bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Water Depth and Flow Velocity on Microstructure, Tensile Strength and Hardness in Underwater Wet Welding
Authors: Paundra F. , Anindito J. , Muhayat N. , Saputro Y. C. N. , Triyono  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Wet underwater welding is a welding process carried out under water. The depth and water flow velocity greatly affect the welding results. Thus, a further research needs to be done about the effect of the depth and water flow velocity of underwater wet welding. The research aimed to determine the effect of depth and velocity of water flow on underwater wet welding on physical and mechanical properties. The welding process is carried out by using SMAW method at a depth of 2.5 m and 5 m with variations in water flow velocity of 0, 1, and 2 m/s. Land welding is performed as a comparison. X-ray radiography, micro-structure, tensile strength, and Vickers hardness test were performed to determine the type of welding defects. Radiographic test results indicate an incomplete penetration defect (I), spatter (S), porosity (P), undercut (U), concavity (V), and irregular surface (Z). The results of the micro-structure test show that the grain size is fine and coarse as the depth and velocity of the water flow increase. Tensile strength and micro-hardness testing increase along with an increasing depth and velocity of water flow.
Performance of Additive in Metal Separation from Nickel Ore
Authors: Ghea Puspita Angella Natalia , Kawigraha Adji , Permatasari Nur Vita , Respati Santi Ari 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The potential resources and reserves of nickel ore in Indonesia is the third largest in the world. The potential quite large, but the nickel content found in nature is very small. To increase the added value of nickel ore, it is necessary to process/refine nickel ore. In addition, coal ratio parameter and process temperature in the reduction process, additive is also used as parameter for the composite reduction process. This research used 6 combination saprolite ore composite based on result of previous research. The objective of this research is to know the performance of additive in separation of metal from nickel ore based on result of XRD analysis. XRD analysis is used to know chemical compound saprolite ore composite after reduction process. This results from XRD analysis shown that additive CaCO3 has the best performance additive with higher Fe and Tetrataenite content with percentage of coal ratio of 30% in temperature of 1300 °C. For additive Ca2SO4 percentage coal ratio 15% have higher Fe and NiFeO content in temperature of 1200 °C and 1300 °C.
Numerical modelling of PCMs encapsulated in spherical shells using inverse enthalpy-temperature functions
Authors: Pop O G , Iuga C A , Tutunaru L. Fechete , Domnita F. , Balan M C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The study presents a numerical model that uses the enthalpy method in order to solve the moving boundary problem and to predict the thermal behaviour of phase change materials during solidification and melting. The commercially available paraffin RT21 is considered as phase change material, and the thermophysical properties of the paraffin were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. An inverse enthalpy-temperature function was determined based on the results of the differential scanning calorimetry measurements in order to model the phase change process. The model was experimentally validated, and good agreement was found between the computed and measured results.
Design and Implementation of Interface Circuits Intended for Printed Piezoelectric Micropower Harvesters on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Pandiev I , Aleksandrova M , Kolev G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Interface circuits with low power dissipation is proposed and implemented, which is useful for efficient AC/DC voltage conversion of thin-film piezoelectric micro-power stack mounted harvesters. The focus is on low-power (< 1 μW) elements consisting of printed PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric polymer on BaSrTiO3 coated flexible substrate with total thickness of the stack 3.1 μm. Using silver thin films as bottom and top electrodes, the samples exhibited stable piezoelectric rms voltage between 200 mV and 400 mV produced from functional area of ∼1.5 cm2 when stimulates it with sine-wave vibration with frequency of 50 Hz and intensity equivalent to mass loading between 1–80 g. The current registered from a single harvesting element is not greater than 1 μA. For this type of harvesters two power processing circuits intended are designed and built. The first circuit is a voltage doubler, for which the rectified output voltage is approximately equal to twice of the amplitude of the input voltage. The second circuit is a voltage quadrupler; as compared to the first one it provides higher voltage for charging a small and thin-size chip supercapacitor connected to the output port, but due to diodes voltage drops a smaller value of the energy efficiency can be obtained. For the implementation of the electronic circuits, low-power Schottky diodes with a forward voltage below 100 mV at current up to 0.1 mA are chosen. An experimental study to verify the efficiency of the proposed circuits is performed with laboratory made thin-film piezoelectric harvesters.
Bioprinting of an osteocyte network for biomimetic mineralization
Authors: Yang Yiqi , Wang Minqi , Yang Shengbing , Lin Yixuan , Zhou Qinghui , Li Hanjun , Tang Tingting 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Osteocytes, essential regulators of bone homeostasis, are embedded in the mineralized bone matrix. Given the spatial arrangement of osteocytes, bioprinting represents an ideal method to biofabricate a 3D osteocyte network with a suitable surrounding matrix similar to native bone tissue. Here, we reported a 3D bioprinted osteocyte-laden hydrogel for biomimetic mineralization in vitro with exceptional shape fidelity, a high cell density (107 cells per ml) and high cell viability (85%–90%). The bioinks were composed of biomimetic modified biopolymers, namely, gelatine methacrylamide (GelMA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), with or without type I collagen. The osteocyte-laden constructs were printed and cultured in mineralization induction media. After 28 d, increased dendritic cell connections and enhanced mineralized matrix production were observed after the addition of type I collagen. These results were further confirmed by the expression of osteocyte-related genes, markers of osteocyte morphology (Connexin43 and E11/Podoplanin), markers of mineralization (dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (Dmp1)) and the cellular response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Moreover, the 3D bioprinting constructs outperformed the 2D monolayer culture and they were at least comparable to 3D casted hydrogels in mimicking the natural osteocyte phenotype. All results indicated that the 3D bioprinting osteocyte network shows promise for mechanistic studies and pharmaceutical screening in vitro.
Application of β-diketone boron complex as an ultraviolet absorber in polyvinyl chloride film
Authors: Ma Xiaohong , Gao Huaizhi , Lu Yunhua , Liu Xingliang , Dang Li , Xu Shiai 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this paper, β-diketone boron complex (BF2-TPE) was first used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and then a series of PVC/BF2-TPE composite films were prepared by solvent casting method. UV accelerated aging experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of BF2-TPE on the photooxidative degradation of PVC, the structure and properties of the composite films in the UV aging process were characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical property analysis. The results show that BF2-TPE can absorb UV light in the wavelength range of 220–450 nm. The yield strength of the PVC/BF2-TPE composite film with 0.5% BF2-TPE (PVC/BF2-TPE0.5) decreases from 10.5 MPa to 7.8 MPa after 1200 h of UV irradiation, and its retention ratio is much higher compared with that of pure PVC film, indicating that BF2-TPE can inhibit the photooxidative degradation PVC. The PVC/BF2-TPE0.5 composite film shows higher temperature of onset decomposition, indicating that BF2-TPE can also enhance the thermal stability of PVC/BF2-TPE composite films.
Solution-processable electronic and redox-active liquid crystals based on the design of side chains
Authors: Funahashi Masahiro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For the development of solution-processable functional materials, it is significant to increase the solubilities of the materials for organic solvents, retaining ordered structures of functional π-conjugated units during an evaporation process of solvents. For this purpose, not only a design of π-conjugated functional units but also a design of side chains is indispensable. In addition to alkyl side chains utilized for liquid crystals and conjugated polymers, oligosiloxane, oligoethylene oxide, perfluoroalkyl side chains are discussed in this review. Oligosiloxane side chains remarkably increase the solubilities of π-conjugated liquid crystals and conjugated polymers while the side chains promote self-organization of π-conjugated units to enhance their functions. In the thin films of the liquid crystals and conjugated polymers bearing cycloterasiloxane rings, liquid crystalline nanosegregated structures can be immobilized by an exposure to acid vapors. Oligoethylene oxide chains also promote nanosegregation and coordinate with ionic species. This property provides liquid crystals with electrochemical functions. Perfluoroalkyl side chains reinforce nanosegregated structures to enhance device performances. The electroluminescence devices using π-conjugated liquid crystals and polymers can emit linearly polarized light. Field-effect transistors comprising liquid crystalline active layers provide flexible devices with high performance. Solar cells based on liquid crystalline nanosegregated structures have a potential for high performance devices, due to high carrier mobility in the liquid crystal phases. The π-conjugated liquid crystals bearing oligoethylene oxide chains and ionic moieties form thin films in which electrons and ions are conducted separately, resulting in a new kind of electrochemical devices.
Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers
Authors: Kuang Xiao , Roach Devin J , Hamel Craig M , Yu Kai , Qi H Jerry 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Programmable matter is a class of materials whose properties can be programmed to achieve a specific state upon a stimulus. Among them, shape programmable materials can change their shape, topographical architecture, or dimension triggered by external stimuli after material fabrication, finding broad applications in smart devices, soft robotics, actuators, reconfigurable metamaterials, and biomedical devices. Shape programmable polymers (SPPs) possess the advantages of low cost, the ability to achieve widely tunable stimuli response, and synthetic flexibility. Recent development has resulted in various new materials and fabrication techniques for SPPs. However, to better design and fabricate SPPs to satisfy specific applications, a more comprehensive understanding of SPPs is required. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art advances in materials, design methods, and fabrication techniques for SPPs. Based on different shape-shifting mechanisms, four most widely studied shape-shifting polymers, including shape-memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and magnetoactive elastomers, are categorized. After outlining the material models of SPPs, the widely used approaches of bilayer, biomimetic, and simulation-guided design, are summarized. For the fabrication side, three main manufacturing techniques for SPPs by replica molding, electrospinning, and 3D printing are reviewed with an emphasis on 3D printing. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for SPPs fabrication are discussed.
XII—The Distinction in Kind between Knowledge and Belief
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDrawing inspiration from a well-attested historical tradition, I propose an account of cognition according to which knowledge is not only prior to belief; it is also, and crucially, not a kind of belief. Believing, in turn, is not some sort of botched knowing, but a mental state fundamentally different from knowing, with its own distinctive and complementary role in our cognitive life. I conclude that the main battle-line in the history of epistemology is drawn between the affirmation of a natural mental state in which there is a contact between ‘mind’ and ‘reality’ (whatever the ontological nature of this ‘reality’) and the rejection of such a natural mental state. For the former position, there is a mental state which is different in kind from belief, and which is constituted by the presence of the object of cognition to the cognitive subject, with no gap between them. For the latter position, all our cognition is belief, and the question becomes how and when belief is permissible.
Dense and sparse vertex connectivity in networks
Authors: Djellabi Mehdi , Jouve Bertrand , Amblard Frédéric 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe different approaches developed to analyse the structure of complex networks have generated a large number of studies. In the field of social networks at least, studies mainly address the detection and analysis of communities. In this article, we challenge these approaches and focus on nodes that have meaningful local interactions able to identify the internal organization of communities or the way communities are assembled. We propose an algorithm, ItRich, to identify this type of nodes, based on the decomposition of a graph into successive, less and less dense, layers. Our method is tested on synthetic and real data sets and meshes well with other methods such as community detection or $k$-core decomposition.
Can the carbon and nitrogen isotope values of offspring be used as a proxy for their mother’s diet? Using foetal physiology to interpret bulk tissue and amino acid δ15N values
Authors: Lübcker Nico , Whiteman John P , Newsome Seth D , Millar Robert P , de Bruyn P J Nico 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe measurement of bulk tissue nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon isotope values (δ13C) chronologically along biologically inert tissues sampled from offspring can provide a longitudinal record of their mothers’ foraging habits. This study tested the important assumption that mother–offspring stable isotope values are positively and linearly correlated. In addition, any change in the mother–offspring bulk tissues and individual amino acids that occurred during gestation was investigated. Whiskers sampled from southern elephant seal pups (Mirounga leonina) and temporally overlapping whiskers from their mothers were analyzed. This included n = 1895 chronologically subsampled whisker segments for bulk tissue δ15N and δ13C in total and n = 20 whisker segments for amino acid δ15N values, sampled from recently weaned pups (n = 17), juvenile southern elephant seals (SES) &lt; 2 years old (n = 23) and adult female SES (n = 17), which included nine mother–offspring pairs. In contrast to previous studies, the mother–offspring pairs were not in isotopic equilibrium or linearly correlated during gestation: the Δ15N and Δ13C mother–offspring offsets increased by 0.8 and 1.2‰, respectively, during gestation. The foetal bulk δ15N values were 1.7 ± 0.5‰ (0.9–2.7‰) higher than mothers’ δ15N values before birth, while the foetal δ13C increased by ~1.7‰ during gestation and were 1.0 ± 0.5‰ (0.0–1.9‰) higher than their mothers’ δ13C at the end of pregnancy. The mother–offspring serine and glycine Δ15N differed by ~4.3‰, while the foetal alanine δ15N values were 1.4‰ lower than that of their mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy. The observed mother–offspring δ15N differences are likely explained by shuttling of glutamate–glutamine and glycine–serine amongst skeletal muscle, liver, placenta and foetal tissue. Foetal development relies primarily on remobilized endogenous maternal proteinaceous sources. Researchers should consider foetal physiology when using offspring bulk tissue isotope values as biomarkers for the mother’s isotopic composition as part of monitoring programmes.
Nerve at risk: anatomical variations of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and implications for thoracic surgeons
Authors: Ng Caecilia , Woess Claudia , Maier Herbert , Schmidt Verena-Maria , Lucciarini Paolo , Öfner Dietmar , Rabl Walter , Augustin Florian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during thoracic surgery may result in life-threatening postoperative complications including recurrent aspiration and pneumonia. Anatomical details of the intrathoracic course are scarce. However, only an in-depth understanding of the anatomy will help reduce nerve injury. The aim of this study was to assess the anatomic variations of the intrathoracic left RLN.

METHODS
Left-sided vagal nerves and RLN were dissected in 100 consecutive Caucasian cadavers during routine autopsy. Anatomical details were documented. Available demographic data were assessed for possible correlations.

RESULTS
All nerves were identified during dissection. Variant courses were classified in 3 different groups according to the level at which the RLN separated from the vagal nerve: above the aortic arch, level with the aortic arch and below the aortic arch. We found 11% of RLN separating above the aortic arch and crossing the aortic arch at a considerable distance to the vagal nerve. In 48% of the RLN, the nerve split off when it was level with the aortic arch, and 41% of the RLN leave the vagal nerve in a perpendicular direction below the aortic arch. All nerves crossed the ligamentum arteriosum on the posterior side. No gender-specific differences were observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Mediastinal lymph node dissection in left-sided lung cancer patients puts the RLN at risk. With more detailed anatomical knowledge about its course, it is possible to avoid risking the nerve. Visualization will help protect the nerve.
Unique Transcriptome Changes in Peripheral B Cells Revealed by Comparing Age Groups From Naive or Vaccinated Mice, Including snoRNA and Cdkn2a
Authors: Baudier Robin L , Zwezdaryk Kevin J , Czarny-Ratajczak Malwina , Kodroff Lauren H , Sullivan Deborah E , Norton Elizabeth B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in immune function that is not fully understood including vaccine failure. Here we report transcriptomic analysis on B cells from naive or influenza-vaccinated mice of 3 ages: young (15–23 weeks), middle-aged (63–81 weeks), and old mice (103–119 weeks). Our goal was expression profiling of B cells by age and history of vaccination to identify novel changes at the transcriptome level. We observed waning vaccine responses with age. In B cell transcripts, age and vaccination history were both important with notable differences observed in conducted analyses (eg, principal component, gene set enrichment, differentially expressed [DE] genes, and canonical pathways). Only 39 genes were significantly DE with age irrespective of vaccine history. This included age-related changes to box C/D small nucleolar (sno) RNAs, Snord123 and Snord1a. Box C/D snoRNAs regulate rRNAs through methylation and are linked to neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and cancer diseases but not specifically B cells or age. Canonical pathway changes implicated with age irrespective of vaccination history included EIF2, mTOR signaling, p53, Paxillin, and Tec kinase signaling pathways as well as cell cycle checkpoint. Importantly, we identified DE genes and pathways that were progressively altered starting in middle-age (eg, signaling by Rho family GTPases) or only altered in middle-age (eg, sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling), despite minimal differences in the ability of these mice to respond to vaccination compared to younger mice. Our results indicate the importance of vaccination or immune stimulation and analyses of multiple age ranges for aging B cell studies and validate an experimental model for future studies.
Who Conducts Health Economic Evaluations of Laboratory Tests? A Scoping Review
Authors: Giusepi Isabella , John Andrew St , Jülicher Paul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHealth economic evaluations (HEEs) are effectively used to inform decision making in healthcare. We sought to assess the level of involvement of laboratory professionals (LPs) in HEEs of laboratory tests.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in Medline (2013 to November 28, 2018) for original articles reporting HEEs of medical laboratory tests. Eligible studies were characterized by indication, utilization, region, setting, study design, primary outcome measures, and sponsorship. Authors were classified based on stated affiliation as clinician, scientist, public health expert, or LP.ResultsIn total, 140 HEEs were included in the study, of which 24 (17.1%) had contributions from LPs. Studies were primarily focused on infectious disease (n = 68), oncology (n = 23), and cardiovascular disease (n = 16). Cost-utility or cost-effectiveness analyses (n = 117) were the most frequent study types, with effectiveness measured mainly in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (n = 57) and detected cases (n = 41). Overall, 76% of HEEs followed a social or health system perspective, whereas 15% took a hospital viewpoint. Partial or full funding was received from public health organizations or industry in 39% and 16% of studies, respectively. The involvement of LPs was associated with test utilization, secondary care, analytic perspective, and an immediate time horizon (all P &lt; 0.05). Quality of studies was found to be lower in HEEs coauthored by LPs.ConclusionMultidisciplinary collaboration is essential to understanding the complexity of clinical pathways. HEEs are used effectively to inform healthcare decision making. The involvement of LPs in HEEs is low. This implies that laboratory expertise is frequently not considered in decision processes.
Costing Methods as a Means to Measure the Costs of Pharmacogenomics Testing
Authors: Siamoglou Stavroula , Karamperis Kariofyllis , Mitropoulou Christina , Patrinos George P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine interventions relies on addressing important financial aspects of the delivery of genetic testing to the patients, be it from public or private providers. Details on how to determine the cost items of the genetic testing are often limited. The goal of this study is to present a costing methodology in order to estimate and measure the costs as far as the technical process of pharmacogenomics testing is concerned. Moreover, an overall cost mindset strategy based on the selective genotyping workflow to guide specialized laboratories of interest effectively is provided. We particularly accounted for the resources consumed within the laboratory premises such as cost of reagents for DNA isolation, cost of consumables, cost of personnel, while costs associated with patient recruitment, blood sample collection and maintenance, administration costs in the hospital, and costs of blood sample shipment were not taken into consideration. Our article presents the first-time detailed information on a costing framework for pharmacogenomic testing that could be employed to laboratories involved in routine clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics.