bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention and control measures for coastal erosion in northern high-latitude communities: a systematic review based on Alaskan case studies
Authors: Liew Min , Xiao Ming , Jones Benjamin M , Farquharson Louise M , Romanovsky Vladimir E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Erosion along high-latitude coasts has been accelerating in recent decades, resulting in land loss and infrastructure damage, threatening the wellbeing of local communities, and forcing undesired community relocations. This review paper evaluates the state of practice of current coastal stabilization measures across several coastal communities in northern high latitudes. After considering global practices and those in northern high latitude and arctic settings, this paper then explores new and potential coastal stabilization measures to address erosion specific to northern high-latitude coastlines. The challenges in constructing the current erosion control measures and the cost of the measures over the last four decades in northern high-latitude regions are presented through case histories. The synthesis shows that among the current erosion controls being used at high latitudes, revetments built with rocks have the least reported failures and are the most common measures applied along northern high-latitude coastlines including permafrost coasts, while riprap is the most common material used. For seawalls, bulkheads, and groin systems, reported failures are common and mostly associated with displacement, deflection, settlement, vandalism, and material ruptures. Revetments have been successfully implemented at sites with a wide range of mean annual erosion rates (0.3–2.4 m/year) and episodic erosion (6.0–22.9 m) due to the low costs and easy construction, inspection, and decommissioning. No successful case history has been reported for the non-engineered expedient measures that are constructed in the event of an emergency, except for the expedient vegetation measure using root-wads and willows. Soft erosion prevention measures, which include both beach nourishment and dynamically stable beaches, have been considered in this review. The effectiveness of beach nourishment in Utqiaġvik, Alaska, which is affected by permafrost, is inconclusive. Dynamically stable beaches are effective in preventing erosion, and observations show that they experience only minor damages after single storm events. The analysis also shows that more measures have been constructed on a spit (relative to bluffs, islands, barrier islands, and river mouths), which is a landform where many Alaskan coastal communities reside. The emerging erosion control measures that can potentially be adapted to mitigate coastal erosion in high-latitude regions include geosynthetics, static bay beach concept, refrigerating techniques, and biogeochemical applications. However, this review shows that there is a lack of case studies that evaluated the performance of these new measures in high-latitude environments. This paper identifies research gaps so that these emerging measures can be upscaled for full-scale applications on permafrost coasts.
Global food self-sufficiency in the 21st century under sustainable intensification of agriculture
Authors: Beltran-Peña Areidy , Rosa Lorenzo , D’Odorico Paolo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Meeting the increasing global demand for agricultural products without depleting the limited resources of the planet is a major challenge that humanity is facing. Most studies on global food security do not make projections past the year 2050, just as climate change and increasing demand for food are expected to intensify. Moreover, past studies do not account for the water sustainability limits of irrigation expansion to presently rainfed areas. Here we perform an integrated assessment that considers a range of factors affecting future food production and demand throughout the 21st century. We evaluate the self-sufficiency of 165 countries under sustainability, middle-of-the-road, and business-as-usual scenarios considering changes in diet, population, agricultural intensification, and climate. We find that under both the middle-of-the-road and business-as-usual trajectories global food self-sufficiency is likely to decline despite increased food production through sustainable agricultural intensification since projected food demand exceeds potential production. Contrarily, under a sustainability scenario, we estimate that there will be enough food production to feed the global population. However, most countries in Africa and the Middle East will continue to be heavily reliant on imports throughout the 21st century under all scenarios. These results highlight future hotspots of crop production deficits, reliance on food imports, and vulnerability to food supply shocks.
The influence of crystal thickness and interlayer interactions on the properties of heavy ion irradiated MoS2
Authors: Isherwood Liam H , Hennighausen Zachariah , Son Seok-Kyun , Spencer Ben F , Wady Paul T , Shubeita Samir M , Kar Swastik , Casiraghi Cinzia , Baidak Aliaksandr 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ion irradiation is a versatile tool to introduce controlled defects into two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 on account of its unique spatial resolution and plethora of ion types and energies available. In order to fully realise the potential of this technique, a holistic understanding of ion-induced defect production in 2D MoS2 crystals of different thicknesses is mandatory. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy show that thinner MoS2 crystals are more susceptible to radiation damage caused by 225 keV Xe+ ions. However, the rate of defect production in quadrilayer and bulk crystals is not significantly different under our experimental conditions. The rate at which S atoms are sputtered as a function of radiation exposure is considerably higher for monolayer MoS2, compared to bulk crystals, leading to MoO3 formation. P-doping of MoS2 is observed and attributed to the acceptor states introduced by vacancies and charge transfer interactions with adsorbed species. Moreover, the out-of-plane vibrational properties of irradiated MoS2 crystals are shown to be strongly thickness-dependent: in mono- and bilayer MoS2, the confinement of phonons by defects results in a blueshift of the

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mode. Whereas, a redshift is observed in bulk crystals due to attenuation of the effective restoring forces acting on S atoms caused by vacancies in adjacent MoS2 layers. Consequently, the

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frequency of tri- and quadrilayer crystals is statistically invariant on account oft competition between phonon confinement effects and interlayer interactions. The

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linewidth is observed to decrease in bi- and trilayer crystals after low dose irradiation and is attributed to layer decoupling. This work shows that there is a complex interplay between defect production, crystal thickness and interlayer interactions in MoS2. Our results demonstrate that ion irradiation is an effective tool to modulate the electronic, vibrational and structural properties of MoS2, which may prove beneficial for practical applications.
Dr AFC: drug repositioning through anti-fibrosis characteristic
Authors: Wu Dingfeng , Gao Wenxing , Li Xiaoyi , Tian Chuan , Jiao Na , Fang Sa , Xiao Jing , Xu Zhifeng , Zhu Lixin , Zhang Guoqing , Zhu Ruixin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Fibrosis is a key component in the pathogenic mechanism of a variety of diseases. These diseases involving fibrosis may share common mechanisms and therapeutic targets, and therefore common intervention strategies and medicines may be applicable for these diseases. For this reason, deliberately introducing anti-fibrosis characteristics into predictive modeling may lead to more success in drug repositioning. In this study, anti-fibrosis knowledge base was first built by collecting data from multiple resources. Both structural and biological profiles were then derived from the knowledge base and used for constructing machine learning models including Structural Profile Prediction Model (SPPM) and Biological Profile Prediction Model (BPPM). Three external public data sets were employed for validation purpose and further exploration of potential repositioning drugs in wider chemical space. The resulting SPPM and BPPM models achieve area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve) of 0.879 and 0.972 in the training set, and 0.814 and 0.874 in the testing set. Additionally, our results also demonstrate that substantial amount of multi-targeting natural products possess notable anti-fibrosis characteristics and might serve as encouraging candidates in fibrosis treatment and drug repositioning. To leverage our methodology and findings, we developed repositioning prediction platform, drug repositioning based on anti-fibrosis characteristic that is freely accessible via https://www.biosino.org/drafc.
Subconscious Biases in Coral Reef Fish Studies
Authors: Bellwood David R , Hemingson Christopher R , Tebbett Sterling B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn complex, diverse ecosystems, one is faced with an exceptionally challenging decision: which species to examine first and why? This raises the question: Is there evidence of subconscious biases in study species selection? Likewise, is there evidence of this bias in selecting methods, locations, and times? We addressed these questions by surveying the literature on the most diverse group of vertebrates (fishes) in an iconic high-diversity ecosystem (coral reefs). The evidence suggests that we select study species that are predominantly yellow. Reef fish studies also selectively examine fishes that are behaviorally bold and in warm, calm, attractive locations. Our findings call for a reevaluation of study species selection and methodological approaches, recognizing the potential for subconscious biases to drive selection for species that are attractive rather than important and for methods that give only a partial view of ecosystems. Given the challenges faced by high-diversity ecosystems, we may need to question our decision-making processes.
Reduction of Coronavirus Burden With Mass Azithromycin Distribution
Authors: Doan Thuy , Hinterwirth Armin , Arzika Ahmed M , Worden Lee , Chen Cindi , Zhong Lina , Oldenburg Catherine E , Keenan Jeremy D , Lietman Thomas M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the potential antiviral effects of azithromycin on the nasopharyngeal virome of Nigerien children who had received multiple rounds of mass drug administration. We found that the respiratory burden of non–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses was decreased with azithromycin distributions.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02047981.
Exposed Neophasia terlooii (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Eggs are Resistant to Desiccation During Quiescence
Authors: Halbritter D A 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTerrestrial insects face the risk of desiccation owing to their small size and high surface area to volume ratios. Insect eggs adhered to exposed substrates are especially prone to extremes in temperature and available moisture. The potential of butterfly egg clusters to withstand desiccation in saturated and unsaturated atmospheres was investigated in this study. Butterflies in the genus Neophasia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) lay their eggs along live pine needles and they must survive long intervals without available liquid water while overwintering. After 2 d in a desiccating environment, groups of Neophasia terlooii Behr eggs were exposed to several different humidified chambers for 8 d at 5°C. Group masses were monitored over time and the change in mass was compared to the pre-desiccation mass. Changes in mass were minimal, ranging from a 3% increase in the saturated chamber (100% RH) to a 2% decrease in the driest chamber (&lt;10% RH). Ambient humidity was recorded from among the pine needles of a live tree branch in the natural habitat for 2 wk at the start of the overwintering period. Daytime relative humidity among the pine needles dropped as low as 14.5% but rose as high as 92% at night. In the absence of precipitation, N. terlooii eggs can remain within 2% of their starting weight for 10 d at a constant RH of &lt;10% at 5°C. The mechanism for avoiding desiccation and the physical properties of the egg coating are discussed in the context of life in an arid environment.
A Method for a Long-Term Marking of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Using a Stable Isotope of Nitrogen
Authors: Porras Mitzy F , López-Londoño Tomás , Rost John , Biddinger David , Calvin Dennis , Rajotte Edwin G 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeveloping a lifelong marking method for Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845) is crucial to investigate ecological processes. Here we validate a marking method using stable isotope enrichment (15N) of host plants to track spotted lanternfly (SLF), an invasive species causing economic damage on grapes, hardwood forest and landscape tree species. To validate this method, we first determined the isotope dosage to be sprayed on the host plants and subsequently detected in SLF. Second, we examined whether 15N mark remains detectable from the nymphal to adult stage. We demonstrated that two stable isotope dosages applied to the host plants were assimilated by the insect and equally detectable in the exoskeleton, wings, and mature eggs ready to be oviposited. This safe and reliable method can be used to examine fundamental processes of the biology and ecology of SLF that range from dietary resources and resource allocation to food-web structure and dispersal patterns.
Increased nuclear but not cytoplasmic activities of CELF1 protein leads to muscle wasting
Authors: Cox Diana C , Guan Xiangnan , Xia Zheng , Cooper Thomas A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
mRNA processing is highly regulated during development through changes in RNA-binding protein (RBP) activities. CUG-BP, Elav-like family member 1 (CELF1, also called CUGBP1) is an RBP, the expression of which decreases in skeletal muscle soon after birth. CELF1 regulates multiple nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA processing events. In the nucleus, CELF1 regulates networks of postnatal alternative splicing (AS) transitions, while in the cytoplasm, CELF1 regulates mRNA stability and translation. Stabilization and misregulation of CELF1 has been implicated in human diseases including myotonic dystrophy type 1, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple cancers. To understand the contribution of nuclear and cytoplasmic CELF1 activity to normal and pathogenic skeletal muscle biology, we generated transgenic mice for doxycycline-inducible and skeletal muscle-specific expression of active CELF1 mutants engineered to be localized predominantly to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Adult mice expressing nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, CELF1 are characterized by strong histopathological defects, muscle loss within 10 days and changes in AS. In contrast, mice expressing cytoplasmic CELF1 display changes in protein levels of targets known to be regulated at the level of translation by CELF1, with minimal changes in AS. These changes are in the absence of overt histopathological changes or muscle loss. RNA-sequencing revealed extensive gene expression and AS changes in mice overexpressing nuclear and naturally localized CELF1 protein, with affected genes involved in cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane dynamics, RNA processing and zinc ion binding. These results support a stronger role for nuclear CELF1 functions as compared to cytoplasmic CELF1 functions in skeletal muscle wasting.
Functional genomics in autoimmune diseases
Authors: Ding James , Frantzeskos Antonios , Orozco Gisela 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Associations between genetic loci and increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease have been well characterized, however, translating this knowledge into mechanistic insight and patient benefit remains a challenge. While improvements in the precision, completeness and accuracy of our genetic understanding of autoimmune diseases will undoubtedly be helpful, meeting this challenge will require two interlinked problems to be addressed: first which of the highly correlated variants at an individual locus is responsible for increased disease risk, and second what are the downstream effects of this variant. Given that the majority of loci are thought to affect non-coding regulatory elements, the second question is often reframed as what are the target gene(s) and pathways affected by causal variants. Currently, these questions are being addressed using a wide variety of novel techniques and datasets. In many cases, these approaches are complementary and it is likely that the most accurate picture will be generated by consolidating information relating to transcription, regulatory activity, chromatin accessibility, chromatin conformation and readouts from functional experiments, such as genome editing and reporter assays. It is clear that it will be necessary to gather this information from disease relevant cell types and conditions and that by doing so our understanding of disease etiology will be improved. This review is focused on the field of autoimmune disease functional genomics with a particular focus on the most exciting and significant research to be published within the last couple of years.
Robustness of potential biological removal to monitoring, environmental, and management uncertainties
Authors: Punt André E , Siple Margaret , Francis Tessa B , Hammond Phillip S , Heinemann Dennis , Long Kristy J , Moore Jeffrey E , Sepúlveda Maritza , Reeves Randall R , Sigurðsson Guðjón Már , Vikingsson Gísli , Wade Paul R , Williams Rob , Zerbini Alexandre N 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe potential biological removal (PBR) formula used to determine a reference point for human-caused mortality of marine mammals in the United States has been shown to be robust to several sources of uncertainty. This study investigates the consequences of the quality of monitoring on PBR performance. It also explores stochastic and demographic uncertainty, catastrophic events, sublethal effects of interactions with fishing gear, and the situation of a marine mammal population subject to bycatch in two fisheries, only one of which is managed. Results are presented for two pinniped and two cetacean life histories. Bias in abundance estimates and whether there is a linear relationship between abundance estimates and true abundance most influence conservation performance. Catastrophic events and trends in natural mortality have larger effects than environmental stochasticity. Managing only one of two fisheries with significant bycatch leads, as expected, to a lower probability of achieving conservation management goals, and better outcomes would be achieved if bycatch in all fisheries were managed. The results are qualitatively the same for the four life histories, but estimates of the probability of population recovery differ.
The European Union’s Plan to Amend the ‘First Country of Asylum’ and ‘Safe Third Country’ Concepts
Authors: Marx Reinhard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article examines the European Commission’s 2016 proposals relating to asylum procedures and the Dublin mechanism. In particular, it analyses what State responsibility for protection means in the context of the ‘first country of asylum’ and ‘safe third country’ concepts, which are addressed in the Commission’s Asylum Procedures Proposal. What effect does the common responsibility of all parties to the Refugee Convention have on a particular State’s individual obligations when it examines a refugee’s application for protection? Can a State simply transfer asylum seekers to another State without seeking assurances from that ‘safe third country’ that they will be granted access to refugee status determination procedures? Does a State’s responsibility end after it removes an asylum seeker or is it obliged to cooperate with the destination State? Does merely transiting through a country mean that it is a ‘safe third country’ to which an asylum seeker can be returned? Can an asylum seeker be sent to a State that is safe in one or two regions, but is otherwise unstable? The article considers these and other questions, taking a sceptical approach to the European Commission’s proposal relating to the ‘safe third country’ concept.
Combination rhIL-15 and Anti-PD-L1 (Avelumab) Enhances HIVGag-Specific CD8 T-Cell Function
Authors: Goshu Bruktawit A , Chen Hui , Moussa Maha , Cheng Jie , Catalfamo Marta 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn chronic HIV infection, virus-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells showed expression of checkpoint receptors and impaired function. Therefore, restoration of CD8 T-cell function is critical in cure strategies. Here, we show that in vitro blockade of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) by an anti-PD-L1 antibody (avelumab) in combination with recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) synergistically enhanced cytokine secretion by proliferating HIVGag-specific CD8 T cells. In addition, these CD8 T cells have a CXCR3+PD1−/low phenotype, suggesting a potential to traffic into peripheral tissues. In vitro, proliferating CD8 T cells express PD-L1 suggesting that anti-PD-L1 treatment also targets virus-specific CD8 T cells. Together, these data indicate that rhIL-15/avelumab combination therapy could be a useful strategy to enhance CD8 T-cell function in cure strategies.
Anchialine adjustments: an updated phylogeny and classification for the family Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 (Decapoda: Caridea)
Authors: Ditter Robert E , Mejía-Ortíz Luis M , Bracken-Grissom Heather D 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBarbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987 is a family comprised of 4 genera and 11 species of enigmatic shrimps restricted to anchialine or marine caves whose evolutionary history and relationships remain elusive. We investigated the evolutionary relationships among members of Barbouriidae with the inclusion of four genera and nine species, and newly collected material from Belize, the Bahamas, and the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Phylogenetic analyses based on seven mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions and genetic distances calculated using partial 16S gene regions have identified a need to revisit the relationships and classification within Barbouriidae. More specifically, we find evidence to suggest Janicea Manning & Hart, 1984 as a junior synonym of Parhippolyte Borradaile, 1900, B. yanezi Mejía, Zarza & López, 2008 as a synonym of Barbouria cubensis (von Martens, 1872), and define two new subfamilies, Calliasmatinae Holthuis, 1973 and Barbouriinae Christoffersen, 1987. Included is a dichotomous key for the species of Barbouriidae that summarizes previous literature and includes new morphological characters. Our findings shed light on existing inaccuracies and gaps in molecular data from barbouriids. We also provide further clarity into evolutionary relationships among genera of Barbouriidae and their allies, suggesting phylogeographic divisions within the family. Our findings suggest an early Atlantic-Pacific divide among genera originating from a shallow-water reef ancestor.