bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Sea Ice Production in the Bering Sea From AMSR‐E and AMSR2 Data, With Special Emphasis on the Anadyr Polynya
Authors: Ohshima Kay I. , Tamaru Naoya , Kashiwase Haruhiko , Nihashi Sohey , Nakata Kazuki , Iwamoto Katsushi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe created, for the first time, a map of sea ice production in the Bering Sea, based on thin‐ice thickness data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers (AMSR‐E and AMSR2) with a heat flux calculation. We used the AMSR‐E thin‐ice algorithm developed for the Arctic Ocean with some modification. We provided a 16‐yr data set of ice production from the 2002/2003 to 2018/2019 seasons, excepting the 2011/2012 season. It is found that the Anadyr polynya has by far the highest sea ice production (average of 93 km3/yr) and accounts for more than 30% of all polynya ice production in the Bering Sea. The combined ice production in the Anadyr, Anadyr Strait, and St. Lawrence polynyas becomes the second‐largest ice production during the AMSR‐E period in the Northern Hemisphere. It is considered that the high ice production in the Anadyr polynya produces cold, saline, nutrient‐rich water, so‐called Anadyr Water, which would contribute to the formation of the cold halocline layer and high biological productivity. The ice production in the Anadyr polynya shows very large year‐to‐year variability. The record low ice extent year of the 2017/2018 season is also the lowest ice production year; the production is only one tenth of the highest value, observed during the 2015/2016 season. The high sensitivity of the wind direction and strength to the location of the Aleutian Low causes this large variability. We also built reconstruction schemes of ice production in the polynyas, using the offshore wind and air temperature, by multiple linear regression.
Abundances and Microphysical Properties of Light‐Absorbing Iron Oxide and Black Carbon Aerosols Over East Asia and the Arctic
Authors: Yoshida Atsushi , Moteki Nobuhiro , Ohata Sho , Mori Tatsuhiro , Koike Makoto , Kondo Yutaka , Matsui Hitoshi , Oshima Naga , Takami Akinori , Kita Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBlack carbon (BC), brown carbon, and light‐absorbing iron oxides (FeOx) aerosols affect Earth's energy budget through their strong absorption of solar radiation. FeOx aerosols can also affect global biogeochemical cycles through their role as a nutrient for oceanic phytoplankton. However, observational data for these aerosols required for evaluating their effects using global models are scarce, especially for FeOx. Here, we summarize and compare the data sets of BC and FeOx from five ground‐based and three aircraft observation campaigns conducted in the East Asian and Arctic regions during the 2009–2018 period acquired using a modified single‐particle soot photometer. In these campaigns, >80% of FeOx‐containing aerosols in the 170–270 nm FeOx core size range had microphysical features indicating an anthropogenic origin. The particle size distribution for each of the BC and FeOx was similar in all of the data sets except for those dominated by fresh urban pollution or pristine Arctic air. The campaign‐averaged mass concentrations of FeOx and BC were ~60–360 ng/m3 and ~240–1,300 ng/m3, respectively, in East Asia, and ~6 ng/m3 and ~20–30 ng/m3, respectively, in the Arctic. The campaign‐averaged FeOx/BC mass concentration ratio varied within a narrow range of 0.2–0.6 in both East Asian and Arctic regions. In every campaign, FeOx, BC, and carbon monoxide were tightly correlated with each other with similar slope to the urban campaigns (around Tokyo), implying the spatiotemporal variation of anthropogenic FeOx emission around northern middle‐to‐high latitudes is similar to those of anthropogenic BC and CO emissions.
Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity
Authors: Schultz Ryan , Skoumal Robert J. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Eaton Dave , Baptie Brian , Ellsworth William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHydraulic fracturing (HF) is a technique that is used for extracting petroleum resources from impermeable host rocks. In this process, fluid injected under high pressure causes fractures to propagate. This technique has been transformative for the hydrocarbon industry, unlocking otherwise stranded resources; however, environmental concerns make HF controversial. One concern is HF‐induced seismicity, since fluids driven under high pressure also have the potential to reactivate faults. Controversy has inevitably followed these HF‐induced earthquakes, with economic and human losses from ground shaking at one extreme and moratoriums on resource development at the other. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this category of induced seismicity. We first cover essential background information on HF along with an overview of published induced earthquake cases to date. Expanding on this, we synthesize the common themes and interpret the origin of these commonalities, which include recurrent earthquake swarms, proximity to well bore, rapid response to stimulation, and a paucity of reported cases. Next, we discuss the unanswered questions that naturally arise from these commonalities, leading to potential research themes: consistent recognition of cases, proposed triggering mechanisms, geologically susceptible conditions, identification of operational controls, effective mitigation efforts, and science‐informed regulatory management. HF‐induced seismicity provides a unique opportunity to better understand and manage earthquake rupture processes; overall, understanding HF‐induced earthquakes is important in order to avoid extreme reactions in either direction.
Anomaly Kriging Helps to Remove Bias in Spatial Model Runoff Estimates
Authors: Loonat Nadir I. , Van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Hutchinson Michael F. , Weerts Albrecht H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe low spatial density of streamflow gauging stations limits the accuracy of spatial streamflow estimates in many parts of the world. Strategies to improve runoff estimates in the absence of dense measurements have tended to focus on estimating parameters of runoff models in ungauged regions, through so‐called parameter regionalization methods. However, parameter regionalization can be affected by overdependence on calibration at gauged sites, model parameter equifinality, and ensuing estimation errors. As a result, spatial model runoff estimates typically exhibit spatially correlated biases. This analysis attempts to enhance the use of observations in spatial runoff estimation. Specifically, we assessed the potential to reduce systematic errors by spatially interpolating residuals (i.e., errors) between prior grid‐based streamflow estimates for Australia at 0.05° × 0.05° grid from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's calibrated, operational Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape model (AWRA‐L) and streamflow gauging records from 780 unimpeded, relatively small catchments. We analyzed spatial autocorrelation in residuals and tested an efficient two‐step correction approach involving a uniform correction and subsequent kriging of residuals. The approach removed an average of 41% of systematic bias in the model estimates and also improved other model performance measures. Further reduction in errors at shorter timescales may be achievable through a temporally hierarchical correction scheme.
New Crustal Vs Model Along an Array in South‐East China: Seismic Characters and Paleo‐Tethys Continental Amalgamation
Authors: Li Tingzi , Zhao Liang , Wan Bo , Li Zheng‐Xiang , Bodin Thomas , Wang Kun , Yuan Huaiyu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe assembly of East Asia was closely linked to the closure of the Tethyan oceans. In south‐east China, the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys ocean led to a continental collision between the South China and North China blocks (SCB and NCB), forming the world renowned (ultra‐) high pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt of the Dabie‐Sulu Orogen. The region was subsequently reworked by postorogenic extensional processes. These tectonic processes likely have left lithospheric scars identifiable by seismic imaging techniques. Here we characterize seismic structures across the orogen and analyze processes related to the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys. Using cutting‐edge tomographic approaches and ambient noise dispersion data, we developed a fine‐scale crustal shear‐wave velocity model beneath key crustal domains in the region. Distinct crustal scale velocity domains are identified, corresponding to the normal Precambrian crust, slow‐velocity suture zones and fault systems, and fast‐velocity orogens, suggesting a deep root of the corresponding surface geological features. By combining recent models of active‐source, gravity and magnetotellurics, characteristic lithospheric deformation patterns such as crustal thrust systems and lithospheric wedges can be inferred, which are attributed to a northward subduction of the SCB lithosphere and the eventual continental collision after the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean.
Impact of Cloud Longwave Scattering on Radiative Fluxes Associated With the Madden‐Julian Oscillation in the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent
Authors: Ren Tong , Yang Ping , Schumacher Courtney , Huang Xianglei , Lin Wuyin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that cloud longwave radiation contributes to the development and maintenance of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and model‐based convection is highly sensitive to the radiation scheme. However, currently used radiation schemes do not take cloud longwave scattering into account, resulting in an overestimation of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and an underestimation of the downward longwave flux at the surface. We use combined active and passive satellite cloud property retrievals to quantify the one‐layer cloud OLR and heating rate (HR) biases introduced by neglecting cloud longwave scattering in the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent in the context of MJO, with a focus on its phases 3, 5, and 6. The results show that the satellite‐detected one‐layer cloud area consists primarily of ice clouds, particularly during the boreal winter in the 4‐year study period. An increased ice cloud area fraction of one‐layer cloud groups is present up to 5 days before the onset of MJO events. If longwave scattering is neglected, the composite mean OLR overestimation over the one‐layer ice cloud area from 5 days before to 4 days after the MJO passage is approximately 3.5 to 5.0 W m−2. Neglecting longwave scattering also leads to a HR underestimation at cloud base and an overestimation at cloud top, making the base‐to‐top heating gradient less sharp at the cloud‐resolving scale.
An Analytical Solution of Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer With a Single‐Well Circulation System
Authors: Tu Kun , Wu Qiang , Simunek Jirka , Chen Chaofan , Zhu Ke , Zeng Yifan , Xu Shengheng , Wang Yang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, a general analytical model for the single‐well circulation system is developed to analyze transient drawdown in a confined aquifer. The analytical solution of transient drawdown in the Laplace domain, which is numerically inverted into the time domain using the Stehfest method, is derived by employing a combination of the Laplace and Fourier cosine transforms. The characteristics of transient drawdown and the effects of different parameters related to the single‐well circulation system on drawdown are investigated. Furthermore, the analytical solution under steady‐state conditions is obtained using the Fourier cosine transform. The results show that steady drawdown contours are symmetric around a horizontal midplane of an aquifer and vary tremendously with distance from the well axis. The contours of drawdown around the sealed section are dense, meaning that the hydraulic gradient in this area is relatively large. The sensitivity analysis, performed to evaluate the characteristics of drawdown to changes in each parameter, indicates that the radial hydraulic conductivity and the length of the sealed section have a large impact on the drawdown and that each parameter has its influence period on the drawdown.
Dual split resonator lowpass filter with ultra‐wide stopband and sharp roll‐off rate
Authors: Nisamol Thevaruparambil Abdulnazer , Abdulla Parambil , Raphika Paruthikkal M. 
Published: June 2020

A novel microstrip lowpass filter design using rectangular split‐ring resonators with dual splits are designed, analysed, and fabricated with exceptional performance such as ultra‐wide stopband and sharp roll‐off rate along with its compactness. The symmetrical suppressing cells are also employed to reject higher‐order harmonics from the stopband without affecting selectivity. The expression for transmission zero of dual split resonator‐1 is extracted from the equivalent circuit analysis and observed the significance of coupling. A sharp roll‐off performance of 224 dB/GHz and relative stopband width of 161% are achieved with a cut‐off frequency of 2.9 GHz.
Classification and comparative study of EDM pulse generators
Authors: Kane Makarand M. , Phanse Ajinkya Ajit , Bahirat Himanshu J. , Kulkarni S.V. 
Published: June 2020

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a non‐conventional machining technique that requires pulse generators to create sparks between the tool and the workpiece. Classical texts describe only two types of EDM pulse generators (EPGs), although there are several different types. This work presents a classification and detailed comparative study of 13 important EPG topologies from the power electronics perspective. The operation of each topology is explained using simulation studies for EDM load with spark current of 10 A and pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz. Control schemes of each topology are explained from the viewpoint of mechanical performance parameters, viz. material removal rate, surface finish, and tool electrode wear ratio. A general analytical methodology to compute efficiency based on machining duty is illustrated considering the existence of two distinct switching frequencies. Overall comparison between EPG topologies is presented considering control aspects, size, efficiency, voltage stresses and suitability for any required application. As an example, a case of investigation of cutting silicon ingots with wire EDM is considered and experimental results are provided for the same. This work can be used as a guideline to understand and develop EPG based on particular target specifications.
Performance enhancement of photovoltaic system under grid voltage distortion utilising total least‐square control scheme
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Patel Nirav , Gupta Nitin , Gupta Vikas , Davari Pooya 
Published: June 2020

Grid‐interfaced solar photovoltaic (GIPV) system requires a robust control algorithm for satisfactory operation under grid voltage disturbances. In this study, an application of Newton's learning rule‐based total least‐square estimation employing single‐layer neural network structure is adopted to interface the photovoltaic unit with the utility grid. In addition, the weight‐updating mechanism is uniquely integrated with threshold neuron for attaining speedy extraction of fundamental load current component. In particular, the proposed control algorithm has the capability to transfer maximum active power to the utility grid/AC load at unity power factor while operating as distribution static compensator to offer various ancillary services including current harmonics attenuation and reactive current suppression. This will lead to increased device utilisation factor of the overall GIPV system during night time (i.e. in the absence of solar irradiance). Moreover, the proposed control scheme is designed and developed without any complex transformations and derivative terms, which results in less computational intensiveness. The GIPV system with three‐phase double‐stage configuration is modelled in MATLAB/Simulink software using sim‐power system tool. Finally, the adaptability of the proposed control algorithm has been verified and confirmed through 500 W laboratory prototype using low‐cost Arm Cortex‐M4 microcontroller under various operating conditions.
Parameter extraction method for a physics‐based lumped‐charge SiC MPS diode model
Authors: Li Xin , Xiao Fei , Luo Yifei , Duan Yaoqiang 
Published: June 2020

A practical parameter extraction method for physics‐based lumped‐charge silicon carbide (SiC) merged PiN Schottky (MPS) diode model is presented. The physical parameters of a device model are necessary for accurate simulation but are usually not provided as these parameters are the core business profits of the manufacturers. The values of SiC MPS diode parameters are often based on assumptions or given in a wide range, thus the accuracy of the model simulation is compromised and the application of the model is also limited. The proposed method includes semiconductor physical and structural parameters and only some basic experiments are needed, such as reverse recovery and static characteristic experiments. Based on the lumped‐charge SiC MPS diode model, reasonable assumptions are used and simple mathematical formulas are derived for the extraction of the parameters. Finally, the method is validated by two different SiC MPS diodes from CREE and CETC having the ratings of 1200 V/300 A and 3300 V/60 A.
Disseminierte, therapieresistente Hautulzerationen bei einem 51-jährigen Patienten – Der Fall eines multifokalen Pyoderma gangraenosum
Authors: Darr-Foit S. , Miguel D. , Tittelbach J. , Elsner P. 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungBei dem Pyoderma gangraenosum (PG) handelt es sich um eine seltene autoinflammatorische Erkrankung aus der Familie der neutrophilen Dermatosen, welche aufgrund ihrer zahlreichen klinischen Varianten und Differenzialdiagnosen bei zum Teil unbefriedigendem Therapieansprechen selbst für Dermatologen eine große Herausforderung darstellen können. Berichtet wird über einen 51-jähringen Mann mit multiplen, hartnäckigen Ulzerationen der Extremitäten, bei dem unter systemischer Kortikosteroid- und Ciclosporin A-Therapie unter adaptierten Wundbehandlungen ein gutes Therapieansprechen verzeichnet werden konnte.
The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Feldman Charles , Anderson Ronald 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith the notable exceptions of the United States and Canada in particular, the global burden of disease in adults due to invasive infection with the dangerous respiratory, bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains. This situation prevails despite the major successes of inclusion of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in many national childhood immunization programs and associated herd protection in adults, as well as the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Accurate assessment of the geographic variations in the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has, however, been somewhat impeded by the limitations imposed on the acquisition of reliable epidemiological data due to reliance on often insensitive, laboratory-based, pathogen identification procedures. This, in turn, may result in underestimation of the true burden of IPD and represents a primary focus of this review. Other priority topics include the role of PCVs in the changing epidemiology of IPD in adults worldwide, smoking as a risk factor not only in respect of increasing susceptibility for development of IPD, but also in promoting pneumococcal antibiotic resistance. The theme of pneumococcal antibiotic resistance has been expanded to include mechanisms of resistance to commonly used classes of antibiotics, specifically β-lactams, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, and, perhaps somewhat contentiously, the impact of resistance on treatment outcome. Finally, but no less importantly, the role of persistent antigenemia as a driver of a chronic, subclinical, systemic proinflammatory/procoagulant phenotype that may underpin the long-term sequelae and premature mortality of those adults who have recovered from an episode of IPD, is considered.
Extensive Epidural Steatitis and Epaxial Myositis Associated with Intramuscular Injection of Melarsomine Dihydrochloride in Two Dogs
Authors: Arnold Susan A. , Kent Marc , Ruby Jennifer L. , Clarke Lorelei L. , Barber Renee M. , Platt Simon R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis is a retrospective case series in which clinicopathological and imaging findings associated with neurological complications secondary to melarsomine dihydrochloride administration are reported in two dogs with Dirofilaria immitis infection. Following intramuscular injection of melarsomine dihydrochloride based on manufacturers' guidelines, two dogs developed acute, progressive, nonambulatory paraparesis or paraplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of epidural steatitis, resulting in compression of the spinal cord and spinal cord oedema. In one dog, emphysematous myositis throughout the lumbar paravertebral muscles was present. Hemilaminectomy with the intent of achieving spinal cord decompression and obtaining specimens for microbiological and histopathological evaluation was performed in both dogs. One dog partially regained function postoperatively whereas the other was euthanatized intraoperatively. Histologically, epidural steatitis was observed in the surviving dog and epidural steatitis, myonecrosis and grey and white matter changes in the spinal cord were observed in the euthanatized dog. Microbiological testing failed to identify bacteria from the affected tissues. Both cases highlight the potential for the development of extensive epidural steatitis and consequent spinal cord compression following intramuscular administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride. Further investigation into the optimal therapeutic intervention in dogs experiencing neurological complications following melarsomine administration is warranted.
The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Labor and Delivery, Newborn Nursery, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Prospective Observational Data from a Single Hospital System
Authors: Griffin Ian , Benarba Farah , Peters Caryn , Oyelese Yinka , Murphy Tom , Contreras Diana , Gagliardo Christina , Nwaobasi-Iwuh Eberechi , DiPentima M. Cecilia , Schenkman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Objective Since its emergence in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread globally. Within the United States, some of the most affected regions have been New York, and Northern New Jersey. Our objective is to describe the impact of COVID-19 in a large delivery service in Northern New Jersey, including its effects on labor and delivery (L&D), the newborn nursery, and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Materials and Methods Between April 21, 2020 and May 5, 2020, a total of 78 mothers (3.6% of deliveries) were identified by screening history or examination to either be COVID-19 positive or possible positives (persons under investigation). Of the mothers who were tested after admission to L&D, 28% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
Discussion Isolation between mother and infant was recommended in 62 cases, either because the mother was positive for SARS-CoV-2 or because the test was still pending. Fifty-four families (87%) agreed to isolation and separation. The majority of infants, 51 (94%), were initially isolated on the newborn nursery. Six needed NICU admission. No infants had clinical evidence of symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Fourteen infants whose mothers were positive for SARS-CoV-2, and who had been separated from the mother at birth were tested for SARS-CoV-2 postnatally. All were negative.
Results COVID-19 posed a significant burden to mothers, infants, and staff over the 5-week study period. The yield from screening mothers for COVID-19 on L&D was high. Most families accepted the need for postnatal isolation and separation of mother and newborn.
Conclusion Our study suggests that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to her fetus/newborn seems to be uncommon if appropriate separation measures are performed at birth.
Key Points