bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
15Animal Studies
Authors: Iveson Richard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In light of the extraordinary social and political situation under which we all now labor, I have chosen to take a rather different approach than usual in this year’s essay. To this end, I deploy Bruno Latour’s Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime as both a framing mechanism and a heuristic device in order to focus attention on the compelling question of posthumanist political ecology. While originally published as Où atterrir? Comment s’orienter en politique in 2017, Latour’s short text has only continued to gain relevance consequent on the heavy black pall cast over society first by the Covid-19 pandemic, and then quickly followed by the political hucksterism of the Trump administration in lieu of any reasoned response—as clearly evidenced by the opportunistic refusal by the US to pay dues amounting to millions of dollars to the World Health Organization by way of an inflammatory campaign of lies and blame aimed at denying any and all responsibility for the current woes of the Earth writ large. Whereas to some this might seem to concern animal studies only obliquely, the questions brought to bear by political ecology upon the agitated thickness of geological history are among the most important facing animal studies today.
Induction and deduction in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: five typical categories
Authors: Wang Jie , Wang Xiao-Ting , Liu Da-Wei , Zhang Hong-Min , Su Long-Xiang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The heart is one of the most important oxygen delivery organs, and dysfunction significantly increases the mortality of the body. Hence, the heart has been studied in sepsis for over half a century. However, the definition of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is not unified yet, and the conventional conception seems outdated: left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) along with enlargement of the left ventricle, recovering in 7 to 10 days. With the application of echocardiography in intensive care units, not only LVSD but also left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, and even diffuse ventricular dysfunction have been seen. The recognition of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is gradually becoming complete, although our understanding of it is not deep, which has made the diagnosis and treatment stagnate. In this review, we summarize the research on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Women and young people with septic cardiomyopathy are more likely to have LVSD, which may have the same mechanism as stress cardiomyopathy. Elderly people with ischemic cardiomyopathy and hypertension tend to have left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Patients with mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome or other complications of increased right ventricular afterload mostly have right ventricular dysfunction. Diffuse cardiac dysfunction has also been shown in some studies; patients with mixed or co-existing cardiac dysfunction are more common, theoretically. Thus, understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy from the perspective of critical care echocardiography is essential.
The Likelihood of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Genetic Disease (Transgenerational Effects) from Exposure to Radioactive Fallout from the 1945 Trinity Atomic Bomb Test
Authors: Boice John D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The potential health consequences of the Trinity nuclear weapon test of 16 July 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico, are challenging to assess. Population data are available for mortality but not for cancer incidence for New Mexico residents for the first 25 y after the test, and the estimates of radiation dose to the nearby population are lower than the cumulative dose received from ubiquitous natural background radiation. Despite the estimates of low population exposures, it is believed by some that cancer rates in counties near the Trinity test site (located in Socorro County) are elevated compared with other locations across the state. Further, there is a concern about adverse pregnancy outcomes and genetic diseases (transgenerational or heritable effects) related to population exposure to fallout radiation. The possibility of an intergenerational effect has long been a concern of exposed populations, e.g., Japanese atomic bomb survivors, survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer, radiation workers, and environmentally exposed groups. In this paper, the likelihood of discernible transgenerational effects is discounted because (1) in all large-scale comprehensive studies of exposed populations, no heritable genetic effects have been demonstrated in children of exposed parents; (2) the distribution of estimated doses from Trinity is much lower than in other studied populations where no transgenerational effects have been observed; and (3) there is no evidence of increased cancer rates among the scientific, military, and professional participants at the Trinity test and at other nuclear weapons tests who received much higher doses than New Mexico residents living downwind of the Trinity site.
Daytime Sleepiness in University Students and Internet Addiction as the Determinant
Authors: Demir Gokce , Arslan Selda , Kocoglu-Tanyer Deniz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of the study is to determine daytime sleepiness in university students and its relationship with internet addiction as the determinant.

Method
A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Study population consisted of 1,150 first- and fourth-year students studying in some faculties at a university located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey.

Findings
In this study, it was determined that the students obtained a mean score of 5.9 ± 2.1 points from the daytime sleepiness scale and the rate of those with daytime sleepiness problem was 17.9%. Furthermore, 52.3% of the students had a sleep duration of 7–8 hours. An increase in internet addiction mean score increases the risk of daytime sleepiness approximately one time.

Conclusions
Increase of internet addiction score increases the risk of daytime sleepiness approximately one time.
Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Readiness to Stop Smoking
Authors: Lucchiari Claudio , Masiero Marianna , Pravettoni Gabriella 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Accruing evidence strongly suggests that the motivation to give up smoking is a crucial predictor of tobacco cessation attempt. However, even motivated people often fail in their attempts and relapse is very common, even if most people who smoke are confident that the desire to quit is enough to change and maintain abstinence. According to this framework, the main objective of the current study was to identify psychological and lifestyle patterns that might characterize people who smoke cigarettes with different motivations to quit. A secondary aim was to compare the characteristics of people who are currently smoking with people who stopped or never smoked. A convenient sample of 360 volunteers (179 women, 181 men), with a mean age of 55 years (SD = 14.33), participated in this study. Participants completed a battery of psychological and behavioral scales aimed at assessing psychological characteristics as well as dependence level and readiness to stop. Our results strongly suggest that the behavior of people who smoke differs as a function of specific psychological variables. People who currently smoke may fall into two different clusters: In the first one, they have a healthy lifestyle and high self-perceived vitality and vigor, whereas those who fall in the second report lower psychological well-being and an unhealthier lifestyle. Unfortunately, the actual lifestyle does not seem to modulate the motivation to quit, and consequently, people keep on smoking anyway, although some participants tend to adopt compensative behaviors. However, the adoption of a healthier lifestyle might favor a successful cessation attempt once a ready-to-stop motivation level is achieved.
Smoking and Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged Adults in China
Authors: Ge Song , Tang Xianping , Wei Zhe , Dune Linda , Liu Tingting , Li Junxin , Li Changwei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Smoking is prevalent among people in China. In this study, we examined the association between smoking and cognitive function in a representative sample of adults aged 45 years and older in China.

Methods
We analyzed the baseline data of 16,892 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We measured smoking based on smoking status (never, former, and current smokers) and pack years (one pack year equals 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year). We assessed cognitive function for visuospatial ability, episodic memory, orientation/attention, and overall cognitive function. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the independent association between smoking and cognitive function, controlling for sociodemographic factors, domestic partner status, physical health status, and depressive symptoms.

Results
The study participants were, on average, 60 years old. The prevalence of former and current smoking in this population was 8.4% and 28.8%, respectively. Compared with nonsmokers, former and current smokers had better cognitive function (p < .0001). After controlling for covariates, only former smokers, compared with nonsmokers, have better orientation and attention (p = .04) and overall cognitive function (p = .01). Moreover, pack years are positively associated with orientation, attention (p = .04), and overall cognitive function among all participants (p = .02).

Conclusions
This study identified that, among middle-aged and older Chinese adults, former smokers had the highest cognitive function, especially attention and orientation, followed by never smokers and current smokers. When screening for cognition impairment among Chinese middle-aged and older adults, we should encourage them to quit smoking.
Prevalence and Epidemiological Profile of Smokers in the Psychiatric Population and General Population
Authors: de Oliveira Renata Marques , Santos Jair Lício Ferreira , Furegato Antonia Regina Ferreira 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study aims to estimate the prevalence of smokers living in Brazil who use outpatient and hospital psychiatric services and outpatient services in primary health care services. It also aims to identify the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with current smoking in these samples. This is a cross-sectional study with 378 participants from a Brazilian city: P1, persons from the mental health outpatient service; and P2, persons from the psychiatric hospital; P3, general population from the primary healthcare center. A Poisson multiple regression model for current smoking was adjusted. The prevalence of smokers was greater in the psychiatric population than those in the primary health care population (mental health outpatient service = 27%, psychiatric hospital = 60.3%, primary healthcare center = 19%). Current smoking is associated with younger groups (15–29 years old: PRadjusted = 3.35; 30–39 years old: PRadjusted = 2.28), Roman Catholicism (PRadjusted = 1.60), not having a religion (PRadjusted = 2.45), severe psychiatric illness (PRadjusted = 3.04), anxiety disorders/other disorders (PRadjusted = 3.96), and the previous and current use of alcohol (PRadjusted = 2.27 and 2.25, respectively) and illicit substances (PRadjusted = 1.81 and 2.00, respectively). In conclusion, the independent factors associated with current smoking are age, religion, psychiatric diagnosis, and use of alcohol/illicit substances.
Vaping in the Workplace
Authors: Graham Amanda L. , Amato Michael S. , Jacobs Megan A. , Romberg Alexa R. , Diaz Megan C. , Rahman Basmah , Schillo Barbara A. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
Assess workplace vaping as a trigger for tobacco use; examine interest in and prevalence of vaping cessation programs; determine needs of parents whose children vape.

Methods:
Employees of companies with more than 150 employees, drawn from an opt-in national online panel (N = 1607), ages 18 to 65, completed an online survey in November 2019.

Results:
Among tobacco users, 46% to 48% reported workplace vaping was a trigger for smoking and vaping, respectively; 7% of former users reported it as a trigger. Quit vaping support is important to 85% of employees; 1/3 of workplaces have such programs, with industry variation. Child vaping results in presenteeism and absenteeism among roughly 1/3 of parents.

Conclusions:
Workplace vaping is a trigger for smoking and vaping among current and former tobacco users. A gap exists between desired support for vaping cessation and current employer-sponsored cessation programs.
New Approach for Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery: Modified Nasoseptal Rescue Flap
Authors: Ulu Şahin , Aslan Adem , Boyaci M. Gazi , Kuzu Selçuk 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:
Endoscopic endonasal approach has become popularly preferred for pituitary surgery in recent years. In this study we described a new technique which is developed by the first author and which is modified from The Rivera-Serrano “salvage” flap approach. With this new technique the septum morbidity was completely prevented and a wider and more comfortable vision was provided for the operation.

Material-method:
This study consists 7 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (EETPS) with the described technique (modified salvage flap technique) between 2017 and 2019 and 13 patients underwent EETPS using salvage flap technique. The follow-up period was at least 6 months (24–6 months) for septal integrity.

Results:
Intraoperative septum integrity was observed in all 7 patients who were treated with modified rescue flap technique. In 9 of 13 patients who had salvage flap technique, intraoperative septum posterior defects were observed. In postoperative follow-up (min postop 3 months), endoscopic examination showed no septal perforation in 6 patients who were treated with modified rescue flap technique, and 1 patient had 2 × 2 mm perforation posteriorly. In postoperative endoscopic follow-up of 13 patients who underwent salvage flap technique (min postop 3 months), 4 patients had complete septal integrity, while 9 patients had different sizes of posterior septal perforation.

Conclusion:
According to other described approach techniques, our modification using a pedicle and septum protective-transposition technique provides improved access to the downstream side of the sphenoid sinus and clivus, allowing the pedicle to slide down and take a more horizontal position. The improved maneuverability of the pedicle created in the case of cerebrospinal fluid leakage as a complication also allows it to be used as a bilateral wing to cover the exposed bone. We think that this technique is the best method to be used for EETPS with modified saline flap technique.
Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review
Authors: Shrotri Madhumita , van Schalkwyk May C. I. , Post Nathan , Eddy Danielle , Huntley Catherine , Leeman David , Rigby Samuel , Williams Sarah V. , Bermingham William H. , Kellam Paul , Maher John , Shields Adrian M. , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Peacock Sharon J. , Ismail Sharif A. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionUnderstanding the cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance and control strategies. This systematic review critically evaluates and synthesises the relevant peer-reviewed and pre-print literature published in recent months.MethodsFor this systematic review, independent keyword-structured literature searches were carried out in MEDLINE, Embase and COVID-19 Primer for studies published from 01/01/2020-26/06/2020. Papers were independently screened by two researchers, with arbitration of disagreements by a third researcher. Data were independently extracted into a pre-designed Excel template and studies critically appraised using a modified version of the MetaQAT tool, with resolution of disagreements by consensus. Findings were narratively synthesised.Results61 articles were included. Almost all studies used observational designs, were hospital-based, and the majority had important limitations. Symptomatic adult COVID-19 cases consistently show peripheral T cell lymphopenia, which positively correlates with increased disease severity, duration of RNA positivity, and non-survival; while asymptomatic and paediatric cases display preserved counts. People with severe or critical disease generally develop more robust, virus-specific T cell responses. T cell memory and effector function has been demonstrated against multiple viral epitopes, and, cross-reactive T cell responses have been demonstrated in unexposed and uninfected adults, but the significance for protection and susceptibility, respectively, remains unclear.InterpretationA complex pattern of T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been demonstrated, but inferences regarding population level immunity are hampered by significant methodological limitations and heterogeneity between studies. In contrast to antibody responses, population-level surveillance of the cellular response is unlikely to be feasible in the near term. Focused evaluation in specific sub-groups, including vaccine recipients, should be prioritised.
The introduction of standardised packaging and availability of illicit cigarettes: a difference-in-difference analysis of European Union survey data 2015-2018
Authors: Laverty Anthony A , Millett Christopher , Hopkinson Nicholas S , Filippidis Filippos T 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStandardised packaging of tobacco products is intended to reduce the appeal of smoking, but the tobacco industry claims this increases illicit trade. We examined the percentage of people reporting being regularly offered illicit cigarettes before and after implementation of standardised packaging in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France and compared this to other European Union countries. Reported regular illicit tobacco exposure fell from 2.7% to 2.3% between 2015 and 2018 in the three countries implementing the policy, and from 2.3% to 1.7% in control countries (p for difference=0.320). Standardised packaging does not appear to increase the availability of illicit cigarettes.
Measuring Orthopedic Plate Strain to Track Bone Healing Using a Fluidic Sensor Read via Plain Radiography
Authors: Rajamanthrilage Apeksha C. , Arifuzzaman Md. , Millhouse Paul W. , Pace Thomas B. , Behrend Caleb J. , DesJardins John D. , Anker Jeffrey N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe describe a fluidic X-ray visualized strain indicator under applied load (X-VISUAL) to quantify orthopedic plate strain and inform rehabilitative care. This sensor uses a liquid-level gauge with hydro-mechanical amplification and is visualized in plain radiographs which are routinely acquired during patient recovery to find pathologies but are usually insufficient to quantify fracture stiffness. The sensor has two components: a stainless-steel lever which attaches to the plate, and an acrylic fluidic component which sits between the plate and lever. The fluidic component has a reservoir filled with radio-dense solution and an adjoining capillary wherein the fluid level is measured. When the plate bends under load, the lever squeezes the reservoir, which pushes the fluid along the channel. A tibial osteotomy model (5 mm gap) was used to simulate an unstable fracture, and allograft repair used to simulate a stiffer healed fracture. A cadaveric tibia and a mechanically equivalent composite tibia mimic were cyclically loaded five times (0 – 400 N axial force) while fluid displacement was measured from radiographs. The sensor displayed reversible and repeatable behavior with a slope of 0.096 mm/kg and fluid level noise of 50 to 80 micrometers (equivalent to 5-10 N). The allograft-repaired composite fracture was 13 times stiffer than the unstable fracture. An analysis of prior external fracture fixation studies and fatigue curves for internal plates indicates that the threshold for safe weight bearing should be 1/5th−1/10thof the initial bending for an unstable fracture. The precision of our device (<2% body weight) should thus be sufficient to track fracture healing from unstable through safe weight bearing.
Fly wing evolutionary rate is a near-isometric function of mutational variation
Authors: Houle David , Bolstad Geir H. , Hansen Thomas F. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIf there is abundant mutational and standing genetic variation, most expect that the rate of evolution would be driven primarily by natural selection, and potentially be independent of current variability or variation. Contrary to this expectation, we (H17: Houle et al. 2017 Nature 548:447) found surprisingly strong scaling relationships with slopes near one between mutational variance, standing genetic variance and macro-evolutionary rate in Drosophilid wing traits. Jiang and Zhang (J&Z20: 2020 Evolutionhttps://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14076) have challenged these results and our interpretation of them. J&Z20 showed that the method used in H17 to estimate the scaling relationship between variation at different biological levels is uninformative. Using an alternative method, they estimated that the scaling relationship has a slope substantially less than one, and propose a variant of our neutral subset hypothesis to explain this. Here we use simulations to confirm J&Z20’s finding that the H17 method for estimating scaling of variances is uninformative. The simulations also show their alternative method for estimating scaling is likely to be seriously biased towards lower scaling relationships. We propose and verify an alternative approach to calculating scaling relationships based on independently estimated variance matrices, which we call the Q method. Simulations and reanalyses of the Drosophilid data set using the Q method suggests that our original estimates of the scaling relationship were close to the true value. We propose an analytical version of the neutral subset model, and show that it can indeed explain any scaling slope by varying assumptions about the pattern of pleiotropy. We continue to regard neutral subset models as implausible for wing shape in Drosophilids due to the likelihood that wing shape is subject to direct selection. Hybrid models in which pleiotropy reduces the available genetic and mutational variation, and a combination of selection and drift controls the change in species means seem more biologically promising.
Laser Ablation of the Pia Mater for Insertion of High-Density Microelectrode Arrays in a Translational Sheep Model
Authors: Boergens Kevin M. , Tadić Aleksandar , Hopper Matthew S. , McNamara Ingrid , Sahasrabuddhe Kunal , Kong Yifan , Straka Malgorzata , Sohal Harbaljit S. , Angle Matthew R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe safe insertion of high density intracortical electrode arrays has been a long-standing practical challenge for neural interface engineering and applications such as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Here we describe a surgical procedure, inspired by laser corneal ablation, that can be used in large mammals to thin the pia mater, the innermost meningeal layer encapsulating the brain. This procedure allows for microelectrode arrays to be inserted into the cortex with less force, thus reducing deformation of underlying tissue during placement of the microelectrodes. We demonstrate that controlled pia removal over a small area of cortex allows for insertion of high-density electrode arrays and subsequent acute recordings of spiking neuron activity in sheep cortex. We also show histological and electrophysiological evidence that laser removal of the pia does not acutely affect neuronal viability in the region. This approach suggests a promising new path for clinical BCI with high-density microelectrode arrays.