bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Centrality of Ethics in Qualitative Practice
Authors: Traianou Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines and illustrates some of the main ethical issues that have received attention in the literature—such as minimization of harm, respect for individual autonomy, and the preservation of privacy. It then examines why research ethics has come to be treated by qualitative researchers as increasingly central to their work. Key factors include the rise of ethical regulation and the diversification of approaches to qualitative inquiry, with a tendency for some recent approaches to treat ethics as fundamental to its very nature. In the final part of the chapter, it is noted that there is an important sense in which ethical commitments are indeed central to research: Inquiry must be underpinned by epistemic values and phrónēsis that facilitate the production of knowledge. However, it is argued that the increasingly common tendency to make central those principles concerned with how the people being studied should be treated constitutes a form of moralism, this being characterized as the vice of overdoing morality. The chapter closes with an attempt to outline the proper role that research ethics ought to play in qualitative research.
Philosophical Approaches to Qualitative Research
Authors: Spencer Renée , Pryce Julia M. , Walsh Jill 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews some of the major overarching philosophical approaches to qualitative inquiry and includes some historical background for each approach. Taking a “big picture” view, the chapter discusses postpositivism, constructivism, critical theory, feminism, and queer theory and offers a brief history of these approaches; considers the ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions on which they rest; and details some of their distinguishing features. In the last section, attention is turned to the future, identifying three overarching, interrelated, and contested issues with which the field is being confronted and will be compelled to address as it moves forward: retaining the rich diversity that has defined the field, the articulation of recognizable standards for qualitative research, and the commensurability of differing approaches.
Applied Interpretive Approaches
Authors: Thorne Sally E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the applied world of the practice disciplines, the recognized limitations of conventional science have stimulated a lively and enthusiastic uptake of many of the qualitative research approaches generated over decades of social science scholarship. However, because of significant differences in the nature and motivation between the more theoretical and more applied fields, many applied scholars have been departing from established method to articulate approaches better suited to the questions of the applied world. This chapter considers the evolving relationship between the methods and their disciplinary origins and current trends in the direction of the applied interpretive qualitative research project. Interpretive description is used as a methodological case in point to illustrate the kinds of departures that applied approaches are taking from their ancestral roots as they begin to advance knowledge development within the practical and contextualized realities of their applied contexts.
The Grounded Theory Method
Authors: Bryant Antony 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe term grounded theory was introduced to the research lexicon by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the 1960s, particularly with the publication of The Discovery of Grounded Theory in 1967. The term itself is somewhat misleading since it does not refer to a theory per se but rather to a method that facilitates the development of new theoretical insights—grounded theories. In this chapter the method is outlined, together with some background to its appearance and subsequent developments. Some key aspects are demonstrated using brief examples and exercises. Later sections describe the main features, procedures, outputs, and evaluation criteria.
Critical Approaches to Qualitative Research
Authors: Bhavnani Kum-Kum , Chua Peter , Collins Dana 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter reflects on critical strategies in qualitative research. It examines the meanings and debates associated with the term critical, in particular, contrasting liberal and dialectical notions and practices in relation to social analysis and qualitative research. The chapter also explores how critical social research may be synonymous with critical ethnography in relation to issues of power, positionality, representation, and the production of situated knowledges. It uses Bhavnani’s framework to draw on Dana Collins’s research as a specific case to suggest how the notion of the critical relates to ethnographic research practices: ensuring feminist and queer accountability, resisting reinscription, and integrating lived experience.
Decolonizing Research Practice: Indigenous Methodologies, Aboriginal Methods, and Knowledge/Knowing
Authors: Evans Michael , Miller Adrian , Hutchinson Peter J. , Dingwall Carlene 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Indigenous approaches to research are fundamentally rooted in the traditions and knowledge systems of indigenous peoples themselves, although indigenous methodologies and methods have become both systems for generating knowledge and ways of responding to the processes of colonization. Very specific indigenous methods emerge from language, culture, and worldview. This chapter describes two such indigenous research approaches drawn from the work of two indigenous scholars with their communities in Australia and Canada. Although creative and new, these approaches draw deeply from their communities and thus express and enact traditional knowledge systems in contemporary terms. This approach may result in more pertinent research, better take-up and dissemination of research results, and a general improvement in the situations of indigenous communities and peoples.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Research
Authors: Silver Christina , Lewins Ann F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter looks at the current state of technological support for qualitative research. Technological developments have enabled new forms of data and other analyses to be incorporated into qualitative work. The chapter focuses on technology and how it assists three main aspects of qualitative research: data collection, preparation, and/or transcription; bibliographic management and systematic literature reviews; and data management and analysis. The main body of the chapter discusses the functionality, role, and implications of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis tools. Three recent trends in computer assistance are emphasized: support for visual analysis, support for mixed methods approaches, and online solutions.
Evaluating Qualitative Research 2.0
Authors: Cho Jeasik , Trent Allen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses a wide range of theories and practices related to the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR 2.0). First, five categories of EQR 2.0 are presented: (a) a general EQR category, (b) a “subtle-realist” category, (c) postcriteriology category, (d) an art-based research category, and (e) a postvalidity category. Second, evaluation strategies for EQR are offered by providing a variety of actual examples, including ones from mixed methods research. Third, the chapter discusses a path forward for EQR that includes both internal and external elements. The chapter concludes with a holistic view of EQR needed to collectively construct/confront inner and outer challenges to qualitative paradigms in the 21st century.
Creative Approaches to Writing Qualitative Research
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L. , Squillante Sheila 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the use of creative writing forms and techniques in qualitative research writing. Paying attention to the aesthetics of writing qualitative work may help researchers achieve their goals. The chapter discusses research method, writing forms, voice, and style as they relate to the craft of creative writing in qualitative research. Researchers use creative writing to highlight the aesthetic in their work, as a form of data analysis, and/or as a qualitative research method. Qualitative researchers are asked to consider their research goals, their audience, and how form and structure will suit their research purpose(s) when considering the kind of creative writing to use in their qualitative writing.
Humanism and Enlightenment
Authors: Crosson J. Brent 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Humanism and Enlightenment are words associated with the birth of rights-bearing Man. Yet this birth was accompanied by the rise of another Enlightenment concept: race. This chapter theorizes the effects of the twinned, contradictory birth of pseudo-biological human difference and “universal” Man. Starting in the Renaissance and concluding in the “posthuman” present, the chapter shows how conceptions of the human emerged from interactions between Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. From the Enlightenment onward, theories of religion, politics, and culture have centered on contestations over the limits of this human. Rather than telling a linear narrative of Man–human–posthuman, such contests present an unfinished project that continues to this day.
Central America since the 1990s: Crime, Violence, and the Pursuit of Democracy
Authors: Wade Christine J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Central America’s transitions to democracy and the end of civil wars in the 1990s brought the promise of peace, yet the region’s new democracies have struggled with epidemic levels of violence since the early 2000s. El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are among the deadliest countries in the world. Even peaceful Costa Rica was plagued by drug trafficking and organized crime. While the political violence of the 1980s has largely been replaced by criminal violence, political violence remains a problem in some countries. Nicaragua, which escaped the homicide epidemics of its neighbors, experienced a wave of political violence in 2018 and 2019. I explore the causes of violence and insecurity in the region, attempts by regional governments to combat crime, and the impact of crime on citizens’ attitudes toward democracy.
Literature, Society, and Politics
Authors: Mackenbach Werner 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The historiography of Central American literature from the early nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century, focusing on the relationships between literature, (literary) history, and the political field, especially within the context of projects centered on national construction, is essential. The approach here analyzes the different periods—or moments of change or transition—regarding the relations between politics, society, and culture from the perspective of historical change, concentrating on “microperiods” characterized by a paradigm shift with respect to the relationships between literature, history, politics and society: the nineteenth century (the post-independence moment); the late nineteenth/early twentieth century; the 1930s–1960s; the 1960s–1990s; and the end of the twentieth century/beginning of the twenty-first. A set of proposals aims at filling the gaps, developing the desiderata, and coping with the challenges in literary historiography in and about Central America at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Honduras
Authors: Euraque Dario A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A fact of Honduran history after the 1840s is the structural weakness of the state as an organized political agent capable of administering a nationally defined territory, managing its constitutionally prescribed monopoly over security, and effectively addressing the most minimal aspects of the population’s economic and social welfare. Various factors explain this. A key problem has been Honduran elites’ lack of cohesion and enlightened commitment to their long-term interests among themselves and beyond their borders. Resorting to lethal violence to secure advantaged and corrupt access to state resources has been the result and norm, even to the detriment of elite unity and hegemony. This has often placed the state and country at the mercy of economic and military forces, local and international, that elites cannot control, and with which they have negotiated for short-term benefit and even personal survival, most often to the detriment of national interests, and Hondurans’ rudimentary well-being.
Marginalization, Assimilation, and Resurgence
Authors: Gabbert Wolfgang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
While the end of colonial rule brought formal equality it did not end discrimination and marginalization of the indigenous population in independent Central America. Many suffered land loss and proletarianization in the emerging agricultural export economy. However, indigenous people were not mere victims of exploitation, displacement, and ladinization but played an often active role in Central American politics. Participation in the market economy and access to education fostered stratification within the indigenous population. The emergence of well-off and educated Indians and changes in international politics promoting multiculturalism contributed to the emergence of indigenous movements in recent decades. While some progress has been made concerning the recognition of cultural difference and autonomy, land rights are still a much disputed issue.
Psychotherapy in a Multicultural Society
Authors: Kizilhan Jan Ilhan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the psychotherapeutic treatment of migrants from family-oriented societies, cultural identity and the role of the family are very significant. The different biographies mean that the family-oriented ideas of the first generation differ from those of the second and third generations in the strength of the cultural identity which they feel and the bonds which they have with traditional values. In addition to the effects of generation and cultural conflicts, any psychotherapeutic treatment of these groups is made more difficult by two further aspects: namely, language barriers and the different way of understanding illness and coping with it. The systemic perspective with a systematic involvement of the family in the treatment and use of family-oriented and cultural resources, including a full consideration of ethical aspects, are vital for an adequate therapy.
Ethical Issues in Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Corre Violette , Bhola Poornima , Trachsel Manuel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Psychotherapists treat vulnerable persons in the context of a particular patient–therapist relationship in which the most serious and sensitive topics of human existence are talked about. In conducting psychotherapy research, it can be a challenge to align the ethical prerequisites of practicing psychotherapy with the particular methodological requirements for meaningful studies. In the present contribution, the authors discuss the following topics in the context of psychotherapy research ethics based on current guidelines and a narrative review of the literature: study designs, the process of informed consent to research, confidentiality, different cultural paradigms, Internet-based research, and the role of research ethics committees.
Psychotherapy Ethics in Twentieth-Century Literature
Authors: Elsner Anna Magdalena 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ethical issues arising in the practice of psychotherapy, such as confidentiality, boundaries in the therapeutic relationship, and informed consent, figure prominently in a range of twentieth-century literary texts that portray psychotherapy. This chapter analyzes the portrayal of these conflicts, but also stresses that they are often marginal to the overall plot structures of these narratives and that literary depictions of psychotherapy are often vague or even inaccurate concerning key characteristics of psychotherapeutic practice. Focusing on examples that either illustrate professionalism and the absence of ethical challenges in psychotherapy, or take up the ethical reservations that fueled anti-Freudianism or the anti-psychiatry movement, the chapter proposes that selected literary depictions of psychotherapy can play a key role in sensitizing therapists to the complex make-up of ethical dilemmas as well as illustrating the cultural and historical contexts of these dilemmas.
How Do People Make Moral Medical Decisions?
Authors: Gilmore-Szott Eleanor , Cunningham Thomas V. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes moral decision making in clinical relationships that occur in psychotherapy. This chapter is broken into four sections. Following an introduction, the second section covers the contributions made by bioethics to healthcare decision making, specifically, the historical, legal, policy making, and scholarly background underlying moral choice, which culminate in the concept of informed consent. The next section then canvases the contemporary landscape of ethical decision making by focusing on the important concept of decisional capacity and empirical approaches for evaluating and supporting the capacity to make ethical decisions through improvements in health literacy, values clarification, and shared decision making. The fourth section provides a detailed case analysis to demonstrate the numerous challenges that come with applying frameworks of moral medical decision making to actual psychotherapeutic practice and means for resolving those challenges using concepts defined throughout the chapter.
The Influence of Expertise on Aesthetics
Authors: Kozbelt Aaron 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews how expertise impacts aesthetic experience and cognition. It first lays out some well-established methods and findings from the extensive research literature on expertise and expert performance and discusses how these relate to empirical aesthetics. Next, it describes general psychological mechanisms and models of aesthetic processing, emphasizing the potential role of expertise in modulating aesthetic cognition within such models. Since expertise is highly domain-specific, the chapter then proceeds sequentially through a range of aesthetic domains: visual art, design, architecture, photography, music, dance, writing, acting, and film. In each case, behavioral measures (self-report and performance indices) and neuroscientific findings are considered where available. When possible, the chapter discusses not only aesthetic response but also performance and creativity as aspects vital for understanding expertise and its effects in aesthetic domains. After reviewing the aforementioned domains individually, the concluding section attempts to integrate these points by highlighting consistent patterns of results and by briefly considering a few unresolved conceptual issues.
Religion and Political Parties
Authors: Walker Graham 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter explains the ways that religion has been a significant factor in Scottish politics in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It examines the decades-long identification with the Labour Party on the part of the Catholic community, and the dramatic shift in Catholic allegiance to the SNP in more recent times. The chapter also considers the ways in which Protestant identity has related to party politics in Scotland. It discusses the political significance of Scottish society’s increasingly multifaith and ‘no faith’ character and argues that religion is tied up, if ambiguously, with contemporary cleavages over the question of Scotland’s constitutional future.
The Civil Service and Government Structures
Authors: Parry Richard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTheories of intergovernmental relations and public bureaucracy might predict that the civil service of the Scottish Government would be an independent political resource for the devolved system, exercised within a distinctive institutional pattern. Neither is quite the case, because both the officials and their structures derive from UK norms and models. Scottish civil servants are managerially part of the British Home Civil Service and the framework of appointment, pay, and relations with politicians is set from London. Government structures follow UK classification protocols based on funding and policy control, and do not offer novel hybrid models for conducting public business. Themes of integration, regionalization, and centralization have been evident, reflecting the weak policy and financial capacity of local government and the attraction of all-Scotland bodies in some functions. Lack of controversy, visibility, and distinctiveness on these issues is in itself a notable aspect of devolution. It proved an area of resilience in the 2014 independence referendum, when Scottish officials used UK protocols about exclusive loyalty to their own devolved ministers to resist accusations of partiality to either side.
The Leadership and Management of Public Services Reform in Scotland
Authors: Connolly John , Pyper Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of key developments in public services reform since the SNP came to power in Scotland in 2007. Drawing on the public value leadership and network governance literature, the chapter argues that the combination of an outcomes-focused approach (pursued via the SNP Government’s National Performance Framework), a commitment to an ‘empowerment agenda’, together with the challenges of national ‘policy distraction’ towards constitutional matters have served to undermine attempts to engender national public value leadership within a network governance context. The chapter draws on interviews with public sector actors and a range of policy documents and academic commentaries. It concludes by identifying opportunities for establishing co-ordinated leadership structures and highlights the political, constitutional, and public finance challenges that need to be addressed in this context. The article identifies key governance lessons for devolved polities based on the Scottish case.
Intergovernmental Relations
Authors: Gallagher Jim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Intergovernmental relations between the Scottish and UK governments are conditioned by path dependence from the pre-devolution arrangements, for example, in finance. They are also conditioned by the UK’s (uncodified) constitutional arrangements, such that the Sewel Convention has played a role, one which its authors might not have contemplated. Models of dual, co-operative, and competitive federalism are used to analyse the changing nature of intergovernmental relations. A dual federalism mode, under which governments get on with their own business, has developed into a mixture of co-operative and competitive relations. Achievements of co-operation include day-to-day official co-operation, but also intergovernmental agreement on major and difficult issues, such as holding an independence referendum, and the implementation of radical devolution of taxation and welfare. Intergovernmental competition includes political competition for votes, and economic competition through different packages of tax and welfare. Constitutional change has been a defining feature of intergovernmental relations over the last ten years. The chapter concludes by identifying some possible future trends—increasing economic and political competition, coupled with increasing demands for detailed co-operation over new powers—and the options for codifying and strengthening intergovernmental relations.