bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Migration and City Growth in the Global South: An Analysis of IPUMS Data for Seven Countries, 1992–2013
Authors: Lerch Mathias 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEvidence on the demographic components of city growth in the global South is scarce, and the role played by international migration is neglected. We analyze the importance of recent international migration in cities, compare it with that of internal movements, and evaluate the growth contribution across national contexts and the urban hierarchy. Combining individual‐level census data and geographic master files of metropolitan areas with indirect demographic estimation techniques, we cover 377 cities in seven countries. It is found that, in almost one third of cities, population change and replacement has been mainly determined by migration. The international component was larger than the internal one in more than half of cities. Whereas internal migration tends to decrease with rising city size, international movements tend to increase. Positive net international migration substitutes for the net losses from domestic movements in large cities, but complements the gains in intermediate‐sized cities.
Relationships Between Psychological, Sleep, and Physical Activity Measures and Somatosensory Function in People With Peripheral Joint Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Othman Rani , Jayakaran Prasath , Swain Nicola , Dassanayake Suranga , Tumilty Steve , Mani Ramakrishnan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveAlteration in somatosensory function has been linked to pain experience in individuals with joint pain. In this systematic review we aimed to establish the level of evidence of associations between psychological, social, physical activity, and sleep measures and somatosensory function that were assessed via quantitative sensory testing (QST) among individuals with joint pain.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted in 6 electronic databases from their inception to July 2019. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality using a modified Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool and supplemented with recommendations from the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Review of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) checklist and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool. The level of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) system. Data were pooled to evaluate the strength of the relationships of interest.ResultsSeventeen studies related to joint pain were included. Pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, and physical activity level have been shown to have a significant (small to fair) association with several QST measures. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) is the only measure that was found to be consistently correlated with all the domains. The overall quality of evidence for all factors ranged from very low to moderate. Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger association for depression and pain catastrophizing and PPT and temporal pain summation in individuals with shoulder pain.ConclusionPsychological factors and physical activity levels are associated with somatosensory function in people with joint pain. These factors need to be adjusted when establishing predictive relationships between somatosensory function and pain outcomes in individuals with joint pain.
Phylogenetic, genetic, and phenotypic diversity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains isolated from citrus blast and black pit in Tunisia
Authors: Abdellatif Emna , Kałużna Monika , Ferrante Patrizia , Scortichini Marco , Bahri Bochra , Janse Jaap D. , van Vaerenberg Johan , Baeyen Steve , Sobiczewski Piotr , Rhouma Ali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCitrus blast and black pit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is the only bacterial disease reported in Tunisian Citrus orchards. The phylogenetic relationship between Pss strains was studied based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), using partial sequences of housekeeping genes rpoD, rpoB, gyrB, cts, and pfk for 14 representative Pss Citrus strains, including the reference strain LMG5496. The MLSA revealed that the studied Tunisian Citrus strains are closely related to LMG5496 and cluster in phylogroup 02. Based on the cts gene, the majority of Citrus strains clustered in clades “a” and “b”. However, five strains were placed in a newly defined clade “g”. We describe the presence of six different type III secreted effectors (T3SEs). These were found with frequencies of 100% for the effector hopAN1 and the helper hrpK1, 65% for hopT1‐2, and 14% for hopN1, hopR1, and hopQ1‐2. Investigation of copper resistance showed that 67% of our Pss Citrus strains from Tunisia are resistant to copper sulphate in vitro, and the copper resistance genes copABCDR were detected in 23% of the strains. Our results present new data concerning the genetic diversity and phylogeny, presence of T3SEs, and copper resistance within the Pss populations that affect Citrus in Tunisia.
Racial profiling?: Theorizing essentialism, whiteness, and scripture in the study of religion
Authors: Newton Richard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLeaders in the American Academy of Religion have committed the guild to resisting the current wave of white nationalist and white supremacist machinations, presenting our discipline as particularly suited for the task. But given the study of religion's intimate historical relationship with the modern Christian colonial project, scholars can equally find themselves reinforcing the socio‐interpretive modalities—namely essentialism—upon which whiteness is premised. This paper presents critical scripture studies, particularly its elaboration of processes abbreviated in biblical interpretation, as an avenue for deconstructing assumptions about how whiteness works.
Natural killer cell–derived extracellular vesicles in cancer therapy
Authors: Farcas Marius , Inngjerdingen Marit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCancer is a major cause of death in the industrialized world. New therapies are constantly being developed in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. NK cell–based cellular therapies have shown effect against haematological malignancies, but it has been difficult to target solid tumours due to low NK cell infiltration of the tumour and efficient tumour evasion strategies. NK cells release extracellular vesicles that naturally contain cytolytic proteins and tumour‐targeting molecules. These vesicles can directly interact with and kill malignant cells, and their small size could allow more efficient extravasation into the tumour tissue. Extracellular vesicles are also less sensitive to the hostile tumour microenvironment compared to cells. Based on their features, NK cell–derived extracellular vesicles represent promising novel tools in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current available literature on NK cell–derived extracellular vesicles and discuss how they may be utilized in therapy for solid tumours.
A brief history of Scandinavian society for immunology
Authors: Jonsson Roland , Örn Anders 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Scandinavian Society for Immunology (SSI) was established with the purpose to advance the study of immunology in Scandinavia and to facilitate contacts between individuals and laboratories working within the field. To fulfill this the Society should organize scientific meetings and laboratory courses and take any other measure to support the development of immunology. A second objective was to establish contact and scientific exchange with other societies in Europe and overseas. By joining five national societies from the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) into one umbrella society this has given SSI a more powerful voice in international organizations such as European Federation of Immunological Societies (EFIS) and International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology and the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology has greatly facilitated the annual meetings to be of international high quality and by attracting more participants. Thus, SSI provides a forum for Nordic immunologists to share their research results and to increase collaboration over the borders. In conclusion, the SSI has undoubtedly been and will hopefully continue to be a major strength for Scandinavian immunology.
T follicular regulatory cells: Guardians of the germinal centre?
Authors: Fahlquist Hagert Cecilia , Degn Søren E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIt is a central tenet of the clonal selection theory, that lymphocyte repertoires are tolerized to self‐antigens during their ontogeny. Germinal centres are the sites in secondary lymphoid tissues where B cells undergo affinity maturation and class‐switching to produce high‐affinity antibodies. This process is crucial, both in our ability to mount protective humoral responses to infections and to vaccinations, but it is also involved in untoward reactions to self‐antigens, which underlie autoimmunity. The process of affinity maturation poses a significant challenge to tolerance, as the random nature of somatic hypermutation can introduce novel reactivities. Therefore, it has been a long‐standing idea that mechanisms must exist which limit the emergence of autoreactivity at the germinal centre level. One of these mechanisms is the requirement for linked recognition, which imposes on B cells a dependence on centrally tolerant T follicular helper cells. However, as linked recognition can be bypassed by adduct formation of autoantigenic complexes, it has been an appealing notion that there should be an additional layer of dominant mechanisms regulating emergence of autoreactive specificities. About a decade ago, this notion was addressed by the discovery of a novel subset of T regulatory cells localizing to the germinal centre and regulating germinal centre B‐cell responses. Here, we detail the progress that has been made towards characterizing this T follicular regulatory cell subset and understanding the functions of these ‘guardians of the germinal centre’.
The diagnostic value of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy in actinic keratosis
Authors: Tang Zhen , Kang Liyang , Zhang Yuezhong , Huang Jian , Tong Xiaoliang , Zhou Lu , Zeng Jinrong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundActinic keratosis (AK) is a pre‐neoplastic skin damage caused by sun exposure with a risk of transforming squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) ranging from 0.1%‐20%, while it should be differentiated with many diseases such as seborrheic keratosis (SK), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), Bowen's disease, and basal cell carcinoma(BCC) et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) as a non‐invasive method is showing an increasing diagnostic accuracy. Currently, there are a few studies that summarized the characteristics of AK with RCM.AimThe study aimed to find the diagnostic value of diagnosing actinic keratosis by reflectance confocal microscopy.MethodsA total of 92 patients with clinical suspicious diagnosis of actinic keratosis were enrolled in this study, and RCM device imaged their lesions. Fifty‐three of these patients underwent skin biopsies to confirm the diagnosis. We retrospectively analyzed the results of RCM and histological diagnosis and then summarized the RCM characteristics of biopsy‐confirmed lesions.ResultsBased on RCM images, 76 of 92 (82.6%) patients were diagnosed with AK, 9 of 92 (9.8%) patients could not be diagnosed by the dermatologist according to RCM. Of all 53 biopsied lesions, 42 (79.2%) were AK, 1 was seborrheic keratosis, 3 were basal cell carcinoma, three were discoid lupus erythematosus, 1 was Bowen's disease, and three were squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionThe value of RCM in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AK is good and worthy of clinical application.
Therapeutic plasma exchange taper does not decrease exacerbations in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients
Authors: Raval Jay S. , Mazepa Marshall A. , Rollins‐Raval Marian A. , Kasthuri Raj S. , Park Yara A. 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUNDDespite rapid and intensive treatments with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and immunosuppression, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients are at risk of disease exacerbation, i.e., early recurrence of TTP within 30 days of achieving treatment response. TPE taper, a practice of performing additional TPE procedures after achieving treatment response, is commonly performed for decreasing exacerbations, although no evidence supports this practice.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn this prospective observational investigation over four years, our center switched its standard of care for treating all TTP patients from not performing TPE taper after achieving treatment response (i.e., no‐taper cohort) to performance of TPE taper (i.e., yes‐taper cohort) to characterize impacts on exacerbations. Continuous and categorical data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney, Fisher's exact, and log‐rank tests; significance was defined as p < 0.05.RESULTSThe two cohorts were well matched and had no significant differences in demographics, presentation laboratory values, or TTP history (p > 0.05 for all). The yes‐taper cohort of 26 patients with 29 consecutive episodes did not have a significantly different exacerbation rate from the no‐taper cohort of 24 patients with 27 consecutive episodes (exacerbation rates of 37.9% vs. 33.3%, respectively; p = 0.78); however, treatment‐related complications directly attributed to the TPE procedures, blood products, or central venous catheters were significantly greater in the yes‐taper cohort (nine vs. one events, respectively; p = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSince TPE taper did not reduce exacerbations in our TTP patients, we no longer advocate for TPE taper and have reverted to our original standard of care.
Context Factors Facilitating and Hindering Patient Participation in Dialysis Care: A Focus Group Study With Patients and Staff
Authors: Årestedt Liselott , Martinsson Caroline , Hjelm Carina , Uhlin Fredrik , Eldh Ann Catrine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSafe health care of good quality depends on structured and unceasing efforts to progress, promoting strategies tailored to the context, including elements such as patients’ preferences. Although patient participation is a common concept in health care, there is yet limited understanding of the factors that facilitate and hinder it in a healthcare context.AimsThis paper identifies what patients and health professionals depict in terms of enablers and barriers for patient participation in dialysis care.MethodsAn explorative qualitative design was applied with seven focus group discussions with patients, staff, and managers across different types of hospitals, with the texts analyzed with content analysis.ResultsThe dialysis context represents three key elements—people, resources, and interactions—that can both enable and hinder patient participation. Both barriers and facilitators for patient participation were found to reside at individual, team, and organizational levels, with a greater number of enabling factors implied by both patients and staff.Linking Evidence to ActionWhile the dialysis context comprises opportunities for progress in favor of patient participation, a shared understanding of the concept is needed, along with how contextual factors can facilitate conditions for participation by patient preferences. In addition, the most favorable strategy for implementing person‐centered care is not yet known, but to facilitate patient participation from a patient perspective, creating opportunities to enable staff and patients to share a common understanding is needed, along with tools to facilitate a dialogue on patient participation.
Human anti‐α‐fucose antibodies are xenoreactive toward GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs
Authors: Burlak Christopher , Taylor R. Travis , Wang Zheng Yu , Tector A. Joseph 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProgress has been made in overcoming antibody‐mediated rejection of porcine xenografts by deleting pig genes that produce unique carbohydrate epitopes. Pigs deficient in galactose α‐1,3 galactose (gene modified: GGTA1) and neu5Gc (gene modified: CMAH) have reduced levels of human antibody binding. Previously we identified α‐fucose as a glycan that was expressed in high levels on cells of GGTA1/CMAH KO pigs. To validate the α‐fucose phenotype observed previously we compared lectin affinity toward human and pig serum glycoproteins by dot blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Human anti‐fucose antibody isolated by affinity chromatography was tested for specificity to L‐fucose by custom macroarray. The affinity and cytotoxicity of the isolated human anti‐fucose antibody toward human and GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMCs was determined by flow cytometry. Dot blot and confocal analysis support out previous findings that α‐fucose is more highly expressed in pigs than humans. Pig kidney glomeruli and tubules contain abundant α‐fucose and may represent focal sites for anti‐α‐fucose antibody binding. The Isolated human anti‐fucose IgA, IgG and IgM bound to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig PBMC and were cytotoxic. Interestingly, the isolated human IgG cross reacted with the methyl pentose, L‐rhamnose. Human anti‐fucose antibody bound and was cytotoxic to GGTA1/CMAH KO pig peripheral blood monocytes. We have shown that α‐fucose is an abundant target for cytotoxic human antibody in the organs of genetically modified pigs important to xenotransplantation.
Upfront use of eculizumab to treat early acute antibody‐mediated rejection after kidney allotransplantation and relevance for xenotransplantation
Authors: Schwotzer Nora , Paganetti Giulia , Barchi Matteo , Perrottet Nancy , Aubert Vincent , Sadallah Salima , Rotman Samuel , Venetz Jean‐Pierre , Matter Maurice , Golshayan Dela , Pascual Manuel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcute antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) early after transplant remains a challenge, both in allotransplantation and in xenotransplantation. We report the case of an early and severe acute AMR episode in a kidney transplant recipient that was successfully treated with upfront eculizumab. A 58‐year‐old woman had been on dialysis since 2014. She underwent a first kidney transplant in 2018 with primary non‐function and received several blood transfusions. Postoperatively, she developed anti‐HLA antibodies. One year later, she received a second allograft from a deceased donor. At day 0, there was only one preformed low‐level donor‐specific antibody (DSA) anti‐DQ7. After initial excellent allograft function, serum creatinine increased on days 7‐9, and this was associated with oligo‐anuria. On day 7, there was an increase in her DSA anti‐DQ7 and 4 de novo DSA had developed at high MFI values. Allograft biopsy showed severe active AMR with diffuse C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries. The early acute AMR episode was treated with upfront eculizumab administration (2 doses) with efficient CH50 blockade (< 10% CH50). Rituximab was also administered on day 12, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was given over the following days. There was an excellent clinical response to eculizumab administration. Eculizumab administration rapidly reversed the acute AMR episode without the need for plasmapheresis. Rituximab and IVIG were also used as B‐cell immunomodulators to decrease DSA. Blocking efficiently the terminal complement pathway may become a useful strategy to treat acute AMR in sensitized recipients of allografts, and possibly in recipients of discordant xenografts.
Dynamic Analysis of a High-Pressure Relief Valve During Opening
Authors: Bossard John , Reich Alton , DiMeo Alex 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In nuclear power plants, power actuated pressure relief valves serve several purposes. They act as safety valves and open automatically in response to unusually high pressures in the primary system. They also act as power-operated valves and are used to relieve steam in response to automatic or manually initiated control signals. These valves are required to lift completely over a short duration from the time that they receive an actuation signal, or the system pressure exceeds the set point. This short lift time results in the valve disk moving at high velocities, and can result in high impact forces on the piston and stem when the valve fully opens. To quantitatively evaluate the dynamic performance of the Target Rock Pressure Relief Valve, an analysis effort was undertaken which would accommodate both the fluid dynamic features of the valve operation, as well as the kinematic characteristics of the valve, during pressure relief valve operation. To execute the analysis, the Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP) was used. GFSSP is a network flow solver computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed by NASA that has the ability to analyze transient, multiphase flows, and conjugate heat transfer, along with the inclusion of custom user subroutines developed by the user which can accommodate other simulation requirements. In this paper, we present the GFSSP model developed, and the computed results that could be compared with corresponding parameters as measured from experimental testing for the pressure relief valve. Adjustments to GFSSP input parameters allow the anchoring of the GFSSP valve model to test data. This makes it possible to use the GFSSP model as a predictive tool for understanding valve dynamics, as well as evaluating proposed pressure relief valve modifications for performance improvements.
Simulation of Cyclic Loading on Pipe Elbows Using Advanced Plane-Stress Elastoplasticity Models1
Authors: Chatziioannou Konstantinos , Huang Yuner , Karamanos Spyros A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work investigates the response of industrial steel pipe elbows subjected to severe cyclic loading (e.g., seismic or shutdown/startup conditions), associated with the development of significant inelastic strain amplitudes of alternate sign, which may lead to low-cycle fatigue. To model this response, three cyclic-plasticity hardening models are employed for the numerical analysis of large-scale experiments on elbows reported elsewhere. The constitutive relations of the material model follow the context of von Mises cyclic elasto-plasticity, and the hardening models are implemented in a user subroutine, developed by the authors, which employs a robust numerical integration scheme, and is inserted in a general-purpose finite element software. The three hardening models are evaluated in terms of their ability to predict the strain range at critical locations, and in particular, strain accumulation over the load cycles, a phenomenon called “ratcheting.” The overall good comparison between numerical and experimental results demonstrates that the proposed numerical methodology can be used for simulating accurately the mechanical response of pipe elbows under severe inelastic repeated loading. Finally, this paper highlights some limitations of conventional hardening rules in simulating multi-axial material ratcheting.