bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do We Have Reason to Doubt the Importance of the Distinction between A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge?
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay defends the a priori–a posteriori distinction against two skeptical challenges posed by Williamson in Chapter 8. Against the argument that no top-down characterization of the distinction can line up with the intuitive paradigm examples, it contends that the argument’s reliance on the distinction between ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ experience renders it ineffective. An alternative way of running the argument is shown to lead to a different conclusion, one about the nature of justifiers. Against Williamson’s central argument, which presents a pair of cases designed to show that whatever distinction the paradigm examples mark it cannot be one of epistemological significance, the essay argues that Williamson fails to draw the correct conclusions from his cases, and in particular fails to show that the subject in either case can acquire justified belief via the type of exercise of the imagination that he describes.
Canonical transformations
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the canonical transformation defined by the given generating function, the rotation in the phase space as a canonical transformation, and themovement of the system as a canonical transformation. The chapter also discusses using the canonical transformations for solving the problems of the anharmonic oscillations and using the canonical transformation to diagonalize the Hamiltonian function of an anisotropic charged harmonic oscillator in a magnetic field. Finally, the chapter addresses the canonical variables which reduce the Hamiltonian function of the harmonic oscillator to zero and using them for consideration of the system of the harmonic oscillators with the weak nonlinear coupling.
Integration of one-dimensional equations of motions
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
If the potential energy is independent of time, the energy of the system remains constant during the motion of a closed system. A system with one degree of freedom allows for the determination of the law of motion in quadrature. In this chapter, the authors consider motion of the particles in the one-dimensional fields. They discuss also how the law and the period of a particle moving in the potential field change due to adding to the given field a small correction.
Legal Pluralism in European Contract Law
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The relevance of contracting and self-regulation in consumer markets has increased rapidly in recent years, in particular in the platform economy. Online platforms provide opportunities for businesses and consumers to connect with strangers, often across borders, trading products, and services. In this new economy, platform operators create, apply, and enforce their own rules in their contractual relationships with users. This book examines the substance of these rules and the space for private governance beyond the reach of state regulation. It explores recent developments in lawmaking ‘beyond the state’ with case studies focusing on companies such as Airbnb and Amazon. The book asks how common values and objectives of EU law, such as consumer protection and contractual fairness, can be safeguarded when lawmaking shifts to a space outside the reach of state law.
Introduction
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the major themes of study and narrows the scope of research to the European Union (EU). It briefly examines developing trends in the market for consumer goods and services as well as the legal systems which changed to accommodate these trends. In particular, the chapter focuses on the platform economy. It discusses issues arising from these developments, especially as they apply to private law. Private law concerns the contractual rights that suppliers and customers have vis-à-vis each other and their potential liability. However, whereas the rights and duties of these parties would normally be governed by rules of national contract and consumer law, or perhaps also by rules of European origin if the parties are in the EU, the platform economy has created a private sphere that operates largely through other mechanisms. From here, the chapter introduces research questions as well as a new approach to lawmaking in European law.
The Platform Economy
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter charts which rules concerning contracts and consumer protection have until now emerged in public and private regulation. These contain a mix of public regulation, co-regulation, codes of conduct, soft law projects to develop model rules, and reputational feedback systems. Also, online dispute resolution can in practice be a source of norms, as norms developed in this context are often through a feedback loop used to improve the quality of services offered by platform operators. Here, the chapter places the focus on the platform economy. Platforms themselves are actively working to provide mechanisms that can, at least partly, overcome the problems of enforcing consumer rights. They have an interest in securing trust between users who, even more than consumers in the offline world, are at a disadvantage in establishing the quality of goods and services and the reliability of their counterparty. Platforms therefore use mechanisms that can fill in a ‘regulatory void’.
Managing Pluralism
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines which mechanisms can provide ‘checks and balances’ for the rules created by different lawmakers in a legal pluralist constellation. The question here is which space exists for the creation and maintenance of private governance mechanisms based on voluntary participation. First, the chapter maps the mechanisms for monitoring the substance of private lawmaking, in so far as they relate to European contract law. Second, the spaces that exist between private and public regulation in relation to each of these instruments are examined. The chapter moves on to a more in-depth analysis of the space that private regulation has besides public regulation. The relevant mechanisms that can be discerned are: standardisation of contracts, the use of optional instruments or model rules in contract law, and monitoring through online dispute resolution.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fiction is good at registering how speakers approach God in ways that are specific to their time and place. Literary critics have studied the dramatic qualities in the public prayer of the early modern liturgy; religious historians have taken a lead from lyric poetry when discussing the language of private prayer. This chapter crosses these lines of research to show how private prayer at the turn of the seventeenth century is explicitly dramatic. Shakespeare scholars focus on his plays’ oaths, prophecies, and curses. Yet private prayers in the folio versions of the history plays go beyond these genres, to structure the action on stage. They are, moreover, greater in number and substance than in the quarto versions, and are original, rather than being sourced from the liturgy, Bible, or chronicles.
Techniques to Compose Private Prayers
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Affecting petitions come from skill in characterizing the addressee and beneficiaries of prayer. In this chapter, these figures are considered through the four genres of prayer (praise, thanks, confession, or request), to give a rounded picture and to amplify the emotion behind a petition. While largely agreeing that model private prayers may be provided as training aids, prescriptive texts worry that thinking up words for a prayer in advance (let alone reading or reciting others’ texts) might be trying to limit the promptings of the Spirit. They balance words like inspiration, instinct, and quickening against terms such as rules, moulds, and forms. Since theorists of creativity are also at the time trying to think about how the process of writing brings together originality and craft, the conceptual frameworks of prayer and poetics converge in advice on when, and how, preparation should yield to improvisation.
Scripting a Role for the Speaker of Private Prayer: 2 and 3 Henry VI
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Private prayer creates narrative lines about its beneficiaries. Collections of model prayers show kitchen maids how to empathize with war heroes, or gentlemen with pregnant women, or merchants with coalminers, imagining their beneficiaries’ problems in loving detail. Pray-ers refer to themselves as marginalized (sick, criminal, in chains), yet at the same time as provided with an almighty weapons system to change the world. Praying could be a form of ethical and pragmatic life coaching, a way to steel the self to unpalatable actions or perform a thought experiment in alternative outcomes—but it could also shut down radical possibilities. This chapter discusses how alternative plot lines developed by the king’s prayer in Shakespeare’s 2 Henry VI and 3 Henry VI create a counterfactual history, one opposed by the normative pray-ers in the factions around Henry.
Afterword
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Prayer on stage might, at points, have been felt to be real. Private prayer was made in the wider context of a domestic performance culture, in which people sang, danced, played, and read aloud to each other. Such prayer was seen as a dialogue, not a charm, so, when it came to staged prayer, the actor and audience were primed to understand that God was listening with them to a character speak to him. Passages of solitary prayer would have got the same rehearsal, under the same conditions, as a real private prayer. A moment of prayer in a play lets actors revive a sense of the options open to their character (blocking out for the moment their knowledge of what subsequently happens), thus aiding the blending of actor into character. Prayer that is worded conventionally, in particular, may encourage audiences to respond as they do to such signals off stage.
Reconstructing the ‘Cossey Hall’ Album
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Jerningham family began their influential British country house album at Cossey Hall, Norfolk, in 1785: a defining moment in public awareness of the elite practice. Lady Frances Jerningham’s letters chart the book’s transition from a novel amusement to a meaningful agent in the family’s social network, and in constructing their public image. Contributors ranged from the family’s children and neighbours, to authors including Arthur Murphy and Amelia Opie. Edward Jerningham’s ‘Lines written in the Album, at Cossey Hall’ (1786), appropriated by the periodicals, became the most widely known album poem of the late-eighteenth century, and made the Cossey volume the most famous English album of the age. Drawing on family letters and contemporary periodicals, the chapter demonstrates how a unique manuscript book kept behind closed doors became not only a record of domestic and local affairs, but of public and political events, over two generations.
‘Like Her, Fair Book, be thou’
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines six manuscript books which influential hostess Sarah Sophia Child-Villiers, fifth Countess of Jersey (1785–1867) kept in 1805–24. It argues that these manuscript compilations are overlooked technologies of power, influence, and creativity in elite Regency social and literary networks. The books reflect the shift towards collecting original poems during album-keeping’s transition to a popular practice, and show Jersey’s developing consciousness of the album as an expression and extension of her own identity. The albums document the range of reading, copying, and composing practices associated with guests’ visits to the Jerseys’ house at Middleton Park, from parlour games and flirtation, more formal and public tributes, and prestigious personalized poems in autograph by celebrated poets including George Crabbe, Lord Byron, and Thomas Moore, as well as overlooked society poets such as W. R. Spencer.
Albo-mania, Albo-phobia
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
1820s print culture had a love–hate relationship with album poetry. Although the publishing industry capitalized on the democratization of the elite album, most of the critical discourse was satirical. Women’s ‘albo-mania’ provoked ‘albo-phobia’. Male professional writers’ intense anxieties about cultural feminization and de-professionalization focus on album poetry. Anti-album discourse mediated sociocultural anxieties about the decline of poetry and rise in women and amateur writers’ participation in the literary marketplace. By contrasting anti-album discourse in periodicals such as Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine with samples of published album verses by poets including Bernard Barton and Robert Charles Dallas, the chapter examines the genre’s identification with women, children, amateur writers, and newly literate classes deemed ineligible to participate in culture as agents rather than as consumers.
Coda
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What is the value of Romantic albums and album verses? Poems often figure the album as a cornucopia or treasure, yet the critical reception derided this positive valuation, and many albums were destroyed or lost. The Victorian afterlife of Romantic album culture shows how its ambivalent relation to the print marketplace contributed both to its democratization and its decline as a medium for original poetry and creative experimentation. In 1830s album verses, Leigh Hunt aligned the female album-owner with the commodified ‘scrap-beggar’, while Robert Southey thought only partisan collectors would save unique books from destruction. The afterlives of Dora Wordsworth and Emma Isola Moxon’s albums demonstrate these conflicts, yet digital culture can help recover albums and album poetry from neglect. Joanna Baillie’s simile of the album as a net of fish affirms Album Verses’ arguments for the creative and ethical possibilities of album poetry as manuscript form in the age of mass print.
Introduction
Authors: Fallon Francis , Hyman Gavin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis Introduction provides a general contextual background to the question of agnosticism. It addresses the question of definition: how the term ‘agnosticism’ has been variously defined, and some of the various sub-divisions of different types of agnosticism that have appeared in scholarly literature. The Introduction also considers contextual historical issues, identifying the origins of the term in the nineteenth century, and its subsequent development. It considers the relationship of agnosticism to both theism and atheism, identifying strains of agnosticism within theology, and looking at the relationship of agnosticism to recent manifestations of ‘New Atheism’. Finally, the Introduction discusses the essays that follow, identifying both convergences and divergences between them. It suggests that although the essays employ different methodologies and reach distinct conclusions, many of them suggest that agnosticism may not be as incompatible with religious belief and practices as has sometimes been assumed.
What is Wrong with Agnostic Belief?
Authors: Avnur Yuval 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One who thinks that our foreseeable sources of evidence could not indicate whether something is true is a sort of agnostic about that thing. If one also believes that thing, one has an ‘agnostic belief’. This chapter argues that not all agnostic beliefs must be irrational. Three reasons for thinking that all agnostic beliefs are irrational are considered: agnostic beliefs are always unjustified, always involve a sort of akrasia or incoherence, or always commit one to absurd ‘Moore-paradoxical’ judgements. But, none of these reasons pan out. So, some agnostic belief might fail to be irrational. However, such an agnostic belief, if it is to be defensible, must have some interesting features, which are discussed in the conclusion.
If Agnosticism, Then What?
Authors: Fallon Francis 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter will proceed from, rather than argue towards, agnostic convictions. It will outline those convictions, characterizing agnosticism as the rational position. Given this, what attitudes and practices may we rationally adopt? This chapter will reject that indifference necessarily follows from agnosticism. This chapter will also argue that agnosticism, as it has been characterized, is not rationally consistent with sustained religious belief. We have another option, whose source we can find in religious ambivalence (as opposed to indifference). Agnosticism finds the case for God’s existence unconvincing, but remains unconvinced of God’s non-existence. The latter suggests openness towards religious views and even experiences. Citing precedent in metaphor, history, and everyday epistemological attitudes, this chapter will show how one can refrain from accepting a belief in general while entertaining it in particular instances, discuss the constraints of such ambivalence, and justify as rational certain forms of religious attitude and practice.
Hegel, Wittgenstein, and the Question of Agnosticism
Authors: Hyman Gavin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hegel and Wittgenstein are two philosophers for whom the possibility of agnosticism would appear, in principle, to be excluded. This is because the position of agnosticism is predicated on understandings of metaphysics and of the knowing subject that both philosophers reject. At the same time, however, their reasons for rejecting these metaphysical and epistemological models differ markedly. This chapter will explore how these apparently divergent thinkers actually partake of some deep affinities, particularly as manifested in their dispositions towards agnosticism. But it will also argue that Hegel’s philosophy allows for a form of agnosticism—albeit a form of agnosticism that differs from conventional understandings—in a way that Wittgenstein does not. This chapter will also suggest that it is precisely this that exemplifies the advantages of Hegel’s critique of metaphysics over that of Wittgenstein.
Aquinas and Agnosticism
Authors: O’Grady Paul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Surprisingly little attention has been paid to clarifying the nature of agnosticism. As a stance in the philosophy of religion, it clearly emerged in the nineteenth century, although the earlier philosophical work of Hume and Kant paved the way for it. However, there is also an older, related tradition in philosophy and theology, called apophaticism, which makes the notion of ‘not knowing’ about God central to its concerns. How do these approaches relate to each other, if at all? To attempt an answer to this question, this chapter will explore an interpretation of the work of Thomas Aquinas which emphasizes apophaticism, and a related interpretation of his work which results in one of the most systematically articulated versions of contemporary agnosticism.
Organizing Integrity
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This opening chapter spells out the key concepts deployed throughout the book. It also contends, against integrity skeptics of various types, that personal integrity, understood as fidelity to one’s fundamental commitments, can actually have independent moral significance. The focus is on two arguments, both revolving around unconditional commitments. The first, the unfairness argument, holds that since morality itself pushes agents to incorporate certain unconditional commitments into their self-conception, it is unfair to criticize agents who go on to treat these commitments as an independent factor in their moral deliberation. The second argument links agents’ unconditional moral commitments to their self-respect. Both arguments allow us to see why one’s integrity is not simply parasitic upon one “doing the right thing.” Rather, integrity can inform the analysis of what one morally ought to do.
Integrity
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing a conception of a liberal polity as a collective agent with its own moral integrity, and presenting some initial attractions of conceiving of a liberal polity in this way. These attractions are further developed through various international cases, where the idea of liberal integrity captures important but elusive moral intuitions. Several parallels are presented between a liberal polity’s unconditional commitments and the unconditional commitments of an individual person. These parallels help dispute skepticism about integrity’s independent moral significance, and support the argument that such skepticism is easier to combat at the political as compared to the personal level. After developing two additional arguments reinforcing this conclusion, the chapter closes by considering the objection that the discussion of a liberal polity’s integrity might be a distraction from a proper focus on personal integrity.
Honoring Integrity?
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the integrity framework bears on political honors, understood as any form of special symbolic recognition accorded by political entities to individuals, to particular social groups, or to particular social causes. Rather than focusing on honorees’ personal integrity, the chapter argues that honors decisions ought to focus on marking and reinforcing appropriate moral commitments of the collective in whose name the honor is being (or has been) awarded. Suggesting that political honors can often fulfill their collectivist functions even when they involve no individual politicians, the chapter also shows how the collectivist approach can account for cases where there is a particularly firm intuition that political leaders should be at the center of political honors. Rejecting an individual desert alternative to the collectivist approach, the chapter ends by showing how the collectivist approach can guide decisions regarding the withdrawal of political honors, without falling back either on individual integrity or on individual desert.
“Pris sur le vif”
Authors: James Alison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the surrealists’ deployment of the verbal or photographic document as a model that is simultaneously poetic and anti-literary. The surrealists eventually depart from their initial understanding of automatic writing as a “snapshot” that captures uncensored thought. Instead, their writings of the late 1920s and 1930s increasingly frame a range of poetic and visual documents within a multi-layered ethnographic discourse, whether in prose texts that attend to urban experience (Aragon’s Le Paysan de Paris, Breton’s Nadja), or, on the margins of the official surrealist group, in the work of Bataille’s Documents magazine. Finally, Michel Leiris’s reflections on ethnographic display simultaneously reveal the importance of contextualizing evidence and highlight the problematic collection practices that transform indigenous artifacts into cultural “documents.”