bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive underpinnings of cross-cultural differences in risky decision making
Authors: Chen Xing-Jie , Ba Lan , Kwak Youngbin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Culture permeates across human mind and behavior. Cultural influence is reported even in economic decision making, which involves basic cognitive process, once believed to be invariant across all humans. The current study investigated the neurocognitive processes underlying economic decision making in East Asians and European Americans, with an aim to understand the cross-cultural differences in the discrete mental processes of decision making. Participants performed a risky gambling task that captures the gain maximizing and loss minimizing strategies, while electroencephalography was simultaneously collected. Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with spontaneous emotional arousal (P2) and effortful attentional allocation (P3) were examined to determine the cultural effects on mental processes during pre-decisional and post-decisional stages. Behaviorally, Americans showed greater loss minimization than Asians. ERPs demonstrated significant cultural differences during post-decisional evaluation of outcomes, but not during pre-decisional processes. In Asians’, ERP associated with emotional arousal (P2) was strongly modulated by gains, while in Americans’, ERP associated with attentional allocation (P3) was strongly modulated by losses. These results suggest that Americans make conscious efforts to be self-reliant when facing financial losses, whereas Asians are more emotionally aroused by financial gains, which invites a refinement to the current theoretical propositions about cultural influence on decision making.
Family Foundations in Switzerland
Authors: Peter Natalie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
At a governmental level, the introduction of a Swiss law on trusts is currently being reviewed. One of the arguments is that Switzerland does not provide for a suitable instrument to be used for estate planning or asset protection purposes. Many scholars and practitioners take the view, though, that a common law trust is not a suitable instrument and that therefore it would be more advisable to review the existing instruments, such as the Swiss family foundation or the fiducie (Treuhand), and to amend them accordingly. This article shall shed some light on the Swiss family foundation, on its use and limits and how it could be used de lege ferenda in the future if its legal limits were finally to be released.
Blood pressure variability and microvascular dysfunction: the Maastricht Study
Authors: Zhou Tan Lai , Rensma Sytze P. , van der Heide Frank C.T. , Henry Ronald M.A. , Kroon Abraham A. , Houben Alfons J.H.M. , Jansen Jacobus F.A. , Backes Walter H. , Berendschot Tos T.J.M. , Schouten Jan S.A.G. , van Dongen Martien C.J.M. , Eussen Simone J.P.M. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Webers Carroll A.B. , Schram Miranda T. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , van Sloten Thomas T. , Stehouwer Coen D.A. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Microvascular dysfunction (MVD) contributes to stroke, dementia, depression, retinopathy and chronic kidney disease. However, the determinants of MVD are incompletely understood. Greater blood pressure variability (BPV) may be one such determinant.

Methods and results:
We used cross-sectional data of The Maastricht Study (n = 2773, age 59.9 years; 51.9% men) to investigate whether greater very short- to mid-term BPV is associated with various MVD measures. We standardized and averaged within-visit, 24-h and 7-day BPV into a systolic and a diastolic BPV composite score. MVD measures included a composite score of MRI cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) features (total brain parenchymal volume, white matter hyperintensity volume, lacunar infarcts and cerebral microbleeds), a composite score of flicker light-induced retinal arteriolar and venular dilation response, albuminuria, heat-induced skin hyperemia and a composite score of plasma biomarkers of MVD (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and von Willebrand Factor). We used linear regression adjusted for age, sex, glucose metabolism status, mean 24-h systolic or DBP, cardiovascular risk factors and antihypertensive medication. We found that higher systolic and diastolic BPV composite scores (per SD) were associated with higher albuminuria [higher ratio, 1.04 (95% CI 1.00–1.08) and 1.07 (1.03–1.11), respectively], but not with other measures of MVD tested.

Conclusion:
Greater systolic and diastolic BPV was associated with higher albuminuria, but not with CSVD features, flicker light-induced retinal arteriolar and venular dilation response, heat-induced skin hyperemia and plasma biomarkers of MVD. This suggests that the microvasculature of the kidneys is most vulnerable to the detrimental effects of greater BPV.
Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children
Authors: Baker Jeffrey , Block Stanley L. , Matharu Balpreet , Burleigh Macutkiewicz Laura , Wildum Steffen , Dimonaco Sophie , Collinson Neil , Clinch Barry , Piedra Pedro A. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is a novel, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor that has previously demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of influenza in adults and adolescents. We assessed the safety and efficacy of baloxavir in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza.

Methods:
MiniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03629184) was a double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial enrolling children 1–<12 years old with a clinical diagnosis of influenza. Children were randomized 2:1 to receive either a single dose of oral baloxavir or oral oseltamivir twice daily for 5 days. The primary endpoint was incidence, severity and timing of adverse events (AEs); efficacy was a secondary endpoint.

Results:
In total, 173 children were randomized and dosed, 115 to the baloxavir group and 58 to the oseltamivir group. Characteristics of participants were similar between treatment groups. Overall, 122 AEs were reported in 84 (48.6%) children. Incidence of AEs was similar between baloxavir and oseltamivir groups (46.1% vs. 53.4%, respectively). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal (vomiting/diarrhea) in both groups [baloxavir: 12 children (10.4%); oseltamivir: 10 children (17.2%)]. No deaths, serious AEs or hospitalizations were reported. Median time (95% confidence interval) to alleviation of signs and symptoms of influenza was similar between groups: 138.1 (116.6–163.2) hours with baloxavir versus 150.0 (115.0–165.7) hours with oseltamivir.

Conclusions:
Oral baloxavir is well tolerated and effective at alleviating symptoms in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza. Baloxavir provides a new therapeutic option with a simple oral dosing regimen.
Early Delays in Insurance Coverage and Long-term Use of Home-based Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Lin Eugene , Chertow Glenn M. , Bhattacharya Jay , Lakdawalla Darius 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Uninsured patients with end-stage renal disease face barriers to peritoneal dialysis (PD), a type of home dialysis that is associated with improved quality of life and reduced Medicare costs. Although uninsured patients using PD at dialysis start receive retroactive Medicare coverage for required predialysis services, coverage only applies for the calendar month of dialysis start. Thus, initiating dialysis later in the month yields longer retroactive coverage.

Objectives:
To examine whether differences in retroactive Medicare were associated with decreased long-term PD use.

Research Design:
We exploited the dialysis start date using a regression discontinuity design on a national cohort from the US Renal Data System.

Subjects:
36,256 uninsured adults starting dialysis between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2014.

Measures:
PD use at dialysis days 1, 90, 180, and 360.

Results:
Starting dialysis on the first versus last day of the calendar month was associated with an absolute decrease in PD use of 2.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5%–3.9%], or a relative decrease of 20% (95% CI, 12%–27%) at dialysis day 360. The absolute decrease was 5.5% (95% CI, 3.5%–7.2%) after Medicare established provider incentives for PD in 2011 and 7.2% (95% CI, 2.5%–11.9%) after Medicaid expansion in 2014. Patients were unlikely to switch from hemodialysis to PD after the first month of dialysis (probability of 6.9% in month 1, 1.5% in month 2, and 0.9% in month 4).

Conclusions:
Extending retroactive coverage for preparatory dialysis services could increase PD use and reduce overall Medicare spending in the uninsured.
Diagnostic performance of F-18 fluciclovine PET/CT in post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer patients with rising prostate-specific antigen level ≤0.5 ng/mL
Authors: Teyateeti Ajalaya , Khan Bilal , Teyateeti Achiraya , Chen Bo , Bridhikitti Jidapa , Pan Tinsu , Peng Wei , Macapinlac Homer A. , Lu Yang 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of fluciclovine positron emission tomography (PET)/computerized tomography (CT) in post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤0.5 ng/mL, and identify the associated predictive factors of positive studies.

Patients and methods
From 30 June 2017 to 9 August 2019, patients with post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer who underwent F-18 fluciclovine PET/CT and had PSA level within 2-week interval (PSAPET) ≤0.5 ng/mL were enrolled into this single-institution retrospective study. Data on tumor characteristics, including Gleason scores, extra-prostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, surgical margin and nodal metastasis, PSA after radical prostatectomy, previous hormonal therapy, PSA doubling time (PSADT), scanner type, PSAPET and site of recurrence were collected. Comparison of these factors between groups of positive and negative fluciclovine PET/CT was done by using Mann–Whitney U-test and Fisher’s exact test.

Results
Of 94 eligible patients with post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer, 10 patients had positive studies (10.6%). Detection rate at PSAPET 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ng/mL were 0% (0/11), 0% (0/15), 20% (6/30), 4% (1/25) and 23.1% (3/13), respectively. Upon multivariate analysis of clinical factors, only a PSADT <3 months (P = 0.023) was shown to have a statistically significant correlation with a positive study.

Conclusion
In post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer patients with rising PSA 0.1–0.5 ng/mL, the sensitivity of F-18 fluciclovine PET/CT for identifying tumor recurrence/metastases is poor with an overall detection rate of 10.6%. Larger prospective studies are required to validate these findings.
The Cascade of Care From Routine Point-of-Care HIV Testing at Birth: Results From an 18-Months Pilot Program in Eswatini
Authors: Khumalo Philisiwe Ntombenhle , Sacks Emma , Chouraya Caspian , Tsabedze Bhekisisa , Masuku Thembie , Nyoni Gcinile , Zikalala Tandzile , Nhlabatsi Bonisile , Mthethwa Nobuhle , Cohn Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Background:
HIV testing at birth may improve early treatment, but concerns remain about feasibility and retention of infants in care. In 2017, point-of-care (POC) HIV birth testing was introduced into routine care at 3 high-volume maternity health facilities in Eswatini.

Methods:
POC birth testing was offered to HIV-exposed infants (HEI) born at, or presenting to, 3 maternities within 3 days of birth. Data were collected from a project-specific EID test request form and routine registers on all tests conducted from August 1, 2017 to November 30, 2018, including retesting at 6–8 weeks for infants testing negative at birth and six-month retention in HIV care and viral load suppression among infants testing HIV-positive at birth.

Results:
Of 4322 eligible HEI, 3311 (76.6%) were tested. Twenty-six HIV-infected infants were identified (positivity rate 0.8%) and 25 initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (96.1%). The median time from sample collection to ART initiation was 20.50 days (IQR 14–45). Twenty-one (84%) ART-initiated infants were on ART at 6 months after initiation. Nineteen infants (90.5%) had viral load test information at 6 months and 16 (84.2%) were virally suppressed. Of 3126 HEI testing negative at birth, 3004 (96.1%) were linked to laboratory databases and 2744 (91.3%) were retested at 6–8 weeks, with 9 (0.3%) additional infants testing HIV-positive.

Conclusions:
Uptake of POC birth testing was high in Eswatini with low HIV positivity. Almost all infants identified HIV-positive at birth were initiated on ART, with high retention in care and viral suppression. Birth testing did not seem to significantly reduce subsequent 6–8-week testing.
Giant Mixed Tumor of the Skin Affecting the Hemiface
Authors: Sung Kun-Yong , Lee Seung-Koo , Jeong Yeon-Jin , Lee Sang-Yeul 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mixed tumor of the skin (MTS) is a rare skin adnexal neoplasm occurring in sweat glands. It is usually benign, measures 0.5 to 3 cm, and presents as a slowly growing, painless, firm nodule commonly in the head and neck regions. Owing to its rarity and lack of distinctive clinical manifestations, confirmative diagnosis is made on the basis of its pathologic features. Malignant MTS also develops de novo or from preexisting benign MTS even though they occur rarely. It should be excised completely to exclude malignant potentials. Herein, we report a 35-year history of a giant MTS of eccrine type measuring approximately 10.5 × 6.5 cm on the right hemiface of a 91-year-old woman, which is the largest facial MTS reported in the literature so far, to the best of our knowledge.
Microglial trogocytosis and the complement system regulate axonal pruningin vivo
Authors: Lim Tony K.Y. , Ruthazer Edward S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPartial phagocytosis—called trogocytosis—of axons by microglia has been documented inex vivopreparations but has not been directly observedin vivo. The mechanisms that modulate microglial trogocytosis of axons and its function in neural circuit development remain poorly understood. Here we directly observe axon trogocytosis by microgliain vivoin the developingXenopus laevisretinotectal circuit. We show that microglia regulate pruning of retinal ganglion cell axons and are important for proper behavioral response to dark and bright looming stimuli. We identify amphibian regulator of complement activation 3, a homolog of human CD46, as a neuronally-expressed synapse-associated complement inhibitory molecule that inhibits trogocytosis and axonal pruning. Using a membrane-bound complement C3 fusion protein, we demonstrate that enhancing complement activity enhances axonal pruning. Our results support the model that microglia remodel axons via trogocytosis and that neurons can control this process through expression of complement inhibitory proteins.
Comparative transcriptomics reveal conserved modules of plant defence against different pathogens in Strawberry
Authors: Badmi Raghuram , Sheikh Arsheed Hussain 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStrawberry (Fragaria×ananassa)is an economically important high-value crop that is susceptible to three most devastating pathogens with different lifestyles – a necrotrophic fungusBotrytis cinereacausing grey mold, a hemibiotrophic oomycetePhytophthora cactorumcausing crown/root rot, and a biotrophic fungusPodosphaera aphaniscausing powdery mildew. Studies on individual plant-pathogen interactions are only sufficient for developing disease resistant strawberry varieties to a particular pathogen. However, each of these pathogens have the potential to co-infect strawberry at a given point of time. Therefore, understanding how these pathogens manipulate strawberry’s defences and how it responds to these pathogens is essential for developing broad-spectrum disease resistant varieties. Here, in the diploid modelFragaria vesca, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis between each of these pathogen infections to identify 501CommonResponsive (CoRe) genes targeted against these pathogens. Furthermore, about 80% of these CoRe set are upregulated upon infection by all three pathogens indicating a similar transcriptional response ofF. vescaindependent of pathogen’s lifestyle. These upregulated CoRe set include genes from well-known defence responsive pathways such as calcium and MAP kinase signalling, WRKY transcription factors, pathogenesis-related allergen genes and hormone and terpene biosynthetic genes. These novel insights intoF. vesca’s defences might serve as a basis for engineering plants with broad spectrum resistance.
Long-lasting event-related beta synchronizations of electroencephalographic activity in response to support-surface perturbations during upright stance
Authors: Nakamura Akihiro , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Milosevic Matija , Nomura Taishin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMovement related beta band cortical oscillations, including beta rebound after execution and/or suppression of movement, have drawn attention in upper extremity motor control literature. However, fewer study focused on beta band oscillations during postural control in upright stance. Here, we examined beta rebound and other components of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity during perturbed upright stance to investigate supraspinal contributions to postural stabilization. Particularly, we aimed to clarify the timing and duration of beta rebound within a non-sustained, but long-lasting, postural recovery process that occurs more slowly compared to upper extremities. To this end, EEG signals were acquired from nine healthy young adults in response to a support-surface perturbation, together with the center of pressure (CoP) and mass (CoM) and electromyogram (EMG) activities of ankle muscles. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbations were computed from EEG data using the perturbation-onset as a triggering event. After short-latency (< 0.3 s) ERPs, our results showed high-beta band power decrease (event-related desynchronization), which was followed by an event-related synchronization at high-beta band and theta band desynchronization. Specifically, beta synchronization (beta rebound) was sustained for as long as three seconds. EMGs of the ankle muscles and the ankle and hip joint torques remained activated in the first half period of the beta rebound. They returned to the steady-state in the remaining phase, where the CoP/CoM were in their final approach to the equilibrium. We propose possible mechanistic causes of the long-lasting beta rebound, which may be related to underlying intermittent control strategy in upright stance.New & NoteworthyBeta rebound cortical activity was identified during postural recovery from a perturbed upright stance. Contrary to upper extremities, it was initiated before the recovery of motion was completed, and sustained for as long as three seconds. Those novel characteristics of the beta rebound might be caused by slow dynamics of the upright posture and by selections of on/off switching in an intermittent feedback controller, which was shown to stabilize upright posture.
Structure Basis for Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by the Feline Drug GC376
Authors: Luan Xiaodong , Shang Weijuan , Wang Yifei , Yin Wanchao , Jiang Yi , Feng Siqin , Wang Yiyang , Liu Meixi , Zhou Ruilin , Zhang Zhiyu , Wang Feng , Cheng Wang , Gao Minqi , Wang Hui , Wu Wei , Tian Ran , Tian Zhuang , Jin Ye , Jiang Hualiang , Zhang Leike , Xu H. Eric , Zhang Shuyang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-COV-2 continues to ravage many countries in the world. Mpro is an indispensable protein for viral translation in SARS-CoV-2 and a potential target in high-specificity anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug screening. In this study, to explore potential drugs for treating COVID-19, we elucidated the structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and explored the interaction between Mpro and GC376, an antiviral drug used to treat a range of coronaviruses in Feline via inhibiting Mpro. The availability and safety of GC376 were proved by biochemical and cell experiments in vitro. We determined the structure of an important protein, Mpro, in SARS-CoV-2, and revealed the interaction of GC376 with the viral substrate and inhibition of the catalytic site of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
Insights on long-distance dispersal, ecological and morphological evolution in the fern genusMicrogrammafrom phylogenetic inferences
Authors: Almeida Thaís Elias , Salino Alexandre , Dubuisson Jean-Yves , Hennequin Sabine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe epiphytic fern genusMicrogramma(Polypodiaceae) comprises 30 species occurring mainly in the Neotropics with one species in Africa, being an example of trans-Atlantic disjunction. Morphologically and ecologically,Microgrammapresents a wide variation that is not seen in its closest related genera. Recent works changed the circumscription ofMicrogrammato better conform with phylogenetic evidence, but no comprehensively sampled study has addressed the evolution of this lineage. This study aimed to investigate phylogenetic relationships, ecological and morphological evolution withinMicrogramma, as well as test the role of long-distant dispersal in the history of the genus. Sequences from five plastid regions were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times. Our results show five clades inMicrogrammathat do not corroborate any infrageneric classification system proposed. Several morphological traits seem to be homoplastic, such as leaf dimorphism. Tuber-like myrmecodomatia are suggested to be synapomorphic for one clade, although ant-plant association appears in two distinct lineages.Microgramma lycopodioidesandM. mauritianaare not closely related, with the African species nested within an Atlantic Forest clade, indicating a long-distance dispersal event estimated to have occurred around 15 Ma from South America to Africa, followed by speciation.
In vitroendoderm emergence and self-organisation in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and embryonic architecture
Authors: Vianello Stefano , Lutolf Matthias P. 
Published: June 2020

The endoderm is the cell lineage which gives rise in the embryo to the organs of the respiratory and gastrointestinal system. Uniquely, endodermal tissue does not just derive from descendants of the embryo proper (the epiblast) but instead arises from their gradual incorporation into an extraembryonic substrate (the visceral endoderm). Given the configuration of the early embryo, such a paradigm requires epiblast endodermal progenitors to negotiate embryonic compartments with very diverse epithelial character, a developmental contingency reflected by the fact that key early endodermal markers such asFoxa2andSox17have been consistently found to be embedded within gene programmes involved in epithelialisation.To explore the underlying cell biology of embryonic endoderm precursors, and to explore the relationship between endoderm development, epithelial identity, and extraembryonic mixing, we leveraged Gastruloids,in vitromodels of early development. These self-organising three-dimensional aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells do not possess an extraembryonic component, nor do they appear to display typical tissue architecture. Yet, they generate cells expressing endodermal markers. By tracking these cells throughoutin vitrodevelopment, we highlight a persistent and uninterrupted pairing between epithelial and endodermal identity, with FoxA2+/Sox17+ endoderm progenitors never transitioning through mesenchymal intermediates and never leaving the epithelial compartment in which they arise. We also document the dramatic morphogenesis of these progenitors into a macroscopic epithelial primordium extending along the entire anterior-posterior axis of the Gastruloid. Finally, we find that this primordium correctly patterns into broad domains of gene expression, and matures cells with anterior foregut, midgut, and hindgut identities within 7 days of culture. We thus postulate that Gastruloids may serve as a potential source of endodermal types difficult to obtain through classical 2D differentiation protocols.