bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical study on laboratory plasma dynamics validated by low current x-pinch experiments
Authors: Koundourakis G , Skoulakis A , Kaselouris E , Fitilis I , Clark E L , Chatzakis J , Bakarezos M , Vlahakis N , Papadogiannis N A , Dimitriou V , Tatarakis M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The computational study of x-pinch plasmas driven by pulsed power generators demands the development of advanced numerical models and simulation schemes, able to enlighten the experiments. The capabilities of PLUTO code are here extended to enable the investigation of low current produced x-pinch plasmas. The numerical modules of the code used and modified are presented and discussed. The simulations results are compared to experiments, carried out on a table-top pulsed power plasma generator implemented in a mode of producing a peak current of ∼45 kA with a rise time (10%–90%) of 50 ns, loaded with Tungsten wires. The structural evolution of plasma density is studied and its influence on the magnetic field is analyzed with the help of the new simulation data. The simulated areal mass density is compared with the experimentally measured dense opaque region to enlighten the dense plasma evolution. In addition, the measured areal electron density is compared to the simulation results. Moreover, the new simulation data offer valuable insights to the main jet formation mechanisms, which are further analyzed and discussed in relation to the influence of the
J
×
B
force and the momentum.
Kinetic effects in parallel electron energy transport channels in the scrape-off layer
Authors: Mijin S , Militello F , Newton S , Omotani J , Kingham R J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present an analysis of parallel electron energy transport in the scrape-off layer (SOL), considering the convective and conductive channels, as well as the radiation and neutral inelastic energy transfer channels involving atomic deuterium. Kinetic effects in both equilibria and conductive transients are explored by utilizing the capability of the SOL-KiT code to treat electrons as either a fluid or kinetically. We find kinetic effects in multiple channels, with an emphasis on those occurring during the investigated conductive transients. Energetic electron effects in the heat flux, as well as a modification of ionization rates of up to 40% compared to Maxwellian rates during perturbations in detached conditions, are reported and discussed.
3.3 µm interband-cascade resonant-cavity light-emitting diode with narrow spectral emission linewidth
Authors: Díaz-Thomas D A , Stepanenko O , Bahriz M , Calvez S , Batte T , Paranthoen C , Patriarche G , Tournié E , Baranov A N , Almuneau G , Levallois C , Cerutti L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We demonstrate an interband cascade resonant cavity light emitting diode (IC-RCLED) operating near 3.3 µm at room temperature. The device is composed of a Sb-based type-II interband-cascade active zone enclosed between two distributed Bragg mirrors (DBR). The bottom high reflective DBR is composed of GaSb/AlAsSb quarter-wave layers. A metamorphic III-As region is grown after the active zone to benefit from the AlOx technology for efficient electro-optical confinement. The structure is finished with a top ZnS/Ge dielectric DBR. The devices with oxide aperture ranging from 5 µm to 35 µm were studied in the continuous wave regime. The fabricated IC-RCLEDs operated up to 80 °C (set-up limited) and exhibited narrow emission spectra with a full width half maximum of 21 nm, which is 20 times smaller compared with conventional IC-LEDs. The narrow emission line and its weak temperature dependence make the fabricated devices very attractive for low cost gas sensors.
Development and Understanding of Nb3Sn films for radiofrequency applications through a sample-host 9-cell cavity
Authors: Spina T , Tennis B M , Lee J , Seidman D N , Posen S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nb3Sn is a promising advanced material under development for superconducting radiofrequency cavities. Past efforts have been focused primarily on small development-scale cavities, but large, often multi-celled cavities, are needed for particle accelerator applications. In this work, we report on successful Nb3Sn coatings on Nb in a 1 m-long 9-cell Nb sample-host cavity at Fermilab. The geometry of the first coating with only one Sn source made it possible to study the influence of Sn flux on the microstructure. Based on these results, we postulate a connection between recently observed anomalously large thin grains and uncovered niobium spots observed in the past by other authors (Trenikhina et al 2018 Supercond. Sci. Technol.
32 015004). A phenomenological model to explain how these anomalously large grains could form is proposed. This model is invoked to provide possible explanations for literature results from several groups and to guide key process parameters to achieve uniform vapor-diffusion coatings, when applied to complex structures as the multi-cell cavity under study.
Manipulating 1-dimensional skyrmion motion by the external magnetic field gradient
Authors: Cho Jaehun , Tamura Eiiti , Liu Chaozhe , Miki Soma , You Chun-Yeol , Kim June-Seo , Nomura Hikaru , Goto Minori , Nakatani Ryoichi , Suzuki Yoshishige 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We have investigated an approximated analytic form of the one-dimensional motion of skyrmions accelerated by a gradient of the external magnetic field. We find excellent agreement between the analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations when the skyrmion size is large. The skyrmion motion is related to not only the skyrmion size but also the skyrmion wall width. We also have performed the numerical calculation without approximation in comparison. The numerical calculation results are entirely in agreement with those of micromagnetic simulation for all the skyrmion size. These results introduce an efficient control of skyrmions to next-generation spintronic devices.
A lattice model on the rate of in vivo site-specific DNA-protein interactions
Authors: Murugan R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We develop a lattice model of site-specific DNA-protein interactions under in vivo conditions where DNA is modelled as a self-avoiding random walk that is embedded in a cubic lattice box resembling the living cell. The protein molecule searches for its cognate site on DNA via a combination of three dimensional (3D) and one dimensional (1D) random walks. Hopping and intersegmental transfers occur depending on the conformational state of DNA. Results show that the search acceleration ratio (= search time in pure 3D route/search time in 3D and 1D routes) asymptotically increases towards a limiting value as the dilution factor of DNA (= volume of the cell/the volume of DNA) tends towards infinity. When the dilution ratio is low, then hopping and intersegmental transfers significantly enhance the search efficiency over pure sliding. At high dilution ratio, hopping does not enhance the search efficiency much since under such situation DNA will be in a relaxed conformation that favors only sliding. In the absence of hopping and intersegmental transfers, there exists an optimum sliding time at which the search acceleration ratio attains a maximum in line with the current theoretical results. However, existence of such optimum sliding length disappears in the presence of hopping. When the DNA is confined in a small volume inside the cell resembling a natural cell system, then there exists an optimum dilution and compression ratios (= total cell volume/volume in which DNA is confined) at which the search acceleration factor attains a maximum especially in the presence of hopping and intersegmental transfers. These optimum values are consistent with the values observed in the Escherichia coli cell system. In the absence of confinement of DNA, position of the specific binding site on the genomic DNA significantly influences the search acceleration. However, such position dependent changes in the search acceleration ratio will be nullified in the presence of hopping and intersegmental transfers especially when the DNA is confined in a small volume that is embedded in an outer cell.
Band power modulation through intracranial EEG stimulation and its cross-session consistency
Authors: Papasavvas Christoforos A , Schroeder Gabrielle M , Diehl Beate , Baier Gerold , Taylor Peter N , Wang Yujiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective. Direct electrical stimulation of the brain through intracranial electrodes is currently used to probe the epileptic brain as part of pre-surgical evaluation, and it is also being considered for therapeutic treatments through neuromodulation. In order to effectively modulate neural activity, a given neuromodulation design must elicit similar responses throughout the course of treatment. However, it is unknown whether intracranial electrical stimulation responses are consistent across sessions. The objective of this study was to investigate the within-subject, cross-session consistency of the electrophysiological effect of electrical stimulation delivered through intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). Approach. We analysed data from 79 epilepsy patients implanted with iEEG who underwent brain stimulation as part of a memory experiment. We quantified the effect of stimulation in terms of band power modulation and compared this effect from session to session. As a reference, we made the same measurements during baseline periods. Main results. In most sessions, the effect of stimulation on band power could not be distinguished from baseline fluctuations of band power. Stimulation effect was consistent in a third of the session pairs, while the rest had a consistency measure not exceeding the baseline standards. Cross-session consistency was highly correlated with the degree of band power increase, and it also tended to be higher when the baseline conditions were more similar between sessions. Significance. These findings can inform our practices for designing neuromodulation with greater efficacy when using direct electrical brain stimulation as a therapeutic treatment.
The future-climate, current-policy framework: towards an approach linking climate science to sector policy development
Authors: Evans Barbara E , Rowell David P , Semazzi Frederick H M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
That global climate is being altered by human activities is well-established; for specific locations, however, the details of how and when many aspects of the changes will become manifest remains somewhat uncertain. For many policy makers there is a gap between recognising a long-term change and implementing short-term practical responses; therefore many countries are failing to implement changes needed for long-term adaptation. Traditional planning approaches are often closely aligned with near- term political cycles and perform poorly in terms of prioritising interventions that address multi-decadal climate impacts. We propose a novel approach that builds on adaptive planning and lessons from the business sector. The Future-Climate, Current-Policy (FCCP) Framework is based on plausible medium-term future climate scenarios, linked ‘backwards’ to identify short-term ‘no regrets’ actions. The approach was designed by a team of climate scientists and policy practitioners in East Africa and tested in national and regional fora. Initial trials of the FCCP Framework has proved it to be popular and effective as a way of linking climate science with policy. Its use shows promise as a way of initiating discussions that can enable long-term climate change information to feed effectively into the policy and planning process.
Inertias of entanglement witnesses
Authors: Shen Yi , Chen Lin , Zhao Li-Jun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Entanglement witnesses (EWs) are a fundamental tool for the detection of entanglement. We study the inertias of EWs, i.e., the triplet of the numbers of negative, zero, and positive eigenvalues respectively. We focus on the EWs constructed by the partial transposition of states with non-positive partial transposes. We provide a method to generate more inertias from a given inertia by the relevance between inertias. Based on that we exhaust all the inertias for EWs in each qubit–qudit system. We apply our results to propose a separability criterion in terms of the rank of the partial transpose of state. We also connect our results to tripartite genuinely entangled states and the classification of states with non-positive partial transposes. Additionally, the inertias of EWs constructed by X-states are clarified.
Nonlinear control of polarization rotation of hybrid-order vector vortex beams
Authors: Luo Dajin , Hu Huajie , Pan Churong , Zhang Yingxin , Qin Yan , Chen Haixia , Wei Dong , Gao Hong , Li Fuli 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Vector vortex beams are widely concerned for their application prospects in various fields. Here we study the polarization rotation of hybrid-order vector vortex beam (HVVB) in hot atomic vapor both theoretically and experimentally. In this work, the HVVB is experimentally generated by combining two q-plates with a polarization beam splitter, and this method is verified by analyzing Jones vector based on the orthogonal circular polarization basis. We have experimentally investigated the polarization rotation of HVVB during the propagation in free space and atomic media. In free space, the polarization rotation characterized by rotation of horizontal components of the beams, has a limitation due to the effect of Gouy phase. In contrast, the polarization rotation angle in atomic media can break through this limitation due to the non-linearity and can be controlled by adjusting the relevant atomic parameters. The experimental results can be simulated by the theoretical model about cross-phase modulation of vector beams in a two-level atomic system.
Non-Beverage Alcohol Consumption In Izhevsk: 15 Years Later
Authors: Korotayev Andrey , Khaltourina Daria , Shishkina Alisa , Issaev Leonid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aims
Non-beverage alcohol was a major cause of preventable mortality of working-age males in Izhevsk (Russia) in 2003–2004. The Russian government has since taken measures to reduce availability of non-beverage alcohol. Yet, some types of non-beverage alcohol still remain available for consumers. The aim of this study was to assess the availability and sources of non-beverage alcohol in Udmurtia.

Methods
A survey of adults on the streets of Izhevsk and its environs was performed on workdays to assess non-beverage drinking patterns in 2018. The questionnaire included questions about socio-demographic status and alcohol use, including non-beverage alcohol consumption and drinking patterns.

Results
One hundred and sixty-eight people were questioned, of whom, 28% reported consuming non-beverage alcohol. Non-beverage alcohol consumers were more likely to be single, unemployed or retired, younger or older than 19–29 years, have lower educational status and income, have hangovers and drink moonshine.

Conclusion
Non-beverage alcohol consumption still took place at Izhevsk, a typical Russian city, in 2018, and its availability was still high. Untaxed and cheap medicinal non-beverage alcohol consumption seems to have become the major source of non-beverage alcohol consumption. Further regulation of non-beverage alcohol may be required in Russia.
Intraspecific trait variability shapes leaf trait response to altered fire regimes
Authors: Mitchell Rachel M , Ames Greg M , Wright Justin P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Understanding impacts of altered disturbance regimes on community structure and function is a key goal for community ecology. Functional traits link species composition to ecosystem functioning. Changes in the distribution of functional traits at community scales in response to disturbance can be driven not only by shifts in species composition, but also by shifts in intraspecific trait values. Understanding the relative importance of these two processes has important implications for predicting community responses to altered disturbance regimes.

Methods
We experimentally manipulated fire return intervals in replicated blocks of a fire-adapted, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem in North Carolina, USA and measured specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and compositional responses along a lowland to upland gradient over a 4 year period. Plots were burned between zero and four times. Using a trait-based approach, we simulate hypothetical scenarios which allow species presence, abundance or trait values to vary over time and compare these with observed traits to understand the relative contributions of each of these three processes to observed trait patterns at the study site. We addressed the following questions. (1) How do changes in the fire regime affect community composition, structure and community-level trait responses? (2) Are these effects consistent across a gradient of fire intensity? (3) What are the relative contributions of species turnover, changes in abundance and changes in intraspecific trait values to observed changes in community-weighted mean (CWM) traits in response to altered fire regime?

Key Results
We found strong evidence that altered fire return interval impacted understorey plant communities. The number of fires a plot experienced significantly affected the magnitude of its compositional change and shifted the ecotone boundary separating shrub-dominated lowland areas from grass-dominated upland areas, with suppression sites (0 burns) experiencing an upland shift and annual burn sites a lowland shift. We found significant effects of burn regimes on the CWM of SLA, and that observed shifts in both SLA and LDMC were driven primarily by intraspecific changes in trait values.

Conclusions
In a fire-adapted ecosystem, increased fire frequency altered community composition and structure of the ecosystem through changes in the position of the shrub line. We also found that plant traits responded directionally to increased fire frequency, with SLA decreasing in response to fire frequency across the environmental gradient. For both SLA and LDMC, nearly all of the observed changes in CWM traits were driven by intraspecific variation.
Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): Review of Epidemiology and Prevalence Assessment in Europe
Authors: Santanelli di Pompeo Fabio , Sorotos Michail , Clemens Mark W , Firmani Guido ,   European Association of Plastic Surgeons (EURAPS) Committee on Device Safety and Development, Athanasopoulos E , Arctander K , Berenguer B , Bozikov K , Cardoso A , Nord Å Edsander , Filip C , Georgeskou Romania A , Heitman C , Kaarela O , Kolenda M , Hamdi M , Lantieri L , Lumenta D , Mercer N , Ruegg E , Santanelli di Pompeo F , Stanec Z , Van Der Hulst R , Vranckx J J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) epidemiologic studies focus on incidence and risk estimates.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to perform a thorough literature review, and to provide an accurate estimate of BIA-ALCL prevalence in Europe.

Methods
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases to identify publications reporting BIA-ALCL epidemiology. Research was conducted between November 2019 and August 2020. European prevalence was assessed as the ratio between pathology-confirmed cases and breast implant–bearing individuals. The Committee on Device Safety and Development (CDSD) collected data from national plastic surgery societies, health authorities, and disease-specific registries to calculate the numerator. The denominator was estimated by combining European demographic data with scientific reports.

Results
Our research identified 507 articles: 106 were excluded for not being relevant to BIA-ALCL. From the remaining 401 articles, we selected 35 that discussed epidemiology and 12 reviews. The CDSD reported 420 cases in Europe, with an overall prevalence of 1:13,745 cases in the 28 member states of the European Union (EU-28). Countries where specific measures have been implemented to tackle BIA-ALCL account for 61% of the EU-28 population and actively reported 382 cases with an overall prevalence of 1:9121.

Conclusion
Countries where specific measures have been implemented show a higher prevalence of BIA-ALCL compared with the European mean, suggesting that these countries have improved the detection of the condition and reduced underreporting, which affects the numerator value. Other nations should adopt projections based on these measures to avoid underestimating how widespread BIA-ALCL is.

Level of Evidence: 4
Evidence-based Guideline for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin: 2020 Update by the Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Chinese Pharmacological Society
Authors: He Na , Su Shan , Ye Zhikang , Du Guanhua , He Bei , Li Dakui , Liu Youning , Yang Kehu , Zhang Xianglin , Zhang Yingyuan , Chen Xiao , Chen Yaolong , Chen Zhigang , Dong Yalin , Du Guang , Gu Jian , Guo Daihong , Guo Ruichen , Hu Xin , Jiao Zheng , Li Huande , Liu Gaolin , Li Zhiping , Lv Yuan , Lu Wei , Miao Liyan , Qu Jieming , Sun Tieying , Tong Rongsheng , Wang Li , Wang Minggui , Wang Rui , Wen Aidong , Wu Jiuhong , Wu Xin’an , Xu Yingchun , Yang Yong , Yang Fan , Zhan Siyan , Zhang Bikui , Zhang Chao , Zhang Huizhi , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jing , Zhang Jun , Zhang Wenting , Zhao Libo , Zhao Limei , Zhao Rongsheng , Zhao Wei , Zhao Zhigang , Zhou Wei , Zeng Xian-Tao , Zhai Suodi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundClinical practice guidelines or recommendations often require timely and regular updating as new evidence emerges, because this can alter the risk-benefit trade-off. The scientific process of developing and updating guidelines accompanied by adequate implementation can improve outcomes. To promote better management of patients receiving vancomycin therapy, we updated the guideline for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of vancomycin published in 2015.MethodsOur updated recommendations complied with standards for developing trustworthy guidelines, including timeliness and rigor of the updating process, as well as the use of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. We also followed the methodology handbook published by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the Spanish National Health System.ResultsWe partially updated the 2015 guideline. Apart from adults, the updated guideline also focuses on pediatric patients and neonates requiring intravenous vancomycin therapy. The guideline recommendations involve a broadened range of patients requiring TDM, modified index of TDM (both 24-hour area under the curve and trough concentration), addition regarding the necessity and timing of repeated TDM, and initial dose for specific subpopulations. Overall, 1 recommendation was deleted and 3 recommendations were modified. Eleven new recommendations were added, and no recommendation was made for 2 clinical questions.ConclusionsWe updated an evidence-based guideline regarding the TDM of vancomycin using a rigorous and multidisciplinary approach. The updated guideline provides more comprehensive recommendations to inform rational and optimized vancomycin use and is thus of greater applicability.