bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoshock wave enhancement on stimulated Raman scattering of liquid water in dilute ethanol–water solutions
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Fabing , Wang Chong , Shen Pengfei , Sun Chenglin , Fang Wenhui , Men Zhiwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of OH stretching vibrations in pure water and dilute ethanol–water solutions under different pump laser energies has been investigated using Nd:YAG laser. Two characteristic peaks at about 3252 and 3390 cm−1 are observed in mixture solutions, indicating the formation of strong and weak hydrogen bonds in water. A new shoulder peak at 3350 cm−1 appears in the mixture solutions at high laser energy due to the enhancement of hydrogen bond structure of water molecules. Simultaneously, the normalized SRS intensity of mixture solutions is higher than that of pure water at the same laser energy. These results indicate that SRS of water molecules is enhanced in dilute ethanol–water solutions. We propose that the mechanism is the reduction of the laser breakdown threshold of liquid water via ethanol, resulting in a strong nanoshock wave, thereby enhancing the SRS of water.
Proposal for modified inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy derived from investigation of anatomic distribution of sentinel and metastatic nodes in vulvar cancer
Authors: Gu Hai‐Feng , Liu Guo‐Chen , Chen Jie‐Ping , Li Jun‐Yun , Zhang Xin‐Ke , Liu Zhi‐Min , Tu Hua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to develop a less invasive inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL) approach for vulvar cancer based on the investigation of the anatomic distribution of sentinel and metastatic nodes.MethodsPatients with vulvar cancer treated by surgery between 1995 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. A seven‐field method was adopted to assign the anatomic locations for lymph nodes removed via IFL or sentinel node biopsy. Only patients with nodal metastasis or sentinel nodes were included.ResultsA total of 102 patients with eligible data were analyzed. Nodal metastasis was confirmed in 118 groins undergoing IFL; sentinel node detection succeeded in 46 groins. The medial‐inguinal field had the highest rate of nodal metastasis involvement (59.3%, 70/118) and sentinel nodes present (73.9%, 34/46). The inferior‐femoral field was involved only in one groin with quadruple‐field metastases. The lateral‐inguinal field was not involved in any groin. Neither the lateral‐inguinal nor the inferior‐femoral field presented sentinel nodes.ConclusionThe lateral‐inguinal and inferior‐femoral fields of the groins have a low risk of developing nodal metastasis. Therefore, a modified IFL preserving these fields can be established to reduce surgical morbidity without sacrificing its therapeutic effect.
A surgeon‐scientist's perspective and review of cognitive‐linguistic contributions to adult cochlear implant outcomes
Authors: Moberly Aaron C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective(s)Enormous variability in speech recognition outcomes persists in adults who receive cochlear implants (CIs), which leads to a barrier to progress in predicting outcomes before surgery, explaining “poor” outcomes, and determining how to provide tailored rehabilitation therapy for individual CI users. The primary goal of my research program over the past 9 years has been to extend our understanding of the contributions of “top‐down” cognitive‐linguistic skills to CI outcomes in adults, acknowledging that “bottom‐up” sensory processes also contribute substantially. The main objective of this invited narrative review is to provide an overview of this work. A secondary objective is to provide career “guidance points” to budding surgeon‐scientists in Otolaryngology.MethodsA narrative, chronological review covers work done by our group to explore top‐down and bottom‐up processing in adult CI outcomes. A set of ten guidance points is also provided to assist junior Otolaryngology surgeon‐scientists.ResultsWork in our lab has identified substantial contributions of cognitive skills (working memory, inhibition‐concentration, speed of lexical access, nonverbal reasoning, verbal learning and memory) as well as linguistic abilities (acoustic cue‐weighting, phonological sensitivity) to speech recognition outcomes in adults with CIs. These top‐down skills interact with the quality of the bottom‐up input.ConclusionAlthough progress has been made in understanding speech recognition variability in adult CI users, future work is needed to predict CI outcomes before surgery, to identify particular patients' strengths and weaknesses, and to tailor rehabilitation approaches for individual CI users.Level of Evidence4
Inter‐ and intra‐fractional stability of rectal gas in pelvic cancer patients during MRIgRT
Authors: Shortall J. , Vasquez Osorio E. , Cree A. , Song Y. , Dubec M. , Chuter R. , Price G. , McWilliam A. , Kirkby K. , Mackay R. , van Herk M. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeDue to the electron return effect (ERE) during magnetic resonance imaging guided radiotherapy (MRIgRT), rectal gas during pelvic treatments can result in hot spots of over‐dosage in the rectal wall. Determining the clinical impact of this effect on rectal toxicity requires estimation of the amount and mobility (and stability) of rectal gas during treatment. We therefore investigated the amount of rectal gas and local inter‐ and intra‐fractional changes of rectal gas in pelvic cancer patients.MethodsTo estimate the volume of gas present at treatment planning, the rectal gas contents in the planning computed tomography (CT) scans of 124 bladder, 70 cervical and 2180 prostate cancer patients were calculated.To estimate inter‐ and intra‐fractional variations in rectal gas, 174 and 131 T2‐w MRIs for six cervical and eleven bladder cancer patients were used. These scans were acquired during four scan‐sessions (~20–25 min each) at various time‐points. Additionally, 258 T2‐w MRIs of the first five prostate cancer patients treated using MRIgRT at our center, acquired during each fraction, were analyzed. Rectums were delineated on all scans.The area of gas within the rectum delineations was identified on each MRI slice using thresholding techniques. The area of gas on each slice of the rectum was used to calculate the inter‐ and intra‐fractional group mean, systematic and random variations along the length of the rectum.The cumulative dose perturbation as a result of the gas was estimated. Two approaches were explored: accounting or not accounting for the gas at the start of the scan‐session.ResultsIntra‐fractional variations in rectal gas are small compared to the absolute volume of rectal gas detected for all patient groups. That is, rectal gas is likely to remain stable for periods of 20–25 min. Larger volumes of gas and larger variations in gas volume were observed in bladder cancer patients compared with cervical and prostate cancer patients.For all patients, local cumulative dose perturbations per beam over an entire treatment in the order of 60 % were estimated when gas had not been accounted for in the daily adaption. The calculated dose perturbation over the whole treatment was dramatically reduced in all patients when accounting for the gas in the daily set‐up image.ConclusionRectal gas in pelvic cancer patients is likely to remain stable over the course of an MRIgRT fraction, and also likely to reappear in the same location in multiple fractions, and can therefore result in clinically relevant over‐dosage in the rectal wall. The over‐dosage is reduced when accounting for gas in the daily adaption.
The Increasing Value of Biomass: Moving From C6 Carbohydrates to Multifunctionalized Building Blocks via 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural
Authors: Galkin Konstantin I. , Ananikov Valentine P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent decades have been marked by enormous progress in the field of synthesis and chemistry of 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), an important platform chemical widely recognized as the “sleeping giant” of sustainable chemistry. This multifunctional furanic compound is viewed as a strong link for the transition from the current fossil‐based industry to a sustainable one. However, the low chemical stability of HMF significantly undermines its synthetic potential. A possible solution to this problem is synthetic diversification of HMF by modifying it into more stable multifunctional building blocks for further synthetic purposes.
Physical fitness and quality of life in adolescents with asthma and fixed airflow obstruction
Authors: Sousa Andrey Wirgues , Cabral Anna Lucia Barros , Silva Ronaldo Aparecido , Fonseca Alfredo José , Grindler José , Martins Milton Arruda , Carvalho Celso R. F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAsthma is a disease characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, but some subjects develop fixed airflow obstruction (FAO). Subjects with FAO present more asthma symptoms and may have increased sedentary behavior; however, the effect of FAO on aerobic fitness and physical activity levels (PAL) remains poorly understood.AimTo compare adolescents with asthma and FAO and adolescents with asthma without FAO in terms of aerobic fitness, PAL, muscle strength, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included adolescents with asthma, both sexes, and aged 12–18 years. They were divided into two groups: FAO and non‐FAO groups. The adolescents were diagnosed with asthma according to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines and underwent optimal pharmacological treatment for at least 12 months. FAO was diagnosed when the forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity ratio was below the lower limit of the normal range after optimal treatment. Aerobic fitness, PAL, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, and HRQoL were evaluated.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between FAO and non‐FAO groups regarding the peak oxygen uptake (34.6 ± 8.5 vs. 36.0 ± 8.4 mLO2/min/kg), sedentary time (578 ± 126 vs. 563 ± 90 min/day), upper limb muscle strength (29.1 ± 5.9 vs. 28.1 ± 5.7 kilograms of force [kgf]), lower limb muscle strength (42.8 ± 8.6 vs. 47.6 ± 9.6 kgf), or HRQoL (5.1 ± 1.3 vs. 4.7 ± 1.4 score; p > .05). However, the FAO group exhibited a higher maximal expiratory pressure than the non‐FAO group (111.5 ± 15.5 vs. 101.5 ± 15.0 cmH2O, respectively).ConclusionOur results suggest that FAO does not impair aerobic fitness, PAL, peripheral muscle strength, or HRQoL in adolescents with asthma. Furthermore, adolescents with asthma were physically deconditioned.
Chemomodulatory effect of neferine on DMBA‐induced squamous cell carcinogenesis: Biochemical and molecular approach
Authors: Wang Jingxuan , Hu Yan , Yuan Jieying , Zhang Yan , Wang Yifan , Yang Yingshun , Alahmadi Tahani Awad , Ali Alharbi Sulaiman , Zhuang Zhizheng , Wu Fan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeferine (NEF) is nontoxic, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid is derived from the seed embryo of lotus, a familiar medicinal plant. Although several mechanisms have been planned, an evident antitumor action pathway of NEF on the oral tumor is still not known. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the protecting effect of NEF against experimental oral carcinoma and clarify its possible mechanism through the induction of apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammatory signaling pathways.MethodsThe experimental hamsters were divided into four groups (I‐IV) containing six hamsters each. The group I was control group, group II and III hamsters treated with 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5%) alone, thrice in a week for 10 weeks, and group III and IV hamsters received oral supplementation of NEF at a concentration of 15 mg/kg bw. All the hamsters were sacrificed after 16 weeks.ResultsOur results revealed that DMBA treated hamsters exhibited 100% oral tumor cell formation with high‐tumor incidence (TI), tumor number (TN), tumor volume (TV), decreased levels of antioxidants, increased status of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and modulated the activities of liver marker agents as well as NF‐kB, cell proliferation (PCNA), and p53 proteins. NEF supplementation in DMBA treated hamsters, resulted in delayed lesion synthesis, and brought back the levels of the biochemical parameters. In addition, immunostaining of NF‐kB, PCNA, and p53 showed that they were inhibited by NEF.ConclusionThus, NEF might be considered a better chemopreventive drug in an experimental model of home‐based primary care (HBPC). More research is necessary to study other pathways implicated in oral carcinomas and their modulation by NEF.
Deutschland als nachhaltigen Wirtschaftsraum gibt es nur als führende Technologienation
Authors: Dirzus Dagmar 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Damit Deutschland nachhaltiger Wirtschaftsraum bleibt, muss in Forschung und Entwicklung, Geschäftsmodellinnovation und Kompetenzentwicklung im Bereich hybrider Leistungsbündel sowie der Plattform-Ökosysteme breitflächig investiert werden.
Dahinter steht das Ziel, Deutschland wieder zu einer der führenden Technologienationen zu machen, denn diese Position hat Deutschland, als die Digitalisierung Einzug erhielt, in vielen Feldern verloren. Nun gilt es, Boden wieder gut zu machen und nach den Bereichen Daten-Hosting und B2C-Plattformen, die fest in US-amerikanischer und chinesischer Hand sind, jetzt das bedeutende Feld der Plattform-Ökonomie zu gestalten, in denen Prozess-Know-how mit Fertigungs-Wissen kombiniert wird, Expertenwissen im Anlagenbau und Produktionsplanung zusammenkommen sowie die Erfahrungen mit produktionsnahen und produktspezifischen Dienstleistungen die Basis hybrider Leistungsbündel darstellen. Der Wettkampf um dieses weltweit bedeutende, weiße Feld auf der Landkarte der webbasierten und mit Plattformen verbundenen Business Ecosystems und mit diesen den hybriden Leistungsbündel im B2B- sowie B2C-Bereich, hat gerade erst begonnen – und Deutschland startet dazu aus einer hervorragenden Ausgangslage.
Damit diese Pole-Position ausgebaut werden kann, müssen die technologischen Enabler (Modularität, Konnektivität, Digitaler Zwilling und Autonomie) sowie die Geschäftsmodell-Enabler (Denken in Geschäftsmodellen, Resilienz sowie Wertschöpfungsnetze und Plattform-Ökonomie) konsequent angegangen werden. Dabei wird die Fähigkeit, Kooperationen einzugehen, zu einer Kernkompetenz, denn nur durch das schnelle, flexible Zusammenbringen von Kompetenzen, schaffen wir den eigentlichen und nicht schnell kopierbaren Mehrwert für hybride Leistungsbündel, in denen physische Produkte und smarte Services verschmelzen und neue Geschäftsmodelle ermöglicht werden.
Offene Datennetze, die Bereitschaft, Daten zu teilen und Open-Source-Ansätze werden mit diesen Kooperationen zur kritischen Voraussetzung für die Wertschöpfung von heute und morgen. IT Security und Intellectual Property müssen gewahrt bleiben, doch darf die Angst vor dem Missbrauch von Daten nicht dazu führen, dass ad hoc und für spezielle Produkte zu gestaltende Supply Chains nicht organisiert, den wahrgenommenen Kundennutzen bietende Services zu physischen Produkten nicht erstellt oder freie Produktionskapazitäten nicht genutzt werden. „Mehrwert“ heißt morgen „Kooperation“!
Automatische Programmierung von Produktionsmaschinen
Authors: Eiling Florian , Huber Marco 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungHeutige Methoden der Programmierung von Produktionsmaschinen erfordern großen manuellen Aufwand. Dies hat zur Konsequenz, dass der Einsatz heutiger Automatisierungslösungen nur bei großen Stückzahlen wirtschaftlich ist. Im Zuge der Massenpersonalisierung kommt es gleichzeitig zu immer höheren Anforderungen an die Flexibilität der Produktion. Damit kann der Produktionsstandort Deutschland nur mittels einer gesteigerten digitalen Souveränität über die eigenen Produktionsmaschinen durch eine aufwandsreduzierte, flexible Programmiermöglichkeit von Produktionsmaschinen gehalten werden.Zur Reduzierung des Programmieraufwands sind Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens geeignet, insbesondere das Teilgebiet des Reinforcement Learning (RL). Beides verspricht eine deutlich gesteigerte Produktivität. Im Folgenden werden die Möglichkeiten und die Hindernisse auf dem Weg zur RL-gestützten, flexiblen, autonom handelnden Produktionsmaschine analysiert.Besonders im Fokus stehen dabei Aspekte der Zuverlässigkeit von Systemen aus dem Feld der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI). Ein zentraler Aspekt der Zuverlässigkeit ist die Erklärbarkeit der KI-Systeme. Diese Erklärbarkeit ist wiederum eine tragende Säule der digitalen Souveränität auf der Ebene der das System nutzenden Menschen.
Wollen, Können und Dürfen der Kunden – Digitale Souveränität durch Kundenentwicklung
Authors: Joecks-Laß Denise , Hadwich Karsten 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Der Einsatz von Informationstechnologien im Unternehmenskontext hat eine weitreichende Vernetzung von Unternehmen, Personen und Objekten zur Folge und erfordert entsprechend den Aufbau notwendiger technologischer Fähigkeiten und Ressourcen, um unabhängig und eigenständig zu handeln, d. h. digital souverän zu sein. Aufgrund der engen Zusammenarbeit von Anbieter und Kunde im Industriegüterkontext müssen Industriegüteranbieter nicht nur die eigene digitale Souveränität, sondern auch die digitale Souveränität des Kunden entwickeln. Wesentliche Voraussetzung der kundenseitigen digitalen Souveränität ist die Existenz der notwendigen Kompetenzen sowie das Vorhandensein des erforderlichen Wissens, um souverän handeln zu können. Die Kompetenzen und das Wissen können dabei von den Kunden zum einen selbst erlernt werden, zum anderen können Industriegüteranbieter durch eine systematische Kundenentwicklung den Aufbau der digitalen Souveränität von Kunden aktiv unterstützen. Ziel ist es daher, mögliche Instrumente der Kundenentwicklung zu analysieren, um den Kunden beim Aufbau von notwendigem Wissen und Kompetenzen für die Ausübung der digitalen Souveränität zu unterstützen.
Gravitational dual of averaged free CFT’s over the Narain lattice
Authors: Pérez Alfredo , Troncoso Ricardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It has been recently argued that the averaging of free CFT’s over the Narain lattice can be holographically described through a Chern-Simons theory for U (1)D×U (1)D with a precise prescription to sum over three-dimensional handlebodies.We show that a gravitational dual of these averaged CFT’s would be provided by Einstein gravity on AdS3 with U (1)D−1× U (1)D−1 gauge fields, endowed with a precise set of boundary conditions closely related to the “soft hairy” ones. Gravitational excitations then go along diagonal SL (2, ℝ) generators, so that the asymptotic symmetries are spanned by U (1)D× U (1)D currents. The stress-energy tensor can then be geometrically seen as composite of these currents through a twisted Sugawara construction. Our boundary conditions are such that for the reduced phase space, there is a one-to-one map between the configurations in the gravitational and the purely abelian theories. The partition function in the bulk could then also be performed either from a non-abelian Chern-Simons theory for two copies of SL (2, ℝ) × U (1)D−1 generators, or formally through a path integral along the family of allowed configurations for the metric. The new boundary conditions naturally accommodate BTZ black holes, and the microscopic number of states then appears to be manifestly positive and suitably accounted for from the partition function in the bulk. The inclusion of higher spin currents through an extended twisted Sugawara construction in the context of higher spin gravity is also briefly addressed.
The prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in prediabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Eleftheriadou Aikaterini , Williams Scott , Nevitt Sarah , Brown Emily , Roylance Rebecca , Wilding John P. H. , Cuthbertson Daniel J. , Alam Uazman 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is independently associated with silent myocardial ischaemia, major cardiovascular events, myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality. Several studies have highlighted the increased prevalence of CAN in prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose). Considering the exponential rise of prediabetes, we aimed to determine the prevalence of CAN through a systematic literature review.

Methods
This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019125447). An electronic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Published full text, English language articles that provide CAN prevalence data of studies in individuals with prediabetes and aged over 18 years were included. Prevalence data for normal glucose tolerance and diabetes were also extracted from the selected articles, if present. All articles were screened by two independent reviewers using a priori criteria. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using a critical appraisal tool.

Results
Database searches found 4500 articles; subsequently, 199 full text articles were screened, 11 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria (4431 total participants, 1730 people with prediabetes, 1999 people with normal glucose tolerance [NGT] and 702 people with predominantly type 2 diabetes). Six of the selected studies reported definite CAN prevalence data (9–39%). Only a single large population-based study by Ziegler et al (KORA S4 study, 1332 participants) determined definite CAN based on two or more positive autonomic function tests (AFTs), with a mean prevalence of 9% in all prediabetes groups (isolated impaired glucose tolerance 5.9%; isolated impaired fasting glucose 8.1%; impaired fasting glucose plus impaired glucose tolerance 11.4%), which was higher than NGT (4.5%). This study is most likely to provide a reliable population-specific estimate of CAN in prediabetes. There was a higher than expected prevalence of CAN in prediabetes (9–38%) when compared with normal glucose tolerance (0–18%) within the same studies (n = 8). There was a wide prevalence of possible CAN based on one positive AFT (n = 5). There was heterogeneity between the studies with variations in the definition of CAN, methodology and characteristics of the populations, which likely contributed to the diversity of prevalence estimates. The overall risk of bias was low.

Conclusions/interpretation
There is a higher than expected prevalence of CAN in prediabetes. Early detection of CAN in prediabetes through population screening needs careful consideration in view of the excess morbidity and mortality risk associated with this condition.