bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do tribal children experience elevated risk of poor nutritional status in India? A multilevel analysis
Authors: Adhikari Tulsi , Yadav Jeetendra , Tripathi Niharika , Tolani Himanshu , Kaur Harpreet , Rao M. Vishnu Vardhana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEconomic progress in India over the past three decades has not been accompanied by a commensurate improvement in the nutritional status of children, and a disproportionate burden of undernutrition is still focused on socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in the poorest regions. This study examined the nutritional status of children under 3 years of age using data from the fourth round of Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. Child undernutrition was assessed in a sample of 126,431 under-3 children using the anthropometric indices of stunting, underweight and wasting (‘anthropometric failure’) across 640 districts, 5489 primary sampling units and 35 states/UTs of India. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the regional pattern of childhood undernutrition. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to examine the adjusted effect of social group (tribal vs non-tribal) and economic, demographic and contextual factors on the risks of stunting, underweight and wasting accounting for the hierarchical nature of the data. Interaction effects were estimated to model the joint effects of socioeconomic position (household wealth, maternal education, urban/rural residence and geographical region) and social group (tribal vs non-tribal) with the likelihood of anthropometric failure among children. The burden of childhood undernutrition was found to vary starkly across social, economic, demographic and contextual factors. Interaction effects demonstrated that tribal children from economically poorer households, with less-educated mothers, residing in rural areas and living in the Central region of India had elevated odds of anthropometric deprivation than other tribal children. The one-size-fits-all approach to tackling undernutrition in tribal children may not be efficient and could be counterproductive.
The role of transoral fine needle aspiration in expediting diagnosis and reducing risk in head and neck cancer patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 era: a single-institution experience
Authors: Touska P , Oikonomou G , Ngu R , Chandra A , Malhotra A , Fry A , Oakley R , Arora A , Jeannon J-P , Simo R 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated rapid alterations to diagnostic pathways for head and neck cancer patients that aim to reduce risk to patients (exposure to the hospital environment) and staff (aerosol-generating procedures). Transoral fine needle aspiration cytology offers a low-risk means of rapidly diagnosing patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal lesions. The technique was utilised in selected patients at our institution during the pandemic. The outcomes are considered in this study.MethodDiagnostic outcomes were retrospectively evaluated for a series of patients undergoing transoral fine needle aspiration cytology of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsFive patients underwent transoral fine needle aspiration cytology, yielding lesional material in 100 per cent, with cell blocks providing additional information. In one case, excision biopsy of a lymphoproliferative lesion was required for final diagnosis.ConclusionTransoral fine needle aspiration cytology can provide rapid diagnosis in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions. Whilst limitations exist (including tolerability and lesion location), the technique offers significant advantages pertinent to the COVID-19 era, and could be employed in the future to obviate diagnostic surgery in selected patients.
Patriots in the Court of Pandæmonium: People, Paradox, and the Making of American Zealots
Authors: Eber-Schmid Noah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolitical theorists often interrogate the constitution of “the people” as a formal theoretical problem. They have paid less attention, however, to how this problem confronts actors directly engaged in political crises, not as a problem of formal theory, but as an urgent problem of practice. Between 1771 and 1783, prominent Bostonians delivered passionate orations to memorialize the Boston Massacre on the annual observance of “Massacre Day.” Rather than focusing abstractly on the people as a formal problem, I turn to this neglected political holiday, examining it through the lenses of affect, performance, and narrative, to demonstrate how orators confronted the pressing problem of making a people. Using public rituals and speech to promote an identity that united powerful emotions with political principles, orators negotiated the paradoxical nature of the people by constructing a model of subjectivity, the patriotic zealot, that intensified political differences and motivated extreme political action.
Indexing political identity in the Catalonianprocés: A sociophonetic approach
Authors: Blas-Arroyo José Luis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article demonstrates the potential for phonological variables to be a resource for the expression of ideology and identity in historical circumstances such as those experienced recently in the Catalonianprocés. Based on a corpus consisting of communicative events from sixteen leading Catalan politicians, four Spanish linguistic variants are analyzed. Apart from a handful of structural predictors, the mixed-effects logistic regression analysis shows the robustness of (only) two extralinguistic factor groups: the social origin and the identification of the politicians as Catalan nationalist (mainly pro-independence) or not nationalist. As regards the latter, the most significant of all predictors, the analysis shows how nationalist politicians always favor the sounds mainly associated with vernacular pronunciation in eastern Catalan speech communities ([-ɫ] and [-t]), but at the same time also favor other sounds associated with more canonical and pan-Hispanic prestige variants ([-ð] and [-ð-]). These apparently contradictory results can be explained if the social meaning of all variants is considered around the same indexical field, that of authenticity. In this sense, nationalists seem to ‘appropriate’ the Spanish language by tingeing its expressive habits with uses closer to their language. (Phonological variation, nationalism, ideology, languages in contact, Spanish, Catalan)*
HOW DOES MODE OF INPUT AFFECT THE INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS?
Authors: Webb Stuart , Chang Anna C.-S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere has been little research investigating how mode of input affects incidental vocabulary learning, and no study examining how it affects the learning of multiword items. The aim of this study was to investigate incidental learning of L2 collocations in three different modes: reading, listening, and reading while listening. One hundred thirty-eight second-year college students learning EFL in Taiwan were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (reading, listening, reading while listening) and a no treatment control group. The experimental groups encountered 17 target collocations in the same graded reader. Learning was measured using two tests that involved matching the component words and recalling their meanings. The results indicated that the reading while listening condition was most effective while the reading and listening conditions contributed to similarly sized gains. The findings suggest that listening may play a more important role in learning collocations than single-word items.
Impact of Cloud Microphysics Schemes on Tropical Cyclone Forecast Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Park Jinyoung , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Min Kyu , Moon Jihong , Hahm Sook‐Jung , Noh Kyoungjo , Chan Johnny C. L. , Bell Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn high‐resolution numerical modeling, cloud microphysics schemes can affect the forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs) by controlling the phase changes of water. The simulated TC characteristics such as motion, intensity, and structure can change depending on the number of hydrometeors used in these schemes. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of real‐time track and intensity forecasts of TCs to cloud microphysics schemes using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. For the sensitivity test, we selected WRF‐single‐moment‐microphysics Class 3 (WSM3) and Class 6 (WSM6) schemes as simple and sophisticated schemes, respectively. A total of 20 forecasts for 10 TCs were conducted. For TCs moving westward in the subtropics, track forecasts were similar in the different sensitivity tests, although the WSM6 scheme considerably reduced the TC intensity errors. However, for TCs moving to the midlatitudes, the WSM6 scheme improved both track and intensity prediction compared to the WSM3 scheme. Particularly, track errors were prominently reduced by the WSM6 scheme, which realistically captured westward shifted track during the rapid intensification process. This can be attributed to the improved simulations of TC intensity, size, and associated β effect by WSM6 scheme. In contrast, the WSM3 scheme underestimated the above characteristics due to low latent heat release compared to the WSM6 scheme. Consequently, TC track moving northwestward was unreasonably shifted eastward. This indicates that a sophisticated cloud microphysics scheme is necessary to improve the track and intensity forecasts for TCs moving to the midlatitudes.
Medium‐Range Forecasting of Solar Wind: A Case Study of Building Regression Model With Space Weather Forecast Testbed (SWFT)
Authors: Wang Chunming , Rosen I. Gary , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Meng Xing , Mannucci Anthony J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Space Weather Forecast Testbed (SWFT) is developed by a team of space weather scientists and mathematicians at the University of Southern California (USC) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to foster the creation of models for space weather forecast by exploration of existing historic data using techniques of machine learning. As an example to demonstrate the potential power of SWFT, we present in this paper a multilinear regression‐based forecast model for solar wind. Solar wind is one of the key drivers for numerous physics‐based models for space weather including thermosphere and ionosphere models. Many attempts have been made to produce forecasts for the solar wind. SWFT provides a unified framework for forecast model formulation, training, and performance assessment. In particular, the preparation of training and validation data by SWFT takes into account the realistic constraints on data latency and forecast lead time. In developing a solar wind forecast model, SWFT allows fast exploration of many metaparameters such as the list of predictive variables and their time history used in constructing a model. We present the impact of metaparameter selection, as well as performance relative to existing solar wind forecast models.
A One‐Dimensional Model for Turbulent Mixing in the Benthic Biolayer of Stream and Coastal Sediments
Authors: Grant Stanley B. , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Ghisalberti Marco , Guymer Ian , Boano Fulvio , Roche Kevin , Harvey Judson 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we develop and validate a rigorous modeling framework, based on Duhamel's Theorem, for the unsteady one‐dimensional vertical transport of a solute across a flat sediment‐water interface (SWI) and through the benthic biolayer of a turbulent stream. The modeling framework is novel in capturing the two‐way coupling between evolving solute concentrations above and below the SWI and in allowing for a depth‐varying diffusivity. Three diffusivity profiles within the sediment (constant, exponentially decaying, and a hybrid model) are evaluated against an extensive set of previously published laboratory measurements of turbulent mass transfer across the SWI. The exponential diffusivity profile best represents experimental observations and its reference diffusivity scales with the permeability Reynolds number, a dimensionless measure of turbulence at the SWI. The depth over which turbulence‐enhanced diffusivity decays is of the order of centimeters and comparable to the thickness of the benthic biolayer. Thus, turbulent mixing across the SWI may serve as a universal transport mechanism, supplying the nutrient and energy fluxes needed to sustain microbial growth, and nutrient processing, in the benthic biolayer of stream and coastal sediments.
Assessing the Potential for Mobilization of Old Soil Carbon After Permafrost Thaw: A Synthesis of 14C Measurements From the Northern Permafrost Region
Authors: Estop‐Aragonés Cristian , Olefeldt David , Abbott Benjamin W. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Czimczik Claudia I. , Dean Joshua F. , Egan Jocelyn E. , Gandois Laure , Garnett Mark H. , Hartley Iain P. , Hoyt Alison , Lupascu Massimo , Natali Susan M. , O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Raymond Peter A. , Tanentzap Andrew J. , Tank Suzanne E. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Turetsky Merritt , Anthony Katey Walter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe magnitude of future emissions of greenhouse gases from the northern permafrost region depends crucially on the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) that has accumulated over millennia in these perennially frozen soils. Many recent studies have used radiocarbon (14C) to quantify the release of this “old” SOC as CO2 or CH4 to the atmosphere or as dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) to surface waters. We compiled ~1,900 14C measurements from 51 sites in the northern permafrost region to assess the vulnerability of thawing SOC in tundra, forest, peatland, lake, and river ecosystems. We found that growing season soil 14C‐CO2 emissions generally had a modern (post‐1950s) signature, but that well‐drained, oxic soils had increased CO2 emissions derived from older sources following recent thaw. The age of CO2 and CH4 emitted from lakes depended primarily on the age and quantity of SOC in sediments and on the mode of emission, and indicated substantial losses of previously frozen SOC from actively expanding thermokarst lakes. Increased fluvial export of aged DOC and POC occurred from sites where permafrost thaw caused soil thermal erosion. There was limited evidence supporting release of previously frozen SOC as CO2, CH4, and DOC from thawing peatlands with anoxic soils. This synthesis thus suggests widespread but not universal release of permafrost SOC following thaw. We show that different definitions of “old” sources among studies hamper the comparison of vulnerability of permafrost SOC across ecosystems and disturbances. We also highlight opportunities for future 14C studies in the permafrost region.
Seasonal Dependence of the Magnetospheric Drag Torque on Saturn's Northern and Southern Polar Thermospheres and its Relation to the Periods of Planetary Period Oscillations
Authors: Cowley S. W. H. , Achilleos N. , Bradley T. J. , Provan G. , Bunce E. J. , Hunt G. J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe calculate the magnetospheric drag torques on Saturn's northern and southern polar thermospheres during late southern summer in 2008 and northern spring in 2012–2013 using previously derived profiles of ionospheric meridional coupling currents determined from high‐latitude Cassini magnetic field data. We show that the drag torques in the “winter” and “summer” auroral regions are near equal at ~2.3 × 1016 N m, contrary to the recent discussion of Brooks et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2019JA026870) who suggest that significant seasonal differences should occur in these regions. Instead, seasonally dependent torques occur in the adjacent polar open field regions, where the “winter” and “summer” torques are ~0.3 × 1016 and ~1.8 × 1016 N m, respectively. We derive a simple rotating disc model of the polar thermosphere and estimate the speed of the poleward flow from midlatitudes required to balance these torques in steady state, finding values of tens of m s−1 consistent with previous numerical modeling. Comparison of the calculated torques with concurrent periods of the northern and southern planetary period oscillations (PPOs) does not suggest a direct connection between these quantities as proposed by Brooks et al., 2019, showing at the least that significant additional factors must be involved. We further note some issues with their scenario for dual modulation of radio emissions, previous observations having shown that the principal oscillatory PPO field‐aligned currents that modulate the emissions rotate in the auroral region with periods ~10.7 ± 0.1 hr, propagating through the more slowly rotating ~15–20 hr period outer magnetospheric plasma, with implications for the proposed “atmospheric flywheel” picture.
Constraining Late Quaternary Crustal Shortening in the Eastern Qilian Shan From Deformed River Terraces
Authors: Zhong Yuezhi , Xiong Jianguo , Li Youli , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Peizhen , Lu Honghua , Liu Qingri , Lei Jinghao , Chen Gan , Gong Zheng , Hu Xiu , Zhang Huiping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Qilian Shan, located in the northeastern Tibet, is under strong tectonic activity and earthquake motion due to the propagation of the plateau. At the mountain front of the eastern Qilian Shan, the Tongziba River, in the southern Zhangye Basin, flows northward and successively cuts the Minle‐Damaying Fault and the Yonggu Anticline, two parallel structures within the Frontal Thrust system of the Qilian Shan. Here we present a detailed record of seven strath terraces of this river that documents the history of active deformation of the two structures. Based on the estimated crustal shortening distance from the deformed terraces and the terrace formation age constrained by AMS14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, a horizontal slip rate of 1.4 ± 0.5 mm/year of the Minle‐Damaying Fault is constrained since 16.7 ± 1.8 kyr, and a shortening rate of 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/year across the Yonggu Anticline has been estimated in a similar time frame, respectively. In total, the shortening rate across the mountain front is estimated to be 2.7 ± 0.6 mm/year. GPS data show a similar modern shortening rate in this area, which indicates the rate of crustal shortening may be comparable in the modern and 104‐year scales. Our study supports a higher crustal shortening rate along the mountain front of the eastern Qilian Shan than that of the western Qilian Shan since the Late Quaternary.
Physical Properties of Summer Sea Ice in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic During 2008–2018
Authors: Wang Q. , Lu P. , Leppäranta M. , Cheng B. , Zhang G. , Li Z. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSea ice physical properties were determined at 21 first‐year ice (FYI) and 20 multiyear ice (MYI) stations in the Pacific sector of the Arctic during summer in 2008–2018. The bulk ice temperature was between −2.7 and −0.3 °C for FYI and between −1.7 and −0.2 °C for MYI. The bulk salinity was 0.4–3.2 practical salinity unit (psu) for FYI and 0.4–2.4 psu for MYI. A low‐salinity layer and an almost fresh layer were always present at the top of FYI and MYI, respectively. The bulk density was 600.3–900.1 kg/m3 for FYI and 686.1–903.3 kg/m3 for MYI. The upper layer density was less than the lower layer density due to higher gas content. Salinity and density were less than previously reported values of summer sea ice, and their parameterization formulae were updated. The brine and gas volume fractions were determined based on the measured ice temperature, salinity, and density. The average bulk brine and gas volume fractions were 11.3 ± 6.2% and 14.9 ± 7.9% for FYI and 9.5 ± 11.0% and 13.5 ± 12.7% for MYI. Typical brine and gas volume fraction profiles were identified and parameterized using regression analysis. The large brine and gas content of sea ice affects the sea ice melting. The energy used to melt a unit volume of summer Arctic sea ice was estimated as (2.26 ± 0.29) × 105 kJ for FYI and (2.36 ± 0.24) × 105 kJ for MYI. This study shows that the current physical state of the Arctic summer sea ice is different from earlier sea ice climatology, and the results will guide further research and modeling of Arctic sea ice.
Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Winter Particulate Pollution in Lanzhou, Northwest China
Authors: Du Tao , Wang Min , Guan Xu , Zhang Min , Zeng Huiyu , Chang Yi , Zhang Lei , Tian Pengfei , Shi Jinsen , Tang Chenguang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou, which used to be one of the most polluted cities across the world, remain unclear even though air pollution in Lanzhou has been improved in recent decades. Multiple online data during 2019–2020 winter was used to analyze the characteristics and reveal the formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou. Organic matter, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium accounted for 35.8%, 16.6%, 12.7%, and 10.8%, respectively, of PM2.5 mass. The contribution of secondary inorganic aerosols decreased from low to high particulate levels. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations consistently increased with increasing PM2.5 while sulfate concentrations firstly increased but remained stagnant under high particulate conditions. The sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios exhibited relatively low values of 0.18 ± 0.12 and 0.11 ± 0.05, respectively. Nitrogen oxidation ratio showed little dependence on relative humidity because of limited aqueous phase generation of nitrate. The increasing nitrate to sulfate ratio and decreasing organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations indicate relative decreasing contribution of coal burning and increasing contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions on particulate pollution. The rapid decreasing trend of secondary organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations was attributed to a combination of the relatively decreasing photochemical generations and increasing accumulation of primary emissions by the weakened atmospheric diffusion ability. Our results suggest that controlling primary carbonaceous species and vehicle exhaust emissions is the most effective measure in order to sustainably mitigate particulate pollution in Lanzhou in the future.
Evaluation of CME Arrival Prediction Using Ensemble Modeling Based on Heliospheric Imaging Observations
Authors: Amerstorfer Tanja , Hinterreiter Jürgen , Reiss Martin A. , Möstl Christian , Davies Jackie A. , Bailey Rachel L. , Weiss Andreas J. , Dumbović Mateja , Bauer Maike , Amerstorfer Ute V. , Harrison Richard A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this study, we evaluate a coronal mass ejection (CME) arrival prediction tool that utilizes the wide‐angle observations made by STEREO's heliospheric imagers (HI). The unsurpassable advantage of these imagers is the possibility to observe the evolution and propagation of a CME from close to the Sun out to 1 AU and beyond. We believe that by exploiting this capability, instead of relying on coronagraph observations only, it is possible to improve today's CME arrival time predictions. The ELlipse Evolution model based on HI observations (ELEvoHI) assumes that the CME frontal shape within the ecliptic plane is an ellipse and allows the CME to adjust to the ambient solar wind speed; that is, it is drag based. ELEvoHI is used to perform ensemble simulations by varying the CME frontal shape within given boundary conditions that are consistent with the observations made by HI. In this work, we evaluate different setups of the model by performing hindcasts for 15 well‐defined isolated CMEs that occurred when STEREO was near L4/5, between the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2011. In this way, we find a mean absolute error of between 6.2 ± 7.9 and 9.9 ± 13 hr depending on the model setup used. ELEvoHI is specified for using data from future space weather missions carrying HIs located at L5 or L1. It can also be used with near‐real‐time STEREO‐A HI beacon data to provide CME arrival predictions during the next ∼7 years when STEREO‐A is observing the Sun‐Earth space.