bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning, characterization, and gene expression behavior of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors from the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis)
Authors: Izaz Ali , Pan Tao , Wang Lin , Zhang Huabin , Duan Shulong , Li En , Yan Peng , Wu Xiaobing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Chinese alligator is an endemic crocodilian species in China. We isolated and obtained the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor genes coding from the kidney of Alligator sinensis by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene has 2343 base pairs encoding 780 amino acids, while the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene is 2958 bp in length encoding 985 amino acids. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to detect the distribution of messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. The maximum mRNA expressions were observed in the ovary and kidney, suggesting that these receptors may be involved in basic cellular functions or stress response of alligators. Besides this, RT‐qPCR was performed to analyze the abundance of GR and MR mRNA transcripts in early embryonic development of the Chinese alligator in the kidney, liver, and heart. The mRNA levels of GR and MR at earlier stages in kidney, liver, and heart indicates that they might involve in the transcriptional regulation of early embryos and activate many precise developmental effects in fetal tissues. We also measured the protein expression in the liver embryonic developmental stages and found that the GR and MR proteins were restricted to both the nuclei and cytoplasm. The protein expression levels in the liver at different embryonic developmental stages have extremely prominent differences. Taken together, our results showed the full coding regions of GR and MR, their characteristics, and embryonic developmental mRNA and protein expressions of both genes in A. sinensis. This study could provide the necessary information for further investigating the diverse functions of GR and MR in A. sinensis.
Desynchronized Functional Activities Between Brain White and Gray Matter in Major Depression Disorder
Authors: Zhang Yuqun , Kong Youyong , Liu Xiaoyun , Gao Heren , Yin Yingying , Hou Zhenghua , Zhang Haisan , Zhang Hongxing , Xie Chunming , Zhang Zhijun , Yuan Yonggui 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundAlterations in gray matter (GM) have been recognized as playing an important role in the neurobiological mechanism underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) and antidepressant responses. However, little is known about white matter (WM) connectivity in MDD, leaving an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.PurposeTo examine the functional connectivity (FC) of WM, GM, and WM‐GM in MDD patients and explore the relationship between FC and antidepressant response.Study TypeLongitudinal study.SubjectsIn all, 129 MDD patients and 89 healthy controls (HC).Field Strength/SequenceWhole‐brain blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) single‐shot echo planar imaging was acquired at 3.0T.AssessmentAt baseline, all participants received Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) assessment and an fMRI scan. After 2‐ and 8‐week antidepressant treatment, patients completed the HAMD again. The HAMD reductive rate of 2‐ and 8‐weeks were calculated.Statistical TestsThe comparisons of age, education, HAMD scores, and FC values (false discovery rate correction) between patients and controls were calculated with a two‐sample t‐test. The chi‐square test was employed to compare the differences of gender between these two groups. Correlations between FC and HAMD, as well as the reductive rate of HAMD, were analyzed with Pearson or Spearman correlation. Receiver operator curve analysis was performed to predict the antidepressant response.ResultsCompared to HC, MDD patients exhibited widespread decreases in FC of WM‐GM. Furthermore, 28 GM regions and 11 WM bundles had lower connectivity in MDD patients. At baseline, four FC of WM‐GM showed negative correlations with the HAMD scores. Six FC of WM‐GM correlated with the 2‐week reductive rate of HAMD. Moreover, FC in GM, WM, and WM‐GM also exhibited significantly positive correlations with an 8‐week reductive rate of HAMD.Data ConclusionThe FC of WM‐GM was decreased in MDD and may play a role in its pathophysiology and antidepressant responses.Level of Evidence2.Technical Efficacy Stage2.
Physicochemical treatments for the reduction of aflatoxins and Aspergillus niger in corn grains (Zea mays)
Authors: Castro‐Ríos Katherin , Montoya‐Estrada Claudia Nohemy , Martínez‐Miranda María Marcela , Hurtado Cortés Sebastián , Taborda‐Ocampo Gonzalo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDCorn grains are commonly contaminated with mycotoxins and fungi. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reduction of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 and the inhibition of Aspergillus niger in corn grains using ultrasound, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electrolyzed water, and sodium bicarbonate. The determination of aflatoxins was performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and postcolumn derivatization, and analysis of A. niger was performed by evaluating mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar. The best treatment for reducing aflatoxins and inhibiting mycelial growth was evaluated in corn contaminated with A. niger.RESULTSThe results show a significant reduction in aflatoxins in the following order: sodium bicarbonate > ultrasound > UV > electrolyzed water for aflatoxins B1, B2, and G2. For aflatoxin G1, the order of reduction was sodium bicarbonate > ultrasound > electrolyzed water > UV, with maximum values between 70.50% and 87.03% reached with sodium bicarbonate; for the other treatments, the reduction was between 51.51% and 65.44%. Regarding the fungus, the order of inhibition in the control of mycelial growth was sodium bicarbonate > ultrasound > electrolyzed water > UV in corn grains, and inhibition of mycelial growth was obtained at a sodium bicarbonate concentration of 3.0 g L−1.CONCLUSIONSodium bicarbonate, electrolyzed water, ultrasound, and UV radiation inhibited the growth of A. niger on potato dextrose agar and reduced the contents of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in vitro. Sodium bicarbonate showed an ability to inhibit mycelial growth in corn grains. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sub‐2 mm depth of interaction localization in PET detectors with prismatoid light guide arrays and single‐ended readout using convolutional neural networks
Authors: LaBella Andy , Cao Xinjie , Zeng Xinjie , Zhao Wei , Goldan Amir H. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeDepth of interaction (DOI) readout in PET imaging has been researched in efforts to mitigate parallax error, which would enable the development of small diameter, high‐resolution PET scanners. However, DOI PET has not yet been commercialized due to the lack of practical, cost‐effective, and data efficient DOI readout methods. The rationale for this study was to develop a supervised machine learning algorithm for DOI estimation in PET that can be trained and deployed on unique sets of crystals.MethodsDepth collimated flood data was experimentally acquired using a Na‐22 source with a depth‐encoding single‐ended readout Prism‐PET module consisting of lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO) crystals coupled 4‐to‐1 to 3×3 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels on one end and a segmented prismatoid light guide array on the other end. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to perform DOI estimation on data from center, edge and corner crystals in the Prism‐PET module using (a) all non‐zero readout pixels and (b) only the 4 highest readout signals per event. CNN testing was performed on data from crystals not included in CNN training.ResultsAn average DOI resolution of 1.84 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) across all crystals was achieved when using all readout signals per event with the CNN compared to 3.04 mm FWHM DOI resolution using classical estimation. When using only the 4 highest signals per event, an average DOI resolution of 1.92 mm FWHM was achieved, representing only a 4% dropoff in CNN performance compared to using all non‐zero pixels per event.ConclusionsOur CNN‐based DOI estimation algorithm provides the best reported DOI resolution in a single‐ended readout module and can be readily deployed on crystals not used for model training.
Free‐breathing radial imaging using a pilot‐tone radiofrequency transmitter for detection of respiratory motion
Authors: Solomon Eddy , Rigie David S. , Vahle Thomas , Paška Jan , Bollenbeck Jan , Sodickson Daniel K. , Boada Fernando E. , Block Kai Tobias , Chandarana Hersh 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo describe an approach for detection of respiratory signals using a transmitted radiofrequency (RF) reference signal called Pilot‐Tone (PT) and to use the PT signal for creation of motion‐resolved images based on 3D stack‐of‐stars imaging under free‐breathing conditions.MethodsThis work explores the use of a reference RF signal generated by a small RF transmitter, placed outside the MR bore. The reference signal is received in parallel to the MR signal during each readout. Because the received PT amplitude is modulated by the subject’s breathing pattern, a respiratory signal can be obtained by detecting the strength of the received PT signal over time. The breathing‐induced PT signal modulation can then be used for reconstructing motion‐resolved images from free‐breathing scans. The PT approach was tested in volunteers using a radial stack‐of‐stars 3D gradient echo (GRE) sequence with golden‐angle acquisition.ResultsRespiratory signals derived from the proposed PT method were compared to signals from a respiratory cushion sensor and k‐space‐center‐based self‐navigation under different breathing conditions. Moreover, the accuracy was assessed using a modified acquisition scheme replacing the golden‐angle scheme by a zero‐angle acquisition. Incorporating the PT signal into eXtra‐Dimensional (XD) motion‐resolved reconstruction led to improved image quality and clearer anatomical depiction of the lung and liver compared to k‐space‐center signal and motion‐averaged reconstruction, when binned into 6, 8, and 10 motion states.ConclusionPT is a novel concept for tracking respiratory motion. Its small dimension (8 cm), high sampling rate, and minimal interaction with the imaging scan offers great potential for resolving respiratory motion.
Effects of Density Reduction on Age-Specific Growth of Stream-Dwelling Brown Trout
Authors: Rehm Travis R. , Chipps Steve R. , Davis Jacob L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Density-dependent growth has been well documented among stream-dwelling Brown Trout Salmo trutta populations. In Spearfish Creek, South Dakota, biomass of adult Brown Trout (&gt;200 mm) is about three times greater than that reported for similar Black Hills streams, whereas the mean length of adult fish is about 30% less. Here, we evaluate density reduction as a management tool for improving the growth rate of stream-dwelling Brown Trout. We compared age-specific growth of wild Brown Trout in stream sections receiving 50% reductions in fish abundance (removal sections) to that of fish in sections containing natural densities (control sections). Annual growth in length and weight of older Brown Trout (age &gt; 2) was greater in removal sections compared to control sections, particularly among fish between 230 and 280 mm TL (ages 3–4). We attribute the growth response to constraints imposed by food availability and the strong feeding hierarchies, characteristic of larger (older) Brown Trout. Data collected from PIT-tagged fish that were recaptured 2 years after fish removal efforts revealed that growth responses owing to density reduction likely did not extend beyond 1 year. Nonetheless, among cohorts that showed improved growth after the first year, we found that their growth advantage was sustained into the second year. At removal sections, age-3 and older Brown Trout that experienced greater growth after 1 year were larger than fish from control sections 2 years later at age 5 and older. Identification of cohort(s) for which density-dependent growth is most pronounced could help to focus efforts on targeted reduction of specific fish sizes/ages that minimize the cost–benefit ratio of fish removal efforts.
A decoupled stabilized finite element method for the dual‐porosity‐Navier–Stokes fluid flow model arising in shale oil
Authors: Gao Liang , Li Jian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the decoupled stabilized finite element method for the dual‐porosity‐Navier–Stokes model coupling the free flow region and the microfracture‐matrix system by using four interface conditions on the interface. The stabilized finite element method is decoupled in two levels, and it allows the coupling problem to be divide into three subproblems in a non‐iterative manner, which improves the computational efficiency. In addition, the stability and convergence of the decoupling scheme are also analyzed. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated by some numerical experiments.
Three‐dimensional chemical reactors: in situ materials synthesis to advance vat photopolymerization
Authors: Yee Daryl W , Greer Julia R 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVat photopolymerization (VP) is one of the most remarkable additive manufacturing techniques today and has been used for a variety of applications, from materials research to product manufacturing. The main challenge with VP is the limited choice of compatible materials, which motivates significant interest in VP materials development. We provide a brief overview of the materials that are currently accessible via VP and highlight recent advances in the field. We also provide perspective on expanding the library of materials compatible with VP using in situ materials synthesis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans prognosis in children
Authors: Jung Jae Hwa , Kim Ga Eun , Min In Kyung , Jang Haerin , Kim Soo Yeon , Kim Min Jung , Kim Yoon Hee , Shin Hyun Joo , Yoon Haesung , Sohn Myung Hyun , Lee Mi‐Jung , Kim Kyung Won 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe prognosis of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) has many implications, ranging between reduced quality of life and life‐threatening complications. We evaluated the prognostic factors for PIBO using the baseline clinical characteristics of patients and built a prediction model for determining the prognoses of PIBO patients using the identified parameters.MethodsWe included 47 PIBO patients who underwent spirometry and impulse oscillometry and followed them up for at least 1 year. A patient's prognosis was classified as poor if the patient experienced at least one of the following: persistent respiratory symptoms for more than 1 year, two or more instances of hospitalizations due to respiratory symptoms, or more than one intensive care unit admission.ResultsThe prognoses of 32/47 (68.1%) patients was good, while that of 15/47 (31.9%) was poor. Spirometry results showed significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow at 25%–75% of FVC, and post‐bronchodilator (BD) FEV1 values in the poor prognosis group; chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated more inflammatory bronchiolitis findings. We created a nomogram for predicting prognoses using post‐BD FEV1 and inflammatory bronchiolitis on chest CT. The area under the curve for the nomogram was 84.6% (95% confidence interval: 72.8%–96.4%).ConclusionsPIBO patients with lower pulmonary function values and more findings of inflammatory bronchiolitis on initial examination have poor prognoses. The nomogram for predicting PIBO prognosis is easy to use and can be applied at the time of diagnosis.
An autonomous IoT service placement methodology in fog computing
Authors: Ayoubi Masoumeh , Ramezanpour Mohammadreza , Khorsand Reihaneh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWith the increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices having limited resources, an extension of the cloud‐computing paradigm has emerged so‐called fog computing, where all the fog cells are located at the edge of the network and the latency can be reduced. Meanwhile, an important challenge has attracted much attention with the definition of fog computing is service placement problem that is still at its very beginning research. It allows to deployment IoT applications on computational fog resources, with the objective of optimizing quality of service (QoS) requirements of applications while taking into account maximizing the utilization of fog resources. In this paper, an autonomous IoT service placement methodology including four phases of monitoring, analysis, decision‐making, and execution is proposed called as (MADE). First, the available resources and application services' status are monitored at run time. Next, the requested services are prioritized with respect to application services' deadline. Then, the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm II is applied to take decisions about the application services placement as a multi‐objective optimization problem. Finally, the decisions made in the previous phases are executed in a fog environment. The experiment results indicate that the proposed methodology outperforms its counterparts in terms of different performance metrics.
Assessment of Alternative Sampling Designs for Range‐wide Monitoring of New England Cottontail
Authors: Rittenhouse Chadwick D. , Kovach Adrienne I. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTMonitoring within an adaptive management framework provides important insights about system responses to management and information on which management actions to adjust to improve outcomes over time. We evaluated the range‐wide monitoring survey of the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) and assessed its ability to track changes in species’ population status over time using data gathered under the original protocol in 2016–2017 from 204 sites in 5 states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York, USA). We used occupancy analysis and structured decision making to evaluate 2 questions: 1) Does the monitoring survey provide the information needed to meet monitoring goals? and 2) What changes in the monitoring protocol, survey‐site selection, or field‐data collection are needed to better meet monitoring goals? A power analysis applied to data from the 2016–2017 survey indicated insufficient power (<0.80) to detect a large (0.50) change in occupancy, and either increasing the number of sites sampled, the number of occupied sites sampled, or both actions were needed to increase power and enable range‐wide survey objectives to be met. A revised study design was implemented in 2017–2018 that included sampling 146 of about 210 known occupied sites in 6 states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island, USA) and provided sufficient power (0.81) to detect a small (0.30) change in occupancy. The revised study design revealed a 50% decline in the number of known occupied sites has occurred over the last decade. Our findings highlight the importance of study‐design considerations in monitoring protocols and the important role of structured decision‐making in making transparent, data‐informed, and defendable decisions when developing, evaluating, and revising monitoring plans for cryptic and rare species such as the New England cottontail. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
COVID‐19 and the water–energy–food nexus in Africa: Evidence from Nigeria, Uganda, and Tanzania
Authors: Durodola Oludare Sunday , Nabunya Victo , Kironde Margaret Sima , Nevo Chinedu Miracle , Bwambale Joash 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWater, energy, and food are necessary resources for well‐being and economic development. The physical and economic access to these resources in most Sub‐Saharan countries remains very low while the outbreak of COVID‐19 is projected to worsen the situation. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impacts of COVID‐19 on the access to water, energy, and food as well as to identify innovations in water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices and examine the current policy interventions in Nigeria, Uganda, and Tanzania. An online survey through a Google Forms sampling 842 respondents was adopted and responses were analyzed. Results indicate that there is an insignificant correlation of COVID‐19 with water and energy access in all the three countries. However, there is a significant relationship with food access in all the three countries though still minimal in Tanzania. Interestingly, there is an improvement in WASH due to increased local innovations and continued mass sensitization. The study highly recommends policies that could improve affordability and encourage innovations in the factors studied.
Madness, Mythopoetry and Medicine
Authors: Ademosu Temitope , Thomas Tutiette , Adebiyi Sola 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter draws on a detailed transgenerational case study, the story of ‘Masimbo’, which involves migration, to highlight the conceptualisation and journey of mental illness within an African cultural perspective. In Masimbo’s story, African understandings of mental disorder are side-lined by Western approaches with untoward consequences for him and his family. The implication that is drawn from this, however, is not that African perspectives should replace Western approaches but rather that they should be used together. Thus, Masimbo’s story is illuminated with comments woven in from both an African (Yoruba traditional conceptualisation) and a systemic psychotherapy perspective. This shows how respecting both perspectives is possible and preferable from a person-centred point of view as different narratives/understandings are foregrounded and backgrounded like a tapestry, promoting an approach in which mental illness and the nuances that culture brings, is appreciated and worked with. We conclude with a reflection on the nature of storytelling as mythopoetry within African culture and its role in bridging between perspectives in mental health.
Vectors of Best Practice: An Introduction to Part III, Practice
Authors: Fulford Bill 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces Part III of the book. Contributing chapters illustrate the role of a culturally enriched form of values-based practice in building best practice in the design and delivery of contemporary mental health services. Topics covered from the model of values-based practice set out in chapter ‘Surprised by Values: An Introduction to Values-Based Practice and the Use of Personal Narratives in this Book’ include, person-values-centred care, the extended multidisciplinary team, shared clinical decision-making supported by dissensus within frameworks of shared values, and recovery practice. The bottom-line message is that incorporated into values-based practice, cultural values cease to operate as barriers to, and instead become effective vectors of, best practice in mental health.
Cross-Cultural Factors and Identity in Adolescence
Authors: Matanova Vanya , Hristova Anna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe story of 13-year-old B, a female adolescent with self-harming behavior, and her father and other family members, shows the importance and impact of multicultural factors both in early child development and in establishing identity in adolescence. Born from a mixed marriage between an English mother and a Bulgarian father, B experiences a series of traumatic separations arising from clashes between the expectations and values of her parents’ respective cultures. Presented in a series of distinct episodes, B’s story illustrates the impact of the values conflicts arising in the context of our increasingly multicultural society, and the role of cross-cultural psychology in values-informed family therapy aimed at addressing such conflicts.