bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte telomere length is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in localized African American prostate cancer patients
Authors: Tsai Chia-Wen , Chang Wen-Shin , Xu Junfeng , Xu Yifan , Huang Maosheng , Pettaway Curtis , Bau Da-Tian , Gu Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTelomeres play important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated with the risk and prognosis of several cancers, but its association with prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis in African Americans (AAs) has not been reported. In this study, we measured relative LTL from 317 AA PCa patients and assessed its associations with aggressive disease characteristics at diagnosis and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. LTL was shorter in patients with higher Gleason scores (GS) at diagnosis. Dichotomized into short and long LTL groups, patients with short LTL exhibited a 1.91-fold (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.14–3.20, P = 0.013) increased risk of being diagnosed with high-risk disease (GS =7 [4 + 3] and GS ≥8) than those with long LTL in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Moreover, shorter LTL was significantly associated with an increased risk of BCR (hazard ratio = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.18–11.44, P = 0.024) compared with longer LTL in localized patients receiving prostatectomy or radiotherapy in multivariable Cox analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed patients with short LTL had significantly shorter BCR-free survival time than patients with long LTL (Log rank P = 0.011). In conclusion, our results showed for the first time that LTL was shorter in PCa patients with higher GS and short LTL was associated with worse prognosis in AA PCa patients receiving prostatectomy or radiotherapy.
Computation-Based Feature Representation of Body Expressions in the Human Brain
Authors: Poyo Solanas Marta , Vaessen Maarten , de Gelder Beatrice 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHumans and other primate species are experts at recognizing body expressions. To understand the underlying perceptual mechanisms, we computed postural and kinematic features from affective whole-body movement videos and related them to brain processes. Using representational similarity and multivoxel pattern analyses, we showed systematic relations between computation-based body features and brain activity. Our results revealed that postural rather than kinematic features reflect the affective category of the body movements. The feature limb contraction showed a central contribution in fearful body expression perception, differentially represented in action observation, motor preparation, and affect coding regions, including the amygdala. The posterior superior temporal sulcus differentiated fearful from other affective categories using limb contraction rather than kinematics. The extrastriate body area and fusiform body area also showed greater tuning to postural features. The discovery of midlevel body feature encoding in the brain moves affective neuroscience beyond research on high-level emotion representations and provides insights in the perceptual features that possibly drive automatic emotion perception.
Association Between Male Sex and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—A Danish Nationwide, Register-based Study
Authors: Kragholm Kristian , Andersen Mikkel Porsborg , Gerds Thomas A , Butt Jawad H , Østergaard Lauge , Polcwiartek Christoffer , Phelps Matthew , Andersson Charlotte , Gislason Gunnar H , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Køber Lars , Schou Morten , Fosbøl Emil L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Male sex has been associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We examined the association between male sex and severe COVID-19 infection and if an increased risk remains after adjustment for age and comorbidities.

Methods
Nationwide register-based follow-up study of COVID-19 patients in Denmark until 16 May 2020. Average risk ratio comparing 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, severe COVID-19 diagnosis or intensive care unit (ICU) admission for men versus women standardized to the age and comorbidity distribution of all patients were derived from multivariable Cox regression. Included covariates were age, hypertension, diagnoses including obesity, alcohol, sleep apnea, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, peripheral artery disease, cancer, liver, rheumatic, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Results
Of 4842 COVID-19 patients, 2281 (47.1%) were men. Median age was 57 [25%–75% 43–73] for men versus 52 [38–71] for women (P &lt; .001); however, octogenarians had equal sex distribution. Alcohol diagnosis, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, prior MI and IHD (all P &lt; .001) as well as AF, stroke, and HF (all P = .01) were more often seen in men, and so was CKD (P = .03). Obesity diagnosis (P &lt; .001) were more often seen in women. Other comorbidity differences were insignificant (P &gt; .05). The fully adjusted average risk ratio was 1.63 [95% CI, 1.44–1.84].

Conclusions
Men with COVID-19 infection have &gt;50% higher risk of all-cause death, severe COVID-19 infection, or ICU admission than women. The excess risk was not explained by age and comorbidities.
Obesity Is Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Influenza A (H1N1pdm) but Not H3N2 Infection
Authors: Maier Hannah E , Kuan Guillermina , Gresh Lionel , Lopez Roger , Sanchez Nery , Schiller Amy , Ojeda Sergio , Harris Eva , Balmaseda Angel , Gordon Aubree 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Obesity has been shown to increase the risk of severe outcomes and death for influenza virus infections. However, we do not understand the influence of obesity on susceptibility to infection or on nonsevere influenza outcomes.

Methods
We performed a case-ascertained, community-based study of influenza transmission within households in Nicaragua. To investigate whether obesity increases the likelihood of influenza infection and symptomatic infection we used logistic regression models.

Results
Between 2015 and 2018, a total of 335 index cases with influenza A and 1506 of their household contacts were enrolled. Obesity was associated with increased susceptibility to symptomatic H1N1pdm infection among adults (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–4.06) but not children, and this association increased with age. Among adults with H1N1pdm infection, obesity was associated with increased likelihood of symptoms (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.55–9.87). For middle-aged and older adults with obesity there was also a slight increase in susceptibility to any H1N1pdm infection (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, .62–2.34). Body mass index (BMI) was also linearly associated with increased susceptibility to symptomatic H1N1pdm infection, primarily among middle-aged and older women (5-unit BMI increase OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.00–1.97). Obesity was not associated with increased H3N2 susceptibility or associated symptoms.

Conclusions
We found that, among adults, obesity is associated with susceptibility to H1N1pdm infection and with symptoms associated with H1N1pdm infection, but not with susceptibility to H3N2 infection or associated symptoms. These findings will help target prevention efforts and therapeutics to this high-risk population.
A Measles Outbreak in the Tel Aviv District, Israel, 2018–2019
Authors: Salama Matanelle , Indenbaum Vicki , Nuss Naama , Savion Michal , Mor Zohar , Amitai Ziva , Yoabob Irina , Sheffer Rivka 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During a national measles outbreak in 2018–2019, the Tel Aviv District suffered a major upsurge of cases, with 413 patients reported. Among them, 100 (24%) were &lt;1 year, 92 (22%) patients were aged 12 months to 4 years, 47 (11%) were 5–18 years, 169 (41%) were 19–60 years, and 5 (1%) patients were older than 61 years (born before 1957). Among all cases, 230 (56%) were part of the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community, 55 (13%) were among undocumented African immigrants. Despite high vaccination coverage, sustained measles transmission occurred, due in part to importations and numerous exposures in medical settings by a susceptible birth cohort. The Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community was particularly afflicted due to its condense population, high birth rates, and multiple exposures in crowded religious settings. This outbreak demonstrates the necessity of addressing immunity gaps as well optimal healthcare planning in order to prevent future outbreaks.
Social positioning and Commons’s monetary theorising
Authors: Pratten Stephen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The argument of this paper is that the neglect of John Commons’s monetary theorising is in large part due to his contributions being insufficiently situated in his broader framework of analysis where community rights and duties are emphasised as essential features of social reality. It is further argued that the sophistication and significance of Commons’s account of money can be appreciated once it is recognised as a variant of the recently developed positioning theory of money. It is shown that the positioning theory of money in its modern form serves to clarify the aspects of Commons’s writings on money and can, in turn, be enriched by certain of Commons’s insights.
Leaflet immobility and thrombosis in transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Ng Arnold C T , Holmes David R , Mack Michael J , Delgado Victoria , Makkar Raj , Blanke Philipp , Leipsic Jonathon A , Leon Martin B , Bax Jeroen J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has grown exponentially worldwide in the last decade. Due to the higher bleeding risks associated with oral anticoagulation and in patients undergoing TAVR, antiplatelet therapy is currently considered first-line antithrombotic treatment after TAVR. Recent studies suggest that some patients can develop subclinical transcatheter heart valve (THV) thrombosis after the procedure, whereby thrombus forms on the leaflets that can be a precursor to leaflet dysfunction. Compared with echocardiography, multidetector computed tomography is more sensitive at detecting THV thrombosis. Transcatheter heart valve thrombosis can occur while on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and thienopyridine but significantly less with anticoagulation. This review summarizes the incidence and diagnostic criteria for THV thrombosis and discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to thrombus formation, its natural history, potential clinical implications and treatment for these patients.
Bentall procedure for the repair of a neoaortic aneurysm after the Norwood procedure in a patient with tricuspid atresia and a discordant ventriculo-arterial connection
Authors: Contreras Juan , Bannan Badr , Chaturvedi Rajiv , Barron David J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Neoaortic root dilation is a common phenomenon after the Norwood procedure, but the real incidence and its natural history are unclear. Regular surveillance in these patients after the operation is necessary. Herein, we present an 11-year-old boy born with tricuspid atresia, a discordant ventriculo-arterial connection and a hypoplastic aortic arch, who was palliated initially with a hybrid stage I procedure involving a reversed Blalock–Taussig shunt, followed by comprehensive stage II and then, an extra-cardiac fenestrated Fontan operation. The patient developed an aortic root aneurysm and severe aortic regurgitation. He was electively taken into the operating room, where cardiopulmonary bypass was established through a peripheral cannulation of the femoral vessels due to the high risk nature of the reoperation. A mechanical Bentall procedure was performed without residual lesions and the native ascending aorta was anastomosed as a single coronary button to the anterior wall of the graft.
Matroids Over One-Dimensional Groups
Authors: Bollen Guus P , Cartwright Dustin , Draisma Jan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We develop the theory of matroids over one-dimensional algebraic groups, with special emphasis on positive characteristic. In particular, we compute the Lindström valuations and Frobenius flocks of such matroids. Building on work by Evans and Hrushovski, we show that the class of algebraic matroids, paired with their Lindström valuations, is not closed under duality of valuated matroids.
Impaired Th1 Response Is Associated With Therapeutic Failure in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused byLeishmania braziliensis
Authors: Carvalho Augusto M , Guimarães Luiz H , Costa Rúbia , Saldanha Maíra G , Prates Iana , Carvalho Lucas P , Arruda Sérgio , Carvalho Edgar M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundLeishmania skin test (LST) evaluates the delayed type hypersensitivity to Leishmania antigens (LA) and has been used for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In CL patients LST is usually positive but a small percentage have negative LST. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and immunologic features and response to antimony therapy in LST-negative CL patients.MethodsWe compare the clinical presentation, response to therapy, and immune response of CL patients with negative vs positive LST.ResultsThe clinical presentation was similar in both groups but LST-negative patients had a lower cure rate. In the lesions, LST-negative patients displayed less inflammation and necrosis, and higher frequency of CD8+ T cells. Mononuclear cells from LST-negative patients had a poor T helper 1 cell (Th1) response but levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-17, granzyme B, and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were similar to the LST-positive group upon stimulation with LA. Leishmania internalization and killing by macrophages were similar in both groups. Cure of disease was associated with restoration of Th1 response.ConclusionsIn LST-negative patients, impaired Th1 response is associated with therapeutic failure. Increased frequency of CD8+ T cells and high production of inflammatory cytokines, granzyme B, and MMP-9 contributes to immunopathology.
The relationship between CD4+ follicular helper T cells and CD8+ resident memory T cells: sisters or distant cousins?
Authors: Peng Changwei , Jameson Stephen C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Independent studies over the last decade have characterized the properties of non-circulating CD8+ ‘resident’ memory T cells (TRM), which offer barrier protective immunity in non-lymphoid tissues and CD4+ follicular helper T cells (TFH), which mediate B-cell help in lymphoid sites. Despite their very different biological roles in the immune system, intriguing parallels have been noted between the trafficking properties and differentiation cues of these populations, parallels which have only sharpened with recent findings. In this review, we explore the features that underlie these similarities and discuss whether these indicate meaningful homologies in the development of CD8+ TRM and CD4+ TFH or reflect resemblances which are only ‘skin-deep’.
Immune metabolism in PD-1 blockade-based cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Kumar Alok , Chamoto Kenji 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Energy metabolism plays an important role in proliferating cells. Recent reports indicate that metabolic regulation or metabolic products can control immune cell differentiation, fate and reactions. Cancer immunotherapy based on blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been used worldwide, but a significant fraction of patients remain unresponsive. Therefore, clarifying the mechanisms and overcoming the unresponsiveness are urgent issues. Because cancer immunity consists of interactions between the cancer and host immune cells, there has recently been a focus on the metabolic interactions and/or competition between the tumor and the immune system to address these issues. Cancer cells render their microenvironment immunosuppressive, driving T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion, which is advantageous for cancer cell survival. However, accumulating mechanistic evidence of T-cell and cancer cell metabolism has gradually revealed that controlling the metabolic pathways of either type of cell can overcome T-cell dysfunction and reprogram the metabolic balance in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the role of immune metabolism in T-cell-based immune surveillance and cancer immune escape. This new concept has boosted the development of combination therapy and predictive biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
High in vitro activity of DIS-73285, a novel antimicrobial with a new mechanism of action, against MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Jacobsson Susanne , Mason Clive , Khan Nawaz , Meo Paul , Unemo Magnus 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The rising incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae may result in untreatable gonorrhoea in certain circumstances and development of novel antimicrobials is urgently needed.

Objectives
To evaluate the in vitro activity of a novel small-molecule antimicrobial with a new mechanism of action, DIS-73285, against a large geographically, temporally and genetically diverse collection of clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates and reference strains, including various types of high-level resistant, MDR and XDR gonococcal isolates (n = 262).

Methods
MICs (mg/L) of DIS-73285 were determined by agar dilution and by Etest for ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, spectinomycin and tetracycline.

Results
DIS-73285 was substantially more potent than any of the currently or previously used therapeutic antimicrobials, with MICs ranging from ≤0.001 to 0.004 mg/L, and the MIC50, MIC90 and modal MIC all ≤0.001 mg/L (lowest MIC tested). No correlation with the MICs of DIS-73285 and the MICs of any of the currently or previously used antimicrobials was observed.

Conclusions
The novel chemotype, small-molecule antimicrobial DIS-73285, demonstrated high in vitro potency against all tested N. gonorrhoeae isolates. Further in vitro and in vivo studies, evaluating efficacy, resistance emergence, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters, toxicity and safety, should be conducted to evaluate DIS-73285 as a therapy specifically for urogenital and extra-genital gonorrhoea.
A rapid review of gender, sex, and sexual orientation documentation in electronic health records
Authors: Lau Francis , Antonio Marcy , Davison Kelly , Queen Roz , Devor Aaron 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe lack of precise and inclusive gender, sex, and sexual orientation (GSSO) data in electronic health records (EHRs) is perpetuating inequities of sexual and gender minorities (SGM). We conducted a rapid review on how GSSO documentation in EHRs should be modernized to improve the health of SGM.Materials and MethodsWe searched MEDLINE from 2015 to 2020 with terms for gender, sex, sexual orientation, and electronic health/medical records. Only literature reviews, primary studies, and commentaries from peer-reviewed journals in English were included. Two researchers screened citations and reviewed articles with help from a third to reach consensus. Covidence, Excel, and Atlas-TI were used to track articles, extract data, and synthesize findings, respectively.ResultsThirty-five articles were included. The 5 themes to modernize GSSO documentation in EHRs were (1) creating an inclusive, culturally competent environment with precise terminology and standardized data collection; (2) refining guidelines for identifying and matching SGM patients with their care needs; (3) improving patient-provider relationships by addressing patient rights and provider competencies; (4) recognizing techno-socio-organizational aspects when implementing GSSO in EHRs; and (5) addressing invisibility of SGM by expanding GSSO research.ConclusionsThe literature on GSSO documentation in EHRs is expanding. While this trend is encouraging, there are still knowledge gaps and practical challenges to enabling meaningful changes, such as organizational commitments to ensure affirming environments, and coordinated efforts to address technical, organizational, and social aspects of modernizing GSSO documentation. The adoption of an inclusive EHR to meet SGM needs is a journey that will evolve over time.
Reporting of demographic data and representativeness in machine learning models using electronic health records
Authors: Bozkurt Selen , Cahan Eli M , Seneviratne Martin G , Sun Ran , Lossio-Ventura Juan A , Ioannidis John P A , Hernandez-Boussard Tina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
The development of machine learning (ML) algorithms to address a variety of issues faced in clinical practice has increased rapidly. However, questions have arisen regarding biases in their development that can affect their applicability in specific populations. We sought to evaluate whether studies developing ML models from electronic health record (EHR) data report sufficient demographic data on the study populations to demonstrate representativeness and reproducibility.

Materials and Methods
We searched PubMed for articles applying ML models to improve clinical decision-making using EHR data. We limited our search to papers published between 2015 and 2019.

Results
Across the 164 studies reviewed, demographic variables were inconsistently reported and/or included as model inputs. Race/ethnicity was not reported in 64%; gender and age were not reported in 24% and 21% of studies, respectively. Socioeconomic status of the population was not reported in 92% of studies. Studies that mentioned these variables often did not report if they were included as model inputs. Few models (12%) were validated using external populations. Few studies (17%) open-sourced their code. Populations in the ML studies include higher proportions of White and Black yet fewer Hispanic subjects compared to the general US population.

Discussion
The demographic characteristics of study populations are poorly reported in the ML literature based on EHR data. Demographic representativeness in training data and model transparency is necessary to ensure that ML models are deployed in an equitable and reproducible manner. Wider adoption of reporting guidelines is warranted to improve representativeness and reproducibility.