bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Orts, Scraps, and Fragments’: Translation, Non-Translation, and the Fragments of Ancient Greece
Authors: Goldschmidt Nora 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows how a wide range of writers—including Richard Aldington, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, C. P. Cavafy, and James Joyce—deployed contemporary interpretations and translations of fragments of Ancient Greek. A wealth of newly discovered source texts on papyrus was uncovered in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Together with recent scholarly commentaries on fragmentary Greek authors, these were taken up by modernist writers, foregrounding the difficulties of textual and cultural transmission. The chapter emphasizes the remoteness of the ancient texts and examines how modern attempts to downplay this historical difference, as in Liddell and Scott’s celebrated dictionary, could perversely prove to be barriers to understanding. The chapter contends that attempts to express the meaning of an alien and irrecoverable ancient past can be more estranging even than non-translation.
The Direct Method: Ezra Pound, Non-Translation, and the International Future
Authors: Beasley Rebecca 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how literary non-translation might be considered as an instance in a broader reevaluation of translation as a social, political and pedagogical practice in the wake of the First World War and the rise of internationalism during the 1920s. What kind of literature would be produced by ‘the international mind’ of that decade, to use the popular phrase coined by Nicholas Butler? While the increased discussion and popularity of international languages like Interlingua, Esperanto, and Basic English might suggest that translation between languages was replaced by translation into a new or modified international language, writers appear to have been more interested in preserving the diversity of national languages by incorporating non-translated elements into their texts. The chapter explores these issues through analysis of Ezra Pound’s connections with The Future magazine.
Cyclical change and problems of projection
Authors: van Gelderen Elly 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn diachronic change, specifiers are reanalysed as heads and heads as higher heads. When the older specifiers and heads are renewed, a linguistic cycle emerges. Explanations provided for these cycles include structural and featural economy (e.g. van Gelderen 2004; 2011). Chomsky’s (2013, 2015) focus on labelling as unconnected to merge makes it possible to see the cycles in another way, namely as resolutions to labelling problems. The Labelling Algorithm (LA) operates after merge is complete, when a syntactic derivation is transferred to the interfaces. When a head and a phrase merge, the LA determines that the head is the label by Minimal Search. Where two phrases merge, the LA cannot find the head and one of the phrases has to either move or share features with the other. This chapter argues that, in addition to Chomsky’s resolutions to labelling paradoxes, reanalysing a phrase as a head also resolves the paradox. It also shows that the third factor principle minimal search is preferable over feature-sharing. The change from phrase to head is frequent, as eight cross-linguistically attested changes show. In addition, in the renewal stage of a cycle, adjuncts are frequently incorporated as arguments showing a preference of set-merge (feature-sharing) over pair-merge.
Weak elements in cycles
Authors: Garzonio Jacopo , Rossi Silvia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe diachronic development of Modern Italian pronouns, in particular of the 3pl dative loro ‘to them’ (Cardinaletti 2010; Egerland 2010), could be seen as the first step in a linguistic cycle in which elements become more and more structurally deficient, going from strong XPs, through weak deficient XPs, and finally to clitic X°s. However, historical data from Old Tuscan varieties show that there is much distributional instability and variation which is not easily accommodated in Cardinaletti and Starke’s (1999) tripartite typology. It will be claimed that the diachronic development of dative loro can be captured in terms of a close interaction between the internal structure of pronouns (where reanalysis as upward movement and the Head Preference Principle derive different degrees of structural deficiency), and general rules governing sentence structure.
Bare singular nouns in Middle Norwegian
Authors: Kinn Kari 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOld Norwegian allowed bare singular count nouns (BSNs) to a greater extent than Modern Norwegian. This chapter discusses BSNs in the transitional period between these two language stages, Middle Norwegian. It is shown that although BSNs are not very frequent in Middle Norwegian, they do occur, especially with indefinite interpretation; their distribution also seems compatible with previous suggestions that the indefinite article went through a stage of marking specificity. On the basis of these findings it is argued that a nominal structure different from that found in Modern Norwegian was retained until quite late, at least in some speakers.
On the relative cycle
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Sanfelici Emanuela 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter investigates linguistic cycles in order to shed light on the general principles of language change, in the light of certain recent developments in syntactic theory, in particular Kayne’s (2016) proposal that all heads are necessarily silent. If this approach is on the right track, it would have major consequences for economy-based theories of language change that make heavy use of spec-to-head reanalyses. Instead of a spec-to-head reanalysis, we propose that cycles can be accounted for in terms of a change in the silent nominals that an item can be paired with. The testing ground of our claim is provided by the history of Italian relativizers.
Reforming French
Authors: Schneider Robert A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the force and novelty of the movement among a generation of writers to raise the French vernacular to expressive heights that would surpass the prestige of Latin and Greek and rival contemporary Italian. The chapter also identifies leading writers who opposed this movement—whose opposition, indeed, only reinforces the conclusion that it was a veritable movement. It shows that it was not simply a matter of their writings but also their participation in a whole range of informal associations that underpinned this movement. The chapter finally turns to one of the most notable efforts of these writers: their commitment to the project of translating mostly ancient texts into a French that would appeal to an enlarged French readership.
Introduction
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Multiple introductions are warranted to this complex and unusual series. The first section describes its origins, its polymath editor C. K. Ogden, some of his related editorial ventures, and the books by some of the more prominent contributors. The distinctive futurological angle is discussed, together with its generally progressive orientation, and commitment to intelligent debate. The importance of the scientific approach is introduced, as a main thread running through the series and this study. Two superb, influential science volumes are introduced: the initial book, J. B. S. Haldane’s Daedalus; or, Science and the Future (1923); and J. D. Bernal’s The World, the Flesh, and the Devil (1929). Some cardinal intellectual contexts are established: how the series addresses time, eugenics, and modernity. Its organization is considered. The contemporary impact is assessed, leading to a discussion of the value of studying past predictions for thinking not only about the past but about the nature of prediction. The second introductory section places the series in the history of futurological thinking from the fin de siècle to the present. It starts from a contrast between today’s data-driven professionalized group foresight exercises and individual imaginative projections.
Higher-Order Uncertainty
Authors: Dorst Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
You have higher-order uncertainty iff you are uncertain of what opinions you should have. This chapter defends three claims about it. First, the higher-order evidence debate can be helpfully reframed in terms of higher-order uncertainty. The central question becomes how your first- and higher-order opinions should relate—a precise question that can be embedded within a general, tractable framework. Second, this question is nontrivial. Rational higher-order uncertainty is pervasive, and lies at the foundations of the epistemology of disagreement. Third, the answer is not obvious. The Enkratic Intuition—that your first-order opinions must “line up” with your higher-order opinions—is incorrect; epistemic akrasia can be rational. If all this is right, then it leaves us without answers—but with a clear picture of the question, and a fruitful strategy for pursuing it.
Evidence of Evidence as Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Eder Anna-Maria A. , Brössel Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn everyday life and in science we acquire evidence of evidence and based on this new evidence we often change our epistemic states. An assumption underlying such practice is that the following EEE Slogan is correct: ‘evidence of evidence is evidence’. We suggest that evidence of evidence is best understood as higher-order evidence about the epistemic state of agents. In order to model evidence of evidence the chapter introduces a new powerful framework for modelling epistemic states, Dyadic Bayesianism. Based on this framework, it then discusses characterizations of evidence of evidence and argues for one of them. Finally, the chapter shows that whether the EEE Slogan holds, depends on the specific kind of evidence of evidence.
Return to Reason
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses responses to the author’s “Rationality’s Fixed Point (or: In Defense of Right Reason).” Among other things, the chapter: explains how the author understands rationality; explains why akrasia is irrational; intuitively overviews the argument from the Akratic Principle to the Fixed Point Thesis; explains why you can’t avoid this argument by distinguishing the rational from the reasonable, ideal rationality from everyday rationality, or substantive from structural norms; responds to the suggestion that misleading higher-order evidence creates rational dilemmas; explains why the Fixed Point Thesis doesn’t assume objectivist or externalist notions of rationality; dismisses complaints about agents who aren’t able to “figure out” what’s rational; then responds to an objection that peer disagreement undermines doxastic justification. Finally, the chapter modifies the author’s steadfast position on peer disagreement to take into account cases in which peer disagreement rationally affects an agent’s first-order opinions without affecting higher-order ones.
Catholic Doctrines on the Jewish People after Vatican II
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The book explores Roman Catholic doctrines after the Second Vatican Council regarding the Jewish people (1965–2015). It establishes the emergence of the teaching that God’s covenant with the Jewish people is irrevocable. What does this mean for Catholics regarding Jewish religious rituals, the land, and mission? The book examines early magisterial documents that seem to contradict current teachings. The apparent contradiction is historically contextualized. It argues two points. First, that earlier teachings accept the positive value of Jewish rituals within certain conditions. This can be applied, in principle, to contemporary religious Jewish rituals. These earlier traditions also show a positive valuation of Jewish cultic practices within the early Christian church. The book examines new Catholic approaches to the Old Testament. Despite different New Testament teachings about the land, it is argued that the promise of the Land to the Jewish people, with various conditions, can be regarded as valid for Catholics. The book also examines the Holy See’s shifting attitude to the modern State of Israel and its pragmatic silence on the theology of land. The book proposes a form of minimalist Catholic Zionism: affirming the land without excluding a just Palestinian resolution. The book explores unresolved Catholic teachings on ‘mission’ and ‘witness’. The centre of this debate concerns the new assumption that Christians should not erase God-given Jewish identity. The book asks: could Hebrew Catholics witness to this reality while also testifying to the compatibility and unity of the two covenants?
The Catholic Doctrine of God’s Irrevocable Covenant to the Jewish People
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The first chapter establishes the method used in the book and the varying weights given to magisterial Catholic teachings. It traces the emergence of two teachings deriving from the Second Vatican Council. The first, rooted in the Council, is the reality of the irrevocable covenant God has made with biblical Israel. The second, developed by Pope John Paul II, is the application of this status to Rabbinic Judaism. However, this second development, while being welcomed, raises a wide range of unresolved questions regarding the Jewish people in contemporary Catholic theology.
Investment Treaty Protections against Conflict-Related Injuries
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the investment treaty provisions most likely to be invoked by investors to redress conflict-related losses, notably the full protection and security provision (FPS) and the armed conflict clause. First, it examines the scope of the FPS standard, focusing on ‘police powers’ and ‘due diligence’ as two concepts that help demarcate the obligation under the provision. Second, it considers different types of armed conflict clauses and addresses the jurisprudential inconsistencies, in particular with regard to their relationship with FPS. Finally, the chapter looks into other treaty provisions (expropriation and fair and equitable treatment), arguing that investors’ expectations as to their protections will be likely assessed in light of the conflict crisis.
Father Chaucer
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Paternity is a powerful metaphor for literary authority and legitimacy, and thus Geoffrey Chaucer has been granted the supposedly supreme honor of being termed the “father of English poetry.” And yet, as this book argues, the idea of paternity as unchallenged authority is a far more modern construct. For Chaucer, the ability to create with certainty, with assurance in one’s own posterity, was the ardent dream that haunted human men. It was, however, a dream defined by its impossibility. For Chaucer and his peers occupied a fallen world, one in which all true authority belonged to God alone. This book argues that man’s struggle to create something that would last beyond death is at the very heart of The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer faces his own desire as a poet and a man to sire something that will last within the world. But Chaucer also knew deeply that such a dream would remain always out of reach for mortal men. And so Chaucer’s Tales taunts men with the multiple breakdowns of human generation, the insufficiencies of human cognition, genius, and hereditary institutions. Yet Chaucer also makes it clear that he counts himself among this humble species, a fellow pilgrim beset by the longing to wrest some small authority from the sum of his own flesh.
Uncertain Labor
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 approaches reproduction from the medieval scientific perspective of two contraries coming together, with the active male spirit working upon the passive female matter. Analyzing the Second Nun’s Tale and the Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, this chapter explores the way in which Chaucer imagined alternative strategies of conception. In the former, the Second Nun calls upon the Virgin Mary to partner her in a devotional practice of production; in the latter, the Canon and his Yeoman both attempt to create without the necessary contraries, bringing similar materials together in failed alchemical experiments that are distinguished by the queerness of their reproductive strategy. There are ways, Chaucer writes, to turn human labor into an authoritative generation, but one must partner with God in order to effect this triumph.
Introduction
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 motivates the theoretical contribution of the book, situates it within the existing literature, and provides an executive summary of the remaining part of the book. It begins by presenting four examples of clientelistic strategies commonly encountered during elections. These examples illustrate the existence of significant variation among the brokers mediating between candidates and voters and among the strategies used by these brokers to incentivize voters. While existing studies do not differentiate among different forms of electoral clientelism, but only contrast clientelistic and programmatic targeting, this volume highlights how different forms of electoral clientelism carry different information about politicians’ programmatic priorities. The main object of this book is to characterize the variation among clientelistic strategies and to examine how voters evaluate candidates that pursue different illicit strategies.
Disaggregating Clientelism
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the theoretical framework of the analysis. Definitional and conceptual issues related to the study of electoral clientelism are clarified, and a classification of clientelistic strategies that differentiates among strategies based on public versus private resources, and those structured as positive promises versus negative threats, is proposed. A theory is built that begins by conceptualizing the way that voters who are directly and indirectly exposed to different forms of clientelism perceive and react to it. Drawing on normative theories, it is conjectured that voters are likely to judge coercive strategies more severely than strategies premised on positive inducements. While candidates incur political audience costs from using various clientelistic strategies, they may attempt to reduce the severity of this constraint by sending voters signals about their personal attributes and their policy positions. The chapter develops theoretical expectations about the informational signals that may result from the use of different non-programmatic strategies for voters with certain policy preferences or characteristics. Finally, the chapter conceptualizes how these audience costs and resource constraints shape the choices that politicians make about the level and form of clientelism that they use. The normative reactions of voters and their likelihood of complying with the clientelistic exchanges shape the potential effectiveness of different strategies. It is also predicted that politicians’ abilities to employ different forms of clientelism are shaped by access to resources, including, most importantly, control of local flows of social policy through city halls.
Context and Research Design
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study examines clientelistic politics in two post-communist countries, Hungary and Romania. Chapter 3 presents descriptive information on the recent evolution of party systems in both countries and the changes in patterns of political competition in recent elections. It examines the most significant policies that provide opportunities for clientelistic manipulation of state resources. In both countries, the main social policy programs that can be subjected to political manipulation are workfare programs. The chapter discusses the main political considerations leading to the adoption of workfare programs characterized by high discretion of mayors over the allocation of policy benefits. It also describes how a mixed methods research design was crafted to study behavior that candidates, brokers, and voters often prefer to hide.
Policy Coercion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the use of non-programmatic strategies premised on welfare coercion. Drawing on ethnographic research, it documents the use of different coercive practices used by candidates in the region. “Blackmail” involves the initial toleration of some irregularities (such as non-payment of taxes), which are exploited at elections. Welfare coercion, by contrast, involves threats to cut off access to long-term benefits. The chapter argues that the use of coercion is a politically attractive strategy in localities where eligibility to welfare benefits is particularly politicized. In such localities, the use of clientelistic strategies premised on welfare favors is likely to be electorally costly. By contrast, the use of coercion allows mayors to maximize electoral support from beneficiaries of social policies, while at the same time signaling a policy position of toughness on welfare to opponents of the social policy programs. Using listexperiments, the chapter documents the use of coercive strategies and shows that the incidence of such strategies is higher in localities where a larger share of voters cannot meet the eligibility criteria for social policy benefits. It also examines how voters evaluate candidates that use coercive clientelistic strategies as opposed to strategies premised on favors and find that the use of coercion is usually viewed more harshly.
Economic Coercion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns to the analysis of clientelistic strategies premised on economic coercion. In urban settings, the main brokers involved in coercive strategies are employers who threaten employees with a reduction in their wages or with economic layoffs. In rural settings, the main economic brokers are moneylenders, who threaten voters with the worsening of their ongoing economic exchanges. The chapter documents the existence of these coercive strategies using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The variation across localities in the incidence of such strategies is likely to be affected by economic conditions that increase the capacity of brokers to withstand efforts of some candidates to reduce their economic influence.