bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital lung abnormality quantification by computed tomography: The CLAQ method
Authors: Hermelijn Sergei M. , Dragt Olivier V. , Bosch Jochem J. , Hijkoop Annelieke , Riera Luis , Ciet Pierluigi , Wijnen René M.H. , Schnater Johannes Marco , Tiddens Harm A.W.M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo date, no consensus has been reached on the optimal management of congenital lung abnormalities, and factors predicting postnatal outcome have not been identified. We developed an objective quantitative computed tomography (CT) scoring method, and assessed its value for clinical decision‐making.MethodsVolumetric CT‐scans of all patients born with a congenital lung abnormality between January 1999 and 2018 were assessed. Lung disease was quantified using the newly‐developed congenital lung abnormality quantification (CLAQ) scoring method. In 20 equidistant axial slices, cells of a square grid were scored according to the abnormality within. The scored CT parameters were used to predict development of symptoms, and SD scores for spirometry and exercise tolerance (Bruce treadmill test) at 8 years of age.ResultsCT‐scans of 124 patients with a median age of 5 months were scored. Clinical diagnoses included congenital pulmonary airway malformation (49%), bronchopulmonary sequestration (27%), congenital lobar overinflation (22%), and bronchogenic cyst (1%). Forty‐four patients (35%) developed symptoms requiring surgery of whom 28 (22%) patients became symptomatic before a CT‐scan was scheduled. Lesional hyperdensity was found as an important predictor of symptom development and decreased exercise tolerance. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, an optimal cut‐off value for developing symptoms was found at 18% total disease.ConclusionCT‐quantification of congenital lung abnormalities using the CLAQ method is an objective and reproducible system to describe congenital lung abnormalities on chest CT. The risk for developing symptoms may increase when more than a single lung lobe is affected.
Assessment of scalar relativistic effects on halogen bonding and σ‐hole properties
Authors: Kolář Michal H. , Suchá Denisa , Pitoňák Michal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHalogen bond (X‐bond) is a noncovalent interaction between a halogen atom and an electron donor. It is often rationalized by a region of the positive electrostatic potential on the halogen atom, so‐called σ‐hole. The X‐bond strength increases with the atomic number of the halogen involved; thus, for heavier halogens, relativistic effects become of concern. This poses a challenge for the quantum chemical description of X‐bonded complexes. To quantify scalar relativistic effects (SREs) on the interaction energies and σ‐hole properties, we have performed highly accurate coupled‐cluster calculations at the complete basis set limit of several X‐bonded complexes and their halogenated monomers. We found that the SREs are comparable in magnitude to the effect of the basis set. The nonrelativistic calculations typically underestimate the attraction by up to 5% or 23% for brominated and iodinated complexes, respectively. Counterintuitively, the electron densities at the bond critical points are larger for SRE‐free calculations than for the relativistic ones. SREs yield smaller, flatter, and more positive σ‐holes. Finally, we highlight the importance of diffuse functions in the basis sets and provide quantitative arguments for using basis sets with pseudopotentials as an affordable alternative to a more rigorous Douglas‐Kroll‐Hess relativistic theory.
The processes of preferential flow in the unsaturated zone
Authors: Nimmo John R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPreferential flow, a major influence in unsaturated soil and rock almost everywhere, occurs by multiple phenomenologically distinct hydraulic processes. For the mode known as funneled flow, concentrated in particularly conductive portions of the medium, the surface‐tension/viscous‐flow processes of traditional unsaturated flow theory predominate. Fingered flow, through conductive paths of higher water content than surrounding material, requires amendments to traditional theory concerning instabilities and dynamic flow‐regime boundaries. Macropore flow, the most recognized preferential flow mode, poses unanswered questions and major difficulties in practice. Accumulated evidence shows that water flows preferentially mostly through macropores that are (a) only partially filled with water, and (b) surrounded by matrix material that is drier, sometimes much drier, than saturation. With partial filling, geometric characteristics such as aperture have much less influence than was previously thought, and the intra‐macropore configuration of the flowing water phase, about which little is conclusively known, is then a dominant controlling influence. With unsaturated surroundings, macropore/matrix exchange interactions control, for given input and medium, the initiating circumstances, conveyed flux, and duration of macropore flow. The multiple processes in play during such interactions have different sensitivities to the matrix water state and different directions of influence. The net influence of matrix water content on macropore flow is thus highly complex and a major research need. Additional high‐priority topics are: flowpath connectivity, for watersheds as well as small scales; intra‐macropore processes, to discern their importance and possible means of quantification; and the identification of measurable soil and rock properties that can be utilized predictively.
Development and validation of an analytical method for quantification of potential genotoxic impurity 4‐dimethylaminopyridine in linagliptin active pharmaceutical ingredient using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Al‐Sabti Bashar , Harbali Jehad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA sensitive analytical method was developed to estimate the potential genotoxic impurity 4‐dimethylaminopyridine in linagliptin pharmaceutical ingredient. 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine is a reactive reagent used in synthesis of linagliptin. Sensitivity of the studied method was excellent at a level of 30 ppm of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine relative to linagliptin when samples of linagliptin were prepared at 10.0 mg/mL. A silica (150 mm × 4 mm, 3 µm) column was used to analyze the samples in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode. A mobile phase of water–acetonitrile (15:85, v/v) containing 10.0 mM ammonium acetate was prepared and adjusted to pH 6.2. Flow rate of the method was 1.3 mL/min and the ultraviolet detector was set at 258 nm. This method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines in terms of detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. The method had excellent linearity in the concentration range of 15–450 ppm with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Detection limit and quantitation limit were 4.46 and 14.87 ppm, respectively.
Investigation of silicone rubber composites reinforced with carbon nanotube, nanographite, their hybrid, and applications for flexible devices
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Alam Md. Najib , Manikkavel Amutheesan , Choi Jungwook , Lee Dong‐Joo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNew technology is constantly required for updating new generation flexible devices, such as stretchable sensors, flexible electronics, and actuators. In the present study, a stretchable strain sensor, and actuator were developed based on room‐temperature‐vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanographite (GR), and CNT‐GR hybrids. A CNT‐based strain sensor developed for RTV silicone rubber showed improved stiffness and brittleness. For example, at 5 phr of filler loading, the compressive and tensile modulus for the CNT‐reinforced RTV silicone matrix improved by 287% and 240%, respectively. Similarly, the improvements in the compressive and tensile modulus were moderate for the CNT‐GR hybrid (210% and 235%) and low for GR (135% and 125%). The improved brittleness resulted in a higher fracture strain of 170% and 155% for the CNT‐GR hybrid and GR, respectively. The improved mechanical properties were tested in real‐life applications of actuation. The actuation displacement at a filler loading of 2 phr increased to 1.65 mm (CNT), 1.25 mm (CNT‐GR), and 0.08 mm (GR). From 2 to 8 kV, the actuation displacement increased by 825% (CNT), 830% (CNT‐GR), and 32% (GR). The strain sensor showed a stretchability of >100% (CNT) and >100% (CNT‐GR). In addition, the gauge factor was higher for the CNT‐GR hybrid composites. The durability measurements showed that the change in resistance was negligible for up to 5000 cycles in both the CNT and CNT‐GR rubber composites. A series of experiments confirmed that compared to the composite based on RTV silicone rubber and CNT, the CNT‐GR hybrid showed a robust flexibility and stretchability as a piezo‐resistive strain sensor and actuator.
Resultate der operativen und strahlentherapeutischen Behandlung von adenoidzystischen Karzinomen der Speicheldrüsen
Authors: Bastian T. , D’Heygere V. , Deuß E. , Lax H. , Wittig A. , Sauerwein W. , Arweiler-Harbeck D. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie chirurgische Resektion stellt die wesentliche Säule zur Behandlung der adenoidzystischen Karzinome (ACC) der Speicheldrüsen dar. Hinsichtlich einer zusätzlichen Strahlentherapie gibt es in Bezug auf den Zeitpunkt und die Art der Therapie unterschiedliche Ansätze. In dieser Studie werden das Gesamtüberleben und das rezidivfreie Überleben zweier am Universitätsklinikum Essen behandelter Patienten mit ACC der Speicheldrüsen verglichen, die (A) entweder unmittelbar nach operativer Therapie oder (B) erst bei Auftreten eines Lokalrezidivs eine Strahlentherapie mit schnellen Neutronen und Photonen (Mixed-beam-Technik) erhielten. Gruppe A (n = 28, Erstdiagnose [ED]: 09/1991–09/2009) erhielt unmittelbar postoperativ eine adjuvante Strahlentherapie, Gruppe B (n = 24, ED: 06/1979–11/2001) erhielt dem damaligen Therapieregime entsprechend primär ausschließlich eine Tumorresektion und wurde erst bei Auftreten eines Lokalrezidivs bestrahlt. Gruppe A wies im Vergleich zu Gruppe B eine geringere Rezidivrate und ein signifikant längeres lokal rezidivfreies Überleben auf, Gruppe B dagegen ein signifikant höheres Gesamtüberleben. Eine Fernmetastasierung trat in beiden Gruppen gleich häufig auf, der Zeitpunkt des Auftretens war in Gruppe A jedoch signifikant früher. Fernmetastasierung hatte generell einen relevant negativen Einfluss auf das Gesamtüberleben. Nach alleinig operativer Primärtherapie ist die lokale Rezidivrate sehr hoch, die unmittelbare adjuvante High-LET(linearer Energietransfer)-Radiatio senkt die lokale Rezidivrate. Eine Bestrahlung nach Eintreten eines Rezidivs beeinflusste das Gesamtüberleben positiv. Insgesamt ermöglicht die definitive High-LET-Bestrahlung in Mixed-beam-Technik sowohl primär postoperativ als auch bei lokoregionären Rezidiven hohe Kontrollraten.
Einfluss der Distanz zum Thrombus bei akutem Verschluss der Arteria cerebi media
Authors: Mühl-Benninghaus Ruben , Nebilir Salman , Simgen Andreas , Wagenpfeil Gudrun , Kettner Michael , Fousse Mathias , Reith Wolfgang , Yilmaz Umut 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Therapiestrategie von Patienten mit akutem Schlaganfall der Arteria cerebri media (ACM) wird durch die Lokalisation der Okklusion beeinflusst. Diese Studie zielte darauf ab, die klinischen Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit akutem ischämischem ACM-Verschluss, die mit endovaskulärer mechanischer Thrombektomie (EVT) behandelt wurden, entsprechend dem Okklusionsort zu analysieren.

Methoden
Es wurden 54 Patienten (Alter: 73 ± 15 Jahre; 59 % weiblich), die aufgrund eines akuten ACM-Verschlusses mittels EVT behandelt wurden, eingeschlossen. In koronar reformatierten MIP-Bildern (Maximumintensitätsprojektion) der CT-Angiographie wurde die Distanz zum Thrombus (DT), also dem Abstand vom Karotis‑T zum Beginn des Thrombus, gemessen. Die Korrelation zwischen DT, klinischer Symptomatik und klinischem Outcome der Patienten mit EVT-Therapie wurde analysiert.

Ergebnisse
Die DT korrelierte mit der klinischen Symptomatik, gemessen an der National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; p = 0,017; R = −0,324), bei Aufnahme. Sie korrelierte auch mit der modifizierten Rankin-Skala nach 90 Tagen (90-Tage-mRS; p = 0,014; R = −0,333). Die DT ist ein Prädiktor für ein gutes klinisches Outcome (mRS nach 90 Tagen) nach EVT; Odds-Ratio: 1,113 (p = 0,02; 95 % Konfidenzintervall [KI] 1,017–1,219). Eine DT >10 mm korrelierte signifikant (p = 0,036) mit einem guten klinischen Outcome (90-Tage-mRS ≤2).

Schlussfolgerung
Die DT korreliert mit der klinischen Symptomatik von Patienten mit akutem ACM-Verschluss. Darüber hinaus sie ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für das klinische Outcome von Patienten, die an einem akuten Schlaganfall durch ACM-Okklusion leiden.
Enhancing the differentiation of pulmonary lymphoma and fungal pneumonia in hematological patients using texture analysis in 3-T MRI
Authors: Kim Damon , Elgeti Thomas , Penzkofer Tobias , Steffen Ingo G. , Jensen Laura J. , Schwartz Stefan , Hamm Bernd , Nagel Sebastian N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate texture analysis in nonenhanced 3-T MRI for differentiating pulmonary fungal infiltrates and lymphoma manifestations in hematological patients and to compare the diagnostic performance with that of signal intensity quotients (“nonenhanced imaging characterization quotients,” NICQs).

Methods
MR scans were performed using a speed-optimized imaging protocol without an intravenous contrast medium including axial T2-weighted (T2w) single-shot fast spin-echo and T1-weighted (T1w) gradient-echo sequences. ROIs were drawn within the lesions to extract first-order statistics from original images using HeterogeneityCAD and PyRadiomics. NICQs were calculated using signal intensities of the lesions, muscle, and fat. The standard of reference was histology or clinical diagnosis in follow-up. Statistical testing included ROC analysis, clustered ROC analysis, and DeLong test. Intra- and interrater reliability was tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results
Thirty-three fungal infiltrates in 16 patients and 38 pulmonary lymphoma manifestations in 19 patients were included. Considering the leading lesion in each patient, diagnostic performance was excellent for T1w entropy (AUC 80.2%; p < 0.005) and slightly inferior for T2w energy (79.9%; p < 0.005), T1w uniformity (79.6%; p < 0.005), and T1w energy (77.0%; p < 0.01); the best AUC for NICQs was 72.0% for T2NICQmean (p < 0.05). Intra- and interrater reliability was good to excellent (ICC > 0.81) for these parameters except for moderate intrarater reliability of T1w energy (ICC = 0.64).

Conclusions
T1w entropy, uniformity, and energy and T2w energy showed the best performances for differentiating pulmonary lymphoma and fungal pneumonia and outperformed NICQs. Results of the texture analysis should be checked for their intrinsic consistency to identify possible incongruities of single parameters.

Key Points
• Texture analysis in nonenhanced pulmonary MRI improves the differentiation of pulmonary lymphoma and fungal pneumonia compared with signal intensity quotients.
• T1w entropy, uniformity, and energy along with T2w energy show the best performances for differentiating pulmonary lymphoma from fungal pneumonia.
• The results of the texture analysis should be checked for their intrinsic consistency to identify possible incongruities of single parameters.
Die kommunale Spielapparatesteuer und der bundesstaatliche Finanzausgleich
Authors: Broer Michael 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Bundesverfassungsgericht hat in der Vergangenheit Urteile zum föderalen Finanzausgleich in Deutschland gefällt. Eine wichtige Frage war, welche Steuern Teil der Umverteilung im föderalen Finanzausgleich sein sollten. Das Gericht hat Kriterien entwickelt, anhand derer eine Entscheidung möglich ist. Auf Grundlage dieser Kriterien lassen sich Steuern, die Teil des föderalen Finanzausgleichs sind, mit der kommunalen Spielapparatesteuer vergleichen, die dort noch nicht berücksichtigt ist. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass die Spielapparatesteuer in den föderalen Finanzausgleich einbezogen werden sollte, da ihre Einnahmen unter anderem wesentlich höher sind als diejenigen von bereits berücksichtigten Steuern.
Telekommunikationsnetze in Deutschland — mit einem öffentlichen Unternehmen ausbauen
Authors: Ilgmann Cordelius , Störr André 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Debatte um den Ausbau von Mobilfunk- und Glasfasernetzen in Deutschland bedarf einer Objektivierung. Statt Ängste zu schüren, gilt es nüchtern zu überprüfen, ob die Privatisierung der physischen Infrastruktur vor rund 25 Jahren sowie die getrennte Betrachtung von Glasfaser- und Mobilfunkausbau noch zeitgemäß ist, insbesondere wenn der Zugang zum Netz zunehmend unter dem Aspekt der Daseinsvorsorge bewertet wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund bedarf es einer ganzheitlichen Ausbauplanung für Glasfaser und Mobilfunk, die Versorgungsziele losgelöst vom Übertragungsweg mit Blick auf die tatsächliche Nutzung flächenbezogen definiert. Am effizientesten lässt sich dies durch eine öffentliche Infrastrukturgesellschaft umsetzen, die keine Änderungen im bestehenden Wettbewerbs- und Beihilferecht erfordern würde.
Modified mRNA as a Therapeutic Tool for the Heart
Authors: Kaur Keerat , Zangi Lior 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDespite various clinical modalities available for patients, heart disease remains among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Genetic medicine, particularly mRNA, has broad potential as a therapeutic. More specifically, mRNA-based protein delivery has been used in the fields of cancer and vaccination, but recent changes to the structural composition of mRNA have led the scientific community to swiftly embrace it as a new drug to deliver missing genes to injured myocardium and many other organs. Modified mRNA (modRNA)–based gene delivery features transient but potent protein translation and low immunogenicity, with minimal risk of insertional mutagenesis. In this review, we compared and listed the advantages of modRNA over traditional vectors for cardiac therapy, with particular focus on using modRNA therapy in cardiac repair. We present a comprehensive overview of modRNA’s role in cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation, cardiac vascularization, and prevention of cardiac apoptosis. We also emphasize recent advances in modRNA delivery strategies and discuss the challenges for its clinical translation.
Vision guided robotic inspection for parts in manufacturing and remanufacturing industry
Authors: Khan Aamir , Mineo Carmelo , Dobie Gordon , Macleod Charles , Pierce Gareth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEnvironmental and commercial drivers are leading to a circular economy, where systems and components are routinely recycled or remanufactured. Unlike traditional manufacturing, where components typically have a high degree of tolerance, components in the remanufacturing process may have seen decades of wear, resulting in a wider variation of geometries. This makes it difficult to translate existing automation techniques to perform Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) for such components autonomously. The challenge of performing automated inspections, with off-line tool-paths developed from Computer Aided Design (CAD) models, typically arises from the fact that those paths do not have the required level of accuracy. Beside the fact that CAD models are less available for old parts, these parts often differ from their respective virtual models. This paper considers flexible automation by combining part geometry reconstruction with ultrasonic tool-path generation, to perform Ultrasonic NDT. This paper presents an approach to perform custom vision-guided ultrasonic inspection of components, which is achieved through integrating an automated vision system and a purposely developed graphic user interface with a robotic work-cell. The vision system, based on structure from motion, allows creating 3D models of the parts. Also, this work compares four different tool-paths for optimum image capture. The resulting optimum 3D models are used in a virtual twin environment of the robotic inspection cell, to enable the user to select any points of interest for ultrasonic inspection. This removes the need of offline robot path-planning and part orientation for assessing specific locations on a part, which is typically a very time-consuming phase.
Vertebral growth modulation by posterior dynamic deformity correction device in skeletally immature patients with moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Floman Yizhar , El-Hawary Ron , Lonner Baron S. , Betz Randal R. , Arnin Uri 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Study design
Retrospective, comparative, multicenter.

Introduction
Growth modulating spinal implants are used in the management of scoliosis such as anterior vertebral body tethering. A motion-sparing posterior device (PDDC) was recently approved for the treatment of moderate AIS. The purpose of this study was to determine if the PDDC can modulate growth in skeletally immature patients with AIS.

Methods
From a database of patients treated with the PDDC over 4 years, we identified those who had a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Pre-operative and post-operative Cobb angles and coronal plane wedging of the apical vertebra were evaluated on standing full length radiographs. Independent sample t test and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis was used to compare three groups in varying skeletal maturity: Risser 0–1, Risser 2–3, and Risser 4–5.

Results
45 patients (14.2-years old, 11–17) were evaluated with a mean pre-op curve of 46° (35°-66°). The average preoperative major curve magnitude, of either Lenke 1 or 5 curve type, was similar among the three groups 47.6°, 46° and 41.5°. Deformity correction was similar in the three groups, with reduction to 26.4°, 20.4° and 26.2°, respectively, at final follow-up [p < 0.05]. Pre-op wedging 7.4° (3.8°–15°) was reduced after surgery to 5.7° (1°–15°) (p < 0.05). Of those patients, Risser 0–1 (n = 16) had preoperative wedging of 9.5° (6°–14.5°) that was reduced to 5.4° (1°–8°) postoperatively (p < 0.05); Risser 2–3 (n = 15) had pre-op 7.7° (4°–15°) vs. post-op 7.0° (3°–15°); Risser 4–5 (n = 14) had pre-op 4.8° (3.8°–6.5°) vs. post-op 4.7° (3.7°–6.5°). Delta Wedging in Risser 0–1 stage was significantly different than for Risser 2–3 and for Risser 4–5.

Conclusion
The posterior dynamic deformity correction device was able to modulate vertebral body wedging in skeletally immature patients with AIS. This was most evident in patients who were Risser 0–1. In contrast, curve correction was similar among the three groups. This finding lends support to the device’s ability to modulate growth.