bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the National Air Pollutant Emission Inventory (CAPSS 2016) and the Major Cause of Change in Republic of Korea
Authors: Choi Seong-woo , Kim Taekyu , Lee Hyang-kyeong , Kim Hyung-cheon , Han Jihyun , Lee Kyoung-bin , Lim Eun-hyouck , Shin Sang-ho , Jin Hyung-ah , Cho Eugene , Kim Young-min , Yoo Chul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 2016, air pollutant emissions in the Republic of Korea were 795,044 metric tons (hereafter tons) of CO, 1,248,309 tons of NOx, 358,951 tons of SOx, 611,539 tons of TSP, 233,085 tons of PM10, 100,247 tons of PM2.5, 16,401 tons of BC, 1,024,029 tons of VOCs, and 301,301 tons of NH3. Including energy production, thirteen emission sources, which comprise the national air pollutant emission inventory, were classified by their characteristics into five sectors (Energy, Industry, Road, Non-road, and Everyday Activities and Other Emission Sources) to analyze their relative contributions to the national emissions. Specifically, their contributions by pollutant were as follows: NOx (11.0%), SOx (21.9%), PM2.5 (3.2%), VOCs (0.8%), NH3 (0.5%) from the energy sector; NOx (20.2%), SOx (59.7%), PM2.5 (42.1%), VOCs (24.3%), and NH3 (14.4%) from the industry sector; NOx (36.3%), SOx (0.1%), PM2.5 (9.7%), VOCs (4.6%), and NH3 (1.7%) from the road sector; NOx (24.8%), SOx (11.5%), PM2.5 (14.3%), VOCs (4.0%), and NH3 (0.04%) from the non-road sector; and NOx (7.6%), SOx (6.7%), PM2.5 (30.6%), VOCs (66.3%), and NH3 (83.4%) from the everyday activities and other emission sources sector. The data we calculate are used as official national emissions data for the establishment, implementation, and assessment of national atmospheric environment policy to improve air quality. As critical and necessary materials, the data are also utilized on a wide range of studies on policies such as customized regional particulate matter reduction measures. Thus, it is crucial to estimate highly reliable national emissions by enhancing the emissions factors and inventory and to establish a scientific emissions testing system by using air quality modeling and satellite data.
An example of non-convex minimization and an application to Newton's problem of the body of least resistance
Authors: Lachand-Robert T. , Peletier M.A. 
Published: July 2002

We study the minima of the functional

∫_Ωf(∇u)

. The function

f

is not convex, the set

Ω

is a domain in

ℝ^2

and the minimum is sought over all convex functions on

Ω

with values in a given bounded interval. We prove that a minimum

u

is almost everywhere ‘on the boundary of convexity’, in the sense that there exists no open set on which

u

is strictly convex. In particular, wherever the Gaussian curvature is finite, it is zero.

An important application of this result is the problem of the body of least resistance as formulated by Newton (where

f(p)=1/(1+|p|^2)

and

Ω

is a ball), implying that the minimizer is not radially symmetric. This generalizes a result in [1].

Résumé

On examine les minimums d’une fonctionnelle de la forme

∫_Ωf(∇u)

où

f

n’est pas convexe et Ω est un domaine borné de

ℝ^2

, l’ensemble des fonctions admissibles

u

étant restreint aux fonctions convexes à valeurs dans un intervalle fixé. On démontre que ces minimums sont presque partout à la limite de la convexité, en ce sens qu’il n’existe pas d’ouvert où ils sont strictement convexes. En particulier, aux points où leurs graphes possèdent une courbure gaussienne finie, celle-ci est nulle.

Ce résultat s’applique notamment au problème de la résistance minimale de Newton (où

f(p)=1/(1+|p|^2)

et

Ω

est une boule). Il implique que le minimum n’est pas à symétrie radiale, généralisant ainsi le résultat de [1].
A priori bounds and renormalized Morse indices of solutions of an elliptic system
Authors: Angenent Sigurd B , van der Vorst Robertus 
Published: July 2002

We define a “renormalized” Morse index, and prove a Bahri–Lions type result for critical points of

(u,v) = \int_Ω\{∇u·∇v−H(x,u,v)\} dx

; i.e., we establish an a priori bound for critical points with bounded Morse index.

Résumé

Nous définissons un indice de Morse généralisé pour les points critiques de la fonction

(u,v) = \int_Ω\{∇u·∇v−H(x,u,v)\} dx

défini sur

H_0^1(Ω)×H_0^1(Ω)

.

Le but principal de ce travail est la démonstration d’une estimation de type Bahri–Lions [2] pour les points critiques. Nous montrons pour chaque entier

m\in ℕ

que l’ensemble des points critiques dont l’indice renormalisé

μ

satisfait

μ≤m

est borné dans

L^∞(Ω)×L^∞(Ω)

.
Infinitely many coexisting strange attractors
Authors: Colli Eduardo 
Published: July 2002

We prove that

C^∞

diffeomorphisms of a two-dimension manifold

M

with a homoclinic tangency are in the closure of an open set of

\operatorname{Diff}^∞(M)

containing a dense subset of diffeomorphisms exhibiting infinitely many coexisting Hénon-like strange attractors (or repellers). A similar statement is posed in terms of one-parameter

C^∞

families of diffeomorphisms unfolding a homoclinic tangency. Moreover, we show the existence of infinitely many dynamical phenomena others than strange attractors.

Résumé

Nous considérons les difféomorphismes

C^∞

d’une variété bidimensionnelle

M

qui exhibent une tangence homoclinique. Nous démontrons qu’ils appartiennent à la fermeture d’un ensemble ouvert de

\operatorname{Diff}^∞(M)

admettant un sous-ensemble dense de difféomorphisme exhibant une infinité d’attracteurs ou de répulseurs étranges de type Hénon. Nous énonçons un résultat similaire en termes de families

C^∞

à un paramètre de difféomorphismes présentant une tangence homoclinique. De même nous montrons l’existence d’une infinité d’autres phénomènes dynamiques à côté des attracteurs étranges.
The Ginzburg–Landau equations of superconductivity and the one-phase Stefan problem
Authors: Bronsard Lia , Stoth Barbara 
Published: July 2002

We study the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model for type I superconductivity in a cylindrically symmetric setting. We show that under appropriate monotonicity properties for the initial data, the singular limit (as the penetration depth tends to zero and the Ginzburg–Landau parameter is kept fixed) is a classical one-phase Stefan problem for the magnetic field

H

. We combine energy methods with monotonicity properties obtained via maximum principles.

Résumé

Nous montrons, sous l’hypothèse de symétrie cylindrique, que le champ magnétique

H

satisfait le problème de Stefan à une phase, en prenant la limite singulière des équations de Ginzburg–Landau non stationnaire qui modélisent la supraconductivité de type I. Nous supposons que les conditions initiales sont « monotones å et nous nous servons de méthodes d’énergie combinées avec des propriétés de monotonicité obtenues via des principes du maximum.
Comparison of data on drug abuse diagnosed according to ICD-8 and ICD-10, respectively
Authors: Hansen SS , Perto G 
Published: July 2002

SummaryMany countries have recently changed to the diagnostic system ICD-10. In Denmark a change from ICD-8 to ICD-10 was carried out in 1994. In the present study it was assessed whether the change in diagnostic system is responsible for a considerable increase in the number of registered drug abusers in the Danish mental hospitals, reported by the National Board of Health in Denmark from 1993 to 1994. Data is extracted from the Danish Psychiatric Case Register, which contains data on all psychiatric admissions in Denmark from 1970 to the present. The results show that it is not possible to follow the development of different kinds of drug abuse from ICD-8 to ICD-10. It is however, possible when setting the right conditions to make longitudinal investigations across the shift from ICD-8 and ICD-10 when estimating the total number of drug diagnoses. It is concluded that comparing data in different diagnostic systems even in different versions of the same system is demanding and that research based on such sources always must be carried out on the basis of a profound evaluation of the selection procedure, the registration principles and the diagnostic system itself. This is recommended not only in the fields of substance abuse but in all studies based on data from different diagnostic systems.
Generalized Synthetic Strategy for Amorphous Transition Metal Oxides‐Based 2D Heterojunctions with Superb Photocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhou Bing‐Xin , Ding Shuang‐Shuang , Yang Kang‐Xin , Zhang Jing , Huang Gui‐Fang , Pan Anlian , Hu Wangyu , Li Kai , Huang Wei‐Qing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract2D amorphous transition metal oxides (a‐TMOs) heterojunctions that have the synergistic effects of interface (efficiently promoting the separation of electron−hole pairs) and amorphous nature (abundant defects and dangling bonds) have attracted substantial interest as compelling photocatalysts for solar energy conversion. Strategies to facilely construct a‐TMOs‐based 2D/2D heterojunctions is still a big challenge due to the difficulty of preparing individual amorphous counterparts. A generalized synthesis strategy based on supramolecular self‐assembly for bottom–up growth of a‐TMOs‐based 2D heterojunctions is reported, by taking 2D/2D g‐C3N4 (CN)/a‐TMOs heterojunction as a proof‐of‐concept. This strategy primarily depends on controlling the cooperation of the growth of supramolecular precursor and the coordinated covalent bonds arising from the tendency of metal ions to attain the stable configuration of electrons, which is independent on the intrinsic character of individual metal ion, indicating it is universally applicable. As a demonstration, the structure, physical properties, and photocatalytic water‐splitting performance of CN/a‐ZnO heterojunction are systematically studied. The optimized 2D/2D CN/a‐ZnO exhibits enhanced photocatalytic performance, the hydrogen (432.6 µmol h−1 g−1) and oxygen (532.4 µmol h−1 g−1) evolution rate are 15.5 and 12.2 times than bulk CN, respectively. This synthetic strategy is useful to construct 2D a‐TMOs nanomaterials for applications in energy‐related areas and beyond.
Biocompatible Iron–Boron Nanoparticles Designed for Neutron Capture Therapy Guided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Torresan Veronica , Guadagnini Andrea , Badocco Denis , Pastore Paolo , Muñoz Medina Guillermo Arturo , Fernàndez van Raap Marcela B. , Postuma Ian , Bortolussi Silva , Bekić Marina , Čolić Miodrag , Gerosa Marco , Busato Alice , Marzola Pasquina , Amendola Vincenzo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe combination of multiple functions in a single nanoparticle (NP) represents a key advantage of nanomedicine compared to traditional medical approaches. This is well represented by radiotherapy in which the dose of ionizing radiation should be calibrated on sensitizers biodistribution. Ideally, this is possible when the drug acts both as radiation enhancer and imaging contrast agent. Here, an easy, one‐step, laser‐assisted synthetic procedure is used to generate iron–boron (Fe–B) NPs featuring the set of functions required to assist neutron capture therapy (NCT) with magnetic resonance imaging. The Fe–B NPs exceed by three orders of magnitude the payload of boron isotopes contained in clinical sensitizers. The Fe–B NPs have magnetic properties of interest also for magnetophoretic accumulation in tissues and magnetic hyperthermia to assist drug permeation in tissues. Besides, Fe–B NPs are biocompatible and undergo slow degradation in the lysosomal environment that facilitates in vivo clearance through the liver–spleen–kidneys pathway. Overall, the Fe–B NPs represent a new promising tool for future exploitation in magnetic resonance imaging‐guided boron NCT at higher levels of efficacy and tolerability.
Extending Lifetime of Water Droplets Using Mirror‐Nanoporous Surfaces
Authors: Berli Claudio L. A. , Bellino Martín G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe growing use of droplets in a broad range of technologies demands strategies to reduce the evaporation rate, in order to extend the droplets’ lifetime, especially in bioapplications that require operations at physiological temperature. These applications would also require minimum external intervention and, mainly, avoiding the addition of chemical agents. Here, a simple method that yields long lasting droplets at relatively high temperatures is presented: the confinement between mirror‐nanoporous surfaces. This approach takes advantage of the locally high humidity generated by the droplets in contact with nanoporous thin films. Both surfaces in contact with the liquid spontaneously form wet annuli surrounding the contact line of the squeezed droplet, which raise the vapor pressure in the confined space and thus decrease the overall droplet evaporation. A model in the framework of classic transport phenomena is derived to rationalize the experimental design. The proposed method is indeed performed in open environments to preserve microliter droplets at temperatures even above the physiological range, and therefore overcomes the limitations of the usual solutions that require humidity chambers or oil‐immersed droplets. The results bring a fresh perspective for the development of versatile platforms for a variety of droplet‐based technologies.
Two‐Step Anti‐Stokes Photoluminescence of CsPbX3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Ye Ying , Liu Chao , Wang Jing , Ruan Jian , Zhao Xiujian , Han Jianjun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit efficient anti‐Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) upon sub‐gap single‐photon excitation, which has great potential for all‐solid‐state laser cooling. However, the mechanism responsible for the ASPL still remains elusive. Here, ASPL properties of CsPb(BrI)3 NCs and CsPbI3 NCs in inorganic solid matrix are investigated. Excitation wavelength‐ and power‐dependent ASPL demonstrates that it is a phonon‐assisted single‐photon process. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show that ASPL is mediated by the Urbach tail states, where localized excitons are generated upon sub‐gap excitation. Through electron–phonon coupling, these localized excitons change into free exciton to generate the exciton bleaching, and then thermally dissociate into free carriers accompanied by band edge bleaching, leading to the efficient ASPL. Such a two‐step up‐conversion process is further confirmed by the carrier temperature extracted from the band edge bleaching band. This work deepens the understanding of ASPL in CsPbX3 NCs, and is valuable for the development of materials for solid‐state laser cooling.
Lithium‐Chelating Resins Functionalized with Oligoethylene Glycols toward Lithium‐Ion Battery Recycling
Authors: Koo Byungjin , Sofen Laura E. , Gisch Daryl J. , Kern Brandon , Rickard Mark A. , Francis Matthew B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecycling spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is an important consideration both to preserve metal resources and to reduce hazardous waste. One recycling method is to extract lithium and cobalt ions using organic solvents that contain battery components. However, it is hard to achieve the complete separation of metal ions and this also requires multiple steps. Herein, functionalized polymeric resins are reported, that can capture both lithium and cobalt ions from organic solutions and separate them chromatographically. Specifically, Merrifield resin is functionalized with oligoethylene glycol derivatives, which are structurally similar to crown‐ethers. To test the lithium‐ion depletion, these resins are incubated with bulk solutions of lithium cations at ≈50 ppm in acetonitrile. The results showed 30–45% depletion after filtration in optimal cases. To test this polymer support for chromatographic separation and check the potential for LIB recycling, a column is packed with the functionalized resin beads, and a mixture of lithium (≈200 ppm) and cobalt (≈200 ppm) ions is loaded. The column can achieve baseline separation of these ions and can be used multiple times without degradation. These results suggest that the current solvent extraction steps during recycling processes can be greatly simplified.
A Current–Voltage Model for Double Schottky Barrier Devices
Authors: Grillo Alessandro , Di Bartolomeo Antonio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSchottky barriers (SBs) are often formed at the semiconductor/metal contacts and affect the electrical behavior of semiconductor devices. In particular, SBs are playing a major role in the investigation of the electrical properties of mono and 2D nanostructured materials, although their impact on the current–voltage characteristics is frequently neglected or misunderstood. In this work, a single equation is proposed to describe the current–voltage characteristics of two‐terminal semiconductor devices with Schottky contacts. The equation is applied to numerically simulate the electrical behavior for both ideal and nonideal SBs. The proposed model can be used to directly estimate the SB height and the ideality factor. It is applied to perfectly reproduce the experimental current–voltage characteristics of ultrathin molybdenum disulfide or tungsten diselenide nanosheets and tungsten disulfide nanotubes. The model constitutes a useful tool for the analysis and the extraction of relevant transport parameters in any two‐terminal device with Schottky contacts.
Conductor‐Free Anode of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets Self‐Assembled with Graft Polymer Li‐Ion Channels
Authors: Park Chanho , Kim Young Hwan , Lee Hyeokjung , Kang Han Sol , Kim Taebin , Lee Seung Won , Lee Kyuho , Kim Kwang‐Bum , Park Cheolmin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) based on liquid‐phase‐exfoliated 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets has been studied extensively because their intrinsic capacity is higher than graphite. Since most semiconducting TMDs possess low electrical conductivity and lithium‐ion diffusivity, expensive processes are necessary such as the addition of conductive fillers, chemically converted metallic phase transformation, and topological nano‐fabrication. Here, a novel conductor‐free TMD nanosheet anode with graft‐polymer ionic channels that ensures high stability and rate capability of the LIB is presented. The fluorinated polymer binder grafted with ionomers allows not only the efficient exfoliation of TMD nanosheets in the liquid phase to guarantee stable sheet‐to‐sheet separation but also provides self‐assembled ionic channels through which lithium ions in the electrolyte readily arrive close to the surface of the nanosheets. Efficient electrochemical reduction of lithium ions occurs on the surface of the binary anode of MoS2 nanosheets, self‐assembled with graft polymer ionic channels, resulting in a high‐performance LIB with stability (90% retention rate after 1,000 cycles), rate capability (50% at 5 A g−1), and high cell capacity (933.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1). These TMD anodes that do not require additional processes, and offer a novel strategy for developing high performance large‐scale TMD‐based LIBs.
Gettering La Effect from La3IrO7 as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acid Media
Authors: Qin Qing , Jang Haeseong , Wang Yimeng , Zhang Lijie , Li Zijian , Kim Min Gyu , Liu Shangguo , Liu Xien , Cho Jaephil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDeveloping highly active, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of prime importance in proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis techniques. Herein, a surface lanthanum‐deficient (SLD) iridium oxide as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst is reported (labeled as La3IrO7‐SLD), which is obtained by electrochemical activation, and shows better activity and durability than that of commerically available IrO2 as well as most of the reported Ir‐based OER electrocatalysts. At a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the overpotential of La3IrO7‐SLD is 296 mV, which is lower than that of IrO2 (316 mV). Impressively, the increase of potential is less than 50 mV at a voltage–time chronopotentiometry extending for 60 000 s using a glass carbon electrode that is vastly superior to IrO2. Moreover, the mass activity of the catalyst is approximately five times higher than that of IrO2 at 1.60 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Density functional theory calculations suggest that a lattice oxygen participating mechanism with central Ir atoms serving as active sites (LOM‐Ir) rationalizes the high activity and durability for the La3IrO7‐SLD electrocatalyst. The favorable energy level of surface active Ir 5d orbitals relative to coordinated O 2p orbitals makes the La3IrO7‐SLD more active.
Sertraline as a treatment option for temper outbursts in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Deest Maximilian , Jakob Maximilian Michael , Seifert Johanna , Bleich Stefan , Frieling Helge , Eberlein Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by lack of the paternal copy of maternally imprinted, paternally expressed genes at the chromosome 15q11‐13 region. In most cases, it is caused by a paternal deletion or a maternal disomy of chromosome 15. Behavioral problems with temper outbursts are common and often combined with physical aggressiveness and self‐injury. They are the most frequent cause for a reduced quality of life in adulthood and represent a serious challenge for the individual and those surrounding the individual in everyday life. Until now, no promising pharmaceutical treatment option has been established, and only a few case reports on treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported. In this case series, we investigated the effect of the SSRI sertraline in 14 individuals with PWS frequently showing severe temper outbursts with aggressiveness and self‐injuries. After 6 months of treatment with sertraline, 13 of 14 patients (92.6%) either no longer displayed temper outbursts or showed a significant decrease in frequency and severity of temper outbursts. In one case, treatment was stopped due to severe sleep abnormalities. We conclude that sertraline is a promising and safe treatment option for severe temper outbursts in patients with PWS.
Metal–Organic Framework Decorated Cuprous Oxide Nanowires for Long‐lived Charges Applied in Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CH4
Authors: Wu Hao , Kong Xin Ying , Wen Xiaoming , Chai Siang‐Piao , Lovell Emma C. , Tang Junwang , Ng Yun Hau 
Published: December 2020

AbstractImproving the stability of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is imperative to its practical applications in artificial photosynthesis. In this work, Cu2O nanowires are encapsulated by metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) of Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC=1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylate) using a surfactant‐free method. Such MOFs not only suppress the water vapor‐induced corrosion of Cu2O but also facilitate charge separation and CO2 uptake, thus resulting in a nanocomposite representing 1.9 times improved activity and stability for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction into CH4 under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, direct transfer of photogenerated electrons from the conduction band of Cu2O to the LUMO level of non‐excited Cu3(BTC)2 has been evidenced by time‐resolved photoluminescence. This work proposes an effective strategy for CO2 conversion by a synergy of charge separation and CO2 adsorption, leading to the enhanced photocatalytic reaction when MOFs are integrated with metal oxide photocatalyst.