bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization Methodology for Analysis in Neighboring Productive and Nonproductive Zones of Los Humeros Geothermal Field
Authors: Aragon-Aguilar Alfonso , Hernandez-Ochoa Abel , Arriola-Medellin Alejandro 
Published: April 2020

The study focused on the analysis of two neighboring zones in the Los Humeros geothermal field (LHGF), each one with different characteristic behaviors. A characterization methodology which can be used in geothermal reservoir engineering was designed and applied to study the zones. The static temperature profiles determined in wells located at the studied zone of the field ranged between 300°C and 360°C. From these temperatures, isotherms in the studied area were calculated and these trend to be deeper toward eastern zone of the field. Similarly the thicknesses tend to reduce in this direction. By analyzing the profiles of fluid circulation losses were determined during drilling of wells in this zone, the existence of low permeability in the rock formation was inferred. From the results of transient pressure tests, low permeability was confirmed. A marked difference in the productive characteristics between the wells, in the close neighborhood was also observed. Behavior of wells also shows tendency to increase in their steam fractions, with the exploitation time. The characterization methodology applied to the studied zones, allows identify that there is a reservoir section with low permeability, but with high temperatures the depth increases.
An Update on Schistosomiasis: Prevalence, Intensity of Infection and Risk Factors among School-Aged Children in Njombe, Littoral Region, Cameroon
Authors: Nzenou Cedric Gide Dagang , Tientche Bonaventure , Asaah Smith , Merlin Takemegni Wandji Jonas , Kenne Martin 
Published: April 2020

Aims: The study aimed to assess an update of the burden of schistosomiasis among primary school children.
Study Design: The study was a school-based cross-sectional study carried out among children aged between 4 to 15 years old.
Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in Njombé, Littoral Region, Cameroon from March to April 2017.
Methodology: Urine and stool samples were collected were collected from 412 school-aged children and examined using the urine filtration method and the Kato-Katz technique respectively. A questionnaire was administered to assess their water related activities. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 2.0. Logistic regression and odds ratio was used to measure association and strength between variables respectively. P-value < .05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.
Results: The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 9.7%, with 7,8% and 1,9% of school children infected with S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively and 0.7% co-infection with both species. The intensities of S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection were 2.1 eggs per 10 mL of urine, 94 eggs per gram of stool respectively. The multiple regression analysis revealed that itching after bathing in backwater (Odds ratio (OR)= 2.427, confidence interval (CI): 1.080 - 5454, P=.03). And school children attending EPB Alpha (OR= 2.024), CI: 1.203 – 4.804, P=.011). were predictors of schistosomiasis infection. However, significant association was found between schistosomiasis and playing in the stream and the presence of the river and back water in the vicinity of schools.
Conclusion: There was a drastic decline in the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection in school children in Njombé compared to previous reports. The decrease is attributed to the bi-annual deworming campaign by the Public Health Authorities.
Effect of added Bovine Casein and Whey Protein on the quality of Camel and Bovine Milk Yoghurts
Authors: Sobti Bhawna , Kamal-Eldin Afaf 
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of fortification of camel milk (CM) and bovine milk (BM) with 1-4% of bovine casein (CN) and/or whey protein (WP) on the quality of yoghurts after 12 hours of fermentation. Response surface methodology was used to design the experiment. Yoghurts were evaluated for pH, acidity, hardness and rheology. The results revealed that addition of WP and CN significantly improved the hardness (p<0.000), and the rheological properties; storage modulus (G’, p<0.005), and loss modulus (G”, p<0.005), viscosity (p<0.005) and tan δ (G’’/G’, p<0.05) of CM yoghurts. Both types of yoghurts attained highest viscosity, G’ and G” values at highest level of WP (4%) and intermediate level of CN (2.5%) while increased CN ratio showed negative effects on yoghurts rheology. It can be concluded that the amount of total proteins as well as altering CN-to-WP ratio are important for the formation of strong gel network and the production of good quality set yoghurts.
Roadside diversity in relation to age and surrounding source habitat: evidence for long time lags in valuable green infrastructure
Authors: Auffret Alistair G. , Lindgren Evelina 
Published: April 2020

Abstract1. The severe and ongoing decline in semi‐natural grassland habitat during the past two centuries means that it is important to consider how other, marginal grassland habitat elements can contribute to landscape‐level biodiversity, and under what circumstances.2. To examine how habitat age and the amount of core grassland habitat in the surrounding landscape affect diversity in green infrastructure, we carried out inventories of 36 rural road verges that were either historical (pre‐1901) or modern (established post‐1901 and before 1975), and were surrounded by relatively high (>15%) or low (<5%) levels of grassland habitat. We recorded the number of plant species, grassland specialists, grassland conservation species and the fraction of the landscape's species and specialists found in the road verge.3. Road verge communities were characterised by high levels of grassland specialist species (35% of the 161 species recorded), with road verge sites supporting 15–20% of the specialist species found in the surrounding 25 km2 landscape.4. Richness of species and specialists were more closely related to road age than to the amount of surrounding habitat. Higher diversity in historical roads, despite the majority of modern roads being at least 60 years old, suggests a long time lag in the establishment of grassland communities in marginal grassland habitats. We identified no effect of historical surrounding land use on present day diversity in road verges.5. Road verge richness was not affected by the amount of surrounding grassland. This could be due to the relatively low amounts of grassland remaining in all landscapes, together with dispersal limitation commonly found in grassland plant communities contributing to a potential time lag.6. We identified road verges as potentially very important habitats for grassland communities. Because of the high levels of grassland specialists present, these and other marginal grasslands and grassland green infrastructure should be explicitly considered in landscape‐scale conservation management. Practitioners looking to identify the most species‐rich road verges should aim to find the oldest possible, while long time lags in community assembly suggests that seed sowing could be appropriate to enhance roadside diversity, even in decades‐old road verges.
Precision Medicine With Leflunomide: Consideration of the DHODH Haplotype and Plasma Teriflunomide Concentration and Modification of Outcomes in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Wiese Michael D. , Hopkins Ashley M. , King Catherine , Wechalekar Mihir D. , Lee Anita , Spargo Llewellyn , Metcalf Robert , McWilliams Leah , Hill Catherine , Cleland Leslie G. , Proudman Susanna M. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveLeflunomide is a commonly used disease‐modifying drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Its effects are mediated via inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) by its active metabolite teriflunomide, and the pharmacokinetics of teriflunomide are highly variable. Our objective was to examine the association between the DHODH haplotype and plasma teriflunomide concentration with response to leflunomide in patients with RA where leflunomide was added to an existing disease‐modifying drug regimen after failure to achieve an adequate response with conventional triple therapy.MethodsPatients with RA who were taking, or were about to initiate, leflunomide were included. Participant characteristics, including the DHODH haplotype, were determined. Up to 5 plasma samples were collected after leflunomide was initiated for assays of total and free teriflunomide concentration. Disease activity was determined via the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28). The association between DAS28 scores and patient covariates was determined by linear mixed‐effects modeling.ResultsA total of 67 patients were included in the study. The DAS28 score after initiation of leflunomide was associated with the baseline DAS28 score (β = 0.70, P < 0.001) and was higher in those who carried the DHODH haplotype 2 (β = 0.56. P = 0.01) and did not carry the shared epitope (β = 0.56, P = 0.013). As total and free plasma teriflunomide concentration increased, the DAS28 score was significantly lower (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). When considering threshold concentrations, teriflunomide concentrations >16 mg/liter were associated with a DAS28 score that was 0.33 lower, and when free teriflunomide concentration was >35 µg/liter, the DAS28 score was 0.32 lower.ConclusionTeriflunomide concentration and carriage of the DHODH haplotype 2 are associated with response to leflunomide in patients with RA, and a total plasma teriflunomide concentration of at least 16 mg/liter is needed to maximize the likelihood of response.
A Biomimetic Biphasic Osteochondral Scaffold with Layer‐Specific Release of Stem Cell Differentiation Inducers for the Reconstruction of Osteochondral Defects
Authors: Liu Xuemin , Wei Yingqi , Xuan Chengkai , Liu Lei , Lai Chen , Chai Muyuan , Zhang Zhaoguo , Wang Lin , Shi Xuetao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere is a great challenge in regenerating osteochondral defects because they involve lesions of both cartilage and subchondral bone, which have remarkable differences in their chemical compositions and biological lineages. Thus, considering the complicated requirements in osteochondral reconstruction, a biomimetic biphasic osteochondral scaffold (BBOS) with the layer‐specific release of stem cell differentiation inducers are developed. The cartilage regeneration layer (cartilage scaffold, CS) in the BBOS contains a hyaluronic acid hydrogel to mimic the composition of cartilage, which is mechanically enhanced by host–guest supramolecular units to control the release of kartogenin (KGN). Additionally, a 3D‐printed hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold releasing alendronate (ALN) is employed as the bone‐regeneration layer (bone scaffold, BS). The two layers are bound by semi‐immersion and could regulate the hierarchical targeted differentiation behavior of the stem cells. Compared to the drug‐free scaffold, the MSCs in the BBOS could be promoted to differentiate into both chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The in vivo results demonstrate the strong promotion of cartilage or bone regeneration in their respective layers. It is expected that this BBOS with layer‐specific inducer release can become a new strategy for osteochondral regeneration.
Dual‐Controlled Release of Icariin/Mg2+ from Biodegradable Microspheres and Their Synergistic Upregulation Effect on Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yuan Zuoying , Wan Zhuo , Wei Pengfei , Lu Xin , Mao Jianping , Cai Qing , Zhang Xu , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCurrent scaffolds applied for bone tissue engineering are still lacking sufficient osteogenic capacity to induce efficient bone regeneration. Biodegradable microsphere‐type scaffolds are designed to achieve the dual‐controlled release of a Chinese medicine (i.e., icariin, ICA) and a bioactive ion (i.e., Mg2+), in order to achieve their synergistic effect on inducing osteogenesis. The hydrophobic icariin is preloaded onto MgO/MgCO3 (1:1 in weight ratio) particles at different amounts and then the particles are encapsulated into biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (PMI) at a fixed fraction (20 wt%). Continuous releases of Mg2+ ion and icariin from the microspheres are detected, showing dependence on icariin amounts. At an optimized moderate loading amount, the resulting PMI‐M microspheres display the strongest activation effect on cell biological behaviors among all the designs. By implanting the PMI‐M microspheres into rat calvarial defects for 16 weeks, it is found that they can effectively enhance new bone formation, presenting significantly higher capacity in inducing osteogenesis than PMg (containing MgO/MgCO3 but without icariin) and blank PLGA microspheres. Clearly, the released Mg2+ ions are beneficial to osteogenesis, and the coincorporation of icariin exerts supplemental effects in inducing new bone formation, which suggest a promising strategy to regenerate severe bone injuries by designing a dual‐release system.
Implantable Therapeutic Reservoir Systems for Diverse Clinical Applications in Large Animal Models
Authors: Duffy Garry P. , Robinson Scott T. , O'Connor Raymond , Wylie Robert , Mauerhofer Ciaran , Bellavia Gabriella , Straino Stefania , Cianfarani Francesca , Mendez Keegan , Beatty Rachel , Levey Ruth , O'Sullivan Janice , McDonough Liam , Kelly Helena , Roche Ellen T. , Dolan Eimear B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRegenerative medicine approaches, specifically stem cell technologies, have demonstrated significant potential to treat a diverse array of pathologies. However, such approaches have resulted in a modest clinical benefit, which may be attributed to poor cell retention/survival at the disease site. A delivery system that facilitates regional and repeated delivery to target tissues can provide enhanced clinical efficacy of cell therapies when localized delivery of high doses of cells is required. In this study, a new regenerative reservoir platform (Regenervoir) is described for use in large animal models, with relevance to cardiac, abdominal, and soft tissue pathologies. Regenervoir incorporates multiple novel design features essential for clinical translation, with a focus on scalability, mechanism of delivery, fixation to target tissue, and filling/refilling with a therapeutic cargo, and is demonstrated in an array of clinical applications that are easily translated to human studies. Regenervoir consists of a porous reservoir fabricated from a single material, a flexible thermoplastic polymer, capable of delivering cargo via fill lines to target tissues. A radiopaque shear thinning hydrogel can be delivered to the therapy reservoir and multiple fixation methods (laparoscopic tacks and cyanoacrylate bioadhesive) can be used to secure Regenervoir to target tissues through a minimally invasive approach.
Structure Engineering of a Lanthanide‐Based Metal–Organic Framework for the Regulation of Dynamic Ranges and Sensitivities for Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis
Authors: Hao Ji‐Na , Niu Dechao , Gu Jinlou , Lin Shaoliang , Li Yongsheng , Shi Jianlin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExploring innovative technologies to precisely quantify biomolecules is crucial but remains a great challenge for disease diagnosis. Unfortunately, the humoral concentrations of most biotargets generally vary within rather limited scopes between normal and pathological states, while most literature‐reported biosensors can detect large spans of targets concentrations, but are less sensitive to small concentration changes, which consequently make them mostly unsatisfactory or even unreliable in distinguishing positives from negatives. Herein, a novel strategy of precisely quantifying the small concentration changes of a certain biotarget by editing the dynamic ranges and sensitivities of a lanthanide‐based metal–organic framework (Eu‐ZnMOF) biosensor is reported. By elaborately tailoring the biosensor's structure and surface areas, the tunable Eu‐ZnMOF is developed with remarkably enhanced response slope within the “optimized useful detection window,” enabling it to serve as a powerful signal amplifier (87.2‐fold increase) for discriminating the small concentration variation of urinary vanillylmandelic acid (an early pathological signature of pheochromocytoma) within only three times between healthy and diseased subjects. This study provides a facile approach to edit the biosensors' performances through structure engineering, and exhibits promising perspectives for future clinical application in the non‐invasive and accurate diagnosis of severe diseases.
Chemical Sensing with Atomically Thin Platinum Templated by a 2D Insulator
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , He Hans , Rodner Marius , Yakimova Rositsa , Larsson Karin , Piantek Marten , Serrate David , Zakharov Alexei , Kubatkin Sergey , Eriksson Jens , Lara‐Avila Samuel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBoosting the sensitivity of solid‐state gas sensors by incorporating nanostructured materials as the active sensing element can be complicated by interfacial effects. Interfaces at nanoparticles, grains, or contacts may result in nonlinear current–voltage response, high electrical resistance, and ultimately, electric noise that limits the sensor read‐out. This work reports the possibility to prepare nominally one atom thin, electrically continuous platinum layers by physical vapor deposition on the carbon zero layer (also known as the buffer layer) grown epitaxially on silicon carbide. With a 3–4 Å thin Pt layer, the electrical conductivity of the metal is strongly modulated when interacting with chemical analytes, due to charges being transferred to/from Pt. The strong interaction with chemical species, together with the scalability of the material, enables the fabrication of chemiresistor devices for electrical read‐out of chemical species with sub part‐per‐billion (ppb) detection limits. The 2D system formed by atomically thin Pt on the carbon zero layer on SiC opens up a route for resilient and high sensitivity chemical detection, and can be the path for designing new heterogenous catalysts with superior activity and selectivity.
Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xuming , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe increase in electricity generation poses growing demands on energy storage systems, thus offering a chance for the success of the reliable and cost‐effective energy storage technologies. Sodium ion batteries are emerging as such a technology, which is however not yet mature enough to enter the market. At the crux of building practical sodium ion batteries is the development of electrode materials that promise sufficient cost‐ and performance‐competitiveness. As such, herein, all typical sodium storage materials are discussed, considering their fabrication methods and sodiation mechanisms in detail. A comprehensive cross‐literature and cross‐material comparison, which also includes the related thermodynamic analysis of their sodiation products, is also provided. The review focusses particularly on anodes and sodium‐free cathodes, as they both play the role of the acceptor rather than the donor of sodium ions in their operation in batteries; their difference lies in the (de‐)sodiation voltage. In the discussion, special attention is paid to contradictory observations and interpretations in contemporary sodium ion battery research, since debates on these controversies are likely to fuel future sodium battery research.
Selectfluor® Radical Dication (TEDA2+.) – A Versatile Species in Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Aguilar Troyano Francisco José , Merkens Kay , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAbstract: In radical processes involving Selectfluor®, TEDA2+. (N‐(chloromethyl)triethylenediamine) is often generated after an electron or fluorine transfer step. This is a highly reactive species that displays different and unique reactivity when compared to Selectfluor®: It can act as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), halogen atom transfer (XAT), or aminating reagent, as well as a powerful single electron oxidant. Despite this versatility, the use of TEDA2+. in synthetic processes remains highly underexplored. This minireview, which covers recent applications of TEDA2+. to promote a wide range of C‐heteroatom and C−C bond formations, aims to highlight the potential of this interesting species in organic chemistry. Particular attention is paid to mechanistic aspects involving how TEDA2+. is generated and the different reactivity patterns that it can display.
Recent Advances of Cinnamic Acids in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Chen Lihua , Zhang Ling , Yan Guobing , Huang Dayun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe great success of cinnamic acids was rooted in their multiple functional groups. Herein, reactions triggered by the radical addition, electrophilic addition, Michael addition and reactions of acids were thoroughly discussed and summarized. Multi‐component reactions, rearrangements, stereoselective synthesis, coupling, additions will be depicted in detail. This review focused on advances of cinnamic acids in the last decade (2010–2020). We hope this review will be good for a better understanding of these reagents and future research.
Characterization of the Zwitterionic Intermediate in 1,1‐Carboboration of Alkynes
Authors: Bismuto Alessandro , Nichol Gary S. , Duarte Fernanda , Cowley Michael J. , Thomas Stephen P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe reaction of a Lewis acidic borane with an alkyne is a key step in a diverse range of main group transformations. Alkyne 1,1‐carboboration, the Wrackmeyer reaction, is an archetypal transformation of this kind. 1,1‐Carboboration has been proposed to proceed through a zwitterionic intermediate. We report the isolation and spectroscopic, structural and computational characterization of the zwitterionic intermediates generated by reaction of B(C6F5)3 with alkynes. The stepwise reactivity of the zwitterion provides new mechanistic insight for 1,1‐carboboration and wider B(C6F5)3 catalysis. Making use of intramolecular stabilization by a ferrocene substituent, we have characterized the zwitterionic intermediate in the solid state and diverted reactivity towards alkyne cyclotrimerization.
Catalytic Asymmetric Iodoesterification of Simple Alkenes
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Horigane Kodai , Suzuki Takumi K. , Itoh Ryosuke , Yamanaka Masahiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric iodoesterification of simple alkenes was achieved using a dinuclear zinc‐3,3′‐(R,S,S)‐bis(aminoimino)binaphthoxide (di‐Zn) complex. For iodoesterification using p‐methoxybenzoic acid, the N‐iodonaphthalenimide (NIN)‐I2 system was effective for producing iodoesters in a highly enantioselective manner. The synthetic utility of chiral iodo‐p‐methoxybenzoates was also demonstrated. The quartet of metal ionic bond, hydrogen bond, halogen bond, and π‐π stacking is harmonized on the single reaction sphere of di‐Zn catalyst for enabling the highly enantioselective catalytic asymmetric iodoesterification of simple alkenes for the first time.