bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Pesantren Tradition: Kiai’s Leadership in Keeping the Tradition in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era
Authors: Apud Apud , Akrom Akrom 
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to describe modern pesantren tradition that focused on the traditional values, kiai’s leadership in keeping the tradition, and modern pesantren educational orientation in the industrial revolution 4.0 era. The data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation with multi-site research. The research sites were six modern pesantren which were taken from six districts or cities in Banten province. The findings of the research were: Modern pesantren was the daily life behavior of all its residents who were attached to five souls and motto of the pondok. The leadership of the kiai was not centralized to the role of the kiai but it was distributed to the teachers, and the kiai’s role as the guardian of the modern pesantren tradition was central; the education of modern pesantren in the industrial revolution 4.0 era had experienced a shift in orientation, especially in preparing qualified graduates in the digital era. The modern pesantren did not only serve as the institution of tafaqquh fi al-din which educated students to have noble character but also prepared independent and competitive graduates in the digital era.
Evaluation of Dentists’ Knowledge in Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis
Authors: TATAR ŞATIROĞLU Emine , KAMALAK Aliye 
Published: January 2021

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection caused by microorganisms affecting the natural/prosthetic heart valve and surrounding tissues. Antibiotic prophylaxis is necessary to prevent IE in some dental procedures due to mortality rate. This particular study was primarily motivated to evaluate the dentists’ knowledge in IE prophylaxis. Participants of the study were 80 dentists who were selected through the purposive sampling method (Female= 44; Male= 36). To collect data, a questionnaire with questions about prophylaxis data on heart diseases, dental procedures, the purpose, frequency, duration and dose of the drugs used was used. The participants were informed about prophylaxis of IE after the data collection during a seminar. Subsequently, their responses to the questionnaire items were statistically analyzed and the relevant results were presented in the following section. 36 male and 44 female dentists working in Kahramanmaras city center and districts participated in the study on a voluntary basis. It was revealed that the respondents tend to decide on IE prophylaxis mostly requesting consultation from cardiologists (68.8%), family physicians (2.6%) and infectious diseases specialists (1.3%) while 3.9% of them applied prescription only based on their professional experience. This particular research has shown that dentists made some mistakes while performing antibiotic prophylaxis such as unnecessary use of antibiotics. Based on this finding, they should be provided in-service training programmes organized on a regular basis to contribute to their professional development by updating their field knowledge.
Research on hospitalization costs of inguinal hernia surgery performed at county-level public hospitals in Anhui, China: Insights into Influencing Factors
Authors: Wang Heng , Qian Chen , Shen Chunhan , Li Niannian , Zhang Xue , Jiang Ping , Xue Junjun , Gu Xinlong , Ling Yuhuan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Lancet gave a 99-point high score to the comprehensive level of diagnosis and treatment of inguinal hernia in China, and more than half of the inguinal hernia surgery procedures were completed in primary hospitals. At present, the hospitalization costs of inguinal hernia surgery patients in primary hospitals, the influencing factors, and the path between the factors are unclear. Innovative methods are needed to quantify the research and evaluation of hospitalization costs for inguinal hernia surgery patients to emphasise the impact of relevant measures on surgeons and hospital cost-control mechanisms. Methods: A retrospective method was used to collect data from inguinal hernia surgery patients. The relationships between hospitalization costs and the following factors (age, gender, surgery, surgical method, surgical time, preoperative bed stay, postoperative bed stay, length of stay, and surgical costs) were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation analyzes, and how these factors influenced hospital expenditure was explored through structural equation modelling. Results: According to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, the hospitalization costs were related to the eight selected indicators (rs = -0.084 - 0.549, p < 0.01), and the surgical time was most relevant. The total effect of the surgical time on the hospitalization costs (total effect = 0.459) ranked first in the structural equation model, which means that the risk of hospitalization costs was higher with a longer surgical time.The choice of surgical method had a direct effect on the hospitalization costs (total effect = 0.291), and the effect was second only to the surgical time. Other research factors also had an indirect or direct impact on the hospitalization costs. Conclusion: It is necessary to understand the hospitalization costs of inguinal hernia surgery patients and their influencing factors and interactions to form a scientific price incentive system and cost-control mechanism.
Improving Polygenic Prediction in Ancestrally Diverse Populations
Authors: Huang Hailiang , Ruan Yunfeng , Feng Yen-Chen Anne , Chen Chia-Yen , Lam Max , Sawa Akira , Martin Alicia , Qin Shengying , Ge Tian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have attenuated cross-population predictive performance. As existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were predominantly conducted in individuals of European descent, the limited transferability of PRS reduces its clinical value in non-European populations and may exacerbate healthcare disparities. Recent efforts to level ancestry imbalance in genomic research have expanded the scale of non-European GWAS, although they remain under-powered. Here we present a novel PRS construction method, PRS-CSx, which improves cross-population polygenic prediction by integrating GWAS summary statistics from multiple populations. PRS-CSx couples genetic effects across populations via a shared continuous shrinkage prior, enabling more accurate effect size estimation by sharing information between summary statistics and leveraging linkage disequilibrium (LD) diversity across discovery samples, while inheriting computational efficiency and robustness from PRS-CS. We show that PRS-CSx outperforms alternative methods across traits with a wide range of genetic architectures and cross-population genetic correlations in simulations, and substantially improves the prediction of quantitative traits and schizophrenia risk in non-European populations.
Robust RNA structure refinement by a nucleobase-centric sampling algorithm coupled with a backbone rotameric and quantum-mechanical-energy-scaled base-base knowledge-based potential.
Authors: Zhou Yaoqi , Xiong Peng , Wu Ruibo , Zhan Jian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Refining modelled structures to approach experimental accuracy is one of the most challenging problems in molecular biology. Despite many years’ efforts, the progress in protein or RNA structure refinement has been slow because native structures are often not the global minimum of existing approximate energy scores. Here, we propose a fully knowledge-based energy function that captures the full orientation dependence of base-base, base-oxygen and oxygen-oxygen interactions with the RNA backbone modelled by rotameric states and internal energies. A total of 4,000 quantum-mechanical calculations were performed to reweight base-base statistical potentials for minimizing possible effects of indirect interactions. The resulting BRiQ knowledge-based potential, equipped with a nucleobase-centric sampling algorithm, provides a robust improvement in refining near-native RNA models generated by a wide variety of modelling techniques.
Community Perceptions and Understanding of Vulnerability in Drought Prone Gamo Lowlands, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Tora Thomas Toma , Degaga Degefa Tolossa , Utallo Abera Uncha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The conceptual root of vulnerability dates back to the 1970s in social sciences. Vulnerability is a multi-dimensional and determinant precondition for disaster occurrence. Gamo lowlands are exposed to multiple vulnerabilities. The objective of the study was to assess community perceptions and understanding of vulnerability in drought-affected rural Gamo lowlands. A community-based cross-sectional survey design and mixed methods approach were implemented in the study. Four staged multistage sampling was employed to identify respondent households. Into four study sites, sample households were allocated proportionally by lottery method. Data were gathered from 285 lowland rural households. The structured survey questionnaire, KII, FGD, and informal interview were used to collect primary data. Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. SPSS version 23 was employed for descriptive statistical duties. 68.1% of households were found at low educational status with 46 years of average age. Locally, people perceive and understand vulnerability as exposure to drought hazard, rainfall inconsistency, the prevalence of human and animal diseases, livelihood insecurity, food shortfalls, poor income, lack of access to market, landholding, and livestock ownership which are schematized by vulnerability perception pathways that delineate its extent. The findings also showed that all households are not equally vulnerable as 96.5% of the studied households stated differential idiosyncrasy of vulnerability. Old aged, small-sized, and female-headed households with no supportive force were found to be more vulnerable. For better resilience, enhancing communities’ perceptions and understanding of vulnerability via continuous awareness creation by all the concerned stakeholders is recommended as the majority were lowly educated.
Cariogenic and Pro Health Taxa in the Oral Cavity Among Children and Adults A Scoping Review
Authors: Bhaumik Deesha , Manikandan Divya , Foxman Betsy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Dental caries are not due to a single organism, but to complex interactions among multiple microbes found in the oral cavity. Microbiome studies have identified multiple organisms associated with dental caries in both the saliva and dental plaque, but taxa identified vary largely by study. Our scoping review aims to create a comprehensive list of cariogenic and prohealth taxa found in saliva and dental plaque among healthy children and adults that compare caries-active and caries-free populations. Methods: We searched published studies querying the PUBMED and EMBASE databases using the following keywords: (plaque OR saliva) AND caries AND (next generation sequencing OR checkerboard OR 16s rRNA or qPCR). Studies were limited to human studies published in English between January 1, 2010 and June 24, 2020.Results: Our search strategy identified 298 identified articles. After applying the exclusion criteria, 22 articles were included (Figure 1, Table 1 and 2). Taxa associated with caries or health varied widely among the studies reviewed, with notable differences by age and biologic sample type. While no single taxa was associated with caries in all studies, Streptococcus mutans was significantly associated with caries in 12/24 studies (50%) and Fusobacterium periodonticum was significantly associated with prohealth in 4/24 studies (16.7%). Conclusion: No taxa in plaque and salivary microbiomes were consistently associated with caries or prohealth across all studies. This may be due to the inconsistency of timing of sample collection during the caries process, differing sequencing methods, lack of correction for multiple testing or possibly indicate that there are multiple ways that the oral microbiome can be cariogenic or prohealth.
HCPC: A New Parsimonious Clustering Method based on Hierarchical Characters for Morphological Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Authors: Feng Hongwei , Liu Meng , Wang Bei , Feng Jun , Han Jian , Liu Jianni 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Phylogenetic trees are reconstructed frequently to provide a better interpretation of the evolutionary history of species. However, most traditional methods ignore the hierarchical relationships among characters and neglect the inapplicable state that frequently exists in the morphological data, resulting in poor performance of the phylogenetic analysis.Results: In this study, we propose a phylogenetic clustering method based on hierarchical characters. Accordingly, we call our method Hierarchical Characters Parsimonious Clustering(HCPC). To combine prior phylogenetic knowledge and treat the inapplicable state more reasonably, two stages are proposed, i.e., Phylogenetic reconstruction and parsimonious tree search. During phylogenetic reconstruction, HCPC is able to infer the shared ancestral relationships among species. For the search of the parsimonious tree, we use a simulated annealing algorithm to heuristically search the phylogenetic tree based on the parsimony criterion. In addition, HCPC combines asymmetric binary relationships and character hierarchies to solve the problem of the ambiguity of the inapplicable state.Conclusion: The experimental results show that the proposed method provides better performance of phylogenetic analysis than existing methods and a scientific and quantitative basis for biologists to study species evolution.
QTL Mapping of Quality Related Traits in Peanut Using Whole-Genome Resequencing
Authors: Sun Ziqi , Qi Feiyan , Liu Hua , Qin Li , Xu Jing , Shi Lei , Zhang Zhongxin , Miao Lijuan , Huang Bingyan , Dong Wenzhao , Wang Xiao , Tian Mengdi , Feng Jingjing , Zhao Ruifang , Zheng Zheng , Zhang Xinyou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Oil and protein content, as well as fatty acid composition, are important quality traits in peanut. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits may help researchers to obtain improved cultivars through molecular breeding techniques.Results: Whole-genome resequencing of an RIL population of 318 lines was performed to construct a high-density linkage map and identify QTLs for peanut quality. The map, containing 4561 bin markers, covered a length of 2032.39 cM with an average marker density of 0.45 cM. A total of 109 QTLs for oil content, protein content, and fatty acid compositions were mapped on the 18 peanut chromosomes. The QTL qA05.1 was detected in four different environments and exhibited a major phenotypic effect on the content of oil, proteins, and six fatty acids. The genomic region spanned by qA05.1, corresponding to a physical interval of approximately 1.50 Mb, contains two polymorphic SNPs between two parents that could cause missense mutations. The two SNP sites were employed as KASP markers and validated using lines with extremely high and low oil contents; these sites may be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of peanut varieties with high oil contents.Conclusions: A high-density genetic map with 4561 bin markers was constructed, and a major and pleiotropic QTL located on LG05 was stably detected for oil, protein and fatty acids across four different environments.
Association between eNOS rs1799983 Polymorphism and Hypertension: a Meta-analysis involving 14,185 Cases and 13,407 Controls
Authors: Shi Jikang , Liu Siyu , Guo Yanbo , Liu Sainan , Xu Jiayi , Pan Lingfeng , Hu Yueyang , Liu Yawen , Cheng Yi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Essential hypertension (EH) is a complex disease determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, eNOS is considered to be one of the susceptible genes for hypertension. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism and hypertension, and to provide evidence for the etiology of hypertension. Methods: Case-control studies of eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism and hypertension were included by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, WanFang datebase, Vip datebase, and CNKI database. Eligible data were extracted and pooled, and were analyzed using R software based on five different genetic models. Results: A total of 60 eligible articles involving 14,185 cases and 13,407 controls were finally selected. We found significant association between eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism and hypertension under any genetic model (T vs G: OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.26-1.63; GT vs GG: OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.18-1.52; TT vs GG: OR=1.80, 95% CI=1.41-2.31; GT+TT vs GG: OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.25-1.63; TT vs GG+GT: OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.35-2.08; GT vs GG+TT: OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.11-1.40). Conclusions: We found that eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism is associated with the increased risk of hypertension under any genetic model. Moreover, investigations of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are needed to give more insight into the association between eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism and hypertension.
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Substance Dependence: A Cross-sectional Study in Kenya
Authors: MBUGUA SAMUEL , Mecha Ezekiel , Kirira Peter , Njoroge Margaret , Malala Boniface , Gitaka Jesse , Makokha Francis , Mwenda Catherine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome and its defining components remain an understudied area of human health research in Kenya and Africa. Understanding the relationship between substance dependence and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome is critical in prevention and clinical management of the related complications.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 6 rehabilitative centers in 3 counties in Kenya with a conveniently selected sample size of 166 participants. A signed informed consent was obtained from each participant following which anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the relationship of the defining criteria with the substance of dependence.Results: A quarter of the respondents were overweight and 6% obese. Fasting blood glucose was elevated in 62% of the sampled population with triglycerides having a significant variation with a mean of 216.95mg/dl and a standard deviation of 151.107. A prevalence rate of 4.8% was established based on the Harmonized Joint Scientific Statement on Metabolic syndrome for the African region. 87.34% of the population showed at least one elevated defining criteria with alcohol as the most prevalent substance of dependence. There was statistical difference of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides with alcohol use.Conclusion: The findings indicate that alcohol use resulted to elevated levels of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. There is need for emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to substance dependence and metabolic syndrome management integrating physical activity interventions, dietary modifications and psychotherapeutic approaches.
SMRT- and Illumina‑based RNA‑seq Analyses Unveil Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis and Related Key Genes in Platycodon Grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC.
Authors: Yu Hanwen , Liu Mengli , Yin Minzhen , Shan Tingyu , Peng Huasheng , Wang Jutao , Chang Xiangwei , Peng Daiyin , Zha Liangping , Gui Shuangying 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Platycodon grandiflorus, a traditional Chinese medicine, contains considerable triterpene saponins with broad pharmacological activities. To date, information on the molecular mechanism of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus is limited. Here, single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and next-generation sequencing technologies were combined to comprehensively analyse the transcriptome and unveil triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus.Results: We quantified four saponin monomers in P. grandiflorus, and found that the total content of the four saponins was the highest in the roots and the lowest in the stems and leaves. A total of 173,354 non-redundant transcripts generated from the PacBio platform were successfully annotated to seven functional databases, among which 1,765 transcripts were aligned to the "metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides" pathway in the KEGG database. Three full-length transcripts of β-amyrin synthase (β-AS), the key synthase of the β-amyrin, were identified. Furthermore, a total of 132,610 clean reads of BGISEQ sequences were utilised to explore key genes related to the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in P. grandiflorus, and 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved were selected as candidates. Notably, 9 of the 96 DEGs showed the highest expression in the roots, which were considered key genes for synthesising triterpenoid saponins in P. grandiflorus. Furthermore, 3,469 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) were identified and classified into 57 TF families, including MYB, bHLH, mTERF, and AP2-EREBP. The expression levels of genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR.Conclusions: Our reliable transcriptome data provide valuable information on the related biosynthesis pathway and may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study at a Follow-up Clinic in Asmara, Eritrea
Authors: Achila Oliver Okoth , Ghebretinsae Millen , Kidane Abraham , Simon Michael , Makonen Shewit , Rezene Yohannes , GaroyYohaness Eyob , Medhani Goitom Mebrahtu , Ibrahim Oluwafemi Adekunmi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an escalating problem worldwide and is frequently associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) which, in turn, is causally associated with heightened cardiometabolic risk. Therefore, investigating the magnitude of MetSyn in T2DM patients is critical for cardiovascular disease prevention or management of specific comorbidities. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 309 previously diagnosed T2DM patients. Data on specific clinical chemistry and anthropomorphic parameters was collected. MetSyn was defined according to the IDF harmonized criteria. Pearson Chi-Square test (ꭓ2)/or Fisher’s exact test in the CROSSTAB procedure was used to evaluate the relationship between specific variables. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess risk factors associated with MetSyn. Results: According to the data, 58.1% of the patients had MetSyn. The frequency of MetSyn in females was significantly higher compared to that of males (67.8 vs 49.7%). Among individuals with MetSyn, 54.4% had hypertension; 57.9% had abnormal waist circumference; 75.4% had elevated LDL-C (≥100 mg/dL), 72.8% had raised TG (>150 mg/dl) and 61.0% had reduced HDL-C (males: ≤40 mg/dL and females: ≤50 mg/dL in females). Separately, our study demonstrates that number of MetSyn components is associated with higher averages in multiple traditional (BMI, TG, TC, WHtR, WHR, WC, HC) and non-traditional (TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL) CVD risk indicators. In the fitted multivariable logistic regression model, the following factors were associated with the presence of MetSyn: age (aOR=1.02, 95%CI=1.00–1.05, p=0.040); LDL-C>100 mg/dL (aOR=3.56, 95%CI=1.52–8.54, p=0.003); Non-HDL-C (aOR=1.02, 95%CI=1.02–1.03, p=0.001); BMI (aOR=1.23, 95%CI = 1.13–1.32, p=0.001). Absence of insulin injection was associated with reduced presence of MetSyn (aOR=0.37,95% CI=0.19–0.70, p=0.002). Conclusion: A comparatively high prevalence of the MetSyn was found. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improvements in the management and prevention of multiple CVD risk indicators. This will require evidence-based optimization of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.