Food/Feed and Environmental Risk Assessment of Insect-Resistant and Herbicide-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize Bt11 x GA21 in the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (EFSA/GMO/UK/2007/49)
Authors: Andreassen Åshild , Brandtzæg Per , Finne Merethe Aasmo , Holck Askild Lorentz , Jevnaker Anne-Marthe Ganes , Junttila Olavi , Konestabo Heidi Sjursen , Meadow Richard , Mikalsen Arne , Nielsen Kåre M. , Sanden Monica , Sipinen Ville Erling , Vikse Rose , Opsahl-Sorteberg Hilde-Gunn 
Published: April 2020

In preparation for a legal implementation of EU-regulation 1829/2003, the Norwegian Environment Agency (former Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management) has requested the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) to give final opinions on all genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products containing or consisting of GMOs that are authorized in the European Union under Directive 2001/18/EC or Regulation 1829/2003/EC within the Authority’s sectoral responsibility. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has therefore, by letter dated 13 February 2013 (ref. 2012/150202), requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) to carry out scientific risk assessments of 39 GMOs and products containing or consisting of GMOs that are authorized in the European Union. The request covers scope(s) relevant to the Gene Technology Act. The request does not cover GMOs that VKM already has conducted its final risk assessments on. However, the Agency requests VKM to consider whether updates or other changes to earlier submitted assessments are necessary.
The insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize Bt11 x GA21 (Unique Identifier SYN-BTØ11-1 x MON-ØØØ21-9 ) from Syngenta Seeds is approved under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 for food and feed uses, import and processing since 28 July 2010 (Commission Decision 2010/4263/EC). Genetically modified maize Bt11 x GA21 has previously been risk assessed by the VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), commissioned by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency related to the EFSAs public hearing of the application EFSA/GMO/UK/2007/49 in 2008 (VKM 2009a). In addition, Bt11 and GA21 has been evaluated by the VKM GMO Panel as single events and as a component of several stacked GM maize events (VKM 2005a,b, 2007, 2008, 2009b,c,d, 2010, 2012a,b).
The food/feed and environmental risk assessment of the maize Bt11x GA21 is based on information provided by the applicant in the application EFSA/GMO/UK/2007/49, and scientific comments from EFSA and other member states made available on the EFSA website GMO Extranet. The risk assessment also considered other peer-reviewed scientific literature as relevant.
The VKM GMO Panel has evaluated Bt11 x GA21 with reference to its intended uses in the European Economic Area (EEA), and according to the principles described in the Norwegian Food Act, the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act, Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety has also decided to take account of the appropriate principles described in the EFSA guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed (EFSA 2011a), the environmental risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2010), selection of comparators for the risk assessment of GM plants (EFSA 2011b) and for the post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants (EFSA 2011c).
The scientific risk assessment of maize Bt11x GA21 include molecular characterisation of the inserted DNA and expression of novel proteins, comparative assessment of agronomic and phenotypic characteristics, nutritional assessments, toxicology and allergenicity, unintended effects on plant fitness, potential for gene transfer, interactions between the GM plant and target and non-target organisms and effects on biogeochemical processes.
It is emphasized that the VKM mandate does not include assessments of contribution to sustainable development, societal utility and ethical considerations, according to the Norwegian Gene Technology Act and Regulations relating to impact assessment pursuant to the Gene Technology Act. These considerations are therefore not part of the risk assessment provided by the VKM Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms.
The genetically modified maize stack Bt11 x GA21 has been produced by conventional crossing between inbred lines of maize containing the single events Bt11 and GA21. The F1 hybrid was developed to provide protection against certain lepidopteran target pests, and to confer tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate-based herbicides.
Molecular Characterization: Southern blot and PCR analyses have indicated that the recombinant inserts in the parental maize lines Bt11 and GA21 are retained in the stacked maize Bt11 x GA21. Genetic stability of the inserts has previously been demonstrated in the parental maize lines. Protein measurements show comparable levels of the Cry1Ab, PAT and mEPSPS proteins between the stacked and single maize lines. Phenotypic analyses also indicate stability of the insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits in the stacked maize. The VKM Panel on GMO considers the molecular characterisation of maize Bt11 x GA21 and its parental events Bt11 and GA21 as adequate.
Comparative Assessment:mComparative analyses of data from field trials located at representative sites and environments in North America during the 2005 growing season indicate that maize stack Bt11 x GA21 is compositionally, agronomically and phenotypically equivalent to its conventional counterpart, with the exception of the insect resistance and the herbicide tolerance, conferred by the expression of Cry1Ab, PAT and mEPSPS proteins.
Based on the assessment of available data, the VKM GMO Panel is of the opinion that conventional crossing of maize Bt11 and GA21 to produce the hybrid Bt11 x GA21 does not result in interactions between the newly expressed proteins affecting composition and agronomic characteristics.
Food and Feed Risk Assessment: A whole food feeding study on broilers has not indicated any adverse health effects of maize Bt11 x GA21, and shows that maize Bt11 x GA21 is nutritionally equivalent to conventional maize. The Cry1Ab, PAT or mEPSPS proteins do not show sequence resemblance to other known toxins or IgE allergens, nor have they been reported to cause IgE mediated allergic reactions. Some studies have however indicated a potential role of Cry-proteins as adjuvants in allergic reactions.
Based on current knowledge, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that maize Bt11 x GA21 is nutritionally equivalent to conventional maize varieties. It is unlikely that the Cry1Ab, PAT or mEPSPS proteins will introduce a toxic or allergenic potential in food or feed based on maize Bt11 x GA21 compared to conventional maize.
Environmental Risk Assessment: The scope of the application EFSA/GMO/UK/2007/49 includes import and processing of maize stack Bt11x GA21 for food and feed uses. Considering the intended uses of maize Bt11 x GA21, excluding cultivation, the environmental risk assessment is concerned with accidental release into the environment of viable grains during transportation and processing, and indirect exposure, mainly through manure and faeces from animals fed grains from maize Bt11 x GA21.
Maize Bt11 x GA21 has no altered survival, multiplication or dissemination characteristics, and there are no indications of an increased likelihood of spread and establishment of feral maize plants in the case of accidental release into the environment of seeds from maize Bt11 x GA21. Maize is the only representative of the genus Zea in Europe, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives outside cultivation. The VKM GMO Panel considers the risk of gene flow from occasional feral GM.
Maize plants to conventional maize varieties to be negligible in Norway. Considering the intended use as food and feed, interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment are not considered by the GMO Panel to be an issue.
Overall Conclusion: Based on current knowledge, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that maize Bt11 x GA21 is nutritionally equivalent to conventional maize varieties. It is unlikely that the Cry1Ab, PAT or mEPSPS proteins will introduce a toxic or allergenic potential in food or feed based on maize Bt11 x GA21 compared to conventional maize.
The VKM GMO Panel likewise concludes that maize Bt11 x GA21, based on current knowledge, is comparable to conventional maize varieties concerning environmental risk in Norway with the intended usage.