bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimum Fertilizer Media and Plant Substrates: (Musa paradisiaca L. Peels, Carica papaya L. Peels and Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. Leaves) for the Growth of Freshwater Rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766)
Authors: Igoche L. E. , Okafor O. F. , Ofojekwu P. C. , Ruma G. A. 
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to search for a cheap source for the mass production of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 which is a good substitute for artemia in the culture of C. gariepinus hatchlings. Poultry manure (1.25 g/L), soya bean (1.25 g/L), groundnut cake (1.25 g/L) and single super phosphate (0.04 g/l) were used exclusively and in combinations as fertilizer media in the culturing of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 used in feeding C. gariepinus hatchlings. The four fertilizer media were combined to give four treatments with two replicates. Three fresh plant substrate (Carica papaya L. Peels, Musa paradisiaca L. peels and Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. leaves) were introduced into treatments labeled A (Poultry manure, soya bean, groundnut cake, single super phosphate and banana pills), B (Poultry manure, soya bean, groundnut cake, single super phosphate and Carica papaya L. Peels), C (Poultry manure, soya bean, groundnut cake, single super phosphate and cabbage slice) with D(Poultry manure, soya bean, groundnut cake, single super phosphate) as the control. A total of 20 Individuals/mL of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 were inoculated into each treatment and the culturing lasted for 12 days. At the end of the culturing period, the best doubling time (tD) were observed in treatment A and B with a doubling time of 2.89 on the 10th day.
Result of the study showed medium B and C to be sig. different (P< 0.05) and performing better than A and D in the early stages of the study. There was an initial lull in production using the C medium, as it had the least performance. By day eight, it had picked up and there was no sig. difference (P>0.05) in production of B. calyciflorus Pallas, 1776 using the four culture media. Thus any of the media can be used for mass production of B. calyciflorus. Use of media B and C is however, recommended because they had a higher carrying capacity and can sustain production over a longer period using a giving quantity compared to the other two media.
Impact of Pollution on Haematology and Histology of Juveniles of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in Ogbese River, Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Olateju Abidemi-Iromini, Atilola 
Published: November 2019

The silver catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus is of economic importance in sub-sahara Africa. In Ogbese town, and its environs, it constitutes a means of income and food for fisherfolks and community members. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess health status of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus using haematology and histological assessment of the fish specie due to the anthropogenic activities that takes place around the river body. A total 120 live juvenile fish samples of C. nigrodigitatus were collected around shallow habitats of Ogbese River by the assistance of fisherfolks using fish cage. Some water parameters measurements were taken: temperature, pH, DO, Turbidity and Conductivity. Morphometric measurement: Weight (g) and length (cm) of fish were taken. Haematology and histology of fish gills, liver and intestine were determined. Mean water temperature (27.70±0.18°C), pH (7.36±0.22), DO (6.98±0.15 mg/l), Turbidity (78.50±13.53 NTU) and Conductivity (148.35±27.98) of the river determined respectively. Mean body weight of fish was 148.15 ± 36.53 g, and mean length was 25.64 ± 2.86 cm. The gills, liver and intestines of the fish specie were examined to assess the architecture of the organs. Results of haematology studies of C. nigrodigitatus revealed high values in the parameters measured. Red Blood Cell was higher than the White Blood Cell with mean value of (225.63±10.45 103/mm3) while Eosinophils recorded lowest parameters with mean value of (1.75±0.52%). Results of histology of gills, liver and intestines showed that the gill filaments were eroded with deformation of the cartilage core and also hyperplasia of the secondary lamellae. The intestines showed atrophy in a mucosal layer, hemorrhage and dilation within blood vessels and within serosa of mucosa and for liver, picnotic nucleus were shattered, the hepatocytes were ruptured and there was increased kupffer cell count as a result of exposure to pollutants. The results indicated that pollution level of the environment have significant impact on health status of fish.
Structure of Macrozoobenthos (Gastropods) Community in Mangrove Forest Ecotourism Pandansari Kabupaten Brebes, Central Java
Authors: Sinaga Natasya Natalia , Herawati Heti , Hamdani Herman , Sahidin Asep 
Published: November 2019

Aims: This research aimed to analyze the abudance and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the Gastropod Class in the Ecotourism Waters of Pandansari Mangrove Forest, Brebes Regency, Central Java.
Study Design: The research was conducted by survey.
Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out for 3 months between December 2018 until February 2019 in Ecotourism Forest Areas in Bakau Pandansari, Brebes Regency, Central Java.
Methodology: The method used in this research was survey methods using primary data in the form of physical chemistry of aquatic data, gastropod abundance, diversity index, equitability index. Data collection techniques using purposive sampling in determining 3 stations and 3 repetitions. Data analysis in this research used descriptive statistics.
Results: Research results found 9 species of Gastropods inhabiting the mangrove ecosystem, namely Casidulla aurisfelis, Cerithidea sp, Cerithidea alata, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea obtusa, Polinices sp, Puperita sp, Telescopium telescopium and Turiculla nellial-suprius. Gastropod abundance ranged from 67 - 166 ind / m2. Gastropod diversity index in the medium category 2 <H’ ≤ 3. Uniformity values ranged from 0.79 to 0.81 with a high category. The relationship between water quality and gastropods had an R2 value of 97%, water quality can affect gastropod life and as much as 3% is influenced by other factors.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research that has been done, it can be concluded that in general environmental parameters in the Pandansari mangroves are still favorable in supporting the survival of the gastropods inhabiting them.
Microbial Communities of Culture Water and African Catfish Reared in Different Aquaculture Systems in Nigeria Analyzed Using Culture Dependent Techniques
Authors: Uchechukwu D. Enyidi , Okoli M. T. 
Published: November 2019

The microbial communities of culture water and catfish C. gariepinus from three replicates of earthen, concrete and tarpaulin ponds in Nigeria were analyzed. Waters was collected from 25 cm below pond water surface per culture system. Three catfish per replicate system were also collected and analyzed in the lab. Catfish gut, skin and gills were analyzed. Earthen ponds had significantly more diverse microbial community and coliform forming units (CFU/ml) 2.43 x10-4 CFU/ml than the rest systems. Earthen ponds had consortium of Klebsiella pneumonia, S. aureus and Salmonella enteritidis and E. coli, which was more diverse than all other aquaculture systems. Microbiota of tarpaulin ponds was 2.10x10-4 /ml CFU and this was significantly (P<0.05) higher than concrete ponds (1.50x10-4 CFU/ml). Tarpaulin ponds had K. pneumoniae and E. coli, while concrete pond had S. aureus and S. enteritidis. Biofilm formation could have lead to colonization of the fish body part. The skin and gills had similar microbiota as the culture water compared to the gut. The gut microbial communities were not synonymous with the culture water.
Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Content of Dried Crayfish Sold in Creek Road Market, Borokiri, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Waribo H. A. , Bartimaeus E. S. , Onuoha I. C. 
Published: November 2019

Heavy metals are elements that contaminate seafood and make them harmful to human health when present in quantities that are higher than the permissible limit. This study was conducted to determine some heavy metals such as lead and mercury contained in dried crayfish gotten from three different locations (Oron, Ataba and Nembe town in Akwa Ibom, Rivers and Bayelsa State respectively) and sold in the Creek Road Market, Borokiri, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The dried crayfish samples were purchased randomly from marketers in the market. 5g of the dried crayfish samples with its different organs (Gills, muscle tissues) were ground into powdered form and digested with HNO3 using standard procedures and analysed for lead and mercury using the micro plasma atomic emission spectrophotometric analyser. The results showed that Lead content in the dried crayfish from Oron, Ataba and Nembe were 0.140 ± 0.014 mg/kg, 0.040 ± 0.014 mg/kg and 0.016 ± 0.002 mg/kg respectively while for Mercury content, Oron crayfish contained 5.136 ± 0.017 mg/kg, Ataba 3.744 ± 0.017 mg/kg and Nembe 3.948 ± 0.023mg/kg. The mean values in the three different crayfish samples were significantly different (p<0.05). This result shows that the lead content present in the dried crayfish are within the permissible limit of 1 mg/kg as indicated by FAO hence safe for consumption purposes with no expected form of toxicity and health implication to consumers whereas for mercury content, the level was found to be above the permissible limit.
Pesticides and Neem Seed Kernel Extract on Blights and Tuta absoluta at Different Phenological Stages of Tomato in Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Eritrea
Authors: Yaseen Naqvi Syed Danish , Rao Sethumadhava , Haile Adugna , Teweldemedhin Belay , Bernard Nyende Aggrey 
Published: November 2019

Tomato in Eritrea is affected by nearly 30 diseases and insect pests among which blight, leaf curl virus, root-knot nematodes, powdery mildew, Tuta absoluta, Helicoverpa armigera, aphids, whitefly and red spider mites are the most important. In the field, experiments were conducted in Hamelmalo Agricultural College for two consecutive seasons (2015 and 2016) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments used were pesticides (mancozeb, dimethoate, deltamethrin) and aqueous Neem seed kernel extract and their combinations. Disease incidence (DI), Disease severity (DS) of blights and infestations of Tuta absoluta [Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae] were assessed at different phenological stages of the crop. Mancozeb alone was not so effective to reduce either DI or DS or damage of plants but it causes declining the number of larvae of T. absoluta at flowering stage. T11 showed the highest control of DI, DS and reduced the larval population of T. absoluta per plot and minimized the damage level. Among all the treatments, T11 and T9 were the most effective to reduce the damage of plants and minimizing the larvae of T. absoluta at fruiting stage. Neem extract had the least effect than all treatments. Mancozeb (T1) and combinations of Mancozeb + Dimethoate + NSE (T11) gave significantly higher marketable yield than other treatments. The overall Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) was similar for all treatments during the two crop seasons, but the average CBR was higher for T11 whereas it was least for T3.
Opioid use disorder in pregnancy
Authors: Harter Kristin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe number of pregnant people affected by the opioid epidemic in the United States continues to rise. The following key aspects of opioid use disorder in pregnancy are explored through the progression of a pregnancy via a patient case: treatment options, treatment decisions, substance use screening, dosing modifications, and other aspects of peripartum care. Many factors affect opioid use disorder treatment choices during pregnancy; however, when a pregnant person is medically eligible for a therapy and multiple options are available locally, the ultimate decision regarding treatment selection should be left up to the patient and strong support services provided. This approach to treatment results in optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes and long-term maternal engagement and retention in care.
Template‐Assisted Synthesis of Metallic 1T′‐Sn0.3W0.7S2 Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Shao Gonglei , Xue Xiong‐Xiong , Wu Binbin , Lin Yung‐Chang , Ouzounian Miray , Hu Travis Shihao , Xu Yeqing , Liu Xiao , Li Shisheng , Suenaga Kazu , Feng Yexin , Liu Song 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCrystal phase control still remains a challenge for the precise synthesis of 2D layered metal dichalcogenide (LMD) materials. The T′ phase structure has profound influences on enhancing electrical conductivity, increasing active sites, and improving intrinsic catalytic activity, which are urgently needed for enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. Theoretical calculations suggest that metastable T′ phase 2D Sn1−xWxS2 alloys can be formed by combining W with 1T tin disulfide (SnS2) as a template to achieve a semiconductor‐to‐metallic transition. Herein, 2D Sn1−xWxS2 alloys with varying x are prepared by adjusting the molar ratio of reactants via hydrothermal synthesis, among which Sn0.3W0.7S2 displays a maximum of concentration of 81% in the metallic phase and features a distorted octahedral‐coordinated metastable 1T′ phase structure. The obtained 1T′‐Sn0.3W0.7S2 has high intrinsic electrical conductivity, lattice distortion, and defects, showing a prominently improved HER catalytic performance. Metallic Sn0.3W0.7S2 coupled with carbon black exhibits at least a 215‐fold improvement compared to pristine SnS2. It has excellent long‐term durability and HER activity. This work reveals a general phase transition strategy by using T phase materials as templates and merging heteroatoms to achieve synthetic metastable phase 2D LMDs that have a significantly improved HER catalytic performance.
Integration of Optical Surface Structures with Chiral Nanocellulose for Enhanced Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Xiong Rui , Yu Shengtao , Kang Saewon , Adstedt Katarina M. , Nepal Dhriti , Bunning Timothy J. , Tsukruk Vladimir V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe integration of chiral organization with photonic structures found in many living creatures enables unique chiral photonic structures with a combination of selective light reflection, light propagation, and circular dichroism. Inspired by these natural integrated nanostructures, hierarchical chiroptical systems that combine imprinted surface optical structures with the natural chiral organization of cellulose nanocrystals are fabricated. Different periodic photonic surface structures with rich diffraction phenomena, including various optical gratings and microlenses, are replicated into nanocellulose film surfaces over large areas. The resulting films with embedded optical elements exhibit vivid, controllable structural coloration combined with highly asymmetric broadband circular dichroism and a microfocusing capability not typically found in traditional photonic bioderived materials without compromising their mechanical strength. The strategy of imprinting surface optical structures onto chiral biomaterials facilitates a range of prospective photonic applications, including stereoscopic displays, polarization encoding, chiral polarizers, and colorimetric chiral biosensing.
Direct Visualization of Exciton Transport in Defective Few‐Layer WS2 by Ultrafast Microscopy
Authors: Liu Huan , Wang Chong , Zuo Zhengguang , Liu Dameng , Luo Jianbin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs defects usually limit the exciton diffusion in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), the interaction knowledge of defects and exciton transport is crucial for achieving efficient TMDC‐based devices. A direct visualization of defect‐modulated exciton transport is developed in few‐layer WS2 by ultrafast transient absorption microscopy. Atomic‐scale defects are introduced by argon plasma treatment and identified by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Neutral excitons can be captured by defects to form bound excitons in 7.75–17.88 ps, which provide a nonradiative relaxation channel, leading to decreased exciton lifetime and diffusion coefficient. The exciton diffusion length of defective sample has a drastic reduction from 349.44 to 107.40 nm. These spatially and temporally resolved measurements reveal the interaction mechanism between defects and exciton transport dynamics in 2D TMDCs, giving a guideline for designing high‐performance TMDC‐based devices.
Supramolecular Nanodiscs Self‐Assembled from Non‐Ionic Heptamethine Cyanine for Imaging‐Guided Cancer Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Mu Xueluer , Lu Yingxi , Wu Fapu , Wei Yuhan , Ma Huihui , Zhao Yingjie , Sun Jing , Liu Shaofeng , Zhou Xianfeng , Li Zhibo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSupramolecular nanomedicines, which use supramolecular design to improve the precision and effectiveness of pharmaceutical practice and optimize pharmacokinetic profiles, have gathered momentum to battle cancer and other incurable diseases, for which traditional small‐molecular and macromolecular drugs are less effective. However, the lack of clinical approval of supramolecular assembly‐based medicine underscores the challenges facing this field. A 2D nanodisc‐based supramolecular structure is formed by a non‐ionic heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) dye, which generates fluorescence self‐quenching but unique photothermal and photoacoustic properties. These Cy7‐based supramolecular nanodiscs exhibit passive tumor‐targeting properties to not only visualize the tumor by near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic tomography but also induce photothermal tumor ablation under irradiation. Due to the nature of organic small molecule, they induce undetectable acute toxicity in mice and can be eliminated by the liver without extrahepatic metabolism. These findings suggest that the self‐assembling cyanine discs represent a new paradigm in drug delivery as single‐component supramolecular nanomedicines that are self‐delivering and self‐formulating, and provide a platform technology for synergistic clinical cancer imaging and therapy.
Van der Waals Integrated Hybrid POM‐Zirconia Flexible Belt‐Like Superstructures
Authors: Akram Bilal , Ni Bing , Wang Xun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA facile one‐step solvothermal approach to engineer a van der Waals integrated heteromaterial self‐assembled superstructure composed of two structurally distinct species that is polyoxomolybdate and zirconia (POM‐ZrO2) is reported. Nonclassical aggregation‐based self‐assembly process grows the superstructure. The introduced POM not only behaves as a catalytically active component of the hybrid structure but also imparts flexibility to the developed POM‐ZrO2 superstructures. The material shows high performance toward oxygenation of thioethers as a result of its morphology, composition, and structure. This growing strategy may introduce a viable pathway to the rational design of Van der Waals integrated complex hybrid, catalytically active assemblies with potential applications in different fields.
Strain‐Induced Band‐Gap Tuning of 2D‐SnSSe Flakes for Application in Flexible Sensors
Authors: Du Lena , Wang Cong , Xiong Wenqi , Wei Bin , Yang Fengyou , Chen Shengyao , Ma Lijun , Wang Xiaofeng , Xia Congxin , Zhang Xinzheng , Wang Zhongchang , Liu Qian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFlexible strain‐sensitive‐material‐based sensors are desired owing to their widespread applications in intelligent robots, health monitoring, human motion detection, and other fields. High electrical–mechanical coupling behaviors of 2D materials make them one of the most promising candidates for miniaturized, integrated, and high‐resolution strain sensors, motivating to explore the influence of strain‐induced band‐gap changes on electrical properties of more materials and assess their potential application in strain sensors. Herein, a ternary SnSSe alloy nanosheet‐based strain sensor is reported showing an enhanced gauge factor (GF) up to 69.7 and a good reproducibility and linearity within strain of 0.9%. Such sensor holds high‐sensitive features under low strain, and demonstrates an improved sensitivity with a decrease in the membrane thickness. The high sensitivity is attributed to widening band gap and density of states reduction induced by strain, as verified by theoretical model and first‐principles calculations. These findings show that a sensor with adjustable strain sensitivity might be realized by simply changing the elemental constituents of 2D alloying materials.
Isotropic “Quasi‐Fluid” Metamaterials Designed by Topology Optimization
Authors: Zhang Huikai , Kang Zhan , Wang Yiqiang , Wu Wenjun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBi‐mode artificial metamaterials have anisotropic mechanical properties, with the ratio of bulk modulus and shear modulus approaching an infinite value in ideal conditions. The microstructures of such metamaterials are currently mostly determined by parameter synthesis on the basis of existing heuristic configuration designs, which may considerably restrict their topologies and shapes. New octagon and hexagonal honeycomb bi‐mode metamaterials (2D) are designed through a more systematic approach based on the independent point‐wise interpolation method of topology optimization. The objective function is defined as a weighted combination of the bulk and shear moduli. By tuning the values of different weighted coefficients, the transition mechanism can be acquired from the regular microstructure to the bi‐mode metamaterial with needle‐like or double‐cone rods. It is also found that simply increasing the volume fraction in the single material design cannot further improve the target performance, but introducing a small amount of hard material into the design domain can noticeably enhance the bulk modulus. One representative optimized microstructure is fabricated by 3D printing with stainless steel and polymer materials. Uniaxial quasi‐static compression tests and finite element simulations reveal the layer‐wise deformation modes of the bi‐mode “quasi‐fluid” metamaterial and its capacity to absorb external energy.
Nanomedicine‐Enabled Photonic Thermogaseous Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yin Haohao , Guan Xin , Lin Han , Pu Yinying , Fang Yan , Yue Wenwen , Zhou Bangguo , Wang Qiao , Chen Yu , Xu Huixiong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLocal photothermal hyperthermia for tumor ablation and specific stimuliresponsive gas therapy feature the merits of remote operation, noninvasive intervention, and in situ tumor‐specific activation in cancer‐therapeutic biomedicine. Inspired by synergistic/sequential therapeutic modality, herein a novel therapeutic modality is reported based on the construction of two‐dimensional (2D) core/shell‐structured Nb2C–MSNs–SNO composite nanosheets for photonic thermogaseous therapy. A phototriggered thermogas‐generating nanoreactor is designed via mesoporous silica layer coating on the surface of Nb2C MXene nanosheets, where the mesopores provide the reservoirs for NO donor (S‐nitrosothiol (RSNO)), and the core of Nb2C produces heat shock upon second near‐infrared biowindow (NIR‐II) laser irradiation. The Nb2C–MSNs–SNO‐enabled photonic thermogaseous therapy undergoes a sequential process of phototriggered heat production from the core of Nb2C and thermotriggered NO generation, together with photoacoustic‐imaging (PAI) guidance and monitoring. The constructed Nb2C–MSNs–SNO nanoreactors exhibit high‐NIR‐induced photothermal effect, intense NIR‐controlled NO release, and desirable PAI performance. Based on these unique theranostic properties of Nb2C–MSNs–SNO nanocomposites, sequential photonic thermogaseous therapy with limited systematic toxicity on efficiently suppressing tumor growth is achieved by PAI‐guided NIR‐controlled NO release as well as heat generation. Such a thermogaseous approach representes a stimuli‐selective strategy for synergistic/sequential cancer treatment.