bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Fundamental Processes in the Internal Oxidation of Binary and Ternary Iron Based Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Rohwerder Michael , Borodin Sergiy , Vogel Alexandra , Vogel Dirk 
Published: February 2020

In different production steps steels are exposed to high temperature either in reducing condition (for e.g. N2-H2during recrystallization annealing) or in oxidizing environments (e.g. during hot rolling and cooling after hot rolling). These processes are accompanied by external and internal oxidation, which can affect further processing steps. For example, during cooling after hot rolling of high strength steels especially grain boundary oxidation can lead to significant problems during pickling and cold rolling. In this paper a fundamental investigation of grain boundary oxidation during annealing under model atmospheres simulating the oxygen partial pressure beneath the scale will be addressed, based on model alloys which are relevant to industrial steel grades. The focus will be on questions such as how the different alloying elements and the various annealing conditions influence the internal selective oxidation.
In order to develop a fundamental understanding, binary and ternary model alloys (for instance, Fe-Mn, Fe-Cr etc.) are considered. Significant focus will be given to the oxidation kinetics i.e., monitoring of the mass gain during isothermal oxidation using a thermo-gravimetric balance (TG). The partial pressure of oxygen during the experiments is kept just below the equilibrium pressure for FeO/Fe. As the mass changes during internal oxidation are very low, errors from buoyancy effects in a standard set-up are in the same range as the mass change to be investigated. Hence, a novel under-pressure TG set-up was developed and applied here. In this under-pressure TG the same gas composition of water vapor and hydrogen are used, but the inert carrier gas N2is omitted, significantly decreasing buoyancy effects. Thus the mass gain measurement is carried out with so far unequaled accuracy.
Furthermore, the role of elemental segregation to the grain boundaries on grain boundary oxidation was investigated. The results will be discussed also on the basis of earlier simulation work [1].
[1] M. Auinger, S. Borodin, S. Swaminathan and M. Rohwerder, Materials Science Forum 696 (2011) 76-81
Examination of the Electrochemical Compatibility of a Selection of Bimetallic Coins Using 3D-Skp and 3D-Svet
Authors: Searle Justin Royston , Glover Carol Frances , Khan Khalil , Williams Geraint , Worsley David A 
Published: February 2020

Coins as a means of exchange or barter have existed for over 2000 years. Early examples from the Bronze Age were stamped from crudely shaped discs of metal and this principle of manufacture has continued through to the present day. With the face value of modern coins usually being significantly higher than the material value and production cost, they can be prone to forgery, with a reported 3% of certain denominations in the UK being counterfeit1. In an effort to combat this and to add distinguishing features to the different denominations, an increasing number of coins around the world consist of two or more alloys. These are usually arranged as an inner and outer piece, to form two concentric rings. With two different alloys in electrical contact there exists the possibility for bimetallic corrosion to occur; hence it is important that the two alloys are potentiometrically matched. In this study, a selection of bimetallic coins has been examined via 3D-SKP and 3D-SVET. The SKP technique is used to examine the surface potential differences between the two alloys. The SKP scans have been performed using height scanning mode in order to compensate for the topographical features present and enable a sufficiently close scan distance to elucidate good potential measurements. Subsequently the coins have then been subjected to 3D SVET scans while immersed in an electrolyte, in order to assess if the potential differences identified during the SKP assessment result in measureable galvanic corrosion.
The SKP was able to determine a Volta potential difference of between 50 – 100mV for the paired alloys. When investigated via the SVET, this relatively small potential difference was sufficient to generate measureable galvanic corrosion currents when immersed in weak electrolyte and scanned using the 3D-SVET. The anodic and cathodic sites detected via the SVET corresponded to the relative Volta potentials as detected with the SKP.

Osbourne, G. (2014),
Chancellor George Osborne's Budget 2014 speech
, Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chancellor-george-osbornes-budget-2014-speech [20 March 2014].
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal- and Non-Metal-Doped Titania Nanotubes for Solar Hydrogen Generation and Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Karimi Shahram 
Published: February 2020

Functional nanostructured TiO2 materials with unique electrical, chemical and catalytic properties are being increasingly used in many applications, including lithium-ion batteries, gas sensors, hydrogen generation, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. A number of different pathways and processes have been developed and reported to synthesize titania nanotubes (TNTs), nanorodes, and nanospheres. The most common methods include sol-gel, hydrothermal treatment, electrophoretic deposition and electrochemical anodization. The latter technique has been utilized by many researchers to fabricate highly ordered titania nanotubes and, subsequently, doped with both metals and non-metals. The last step—inclusion of metals and non-metals into the TNT matrix—is critical for solar hydrogen generation since pure titaina is insufficient under visible light due to its wide band gap, which is around 3.2 eV. Furthermore, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide suffer from lower surface area and electrical conductivity compared with carbon-based materials for use in direct methanol fuel cells. Accordingly, they are often combined with carbon-based materials and/or transition metals to form oxide-carbon hybrid structures.
Highly ordered titania nanotubes (Figure 1) were fabricated employing a simple electrochemical anodization technique in a conventional two-electrode cell with titanium foil and graphite as working and counter electrodes, respectively. Metals, including nickel and platinum, were electrodeposited on TNT or TNT-C materials using a pulsed current electrodeposition technique [1]. All samples were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. Structural examination of the samples confirmed the presence of rutile and anatase nanocrystalline TNTs after annealing at different temperatures and durations. The presence of nanoparticles, including platinum and nickel, were also confirmed.
For methanol electrooxidation, the activity and durability of the hybrid catalyst layers were determined in a solution containing one molar sulfuric acid and one molar methanol. The hybrid catalyst layer showed a better performance towards methanol oxidation compared with state-of-the-art carbon-supported platinum layers. For solar hydrogen generation, the efficiency of the photoanodes was found to increase as the amount of dopant increased to 3.0%. Further increase in dopant, however, resulted in a decrease in efficiency, possibly due to a higher rate of electron-hole recombination.
Reference
1. S. Karimi & F.R. Foulkes, Electrochemistry Communications
19 (2012) 17-20
Fabrication of a Complete Photovoltaic CIGS Device by Electrodeposition
Authors: Saeed Mahfouz Ali , Landau Uziel 
Published: February 2020

Copper Indium Gallium Selenium (CIGS) films are attractive for photovoltaic applications due to their high optical absorption coefficient. Generation of CIGS films by electrodeposition is particularly appealing due to the relatively low capital cost and the relatively high throughput1-3. Numerous publications address the electrodeposition of CIGS; however, to our knowledge, none reports the fabrication of a complete CIGS photovoltaic cell using electrochemical techniques.
In this work we introduce electrochemical processes that enable the fabrication of complete CIGS and CIGSS functional photovoltaic devices, based entirely on electroplating. The electrodeposition of the CIGS or CIGSS absorber layers is based on an electrolyte that is far more dilute than systems that had been traditionally used, and which yields much improved CIGS and CIGSS films4,5. In addition to the absorber layer, electrochemical processes for the electrodeposition of the cadmium sulfide (50 nm), and the pure zinc oxide (100 nm) layer are described. Also the electrodeposition of doped zinc oxide (0.5 µ) (window layer) is discussed. The substrate has been stainless steel coated with electrodeposited metal barrier (Ni, Cr, or Cu), enabling continuous strip plating. An intermediate molybdenum layer, providing improved interface to the absorber layer, increased the efficiency. The final device structure is shown in figure 1.
Complete electrodeposited devices were generated and tested exhibiting efficiencies ranging from 2 to 6% with quantum efficiency exceeding 0.6 as shown in figure 2. A comprehensive electrochemical process such as described here, will enable the fabrication of the entire device through a fast wet chemical process, providing effective manufacturing integration and scaling.
The Development of a Chemistry and Process for Cu Damascene Plating – from Research to Development to Manufacturing
Authors: Huang Qiang , Ahmed Shafaat , Kitayaporn Sathana , Avekians Alex , Kelly James , Sahin Asli , Liu Jun , Sun Ying , Cheng Tien , Baker-O'Neal Brett 
Published: February 2020

Electroplated Cu lines has been successfully used in the back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) interconnects in the IC industry for more than a decade.[1,2] As the technology continues to advance and the dimension continues to scale, advanced Cu plating chemistry is always in demand to meet the defectivity, electrical yield and reliability requirements.
A typical three-component chemistry consists of a suppressor, an accelerator and a leveler. Among them, the suppressor and accelerator are generally thought to enable the super conformal filling.[3-7] While the presence of the leveler is believed to have little impact on the super filling, it mitigates the surface topography as a result of the so-called momentum plating.[8-10] In addition, the leveler also provides a way to control the impurity in the plated Cu as well as the cosmetic defects on the Cu surface.[10-12]

In this talk, we will showcase how a new plating chemistry was developed, commercialized and implemented for semiconductor manufacturing. The full cycle of research, development and manufacturing implementation and their correlations will be presented.

REFERENCES

1 P. Andricacos et al., IBM Journal of Research and Development 42 (5), 567 (1998).

2 D. Edelstein et al., Proceedings of International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM, (1997).

3 T. P. Moffat et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, 4524 (2000).

4 T. P. Moffat et al., Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 4, C26 (2001).

5 A. C. West, S. Mayer, and J. Reid, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 4, C50 (2001).

6 T. Moffat et al., IBM Journal of Research and Development 49 (1), 19 (2005).

7 R. Akolkar and U. Landau, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, C702 (2004).

8 S. Kim, D. Josell, and T. Moffat, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, C826 (2006).

9 T. P. Moffat et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, C127 (2006).

10 J. D. Reid et al., Proceedings of 205th ECS Meeting - International Symposium on Electrochemical Processing in ULSI and MEMS, San Antonio, TX, (2005).

11 J. Sukamto and J. Reid, Proceedings of 205th ECS Meeting - International Symposium on Electrochemical Processing in ULSI and MEMS, San Antonio, TX, (2005).

12 J. D. Reid and J. Zhou, Proceedings of 209th ECS Meeting - International Symposium on Electrochemical Processing in ULSI and MEMS 2, Denver, CO, (2007).
Electrochemical Synthesis of High Strength Nanotwin Copper Films
Authors: Wang Geon , Seo Sungho , Jin Sanghyun , Yoo Bongyoung 
Published: February 2020

Copper is the common materials for the semiconductor and battery industry. Especially, electrodeposited copper is the most widely used for its excellent electrical, physical properties and low cost. Recently, high strength copper thin film with also high conductivity is urgently required. Generally, according to the Hall-Petch relation, the grain size decrease causes tensile strength of copper. However, electrical conductivity was significantly decreased by this strengthening method as electron scattering can be caused by grain boundary.
In this study, electrochemical deposition of copper by pulse and pulse reverse current with extremely high peak current density was investigated. Various experiments were carried out to control the microstructure and achieve the high mechanical and electrical property. Pulse reverse current is applied to anodic current instead of off time in the pulse current. This process accelerates stress relaxation of copper film, we expect that reduce the deposition time compared with pulse current and direct current (dc) deposition.
Besides current adjustment, there are two classification of organic additives, are in suppressor which inhibit the copper reduction reaction, such as Polyethylene glycol (PEG), another is accelerator which oppositely increase copper reduction reaction, such as bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS).
Moreover, we investigated organic additive behavior in pulse and pulse reverse current electrodeposition copper films, the relation between organic additives and nano scale twin structure. As a results, tensile strength of copper film by pulse current is significantly higher than dc deposited copper film (Figure 1) and electrical conductivity is similar to dc deposited copper film (~1.9μΩ·cm). Enhanced tensile strength of copper thin film is related with microstructure. Especially, twin structure in the grain is strongly associated with tensile strength of copper films. As shown in the figure 2, high density of twin boundary structure is observed
Switching Behaviors of Co/Pt Nanodots and Its Dynamics under the Assistance of Rf Field
Authors: Okamoto Satoshi , Kikuchi Nobuaki , Furuta Masaki , Kitakami Osamu , Shimatsu Takehito 
Published: February 2020

Microwave assisted switching (MAS) of magnetization has been expected as a key technology for future ultra-high density magnetic recording [1,2]. In this switching mode, large amplitude precessional motion of magnetization excited by applying an rf field with GHz frequency range promotes the magnetization switching even in a much smaller field than the coercivity. We have systematically studied the MAS effect on perpendicular magnetic Co/Pt multilayer nanodots [3-5]. From our elaborated experiments, it is found that the non-uniform magnetization precession such as spin wave significantly enhances the MAS effect.
The Co/Pt dots with diameter ranging from 50 nm to 330 nm were lithographically fabricated on a cross-shaped Pt electrode for anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurement. The rf field was generated from a Cu strip line with 2 μm in width fabricated just above the dot with insertion of an insulating layer. Fig. 1(a) shows the switching field H
sw of a single Co/Pt dot of 120 nm in diameter as a function of rf frequency f
rf for various rf field amplitude h
rf. For h
rf = 450 Oe, the H
sw significantly decreases from 5.5 kOe to 2.1 kOe with increasing the f
rf until the critical frequency. In the range above the critical frequency, the H
sw steeply increases and coincides with the value obtained in the absence of rf field. It should be addressed that this significant reduction of switching field is much more profound than the theoretical prediction based on the single macrospin model. To elucidate the switching mechanism, dot size dependent switching behaviors are studied as shown in Fig. 1(b). H
sw gradually decreases with increase in the dot diameter. In this figure, simulation results based on two different models, that is, single macrospin and finite cell models, are also plotted. It is very interesting that H
sw for larger and smaller dots agree with the finite cell and single macrospin simulation results, respectively. The finite cell simulation reveals that the this largely enhanced MAS effect for larger dot is resulted from the excitation of non-uniform magnetization precession. This size dependent switching behaviors are well explained by the spin wave dispersion theory for a magnetic disk.
This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Sciencetiﬁc Research from MEXT, the Management Expense s Grants for National Universities Corporations from MEXT, Strategic Promotion of Innovative Research and Development from JST, and the Storage Research Consortium in Japan.
[1] C. Thirion et al., Nature Mater. 2, 524 (2003), [2] S. Okamoto et al., APL 93, 102506 (2008), [3] S. Okamoto et al., APEX 5, 093005 (2012), [4] S. Okamoto et al., PRL 109, 237209 (2012), [5] M. Furuta et al., APEX 6 (2013) 053006.
Magnetohydrodynamic Effects in Electrodeposition Reactions
Authors: Bund Andreas , Ispas Adriana , Mutschke Gerd 
Published: February 2020

This paper will discuss the effect of magnetic fields in electrodeposition reactions. The best studied effect is the magnetohydrodynamic effect which is due to the Lorentz force. In general Lorentz forces are generated in the electrolyte where the cross product of current density and magnetic flux density is different from zero. At places where the curl of this force density does not vanish a flow is driven. This in turn causes an increased mass transport and thus higher deposition rates in an electroplating cell. Of course the magnetically driven flow will always interact with other types of convective flows in the cell, e.g. the natural convection.
By tailoring the magnetic field (e.g. via its gradient) the uniformity of electroplated layers can be enhanced [1]. Also the structure of deposits (e.g. in the case of nickel fine-grained vs. coarse-grained) can be affected by the magnetic field [2]. Corresponding examples from the author's labs will be discussed in this paper.
In this contribution we will also show that numerical simulation is a powerful tool if one wants to harvest the full potential of magnetic flow control in electrochemical reactions.
References
[1] S. Mühlenhoff, G. Mutschke, M. Uhlemann, X. Yang, S. Odenbach, J. Fröhlich, K. Eckert. Electrochem. Commun. 36 (2013) 80.
[2] A. Ispas, H. Matsushima, A. Bund, B. Bozzini. J. Electroanal. Chem. 626 (2009) 174.
Influence of EDTA on the Electrochemical Removal of Mercury (II) in Soil
Authors: Robles Irma , Bustos Erika , Serrano Tania 
Published: February 2020

The electrokinetic treatment (EKT) is based on the generation of an electric field from the imposition of a direct current or potential using electrodes (anode and cathode), which are placed in pit excavated soil. For the EKT is required moistened with an electrolyte to improve the driving electric field. The EKT has shown ability to remove organic compounds, but more efficiently for metals such as Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, Mn, Zn, and As with removal efficiencies close to 100 % when pollution is caused by a single metal. In field applications, the results are variable, depending on the type of soil, the type of pollutant and technological use. Studies have been conducted on the recovery of metals with sequestering agents, EDTA being the most efficient by the synthesis of strong complexes with metals like mercury in major proportion close to the anode by the negative charge of EDTA2-, which was moved by electric field to positive anode rounding the mercury ion: Hg2+.
Polarization curves were done in order to determine energy requirement, the highest removal of mercury in soil and clay was applying 1 V (close to 60 % removal). EKT was carried out at different time of treatment: 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 13 h, using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M EDTA quantifying mercury removal, pH, and conductivity. Results indicated that the highest mercury removal efficiency was obtained in bentonite with 66 % in a period of 13 h using HCl (cathode efficiency); while 70 % was removed in 9 h in the presence of EDTA (anode efficiency). On the other hand, the higher efficiency for soil in the presence of EDTA was 70.7% with pH 4 and 11.3 mS cm-1 close to the anode by the Hg2+-EDTA2- synthesized complex, and only 29.3 % was removed in the presence of HCl with constant pH 4 and a conductivity of 11 mS cm-1 by the absent of some complex.
Electrochemical Degradation of Azo Dyes using Graphene/Fto As Cathode and Platinum/Ti As Anode
Authors: Baltazar Juan CARLOS , Carreño Gilberto , Fuentes Rosalba , HernÁndez Venus AMANDA , Ortiz Josefina , Rivera Fernando Felipe 
Published: February 2020

One of the most water polluting impact on the environment are dyes produced in various industries, mainly textile. An estimated 10-15% of the dyes used in these industries are thrown in the waste water. Chemicals containing dyes (including azo) are related to the presence of toxic compounds with chromophores groups of high molecular weight which to accumulate in lakes and rivers causing decrease in the brightness of the water and consequently induce the decrease of photosynthetic activity and decrease in available oxygen content in the water. In this work the electrochemical degradation of organic azo dye (Disperse Blue 3) will be presented. The degradation is carried out using the technique of chronoamperometry, calculating the anodic and cathodic potential of the system using calomel reference electrode. Phosphate buffer solution (1M) at pH 7.4 will be used as a supporting electrolyte. Graphene oxide supported on tin oxide dopped with fluor (FTO) will be use as cathode active electrode and platinum on titanium as anode active electrode. All systems of electro degradation will be built inside the 1cm x 1cm x 5cm quartz cell of the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and measurements will be taken insitu during the process of electrochemical degradation. The cathode and anode are in separate cells joined by a salt bridge. Experiments are performed by applying an anodic potential before and after the production of oxygen at the anode, employing a power supply after the porduction of oxygen.
The authors are grateful to CONACYT and CONCYTEG for the economic support via the projects FOMIX GTO-2012-C04-195057
REFERENCES
1. - A Comparative study on oxidation of disperses dyes by electrochemical process, ozone, hypochlorite and fenton reagent by Lidia Szpyrkowicz.
2. - A comparative study of platinised titanium and niobe/synthetic diamond as anodes in the electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater by Anastasios Sakalis. Chemical Engineering Journal - CHEM ENG J 01/2006; 119(2):127-133. DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2006.02.009
3.- Bechtold T. Cathodic decolourisation of textil waste water containing reactive dyes using a multicathode elctrolyser. Journal of chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 76 pp 303-311, 2001.
4.- Evaluation of a novel electrochemical pilot plat process for azodyes removal from textile wastewater, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 111, Issue 1, 1 July 2005, Pages 63-70.