bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Emissions due to Cosmic-Ray Protons Accelerated at Intracluster Shocks in Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We examine the cosmic-ray protons (CRp) accelerated at collisionless shocks in galaxy clusters using cosmological structure formation simulations. We find that in the intracluster medium (ICM) within the virial radius of simulated clusters, only ∼7% of shock kinetic energy flux is dissipated by the shocks that are expected to accelerate CRp—that is, supercritical, quasi-parallel (Q
∥) shocks with sonic Mach number M

s
≥ 2.25. The rest is dissipated at subcritical shocks and quasi-perpendicular shocks, both of which may not accelerate CRp. Adopting the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) model recently presented in Ryu et al., we quantify the DSA of CRp in simulated clusters. The average fraction of the shock kinetic energy transferred to CRp via DSA is assessed at ∼(1–2) × 10−4. We also examine the energization of CRp through reacceleration using a model based on the test-particle solution. Assuming that the ICM plasma passes through shocks three times on average through the history of the universe and that CRp are reaccelerated only at supercritical Q
∥-shocks, the CRp spectrum flattens by ∼0.05–0.1 in slope and the total amount of CRp energy increases by ∼40%–80% from reacceleration. We then estimate diffuse γ-ray and neutrino emissions, resulting from inelastic collisions between CRp and thermal protons. The predicted γ-ray emissions from simulated clusters lie mostly below the upper limits set by Fermi-LAT for observed clusters. The neutrino fluxes toward nearby clusters would be ≲10−4 of the IceCube flux at E

ν
= 1 PeV and ≲10−6 of the atmospheric neutrino flux in the energy range of E

ν
≤ 1 TeV.
High-resolution UV/Optical/IR Imaging of Jupiter in 2016–2019
Authors: Wong Michael H. , Simon Amy A. , Tollefson Joshua W. , de Pater Imke , Barnett Megan N. , Hsu Andrew I. , Stephens Andrew W. , Orton Glenn S. , Fleming Scott W. , Goullaud Charles , Januszewski William , Roman Anthony , Bjoraker Gordon L. , Atreya Sushil K. , Adriani Alberto , Fletcher Leigh N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Imaging observations of Jupiter with high spatial resolution were acquired beginning in 2016, with a cadence of 53 days to coincide with atmospheric observations of the Juno spacecraft during each perijove pass. The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) collected Jupiter images from 236 to 925 nm in 14 filters. The Near-Infrared Imager (NIRI) at Gemini North imaged Jovian thermal emission using a lucky-imaging approach (co-adding the sharpest frames taken from a sequence of short exposures), using the M′ filter at 4.7 μm. We discuss the data acquisition and processing and an archive collection that contains the processed WFC3 and NIRI data (doi:10.17909/T94T1H). Zonal winds remain steady over time at most latitudes, but significant evolution of the wind profile near 24°N in 2016 and near 15°S in 2017 was linked with convective superstorm eruptions. Persistent mesoscale waves were seen throughout the 2016–2019 period. We link groups of lightning flashes observed by the Juno team with water clouds in a large convective plume near 15°S and in cyclones near 35°N–55°N. Thermal infrared maps at the 10.8 micron wavelength obtained at the Very Large Telescope show consistent high brightness temperature anomalies, despite a diversity of aerosol properties seen in the HST data. Both WFC3 and NIRI imaging reveal depleted aerosols consistent with downwelling around the periphery of the 15°S storm, which was also observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. NIRI imaging of the Great Red Spot shows that locally reduced cloud opacity is responsible for dark features within the vortex. The HST data maps multiple concentric polar hoods of high-latitude hazes.
Single-pulse Detection Algorithms for Real-time Fast Radio Burst Searches Using GPUs
Authors: Adámek Karel , Armour Wesley 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The detection of non-repeating or irregular events in time-domain radio astronomy has gained importance over the last decade due to the discovery of fast radio bursts. Existing or upcoming radio telescopes are gathering more and more data, and consequently, the software, which is an important part of these telescopes, must process large data volumes at high data rates. Data has to be searched through to detect new and interesting events, often in real time. These requirements necessitate new and fast algorithms that must process data quickly and accurately. In this work, we present new algorithms for single-pulse detection using boxcar filters. We have quantified the signal loss introduced by single-pulse-detection algorithms, which use boxcar filters, and based on these results, we have designed two distinct “lossy” algorithms. Our lossy algorithms use an incomplete set of boxcar filters to accelerate detection at the expense of a small reduction in detected signal power. We present formulae for signal loss, descriptions of our algorithms and their parallel implementation on NVIDIA GPUs using CUDA. We also present tests of correctness, tests on artificial data, and the performance achieved. Our implementation can process SKA-MID-like data 266× faster than real time on an NVIDIA P100 GPU and 500× faster than real time on an NVIDIA Titan V GPU with a mean signal power loss of 7%. We conclude with prospects for single-pulse detection for beyond the SKA era, nanosecond time-resolution radio astronomy.
High-resolution computed tomography enhances the diagnosis and follow-up of influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia
Authors: Fontes Cristina AP , Dos Santos Alair Augusto SMD , De Oliveira Solange A 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: We present the findings on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia of 140 patients with acute and post-acute pneumonia, totaling 189 exams in a retrospective observational study evaluating the importance of HRCT as a diagnostic imaging method in the acute phase and in the follow-up of pneumonia.
Methodology: We performed a retrospective observational study evaluating the HRCT findings of 140 adult patients with confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia and without other associated infectious processes. Chest X-ray exams were also performed in these patients.
Results: The main HRCT findings of lung involvement were airspace consolidation (57 cases), ground-glass opacities (40 cases) and an association of both aspects (43 cases), with a predominantly bilateral and peripheral distribution.
Conclusions: HRCT is able to distinguish small lesions, such as small areas of consolidation or ground glass opacities, with little increase in lung attenuation, when chest X-rays was normal, allowing a prompt diagnosis and treatment after imaging.
Melioidosis In Suspected Recurrent Tuberculosis: A disease in disguise
Authors: Garg Rahul , Shaw Tushar , Vandana Kalwaje E , Magazine Rahul , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Melioidosis, caused by the soil saprophyte B. pseudomallei, is a ‘neglected’ infectious disease in many Asian countries. It remained undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in India for long due to a lack of awareness and facilities to diagnose the disease; however, it is slowly gaining the status of an emerging disease recently. The disease is well known as a great mimicker, as the presentations are very similar to many other tropical diseases, and more importantly, to tuberculosis .
Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2016 – December 2018 to find the occurance of melioidosis in patients with ‘recurrent’ tuberculosis infection in a tertiary health care hospital from southern India. All suspected cases of recurrent tuberculosis were simultaneously tested for the presence of B. pseudomallei, and basic demographics and clinical details were documented.
Result: Among 11,138 patients admitted with suspected tuberculosis infection, 586 (5.2%) patients were confirmed. There was recurrent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in 11/586 (1.8%) cases, and 7/586 (1.2%) had growth of B. pseudomallei in culture. Patients with melioidosis had either pulmonary involvement, or bone and joint infections and deep abscesses. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was the major risk factor.
Conclusion: The study foreshadows the need for prompt and accurate microbiological diagnosis along with a high index of suspicion from the clinicians in countries which are endemic for both melioidosis and tuberculosis, thus ameliorating the irrational anti-tuberculosis treatment.
Role of orexin peptide system in emotional overeating induced by brain reward stimulation in fed rats
Authors: Lebedev Andrei A. , Bessolova Yulia N. , Efimov Nikolai S. , Bychkov Eugeny R. , Droblenkov Andrei V. , Shabanov Petr D. 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The purpose of this work was to prove that the reaction of food self-deprivation in “fed up” rats is a suitable model for studying the emotional overeating in the experiment.
Methods: The self-deprivation reaction, i.e. self-isolation of an animal from food during electrical self-stimulation of the brain, was studied in animals with food deprivation. To reproduce the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, the male Wistar rats were trained to press a pedal in a Skinner box. After training, the rats received food deprivation, then a feeder was placed in the Skinner box, and a conditioned food reflex was developed in rats within 5 days.
Results and discussion: The food self-deprivation reaction was observed in the ”satiated” rats with a current intensity of 10% and above the threshold for self-stimulation. Hungry animals pressed the pedal for hypothalamic self-stimula­tion and took no notice of the feeding trough. Sulpiride, a dopamine D2 antagonist (5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.), administered to the “satiated” rats decreased both the eating behavior and self-stimulation in food self-deprivation testing. SB-408124, an orexin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/ml, 20 μl intranasally) reduced only the number of pellets eaten, but not the number of pedal presses.
Conclusion: The orexin A receptors are preferably involved in emotional eating compared with orexin B (OX2R TCS-OX2-29) and D2 dopamine receptors. Because emotional eating is significantly related to clinical eating disorders, like bulimia and binge eating disorder, it seems promising to use drugs of the orexin system to treat and prevent the issue.
Statistical downscaling with the downscaleR package (v3.1.0): contribution to the VALUE intercomparison experiment
Authors: Bedia Joaquín , Baño-Medina Jorge , Legasa Mikel N. , Iturbide Maialen , Manzanas Rodrigo , Herrera Sixto , Casanueva Ana , San-Martín Daniel , Cofiño Antonio S. , Gutiérrez José Manuel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The increasing demand for high-resolution climate information has attracted growing attention to statistical downscaling (SDS) methods, due in part to their relative advantages and merits as compared to dynamical approaches (based on regional climate model simulations), such as their much lower computational cost and their fitness for purpose for many local-scale applications. As a result, a plethora of SDS methods is nowadays available to climate scientists, which has motivated recent efforts for their comprehensive evaluation, like the VALUE initiative (http://www.value-cost.eu, last access: 29 March 2020). The systematic intercomparison of a large number of SDS techniques undertaken in VALUE, many of them independently developed by different authors and modeling centers in a variety of languages/environments, has shown a compelling need for new tools allowing for their application within an integrated framework. In this regard, downscaleR is an R package for statistical downscaling of climate information which covers the most popular approaches (model output statistics – including the so-called “bias correction” methods – and perfect prognosis) and state-of-the-art techniques. It has been conceived to work primarily with daily data and can be used in the framework of both seasonal forecasting and climate change studies. Its full integration within the climate4R framework (Iturbide et al., 2019) makes possible the development of end-to-end downscaling applications, from data retrieval to model building, validation, and prediction, bringing to climate scientists and practitioners a unique comprehensive framework for SDS model development. In this article the main features of downscaleR are showcased through the replication of some of the results obtained in VALUE, placing an emphasis on the most technically complex stages of perfect-prognosis model calibration (predictor screening, cross-validation, and model selection) that are accomplished through simple commands allowing for extremely flexible model tuning, tailored to the needs of users requiring an easy interface for different levels of experimental complexity. As part of the open-source climate4R framework, downscaleR is freely available and the necessary data and R scripts to fully replicate the experiments included in this paper are also provided as a companion notebook.
Can we trust remote sensing evapotranspiration products over Africa?
Authors: Weerasinghe Imeshi , Bastiaanssen Wim , Mul Marloes , Jia Li , van Griensven Ann 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important components in the water cycle. However, there are relatively few direct measurements of ET available (e.g. using flux towers). Nevertheless, various disciplines, ranging from hydrology to agricultural and climate sciences, require information on the spatial and temporal distribution of ET at regional and global scales. Due to the limited data availability, attention has turned toward satellite-based products to fill observational gaps. Various data products, including remote sensing (RS) products, have been developed and provide a large range of ET estimations. Across Africa, only a limited number of flux towers are available; hence, they are insufficient for the systematic evaluation of the available ET products. Thus, in this study, we conduct a methodological evaluation of nine existing RS-derived ET products as well as other available ET products in order to evaluate their reliability at the basin scale. A general water balance (WB) approach is used, where ET is equal to precipitation minus discharge for long-term averages. Firstly, ET products are compared with WB-inferred ET (ETWB) for basins that do not show long-term trends. The ET products and the calculated ETWB are then evaluated against the Budyko equation, which is used as a reference condition. The spatial characteristics of the ET products are finally assessed via the analysis of selected land cover elements across Africa: forests, irrigated areas and water bodies. Additionally, a cluster analysis is conducted to identify similarities between individual ET products. The results show that CMRSET, SSEBop and WaPOR rank highest in terms of the estimation of the long-term average mean ET across basins, with low biases and good spatial variability across Africa. GLEAM consistently ranks lowest in most evaluation criteria, although it has the longest available time period. Each product shows specific advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the study in question, at least one product should be suitable for a particular requirement. The reader should bear in mind that many products suffer from a large bias. Based on the evaluation criteria in this study, the three highest ranked products, CMRSET, SSEBop and WaPOR, would suit many users' needs due to the low biases and good spatial variability across Africa.
“Like a Realtor in Peoria”: Patton Oswalt, Twitter, and Heckling as Social Activism
Authors: Kapica Steven S. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
In late January of 2017, comedian and prolific Twitter user Patton Oswalt posted a satirical tweet about President Donald Trump's firing of acting Attorney General Sally Yates. Pro-Trump Illinois real estate agent Tony Brust heckled Oswalt in a response tweet, instigating a Twitter battle that resulted in Brust deleting his Twitter and Facebook accounts and losing his job. This article defines Oswalt's social media-based comedy as a rhetoric of agitation, suggesting his comedic tweets, characterized by features of heckling and trolling, work as the highly emotional appeals of agitational rhetoric. The incident with Oswalt and Brust enriches our understanding of internet trolling and heckling and reveals the uneven power dynamics at work in Twitter's participatory culture. The platform's facilitation of multiple, permeable publics allows comedy to be a vehicle for the unregulated advancement of social agendas, the policing of dissent, and ultimately the promotion of real world change.
El problema de la Universalidad en la Teoría Populista: En defensa de un Populismo Democrático
Authors: Camargo Ricardo 
Published: April 2020

El debate entre redistribución y reconocimiento que protagonizaron Nancy Fraser y Judith Butler permite reabrir una discusión de la teoría del populismo, a saber: ¿cómo construir la universalidad de la política en un contexto de demandas socioeconómicas irresueltas y de luchas de reconocimiento ascendentes? Tres modelos están en juego, los cuales adquieren particular relevancia en el contexto latinoamericano actual de ascenso de las derechas. El de Fraser, donde prima la igualdad y la supeditación de las diferencias. El de Laclau-Mouffe, donde la universalidad es una relación hegemónica. Y el de Butler, en donde la única universalidad posible es la que mantiene el conflicto de modos políticamente productivos. Al final, se argumenta que el giro de las izquierdas en favor de las luchas culturales no ha sido el culpable de la emergencia de los neofascismos tipo Bolsonaro y se postula una defensa de la universalidad del populismo democrático.The debate upon redistribution and recognition lead by Nancy Fraser and Judith Butler allows reopening a dormant discussion in the populist theory: how to construct a universality of politics in a context of unresolved socioeconomic demands and recognition struggles in ascent? Three models appear to be at stake, all of which acquire a particular relevance in the current context at Latin America and its rise of the right wing. Fraser’s answer, in which equality is preferred. Laclau-Mouffe’s answer, in which this universality is a hegemonic relationship. And Butler’s, in which the only possible universality is that which holds the conflict in politically productive ways. We will recover this debate seeking to clarify a substantial misunderstanding: that the turn of left wing politics towards cultural struggles is to blame for the rise of Bolsonaro-like neofascisms and we suggest a defence of a democratic populist universality.
¿Te ha tocado? El sorteo llega a la política de Madrid.
Authors: Ganuza Ernesto , Menendez-Blanco María 
Published: April 2020

In early 2019 Madrid launched the first permanent citizen participation scheme in which members are chosen by lot: the Observatory of the City. Although the scheme was abandoned by the new government after the May 2019 elections, the Madrid experiment raises important questions about democracy. The project is another example of the growing prominence that the draw has acquired in many countries, as an ideal element to organise and order the participation of people in political affairs. In this paper we describe the first steps of this scheme and also highlight the features that make the draw in Madrid a unique experience both because of the implications of the use of the draw, and from the point of view of similar schemes that are being carried out in other parts of the world.
Madrid ha puesto en marcha, desde inicios del año 2019, la primera experiencia de participación ciudadana permanente cuyos miembros son elegidos por sorteo, el Observatorio de la Ciudad. A pesar de que la experiencia fue abandonada por el nuevo Gobierno después de las elecciones de mayo del 2019, la experiencia madrileña plantea importantes cuestiones sobre la democracia. Esta experiencia se suma al creciente protagonismo que ha adquirido el sorteo en muchos países, como un elemento idóneo para organizar y ordenar la participación de la gente en los asuntos políticos. En este trabajo exponemos los primeros pasos de esta experiencia, así como destacamos los rasgos que hacen del sorteo en Madrid una experiencia singular, tanto por las implicaciones que tiene el uso del sorteo como desde el punto de vista de las experiencias similares que se hacen en otras partes del mundo.
Sulphuric Utopias
Authors: Engelmann Lukas , Lynteris Christos 
Published: April 2020

How early twentieth century fumigation technologies transformed maritime quarantine practices and inspired utopian visions of disease-free global trade.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fumigation technologies transformed global practices of maritime quarantine through chemical and engineering innovation. One of these technologies, the widely used Clayton machine, blasted sulphuric acid gas through a docked ship in an effort to eliminate pathogens, insects, and rats while leaving the cargo and the structure of the vessel unharmed, shortening its time in quarantine and minimizing the risk of importing infectious diseases. In Sulphuric Utopias, Lukas Engelmann and Christos Lynteris examine this overlooked but historically crucial practice at the intersection of epidemiology, hygiene, applied chemistry, and engineering. They show how maritime fumigation inspired utopian visions of disease-free trade to improve global shipping and to encourage universally applicable standards of sanitation and hygiene.
Engelmann and Lynteris chart the history of ideas about fumigation, disinfection, and quarantine, and chronicle the development of the Clayton machine in 1880s New Orleans. Built by the Louisiana Board of Health and adapted and patented by Thomas Clayton, the machine offered a barrier against bacteria and pests and enabled a highway to global trade. Engelmann and Lynteris chronicle the Clayton machine's success and examine its competitors, including carbon-based fumigation methods in Germany and the Ottoman Empire as well as the “Sulfurozador” in Argentina. They follow the international standardization of maritime fumigation and explore the Clayton machine's decline after World War I, when visions of “sulphuric utopia” were replaced by a pragmatic acknowledgment of epidemiological complexity.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Interaction effects of aging, word frequency, and predictability on saccade length in Chinese reading
Authors: Liu Zhifang , Tong Wen , Su Yongqiang 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundIt was well known that age has an impact on word processing (word frequency or predictability) in terms of fixating time during reading. However, little is known about whether or not age modulates these impacts on saccade behaviors in Chinese reading (i.e., length of incoming/outgoing saccades for a target word).MethodsAge groups, predictability, and frequency of target words were manipulated in the present study. A larger frequency effect on lexical accessing (i.e., gaze duration) and on context integration (i.e., go-past time, total reading time), as well as larger predictability effects on data of raw total reading time, were observed in older readers when compared with their young counterparts.ResultsEffect of predictability and frequency on word skipping and re-fixating rate did not differ across the two age groups. Notably, reliable interaction effects of age, along with word predictability and/or frequency, on the length of the first incoming/outgoing saccade for a target word were also observed.DiscussionOur findings suggest that the word processing function of older Chinese readers in terms of saccade targeting declines with age.