bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryo-TEM Observation of 3-D Ordered Aggregates of 5-nm Gold Clusters in Solutions
Authors: Balmes O , Bovin J - O 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The preparation of frozen amorphous nano-meter thin films of solutions containing particles, and imaging with cryo- TEM, opens for the first time the possibility to study cluster assembles interacting with liquids. The method is here used to show evidence for assembly of ordered 3-dimensional aggregates of ligand stabilized 5-nm gold clusters in a long chain alcohol solution. The use of the plunge-freezing method allows freezing of solutions at a cooling rate that does not allow re-organization of the clusters. The stability of the amorphous solid solutions under the electron beam make it possible to record several pictures of the same aggregate at different angles and clearly identify the super-structure.
The sample preparation uses a modified controlled-environment vitrification system built in glass. Solidification of the liquid phase was achieved by plunging the solution, suspended in the holes of a lacy carbon on a copper grid, into liquid ethane (-174 °C) or in some cases liquid nitrogen.
Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Cochrane J , Zhu S , Su C-H , Lehoczky S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Since the superior properties of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) could improve numerous devices such as electronics and sensors, many efforts have been made in investigating the growth mechanism of MWCNT to synthesize high quality MWCNT. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is widely used for MWCNT synthesis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are useful methods for analyzing the structure, morphology and composition of MWCNT.
Temperature and pressure are two important growth parameters for fabricating carbon nanotubes. in MWCNT growth by CVD, the plasma assisted method is normally used for low temperature growth. However, a high temperature environment is required for thermal CVD. A systematic study of temperature and pressure-dependence is very helpful to understanding MWCNT growth. Transition metal particles are commonly used as catalysts in carbon nanotube growth. It is also interesting to know the how temperature and pressure affect the interface of carbon species and catalyst particles.
Microstructural Characterization of Thin Films TiO2 Deposited Inside a Tubing by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Miki-Yoshida M , Paraguay D F , Antunez W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The traditional application of titanium dioxide was as a white pigment; later, it was discovered their photocatalytic properties as an anode for the photo-oxidation of water. Furthermore, titanium dioxide films are now widely used in catalysis and photocatalysis because of low cost and other advantageous properties. For example, they have been used for decomposition of organic contaminants in air and water. Moreover, recent studies have reported bactericidal and detoxification effects of TiO2 thin films. It has been shown that TiO2- coated materials possess deodorizing, antibacterial, and self-cleaning functions under weak ultraviolet light. Titanium dioxide films can be prepared by many deposition techniques. One of them is the spray pyrolysis (SP) technique which is a low cost, simple to manipulate, and applicable to large-scale areas (final). Photocatalytic TiO2-covered tubing can be used to decompose organic contaminants and/or to sterilize microbial cells in air or water flows, using solar panel reactors or indoor panels irradiated with UV radiation.
Bismuth Nanowires for Potential Applications in Nanoscale Electronics Technology
Authors: Cronin Stephen B , Lin Yu-Ming , Rabin Oded , Black Marcie R , Gai Pratibha L , Dresselhaus Gene , Dresselhaus Mildred 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nanowires have potential applications in future generations of nanoscale electronics. Our motivation of studying Bi nanowires is based on the unique properties of bulk Bi. These include very small effective masses, a long mean-free path and the low melting point (271°C). Calculations of the transport properties predict that the Bi nanowires have a very high thermoelectric efficiency. The effects of quantum confinement are pronounced in Bi because of its small effective masses. The resulting change in the band structure of bulk Bi is shown in Fig. 1. The broken curves depict the band structure in which the T-point valence band overlaps with the L-point conduction band by 38mev making bulk Bi a semimetal. Due to quantum effects, the band edges split into subbands shown by solid curves. As the wire diameter decreases, eventually the lowest conduction subband and the highest valence subband no longer overlap and the material becomes an indirect-gap semiconductor (at ∼50nm diameter).
Phase Retrieval from Two Defocused Images by the Transport-Ofintensity Equation Formalism with Fast Fourier Transform
Authors: Volkov VV , Zhu Y 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The problem of phase retrieval from intensity measurements plays an important role in many fields of physical research, e.g. optics, electron and x-ray microscopy, crystallography, diffraction tomography and others. in practice the recorded images contain information only on the intensity distribution I(x,y) = ψ*ψ*= |A|2 of the imaging wave function ψ = A*exp(-iϕ) and the phase information (ϕ(x,y) is usually lost. in general, the phase problem can be solved either by special holographic/interferometric methods, or by noninterferometric approaches based on intensity measurements in far Fraunhofer zone or in the Fresnel zone at two adjacent planes orthogonal to the optical axis. The latter approach uses the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) formalism, introduced originally by Teague [1] and developed later in [2]. Applications of TIE to nonmagnetic materials and magnetic inductance mapping were successfully made in [3,4]. However, this approach still needs further improvement both in mathematics and in practical solutions, since the result is very sensitive to many experimental parameters.
TEM Specimen Preparation Techniques and Analysis of Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glasses (PTRG)
Authors: Francois-Saint-Cyr H , Elshot K , Le Coustumer P , Bourrat X , Richardson K , Giannuzzi L , Glebov L , Glebova L , Stevie F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Due to their ability to undergo a refractive index change (Δn) induced by appropriate UV irradiation and thermal development, Photo-Thermo-Refractive (PTR) glasses are candidate materials for use in optical applications such as hologram recording, optical data storage, or spectral filters. Although this induced index modulation (Δn) has been characterized in terms of its optical ramifications, glass scientists are working to understand more clearly, the underlying mechanisms associated with the photo-induced crystallization process. For example, the phase, concentration and size of crystals responsible for the induced index change, the diffusion and growth process leading to the resultant optical behavior, and the precise role of the active components of PTR glasses, has yet to be completely elucidated. Numerous techniques have been employed to address these questions and this paper reports results of sample preparation and analysis of PTR glasses using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
In Situ Observation of Nanocrystal Formation Via Dehydroxylation
Authors: Sharma Renu , McKelvy M J , Bearat Hamdallah , Chizmeshya Andrew VG , Carpenter RW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, a promising new route to prepare nano phase composites with fine transition metal particles (2 - 50nm) has been proposed via dehydroxylation and dehydration process. Thermal and mechanical dehydroxylation process has also been used to form ultra fine powders of NiO-Ni(OH). We have found a substantially increased carbonation rate at room temperature (RT) for partially dehydroxylated brucite (Mg(OH)2) single crystal fragments. BET measurements confirm the increase in the surface area of partially dehydroxylated (90%) single-crystal Mg(OH)2 fragments, which directly contributes to the increase in carbonation reactivity. As dehydroxylation proceeds rapidly in a TEM column, due to high vacuum and electron beam effects, the atomic level nature of the process has not been understood until recently.6 We have observed the development of nanocrystals during in situdehydroxylation of Mg(OH)2.
Experiments were performed using a PHILIPS-430 electron microscope operated at 300KV, fitted with a differentially pumped environmental-cell (E-cell) and a Gatan Imaging Filter (GIF).
Comparative Analysis of Integrins and Cadherins as Cell Adhesion Molecules in Ascidian Sperm-Egg Interactions
Authors: Lim J , Leary D , Koch R A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The earliest events in ascidian fertilization require sperm-egg recognition, sperm activation and penetration of the egg's protective barriers before sperm-egg fusion can occur. Species selective recognition is known to depend on recognition by sperm of egg N-acetylglucosamine sites. Binding to these sites triggers the defining event of ascidian sperm activation called mitochondrial translocation. in this process, the mitochondrion becomes anchored to follicles cells surrounding the egg and then rounds up, moves to the base of the head and translocates onto the tail. This actimmyosin-dependent process provides the force for penetration. Activation of myosin depends on a signaling pathway that leads to internal Ca2+ release and external Ca2+ entry.
In order for actimmyosin interactions to provide the force for penetration, the mitochondrion must be anchored to the outer surface of the egg complex. Presumably this anchor must also attach to actin filaments that serve as the track for the mitochondrial translocation process.
Microscopic Characterization of a Mutant Sperm Line of the Fern Ceratopteris Richardii
Authors: Davidson Kelly A , Hickok Leslie G , Renzaglia Karen S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mature sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardiiare spiraled over three revolutions and contain a locomotory apparatus with approximately 70 flagella attached at the cell anterior (Fig. 1). Abundant organelles are dispersed along the inner surface of an elongated, coiled nucleus (Figs. 1, 3, 8). The cytoskeleton comprises a network of microfilaments that encases the nucleus (Fig. 6) and two distinct microtubule arrays: a microtubular ribbon (spline) and flagella with anchoring basal bodies (Fig. 3). This study uses light, fluorescence, transmission electron (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize cell organization in a motility impaired mutant sperm line of Ceratopteris.Because motility mutations likely involve the cytoskeleton, emphasis was placed on observing microtubule and actin arrays in the mutant compared to wild-type spermatozoids. Protocols follow Hoffman and Vaughn for TEM and Schmitt and Renzaglia for SEM. Microfilament arrays in relation to the nucleus were examined by rhodamine-phalloidin and DAPI fluorescence.
Measurement of Eggshell Thickness Between two Species of Sceloporus Lizards Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Parker S , Polcyn D , Thompson J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thermal environment exerts a strong influence on lizard life histories by constraining seasonal activity time, fecundity, growth, and embryonic development. in cold climates, extending the duration of egg retention within the female's body permits embryos to develop more rapidly than would be possible at ambient nest temperatures. The duration of egg retention time in the oviduct is largely constrained by the ability of the growing embryo to uptake oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Parchment shelled eggs of most squamates (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) while permeable to water and gases, also acts as a diffusive barrier to gas exchange. As a result, most taxa with extended egg retention exhibit a concomitant reduction in eggshell thickness.
To assess the influence of thermal environment on egg retention time, I sampled eggs from the lizards Sceloporus occidentalis and Sceloporus graciosus(Phrynosomatidae) from three populations at high, intermediate, and low elevation, in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California.
Prevention of Salt Damage to Monuments: Esem and Time-Lapse Studies
Authors: Doehne E , Selwitz C , Carson D , de Tagle A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction: “In time, and with water, everything changes.” —Leonardo da Vinci The crystallization of soluble salts in porous building materials is a widespread weathering process that results in damage to important monuments and archaeological sites. Salt weathering by thenardite (sodium sulfate) and mirabilite (sodium sulfate decahydrate) is especially destructive, yet is still not fully understood. Halite (sodium chloride) in contrast, is one of the least damaging salts. Previous work has also demonstrated the importance of airflow in salt weathering. Here we present new data that help explain why sodium sulfate is so damaging and also show how crystallization modifiers and changes in airflow can reduce salt damage in laboratory experiments.
Damage Mechanism: The behavior of sodium sulfate was documented using saturated solutions and oolites from Monks Park limestone (a stone well known to be vulnerable to salt damage) as test samples. Damage was evaluated based on the degree of cracking of the oolite.
Microbial Colonization of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HAVC) Systems and Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Simmons RB , Crow SA , Ahearn DG 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The rapid rise of energy costs in the 1970's and early 1980's brought about a number of energy conservation measures which are still in use today. Changes made in heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems increased the recirculation of conditioned air within buildings, while leakage of air through the building shell was sharply reduced. Air movement in modern buildings is typically under the control of centrally operated HVAC systems which do not allow for local control of airflow in particular areas by the occupants. Problems with the quality of indoor air in the work environment have resulted from some of these measures and collectively many of these phenomena have been referred to as the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). SBS is a complex of symptoms, including eye and mucous membrane irritation, headache, cough, dizziness, chest tightening, fatigue and general malaise, which occur more frequently than would normally be expected (greater than 20%) among the occupants of a building.
Microstructure of Climate-Forcing Aerosols: Aircraft Traverses from Clean to Polluted Conditions in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Anderson James R , Crozier Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) was conducted in Feb.-Mar. 1999 in a large area of the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea to investigate climate forcing produced by pollutant aerosol particles being transported out of India, Pakistan, and Indochina during the Northeast (“Dry“) Monsoon2. Pollutant aerosols can be transported a thousand km or more by prevailing winds as far south as the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the convective band that separates Northern and Southern Hemisphere tropospheric air. We present here results from TEM examination of aerosol particles collected on INDOEX research flights of the NCAR C-130 aircraft.
The climate forcing properties of sulfate aerosols over the oceans have long been recognized2. Sulfate and other particles scatter incoming solar radiation, reducing the amount of light (and heat) incident on the ocean surface and thus causing a cooling effect which may locally counter some of the warming effect due to greenhouse gases.
In SEM a New Method for Nondestructive Internal Microtomography of Semiconductors and IC
Authors: Liang Zhuguan , Xia Ling , Li Yawen , Wang Jian , Zhou Kailin , Li Ping , Xu Xiaohua , Rau EI , Hu Wenguo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is very important to study a new method of nondestructive internal microtomography of semiconductors and IC. in this paper, we report some research results that were obtained in resent years using nondestructive internal microtomography (NDIMT) to study semiconductor materials(SM) and microelectronic devices (MD) in SEM. Now we can apply this method to detect the microstructures and defects in the subsurface of SM. The conditions of microstructures and the defects being or not in the subsurface of SM used directly depend on the quality of MD. By attaching a special attachment that was devised based on the NDIMT to SEM we can perform nondestructive internal microtomographic visualization of the subsurface of SM the tested SM may be used latter to produce MD. in this way NDIMT may be used to select good quality SM which can then be used for research and production of MD. The product yield and reliabilities of MD can therefore be improved.
Characterization of Phase Transformation by Fe-SEM and Fe-TEM Analysis
Authors: Horny Paula , Drouin Dominique , Gauvin Raynald , Botton Gianluigi A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The formation of a silicon alloy has been achieved by electron beam irradiation of a nickel-silicon bilayer. This process, called SiDWEL1, has been developed by Quantiscript. The nickel-silicon bilayer is very thin and the electron beam operates at low energy and current. Silicide formation occurred around the interaction volume of the electrons within the material. This paper describes the nature of the structures produced and the origin of the difficulties encountered with the characterization. The necessity of further analysis with TEM based techniques is highlighted.
Figure 1 presents a cross-section of a typical sample. The growth of silicide grains is induced by the e-beam irradiation of the stack for few microseconds. Nucieation is initiated by the diffusion of silicon atoms in nickel grains, induced by the heating arising from the electron beam interaction with the solid. A new phase is revealed by FE-SEM observation, after wet etching of the nickel film, as shown in figures 2 and 3.
New Scanning Electron Microscope Sharpness Standard: NIST Reference Material 8091 (Rm 8091)
Authors: Postek M T , Vladar A E , Zhang N-F , Larrabee R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
All scanning electron microscopes, whether they are in laboratory or on the production line, slowly lose performance as the instrument is used. This loss of performance is due to a whole array of contributing factors including misalignments, contamination and increases in source diameter. Identifying a loss in “sharpness” easily recognizes this performance decrease. Reference Material 8091 (RM 8091) is intended primarily for use in routinely checking the sharpness performance of scanning electron microscopes (Fig. 1). RM 8091 is designed to be used in conjunction with the SPECTEL SEM Monitor Program, the NIST Kurtosis program,3 or the University of Tennessee SMART program. RM 8091 is supplied as a small, approximately 2 mm x 2 mm diced semiconductor chip. This sample is capable of being mounted directly on to a wafer, wafer piece or specimen stub for insertion into a laboratory scanning electron microscope or wafer inspection scanning electron microscope.
Microcharacterization of Defects Induced in Fused Silica by High Power 3ω UV (355nm) Laser Pulses
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff Marion A , Wong Joe , Stesmans Andre 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There are many technical challenges to be overcome before controlled fusion reactions can be achieved. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is being developed to initiate fusion reactions using the world's most powerful laser. Essential components of the Facility are the ultra pure silica (SiO2) lenses that focus the powerful laser beams on to the target. Irradiation with a high power laser has been observed to damage the silica lenses, resulting in the formation of defects. The ensuing degradation of the lens performance necessitates its replacement. It is therefore critical to characterize the induced defects and understand the laser damage initiation and evolution, so that damage mitigation strategies can be developed.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy enables high spatial resolution and high sensitivity detection of defects in poorly conducting materials. It is therefore an ideal microanalytical technique with which to study laser irradiation-induced defects.
Characterization of Aluminosilicate Formation on the Surface of a Crystalline Silicotitanate Ion Exchanger
Authors: Young J S , Su Y , Li L , Balmer M L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Millions of gallons of high-level radioactive waste are contained in underground tanks at U. S. Department of Energy sites such as Hanford and Savannah River. Most of the radioactivity is due to 137Cs and 90Sr, which must be extracted in order to concentrate the waste. An ion exchanger, crystalline silicotitanate IONSIV® IE911, is being considered for separation of Cs at the Savannah River Site (SRS). While the performance of this ion exchanger has been well characterized under normal operating conditions, Cs removal at slightly elevated temperatures, such as those that may occur in a process upset, is not clear. Our recent study indicates that during exposure to SRS simulant at 55°C and 80°C, an aluminosilicate coating formed on the exchanger surface. There was concern that the coating would affect its ion exchange properties. A LEO 982 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and an Oxford ISIS energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) were used to characterize the coating.
Morphology of Poly Amide Nanocomposites Characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI).
Authors: Heckmann W , Ramsteiner F , Mehler Ch 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction of organophilic layered silicates into a polyamide matrix significantly improves stiffness and strength [1,2]. Two methods are known to prepare such nanocomposites. For both methods cations such as sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium, located in the interlayer galleries of the layered silicates must be exchanged by quaternary alkyl ammonium ions containing at least one alkyl chain and so rendering the originally hydrophilic into an organophilic silicate. in the insitu-method monomeric caprolactam is intercalated between the modified silicate interlayers and subsequently polycondensated to polyamide. By this method the silicates can be broken down into their nanoscale building blocks as can be shown by TEM and ESI (Fig. 1). Another more direct possibility to delaminate the silicates is melt mixing in an extruder. with both methods similar degrees of delamination can be achieved.
This paper presents some of our morphological results on polyamide containing organically modified montmorillonite.
Precipitation Upon Hot Strip Mill Conditions of a Ti-IF Steel
Authors: Regone W , 𝚓orge Júnior A M , Balancin O 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Upon hot strip mill of titanium Interstitial Free (IF) steels, during cooling from austenite to ferrite region, the level of interstitial elements not removed by steelmaking process is dropped down by Ti that combines with N, C and S. Some authors [1-3] have reported that the traditional precipitation sequence TiN, TiS, Ti4C2S2 and TiC occurs with freestanding particles formed by nucleation and growth processes. Other authors [4] have indicated that the transformation from TiS to Ti4C2S2 may be considered as a hybrid of shear and diffusion, i.e., faulted Ti8S9 (9R) + 10[Ti] + 9[C] → 41/2Ti4C2S2 (or H for its hexagonal crystal structure). At low temperature (≤930°C), the stabilization process continues through epitaxial growth of carbides on H phase. to study the evolution of precipitation upon hot strip mill conditions, samples of a Ti - IF steel were subjected to double straining tests [5] by means of a computerized hot torsion machine, at 1000 °C and 920 °C, with strain rate of 1 s-1 and interpass times ranging from 0.5 to 100 s.