bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On‐Demand Autophagy Cascade Amplification Nanoparticles Precisely Enhanced Oxaliplatin‐Induced Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Xuhui , Li Man , Ren Kebai , Xia Chunyu , Li Jianping , Yu Qianwen , Qiu Yue , Lu Zhengze , Long Yang , Zhang Zhirong , He Qin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemoimmunotherapy‐induced antitumor immune response is highly dependent on tumor autophagy. When tumor cells are treated with chemoimmunotherapy, timely overactivated autophagy can not only lead more tumor cells to death, but also participate in the endogenous antigen presentation and immune stimulators secretion of dying cells, thus plays a vital role. However, timely and accurately overactivated tumor autophagy during chemoimmunotherapy is of great difficulty. Here, an on‐demand autophagy cascade amplification nanoparticle (ASN) is reported to boost oxaliplatin‐induced cancer immunotherapy. ASN is prepared by self‐assemble of autophagy‐responsible C‐TFG micelle and is followed by electrostatic binding of oxaliplatin prodrug (HA‐OXA). After entering tumor cells, the HA‐OXA shell of ASN first responds to the reduction microenvironment and releases oxaliplatin to trigger tumor immunogenic cell death and mildly stimulates tumor autophagy. Then, the exposed C‐TFG micelle can sensitively respond to oxaliplatin‐induced autophagy and release a powerful autophagy inducer STF‐62247, which precisely transforms autophagy to “overactivated” condition, leading tumor cells to autophagic death and enhance subsequent tumor antigen processing of the dying cells. In CT26 tumor‐bearing mice, ASN exhibits optimal immune stimulation and antitumor efficiency due to its on‐demand autophagy induction ability.
Ink Formulation for Printed Organic Electronics: Investigating Effects of Aggregation on Structure and Rheology of Functional Inks Based on Conjugated Polymers in Mixed Solvents
Authors: Schlisske Stefan , Rosenauer Christine , Rödlmeier Tobias , Giringer Kai , Michels Jasper J. , Kremer Kurt , Lemmer Uli , Morsbach Svenja , Daoulas Kostas Ch. , Hernandez‐Sosa Gerardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe utilization of solution‐processable organic semiconducting (OSC) polymers and the development of industrial‐relevant printing techniques enable cost‐efficient fabrication of optoelectronic devices for the mass market. Yet, the adaptation of viscoelastic properties of a functional ink to the respective printing technology is challenging. One crucial parameter is the formulation of the ink, which can be adjusted by selecting the combination of solvents that are mixed with the OSC. The current study considers model functional inks composed of a poly‐phenylene‐vinylene‐based OSC and two solvents, empirically known to be good. Their quality is quantified using the Hansen solubility parameters. The influence of the composition of the solvent mixture on structural, dynamical, and rheological behavior of the ink is investigated with light scattering, viscometry, and rheometry. Although both solvents are considered good, polymer aggregation is found at all compositions. Aggregation depends on composition in a nontrivial way. For dilute and semi‐dilute inks, the effects of aggregates on the ink viscosity are hidden by the difference in viscosities of the neat solvents. For elevated concentrations, the aggregates produce a hysteresis in the shear‐dependent viscosity, which should be considered when developing a functional ink for a particular printing technique.
Materials Design Principles for Air‐Stable Lithium/Sodium Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Zhu Yizhou , Mo Yifei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSulfide solid electrolytes are promising inorganic solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state batteries. Despite their high ionic conductivity and desirable mechanical properties, many known sulfide solid electrolytes exhibit poor air stability. The spontaneous hydrolysis reactions of sulfides with moisture in air lead to the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide and materials degradation, hindering large‐scale manufacturing and applications of sulfide‐based solid‐state batteries. In this work, we systematically investigate the hydrolysis and reduction reactions in Li‐ and Na‐containing sulfides and chlorides by applying thermodynamic analyses based on a first principles computation database. We reveal the stability trends among different chemistries and identify the effect of cations, anions, and Li/Na content on moisture stability. Our results identify promising materials systems to simultaneously achieve desirable moisture stability and electrochemical stability, and provide the design principles for the development of air‐stable solid electrolytes.
Activation of the G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin by Water
Authors: Chawla Udeep , Perera Suchithranga M. D. C. , Fried Steven D. E. , Eitel Anna R. , Mertz Blake , Weerasinghe Nipuna , Pitman Michael C. , Struts Andrey V. , Brown Michael F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVisual rhodopsin is an important archetype for G‐protein‐coupled receptors, which are membrane proteins implicated in cellular signal transduction. Herein, we show experimentally that approximately 80 water molecules flood rhodopsin upon light absorption to form a solvent‐swollen active state. An influx of mobile water is necessary for activating the photoreceptor, and this finding is supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Combined force‐based measurements involving osmotic and hydrostatic pressure indicate the expansion occurs by changes in cavity volumes, together with greater hydration in the active metarhodopsin‐II state. Moreover, we discovered that binding and release of the C‐terminal helix of transducin is coupled to hydration changes as may occur in visual signal amplification. Hydration–dehydration explains signaling by a dynamic allosteric mechanism, in which the soft membrane matter (lipids and water) has a pivotal role in the catalytic G‐protein cycle.
Boom and bust? Political will and anti‐corruption in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Walton Grant W. , Hushang Husnia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhen new governments come to power they often claim they will address corruption better than their predecessors. While policymakers and scholars recognise that interrogating these claims is important, few studies have analysed how anti‐corruption commitments made by incoming governments change over time. This article addresses this gap in the literature by comparing anti‐corruption allocations and spending—key indicators of political will—from two of Papua New Guinea's most recent governments: the Peter O'Neill‐led government (2011–2019) and the government led by James Marape (2019 to present). Drawing on this analysis, we argue that policymakers need to monitor and respond to an anti‐corruption funding cycle whereby new governments initially increase budgetary allocations but then, over time, reduce allocations and underpay and undermine anti‐corruption organisations as accusations of corruption and frustration with anti‐corruption efforts intensify.
Selenide‐chitosan as High‐performance Nanophotocatalyst for Accelerated Degradation of Pollutants
Authors: Ali Nisar , Ahmad Shehzad , Khan Adnan , Khan Saraf , Bilal Muhammad , Ud Din Salah , Ali Nauman , Iqbal Hafiz M. N. , Khan Hammad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWater pollution is one of the major global challenges today. Water bodies are contaminated by the heavy release of waste effluents of textile industries, which includes intensively colored dye pollutants. Herein, a ternary nanocomposite of bismuth copper selenide with small particle size and ternary metal selenide (TMS)‐chitosan microspheres (TMS‐CM) of the spherical porous surface were successfully synthesized. SEM, XRD, EDX, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectrophotometry analysis revealed the structural and morphological characteristics of the newly synthesized nanocomposites. SEM imaging showed the average diameter of TMS nanoparticle to be 33 nm. The crystal size was calculated as 6.33 nm and crystalline structure as orthorhombic using XRD findings. EDX confirmed the presence of Bi, Cu, and Se in the ternary nanocomposite. The bandgap of 1.8 eV was calculated from Tauc's plot for the TMS nanocomposite. SEM confirmed the successful synthesis of spherical TMS‐CM microspheres of porous surface morphology with an average size of 885.6 μm. The presence of chitosan microspheres in the synthesis of TMS nanocomposite was identified by FTIR spectral analysis. Furthermore, highly efficient photocatalytic degradation (up to 95.4%) of ARS was achieved within 180 min at pH 4.0 using 0.5 g of TMS‐CM in sunlight. The first‐order kinetic model fitted well to the photocatalytic decontamination of ARS using TMS‐CM with a rate constant of 6.1x10−2 min−1. The TMS‐CM gave attractive results and high efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of ARS dye after reusing and regeneration of up to seven successive cycles. The newly synthesized nanophotocatalyst could be efficiently used for the decontamination of dye polluted water from textile industries.
Identifying interactive biological pathways associated with reading disability
Authors: Lancaster Hope Sparks , Liu Xiaonan , Dinu Valentin , Li Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionPast research has suggested that reading disability is a complex disorder involving genetic and environment contributions, as well as gene–gene and gene–environment interaction, but to date little is known about the underlying mechanisms.MethodUsing the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we assessed the contributions of genetic, demographic, and environmental variables on case–control status using machine learning. We investigated the functional interactions between genes using pathway and network analysis.ResultsOur results support a systems approach to studying the etiology of reading disability with many genes (e.g.,RAPGEF2,KIAA0319,DLC1) and biological pathways (e.g., neuron migration, positive regulation of dendrite regulation, nervous system development) interacting with each other. We found that single nucleotide variants within genes often had opposite effects and that enriched biological pathways were mediated by neuron migration. We also identified behavioral (i.e., receptive language, nonverbal intelligence, and vocabulary), demographic (i.e., mother's highest education), and environmental (i.e., birthweight) factors that influenced case–control status when accounting for genetic information.DiscussionThe behavioral and demographic factors were suggested to be protective against reading disability status, while birthweight conveyed risk. We provided supporting evidence that reading disability has a complex biological and environmental etiology and that there may be a shared genetic and neurobiological architecture for reading (dis)ability.
Trimethylation of the R5 Silica‐Precipitating Peptide Increases Silica Particle Size by Redirecting Orthosilicate Binding
Authors: Buckle Erika L. , Sampath Janani , Michael Nina , Whedon Samuel D. , Leonen Calvin J. A. , Pfaendtner Jim , Drobny Gary P. , Chatterjee Champak 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe unmodified R5 peptide from silaffin in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis rapidly precipitates silica particles from neutral aqueous solutions of orthosilicic acid. A range of post‐translational modifications found in R5 contribute toward tailoring silica morphologies in a species‐specific manner. We investigated the specific effect of R5 lysine side‐chain trimethylation, which adds permanent positive charges, on silica particle formation. Our studies revealed that a doubly trimethylated R5K3,4me3 peptide has reduced maximum activity yet, surprisingly, generates larger silica particles. Molecular dynamics simulations of R5K3,4me3 binding by the precursor orthosilicate anion revealed that orthosilicate preferentially associates with unmodified lysine side‐chain amines and the peptide N terminus. Thus, larger silica particles arise from reduced orthosilicate association with trimethylated lysine side chains and their redirection to the N terminus of the R5 peptide.
Inducible Genetic Code Expansion in Eukaryotes
Authors: Koehler Christine , Estrada Girona Gemma , Reinkemeier Christopher D. , Lemke Edward A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGenetic code expansion (GCE) is a versatile tool to site‐specifically incorporate a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) into a protein, for example, to perform fluorescent labeling inside living cells. To this end, an orthogonal aminoacyl‐tRNA‐synthetase/tRNA (RS/tRNA) pair is used to insert the ncAA in response to an amber stop codon in the protein of interest. One of the drawbacks of this system is that, in order to achieve maximum efficiency, high levels of the orthogonal tRNA are required, and this could interfere with host cell functionality. To minimize the adverse effects on the host, we have developed an inducible GCE system that enables us to switch on tRNA or RS expression when needed. In particular, we tested different promotors in the context of the T‐REx or Tet‐On systems to control expression of the desired orthogonal tRNA and/or RS. We discuss our result with respect to the control of GCE components as well as efficiency. We found that only the T‐REx system enables simultaneous control of tRNA and RS expression.
Gastrointestinal bleeding as an initial manifestation of gastric lipoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sabbah Meriam , Nakhli Abdelwahab , Helal Imen , Bellil Nawel , Ouakaa Asma , Gargouri Dalila 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGastric lipoma should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis in patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnosis is mainly done by radiologic and endoscopic findings. It presents characteristic pathognomonic endoscopic signs.
Harlequin ichthyosis: A case report of severe presentation in Eritrea
Authors: Ogbe W Zemichael , Alarabi Tarig Gasim Mohamed 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe severe form of harlequin ichthyosis is often lethal in the perinatal period, and it is commonly a product of consanguineous parents. Therefore, in vitro fertilization and pregenetic diagnosis are recommended to avoid the recurrence of the error.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doping Assisted Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Pd Nanoparticles on Hollow Carbon Spheres as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Xingkun , Chen Zongkun , Chen Sineng , Wang Huanlei , Huang Minghua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of O2 (oxygen reduction reaction; ORR) provides an opportunity to achieve the commercial application of clean energy, but it remains challenging, so the rational design of inexpensive and efficient electrocatalysts is required. Palladium‐based electrocatalysts have emerged as a class of the most promising candidates for the ORR, which could accelerate O2 adsorption, dissociation, and electron transfer. However, the metal Pd atoms tend to aggregate into nanoparticles, driven by the tendency of the metal surface free energy to decrease, which significantly reduces the atom utilization efficiency and the catalytic performance. Herein, a facile double solvent impregnation method is developed for the synthesis of highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles supported on hollow carbon spheres (Pd‐HCS), which could act as efficient electrocatalysts for the ORR in basic solution. Systematic investigation reveals that the nitrogen‐containing and oxygen‐containing functional groups (especially −COOH groups) are essential for achieving the homogenous dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. Significantly, the optimized Pd‐HCS electrocatalyst with homogeneously dispersed Pd nanoparticles and Pd−N sites delivers high electrocatalytic activity for the ORR and excellent stability, without significant decay in onset potential and half‐potential and good resistance to methanol crossover. This work offers a new route for the rational design of efficient ORR electrocatalysts toward advanced materials and emerging applications.
The Pandemic: Lessons for Bioethics?
Authors: Meilaender Gilbert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeeking useful ways to respond to the Covid‐19 pandemic, bioethicists have been tempted to claim for themselves what Alasdair MacIntyre characterized in After Virtue as the moral fiction of managerial expertise. They have been eager to offer a wide range of policy prescriptions, presenting themselves as bureaucratic managers and suggesting an expertise that bioethics may not in fact be able to offer. This was evident, for example, in the petition published by The Hastings Center in March 2020. The pandemic could foster a more hopeful future for bioethics if it were to focus attention less on policy decisions that belong to all citizens and more on some of the most basic moral questions that life presents and with which bioethics has always dealt—including, surely, the virtues needed in order to live well in a time of pandemic.
AI Surveillance during Pandemics: Ethical Implementation Imperatives
Authors: Shachar Carmel , Gerke Sara , Adashi Eli Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence surveillance can be used to diagnose individual cases, track the spread of Covid‐19, and help provide care. The use of AI for surveillance purposes (such as detecting new Covid‐19 cases and gathering data from healthy and ill individuals) in a pandemic raises multiple concerns ranging from privacy to discrimination to access to care. Luckily, there exist several frameworks that can help guide stakeholders, especially physicians but also AI developers and public health officials, as they navigate these treacherous shoals. While these frameworks were not explicitly designed for AI surveillance during a pandemic, they can be adapted to help address concerns regarding privacy, human rights, and due process and equality. In a time where the rapid implementation of all tools available is critical to ending a pandemic, physicians, public health officials, and technology companies should understand the criteria for the ethical implementation of AI surveillance.
Global Disparity and Solidarity in a Pandemic
Authors: Ho Anita , Dascalu Iulia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile the domestic effect of structural racism and other social vulnerabilities on Covid‐19 mortality in the United States has received some attention, there has been much less discussion (with some notable exceptions) of how structural global inequalities will further exacerbate Covid‐related health disparity across the world. This may be partially due to the delayed availability of accurate and comparable data from overwhelmed systems, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. However, early methods to procure and develop treatments and vaccines by some high‐income countries reflect ongoing protectionist and nationalistic attitudes that can systemically exclude access for people in regions with weaker health systems. What's needed is a global coordinated effort, based on the principle of solidarity, to foster equitable health care access.
Disability and the Damaging Master Narrative of an Open Future
Authors: Stramondo Joseph A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is sometimes argued that medical professionals should protect a future child's rights by prohibiting disabled parents from using technology to deliberately have a disabled child because disability is taken as an inevitable, severe threat to a child's otherwise “open” future. I will first argue that the open future that allegedly protects a child's future autonomy is precluded by the very conditions needed to develop that future autonomy. Any child's future will be narrowed as they are socialized in a way that gives them the capacity for autonomous choice. However, oppressive master narratives can diminish a future child's autonomy by distorting their narrative identity and constricting their agency. In fact, the open future argument does just this by advancing one of the most damaging master narratives about disability: that disability inevitably and severely restricts a person's autonomy and closes their future.
Downregulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptor class A domain‐containing protein 4 (Ldlrad4) in the liver of rats treated with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen to induce transforming growth factor β signaling promoting cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in early hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Ito Yuko , Nakajima Kota , Masubuchi Yasunori , Kikuchi Satomi , Okano Hiromu , Saito Fumiyo , Akahori Yumi , Jin Meilan , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibutani Makoto 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe previously found downregulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptor class A domain‐containing protein 4 (LDLRAD4), a negative regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling, in glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P) expressing (+) pre‐neoplastic lesions produced by treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for up to 90 days in rats. Here, we investigated the relationship between LDLRAD4 downregulation and TGFβ signaling in nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The transcripts of Tgfb and Hb‐egf increased after ≥28 days of treatment. After 84 or 90 days, Snai1 increased transcripts and the subpopulation of GST‐P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 co‐expressed TGFβ1, phosphorylated EGFR, or phosphorylated AKT2, and downregulated PTEN, showing higher incidences than those in GST‐P+ foci expressing LDLRAD4. The subpopulation of GST‐P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 also co‐expressed caveolin‐1 or TACE/ADAM17, suggesting that disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through a loss of LDLRAD4 enhances EGFR and PTEN/AKT‐dependent pathways via caveolin‐1‐dependent activation of TACE/ADAM17 during nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The numbers of c‐MYC+ cells and PCNA+ cells were higher in LDLRAD4‐downregulated GST‐P+ foci than in LDLRAD4‐expressing GST‐P+ foci, suggesting a preferential proliferation of pre‐neoplastic cells by LDLRAD4 downregulation. Nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens markedly downregulated Nox4 after 28 days and later decreased cleaved caspase 3+ cells in LDLRAD4‐downregulated GST‐P+ foci, suggesting an attenuation of apoptosis by LDLRAD4 downregulation through activation of the EGFR pathway. At the late hepatocarcinogenesis stage in a two‐stage model, LDLRAD4 downregulation was higher in adenoma and carcinoma than in pre‐neoplastic cell foci, suggesting a role of LDLRAD4 downregulation in tumor development. Our results suggest that nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens cause disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through downregulating LDLRAD4 toward carcinogenesis in the rat liver.
Polarized Raman scattering and infrared dispersion analysis of Na2ZnGeO4 ceramics
Authors: Viegas Jéssica Ivone , Moreira Roberto Luiz , Dias Anderson 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe structural, chemical, morphological, and optical‐vibration properties of Na2ZnGeO4 ceramic samples prepared by conventional solid‐state processing and sintered at 1,100°C are investigated in detail. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) showed that single‐phase samples belonging to the monoclinic Pn (=
) space group were obtained. Optical‐vibration investigations by polarized Raman and infrared spectroscopies altogether allowed us to present the characteristic features of the relevant polar phonons of the material, for the first time. Twenty‐nine out of the 45 optical modes predicted for Na2ZnGeO4 by group theory were determined, and their symmetries are revealed. The dielectric strengths of the modes that contribute to the dielectric response were obtained. Besides, the infrared dispersion parameters allowed us to calculate the extrapolated dielectric constants ε0 = 7.62 and ε∞ = 2.80, and an intrinsic quality factor Qu × f = 154 THz, at 10 GHz. The obtained values show that this material can be classified as a low‐k high‐Q ceramics, which potential applications in microwave circuitry.