bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probing Axial Symmetry Breaking in the Galaxy with Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Hinkel Austin , Gardner Susan , Yanny Brian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We study a set of solar neighborhood (d < 3 kpc) stars from Gaia Data Release 2 to determine azimuthal star count differences, i.e., left and right of the line from the Galactic Center (GC) through the Sun—and compare these differences north and south. In this companion paper to Gardner et al., we delineate our procedures to remove false asymmetries from sampling effects, incompleteness, and/or interloper populations, as this is crucial to tests of axisymmetry. Particularly, we have taken care to make appropriate selections of magnitude, color, in-plane Galactocentric radius, and Galactic

and

. We find that requiring parallax determinations of high precision induces sampling biases, so that we eschew such requirements and exclude, e.g., regions around the lines of sight to the Magellanic Clouds, along with their mirror-image lines of sight, to ensure well-matched data sets. After making conservative cuts, we demonstrate the existence of azimuthal asymmetries and find differences in those, north and south. These asymmetries give key insights into the nature and origins of the perturbations on Galactic matter, allowing us to assess the relative influence of the Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC), the Galactic bar, and other masses on the Galactic mass distribution, as described in Gardner et al. The asymmetry’s radial dependence reveals variations that we attribute to the Galactic bar, and it changes sign at a radius of (0.95 ± 0.03)R
0, with R
0 the Sun–GC distance, to give us the first direct assessment of the outer Lindblad resonant radius.
Clumpy AGN Outflows due to Thermal Instability
Authors: Dannen Randall C. , Proga Daniel , Waters Tim , Dyda Sergei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the main mechanisms that could drive mass outflows on parsec scales in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is thermal driving. The same X-rays that ionize and heat the plasma are also expected to make it thermally unstable. Indeed, it has been proposed that the observed clumpiness in AGN winds is caused by thermal instability (TI). While many studies employing time-dependent numerical simulations of AGN outflows have included the necessary physics for TI, none have so far managed to produce clumpiness. Here we present the first such clumpy wind simulations in 1D and 2D, obtained by simulating parsec-scale outflows irradiated by an AGN. By combining an analysis of our extensive parameter survey with physical arguments, we show that the lack of clumps in previous numerical models can be attributed to the following three effects: (i) insufficient radiative heating or other physical processes that prevent the outflowing gas from entering the TI zone; (ii) the stabilizing effect of stretching (due to rapid radial acceleration) in cases where the gas enters the TI zone; and (iii) a flow speed effect: in circumstances where stretching is inefficient, the flow can still be so fast that it passes through the TI zone too quickly for perturbations to grow. In addition to these considerations, we also find that a necessary condition to trigger TI in an outflow is for the pressure ionization parameter to decrease along a streamline once gas enters a TI zone.
Patellofemoral Arthroplasty With a Custom-fit Femoral Prosthesis
Authors: Butler James E. , Shannon Robert 
Published: April 2020

We reviewed the outcomes of a series of patellar arthroplasty operations with custom-fit femoral prostheses to examine the effectiveness of this procedure in relieving pain and restoring function in the knee. Twenty-two patellofemoral arthroplasty operations were performed in 21 patients (mean age, 48.6 years) at 2 institutions between 1994 and 2002. All patients had advanced patellofemoral arthritis and had undergone an average of 2.5 previous patellofemoral operations. The prosthesis, consisting of a custom-fit chrome cobalt trochlear component and an all-polyethylene patellar button, was implanted in a procedure designed to minimize bone resection. Patients later underwent three-view radiography of the knee to confirm that the prosthesis was positioned correctly.
One patient required revision of an undersized patellar button 18 months postoperatively, and 2 other patients had postoperative arthrofibrosis necessitating arthroscopic debridement. No patient required revision of the trochlear component, and no loosening or migration of any component has been found since the first procedure was performed. However, the polyethylene patellar button has worn in 3 patients, and the patella broke in 1 patient.
An average of 60 months postoperatively, patients used the Western Ontario and Mc-Master Universities Osteoarthritis Index to rate their preoperative and present joint pain, stiffness, and function. Patients' mean overall ratings (potential range, 24–96) were significantly lower for their present symptoms (28.4) than for their preoperative symptoms (63.4). Mean scores on each subscale also decreased: from 13.0 to 5.5 for pain, from 5.4 to 2.4 for stiffness, and from 45.0 to 20.6 for function. We conclude that, in carefully selected patients, patellofemoral arthroplasty with a custom-fit prosthesis is a viable surgical treatment for isolated patellofemoral arthritis.
Pitfalls of Using Performance Measures to Evaluate the Quality of Hip Fracture Care
Authors: SooHoo Nelson F. , Correa Bryan , Pandarinath Rajeev 
Published: April 2020

The objective of this study was to determine feasibility of using RAND quality indicators to evaluate hip fracture care. Retrospective chart review was used to determine the adherence to quality indicators and the location of documentation of compliance. A chart abstraction tool was created for systematic extraction of data from multiple chart components. A total of 111 patients underwent operative treatment of a hip fracture and met inclusion criteria in either 1998 or 2003. The main outcome measure was the rate of compliance with quality measures.
Overall, compliance was 88% for the 7 performance measures. Physician notes were the most accurate chart component but, if examined alone, would have only resulted in a reported rate of 81% adherence to indicators. Review of the nursing notes, ancillary service notes, results, and orders was required to fully document quality of care. Ceiling effects were noted for 4 of the 7 quality indicators as noncompliance was rare for these measures.
The results of this study highlight the need for a thorough method of abstracting multiple chart components to accurately report quality of care. This is an important consideration for any pay-for-performance program. Specifically, the failure to review all chart components may lead to incorrect conclusions about the quality of care delivered by individual providers. In addition, the selection of quality measures subject to ceiling effects may limit the usefulness of quality reporting initiatives.
Percutaneous Curettage and Bone Grafting for Humeral Simple Bone Cysts
Authors: Hunt Kenneth J. , Bergeson Adam , Coffin Cheryl M. , Randall R. Lor 
Published: April 2020

Traditional treatments for simple bone cysts are associated with significant surgical morbidity and high recurrence rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a percutaneous approach to the treatment of proximal humeral simple bone cysts that includes percutaneous decompression, curettage, and injection of allogeneic cancellous bone combined with autologous bone marrow.
Twenty-one children (average age, 10.1±4.6 years) with symptomatic simple bone cysts of the proximal humerus were surgically treated with percutaneous cyst decompression, curettage, and cancellous allograft combined with autologous bone marrow. Patients were observed in-clinic with serial examinations and radiographs. Fracture healing and cyst recurrence were determined at follow-up.
All patients returned to activities of daily living with full range of motion and were completely asymptomatic. All fractures healed. There were no surgical complications or refractures. Five patients demonstrated radiographic evidence of partial cyst recurrence and required additional surgical treatment. One patient required a third operative procedure for a second recurrence. Three of 8 active cysts demonstrated partial recurrence. Recurrence was associated with younger age.
Our goal in the treatment of proximal humeral simple bone cysts is to prevent cyst recurrence and pathologic refracture. Radiographic evidence of cyst resolution occurred in 75% of our patients using percutaneous curettage and bone grafting, and in 95% of patients with a second procedure. As expected, partial recurrence of active cysts after treatment with this method is high. This percutaneous technique is a safe and effective treatment for humeral simple bone cysts.
Neutrophils Recirculate through Lymph Nodes to Survey Tissues for Pathogens
Authors: Bogoslowski Ania , Wijeyesinghe Sathi , Lee Woo-Young , Chen Chien-Sin , Alanani Samer , Jenne Craig , Steeber Douglas A. , Scheiermann Christoph , Butcher Eugene C. , Masopust David , Kubes Paul 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The adaptive immune function of lymph nodes is dependent on constant recirculation of lymphocytes. In this article, we identify neutrophils present in the lymph node at steady state, exhibiting the same capacity for recirculation. In germ-free mice, neutrophils still recirculate through lymph nodes, and in mice cohoused with wild microbiome mice, the level of neutrophils in lymph nodes increases significantly. We found that at steady state, neutrophils enter the lymph node entirely via L-selectin and actively exit via efferent lymphatics via an S1P dependent mechanism. The small population of neutrophils in the lymph node can act as reconnaissance cells to recruit additional neutrophils in the event of bacterial dissemination to the lymph node. Without these reconnaissance cells, there is a delay in neutrophil recruitment to the lymph node and a reduction in swarm formation following Staphylococcus aureus infection. This ability to recruit additional neutrophils by lymph node neutrophils is initiated by LTB4. This study establishes the capacity of neutrophils to recirculate, much like lymphocytes via L-selectin and high endothelial venules in lymph nodes and demonstrates how the presence of neutrophils at steady state fortifies the lymph node in case of an infection disseminating through lymphatics.
Characterization and first results from LACIS-T: a moist-air wind tunnel to study aerosol–cloud–turbulence interactions
Authors: Niedermeier Dennis , Voigtländer Jens , Schmalfuß Silvio , Busch Daniel , Schumacher Jörg , Shaw Raymond A. , Stratmann Frank 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The interactions between turbulence and cloud microphysical processes have been investigated primarily through numerical simulation and field measurements over the last 10 years. However, only in the laboratory we can be confident in our knowledge of initial and boundary conditions and are able to measure under statistically stationary and repeatable conditions. In the scope of this paper, we present a unique turbulent moist-air wind tunnel, called the Turbulent Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS-T) which has been developed at TROPOS in order to study cloud physical processes in general and interactions between turbulence and cloud microphysical processes in particular. The investigations take place under well-defined and reproducible turbulent and thermodynamic conditions covering the temperature range of warm, mixed-phase and cold clouds (25∘C>T>-40∘C). The continuous-flow design of the facility allows for the investigation of processes occurring on small temporal (up to a few seconds) and spatial scales (micrometer to meter scale) and with a Lagrangian perspective. The here-presented experimental studies using LACIS-T are accompanied and complemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations which help us to design experiments as well as to interpret experimental results. In this paper, we will present the fundamental operating principle of LACIS-T, the numerical model, and results concerning the thermodynamic and flow conditions prevailing inside the wind tunnel, combining both characterization measurements and numerical simulations. Finally, the first results are depicted from deliquescence and hygroscopic growth as well as droplet activation and growth experiments. We observe clear indications of the effect of turbulence on the investigated microphysical processes.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites among School Children Attending Two Community Schools in Auta Balefi, Karu, Nasarawa State
Authors: Ishaku Maikenti, James , Onyeacho Chinonso Praise , Koggie Amos Zamfara 
Published: April 2020

Aim: To determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites among school children attending two community schools in Auta-balefi, Karu. Nasarawa State.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted between July and August, 2019 in two community schools in Auta-balefi, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Methodology: Microscopic examination of faecal sample from 288 pupils (143 males and 145 females) from ages 5 years and above was carried out using formol-ether concentration technique. Questionnaires were also administered and only pupils whose parents gave their consents were enrolled in the study.
Results: This study recorded an overall prevalence of 45.1% gastrointestinal helminth infection. The study however, identified the following parasites in descending order: hookworm (30.76%), Ascaris lumbricoides (25.4%), Schistosoma mansoni (17.7%), Strongyloides stercoralis (13.8%), Proglottids of tapeworm (10.78%), Fasciola hepatica (1.5%). Males (51.0%) were more infected as well as children between the ages 11-15 years with (48.3%). Risk factors such as: The educational status and occupation (higher education and unskilled job) of the parents, use of water closet and use of well water and contact with soil were found to contribute to the prevalence of intestinal helminths infection in the study. This is because of the significant association of present of parasites and the prevalence of the parasites (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths parasite at the end of the study was (45.1%) which is considered to be high compare to previous study carried on the related subject matter and also certain risk factors were considered to be the reason for such high observation. The prevalence in this study is one to be worried about considering the harm these parasites has on the health and livelihood of children who need to be healthy to carry out their everyday functions.
Brain amyloid, cortical thickness, and changes in activities of daily living
Authors: Vassilaki Maria , Aakre Jeremiah A. , Kremers Walter K. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Mielke Michelle M. , Geda Yonas E. , Machulda Mary M. , Knopman David S. , Butler Lesley , Traber Martin , Vemuri Prashanthi , Lowe Val J. , Jack Clifford R. , Roberts Rosebud O. , Petersen Ronald C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association of baseline elevated brain amyloid and neurodegeneration with changes in activities of daily living in participants without dementia (ND; i.e., cognitively unimpaired and participants with mild cognitive impairment) at baseline in the population‐based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.MethodsWe included 1747 ND participants with 11C‐PiB PET and MR imaging in the study, with data on activities of daily living (as assessed by the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes for functional domains (CDR‐SOB (functional)), with a median (range) of 4.3 (0.0–12.7) years of follow‐up. Abnormal (elevated; A+) 11C‐PiB‐PET retention ratio was defined as standardized uptake value ratio ≥ 1.48, and abnormal (reduced) AD signature cortical thickness as ≤ 2.68 mm (neurodegeneration; N+). Associations were examined with mixed effects models, adjusting for age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E ε4 allele carrier status, and global cognitive z‐score.ResultsMean age (SD) was 71.4 years (10.1), 46.7% were females, 195 (11.2%) had A+N‐, 442 (25.3%) had A‐N+, and 339 (19.4%) had A+N+ biomarkers. The A+N+ group had the largest annualized change in the FAQ score from baseline (difference in annual change A+N+ vs. A‐N‐; ß (SE): 0.80 (0.07)); associations were substantially attenuated when a time‐varying global cognitive composite was included in the model (A+N+ vs. A‐N‐; ß (SE): 0.31 (0.05)). CDR‐SOB (functional) findings partly agreed with FAQ score findings.InterpretationThe longitudinal increase in functional limitations is greater for individuals with abnormal neuroimaging biomarkers, especially for those with both elevated brain amyloid and neurodegeneration.
Stochastic average gradient algorithm for multirate FIR models with varying time delays using self‐organizing maps
Authors: Chen Jing , Shen Qianyan , Ma Junxia , Liu Yanjun 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA stochastic average gradient (SAG) algorithm is proposed for multirate (MR) finite impulse response (FIR) models with varying time delays in this article. The time delays at each sampling instant are computed through the self‐organizing maps technique, and then the parameters are estimated by using the SAG algorithm. Considering that the SAG algorithm updates the parameters using all the directions up to and including the current sampling instant, but only compute one gradient at each sampling instant, thus it has less computational efforts and quicker convergence rates. Furthermore, some modified SAG algorithms are also developed. Two simulation examples show that these algorithms identify MR FIR models with varying time delays correctly.
Emerging contaminants uptake by an Ultisol and a Vertisol from Puerto Rico
Authors: Flores‐Mangual Mario L. , Hernández‐Maldonado Arturo J. , Ortíz‐Martínez Krisiam , Quiñones Natasha P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceutical compounds, have been found in irrigation waters and have found their way into crops through the uptake of contaminated water. Many farms in Puerto Rico are irrigated with water that might have considerable levels of CECs. The objective of this study was to determine the quantity of commonly detected CEC adsorbed onto soil particles of two contrasting tropical soils of Puerto Rico (Fraternidad, basic Vertisol [fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic Typic Haplusterts], and Mariana series, acid Ultisol [fine, mixed, active, isohyperthermic Typic Haplohumults]). A CECs single point and multicomponent adsorption experiments were carried out using the batch equilibrium technique. The CECs were naproxen (NPX), O‐desmethylnaproxen (O‐DesNPX), caffeine (CFN), paraxanthine (PX), carbamazepine (CBZ), carbamazepine‐10, 11‐epoxide (Ep‐CBZ), clofibric acid (ClofA), and salicylic acid (SA). The CEC concentrations in water before and after adsorption were determined using a triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy liquid chromatography. The results showed that SA was highly adsorbed by both soils, although in greater concentrations in Fraternidad than Mariana, probably because of greater cation‐bridging. Paraxanthine was adsorbed only in the multicomponent test, probably as a co‐adsorbate. Caffeine, CBZ, and their metabolites were adsorbed in both soils in lesser concentrations than SA and PX. However, NPX and ClofA were not adsorbed by either soil type. Thus, these CECs could potentially move more freely through the soil matrix and reach soil roots in greater quantities than other contaminants.
Determination of the Orientation of Pendants on Rigid‐Rod Polymers
Authors: Luh Tien‐Yau , Lin Wei‐Yu , Lai Guoqiao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBis‐norbornene and bis‐cyclobutene with different kinds of linkers have been extensively used for the synthesis of double stranded ladderphanes under ruthenium‐ or molybdenum‐catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) conditions. The key to the success relies on the selective formation of comb‐like polynorbornenes or polycycloubtenes, where pendants are all aligned towards similar direction. This minireview summarizes various methods (chemical methods, spectroscopic means, and nonlinear optical measurements) for determining the comb‐like conformations of pendants on these rigid‐rod polymers. The approach is based on the proximal relationship between adjacent pendants. Interactions between these adjacent pendants would enable a change in chemical reactivity
Decentralized robust adaptive output‐feedback control for a class of large‐scale stochastic time‐delay nonlinear systems with dynamic interactions
Authors: Wang Qiangde , Wang Qian , Wei Chunling , Wang Hui , Liu Shaoning 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe paper solves the problem of decentralized robust adaptive output‐feedback control for a class of large‐scale stochastic time‐delay nonlinear systems. Under the assumptions that the inverse dynamics of the subsystems are stochastic input‐to‐state stable, an adaptive output‐feedback controller is constructively designed by the back‐stepping method. It is shown that under some milder conditions, the closed‐loop system is globally stable in probability and the outputs can be regulated to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin in probability and other signals in the closed‐loop system are global bounded in probability by selecting the design parameters and appropriate Lyapunov function. A simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the designed controller.