bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why we should care about movements: Using spatially explicit integrated population models to assess habitat source–sink dynamics
Authors: Paquet Matthieu , Arlt Debora , Knape Jonas , Low Matthew , Forslund Pär , Pärt Tomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Assessing the source–sink status of populations and habitats is of major importance for understanding population dynamics and for the management of natural populations. Sources produce a net surplus of individuals (per capita contribution to the metapopulation > 1) and will be the main contributors for self‐sustaining populations, whereas sinks produce a deficit (contribution < 1). However, making these types of assessments is generally hindered by the problem of separating mortality from permanent emigration, especially when survival probabilities as well as moved distances are habitat‐specific.

To address this long‐standing issue, we propose a spatial multi‐event integrated population model (IPM) that incorporates habitat‐specific dispersal distances of individuals. Using information about local movements, this IPM adjusts survival estimates for emigration outside the study area.

Analysing 24 years of data on a farmland passerine (the northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe), we assessed habitat‐specific contributions, and hence the source–sink status and temporal variation of two key breeding habitats, while accounting for habitat‐ and sex‐specific local dispersal distances of juveniles and adults. We then examined the sensitivity of the source–sink analysis by comparing results with and without accounting for these local movements.

Estimates of first‐year survival, and consequently habitat‐specific contributions, were higher when local movement data were included. The consequences from including movement data were sex specific, with contribution shifting from sink to likely source in one habitat for males, and previously noted habitat differences for females disappearing.

Assessing the source–sink status of habitats is extremely challenging. We show that our spatial IPM accounting for local movements can reduce biases in estimates of the contribution by different habitats, and thus reduce the overestimation of the occurrence of sink habitats. This approach allows combining all available data on demographic rates and movements, which will allow better assessment of source–sink dynamics and better informed conservation interventions.
The last moves: The effect of hunting and culling on the risk of disease spread from a population of reindeer
Authors: Mysterud Atle , Rauset Geir Rune , Van Moorter Bram , Andersen Roy , Strand Olav , Rivrud Inger Maren 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Hunting and culling are frequently used to combat infectious wildlife diseases. The aim is to markedly lower population density in order to limit disease transmission or to eradicate the host. Massive host culling can yield a trade‐off when combating wildlife disease; it follows that intrusive actions may have unintended behavioural side effects, leading to the geographic spread of disease. The manner in which such excessive hunting and culling of hosts can affect the movement and dispersion of cervids has not been studied.

In this study, we quantified the behaviour (daily movements and habitat use) and dispersion of GPS‐marked reindeer (n = 24) before and during the eradication of an entire population (>2,000 reindeer) infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Norway. We compared behaviour and dispersion during 10 ordinary hunting seasons (2007–2016), an extended hunting season (2017) and marksmen culling (2017/2018).

Seasonality had a major impact on movements. Reindeer movements during the early hunting season (20 August–20 September) did not increase the overall movements compared to that in the pre‐hunt season (20 July–19 August), while extended hunting into October (as in 2017) and marksmen culling from November to February markedly increased daytime movements relative to that normally observed in this time of the year. Towards the end of the eradication, the remaining reindeer sought refuge at restricted high‐elevation areas with limited forage production. Reindeer used novel areas towards the perimeter of the range, but active herding during culling stopped one herd from leaving the CWD zone.

Synthesis and applications. With emerging wildlife diseases, host culling is becoming a more frequently used tool for managers in Europe. Our study highlights the potential trade‐off between combating disease transmission within a population and the risk of geographic spread. Such insight is important to design mitigation measures, such as perimeter fencing or herding, to avoid the risk of the geographic spread of disease in cases of severe and economically important wildlife diseases.
Military crisis responses to COVID‐19
Authors: Kalkman Jori Pascal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCountries across the globe have mobilized their armed forces in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Current contributions of armed forces have resulted from an urgent need for additional personnel and resources, and were facilitated by a framing of the crisis in terms of war. These deployments were in the interest of armed forces and enabled them to improve their operational readiness, boost their societal standing and support societies with their expertise. Even though armed forces may provide crucial aid in times of need, it is important that civilian crisis organizations are not undermined, civilian control and civil rights are guaranteed, and the effects on other military operations are considered and discussed. This Forum contribution offers some reflections and recommendations.
Incidence of postpartum hypertension within 2 years of a pregnancy complicated by pre‐eclampsia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Giorgione V , Ridder A , Kalafat E , Khalil A , Thilaganathan B 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundWomen with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are at increased long‐term risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there has been increasing evidence on the same risks in the months following birth.ObjectivesThis review aims to estimate the incidence of hypertension in the first 2 years after HDP.Search strategyMEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases were systematically searched in October 2019.Selection criteriaObservational studies comparing hypertension rate following HDP and normotensive pregnancies up to 2 years.Data collection and analysisA meta‐analysis to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a sub‐group analysis excluding women with chronic hypertension were performed.Main resultsHypertension was diagnosed within the first 2 years following pregnancy in 468/1646 (28.4%) and 584/6395 (9.1%) of the HDP and control groups, respectively (OR 6.28; 95% CI 4.18–9.43; I2 = 56%). The risk of hypertension in HDP group was significantly higher in the first 6 months following delivery (OR 18.33; 95% CI 1.35–249.48; I2 = 84%) than at 6–12 months (OR 4.36; 95% CI 2.81–6.76; I2 = 56%) or between 1–2 years postpartum (OR 7.24; 95% CI 4.44–11.80; I2 = 9%). A sub‐group analysis demonstrated a similar increase in the risk of developing postpartum hypertension after HDP (OR 5.75; 95% CI 3.92–8.44; I2 = 49%) and pre‐eclampsia (OR 6.83; 95% CI 4.25–10.96; I2 = 53%).ConclusionsThe augmented risk of hypertension after HDP is highest in the early postpartum period, suggesting that diagnosis and targeted interventions to improve maternal cardiovascular health may need to be commenced in the immediate postpartum period.Tweetable abstractThe risk of hypertension within 2 years of birth is six‐fold higher in women who experienced pre‐eclampsia.
Improved physicochemical stability of emulsions enriched in lutein by a combination of chlorogenic acid–whey protein isolate–dextran and vitamin E
Authors: Wang Hao , Yan Yong , Feng Xiangru , Wu Zijian , Guo Yatu , Li Heyu , Zhu Qiaomei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLutein, as a bioactive substance, has the ability to decrease the risk of some chronic diseases, but the poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioaccessibility limit its wide application in foods. In this study, an emulsion‐based delivery system stabilized by chlorogenic acid (CA)–whey protein isolate (WPI)–dextran (DEX) ternary conjugates was prepared and vitamin E (VE) was added to increase the chemical stability of lutein. Molecular weight and conformational information of ternary conjugates were obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. o‐Phthalaldehyde results suggested that the extent of glycation was 16.4% and 19.5% for (CA–WPI)–DEX and WPI–DEX conjugates, respectively. The physicochemical stability of lutein‐enriched emulsions was evaluated under different environmental stresses and long‐term storage. The obtained results showed that compared with emulsions stabilized by WPI alone or binary conjugates, ternary conjugates imparted emulsions high stability under different environmental stress conditions (ionic strength, freeze–thaw, and heat) and long‐term storage (within 3 weeks). VE can effectively decrease the degradation rate of lutein without changing the physical stability of emulsions. Additionally, the lutein‐enriched emulsions prepared by ternary conjugates and VE exhibited a relatively high bioaccessibility.Practical ApplicationThe ternary conjugates constructed in this paper has excellent physicochemical characteristics to stabilize emulsion, and can increase the water solubility of functional factors and reduce their degradation rate. Additionally, this conjugate was prepared by food‐grade materials. Therefore, it can be used as emulsion‐based delivery systems in food industrials.
elfgen: A New Instream Flow Framework for Rapid Generation and Optimization of Flow–Ecology Relations
Authors: Kleiner Joseph , Passero Elaina , Burgholzer Robert , Rapp Jennifer , Scott Durelle 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEffective water resource management requires practical, data‐driven determination of instream flow needs. Newly developed, high‐resolution flow models and aquatic species databases provide enormous opportunity, but the volume of data can prove challenging to manage without automated tools. The objective of this study was to develop a framework of analytical methods and best practices to reduce costs of entry into flow–ecology analysis by integrating widely available hydrologic and ecological datasets. Ecological limit functions (ELFs) describing the relation between maximum species richness and stream size characteristics (streamflow or drainage area) were developed. Species richness is expected to increase with streamflow through a watershed up to a point where it either plateaus or transitions to a decreasing trend in larger streams. Our results show that identifying the location of this "breakpoint" is critical for producing optimal ELF model fit. We found that richness breakpoints can be estimated using automated low‐supervision methods, with high‐supervision providing negligible improvement in detection accuracy. Model fit (and predictive capability) was found to be superior in smaller hydrologic units. The ELF model ("elfgen" R package available on GitHub: https://github.com/HARPgroup/elfgen) can be used to generate ELFs using built‐in datasets for the conterminous United States, or applied anywhere else streamflow and biodiversity data inputs are available.
MicroRNA‐200b is a potential biomarker of the expression of PD‐L1 in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Katakura Seigo , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Hashimoto Hisashi , Kamimaki Chisato , Tanaka Katsushi , Kubo Sousuke , Nakashima Kentaro , Teranishi Shuhei , Manabe Saki , Watanabe Keisuke , Horita Nobuyuki , Hara Yu , Yamamoto Masaki , Kudo Makoto , Piao Hongmei , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundAdvanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. However, outcomes have gradually improved after the introduction of novel immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in tumor tissues is a known biomarker for guiding ICI treatment of NSCLC, challenges such as difficulty of liquid biopsy and heterogeneous results during treatment persist. This study evaluated the potential of miR200b as a surrogate biomarker for PD‐L1 expression.MethodsWe used the human lung cancer cell lines H226, H460, H520, A549, and H1975. miR200b expression in blood and bronchoscopy specimens of NSCLC patients was evaluated using reverse‐transcription‐quantitative PCR. Using flow cytometry, PD‐L1 expression in vitro, as well as in tumor tissues, was evaluated after transfection with a mimic miR200b or siRNA.ResultsmiR200b expression negatively correlated with PD‐L1 expression in all cell lines. The induction or knockdown of miR200b also altered PD‐L1 expression in vitro. The patient group with a PD‐L1 tumor proportion score ≥ 50% had significantly lower miR200b expression in the bronchoscopy specimens (P = 0.025) and serum‐derived exosomes (P = 0.022) than that with PD‐L1 tumor proportion score < 50%.ConclusionsmiR200b can regulate PD‐L1 expression in lung cancer cells, and miR200b expression in clinical specimens negatively correlated with PD‐L1 expression. Thus, miR200b may be a useful surrogate biomarker for PD‐L1 expression in lung cancer patients.Key pointsSignificant findings of the study
High PD‐L1 expression was linked to low miR200b expression, whereas low PD‐L1 expression was linked to high miR200b expression in human lung cancer patients. Thus, miR200b overexpression or silencing can control PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells.
What this study adds
We demonstrated the potential of miR200b as a surrogate biomarker for PD‐L1 expression in lung cancer patients.
Evaluating tooth strontium and barium as indicators of weaning age in Pacific walruses
Authors: Clark Casey T. , Horstmann Lara , Misarti Nicole 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Lactation length and weaning age provide important information about maternal investment, which can reflect the health and nutritional status of the mother, as well as broader reproductive strategies in mammals. Calcium‐normalized strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) concentrations in the growth layers of mammalian teeth differ for nursing animals and those consuming non‐milk foods, thus can be used to estimate age‐at‐weaning. To date, this approach has been used only for terrestrial animals, and almost exclusively for primates.

The goal of this study was to determine whether Sr and Ba concentrations in the cementum of Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens teeth can be used to estimate weaning age. Teeth from 107 walruses were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and calcium‐normalized 88Sr and 137Ba concentrations were quantified.

For most walruses, both Sr and Ba concentrations exhibited rapid changes in early life. Ba concentrations matched closely with expected patterns in the published literature, rapidly declining from high to low concentrations (typically from ~10 ppm to ~5 ppm). In contrast, Sr exhibited a pattern opposite to that presented in studies of terrestrial mammals, appearing nearly identical to Ba (typically declining from ~400 ppm to ~200 ppm). To explain these findings, we present conceptual models of the factors generating weaning signals in Sr and Ba for terrestrial mammals, as well as a new, hypothetical model for walruses. Both a visual and mathematical approach to weaning age estimation indicated a median weaning age of walruses at the end of the second year of life (in the second dark layer of the tooth cementum), with many walruses estimated to have weaned in their third year of life, and a smaller group weaning in their fourth or fifth year. This is later than expected, given a published estimate of walrus weaning at 18–24 months.

These results do not conclusively support the use of tooth Sr and Ba for estimating weaning age in walruses, and further research is warranted to better understand the drivers of the observed patterns of Ba and Sr accumulation in walrus teeth.
A Distinct Neurophenotype of Fearful Face Processing in Alcohol Use Disorder With and Without Comorbid Anxiety
Authors: MacIlvane Nicole , Fede Samantha J. , Pearson Emma E. , Diazgranados Nancy , Momenan Reza 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundIndividuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) can present with comorbid anxiety symptoms and often have deficits in emotional processing. Previous research suggests brain response is altered during facial affect recognition tasks, especially in limbic areas, due to either AUD or anxiety symptomology; however, the impact of both AUD and clinically significant anxiety symptoms during these tasks has not yet been examined.MethodsIn this study, we investigated neural activation differences during an emotional face‐matching task. Participants (N = 232) underwent fMRI scanning, as part of a larger study. Three groups were investigated: individuals with diagnosed AUD and elevated anxiety traits (AUD + ANX, n = 90), individuals with diagnosed AUD but non‐clinically significant levels of anxiety (AUD‐ANX, n = 39), and healthy controls (HC, n = 103).ResultsOur results illustrate distinct neurophenotypes of AUD, where individuals with comorbid anxiety symptomology have blunted emotional face processing while those with singular AUD are hyperresponsive.ConclusionsThis suggests AUD with anxiety symptomology may have a unique neurobiological underpinning, and treatment and intervention should be tailored to individual constellations of symptoms.
The Effects of a Brief Motivational Intervention for Alcohol Use through Stages of Change among Nontreatment Seeking Injured Patients
Authors: Field Craig A. , Richards Dylan K. , Castro Yessenia , Alonso Cabriales José , Wagler Amy , von Sternberg Kirk 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundLittle is known about the mechanisms of change underlying brief interventions and the patient characteristics that may affect them. The present study tested whether the stages of change mediate the effects of a BMI with and without a telephone booster relative to brief advice (i.e., multiple mediation). Further, the present study tested whether the effects of the BMI conditions on the stages of change were contingent on patients’ alcohol use severity (i.e., moderated mediation).MethodsThe present study is a secondary analysis using data from injured adult patients at 3 trauma centers who were screened for inclusion in the study and randomly assigned to brief advice (n = 200), BMI (n = 203), or BMI with a telephone booster (n = 193) (Field et al., 2014). Participants completed a baseline assessment and 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up assessments that included self‐report measures of the stages of change, alcohol use, and alcohol‐related problems, as well as other variables of interest.ResultsThe results demonstrated significant and consistent mediation at p < 0.05 wherein BMI with a telephone booster increased action at 3‐month follow‐up leading to reduced likelihood of at‐risk drinking, less alcohol use, and fewer alcohol problems at both 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. However, moderated mediation analyses suggested that the effects of the BMI conditions on the stages of change were not contingent on patients’ alcohol use severity.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the understanding of stages of change as potential mechanisms of change in BMI. Directions for future research are discussed.
Social trust and the speed of corporate leverage adjustment: evidence from around the globe
Authors: Huang Peng , Lu Yue , Faff Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe examine the relation between social trust and the speed of leverage adjustment (SOA) around the world. Using a large international sample (65 countries, 1996–2016), we find that social trust has a positive effect on SOA. In the cross section, we find that the positive effect of social trust on the SOA is more pronounced for: (i) over‐levered firms; (ii) firms with higher information asymmetry; (iii) firms with lower ease of financing; and (iv) firms located in countries with weaker governance quality. Overall, we highlight the role of social trust in shaping corporate capital structure.
Transitions in frequency of hookah smoking among youth and adults: findings from waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, 2013–15
Authors: Soneji Samir , Knutzen Kristin E. , Gravely Shannon , Elton‐Marshall Tara , Sargent James , Lambert Elizabeth , Hilmi Nahla , Sharma Eva , Jackson Kia J. , Wang Baoguang , Robinson Joelle , Driezen Pete , Bover Manderski Michelle , Bansal‐Travers Maansi , Hyland Andrew , Travers Mark , Yang Duck‐Hye , Dang Rui , Fong Geoffrey T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsThe prevalence of hookah smoking has increased in the United States since at least 2010, especially among youth and young adults. This study assessed self‐reported reasons for hookah smoking cessation and transition to or maintenance of high‐frequency hookah smoking among current hookah smokers.DesignSeparately analyzed data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a longitudinal cohort study. Frequency of and reasons for hookah smoking were ascertained at wave 1 (2013–14); frequency of hookah smoking and past‐year cessation were ascertained at wave 2 (2014–15). Weighted multivariable logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were fitted to predict hookah smoking cessation and frequency of hookah smoking at wave 2, respectively, accounting for demographic and behavioral risk factors, reasons for hookah smoking and frequency of hookah smoking at wave 1.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsA total of 693 youth and 4400 adult past‐year hookah smokers.MeasurementsSelf‐reported tobacco‐use patterns and associated health behaviors were measured via audio computer‐assisted self‐interviews (ACASI).FindingsAt wave 1, 5.9% of youth and 7.5% of adults were past‐year hookah smokers. Among all age groups, the leading reasons for hookah smoking were enjoyment of socializing while smoking, the availability of appealing flavors and believing that it was less harmful than cigarette smoking. The odds of cessation were lower for adults who liked hookah flavors [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26–0.62] compared with adults who did not like hookah flavors. The odds of transitioning to, or maintaining, monthly or more frequent hookah smoking at wave 2, compared with cessation or less than monthly smoking, were higher for adults who liked hookah flavors [adjusted proportional odds ratio (aPOR) = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.48–2.99 and enjoyed socializing while smoking hookah (aPOR = 1.82; 95% CI =1.13–2.94) compared with adults who did not like hookah flavors or socializing.ConclusionThe availability of appealing flavors, affordability and socialization while smoking hookah in the United States are associated with reduced likelihood of cessation and increased likelihood of high‐frequency hookah smoking.
A genome‐wide association study revealed five SNPs affecting 8‐month weight in sheep
Authors: Pasandideh M. , Gholizadeh M. , Rahimi‐Mianji G. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryLamb weight at 8 months of age is an important trait in the sheep industry in terms of the onset of puberty around this age; however, knowledge of its effective genetic factors is limited. Therefore, a GWAS using the 50K SNP‐Chip was performed on 96 Baluchi sheep to identify the genomic regions associated with 8‐month weight. The results of the present study revealed five SNPs on chromosomes 4, 14 and 16 at 5% chromosome‐wide significance level, jointly accounting for 0.95% of total genetic variance. Four genes – MTPN, HYDIN, LRGUK and ZFP90 – were found in 50 kb intervals around the significant SNPs, of which MTPN is involved in regulation of skeletal muscle growth. Our results may provide a new vision to identify the genomic regions affecting growth traits in sheep.