bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The loss of mixotrophy in Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax: Implications for trade‐offs between toxicity, mucus trap production, and phagotrophy
Authors: Blossom Hannah E. , Hansen Per Juel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo important competitive traits in protists, particularly in harmful algal bloom forming species, are lytic toxicity and mixotrophy. This study focuses on Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, a dinoflagellate species that is both toxic and mixotrophic, and in addition uses a mucus trap to immobilize and capture potential prey. A single strain of A. pseudogonyaulax was subcultured and grown under two different conditions; one subculture was grown autotrophically, while the other was periodically offered algal prey. After 3 yr, the substrain that was fed remained an avid mixotroph, while the autotrophically grown substrain almost completely lost its ability to feed. The emergence of these two “substrains,” with different nutritional strategies, allowed us to investigate possible trade‐offs between lytic toxicity, mixotrophy, and mucus trap production. Both substrains were still capable of producing mucus traps, and successfully captured other cells. Although the nonfeeding substrain lost its ability to feed, it was more lytic than the feeding substrain, which may suggest a trade‐off between lytic toxicity and feeding ability. However, this increased toxicity was not enough to outcompete other faster growing competitors such as Teleaulax acuta and Heterocapsa rotundata. In contrast, the feeding substrain was able to inhibit the growth of these same competing species. The results indicate that for A. pseudogonyaulax, the benefits of phagotrophy far outweigh those of lytic toxicity or the mucus trap alone. The nonfeeding strain used here provides evidence of the loss of mixotrophy under culture conditions, highlighting one of the obstacles in the study of mixotrophic protists.
Reflective Band Memory Effect of Cholesteric Polymer Networks Based on Washout/Refilling Method
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Shi Weiting , Cao Hui , Chen Yinjie , Zhao Limin , Gan Ping , Yang Zhou , Wang Dong , He Wanli 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe method of washout/refilling is applied to a polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal. Polymer networks are prepared with different concentrations of monomers under different polymerization conditions. By refilling different solvents or liquid crystals into the polymer network, reflective bands with different central wavelength and bandwidth are observed. It is confirmed that the polymer network can reproduce the initial reflection band of cholesteric phase, and corresponding explanations are given. When polymers have denser networks and smaller micropores, it shows better memory effects on the reflective band. These results can be potentially used in reflective displays, optical shielding films, diffraction gratings, sensors, and so on.
PVA/Agar Interpenetrating Network Hydrogel with Fast Healing, High Strength, Antifreeze, and Water Retention
Authors: Han Xin , Li Mengyu , Fan Zewen , Zhang Yu , Zhang Huihui , Li Qiaoling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTraditional self‐healing hydrogels have great application prospects in biological engineering because of their extremely high water content, but their durability cannot be easily guaranteed. Therefore, developing a rapid self‐healing hydrogel with long‐lasting water retention capacity is still a significant challenge. A high‐strength and fast self‐healing hydrogel with an interpenetrating double network based on polyvinyl alcohol/agar‐ethylene glycol (PVA/agar‐EG) is proposed. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and agar are designed for the construction of the interpenetrating network. Furthermore, the introduction of a borate‐bonding dynamic action mode affords the hydrogel with extraordinary mechanical strength and rapid self‐healing. The addition of EG as a traveling solvent enables the sample to retain water and prevents freezing in harsh environments, including at high temperatures of 80 °C and extremely low temperatures of −40 °C. Additionally, owing to the intelligent remolding ability of the PVA/agar‐EG hydrogel, the material can be recycled to prolong the service life of the hydrogel. Overall, the PVA/agar‐EG hydrogel developed in this study can provide a new general strategy for the development of intelligent self‐healing devices, and hydrogels can be applied in complex environmental engineering.
Unilateral frontalis muscle paralysis reanimated by contralateral frontalis muscle through sural nerve graft connecting the two muscles (muscle‐nerve‐muscle neurotization technique)—A case report
Authors: Chang Yung Chia , Vanz Ricardo Luiz , Aurenção Juliana Calvet , Burgues Tamsin , Schanaider Alberto 
Published: October 2020

AbstractParalysis of the frontalis muscle is extremely difficult to reverse. The best treatment for facial paralysis reanimation which preserves spontaneity and muscle specificity is end‐to‐end neurorrhaphy through cross‐face nerve grafting. However, it is rarely possible. Muscle‐nerve‐muscle (MNM) neurotization consists of an interposition of a nerve graft connecting the normal muscle to the denervated muscle. The axons of the muscle with intact innervation grow inside a neural graft towards the paralyzed muscle resulting in neurotization. The purpose of this report is to present a case of frontalis muscle paralysis reanimated by MNM neurotization. A 65‐year‐old female patient presented complete facial paralysis after temporomandibular joint surgery. Five months afterwards, the patient spontaneously recovered facial muscle movements except the frontalis muscle. Definitive paralysis of the frontalis muscle was diagnosed after 11 months, and MNM neurotization was chosen and performed. Three strings of sural nerve were placed in separated tunnels in the subcutaneous plane, through small skin incisions to connect the two bellies of frontalis muscle bilaterally, and then sutured into the muscle pocket of each side. The patient presented voluntary and synchronic contraction of the bilateral frontalis muscle, 4 months after neurotization. Electroneuromyography confirmed muscle contraction by contralateral stimulation. Despite its efficacy still being researched, it is a very promising technique for the reanimation of small muscles in facial paralysis.
A method for predictive modeling of tumor regression for lung adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Kavanaugh James , Roach Michael , Ji Zhen , Fontenot Jonas , Hugo Geoffrey D. 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to create a decision support methodology to predict when patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment for locally advanced lung cancer would potentially benefit from adaptive radiotherapy. The proposed methodology seeks to eliminate the manual subjective review by developing an automated statistical learning model to predict when tumor regression would trigger implementation of adaptive radiotherapy based on quantified anatomic changes observed in individual patients on‐treatment cone beam computed tomographies (CTs). This proposed process seeks to improve the efficacy and efficiency of both the existing manual and automated adaptive review processes for locally advanced stage III lung cancer.MethodsA predictive algorithm was developed as a decision support tool to determine the potential utility of mid‐treatment adaptive radiotherapy based on anatomic changes observed on 1158 daily CBCT images across 43 patients. The anatomic changes on each axial slice within specified regions‐of‐interest were quantified into a single value utilizing imaging similarity criteria comparing the daily CBCT to the initial simulation CT. The range of the quantified metrics for each fraction across all axial slices are reduced to specified quantiles, which are used as the predictive input to train a logistic regression algorithm. A “ground‐truth” of the need for adaptive radiotherapy based on tumor regression was evaluated systematically on each of the daily CBCTs and used as the classifier in the logistic regression algorithm. Accuracy of the predictive model was assessed utilizing both a tenfold cross validation and an independent validation dataset, with the sensitivity, specificity, and fractional accuracy compared to the ground‐truth.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity for the individual daily fractions ranged from 87.9%–94.3% and 91.9%‐98.6% for a probability threshold of 0.2–0.5, respectively. The corresponding average treatment fraction difference between the model predictions and assessed ART “ground‐truth” ranged from −2.25 to −0.07 fractions, with the model predictions consistently predicting the potential need for ART earlier in the treatment course. By initially utilizing a lower probability threshold, the higher sensitivity minimizes the chance of false negative by alerting the clinician to review a higher number of questionable cases.ConclusionsThe proposed methodology accurately predicted the first fraction at which individual patients may benefit from ART based on quantified anatomic changes observed in the on‐treatment volumetric imaging. The generalizability of the proposed method has potential to expand to additional modes of adaptive radiotherapy for lung cancer patients with observed underlying anatomic changes.
Eigenmode analysis of the scattering matrix for the design of MRI transmit array coils
Authors: Kazemivalipour Ehsan , Sadeghi‐Tarakameh Alireza , Atalar Ergin 
Published: October 2020

PurposeTo obtain efficient operation modes of transmit array (TxArray) coils using a general design technique based on the eigenmode analysis of the scattering matrix.MethodsWe introduce the concept of modal reflected power and excitation eigenmodes, which are calculated as the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of SHS, where the superscript H denotes the Hermitian transpose. We formulate the normalized reflected power, which is the ratio of the total reflected power to the total incident power of TxArray coils for a given excitation signal as the weighted sum of the modal reflected power. By minimizing the modal reflected power of TxArray coils, we increase the excitation space with a low total reflection. The algorithm was tested on 4 dual‐row TxArray coils with 8 to 32 channels.ResultsBy minimizing the modal reflected power, we designed an 8‐element TxArray coil to have a low reflection for 7 out of 8 dimensions of the excitation space. Similarly, the minimization of the modal reflected power of a 16‐element TxArray coil enabled us to enlarge the dimension of the excitation space by 50% compared with commonly employed design techniques. Moreover, we demonstrated that the low total reflected power for some critical excitation modes, such as the circularly polarized mode, can be achieved for all TxArray coils even with a high level of coupling.ConclusionEigenmode analysis is an efficient method that intuitively provides a quantitative and compact representation of the coil’s power transmission capabilities. This method also provides insight into the excitation modes with low reflection.
Estimation of earthquake local site effects using microtremor observations for the Garhwal–Kumaun Himalaya, India
Authors: Pudi Ramesh , Roy Priyom , Martha Tapas R. , Kumar K. Vinod 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThe Garhwal–Kumaun region of the Himalaya encompassing the state of Uttarakhand, India, has experienced several earthquakes in the past. Damage due to earthquakes is controlled by local site conditions, primarily resonance frequency and wave amplification from the ground. We present local site parameters with their site geology for 37 sites using ambient noise data. Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio technique is used to estimate the spectral ratio curves. Based on the type of curve, sites are classified into four classes, viz. clear peak, broad peak, double and multi‐peak, and flat H/V curve. Sites seen with clear or broad peaks are located on either soil or weathered rocks, thus indicating large impedance contrast and sharp discontinuity with large velocity contrast. Multiple peaks are observed in either soil or boulder bed and reveal large impedance contrast, probably representing shallow and thick strata. Sites with flat curves are found on weathered/phyllite/granite gneiss/granite schist rock types within highly dissected hilly areas. Fourteen sites have a peak frequency >6 Hz with a dominance of broad and clear peaks in the Lesser and Higher Himalayan regions. On the contrary, foothills and part of Siwalik sites exhibited a peak frequency between 1.14 and 4.94 Hz. The results demonstrate that sites with thick soil cover and boulder bed areas, that is, Doon valley and foothills, show low‐frequency peaks and hard rock or shallow bedrock sites, that is, Lesser and Higher Himalaya exhibit a higher frequency range. The estimated H/V amplitude and peak frequency values have shown a good correlation with site geology and geomorphology.
Neuropathic pain is associated with poor health‐related quality of life in adolescents with sickle cell disease: A preliminary report
Authors: Román Marisa E. , Highland Janelle , Retherford Dawn , Pan Amy Y. , Panepinto Julie A. , Brandow Amanda M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeuropathic pain is associated with poor health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in pain conditions other than sickle cell disease (SCD); this relationship in SCD is unknown. We investigated this relationship and hypothesized neuropathic pain is associated with poor HRQL in adolescents with SCD.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of patients with SCD ages 13‐18 years during baseline health. Primary outcome was HRQL, assessed by the PedsQL SCD Module (child self‐report, parent proxy report). PedsQL is scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better HRQL. Neuropathic pain was assessed using the painDETECT questionnaire (scored 0‐38); higher scores indicated greater likelihood of neuropathic pain. All completed both PedsQL SCD Module and painDETECT questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used and associations between painDETECT and PedsQL Total Score, Pain Impact, Pain and Hurt, and Pain Management and Control Scores were determined via Pearson correlation. Significance was P < .05.ResultsTwelve patients were enrolled. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 15 (14‐16.5) years, 75% were female, and 83% were on hydroxyurea. Higher painDETECT scores were significantly associated with lower PedsQL SCD Module child self‐report Pain and Hurt Scores (r = −0.68, P = .01). Higher painDETECT scores were also significantly associated with lower PedsQL parent proxy‐report Total Scores (r = −0.64, P = .03) and Pain and Hurt Scores (r = −0.67, P = .02).ConclusionsThese data suggest that adolescents with SCD and neuropathic pain have poor HRQL even in their baseline state of health. Prospective, larger studies are needed to confirm this preliminary finding and explore a multimodal approach for pain assessment in SCD.
Atmospheric‐pressure plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition of nanocomposite thin films from ethyl lactate and silica nanoparticles
Authors: Milaniak Natalia , Laroche Gaétan , Massines Françoise 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNanocomposite coatings are made by atmospheric‐pressure plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition from ethyl lactate (EL) and silica nanoparticles (NPs) in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) using frequency‐shift keying (FSK) to alternate between 1‐ and 15‐kHz voltages. In situ plasma Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thin film FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and profilometry show that (i) 1 kHz DBD mainly deposits NPs, 15 kHz only polymerizes EL; (ii) the EL polymerization rate is the same in FSK and continuous modes; (iii) despite the 50/50 contribution of both frequencies, the NP deposit is three times faster in FSK mode than in 1 kHz DBD and compared with 1 and 15 kHz coatings, in the nanocomposite, NP Si–O–Si and EL C═O bonds per unit length are equal to 68% and 34%, respectively. In situ FTIR detects SiO2 NPs, their functionalization, and the formation of CO2.
Utilizing Bayesian predictive power in clinical trial design
Authors: Harari Ofir , Hsu Grace , Dron Louis , Park Jay J. H. , Thorlund Kristian , Mills Edward J. 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYThe Bayesian paradigm provides an ideal platform to update uncertainties and carry them over into the future in the presence of data. Bayesian predictive power (BPP) reflects our belief in the eventual success of a clinical trial to meet its goals. In this paper we derive mathematical expressions for the most common types of outcomes, to make the BPP accessible to practitioners, facilitate fast computations in adaptive trial design simulations that use interim futility monitoring, and propose an organized BPP‐based phase II‐to‐phase III design framework.
A molecular electron density theory study for [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of1‐pyrroline‐1‐oxide with disubstituted acetylenes leading to bicyclic 4‐isoxazolines
Authors: Mohammad‐Salim Haydar A. , Acharjee Nivedita , Domingo Luis R. , Abdallah Hassan H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of 1‐pyrroline‐1‐oxide with acetylene and with a series of four symmetrically disubstituted acetylenes (XC ≡ CX, X = CH3, NH2, OH, F), leading to 4,5‐disubstituted bicyclic 4‐isoxazolines, have been studied within molecular electron density theory at the B3LYP‐D3/6‐311++G(d,p) computational level. These 32CA reactions take place through aone‐stepmechanism, with activation enthalpies in toluene between 24.4 (X = NH2) and 12.9 (X = F) kcal mol−1. Due to the strong exergonic character of these 32CA reactions, between −12.0 and −47.6 kcal mol−1, they are irreversible. The 32CA reaction of difluoroacetylene, involving fluorine as the most electronegative atom of this series attached to the acetylene carbons, presents the lowest activation enthalpy due to the increase of the polar character of this 32CA reaction, evidenced by the analysis of the global electron density transfer at the corresponding transition state structure. The topological analysis of the electron localization function along the reaction paths of these 32CA reactions allows us to characterize them as the zwitterionic‐type ones. The formation of the new CC and CO single bonds takes place at the end of the reactions through the coupling ofpseudoradicalcenters.
Exact bounds for robust stability of output feedback controlled fractional‐order systems with single parameter perturbations
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Hao , Lu Jun‐Guo , Chen Yangquan 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThis article investigates exact robust stability bounds of output feedback controlled fractional‐order systems with the commensurate order and single parameter perturbations in all system coefficient matrices. First, a sufficient and necessary condition for robust asymptotical stability of such systems is obtained by using the Kronecker product. Then the maximal upper bounds and minimum lower bounds for robust asymptotical stability are established, respectively, without conservatism by transforming such problems into checking whether the matrix with single parameter perturbations is nonsingular or not. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Macro and microscopic visual imaging tools to investigate metal reducing bacteria in soils
Authors: Scott Brian , Baldwin Andrew H. , Yarwood Stephanie , Castañeda Carmen , Latorre Borja , Rabenhorst Martin C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIndicator of Reduction In Soils (IRIS) technology is an important tool for identifying hydric soils, but it does not allow the user to monitor in real time. IRIS uses metal‐oxide coatings on a polyvinyl chloride surface that, under anaerobic conditions, are removed to varying degrees over a 4‐wk incubation period, during which time the user is not cognizant of the outcome. We document the viability of an alternative IRIS approach using clear‐IRIS tubes, made from cellulose acetate butyrate, that can be continuously monitored in situ with a Wi‐Fi–enabled video camera. This work shows that IRIS and clear‐IRIS tubes are statistically equivalent. Manganese‐oxide coated clear‐IRIS tubes correlated well with IRIS tubes (r = .79) and ferrous‐oxide had a high correlation (r = .97). A time‐series analysis showed that rain‐driven soil saturation induced IRIS metal‐oxide reduction and controlled the rate. Clear‐IRIS tubes enable remote sensing of metal‐oxide removal over time.
Design of an Automated Electrochemical Biosensor Modified with Phenylboronic Acid to Study Glycoprotein Immobilization
Authors: Ölçer Zehra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is important that biosensor surface chemistry assays because of the easy immobilization of biological sensing molecules on the chip surface and especially not damage of these molecules through surface effects. Boronic acid modified self‐assembled monolayers can be formed on gold electrodes and used immobilizations of glycoproteins. Glycoproteins which have short oligosaccharides exist in various cellular events with different functions and serve in many cellular events as cell surface recognition. It was successfully fabricated a new phenylboronic acid self‐assembled layer on gold electrodes for immobilization of glycoproteins, where 4‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) is covalently bound to the 11‐mercapto‐1‐undecanol (MUOL) layer with glutaraldehyde linkage. The specific binding of glycoprotein with self‐assebled layer was studied using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a model protein. All the experiments, voltametric and amperometric measurements were carried out during microfluidic flow first time using automated new biosensor device that enabled fast and easy modification of electrode surface with boronic acid and immobilization of the HRP protein in a short period of time.
Electrochemical Assay for Extremely Selective Recognition of Fructose Based on 4‐Ferrocene‐Phenylboronic Acid Probe and β‐Cyclodextrins Supramolecular Complex
Authors: Casulli Maria Antonietta , Taurino Irene , Hashimoto Takeshi , Carrara Sandro , Hayashita Takashi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present paper is to highlight a novel electrochemical assay for an extremely‐selective detection of fructose thanks to the use of a supramolecular complex between β‐cyclodextrins (β‐CDs) and a chemically modified ferrocene with boronic acid named 4‐Fc‐PB/natural‐β‐CDs. Another kind of β‐CDs, the 4‐Fc‐PB/3‐phenylboronic‐β‐CDs, is proposed for the detection of glucose. The novel electrochemical probe is fully characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, while the superior electrochemical performance is assessed in terms of sensitivity and detection limit. The novelty of the present work consists in the role of CDs that for the first time are employed in electrochemistry with a unique detection mechanism based on specific chemical interactions with the target molecule by the introduction of proper binding groups. A highly selective detection of fructose is obtained and it is believed that the proposed mechanism of detection represents a new way to electrochemically sense other molecules by varying the combination of specific groups of the supramolecular complex. The findings are of impactful importance since a quick, easy, cheap, and extremely selective detection of fructose is not yet available in the market, here achieved by using electrochemical methods which are a very growing field.