bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bigger Pie: The Effects of High-Speed Internet on Political Behavior
Authors: Lelkes Yphtach 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The impact of broader media choice on political behavior is central to the study of political communication. The availability of high-speed Internet, which allows for high bandwidth media on demand, has given consumers virtually unlimited information choices. Most research assumes that the time spent online is fixed; therefore, broader media choice decreases news consumption, political knowledge, and turnout, especially among the politically uninterested. In this article, I explore another possibility: as Internet quality improves, we spend more time online and consume more information, which subsequently increases knowledge and turnout. To test this possibility, I link geocoded Internet download speed data with survey data. A series of studies indicate that higher quality Internet increases political information search, news consumption, and political knowledge, although perhaps not turnout. This work suggests that our assumption of trade-offs between news consumption and entertainment may need reconsideration.
Privacy Management and Self-Disclosure on Social Network Sites: The Moderating Effects of Stress and Gender
Authors: Zhang Renwen , Fu Jiawei Sophia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA plethora of research has examined the effects of privacy concerns on individuals' self-disclosure on social network sites (SNSs). However, most studies are based on the rational choice paradigm, without taking into account the influence of individuals' emotional states. This study examines the roles of stress in influencing the relationship between privacy concerns and self-disclosure on SNSs, as well as gender differences in the effects of stress. Results from a survey of 556 university students in Hong Kong suggest that privacy concerns are negatively related to the amount, intimacy, and honesty of self-disclosure on SNSs. Yet a person's level of stress dampens the association between privacy concerns and disclosure amount and intimacy, suggesting that people may worry less about privacy when highly stressed. Moreover, the moderating effect of stress varies based on gender. This study provides insights into the emotional component of privacy management online.
Case C-723/17 Craeynest: New Developments for the Right to Clean Air in the EU
Authors: Taddei Ugo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This analysis considers and reviews the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Case C-723/17 Lies Craeynest and Others v Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest and Brussels Instituut voor Milieubeheer [2019] ECLI:EU:C:2019:533, which followed a preliminary reference by the Nederlandstalige rechtbank van eerste aanleg Brussel (Dutch-language Court of First Instance of Brussels) concerning the interpretation of Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. The Craeynest judgment strengthens the right to clean air in the European Union, offering new tools for citizens to hold authorities accountable before national courts. It also provides key clarifications about the intensity of judicial review of scientifically complex assessments. In this regard, the Craeynest case has the potential to strengthen access to justice beyond air quality issues in other environmental matters.
Simultaneous changes in expression levels of BAALC and miR-326: a novel prognostic biomarker for childhood ALL
Authors: Ghodousi Elaheh Sadat , Aberuyi Narges , Rahgozar Soheila 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
Multidrug resistance and consequent relapse are two major obstacles for treating children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most frequent childhood malignancy. MicroRNAs have potential regulatory roles in response to chemotherapy. The goal of this study was to determine the microRNA that may have effects on the expression level of brain and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BAALC) and to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo association between their expression levels.

Methods
In silico tools were utilized to determine a putative miRNA targeting BALLC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate expression levels of BAALC and its predicted microRNA, miR-326, in bone marrow samples of 30 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 13 controls, in addition to the resistant and parental CCRF-CEM cell lines. To assess the status of response to therapy, minimal residual disease was measured using single-strand conformation polymorphism.

Results
MiR-326 was selected due to the strong possibility of its interaction with BAALC according to the obtained in silico results. Statistical analysis showed a significant downregulation of miR-326 and overexpression of BALLC in drug-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line and patients compared with the parental cell line and drug-sensitive patients, respectively (P = 0.015, 0.005, 0.0484 and 0.0005, respectively). The expression profiles of miR-326 and BAALC were inversely correlated (P = 0.028).

Conclusions
The results introduced the inversely combined expression levels of miR-326 and BAALC as a novel, independent prognostic biomarker for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P = 0.007). Moreover, bioinformatics data showed a possible regulatory role for miR-326 on BAALC mRNA, which may possibly contribute to the development of drug resistance in patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Behavioral Action of Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin in Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Control Strategies in Thailand
Authors: Sathantriphop Sunaiyana , Paeporn Pungasem , Ya-umphan Phubeth , Mukkhun Pongsakorn , Thanispong Kanutcharee , Chansang Chitti , Bangs Michael J , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap , Tainchum Krajana 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Contact irritant (locomotor excitation) and noncontact spatial repellent avoidance behavior to deltamethrin and cypermethrin at dosages 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 g/m2 impregnated on papers were evaluated in the laboratory against deltamethrin- and cypermethrin-resistant field populations of female Aedes aegypti (L.) from Rayong and Chanthaburi Provinces, Thailand. Pyrethroid-resistant populations were compared with a susceptible laboratory strain (NIH-Thai) using an ‘excito-repellency’ (ER) test system. Both NIH-Thai and field mosquitoes had stronger contact irritancy responses compared to the relatively weak noncontact repellency effects. Contact assays with deltamethrin and cypermethrin at 0.1 g/m2 showed high escape rates for Rayong (80.1 and 83.4%, respectively) and Chanthaburi (84.6 and 73.1%, respectively) mosquitoes. Cypermethrin produced significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) percent escape responses in contact tests between NIH-Thai and field mosquitoes. Only deltamethrin contact at 0.05 g/m2 produced a significant escape response (P &lt; 0.001) between NIH-Thai and Rayong mosquitoes. These results suggest that there may not be an overall significant effect of background pyrethroid resistance on escape response, and the differences by comparisons may reflect inherent individual variation when using the ER bioassay system. The results show that pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti does not appear to influence or reduce contact avoidance responses with the compounds tested. In particular, deltamethrin at 0.1 g/m2 was an effective contact irritant and toxic compound against pyrethroid-resistant populations of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, 0.1 g/m2 deltamethrin could be considered for residual applications of either fixed surfaces or materials (e.g., curtains) as a supplemental control measure against adult dengue vectors.
Population-level performance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh in dense monocultures
Authors: Vain Susanna , Gielen Iris , Liira Jaan , Zobel Kristjan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Aims
Very little is known about the performance of non-agricultural plant species in monocultures, even though nearly all agricultural species have experienced the transition from multi-species environments to dense monospecific stands during the breeding process. In the light of recent work that highlighted the possibility that the weedy species Arabidopsis thaliana can offer novel insight into crop breeding, we aimed to test the effect of sowing density on group and individual performance in different photoperiod environments in A. thaliana.

Methods
We studied the performance of A. thaliana Cvi-0 ecotype. The choice of Cvi-0 was based on a preliminary experiment in which plants of Cvi-0 ecotype exhibited high competitive performance. Sowing densities used were 17.6, 8.8, 4.4, 2.2 and 1.1 cm2 per plant and photoperiod environments 12 or 16 h of day light.

Important Findings
In this experiment, populations attained constant total seed yield for all densities. Some interaction effect occurred, as at high sowing density and at longer day length plants produced heavier seeds, whereas at shorter day length seed weight was negatively related to plant density. These results shed light on different strategies that annual plants can adopt when they face intense intraspecific competition, and could help to offer new perspectives for breeding crops with enhanced group performance.
On being a patient
Authors: Booth Christopher 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Those who practise medicine should remember that we are all patients at some time, most likely at the beginning and end of our lives. Therefore, this textbook begins with an account of encounters with the medical and nursing professions, written by an outstanding doctor, medical historian, and leading clinical scientist. After a highly distinguished and eventful career which spanned the introduction of the British National Health Service in 1948, Christopher Booth died in 2012, aged 87 years. Latterly, he experienced the protracted misery of illness punctuated by repeated surgery; but to the end he retained his intellect and penetrating wit. His piquant observations are a challenge to us all as we try to provide care for our patients, as is his parting shot: ‘If you are a physician, no matter how important you may think that you are, you should, so far as your own illnesses are concerned, consider yourself a layman.’
Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science
Authors: Nesse Randolph M. , Dawkins Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The role of evolutionary biology as a basic science for medicine is expanding rapidly. Some evolutionary methods are already widely applied in medicine, such as population genetics and methods for analysing phylogenetic trees. Newer applications come from seeking evolutionary as well as proximate explanations for disease. Traditional medical research is restricted to proximate studies of the body’s mechanism, but separate evolutionary explanations are needed for why natural selection has left many aspects of the body vulnerable to disease. There are six main possibilities: mismatch, infection, constraints, trade-offs, reproduction at the cost of health, and adaptive defences. Like other basic sciences, evolutionary biology has limited direct clinical implications, but it provides essential research methods, encourages asking new questions that foster a deeper understanding of disease, and provides a framework that organizes the facts of medicine.
Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases
Authors: Isaacs John D. , Thalayasingam Nishanthi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related molecules are increasingly used to treat immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. They interact very precisely with a soluble or cell-bound ligand to have three predominant effects: neutralization of proinflammatory cytokines or growth factors; modulation of intercellular interactions; or depletion of pathogenic cells. They deliver significantly enhanced specificity in comparison to traditional synthetic drugs and have delivered substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in many immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. However, there are no biomarkers to help decide which biological class to try first in a particular patient, hence one of the main challenges for the future is the identification of ‘stratifiers’ to guide therapy.
Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Liao Fulong , Jiang Tingliang , Tu Youyou 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Traditional (often synonymous with complementary) medicine can be defined as the knowledge, skill, and practices, based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, which are used in the maintenance of health and the prevention, diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of illness. These practices are found in almost every country, and demand for them is increasing. For individual patients, when of proven quality, safety, and efficacy, traditional medicine contributes to the goal of ensuring that all people have access to care that they feel they need. For medical science, investigators in traditional fields have discovered new medicines with which to combat important diseases, including the sympathomimetic ephedrine, the antimalarial artemisinin, and arsenic trioxide used in the treatment of promyelocytic leukaemia.
Research in the developed world (a view from the Wellcome Trust)
Authors: Farrar Jeremy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The entire health system seeks to prevent disease, or diagnose and intervene effectively to limit its impact. The goal of most funders of medically related research in the developed world is to support research that is upstream of that which is relevant and attractive to health providers or pharmaceutical companies, and to work synergistically in the health research ecosystem with these and other complementary organizations when appropriate. It is often impossible to predict which advances in basic science will lead to breakthroughs, but if this upstream work is not done, then in the mid and long term, the flow of medical advances will dry up.
Cytokines
Authors: McInnes Iain B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
74Cytokines are small glycoprotein mediators that are involved in every facet of immune effector function and regulation, and moreover serve to integrate immune function with other physiologic processes (e.g. metabolism, neurologic function). More than 200 cytokines have been identified. Understanding of the cytokine network has increasing importance in clinical practice with the advent of therapeutic strategies that target particular cytokines with exquisite specificity using biological agents, leading to remarkable advances in the treatment of inflammatory disorders (e.g. anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and anti-IL-17A in psoriasis). The therapeutic potential in their manipulation has not yet been maximized and the future will hold remarkable advances as these molecular networks give up their secrets to provide for highly specific and well-tolerated interventions.
The complement system
Authors: Botto Marina , Pickering Matthew C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The complement system, consisting of soluble and membrane-bound proteins, is a major effector mechanism of host defence against infection and inflammatory responses. It has an important role in the removal of immune complexes and dying cells, and also modulates humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Complement activation occurs through three pathways, each generating enzyme complexes, termed C3 convertases. These cleave native C3 to form C3b and C3a. C3b can covalently attach to surfaces (e.g. pathogen surfaces) where it triggers biological responses following interaction with membrane-bound receptors and can also trigger cleavage of native C5 to C5b and C5a. C5b triggers the formation of the membrane attack complex, which disrupts target cell membrane integrity and may result in cell lysis.
Clinical features and management
Authors: Eisen Tim , Gore Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cancer comprises many varying conditions, with very different requirements for the basic elements of a population-based cancer care service. The biggest change in the delivery of cancer management in the last 20 years has been the recognition that cancer management is a multiprofessional and multidisciplinary effort. There is a hierarchy of aims for cancer treatment which stretch from cure to palliation. Four key measures to reduce the burden of cancer on the patient, their family, and on the healthcare system are: (1) early diagnosis to maximize the chances of cure and minimize the morbidity of treatment; (2) access to best treatment irrespective of chronological age or home address of the patient; (3) increased physical activity; and (4) a ‘recovery package’ of care and support.
Older people in hospital
Authors: Ellis Graham , MacLullich Alasdair , Harwood Rowan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Older people usually present to hospital because of a crisis: a sudden change in health, function, or circumstances that causes worry, distress, or overwhelms independence or care provision. Crises may relate to the individual, the carer, care systems, or the environment. At the point of presentation it may not be clear which, or what combination, of these is responsible. It is necessary to identify all relevant factors for hospital care to be effective and efficient. Admission to hospital for an acute illness can have a major negative impact on an older person’s ongoing functional abilities, hence systems of care need to know when to expect and how to manage functional deterioration.
Drugs and prescribing in the older patient
Authors: Witham Miles , George Jacob , O’Mahony Denis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The use of pharmacological agents is often a central component of medical therapy for older people. Medications can relieve symptoms, improve function, and prevent illness, but they also have the capacity to inflict great harm. Older people are at particular risk of such harms as a result of impaired homeostatic reserve, of altered drug metabolism, the presence of multimorbidity and consequent polypharmacy, which increases both exposure to potentially harmful agents and the chance of drug–drug interactions. The therapeutic priorities for older, frail people may differ when compared to younger, robust patients; limited life expectancy means that attempts to prolong life may become relatively less important than the relief of symptoms and avoidance of side effects and medication burden.
Bladder and bowels
Authors: Orme Susie , Harari Danielle 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Urinary incontinence is not an inevitable consequence of ageing and its impact on social, psychological, and physical well-being is comparable to that of other chronic conditions such as diabetes and dementia. Meanwhile, constipation, including symptoms of evacuation difficulty and/or fewer bowel movements, is a common problem as people age. Risk factors include problems in cognition, mobility, gastrointestinal motility, dysautonomia, anorectal dysfunction, and disabling neurologic disorders. Faecal incontinence is more common in frail individuals but is often assessed inadequately. The cause is often multifactorial. Treatment depends on the cause: a combination of approaches may be necessary, including avoidance of faecal impaction, instigation of a structured bowel care plan including regular prompted toileting, dietary modification, and (in some cases) use of loperamide or similar medications.
Fever of unknown origin
Authors: Vanderschueren Steven 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fever of unknown origin refers to a prolonged febrile illness that persists without diagnosis after careful initial assessment. Although over 200 causes have been described, including rare diseases, most cases are due to familiar entities presenting in an atypical fashion. The ‘big three’ are infections, tumours, and multisystem inflammatory conditions. A miscellaneous category including factitious fever, habitual hyperthermia, and drug fever deserves consideration early in a patient’s workup, since timely recognition may avert invasive and expensive procedures. The clinician must rely on a very careful and thorough clinical history and examination that does not neglect any part of the body, followed by appropriately targeted investigations directed by knowledge of the broad spectrum of diseases and local epidemiology.
Travel and expedition medicine
Authors: Dunachie Susanna , Conlon Christopher P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Tourists, business people, pilgrims, and visitors to friends and relatives are making increasing numbers of trips to tropical and developing parts of the world, where the risk and range of infectious and environmental diseases and injuries may be much higher than in Western countries. The aim of travel and expedition medicine is to reduce risk through education, appropriate immunizations, and other medical advice, hence enhancing the enjoyment and achievements of travelling abroad. Explorers, expeditioners, and wilderness travellers face the greatest health challenges, but risk can be minimized by technical competence, careful planning, training in practical medical skills, and rehearsing emergency evacuation.
Epstein–Barr virus
Authors: Rickinson Alan B. , Epstein M.A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus is a human herpesvirus with a linear double-stranded DNA genome that is carried asymptomatically by most people. Symptomless primary infection is usual in childhood, establishing a lifelong carrier state where the virus persists as a latent infection of circulating B cells. The virus replicates recurrently in oropharyngeal epithelial cells, with consequent shedding of virus in saliva transmitting infection. Controversially, Epstein–Barr virus has been linked with certain autoimmune diseases. In particular, there is strong serologic and epidemiologic evidence to suggest that previous exposure to Epstein–Barr virus markedly increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Although the Epstein–Barr virus/multiple sclerosis connection is receiving much attention, the mechanism that might underpin such an association remains uncertain.
Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
Authors: Tan C.T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nipah and Hendra are two related viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family that have their reservoir in large Pteropus fruit bats. Both viruses are two new zoonotic viruses that have emerged in recent years. Both are of the Paramyxoviridae family, sharing many similar characteristics. Because of their homology, a new genus called Henipavirus (Hendra + Nipah) was created for these two viruses. Human disease manifests most often as acute encephalitis, which can be late-onset or relapsing, or pneumonia, with high mortality. Transmission from bats to human includes direct spread from consumption of food contaminated by infected bat secretions, and contact with infected animals; human-to-human spread can also occur.
Alphaviruses
Authors: Powers Ann M. , Ooi E.E. , Petersen L.R. , Gubler D.J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
There are 31 registered alphaviruses belonging to the family Togaviridae, 16 of which are known to cause human infection. They are RNA viruses with global geographical distribution and complex transmission cycles, usually between wild or domestic animals and one or more mosquito species; humans are infected by mosquito bites and are often incidental hosts that do not contribute to the maintenance of the virus. They cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from non-specific febrile illness to chronic arthralgia to acute encephalitis and death. Diagnosis of infection is made by several methods including serologically by detection of IgM and/or IgG antibodies, virus isolation, molecularly using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, or by immunohistochemistry on tissue samples.