bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Growth and Response to Ophiostoma ulmi among Advanced-Generation Progenies and Clones of Elms
Authors: Townsend A. M. , Douglass L. W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Controlled pollinations between five disease-tolerant elm (Ulmus L.) clones (Number 970, ‘Urban’, and clones that were later named ‘Homestead’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Prospector’) yielded 686 seedlings. Various crosses produced from zero to over 90 seedlings. Only one of four female parents produced any viable selfed seedlings. At age four, all seedlings were inoculated with Ophiostoma ulmi, (Buism.) C. Nannf., the causal fungus for Dutch elm disease. A factorial analysis showed male parent, female parent, and male x female interaction influenced disease symptoms 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation. After a few years of further evaluation of the seedlings, 10 clones were selected for a combination of disease- and insect-tolerance and horticultural desirability. These clones were propagated and established along with four disease-tolerant cultivars and American elm seedlings in a replicated field plot. Three-year-old clonal plants inoculated with O. ulmi varied significantly in their disease symptoms 4 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years after inoculation. Even clones from the same full-sib family showed significant differences in disease tolerance. Results indicate that both specific and general combining ability are important in determining tolerance to Dutch elm disease.
Differential Resistance to Entomosporium Leafspot Disease and Hydrogen Cyanide Potential in Photinia
Authors: Jacobs K. A. , Santamour F. S. , Johnson G. R. , Dirr M. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Photinia serrulata Lindl., P. glabra (Thunb. ex J.A. Murr.) Maxim., and two of their progeny, P. x fraseri Dress. ‘Birmingham’ and ‘Kentucky’ were screened for susceptibility to Entomosporium leafspot and for hydrogen cyanide potential using detached leaf assays. Photinia serrulata was least susceptible to the fungus, while P. x fraseri ‘Birmingham’ and P. glabra were most susceptible. Young leaves were much more susceptible than mature leaves in all taxa except P. glabra, which was found to be acyanogenic. Although distinct differences in hydrogen cyanide potential occurred among the clones, a direct correlation to disease susceptibility was not indicated.
Growth and Flowering of Three Garden Chrysanthemum Cultivars Produced in Plastic or Copper-Impregnated Fiber Containers
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted with three garden chrysanthemum cultivars (Dendranthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura), ‘Grenadine’, ‘Nicole’, and ‘Tolima’ to evaluate growth and flowering in 2.6 liter (#1) black plastic containers compared to copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) impregnated fiber containers. For all three cultivars, growth indices, shoot and root dry weights, and total biomass increased for plants grown in fiber containers. Total number of flower buds per plant increased 30 to 32% for ‘Grenadine’ and ‘Nicole’ and 53% for ‘Tolima’ in fiber containers. Plants grown in Cu(OH)2-impregnated fiber containers had less root coverage at the containensubstrate interface and no observable root circling in contrast to visible root circling of plants grown in black plastic containers. Foliar nutrient analysis on the cultivar ‘Grenadine’ showed that K decreased and Fe and Cu increased when grown in Cu(OH)2-impregnated fiber containers. No visible nutrient abnormalities were observed.
Cyclic Irrigation Increases Irrigation Application Efficiency and Decreases Ammonium Losses
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cyclic irrigation using pressure compensated drip emitters was evaluated for irrigation application efficiency, nutrient efficacy, and plant growth. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted in a simulated nursery using high volumes of irrigation which are common in container-grown ornamental nurseries in the southeastern United States. A container-grown plant production area, subdivided into 16 separate plots, allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’ and Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ plants were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol) and irrigated with either 900 ml (1.2 in) of water applied once a day [900 ml (1×)], 450 ml (0.62 in) applied in two cycles [450 ml (2×)], 300 ml (0.41 in) applied in three cycles [300 ml (3×)], or 150 ml (0.21 in) applied in six cycles [150 ml (6×)]. A cycle consisted of a one-hour rest interval between each irrigation allotment. At 8:00 AM daily, volume of effluent from each plot was measured and a sub-sample of the effluent was analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, and P. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) reduced volume of effluent, increased irrigation application efficiency [(irrigation volume applied-volume leached) ÷ volume applied], and decreased total NH4-N (mg) losses compared to the 900 ml (1×) application. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) did not differ in effluent volume or irrigation application efficiency. However, the 450 ml (2×) treatment had greater total NH4-N losses compared to 300 ml (3×) and 150 ml (6×) treatments. Irrigation treatments did not affect NO3 or P losses. Irrigation application efficiency over the course of the experiment averaged 0.52 for cyclic irrigation applications (2×, 3×, 6×), a 38% improvement over the 900 ml (1×) standard application. Depending on irrigation treatment, 89% to 104% of the 3.0 g of N applied was recovered. Nitrogen efficiency averaged 89% and 88% for cotoneaster and rudbeckia, respectively. Of the 0.34 g of P applied, 43.4% was recovered. Phosphorus efficiency averaged 29% for both species. Growth, nutrient concentration, and nutrient content of cotoneaster or rudbeckia were not affected by irrigation treatments.
Weed Control Strategies for Field Grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Calkins James B. , Swanson Bert T. , Newman Debra L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field growing conditions. The effect of herbicide application time was monitored by applying herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicide and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and non-weeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on age and species of herbaceous perennial and time of herbicide application. Herbicide injury was generally greater for young plants compared to established plants and phytotoxicity was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant rather than actively growing plants. Injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. Injury to young shoots that had emerged prior to the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in the spring was probably involved. Applying herbicides in the fall may avoid such injury. Mulching field grown perennials with wood chips provided the most effective weed control and often the best quality plants. With the exceptions of Hemerocallis ‘After Dark’ and Phlox maculata ‘Omega’, the herbaceous perennials evaluated were tolerant of most of the herbicides applied. Several herbicides, including Balan 2.5G at 3.36 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A), Snapshot 80DF at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), and Stomp 60WDG at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), demonstrated potential for weed control in herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings. Goal 1.6EC at 1.68 kg ai/ha (1.5 lb ai/A) and Ronstar 50WP at 3.92 kg ai/ha (3.5 lb ai/A) were often phytotoxic when applied to herbaceous perennials.
Tank-Mixed Postemergence Herbicides for Postemergence Goosegrass Control in Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Jack Johnson B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] continues to be a major weed problem in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)throughout the southern United States. A field experiment was conducted during 1995 and 1996 in Georgia to determine if tank-mixed postemergence herbicides would improve goosegrass control in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf. Illoxan (diclofop), MSMA plus Sencor (metribuzin), MSMA plus Sencor with Princep (simazine), and selected rates of Illoxan with Princep controlled goosegrass effectively (≥83%) for 8 weeks in 1995. However, the control was ineffective (&lt;80%) for any treatment by 8 weeks in 1996. The higher control in 1995 was probably related to higher air temperature [mean high temperature was 35C (95F) for 14 days after treatment] compared to 1996 [32C (89F) during the same period]. Tank-mixes of Princep with MSMA did not improve goosegrass control compared with Illoxan alone. Addition of Princep to MSMA, MSMA plus Sencor, or Illoxan did not increase bermudagrass injury compared to these treatments applied without Princep.
An Evaluation of Repetitive Summer Horticultural Oil Sprays on Selected Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of repetitive verdant horticultural oil sprays on plant growth and appearance, 32 different species/cultivars of shade trees, evergreens, and woody shrubs were sprayed three times during the 1994 growing season with 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine spray oil. Visual phytotoxicity ratings were assigned to treated plants and growth affects were measured by measuring leaf area and incremental twig growth following the last spray application. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the 32 species/cultivars of woody plants using three repetitive verdant horticultural oil sprays. Collectively, repetitive oil sprays did not significantly affect incremental twig growth or leaf area of treated plants. Results from this study show that repetitive sprays of 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine spray oil can be used safely on shade trees, evergreens, and deciduous landscape shrubs commonly grown in the upper mid-west.
Controlling Rooting-Out of B&B Nursery Stock During Storage
Authors: Maynard Brian K. , Johnson William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cupric hydroxide formulated as Spin Out™ (7% Cu(OH)2 in a latex carrier, w/w) was used to prevent rooting-out of Taxus × media Rehd. ‘Densiformis’ root balls into surrounding mulch or soil during storage over a four-month period. Treatments included: painting the bottom of the root ball with Spin Out™, setting the root ball on Spin Out™-treated burlap or on untreated burlap, and rewrapping the root ball with Spin Out™-treated burlap or burlapping using Spin Out™-treated burlap before mulching. All treatments provided some control of rooting-out after 12 to 16 weeks storage. The most effective treatments were 1) in unmulched situations, setting the root ball on Spin Out™-treated burlap (92% reduction in root count after 16 weeks), and 2) in mulched situations, either rewrapping or burlapping with Spin Out™-treated burlap (90% and 86% reduction in root count, respectively, after 16 weeks). Using Spin Out™-treated burlap to prevent rooting-out during storage can reduce the incidence of re-balling and root removal prior to shipping and planting stored B&B nursery stock.
Half-Sib Family Selection Improves Container Nursery and Landscape Performance of Sycamore
Authors: Shoemake Larry J. , Arnold Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seven groups of seedlings from each of seven single parent (half-sib) families of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L., were grown to a marketable size in 9.1 liter (#3) containers to test responses to container nursery production in south Texas. Seedlings were then transplanted to a field site (Brazos County, TX) in the fall, spring, and summer to assess seasonal effects on landscape establishment. Regional selections grew larger, both during container production and following subsequent transplant to the field. Growth of nonimproved local half-sib families equaled or exceeded that of genetically improved families from a distant region. Differential responses among genetically improved and non-improved sources were less pronounced when genotypes were grown in a region from which they did not originate. Fall and spring transplanted seedlings had substantially greater growth and survival than did summer transplants regardless of genotype. This study demonstrates a potential for regional market segregation of seed-propagated landscape trees.
Growth of Viburnum dentatum and Syringa × prestoniae ‘Donald Wyman’ in Sphagnum Peat and Coir Dust-Based Substrates
Authors: Evans Michael R. , Iles Jeffery K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bare-root viburnum (Viburnum dentatum L.) were grown in 25:0:75, 50:0:50, 75:0:25, 100:0:0, 0:25:75, 0:50:50, 0:75:25, and 0:100:0 peat:coir:sand (by vol) substrates, and Preston lilac (Syringa × prestoniae McKelv. ‘Donald Wyman’) were grown in 25:0:65:10, 50:0:40:10, 75:0:15:10,0:25:65:10, 0:50:40:10, and 0:75:15:10 peat:coir:bark:sand (v/v) substrates over two seasons. After one season of growth, viburnum grown in 25% and 50% coir were taller than plants grown in comparable peat-based substrates, and overall, plants grown in coir-based substrates were taller than plants grown in peat-based substrates. Lilac plants grown in coir-based substrates had similar heights as plants grown in peat-based substrates. After two seasons, viburnum grown in 100% coir had greater plant width than plants grown in 100% peat. No significant difference occurred between plants grown in 25% and 50% peat or coir. No significant difference occurred in shoot fresh mass between viburnum plants grown in coir and peat-based substrates. However, those grown in 50% and 100% coir had greater root fresh mass than those grown in comparable peat-based substrates. Overall, root fresh mass was greater for plants grown in coir-based substrates than peat-based substrates. After two seasons, height and root fresh mass were not significantly different between substrates for lilac. Plant width was greater for plants grown in 25% and 50% coir than for plants grown in 25% or 50% peat. Plants grown in 75% coir had greater shoot fresh mass than plants grown in 75% peat.
Recycled Waste Paper as a Landscape Mulch
Authors: Smith D. R. , Gilliam C. H. , Edwards J. H. , Eakes D. J. , Williams J. D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate recycled waste paper mulch for landscape plantings. In the first study, two recycled paper products (pellet and crumble) were applied at three depths. Application of recycled paper mulch at a depth of 25 or 50 mm (1 or 2 in) controlled prostrate spurge. However, in experiment 1, all four bedding plant species exhibited stunting of roots and shoots. In the second study, three annual species were mulched with the two recycled paper products applied at 25 mm (1 in) depth and treated with phosphorus (P) at 0, 3.75, or 7.5 mgL−1 (ppm) to bind suspected excess aluminum (Al). When no P was added, growth of ageratum was approximately half that of the non-mulched control plants. Addition of P at either rate resulted in similar growth compared to control plants. Shoot dry weight of geranium was greater than that of the control plants with 7.5 mg L−l of P. Shoot dry weight of marigold was unaffected by the addition of P. This research indicates that recycled paper mulch at a 25 mm (1 in) depth, provides weed control equal to or better than standard landscape treatments, and causes little or no growth suppression when amended with P.
Effects of Primo Rate and Application Volume on Selected Herbaceous and Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Primo (cimectacarb) was applied to four herbaceous and six woody landscape plants at rates and in volumes recommended for turfgrass application. Phytotoxic symptoms, including bleaching or bronzing of foliage or bleaching of flowers, occurred in coleus, petunia, butterfly bush and azalea (Southern Indica cultivar). In general, symptoms were more severe with increasing Primo rate, while application volume had less effect. Effects on shoot growth were minimal and not considered of practical significance in a landscape setting.
Root Pruning Red Maple and Washington Hawthorn Liners Does Not Affect Harvested Root Length After Two Years of Field Production
Authors: Roger Harris J. , Fanelli Jody 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Root pruning field-grown trees during production can increase harvested root length, but it is a time consuming and expensive practice. Root pruning before lining out instead of during production is much faster and cheaper. This study tested the effect of root pruning red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medic.) trees. Bare-root liners were root pruned before planting in nursery rows, and top growth, shoot: root ratios, and harvested root length within rootballs were measured after two years of field growth. Pruning root systems back 25%, 50%, or 75% had little effect on top growth or shoot:root ratios for either species.
Greenhouse Conditioning Affects Landscape Performance of Bedding Plants
Authors: Latimer Joyce G. , Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conditioning treatments were evaluated for effects on growth of bedding plants during greenhouse production and carryover effects on plant performance in the landscape. Treatments included two fertilization regimes using a complete water soluble fertilizer applied three times/week at 500 ppm N, designated ‘high N’, or at 50 ppm N, designated the ‘low N’ treatment. Other treatments included: ebb and flow irrigation, drought stress for up to 2 h wilt/day, 5000 ppm B-Nine (daminozide), 45 ppm Bonzi (paclobutrazol; 180 ppm on columbine), and brushing (40 strokes twice daily). Unless otherwise noted all plants, including controls, were maintained well-irrigated and fertilized with 250 ppm N three times/week. Marigolds and New Guinea impatiens grown under low N during greenhouse production exhibited reduced plant height and width relative to control plants at 4 weeks after planting (WAP) in the landscape. Plant quality ratings of all species conditioned with low N were lower than those of controls 2 and 4 WAP. Plant height of New Guinea impatiens conditioned with high N was greater than that of controls 4 WAP in the landscape. Marigolds subjected to drought in the greenhouse were still shorter than controls 2 and 4 WAP. Persistent height reductions in the landscape in response to B-Nine were observed in ageratum 2 and 4 WAP and to Bonzi in New Guinea impatiens through 8 WAP. Brushing reduced the height of all species except ageratum in the greenhouse, but had no carryover effect on plant growth in the landscape. At 4 weeks after treatment, plant height of columbine treated with low or high N, drought, brushing, or B-Nine was reduced relative to controls, but all plants were similar in size in the landscape.
Influence of Storage Temperatures on Long-term Seed Viability of Selected Native Ericaceous Species
Authors: Glenn Christopher T. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Following harvest of capsules, drying, and seed extraction, seeds of Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel), Leucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) Sleum (drooping leucothoe), Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. (Carolina rhododendron), Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (Catawba rhododendron), and Rhododendron maximum L. (rosebay rhododendron) were stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 years at −18,4 or 23C (0, 39 or 73F) and then germinated at 25C (77F) or an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 25/15C (77/59F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1 or 24 hr. Storage at −18 or 4C (0 or 39F) were most effective for maintaining seed viability of all species. After 5 years storage at −18 or 4C (0 or 39F), viability of L. fontanesiana, R. catawbiense, and R. maximum was relatively unchanged with total germination of 59%, 87%, and 88%, respectively. The same was noted for seeds of K. latifolia and R. carolinianum with total germination of 77% and 91%, respectively, after storage for 4 years at the same temperatures. Storage at 23C (73F) was the least effective for maintaining viability. After storage for 1 year at 23C (73F), germination decreased significantly for all species except R. carolinianum. By year 3, storage at 23C (73F) reduced seed viability of L. fontanesiana to essentially zero. The same occurred by year 4 for seeds of R. catawbiense and R. maximum stored at 23C (73F). Viability of K. latifolia also decreased under storage at 23C (73F) with germination of 14% noted by year 4. Viability of R. carolinianum did not decrease as rapidly as the other species when stored at 23C (73F) with total germination of 77% occurring by year 4. Regardless of storage duration, the photoperiod and temperature requirements for maximum germination of all species did not change.
Characteristics of Garden Writers and Their Information Sources
Authors: Garber M. P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A national survey of members of the Garden Writers Association of America (GWAA) indicated that Garden Writers tend to distribute their gardening communications within their state of residence and to a lesser extent, nationally. The most widely used media by Garden Writers were newspapers, magazines and television. The three types of plant material information that generated greatest consumer response for Garden Writers were low maintenance plants, herbaceous perennials, and new plant varieties. The type of services or information that Garden Writers valued the most were new plant releases, current pest problems in their area, and a listing of local suppliers of new plant varieties. Garden Writers maintain home gardens (97.3%) and most evaluate new plant varieties (88.1%) in their garden.
Evaluation of Ornamental Grasses for the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Davidson C.G. , Gobin S.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A total of 160 grass or grass-like species/cultivars were evaluated under field conditions for a period of four years. Detailed assessments of survival, growth and development are presented. Horticultural evaluations were completed on all material, providing a basis for making recommendations for utilization of grasses in the landscape in colder regions (USDA zone 3) of the Great Plains. Thirty accessions were identified with very good to outstanding visual appeal. Plants that were rated very high for horticultural value included: big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), feathertop (Calamagrostis epigejos), many of the sedges (Carex sp.), plumegrass (Erianthus ravennae), Hervier's fescue (Festuca hervierri), Leman's fescue (Festuca lemanii), tall purple rhoorgrass (Molinia caerulea spp. arundinacea cv. Skyracer), switchgrass species and cultivars (Panicum virgatum cv. Haense Herms, Heavy Metal and Strictum), ravenna grass (Saccharum ravennae) and variegated cordgrass (Spartina pectinata cv. Aureo-marginata). Eighteen accessions were removed from the test mainly due to their invasive nature (e.g., Bromus inermis cv. Skinner's Golden, Elymus spp., Glyceria maxima and Phragmites australis). Of the remaining 142 accessions, 71.8% had at least one plant remaining at the end of the test period (1996).