bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Spectrum of Dental Emergencies Under the Influence of SARS-COV-2
Authors: Wu Kan , Li Chunjie , Yang Zheng , Yang Shangchun , Yang Wenbin , Hua Chengge 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
BackgroundTo master the distribution and changing characteristics of dental diseases is of great significance for the dental emergency center in order to strengthen the treatment abilities of medical staff and the effective use of emergency resources in the face of public health emergencies of highly infectious respiratory diseases.MethodsThe medical records of 4260 cases of dental emergency patients from December 2019 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, with patients being divided into the pre- Corona Virus Disease 2019 (SARS-COV-2) group and the during SARS-COV-2 group according to the date of their admittance to the dental emergency department. The patient demographics, occurrence of dental emergencies and treatment approaches were compared before and during the pandemic.ResultsDuring the pandemic period, the number of dental emergency visits increased by 25.56% compared with those before the pandemic. From the view of demographic, the proportion of patients aged 0 –17 years decreased by 10.6%, while the proportion of patients aged 46 – 65 years increased by 6.9%. The emergency patient amount reduced during the week and increased at the weekend, the distribution of the peak time of patient visits was 13:00 – 18:00, and the emergency patient amount at night decreased obviously compared with that before the outbreak of the epidemic.A major change is acute pulpitis/root periarthritis ratio increased by 9.2%, fell 17.9%, before the outbreak on dental and maxillofacial trauma stitch, the residual roots and residual crowns and other non-emergency diseases increased by 3.2%. Among the treatment methods, dental local drug irrigation, dental local hemostasis, and local treatment of pericoronitis were the main treatment approaches, accounting for 63.1% of the total cases. The use of local anesthesia decreased and the use of painkillers increased during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic.ConclusionSARS-COV-2 led to changes in the spectrum of dental emergency cases. The dental emergency department should optimize the treatment procedures, optimize the staffing and reasonably allocate materials according to the changes, to improve the on-site treatment capacity and provide adequate dental emergency care.
Mapping and Territorial Risk Analysis of Hospital Admissions due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children (Brazil)
Authors: Pina Juliana Coelho , Alves Luana Seles , Furtado Maria Cândida de Carvalho , Arcêncio Ricardo Arcêncio , Gondim Ellen Cristina , de Mello Débora Falleiros 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The concentration of child morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia in developing countries reflects the social inequities, which lead to greater exposure to risk factors and make access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease more difficult. This study aimed to map and assess the territorial risk for hospitalization due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in children under 5 years of age.
Methods
Ecological study, carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of hospitalized children under the age of five, diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia, in Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo-Brazil, from 2012 to 2013. Data were collected in different databases, by a trained team, between March 2012 and August 2013 and from the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The 956 urban census tracts were considered as the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics were performed for the sociodemographic characteristics, with the calculation of measures of absolute frequency and proportions for the categorical variables, using the Statistica software (12.0). The incidence of cases per 10,000 inhabitants was calculated by census tracts during the study period. For the identification of the spatial risk clusters, the Kernel density estimator and the Getis-Ord Gi* technique were measured from the Radius of the distance of 7,589 km, with p < .01, found using the Incremental Spatial Autocorrelation tool.
Results
The study included 265 children under the age of five, hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia. A concentration of cases was identified in the regions with greater social vulnerability (low income, poor housing conditions and homelessness), as well as a lower occurrence of cases in the most developed and economically privileged area of the city. The majority of the children lived in territories served by traditional primary healthcare units, in which the health surveillance and family and community focus are limited.
Conclusions
The results contribute to the comprehension of the social factors involved in child hospitalization due to pneumonia, based on the analysis of the spatial distribution, and address the interface with individual and institutional factors.
Early or delayed sigmoid resection in complicated diverticular disease? A single center experience
Authors: Tschann Peter , Lechner Daniel , Feurstein Benedikt , Adler Stephanie , Girotti Paolo , Fleischmann Isabella , Hufschmidt Martin , Königsrainer Ingmar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background:Diverticular disease appears to be one of the most common conditions in the western world. The standard approach in treatment of diverticular disease is a laparoscopic resection, usually after an inflammation free time of 4 to 6 weeks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the timing of operation.Methods:61 patients underwent left-sided colonic resection because of diverticular disease between January 2017 and February 2020. 37 patients were treated because of complicated diverticulitis (CDD stage 2a or 2b) either early within 7 days after first symptoms (group A: n = 17) or delayed about 6 weeks after the first contact and conservative therapy (group B: n = 20).Results:Overall mortality was 0%. The average operation time was shorter in the early elective group (Group A: 140,4 min vs. Group B: 151,2 min (p = 0,29). The hospital stay (group A: 9,9 d vs. group B: 16,9 d) and the postoperative stay (group A: 4,8 d vs. group B: 8,1 d) was significantly longer in group B (p = 0,01). We observed – although not reliable due to low number of patients - more postoperative complications in the delayed group (group A: 5,9% vs. group B: 15,0%) (p = 0,61).Conclusion:The data in this study confirm the early operation as safe and efficient due to lower costs. We can recommend an early approach in selected cases with the first episode of a complicated diverticulitis.
A Crisis within a Crisis: COVID-19 Knowledge and Awareness among the Syrian Population—A National Survey Assessment
Authors: Mohsen Fatema , Bakkar Batoul , Armashi Humam , Aldaher Nizar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that emerged from a wet market in Wuhan China and quickly exploded into a global pandemic. This coronavirus has overwhelmed public health systems worldwide, and forced governments to impose draconian lockdowns of entire populations. With no vaccine or treatment to date, it is of paramount importance to assess the public’s awareness about COVID-19 so that knowledge gaps among the population can be targeted with prevention-focused educational campaigns. The aim of this study is to examine the Syrian public’s awareness and knowledge regarding COVID-19. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional study was distributed randomly in March 2020, nearly 10 year into the Syrian war crisis. The survey consists of a series of questions about socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of the causative agent, incubation period, treatment, transmission pathways, clinical features, and prevention methods. Data was analysed using the statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0.Results: Of the 3586 participants, 68.2% were females, 50.8% were unemployed, and 79.2% were at college-educated. The study revealed good awareness regarding COVID-19 (mean 75.6%, SD±9.4%). Multiple linear regression analysis correlated knowledge scores with gender, education level, occupation, economic status, and the number of household members.Conclusion: This study revealed some potentially troubling knowledge gaps which underscore the need for a vigorous public education campaign. This campaign must reinforce the public's awareness, knowledge, and vigilance towards precautionary measures against COVID-19 and, most importantly aid in controlling the worldwide spread of the disease.
Impacts and lessons learned from the local production of WHO-Recommended Alcohol-Based Hand Rub during Covid-19 Pandemic in Uganda.
Authors: Fred Tusabe , Otita Morgan , Kesande Maureen , Fred Twinomugisha 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19. The WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend using an alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) as one of the measures to combat the spread of COVID-19. Objective To assess the impacts and lessons learned from the local production of WHO-recommended alcohol-based hand rub during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda. Method Space for local production was identified at a health facility in Central Uganda that was air-conditioned and well ventilated. Volunteers were trained on the local production of ABHR. The volunteers were trained theoretically and practically for Four days; and each was able to produce at least a batch of ABHR. Logistical support for supplying the raw materials needed for production was from the Infectious Diseases Institute. There were also already established ABHR production units and trained staff on local production of ABHR in 2019 in the Kabarole and Kasese districts, respectively in Western Uganda. These districts were threatened by several outbreaks, including Ebola virus disease, and were monitored for ABHR production during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Result Two production units were set up during the Ebola outbreak, in awake of COVID-19, a production unit in Kasese, was able to produce 3020 litres, and the Kabarole unit produced 2020 litres respectively. A new production unit was set up at Kasangati HCIV in central Uganda and eight laboratory technologists trained on Local Production of ABHR, and within Eleven days they were able to produce 2300ltrs. Conclusion The initiative to produce WHO-recommended hand rub locally during an outbreak is feasible, especially in a resource-limited country like Uganda. There is a need to rapidly scale-up the production capacity of ABHR and to ensure and maintain quality assurance at each production unit.
Synthesis of a novel green carbon dots as a bioimaging agent and a drug delivery system for enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy
Authors: Tejwan Neeraj , Kundu Mousumi , Sharma Anirudh , Das Joydeep , Sil Parames C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background

Now-a-days, synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from renewable sources has attracted considerable attention due to their wide spread availability, lower cost, higher aqueous solubility and more biocompatibility. Here, we have synthesized water soluble CDs from the root extract of red Korean ginseng via simple microwave irradiation. The CDs were further loaded with a natural flavonoid, rutin, to check its efficacy as a drug delivery system.
Result

The CDs showed a size distribution between 1–4 nm and excitation-dependent fluorescence emission, and could be used as a bio-imaging agent.The CDs showed a drug loading content of 14% and a sustained drug release behavior at physiological conditions. CDs showed excellent free radical scavenging activity both in cell free systems and intra-cellular conditions. Besides, loading with the drug further improved the intra-cellular radical scavenging activity. The CDs and the nanohybrids also showed very little toxicity upto the concentration of 100 µg/mL in normal kidney epithelial cells. The CDs and the nanohybrids also showed a dose-dependent antibacterial effect against both gram negative as well as gram positive bacteria.
Conclusion

Our synthesized green CDs can be considered as a promising candidate for the biomedical applications due to its facile synthesis, low cytotoxicity, excellent fluorescent properties and potential as drug delivery systems.
Discovery of Vanoxerine Dihydrochloride as a CDK2/4/6 Triple-Inhibitor for the Treatment of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Ying , Shi Xi-Nan , Xia Zhong-Kun , Li Hong-Jian , Su Rong , Ke Kun-Bin , Dong Chao , Zhou Feng-Mei , Wang Lin , Chen Rong , Wu Shi-Guo , Zhao Hui , Gu Peng , Leung Kwong-Sak , Wong Man-Hon , Lu Gang , Zhang Jian-Ying , Jiang Bing-Hua , Qiu Jian-Ge , Lin Marie Chia-mi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6 (CDK2/4/6) play critical roles in cell cycle progression, and their deregulations are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Here we combined computational and experimental approaches to discover a CDK2/4/6 triple-inhibitor from FDA approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of HCC.Results Based on molecular docking results, vanoxerine dihydrochloride was found to exhibit strongest cytotoxic effect on human HCC QGY7703 and Huh7 cells (IC50: 3.79 µM for QGY7703and 4.04 µM for Huh7 cells). Vanoxerine dihydrochloride treatment caused G1arrest, induced apoptosis, and reduced the expressions of CDK2/4/6, cyclin D/E, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), as well as the phosphorylation of CDK2/4/6 and Rb in QGY7703 and Huh7 cells. In addition, combined vanoxerine dihydrochloride and 5-Fu produced synergistic cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells. Finally, in vivo studies in preclinical animal model of BALB/C mice subcutaneously xenografted with Huh7 cells, we showed that injection of vanoxerine dihydrochloride (40 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant antitumor activity (p < 0.05), comparable to that achieved by 5-Fu (10 mg/kg, i.p.), with the combination treatment resulted in strongest effect.Conclusions The present study is the first to identify a CDK2/4/6 triple inhibitor vanoxerine dihydrochloride, and demonstrate that it represents a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment alone or in combination with 5-Fu.
Combination Therapy of CDK4/CDK6 Inhibitor Palbociclib and Irradiation in non-Malign and Malign Cells
Authors: Jost Tina , Hecht Markus , Kapfer Paula , Heinzerling Lucie , Fietkau Rainer , Distel Luitpold 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: The CDK 4/6 kinase inhibitor palbociclib is approved for first line treatment of metastatic breast cancer in combination with hormonal therapy and investigated within clinical trials for melanoma. In metastatic disease frequently palliative radiation treatment is necessary. Due to recent findings of radiosensitizing effects of palbociclib in HNSCC and HCC, a possible influence of palbociclib on radiosensitivity was studied in malign and non-malign cells. Methods: Different tumor cells and primary fibroblasts were treated with palbociclib and ionizing radiation (IR) in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Clonogenic assays were performed to study the sensitizing effect of palbociclib on irradiation induced cytotoxicity. Apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied with scratch assays. Results: The effect of irradiation on skin cancer cells could be slightly decreased by palbociclib in four out of eight cells comparing 2 Gy vs. 2 Gy + 1 µmol/L in the 2D cell culture model. The 3D cell culture model detected differences in cell death more sensitive than the 2D model. Necrosis was increased in primary fibroblasts (0.2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR; p = 0.0041), whereas apoptosis was decreased in skin cancer cells ICNI (0.2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR with p = 0.0005 // 2 µmol/L + IR vs. IR with p = 0.0072). Overall palbociclib attenuated radiation induced cell death in skin and breast cancer cells. In malign cells combination therapy seems to rise senescence in clonogenic assays, whereas healthy controls showed more cell death. Palbociclib did not influence cell cycle distribution in the fibroblasts but led to an accumulation of the tumor cells in G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Additionally, palbociclib decreased migration behavior of the malign and non-malign cells, but without influence on e-cadherin expression during inhibitor treatment.Conclusions: Palbociclib increases the radiosensitivity of primary fibroblasts. In cancer cells palbociclib seems to be radioprotective. This effect in cancer cells is probably based on the accumulation of cells in the less radiosensitive G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Further studies are needed to assess whether a combined therapy of palbociclib and radiation is appropriate.
Safety risk assessment model based on comprehensive weight - set pair analysis theory for heritage buildings adjacent to metro construction
Authors: Wang Qian , Yang Changming , Tian Lin , Lu Jiguang , Wu Fengwen , An Jianyong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With the rapid development of urban rail transit systems, the safety of nearby heritage buildings and historic sites is threatened. To better protect these heritage buildings and sites, it is crucial to be able to rapidly and accurately evaluate these threats, especially when a rail project has a potential impact upon numerous heritage buildings and sites in an old city. Based on set pair analysis (SPA) theory, this paper presents a risk assessment model to assess the safety of heritage buildings adjacent to metro construction. First, the risk level of adjacent heritage buildings is graded. Second, this study establishes an assessment index system comprising 16 single indexes among four categories related to heritage building, metro, soil, and management, and determines the threshold for the level of corresponding risk for each evaluation factor. To improve the reliability of the index weighting, a linear weighting method is adopted, which comprehensively considers subjective weights calculated by the analytic hierarchy process and objective weights calculated by the clustering weight method. Finally, the proposed SPA model is verified by using it to assess the structural safety risk of a heritage building adjacent to the Zhengzhou Metro Line Three. By extracting the field measured data at different survey points on the metro line, the risk levels of the heritage building in the shield tunneling process are evaluated, and the results verify the feasibility of the SPA model. The proposed SPA method can provide decision-making support for controlling risk on similar projects.
Assessing the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers and Targeting the Observed Resilience of Malaria in Northwestern and Southern Tanzania: A Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study
Authors: Chiduo Mercy G , Mandara Celine I. , Rumisha Susan F. , Chaky Frank , Francis Filbert T. , Mmbando Bruno P. , Seth Misago D. , Challe Daniel P. , Ndekuka Leah , Massawe Isolide S. , Liheluka Edwin , Makunde Williams H. , Mhina Athanas D. , Baraka Vito , Segeja Method D. , Derua Yahya A. , Batengana Berndard M. , Hayuma Paul M. , Nkya Gineson , Madebe Rashid A. , Malimi Masunga C. , Mandike Renata , Mkude Sigsbert , Molteni Fabrizio , Njau Ritha , Mohamed Ally , Ishengoma Deus S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Despite high coverage and successes in malaria control strategies, some areas of Tanzania have indicated stagnantion or revesal of malaria burden. In malaria research, most studies are designed to assess drivers of malaria transmission focusing only on one dimension, single location while very few studies assess multiple components and their interactions. This article describes the protocol used to assess intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of persistent malaria transmission (hotsposts) in four regions from northwestern (Geita and Kigoma) and southern (Ruvuma and Mtwara) Tanzania.Results: Preliminary results show that 6,297 HHs and 28,361 individuals with median age of 16yrs (IQR= 7-35yrs) were registered from the 16 villages. Over 49% of individuals used bed-nets in the previous night before the survey and 43.9% of HHs had bed-nets covering two members per household. For parasitological survey, 25.8% of registered individuals (n=7,313) were selected from 2,527 HHs (40.1%) and invited for assessment and sampling. The positivity rate (PR) by mRDTs was 33.3% (range = 21.9% to 41.1%); while by microscopy, the PR was 20.6% and varied from 8.0% to 29.0%. Socio-anthropology interviews were conducted with a total of 1,687 heads/representatives of HHs. For qualitative surveys 32 Focus group discussion (two from each village) and 16 key informant interviews (two per district) were conducted. Thirty-one health facilities were visited for health system survey; 19.4% (n=6) were hospitals; 41.9% (n=13) health centres and 38.7% (n=12) dispensaries. For entomological survey, 8,891 adult mosquitoes were collected, whereby Anopheles gambiae complex, An. funestus group and other mosquitoes accounted for 12.0%, 49.7% and 38.3%, respectively.Conclusion: An analysis plan using data from the five components surveyed has been proposed and results from this study are expected to determine factors potentially responsible for persistence of malaria (hotspots) in the study areas. Rather than the traditional methodology of focusing on one metric, the approach will triangulate observations from all five components, highlighting understanding of potential drivers while studying their complex interactions and map spatial heterogeneity. This study will provide an important framework and data which will guide future studies and malaria surveillance in Tanzania and other malaria endemic countries.
Impact of career choice motivation on academic burnout in senior dental students
Authors: Mohebbi Simin Z. , Gholami Mahdia , Chegini Mostafa , Ghoreyshi Younes , Gorter Ronald C. , Bahramian Hoda 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Motivation is the basis of many activities including learning, and lack of career motivation can lead to decreased efficiency. This study assessed the association between academic burnout and career choice motivation in senior dental students.
Methods
This cross-sectional study evaluated senior dental students of all four dental schools in Tehran, in 2017. Dental students voluntarily filled-out a 33-question questionnaire with three parts. The first part of the questionnaire included the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-SS) with 12 questions regarding academic burnout. The second part included 8 questions regarding career choice motivations and the third part included 13 questions regarding demographics. The individual scores of each domain and the total score were reported. The factor analysis of 8 questions regarding dental career choice motivation yielded 3 factors of social status and security, altruism, and others’ advice motivations. Data were analyzed using the regression test.
Results
Totally, 131 students filled out the questionnaire (response rate = 86%). The total score of academic burnout was 38.89% ± 1.13%. The highest and the lowest burnout scores belonged to domains of “overload” (46.69%± 1.46%) and “neglect” (31.98%± 1.32%), respectively. The most and the least frequent motivations of students for choosing dentistry were high income and failing to enter other fields, respectively. The burnout score was higher in students with altruism motivations (P = 0.007) and lower in students with others’ advice motivations (P = 0.004). The burnout score was higher in students with inadequate or moderate financial support from the family and lower in students whose mothers’ educational level was equal or lower than high-school diploma.
Conclusion
Senior dental students in Tehran were involved with different levels of academic burnout. Low financial support and altruism as study motivations in career choice were associated with higher level of academic burnout.