bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attoclock and the quest for tunnelling time in strong-field physics
Authors: Satya Sainadh U , Sang R T , Litvinyuk I V 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The debate on tunnelling times have always been full of contradictions and the attoclock experiments that measure tunnelling delays in strong-field ionization are no exception. The current review presents the debate and discussions concerning the studies of tunnelling times based only on the attoclock technique. We review them with their implications and pitfalls identified due to lack of accurate strong field models that validate the observations in interpreting the measurements performed on noble gases. In order to provide a complete picture, the review begins with a background on some of the popular tunnelling time definitions, most of them conceived during the late 1980s debate, which are often cited in the attoclock literature. We then discuss various attoclock experiments on noble gas atoms and their interpretations in context of the tunneling time debate. The recently performed attoclock experiment and numerical modelling using atomic hydrogen are also presented as an attempt at resolving the controversy. We conclude with the current status of the debate.
Dini derivatives and regularity for exchangeable increment processes
Authors: Angtuncio Hernández Osvaldo , Uribe Bravo Gerónimo 
Published: June 2020

Let

X
X

be an exchangeable increment (EI) process whose sample paths are of infinite variation. We prove that for any fixed

t
t

almost surely,

lim sup

h
→
0
±

(

X

t
+
h

−

X
t

)

/

h
=
∞

and

lim sup

h
→
0
±

(

X

t
+
h

−

X
t

)

/

h
=
−
∞
.

\begin{equation*} \limsup _{h\to 0 \pm } \left (X_{t+h}-X_t\right )/h=\infty \quad \text {and}\quad \limsup _{h\to 0\pm } \left (X_{t+h}-X_t\right )/h=-\infty . \end{equation*}

This extends a celebrated result of Rogozin for Lévy processes obtained in 1968 and completes the known picture for finite-variation EI processes. Applications are numerous. For example, we deduce that both half-lines

(
−
∞
,
0
)

(-\infty , 0)

and

(
0
,
∞
)

(0,\infty )

are visited immediately for infinite variation EI processes (called upward and downward regularity). We also generalize the zero-one law of Millar for Lévy processes by showing continuity of

X
X

when it reaches its minimum in the infinite variation EI case; an analogous result for all EI processes links right and left continuity at the minimum with upward and downward regularity. We also consider results of Durrett, Iglehart, and Miller on the weak convergence of conditioned Brownian bridges to the normalized Brownian excursion considered in \cite{MR0436353} and broadened to a subclass of Lévy processes and EI processes by Chaumont and the second author. We prove it here for all infinite variation EI processes. We furthermore obtain a description of the convex minorant known for Lévy processes found in [Ann. Prob. 40 (2012), pp. 1636–1674] and extend it to non-piecewise linear EI processes. Our main tool to study the Dini derivatives is a change of measure for EI processes which extends the Esscher transform for Lévy processes.
The justices
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There are no formal requirements for becoming a Supreme Court justice. “The justices” explains that the role of justice is open to anyone who can be nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority vote. The current Supreme Court consists of nine justices. The first membership was entirely Protestant, and there were no women until 1981. The modern court lacks diversity of professional backgrounds; many of the justices were formerly judges. Some appointments, both historical and recent, have been controversial. It is not unheard of for a justice’s ideology to drift after his or her appointment, in some cases amounting to considerable changes in outlook during that justice’s time in the Court.
The Court and the other branches
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Is the phrase separation of powers misleading? “The Court and the other branches” looks at the Court in relation to the president and Congress. A more accurate description of the relationship between the branches might be “dynamic interaction” with tensions arising between them. Sometimes these tensions cause limited disagreements. Some developments are more ominous, such as Congress’s attempts to limit the Supreme Court’s power or the power of federal courts in general. This ingrained and constitutionally based struggle about law-making authority is expressed in a cycle of interaction and reaction that shows no sign of ending and may be hard-wired into the system.
The Court and the public
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
“The court and the public” argues that a judge’s awareness of public opinion is not only inevitable, but also necessary. Can the Court also influence the public? The long tenures of the justices do not seem to affect the equilibrium in which the Court and the public exist. Public polls show some approval for the Supreme Court in general, rather than its specific actions. However, famously contentious cases such as Roe v. Wade reveal the intersection of public opinion and Court judgment, showing what happens when the Court feels its legitimacy is threatened. Has the Court aligned itself with public opinion over time?
Transitioning From Conventional Textured to Nanotextured Breast Implants: Our Early Experience and Modifications for Optimal Breast Augmentation Outcomes
Authors: Montemurro Paolo , Tay Vincent K S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Nanotextured breast implants were hailed as an innovation that may address capsular contracture and breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma and may provide the sweet spot between smooth and conventional textured implants.

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the introduction of nanotextured implants alongside conventional textured implants and to compare early complications.

Methods
Patients who underwent breast augmentation from the introduction of nanotextured implants in the author’s practice with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. They were divided into nanotextured and conventional textured implant groups and then into 3 chronological subgroups. Patient characteristics, implant specifications, operative factors, and complication rates were compared.

Results
A total 415 cases with a mean follow-up of 26.9 months were identified, of which 38.8% utilized nanotextured implants and 61.2% conventional textured implants. Utilization of nanotextured implants increased from 26.9% in period 1 to 54.5% in period 3. Complication rates for the conventional textured group were 0.8% at 1 year and 3.5% on overall follow-up, with mostly capsular contractures; for the nanotextured group, complication rates were 6.8% and 8.7%, respectively, and “bottoming out” was most common. When analyzed across chronological subgroups, complication rates decreased for nanotextured implants by period 3.

Conclusions
A learning curve and associated complications are expected for early adopters of new implants. In our series, nanotextured implants were associated with higher complication rates at 1 year and on overall follow-up. Modifications in patient selection, intraoperative techniques, and postoperative care reduced complications in the later period.

Level of Evidence: 4
Phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein impairs trophoblast invasion and migration: implications for the pathogenesis of fetal growth restriction†
Authors: Wang Hao , Xu Ping , Luo Xiaofang , Hu Mingyu , Liu Yamin , Yang Yike , Peng Wei , Bai Yuxiang , Chen Xuehai , Tan Bin , Wu Yue , Wen Li , Gao Rufei , Tong Chao , Qi Hongbo , Kilby Mark D , Saffery Richard , Baker Philip N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition in which a newborn fails to achieve his or her prospective hereditary growth potential. This condition is associated with high newborn mortality, second only to that associated with premature birth. FGR is associated with maternal, fetal, and placental abnormalities. Although the placenta is considered to be an important organ for supplying nutrition for fetal growth, research on FGR is limited, and treatment through the placenta remains challenging, as neither proper uterine intervention nor its pathogenesis have been fully elucidated. Yes-associated protein (YAP), as the effector of the Hippo pathway, is widely known to regulate organ growth and cancer development. Therefore, the correlation of the placenta and YAP was investigated to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of FGR. Placental samples from humans and mice were collected for histological and biomechanical analysis. After investigating the location and role of YAP in the placenta by immunohistochemistry, we observed that YAP and cytokeratin 7 have corresponding locations in human and mouse placentas. Moreover, phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP) was upregulated in FGR and gradually increased as gestational age increased during pregnancy. Cell function experiments and mRNA-Seq demonstrated impaired YAP activity mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition. Established FGR-like mice also recapitulated a number of the features of human FGR. The results of this study may help to elucidate the association of FGR development with YAP and provide an intrauterine target that may be helpful in alleviating placental dysfunction.
Plastome sequencing of a 167-year-old herbarium specimen and classical morphology resolve the systematics of two potentially extinct grass species
Authors: Hardion Laurent , Verlaque Régine , Kaymak Esra , Vila Bruno , Haan-Archipoff Gisèle , Martinez Martin Marion , Tournay Frédéric , Migliore Jérémy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe systematics of Arundinoideae (Poaceae), a subfamily long considered as a dustbin group, has been progressively resolved in recent decades. The last members incertae sedis of Arundinoideae are two African species not observed for &gt; 150 years and currently studied only on the basis of old herbarium specimens. Based on the sequencing of its whole plastid genome, Leptagrostis schimperiana was placed in the monophyletic Crinipedeae (Arundinoideae) in the grass plastome phylogenetic tree. To date, whole plastome sequencing based on a 167-year-old herbarium specimen is a new record. Using a morphological cladistic approach based on 51 morphological and anatomical characters, we confirmed the position of Leptagrostis schimperiana and showed that Piptophyllum welwitschii is also a member of Crinipedeae.
Subcortical contributions to higher cognitive function in tumour patients undergoing awake craniotomy
Authors: Jung Rex E , Wertz Christopher J , Ramey Shannan J , Mims Ron L , Flores Ranee A , Chohan Muhammad O 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Primary brain tumours often occur near eloquent regions, affecting language, motor and memory capacity, with awake mapping and tailored resection designed to preserve higher cognitive functioning. The effects of such tumours on subcortical structures, including the thalamus and basal ganglia, have been largely unexplored, in spite of the known importance of such structures to higher cognitive functioning. We sought to explore the effects of volume changes of subcortical structures on cognition, in 62 consecutive patients diagnosed with primary brain tumour and cavernous malformations, referred to our neurosurgical practice. We found right caudate to be highly predictive of intelligence, left pallidum of total neuropsychological function and right hippocampus of mood. Our study is the largest of its kind in exploring subcortical substrates of higher cognition in consecutive patients with brain tumours. This research supports prior literature, showing subcortical structures to be related to higher cognitive functioning, particularly measures of memory and executive functioning implicated in fronto-subcortical circuits. Furthermore, involvement of right mesial temporal structures in mood, further strengthens the central role of Papez circuit in emotional quality of cognition. Attention to subcortical integrity is likely to be important in discussing postsurgical cognitive outcome with patients and their families.
Development and Delivery of a Real-time Hospital-onset COVID-19 Surveillance System Using Network Analysis
Authors: Price James Richard , Mookerjee Siddharth , Dyakova Eleonora , Myall Ashleigh , Leung Wendy , Weiße Andrea Yeong , Shersing Yeeshika , Brannigan Eimear Therese , Galletly Tracey , Muir David , Randell Paul , Davies Frances , Bolt Frances , Barahona Mauricio , Otter Jonathan Ashley , Holmes Alison H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Understanding nosocomial acquisition, outbreaks, and transmission chains in real time will be fundamental to ensuring infection-prevention measures are effective in controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare. We report the design and implementation of a hospital-onset COVID-19 infection (HOCI) surveillance system for an acute healthcare setting to target prevention interventions.

Methods
The study took place in a large teaching hospital group in London, United Kingdom. All patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 4 March and 14 April 2020 were included. Utilizing data routinely collected through electronic healthcare systems we developed a novel surveillance system for determining and reporting HOCI incidence and providing real-time network analysis. We provided daily reports on incidence and trends over time to support HOCI investigation and generated geotemporal reports using network analysis to interrogate admission pathways for common epidemiological links to infer transmission chains. By working with stakeholders the reports were co-designed for end users.

Results
Real-time surveillance reports revealed changing rates of HOCI throughout the course of the COVID-19 epidemic, key wards fueling probable transmission events, HOCIs overrepresented in particular specialties managing high-risk patients, the importance of integrating analysis of individual prior pathways, and the value of co-design in producing data visualization. Our surveillance system can effectively support national surveillance.

Conclusions
Through early analysis of the novel surveillance system we have provided a description of HOCI rates and trends over time using real-time shifting denominator data. We demonstrate the importance of including the analysis of patient pathways and networks in characterizing risk of transmission and targeting infection-control interventions.
MicroNiche: an R package for assessing microbial niche breadth and overlap from amplicon sequencing data
Authors: Finn D R , Yu J , Ilhan Z E , Fernandes V M C , Penton C R , Krajmalnik-Brown R , Garcia-Pichel F , Vogel T M 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTNiche is a fundamental concept in ecology. It integrates the sum of biotic and abiotic environmental requirements that determines a taxon's distribution. Microbiologists currently lack quantitative approaches to address niche-related hypotheses. We tested four approaches for the quantification of niche breadth and overlap of taxa in amplicon sequencing datasets, with the goal of determining generalists, specialists and environmental-dependent distributions of community members. We applied these indices to in silico training datasets first, and then to real human gut and desert biological soil crust (biocrust) case studies, assessing the agreement of the indices with previous findings. Implementation of each approach successfully identified a priori conditions within in silico training data, and we found that by including a limit of quantification based on species rank, one could identify taxa falsely classified as specialists because of their low, sparse counts. Analysis of the human gut study offered quantitative support for Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria and Fusobacteria specialists enriched after bariatric surgery. We could quantitatively characterise differential niche distributions of cyanobacterial taxa with respect to precipitation gradients in biocrusts. We conclude that these approaches, made publicly available as an R package (MicroNiche), represent useful tools to assess microbial environment-taxon and taxon-taxon relationships in a quantitative manner.
In Memoriam Geoffrey Burnstock: Creator of Purinergic Signaling
Authors: Verkhratsky Alexei , Zimmermann Herbert , Abbracchio Maria P , Illes Peter , DiVirgilio Francesco 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Geoff Burnstock (1929–2020) discovered purinergic signaling in a fastidious research that started in early 1960 and culminated in a concept of purinergic nerves in 1972. Subsequently, Geoff developed the concept of purinergic transmission and demonstrated ATP storage, release, and degradation in the context of cotransmission, which was another fundamental concept developed by him. Purinergic transmission contributes to the most fundamental physiological functions such as sensory transduction, regulation of heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, bile secretion, endocrine regulation, immune responses, as well as to various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammation, cancer, neuropathic pain, diabetes, and kidney failure.
Reduced Neural Excitability and Activation Contribute to Clinically Meaningful Weakness in Older Adults
Authors: Clark Leatha A , Manini Todd M , Wages Nathan P , Simon Janet E , Russ David W , Clark Brian C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Weakness is a risk factor for physical limitations and death in older adults (OAs). We sought to determine whether OAs with clinically meaningful leg extensor weakness exhibit differences in voluntary inactivation (VIA) and measures of corticospinal excitability when compared to young adults (YAs) and OAs without clinically meaningful weakness. We also sought to estimate the relative contribution of indices of neural excitability and thigh lean mass in explaining the between-subject variability in OAs leg extensor strength.

Methods
In 66 OAs (75.1 ± 7.0 years) and 20 YAs (22.0 ± 1.9 years), we quantified leg extensor strength, thigh lean mass, VIA, and motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and silent period (SP) duration. OAs were classified into weakness groups based on previously established strength/body weight (BW) cut points (Weak, Modestly Weak, or Not Weak).

Results
The OAs had 63% less strength/BW when compared to YAs. Weak OAs exhibited higher levels of leg extensor VIA than Not Weak OAs (14.2 ± 7.5% vs 6.1 ± 7.5%). Weak OAs exhibited 24% longer SPs compared to Not Weak OAs, although this difference was insignificant (p = .06). The Weak OAs MEPs were half the amplitude of the Not Weak OAs. Regression analysis indicated that MEP amplitude, SP duration, and thigh lean mass explained ~62% of the variance in strength, with the neural excitability variables explaining ~33% of the variance and thigh lean mass explaining ~29%.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that neurotherapeutic interventions targeting excitability could be a viable approach to increase muscle strength in order to reduce the risk of physical impairments in late life.
The Russell-Prawitz embedding and the atomization of universal instantiation
Authors: Santo José Espírito , Ferreira Gilda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Given the recent interest in the fragment of system $\mathbf{F}$ where universal instantiation is restricted to atomic formulas, a fragment nowadays named system ${\mathbf{F}}_{\textbf{at}}$, we study directly in system $\mathbf{F}$ new conversions whose purpose is to enforce that restriction. We show some benefits of these new atomization conversions: (i) they help achieving strict simulation of proof reduction by means of the Russell–Prawitz embedding of $\textbf{IPC}$ into system $\mathbf{F}$, (ii) they are not stronger than a certain ‘dinaturality’ conversion known to generate a consistent equality of proofs, (iii) they provide the bridge between the Russell–Prawitz embedding and another translation, due to the authors, of $\textbf{IPC}$ directly into system ${\mathbf{F}}_{\textbf{at}}$ and (iv) they give means for explaining why the Russell–Prawitz translation achieves strict simulation whereas the translation into ${\mathbf{F}}_{\textbf{at}}$ does not.
Khālid b. al-Wālid’s Treaty with the People of Damascus: Identifying the Source Document through Shared and Competing Historical Memories
Authors: Zein Ibrahim , El-Wakil Ahmed 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article examines the different versions of the Treaty which Khālid b. al-Wālid granted to the people of Damascus and notes the variations and textual discrepancies between them by examining both Muslim and non-Muslim sources. We demonstrate how the accounts share a common historical memory in recalling the issuance of treaties in the era of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. We argue that the original Treaty with the People of Damascus represented in all likelihood the template for all other treaties given to the inhabitants of Greater Syria, Jordan and Palestine, whose echoes can also be found resonating in Egypt and Iraq. Most important of all, by navigating through the competing and shared historical memories, we conclude that the original Treaty stipulated that the indigenous population’s churches neither be destroyed nor inhabited. We conclude by proposing that this standard policy was not just based on mere pragmatism, but also on some sort of written ordinance that originated with the Prophet Muḥammad.
What motivated medical students and residents to become radiation oncologists in Japan?—Questionnaire report by the radiotherapy promotion committee of JASTRO
Authors: Murakami Yuji , Noda Shin-ei , Hatayama Yoshiomi , Maebayashi Toshiya , Jingu Keiichi , Nagata Yasushi , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the motivations and timing of the decision to become radiation oncologists. Materials and methods: We conducted an online survey for new members of the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology (JASTRO). Results: The response rate was 43.3%. Data of the 79 respondents who wanted to obtain a board-certification of JASTRO were analysed. We divided the respondents into two groups: Group A, those who entered a single radiation oncology department, and Group B, those who joined a radiology department in which the radiation oncology department and diagnostic radiology department were integrated. The most common period when respondents were most attracted to radiation oncology was “5th year of university” in Group A and “2nd year of junior residency” and “senior residency” in Group B. Furthermore, 79.5% of Group A and 40% of Group B chose periods before graduation from a university with a significant difference. The most common period when respondents made up their minds to become radiation oncologists was “2nd year of junior residency” in both groups. Internal medicine was the most common department to consider if they did not join the radiation oncology or radiology department. Conclusion: To increase the radiation oncologists, it is crucial to enhance clinical training in the fifth year of university for Group A and to continue an active approach to maintain interest in radiation oncology until the end of junior residency. In Group B facilities, it is desirable to provide undergraduates more opportunities to come in contact with radiation oncology.