bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the safety of vaccines used in routine immunization in Africa
Authors: Yamoah Peter , Bangalee Varsha , Oosthuizen Frasia 
Published: October 2020

Background: Despite the significant role played by vaccines in global health, concerns over vaccine safety have increased tre- mendously over the years. There have been occasions where vaccines have caused rare, adverse reactions some of which have led to hospitalizations and even death. It is therefore important to establish the safety profile of routinely used vaccines in order to allay fears pertaining to their use.
Objectives: This review was aimed at pooling together the safety data of selected vaccines used for routine immunization in Africa, a region of the world with paucity of vaccine safety data.
Methods: Adverse Events Following Immunization safety data was searched for rotavirus, yellow fever, measles, rubella, tuber- culosis (Bacillus Calmette Guerin-BCG), pneumococcal, Haemophilus Influenza type b, polio, meningococcal and the influenza A (H1N1) vaccines in PUBMED, Google Scholar, Clinical trials.gov and Cochrane controlled register of trials databases.
Results: A total of twenty-four serious AEFIs and twenty-three minor AEFIs were identified from the review. The strength of association between AEFIs and vaccine was high for tuberculosis vaccine and moderate for all other vaccines.
Conclusion: Even though AEFIs (including mild and severe) were identified in the review, all the vaccines studied were gener- ally well tolerated.
Keywords: Safety of vaccines; immunization; Africa.
Incidence and impact of hyperviscosity on sperm parameters of Malawian men seeking assisted reproduction
Authors: Lampiao Fanuel , Chisaka Joseph 
Published: October 2020

Background: Seminal hyperviscosity has been shown to be associated with male infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hyperviscosity in semen of Malawian males seeking infertility treatment.
Methods: A total of 120 men visiting our laboratory for fertility assessment donated semen samples. The semen samples were assessed for hyperviscosity, volume, concentration, total motility, progressive motility, viability, and morphology.
Results: Out of the 120 samples analyzed, 34 samples were hyperviscous representing 28.3%. No significant statistical differ- ence in semen volume between samples with normal viscosity compared to those with hyperviscosity (p>0.05). Sperm concen- tration, progressive motility, total motility, viability, and normal morphology were significantly higher in the normal viscosity group when compared to the abnormal viscocity group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Hyperviscosity affects a significant number of men in Malawi and may be the cause of decreased fertility as it was associated with poor sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, viability, and morphology.
Keywords: Viscosity; sperm motility; accessory sex glands; infertility; semen; semen analysis; spermatozoa.
Effects of second-hand smoking on lung functions in athlete and non-athlete school-aged children – observational study
Authors: A Elshazly Fathi , K Abdelbasset Walid , K Elnaggar Ragab , A Tantawy Sayed 
Published: October 2020

Background: Second-hand smoking or environmental tobacco smoke is a critical health risk. Children are the most vulnerable to second-hand smoking because of their small bronchial ducts, less developed immunity, and low-physical activity.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of second-hand smoking on lung functions in athlete and non-athlete school-aged children.
Methods: This observational study included forty-six school-aged children, their age was 8-15 years, assigned to three groups; 2 study groups and 1 control group (n=15). The study groups comprised of 16 football players, and of 15 cyclists. Lung func- tions were evaluated recording forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and peak expiratory flow using digital spirometer.
Results: All measures were recorded in definite values and the children were also classified into second-hand smoking (SH), or non-exposed to tobacco smoking (NE). The findings presented a significant increase (p<0.05) of the study groups in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and peak expiratory flow solely for the non-exposed children. However, there were non-significant differences between the cyclists and football players or between the passive smoking children and non-exposed children in any of the two study groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The outcomes of this study suggest beneficial influences of the sports activity on the lung functions, without dif- ferent influences of the cyclists and football players on the lung functions.
Keywords: Children; second-hand smoking; lung functions; athlete.
Perceived stigma and school attendance among children and adolescents with epilepsy in South Western Uganda
Authors: Kirabira Joseph , Jimmy Forry Ben , Fallen Robyn , Sserwanga Bernard 
Published: October 2020

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that has a high worldwide prevalence with eighty percent of the global burden being in low and middle-income countries. There is a high level of perceived stigma among children and adolescents with epi- lepsy, which has severe debilitating effects and affects school attendance.
Objective: To assess the effect of perceived stigma on school attendance patterns among children and adolescents with epilepsy.
Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study among 191 children and adolescents aged from 6-18 years with epilepsy at one large semi-urban hospital and a small rural health center in SouthWestern Uganda. Epilepsy-related perceived stigma was measured using the adapted Kilifi Stigma Scale of Epilepsy and school attendance patterns were assessed using a piloted inves- tigator-designed questionnaire.
Results: Children with high-perceived stigma were more likely to have never attended school (13.8%) or started school late (average age 5.7 years) compared to those with low-perceived stigma (average age 4.9 years). Additionally, those with high epilep- sy-related perceived stigma repeated classes 2.5 times more compared to those with low-perceived stigma.
Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest correlation between high-perceived stigma and disrupted school attendance patterns among children and adolescents with epilepsy, hence the need to address this social challenge.
Keywords: Epilepsy; perceived stigma; school attendance; children; adolescents; Uganda.
Prevalence and risk factors of gallstone disease in patients undergoing ultrasonography at Mulago hospital, Uganda
Authors: Nimanya Stella , Ocen William , Makobore Patson , Bua Emmanuel , Ssekitooleko Badru , Oyania Felix 
Published: October 2020

Background: Gallstone disease (GSD) is the most prevalent medical condition in the pancreatobiliary system. The burden of GSD and its complications are major public health issues globally. It is a common cause of surgical intervention, contributing substantially to health care costs. Most patients are asymptomatic, however 20% become symptomatic after 10 years. Its preva- lence differs among populations and remains unknown in Uganda.
Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of GSD in patients undergoing abdominal ultrasonography at Mulago hospital, Uganda.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study at the Department of Radiology in Mulago hospital. Convenient sampling was used to recruit individuals having an abdominal ultrasound scan. Questionnaires were used to assess risk factors, and an abdominal exam was performed for individuals with gallstones to assess symptomatology.
Results: The prevalence of GSD was 22%. Statistically significant factors associated with GSD were a history of hormonal contraceptive use OR 3.2 (1.88-5.41) and a history of previous biliary symptoms OR 2.9 (1.68-4.91). Ninety-four percent of individuals with gallstones had epigastric/right upper quadrant pain.
Conclusion: The prevalence of GSD is high in Mulago hospital; use of hormonal contraceptives and a previous history of biliary symptoms were significant risk factors for GSD in this study. Majority of patients with GSD were symptomatic with epigastric pain as the cardinal symptom. We recommend a countrywide screening program using abdominal ultrasonography to determine the prevalence of GSD in the general population. There is need to study further the risk of hormonal contraceptive use and GSD. Women on these contraceptives should be informed of the potential risk, and offered alternative options where feasible.
Keywords: Gallstone disease; ultrasonography; Mulago hospital; Uganda.
A multi-year analysis of kangaroo mother care outcomes in low birth weight babies at a Nyakahanga Hospital in rural Tanzania
Authors: A Winkler Linda , Stypulkowski Agnes , Noon Shana , Babwanga Theophila , Lutahoire Jesca 
Published: October 2020

Background: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) requires few specialized resources, reduces mortality, and can be implemented in low resource environments. It is now recommended for implementation around the globe.
Objectives: This paper discusses KMC use with low birth weight newborns at a Tanzania hospital providing valuable outcomes assessment of KMC use in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods: The research used retrospective records (136 Low Birth Weight (LBW) and 33 Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) ne- onates) supplemented by observations. Data included weights (longitudinal), survival period, and cause of death if it occurred. This hospital’s KMC use and study data began when the mother-baby dyad was referred, usually birth day.
Results: This KMC group demonstrated 70% survival, but 77% of deaths occur within 24 hours. After the first 24 hours, KMC survival rate was 92%. Even VLBW neonates (<1000 g) had 37.5% survival among the KMC program. Prematurity and respi- ratory distress caused nearly half of the deaths, but hypothermia (19% of deaths) and infection were factors also.
Conclusion: Our study indicates the value of KMC in rural low resource environments. Results are comparable to KMC pro- grams in urban areas where newborns begin KMC after stabilization and better than outcomes reported for comparable popu- lations not practicing KMC in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Kangaroo mother care; low birth weight; neonatal mortality; premature infant.
Comparison of digital subtraction angiography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in assessment of carotid stenosis
Authors: Liu Ronggui , Yan Zhimei , Zhang Guijun , Ding Zhaoyan , Li Yunping , Jiang Zhirong 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: The performances of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were used to establish an efficient as well as non-invasive clinical technique for the diagnosis of extra-cranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis.
Materials and methods: Thirty-six successive patients (11 women and 25 men, mean age: 65.0 ± 9.2, range: 43–78 years) with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were tested by CEUS and DSA. These tests were carried out by means of Hitachi Preirus ultrasound machine for CEUS and Allura Xper FD20 system (Philips Medical Systems, Nederland B.V.) for DSA. 1.2 ml Son- oVue (Bracco, Switzerland) was used a s contrast agent.
Results: The results clearly indicated that there were no noteworthy variations among the distributions recorded by CEUS as well as DSA for the four tested groups. The percentage of diameter stenosis calculated by CEUS was clearly in accordance with the DSA images. CEUS showed accurate results with good specificity and sensitivity at 50%, 70%, and 100%. Also, CEUS per- formance was relatively better than DSA in the diagnosis of ICA and suitability of CEA.
Conclusion: CEUS proved to be a precise non-invasive testing method for the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis which is more feasible and well-tolerated in patients with various stages of carotid stenosis.
Keywords: Carotid artery stenosis; CEUS; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; digital subtraction angiography.
Neonates with Jaundice A Clinical Profile
Authors: Davis Manuel  , Shajahan R A  
Published: October 2020

Background: In the first week of child birth, neonatal jaundice is the most common problem which leads to delayed hospital discharge and re-admissions. Recognising early neonatal hyperbilirubenemia plays a pivotal role in preventing serious complications. The aim of this study was to study the clinical profile and the aetiological factors leading to neonatal jaundice in rural areas.Subject and Method:This study is a prospective observational study conducted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and post natal ward . This study was conducted during the period of February 2017 to July 2017. Total 400 neonates were admitted in NICU and post natal ward during this period. Out of them, 100 newborns were having jaundice (Serum bilirubin > 10 mg/dl). 100 cases in total were enrolled in the study. Result:In this study,out of 100 neonates, 70% were males and 30% were females. , 92 were born at term (92%) and remaining 10 were preterm babies (10%). Physiological jaundice constituted 45%, followed by ABO incompatibility constituted 25%, followed by sepsis(1%), Rh incompatibility (8%), idioapathy (8%), prematurity (5%), cephalhematoma (4%), breast feeding (2%), haemolytic anemia (2%) were diagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis. Conclusion:Physiological jaundice is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice followed by ABO incompatibility, sepsis, Rh incompatibility and idiopathic cases. Cephalhematoma, breast feeding jaundice and haemolytic anaemia are the less common causes. Hence, it is required to monitor neonates more appropriately and accurately.
YESUS, SI HUMORIS: Beberapa Contoh dari Antitesis
Authors: Stefanus Kristianto  
Published: October 2020

Abstraks: Apakah Yesus adalah seorang yang humoris? Menarik dicatat bahwa untuk waktu yang lama banyak penulis telah memberikan jawaban negatif untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Namun, tidak seperti mereka, tulisan ini akan memberikan jawaban alternatif. Dengan menggunakan definisi humor sebagai sebuah keganjilan yang menyenangkan (playful incongruity), tulisan ini akan menunjukkan beberapa contoh yang mungkin bernada humor dari ajaran antitesis Yesus. Melalui studi ini, diharapkan bukan hanya gambaran yang lama mengenai Yesus diubah, tetapi juga sensitivitas pembaca terhadap humor dalam pengajaran Yesus ditingkatkan

Abstract: Was Jesus a humorist? It is interesting to note that for a long time many writers had given a negative answer to such a question. This paper, however, will try to give an alternative answer. Working from the definition of humor as a ‘playful incongruity,’ this paper will show some plausible humor from Jesus’ antitheses. Through this study, it is hoped that not only will the old image of Jesus change, but also the readers’s sensitivity toward humor in Jesus’ teachings is improved.
PENGHAKIMAN BERDASARKAN PERBUATAN DI ROMA 2:1-16
Authors: Valentino Fabio 
Published: October 2020

Tema “Penghakiman berdasarkan perbuatan” yang muncul di Roma 2:1-16 telah menimbulkan berbagai perbedaan pandangan di kalangan para ahli. Perdebatan ini disebabkan tema “Penghakiman Berdasarkan Perbuatan” seolah-olah bertentangan dengan pernyataan Paulus mengenai “Pembenaran oleh iman” dan perbuatan dapat menjadi penentu keselamatan. Tulisan ini berusaha memberikan sumbangsih untuk memahami “Pembenaran oleh iman” melalui kerangka soteriologi Paulus.
Abstract: The theme of "Judgment according to Works" that appears in Romans 2: 1-16 has given rise to different views among experts. This debate is caused by the theme " Judgment according to Works " as if it contradicts with Paul's statement about "Justification by faith" and works can be determinants of salvation. This paper attempts to contribute to understanding this theme through Paul's soteriological framework.
The Irrevocable View of the Phinehasian Covenant in Light of the Davidic Covenant
Authors: Tuck Seon Chung  
Published: October 2020

Abstract: One may easily have the impression that the promise of an everlasting covenant with Phinehas in Numbers 25:13 has been reached under the Sinai covenant. On closer examination of the question, however, general agreement in fact counts for little. Rather, most of the questions on this point appear to be still open. This article re-examines the efficacy of the Phinehasian covenant by comparing parallelly with the Davidic covenant as to show that the covenant carries the same weight as the Davidic covenant. This paper emphasis on God’s everlasting covenant with Phinehas is unconditional that should not be taken as a bilateral covenant under the Sinai covenant. Thus, how did Christ Jesus fulfill this Phinehasian covenant as the culmination of the covenant promise is worth for a further investigation.
Abstrak: Orang mudah mendapatkan kesan bahwa janji kovenan kekal dengan Pinehas dalam Bilangan 25:13 telah digenapi dalam kerangka kovenan Sinai. Namun, melalui penyelidikan yang lebih mendalam, fakta-fakta yang mendukung ternyata sedikit. Sebaliknya, kebanyakan pertanyaan terhadap titik ini nampak masih terbuka. Artikel ini memeriksa kembali kekuatan kovenan Pinehas dengan cara membandingkannya parallel dengan kovenan Daud. Ia memandang bahwa kovenan kekal Allah dengan Daud adalah tidak bersyarat. Signifikansi dari riset ini adalah menguraikan bahwa kovenan Pinehas akhirnya terealisasi dalam Kristus Yesus sebagai kulminasi dari janji kovenan tersebut.
ANALISIS KINERJA DOSEN TETAP PADA SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU EKONOMI (STIE) DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG
Authors: Arpan Yunada , Suwandi Suwandi 
Published: October 2020

Kualitas sumber daya manusia pada suatu negara sangat ditentukan oleh pendidikan yang diselenggarakan di negara tersebut. Sebagai organisasi Perguruan Tinggi memerlukan pengembangan organisasi agar mampu memberikan pelayanan pendidikan yang berkualitas kepada masyarakat. Untuk menjadi sebuah organisasi yang sukses, tantangan STIE ke depan adalah bagaimana meningkatkan dan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip profesionalitas dosen seperti yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen. Jenis penelitian ini adalah causalitas (kausalitas) yaitu menguji hubungan sebab-akibat antara variabel-variabel sebab (exogent variables) yankni pengembangan organisasi, kepemimpinan transformasional dan budaya organisasi, terhjadap variabel akibat (endogent variabel) terdiri dari komiten dan kinerja dosen. Jumlah populasi seluruh dosen tetap dan pejabat struktural yang telah memiliki Jenjang Jabatan Akademik (JA) di 7 (tujuh) PTS Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) di Provinsi Lampung dengan dengan teknik non probabilty sampling ditentukan sebanyan 70 orang dosen. Berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis dan pembahasan hasil penelitian diperoleh persamaan model sub struktur1 adalah Ŷ = 0,243 X1 + 0,200 X2 + 0,332 X3 + Î1 Kemudian persamaan model Sub Struktur 2 adalah Ž = 0,170 X1 + 0,165 X2 + 0,260 X3 + Î2.
A 2600-year high-resolution climate record from Lake Trichonida (SW Greece)
Authors: Seguin Joana , Avramidis Pavlos , Dörfler Walter , Emmanouilidis Alexandros , Unkel Ingmar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This paper aims at reconstructing the palaeoclimatic changes during the last 2600 years in southern Greece based on a proxy record from Lake Trichonida. For the first time, we provide a reliable age-depth model and continuous geochemical data for the largest and deepest lake in Greece. We use X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical data supported by discrete mineral analysis based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), grain size distribution, and organic matter content to investigate changes in the lake sedimentary system and identify the major forcing mechanisms. A principal component analysis based on the XRF geochemical composition identifies the variation between carbonate-rich material, precipitating predominantly under drier and/or warmer conditions, and terrigenous sediment input, with it being more prominent during wetter and/or colder conditions. The first principal component (PC1) shows a very strong correlation with the weathering proxy log (Rb∕Sr), and we interpret both proxies as depicting fluctuations in the hydrological conditions. A cluster analysis, conducted on the continuous geochemical and colour parameters, highlights the similarities in the sediment characteristics deposited during wetter phases, notably during 1850–1750, 1500–1400, ca. 1100, and ca. 100 cal BP. When comparing the PC1 Trichonida record to independent records from the Balkans, we find generally concurring patterns on a multi-decadal to centennial scale. We show that phases with wetter conditions at Lake Trichonida coincide with a more negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, suggesting that the precipitation variability in southern Greece is linked to changes in the NAO atmospheric pattern, as one major driving force. The 2600-year-long sedimentary record of Lake Trichonida contributes to a better understanding of Late Holocene palaeohydrological changes in an important climatic transitional zone in the eastern Mediterranean.
Lidar measurements of yawed-wind-turbine wakes: characterization and validation of analytical models
Authors: Brugger Peter , Debnath Mithu , Scholbrock Andrew , Fleming Paul , Moriarty Patrick , Simley Eric , Jager David , Roadman Jason , Murphy Mark , Zong Haohua , Porté-Agel Fernando 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Wake measurements of a scanning Doppler lidar mounted on the nacelle of a full-scale wind turbine during a wake-steering experiment were used for the characterization of the wake flow, the evaluation of the wake-steering set-up, and the validation of analytical wake models. Inflow-scanning Doppler lidars, a meteorological mast, and the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system of the wind turbine complemented the set-up.
Results from the wake-scanning Doppler lidar showed an increase in the wake deflection with the yaw angle and that the wake deflection was not in all cases beneficial for the power output of a downstream turbine due to a bias of the inflow wind direction perceived by the yawed wind turbine and the wake-steering design implemented. Both observations could be reproduced with an analytical model that was initialized with the inflow measurements. Error propagation from the inflow measurements that were used as model input and the power coefficient of a waked wind turbine contributed significantly to the model uncertainty. Lastly, the span-wise cross section of the wake was strongly affected by wind veer, masking the effects of the yawed wind turbine on the wake cross sections.
The Heterodox Turn in Emerging Markets and Its Consequences
Authors: Fowkes David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
It has been a dismal 10 years for emerging markets, with slower growth and worsening macroeconomic imbalances. Given that the decade started with enthusiasm about BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and a potential decoupling of emerging markets from the crisis-ridden advanced economies, this is a sharp reversal of fortune. To better understand what went wrong, this article explores three case studies, Brazil, South Africa, and Turkey, all of which fared well in the 2000s but backslid in the 2010s. In each case, there were marked changes in macroeconomic policy, away from mainstream economics and toward a “developmental” approach, relying on expansionary policy and a larger role for the state. These experiments failed, most immediately through unsustainable borrowing and higher inflation, as well as by fomenting large-scale corruption. Although the 2010s were always likely to be more difficult than the 2000s, given slower global growth, unforced policy errors are important for understanding the scale of emerging market underperformance.