bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the geochemical evolution of impact melts in terrestrial impact basins: Vredefort granophyre dikes and Sudbury offset dikes
Authors: Huber Matthew S. , Kovaleva Elizaveta , Riller Ulrich 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Vredefort impact structure, South Africa, is comparable to the Sudbury impact structure, Canada, in size, age, and target rock composition. Both impact structures feature impact melt dikes. The melt sheet of the Sudbury impact (Sudbury Igneous Complex; SIC) is genetically linked to the Sudbury offset dikes in the underlying target rock. At Vredefort, the melt sheet was eroded so that only the granophyre dikes retain compositional melt sheet characteristics. XRF analyses of 43 samples from four granophyre dikes are similar to previous studies, but identify an anomalous mafic phase within one of the dikes. The results from the Vredefort granophyre dikes are compared to the Sudbury offset dikes and shown to follow similar geochemical trends, controlled by crystallization of feldspar and pyroxene. The mafic granophyre phase is compositionally remarkably similar to the offset dike compositions. The program Rhyolite‐MELTS was used to test possible melt sheet compositions. Modeling results are broadly consistent with the overall chemical and mineral composition of the dikes. Modeling is consistent with offset dikes being derived from the basal mafic layer of the SIC, and the granophyre dikes being derived from alkali‐depleted bulk continental crust. For all modeled compositions, crystallization primarily occurred at temperatures between 1150°C and 1000°C. The emplacement of the felsic granophyre dikes from a homogenized crustal melt suggests emplacement within tens of years after the impact event. The presence of the mafic phase in one of the granophyre dikes is explained by its emplacement following some differentiation of the Vredefort melt sheet.
Horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae in the Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) species complex
Authors: Porro Barbara , Zamoum Thamilla , Mallien Cédric , Hume Benjamin C. C. , Voolstra Christian R. , Röttinger Eric , Furla Paola , Forcioli Didier 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAll metazoans are in fact holobionts, resulting from the association of several organisms, and organismal adaptation is then due to the composite response of this association to the environment. Deciphering the mechanisms of symbiont acquisition in a holobiont is therefore essential to understanding the extent of its adaptive capacities. In cnidarians, some species acquire their photosynthetic symbionts directly from their parents (vertical transmission) but may also acquire symbionts from the environment (horizontal acquisition) at the adult stage. The Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775), passes down symbionts from one generation to the next by vertical transmission, but the capacity for such horizontal acquisition is still unexplored. To unravel the flexibility of the association between the different host lineages identified in A. viridis and its Symbiodiniaceae, we genotyped both the animal hosts and their symbiont communities in members of host clones in five different locations in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The composition of within‐host–symbiont populations was more dependent on the geographical origin of the hosts than their membership to a given lineage or even to a given clone. Additionally, similarities in host–symbiont communities were greater among genets (i.e. among different clones) than among ramets (i.e. among members of the same given clonal genotype). Taken together, our results demonstrate that A. viridis may form associations with a range of symbiotic dinoflagellates and suggest a capacity for horizontal acquisition. A mixed‐mode transmission strategy in A. viridis, as we posit here, may help explain the large phenotypic plasticity that characterizes this anemone.
Medical student learner neglect in the clinical learning environment: Applying Glaser’s theoretical model
Authors: Rudland Joy , Tweed Mike , Jaye Chrystal , Wilkinson Tim J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionLearner neglect is a relatively new concept in education, and no suitable framework for its exploration has been devised. The aim of this study was to determine whether an existing framework, Glaser's framework of child neglect, could be applied to learner neglect in clinical learning environments. This was a retrospective analysis of data obtained as part of a related study.MethodSix focus groups were conducted with medical students in their early clinical years to explore their views of what experiences in medical education were challenging and why they presented a challenge. The transcript data were analysed using inductive content analysis, within an interpretivist approach in the development of categories. The identified categories were cross referenced with Glaser's framework categories replacing the carer with the teacher and the child with the learner.ResultsGlaser's classifications of teacher (parent) behaviours were all identified in the negative aspects of medical learner clinical education including emotional unavailability/unresponsiveness, acting in a hostile manner, inappropriate inconsistent developmental interaction, failure to recognise individuality and failure to promote social adaption. Physical unavailability was identified as an additional category and is included in our proposed framework of learner neglect.DiscussionAdapting Glaser's framework was useful in considering learner neglect. Medical schools have a role in ensuring learning experiences are positive across contexts and to make explicit to teachers any behaviours that may appear as learner neglect. Applying this framework has the potential to make more explicit any subtle undermining teacher behaviours. Once explicit, there is a greater likelihood that behaviours may be reappraised both by the teacher and learner and modified to promote a more effective clinical learning experience.
A case of cervical dystonia with GNAL mutation and a subsequent shift in laterality of torticollis after temporary remission
Authors: Itaya Sakiko , Kawarai Toshitaka , Kamata Tomoyuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe report an adult case of cervical dystonia associated with a GNAL mutation. Torticollis first set in when the patient was 19 years old. The disease went into remission but subsequently recurred, with a change in laterality of the torticollis. For two years, the symptoms are managed by a combination of L‐DOPA, trihexyphenidyl, and botulinum toxin.
Ustilago maydis effector Jsi1 interacts with Topless corepressor, hijacking plant jasmonate/ethylene signaling
Authors: Darino Martin , Chia Khong‐Sam , Marques Joana , Aleksza David , Soto‐Jiménez Luz Mayela , Saado Indira , Uhse Simon , Borg Michael , Betz Ruben , Bindics Janos , Zienkiewicz Krzysztof , Feussner Ivo , Petit‐Houdenot Yohann , Djamei Armin 
Published: November 2020

Summary

Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of maize smut disease. During the colonization process, the fungus secretes effector proteins that suppress immune responses and redirect the host metabolism in favor of the pathogen. As effectors play a critical role during plant colonization, their identification and functional characterization are essential to understanding biotrophy and disease.

Using biochemical, molecular, and transcriptomic techniques, we performed a functional characterization of the U. maydis effector Jasmonate/Ethylene signaling inducer 1 (Jsi1).

Jsi1 interacts with several members of the plant corepressor family Topless/Topless related (TPL/TPR). Jsi1 expression in Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana leads to transcriptional induction of the ethylene response factor (ERF) branch of the jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathway. In A. thaliana, activation of the ERF branch leads to biotrophic susceptibility. Jsi1 likely activates the ERF branch via an EAR (ET‐responsive element binding‐factor‐associated amphiphilic repression) motif, which resembles EAR motifs from plant ERF transcription factors, that interacts with TPL/TPR proteins.

EAR‐motif‐containing effector candidates were identified from different fungal species, including Magnaporthe oryzae, Sporisorium scitamineum, and Sporisorium reilianum. Interaction between plant TPL proteins and these effector candidates from biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi indicates the convergent evolution of effectors modulating the TPL/TPR corepressor hub.
Examining progression and degeneration of nursing science using Imre Lakatos’s methodology of scientific research programs
Authors: Younas Ahtisham 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver the years, nursing research and practice have been through remarkable transformations in response to evolving and emerging healthcare systems and practices. Regarding research, nurses moved beyond merely using the quantitative methodology to combining qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. In practice, nurses have transitioned from the delivery of medical‐based care to nursing theory‐guided practice, evidence‐based practice, knowledge translation and transformative practice. Some domains of nursing research and practice became progressive, while others degenerated. This paper aims to examine how different domains of nursing research and practice progress and degenerate using Imre Lakatos's methodology of scientific research programs. Lakatos differentiated scientific and pseudoscientific knowledge and coined the idea of scientific research programs. He believed that science in any discipline develops so that some programs are more progressive and others’ degenerative. The degeneration and progression of programs occur steadily and rationally and are determined based on the extent of development and programs’ potential to predict new solutions to old problems. Adopting this idea could enable nurses to critically analyse research programs in everyday knowledge development to use valid and legitimate programs for informing nursing practice.
A shift in abscisic acid/gibberellin balance underlies retention of dormancy induced by seed development temperature
Authors: Tuan Pham A. , Nguyen Tran‐Nguyen , Jordan Mark C. , Ayele Belay T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThrough a combination of physiological, pharmacological, molecular and targeted metabolomics approaches, we showed that retention of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed dormancy levels induced by low and high seed development temperatures during post‐desiccation phases is associated with modulation of gibberellin (GA) level and seed responsiveness to abscisic acid (ABA) and GA via expression of TaABI5 and TaGAMYB, respectively. Dormancy retention during imbibition, however, is associated with modulations of both ABA level and responsiveness via expression of specific ABA metabolism (TaNCED2 and TaCYP707A1) and signalling (TaPYL2, TaSnRK2, TaABI3, TaABI4 and TaABI5) genes, and alterations of GA levels and responsiveness through expression of specific GA biosynthesis (TaGA20ox1, TaGA20ox2 and TaGA3ox2) and signalling (TaGID1 and TaGID2) genes, respectively. Expression patterns of GA signalling genes, TaRHT1 and TaGAMYB, lacked positive correlation with that of GA regulated genes and dormancy level observed in seeds developed at the two temperatures, implying their regulation at post‐transcriptional level. Our results overall implicate that a shift in ABA/GA balance underlies retention of dormancy levels induced by seed development temperature during post‐desiccation and imbibition phases. Consistently, genes regulated by ABA and GA during imbibition overlapped with those differentially expressed between imbibed seeds developed at the two temperatures and mediate different biological functions.
Investigating DNA methylation as a potential mediator between pigmentation genes, pigmentary traits and skin cancer
Authors: Bonilla Carolina , Bertoni Bernardo , Min Josine L. , Hemani Gibran ,   Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium, Elliott Hannah R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPigmentation characteristics are well‐known risk factors for skin cancer. Polymorphisms in pigmentation genes have been associated with these traits and with the risk of malignancy. However, the functional relationship between genetic variation and disease is still unclear. This study aims to assess whether pigmentation SNPs are associated with pigmentary traits and skin cancer via DNA methylation (DNAm). Using a meta‐GWAS of whole‐blood DNAm from 36 European cohorts (N = 27,750; the Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium, GoDMC), we found that 19 out of 27 SNPs in 10 pigmentation genes were associated with 391 DNAm sites across 30 genomic regions. We examined the effect of 25 selected DNAm sites on pigmentation traits, sun exposure phenotypes and skin cancer and on gene expression in whole blood. We uncovered an association of DNAm site cg07402062 with red hair in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We also found that the expression of ASIP and CDK10 was associated with hair colour, melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Our results indicate that DNAm and expression of pigmentation genes may play a role as potential mediators of the relationship between genetic variants, pigmentation phenotypes and skin cancer and thus deserve further scrutiny.
High doses of FSH induce autophagy in bovine ovarian granulosa cells via the AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Tang Xiaorong , Ma Lizhu , Guo Shun , Liang Mingyue , Jiang Zhongliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFollicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a critical role in follicular growth and granulosa cell function; however, the mechanism by which the aggressive stimulation of FSH leads to poorer oocyte quality and embryo development potential is unclear. In this study, bovine ovarian granulosa cells (BGCs) were challenged with FSH doses (vehicle, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) to investigate the effects of FSH on BGCs. The results indicated that the relative viability of BGCs was significantly increased in cells challenged with 1 ng/ml FSH, whereas the viability was significantly decreased with 100 ng/ml FSH treatment. The mRNA abundance of FSHR, CYP19, StAR and BAX was significantly upregulated with 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml of FSH, while the BCL‐2 mRNA level was downregulated with higher concentrations of FSH (10 and 100 ng/ml). Furthermore, BGC autophagy was detected in cells treated with 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH by MDC staining, and the mRNA abundance of LC3, BECN1, BNIP3, ATG3 and ATG7 was upregulated with increasing FSH concentration. Meanwhile, the protein expression of LC3 was increased in cells treated with 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH. 1 and 10 ng/ml FSH significantly increased E2 production, whereas 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH significantly increased P4 production. FSH significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT in cells treated with higher concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml), while activating mTOR phosphorylation at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/ml of FSH. In summary, we can conclude that higher doses of FSH (10 and 100 ng/ml) induce BGC autophagy via the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway.
Upregulation of the expression of Toll‐like receptor 9 in basophils in patients with allergic rhinitis: An enhanced expression by allergens
Authors: Zhong Qing , Zhan Mengmeng , Wang Ling , Chen Dong , Zhao Nan , Wang Junling , Huang Yixia , Zhang Xiaowen , He Shaoheng , Zhang Huiyun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt was reported that the expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 9 may be related to Th2‐type allergic inflammation including allergic rhinitis (AR). However, little is known about the expression of TLR9 in the basophils in AR. In the present study, the expression of TLR9 was examined by flow cytometry analysis, and the expression of TLR9 mRNA in KU812 was determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. The results showed that the percentage of TLR9+CCR3+ cells in blood granulocytes increased by 46% in patients with AR, but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Allergens namely Dermatophagoide allergen extract (DAE) and Platanus pollen allergen extract (PPAE) upregulated the expression of TLR9 in CCR3+ granulocytes by 76% and 84%, respectively. DAE and PPAE also enhanced the proportions of TLR9+CD123+HLA‐DR− cells and TLR9+CCR3+CD123+HLA‐DR− cells in granulocytes and PBMCs of patients with AR. In order to investigate the actions of allergens on basophils, KU812 cells were used. It was observed that all KU812 cells expressed TLR9, and the expression intensity of TLR9 in a single KU812 cell was elevated by CpG. IL‐37, IL‐31, IL‐33, Artemisia sieversiana wild allergen extract (ASWAE), DAE, OVA and Der p 1 induced an increase in the expression of TLR9 mRNA and IL‐6 production in KU812 cells. It was shown that the percentage of TLR9‐expressing basophils increased in the blood of ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized mice. In conclusion, an increased expression of TLR9 and the production of IL‐6 in basophils implicate that the contribution of basophils to AR is likely via TLR9.
Expression of TOB/BTG family members in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Fonseca‐Camarillo Gabriela , Furuzawa‐Carballeda Janette , Priego‐Ranero Ángel A. , Martínez‐Benítez Braulio , Barreto‐Zúñiga Rafael , Yamamoto‐Furusho Jesús K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the role of anti‐proliferative TOB proteins in the regulation of immune response by inhibiting T cell activation has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, no previous studies have explored their expression in patients with IBD. The aim of the study was to characterize the gene and protein expression of the TOB/BTG family in intestinal tissue of patients with IBD. This is an observational and cross‐sectional study that included 63 IBD patients. Gene expression of TOB/BTG family was measured by RT‐PCR. Protein expression of TOB/CD16 and BTG/Ki‐67 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. TOB/BTG family mRNAs were detected and quantitated by RT‐qPCR in rectal and ileum biopsies from UC patients and CD patients, respectively, and non‐inflammatory control tissues. Results showed that TOB1 and BTG1 gene expression was decreased in the colonic mucosa from patients with UC compared with the control group. The TOB2 and BTG2 genes were over‐expressed in the colonic mucosa of patients with UC in remission compared with the active UC and control group. The high TOB2 gene expression was associated with histological remission (P = .01). TOB1/CD16, TOB2/CD16, BTG1/Ki‐67, BTG2/Ki‐67 and BTG4/Ki‐67 single and double positive cells were mostly NK, macrophages, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates in tissues from patients with UC and CD. This is the first depiction of the TOB/BTG family gene and protein expression in rectal and ileum tissues by a CD16+ subpopulation in IBD.
Political non‐participation in elections, civic life and social movements
Authors: Hensby Alexander 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article reviews existing theory and research on political non‐participation. Spanning the electoral, civic and social movement spheres, it critically compares the different conceptual tools that have been employed to explain why individuals might not participate in politics. This includes the study of rational choice, political socialisation, social networks and political emotions. In doing, this article identifies opportunities for a more holistic approach to studying non‐participation across multiple fields and contexts in the social sciences.
Trade destruction and deflection effects of US‐China trade frictions on China’s tariff‐targeted products
Authors: Shen Guobing , Wang Peijie , Xu Yuanhan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper probes into the impacts of US‐China trade rows on China's exports of products covered under the applicable tariff lines. We scrutinise the monthly trade data of China with the US and third‐party markets from January 2017 to June 2019, employing the DID model. It is found firstly that the US levy of tariffs on $50 billion and $200 billion worth of Chinese products have produced a significant and adverse trade destruction effect on China's exports to the US. Meanwhile, the tariffs levied on these products have played a significant and positive role in deflecting China's export to third‐party markets. Second the US additional tariffs on $50 billion of China's products have produced greater trade destruction and deflection effects on China's export of tariff‐targeted products to the US, whereas only the US additional tariffs on $200 billion of China's products have caused a net trade destruction effect. Third, it is confirmed that the trade destruction effects of US additional tariffs on Chinese products exported to the US are mainly concentrated on high tech‐intensive manufactures and primary goods, while the trade deflection effect of China's export to third‐party markets is concentrated on differentiated products. The findings render crucial policy implications.
Nationwide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and identification of risk factors in the general population of the Netherlands during the first epidemic wave
Authors: Vos Eric R A , den Hartog Gerco , Schepp Rutger M , Kaaijk Patricia , van Vliet Jeffrey , Helm Kina , Smits Gaby , Wijmenga-Monsuur Alienke , Verberk Janneke D M , van Boven Michiel , van Binnendijk Rob S , de Melker Hester E , Mollema Liesbeth , van der Klis Fiona R M 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundWe aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies in the general population of the Netherlands and identify risk factors for seropositivity amidst the first COVID-19 epidemic wave.MethodsParticipants (n=3207, aged 2–90 years), enrolled from a previously established nationwide serosurveillance study, provided a self-collected fingerstick blood sample and completed a questionnaire (median inclusion date 3 April 2020). IgG antibodies targeted against the spike S1-protein of SARS-CoV-2 were quantified using a validated multiplex-immunoassay. Seroprevalence was estimated controlling for survey design, individual pre-pandemic concentration, and test performance. Random-effects logistic regression identified risk factors for seropositivity.ResultsOverall seroprevalence in the Netherlands was 2.8% (95% CI 2.1 to 3.7), with no differences between sexes or ethnic background, and regionally ranging between 1.3 and 4.0%. Estimates were highest among 18–39 year-olds (4.9%), and lowest in children 2–17 years (1.7%). Multivariable analysis revealed that persons taking immunosuppressants and those from the Orthodox-Reformed Protestant community had over four times higher odds of being seropositive compared to others. Anosmia/ageusia was the most discriminative symptom between seropositive (53%) and seronegative persons (4%, p<0.0001). Antibody concentrations in seropositive persons were significantly higher in those with fever or dyspnoea in contrast to those without (p=0.01 and p=0.04, respectively).ConclusionsIn the midst of the first epidemic wave, 2.8% of the Dutch population was estimated to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, that is, 30 times higher than reported. This study identified independent groups with increased odds for seropositivity that may require specific surveillance measures to guide future protective interventions internationally, including vaccination once available.