bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlating the natural color of tropical fruit juice with its pH
Authors: Muhammad Zahir Siti A. D. , Yahaya Ommi K. M. , Omar Ahmad F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractColor analysis is a critical approach used to analyze the quality properties of fruits, particularly in tracing the ripening stage through the peel color of the fruits. In this study, the color features of natural and untreated tropical fruit juice images (ie, B10 Averrhoa carambola L. and Sala mango) were correlated with the pH of the juice samples. The CIELAB color characteristics of the fruits showed that the mango juice had darker features than the carambola juice. The cause may be due to the higher soluble solid content and denser yellow and red pigments in the mango juice. For carambola juice, multiple linear regression (MLR) performed on red‐blue (RB) components generated the best prediction of pH with the highest coefficient of determination and lowest root mean square of error. For mango juice, MLR performed on normalized red‐green‐blue (RGB) components generated the best prediction of pH.
Control of stepping downstairs for humanoid robot based on dynamic multi‐objective optimization
Authors: Ke Wende , Bai Yan , Li Huazhong , Chen Ke , Yuan Quande 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe dynamic multi‐objective optimization has important applications in many fields, especially for the multi‐issues about trading‐off problems. Herein the dynamic multi‐objective optimization problem is applied in the stepping downstairs motions of humanoid robot in which three sub‐optimization problems are proposed. First, the motion analysis of the robot's stepping downstairs motion is processed and the dynamic multi‐objective optimization algorithm is introduced as well. The optimization algorithm is changed by the mutation mode of the traditional genetic algorithm. Second, the motion analysis of the robot's stepping downstairs motion is carried out. Finally, the walking speed function, walking stability function, and electrode cost function are obtained. The effects were validated through simulating experiments.
Operando Isotopic Exchange in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Oxygen‐Transport Dependency on Applied Potential
Authors: Nau Alexandre , Comminges Clément , Bion Nicolas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe oxygen isotopic exchange technique is a powerful tool to investigate the oxygen transport kinetics in an oxide solid. In a solid oxide fuel cell, isotopic surface exchange and diffusion coefficients are classically determined by using the Isotopic Exchange Depth Profiling method followed by ex situ SIMS characterizations. Despite its relevance, the utilization of in situ or operando techniques to measure the isotopic exchange under an electrical bias remains marginal. We developed here a set‐up which enables operando monitoring of oxygen exchange in SOFC type cells under polarization. The system has been used for studying the oxygen mobility dependency upon polarization on a symmetrical Pt/YSZ/Pt cell (YSZ: yttria‐stabilized zirconia). Homomolecular and heterolytic exchange reactions were undertaken to investigate the oxygen activation step and discriminate the limiting step among the sequence of elementary steps which constitute the oxygen transport process in the SOFC system. Oxygen ions incorporation into the dense ionic conductor was identified to be the rate determining step, and its first order rate constant dependency on applied potential was established.
The Bouguer‐Beer‐Lambert Law: Shining Light on the Obscure
Authors: Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Pahlow Susanne , Popp Jürgen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Jürgen Popp at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena and the Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology. The image allegorizes the complex correlations in which the Bouguer‐Beer‐Lambert law is interleaved with Maxwell's equations and dispersion theory. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/cphc.202000464.
Screening for bacterial fruit blotch resistance in watermelon fruit
Authors: Daley James , Wehner Todd C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli is a serious threat to the watermelon industry. Currently, there are no commercial watermelon cultivars with resistance to BFB. In this 3‐yr study, we conducted a screening of 1,452 Citrullus spp. cultigens (PIs and cultivars) for resistance to BFB at the immature fruit stage. However, due to high levels of missing data, many cultigens require additional testing to confirm resistance. Fruit BFB symptoms presented initially as raised bumps, then progressed to blotching, cracking, and internal necrosis. Resistant cultigens rarely proceeded beyond raised bumps at the infection site. Fruit resistance is significantly affected by environmental conditions and has low heritability. Among a subset of cultigens selected for high resistance and susceptibility during the first 2 yr of screening and retested using increased replications, PI 494819 [C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai., Zambia], PI 596659 (C. amarus Schrad., South Africa), PI 596670 (C. amarus, South Africa), PI 490384 [C. mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa, Mali], and PI 596656 (C. amarus, South Africa) had average disease ratings of <1; significantly more resistance than the commercial check, Charleston Gray; low plant‐to‐plant variability within each PI; and infrequent incidence of advanced symptoms. These PIs are potential sources of fruit resistance for breeding programs as well as for research focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms and genetics.
Response to nematicide by cotton genotypes varying in reniform nematode resistance
Authors: Koebernick J. , Kaplan G. , Lawrence K. , Patel J. , Brown S. , Sikkens R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveria) is a parasite that reduces and limits cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields. At present, nematicides and crop rotations are the most effective management tool for producers. Our study investigated the use of six composite breeding lines that have quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for RN resistance and the interaction effect of a nematicide under high RN pressure. The study compared these genotypes in both a non‐RN field and a RN‐infected field under a Velum Total (active ingredients fluopyram and imidacloprid) treatment at Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center near Belle Mina, AL. In both years, the breeding lines outyielded commercial controls and the parental lines in RN infested field with and without Velum Total. Five out of the six breeding lines contained both chromosome 21 (Renbarb1 and Renbarb2) resistant QTLs, which reduced RN egg numbers (P < .05) and produced higher yields than the commercial checks. These lines can be considered moderately resistant to RN. The remaining line contained one QTL Renbarb1, produced good yield, and is considered tolerant, despite the fact that it had high RN egg numbers. However, adding a nematicide treatment did increase yields in all material tested. Therefore, further work at increasing resistance from other genetic sources is needed to completely eliminate nematicide use.
Association mapping identifies and confirms loci for soybean seed weight
Authors: Kaler Avjinder S. , Purcell Larry C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeed weight (SW) is a component of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and it is also an important determinant of quality for food products such as edamame, soy nuts, and tofu. A better understanding of the genetic basis of SW is important for cultivar development and for use in various food industries. The objective of this study was to identify and confirm the genomic regions, favorable alleles, and candidate genes associated with SW. Genome‐wide association mapping was conducted on 36 panels including a diverse panel of 373 accessions grown in three environments (one panel) and 35 panels obtained from the Germplasm Resources Information Network. Association mapping identified 66 significant single nucleotide polymophisms (SNPs) that probably tagged 47 putative loci associated with SW that had allelic effects ranging from –7.8 to 6.9 g per 100 seeds. Of these 47 loci, 42 significant loci–SW associations were confirmed with previously identified SW quantitative trait loci (QTLs). One SNP on Gm17 and another SNP on Gm19 were present in 16 and 8 panels, respectively. There were 121 candidate genes found within the same linkage disequilibrium blocks as the identified SNPs; 97 of these genes had biological functions associated with seed components including protein, fatty acids (oil), carbohydrates, seeds, embryos, water, and cotyledons. The entire USDA soybean germplasm collection was explored for the favorable alleles. Favorable alleles, accessions identified from the germplasm collection, and candidate genes may be important resources for breeding for SW in soybean.
Seedbank seeds for the study of environmentally induced transgenerational epigenetic variability: A case study of barley
Authors: Martinelli Tommaso , Gavazzi Floriana , Mascheretti Iride , Panzeri Dario , Börner Andreas , Lauria Massimiliano 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransgenerational epigenetics inheritance refers to the possibility to inherit epigenetic‐based information acquired from previous generations. The design of experiments that can measure this phenomenon presents complexities. These are related mainly to difficulties in the identification of epigenetic variation components that are independent from genetic variation, and to difficulties related to the time needed to expose genetically stable plants to different environments for several generations. In this study we propose an experimental approach that takes advantage of seed material routinely produced by seedbanks in order to circumvent the above‐mentioned issues. By taking advantage of this freely available seed material, it is possible to evaluate epigenetic differences induced by the environment experienced by previous generations and to evaluate both the extent and the impact of epigenetic variation in crops. Seeds of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, which were previously multiplied in six different seedbanks located worldwide, were grown in a common environment and the plants were evaluated at a genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic level. Our results indicate that barley accessions multiplied in different environments displayed a comparable level of epigenetic variation, which was, however, greater than the genetic variation. Cluster analysis of methylation differences, likewise DNA differences, split the two cultivars in two distinct groups evidencing a clear link between genetic and epigenetic variation. Nevertheless, the analysis of phenotypic traits and of the CCGG sites that are variable in both cultivars suggests that there might be a possible link between previous cultivation environment and induced epigenetic changes at specific DNA regions.
Implementation of sustainability management tools: The contribution of awareness, external pressures, and stakeholder consultation
Authors: Talbot David , Raineri Nicolas , Daou Alain 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this article, we propose a framework for a better understanding of the factors that can influence the implementation of sustainability management tools—that is, sustainable development policy and sustainability reporting—in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises. Using secondary data, we studied 431 micro‐ to mid‐sized Canadian enterprises and found that stakeholder consultation plays a central role in company implementation of sustainable management tools. This consultation reduces the perception of internal constraints, particularly regarding relevant knowledge‐gaps. This study also demonstrates the importance of the indirect impacts that external stakeholders exert on small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises and the growing need for management education and training about how to increase the adoption of sustainability management tools.
Molecular Functionalization of NiO Nanocatalyst for Enhanced Water Oxidation by Electronic Structure Engineering
Authors: Fan Lizhou , Zhang Biaobiao , Qiu Zhen , Dharanipragada N. V. R. Aditya , Timmer Brian J. J. , Zhang Fuguo , Sheng Xia , Liu Tianqi , Meng Qijun , Inge A. Ken , Edvinsson Tomas , Sun Licheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTuning the local environment of nanomaterial‐based catalysts has emerged as an effective approach to optimize their oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, yet the controlled electronic modulation around surface active sites remains a great challenge. Herein, directed electronic modulation of NiO nanoparticles was achieved by simple surface molecular modification with small organic molecules. By adjusting the electronic properties of modifying molecules, the local electronic structure was rationally tailored and a close electronic structure‐activity relationship was discovered: the increasing electron‐withdrawing modification readily decreased the electron density around surface Ni sites, accelerating the reaction kinetics and improving OER activity, and vice versa. Detailed investigation by operando Raman spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the electron‐withdrawing modification facilitates the charge‐transfer kinetics, stimulates the catalyst reconstruction, and promotes abundant high‐valent γ‐NiOOH reactive species generation. The NiO−C6F5 catalyst, with the optimized electronic environment, exhibited superior performance towards water oxidation. This work provides a well‐designed and effective approach for heterogeneous catalyst fabrication under the molecular level.
Sight unseen: Belowground feeding influences the distribution of an aboveground herbivore
Authors: Pereira Ramom Vasconcelos , Filgueiras Camila C. , Willett Denis S. , Peñaflor Maria Fernanda Gomes Villalba 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlants are under constant threat from insect herbivores that can consume all types of plant tissue, both aboveground and belowground. Because plants connect aboveground and belowground environments, they are uniquely positioned to mediate indirect herbivore interactions between the two ecosystems. The effects of this mediation may change over time with cascading consequences both aboveground and belowground. We used a system involving the larval belowground (BG) herbivoreDiabrotica speciosa(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), corn, and the aphid aboveground (AG) herbivoreRhopalosiphum maidisto answer three questions: (1) What effects does belowground herbivory byD. speciosahave on feeding preferences and distributions of the abovegroundR. maidis? (2) How do these preferences and distributions change over time? And (3) what are the longer term consequences forR. maidispopulations? Adult alate aphids initially preferred corn seedlings with root feeding byD. speciosa, but preference declined over time driven by aphids leaving corn seedlings with root herbivory. Similarly, observations of aphid performance and colony growth indicated negative effects of root herbivory in contrast to previous studies. These results suggest that shifts in plant‐mediated aboveground–belowground interactions can have important consequences for long‐term distributions of aboveground herbivores.
Dependence of spatial scale in landscape associations with cause‐specific predation of snowy plover nests
Authors: Ellis Kristen S. , Larsen Randy T. , Koons David N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding relationships between habitat and ecological processes often depends on the spatial scale at which the landscape is measured. A common objective in studies of avian nesting ecology is to link habitat characteristics with nest predation for generating potential conservation and management strategies aimed at increasing avian reproductive success. Yet scale dependence likely plays a considerable role in these assessments, particularly when multiple species of nest predators are present. We identified nest predators of snowy plovers, a ground‐nesting shorebird, and modeled predator‐specific hazard rates of nest mortality in relation to the landscape at multiple spatial scales (200 m, 500 m, 1 km, 2.5 km, and 5 km) and at the nest site. We used a Bayesian latent indicator approach for weighting the influence of habitat across spatial scales and to gain insight into the hierarchical nature of how specific predators responded to the landscape when preying upon plover nests. We did not identify a common spatial scale that best predicted nest predation by all predators, though our results indicated that unfragmented playa and marsh habitats at large spatial scales reduced nest predation by all nest predators. Land cover features including grass, shrubs, human development, and open water elicited variable responses depending on the predator group, and predator groups responded at different spatial scales. Further, the spatial configuration of nests (nest dispersion) influenced nest predation by common ravens Corvus corax and foxes (kit fox Vulpes macrotis and red fox Vulpes vulpes), suggesting that certain predators develop a search image for nests. Our results illustrate that clarifying complex relationships between nest predation and habitat characteristics requires the incorporation of predator identity and scale dependence. Thus, management and conservation plans aiming to increase avian productivity by altering or restoring habitats will likely benefit from consideration of predator‐specific patterns at multiple spatial scales.
Environmental conditions modulate compensatory effects of site dependence in a food‐caching passerine
Authors: Sutton Alex O. , Strickland Dan , Freeman Nikole E. , Norris D. Ryan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough density regulates the abundance of most wild animal populations by influencing vital rates, such as fecundity and survival, the mechanisms responsible for generating negative density dependence are unclear for many species. Site dependence occurs when there is preferential filling of high‐quality territories, which results in higher per capita vital rates at low densities because a larger proportion of occupied territories are of high quality. Using 41 yr of territory occupancy and demographic data, we investigated whether site dependence was a mechanism acting to influence fecundity and, by extension, regulate a population of Canada Jays in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. As predicted by site dependence, the proportion of occupied territories that were of high quality was negatively correlated with population density and periods of vacancy were shorter for high‐quality territories than for low‐quality territories. We also found evidence that per capita fecundity was positively related to the proportion of occupied territories that were of high quality, but only when environmental conditions, which influence the entire population, were otherwise poor for breeding. Our results suggest that site dependence likely plays a role in regulating this population but that environmental conditions can modulate the strength of density dependence.
A Universal Strategy For N‐Doped 2D Carbon Nanosheets With Sub‐Nanometer Micropore For High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Zhou Jiangqi , Jiang Li , Shu Chengyong , Kong Long , Ahmad Iqbal , Zhou Ya‐Nan , Tang Wei , Sun Xiaofei , Wu Yuping 
Published: September 2020

Preparing carbon nanosheets with precise control of open porous morphology via universal process and understanding the relationship between structure and capacitive performance are very urgent for achieving advanced supercapacitors. Herein, we propose a simple yet effective additive‐free method to transform a bulk layered potassium phthalimide salt to novel nitrogen‐doped two‐dimensional carbon sheets by self‐activation during calcination. The obtained samples showed large‐sized and flat structure with lateral size around 10 µm, uniform sub‐nanometer micropore size distribution of about 0.65 nm dimension, large specific surface area up to 2276.7 m2 g−1, and suitable nitrogen doping. Benefited from these merits, the optimized sample delivers a high specific capacitance of 345 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and retains 270 F g−1 even at 50 A g−1 in 6.0 M KOH electrolyte. Remarkably, the symmetric supercapacitor shows maximum energy densities of 16.43Wh kg−1 and 23.6 Wh kg−1 in 6.0 M KOH and 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolytes, respectively. Importantly, on account the universality and simplicity of this method, the undoped as‐prepared carbon sheet with uniform sub‐nanometer micropore distribution can be synthesized from different potassium‐containing salts with layered structure, which can be employed as a model for a deep understanding the effect of sub‐nanometer micropores on capacitive performances. We find the number of micropores centered at 0.65 nm can be applied as one indicator to clarify the correlation between capacitance and critical pore size below 1 nm.
The politics of norm domestication in private transnational business regulation: A typology and illustrations
Authors: Macdonald Kate 
Published: September 2020

AbstractScholars and practitioners of global private business regulation have often recognised the importance of political and institutional dynamics “on the ground,” in shaping the degree to which social and environmental regulatory norms are institutionalised or resisted at the local level. Local dynamics of norm contestation generate dilemmas for global regulators who aspire to be responsive to varied contexts in producing countries without “watering down” global regulatory agendas. Drawing on a range of empirical illustrations from Southeast Asia and Latin America, this paper develops a typology of domestication strategies currently being used by global private regulators and examines the effects of these strategies on supporting or undermining the overall values and purposes of global regulatory agendas. In the presence of pervasive local contestation surrounding global regulatory norms, norm domestication strategies are shown to offer important means of countering challenges to the power and legitimacy of global regulators. Nonetheless, the effects of such strategies remain highly contingent on path‐dependent contests between competing regulatory coalitions at both local and global levels.
A simplified PDMS microfluidic device with a built‐in suction actuator for rapid production of monodisperse water‐in‐oil droplets
Authors: Nakatani Masaya , Tanaka Yugo , Okayama Shotaro , Hashimoto Masahiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe previously established an automatic droplet‐creation technique that only required air evacuation of a PDMS microfluidic device prior to use. Although the rate of droplet production with this technique was originally slow (∼10 droplets per second), this was greatly improved (∼470 droplets per second) in our recent study by remodeling the original device configuration. This improvement was realized by the addition of a degassed PDMS layer with a large surface area‐to‐volume ratio that served as a powerful vacuum generator. However, the incorporation of the additional PDMS layer (which was separate from the microfluidic PDMS layer itself) into the device required reversible bonding of five different layers. In the current study, we aimed to simplify the device architecture by reducing the number of constituent layers for enhancing usability of this microfluidic droplet generator while retaining its rapid production rate. The new device consisted of three layers. This comprised a degassed PDMS slab with microfluidic channels on one surface and tens of thousands of vacuum‐generating micropillars on the other surface, which was simply sandwiched by PMMA layers. Despite its simplified configuration, this new device created monodisperse droplets at an even faster rate (>1000 droplets per second).