bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucosal chemokine CXCL17: What is known and not known
Authors: Xiao Shiyu , Xie Wenhui , Zhou Liya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCXCL17, the last described chemokine, has recently been found to be abundantly and specifically expressed in mucosal sites, while its receptor is still not well determined. Accumulative studies indicate that CXCL17 could potentially exhibit chemotactic, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial activities under multiple biological conditions. However, the mechanism by which it contributes to the physiological and pathological processes within specific mucosal tissues is still far from being fully elucidated. In this present review, we therefore summarize the current available evidence of CXCL17 with specific emphasis on its biological role and pathophysiological significance, in order to aid in the advancement of CXCL17‐related studies.
Two novel antithetical KN blood group antigens may contribute to more than a quarter of all KN antisera in Europe
Authors: Grueger Daniela , Zeretzke Anja , Habicht Cora P. , Skaik Younis , Wagner Franz F. , Scharberg Erwin A. , Costelloe Aisling , Martens Jörg , Verboom Murielle , Bugert Peter , Schneeweiss Clemens 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAll antigens described in the KN blood group system are located in the long homologous repeat D (LHR‐D) of complement receptor 1 (CR1). While there have been reports that some sera react only with the long homologous repeat C (LHR‐C), the antigens in LHR‐C are unknown.Study Design and MethodsRecombinant LHR‐C and LHR‐D were used to identify antibodies directed against LHR‐C of CR1, into which a point mutation was introduced to characterize the underlying blood group antigens. In addition, database studies to define haplotypes of CR1 were performed.ResultsSeveral antisera were identified that were specific against CR1 p.1208His and against CR1 p.1208Arg, located in LHR‐C. Fifteen KN haplotypes were found in the Ensembl genome browser. It was shown that due to a linkage disequilibrium anti‐CR1 p.1208His may be mistaken for anti‐KCAM.ConclusionA novel antithetical KN blood group antigen pair was found at position p.1208 of CR1, for which the names DACY and YCAD are proposed. Antibodies against these two novel antigens seem to contribute to more than a quarter of all KN sera in Europe.
Time course of neuromuscular responses to acute hypoxia during voluntary contractions
Authors: McKeown Daniel J. , McNeil Chris J. , Simmonds Michael J. , Kavanagh Justin J. 
Published: September 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
How does acute hypoxia alter central and peripheral fatigue during brief and sustained maximal voluntary muscle contractions?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Perception of fatigue during muscle contractions was increased progressively for 2 h after hypoxic exposure. However, an increase in motor cortex excitability and a decrease in voluntary activation of skeletal muscle were observed across the entire protocol when performing brief (3 s) maximal contractions. These adaptations were abolished if the brief contraction was held for a duration of 20 s, which was presumably attributable to a successful redistribution of blood to overcome the reduced oxygen content.

AbstractFew studies have examined the time course of changes in the motor system after acute exposure to hypoxia. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how acute hypoxia affects corticospinal excitability, voluntary activation (VA) and the perception of fatigue during brief (3 s) and sustained (20 s) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Fourteen healthy individuals (23 ± 2.2 years of age; four female) were exposed to hypoxia and sham conditions. During hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation was titrated over a 15 min period and remained at 80% during testing. Corticospinal excitability and VA were assessed before titration (Pre), 0, 1 and 2 h after. At each time point, the brief and sustained elbow flexion MVCs were performed. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Superimposed and resting twitches were obtained from motor point stimulation of biceps brachii to calculate the level of VA, and ratings of perceived fatigue were obtained with a modified CR‐10 Borg scale. A condition‐by‐time interaction was detected for the CR‐10 Borg scale, whereby perception of fatigue increased progressively throughout the hypoxia protocol. However, main effects of MEP area and VA indicated that corticospinal excitability increased, and VA of the biceps brachii decreased, throughout the hypoxia protocol. Given that these changes in MEP area and VA were seen only when performing the brief MVCs (and not during the sustained MVCs), performing longer contractions might overcome reduced oxygen content by redirecting blood flow to active areas of the motor system.
Experimental Study on the Film-Cooling Characteristics of the Cylindrical Holes Embedded in Sine-Wave Shaped Trench
Authors: Zhang Bo-lun , Zhu Hui-ren , Liu Cun-liang , Wei Jian-sheng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An experimental investigation has been performed to study the film-cooling performance of the cylindrical holes embedded in the sine-wave-shaped-trench. The sine-wave-shaped-trench is obtained by changing the trailing edge of the transverse trench into sine-wave shape; the holes are located next to the peaks of the wave. The sine-wave-shaped-trench is expected to get a wider spread of the cooling jet in the spanwise direction. The film-cooling effectiveness, heat-transfer coefficient, and discharge coefficient of the sine-wave-shaped-trench hole configurations with different trench depths (0.75D, 1D) and wave peaks (1D, 2D) are measured by the transient thermal liquid measurement technique. The blowing ratio covers a range from 0.5 to 2.0. The transverse trench hole is investigated as a basis of the comparison. Thermal and hydrodynamic fields are investigated numerically using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations with Realizable k–ε turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment. Results show that broadening the wave peak of the sine-wave-shaped-trench improves the spanwise uniformity of the injection. There is a pair of anticounter-rotating vortices formed downstream of the sine-wave-trailing-edge. Increasing the trench depth shows positive effects on the heat-transfer coefficients ratio of the sine-wave-shaped-trench. The discharge coefficients of the sine-wave-shaped-trenches are higher than that of the transverse trench which means the sine-wave shape trench has a lower flow resistance.
Mode and Intensity of Physical Activity During the Postacute Phase of Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baker Barbara , Koch Eric , Vicari Kevin , Walenta Kyle 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:Sports-related concussions (SRCs) have received attention due to their prevalence in youth. An SRC results from a strong force causing neurological impairment. Recent research has recommended rehabilitation within the first week post-SRC after 24 to 48 hours of rest. The postacute phase is defined as 48 hours to 7 days post-SRC. It is imperative to evaluate the most effective mode and intensity of physical activity to reduce symptoms and improve outcomes.Methods:CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were used to search the terms “brain concussion” AND “exercise” and variations of these terms. The evidence level for each study was evaluated using the 2011 Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Guide. The methodological rigor of each study was evaluated using a scale adapted from Medlicott and Harris.Results:Two thousand sixty-eight records were identified. Six studies were included in this systematic review. Three studies were classified as moderately strong. The remaining 3 studies were considered weak. Five of the studies used either a cycle ergometer or a treadmill. The sixth study used walking, cycling, and swimming, as well as sports drills. All of these modes of exercise were determined to be safe. All studies utilized low- and moderate-intensity interventions, which were found to be nondetrimental and showed improved recovery time and symptom resolution. Five of the studies also incorporated components of high-intensity exercise that was also found to be nondetrimental, and they showed a positive influence on recovery time and symptom resolution. However, all activity in each of the reviewed studies started at a low level and progressed up to a higher level only as each individual client’s symptoms permitted.Discussion:Overall, this review found that various modes of activity at light-, moderate-, and high-intensity levels are efficacious and can be safely used during the postacute phase of SRC.Conclusion:Though the volume of literature at this time is limited, therapists should consider prescribing closely monitored individualized exercise programs utilizing progressive intensities when treating patients during the postacute phase of SRC.
From Gene to Function: A Safe Laboratory Exercise Promoting the Learning of the Central Dogma of Biology for the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum
Authors: Tripepi Manuela , Clear Morgan , Bondi Jack Lyons , Brunelli Elvira , Berardi Arianna 
Published: September 2020

The central dogma of biology, which explains how the information in genes flows into proteins, can be challenging to teach in the undergraduate classroom. To allow students to understand the correlation between genes and protein functions, we have developed a practical laboratory activity that complements classroom learning. By using PCR analysis targeting the flagellin gene flgA1, students will investigate the genotype of an unknown strain of Haloferax volcanii, a halophilic archaeon appropriate for activities with undergraduates as it is nonpathogenic, inexpensive, easy to grow using “grocery store ingredients,” and offers many genetic tools. This species swims by means of flagella, and its motility can be tested using modified agar plates. Motile colonies will form swimming halos; meanwhile motility mutants will show only a dot on the motility plate, at the point of inoculation. First students will extract DNA for PCR amplification. They will not be told whether the strain they are assigned is motile or not. They will learn how to design primers for the target gene and set up the PCR reaction. Subsequently they will set up a motility assay and control of the provided strain. In the next laboratory period, students perform gel electrophoresis on the products of their PCR reactions and analyze the results. They compare these to the results of the motility assay to confirm the motility of the strain. In summary, this inquiry-based lab is easy and safe to perform and allows students to follow the information flow from a gene to a protein product.
Effectiveness of technology-enhanced simulation in teaching digital rectal examination: a systematic review narrative synthesis
Authors: Al Asmri Mansour A , Ennis James , Stone Robert John , Bello Fernando , Haque M Sayeed , Parle Jim 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundDigital rectal examination (DRE) is a challenging examination to learn.ObjectiveTo synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of technology-enhanced simulation (TES) for acquiring DRE skills.Study selectionEMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Knowledge (Science and Social Science), Scopus and IEEE Xplore were searched; the last search was performed on 3 April 2019. Included were original research studies evaluating TES to teach DRE. Data were abstracted on methodological quality, participants, instructional design and outcomes; a descriptive synthesis was performed. Quality was assessed using a modified Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. The study design domain was modified by scoring the papers based on (1) evaluation of risk of bias for randomised controlled trials, (2) description of participants and (3) assessment of robustness and degree of simulation fidelity of the assessments used to evaluate learning.Findings863 articles were screened; 12 were eligible, enrolling 1507 prequalified medical/clinical students and 20 qualified doctors. For skill acquisition, role player was statistically significantly superior to a static manikin (2 studies). For knowledge acquisition, manikin use was significantly superior to role player (1 study); 2 studies showed no difference. For confidence, manikin use was significantly superior to no manikin (4 studies). For comfort, manikin use was significantly superior to no manikin (2 studies). For anxiety, role player was significantly superior to manikin (1 study).Median overall quality score (QS) was 48% (27–62). Highest median QS was 73% (33–80) for data analysis; lowest median QS was 20% (7–40) for the validity of instrument. Six papers scored over 50% of the maximum score for overall quality.ConclusionsTES training is associated with improved DRE skills and should be used more widely.
2019/20 lessons from τ(Ωc0) and τ(Ξc0) and CP asymmetry in charm decays
Authors: Bianco S. , Bigi I. I. 
Published: September 2020

Our 2003 “Cicerone” had discussed charm dynamics with different directions and levels.1 Here we focus on two items, where the “landscape” has changed sizably. (a) The lifetimes and semileptonic decays of charm hadrons show the impact of nonperturbative QCD and to which degree one can apply heavy quark expansion (HQE) for charm hadrons. It is more complex as we have learnt from 2019/20 data. (b) CP asymmetry has been established in 2019:2 [Formula: see text] is quite an achievement by the LHCb collaboration! Our community is at the beginning of a long travel for fundamental dynamics. Can the SM account for these? We discuss the assumptions that were made up to 2018 data and new conclusions from 2019/20 ones. We need more data; however, one has to discuss correlations between different transitions. We give an Appendix, what we have learnt for large CP asymmetry in [Formula: see text].
Abstract A004: Introducing single-cell sequencing genomic DNA copy number analysis to study cancer heterogeneity in renal cell carcinoma and its potential benefits in cancer health disparities research
Authors: Villarreal Enrique I. Velazquez , Craig David W. , Carpten John D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal urological malignancies and is responsible for around 80 percent of all primary renal neoplasms. In the US, every year are reported approximately 74,000 new cases and almost 15,000 deaths. It has been reported significant racial disparities in survival for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between African Americans patients (AA), Hispanics and Caucasians Americans (CA) but more efforts are needed in order to have a high resolution genomic profile of the tumor. Currently, RCC has been characterized by extensive cancer heterogeneity using bulk sequencing. In order to get new insight in the study of RCC cancer heterogeneity, we applied DNA single cell sequencing since it has the potential to improve our understanding of this genetic feature by providing sub-clonal and variant information in high resolution. To this end, we studied cancer heterogeneity applying single cell copy number analysis and clonotype detection in four RCC tumors. 10x Chromium™ Technology was used for processing single cells. This technology provides 100 Kb CNV events, calling clonotypes down to 10 of 1000 cell inputs. The most representative sample resulted with more than 50% of tumor content. Analysis of the tumor cells showed variable median ploidies. In addition, regional copy number was estimated by processing our data in 20 Kb cases of reads. Multiple sub-clones were identified in sample number one where four clusters of sub-clones characterized cancer heterogeneity. By using Fast maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Information Criterion, the clustering process were implemented on the most representative sample to select the optimal clustering solution. This allowed us to provide a better insight of sub-clonal evolution. We detected copy number changes on entire chromosome arms and mutations at variant detection level. For this last, we identified previously reported VHL gene mutations that have been reported in RCC samples as signatures of clinical prognosis. The use of single cell copy number analysis has the potential to uncover and characterize the evolution of hidden sub-clones, highlighting their important uses in cancer health disparities research to identify genomic racial differences in RCC risk and progression of AA, Hispanics and CA patients.
Citation Format: Enrique I. Velazquez Villarreal, David W. Craig, John D. Carpten. Introducing single-cell sequencing genomic DNA copy number analysis to study cancer heterogeneity in renal cell carcinoma and its potential benefits in cancer health disparities research [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A004.
Abstract A013: “You can’t escape tobacco; you have to change your environment”: Perceived barriers to and recommendations for cessation among polytobacco using urban young adults in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Le Daisy , D'Souza Gypsyamber , Atnafou Rebkha , Moran Meghan B. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background/Purpose: Polyuse of tobacco products is increasing among urban young adults. Understanding different use profiles and the obstacles that this population faces in an attempt to quit smoking is important to inform effective cessation programs. We explored perceived barriers to tobacco cessation and recommendations for/interest in cessation programs among urban young adult polytobacco users. Methods/Approach: 17 focus groups were conducted among 97 tobacco users between the ages of 18 and 26 from Baltimore, Maryland. Qualitative data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results/Findings: All participants reported a history of tobacco product polyuse, and 85% reported polyuse in the past 30 days. Several barriers to tobacco cessation emerged, including: influence of social network, easy access, source of stress relief (anxiety management), belief in self-control (ability to stop on own if desired), and boredom. Most participants reported little interest in or success with standard pamphlet-based and in-person cessation programs, but did view mobile-based cessation programs favorably. Discussions suggested that the ideal program would be quick, interactive, and would provide tailored prompts along the way, delivering cues to action. Conclusions/Significance: Given the higher prevalence of polyuse in comparison to single use for this population, tobacco cessation interventions targeting urban young adults may need to account for polyuse of tobacco. Results from this study indicate that this population faces multiple barriers to cessation, but that there is interest in utilizing mobile-based interventions and social media for cessation attempts, ultimately allowing them to manage cessation in their own time, and is more fitting of their lifestyle.
Citation Format: Daisy Le, Gypsyamber D'Souza, Rebkha Atnafou, Meghan B. Moran. “You can’t escape tobacco; you have to change your environment”: Perceived barriers to and recommendations for cessation among polytobacco using urban young adults in Baltimore, Maryland [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A013.
Abstract A075: Lifestyle-associated metabolites drive neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer
Authors: Knowell Ashley E. , Nogueira Lourdes M , Biotidara Taiwo , Sutton Brandon , Satterwhite Arabia , Lilly Michael , Brown Shanora , Turner Dave , Findlay Victoria 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Prostate cancer affects African American (AA) men disproportionately in the US, but even more so in the state of South Carolina, with 3 times higher mortality rates for AA men when compared to European American (EA) men. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a subtype of castrate resistant prostate cancer with aggressive clinical features and poor overall survival. NEPC is associated with androgen independence and a lack of therapeutic options. Although de novo NEPC is rare, recent studies support the idea that transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma cells through a process of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) into NEPC as a mechanism of resistance to androgen receptor-directed therapies (ADT). The investigators have identified a lifestyle factor known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that promote a more aggressive prostate cancer phenotype through the induction of a specific microRNA (miR-204) and MYC (a known driver of NEPC). The role of miR-204 in prostate cancer was considered controversial with some groups reporting a tumor suppressor and others an oncogenic role. More recent studies now show that miR-204 plays an oncogenic role in AR negative cells representing NEPC and as a tumor suppressor in AR positive cells representing prostate adenocarcinoma. We show that AGEs upregulate miR-204, MYC and drive NED in vitro and drive aggressive tumor growth in vivo. Relevant as both AGEs and miR-204 are elevated in AA men, when compared to EA men, with prostate cancer. We also show that inhibition of miR-204 can inhibit the neuroendocrine phenotype, including the downregulation of MYC. This innovative study is the first to link a lifestyle factor (AGE) and a plasma biomarker (miR-204) together as drivers of racial disparities in prostate cancer aggression, and as drivers that can be clinically targeted and may be informative for novel therapeutic interventions to delay or prevent the emergence of NEPC during ADT. Work supported by NIH/NCI Project #1U54CA210963
Citation Format: Ashley E. Knowell, Lourdes M Nogueira, Taiwo Biotidara, Brandon Sutton, Arabia Satterwhite, Michael Lilly, Shanora Brown, Dave Turner, Victoria Findlay. Lifestyle-associated metabolites drive neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A075.