bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose–response association between adult height and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Li Quanman , Liu Yu , Sun Xizhuo , Li Honghui , Cheng Cheng , Liu Leilei , Liu Feiyan , Zhou Qionggui , Guo Chunmei , Tian Gang , Qie Ranran , Han Minghui , Huang Shengbing , Li Linlin , Wang Bingyuan , Zhao Yang , Ren Yongcheng , Zhang Ming , Hu Dongsheng , Wu Jian , Lu Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis from published cohort studies to examine the association of adult height and all-cause mortality and to further explore the dose–response association.

Methods
PubMed, The Cochrane Library, The Ovid, CNKI, CQVIP and Wanfang databases were searched for articles published from database inception to 6 February 2018. We used the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model to estimate the quantitative association between adult height and all-cause mortality and the restricted cubic splines to model the dose–response association.

Results
We included 15 articles, with 1 533 438 death events and 2 854 543 study participants. For each 5-cm height increase below the average, the risk of all-cause mortality was reduced by 7% [relative risk (RR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–0.97] for men and 5% (RR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.90–0.99) for women. All-cause mortality had a U-shaped association with adult height, the lowest risk occurring at 174 cm for men and 158 cm for women (both Pnonlinearity &lt; 0.001). Relative to the shortest adult height (147 cm for men and 137 cm for women), men at 174 cm had a 47% lower likelihood of all-cause mortality and women at 158 cm a 33% lower risk of all-cause mortality.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that the relation between adult height and all-cause mortality is approximately U-shaped in both men and women.
Utility of Shoelace Technique in Closure of Fasciotomy Wounds in Electric Burns
Authors: Arumugam Praveen Kumar , Muthukumar Vamseedharan , Bamal Rahul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fasciotomy is indicated to relieve compartment syndrome caused by electric burns. Many techniques are available to close the fasciotomy wounds including vacuum-assisted closure, skin grafting, and healing by secondary intention. This study assessed the shoelace technique in fasciotomy wound closure in patients with electric burns. The study included 19 fasciotomy wounds that were treated by shoelace technique (Group ST, n = 10 fasciotomy wounds) or by skin grafting/healing by secondary intention (Group C, n = 9 fasciotomy wounds). Data were collected for wound surface area, time to intervention, time to wound closure, rate of decrease in wound surface area after application of shoelace technique and associated complications.
The mean time to intervention after fasciotomy was significantly lower in Group ST—7.6 ± 3.8 days as compared to 15.8 ± 5.3 days in Group C (P = .004). The median time to closure was also significantly lower in Group ST—7 days (range 6–10) as compared to Group C—20 days (range 12–48) (P &lt; .001). Primary closure was achieved in 80% cases in the group ST and no complications were recorded. The shoelace technique is an economical, fast, and effective method of fasciotomy wound closure in electric burns, especially in high volume centers and resource-limited areas.
The effects of evolutionary and environmental variance on estimates of phylogenetic diversity in temperate forest plots
Authors: Xu Yong , Liu Jia-Jia , Li Hai-Ning , Liu Juan , Burgess Kevin S , Ge Xue-Jun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsPhylogenetic diversity metrics can discern the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary processes associated with the assembly of plant communities. However, the magnitude of the potential variation associated with phylogenetic methodologies, and its effect on estimates of phylogenetic diversity, remains poorly understood. Here, we assess how sources of variation associated with estimates of phylogenetic diversity can potentially affect our understanding of plant community structure for a series of temperate forest plots in China.MethodsIn total, 20 forest plots, comprising of 274 woody species and 581 herbaceous species, were surveyed and sampled along an elevational gradient of 2800 m on Taibai Mountain, China. We used multi-model inference to search for the most parsimonious relationship between estimates of phylogenetic diversity and each of four predictors (i.e. type of phylogenetic reconstruction method, phylogenetic diversity metric, woody or herbaceous growth form and elevation), and their pairwise interactions.Important FindingsThere was no significant difference in patterns of phylogenetic diversity when using synthesis-based vs. molecular-based phylogenetic methods. Results showed that elevation, the type of phylogenetic diversity metric, growth form and their interactions, accounted for &gt;44% of the variance in our estimates of phylogenetic diversity. In general, phylogenetic diversity decreased with increasing elevation; however, the trend was weaker for herbaceous plants than for woody plants. Moreover, the three phylogenetic diversity metrics showed consistent patterns (i.e. clustered) across the elevational gradient for woody plants. For herbaceous plants, the mean pairwise distance showed a random distribution over the gradient. These results suggest that a better understanding of temperate forest community structure can be obtained when estimates of phylogenetic diversity include methodological and environmental sources of variation.
Deceit, Deservingness, and Destitution: Able-Bodied Widows and the New Poor Law
Authors: Muller Nadine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The death of a husband had adverse economic effects for the majority of Victorian women, but for working-class mothers the threat of destitution was an almost inevitable feature of widowhood. Widows, with some restrictions, were entitled to outdoor relief under the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), and they comprised the largest group of adult paupers outside of the workhouse well into the early twentieth century, outnumbered only and always by their children. Able-bodied widows therefore presented crucial opportunities for poor-law officials in the quest to minimize outdoor relief and make significant reductions in welfare spending. Focusing particularly on the 1830s, 1840s, and 1870s (the first decade of the so-called ‘crusade’ against out-relief), this article examines the competing discourses of deservingness and deception that dominated the representations and treatment of able-bodied widows in poor law legislation, orders, reports, and parliamentary debates. An uneasy combination of sympathy and suspicion shaped officials’ treatment of these women, rendering them ambiguous figures in the dominant dichotomy of the deserving and undeserving poor, potential drains on the economic prosperity of the state, threats to the nuclear family, and, by extension, a danger to the nation’s moral core. These discourses, I suggest, reflect a wider ideological unease with, and attempts to mitigate and police, the widow’s exceptional social status in Victorian Britain as a woman with sexual experience, potential economic independence, and yet no male guardian.
Open scholarship in Australia: A review of needs, barriers, and opportunities
Authors: Arthur Paul Longley , Hearn Lydia , Montgomery Lucy , Craig Hugh , Arbuckle Alyssa , Siemens Ray 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOpen scholarship encompasses open access, open data, open source software, open educational resources, and all other forms of openness in the scholarly and research environment, using digital or computational techniques, or both. It can change how knowledge is created, preserved, and shared, and can better connect academics with communities they serve. Yet, the movement toward open scholarship has encountered significant challenges. This article begins by examining the history of open scholarship in Australia. It then reviews the literature to examine key barriers hampering uptake of open scholarship, with emphasis on the humanities. This involves a review of global, institutional, systemic, and financial obstacles, followed by a synthesis of how these barriers are influenced at diverse stakeholder levels: policymakers and peak bodies, publishers, senior university administrators, researchers, librarians, and platform providers. The review illustrates how universities are increasingly hard-pressed to sustain access to publicly funded research as journal, monograph, and open scholarship costs continue to rise. Those in academia voice concerns about the lack of appropriate open scholarship infrastructure and recognition for the adoption of open practices. Limited access to credible research has led, in some cases, to public misunderstanding about legitimacy in online sources. This article, therefore, represents an urgent call for more empirical research around ‘missed opportunities’ to promote open scholarship. Only by better understanding barriers and needs across the university landscape can we address current challenges to open scholarship so research can be presented in usable and understandable ways, with data made more freely available for reuse by the broader public.
An Analysis of Airway Interventions in the Setting of Smoke Inhalation Injury on the Battlefield
Authors: Schauer Steven G , Naylor Jason F , Dion Gregory , April Michael D , Chung Kevin K , Convertino Victor A 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care and Capabilities Development and Integration Directorate cite airway burn injuries as an indication for prehospital cricothyrotomy. We sought to build on previously published data by describing for the first time the incidence of prehospital airway interventions in combat casualties who received airway management in the setting of inhalational injuries.15,26 We hypothesized that (1) airway interventions in combat casualties who suffered inhalational injury would have a higher mortality rate than those without airway intervention and (2) prehospital cricothyrotomy was used with greater incidence than endotracheal intubation.Materials and MethodsUsing a previously described Department of Defense Trauma Registry dataset from January 2007 to August 2016, unique casualties with documented inhalational injury were identified.ResultsOur predefined search codes captured 28,222 (72.8% of all encounters in the registry) of those subjects. A total of 347 (1.2%) casualties had a documented inhalational injury, 27 (7.8%) of those with at least 1 prehospital airway intervention inhalational injuries (0.09% of our dataset [n = 28,222]). Within the subset of patients with an inhalation injury, 23 underwent intubation, 2 underwent cricothyrotomy, 3 had placement of an airway adjunct not otherwise specifically listed, and 1 casualty had both a cricothyrotomy and intubation documented. No casualties had a supraglottic, nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal airway listed. Contrary to our hypotheses, of those with an airway intervention, 74.0% survived to hospital discharge. In multivariable regression models, when adjusting for confounders, there was no difference in survival to discharge in those with an airway intervention compared to those without.ConclusionsCasualties undergoing airway intervention for inhalation injuries had similar survival adjusting for injury severity, supporting its role when indicated. Without case-specific data on airway status and interventions, it is challenging to determine if the low rate of cricothyrotomy in this population was a result of rapid transport to a more advanced provider capable of performing intubation or cricothyrotomy may not be meeting the needs of the medics.
Orbital and physical parameters of eclipsing binaries from the ASAS catalogue – XI. CHIRON investigation of long-period binaries
Authors: Ratajczak M , Pawłaszek R K , Hełminiak K G , Konacki M , Sybilski P , Kozłowski S K , Litwicki M , Smith A M S , Mikołajczyk P , Anderson D R , Hellier C 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a spectroscopic campaign on eclipsing binaries with long orbital period (P = 20–75 d) carried out with the CHIRON spectrograph. Physical and orbital solutions for seven systems were derived from the V band, and I band ASAS, WASP, and TESS photometry, while radial velocities were calculated from high-quality optical spectra using a two-dimensional cross-correlation technique. The atmospheric parameters of the stars have been determined from the separated spectra. Most of our targets are composed of evolved stars (subgiants or red giants) but two systems show components in different phases of evolution and one possible merger. For four binaries, the masses and radii of the components were obtained with precision better than $3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. These objects provide very valuable information on stellar evolution.
Disappearance of the Fe K α emission line in ultracompact X-ray binaries 4U 1543−624 and Swift J1756.9−2508
Authors: Koliopanos Filippos , Vasilopoulos Georgios , Guillot Sebastien , Webb Natalie 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the long-term variability of the iron K α line in the spectra of two ultracompact X-ray sources (UCXBs) with C/O-rich donors. We revisit archival observations from five different X-ray telescopes, over an ∼20-yr period. Adopting physically motivated models for the spectral continuum, we probe the long-term evolution of the source emission in a self-consistent manner enabling physical interpretation of potential variability of the primary X-ray continuum emission and/or any emission lines from reflection off the accretion disc. We find that the spectral shape and flux of the source emission (for both objects) has remained almost constant throughout all the observations, displaying only minor variability in some spectral parameters and the source flux (largest variation is an ∼25 per cent drop in the flux of Swift J1756.9−2508). We note a striking variability of the Fe K α line that fluctuates from a notable equivalent width of ∼66–100 eV in 4U 1543−624 and ∼170 eV in Swift J1756.9−2508 , to non-detections with upper limits of 2–8 eV. We argue that the disappearance of the iron line is due to the screening of the Fe K α line by the overabundant oxygen in the C/O-rich UCXBs. This effect is cancelled when oxygen becomes fully ionized in the inner disc region, resulting in the variability of the Fe K α line in an otherwise unaltered spectral shape. This finding supports earlier predictions on the consequences of H-poor, C/O-rich accretion disc on reflection-induced fluorescent lines in the spectra of UCXBs.
A comparative study of satellite galaxies in Milky Way-like galaxies from HSC, DECaLS, and SDSS
Authors: Wang Wenting , Takada Masahiro , Li Xiangchong , Carlsten Scott G , Lan Ting-Wen , Shi Jingjing , Miyatake Hironao , More Surhud , Beaton Rachael L , Lupton Robert , Lin Yen-Ting , Qiu Tian , Luo Wentao 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We conduct a comprehensive and statistical study of the luminosity functions (LFs) for satellite galaxies, by counting photometric galaxies from HSC, DECaLS, and SDSS around isolated central galaxies (ICGs) and paired galaxies from the SDSS/DR7 spectroscopic sample. Results of different surveys show very good agreement. The satellite LFs can be measured down to MV ∼ −10, and for central primary galaxies as small as 8.5 &lt; log10M*/M⊙ &lt; 9.2 and 9.2 &lt; log10M*/M⊙ &lt; 9.9, which implies there are on average 3–8 satellites with MV &lt; −10 around LMC-mass ICGs. The bright end cutoff of satellite LFs and the satellite abundance are both sensitive to the magnitude gap between the primary and its companions, indicating galaxy systems with larger magnitude gaps are on average hosted by less massive dark matter haloes. By selecting primaries with stellar mass similar to our Milky Way (MW), we discovered that (i) the averaged satellite LFs of ICGs with different magnitude gaps to their companions and of galaxy pairs with different colour or colour combinations all show steeper slopes than the MW satellite LF; (ii) there are on average more satellites with −15 &lt; MV &lt; −10 than those in our MW; (iii) there are on average 1.5 to 2.5 satellites with MV &lt; −16 around ICGs, consistent with our MW; (iv) even after accounting for the large scatter predicted by numerical simulations, the MW satellite LF is uncommon at MV &gt; −12. Hence, the MW and its satellite system are statistically atypical of our sample of MW-mass systems. In consequence, our MW is not a good representative of other MW-mass galaxies. Strong cosmological implications based on only MW satellites await additional discoveries of fainter satellites in extra-galactic systems. Interestingly, the MW satellite LF is typical among other MW-mass systems within 40 Mpc in the local Universe, perhaps implying the Local Volume is an underdense region.
Prerequisites
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As we remarked in the preface, although this volume is a sequel to our earlier volume G.I.T. (Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems), it can be read independently by those readers familiar with at least one proof of Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem. In this chapter we give the notation, terminology and main results of G.I.T. that are needed for this volume. Readers familiar with G.I.T. can skip this chapter or perhaps glance through it briefly as a refresher. §0. Preliminaries. we assume the reader to be familiar with the basic notions of first-order logic—the logical connectives, quantifiers, terms, formulas, free and bound occurrences of variables, the notion of interpretations (or models), truth under an interpretation, logical validity (truth under all interpretations), provability (in some complete system of first-order logic with identity) and its equivalence to logical validity (Gödel’s completeness theorem). we let S be a system (theory) couched in the language of first-order logic with identity and with predicate and/or function symbols and with names for the natural numbers. A system S is usually presented by taking some standard axiomatization of first-order logic with identity and adding other axioms called the non-logical axioms of S.we associate with each natural number n an expression n̅ of S called the numeral designating n (or the name of n).we could, for example, take 0̅, 1̅, 2̅, . . . ,to be the expressions 0,0', 0",..., as we did in G.I.T. we have our individual variables arranged in some fixed infinite sequence v1, v2,..., vn , . . . . By F(v1, ..., vn) we mean any formula whose free variables are all among v1,... ,vn, and for any (natural) numbers k1,...,kn by F(к̅1 ,... к̅n), we mean the result of substituting the numerals к̅1 ,... к̅n, for all free occurrences of v1,... ,vn in F respectively.
Indexing
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For the remaining chapters, we will need two basic theorems in recursive function theory—the enumeration theorem of Kleene and Post and the iteration theorem of Kleene. §1. Indexing. we wish to arrange all r.e. sets in an infinite sequence ω0, ω1, . . . ,ωn , . . . (allowing repetitions) in such a way that the relation xÎ ωy is r.e. we shall take the system (Q) as our basic formalism for recursive function theory. we know that (Q) is axiomatizable and that the representable sets of (Q) are precisely the r.e. sets. we define ωi - as the set of all numbers n such that Ei[ n̅ ] is provable in (Q). Equivalently, wi- is the set of all n such that r(i,n) Î P, where r(i,n) is the Gödel number of Ei[ n̅ ] and P is the set of Gödel numbers of the provable formulas of (Q). Since r(x,y) is a recursive function and P is an r.e. set, then the relation r(x,y) Î P is r.e., and this is the relation y Î ωx. Also, every r.e. set A is represented in (Q) by some formula Ei(v1); hence A = ωi. Thus every r.e. set appears in our enumeration. we call i an index of an r.e. set A if A = ωi. we let U(x,y) be the relation x Î ωy , and we see that this relation is r.e. Indexing of r.e. Relations. For each n ³ 2, we also wish to arrange all r.e. relations of degree n an in infinite sequence . . . Ron,R1n , . . . , Rnn , . . . in such a manner that the relation Ryn(x1, . . . ,xn) is an r.e. relation among x1, . . . , xn and y. To this end, it will be convenient to use the indexing of r.e. sets that we already have and to use the recursive pairing function J(x,y) and its associated functions Jn(x1,. . . ,xn) (cf. §4, Chapter 1).
Uniform Gödelization
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We conclude this volume with some pretty applications of recursion and double recursion theorems and some variants of Shepherdson’s arguments. We obtain a substantial strengthening of Shepherdson’s theorem as well as some new results on uniform incompletability, which we now define. Given a consistent axiomatizable system S, we let Sn be that system whose axioms are those of S together with all formulas whose Godel number is in ωn. [We might refer to Sn as the nth extension of S.] We call S uniformly incompletable if there is a formula H(v1) such that for any n for which Sn is consistent, H(n̅) is an undecidable sentence of Sn. [In a sense, for each n for which Sn is consistent, H(n̅) can be thought of as asserting its oωn non-provability in Sn— or more accurately that it is not provable in Sn before it is refutable in Sn.] Marian Pour-El [1968] proved that every consistent axiomatizable extension of (R) is uniformly incompletable (a part of her argument is a variant of the proof of the Putnam-Smullyan theorem). We have been independently working on this problem along entirely different lines which reveal that such systems possess some interesting properties apparently stronger than uniform incompletability. It is to these stronger properties that we first turn. We shall say that S has the sentential recursion property if for every r.e. relation R(x,y) there is a number h such that x : R(x,h) is represented in S by a formula H(v1) whose Godel number is h. Using the weak recursion theorem, we will prove a result that implies that every consistent axiomatizable extension of (R) has the sentential recursion property.