bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Identification to Rage
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the most complex element in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s strategy of style: identification. For the first decade of his career, King worked incessantly to align the aims of the Movement with the values of moderate-to-liberal white America. His goal was the merger of black aspirations into the American dream. To do this he had to convince black Americans that his methods represented their best interests, and he had to convince white Americans that his vision was consistent with their heritage and in their best interests as well. King carried out his mission of identification before a vast racially mixed audience. He campaigned for identification as a man of dark color in one of the most color-obsessed nations in the world. For all its unconscious cunning, King’s strategy of identification led ineluctably to the language of confrontation and to the evenatual abandonment of rhetorical strategy. With the nation’s involvement in Vietnam, he burned his bridges to his liberal supporters and refused to mask the true nature of the conflict.
The Ebenezer Gospel
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter details Martin Luther King, Jr.’s stint as “copastor” of Ebenezer Baptist Church, which lasted for less than one hundred months. Although he did not preach at Ebenezer every Sunday, he spoke there often enough to establish “my gospel,” an evolving, sometimes volatile interpretation of God’s will for Ebenezer and the world. The Ebenezer Gospel is what the preacher King said to his people over the course of his pastorate. It is important to gather the fragments of this gospel into a coherent whole because he carried a modified version of it into world history, thus making knowledge of the Ebenezer Gospel essential to an understanding of his public message—his quest for justice, yearning for redemption, insistence on nonviolence, embrace of suffering, prophetic rage, and all else that emerged from his Sundays in Atlanta. King’s Ebenezer sermons are the religious subtext for his sermon to the nation.
Bearing “The Gospel of Freedom”
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the vehicle of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s social gospel: the mass meeting. The mass meeting was born in Montgomery, Alabama, with the December 5, 1955 rally at the Holt Street Baptist Church. From the beginning, the meetings served an indivisibly sacred and civic agenda. At Holt, the throng listened to Bible readings, sang “Onward Christian Soldiers” and “Leaning on the Everlasting Arms,” and took courage from a sermonic speech by the young Dr. King. The mass meetings held throughout the South also served to solidify a sense of community among participants. The meetings provided a continuous social commentary on fast-breaking events, a forum for information and tactical planning, a school for correction and instruction in nonviolence, a place of praise and encouragement, but, most of all, a way of keeping together.
Prologue: Music and language
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Prologue explores the tension between language and music and the place that musicology might occupy as a way of thinking through that tension. Rather than collapsing this difference into the assumption that language deals adequately with music or that, conversely, music remains ineffable to language, the relationship is explored as one of non-identity that is mutually constitutive – in other words, that we understand both music and language better through an exploration of their non-identical proximity. Music is taken here to mount a challenge to philosophy – specifically, that music embodies a kind of thinking through particularity rather than thinking through the abstraction of the concept. It sets out the rationale for a musical focus on Debussy and later French composers, and a parallel exploration of French writers from Mallarmé and Bergson to Derrida and Nancy.
Taking place
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Music ‘after Debussy’ does not present musical arguments or narratives, but rather ‘takes place’ and is thus experienced more like landscape, or the painting of landscape, than literature. It is concerned neither with representation nor communication. A central concern with the sea, from Debussy’s La mer (1905) through to Murail’s Le partage des eaux (1996) and Saariaho’s L’amour de loin (2001) denotes a concern with allowing music to be endlessly mobile in its play of forms and colours, but non-discursive. This requires a different kind of listening which relates to a different kind of consciousness of the sonic environment. The closed space of the garden is explored in Fauré’s song cycle Le jardin clos (1914). Debussy’s La mer forms a principal focus for exploring an immersive play of forms that work outside the linearity of tonal practice.
Studying the Qur'an in the Muslim Academy
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book sheds light on how the study of Islam in the Muslim lands become an exercise in politics and pious apologetics. It also displays the way modern critical historical approach to the Qurʾān is under threat across the world. The author shows the combination of traditional practices, sectarian rivalry, prejudice and outdated attitudes—reflexive censorship, mutual systemic exclusion by Sunni and Shi‘i traditions of each other’s points of view along with lack of interest in work done outside the Middle East and a fixation on a narrow and flawed interpretation of Orientalism, Edward W. Said’s classic study of imperialist cultural representation. It discusses the influence of oil-funded conservative inroads into religious studies programs in the West. It provides readers with a powerful case for understanding the sources and dynamics of “Islamic Apologetics” and the threat to critical historical methodologies particularly in the West as an essential first step toward protecting then strengthening modern scholarship, East and West.
Pasteur's Empire
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the 1890s, the Pasteur Institute established a network of laboratories that stretched across France’s empire, from Indochina to West Africa. Quickly, researchers at these laboratories became central to France’s colonial project, helping officials monopolize industries, develop public health codes, establish disease containment measures, and arbitrate political conflicts around questions of labor rights, public works, and free association. Pasteur’s Empire shows how the scientific prestige of the Pasteur Institute came to depend on its colonial laboratories and how, conversely, the institutes themselves became central to colonial politics. This book argues that decisions as small as the isolation of a particular yeast or the choice of a laboratory animal could have tremendous consequences on the lives of Vietnamese and African subjects, who became the consumers of new vaccines or industrially fermented intoxicants. Simultaneously, global forces, such as the rise of international standards and American competitors, pushed Pastorians to their imperial laboratories, where they could conduct studies that researchers in France considered too difficult or controversial. Chapters follow not just Alexandre Yersin’s studies of the plague, Charles Nicolle’s public health work in Tunisia, and Constant Mathis’s work on yellow fever in Dakar, but also the activities of Vietnamese doctors, African students and politicians, Syrian traders, and Chinese warlords. It argues that a specifically Pastorian understanding of microbiology shaped French colonial politics across the world, allowing French officials to promise hygienic modernity while actually committing to minimal development.
From Obama Victories to a GOP Edge in Florida
Authors: Caffrey Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Many observers believed the state of Florida was trending blue after Barack Obama won it twice, but instead Republicans have since won nearly every statewide election after 2012. What happened? This chapter explores the grassroots organizing strategies of presidential and statewide candidate-led political campaigns in Florida’s pivotal I-4 corridor. After Obama built a formidable ground game, the state Democratic Party allowed it to wither, and neither Hillary Clinton in 2016 nor Andrew Gillum in 2018 built a comparable operation. Meanwhile, Florida Republicans and Koch-aligned groups deliberately—and successfully—imitated and adapted Obama’s organizational strategies. Unless Democrats rebuild, Florida will likely be red for the foreseeable future.
Middle America Reboots Democracy
Authors: Putnam Lara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Right after the 2016 elections, Americans in towns, cities, and suburbs organized to oppose the Trump administration and reactivate grassroots citizenship. This chapter discusses who the newly active citizens are and what they have been doing in their communities and in electoral politics. Most group participants are educated white women. They formed new connections and encouraged locally grounded civic engagement, and many spent weekends going door-to-door on behalf of Democratic candidates. In the 2018 elections, some groups in Democratic strongholds perceived incumbents as blocking the way to pro-democracy reforms. Meanwhile, their deep-red-district counterparts supported Democratic contenders against entrenched Republican incumbents. The ideological coordinates of candidates they supported were diverse, yet the underlying pattern was consistent: new activists fought for better government, up and down the ballot.
Defining Torture and the Obligation of Systematic Review in the CAT Treaty
Authors: Nowak Manfred , Monina Giuliana 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Torture is one of the most severe and violent human rights violations and is absolutely prohibited under international law. As we also know from experience, most cases of torture occur during interrogations by law enforcement officials for the purpose of extracting a confession. After elaborating on the legal definition of torture under international human rights law and how torture can be distinguished from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, the authors reflect on the need to address the root causes of torture. While Juan Méndez’ call for a Universal Protocol for non-coercive interviews is an important initiative in this direction, this contribution focuses on the obligation of systematic review of interrogation rules under Article 11 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). This article of the treaty requires States parties to systematically review their interrogation rules, instructions, methods, and practices. Although it has not received much attention in the literature and seems—at first sight—to only establish a formal obligation to keep interrogation and detention rules under systematic review, over the years the CAT Committee has given a broad interpretation to this provision, making it an important safeguard for the prevention of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. The authors provide an overview of the CAT Committee’s practice and discuss how Article 11 of CAT, acting as a guarantee of minimum standards of interrogation, could represent an important provision for ensuring the implementation of the CAT’s preventive obligations, laying the basis for bridging the gap between law and practice.
The Field of Torture Today
Authors: Rejali Darius 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, I review the achievements of those who have been studying torture and interrogation over the last decade. I go through the literature on the supply of torture techniques, the demand for torture, and discussions of tactical and strategic efficacy. I use my book, Torture and Democracy, to frame multifaceted efforts by scholars and practitioners, orienting readers to material elsewhere in this volume and suggesting fruitful connections and debates between them. To be specific, I review the studies of modern torture techniques, their historical origins, and the manner in which they travel; the statistical literature on global and American attitudes toward torture; the social-scientific and policy literature of incorporating coercive techniques into institutional policy, the formation of torture subcultures, and the challenges of prevention. Throughout, I identify how this remarkable body of work has led me to reconsider, correct, or refine claims I made a decade ago.
Developing Rapport and Trust in the Interrogative Context
Authors: Brimbal Laure , Kleinman Steven M. , Oleszkiewicz Simon , Meissner Christian A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Decades of behavioral science research has consistently demonstrated the advantages of employing a rapport-based approach to investigative and intelligence interviewing. After identifying the problematic procedures of accusatorial approaches, current research has turned to a more proactive study of the techniques and tactics that align with a rapport-based and information-gathering framework that is effective for eliciting comprehensive and reliable information. Despite a growing body of research supporting the use of this framework, it stands in contrast with an accusatorial approach that is common practice in North America (and other parts of the world). This chapter reviews empirically supported approaches for investigative interviewing (including aspects of effective elicitation and deception detection) and describes recent research on tactics for developing rapport and trust in the interrogative context. Herein we distinguish how trust and rapport-based techniques differ from currently employed confrontational techniques, and provide operational examples of how these tactics have been employed in the field.
Investigative Interviewing
Authors: Bull Ray , Rachlew Asbjørn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In many places throughout world, suspects (and sometimes witnesses and victims) are still interrogated in a coercive, pressurizing manner. The beliefs underlying such practices are examined in this chapter, as is the emerging body of research on offenders’ opinions about effective interviewing, which actually supports the efficacy of a more humanitarian approach. A seismic shift away from coercive interrogation that seminally commenced in 1992 in England and Wales—involving the “PEACE” investigative interviewing approach—is described, together with the research that underpinned this (then novel) method. Later scientific work in the United Kingdom on its effectiveness is then presented and discussed. After these studies are reviewed, more recent research from various countries are put forward that have also found a rapport-based, humane approach to be effective. Building on this emerging science, a number of investigative organizations in a variety of countries have replaced coercive interrogation techniques with investigative interviewing (e.g., the Norwegian Police and the New Zealand Police), and a greater number are in the process of doing the same. The Norwegian Police experience is exemplary on this point, and will be described in detail. The chapter will then conclude with an account of the recent United Nations initiative to establish a Universal Protocol that adopts this type of non-coercive approach based on study and practice.
Interrogating the Brain
Authors: O’Mara Shane 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Can torture be studied as a biomedical problem? I contend that it most certainly can. Torture can be approached as a biomedical problem in a variety of ways. Torture can be examined in terms of its consequences (e.g., in torture patients); torture can be modeled, using special populations (e.g., elite soldiers) undergoing particular training and combat regimes; torture can be treated deductively, in an analytic fashion, by investigating the consequences of stressors focused on shared aspects of neuropsychological function. Predictions can be made, based on contemporary models of the effects of stress on neurocognitive function, and outcomes tested in differing populations. It is an epistemic mistake to think that torture can only be approached using randomized-control trial methodologies, as this misunderstands the nature of empirical-deductive science. Torture is a demonstrably poor truth-seeking practice, for reasons rooted deep in our shared psychology and neurobiology. Besides being morally abhorrent and manifestly illegal, torture is a demonstrable failure on its own terms. The extreme stressors employed during torture negatively affect the integrated psychobiological functioning of our brains and bodies. Hence the intelligence yield from torture both in recent experience, and historically, has typically been very poor. Finally, I examine outdated ideas regarding human behavior, but which live on in practice (“zombie” ideas). I conclude with a discussion of the centrality of the behavioral and brain sciences as evolving research domains central to solving the problem of reliably and ethically gathering information from other human beings, with a focus on the importance of evidence-based policy formation.
Beyond Ethics on the Sly
Authors: Gregg Bloche M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
When behavioral-science professionals assist national-security interrogators, they enter upon an ethical “no man’s land.” The Hippocratic ideal of commitment to individuals’ well-being fits uneasily with pursuit of national purposes at individuals’ expense. Outrage over psychologists’ and physicians’ central role in America’s post-9/11 torture program both underscores this tension and stands as a warning against disregarding it. Disregard it, many did—including CIA, Pentagon, and professional leaders—as psychologists and physicians helped to design, conduct, and legally “justify” torture. Drawing in part upon previously unreported documents, this chapter shows how the CIA, Pentagon, and professional bodies evaded ethical objections and hid their own rationalizations so as to permit psychologists and physicians to play these roles. This history of subterfuge—and the distrust it has inspired—poses a large obstacle to these professionals’ assistance in lawful interrogation. Yet their science-based expertise can enhance the effectiveness of investigative interviewing that respects international human rights and the law of armed conflict. There is, moreover, no principled basis for drawing a sharp ethical distinction between national security and the myriad other non-therapeutic purposes that these professionals serve. But if behavioral-science professionals are to offer their expertise on behalf of national security without venturing into ethical peril, the bounds of this role must be openly negotiated, not set in secret. To this end, I propose some ethical guidelines as a starting point.
Justifying Too Much
Authors: Brecher Bob 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, I analyze the use and abuse of utilitarianism in the torture debate, arguing that the latter might turn out to be utilitarianism's nemesis. For what the debate lays bare is that, if we are to take utilitarianism seriously, then we must be prepared to torture the alleged terrorist's child, or indeed anyone at all, to prevent the so-called imminent catastrophe. Furthermore, if that conclusion is unpalatable on rule-utilitarian grounds—in terms of the institutional and long-term consequences of such a practice—then those same sorts of consideration rule out torturing the alleged terrorist themselves. That this is systematically obscured by those who would purport to justify interrogational torture by their being highly selective about the consequences they consider, and/or by arbitrarily “modifying” the scope of utilitarianism when it generates inconvenient conclusions, again suggests that utilitarianism may be fundamentally flawed; and that its use to defend interrogational torture shows this. The argument is in four sections: a refutation of the alleged necessity of interrogational torture in “ticking bomb” cases; an analysis of utilitarian proponents' of interrogational torture properly to understand that their utilitarianism cannot accommodate non-utilitarian limits when inconvenient; third, their failure to acknowledge the implications of that for the permissibility of torturing known innocents to force others to divulge information; and, fourth, how these considerations come together to suggest that utilitarianism might not be a moral theory at all.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford , Murdock Graeme 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Calvinism did not develop as a uniform Christian tradition across early modern Europe. Nor did Calvinism make a discrete, standalone impact on the development of European culture. This introduction does not seek to establish or to reinforce a set of unambiguous arguments about what Calvinist culture was, is, or ought to be, nor is it concerned with outlining how, in some linear fashion, Calvinism shaped European and global cultures or contributed to the cultures of modernity. Instead, this introduction offers a portrait of Calvinism and Reformed religion, understood as a sociocultural phenomenon as well as an expression of truth claims about God and the world, to examine how this form of Christian religion developed in different cultural settings. This introduction also supports an analysis of the ways in which Calvinism related to the multi-confessional cultural environment that prevailed in Europe after the Reformation.
Conducting Comparative Participant Observation
Authors: Abramson Corey M. , Sánchez-Jankowski Martín 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Following the argument for the importance of comparative participant observation for approaches descendent from the conventional scientific tradition (CST), this chapter outlines how the behavioralist foundations summarized in chapter 1 translate to procedures and techniques for charting causal mechanisms in comparative ethnographic research. The chapter begins by examining the practices and techniques of the behavioralist approach in detail and describes the mode of research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, and explanation associated with this approach, giving examples from prior empirical works. The chapter then turns to longstanding concerns about ethnographic reliability and replication and explains how this approach addresses them. In doing so, it shows how behavioralist criteria align with, and diverge from, other methodological approaches to the collection, analysis, and extension of ethnographic data. The chapter concludes by explaining the contributions that can be made by repositioning participant observation within the spectrum of approaches to understanding causal processes in the social sciences.
An Ethnography of Comparative Ethnography
Authors: Lee Ching Kwan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different pathways to and practices of the comparative extended case method. All three projects examined here seek to relate the microscopic and time-place specific world of ethnographic observation to the broader forces, institutions, and processes that shape them. All are comparative, although they follow different logics of inquiry: variable comparison between two gendered factory regimes in Hong Kong and Shenzhen; incorporating comparison of two patterns of working-class formations in the rustbelt and sunbelt of China; and the third eventful comparison of Chinese state capital and global private capital in Zambia. Beginning with either theoretical inspirations or fieldwork imperatives, the pathways leading to these respective types of comparison is always a dialog and compromise between both.