bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant architecture, growth and biomass allocation effects of the invasive pathogen myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) on Australian Myrtaceae species after fire
Authors: Fernandez Winzer Laura , Cuddy Will , Pegg Geoff S. , Carnegie Angus J. , Manea Anthony , Leishman Michelle R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn 2010, the parasitic fungus Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) was detected in Australia. Austropuccinia psidii infects immature growth of myrtaceous species. Many of Australia’s myrtaceous species occur within fire‐prone vegetation communities and have the capacity to resprout after fire. Therefore, it is likely that new post‐fire growth may be vulnerable to A. psidii infection, causing subsequent flow‐on effects to species’ persistence and community dynamics. The aim of this study was to test the impacts of A. psidii on native Australian Myrtaceae species after fire. We grew eight native susceptible species in a glasshouse experiment before burning them and inoculating the resprouting new growth of half the plants with A. psidii. We assessed the effect of A. psidii on the architecture, growth and biomass allocation of our study species. Although general patterns were observed across species, results were found to be species‐specific. Austropuccinia psidii significantly reduced the height of two of the eight species (Callistemon citrinus and Eucalyptus moluccana), but none of the species had increased branching. As expected, specific leaf area was lower (9%) in inoculated plants – although only significant for C. citrinus and E. dalrympleana – and leaf biomass was greater (15%), but significant for Angophora costata only. Finally, biomass allocation did not significantly differ between infection treatments. We can conclude that the effect of A. psidii infection on fire‐damaged plants has significant impacts on plants at the species level, which may have flow‐on effects at the community level, especially after repeated infections. Furthermore, these impacts may be exacerbated in the future under climate change, as the predicted increase in frequency and intensity of fires across Australia will result in more frequent new growth availability, providing more opportunities for A. psidii infection.
Mental health and experience of being bullied in 12‐year‐old children with overweight and obesity
Authors: Hammar Ewa , Bladh Marie , Agnafors Sara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimThe aim was to study the association between weight, mental health and experience of being bullied in 12‐year‐old children. Additional aim was to investigate the impact of childhood psychosocial risk factors for overweight and obesity at age 12.MethodsStudy participants were members of a Swedish prospective cohort study. A total of 573 children were followed from pregnancy to age 12. IOTF‐BMI at 12 years of age was used to categorise normal weight, overweight and obesity. Mothers, children and teachers filled out questionnaires on child mental health and experience of being bullied at age 12.ResultsIn bivariate analysis, girls with obesity reported significantly more behavioural problems than normal weight and overweight peers; however, no significant differences in mental health was noted between different weight categories when controlling for gender, experience of life events and socio‐economic factors. Overweight and obesity were associated with experience of being bullied after controlling for gender, experience of life events and socio‐economic factors (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.08‐3.91).ConclusionChildren with overweight and obesity are at increased risk of being bullied compared with normal weight peers. No significant differences in mental health were noted between children with obesity, overweight and normal weight in multivariate analysis.
A retrospective comparison of waterbirth outcomes in two United States hospital settings
Authors: Bailey Joanne M. , Zielinski Ruth E. , Emeis Cathy L. , Kane Low Lisa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundWater immersion during labor is an effective comfort measure; however, outcomes for waterbirth in the hospital setting have not been well documented. Our objective was to report the outcomes from two nurse‐midwifery services that provide waterbirth within a tertiary care hospital setting in the United States.MethodsThis study is a retrospective, observational, matched comparison design. Data were collected from two large midwifery practices in tertiary care centers using information recorded at the time of birth for quality assurance purposes. Land birth cases were excluded if events would have precluded them from waterbirth (epidural, meconium stained fluid, chorioamnionitis, estimated gestational age < 37 weeks, or body mass index > 40). Neonatal outcomes included Apgar score and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Maternal outcomes included perineal lacerations and postpartum hemorrhage.ResultsA total of 397 waterbirths and 2025 land births were included in the analysis. There were no differences in outcomes between waterbirth and land birth for Apgar scores or neonatal intensive care admissions (1.8% vs 2.5%). Women in the waterbirth group were less likely to sustain a first‐ or second‐degree laceration. Postpartum hemorrhage rates were similar for both groups. Similar results were obtained using a land birth subset matched on insurance, hospital location, and parity using propensity scores.DiscussionIn this study, waterbirth was not associated with increased risk to neonates, extensive perineal lacerations, or postpartum hemorrhage. Fewer women in the waterbirth group sustained first‐ or second‐degree lacerations requiring sutures.
Validation of a simplified international prognostic score (IPS‐3) in patients with advanced‐stage classic Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Hayden Anna R. , Lee Derrick G. , Villa Diego , Gerrie Alina S. , Scott David W. , Slack Graham W. , Sehn Laurie H. , Connors Joseph M. , Savage Kerry J. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryA novel prognostic score (IPS‐3), comprised of only three of the seven IPS‐7 indicators (age ≥45, stage IV, haemoglobin <105 g/l), was recently proposed as a simplified model for advanced‐stage classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). We aimed to validate this model in advanced‐stage cHL patients treated with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD) in British Columbia. The estimated five‐year freedom from progression (FFP) for scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 were very similar to the original report at 84%, 76%, 72% and 68% respectively. The IPS‐3 score is highly reproducible in this independent dataset and its simplicity makes it appealing for everyday clinical practice.
Ant seed removal in a non‐myrmecochorous Neotropical shrub: Implications for seed dispersal
Authors: Clemente Seanne R. , Whitehead Susan R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study investigated ant seed removal of Piper sancti‐felicis, an early successional Neotropical shrub. Neotropical Piper are a classic example of bat‐dispersed plants, but we suggest that ants are underappreciated dispersal agents. We identified eleven ant species from the genera Aphaenogaster, Ectatomma, Paratrechina, Pheidole, Trachymyrmex, and Wasmannia recruiting to and harvesting P. sancti‐felicis seeds in forest edge and secondary forest sites at La Selva, Costa Rica. We also tested for differences in ant recruitment to five states in which ants can commonly encounter seeds: unripe fruit, ripe fruit, overripe fruit, bat feces, and cleaned seeds. Overall, ants harvested more seeds from ripe and overripe fruits than other states, but this varied among species. To better understand the mechanisms behind ant preferences for ripe/overripe fruit, we also studied how alkenylphenols, secondary metabolites found in high concentrations in P. sancti‐felicis fruits, affected foraging behavior in one genus of potential ant dispersers, Ectatomma. We found no effects of alkenylphenols on recruitment of Ectatomma to fruits, and thus, these compounds are unlikely to explain differences in ant recruitment among fruits of different maturity. Considering that P. sancti‐felicis seeds have no apparent adaptations for ant dispersal, and few ants removed seeds that were cleaned of pulp, we hypothesize that most ants are harvesting its seeds for the nutritional rewards in the attached pulp. This study emphasizes the importance of ants as important additional dispersers of P. sancti‐felicis and suggests that other non‐myrmecochorous, vertebrate‐dispersed plants may similarly benefit from the recruitment to fruit by ants.
Determinants of intra‐annual population dynamics in a tropical soil arthropod
Authors: Pequeno Pedro Aurélio Costa Lima , Franklin Elizabeth , Norton Roy A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies on inter‐annual dynamics of populations from temperate regions have shown that density dependence and climate effects are relatively common, albeit weak. Yet, for short‐lived organisms, intra‐annual variation may be at least as important. Furthermore, tropical species commonly experience temperatures close to their upper thermal limit and thus may be more likely to experience heat stress. Here, we used the soil mite Rostrozetes ovulum to investigate the drivers of intra‐annual population dynamics in an Amazonian rain forest. We sampled 3,600 soil cores from 20 transects during 13 months, obtaining 180 mite counts. Next, we built a dynamic N‐mixture model accounting for different detection probabilities between soil types. In a Bayesian framework, we used this model to estimate (a) the strength of density dependence and (b) per capita growth rates, which were then tested against environmental variables. We found that the intra‐annual population dynamics of R. ovulum were weakly density dependent. Further, per capita growth rates increased with resource supply (litterfall) and decreased with maximum temperature over much of the observed thermal range, although these effects explained relatively little variance. Yet, the seasonal correlation between these factors created a trade‐off, so that realized population growth was highest when neither resource supply nor thermal suitability was optimal. Overall, our results suggest that the mechanisms shaping soil animal population dynamics may be surprisingly similar across latitudes. Our model offers a starting point for analyses of soil animal counts when extraction from soil samples is imperfect.
Cisplatin-mediated down-regulation of miR-145 contributes to up-regulation of PD-L1 via the c-Myc transcription factor in cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells
Authors: Sheng Q , Zhang Y , Wang Z , Ding J , Song Y , Zhao W 
Published: December 2019

Summary
Immune tolerance is one of the leading causes of chemotherapy resistance in carcinoma cases. Studies have shown that programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), an inhibitory molecule expressed by cancer cells, plays a significant role in immune tolerance through the induction of T cell dysfunction. The results of our RNA sequencing in previous studies revealed that microRNA-145 (miR-145), which is known to be down-regulated by cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, also represses gene PD-L1 expression. However, the mechanism by which miR-145 contributes to regulate PD-L1 expression in cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer is yet to be fully understood. Here, we show that cisplatin-mediated miR-145 down-regulation increased PD-L1 expression via targeting the c-Myc transcription factor, thereby inducing T cell apoptosis in vitro. We also report that expression of miR-145 is negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression in human ovarian cancer tissues, malignant grades and the recurrent risks of ovarian cancer after chemotherapy. In summary, our findings suggest that the miR-145/c-Myc/PD-L1 axis contributes to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer and support that miR-145 might act as an adjuvant therapeutic target in chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
Educating the enemy: Harnessing learned avoidance behavior in wild predators to increase survival of reintroduced southern corroboree frogs
Authors: Umbers Kate D. L. , Riley Julia L. , Kelly Michael B. J. , Taylor‐Dalton Griffin , Lawrence Justin P. , Byrne Phillip G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAfter decades of near‐complete extirpation, the yellow‐and‐black‐striped Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) is being reintroduced into field enclosures that exclude all but avian predators. The frog's long absence means avian attack risk to reintroduced individuals is unknown, so we asked: does corroboree frog coloration make them vulnerable to predators? First, using painted clay frog models and humans as proxy predators, we found that, surprisingly, striped models were as difficult to detect as control black models, and were far less detectable than yellow models. Second, to quantify attack probabilities, we deployed 2,304 models twice in the species' former range. Of our recovered models, 18% of the striped models were attacked by birds, suggesting they are a significant threat. In our second deployment, we saw a significant reduction in attacks on all model colors with only 10% of striped models attacked. If predators generalize their avoidance learning to real corroboree frogs, strategically timed model deployment near release sites may enhance the probability of survival of reintroduced frogs. Our study suggests that model deployment could be an effective low‐cost technique to increase the survival of reintroduced prey species, including, but not limited to, those potentially conspicuous to their natural enemies.
Migratory passerine birds in Britain carry Phytophthora ramorum inoculum on their feathers and “feet” at low frequency
Authors: Dadam Daria , Siasou Eleni , Woodward Stephen , Clark Jacquie A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether birds could be vectors facilitating long‐distance spread of Phytophthora ramorum in Britain. Migratory bird species associated with the main sporangium‐producing host plants and most likely to pick up P. ramorum spores were considered. Swabs were taken from the flank and “feet” of 1,014 birds over a 12‐month period (April 2011–March 2012) in the west of Britain and subsequently analyzed for the presence of P. ramorum using nested PCR. Ten positive samples from 10 birds were identified: three in Cornwall, one in Devon, three in Gloucestershire, two in north Wales and one in Merseyside. Phytophthora ramorum was detected on samples from four species of thrushes (Redwing Turdus iliacus, Fieldfare T. pilaris, Blackbird T. merula and Song Thrush T. philomelos) and one species of warbler (Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita). All birds that tested positive were sampled in late autumn and winter (October–February), when long‐distance movements (over 100 km) would have stopped. The low incidence of P. ramorum found using PCR suggests that the incidence of inoculum, whether viable or not, on birds was low. The apparently low incidence of inoculum on birds suggests migratory passerine birds can carry P. ramorum inoculum on their feathers and “feet,” albeit at low frequency. The dates of positive samples indicate that birds would not have been moving long distances at the time but further work is needed to estimate the extent of their contribution to the spread of P. ramorum in Britain.
Intertwined effects of climate and land use change on environmental dynamics and carbon accumulation in a mangrove‐fringed coastal lagoon in Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hapsari K. Anggi , Jennerjahn Tim C. , Lukas Martin C. , Karius Volker , Behling Hermann 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe identification and quantification of natural carbon (C) sinks is critical to global climate change mitigation efforts. Tropical coastal wetlands are considered important in this context, yet knowledge of their dynamics and quantitative data are still scarce. In order to quantify the C accumulation rate and understand how it is influenced by land use and climate change, a palaeoecological study was conducted in the mangrove‐fringed Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) in Java, Indonesia. A sediment core was age‐dated and analyzed for its pollen and spore, elemental and biogeochemical compositions. The results indicate that environmental dynamics in the SAL and its C accumulation over the past 400 years were controlled mainly by climate oscillations and anthropogenic activities. The interaction of these two factors changed the lagoon's sediment supply and salinity, which consequently altered the organic matter composition and deposition in the lagoon. Four phases with varying climates were identified. While autochthonous mangrove C was a significant contributor to carbon accumulation in SAL sediments throughout all four phases, varying admixtures of terrestrial C from the hinterland also contributed, with natural mixed forest C predominating in the early phases and agriculture soil C predominating in the later phases. In this context, climate‐related precipitation changes are an overarching control, as surface water transport through rivers serves as the “delivery agent” for the outcomes of the anthropogenic impact in the catchment area into the lagoon. Amongst mangrove‐dominated ecosystems globally, the SAL is one of the most effective C sinks due to high mangrove carbon input in combination with a high allochthonous carbon input from anthropogenically enhanced sediment from the hinterland and increased preservation. Given the substantial C sequestration capacity of the SAL and other mangrove‐fringed coastal lagoons, conservation and restoration of these ecosystems is vitally important for climate change mitigation.
Physical activity and mortality in older patients with a pacemaker
Authors: Goto Toshihiko , Mori Kento , Nakasuka Kosuke , Kato Marina , Nakayama Takafumi , Banno Tomoyuki , Ichihashi Taku , Wakami Kazuaki , Fukuta Hidekatsu , Seo Yoshihiro , Ohte Nobuyuki 
Published: December 2019

AimWith increasing lifespans, patients requiring a pacemaker are older than they were in the past. Data regarding all‐cause mortality in older patients implanted with a pacemaker are scarce. As physical activity is associated with a decrease in all‐cause mortality, we investigated whether daily physical activity time, expressed as the activity rate determined by pacemakers, can predict all‐cause mortality in older patients (aged ≥75 years) with a pacemaker.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated the baseline characteristics, echocardiographic indices, laboratory data and pacemaker parameters of 107 consecutive older patients with a newly implanted pacemaker at our hospital (age 83.8 ± 5.0 years; 54.2% men). The study end‐point was all‐cause mortality.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period (mean 3.0 years), 21 cases of all‐cause death were reported. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for activity rate to predict all‐cause mortality was 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.72–0.92, P < 0.001). An activity rate of 3.4% (50 min/day) had a sensitivity of 86.0% and a specificity of 66.7% for predicting all‐cause mortality. The survival rate was significantly higher among patients with an activity rate ≥3.4% than among those with an activity rate <3.4% (log–rank, P < 0.001). A multivariate Cox regression analysis identified low activity rates as a predictor of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 15.0, 95% confidence interval 4.29–52.6; P < 0.001).ConclusionsLow activity rates appear to be a strong predictor of all‐cause mortality in older patients with a pacemaker. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 106–111.
A citizens' jury on euthanasia/assisted dying: Does informed deliberation change people's views?
Authors: Walker Simon , Egan Richard , Young Jessica , Jaye Chrystal , Jackson Christopher 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEuthanasia or assisted dying (EAD) remains a highly contentious issue internationally. Although polls report that a majority New Zealanders support EAD, there are concerns about the framing of the polling questions, and that those responding to the questions do not know enough about the situations described, the options available and the potential implications of EAD policy. One way to address these concerns is through a citizens' jury, which is a method of learning how a group of people view an issue following informed deliberation. This citizens' jury was conducted to learn whether a group of 15 New Zealanders thought the law should be changed to allow some form of EAD and the reasons for their view, having been informed about the issue, heard arguments for and against, and having deliberated together. The jury met for two and a half days. They did not reach a consensus, but become polarized in their positions, with several changing their positions to either strong opposition or strong support. The reasons why people support or oppose EAD were not reducible to particular principles or arguments, but reflected an integrated assessment of a range of considerations, informed by personal priorities and experiences. These results suggest that views on EAD may change in response to informed deliberation that the EAD debate involves a range of value judgments and is not likely to be resolved through deliberation alone. These results may inform international debate on EAD policy.
The feasibility of CO₂‐laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy for fast lead determination in glass cullet
Authors: Lehmann Sebastian , Fischer Maike , Rosin Andreas , Gerdes Thorsten , Krenkel Walter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith an overall collection and recycling rate of 74%, the material cycle for glass packaging is well established in the European Union. However, knowledge of the composition of the recycled glass cullet is necessary to avoid creeping accumulation of undesirable contaminants into the material cycle. Due to their toxic properties, this applies in particular for heavy metals, for example, lead. The state‐of‐the‐art technology for detection of lead in recycling glass sorting is X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). Due to lower regulatory demands, as well as increasingly economical hardware, laser‐based detection techniques, like Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) may provide an alternate approach in industrial glass sorting to reach comparable detection limits and rates. In our work, CO2‐LIBS was investigated as an alternative tool for the determination of lead in glass cullet. Instead of usually utilized spectrometers, a combination of spectral filters and photodiode was employed to facilitate a fast detection rate. Glass samples with different lead content were investigated in two spectral ranges with respect to detection limits, detection speed, and accuracy. The results are compared to a commercial XRF‐sorting machine for glass cullet. It was found that comparable speeds and accuracies for lead detection in glasses can be reached.