bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoelastic plane waves under the modified Green–Lindsay model with two‐temperature formulation
Authors: Sarkar Nantu , Mondal Sudip 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present study is concerned with the reflection and propagation of thermoelastic plane waves from the stress‐free and thermally insulated surface of a homogeneous, isotropic thermally conducting elastic half‐space in the frame of modified Green–Lindsay theory of generalized thermoelasticity with two‐temperature (2TMGL). The thermoelastic coupling effect creates two types of coupled longitudinal waves which are dispersive as well as exhibit attenuation. Different from the thermoelastic coupling effect, there also exists one independent vertically shear‐type (SV‐type) wave. In contrast to the classical Green–Lindsay (GL) and Lord–Shulman (LS) theories of generalized thermoelasticity, the SV‐type wave is not only dispersive in nature but also experiences attenuation. Analytical expressions for the amplitude ratios and their respective energy ratios for reflected thermoelastic waves are determined when a coupled longitudinal wave is made incident on the free surface. The paper concludes with the numerical results on the phase speeds, amplitude ratios and their respective energy ratios for specific parameter choices. Various graphs have been plotted to analyze the behavior of these quantities. The characteristics of employing the 2TMGL model are discussed by comparing the numerical results obtained for the present model with those obtained in case of the two‐temperature Green–Lindsay (2TGL) and two‐temperature Lord–Shulman (2TLS) models.
Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals
Authors: Johansson Hanna K. L. , Damdimopoulou Pauliina , van Duursen Majorie B. M. , Boberg Julie , Franssen Delphine , de Cock Marijke , Jääger Kersti , Wagner Magdalena , Velthut-Meikas Agne , Xie Yuling , Connolly Lisa , Lelandais Pauline , Mazaud-Guittot Severine , Salumets Andres , Draskau Monica Kam , Filis Panagiotis , Fowler Paul A. , Christiansen Sofie , Parent Anne-Simone , Svingen Terje 
Published: July 2020

AbstractModern living challenges female reproductive health. We are witnessing a rise in reproductive disorders and drop in birth rates across the world. The reasons for these manifestations are multifaceted and most likely include continuous exposure to an ever-increasing number of chemicals. The cause–effect relationships between chemical exposure and female reproductive disorders, however, have proven problematic to determine. This has made it difficult to assess the risks chemical exposures pose to a woman’s reproductive development and function. To address this challenge, this review uses the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to summarize current knowledge about how chemical exposure can affect female reproductive health. We have a special focus on effects on the ovaries, since they are essential for lifelong reproductive health in women, being the source of both oocytes and several reproductive hormones, including sex steroids. The AOP framework is widely accepted as a new tool for toxicological safety assessment that enables better use of mechanistic knowledge for regulatory purposes. AOPs equip assessors and regulators with a pragmatic network of linear cause–effect relationships, enabling the use of a wider range of test method data in chemical risk assessment and regulation. Based on current knowledge, we propose ten putative AOPs relevant for female reproductive disorders that can be further elaborated and potentially be included in the AOPwiki. This effort is an important step towards better safeguarding the reproductive health of all girls and women.
The Impact of Accounting for Future Wood Production in Global Vertebrate Biodiversity Assessments
Authors: Schulze Katharina , Malek Žiga , Verburg Peter H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractForests are among the most species rich habitats and the way they are managed influences their capacity to protect biodiversity. To fulfill increasing wood demands in the future, planted and non-planted wood production will need to expand. While biodiversity assessments usually focus on the impacts of deforestation, the effects of wood harvest are mostly not considered, especially not in a spatially explicit manner. We present here a global approach to refine the representation of forest management through allocating future wood production to planted and non-planted forests. Wood production, following wood consumption projections of three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, was allocated using likelihood maps for planted and production forests. On a global scale, plantations for wood production were projected to increase by 45–65% and harvested area in non-planted forests by 1–17%. The biodiversity impacts of changes in wood production patterns were estimated by applying two commonly used indicators: (1) changes in species richness and (2) changes in habitat-suitable ranges of single species. The impact was analyzed using forest cover changes as reference. Our results show that, although forest cover changes have the largest impact on biodiversity, changes in wood production also have a significant effect. The magnitude of impacts caused by changes of wood production substantially differs by region and taxa. Given the importance of forest production changes in net negative emission pathways, more focus should be put on assessing the effects of future changes in wood production patterns as part of overall land use change impacts.
The endocannabinoid anandamide has an anti-inflammatory effect on CCL2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Pflüger-Müller Beatrice , Oo James A. , Heering Jan , Warwick Timothy , Proschak Ewgenij , Günther Stefan , Looso Mario , Rezende Flávia , Fork Christian , Geisslinger Gerd , Thomas Dominique , Gurke Robert , Steinhilber Dieter , Schulz Marcel , Leisegang Matthias S. , Brandes Ralf P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEndocannabinoids are important lipid-signaling mediators. Both protective and deleterious effects of endocannabinoids in the cardiovascular system have been reported but the mechanistic basis for these contradicting observations is unclear. We set out to identify anti-inflammatory mechanisms of endocannabinoids in the murine aorta and in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). In response to combined stimulation with cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα, the murine aorta released several endocannabinoids, with anandamide (AEA) levels being the most significantly increased. AEA pretreatment had profound effects on cytokine-induced gene expression in hVSMC and murine aorta. As revealed by RNA-Seq analysis, the induction of a subset of 21 inflammatory target genes, including the important cytokine CCL2 was blocked by AEA. This effect was not mediated through AEA-dependent interference of the AP-1 or NF-κB pathways but rather through an epigenetic mechanism. In the presence of AEA, ATAC-Seq analysis and chromatin-immunoprecipitations revealed that CCL2 induction was blocked due to increased levels of H3K27me3 and a decrease of H3K27ac leading to compacted chromatin structure in the CCL2 promoter. These effects were mediated by recruitment of HDAC4 and the nuclear corepressor NCoR1 to the CCL2 promoter. This study therefore establishes a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism for the endogenous endocannabinoid AEA in vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, this work provides a link between endogenous endocannabinoid signaling and epigenetic regulation.
Deficiency of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NOD) 1 and 2 reduces atherosclerosis
Authors: Vlacil Ann-Kathrin , Schuett Jutta , Ruppert Volker , Soufi Muhidien , Oberoi Raghav , Shahin Kinan , Wächter Christian , Tschernig Thomas , Lei Yu , Liu Fan , Tietge Uwe J. F. , Schieffer Bernhard , Schuett Harald , Grote Karsten 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAtherosclerosis is crucially fueled by inflammatory pathways including pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-related signaling of the innate immune system. Currently, the impact of the cytoplasmic PRRs nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1 and 2 is incompletely characterized. We, therefore, generated Nod1/Nod2 double knockout mice on a low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient background (= Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/−) which were subsequently analyzed regarding experimental atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gut microbiota composition. Compared to Ldlr−/− mice, Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed reduced plasma lipids and increased hepatic expression of the scavenger receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 after feeding a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Furthermore, intestinal cholesterol and its bacterial degradation product coprostanol were elevated in Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice, correlating with the increased abundance of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes as assessed by 3rd generation sequencing of the gut microbiota. Atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice exhibited less lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation. Moreover, macrophages from Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed higher expression of the cholesterol efflux transporters Abca1 and Abcg1 and accordingly reduced foam cell formation. Deficiency of Nod1 and Nod2 led to reduced plaque lipid deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. This might be explained by diminished plasma lipid levels and foam cell formation due to altered expression of key regulators of the hepatic cholesterol pathway as well as differential intestinal cholesterol metabolism and microbiota composition.
Neurological update: neuroimaging in dementia
Authors: Rittman Timothy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNeuroimaging for dementia has made remarkable progress in recent years, shedding light on diagnostic subtypes of dementia, predicting prognosis and monitoring pathology. This review covers some updates in the understanding of dementia using structural imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), structural and functional connectivity, and using big data and artificial intelligence. Progress with neuroimaging methods allows neuropathology to be examined in vivo, providing a suite of biomarkers for understanding neurodegeneration and for application in clinical trials. In addition, we highlight quantitative susceptibility imaging as an exciting new technique that may prove to be a sensitive biomarker for a range of neurodegenerative diseases. There are challenges in translating novel imaging techniques to clinical practice, particularly in developing standard methodologies and overcoming regulatory issues. It is likely that clinicians will need to lead the way if these obstacles are to be overcome. Continued efforts applying neuroimaging to understand mechanisms of neurodegeneration and translating them to clinical practice will complete a revolution in neuroimaging.
Aging and working memory modulate the ability to benefit from visible speech and iconic gestures during speech-in-noise comprehension
Authors: Schubotz Louise , Holler Judith , Drijvers Linda , Özyürek Aslı 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhen comprehending speech-in-noise (SiN), younger and older adults benefit from seeing the speaker’s mouth, i.e. visible speech. Younger adults additionally benefit from manual iconic co-speech gestures. Here, we investigate to what extent younger and older adults benefit from perceiving both visual articulators while comprehending SiN, and whether this is modulated by working memory and inhibitory control. Twenty-eight younger and 28 older adults performed a word recognition task in three visual contexts: mouth blurred (speech-only), visible speech, or visible speech + iconic gesture. The speech signal was either clear or embedded in multitalker babble. Additionally, there were two visual-only conditions (visible speech, visible speech + gesture). Accuracy levels for both age groups were higher when both visual articulators were present compared to either one or none. However, older adults received a significantly smaller benefit than younger adults, although they performed equally well in speech-only and visual-only word recognition. Individual differences in verbal working memory and inhibitory control partly accounted for age-related performance differences. To conclude, perceiving iconic gestures in addition to visible speech improves younger and older adults’ comprehension of SiN. Yet, the ability to benefit from this additional visual information is modulated by age and verbal working memory. Future research will have to show whether these findings extend beyond the single word level.
Current status of surgery for clinical stage IA lung cancer in Japan: analysis of the national clinical database
Authors: Ikeda Norihiko , Endo Shunsuke , Fukuchi Eriko , Nakajima Jun , Yokoi Kohei , Chida Masayuki , Date Hiroshi , Iwasaki Akinori , Yokomise Hiroyasu , Sato Masami , Okumura Meinoshin , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Miyata Hiroaki , Kondo Takashi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
As the number of cases of early lung cancer in Japan grows, an analysis of the present status of surgical treatments for clinical stage IA lung cancer using a nationwide database with web-based data entry is warranted.

Methods
The operative and perioperative data from 47,921 patients who underwent surgery for clinical stage IA lung cancer in 2014 and 2015 were obtained from the National Clinical Database (NCD) of Japan. Clinicopathological characteristics, surgical procedure, mortality, and morbidity were analyzed, and thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) were compared.

Results
The patients comprised 27,208 men (56.8%) and 20,713 women (43.2%); mean age, 69.3 years. Lobectomy was performed in 64.8%, segmentectomy in 15.2%, and wedge resection in 19.8%. The surgical procedures were thoracotomy in 12,194 patients (25.4%) and a minimally invasive approach (MIA) in 35,727 patients (74.6%). MIA was divided into VATS + mini-thoracotomy (n = 13,422, 28.0%) and complete VATS (n = 22,305, 46.5%). The overall postoperative mortality rate was 0.4%, being significantly lower in the MIA group than in the thoracotomy group (0.3% vs 0.8%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our analysis of data from the NCD indicates that MIA has become the new standard treatment for clinical stage IA lung cancer.
Vascular survey of the maxillary vestibule and gingiva—clinical impact on incision and flap design in periodontal and implant surgeries
Authors: Shahbazi Arvin , Feigl Georg , Sculean Anton , Grimm András , Palkovics Dániel , Molnár Bálint , Windisch Péter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Currently, empirical clinical findings on the blood supply of the maxillary vestibule are not backed up with sufficient literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mucosal and periosteal vascular supply in the maxillary vestibule macroscopically and radiographically to improve surgical strategies and flap designs.

Materials and methods
Thirty head corpses were selected (9 dentate, 11 partially edentulous, 10 edentulous). Twenty-six corpses were injected by red latex milk and embalmed with Thiel solution. Four cadavers were prepared for corrosion casting. Arterial path and anastomoses in the maxillary vestibule of dentate, partially edentulous and edentulous ridges, were analyzed macroscopically and by computed tomography (CT).

Results
Transverse periosteomucosal anastomoses were detected in the posterior and esthetic zones of the maxillary vestibule. The buccal branches penetrated the interdental septum toward the palate. In the esthetic zone, superior labial artery (SLA) supplied the mucosa and the infraorbital artery (IOA) supplied the periosteum. Corrosion casting showed anastomoses between IOA and nasal septal branches. CT analysis revealed ipsilateral and contralateral anastomoses between SLA and IOA. In dentate ridges, mucosal star-shaped terminal branches were detected.

Conclusions
The macroscopic and radiographic vascular survey analysis revealed the anatomical background behind several clinically documented phenomena related to oral and periodontal surgeries.

Clinical relevance
This study permits clinicians to design less invasive flaps when releasing incisions in the maxillary vestibule during periodontal and implant surgeries. Our observations strongly point to the significance of an undamaged periosteum to prevent compromised flap revascularization and wound healing disturbances.
Effect of shared information and owner behavior on showing in dogs (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Henschel Melanie , Winters James , Müller Thomas F. , Bräuer Juliane 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDogs’ production of referential communicative signals, i.e.,showing, has gained increasing scientific interest over the last years. In this paper, we investigate whether shared information about the present and the past affects success and form of dog–human interactions. Second, in the context of showing, owners have always been treated as passive receivers of the dog’s signals. Therefore, we examined whether the owner’s behavior can influence the success and form of their dog’s showing behavior. To address these questions, we employed a hidden-object task with knowledgeable dogs and naïve owners. Shared information about the present was varied via the spatial set-up, i.e., position of hiding places, within dog–owner pairs, with two conditions requiring either high or low precision in indicating the target location. Order of conditions varied between pairs, representing differences in shared knowledge about the past (communication history). Results do not support an effect of communication history on either success or showing effort. In contrast, the spatial set-up was found to affect success and choice of showing strategies. However, dogs did not adjust their showing effort according to different spatial set-ups. Our results suggest that the latter could be due to the owner’s influence. Owner behavior generally increased the effort of their dog’s showing behavior which was stronger in the set-up requiring low showing precision. Moreover, our results suggest that owners could influence their dog’s showing accuracy (and thereby success) which, however, tended to be obstructive.
Virtualizing the ‘good life’: reworking narratives of agrarianism and the rural idyll in a computer game
Authors: Sutherland Lee-Ann 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFarming computer games enable the ‘desk chair countryside’—millions of people actively engaged in performing farming and rural activities on-line—to co-produce their desired representations of rural life, in line with the parameters set by game creators. In this paper, I critique the narratives and images of farming life expressed in the popular computer game ‘Stardew Valley’. Stardew is based on a scenario whereby players leave a [meaningless] urban desk job to revitalize the family farm. Player are given a choice to invest in the Community Center or to support ‘JojaMart’, a ‘big-box’ development. The farming narrative demonstrates the hallmarks of classical American agrarianism: farming as the basic profession on which other occupations depend, the virtue of hard work, the ‘natural’ and moral nature of agricultural life, and the economic independence of the farmer. More recent discourses of critical agrarianism are noticeably absent, particularly in relation to environmental protection. Conflict is centred on urban-based big business, whereas the farm is represented as a ‘bolt-hole’ or sanctuary from urban life. I argue that embedding issues of big-box development in gameplay enrols players in active reflection and debate on desirable responses, whereas the emphasis on reproducing classical agrarian tropes risks desensitizing game players to contemporary agrarian social and environmental justice issues. However, Stardew Valley gameplay implicitly reinforces the ideal that low input farming is the way that agriculture should be practiced. The success of the game in eliciting on-line debates, and the requirement for active performance and decision-making, demonstrates the specific potential of computer games as mediums for influencing and intervening in ongoing reworking of farming imaginaries, and enabling more critically engagement of the ‘desk chair countryside’ in important global debates.
Corporate Social Responsibility Performance, Incentives, and Learning Effects
Authors: Derchi Giovanni-Battista , Zoni Laura , Dossi Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the effectiveness of the use of executive compensation linked to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) goals across US firms. Empirical analysis of a cross-industry sample of 746 listed companies for the period 2002–2013 showed that the use of CSR-linked compensation contracts for Named Executive Officers (NEOs) promotes CSR performance. More specifically, we found that linking NEOs’ compensation to CSR goals produces positive effects in the 3rd year after adoption. As firms accumulate experience and learn how to use the system over the following eight periods, CSR performance increases monotonically. Furthermore, experience accumulated over time affects the different specifications of CSR performance asymmetrically, by reducing both environmental and social CSR concerns and increasing only environmental CSR strengths. Interestingly, we also found that the simultaneous use of other CSR-focused governance systems moderates the effect of a firm’s accumulated experience in using CSR-linked executive compensation on CSR performance: the existence of a CSR committee at the board level and the public release of a CSR report are likely to have a positive moderating effect, while the purchase of a CSR audit has no moderating effect.
Stable Backward Diffusion Models that Minimise Convex Energies
Authors: Bergerhoff Leif , Cárdenas Marcelo , Weickert Joachim , Welk Martin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe inverse problem of backward diffusion is known to be ill-posed and highly unstable. Backward diffusion processes appear naturally in image enhancement and deblurring applications. It is therefore greatly desirable to establish a backward diffusion model which implements a smart stabilisation approach that can be used in combination with an easy-to-handle numerical scheme. So far, existing stabilisation strategies in the literature require sophisticated numerics to solve the underlying initial value problem. We derive a class of space-discrete one-dimensional backward diffusion as gradient descent of energies where we gain stability by imposing range constraints. Interestingly, these energies are even convex. Furthermore, we establish a comprehensive theory for the time-continuous evolution and we show that stability carries over to a simple explicit time discretisation of our model. Finally, we confirm the stability and usefulness of our technique in experiments in which we enhance the contrast of digital greyscale and colour images.