bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Militating Against the Effective Teaching and Learning of Krio at the Junior Secondary School Level:
Authors: Jones Harriet Yeanoh , Challay Dr. Saidu , Muffuh Peter Mboh 
Published: February 2020

This study was aimed at investigating factors militating against the effective teaching and learning of Krio at the Junior Secondary School (JSS) Level in a sample of JSS pupils in selected schools in the Western Area of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Questionnaires were administered to both teachers of Krio and pupils offering the subject at the targeted level. These, alongside observation and focus group discussions, were used to determine the level of training and experience of the teachers; facilities which support the teaching and learning of Krio; attitudes of teachers, pupils and other stakeholders towards the teaching and learning of Krio; mode and frequency of assessment; provision of institutional support; and, the success rate of pupils at the Basic Educational Certificate Exams (BECE) in the selected schools. Three schools were targeted. In each of these schools, questionnaires were administered to 50 pupils, giving a total of 150 respondents. A total of eleven teachers were sampled. The study revealed that: The teachers of Krio in the selected schools were and trained and qualified. However, none of them studied krio as a major and only about one third read it as a minor. Teaching and learning materials are inadequate, and time allocated to the teaching of krio is insufficient. Attitude is a major factor which militates against the teaching and learning of krio in the selected schools. Written assignments, tests and exams are the main assessment tools. Institutional support (in-service trainings/workshops/seminars) plays a great role in building teachers’ capacity to teach the subject as all the teachers sampled did not study krio as a major subject. BECE results (krio -2010 and 2011) indicate that only a small percentage of the pupils at JSSIII opted for krio
Adsorption / Desorption Phenomenon of Crude Oil to Rock Surface in Low Salinity Waterflooding
Authors: Shimokawara Mai , Takeya Miku , Otomo Chiaki , Mino Yasuyuki , Yogarajah Elakneswaran , Nawa Toyoharu 
Published: February 2020

Wettability of reservoir rocks is important in understanding the rock properties influencing the fluid displacement in porous media. The magnitude of wettability is provided by contact angle, Ammot, and/or USBM methods. This however indicates the average wettability of the examined core samples, and does not give the micro wettability of core samples.
We investigated wettability changes by the adsorption and desorption of oil on core particles after ageing process by making measurements of composition analysis of crude oil and core samples, and zeta potential at various conditions before and after ageing process. Carbonated core samples, which were collected from the outcrops in Japan, were used for this study because the restoration of wettability is crucial to understand the rock properties under the natural reservoir conditions. Experimental results showed that the core particles were partially coated with crude oil although the zeta potential measurements were indifferent between the crude oil and the core particles coated with crude oil. The wettability is not homogeneous although the presence of oil on rock surface changes wettability.
Chemical Solution to ESP Packer Penetrator Corrosion Problem
Authors: Zhao Weishu , Xiao Jinjiang , Saiood Hussain A. , Otaibi Abdulrahman B. , Huang Jin , Chang Frank. F 
Published: February 2020

Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) are common artificial lift equipment for boosting well productions. One of the challenges faced with ESP applications is the ESP system reliability. High percentage of ESP failures resulted from problems of packer penetrators that locate beneath the ESP packers. These failures could be attributed to the corrosion of the power delivery systems by highly corrosive chemicals and harsh downhole conditions. A method is developed to generate a low density gel system that isolates the electric connector from downhole chemicals in order to provide prolonged protections of electric connectors against corrosive environments. Mixture of low-density polymeric materials can be pumped through the bypass tubing. The mixture has lower density than downhole fluids so that it travels upwards in the wellbore. Under high temperature in the well, a rigid gel system forms and isolates the electric connector from the hostile chemicals thus providing a better protection.
The rigid low density gel system was tested in the lab scale. The tested fluid system comprises of colloidal particles and thermal plastic microspheres. The colloidal particles forms a rigid gel under elevated temperature while the thermal plastic microspheres act as light weight fillers. Gelation tests are conducted under different temperature and pressure conditions. The system has a lower density than crude oil and the gelation process can be controlled by chemical concentration. Sealing effects with the presence of crude oil are tested in rusty metal pipe to imitate casing material. A wellbore injection physical simulator was also setup to observe the flow dynamics and chemical reaction that could take place in the wellbore.
The field trial test was performed after a through engineering design. Coiled tubing (CT) was selected as the optimum solution for intervention and placing the fluid system. Mixture of low-density materials and gelling agent were prepared on the surface and then pumped into the targeted section utilizing 2.0" coiled-tubing (CT) nozzles. Conventional bottomhole assembly was utilized to seal the tubing section and divert the fluid system to annulus.
Diamondoids in Tracing Petroleum Systems: Case Studies from the Unconventional Reservoirs of North America
Authors: Atwah Ibrahim , Moldowan Mike , Dahl Jeremy 
Published: February 2020

Molecular diamonds, known as diamondoids are naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in crude-oil and rock extracts. Diamondoids feature unique thermal stability owing to the carbon cage-like backbone structures. Therefore, unlike classical geochemical compounds, diamondoids provide a robust molecular-marker for fingerprinting hydrocarbon fluids and assessing thermal maturity. In this study, we present the application of quantitative extended diamondoid analysis (QEDA), together with compound-specific isotope analysis of diamondoid hydrocarbons (CSIA-D) recovered from the major USA unconventional reservoirs.
The application of diamondoids is demonstrated for three major unconventional reservoirs of North America. A collection of crude oils, condensates, and rock-extracts were examined from Shale formations including the Eagle Ford and Woodford Shales. Core and fluid samples are located within three major US basins including Maverick, Permian and Anadarko basins. Hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for measuring the absolute concentrations of diamondoid and biomarker compounds. Further, diamondoid-isolates were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry equipped with gas chromatography for CSIA-D.
Diamondoids composition provides a unique geochemical tool for the unconventional reservoir, in detecting petroleum mixing and fingerprinting fluids of various maturities. In the Anadarko Basin, the Woodford Shale produced oils in central Oklahoma show a dual signature of elevated diamondoid abundance together with the biomarkers, suggesting hydrocarbon mixing of black-oils and cracked dry and wet gas. Moreover, Eagle Ford fluids produced from the Maverick Basin are mature hydrocarbons lacking biomarkers to allocate their zone of production. Diamondoid fingerprints allowed for tracking their production through time and identifying the sweet-spot depth in which most hydrocarbons were contributing. In the Permian Basin, diamondoid fingerprints were used to establish unmixed end-members from oils produced from the Woodford Shale, Eilenberg Carbonate and Pennsylvanian shale, and identify highly mature mixed oil commingled between the Woodford Shale and Ellenburger carbonate source rocks.
Identification of the sweet-spots and allocating produced hydrocarbons are crucial factors in the successes of unconventional plays. Most produced fluids in major US unconventional reservoirs are at high levels of thermal maturity, at which classical biomarkers are either absent or in very low concentrations; whereas, diamondoids are abundant, providing a novel technique to fingerprint fluids throughout the range of different maturity stages. In unconventional reservoir operation, diamondoids can be used in time-lapse geochemistry as a cost-effective tool along with other seismic-based techniques.
Overcoming Deep-Rooted Paradigms Leads to Remarkable Optimization Levels in a Complex Drilling Project
Authors: Ghamdi Muataz , Munoz German , Alsaihati Zainab 
Published: February 2020

Drilling in a mature Saudi Arabian oilfield proved to be a steep but successful learning curve for a Saudi Aramco Engineering team. Over the years, the encountered challenges were handled by applying tested methods implemented in the area, which failed to turn around the desired results in this field. It became clear that field specific practices and procedures were necessary and, as a consequence, old paradigms were challenged to improve the performance while mitigating downhole challenges and eliminating excessive non-productive time (NPT).
Problems typically confronted in the area were pinpointed using historical data revision, and analyzing of previous field experience regarding common drilling practices. Focus was placed upon troubles impacting the two intermediate hole sections in which a number of problems arose including time-dependent unstable shales and interbedded permeable layers with different pressure regimes. Improvement of drilling the sections of concern necessitated a drastic and systematic revision of many aspects such as drilling fluids, BHA design, and drilling drive. In addition, long lasting field specific drilling practices such as connection practices and wiper trips were challenged through technical analysis, aiming to boost operational efficiency.
The recommendations were implemented in stages enabling evaluation of results, and ensuring a smooth transition from erstwhile practices. The new approach successfully assisted in overcoming drilling troubles, resulting in outstanding operational excellence levels. Wells were drilled faster and non-productive time (NPT) was significantly reduced. The results are benchmarked against wells delivered over a period of 4 years. As of today, the wells drilled and completed exhibited an outstanding improvement, increasing drilling rate of penetration and dropping NPT by 71%. Furthermore, the main key performance indicator (KPI), footage per day, has significantly increased by 44%.
The paper presents the development of set of optimized practices and procedures that collectively replaced deep-rooted field practices that are not suitable for the modern-age ERD wells. It walks through the challenges, the thinking process, the technical evaluation, and field implementations. This optimization has resulted in a stellar increase in drilling performance while cutting back on non-productive time.
Characterizing Fractures to Improve Hydraulic Fracturing Efficiency in Shale Reservoirs Through use of an LWD Ultrasonic Imager Designed for Oil-Based Mud Environments
Authors: Amorocho Claudia , Langford Cory 
Published: February 2020

High-quality images from an LWD ultrasonic imaging tool are used to identify natural and induced fractures and optimize hydraulic fracturing practices in wells drilled with oil-based mud.
A newly designed LWD ultrasonic imager was developed due to the high demand for acquiring high-quality wellbore images in oil-based mud environments where traditional resistivity tools usually do not provide the desired detailed. Characterization of natural and induced fractures, and wellbore geometry are used to identify and characterize formation characteristics just hours after the well reaches TD. This enables the timely detection of fracture dominated zones enabling optimization of the ongoing hydraulic fracturing operations.
The ultrasonic imager provides 360-degree measurements of travel time and amplitude around the wellbore, taking advantage of the rotation of the drill string; the travel time measurements are used to provide a high-resolution caliper and the amplitude is used to detect formation features such as bedding planes, fractures and borehole breakouts.
The image acquisition while drilling in high rate-of-penetration (ROP) and high revolutions per minute (RPM) scenarios allows the downhole logging sensor to acquire azimuthal data in a cost-efficient scenario which does not require additional rig downtime after the well is drilled. The characterization of the natural fracture network and induced fractures helps to better assess their potential interaction with hydraulic fractures and thus allowing the implementation of hydraulic fracturing practices that allow porosity and permeability enhancement in virgin areas of the field.
The application of unique LWD technology which allow for timely reservoir characterization to further enhance completions optimization provides reservoir productivity enhancement without affecting drilling operations in unconventional shale reservoirs.
Testing Demonstrates the Effect of Bow Spring Centralizer Passage on Wellbore Components
Authors: Urdaneta Nava Luis A. , Farley Douglas 
Published: February 2020

The possibility of damage to risers and wellheads, which may be caused by the passage of a bow spring centralizer during the running of an inside casing string, has been the subject of much discussion and speculation. To address this concern, different centralizer geometries were evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA) analysis to show how surface stresses change, depending on the bow type. This, along with a series of testing performed in a controlled environment, revealed that the nuances associated with centralizer design will cause significant differences in the outcome of an operation.
The tests were performed with the aid of an overhead crane facility, which was modified to vertically run and retrieve a bow spring centralizer sub inside samples of plain casing and connectors. This system was designed to run and pull the centralizer sub at rates of 7.5 ft/min. (2.3 m/min) and 14.5 ft/min (4.4 m/min). Tests were performed using a curved-cross section bow on 11 3/4-in. (298.5-mm) close-tolerance centralizers subs to reduce surface pressure. The samples used during the test were 14.488-in. OD × 13.198-in. ID blank casing subs and two similar 5-ft (1.5 m) connector subs, which had been thoroughly greased internally. The tests ran 10 single trips in and out. After each trip, the centralizer sub was then rotated 22.5° to prevent marks from subsequent trips obscuring the results of the first. This process was repeated on each of other samples. Load and displacement data were taken over the whole stroke during all trips and laser measurements of the resultant scratches were obtained. There was little or no rotation resulting from the multi-trip sequence, and a thorough compilation of the data was accumulated and reported.
This paper provides a detailed report of the initiation, creation, and performance of these testing procedures. State-of-the-art laser-measuring technology it reveals details of the scratches created by the bow spring centralizers. The resultant findings reveal that there is more to evaluate during the selection of a centralizer than just standoff performance.
Technology Lifecycle Management Innovation–Prognostic Health Monitoring on Downhole Drilling Equipment
Authors: You Min , Salama Wesam , Alasow Abdiwahid 
Published: February 2020

The simple ‘fix it when its breaks’ approach to maintenance is often referred to as First Generation Maintenance.
The approach towards maintenance was changed around the time of World War II, where we transitioned to preventative maintenance due to the requirement of preventing loss of production by machine from downtime. This is known as Second Generation Maintenance.
With more complex technology utilization, research by aviation industry has shown that 70%-90% of failure modes are not age-related. For most failure modes the likelihood of occurrence is random and could not be caught by Preventive Maintenance. Later research by the United States Navy and others found very similar results. So, Third Generation Maintenance, Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) was born.
Research of digital communications models within organizations and at the state level in the countries-leaders in the use of digital communication technologies
Authors: Yakunina G. E. 
Published: February 2020

The problems of digital transformation of public administration in Russia in the application to the sphere of communication relations between government structures and business have been considered in the article. The experience of the leading countries in the use of digital communication technologies at the state level in the creation of E-Government in the United States, Great Britain and France has been investigated. At the same time, first, an analysis of the models of internal interpersonal communication in the organizations of these countries has been made, and then the national programs has been adopted in these countries for the digital transformation of public administration have been studied, and the experience of these countries in their implementation is examined. The main goal of the research is to analyze the foreign experience of implementing projects of digitalization in the national economy in order to adapt solutions to the sphere of digital communications in government structures and entrepreneurship in Russia.Based on the conducted research, the conclusions have been made and recommendations for the successful implementation of the national program of digital transformation of public administration in Russia have been given. In particular, the study has noted that the ground for digital transformation of public administration processes in the leading countries was prepared by previously established traditions and models of interpersonal communication in society. Experience of widespread introduction and use of information and communication technologies for internal communications in organizations, development of e-сommerce and e-advertising have served as the basis in these countries for the development of digital communication channels of government structures and the population. It has been shown, that during the creation of E-Government state reforms were simultaneously carried out to reorganize state structures, training civil servants in the basics of working on a computer and on the Internet.Based on the results of the research, the recommendations for the successful implementation of the program of digital transformation of the Russian economy have been given. It has been noted, that the main one is the need to reorganize radically the work of state structures in Russia. Without this, the gap between Russia and the leading countries in the field of digital transformation of communication between government structures and business is not possible to overcome, and this may cast doubt on the success of the national program.
Assessment of Russian citizens’ attitude to the processes of public services digitalization
Authors: Kosarin S. P. , Milkina I. V. 
Published: February 2020

Russia is rapidly increasing the use of digital technologies in all spheres of public life. The speed, with which new technologies appear and are implemented, leads to the fact that people cannot quickly adapt to them. In this regard, in some cases, there may be social tensions, reluctance to use modern advances in digital technologies and other social problems. There is also a overestimation of the importance and impact of the introduced technologies on improving the socio-economic and political life of the country.In this regard, it is of interest to assess the attitude of citizens to the developing digital technologies, and, primarily, to digital services that are introduced in the system of providing state and municipal services and in the sphere of interaction between the state and society. This study is an attempt to make this kind of assessment. The background of the study was the adopting and approving in 2018 the national project “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” and the Federal programs implemented within the framework of this project, as well as the state programs and projects preceding the national project that accompany the formation of the infrastructure of the digital state.The authors conducted a survey of 541 respondents from 49 regions of the Russian Federation to determine and assess the attitude of citizens to the digitalization of public services. During the survey, respondents were asked questions about the use of Federal and regional portals of public services, about awareness of the availability and possibility of using public technologies and services, about the convenience of services and the ability to use them. As a result of the survey, conclusions are drawn about the advantages and disadvantages of using the electronic service of public services, as well as an assessment of the attitude of citizens to the digitalization of public services.
Transversal applying of the digitalization strategy
Authors: Vorontsova Yu. V. , Baranov V. N. 
Published: February 2020

A brief overview of the possibility and readiness for digitalization of automotive industry companies has been presented. Since production processes and systems can be more intelligent, they allow to reach the high-quality standards required in service, what is the only way to maximize the improvement of its components from the very beginning of the process.Digitalization is one of the main levers to enhance business and increase competitiveness in the industry, that provides huge opportunities in the future. One of the important conditions is increase flexibility, that allows quickly to adapt production facilities and processes to changes in production and product lines of customer. The digitalization strategy should be applied transversely to all processes, starting from production, logistics, and quality till design, procurement, human resources, or finance. Transversal applying of digitalization strategy is possible in the creation of technology centers graphic engineering worldwide, the use of computerized simulation, CAD systems and virtual 3D environments for research, analysis, evaluation, validation and improvement of production processes. The important aspect to form the future is the development of innovative solutions that contribute turning new concepts into an industrial reality.The revolution in logistics digitalization gives automakers and service providers the opportunity to stay flexible and to be ahead of time. The main transformers are data and digital rethinking of the supply chain, that contribute a significant growth in trade. Advanced automakers create a digital workforce and program robots to solve repetitive tasks. All this provides full flexibility in software development with integrated in it robot’s hardware, fast iterations and adjustments, when it is necessary, which might not have been easily achieved using traditional methods. These projects can be extended to ones with greater investment. Mainly, more flexible and service-oriented solutions can be implemented as a response to speed and automation in logistics. Thereby, it is possible to satisfy the changing and demanding needs of customers now and in the future.