bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Behaviour of Hollow Core Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete One Way Slabs
Authors: Mahdi Ahmed A. , Ismael Murtada A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hollow-core slab (HCS) is a voided slab that has longitudinal voids made by recycled plastic pipes that were placed in the middle of the slab thickness where the flexural stress is minimum. These longitudinal voids can reduce the volume of slabs to more than 30% which leads to save raw materials and satisfying sustainability, economic considerations, and a clean environment. The experimental program comprised casting six slabs with dimensions of 1700mm × 435mm ×125mm, one of them was solid slab as a reference slab and the other five slabs were HCSs. These slabs were divided into two groups, the first group consisted of three HCSs with different numbers of longitudinal voids, and the second group consisted of three HCSs with different diameters of longitudinal voids. The results of the test showed that increasing numbers of longitudinal voids can save the ultimate load with percentages 93.47%, 87.63%, and 82.92%, with increasing the ultimate deflection by 8.72%, 21.57%, and 28.31%. Also, increasing the diameter of longitudinal voids can save the ultimate load with percentages 93.37%, 90.01%, and 87.63% and increase the ultimate deflection by 6.58%, 13.26%, and 21.57% respectively when compared with the reference slab.
Development a capacity model for Al-Turkmani roundabout
Authors: Shadhan Laith Q , Alkaissi Zainab A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this research, the main aim of this paper is to develop a statistical model for the total capacity of the roundabout as a function of influence traffic features and driver factors. The variables remain predicted to simulate the characteristics of the traffic that have most influence the capacity of the roundabout; classified as traffic conditions such as critical headway, follow-up headway, and driver behavior are involved in the building of the model by using SPSS statistical program. 30 samples have been taken, each sample representing an average of 15 readings for 15 minutes, equivalent to 450 readings for each of Critical Time Headway, follow up headway for each lane (Right, middle, Left) and Driver Factor for model one, for model 2 only Follow up time headway for the Middle lane and Driver Factor have been used. All tests for checking outliers, normality and correlation between independent variables with each other have been used for both models. Model 2 is the most significant with R2 = 91%. Validation of Observed and Theoretical Capacity is strongly liner with a Correlation coefficient = 0.938, the statistical model proves that the Follow-up headway time and driver factor have been influenced effect on the total capacity of the roundabout.
Investigation of Torsion behavior of high strength short fiber reinforced concrete deep beams with openings
Authors: Ahmmed M A , Chkheiwer A H , Kadim J A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study aims is to investigating the structural capacity of fibbers reinforced deep beams with opening under pure torsion. The deep beams were made of high strength concrete. The openings were made in the web with different shapes (circular and square), sizes and located at the mid span. Seventeen deep beam specimens were casted and they experimentally investigated throughout this study. The constants in this study are beam dimensions and compressive strength for concrete. The effects of the shape, size and locations of opening on the torsional behaviour of deep beams under torsional loading are studied in the paper. The results showed the square opening is weakest due to the concentration effect which increases the stresses and the opening size participate main role in strength of deep without steel fiber. Also, the steel fibre in which the presence of steel fiber causes increasing in the torsion strength about (30-32) of tested specimens.
Mechanical properties of green concrete
Authors: Al-Azzawi Adel A , Al-Azzawi Ayad A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The engineering properties inspection of green concrete resulted from using Metakaolin to replace cement and crushed tiles as waste coarse aggregates is the main aim in this work study. Different concrete mixtures were prepared in order to obtain 30 MPa target strength for concrete in compression. The crushed tile as waste aggregates is used to substitute crushed gravel as natural aggregate with ratios of 0 to 100% in the concrete mixtures and the mixture properties were inspected. It is revealed that employing Metakaolin in the replacement of cement and crushed tile to substitute a ratio of crushed gravel affects all concrete properties such as; elastic modulus, tensile strength, and compressive strength. The difference relies on the percentages of Metakaolin and aggregate substituted. The optimum percentages for both Metakaolin and waste aggregate were found to be 20% and 25% respectively which can be used to produce green concrete with acceptable properties and solve a very important environmental problem. The ACI 318 code equations for estimating the spilt cylinder and modulus of elasticity are used and it is revealed that these equations give overestimated values for green concrete having waste aggregate with percentage exceeding 25%.
Investigating skimming flow conditions over stepped spillways using particle image velocimetry
Authors: Zuhaira A A , Horrillo-Caraballo J M , Karunarathna H , Reeve D E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Turbulent flow over stepped spillways can be considered the most significant flow that can cause severe problems at the downstream side, near the toe of the structure, such as sediment erosion which normally occurs due to the high amount of water energy. The presence of turbulent flow over the steps can cause cavitation damages due to pressure differences over the steps. The turbulent flow, which is induced at certain times of the year, especially during the flooding seasons, is examined experimentally and numerically in this study. Flow measurements were conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system in a hydraulic flume where the dam break condition is applied in order to achieve the skimming turbulent flow. Two cases of stepped spillways were tested, normal stepped spillways and gabion stepped spillways. For each case, measurements of the instantaneous turbulent velocity field were taken at different locations of the physical models of a slope of (1V:2H). A comparison has been conducted between the gabion and normal steps to assess the required time to attach skimming flow. The results indicated that the presence of the porous media could increase the required time to attach skimming flow.
Calculation Crop Coefficient of Okra with respect to Multi parameters by using dimensional analysis
Authors: Hommadi A H , Dahir F M , Alwan H H 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe dimension analysis is solve to more difficult problem, simplify to difficult equation, reduce the many parameters in equations and search on the parameters more effect of equations. Increase the evaporation from soils and surfaces water with increase transpiration from plants because of raising in temperatures and reducing in humidity are problems of the times which effect on reducing of water. To solve the problems must research on formulas which give actual effects to control on the water reduction by evapotranspiration. In this study will search on methods to solve the crop coefficient (Kc) and evapotranspiration (ET) with multi variables. In this research will be driven equations by statistic of excel program of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with respect to. From equations and drawings were obtained on maximum value of correlation coefficient(R2). In addition to use the dimension analysis to multi variables (time, number hours of days, relative humidity, change of moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, root depth and temperature) with maximum value of (R2). Researching on equations and methods help to obtain results instead of going back to tables and curves as well reducing field tests that are tired. From equations of EToand ETcare obtained on R2=0.999 and R2=0.997, respectively from data. From statistic and dimension analysis equations are obtained on result very close with field data with little difference 10% and 4.28%, respectively.
Asphalt mix design Using Matlab Computer Program
Authors: Al-Hdabi Abbas , Al-Nasire Jaafar M , Mohsin Nadia A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An accurate asphalt mix design is a big issue to produce high quality pavement layer. Introduce a computer program that can be used to design different types of asphalt concrete layers i.e. base, binder and surface course will be very helpful. Therefore, the authors are introducing Asphalt Mix Design by MATLAB Program (AMDMAP) software to be used as a replacement to the manual calculations. The input data such as the characteristics of the used materials and lab work results must be available to run this program. The main output will be indicating the optimum asphalt content. Also, the relationships between Marshall Stability, Marshall flow, mixture density, Air Voids, Voids in Mineral Aggregate and Voids Filled with Asphalt vs different contents of asphalt will be produced. Mixture properties at optimum asphalt content will be indicated. Furthermore, the results will be compared with the standard specification of roads in Iraq.
Modeling and dynamic analysis of bridges designed with AASHTO and Florida I-beam girders
Authors: Al Fadul M A , Darwash H H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A comparative analysis of the dynamic behavior of two prestressed concrete girder bridges was implemented. The first bridge was designed with AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) type III girders while the second bridge was designed with the new (FIB) Florida I-Beam girders. Both bridges have the same length, width and girder depth. However, six AASHTO Type III girders were used in the first bridge versus only four FIB girders for the second bridge. The bridges response to dynamic loads was obtained with the aid of a sophisticated finite element model. Modal and time history analyses were performed for the bridges to identify the dynamic properties, behavior, and responses of the two bridges. The dynamic properties and the deflections of the bridges were obtained and compared for different girders and spans. Outputs from the finite element model indicated that although FIB bridge has less number of girders, the deflections of FIB bridge were less than their corresponding values from AASHTO bridge.
The urban relationships between Imam Ali’s shrine and the old city of Najaf in the south of Iraq
Authors: Falah Shubber 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Najaf city in southern Iraq has developed around the burial site of Imam Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Mohamed. The grave of Imam Ali was the first element of Najaf, and the only reason behind its emergence1. At the same time, the city has positively impacted the number of Shi’a pilgrims by providing them with services. This mutual relationship between the shrine and the city has autonomously evolved throughout history and has always been a mutually co-dependent relationship. However, since 1954, when the Iraqi central government created wide roads around the shrine and through the city to accommodate motor vehicles, the relationship slightly altered2. This paper evaluates the current relationship by exploring the historical evolution of the city. For this purpose, three questions will be examined: 1) To what extent have Shi’a Muslim beliefs impacted the design of the city? 2) How did the city and Ali’s shrine evolve together? 3) How have the shrine, the main market of the city, the Wadi Al Salam cemetery, and the residential sector, functioned and influenced the evolution of the city as a whole?
Traffic Characteristics of Two-WayTwo-Lane (TWTL) Highway in Iraq: Al-Mishkhab Road As A Case Study
Authors: Al-Zerjawi Ahlam K. , Al-Jameel Hamid A. , Zagroot Sajad A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two-Way Two-Lane (TWTL) highways have been developed rapidly throughout the world, and they represent a large percentage of the road network spread about the world. In Iraq, this type of road still has also been adopted widely. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the two-way, two-lane highway characteristics because very few studies have been devoted to studying this topic in Iraq. Three sections of this type of highway have been selected along Al-Mishkhab city as a case study. The data collected include flow, headway, number passing and speed. A speed gun was used to measured speed in the selected sections. The passing frequency was high and amounted to about 240passings/hr. Further, the speed distribution was normal. The results of this study indicate that the number of passing vehicles is up to 240 passes/hr/km at 1200 veh/hr. In addition, as flow increases more than 1200 veh/hr, the number of passing vehicles decreases because of absence the adequate gap for such passing.
Removal of iron from wastewater using a hybrid filter
Authors: Abdulla Gameel , Kareem Mohanad Mousa , Hashim Khalid S. , Muradov Magomed , Kot Patryk , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , Abdellatif Mawada , Abdulhadi Bareq 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Limestone is originally generated from sedimentary rocks that are mainly made from CaCO3, the latter in turn is made from calcites and aragonites. This chemical composition of limestone makes it a suitable material for water/wasters treatment as these elements are identified for their capability to adsorb several pollutants. Although, limestone is environmentally sustainable material and is broadly applied in water filtration, it is has a moderate affinity for heavy metals. Thus, due to this serious drawback, limestone becomes less attracting for researchers. Therefore, this study is aiming at producing an environmentally sustainable filtration system by mixing limestone and activated carbon, and applies it to remove heavy metal (iron) from synthetic wastewaters. The ability of the new filtration media, which was made of 50% activated carbon and 50% limestone (1:1 ratio), to remove iron from 10 mg/L synthetic iron solution. The latter was created using ferrous sulphate heptahydrate and deionised water. The removal of iron was optimised for the influence of the absorbent dosage (AD) (500-1000 g), detention time (DT) (10-120 minutes) and pH of solution (4-10). The outcomes of the experiments evidenced the capacity of the new filter to efficiently remediate wastewater from iron. Where, 1000 g of this filter needed only 95 minutes, at pH of 6.0, to completely remove iron ions from the synthetic solution.
Electrochemical removal of nitrate from wastewater
Authors: AL-Housni Mohammed , Hussein Ameer Hashim , Yeboah David , Al Khaddar Rafid , Abdulhadi Bareq , Shubbar Ali Abdulhussein , Hashim Khalid S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere are many natural elements that cause pollution of groundwater and surface water. Nitrate is one of those pollutants that could cause serious problems to the aquatic life and human health. Consequently, environmental organisations and most of the governments around the world limited nitrates in potable water to 50 and 10 mg/L for adults and babies, respectively. The current research explores the removability of nitrate from industrial effluents using an electrochemical cell (ESE). The latter is a laboratory-scale batch flow cell having steel electrodes. The experiments were conducted using nitrates solution having100 mg/L. This investigation also studied the impact distance between the electrodes (SBE), treatment period (TP), current density value (CDV) and the initial pH on nitrates removal. Box-Behnken design technique (BBD) has been utilized to optimize the impacts of TP, CDV, SBE and pH on the removal of nitrates by ESE and also to generate a regression model to simulate the removability of nitrates by the ESE. The results of this investigation indicated that the optimum removal of nitrates was 93.4% that achieved at TP of 60 minutes, SBE of 0.5 cm, CDV of 3 mA/cm2and initial pH of 6. Furthermore, the developed model’s findings were in a respectable compatibility with the experimental findings (R2=0.904). In conclusion, the current investigation indicated that the ESE has good capacity to remove nitrate.
The shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by embedded through section technique -analytical study-
Authors: Tuma Noor K , Al-Ahmed Ali H , Al-Farttoosi Mahdi H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five proposed simply supported RC beams were numerically tested by finite element method using ABAQUS software to investigate their behavior and shear strength when strengthened by embedded through section technique (ETS). All beams have the same dimensions of (160 × 250 ×1140) mm and were insufficient reinforced in shear. One beam is taken as a control beam. While, the other four beams were strengthened ETS CFRP bars and divided into two groups. The first group is with 13mm ETS CFRP bars (one bar per section). While, the second group is with 10mm ETS CFRP bars (two bars per section). For all groups, two styles of ETS inclination are considered, vertical and inclined by 45°. From the numerical tests, it was found that using ETS with 2φ10 inclined CFRP bars is the most effective technique for enhancing both the first cracking load about 100% and ultimate load capacity about 86%.
Flexural Action of Continuous Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete Beams
Authors: Kareem Rawaa R. , Deyab Hasanen M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this current study can be split into two aims next its two aims. The first aim was to study the effectiveness of steel fibre ratio from (0 to 2.5%) on the flexural action of RPC continuous beams. The other aim was to investigate the effectiveness of longitudinal reinforcement bar on the flexural behavior of RPC continuous beams by using (CFRP and GFRP). Therefore, seven continuous beams consist of two span were searched under one-concentrated load for each span. All specimens had the same dimensions 150 mm width, 250 mm depth and 2700 mm length. The experimental outcomes display that the continuous samples made with RPC had an excellent compressive strength and that the maximum load improved when steel fibre ratio increased. The maximum load of the continuous sample was also discover to be improved when the using of CFRP bar as a longitudinal reinforcement ratio. In supplement, the maximum load of the continuous beam was decrease when using GFRP bar as a longitudinal reinforcement ratio.
Preliminary mechanical characteristics of asphalt concrete mixture containing RAP as the design of sustainable mixture
Authors: Kareem Yassir N. A. , Al-Jumaili Mohammed A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An asphalt pavements require to a wide variety of raw materials, costs and energy in a construction and repair processes. The using of recycled and waste materials in the pavement industry is one branch of the sustainability policy which is leading to substantial reductions in material, cost, and energy, as well as environmental enhancement. This research aims to evaluate the impact of reusing RAP materials in the production of recycled asphalt mixtures and investigate the mechanical characteristics depending on the criteria of mixture strength under affecting various testing conditions as a sustainable design method. Three proportions of RAP materials (12.5, 25, and 50 %) were added to two types of mixtures these used in surface and base layers. one type of softening agent (vacuum residue liquid asphalt) was used to restore the RAP binder properties. Several laboratory experiments were carried out on the control and recycled asphalt mixtures such as Marshall stability and flow, indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. The results indicated that the adding of RAP materials with virgin binder resulted in improving the strength and mechanical properties of recycled asphalt mixtures, while the using of vacuum residue liquid asphalt as a softening agent in recycled mixtures has given impressive results in improving the durability and workability.
Effect of Steel Fibers on the Concrete Strength Grade: A Review
Authors: Weli Sardasht S , Abbood Imad Shakir , Hasan Kamalaldin F , Jasim Mohammed A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The use of concrete reinforced with steel fibers has emerged as an effective material which has the advantages to be used in the most unconventional situations in reinforced concrete structures. These advantages involve reinforcements in structures that intend to resist loads in extreme conditions or change in the type of use, design and or construction errors, degradation of materials (carbonation or corrosion of reinforcement) and also the possible occurrence of accidents such as fires, floods, gusts of wind and earthquakes. In addition, the increasing use of this reinforcement system requires the development of more conclusive studies regarding the characteristics and behaviour of the steel fibers, as well as a critical evaluation of this material and its techniques. This manuscript presents a review on the interaction between steel fibre and the concrete substrate. Initially, a brief description of some fibers materials is made, followed by a summary of some works on adhesion between steel fibres and concrete under static loads. Finally, a summary of the few works on the main contribution of the steel fibers application to increase the strength after the cracking of concrete matrix during loading.
Experimental study on structural behaviour of branching steel columns
Authors: Khamees Ali Abdulmohsin , Shadhan Khalid K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Few researchers have study the branching column and there is no enough information about it. The objects of this research is to study the structural behaviour of the branching columns and how it effects on the form-finding. These branching columns are experimentally tested and preparation tables to assist with design of it. Experimental work was carried out on the seventeen specimens. All specimens have been tested under static load then evaluated for maximum failure load, maximum vertical displacement and failure mode. The studied variables are the ratio of horizontal spacing between branches to total width of specimen, number of branches and number of branching level. The results showed that when the ratio between the width of the specimen and the overall width was increased, failure load and buckling load was decreased and maximum vertical displacement was increased. When the number of branches increases, the failure load increases slightly, with the vertical displacement increasing. The failure load, buckling load decreased and the vertical displacement greatly increased as the number of branching levels increases. All specimens have failed with buckling mode, and had less failure load and buckling load than the reference specimen.
Experimental investigation of some properties of square concrete-filled steel tubular columns containing iron filings as replacement of sand
Authors: Mhawi A L , Dawood A O 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of axial load projected onto concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns and study the effect of using iron filings in the filled concrete mixture to improve the ultimate compressive strength, ductility index and energy absorption. Twelve column specimens was used in this study, three as reference and nine iron filings (CFST) column specimens as a partial replacement of sand by 2.5%, 5%, and 10% with 6 cubics,9 cylinder and 3 prisms samples of concrete of each column specimens. Three types of stub, short and long column. These tests include performing slump, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The results show that the concrete with iron filings have the highest compressive strength at the age of 28 days’ageof 49.53Mpa,52,3Mpa and 55.63 Mpa, namely more than control mix by 11%,17% and 25%. However, ductility index and energy absorption of column specimens with iron filings become the highest at the age of 28 days.