bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The (Science Diplomacy) Origins of the Cold War
Authors: Turchetti Simone 
Published: September 2020

The US monopoly of information regarding nuclear weapons was one of the distinctive features of the early Cold War. It encouraged US officials to bolster their country’s hegemonic role in post-war affairs, something that scholars have previously referred to in terms of “atomic diplomacy.” This paper shows that Cold War atomic diplomacy originated in an ancestral form of what we call today “science diplomacy,” distinctive of wartime allied relations during WW2. It first explores how science became a distinctive feature of wartime diplomacy by looking at agreements regarding exchanges of information and collaboration that shaped the relations between wartime allies (US, UK, and the Soviet Union). It then shows that their signing (and, at times, their rejection) eventually paved the way to conflicting views within allied administrations on what to share, making their officials less inclined to pool more knowledge toward the end of WW2. In conclusion, US monopolistic stances and atomic diplomacy originated in these disagreements, also marking the demise of wartime science diplomacy.
This essay is part of a special issue entitled Science Diplomacy, edited by Giulia Rispoli and Simone Turchetti.
Birds Without Borders
Authors: Camprubí Lino 
Published: September 2020

The Spanish Doñana Biological Station, inaugurated in 1964, poses two historiographical puzzles. First, it was the first large project of the World Wildlife Fund, which is usually seen as a response to the very specific post-imperial challenges of African parks. Second, it was the first non-alpine park in Spain, and although it was designed and inaugurated in the midst of Francisco Franco’s nationalist dictatorship, it was an explicitly transnational project. This paper approaches Doñana’s unique story through the concept of ecological diplomacy. It points to the diplomatic strategies mobilized by a small group of ecologists with managerial and financial skills. Promoting Doñana, British ornithologists presented it as an African wilderness, which created tensions with Spanish ecologists, themselves colonial scientists. Ecological diplomacy, moreover, refers to a characteristic period between conservation diplomacy and environmental diplomacy. In it, conservation was understood as the top-down management of foreign territories for research purposes. While this can be partly understood as the globalization of the Swiss model for conservation, it arrived in Spain through the mediation of the French Tour du Valat station and of English ecology. Finally, stressing the ecological dimension of this type of conservation diplomacy helps in studying the role of the science of ecology and its transformations. As Doñana became a national park, the WWF’s early emphasis on research was replaced by a new attention to recreation. Max Nicholson’s participation in the International Biology Program granted him an opportunity to favor this model when Doñana became a national park.
This essay is part of a special issue entitled Science Diplomacy, edited by Giulia Rispoli and Simone Turchetti.
Science and Diplomacy around the Earth
Authors: Rispoli Giulia , Olšáková Doubravka 
Published: September 2020

In this article we discuss two phases in the evolution of global environmental programs, namely the Man and Biosphere Programme and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, with the aim of showing their hidden diplomatic ambitions from both US and Soviet perspectives. In the 1960s and 1970s, Soviet views on the biosphere prevailed thanks to the influence of Soviet scientists in the International Council of Scientific Unions and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In the 1980s, the domination of this field by US scientists ushered in the establishment of Earth system science as a new research trend based on Earth observation technologies. We argue that despite the influence of Soviet ecologists in directing international coordination of research on the biosphere, Earth system science did not set in a trajectory of environmental cooperation. This outcome can be explained if we take the environmental and ecological turn that arose during the Cold War as being intertwined with political concerns and national interests in both the US and the USSR. Security, scientific diplomacy, and geopolitical issues limited East-West collaboration on the interdisciplinary study of the earth, which instead turned into a sort of cooperative antagonism. The transition from biosphere studies to Earth system science reveals a changing strategy toward environmental problems, which in turn reflects changes in Cold War policy.
This essay is part of a special issue entitled Science Diplomacy, edited by Giulia Rispoli and Simone Turchetti.
Mathematical Model of Suspension Seat-Person Exposed to Vertical Vibration for Off-Road Vehicles
Authors: Adam S. Aisyah , A. Jalil N. A. , Md Razali K. A. , Ng Y. G. , Aladdin M. F. 
Published: September 2020

Off-road drivers are exposed to a high magnitude of vibration at low frequency (0.5-25Hz), that can cause harm and possibly attribute to musculoskeletal disorder, particularly low-back pain. The suspension seat is commonly used on an off-road condition to isolate the vibration transmitted to the human body. Nevertheless, the suspension seat modelling that incorporates the human body is still scarce. The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical modelling to represent the suspension seat-person for off-road vehicles. This paper presents a three degrees-of-freedom lumped parameter model. A curve-fitting method is used for parameter identification, which includes the constraint variable function (fmincon()) from the optimisation toolbox of MATLAB(R2017a). The model parameters are optimised using experimentally measured of suspension seat transmissibility. It was found that the model provides a reasonable fit to the measured suspension seat transmissibility at the first peak of resonance frequency, around 2-3 Hz. The results of the study suggested that the human body forms a coupled system with the suspension seat and thus affects the overall performance of the suspension system. As a conclusion, the influence of the human body should not be ignored in the modelling, and a three-degrees degree-of-freedom lumped parameter model provides a better prediction of suspension seat transmissibility. This proposed model is recommended to predict vibration transmissibility for off-road suspension seat.
Genomic Prediction Informed by Biological Processes Expands Our Understanding of the Genetic Architecture Underlying Free Amino Acid Traits in DryArabidopsisSeeds
Authors: Turner-Hissong Sarah D , Bird Kevin A , Lipka Alexander E , King Elizabeth G , Beissinger Timothy M , Angelovici Ruthie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlant growth, development, and nutritional quality depends upon amino acid homeostasis, especially in seeds. However, our understanding of the underlying genetics influencing amino acid content and composition remains limited, with only a few candidate genes and quantitative trait loci identified to date. Improved knowledge of the genetics and biological processes that determine amino acid levels will enable researchers to use this information for plant breeding and biological discovery. Toward this goal, we used genomic prediction to identify biological processes that are associated with, and therefore potentially influence, free amino acid (FAA) composition in seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Markers were split into categories based on metabolic pathway annotations and fit using a genomic partitioning model to evaluate the influence of each pathway on heritability explained, model fit, and predictive ability. Selected pathways included processes known to influence FAA composition, albeit to an unknown degree, and spanned four categories: amino acid, core, specialized, and protein metabolism. Using this approach, we identified associations for pathways containing known variants for FAA traits, in addition to finding new trait-pathway associations. Markers related to amino acid metabolism, which are directly involved in FAA regulation, improved predictive ability for branched chain amino acids and histidine. The use of genomic partitioning also revealed patterns across biochemical families, in which serine-derived FAAs were associated with protein related annotations and aromatic FAAs were associated with specialized metabolic pathways. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that genomic partitioning is a viable strategy to uncover the relative contributions of biological processes to FAA traits in seeds, offering a promising framework to guide hypothesis testing and narrow the search space for candidate genes.
Identifying Key Genetic Regions for Cell Sheet Morphogenesis on Chromosome 2L Using aDrosophilaDeficiency Screen in Dorsal Closure
Authors: Fogerson Stephanie M , Mortensen Richard D , Moore Regan P , Chiou Hellen Y , Prabhu Neel K , Wei Angela H , Tsai Daniel , Jadi Othmane , Andoh-Baidoo Kwabena , Crawford Janice , Mudziviri Murotiwamambo , Kiehart Daniel P 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCell sheet morphogenesis is essential for metazoan development and homeostasis of animal form – it contributes to developmental milestones including gastrulation, neural tube closure, heart and palate formation and to tissue maintenance during wound healing. Dorsal closure, a well-characterized stage in Drosophila embryogenesis and a model for cell sheet morphogenesis, is a remarkably robust process during which coordination of conserved gene expression patterns and signaling cascades regulate the cellular shape changes and movements. New ‘dorsal closure genes’ continue to be discovered due to advances in imaging and genetics. Here, we extend our previous study of the right arm of the 2nd chromosome to the left arm of the 2nd chromosome using the Bloomington deficiency kit’s set of large deletions, which collectively remove 98.9% of the genes on the left arm of chromosome two (2L) to identify ‘dorsal closure deficiencies’. We successfully screened 87.2% of the genes and identified diverse dorsal closure defects in embryos homozygous for 49 deficiencies, 27 of which delete no known dorsal closure gene. These homozygous deficiencies cause defects in cell shape, canthus formation and tissue dynamics. Within these deficiencies, we have identified pimples, odd-skipped, paired, and sloppy-paired 1 as dorsal closure genes on 2L that affect lateral epidermal cells. We will continue to identify novel ‘dorsal closure genes’ with further analysis. These forward genetic screens are expected to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure and links between pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure.
The Effect of the Australasian Parliamentary Debate Technique on Students’ Argumentative Speaking Ability
Authors: Qomariah Intan , Syauki Syauki , Anasy Zaharil 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research was to investigate whether the use of the Australasian Parliamentary Debate had an impact on students’ argumentative speaking ability. The method was quantitative with a quasi-experimental design, and the participants of this research were SMAN 29 Jakarta 10th grade social students in the academic year 2017/2018. They were X IIS 2 as the experimental group and X IIS 3 as the control group, consisting of 32 students for each group. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants for this research, and the data were collected using an oral test. The argumentative speaking rubric was used to assess the students’ argumentative speaking ability in the pre- and post-tests. The results of statistical hypothesis testing, using independent sample t-test, found that the t-value was 2.23 on the significance level of 5 percent (α = 0.05), whereas the t table was 1.99 or tobserve > t table. H0 was therefore rejected and Ha was accepted. This finding shows that the use of the Australasian Parliamentary Debate has a positive effect on students’ ability to speak argumentatively.ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi apakah penggunaan the Australalasian Parliamentary Debate memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan berbicara argumentatif siswa. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan quasi-experimental sebagai desain penelitian. Partisipan peneliatian adalah siswa SMAN 29 Jakarta kelas X IPS di tahun akademik 2017/2018. Mereka adalah X IIS 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan X IIS 3 sebagai kelas kontrol yang masing-masing kelas terdiri dari 32 siswa. Convenience sampling adalah teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tes lisan dengan rubrik berbicara argumentatif untuk menguji kemampuan argumentasi siswa pada pretest dan posttest. Hasil dari tes hipotesis statistika menggunakan uji T- sampel independen menunjukkan bahwa pada degree of significance 5% % (α = 0.05), tvalue sebesar 2.23 sementara t table sebesar 1.99 atau tobserve > t table. Maka dari itu, H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Hal ini membuktikan adanya pengaruh positif penggunaan teknik the Australasian Parliamentary Debate pada kemampuan berbicara argumentatif siswa. How to Cite: Qomariah, I., Syauki, Anasy, Z., E.F. (2020). The Effect of the Australasian Parliamentary Debate Technique on Students’ Argumentative Speaking Ability. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 7(1), 48-62. doi:10.15408/ijee.v7i1.16973
Disease in Central Valley Salmon: Status and Lessons from Other Systems
Authors: Lehman Brendan , Johnson Rachel C. , Adkison Mark , Burgess Oliver T. , Connon Richard E. , Fangue Nann A. , Foott J. Scott , Hallett Sascha L. , Martinez–López Beatriz , Miller Kristina M. , Purcell Maureen K. , Som Nicholas A. , Valdes–Donoso Pablo , Collins Alison A. 
Published: September 2020

hinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities and climate change, especially at their most southern range in California’s Central Valley. There is considerable interest in understanding stressors that contribute to population decline and in identifying management actions that reduce the effects of those stressors. Along the west coast of North America, disease has been linked to declining numbers of salmonids, and identified as a key stressor that results in mortality. In the Central Valley, targeted studies have revealed extremely high prevalence of infectious agents and disease. However, there has been insufficient monitoring to understand the effect that disease may have on salmon populations. To inform future research, monitoring, and management efforts, a two-day workshop on salmon disease was held at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) on March 14-15, 2018. This paper summarizes the science presented at this workshop, including the current state of knowledge of salmonid disease in the Central Valley, and current and emerging tools to better understand its effects on salmon. We highlight case studies from other systems where successful monitoring programs have been implemented. First, in the Klamath River where the integration of several data-collection and modeling approaches led to the development of successful management actions, and second in British Columbia where investment in researching novel technologies led to breakthroughs in the understanding of salmon disease dynamics. Finally, we identify key information and knowledge gaps necessary to guide research and management of disease in Central Valley salmon populations.
Verőcke a hambiton. Ipolytölgyes község építészeti öröksége / Verőcke on the Hambit. The architectural heritage of Ipolytölgyes
Authors: Fehér Krisztina , Kovács Máté Gergő 
Published: September 2020

A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Építészettörténeti és Műemléki Tanszékén a műemléki és történeti épületek felmérése évszázados múltra tekint vissza. Az oktatásban is rendkívül fontos szerepet betöltő felmérőtáborok hagyományát oktatóink, dr. Istvánfi Gyula és dr. Kalmár Miklós hosszú évtizedeken keresztül éltették tovább megszerettetve hallgatóikkal – így velünk is – a régi házak, szerkezetek megfigyelését, rajzolását és kutatását. Tanulmányunkban a Tanszék által 2017-ben a Pest megyei Ipolytölgyesen szervezett nyári felmérőtábor emlékét és tanulságait történeti és néprajzi kitekintéssel szeretnénk összefűzni. A tábor során felmért tíz portát főleg építészeti szempontból vizsgáltuk és dokumentáltuk, de ahogyan az minden épület tanulmányozása esetén fennáll, betekintést nyerhettünk a falu mindennapi életébe és értékeibe is.Surveying monuments and historical buildings at the Department of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation of Budapest University of Technology and Economics dates back to age-old traditions. The tradition of survey camps, that played an all-important educational role, had been kept alive for decades by our tutors Gyula Istvánfi and Miklós Kalmár, thus winning the affection of the students – and so ours – towards observing, drawing and studying historical buildings and structures. In our study, we wish to incorporate the memory and lessons of the 2017 survey camp organized by the Department in Ipolytölgyes, Pest county, with a historical and an ethnographical outlook. During the camp, we studied, surveyed and documented ten vernacular houses with their service buildings, mainly from an architectural point of view, but we could also inspect the everyday life and values of the village.
Rectal vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonization before admission to neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: COSKUN Yesim , IGNAK Seyda 
Published: September 2020

Aim: Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization is an important issue for healthcare recipients. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of VRE colonization in patients at the admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study the medical records of patients who hospitalized to NICU between January 2010 to December 2019 were analyzed. At the admission, patients whose rectal cultures were detected as VRE colonization were evaluated for demographic characteristics for the risk factors of colonization.
Results: One thousand three hundred twenty-three patients were admitted to our NICU from different centers were enrolled. Rectal VRE colonization was observed in 60 of 1323 (4.54%) patients. Sixty-five percent (39/60) of patients with rectal VRE colonization had no previous hospitalization history. Among these 60 patients 28 of them were admitted to our NICU in the first week of their life.
Conclusion: Although hospitalization still remains an important risk factor for VRE colonization, we found that there is also a high rate of VRE colonization in newborns without a history of hospitalization or frequent outpatient admissions to pediatrics departments. That is a worrisome status that suggests that colonization may be developed in low risk areas of the hospital such as delivery room, operating room or recovery room.
The Effect of Socio-Demographic and Cultural Features on Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Healthcare Students
Authors: YIGITBAS Cagla , BULUT Aliye 
Published: September 2020

Objective: The aim of the research is to determine the impact of socio-demographic-cultural characteristics and educational background on the approach to Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) practices among healthcare students.
Material and Methods: The research was designed as a quantitative and descriptive-cross-sectional study and carried out with health educated students from two different universities.
Results: 59.4% of the participants reported using TCAM; 21.2% reported having experienced problems with the practices they applied, while 68.8% preferred this method to others. The variables of age, university, marital status, long-term location of residence, perceived income, chronic disease status, smoking, source of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine information, any problems following TCAM use and post- TCAM experience were found effective.
Conclusion: TCAM training should be included in the education programs of students receiving health education so as to provide them with accurate information on the matter.
A balanced perspective on the importance of extensive ruminant production for human nutrition and livelihoods and its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Scholtz Michiel M. , Neser Frederick W.C. , Makgahlela Mahlako L. 
Published: September 2020

There is a general perception that ruminants produce large quantities of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Sometimes percentages are quoted out of context. For example, the percentage quoted for developed countries indicates the greenhouse gas contribution from livestock is less than 6%, while that for developing countries is 40–50%. However, the reason for this relatively low contribution from developed countries is because of very high contributions from other sectors. Ruminant production also is in the spotlight as it is the world’s largest user of land and South Africa is no exception. Only ruminants can utilise areas of non-arable land where the vegetation is rich in fibre and convert this fibre into high-quality nutrients for human consumption. Foods from animal sources (including ruminants) are essential for the human diet, as they support early childhood and cognitive development. Many rural households depend on ruminants and these animals are central to the livelihoods and well-being of these communities. The negative effects of red meat on human health and the negative environmental impact of livestock production are overemphasised, while the higher bioavailability of nutrients from livestock source foods, which stimulates mental and cognitive development compared to vegetarian or grain based foods, is ignored. Here we estimate that livestock are responsible for only 4% of the world’s greenhouse gases through methane production. We also highlight that if the high fibre vegetation is not utilised by livestock, it will still produce greenhouse gases through burning or rotting, without any benefit to humans. Livestock source foods are important if global nutritional, educational and economic needs are to be met; and this message should be conveyed to the public.
Significance:

We propose that a balanced message should be conveyed to the broader scientific community and the public on the role of livestock in meeting global nutritional needs and contributing to global warming.
Livestock source foods are important if the global nutritional, educational and economic needs are to be met and can be used to feed developing countries out of poverty.