bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Form through Sound
Authors: Schmidt Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Felix Mendelssohn’s pioneering role in exploring instrumental colours and textures has never been in doubt. As much as that of any nineteenth-century composer, his ‘sound’ is unmistakable across all genres, whether piano, chamber, or orchestral. Yet texture and timbre have always been the poor sisters in the theory and practice of musical analysis, and little work has been undertaken in this field. This chapter offers the first systematic attempt to examine how Mendelssohn achieves his ‘sound’—how he manages, on the same material basis and using the same ensemble types as his contemporaries, to create something that sounds so unmistakably his own. In a second step, the chapter demonstrates how the composer, rather than deploying devices of texture and Klangfarbe as localized programmatic devices, uses them to articulate or indeed generate instrumental form.
Earliest Traces
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The earliest known document of Tallis’s music is the single voice part that survives from an otherwise lost manuscript collection of early-sixteenth-century devotional music. It contains only one work by Tallis (the large votive antiphon Salve intemerata) and many works by other composers, almost all of them older. Some of this music goes back to the generation that produced the Eton Choirbook at the turn of the sixteenth century. It gives us a rare chance to see where Tallis’s musical style came from. This chapter is a detailed exploration of Salve intemerata and the manuscript where it makes its earliest appearance. Topics include early Tudor voice types, musical rhetoric, and the tradition of large polyphonic works Tallis knew during his first years as a composer.
The Uruk Phenomenon
Authors: Selz Gebhard J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The city of Uruk in southern Iraq was the main force for urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (ca. 3800–3300 bc), which takes its name from this “first city.” This chapter discusses this formative period for the social, political, and cultural history of Mesopotamia and beyond, as well as the ensuing transitional period (Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period; ca. 3300–3000 bc). The focus lies on the key elements of Uruk culture and its spread across Western Asia, including Syria, Anatolia, and Iran; the invention of cuneiform writing; and aspects of social, religious, and political organization of this emergent state. Contextualized in climatic, demographic, and geographic observations, the chapter evaluates key cultural features, stressing the role of population growth intertwined with technological, agricultural, and administrative improvements. These cultural features’ dissemination along trade routes to the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran is linked to the establishment of strongholds that secured the exchange of goods, with the south of Mesopotamia serving as the commercial hub. While the available sources—both textual and iconographic—provide no unequivocal evidence for the alleged monocratic governance of Uruk-period society, the identifiable political structures were strongly intertwined with religious functions, indicating great societal complexity. The alleged collapse of the Uruk culture was predominantly the breakdown of the Uruk (trade) network. Culturally, however, many features of the Uruk phenomenon provided the founding charter for Mesopotamian social structures in subsequent periods.
The Kingdom of Akkad
Authors: Schrakamp Ingo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the foundations and inner structure of the kingdom of Akkad. Based mainly on royal inscriptions and archival records, it argues that this state constitutes a decisive phase in Mesopotamian history and discusses a series of political, ideological, socioeconomic, and administrative transformations that it brought about: the implementation of the concept of the territorial state, borne by an autocratic and conquering kingship with absolute claim to power; an administrative centralization directed toward the capital; the introduction of Akkadian as an official language of administration; and the spread of private landownership, concentrated in the hands of the king and administered through large agricultural estates established throughout the state through purchase and confiscation. These transformations were implemented by means of the standing army, whose upkeep was supported by the agricultural land in the hands of the king. Allocations of royally owned land to other parties established a far-flung network of patronage, which included not only members of the royal family, court, administration, and army but also members of the local elites, thus strengthening the king’s power base. The chapter also discusses how the transformations brought about by the kingdom of Akkad were ambiguously reflected in later tradition, which also made this state a model to be emulated by later rulers.
Developmental Aspects of Political Violence
Authors: Punamäki Raija-Leena 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents developmental and attachment theory approaches to understanding the impacts of political violence on children and families. It argues that each developmental period provides unique resources and vulnerabilities. The chapter focuses particularly on infancy and adolescence. Both are periods in human life when the most intensive socioemotional, neurocognitive, and psychophysiological reorganizations take place. The chapter suggests an attachment theory approach as a way of increasing the understanding of fetal and infant well-being, dyadic interaction, and parenting in conditions of war and political violence. Research based on attachment theory also guides our understanding of adolescents’ socioemotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to political violence and trauma. The chapter discusses the developmental and attachment theoretical implications for interventions with victims of violence and trauma-affected infants, adolescents, and their families.
Children Born of War in Northern Uganda
Authors: Denov Myriam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Among the many fallouts arising from systematic wartime rape is the reality of children conceived from sexual violence. The scope of this population remains largely unknown, and research into how children born of wartime sexual violence and their mothers fare within their societies is only recently emerging. To date, little is known about the specific psychosocial consequences for these children. Drawing on the voices of the children themselves, this chapter traces the realities and perspectives of 60 children born in Lord’s Resistance Army captivity in northern Uganda. Born of war, these children are deeply affected by the social upheaval that brought about their conception. Privileging children’s voices, the chapter highlights their lives in the post-war context. Findings reveal the profound stigma and marginalization that these children endure, alongside struggles with issues of identity, belonging, and their perceived needs. The chapter also reveals participants’ use of resistance to counter negative perceptions of them by their families and communities.
Children, Not Soldiers
Authors: Capone Francesca 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recruiting children under the age of 15 years and using them to actively participate in hostilities is forbidden under international law and amounts to an international crime. Nonetheless, parties continue to enlist and conscript children, putting their lives in danger by exploiting them, very often not only for military purposes. After outlining the legal foundations of the prohibition on recruiting and using children, this chapter aims at providing an overview of the tools and strategies, including the UN architecture on children and armed conflict, designed and implemented to thwart the phenomenon of child soldiering. The chapter offers some critical reflections on the necessity to implement effective child-friendly post-conflict and peace-building efforts, in particular disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration processes. In fact, those efforts are still predominantly concerned with adult male fighters and, in most instances, they are unable to adequately address the specific needs of children formerly associated with armed forces or armed non-state actors, including groups labeled as terrorist.
Good Karma
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues against the common tropes that bemoan the commodification of spirituality as the loss of an authentic, pure religious expression or spiritual consumers as the passive victims of manipulation, deception, and coercion, as cultural dupes living in a permanent state of false consciousness. It suggests such critiques depend on the ahistorical assumption that there is an original, static tradition to be preserved, one that preexisted the profanation of religion through commodification, and consequently they produce nostalgic representations, mirroring the essentialisms of consumers themselves. Alternatively, this chapter provides an analysis of spiritual consumers, not as duped, but as choosing spiritual commodities because they privilege the culturally dominant neoliberal capitalist values and ideologies they already embrace.
Self Love Club
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The ascent of spiritual industries is no doubt in part about some women’s pursuit of empowerment; yet they are also a site of rampant sexual violence. This chapter looks at attempts to diagnose the problem, which range from blaming the “guru model” to blaming the conservative sexist and heterosexist ideals certain teachers and gurus represent. This chapter complicates these diagnoses, taking the position that attention to different and conflicting narratives of sexual violence sheds light on larger systemic issues, particularly by illuminating the following: a globally pervasive neoliberal logic whereby control over one’s body is valued, but is defined as an individual achievement; policing of deviant bodies or bodies that resist the wellness ideal; and capitalist strategies of commodification that contain dissent against neoliberal individualism through gestural subversions. Together, these brew an industry that neither challenges dominant heteropatriarchal ideologies nor holds industry leaders accountable for sexual violence.
An Inside Job
Authors: Jain Andrea R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To conclude, the author poses the question of how adherents might put spirituality to work to organize the world in ways that counter neoliberal capitalism, asking whether spirituality can resist the neoliberal capitalist demand to achieve perfection through correct production and consumption. The chapter attends to prison yoga and meditation as a way of exploring the question of whether a form of spiritual militancy could attempt to go beyond simply self-describing as “alternative” or “spiritual” and gesturing toward resistance, to facilitating actual structural change. In other words, the chapter poses the question of whether these forms of rehabilitation serve as a counter to or a part of the rise of invocations of spirituality as gestural subversions, concluding that they, like their commodified counterparts, offer defanged subversions of the neoliberal order.
Ethics and Efficacy
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter schematizes two broad interpretive approaches to Spinoza’s political philosophy, both of which agree that Spinoza’s concept of power as potentia combines efficacy and ethical direction. Supposedly, the distinctive contribution of Spinoza’s political philosophy is the idea of a concrete potentia of the popular multitude that constitutes a normatively appealing limit on sovereign power, a limit that juridical projections of potestas ignore at their peril. Radicals conceive popular power as a prepolitical possession of a virtuous multitude that tends to disrupt oppressive forms of politics; ‘constitutionalists’ claim that only political orders taking a good democratic form can endure. But against the sunny romanticism of these interpretations’ conceptions of popular power, the chapter poses three Hobbesian problems: the problem of the multitude’s inner oligarchy; the problem of nonideal endurance; and the problem of democracy’s perverse effects.
Constitutional Crisis
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Dysfunctional politics in the United States and Donald Trump’s presidency have caused many people to worry that the country is in the middle of a constitutional crisis. That is not the case. A constitutional crisis occurs when a constitution is about to fail at its central purpose—to keep struggles for power within the boundaries of law and the Constitution. Constitutional crises are rare in American history, and the United States is not currently in a constitutional crisis, although it is facing a series of worrisome political crises. When Americans talk about constitutional crisis they are really describing constitutional rot, which is discussed in the next chapter.
Judicial Review in the Cycles of Constitutional Time
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The cycles of constitutional time affect the work of the federal judiciary in multiple ways. Because of life tenure, the judiciary is a lagging indicator of the cycles of politics. Hence judicial time is often out of sync with political time. Judicial review is shaped by the strategy of partisan entrenchment: the political parties attempt to install jurists who will be ideologically sympathetic. The cycles also affect the political supports for judicial review—the reasons why politicians accept judicial review and have helped to construct the power of the federal courts over time. Politicians support judicial review and construct how judges practice it because judicial review performs important tasks and manages problems for politicians over the long run, even if they disagree with particular decisions.
How Cycles of Polarization and Depolarization Shape the Exercise of Judicial Review
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The cycle of polarization and depolarization affects the political supports for judicial review. When politics is depolarized, politicians tend to let judges handle basic constitutional questions so that politicians can fight over the spoils of everyday politics. Judicial review tends to enforce the values of national political elites, especially against state and local governments. When the country is polarized, however, elite consensus evaporates. Political elites disagree about everything, so judicial review cannot do the same work. Instead, judicial review allows polarized political elites to win victories they can no longer win in the political process. As legislative politics becomes mired in polarization, the judiciary becomes an ever more important venue for achieving policy victories. This increases the urgency and bitterness of partisan fights over judicial appointments. Strong polarization encourages the parties to engage in constitutional hardball to secure ideologically aligned judges and prevent the other party from appointing judges.
Law in the Time of Constitutional Rot
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In periods of advanced constitutional rot, judicial decisions become especially polarized. Judicial majorities tend to reach decisions that increase economic inequality, shrink the electorate, and help maintain political oligarchy. Members of the dominant party want judges to help them stay in power, to support politicians’ self-entrenching behavior, to defend and protect politicians from charges of corruption, and to enrich their financial supporters. As a result, the judiciary tends to be part of the problem rather than part of the solution. Ordinarily, the US Constitution relies on the judiciary to protect democracy and republican government, and to prevent political corruption and self-entrenching behavior. But in periods of advanced constitutional rot, the Supreme Court and the federal judiciary are likely to be ineffective and may even make matters worse.
Judicial Politics and Judicial Reform
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the early years of the next regime, conservative courts will face off against liberal Democratic politicians. Courts are very unlikely to be able to do much to repair constitutional rot. Constitutional renewal must come from popular mobilizations and demands for reform, including constitutional reform. Growing frustration with the courts will lead to calls for reform of the federal judiciary. Reforms should aim at lowering the stakes of judicial appointments and assisting depolarization. Court-packing proposals achieve neither goal. Three better approaches are (1) instituting regular appointments to the Supreme Court; (2) achieving the equivalent of term limits for Supreme Court justices by changing quorum rules; (3) increasing the Court’s workload (instead of limiting its jurisdiction); and (4) using sunrise provisions that take effect in the future so that partisan advantages are harder to predict. Each of these proposals can be implemented constitutionally through ordinary legislation.
Underemployment in Agriculture
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with a history of agricultural policy in India. It goes on to argue that policies aimed at improving outcomes within agriculture alone cannot bring prosperity to those engaged in it. Today, agriculture employs 44 percent of India’s workforce but produces at most 17 percent of GDP. With the overall GDP per capita itself low, agricultural output per worker is extremely low, indicating gross underemployment of labor. Therefore, marketing reforms that shift prices in favor of the farmer and against intermediaries cannot go very far. With self-sufficiency in agriculture, increases in productivity will likely result in lower prices rather than higher revenues. Besides, agricultural growth rarely exceeds 4.5 percent over even a decade-long period. Scope for increased incomes through diversification within agriculture into horticulture, fisheries, and animal husbandry is also limited. The upshot is that the only avenue to increasing agricultural incomes rapidly is to pave the way for half or more of the farm workforce to migrate into industry and services.
Reforms for Export-Led and Manufacturing-Fed Growth
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The near absence of large enterprises in the manufacture of labor-intensive products and consequent failure of such products in export markets is the reason for the paucity of good jobs for those with limited skills in India. To change this, India needs a clear focus on export expansion. It must avoid falling into the import-substitution trap that kept the country poor for decades. The rupee must depreciate sufficiently to eliminate its current overvaluation. Tariffs must be lowered and rationalized. Particularly important is to eliminate duties on synthetic fabrics and fibers. All indirect taxes must be reimbursed to exporters. Free trade agreements must be forged with countries that have potentially large markets. Trade facilitation must allow rapid movement of goods within the country and at ports. Finally, markets for labor and land must be liberalized. It will be worthwhile, though politically challenging, to experiment with autonomous employment zones that provide flexible land and labor markets within large areas.
Investing Productively: The Banking Sector
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Banks collect savings by households via deposits and channel them to the most productive investors in the form of credit. What happens to bank credit has a determining impact on growth, especially in the formal economy. A key feature of Indian banks has been repeated episodes of accumulation of non-performing assets followed by their recapitalization by the government using public money. These episodes have been concentrated in public sector banks (PSBs), which continue to account for two-thirds of banking assets. This chapter offers a detailed analysis of these episodes and argues that it is time for the government to give serious thought to privatization of PSBs. PSBs are subject to regulation by both the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), but RBI has limited powers over them. On average, private banks outdo PSBs along nearly all dimensions in terms of efficiency.
Narratives, Agents, and Issues
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the processes of making official monuments at KZs Natzweiler-Struthof and Neuengamme. It details how the commune of Natzwiller was crucial to the context of memorialization and consistently problematized the French state’s designs for a national memorial to the deportation. This was in terms of heritage-protection measures, land ownership, processes of acquisition, and land value. The chapter further relates how local and regional populations remained relevant to the processes of building and funding the final monument. The chapter contrasts this with the contemporaneous waves of memorialization in the locality of Neuengamme which engaged KZ survivors and the Hamburg state government, but elicited little by way of local response.
Sharing the Costs of War
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the obligations that citizens have to share the costs of war amongst themselves. It argues that principles of fairness militate against a strong principle of non-combatant immunity, both in the case of just and unjust wars. It does so by considering fairness arguments that arise due to the division of labour. It also considers whether consent-based arguments make combatants liable to be killed, and for the most part rejects that view. Finally, it considers whether liability of combatants might be supported by the significance of occupational choice, and rejects that view for the most part, in both just and unjust societies.
Conclusion
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter focuses on the question of circulation and impact: to what extent did De Hooghe’s satires travel beyond The Netherlands in the seventeenth century and what influence did they have on English political satire of the eighteenth century? The appearance of motifs from De Hooghe’s satires in mezzotints of c.1690 and prints on the subject of the South Sea Bubble of 1720 will be discussed as will instances in which De Hooghe’s satires were reissued in the eighteenth century. However, a comparison of this handful of examples with the liberal use of De Hooghe’s triumphal allegories and battle scenes in such distant locations as Latin America and Russia reveals one of the qualities that epitomizes political satire—its dramatic circumscription by temporal and geographical boundaries. Satire’s embeddedness in a specific political, historical, and cultural moment and its dependence upon text that often channels the idiosyncrasies of spoken language, render it difficult—often impossible without intensive investigation—to understand beyond its immediate context. This is as true for twenty-first-century satires as it was for those produced in the late seventeenth century.