bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Coordination between China and Latin American Countries under the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Wenhong Xu 
Published: November 2019

Latin American countries were not a part of the earlier draft of the route map of China’s Belt and Road initiative. Through efforts of both sides, starting from the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in May 2017, Latin America has become an indispensable and important participant of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. In view of the differences in history and objective circumstances between China and Latin America in terms of histories, cultures, current economic states and development needs etc., policy coordination plays a fundamental role in the China-Latin America cooperation under the framework of the Belt and Road initiative. This article explores the four aspects of policy coordination in the BRI context, namely historical background, philosophy, principle and objective. The article notes that the weight of the US, EU and Japan in the global economy is decreasing, and the number of contradictions in the national economies of these countries, on the contrary, is growing. At the same time, the aggregate economic weight of developing countries is increasing. This new paradigm of development of the world economy gives a chance to developing countries, namely China and Latin America, to deepen economic cooperation. China has already become the second largest trading partner and the third largest source of investment for Latin American countries. China also proposes a solution based on its own Chinese experience, which will allow countries from Latin America to further accelerate their economic growth through infrastructure cooperation within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. The basic principles of such cooperation are win-win cooperation, shared growth through discussion and collaboration and the essence of policy coordination, etc. It is believed that, on the premise of a high degree of consensus achieved through policy coordination, both China and Latin America will achieve sustainable and efficient cooperation and development under the framework of the Belt and Road initiative.
Britain and the European Union: a Difficult Path to Post-Brexit
Authors: Kovalev I. G. 
Published: November 2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of the consequences of the referendum on the UK’s membership in the European Union. The causes that contributed to the radical transformation of political processes and crisis phenomena in the framework of European integration processes are revealed. It is noted that the crisis of the British model of democracy and the rise of “monitoring democracy”, as well as the constitutional reforms in the UK, which were not brought to a logical conclusion, influenced the effectiveness of political institutions. The range of new complex issues of constitutional, legal, financial, economic, social and humanitarian nature that need to be addressed in the context of brexit is determined.The features of the development and implementation of the strategies of the United Kingdom and the European Union on the negotiation process are considered. The most important stages of negotiations on the problem of developing an agreement defining the conditions and principles of relations between the parties in the post-brexit period are studied. Particular attention is paid to the key controversial issues - the implementation of the financial obligations of the United Kingdom to the EU, guarantees the rights of EU citizens and their families living in the UK, as well as the preservation of the free movement of people, goods, services and capital between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.The author analyzes internal and external factors that have a direct impact on the course of the dialogue, arguments and counter-arguments of the parties, the reasons for the change in the positions of the United Kingdom and EU leaders on key issues of cooperation in the new historical conditions. There is a deep split between British society and the main political forces of the country on the issue of withdrawal from the EU. The factors that led the UK to a serious political crisis and the inability to develop an adequate and effective brexit strategy are considered.
Models of a New World: towards a Synthesis
Authors: Väyrynen R. 
Published: November 2019

Three alternative world orders can be imagined in the post-World War II international relations. During most of the Cold War a bipolar order, centered on the possession of nuclear weapons, existed. This world order was incomplete, however. The United States and the Soviet Union faced each other with equal capacity to destroy each other, but in terms of economic and global influence the United States was superior. The strengthening of economic and technological dynamics increased further the U.S. influence, but also sparked the power of non-states actors, including transnational corporations and banks, independent of states. Simultaneously with the globalization of the world, one could witness the rise of non-state actors in the military and political fields. The emergence of the world order of the third type has sometimes been called the neomedieval world in which some central tenets of feudalism has re-emerged. None of these world order models can be said to dominate in today’s world and none of them is likely to emerge victorious any time soon. In recent times., globalization has suffered from various setbacks and state-centric relations have reemerged. Their focus is not, however, any more on the military competition between the United States and Russia, although some of its elements remain in the arms competition between them. Globalization has brought in new ingredients in the rivalries between states and it has appeared most visibly in the U.S.-Chinese rivalry for economic and technological dominance of the globalized world economy. In other words, a new type of economic bipolarity is winning ground and is only secondarily manifesting itself in military relations. Patterns of warfare has in recent decades been colored by fighting of non-state military forces and the rise of new feudal patterns of behavior, but they have not been pronounced enough to justify the labeling of the entire world order by the name.
USA and Military Security of Europe: Evolution of Approaches
Authors: Batyuk V. I. 
Published: November 2019

Over the past few years, American military policy in Europe has changed qualitatively. Official Washington was forced to recognize the strengthening of Russian military power and the need to reconsider the role of the European command as a rear, designed to ensure the actions of the Central and African command. Of particular concern to the Pentagon is the Russian potential in areas such as air defense, long-range artillery, anti-tank ammunition and electronic warfare. The United States believes that over the past decade there has been a marked improvement in the quality of Russian troops, their combat readiness and equipment. Under these conditions, the American armed forces are losing their once undeniable and absolute superiority in Eastern Europe. The Americans had to once again increase the number of their armed forces on the European continent (though on the basis of rotation), increase allocations for “deterring Russia” and persistently demand from their European allies to increase defense budgets. OfficialWashington does not exclude the possibility of a large-scale military conflict with Russia in Europe. The new US Nuclear Policy Review of 2018 states that the Russian Federation is ready for the first use of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe.
Trump Administration Is Ready to Carry “The Burden of Leadership” in the WTO
Authors: Dmitriev S. S. 
Published: November 2019

Trump’s administration is configured negatively to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which it considered ineffective and is allegedly used by some United States trading partners to achieve trade and political objectives contrary to American interests. Some American claims to the WTO, at least partially, are shared by other members of the organization. The process of improving international trade rules is clearly not keeping up with the pace of change in the world. Signs of the WTO erosion are evident in advocating increased use of trade policy instruments outside the organization under the pretext of protecting national interests and national security, the introduction of new trade sanctions and other restrictive measures, the crisis of the system for the settlement of trade disputes. The absence of multilaterally agreed arrangements on the reform of the WTO encourages the Trump Administration to act unilaterally. The United States stated their right to apply the restrictive measures against the WTO members under the pretext of protecting national security, insisting on the need for a selective approach to decisions taken not in their favor, probe to eradicate undesirable for this country most favored nation trade regime (MFN), and accentuate the flaws of multilateralism in trade negotiations. Against this backdrop, the Trump Administration announced its willingness “to lead the international efforts” for the reformatting of the WTO with a view to restoring its sole political leadership in the organization. However, aggressive, reckless and uncoordinated with the partners of the United States actions untie hands to other countries to protect their own interests, both within the legal framework of the WTO and beyond, making the risks of returning to the priority of force factor on the principle of “everyone for himself ”. The future of the multilateral trading system, the scope and depth of these reforms will largely be determined by the coherence or uncoordinated actions of key players - the United States, China and the EU. While the contribution of other countries, including Russia, could also be significant. The priorities will be the prevention of further escalation of trade conflicts and preparation of the conditions for a new round of trade negotiations.
Sources of Legitimacy in Global Governance
Authors: Scholte J. A. 
Published: November 2019

This article explores how, in the quest for new global order, global governance might acquire greater sociological legitimacy. What are the sources of legitimacy in global governance? In other words, what conditions generate confidence and trust in global-scale authorities? To explore this question, the article first elaborates on the general concept of legitimacy as it relates to global regulation. Thereafter the discussion considers, under three main headings, a broad range of possible drivers of legitimacy beliefs vis-à-vis global governance. First, some of these sources are institutional, relating to features of the global regulatory organisations, such as their procedural inputs and their performance outputs. Second, other sources of legitimacy are individual, relating to the characteristics of the subjects of global governance, such as their identity orientations and their levels of social trust. Third, further sources of legitimacy in global governance are societal, relating to the general ordering patterns of world politics, such as prevailing norms, capitalism, and a hegemonic state. The article concludes by urging that researchers break from past habits of treating institutional, individual and societal sources of legitimacy separately and in isolation from each other. Instead, legitimacy in global governance can be more fully understood – and more effectively promoted in practice – if one examines these various forces together, and in terms of their mutual constitution.
New Cold War and the Crisis of the Liberal Global Order
Authors: Simons G. , Glaser (Kukartseva) M. A. 
Published: November 2019

Currently, international relations and the global order are in turmoil and disorder. The bases of the international order and the means by which it was regulated are in the process of being dismantled, such as the central considerations of the Treaty of Westphalia that guided international politics and diplomacy for centuries. As the world becomes increasingly polarised into different opposing and competing geopolitical camps, the question needs to be asked, why is this happening? The answer seems to lie, at least in part, in a rapidly evolving and changing system of global political hegemony, where liberal democracy is on the wane. This is also further influenced by the declining economic and military power of the West, where the US is still the unipolar hegemony, but is declining in its hard power and ability to manage/control international affairs as it was able to do in the 1990s (such as the First Gulf War in 1990–91 and Kosovo in 1999). This paper analyses the rise and decline of the West, and the international consequences and results. A conclusion of this paper, although the West is significantly weakened in terms of its political, military and economic power, it is trying to stave off its decline. Therefore, the ‘New Cold War’ is an important element in this strategy as a means to try and unite a divided and wary domestic audience by attempting to invoke the spectre of a foreign ‘threat’ and to do this through the concept of a crisis. A crisis represents an extraordinary situation, which if accepted, becomes the basis for applying extraordinary measures to ‘rescue’ the public from the hazard. It is a means to try and bargain the public’s freedom for their sense of security.
Origins of the New International (Dis)order
Authors: Beeson M. 
Published: November 2019

The old international order created under the auspices of American hegemony in the aftermath of World War 2 appears to be unravelling. In part, this is a consequence of a redistribution of material power in the international system as other powers - especially China – seek to play a more prominent role. In part, however, it is a consequence of the actions of the Trump administration and its privileging of ‘America first’. Consequently, urgent challenges such as dealing with climate change, which seem to necessitate international cooperation, are likely to get worse and even more difficult to address. This paper details and analyses the range of ‘structural’ and agential forces that have collectively shaped the contemporary international order, but which are under increasing stress. Some of these factors— the relative of decline of the US, ‘the rise of the rest’, the persistence of authoritarianism— are familiar features of long-run historical change. What makes them significant in our time, I argue, is their potential to impede much needed international cooperation to address unambiguously collective challenges. Consequently, the new international disorder, threatens nothing less than the end of order of any sort—or any sort one might want to live under, at least.
Value Chain of Rice (in Transition to Organic) in Region 02, Philippines
Authors: Cañete Diosdado C. 
Published: November 2019

The study was focused on Value Chain Analysis (VCA) of rice (in transition to organic) in Region 02. Specifically, it aimed to: a) map out the value chain of rice in transition to organic by identifying the processes, actors and their roles from inputs to product consumption; b) identify and analyze the constrains and issues affecting production and marketing of organic rice; and, c) recommend policy options to improve the production and marketing of rice in transition to organic in Region 02. The study covered five (5) provinces namely: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino. There are six sectors covered by the study along the value chain of organic rice such as Business Development Services (BDS) providers, farm input suppliers, farmer producers, processors, traders/retailers, and consumers.
Organic rice in Region 02 is in infant stage which the different sectors engage in small or minimal volume of operation. There are few registered as organic rice producers in the region. BDS is working effectively their role as provider of support services to other sectors in the value chain of rice. Greater share of value added incurred by processers (millers) and institutional buyers/traders of finish product.
All sectors in different provinces in the region need supports on physical facilities, technological, financial and market linkage from government and non-government organizations to strengthen their operations on production, processing and marketing of organic rice.
Management Practices And Technical Efficiency of MASIPAG Rice Farmers in Isabela, Philippines
Authors: Velasco Jerald Medina 
Published: November 2019

The study was conducted to assess the Management practices and technical efficiency of the MASIPAG rice farmers in Isabela, Philippines. A total of 64 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. The data revealed that 82.81% of farmers were male and 17.19 % were female, farmers have an average age of 43.94. The average household size were 5.72, majority of the farmers finished high school, average number of years in farming of 23.84, most of the respondents farmers owned their land that they till, average number of training were 1.06, farmers have an average income of Php 47,687.50. The result showed that the average amount of seed applied by the MASIPAG farmers were 55.66 kilograms per hectare. MASIPAG used organic fertilizer. In terms of managing pest in their production, MASIPAG farmers used natural materials like FPJ, FFA, and FAA. SFA indicated that seeds, fertilizer, pre and post-harvest labor and capital were found to be significant indicators of technical efficiency at 1% level of significance. Technical inefficiency model showed that age, farming system, household size, educational attainment, number of years in farming, type of soil, crop establishment were found to be significant indicators of technical efficiency for the MASIPAG farmers.
STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN MUHADATSAH
Authors: SANGID AKHMAD , MUHIB MOHAMMAD 
Published: November 2019

Mempelajari bahasa asing adalah hal yang penting dan perlu karena ini adalah salah satu syarat untuk mengikuti perkembangan zaman, termasuk bahasa Arab, Belajar Bahasa Arab di Indonesia dimulai dari awal masuknya islam sampai sekarang, tetapi hasilnya masih lemah dan belum memuaskan dalam hal keterampilan berbahasa. Keempat keterampilan berbahasa tersebut adalah: menyimak, berbicara, membaca, dan menulis. Para siswa ini memahami bahwa bahasa Arab merupakan media dan kunci untuk memahami sumber (Quran dan Hadits) dan referensi Arab. Dalam pembelajaran terdapat beberapa unsur yaitu; guru, siswa, metode, materi, strategi, tujuan pembelajaran, sarana. Unsur-unsur tersebut semuanya saling mengaitkan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya.
Dalam artikel ini, penulis berfokus pada strategi pembelajaran muhadatsah. Seperti yang diketahui bersama bahwa, pembelajaran muhadatsah bukan merupakan proses pembelajaran yang mudah, oleh karena itu penggunaan srategi yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan, karena banyak ahli yang menyatakan bahwa keberhasilan pembelajaran itu tregantung dengan strategi pembelajaran yang digunakan. Hal tersebut tidak berarti bahwa guru dibatasi untuk menggunakan strategi dalam mempelajari percakapan akan tetapi guru dapat menggunakan strategi yang tepat dalam pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, identifikasi dan beberapa strategi dan percobaan pada strategi pendalaman sangat penting untuk membandingkan dan memilih strategi yang paling tepat untuk digunakan dalam semua mata pelajaran dan situasi tertentu.
Penggunaan strategi yang tepat dalam pembelajaran muhadatsah adalah elemen penting bagi guru untuk mencapai keberhasilan dalam pembelajaran. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan oleh guru dalam ememilih strategi adalah strategi berikut: tujuan pembelajaran, kemampuan guru, kemampuan siswa, fasilitas yang tersedia, waktu yang ditetapkan, situasi pembelajaran, materi, kelebihan dan kekurangan dari strategi itu sendiri.
Strategi yang tepat dalam mempelajari muhadatsah: strategi diskusi, ceramah, strategi Tanya Jawab, strategi demonstrasi, strategi membaca, semua orang adalah guru, permintaan informasi, peer lesson.
LATAR BELAKANG PEMAKAIAN GELAR “HAJI ”
Authors: Saptono Nanag 
Published: November 2019

The term of “Hajj” that applied to someone who has carried out the fifth pillar of Islam, at the time of the Prophet Muhammad was unknown. In the early period of Islam entrance in Indonesia, the term was also never been used. In some ancient texts, such as the Kronika Pasai and Sajarah Banten, the title was not used for figures that had alreadyperformed the hajj at first. The emergence of the title “Hajj” might be a symptom of retraditionalization. In pre-Islamic times, the term hajj was often used. In some inscriptions,this designation was often found. The problem that discussed in thispaper is why the Hajj title is applied to Muslims who have performed the hajj. The method that used in this research is through searching historical sources. It is known that the title of the hajj at that time was used for respectable matters. Retraditionalization symptoms in the term “Hajj”, intended to pay respect.
Pengaruh Integritas, Kerahasiaan, Kompleksitas Tugas, Motivasi Dan Ketidakjelasan Peran Terhadap Kinerja Auditor di Inspektorat Provinsi Jawa Tengah
Authors: Oktavia Marta Hapsari 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study aims to examine the influence of integrity, confidentiality, task complexity, motivation and unclear role on the performance of auditors in the Inspectorate of Central Java Province. The population of this study are all auditors working in Inspectorate of Central Java Province. This research uses primary data and sample selection using convenience sampling method. The sample of 34 auditors from Inspectorate of Central Java Province participate in this study. The results show that integrity has a positive effect on auditor performance. Motivation negatively affects the auditor's performance. While the confidentiality, task complexity and vagueness of the role does not affect the performance of auditors.
Keywords: performance, integrity, confidentiality, task complexity, motivation, unclear role

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh integritas, kerahasiaan, kompleksitas tugas, motivasi dan ketidakjelasan peran terhadap kinerja auditor di Inspektorat Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh auditor yang bekerja di Inspektorat Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode convenience sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebesar populasi yaitu 34 auditor yang bekerja di Inspektorat Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa integritas berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja auditor. Motivasi berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja auditor. Sedangkan kerahasiaan, kompleksitas tugas dan ketidakjelasan peran tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja auditor.
Kata kunci: kinerja, integritas, kerahasiaan, kompleksitas tugas, motivasi, ketidakjelasan peran