , Assari Anas , Dermawan Ahmad Hawky , Nurfitriyah Arifah 
Published: January 2020

<p>Liquid fuel from polystyrene waste and waste cooking oil biodiesel was successfully obtained through catalytic cracking using Al-MCM-41/Ceramic. The structure, morphology, acidity, and porosity of the catalyst were studied by SEM-EDX, pyridine FTIR, and N<sub>2</sub> gas adsorption-desorption. The products of catalytic cracking were analyzed using gas chromatogram-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The highest yield was obtained at feedstock variations of 57% (P): 43% (M) with the number of hydrocarbon fractions (&lt; C<sub>7</sub>) is 0.48%, hydrocarbon fraction (C<sub>8 </sub>- C<sub>12</sub>) is 20.99%, and hydrocarbon fraction (&gt; C<sub>12</sub>) is 78.53% in the cracking time 1 hours. Physical characteristics were reported in the form of density, flash point, and caloric value respective. The performance of liquid fuels with commercial fuels, Premium (RON 88), and additives of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) comparisons of 225 (mL): 750 (mL): 18.25 (mL) respectively produce thermal efficiency on engine use gasoline generator sets was 28.22% at the load of 2118 Watts. Based on this research, all variations of feedstock produce liquid fuels that are in accordance with SNI 06-3506-1994 concerning the quality of gasoline fuel types.</p><p> </p>Keywords: Catalytic cracking, polystyrene waste, waste cooking oil, liquid fuel
Comparing the Use of Axillary Radiographs and Axial Computed Tomography Scans to Predict Concentric Glenoid Wear
Authors: Agyeman Kofi D. , DeVito Paul , McNeely Emmanuel , Malarkey Andy , Bercik Michael J. , Levy Jonathan C. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Axillary radiographs traditionally have been considered sufficient to identify concentric glenoid wear in osteoarthritic shoulders; however, with variable glenoid wear patterns, assessment with use of computed tomography (CT) has been recommended. The purpose of the present study was to compare the use of axillary radiographs and mid-glenoid axial CT scans to identify glenoid wear.

Methods:
Preoperative axillary radiographs and mid-glenoid axial CT scans for 330 patients who underwent anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty were reviewed. Five independent examiners with differing levels of experience characterized the glenoid morphology as either concentric or eccentric. The morphologies determined with use of axillary radiographs and CT scans were assessed for correlation, and both intraobserver and interobserver consistency were calculated.

Results:
Concentric wear identified with use of radiographs was confirmed with use of CT scans in an average of 61% of cases (range, 53% to 76%). Intraobserver consistency averaged 75% for radiographs and 73% for CT scans. There was significant interobserver consistency, as higher levels of training corresponded with greater consistency between imaging analyses (p < 0.001). The most senior observer identified the highest proportion of concentric wear on radiographs (p < 0.001), showed the greatest consistency between attempts when using CT (p < 0.001), and had the greatest agreement of radiographs and CT evaluating glenoid morphology (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
For the experienced shoulder surgeon, concentric glenoid wear identified on axillary radiographs will appear concentric on 2-dimensional CT in approximately 75% of cases. Obtaining a CT scan to confirm glenoid wear patterns most greatly benefits less-experienced surgeons. Across all levels of experience, axillary radiographs and single-slice, mid-glenoid CT scans appear insufficient for consistently predicting wear patterns.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Ictiofauna del río Manso (Caldas, Colombia)
Authors: Aguiar Gómez Wilton , Sánchez Garcés Gian Carlo , Bonilla Paula Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Se presenta un listado de los peces de la cuenca media y baja del río Manso (Caldas, Colombia), el cual consolida los resultados de 33 campañas de muestreo que se realizaron en ocho estaciones distribuidas en la zona media y baja del río y una quebrada tributaria, además de la información previamente existente. En total se han registrado para el río Manso 68 especies de peces. En el periodo 2012-2014 se registraron 55 especies, de las cuales 15 están incluidas en el Libro Rojo de Peces de Agua Dulce de Colombia, 12 son especies de importancia para consumo humano y las demás representan interés biológico y ecológico.
Modelamiento de la distribución potencial de Corapipo leucorrhoa (Pipridae) en el valle alto del Magdalena, Tolima, Colombia
Authors: Gaitán García Cristhian David , Losada Prado Sergio 
Published: January 2020

En los últimos años, el saltarín gorgiblanco (Corapipo leucorrhoa) ha sido reportado por fuera de su distribución habitual hacia el norte del valle alto del Magdalena (Tolima, Colombia), lo cual supone que su distribución real no es bien conocida. En este estudio se reportan tres registros de C. leucorrhoa en el departamento del Tolima. Con la revisión de varios registros de bases de datos y nuestros reportes, modelamos un mapa de distribución potencial para esta especie, encontrando que hay condiciones propicias para su presencia a lo largo del valle alto del Magdalena y que esta región debe ser incluida como parte de su distribución geográfica para Colombia.
Pneumocystis jirovecii Colonization and Its Association with Pulmonary Diseases: a Multicenter Study Based on a Modified Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
Authors: Xue Ting , Ma Zhuang , Liu Fan , Du Wei-Qin , He Li , Wang Jin-Yan , An Chun-Li 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Pneumocystis jirovecii ( P. jirovecii ) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the role of its colonization in pulmonary diseases has become a popular focus in recent years. The aim of this study is to develop an improved loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii ( P. jirovecii ) DNA and use it to examine the prevalence and association of P. jirovecii colonization among non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases.
Methods
We modified the previously reported LAMP assay for P. jirovecii by adding real-time detection. This method was used to detect P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary samples collected from 403 non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases enrolled from 5 hospitals in China. We determined the prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization in 7 types of pulmonary diseases and assessed the association of P. jirovecii colonization with clinical characteristics of these diseases.
Results
The new LAMP assay showed no cross-reactivity with other common pulmonary microbes and was 1,000 times more sensitive than that of conventional PCR. Using the new LAMP assay, we detected P. jirovecii colonization in 281 (69.7%) of the 403 patients enrolled. P. jirovecii colonization was more common in interstitial lung diseases than in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (84.6% vs 64.5%, P < 0.05). Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD had a higher prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization compared to patients with stabilized COPD (67.4% vs 43.3%, P < 0.05). P. jirovecii colonization was associated with decreased pulmonary function, increased levels of 1,3-β-D-glucan and C-reactive protein, and decreased levels of CD4+ T-cell counts (P < 0.05 for each). Approximately 70% of P. jirovecii colonized patients had confections with other fungi or bacteria.
Conclusions
We developed an improved LAMP assay for detecting P. jirovecii . Our multi-center study of 403 patients supports that P. jirovecii colonization is a risk factor for the development of pulmonary diseases and highlights the need to further study the pathogenesis and transmission of P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary diseases.
Unsafe child feces disposal status in Ethiopia: what factors matter? analysis of pooled data from four demographic and health surveys
Authors: Sahiledengle Biniyam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Unsafe child feces disposal has compounding effects on children’s wellbeing. In Ethiopia and many other countries, still, there is a common misconception that children’s feces are not harmful, and not end up in a toilet.
Objective: The study aims to determine the magnitude and factors associated with unsafe child feces disposal in Ethiopia.
Methods: The study is cross-sectional in nature and the analysis was based on data from 1st to 4th rounds of the population-based Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) conducted between 2000 and 2016. Descriptive statistics were computed to illustrate the given data. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify factors associated with unsafe child feces disposal.
Results: The pooled dataset contained information on 40,520 children younger than 5 years, male accounts 20,629 (50.9%). Overall, 77.7% (95%CI: 76.3-79.0) of children feces disposed of unsafely. In the multivariable logistic regression model, those mothers whose child was 13-24 months [AOR: 0.68, 95% CI: (0.60-0.78)] and ≥ 25 months [AOR: 0.66, 95% CI: (0.60-0.72)] were lower odds of unsafe child’s feces disposal. Children born into households having two or fewer children were 33% lower [AOR: 0.67, 95% CI: (0.56-0.79)] odds of unsafe child’s feces disposal than their counterparts. The odds of disposing of feces unsafely among households having improved toilet facility was 76% lower [AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: (0.19-0.29)] that of households lacking such facilities. Being an urban resident, having improved drinking water facility, a high level of maternal and paternal education, paternal occupational status (work in non-agriculture), and maternal age were factors associated with lower odds of unsafe child's feces disposal.
Conclusions: Three in four Ethiopian children feces disposed of unsafely. Unsafe child feces disposal is less prevalent among households that had improved water and toilet facility, those in urban areas, those with older children, those with a high level of maternal and paternal education, and those with a lower number of under-five children. There is a need for more attention to be paid to curtail the significant burden of unsafe child feces disposal in Ethiopia.
Identifying risk factors for perinatal death at Tororo District Hospital, Uganda: a case-control study
Authors: Tesfalul Martha , Natureeba Paul , Day Nathan , Thomas Ochar , Gaw Stephanie L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Sub-Saharan Africa faces a disproportionate burden of perinatal deaths globally. However, data to inform targeted interventions on an institutional level is lacking, especially in rural settings. The objective of this study is to identify risk factors for perinatal death at a resource-limited hospital in Uganda.

Methods
This is a retrospective case-control study at a district hospital in eastern Uganda using birth registry data. Cases were admissions with stillbirths at or beyond 24 weeks or neonatal deaths within 28 days of birth. Controls were admissions that resulted in deliveries immediately preceding and following each case. We compared demographic and obstetric factors between cases and controls to identify risk factors for perinatal death. Subgroup analysis of type of perinatal death was also performed. Chi square, Fisher's exact, t-test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were utilized for bivariate analysis, and multiple logistic regression for multivariate analysis.

Results
From January 2014 to December 2014, there were 185 cases of perinatal death, of which 36% (n=69) were macerated stillbirths, 40% (n=76) were fresh stillbirths, and 25% (n=47) were neonatal deaths. The rate of perinatal death among all deliveries at the institution was 35.5 per 1,000 deliveries. Factors associated with increased odds perinatal death included: prematurity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 19.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.2-49.2), breech presentation (aOR 7.0, CI 1.4-35.5), multiple gestation (aOR 4.0, CI 1.1 – 13.9), cesarean delivery (aOR 3.8, CI 2.3 – 6.4) and low birth weight (aOR 2.5, CI 1.1-5.3). Analysis by subtype of perinatal death revealed distinct associations with the aforementioned risk factors, in particular for antepartum hemorrhage, which was only associated with fresh stillbirths (aOR 6.7, CI 1.6-28.8), and low birth weight.

Conclusions
The rate of perinatal death at our rural hospital site was higher than national targets, and these deaths were associated with prematurity, low birth weight, breech presentation, multiple gestation, and cesarean delivery. This data and the approach utilized to acquire it can be leveraged to inform targeted interventions to reduce the rate of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in similar low resource settings.
Qualitative growth potential test for brackish Vaucheria species
Authors: Belzen Jim van 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

The yellow-green algae _Vaucheria_ can be found on tidal flats as densely interwoven mats. Such dense mats can stabilise sediments and result in a ridge-and-runnel bedform. While _Vaucheria_ is visually covering the ridges as thick algal mats, the runnels are apparently deprived of the filamentous algae. In the present protocol I describe the procedure for sampling and testing sediments for the presence of _Vaucheria_ propagules. The method provides a qualitative test for the presence of algae propagules of _Vaucheria_ in bare sediments but is non-exclusive as also other algae \(e.g., microphytobenthos) will grow when present. To check for cross-contamination and sufficient growth conditions, appropriate negative and positive controls are implemented.