bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Length of stay for inpatient incompetent to stand trial patients: importance of clinical and demographic variables
Authors: Broderick Charles , Azizian Allen , Warburton Katherine 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveWe investigated clinical and demographic variables to better understand their relationship to hospital length of stay for patients involuntarily committed to California state psychiatric hospitals under the state’s incompetent to stand trial (IST) statutes. Additionally, we determined the most important variables in the model that influenced patient length of stay.MethodsWe retrospectively studied all patients admitted as IST to California state psychiatric hospitals during the period January 1, 2010 through June 30, 2018 (N = 20 041). Primary diagnosis, total number of violent acts while hospitalized, age at admission, treating hospital, level of functioning at admission, ethnicity, sex, and having had a previous state hospital admission were evaluated using a parametric survival model.ResultsThe analysis showed that the most important variables related to length of stay were (1) diagnosis, (2) number of violent acts while hospitalized, and (3) age of admission. Specifically, longer length of stay was associated with (1) having a diagnosis of schizophrenia or neurocognitive disorder, (2) one or more violent acts, and (3) older age at admission. The other variables studied were also statistically significant, but not as influential in the model.ConclusionsWe found significant relations between length of stay and the variables studied, with the most important variables being (1) diagnosis, (2) number of physically violent acts, and (3) age at admission. These findings emphasize the need for treatments to target cognitive issues in the seriously mentally ill as well as treatment of violence and early identification of violence risk factors.
A WTO Safe Harbour for the Dolphins: The Second Compliance Proceedings in the US–Tuna II (Mexico) case
Authors: Baroncini Elisa , Brunel Claire 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSubsequent to the 2016 modifications concerning the strengthening of the administrative requirements on dolphin-safety outside the ETP fishery zone, the second WTO compliance proceedings have finally found the US Dolphin-Safe labelling scheme compatible with the multilateral trade system. We provide an overview of the long-running US–Mexico dispute and assess the final findings of the WTO adjudicators attempting to determine the effects of the multilateral litigation on the involved non-trade values and the real winners of the case. We find an improvement in dolphin protection, though more could be achieved through a qualification of the US measure under the principle of sustainable development also contemplated in the Preamble of the WTO Agreement, as well as an enhancement on consumer information, since declaration of dolphin-safety may now be better monitored and enforced through the new discipline for non-Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean tuna products. However, we also observe that with no change to the appearance of the label or an informational campaign, the improved credibility of the label may hardly be passed-through to the average consumer. Furthermore, despite an increase in the stringency of the regulation for their competitors, Mexican producers do not gain greater access to the US and instead have been diversifying towards other markets. We then highlight that the Appellate Body missed an opportunity to reinforce the transparency of the system by supporting the first-ever decision to grant partially open panel meetings.
Public Military Music and the Promotion of Patriotism in the British Provinces, c. 1780-c. 1850
Authors: Herbert Trevor 
Published: April 2020

The role and importance of military musicians changed and intensified in the late eighteenth century through two important processes. The first was the culture of display that took root in both the home-based army and units in the colonies. The second was the result of successive militia acts which effectively ensured that military units with bands would be systematically placed in every corner of the British Isles.It became evident that music as a component of military display served an important diplomatic purpose. Music performed in public spaces was heard by a population deeply sceptical of the army and with an essentially local sense of identity. The experience of the sight and sound of military music raised entirely new perceptions of nation and of the state as a benign power.Two important and related themes emerge here. The first is the historical process that led, almost accidentally, to a realization that music as part of military display had potential to influence populations across the country and in the colonies. The second, more challenging, theme concerns the nature of the evidence for this idea and how it is to be treated. It is an idea that is totally convincing if the experience of hearing and seeing military spectacle by the mass of the people can be shown to have had impact. What is the evidence of listening to music by those people at whom it was targeted, how robust is it and what can be made of it?
Machine Learning Approach for Solar Wind Categorization
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Chi , Tu Cui , Xu Fei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSolar wind classification is conducive to understanding the ongoing physical processes at the Sun and in solar wind evolution in interplanetary space, and, furthermore, it is helpful for early warning of space weather events. With rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence, machine learning approaches are increasingly being used for pattern recognition. In this study, an approach from machine learning perspectives is developed to automatically classify the solar wind at 1 AU into four types: coronal‐hole‐origin plasma, streamer‐belt‐origin plasma, sector‐reversal‐region plasma, and ejecta. By exhaustive enumeration, an eight‐dimensional scheme (BT, NP, TP, VP, Nαp, Texp/TP, Sp, and Mf) is found to perform the best among 8,191 combinations of 13 solar wind parameters. Ten popular supervised machine learning models, namely, k‐nearest neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machines with linear and radial basic function kernels, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, Neural Network, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Quadratic Discriminant Analysis, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting, are applied to the labeled solar wind data sets. Among them, KNN classifier obtains the highest overall classification accuracy, 92.8%. Although the accuracy can be improved by 1.5% when O7+/O6+ information is additionally considered, our scheme without composition measurements is still good enough for solar wind classification. In addition, two application examples indicate that solar wind classification is helpful for the risk evaluation of predicted magnetic storms and surface charging of geosynchronous spacecraft.
Saturn's Auroral Field‐Aligned Currents: Observations From the Northern Hemisphere Dawn Sector During Cassini's Proximal Orbits
Authors: Hunt G. J. , Bunce E. J. , Cao H. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Provan G. , Southwood D. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examine the azimuthal magnetic field signatures associated with Saturn's northern hemisphere auroral field‐aligned currents observed in the dawn sector during Cassini's Proximal orbits (April 2017 and September 2017). We compare these currents with observations of the auroral currents from near noon taken during the F‐ring orbits prior to the Proximal orbits. First, we show that the position of the main auroral upward current is displaced poleward between the two local times (LTs). This is consistent with the statistical position of the ultraviolet auroral oval for the same time interval. Second, we show the overall average ionospheric meridional current profile differs significantly on the equatorward boundary of the upward current with a swept‐forward configuration with respect to planetary rotation present at dawn. We separate the planetary period oscillation (PPO) currents from the PPO‐independent currents and show their positional relationship is maintained as the latitude of the current shifts in LT implying an intrinsic link between the two systems. Focusing on the individual upward current sheets pass‐by‐pass, we find that the main upward current at dawn is stronger compared to near noon. This results in the current density being ~1.4 times higher in the dawn sector. We determine a proxy for the precipitating electron power and show that the dawn PPO‐independent upward current electron power is ~1.9 times higher than at noon. These new observations of the dawn auroral region from the Proximal orbits may show evidence of an additional upward current at dawn likely associated with strong flows in the outer magnetosphere.
On Phase Space Density and Its Radial Gradient of Outer Radiation Belt Seed Electrons: MMS/FEEPS Observations
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Blake J. B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElectrons of ∼102 keV in the inner magnetosphere are suggested potentially to be the “seeds” of outer radiation belt electrons. Investigations into them could shed light on the origination of the outer radiation belt. Here we conduct statistics on seed electron phase space density (PSD) and its radial gradient, using 2‐year data obtained by Fly's Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) onboard Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). The radial distributions of the PSD are μ and K dependent, and azimuthally asymmetric. In the nightside, as L* increases, PSD at lower μ always increases, while PSD at higher μ first increases and then decreases. In contrast, in the noonside, PSD first increases and then decreases at all covered μ. Crossover μ, defined as μ at which PSD radial gradient is equal to 0, is identified from the statistics. It relatively stays a constant of ∼300 MeV/G inside L*∼6, but decreases as L* increases outside L*∼6. Crossover μ is larger in the nightside than in the noonside and is larger at smaller K. The radial structures of seed electron PSD should be taken into account when considering the dynamics of the outer radiation belt.
Arctic Reactive Bromine Events Occur in Two Distinct Sets of Environmental Conditions: A Statistical Analysis of 6 Years of Observations
Authors: Swanson William F. , Graham Kelly A. , Halfacre John W. , Holmes Christopher D. , Shepson Paul B. , Simpson William R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTropospheric bromine radicals in the Arctic efficiently remove ambient ozone and oxidize gaseous elemental mercury. Ground‐based bromine monoxide (BrO) observations from the Arctic Ocean and Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow) are combined with Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 reanalysis meteorological fields to determine how BrO varies with environmental conditions. The mean seasonal BrO abundance varies from year to year (p < 0.001), while regional variance in mean BrO is not statistically significant (p > 0.11). Principal component analysis derived three important principal components from the environmental data set. The third principal component explains the most variance in BrO and is correlated with low ozone and cold temperatures. This principal component is consistent with high BrO during ozone depletion events at cold temperatures and can work concurrently with each of the other two principal components to generate two distinct environmental types of high BrO events. The first principal component consists of a less‐stable, thick, mixed layer and low atmospheric pressure and is consistent with observations of high BrO in low‐pressure systems (e.g., storms). The second principal component consists of cold and stable conditions and is consistent with high BrO under surface‐based temperature inversions. Our principal component regression model predicted the both the vertical column density of BrO in the lowest 2 km of the troposphere (R = 0.45) and the vertical column density of BrO in the lowest 200 m (R = 0.54). This statistical description of two types of reactive bromine events may help to harmonize space‐based and ground‐based observations.
Field Application and Validation of a Seismic Bedload Transport Model
Authors: Bakker Maarten , Gimbert Florent , Geay Thomas , Misset Clément , Zanker Sébastien , Recking Alain 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBedload transport drives morphological changes in gravel‐bed streams and sediment transfer in catchments. The large impact forces associated with bedload motion and its highly dynamic spatiotemporal nature make it difficult to monitor bedload transport in the field. In this study, we revise a physically‐based model of bedload‐induced seismic ground motion proposed by Tsai et al. (2012) and apply it to invert bedload flux from seismic measurements alongside an Alpine stream. First, we constrain the seismic response of a braided river reach with a simple active experiment using a series of large‐rock impacts. This allows the characterization of surface wave propagation and attenuation with distance from the impact source. Second, we distinguish bedload‐generated ground vibrations from those caused by turbulent flow using frequency‐based scaling relationships between seismic power and discharge. Finally, absolute bedload transport rates are quantified from seismic measurements using inverse modeling based on a simplified formulation of bedload particle motion. The results are verified with a large data set of bedload samples (between 0.01 and 1 kg/m/s), demonstrating that seismic measurements can provide an indirect measure for bedload flux with an uncertainty of less than one order of magnitude. Larger deviations may be due to the contribution of turbulent flow effects and remaining uncertainties in particle impact mechanics (elasticity and velocity). When constraining these uncertainties, seismic monitoring may provide an accurate and continuous means to investigate bedload dynamics in gravel‐bed streams.
An Improved Optimization Scheme for Representing Hillslopes and Depressions in Karst Hydrology
Authors: Xu Chaohao , Xu Xianli , Liu Meixian , Li Zhenwei , Zhang Yaohua , Zhu Jingxuan , Wang Kelin , Chen Xi , Zhang Zhicai , Peng Tao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding hydrological processes is essential for management of water resources and for promoting catchment sustainability. In karst regions, landscapes are spatially heterogeneous and include discontinuous soil distribution, and complex networks of matrices and conduits in hillslopes and depressions, which result in variation in hydrological processes. However, most previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of the distribution of soil depth and the fast‐slow flow in the matrices and conduits on hydrological processes and ignored the different hydrological processes related to hillslopes and depressions. This study improved the VarKarst model by adding randomly distributed soil and epikarst depths (RSE), fast‐slow flow (FS), and hillslopes and depressions (HD). The improved model was calibrated and validated in six large catchments (1,213–5,454 km2) and one small catchment (1.25 km2). Results showed that the schemes by combining FS and HD (Scenario FS + HD) and combining RSE, FS, and HD (Scenario RSE + FS + HD) improved model performance (calibrated and validated KGE ranged from 0.54 to 0.89 and AIC ranged from −336.49 to 669.77) compared models that included other schemes (original VarKarst, Scenario RSE, Scenario FS, Scenario HD, and Scenario RSE + FS), especially when reproducing discharge of peaks and recessions. These results suggest that there is a need to separate the hillslopes and depressions when modeling karstic hydrological processes.
Hydrothermal Chimney Distribution on the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Clague David A. , Martin Julie F. , Paduan Jennifer B. , Butterfield David A. , Jamieson John W. , Le Saout Morgane , Caress David W. , Thomas Hans , Holden James F. , Kelley Deborah S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is well known for its abundance of hydrothermal vents and chimneys. One‐meter scale multibeam mapping data collected by an autonomous undersea vehicle revealed 572 chimneys along the central 14 km of the segment, although only 47 are named and known to be active. Hydrothermal deposits are restricted to the axial graben and the near‐rims of the graben above a seismically mapped axial magma lens. The sparse eruptive activity on the segment during the last 4,300 years has not buried inactive chimneys, as occurs at more magmatically robust mid‐ocean ridges.
TGF-β1 secreted by pancreatic stellate cells promotes stemness and tumourigenicity in pancreatic cancer cells through L1CAM downregulation
Authors: Cave Donatella Delle , Di Guida Martina , Costa Valerio , Sevillano Marta , Ferrante Luigi , Heeschen Christopher , Corona Marco , Cucciardi Antonio , Lonardo Enza 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) secrete high levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) that contributes to the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). TGF-β1 modulates the expression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), but its role in tumour progression still remains controversial. To clarify L1 function in PDAC and cellular phenotypes, we performed L1CAM cell sorting, silencing and overexpression in several primary pancreatic cancer cells. PSCs silenced for TGF-β1 were used for crosstalk experiments. We found that TGF-β1 secreted by PSCs negatively regulates L1CAM expression, through canonical TGF-β-Smad2/3 signalling, leading to a more aggressive PDAC phenotype. Cells with reduced expression of L1CAM harboured enhanced stemness potential and tumourigenicity. Inactivation of TGF-β1 signalling in PSCs strongly reduced the aggressiveness of PDAC cells. Our data provide functional proof and mechanistic insights for the tumour-suppressive function of L1CAM via reducing stemness. Rescuing L1CAM expression in cancer cells through targeting of TGF-β1 reverses stemness and bears the potential to improve the still miserable prognosis of PDAC patients.
Lipoprotein Lpp regulates the mechanical properties of the E. coli cell envelope
Authors: Mathelié-Guinlet Marion , Asmar Abir T. , Collet Jean-François , Dufrêne Yves F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe mechanical properties of the cell envelope in Gram-negative bacteria are controlled by the peptidoglycan, the outer membrane, and the proteins interacting with both layers. In Escherichia coli, the lipoprotein Lpp provides the only covalent crosslink between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan. Here, we use single-cell atomic force microscopy and genetically engineered strains to study the contribution of Lpp to cell envelope mechanics. We show that Lpp contributes to cell envelope stiffness in two ways: by covalently connecting the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan, and by controlling the width of the periplasmic space. Furthermore, mutations affecting Lpp function substantially increase bacterial susceptibility to the antibiotic vancomycin, indicating that Lpp-dependent effects can affect antibacterial drug efficacy.
Materializing rival ground states in the barlowite family of kagome magnets: quantum spin liquid, spin ordered, and valence bond crystal states
Authors: Smaha Rebecca W. , He Wei , Jiang Jack Mingde , Wen Jiajia , Jiang Yi-Fan , Sheckelton John P. , Titus Charles J. , Wang Suyin Grass , Chen Yu-Sheng , Teat Simon J. , Aczel Adam A. , Zhao Yang , Xu Guangyong , Lynn Jeffrey W. , Jiang Hong-Chen , Lee Young S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe spin-$$\frac{1}{2}$$

1

2

kagome antiferromagnet is considered an ideal host for a quantum spin liquid (QSL) ground state. We find that when the bonds of the kagome lattice are modulated with a periodic pattern, new quantum ground states emerge. Newly synthesized crystalline barlowite (Cu4(OH)6FBr) and Zn-substituted barlowite demonstrate the delicate interplay between singlet states and spin order on the spin-$$\frac{1}{2}$$

1

2

kagome lattice. Comprehensive structural measurements demonstrate that our new variant of barlowite maintains hexagonal symmetry at low temperatures with an arrangement of distorted and undistorted kagome triangles, for which numerical simulations predict a pinwheel valence bond crystal (VBC) state instead of a QSL. The presence of interlayer spins eventually leads to an interesting pinwheel q = 0 magnetic order. Partially Zn-substituted barlowite (Cu3.44Zn0.56(OH)6FBr) has an ideal kagome lattice and shows QSL behavior, indicating a surprising robustness of the QSL against interlayer impurities. The magnetic susceptibility is similar to that of herbertsmithite, even though the Cu2+ impurities are above the percolation threshold for the interlayer lattice and they couple more strongly to the nearest kagome moment. This system is a unique playground displaying QSL, VBC, and spin order, furthering our understanding of these highly competitive quantum states.
A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records
Authors: Kaufman Darrell , McKay Nicholas , Routson Cody , Erb Michael , Davis Basil , Heiri Oliver , Jaccard Samuel , Tierney Jessica , Dätwyler Christoph , Axford Yarrow , Brussel Thomas , Cartapanis Olivier , Chase Brian , Dawson Andria , de Vernal Anne , Engels Stefan , Jonkers Lukas , Marsicek Jeremiah , Moffa-Sánchez Paola , Morrill Carrie , Orsi Anais , Rehfeld Kira , Saunders Krystyna , Sommer Philipp S. , Thomas Elizabeth , Tonello Marcela , Tóth Mónika , Vachula Richard , Andreev Andrei , Bertrand Sebastien , Biskaborn Boris , Bringué Manuel , Brooks Stephen , Caniupán Magaly , Chevalier Manuel , Cwynar Les , Emile-Geay Julien , Fegyveresi John , Feurdean Angelica , Finsinger Walter , Fortin Marie-Claude , Foster Louise , Fox Mathew , Gajewski Konrad , Grosjean Martin , Hausmann Sonja , Heinrichs Markus , Holmes Naomi , Ilyashuk Boris , Ilyashuk Elena , Juggins Steve , Khider Deborah , Koinig Karin , Langdon Peter , Larocque-Tobler Isabelle , Li Jianyong , Lotter André , Luoto Tomi , Mackay Anson , Magyari Eniko , Malevich Steven , Mark Bryan , Massaferro Julieta , Montade Vincent , Nazarova Larisa , Novenko Elena , Pařil Petr , Pearson Emma , Peros Matthew , Pienitz Reinhard , Płóciennik Mateusz , Porinchu David , Potito Aaron , Rees Andrew , Reinemann Scott , Roberts Stephen , Rolland Nicolas , Salonen Sakari , Self Angela , Seppä Heikki , Shala Shyhrete , St-Jacques Jeannine-Marie , Stenni Barbara , Syrykh Liudmila , Tarrats Pol , Taylor Karen , van den Bos Valerie , Velle Gaute , Wahl Eugene , Walker Ian , Wilmshurst Janet , Zhang Enlou , Zhilich Snezhana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format.