bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat sampler—A sampling algorithm for habitat type delineation in remote sensing imagery
Authors: Neumann Carsten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThe management of habitats for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity in protected area networks requires an appropriate monitoring to increase our understanding of processes and dynamics in managed ecosystems. Remote sensing offers a unique potential for the derivation of coherent spatiotemporal information to report on natural or management‐induced habitat change. However, the methods used for the delineation of habitat types in remote sensing imagery depend on the extensive process of ground truth sampling as reference to construct image classifiers. In fact, the number of required reference samples is intrinsically unknown in complex scenes due to the heterogeneity of varying habitat conditions. Thus, most classifiers are not transferable in retrospective image analysis or between different ecosystems that is, however, required for an operational use of remote sensing‐based monitoring systems.InnovationA new procedure is introduced that autonomously generates representative reference samples for a predictive modelling of habitat type probabilities. The procedure, termed Habitat Sampler, is provided as a tool that can be applied to any image input that display vegetation structures and dynamics on multiple temporal and spatial scales. The Habitat Sampler provides many labelled point locations for the training of image classifiers and enables a fast and easy to implement model transfer for the delineation of habitat dynamics in various ecosystems.Main conclusionsThe Habitat Sampler outperforms standard machine learning classifiers when the distribution of reference samples is unknown or insufficient. It was shown that particularly in retrospective image analyses patterns of successional and cyclic habitat development can be mapped for large heathland areas. The procedure is feasible for application in biodiversity conservation monitoring using various habitat typologies that are associated over ecosystem processes, particularly to report on protected area networks using cost‐free satellite imagery.
Cerebro‐renal interaction and stroke
Authors: Shah Birva , Jagtap Priya , Sarmah Deepaneeta , Datta Aishika , Raut Swapnil , Sarkar Ankan , Bohra Mariya , Singh Upasna , Baidya Falguni , Kalia Kiran , Borah Anupom , Dave Kunjan R. , Yavagal Dileep R. , Bhattacharya Pallab 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStroke is an event causing a disturbance in cerebral function leading to death and disability worldwide. Both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular events. The underlying mechanistic approach between impaired renal function and stroke is limitedly explored and has attracted researchers to learn more for developing therapeutic intervention. Common risk factors such as hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, atrial fibrillation, arteriosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, blood‐brain barrier disruption, inflammation, etc. are observed in the general population, but are high in renal failure patients. Also, risk factors like bone mineral metabolism, uremic toxins, and anemia, along with the process of dialysis in CKD patients, eventually increases the risk of stroke. Therefore, early detection of risks associated with stroke in CKD is imperative, which may decrease the mortality associated with it. This review highlights mechanisms by which kidney dysfunction can lead to cerebrovascular events and increase the risk of stroke in renal impairment.
Inflammatory pain in peripheral tissue depends on the activation of the TNF‐α type 1 receptor in the primary afferent neuron
Authors: de Magalhães Silviane F. , Manzo Luis P. , de Faria Felipe M. , de Oliveira‐Fusaro Maria C. , Nishijima Catarine M. , Vieira Willians F. , Bonet Ivan J. M. , dos Santos Gilson G. , Tambeli Claudia H. , Parada Carlos A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe mechanism underlying the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia has been extensively studied, mainly the role of TNF‐α in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The current concept relies in the fact that TNF‐α stimulates the cascade release of other pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 (CINC‐1 in rats), triggering the release of the final inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and sympathetic amines that directly sensitize the nociceptors. However, this may not be the sole mechanism involved as the blockade of TNF‐α synthesis by thalidomide prevents hyperalgesia without interrupting the synthesis of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and CINC‐1. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of TNF‐α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) by TNF‐α increases nociceptors’ susceptibility to the action of PGE2and dopamine. We have found out that intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotide‐antisense (ODN‐AS) against TNFR1 or thalidomide prevented carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia. The co‐administration of TNF‐α with a subthreshold dose of PGE2or dopamine that does not induce hyperalgesia by itself in the hind paw of Wistar rats pretreated with dexamethasone (to prevent the endogenous release of cytokines) induced a robust hyperalgesia that was prevented by intrathecal treatment with ODN‐AS against TNFR1. We consider that the activation of neuronal TNFR1 by TNF‐α decisively increases the susceptibility of the peripheral afferent neuron to the action of final inflammatory mediators – PGE2and dopamine – that ultimately induce hyperalgesia. This mechanism may also underlie the analgesic action of thalidomide.
Altered prefrontal cortex responses in older adults with subjective memory complaints and dementia during dual‐task gait: An fNIRS study
Authors: Teo Wei‐Peng , Rantalainen Timo , Nuzum Nathan , Valente Leah , Macpherson Helen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPeople with cognitive impairments show deficits during physical performances such as gait, in particular during cognitively challenging conditions (i.e. dual‐task gait [DTG]). However, it is unclear if people at risk of dementia, such as those with subjective memory complaints (SMC), also display gait and central deficits associated with DTG. In this study, we investigated the effects of single‐ and dual‐task gait (STG and DTG), on left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation in elderly people with subjective memory complaints (SMC) and Dementia. A total of 58 older adults (aged 65–94 years; 26 Healthy; 23 SMC; 9 Dementia) were recruited. Gait spatiotemporal characteristics (i.e. stride velocity and length) were assessed using an instrumented walkway during STG and DTG. Single‐channel functional near‐infrared spectroscopy over the left PFC was used to measure changes in oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) during gait. Stride velocity and length during STG (all p < .05) and DTG (all p < .000) were significantly impaired in people with Dementia compared to Healthy and SMC individuals. No differences were observed between Healthy and SMC. For STG, a greater increase in O2Hb (p < .05) was observed in those with Dementia compared to the Healthy and SMC, while no differences were observed between Healthy and SMC. A significant increase and decline in O2Hb was observed during DTG in the SMC and Dementia groups, respectively, compared to Healthy. Our findings indicate an altered pattern of cerebral haemodynamic response of the left PFC in DTG in people with SMC and Dementia, which may suggest that central changes precede functional impairments in people with SMC.
Multiple sclerosis and COVID‐19: How many are at risk?
Authors: Bsteh Gabriel , Bitschnau Christina , Hegen Harald , Auer Michael , Di Pauli Franziska , Rommer Paulus , Deisenhammer Florian , Berger Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic challenges neurologists in counseling multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with respect to their risk for and by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and in guiding disease‐modifying treatment (DMT). The objective was to determine the frequency and distribution of currently known risk factors for COVID‐19 mortality in an MS population.MethodsMultiple sclerosis patients with at least one complete case report between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019 from the Innsbruck MS database were cross‐sectionally included. Frequencies of currently estimated COVID‐19 mortality risk factors were analyzed, and the cumulative risk was calculated by a recently developed score. For every risk group, the proportions of patients under DMT and immunosuppressive treatment were determined.ResultsOf 1931 MS patients, 63.4% had low risk of COVID‐19 mortality, 26% had mild risk, 8.8% had a moderate risk, whereas a combined 0.9% had high or very high risk of COVID‐19 mortality. Of the patients at high or very high risk, only one patient received DMT and none had an immunosuppressive therapy.ConclusionsIn a population‐based MS cohort, the proportion of patients at high risk of COVID‐19 mortality is below 1%. Importantly, the vast majority of these MS patients did not receive any DMT.
Effects of caffeine on mating behavior and sperm precedence in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Yuhao Ji , Ryuji Yuki , Matsumura Kentarou , Miyatake Takahisa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiogenic amines such as dopamine are physiologically neuroactive substances that affect behavioral and physiological traits in invertebrates, and it has long been known that these substances affect mating behavior in insects. Caffeine is a dopamine activator and thus enhances dopamine receptor activity. However, the effects of caffeine intake on insect mating behavior have been largely unexplored. Therefore, we examined the effect of caffeine on mating behavior in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Caffeine, which activates dopamine, affected the mating behavior of T. castaneum males. Males who orally ingested caffeine courted faster than males who did not, resulting in faster mounting of females and less time to a male's external aedeagus protrusion. However, the present results showed no difference in sperm precedence measured as a P2 value between males fed caffeine and males not fed caffeine. We discuss the effects of caffeine on insect mating and the possibility that caffeine consumption may cause males to mate with more females in the laboratory.
Reconciling seascape genetics and fisheries science in three codistributed flatfishes
Authors: Vandamme Sara , Raeymaekers Joost A. M. , Maes Gregory E. , Cottenie Karl , Calboli Federico C. F. , Diopere Eveline , Volckaert Filip A. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUncertainty hampers innovative mixed‐fisheries management by the scales at which connectivity dynamics are relevant to management objectives. The spatial scale of sustainable stock management is species‐specific and depends on ecology, life history and population connectivity. One valuable approach to understand these spatial scales is to determine to what extent population genetic structure correlates with the oceanographic environment. Here, we compare the level of genetic connectivity in three codistributed and commercially exploited demersal flatfish species living in the North East Atlantic Ocean. Population genetic structure was analysed based on 14, 14 and 10 neutral DNA microsatellite markers for turbot, brill and sole, respectively. We then used redundancy analysis (RDA) to attribute the genetic variation to spatial (geographical location), temporal (sampling year) and oceanographic (water column characteristics) components. The genetic structure of turbot was composed of three clusters and correlated with variation in the depth of the pycnocline, in addition to spatial factors. The genetic structure of brill was homogenous, but correlated with average annual stratification and spatial factors. In sole, the genetic structure was composed of three clusters, but was only linked to a temporal factor. We explored whether the management of data poor commercial fisheries, such as in brill and turbot, might benefit from population‐specific information. We conclude that the management of fish stocks has to consider species‐specific genetic structures and may benefit from the documentation of the genetic seascape and life‐history traits.
Does economic optimisation explain LAI and leaf trait distributions across an Amazon soil moisture gradient?
Authors: Flack‐Prain Sophie , Meir Patrick , Malhi Yadvinder , Smallman Thomas L. , Williams Mathew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLeaf area index (LAI) underpins terrestrial ecosystem functioning, yet our ability to predict LAI remains limited. Across Amazon forests, mean LAI, LAI seasonal dynamics and leaf traits vary with soil moisture stress. We hypothesise that LAI variation can be predicted via an optimality‐based approach, using net canopy C export (NCE, photosynthesis minus the C cost of leaf growth and maintenance) as a fitness proxy. We applied a process‐based terrestrial ecosystem model to seven plots across a moisture stress gradient with detailed in situ measurements, to determine nominal plant C budgets. For each plot, we then compared observations and simulations of the nominal (i.e. observed) C budget to simulations of alternative, experimental budgets. Experimental budgets were generated by forcing the model with synthetic LAI timeseries (across a range of mean LAI and LAI seasonality) and different leaf trait combinations (leaf mass per unit area, lifespan, photosynthetic capacity and respiration rate) operating along the leaf economic spectrum. Observed mean LAI and LAI seasonality across the soil moisture stress gradient maximised NCE, and were therefore consistent with optimality‐based predictions. Yet, the predictive power of an optimality‐based approach was limited due to the asymptotic response of simulated NCE to mean LAI and LAI seasonality. Leaf traits fundamentally shaped the C budget, determining simulated optimal LAI and total NCE. Long‐lived leaves with lower maximum photosynthetic capacity maximised simulated NCE under aseasonal high mean LAI, with the reverse found for short‐lived leaves and higher maximum photosynthetic capacity. The simulated leaf trait LAI trade‐offs were consistent with observed distributions. We suggest that a range of LAI strategies could be equally economically viable at local level, though we note several ecological limitations to this interpretation (e.g. between‐plant competition). In addition, we show how leaf trait trade‐offs enable divergence in canopy strategies. Our results also allow an assessment of the usefulness of optimality‐based approaches in simulating primary tropical forest functioning, evaluated against in situ data.
A five‐step risk management process for geriatric dental practice during SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic
Authors: Sivaraman Karthik , Chopra Aditi , Narayana Aparna , Radhakrishnan Raghu A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is an RNA virus that causes coronavirus infection (COVID‐19). COVID‐19 is a highly contagious disease transmitted through respiratory droplets, saliva and other contact routes. Within 10 months of its outbreak, SARS‐CoV‐2 has infected more than 23 million people around the world. Evidence suggests that older adults are the most vulnerable to infection and have an increased risk of mortality. Reduced immunity and underlying medical conditions make them risk‐prone and vulnerable to critical care. Older adults affected with the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus present with distinct clinical manifestations necessitating specific treatment needs and management protocols. While it is crucial to prevent the spread of novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV), the role of oral healthcare workers in addressing the specific needs of ageing adult patients by adopting specific guidelines and appropriate infection control protocols is timely. This paper aims to develop specific guidelines and protocols for the dental management of geriatric patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Effect of physical exercise and medication on enhancing cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk
Authors: Fung Ada Wai‐Tung 
Published: September 2020

AimTo examine the association of physical exercise (PE) and medication on cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 478 non‐demented participants aged ≥60 years with vascular risk. Management strategy included PE (mind–body exercise and/or strenuous exercise), medication, PE combined with medication and no management at all. Participation of PE was determined by self‐reporting exercise engagement in the past year. Cognitive preservation was defined as a global composite z‐score that was equal to or above the age and educational adjusted mean of cognitively normal older adults. Binary logistic regression was carried out to examine the association between management strategy and cognitive preservation in each exercise modality adjusted by sociodemographic, physical, mental and genetic factors.ResultsAn association was found in preserved cognitive function for those who managed their vascular risk through PE (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.3, P = 0.015) and in combination with medication (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.6, P = 0.05). A similar pattern was also found in each exercise subtype. A significant short‐term (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.0–12.4, P = 0.042) to lifelong (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4–8.5, P = 0.006) cognitive benefit was found in MB exercise.ConclusionMedication alone may be insufficient to preserve cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk. In our sample, medication in combined with PE is found to have significant impact on cognitive improvement. Mind–body exercise might be better than strenuous exercise, as a more sustainable cognitive effect is observed. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1067–1071..
Making Black Lives Matter in academia: A Black feminist call for collective action against anti‐blackness in the academy
Authors: Bell Myrtle P. , Berry Daphne , Leopold Joy , Nkomo Stella 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this article, as have many Black women scholars in the past, we again call for collective action against anti‐blackness and White supremacy in the academy. Drawing from black feminist theory, we discuss the long history of Black women academics' activism against anti‐black racism and introduce the current movement: Black Lives Matter (BLM). Although BLM is often construed as resisting anti‐black violence outside the academy, it is also relevant for within the academy wherein anti‐blackness is likely to be manifested as disdain, disregard, and disgust for Black faculty and students. We discuss some of the ways in which anti‐blackness and liberal White supremacy are manifested in the lives of Black faculty and students, and propose that non‐Black allies have key roles to play in resisting them. Like second‐hand cigarette smoke that harms everyone in proximity, anti‐blackness and White supremacy harm us all, and a shared movement is needed to dismantle them.
What life in favelas can teach us about the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond: Lessons from Dona Josefa
Authors: Quental Camilla , Shymko Yuliya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this article, we adopt a non‐conventional approach to investigate the experiences and existential postures of women who, as residents of Brazilian favelas, find themselves at the frontline of a struggle for survival—and dignity—amid the COVID‐19 pandemic. We reveal this struggle through the voice of Dona Josefa—a 66‐year‐old, former domestic care worker and resident of Ocupação Esperança (Occupation Hope), a feminist favela on the outskirts of São Paulo. We interweave our reflections with those of Dona Josefa, who acts as representative of one of the many disenfranchised communities that are confronting one of the worst crises in recent history, in one of the most inequitable countries in the world. Connecting our discussion with feminist writers and calling attention to a more collective stance in feminism, overall, we offer a shift from knowledge gleaned from institutional and privileged spaces in the Global North to knowledge gained by observing individual struggles in the favelas of the Global South.
On the Performance of Pilot‐Point Based Hydraulic Tomography with a Geophysical a Priori Model
Authors: Poduri Sarada , Kambhammettu B.V.N.P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present a novel method to estimate the hydraulic and storage properties of a heterogeneous aquifer system using pilot‐point‐based hydraulic tomography (HT) inversion in conjunction with a geophysical a priori model. The a priori model involved a soil stratification obtained by combining electrical resistivity tomography inversion and field data from hydrogeological experiments. Pilot‐point densities were assigned according to the stratification, which also constrained aquifer parameters during HT inversion. The forward groundwater flow model, HydroGeoSphere, was supplied to the parameter‐estimation tool, PEST, to perform HT inversion. The performance of our method was evaluated on a hypothetical, two‐dimensional, multi‐layered, granitic aquifer system representative of those commonly occurring in the Kandi region in Telangana. Inversion results were compared using two commonly adopted methods of modeling parameter‐heterogeneity: (1) using piece‐wise zones of property values obtained from geostatistical interpolation of local‐scale estimates; and (2) HT inversion starting from a homogeneous parameter field with a uniform distribution of pilot‐points. Performances of the inverted models were evaluated by conducting independent pumping tests and statistical analyses (using a Taylor diagram) of the model‐to‐measurement discrepancies in drawdowns. Our results showed that using the aforementioned geophysical a priori model could improve the parameter‐estimation process.