bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MOCCA Survey Database: extra Galactic globular clusters. I. Method and first results
Authors: Leveque A , Giersz M , Paolillo M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Over the last few decades, exhaustive surveys of extra Galactic globular clusters (EGGCs) have become feasible. Only recently, limited kinematical information of globular clusters (GCs) were available through Gaia Data Release 2 spectroscopy and also proper motions. On the other hand, simulations of GCs can provide detailed information about the dynamical evolution of the system. We present a preliminary study of EGGCs’ properties for different dynamical evolutionary stages. We apply this study to 12-Gyr-old GCs simulated as part of the MOCCA Survey Database. Mimicking observational limits, we consider only a subsample of the models in the data base, showing that it is possible to represent observed Milky Way GCs. In order to distinguish between different dynamical states of EGGCs, at least three structural parameters are necessary. The best distinction is achieved by considering the central parameters, those being observational core radius, central surface brightness, ratio between central and half-mass velocity dispersion, or similarly considering the central colour, the central V magnitude, and the ratio between central and half-mass radius velocity dispersion, although such properties could be prohibitive with current technologies. A similar but less solid result is obtained considering the average properties at the half-light radius, perhaps accessible presently in the Local Group. Additionally, we mention that the colour spread in EGGCs due to internal dynamical models, at fixed metallicity, could be just as important due to the spread in metallicity.
Continuous flow synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of NHC* silver carboxylate derivatives of SBC3 in vitro and in vivo
Authors: O'Beirne Cillian , Piatek Magdalena E , Fossen Jen , Müller-Bunz Helge , Andes David R , Kavanagh Kevin , Patil Siddappa A , Baumann Marcus , Tacke Matthias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
N-heterocyclic silver carbene compounds have been extensively studied and shown to be active agents against a host of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. By incorporating hypothesized virulence targeting substituents into NHC–silver systems via salt metathesis, an atom-efficient complexation process can be used to develop new complexes to target the passive and active systems of a microbial cell. The incorporation of fatty acids and an FtsZ inhibitor have been achieved, and creation of both the intermediate salt and subsequent silver complex has been streamlined into a continuous flow process. Biological evaluation was conducted with in vitro toxicology assays showing these novel complexes had excellent inhibition against Gram-negative strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae; further studies also confirmed the ability to inhibit biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and C. Parapsilosis. In vivo testing using a murine thigh infection model showed promising inhibition of MRSA for the lead compound SBC3, which is derived from 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHC*).
Interoceptive active inference and self-representation in social anxiety disorder (SAD): exploring the neurocognitive traits of the SAD self
Authors: Gerrans Philip , Murray Ryan J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article provides an interoceptive active inference (IAI) account of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Through a neurocognitive framework, we argue that the cognitive and behavioural profile of SAD is best conceived of as a form of maladaptive IAI produced by a negatively biased self-model that cannot reconcile inconsistent tendencies to approach and avoid social interaction. Anticipated future social interactions produce interoceptive prediction error (bodily states of arousal). These interoceptive states are transcribed and experienced as states of distress due to the influence of inconsistent and unstable self-models across a hierarchy of interrelated systems involved in emotional, interoceptive and affective processing. We highlight the role of the insula cortex, in concert with the striatum, amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate in the generation and reduction of interoceptive prediction errors as well as the resolution of social approach-avoidance conflict. The novelty of our account is a shift in explanatory priority from the representation of the social world in SAD to the representation of the SAD self. In particular, we show how a high-level conceptual self-model of social vulnerability and inadequacy fails to minimize prediction errors produced by a basic drive for social affiliation combined with strong avoidant tendencies. The result is a cascade of interoceptive prediction errors whose attempted minimization through action (i.e. active inference) yields the symptom profile of SAD. We conclude this article by proposing testable hypotheses to further investigate the neurocognitive traits of the SAD self with respect to IAI.
Posterior Midline Approach for a C2 Schwannoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Aldea Sorin , Alkhairy Abdu , Joitescu Irina , Guerinel Caroline Le 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
C2 schwannomas are rare lesions that may develop in the spinal canal, in the area of the C2 ganglion situated posterior to the C1C2 articulation, in the extraspinal area or in a combination of these 3 sectors.
1,2
The surgical removal of these lesions is delicate because of the intimate relationships the schwannomas develop with the V3 segment of the vertebral artery.
A variety of lateral, far-lateral, or extreme lateral approaches have been described in order to tackle these lesions. We use a posterior midline approach that takes advantage of the predominantly extradural development of C2 schwannomas. In this technique, the main step is the debulking of the posterior articular sector of the tumor, which is easily accessible through a midline posterior approach and necessitates minimal bone removal. In most cases, removal of the homolateral posterior arch of C1 is sufficient in order to create an adequate access. These maneuvers create the necessary space for dissecting both the intradural and extraspinal sectors of the schwannoma.
We present this technique through a case with a minimal intradural component exerting mainly a lateral compression of the spinal cord. The tumor was operated through the midline mini-invasive posterior approach with a favorable result. We demonstrate the surgical technique in video and discuss the nuances.
Multilevel Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy for Correction of Severe Rigid Adult Spinal Deformities: A Case Series, Indications, Considerations, and Literature Review
Authors: Lau Darryl , Haddad Alexander F , Fury Marissa T , Deviren Vedat , Ames Christopher P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Rigid and ankylosed thoracolumbar spinal deformities require three-column osteotomy (3CO) to achieve adequate correction. For severe and multiregional deformities, multilevel 3CO is required but its use and outcomes are rarely reported.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of multilevel pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients with severe, rigid, and ankylosed multiregional deformity.

METHODS
Retrospective review of 5 ASD patients who underwent multilevel PSO for the correction of severe fixed deformity and review the literature regarding the use of multilevel PSO.

RESULTS
Five patients presented with spinal imbalance secondary to regional and multiregional spinal deformities involving the thoracolumbar spine. All patients underwent a single-stage two-level noncontiguous PSO, and 2 of the patients underwent a staged third PSO to treat deformity involving a separate spinal region. Significant radiographic correction was achieved with normalization of spinal alignment and parameters. Two-level PSO was able to provide greater than 80 degrees of sagittal plane correction in both the lumbar and thoracic spine. Two patients experienced new postoperative weakness which recovered to preoperative baseline at 3 to 6 mo follow-up. At most recent follow-up, 4 of the 5 patients gained significant pain relief and had improved functionality.

CONCLUSION
Noncontiguous multilevel PSO is a formidable surgical technique. Additional risk (compared to single-level 3CO) comes in the form of greater blood loss and higher risk for postoperative weakness. Nonetheless, multilevel PSO is feasible and effective for correcting severe multiplanar and multiregional ASD, and patients gain significant benefits in increased functionality and pain relief.
Allylic Hydroxylation Activity Is a Source of Saponin Chemodiversity in the Genus Glycyrrhiza
Authors: Fanani Much Z , Sawai Satoru , Seki Hikaru , Ishimori Masato , Ohyama Kiyoshi , Fukushima Ery O , Sudo Hiroshi , Saito Kazuki , Muranaka Toshiya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) produces glycyrrhizin, a valuable triterpenoid saponin, which exhibits persistent sweetness and broad pharmacological activities. In the genus Glycyrrhiza, three species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza inflata, produce glycyrrhizin as their main triterpenoid saponin, which has a ketone group at C-11. Other Glycyrrhiza species produce mainly oleanane-type saponins, which harbor homoannular or heteroannular diene structures that lack the C-11 ketone. Although the glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway has been fully elucidated, the pathway involving saponins with diene structures remains unclear. CYP88D6 from G. uralensis is a key enzyme in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, catalyzing the sequential two-step oxidation of β-amyrin at position C-11 to produce 11-oxo-β-amyrin. In this study, we evaluated the functions of CYP88D6 homologs from the glycyrrhizin-producing species G. glabra and G. inflata and from the non-glycyrrhizin-producing species Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora and Glycyrrhiza macedonica, using yeast engineered to supply β-amyrin as a substrate. Yeast expressing CYP88D6 homologs from glycyrrhizin-producing species produced 11-oxo-β-amyrin. However, yeast expressing CYP88D6 homologs (such as CYP88D15) from the non-glycyrrhizin-producing Glycyrrhiza species accumulated oleana-9(11),12-dien-3β-ol and oleana-11,13(18)-dien-3β-ol; these diene compounds are non-enzymatic or yeast endogenous enzymatic dehydration derivatives of 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin, a direct reaction product of CYP88D15. These results suggest that the activities of CYP88D6 homologs, particularly their ability to catalyze the second oxidation, could influence glycyrrhizin productivity and diversify the chemical structures of saponins in Glycyrrhiza plants. A synthetic biological approach to engineer CYP88D15 could enable the production of pharmacologically active saponins with diene structures, such as saikosaponins, whose biosynthetic pathways have yet to be fully characterized.
COVID-19 and force majeure clauses: an examination of arbitral tribunal’s awards
Authors: Kiraz Ş Esra , Üstün Esra Yıldız 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has taken a toll on people all across the world in various aspects. The severe consequences of this pandemic can be seen in international trade and commercial contracts. The underlying principle of contract law is that the parties are bound by the promises given under an agreement; however, events such as COVID-19 affect the parties’ performance of contractual duties. The harsh measures, such as prohibition on importation and exportation of goods or travel bans, have seriously affected the parties’ performances. In such situations, force majeure clauses, which serve as an exemption from non-performance, come into play. This article aims to reveal how COVID-19 will be assessed in terms of force majeure and the possible attitudes of arbitral tribunals towards these cases. This assessment is undertaken in light of force majeure clauses laid under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, and the International Chamber of Commerce’s 2020 Force Majeure Clause.
Endophthalmitis in Eyes With the Boston Type I Keratoprosthesis: Incidence, Recurrence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
Authors: Bostan Cristina , Nayman Taylor , Szigiato Andrei-Alexandru , Morfeq Hussein , Harissi-Dagher Mona 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To determine the incidence and recurrence of Boston type I keratoprosthesis (KPro)-associated endophthalmitis, and its microbiological profile, risk factors, and outcomes.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study of 158 consecutive KPro procedures with a median follow-up of 78.4 months. Medical charts were reviewed for ocular history, contact lens and topical antibiotic use, visual acuity, and complications. For eyes with endophthalmitis, time to infection, culture results, and recurrences were collected. Cox regression analyses identified risk factors for endophthalmitis and compared the risk for visual failure, KPro retention, and globe loss between eyes with and without endophthalmitis.

Results:
The incidence and recurrence rates of endophthalmitis were of 1.7% and 6.0% per procedure-year, respectively. First episodes occurred at a median of 18.6 months. Eight of 18 episodes (44%) were culture positive, isolating mainly Gram-positive bacteria (7 [88%]). Previous ocular burn (hazard ratio: 7.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.91–28.15), infectious keratitis (5.09, 1.70–15.22), corneal melt (4.55, 1.50–13.83), and postoperative contact lens wear (4.19, 1.17–15.04) were risk factors. Eyes with endophthalmitis did not have a higher risk for visual failure (1.74, 0.78–3.91) but were more likely to not retain the KPro (2.81, 1.15–6.88) and undergo evisceration (2.81, 1.15–6.88). All eyes lost ≥ 2 lines of vision during the endophthalmitis episode.

Conclusions:
Endophthalmitis is rare but vision and globe threatening in eyes with KPro. Given the increased associated risk, corneal melts and infectious keratitis must be promptly treated, postoperative contact lenses should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and patients with ocular burns might require more aggressive antimicrobial prophylaxis.
Risk of Airborne COVID-19 Transmission While Performing Humphrey Visual Field Testing
Authors: Jain Nikhil , Kaur Simerdip , Kopsachilis Nikolaos , Zia Rashid 
Published: December 2020

Precis:
Designing and demonstrating an experiment that shows the risk of airborne transmission of COVID-19 between patients having visual fields analyzed is low.

Purpose:
The aim was to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of COVID-19 during Humphrey visual field testing in a real-world scenario.

Methods:
A particle counter was placed within the bowl of Humphrey visual field analyzer (HFA) before and after turning on the machine to ascertain the effect of the air current produced by the ventilation system on aerosols. A second experiment was run where the particle counter was placed in the bowl and recorded particulates, in the air, as a 24-2 SITA standard was performed by a mock patient and then again immediately after the patient had moved away. We measured aerosol particle counts sized ≤0.3 μm, >0.3≤0.5 μm, >0.5≤1 μm, >1≤2.5 μm, >2.5≤5 μm, and >5≤10 μm.

Results:
Particulates of all sizes were shown to be significantly reduced within the bowl after turning the machine on, demonstrating that the air current produced by the HFA pushes air out of the bowl and it cannot stagnate. There was no significant difference in measurement of aerosol while there was a patient performing the test and immediately after they had moved away, suggesting that aerosols breathed out by the patient are not able to remain in suspension in the bowl because of the ventilation current.

Conclusion:
There is no significant difference between aerosol count in the bowl of a HFA before, during and after testing. This suggests the risk of airborne transmission of COVID-19 is low between subsequent patients. This is in keeping with manufacturer’s guidance on Humphrey visual field testing.
Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of transthyretin amyloidosis with gastrointestinal manifestations
Authors: Nakov Radislav , Suhr Ole B. , Ianiro Gianluca , Kupcinskas Juozas , Segal Jonathon P. , Dumitrascu Dan L. , Heinrich Henriette , Mikolasevic Ivana , Stojkovic-Lalosevic Milica , Barbov Ivan , Sarafov Stayko , Tournev Ivailo , Nakov Ventsislav , Wixner Jonas 
Published: December 2020

Transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) amyloidosis is an adult-onset, rare systemic disorder characterized by the accumulation of misfolded fibrils in the body, including the peripheral nerves, the heart and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal manifestations are common in hereditary (ATTRv) amyloidosis and are present even before the onset of the polyneuropathy in some cases.
Delays in diagnosis of ATTRv amyloidosis with gastrointestinal manifestations commonly occur because of fragmented knowledge among gastroenterologists and general practitioners, as well as a shortage of centers of excellence and specialists dedicated to disease management. Although the disease is becoming well-recognized in the societies of Neurology and Cardiology, it is still unknown for most gastroenterologists.
This review presents the recommendations for ATTRv amyloidosis with gastrointestinal manifestations elaborated by a working group of European gastroenterologists and neurologists, and aims to provide digestive health specialists with an overview of crucial aspects of ATTRv amyloidosis diagnosis to help facilitate rapid and accurate identification of the disease by focusing on disease presentation, misdiagnosis and management of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Sticking It Straight
Authors: Price Amanda , Greene H. Michelle , Stem Christopher T. , Titus M. Olivia 
Published: December 2020

Objectives
Literature demonstrates that pediatric residents are not graduating with procedural confidence and competency. This was confirmed with our own institution's Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and internal surveys. Our primary objective was to improve procedural confidence among pediatric residents with the introduction of a mandatory longitudinal pediatric procedural curriculum, including simulation in combination with online modules.

Methods
We performed a quality improvement intervention to increase resident comfort level performing Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-required procedures. This study involved pediatric residents, postgraduation year (PGY) 1–3, at an academic, tertiary care hospital. Between April 2015 and June 2017, the combination of online self-directed learning modules and hands-on simulation curriculum was implemented for pediatric residents. Surveys were administered at 1-year intervals to assess self-reported comfort level on 12 procedures using a Likert scale (1 for “strongly disagree” to 5 for “strongly agree, maximum score of 60 for all procedures).

Results
Forty (63%) of 63 participant presurveys and 45 (71%) of 63 postsurveys were available for analysis. The mean comfort level for all procedures demonstrated a statistically significant increase from 32.4 to 37.1, or 12.7% (P = 0.005). By PGY level, the score increased from 24.4 to 30.9 (21%) for PGY1, 34.4 to 37.5 (8.3%) for PGY2, and 38.6 to 42.8 (9.8%) for PGY3 (P < 0.005). Overall, pediatric residents rated the simulation experience very favorably.

Conclusions
A mandatory longitudinal procedure curriculum improved procedural comfort level among pediatric residents. Iterative curriculum designs found the most productive combination to be deliberate practice within mastery learning simulation sessions with required precourse online modules.
The Effect of Health Care Professional Disruptive Behavior on Patient Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hicks Sophia , Stavropoulou Charitini 
Published: December 2020

Background
Disruptive behavior among health care professionals can adversely affect patient care. These behaviors undermine cultures of safety, exposing patients to preventable risk. Existing evidence associates disruptive behaviors with a negative effect at the organizational level and on the health care professional, but the effect on patient care has been less well documented.

Objectives
This study aimed to identify and synthesize the empirical evidence of health care professional disruptive behaviors on the following outcome measures of patient care: clinical outcomes, patient safety, patient satisfaction, or quality of care.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted. Between June 6 and July 23, 2019, 6 databases were searched for published empirical studies that examined disruptive behaviors and patient outcomes. Excluded from this pool were studies that did not make associations with patient care. Studies were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results
Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The prevalence and type of disruptive behavior varied, but it consistently contributed to a reduction in the quality and safety of patient care. The effects on patient care was manifested through adverse incidents, neglect of care needs, never events, and complaints. Disruptive behaviors significantly impaired the safety culture leading to reduced patient safety, evidenced by worse clinical outcomes.

Conclusions
Disruptive behaviors among health care professionals are a significant threat to patient safety and quality of care. Organizations must harness the benefits of awareness programs, policy, and interventions to generate a culture change where these behaviors are not accepted, thereby protecting patients from preventable harm.
Lack of RH2 gene expression may have influenced the HIV pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nthobatsang Kadimo , Ncenga Tshimologo Lone , Mwangi-Woto Chipo , Wedu Tuelo J. , Gabatlhaolwe Tebogo , Moyo Sikhulile , Marlink Richard , Kasvosve Ishmael , Gabaitiri Lesego , Motswaledi Modisa S. 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
To evaluate the association between the Rhesus system RH2-blood group expression and susceptibility to HIV infection, viral load, CD4+ cell count and rate of CD4+ decline. We also aimed to determine if a country's HIV prevalence may be predicted from its RH2 relative frequency.

Design:
Our previous studies did not find any HIV-infected RH2 homozygotes. Therefore, the current cross-sectional study analysed a larger sample to determine whether HIV-infection also occurs in homozygotes. We also conducted a cross-sectional analysis of RH2 expression in an HIV natural history cohort in Botswana. Lastly, we analysed published data from 60 countries around the world to interrogate the link between RH2 frequency and HIV prevalence.

Methods:
One thousand and six hundred anticoagulated blood samples (800 HIV-positive and 800 HIV-negative) were phenotyped for RH2 using serological methods. The proportion of RH2-positive samples was compared across categories of HIV status and odds ratios calculated. Mean viral load and CD4+ cell counts from a natural history cohort study were also compared across categories of RH2. Kaplan--Meier plots were generated for 4-year CD4+-decline to 350 cells/μl.

Results:
No RH2 homozygotes were found among HIV-positives. Moreover, RH2-negatives were 1.37 times more likely to be HIV-positive than heterozygotes (P = 0.02) and 33 times more likely than RH2 homozygotes (P = 0.01). RH2-positive patients showed significantly higher mean CD4+ cell counts (P < 0.0001), lower viral load (P = 0.024) and slower CD4+ decline (P = 0.038).

Conclusion:
RH2 is potentially a critical host genetic factor determining susceptibility of any population to HIV infection, and probably transcends most other factors in importance for HIV risk of infection.