bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical indications in development contexts: Function, supply chain and pursuit of rural industrial development
Authors: Wong Chan‐Yuan , Elbegsaikhan Mergen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study assesses the dynamics of different Geographical Indication (GI) systems as we seek to showcase how different rural communities capitalised on GI as a tool to secure their heritage/place‐based product reputations. The cases of Lugu Dong Ding Oolong Tea of Taiwan and Gobi Desert Camel Wool of Mongolia are used to provide important contexts of development—and in turn, enable us to undertake a comparative exercise to reveal the differences in terms of pre‐condition settings, impacts and pursuit of rural industrial development. Taiwan's Certification Trademark system gained protection of origin‐place quality reputation for its rural industrial communities. Meanwhile, Mongolia's Sui Generis appropriated the idea of GI for construction of desirable value chains for productive activities. Our observations and derived typology are useful as hindsight on what settings are conducive for GI protection and how they would mould a governing structure for productive activities.
Inhumanity in Nigerian War Plays
Authors: Odoh Onyeka 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNigeria is the most diverse country in sub‐Saharan Africa. Sadly enough, the poor management of this diversity has led to series of conflicts and destructions which have become ugly characterising features of the country until today. Given that literature captures human experiences, the said conflicts and destructions have gained expression in Nigerian plays centred on war which depict different dimensions of inhumanity. Therefore, this essay aims to examine the representation of inhumanity in few Nigerian war plays. The significance of the study is to provide yet another treatise for teachers, students and researchers of African and Nigerian literature, particularly drama to engage the subject of war which is recurrent in all genres of African/Nigerian literature. The study will be underpinned by Sigmund Freud's dialectical concepts of ‘eros’ and ‘aggression.’ The finding shows that wars provide an avenue for humans to express the residing bestiality in them which neither civilization nor religion has been able to completely banish. The study concludes that the rationale for wars cannot justify the barbarity witnessed during wars; hence the need for civil means of settling conflicts.
Price and quantity competition with network externalities: Endogenous choice of strategic variables
Authors: Hashizume Ryo , Nariu Tatsuhiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe consider the endogenous choice of strategic variable (price or quantity) in a duopoly market for differentiated goods in the presence of network externalities. We show that if the rival goods are substitutes in demand, but the degree of network compatibility is large enough to outweigh the substitution effects, each firm chooses price as its strategic variable. This finding is a rare exception to the usual result that if the goods are substitutes, each firm would choose quantity as its strategic variable. Moreover, we show that two non‐standard results hold when the above condition is satisfied and the efficiency difference between the two firms is large. First, the price of the less efficient firm is higher under price competition than under quantity competition. Second, in a situation where one firm sets quantity and the other firm sets price, the profit of the more efficient firm is higher when it is the quantity‐setter than when it is the price‐setter, and the opposite is true for the less efficient firm.
Reflexive Communication and the Whole Self
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAfter summarizing Kathleen Wallace’s cumulative network model of the self, this paper explores Wallace’s account of the whole self’s capacity for self‐reflection in some detail. Supposing that constituents of the self are capable of interpreting and communicating with one another, how is it possible for the whole self to interpret and communicate with itself and to act on the basis of its self‐understandings? The paper suggests that Wallace needs an account of the self’s ability to synthesize the information that interpretative communication furnishes and manage it to reach all‐things‐considered judgments and decide what to do. The paper sketches such an account and concludes by considering some implications for selfhood of different types of traumatic experience.
Automated pavement crack detection and segmentation based on two‐step convolutional neural network
Authors: Liu Jingwei , Yang Xu , Lau Stephen , Wang Xin , Luo Sang , Lee Vincent Cheng‐Siong , Ding Ling 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCracking is a common pavement distress that would cause further severe problems if not repaired timely, which means that it is important to accurately extract the information of pavement cracks through detection and segmentation. Automated pavement crack detection and segmentation using deep learning are more efficient and accurate than conventional methods, which could be further improved. While many existing studies have utilized deep learning in pavement crack segmentation, which segments cracks from non‐crack regions, few studies have taken the exact pavement crack detection into account, which identifies cracks in the images from other objects. A two‐step pavement crack detection and segmentation method based on convolutional neural network was proposed in this paper. An automated pavement crack detection algorithm was developed using the modified You Only Look Once 3rd version in the first step. The proposed crack segmentation method in the second step was based on the modified U‐Net, whose encoder was replaced with a pre‐trained ResNet‐34 and the up‐sample part was added with spatial and channel squeeze and excitation (SCSE) modules. Proposed method combines pavement crack detection and segmentation together, so that the detected cracks from the first step are segmented in the second step to improve the accuracy. A dataset of pavement crack images in different circumstances were also built for the study. The F1 score of proposed crack detection and segmentation methods are 90.58% and 95.75%, respectively, which are higher than other state‐of‐the‐art methods. Compared with existing one‐step pavement crack detection or segmentation methods, proposed two‐step method showed advantages of accuracy.
Early recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation is associated with inferior long‐term outcomes: Insights from a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kalinsek Tine Prolic , Kottmaier Marc , Telishevska Marta , Berger Florian , Semmler Verena , Popa Miruna , Brkic Amir , Lengauer Sarah , Otgonbayar Ulamnemekh , Koch‐Büttner Katharina , Bartowiak Marcin , Kornmayer Marielouise , Brooks Stephanie , Risse Elena , Kathan Susanne , Hofmann Monika , Grebmer Christian , Reents Tilko , Hessling Gabriele , Deisenhofer Isabel , Bourier Felix 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the influence of early recurrence (ER) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) on long‐term outcomes and to identify clinical variables associated with ER.MethodsWe retrospectively collected clinical and procedural data from 1285 patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent PVI from 2011 to 2016. Kaplan‐Meier, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to analyze the influence of ER on long‐term outcomes.ResultsER was observed in 13% of patients. Kaplan‐Meier analyses showed significantly different outcomes in 1285 patients with and without ER (49% vs 74%, log rank P < .01) and in 286 patients in the subgroup that underwent reablation (44% vs 79%, log rank P < .01). The hazard ratio (HR) of ER was 1.7 within 48 hours (5% of patients), 2.7 within 1 month (5%), 3.0 within 2 months (2%), and 6.4 within 3 months (1%) for late recurrence (LR), P < .01. ROC analysis (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79) resulted in 70.3% sensitivity and 74.2% specificity for a 14‐day blanking period, and 53.1% sensitivity and 85.5% specificity for a 30‐day blanking period. Female patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.69, P < .01) and those with diabetes (OR 1.95, P = .01) were at higher risk for ER.ConclusionsER is observed in a substantial number of patients with paroxysmal AF after PVI and has a continuous direct effect on LR according to the timing of ER. Randomized trials are required to assess the safety and effects of reablations in a shortened blanking period on long‐term outcomes.
Shorter RSPV cryoapplications result in less phrenic nerve injury and similar 1‐year freedom from atrial fibrillation
Authors: Molenaar Marleen M.D. , Hesselink Tim , ter Bekke Rachel M.A. , Scholten Marcoen F. , Manusama Randy , Pison Laurent , Brusse‐Keizer Marjolein , Kraaier Karin , ten Haken Bernard , Grandjean Jan G. , Timmermans Carl C. , van Opstal Jurren M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the 123‐study, we prospectively assessed, in a randomized fashion, the minimal cryoballoon application time necessary to achieve pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) with the aim to reduce complications by shortening the application duration. The first results of this study demonstrated that shortened cryoballoon applications (<2 minutes) resulted in less phrenic nerve injury (PNI) without compromising acute isolation efficacy for the right PVs. We now report the 1‐year follow‐up results regarding safety and efficacy of shorter cryoballoon applications.MethodsA total of 222 patients with AF were randomized to two applications of 1 min “short,” 2 min “medium,” or 3 min “long” duration, 74 per group. Recurrence of AF and PV reconduction at 1‐year follow‐up were assessed.ResultsThe overall 1‐year freedom from AF was 79% and did not differ significantly between the short, medium, and long application groups (77%, 74%, and 85% for short, medium, and long application groups, respectively; P = 0.07). In 30 patients, a redo PVI procedure was performed. For all four PVs, there was no significant difference in reconduction between the three groups. Reconduction was most common in the left superior PV (57%). The right superior PV (RSPV) showed significantly less reconduction (17%) compared to the other PVs.ConclusionsShortening cryoballoon applications of the RSPV to <2 minutes results in less PNI, while acute success and 1‐year freedom from AF are not compromised. Therefore, shorter cryoballoon applications (especially) in the RSPV could be used to reduce PNI.
The subcutaneous ICD for prevention of sudden cardiac death: Current evidence and future directions
Authors: Steffel Jan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite major advances in medical therapy, sudden cardiac death remains an important cause of cardiovascular mortality. In order to improve the risk‐benefit balance of transvenous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) systems, a totally subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) system was developed and approved for use in Europe in 2009. The currently available S‐ICD system has undergone several important hardware‐ and software‐related modifications and improvements over the last 10 years aimed at further improving its efficacy and safety. The results of the PRAETORIAN trial, that is, the first randomized comparison of S‐ICD versus transvenous ICDs, of the prospective UNTOUCHED study, and the overall consistent observational data underline that current generation S‐ICD systems may be a valid alternative in patients with an ICD indication in whom bradycardia pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy is not required due to a lower risk of system‐related problems. This review summarizes the key differences between the two systems, improvements in hardware components and algorithms over time, as well as most recent clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the S‐ICD.
Linking wood anatomy with growth vigour and susceptibility to alternate bearing in composite apple and pear trees
Authors: Jupa R. , Mészáros M. , Plavcová L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Excess vegetative growth and irregular fruit‐bearing are often undesirable in horticultural practice. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these traits in fruit trees are not fully understood. Here, we tested if growth vigour and susceptibility of apple and pear trees to alternate fruit‐bearing are associated with vascular anatomy.

We examined anatomical traits related to water transport and nutrient storage in young woody shoots and roots of 15 different scion/rootstock cultivars of apple and pear trees. In addition, soil and leaf water potentials were measured across a drought period.

We found a positive correlation between the mean vessel diameter of roots and the annual shoot length. Vigorously growing trees also maintained less negative midday leaf water potential during drought. Furthermore, we observed a close negative correlation between the proportions of total parenchyma in the shoots and the alternate bearing index.

Based on anatomical proxies, our results suggest that xylem transport efficiency of rootstocks is linked to growth vigour of both apple and pear trees, while limited carbohydrate storage capacity of scions may be associated with increased susceptibility to alternate bearing. These findings can be useful for the breeding of new cultivars of commercially important fruit trees.
Quantitative trait loci conferring blast resistance in hexaploid wheat at adult plant stage
Authors: Ferreira Jéssica Rosset , Torres Gisele Abigail Montan , Consoli Luciano , Camilotti Gabriela Andriolio , Scagliusi Sandra Maria Mansur , Nhani Antonio , Turchetto Caroline , Deuner Carolina Cardoso , Goddard Rachel , Nicholson Paul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBlast disease, caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype (MoT), is a major concern for wheat production in tropical and subtropical regions. The most destructive symptoms occur in wheat spikes. Infected spikes become bleached due to partial or total sterility, producing small and wrinkled grains. High disease pressure of the disease results in significant yield losses. This study aimed to identify wheat quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to blast disease at the heading stage. A doubled‐haploid population was developed from the cross between BRS 209 (susceptible) and CBFusarium ENT014 (resistant, carrying the 2NS translocation). A linkage map was constructed containing 5,381 molecular markers and the inclusive composite interval mapping method was employed for QTL detection. Four QTLs were mapped in response to two MoT isolates. The major QTL identified on the 2AS chromosome explained an average of 84.0% of the phenotypic variation for spike bleaching at 9 days postinoculation and reinforces the potency of the 2NS translocation. Recombination between the distal region of chromosome 2AS and the 2NS marker was found. These results could explain why some lines carrying the VENTRIUP/LN2 marker have a variable reaction to the disease. QTLs on 5B and 7B chromosomes were also identified. Two mechanisms of resistance were hypothesized: the hypersensitive response and resistance to colonization of host tissues. The KASP markers thus developed and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) allocated in QTL regions can be used in the future for the development of wheat blast‐resistant cultivars.
Seasonal and interannual variation of sterols in macrophytes from the Pacific coast of Baja California Peninsula (Mexico)
Authors: Serviere‐Zaragoza Elisa , Hurtado‐Oliva Miguel Ángel , Mazariegos‐Villarreal Alejandra , Arjona Olivia , Palacios Elena 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYThe seasonal and interannual proximate and sterol composition were assessed in two red (Gelidium robustum, Gelidiaceae and Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii, Gracilariaceae), two brown (Ecklonia arborea, Lessoniaceae and Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminariaceae), and two green (Ulva lactuca and Ulva clathrata, Ulvaceae) macroalgae species and the seagrass Phyllospadix torreyi (Zosteraceae) sampled over 3 years in a subtropical climate in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Each macroalga had a particular sterol composition that was typical of their taxonomic group. The red algae had cholesterol as the major sterol; 92% on average in G. robustum and 90% in G. sjoestedtii, followed by t‐dehydrosterol and brassicasterol. In the brown algae the major sterol was fucosterol, which accounted for approx. 90% and 92% of total sterols for M. pyrifera and E. arborea, respectively, followed by campesterol (7% and 5%) and isofucosterol (1.5% and 1.3%). The green algae had isofucosterol as the major sterol, with 92% on average for U. lactuca and 87% for U. clathrata, followed by cholesterol, fucosterol, and brassicasterol or norcholesterol. The seagrass P. torreyi had β‐sitosterol as the major sterol (39 to 89%, depending on the season), followed by campesterol (4 to 7%), stigmasterol (3 to 6%), and isofucosterol (1.7 to 3.5%). Four (cholesterol, campesterol, fucosterol, and isofucosterol) of the 14 sterols identified in macroalgae and the seagrass could be used to differentiate between classes (Florideophyceae – red, Phaeophyceae – brown, Ulvophyceae – green, and Monocots – seagrass) both seasonally and interannually. The seasonal and interannual sterol composition of macroalgae and seagrass was quite stable, with the exception of red G. sjoestedtii sampled in August and green macroalga U. lactuca and seagrass P. torreyi both sampled in May 2002. Seasonal and interannual variations of proximate and sterol composition are discussed in relation to their reproductive state and environmental parameters.
Estimating Consignment‐Level Infestation Rates from the Proportion of Consignment that Failed Border Inspection: Possibilities and Limitations in the Presence of Overdispersed Data
Authors: Trouvé Raphaël , Robinson Andrew P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroduction of pests and diseases through trade is one of the main socioecological challenges worldwide. Targeted sampling at border security can efficiently provide information about biosecurity threats and also reduce pest entry risk. Prioritizing sampling effort requires knowing which pathways are most infested. However, border security inspection data are often right‐censored, as inspection agencies often only report that a consignment has failed inspection (i.e., there was at least one unit infested), not how many infested units were found. A method has been proposed to estimate the mean infestation rate of a pathway from such right‐censored data (Chen et al.). Using simulations and case study data from imported germplasm consignments inspected at the border, we show that the proposed method results in negatively biased estimates of the pathway infestation rate when the inspection data exhibit overdispersion (i.e., varying infestation rates among different consignments of the same pathway). The case study data also show that overdispersion is prevalent in real data sets. We demonstrate that the method proposed by Chen et al. recovers the median infestation rate of the pathway, rather than its mean. Therefore, it underpredicts the infestation rate when the data are overdispersed (in right‐skewed distributions, the mean is above the median). To allow better monitoring and optimizing sampling effort at the border, we recommend that border protection agencies report all the data (the number of infested units found together with the sample size of the inspection) instead of only that the consignment failed inspection.
Long‐run effects of teachers in developing countries
Authors: Crawfurd Lee , Rolleston Caine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow persistent are teacher effects on student outcomes? In this paper we present estimates of teacher effects on long‐run student outcomes from two low‐ and middle‐ income countries. We first estimate teacher value‐added using the Young Lives School Survey data from Ethiopia and Vietnam. We then track students taught by these teachers 2 and 5 years later and use data from the Young Lives Household Surveys to estimate the effects of teacher quality. We find no persistent effect after 2 years, but better mathematics (0.08σ) and reading (0.06σ) test scores after 5 years, from being taught by a 1σ better Grade 5 teacher. We find no persistent effects of good teachers on measures of more “generalized” cognitive ability, aspirations, well‐being, or “grit.”
One Health and veterans’ post‐deployment health
Authors: Mathewson‐Chapman Marianne , Chapman Helena J 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYSince 2001, more than 3.3 million US service members have been deployed to operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, New Dawn, Inherent Resolve and Freedom’s Sentinel. Visible and invisible war wounds from direct combat experiences, coupled with environmental exposures to harmful substances, can complicate veterans’ health throughout their lifespan. While promoting a holistic view of health, health professionals should be attentive for potential risks associated with environmental or animal exposures (One Health concept). During deployment, infectious and non‐infectious environmental exposures and harmful substances in the air, on the land and in the water may result in immediate‐ or long‐term health effects. Veterans can also face psychosocial health risks when home that may impact their concentration, emotional responses and social interactions. To strengthen health professions education, the authors recommend that curricula incorporate a comprehensive overview of veterans’ physical and psychosocial health risks as a result of their deployment. They describe four specific curriculum topics, competencies and didactic methods that can reinforce veteran‐specific content for clinical education and training. By applying the One Health concept, health professionals can document harmful environmental exposures during deployment, report gaps in clinical practice, and provide support for veterans’ physical and psychosocial health needs when returning to civilian life.