bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Successful Measurement of Clitoral Pulse Amplitude Using a New Clitoral Photoplethysmograph: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mechelmans Daisy J. , Sachtler Wendelin L. , von Wiegand Thomas E. , Goodrich David , Heiman Julia R. , Janssen Erick 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the clitoris is more sensitive to stimulation and its innervation more conducive to sensory feedback than the vagina, the field of sexual psychophysiology, which uses psychophysiological methods including genital response measures to study sexual arousal, relies heavily on the measurement of vaginal, rather than clitoral, pulse amplitude.

Aim
To develop and test a new clitoral photoplethysmograph for the measurement of clitoral pulse amplitude (CPA).

Methods
2 versions of the new device, which differed in the orientation of the sensor and light source (parallel vs angled), were tested in 15 premenopausal, sexually functional women. Vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) was assessed simultaneously. The women viewed a 3-minute erotic and an anxiety-inducing film segment with each clitoral sensor, interspersed with neutral video excerpts. In addition, they were asked to indicate their subjective level of sexual arousal during and after erotic video presentations.

Outcomes
The main outcome measures are CPA, VPA, and subjective sexual arousal.

Results
The clitoral photoplethysmograph successfully detected CPA. The quality of the signals was best for the angled sensor. Main effects of the film and the interaction between the film and epoch were stronger for the clitoral than for the vaginal device. In addition, CPA followed more closely changes in intensity of sexual films than VPA. Within- and between-subject correlations between genital response and subjective sexual arousal were higher for the clitoral than for the vaginal device.

Clinical Translation
Comparison of CPA with other genital blood flow measures in clinical samples is indicated and may contribute to improved physiological assessments of sexual response in women.

Strengths and Limitations
Our sample was small and consisted of healthy volunteers. Future research could examine test-retest reliability, by including multiple recording sessions, and further explore the specificity of CPA by comparing sexual and non-sexual stimuli with positive valence.

Conclusion
This study presents the first instrument to successfully measure CPA.
The Aquitaine Shelf Edge (Bay of Biscay): A Primary Outlet for Microbial Methane Release
Authors: Dupré S. , Loubrieu B. , Pierre C. , Scalabrin C. , Guérin C. , Ehrhold A. , Ogor A. , Gautier E. , Ruffine L. , Biville R. , Saout J. , Breton C. , Floodpage J. , Lescanne M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA few thousand (2,612) seeps are releasing microbial methane bubbles from the seafloor at the Aquitaine Shelf edge (Bay of Biscay) at shallow water depths (140–220 m). This methane contributes to the formation of meter‐scale subcircular carbonate structures, which are (sub)outcropping over 375 km2. Based on in situ flow rate measurements and acoustic data, and assuming steady and continuous fluxes over time, the methane entering the water column is estimated at 144 Mg/yr. Microbial methane circulation has been ongoing for at least a few thousand years. This discovery highlights the importance of microbial methane generation, disconnected from deep thermogenic sources and gas hydrates, at continental shelves. The shelf edge may be viewed as a focus area for methane circulation and release and related diagenesis, all having an impact on the shaping of continental shelves and potentially on the oceanic and atmospheric carbon budget.
A New Method for Accurate and Efficient Modeling of the Local Ocean Induction Effects. Application to Long‐Period Responses from Island Geomagnetic Observatories
Authors: Chen Chaojian , Kruglyakov Mikhail , Kuvshinov Alexey 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThere is significant interest in constraining mantle conductivity beneath oceans. One data source to probe oceanic mantle conductivity is magnetic fields measured at island observatories. From these data local responses are estimated and then inverted in terms of conductivity. However, island responses may be strongly distorted by the ocean induction effect (OIE) originating from conductivity contrasts between ocean and land. Insufficiently accurate accounting for OIE may lead to wrong interpretation of the responses. OIE is generally modeled by global simulations using relatively coarse grids to represent bathymetry. We explore whether very local bathymetry influences island responses. To address this question we developed a methodology for efficient modeling of effects of bathymetry of any resolution. On an example of two island observatories we demonstrate that small‐scale bathymetry dramatically influences the responses. Using new methodology we obtain new conductivity models beneath considered islands and observe very good agreement between modeled and experimental responses.
The Roles of the Atmosphere and Ocean in Driving Arctic Warming Due to European Aerosol Reductions
Authors: Krishnan Srinath , Ekman Annica M. L. , Hansson Hans‐Christen , Riipinen Ilona , Lewinschal Anna , Wilcox Laura J. , Dallafior Tanja 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClean air policies can have significant impacts on climate in remote regions. Previous modeling studies have shown that the temperature response to European sulfate aerosol reductions is largest in the Arctic. Here we investigate the atmospheric and ocean roles in driving this enhanced Arctic warming using a set of fully coupled and slab‐ocean simulations (specified ocean heat convergence fluxes) with the Norwegian Earth system model (NorESM), under scenarios with high and low European aerosol emissions relative to year 2000. We show that atmospheric processes drive most of the Arctic response. The ocean pathway plays a secondary role inducing small temperature changes mostly in the opposite direction of the atmospheric response. Important modulators of the temperature response patterns are changes in sea ice extent and subsequent turbulent heat flux exchange, suggesting that a proper representation of Arctic sea ice and turbulent changes is key to predicting the Arctic response to midlatitude aerosol forcing.
On the Changing Role of the Stratosphere on the Tropospheric Ozone Budget: 1979–2010
Authors: Griffiths P. T. , Keeble J. , Shin Y. M. , Abraham N. L. , Archibald A. T. , Pyle J. A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study the evolution of tropospheric ozone over the period 1979–2010 using a chemistry‐climate model employing a stratosphere‐troposphere chemistry scheme. By running with specified dynamics, the key feedback of composition on meteorology is suppressed, isolating the chemical response. By using historical forcings and emissions, interactions between processes are realistically represented. We use the model to assess how the ozone responds over time and to investigate model responses and trends. We find that the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)‐driven decrease in stratospheric ozone plays a significant role in the tropospheric ozone burden. Over the period 1979–1994, the decline in transport of ozone from the stratosphere, partially offsets an emissions‐driven increase in tropospheric ozone production. From 1994–2010, despite a leveling off in emissions, increased stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport of ozone drives a small increase in the tropospheric ozone burden. These results have implications for the impact of future stratospheric ozone recovery on air quality and radiative forcing.
Resolving the Differences in the Simulated and Reconstructed Temperature Response to Volcanism
Authors: Zhu Feng , Emile‐Geay Julien , Hakim Gregory J. , King Jonathan , Anchukaitis Kevin J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExplosive volcanism imposes impulse‐like radiative forcing on the climate system, providing a natural experiment to study the climate response to perturbation. Previous studies have identified disagreements between paleoclimate reconstructions and climate model simulations with respect to the magnitude and recovery from volcanic cooling, questioning the fidelity of climate model simulations, reconstructions, or both. Using the paleoenvironmental data assimilation framework of the Last Millennium Reanalysis, this study investigates the causes of the disagreements, using both real and simulated data. We demonstrate that discrepancies since 1600 CE can be largely resolved by assimilating tree‐ring density records only, targeting growing season temperature instead of annual temperature, and performing the comparison at proxy locales. Simulations of eruptions earlier in the last millennium may also reflect uncertainties in forcing and modeled aerosol microphysics.
Surface Wave Tomography of Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Using Beamforming of Seismic Noise at a Dense Array
Authors: Wang Kaiming , Lu Laiyu , Maupin Valérie , Ding Zhifeng , Zheng Chen , Zhong Shijun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn traditional surface wave tomography based on seismic noise, 2D phase or group velocity distribution is obtained by performing pure‐path inversion after extracting interstation velocities based on the noise cross‐correlation function. In this paper, we show that 2D surface wave phase velocity maps of adequate quality can be obtained directly, without interferometry, by beamforming the ambient noise recorded at array of stations. This method does not require a good azimuthal distribution of the noise sources. The 2D surface wave phase velocity map is obtained by moving the subarrays within a larger dense network of stations. The method is illustrated with seismic noise recorded by over 600 stations of the ChinArray (Phase II). We obtain 2D Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps between 7 and 35 s in Northeastern (NE) Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions that compare well with results obtained with other methods. The shear wave velocity model is then derived by inverting the phase velocity with depth. The model correlates well with geology and tectonics in NE Tibet. Two clear mid‐to‐low crustal low‐velocity zones are observed at 15‐ to 35‐km depth beneath the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane and Northwestern Qilian Orogen, possibly facilitating lower crustal flow in this key region for the tectonic evolution of NE Tibet.
The Power‐Law Relation Between Inclusion Aspect Ratio and Porosity: Implications for Electrical and Elastic Modeling
Authors: Cilli P. A. , Chapman M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGeophysicists depend on rock physics relationships to interpret resistivity and seismic velocity in terms of rock porosity, but it has proven difficult to capture the effect of pore geometry on such relations through simple and easy to apply formulae. Inclusion modeling relates moduli to porosity through an equivalent grain or pore aspect ratio but often fails to account for observed trends, whereas empirical relations can be hard to extrapolate beyond their range of validity, often giving incorrect results in the low and high porosity limits. We show that introducing a power‐law relationship between porosity and equivalent grain or pore aspect ratio allows inclusion models to reproduce five published empirical resistivity‐porosity and velocity‐porosity relationships, providing a first principles basis for extrapolation to other cases of interest. We find that the deviation of resistivity from Archie's law in carbonates is related to a systematic change of grain shape with porosity, and we derive a new relation that fits carbonate resistivity data with similar accuracy to the Humble equation while being correct at high porosity. We then obtain an analog for the Castagna and Pickett relationships for wet, calcitic rocks, which is valid in the low and high porosity limits, giving rise to a new, physically derivedVp/Vsversus porosity model.
Biological Calcification Rate and Species‐Specific Contributions of Coccolithophores to Total Calcite Inventory in the Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Liu Haijiao , Yun Misun , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Guicheng , Thangaraj Satheeswaran , Huang Ke , Sun Jun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCoccolithophores are calcifying protists that have a significant role in marine biological pump through calcite production (CP). We determined the biological calcification rate and ecologically key species (e.g., Gephyrocapsa oceanica) contribution to total calcite stocks in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during spring intermonsoon; this region was quite undersampled compared to other oceanic regions. Our results indicated that the numerically dominant species are of great importance to cell calcite even with low cellular calcite. CP rate in EIO ranged from 0.148 to 85.017 μmol C·m−3·day−1 in the entire data set, which was lower than those in the global ocean. Coccolithophores contributed 8.5% of total phytoplankton carbon fixation. CP acted as a function of light irradiance in the euphotic zone, while a decoupling between CP and primary productivity was found in most of the bottom of euphotic zone. To some degree, this decoupling indicated calcification was more nitrate dependent and less light dependent than photosynthesis. CP/primary productivity ratios were highly variable in our database and were possibly influenced by photoacclimation across various coccolithophore species. As roughly estimated, the turnover rate of coccolith calcite took values around 0.02–0.05 day−1. The association between particulate organic carbon and calcite stocks implied a potential increasing ballast as depth increase. The current profiles of calcification and associated biogeochemical elements obtained from this field study helps our understanding about characteristics of biological pump in the EIO and are valuable for estimating calcification rate in the region using satellite data and numerical modeling.
The Double‐ITCZ Bias in CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 Models Based on Annual Mean Precipitation
Authors: Tian Baijun , Dong Xinyu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe double‐intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) bias is one of the most outstanding errors in all previous generations of climate models. Here, the annual double‐ITCZ bias and the associated precipitation bias in the latest climate models for Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 6 (CMIP6) are examined in comparison to their previous generations (CMIP Phase 3 [CMIP3] and CMIP Phase 5 [CMIP5]). All three generations of CMIP models share similar systematic annual multi‐model ensemble mean precipitation errors in the tropics. The notorious double‐ITCZ bias and its big inter‐model spread persist in CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 models. Based on several tropical precipitation bias indices, the double‐ITCZ bias is slightly reduced from CMIP3 or CMIP5 to CMIP6. In addition, the annual equatorial Pacific cold tongue persists in all three generations of CMIP models, but its inter‐model spread is reduced from CMIP3 to CMIP5 and from CMIP5 to CMIP6.
Large‐Scale Crustal Structure Beneath Singapore Using Receiver Functions From a Dense Urban Nodal Array
Authors: Lythgoe Karen H. , Ong Su Qing Miranda , Wei Shengji 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGeophysics has a role to play in the development of “smart cities”. This is particularly true for Singapore, one of the world's most densely populated countries. Imaging of Singapore's subsurface is required to identify geological faults, model shaking from future earthquakes, and provide a framework for underground development. A noninvasive geophysical technique that is well suited for urban areas is passive seismic surveys using compact seismic instruments called nodes. Here we image Singapore's crustal structure using receiver functions generated by a 40‐day deployment of a 88 station nodal array. We generate high resolution receiver functions, despite the noisy environment and short recording time and also create common‐conversion point images. Our results reveal a complex crustal structure, containing multiple discontinuities. Azimuthal variations indicate a distinct change in crustal structure on either side of the postulated Bukit Timah fault, which has implications for seismic hazard.
Determining Bathymetry of Shallow and Ephemeral Desert Lakes Using Satellite Imagery and Altimetry
Authors: Armon M. , Dente E. , Shmilovitz Y. , Mushkin A. , Cohen T. J. , Morin E. , Enzel Y. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWater volume estimates of shallow desert lakes are the basis for water balance calculations, important both for water resource management and paleohydrology/climatology. Water volumes are typically inferred from bathymetry mapping; however, being shallow, ephemeral, and remote, bathymetric surveys are scarce in such lakes. We propose a new, remote‐sensing‐based, method to derive the bathymetry of such lakes using the relation between water occurrence, during >30 year of optical satellite data, and accurate elevation measurements from the new Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2). We demonstrate our method at three locations where we map bathymetries with ~0.3 m error. This method complements other remotely sensed, bathymetry‐mapping methods as it can be applied to: (a) complex lake systems with subbasins, (b) remote lakes with no in‐situ records, and (c) flooded lakes. The proposed method can be easily implemented in other shallow lakes as it builds on publically accessible global data sets.
Structural Variability Within the Kane Oceanic Core Complex From Full Waveform Inversion and Reverse Time Migration of Streamer Data
Authors: Xu Min , Zhao Xu , Canales J. Pablo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe origin and distribution of the gabbroic bodies provide crucial information to understand the formation and evolution processes of the oceanic core complexes (OCCs). Nevertheless, images of the shape of the gabbroic bodies across the domes and gabbroic intrusion into the mantle have remained elusive. High‐resolution acoustic early‐arrival full waveform inversion tomography models obtained along and across the Kane OCC characterize the detailed lateral variability in structure and composition of the upper ~2 km of this well‐developed OCC. Reverse time migration images show the gabbroic plutons embedded in mantle rocks are seismically transparent, while more reflective sections correspond to the layered magmatic crust. Lithological interpretation shows heterogeneous distribution of gabbroic bodies within the Kane OCC, indicating strong spatial and temporal variability in magmatism during fault exhumation. Our results will also be of high value for future scientific ocean drilling efforts in the area.
CSN6–TRIM21 axis instigates cancer stemness during tumorigenesis
Authors: Qin Baifu , Zou Shaomin , Li Kai , Wang Huashe , Wei Wenxia , Zhang Boyu , Xiao Lishi , Choi Hyun Ho , Tang Qin , Huang Dandan , Liu Qingxin , Pan Qihao , Meng Manqi , Fang Lekun , Lee Mong-Hong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumour initiation, metastasis and recurrence. However, the mechanism of CSC formation, maintenance and expansion in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly characterised.

Methods
The role of COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) in regulating cancer stemness was evaluated by organoid formation and limited dilution analysis. The role of CSN6–TRIM21–OCT1–ALDH1A1 axis in CSC formation was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The association of CSN6, TRIM21 and ALDH1A1 expression was validated by a tissue microarray with 267 CRC patients.

Results
The results showed that CSN6 is critical for sphere formation and maintaining the growth of patient-derived organoids (PDOs). We characterised the role of CSN6 in regulating cancer stemness, which involves the TRIM21 E3 ubiquitin ligase, transcription factor POU class 2 homeobox 1 (OCT1) and cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 (ALDH1A1). Our data showed that CSN6 facilitates ubiquitin-mediated degradation of TRIM21, which in turn decreases TRIM21-mediated OCT1 ubiquitination and subsequently stabilises OCT1. Consequently, OCT1 stabilisation leads to ALDH1A1expression and promotes cancer stemness. We further showed that the protein expression levels of CSN6, TRIM21 and ALDH1A1 can serve as prognostic markers for human CRC.

Conclusions
In conclusion, we validate a pathway for cancer stemness regulation involving ALDH1A1 levels through the CSN6–TRIM21 axis, which may be utilised as CRC molecular markers and be targeted for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
Smoking, alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer risk by molecular pathological subtypes and pathways
Authors: Amitay Efrat L. , Carr Prudence R. , Jansen Lina , Roth Wilfried , Alwers Elizabeth , Herpel Esther , Kloor Matthias , Bläker Hendrik , Chang-Claude Jenny , Brenner Hermann , Hoffmeister Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Smoking and alcohol increase risk for colorectal malignancies. However, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogenic disease and associations with the molecular pathological pathways are unclear.

Methods
This population-based case–control study includes 2444 cases with first-diagnosis CRC and 2475 controls. Tumour tissue was analysed for MSI (microsatellite instability), CIMP (CpG island methylator phenotype), BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase gene) and KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue gene) mutations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for associations between alcohol and smoking and CRC molecular subtypes and pathways.

Results
Current smoking showed higher ORs for MSI-high (OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.86–4.18) compared to MSS (OR = 1.41, 1.14–1.75, p-heterogeneity (p-het) = 0.001), BRAF-mutated (mut) (OR = 2.40, 1.41–4.07) compared to BRAF-wild type (wt) (OR = 1.52, 1.24–1.88, p-het = 0.074), KRAS-wt (OR = 1.70, 1.36–2.13) compared to KRAS-mut (OR = 1.26, 0.95–1.68, p-het = 0.039) and CIMP-high (OR = 2.01, 1.40–2.88) compared to CIMP-low/negative CRC (OR = 1.50, 1.22–1.85, p-het=0.101). Current smoking seemed more strongly associated with sessile serrated pathway (CIMP-high + BRAF-mut; OR = 2.39, 1.27–4.52) than with traditional pathway CRC (MSS + CIMP-low/negative + BRAF-wt; OR = 1.50, 1.16–1.94) and no association was observed with alternate pathway CRC (MSS + CIMP-low/negative + KRAS-wt; OR = 1.08, 0.77–1.43). No heterogeneity was observed in alcohol consumption association by molecular subtypes.

Conclusions
In this large case–control study, smoking was more strongly associated with MSI-high and KRAS-wt CRC and with cases showing features of the sessile serrated pathway. Association patterns were less clear for alcohol consumption.