bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-40 Essential oil blend as a possible alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production
Authors: Canal Bernat , Mesas Luis , Puyalto Mónica , Sol Cinta , Agus Ali , Anas Muhsin Al , Mallo Juan José 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite the limited use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in a number of countries, many others find a useful tool in them. However, many producers in the later regions are transitioning to AGP-free production for commercial reasons. The aim of this trial was to determine whether a blend of essential oils (EO), like oregano or clove, could reach similar production/health parameters compared to an AGP treatment used in broiler production. A total of 1,200 one-day-old chicks were distributed in 2 treatments within 12 floor pens (n = 6). The treatments were: T1-basal feed + AGP (Enramycin 10ppm); T2-basal feed + EO (1kg/t). The trial lasted 35d and performance parameters were recorded weekly. On day 21 and 35, one bird per pen was euthanized for intestinal and carcass analysis. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.0. There were no significant differences in the performance parameters at 35d. A trend was observed of higher BW (P = 0.062) at 28d for EO birds (1,708g) compared to AGP birds (1,671g), which relates to another trend (P = 0.071) of increased daily gain from 21-28d (685g and 653g for EO and AGP treatments respectively). A relevant finding was a significantly (P = 0.034) higher mortality in AGP birds from 0-28d (4.83%) compared to EO birds (3.00%). In the post-mortem analysis no differences were observed in intestinal segments in relative and total length. However, animals from T2 showed a trend (P = 0.077) to have heavier gizzards at 21d, which could indicate an effect of EO on their development, while T1 animals had a significantly heavier cecum at 35d (P = 0.026). No relevant findings were observed in carcass weights and yield. These results suggest that this EO blend could be a valid alternative to AGPs, although further trials under commercial conditions should be carried out to confirm its potential.
PSII-26 Early- and mid- lactation milk traits are associated with piglet growth during lactation
Authors: Rempel Lea A , Oliver William T , Jeremy Miles R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Preweaning piglet growth is tied to milk quality and consumption. To determine the relationship of milk components from parity 1–4 dams and piglet growth, early and mid-lactation (d 2 and 16) milk samples were collected from 48 litters and analyzed for protein, fat, somatic cell count, lactose, solids, total solids, and milk urea nitrogen. Each milk trait was categorically identified at 25, 50 or 75 percentiles as low, moderate, or high, respectively. Mixed models (SAS); dam repeated, sire random, and adjusted for parity and litter size; were used to determine association of individual milk traits with piglet lactation growth (gain calculated from body weights at birth, d10, and weaning; WN). Moderate levels of d2 milk protein were associated with the greatest gain during lactation in comparison to low and high levels (Table 1). High levels of d2 milk lactose and d2 solids were both related to piglet gain over the lactation period (Table 1). Evaluation of d16 milk traits with piglet gain over lactation indicated high levels of d16 fat, d16 solids, and d16 total solids had the greatest gain in comparison to moderate and low levels of each trait (Table 1). Within phase of lactation weight gain, association of d2 or d16 milk traits with early weight gain (birth to d10) or late weight gain (d10 to WN) were performed. The greatest early lactation gains (birth to d10) were associated with moderate levels of d2 protein, high levels of d2 lactose and d2 solids, and low levels of d2 MUN (Table 2). High levels of milk fat, lactose, and solids at d2 were associated with piglet gain during late lactation (d10 to WN; Table 3). In general, greater levels of lactose in d2 milk and fat in d16 milk were associated with piglet gain during lactation.
PSII-29 Effects of delayed injection of prostaglandin F2α and TAI in the 14-d CIDR-PG & TAI protocol in replacement beef heifers
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicky , Melo Gabriela , Stewart Lawton , Seidel George , Lamb Graham Cliff , Fontes Pedro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To determine the effects of delaying the injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) in the 14-d CIDR-PG & TAI protocol, 911 Angus heifers at 5 locations were enrolled in a completely randomized design. Within location heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: 1) PG16 (n = 452), heifers received a CIDR insert on d 0 for 14 d, a 25-mg injection of PGF 16 d after CIDR removal [d 30], and a 100-µg injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone concurrently with TAI 66 ± 2 h later; or 2) PG17 (n = 459), heifers were treated the same as PG16, however, PGF was administered 17 d after CIDR removal [d 31], and heifers were TAI 66 ± 2 h later. Estrus detection patches were applied to heifers at the time of PGF administration and were examined for activation at TAI. Dominant follicle diameter was determined via transrectal ultrasonography at PGF administration and TAI in a subset of heifers (n = 171). Furthermore, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to determine pregnancy rates to TAI (PR/AI) between 30 and 45 d after TAI. Estrus expression prior to TAI was similar (P = 0.50) between treatments (48.9 vs. 52.0%, respectively). Moreover, dominant follicle diameter at PGF and TAI was similar (P ≥ 0.43) between PG16 and PG17 heifers. Pregnancy rates to TAI did not differ (P = 0.48) between treatment groups (46.4 vs. 48.9%, respectively). The results of this experiment indicate that delaying the injection of PGF from d 30 to d 31 along with TAI in the 14-day CIDR-PG & TAI protocol had no effects on fertility parameters in beef heifers. In conclusion, the PGF injection and TAI in the 14-d CIDR-PG & TAI protocol may be delayed, providing more flexibility in scheduling without negatively affecting fertility.
PSII-25 Detection of neurotransmitter-related molecules by untargeted metabolomic analysis of rumen fluid from monensin-treated temperate and tropically adapted beef cattle
Authors: Wellman Catherine L , Rabalais Madaline , Klemashevich Cory , Somenahally Anil C , Long Charles R , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of an ionophore on the ruminal metabolome of temperate and tropically-adapted cattle was evaluated. For 21 d, five Angus, 5 Brahman, and 5 BrahmanXAngus F1 steers (264 kg BW) with 5 steers per pen within breedtype, were fed Tifton bermudagrass hay ad libitum, at the conclusion of which rumen fluid (100-to-250 mL) was collected and stored at -80°C (PRE). During a subsequent 21-d period, all steers were fed Tifton hay ad libitum plus a supplement (908 g corn, 217 g soybean meal, 60 g dried molasses) with monensin (220 mg·steer−1·d−1) individually, at the conclusion of which rumen fluid (100-to-250 mL) was collected and stored at -80°C (POST). Rumen fluid samples were processed for an untargeted analysis by LC/MS on Compound Discoverer v.3.1. Approximately 2,043 compounds were detected with 825 being annotated by ChemSpider and other databases, of which several were associated with four neurotransmitters; acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin. After monensin, several ACh-related molecules increased (P &lt; 0.003) in Angus (POST:PRE ratio=7.906) but ACh decreased (P &lt; 0.043) in the F1 (ratio= 0.391) steers. Dopamine and dopamine-related molecules decreased (P &lt; 0.01) in Angus (ratio= 0.149) and F1 steers (ratio= 0.206) after monensin. No changes for rumen presence of ACh or dopamine occurred in Brahman steers after monensin. Multiple molecules related to GABA increased in Angus (P &lt; 0.03) and Brahman (P &lt; 0.02) steers. Serotonin-related molecules such as the metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA; ratio= 4.389) increased (P &lt; 0.005) only in Brahman steers. The addition of monensin to the diet differentially altered the presence of neurotransmitter-related molecules in the rumen fluid of temperate and tropically adapted beef cattle. Further research regarding physiological roles of ruminal neurotransmitters and modulation by ionophores that affect ruminal microbiota is warranted. Support: USDA FAH
PSII-28 Effect of route of administration of dinoprost tromethamine on serum profiles of PGFM and progesterone in lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Mezera Megan A , Lauber Megan R , Beard Adam D , Cabrera Elisa M , Wiltbank Milo C , Fricke Paul M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to compare serum profiles of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) and circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations in lactating Holstein cows based on route of administration of dinoprost tromethamine administered 7 d after administration of GnRH. Multiparous lactating Holstein cows were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters 6 d after the last GnRH treatment of an Ovsynch protocol (d 0), and cows were randomized on d 7 to receive 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine (2 mL Lutalyse® HighCon; Zoetis, Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ) either s.c. in the neck (SC; n = 6) or i.m. in the semitendenous muscle (IM; n = 6). Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters 24, 2, and 1 h before treatment to establish baseline P4 concentrations. Blood samples were collected every 15 min after treatment for 1.75 h, then every 30 min for 48 h, and at 60 and 72 h with the last time point corresponding to timed AI after an Ovsynch protocol. Serum samples were stored frozen and later assayed for PGFM and P4 concentrations via ELISA. Circulating PGFM concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for SC than for IM cows from 15 to 90 minutes after treatment which resulted in a greater (P = 0.02) area under the PGFM curve during the first 2 h after treatment (2,223 ± 160 pg•hr/mL vs. 1,586 ± 150 pg•hr/mL for SC vs. IM cows, respectively). By contrast, circulating P4 concentrations normalized to percent of baseline P4 concentrations did not differ between treatments at any time point after treatment during the experiment. In conclusion, although SC cows had greater circulating PGFM concentrations 15 to 90 min after treatment than IM cows, the decrease in circulating P4 concentrations during induced luteolysis did not differ based on route of dinoprost tromethamine administration. Supported by NIFA USDA Hatch project 1019532.
PSII-33 Mitigation of testicular heat stress in boars with PG600
Authors: Parrish John J , Berndtson Jodi L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Testicular heat stress due to increasing summer temperatures negatively impacts spermatogenesis reducing semen quality in boars. Scrotal insulation (SI) can mimic summer heat stress. Our hypothesis is that PG600 can mitigate heat stress in boars. PG600 is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (ECG) which have LH- and FSH-like effects respectively. During spermatogenesis, LH impacts testosterone production by Leydig cells and FSH impacts Sertoli cells to produce androgen receptors, inhibit apoptotic signals and sustain spermatogenesis. Eight boars (8–12 months of age) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: SI + saline or SI + PG600. The SI was applied for 48 hrs. Injections were administered 24 hrs prior to SI application and again at onset of SI. PG600 was given at a standard gilt dose to induce puberty. Semen was collected every M-W-F for two weeks prior to treatment and 44 days post-treatment. Semen was evaluated for nuclear head shape via Fourier harmonic analysis (FHA) described as Harmonic amplitudes 0–5 (HA0-5). Semen for each collection day post-treatment was compared to the average of the semen collection days pre-treatment, described as day 0. Scrotal insulation produced a 3.7°C increase in average scrotal temperature for 48 hrs. Post-SI + saline, HA0 decreased on days 21–33 (P &lt; 0.05), HA1 increased on day 30 (P &lt; 0.05), HA2 decreased on day 35 (P &lt; 0.05), HA3 increased on days 21–33 (P &lt; 0.05), HA4 increased on days 21–26 (P &lt; 0.05), and HA5 increased on days 21–30 (P &lt; 0.05). Post-SI + PG600, decreased the number of days post-SI when changes in harmonic amplitudes were seen (P &lt; 0.05) as well as the magnitude of the response (P &lt; 0.05). PG600 was for the first time shown to significantly mitigated the response of boars to SI and testicular heat stress. Increased doses of PG600 may improve results.
PSXI-22 Prediction quality of cattle behavior traits evaluated through different cross-validation strategies using wearable sensor data and machine learning algorithms
Authors: Ribeiro Leonardo Augusto Coelho , Bresolin Tiago , Rosa Guilherme J M , Casagrande Daniel Rume , Danes Marina De Arruda Camargo , Dorea Joao R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wearable sensors have been adopted as an alternative for real-time monitoring of cattle feeding behavior in grazing systems. However, even using machine learning (ML) techniques confounding effects such as cross-validation strategy may inflate the prediction quality. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of different cross-validation strategies on the prediction of grazing activities in cattle using wearable sensor data and ML algorithms. Six Nellore bulls (345 ± 21 kg) had their behavior visually classified as grazing or not-grazing for a period of 15 days. Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed to predict behavior (grazing or not-grazing) using 3-axis accelerometer data. For each analytical method, three cross-validation strategies were evaluated: holdout, leave-one-animal-out (LOAO), and leave-one-day-out (LODO). Algorithms were trained using similar dataset sizes (holdout: n = 57,862; LOAO: n = 56,786; LODO: n = 56,672). Regardless of the cross-validation strategy, GLM achieved the worst prediction accuracy (53%) compared to the ML techniques (65% for both RF and ANN). ANN performed slightly better than RF for LOAO (73%) and LODO (64%) cross-validation strategies. The holdout yielded the highest accuracy values for all three ML approaches (GLM: 59%, RF: 76%, and ANN: 74%), followed by LODO (58%) and LOAO (55%). In conclusion, the GLM approach was not adequate to predict grazing behavior, regardless of the cross-validation strategy. The greater prediction accuracy observed for holdout cross-validation may simply indicate a lack of data independence and the presence of carry-over effects from animals and grazing management. Our results suggest that generalizing predictive models to unknown (not used for training) animals or grazing management may incur in poor prediction quality. The results highlight the need for using biological knowledge to define the validation strategy that is closer to the real-life situation.
PSXI-14 Effects of pen cleaning on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed during the winter in the northern Great Plains
Authors: Neville Bryan W , Moore Rebecca L , Rodehorst Wayde J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of winter pen cleaning on livestock performance of beef cattle fed to finish in the Northern Great Plains. One hundred fifty-six mixed-breed beef steers (284 ± 14 kg) were assigned to one of 12 pens. Treatments were assigned randomly to pen and consisted of: 1) Control - no cleaning, 2) Apron - bunk aprons (approximately 3 m behind the bunk) cleaned twice throughout the study, and 3) Full - entirety of the pen cleaned twice throughout the study. Full pens or bunk aprons were cleaned on two occasions at 56-day intervals. Pens were stocked at a similar density, approximately 26.9 m2 of pen space per steer. Steers were adapted to and finished a common finishing diet. Cattle were provided fresh bedding weekly, with an estimated 2.5 kg cereal straw·steer−1·d−1 used as bedding during the study. Pen cleaning did not influence (P ≥ 0.48) final body weight (628 ± 12 kg), or average daily gain (1.8 ± 0.03 kg/d). Dry matter intake (10.6 ± 0.24 kg) and feed efficiency (0.167 kg gain:kg dry matter intake) were similar (P ≥ 0.55) across treatment. Hot carcass weight, ribeye area, back fat and yield grade of carcasses were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by pen cleaning treatment. Increasing extent of pen cleaning increased marbling score (P = 0.03; 444, 463, and 484 ± 11.1 for control, apron, and full, respectively). Quality grade was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in carcasses resulting from steers managed with either pen cleaning strategy compared to control. Further, increasing extent of pen cleaning increased (P = 0.03) quality grade of carcasses. Pen cleaning did not improve animal performance in this study, which was unexpected. Further research on the accumulation of marbling over time with different pen cleaning systems is warranted.
PSXI-9 CriaCerto - Breeding System Simulator App: a case of study in Brazil
Authors: Amaral Thais B , Costa Fernando p , Carromeu Camilo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
CriaCerto App was launched in February 2019 by Embrapa, Brazil, as free access, available at www.criacerto.com. It simulates the costs and benefits of the main breeding systems for cattle production: Natural Service (NS), One Fixed Time Artificial Insemination plus NS (1FTAI), Two Fixed Time Artificial Insemination plus NS (2FTAI), and Three Fixed Time Inseminations (3FTAI). This work aimed to evaluate the use of the App as well as the results of the simulations carried out during the 12 months following its launch. From February 14th, 2019 to February 20th, 2020, 4,780 accesses to the platform were recorded, with an average access time of 3 min 30 s. Eighty percent of accesses were made using mobile phones, 15% from desktops, and 5% via tablets. These accesses resulted in 975 different simulations, where 51% were from NS, 24% of 1FTAI, 14% 2FTAI, and 11% 3FTAI. There was a difference between the prices the farmers were willing to pay for the bulls according to the reproduction method. Those who performed NS simulations were willing to pay less for bulls than those who simulated 1FTAI or 2FTAI. It was also observed that the price to be paid per semen dose on 1FTAI simulations was practically double of the 2FTAI. This indicates that farmers are willing to invest in genetically superior bulls, which are usually more expensive, but the decision is made based on the total amount of money spent. It also indicates that farmers take into account the trade-off between the cost of the bull, semen dose and the benefits of genetic improvement. In Brazil only 12% of the total beef cows participate in artificial insemination programs. Nonetheless, through this study, we concluded that farmers are opened to invest in FTAI, even though they do not want to pay high prices in semen doses.
PSXI-16 Inclusion of automated sensor data as a predictor of feed intake increases the variance explained by a random forest model
Authors: Siberski Cori J , Mayes Mary S , Gorden Patrick J , Copeland Adam , Healey Mary , Goetz Brady M , Beiki Hamid , Kramer Luke M , Baumgard Lance H , Dixon Philip , Koltes James E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Prediction of feed intake from indicators would benefit the dairy industry since on-farm feed intake data are rare. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of sensor data to improve predictions of feed intake. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY) and components, metabolic body weight (MBW; body weight0.75), and veterinary health records were collected from two cow groups (n1=47, n2=60). Automated sensors (ear tags, rumen bolus, environmental) captured measurements of cow activity, temperature, rumination and rumen pH, and barn temperature and humidity which were used to calculate THI. Random forest (RF) models were trained in R (Caret package) by 10-fold cross validation, with DMI as the response variable. Training data originated from the full study with the exception of the final day, for which DMI was then predicted. Predictive ability was evaluated against a base model excluding automated sensor data to determine changes in accuracy and the percent of variance explained (VAR). The base model included MY and components, MBW, THI, health status and parity. Base model mean square error (MSE) was 9.86, 13.25 and 12.50 kg of DMI and VAR 44.71, 42.9 and 44.85% (n = 92, 56 and 41, respectively). The correlation between actual and predicted final day DMI (CORR) was 0.05, 0.03 and 0.02 (n = 92, 56 and 41, respectively). Adding activity and temperature (first ear tag; n = 92) reduced MSE to 9.70 kg and VAR increased to 45.62% (CORR=0.20). Independently adding bolus activity, rumen temperature and pH (n = 56) to the base model also decreased MSE to 12.53 kg (VAR=46.24% and CORR=0.26). Lastly, adding activity and rumination from the second ear tag (n = 41) to the base model decreased MSE to 12.32 kg (VAR=45.63%, CORR=0.18). Automated sensors appear to explain additional variation in DMI that is not captured in the typical energy sink variables utilized when predicting intake.
PSII-18 Effect of two different milk-feeding methods on performance and plasma glucose of dairy calves
Authors: Silva Marcos , Silva Ana Paula , Toledo Ariany , Dondé Sophia , Tomaluski Cristiane , Miranda Fernanda Z , Brito Gabriela , Bittar Carla Maris M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate two different methods of milk feeding calves and the effects on performance and plasma glucose. Thirty newborn Holsteins calves were individually housed with free access to water and starter concentrate and fed 6 L/d of whole milk divided in two meals (7h and 17h). A randomized blocks experimental design was used, with weight and day of birth as blocking effect, and calves were distributed in two methods of milk-feeding: (1) open bucket; (2) bucket with an artificial teat. Milk-feeding period started with 3 d of age, after colostrum feeding by bottle. The starter intake was monitored daily. Speed of milk intake, body weight and measures, and blood samples were taken weekly. Data were analyzed using the proc mixed of SAS for repeated measures, and the means were compared using the F test (P ≤ 0.05). Feeding milk using a bucket with an artificial teat decreased average daily starter intake (P &lt; 0.03), probably because calves were more satisfied by the act of suckling. However, there were no effects on body weight gain, weight at weaning and average body measures. The bucket with artificial teat had a positive influence on blood glucose concentration, measure 2h after milk feeding (P &lt; 0.01), as a response of lower speed for milk intake (P &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that the speed for milk intake may interfere on blood glucose concentrations peak, however because the behavioral need of suckling is attended, it may decrease starter intake, but without decrease performance.