bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in food sources of added sugar in Australian eating patterns between 1995 and 2012 using national consumption survey data
Authors: Probst Y. C. , Charlton K. E. , Davison S. J. , Louie J. C. Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhen aiming to develop dietary messaging to achieve reductions in added sugar intakes, it is necessary to identify key food contributors. Food contributors are not expected to remain static over time. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the total added sugars (AS) intake and related food sources for adult respondents of two Australian national consumption surveys.MethodsRepeated 24‐h recall data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (1995NNS, n = 10 851) and the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2012NNPAS, n = 9341) was used to estimate AS consumption. Food group sources of AS were examined per consumer and per capita and the food group predictors of energy provided by AS were determined.ResultsA significant difference in total AS intake was identified by age and gender between the surveys (all P < 0.001). Increased variability in food group contributions per consumer was also identified. Nine of the top 20 food groups from the 1995NNS differed (P < 0.001) in their contribution to AS in 2012NNPAS per consumer. Fewer changes were apparent at the population level, with >40% AS coming from only three food groups. Age‐stratified analyses showed that the ‘sugar, honeys and syrups’ and the ‘sweetened beverages’ food groups were the top contributors between the surveys up to the age group of 70 years. ‘Sugar, honey and syrups’, ‘chocolate and chocolate‐based confectionery,’ and ‘other confectionery’ (all, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of AS intake (1995NNS, r2 = 0.755; 2012NNPAS r2 = 0.740).ConclusionsAt a population level, food group contributions to AS intakes for Australian adults have not changed substantially over time, yet notable shifts in AS can be seen when targeting only the consumers of these food sources. ‘Cake type desserts’ appear to be increasingly consumed though ‘sweetened beverages’ remain a major contributor to AS intakes warranting targeted public health strategies.
Major gaps in human evidence for structure and function of the vasa vasora limit our understanding of the link with atherosclerosis
Authors: Sophie Zhao Bichen , Belhoul‐Fakir Hanane , Jansen Shirley , Hamzah Juliana , Mishani Siamak , Lawrence Brown Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtherosclerosis is the major pathology causing death in the developed world and, although risk factor modification has improved outcomes over the last decade, there is no cure. The role of the vasa vasora (VV) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque is unclear but must relate to the predictability of diseased sites in the arterial tree. VV are small vessels found on major arteries and veins which supply nutrients and oxygen to the vessel wall itself while removing waste. Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the anatomy and function of the VV as well as their significance in vascular disease. There is convincing evidence that VV are related to atherosclerotic plaque progression and vessel thrombosis, however, their link to the pathology of plaque initiation remains an interesting but neglected topic. We aim to present the evidence on the anatomy and functional behaviour of VV as well as their relationship to the initiation of atherosclerosis. At the same time, we wish to highlight inconsistencies in, and limitations of, the evidence available.
Dysmenorrhea in young people: Experiences from a tertiary center with a focus on conservative management
Authors: Sachedina Aalia , ABU Bakar Mardiha , Dunford Angela M. , Morris Amanda , NUR Azurah Abdul Ghani , Grover Sonia R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimTo describe the characteristics, management and outcomes of a cohort of young people with dysmenorrhea presenting to a tertiary adolescent gynecology service, managed primarily with medical interventions.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Data were collected from medical records of patients presenting with dysmenorrhea and/or pelvic pain.ResultsOf 154 patients, mean age of presentation was 15.7 years (SD = 2.2) and mean duration of pain was 14.9 months (SD = 10.8). Regular cycles were reported by 64.5%, and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in 67.8%. Patients self‐reporting HMB reported less pain on the day prior to menses than those not reporting HMB (P < 0.005). At follow‐up, therapeutic interventions included nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, tranexamic acid and cyclic or continuous combined oral contraceptive pills. Laparoscopies were undertaken in 12 (8.1%) patients, with normal findings in 8 (66.7%). Secondary dysmenorrhea was identified in 10 patients: of these, endometriosis was identified in one patient and unilateral obstructive Müllerian anomalies in six. Overall, 92.2% of patients had improvement in symptoms after treatment.ConclusionLaparoscopy and endometriosis rates in patients presenting to a tertiary center were lower than previously reported, with most patients achieving symptom improvement without laparoscopy.
The effects of hamstring training methods on muscle viscoelastic properties in healthy young individuals
Authors: Uysal Özgün , Delioğlu Kıvanç , Firat Tüzün 
Published: October 2020

This study investigated the effects of hamstring training methods on the passive viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles and the relationship of these properties to lower extremity power, hamstring flexibility, and agility. A total of forty healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Participants performed Nordic hamstring exercises (n = 14), hamstring curl exercises (n = 14), or received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; n = 13) for eight weeks. Measurements were taken both before and one week after the interventions of the viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles, strength, flexibility, agility, and lower extremity power. Nordic hamstring exercises increased hamstring muscle elasticity while decreasing quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness; whereas leg curl exercises increased quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness while decreasing quadriceps muscle tone (P < .05). Both strengthening methods increased agility, hamstring flexibility, and vertical jump. NMES produced no noticeable effects. Eccentric and concentric training methods had inverse effects on both hamstring and quadriceps muscles’ viscoelastic parameters, but had similar improvements on performance parameters. Since changes in viscoelastic parameters of muscle could affect musculotendinous systems’ compliance, clinicians should consider viscoelastic properties over performance parameters, when prescribing concentric or eccentric exercises.
The oncogenic pathways of papillomaviruses
Authors: Kaynarcalidan Onur , Oğuzoğlu Tuba Çiğdem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPapillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic and wild animals as well as humans. There are some Papillomavirus genotypes that can infect hosts different from their own, such as BPV 1 and BPV 2 originated from cattle, which can also infect horses and are responsible for fibroblastic tumours in horses. This review article summarizes the origin and evolution of papillomaviruses as an etiological agent in the historical process. The main focus in this review is the evaluation of the interactions between high‐risk papillomavirus oncoproteins and programmed cell‐death pathways. It further exemplifies the role of these interactions in the malignant cell transformation process. In parallel with this, the use and importance of the bovine model system to enlighten the papillomavirus‐associated cancers is discussed with an in‐depth examination. Furthermore, it focuses on the epidemiological situation of BPV infections in Turkey in the cattle herds.
Shock index is associated with mortality in canine vehicular trauma patients
Authors: Kraenzlin Mara N. , Cortes Yonaira , Fettig Pamela K. , Bailey Dennis B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo calculate and compare shock index (SI) in healthy dogs and vehicular trauma dogs (VT), determine the prognostic value of SI in VT dogs, and to assess the correlation between SI and the animal trauma triage score, modified Glasgow Coma Scale score, and lactate in VT dogs.DesignRetrospective study from April 2016 to February 2018.SettingTwenty‐four‐hour tertiary referral level II trauma center.AnimalsOne hundred twenty‐one dogs presented to the emergency service for VT and 60 healthy control dogs.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsHeart rate and systolic blood pressure were measured on each patient and used to calculate SI. SI was significantly higher in VT dogs compared to healthy control dogs (median SI, 1.0 vs 0.75;P < 0.0001). SI was significantly higher in those that died versus those that survived to discharge (median, 1.27 vs 0.96;P = 0.017). SI positively correlated with animal trauma triage score (95% confidence interval, 0.039–0.49;P = 0.019;r = 0.26) but did not with plasma lactate level at presentation (P = 0.068;r = 0.22) or modified Glasgow Coma Scale (P = 0.85;r = –0.021, 95% confidence interval, –0.24 to 0.20).ConclusionsSI is easy to calculate during triage of a trauma patient. Given its significant relationship with mortality, higher SIs should prompt the clinician to pursue additional monitoring, diagnostics, and intervention.
Influence of radiographic examination findings on recommendations made during routine clinical re‐evaluation of dogs with uncomplicated tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Alexander Akash , Compagnone Krizia , Grierson James , Keeley Benjamin , Kilduff‐Taylor Andrea , Maskell Kirsty , Moriera Luis , Roch Simon , Barnes Darren , Campmany Maria Del Mar , Bovis Maria Del Mar , Alexander Saji Daniel , Matiasovic Matt 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of follow‐up radiographic examination on recommendations made during routine clinical re‐evaluation of dogs that had undergone uncomplicated tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).Study designRetrospective multi‐institutional case series.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (N = 1010) that underwent uncomplicated TPLO.MethodsRecords from 11 institutions were searched for dogs that had been treated with unilateral TPLO and had no history of postoperative complications before their routine follow‐up examination. The frequency of change in further clinical recommendations resulting from client‐ or clinician‐voiced concerns or radiographic abnormalities was investigated.ResultsFollow‐up evaluation was performed at a median of 6 (range, 4‐15) weeks after TPLO. Radiographic examination findings contributed to a change in recommendations in 4.15% (38/915) of dogs presented without client concerns and without abnormalities at orthopedic examination. Abnormal radiographic findings alone influenced the management of 3.76% (38/1010) of dogs. An association was detected between clinical features and radiological findings leading to a change in recommendations (P < .0001). Administration of analgesia at the time of follow‐up was associated with radiographic abnormalities (P = .017) and change in postoperative plans (P = .0007).ConclusionRadiographic examination findings at follow‐up did not influence the management of most dogs with uncomplicated TPLO.Clinical significanceRadiographic examination findings are unlikely to influence the treatment of dogs that seem to be recovering uneventfully from an uncomplicated TPLO without concerns from clients, analgesia, or abnormal findings on thorough orthopedic examination by a surgical specialist, at the time of the planned clinical re‐evaluation.
Kepentingan Pendapatan Halal Dalam Konsep Pemakanan Halalan Tayyiban: Kajian Kepada Penerima Anugerah Keluarga Mithali (AKM) Peringkat Kebangsaan (The Importance of Lawful Income within the Concept of Halalan Tayyiban Dietary: A Study of the National Recipients of Exemplary Family Awards (AKM))
Authors: Shaary Khairudin , Wan Harun Mohammad Amir 
Published: October 2020

Lawful income is one of important element in Islam to uphold the Concept of Halalan Tayyiban Dietary (KPHT). An income that is sourced from unlawful or ambiguous (syubhah) trade or occupation, directly affects the source of foods obtained therefrom. Therefore, this study purports to observe the importance of lawful income in upholding the concept of halalan tayyiban dietary based on the practices of AKM recipients. This study adapted qualitative methodology as well as utilizing direct interview technique by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to collect data. The analysis of interview data was duly processed by employing the assistance of Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing (NUD.IST) software, or also known as QSR NVivo version 10. Tespondents from this research are recipients of national Exemplary Family Awards (AKM) organized by Yayasan Dakwah Islamiah Malaysia (YADIM). The result of the study demonstrated that lawful income has a very significant importance in KPHT. Meanwhile, three main themes could be produced to form a model known as the Concept of Halalan Tayyiban Dietary of Exemplary Family (KPHTKM). Within this model, a total of four subthemes were successfully developed to describe the connotation of lawful income of the AKM recipients, and following that, can be correlated to its importance within KPHT. The results of the study is seen to be contributing towards the development of a guideline for earning lawful income of Muslim families. Subsequent studies are suggested, focusing on other aspects in KPHTKM that are still untouched by this study.
A single, clinically relevant dose of the GABAB agonist baclofen impairs visuomotor learning
Authors: Johnstone Ainslie , Grigoras Ioana , Petitet Pierre , Capitão Liliana P. , Stagg Charlotte J. 
Published: October 2020

Key points
Baclofen is a GABAB agonist prescribed as a treatment for spasticity in stroke, brain injury and multiple sclerosis patients, who are often undergoing concurrent motor rehabilitation.
Decreasing GABAergic inhibition is a key feature of motor learning and so there is a possibility that GABA agonist drugs, such as baclofen, could impair these processes, potentially impacting rehabilitation.
Here, we examined the effect of 10 mg of baclofen, in 20 young healthy individuals, and found that the drug impaired retention of visuomotor learning with no significant effect on motor sequence learning.
Overall baclofen did not alter transcranial magnetic stimulation‐measured GABAB inhibition, although the change in GABAB inhibition correlated with aspects of visuomotor learning retention.
Further work is needed to investigate whether taking baclofen impacts motor rehabilitation in patients.
AbstractThe GABAB agonist baclofen is taken daily as a treatment for spasticity by millions of stroke, brain injury and multiple sclerosis patients, many of whom are also undergoing motor rehabilitation. However, decreases in GABA are suggested to be a key feature of human motor learning, which raises questions about whether drugs increasing GABAergic activity may impair motor learning and rehabilitation. In this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, we investigated whether a single 10 mg dose of the GABAB agonist baclofen impaired motor sequence learning and visuomotor learning in 20 young healthy participants of both sexes. Participants trained on visuomotor and sequence learning tasks using their right hand. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of corticospinal excitability, GABAA (short‐interval intracortical inhibition, 2.5 ms) and GABAB (long‐interval intracortical inhibition, 150 ms) receptor activation were recorded from left M1. Behaviourally, baclofen caused a significant reduction of visuomotor aftereffect (F1,137.8 = 6.133, P = 0.014) and retention (F1,130.7 = 4.138, P = 0.044), with no significant changes to sequence learning. There were no overall changes to TMS measured GABAergic inhibition with this low dose of baclofen. This result confirms the causal importance of GABAB inhibition in mediating visuomotor learning and suggests that chronic baclofen use could negatively impact aspects of motor rehabilitation.
Downsizing the Electric Motors of Energy-Efficient Self-Contained Electro-Hydraulic Systems by Using Hybrid Technologies
Authors: Padovani Damiano , Ketelsen Søren , Schmidt Lasse 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The ongoing tendency toward the electrification of hydraulic systems, mainly in the form of self-contained solutions, poses design challenges in high-power applications. An electric motor drives positive-displacement machines used to control the motion of the hydraulic actuator (nonhybrid systems encompassing one or two pumps exist in the technical literature). All the power managed by the actuator passes through the electric motor, which leads to often oversized arrangements. These detrimental characteristics are especially pronounced when the power level increases approximately above 35–40 kW. Therefore, this research paper presents and studies a self-contained, electro-hydraulic, hybrid architecture intended to downsize the electric motor while maintaining the high-power output of the nonhybrid counterpart. After introducing the sizing process for the energy storage device and developing a suitable control strategy for the hybrid subsystem, the proposed concept is validated via high-fidelity dynamic models. The rated power of the electric prime mover can be cut by 70% in the considered application (a mid-size, knuckle-boom crane with an installed power of about 46 kW) without altering the performance in terms of motion control. The additional mass (about 310 kg) of the hybrid system is not expected to affect the load-carrying capacity significantly. As a result, the hybridization of self-sufficient systems is technically feasible for high-power applications. Drawbacks related to the system cost-effectiveness might, however, be experienced. An application-driven cost analysis should be conducted before implementing such a solution.
A New Friction Factor Calculation Model and Design Approach of Flow Channels Based on Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Zhou Lei , Zhu Yi , Yang Huayong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), is one type of metal additive manufacturing (AM) technology which is efficient in producing lightweight hydraulic components. However, the fabricating quality is poor when flow channels are built horizontally on the substrate due to residual stress on the large overhang region. Large surface roughness and dimensional error occurs which greatly affect friction factor but not studied. In this work, fluid channels with various diameters were built using SLM. The surface roughness and profile were characterized. Friction factor was then measured using a customed test rig. Results indicate that SLM fabricated fluid passages have high and uneven roughness and dimensional accuracy is poor. A new friction factor model was developed which can be used to calculate pressure loss in a SLM fabricated fluid channels.
Modeling and Control of a Novel Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator With a Three-Ports Hydraulic Pump
Authors: Zhou Fengqi , Xiao Wenjian , Ouyang Xiaoping , Zhang Pengfei , Xu Lilin , Yang Huayong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a kind of power-by-wire (PBW) actuator that converts the electrical power into localized hydraulic power for flight control. In order to solve the problem of flow mismatching in the asymmetric cylinder, this paper presents a novel EHA which applies a three-ports fixed displacement pump to work with the asymmetric cylinder. The working principle of the novel EHA is introduced, and its nonlinear mathematical model is built. The sliding-mode control is proposed to control the position loop of the EHA. The controller structure of EHA is built including the position control using sliding-mode control, the speed control using PI, and the current control using PI. The model of mechanical parts including the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), controller and hydraulic parts are built in the SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the sliding-mode control improves the dynamic response and control accuracy compared with the traditional classic PID.
Modeling, Analysis, and Function Extension of the McKibben Hydraulic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Chen Siqing , Xu He 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Compared with rigid robots, flexible robots have soft and extensible bodies enforcing their abilities to absorb shock and vibration, hence reducing the impact of probable collisions. Due to their high adaptability and minimally invasive features, soft robots are used in various fields. The McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles are the most popular soft actuator because of the controllability of hydraulic actuator and high force to weight ratio. When its deformation reaches a certain level, the actuators can be stopped automatically without any other braking mechanism. The research of McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is beneficial to the theoretical analysis of soft actuators in the mechanical system. The design of soft actuators with different deformations promotes the development of soft robots. In this paper, a static modeling of the McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is established, and its correctness is verified by theoretical analysis and experiment. In this model, the deformation mechanism of the artificial muscle and the law of output force is put forward. The relationship between muscle pressure, load, deformation, and muscle design parameters is presented through the mechanical analysis of the braid, elastic tube, and sealed-end. The law of the muscle deformation with high pressure is predicted. The reason for the muscle’s tiny elongation with extremely high pressure is found through the analysis of the relationship between the angle of the braid, the length of single braided thread, and the pressure. With the increase of pressure, the angle of the braid tends to a fixed value. As the stress of braided thread increases, so does its length. The length changes obviously when the stress is extremely enormous. The angle of the braid and the length of the braided thread control the deformation of artificial muscles, resulting in a slight lengthening with extreme high pressure. Under normal pressure, the length of the braided wire is negligible, so that the entire muscle becomes shorter. According to the modeling and theoretical analysis, a new McKibben hydraulic artificial muscle that can elongate under normal rising pressure is designed. This artificial muscle can grow longer with pressure increases, eventually reaching its maximum length. During this time, its diameter barely changes. Its access pressure is higher than that of conventional elongated artificial muscles. Through experiments, the relationship between the muscle deformation, pressure, and load still conform to this theoretical model. This model can be used for the control of soft actuators and the design of new soft robots. This extensional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles and the conventional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles can be used in the bilateral control of soft robots.