bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of a New Toileting Assessment Form for Patients with Hemiparetic Stroke
Authors: Kitamura Shin , Otaka Yohei , Murayama Yudai , Ushizawa Kazuki , Narita Yuya , Nakatsukasa Naho , Kondo Kunitsugu , Sakata Sachiko 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundAcquiring toileting independence is an important target of stroke rehabilitation. In planning an intervention for acquiring toileting independence, developing an assessment for individual subtasks that comprise toileting would assist in identifying specific tasks that prevent independence in patients and would facilitate interventions to improve toileting independence.ObjectiveTo examine the reliability and validity of a newly developed toileting assessment form, the Toileting Tasks Assessment Form (TTAF), for assessing toileting subtasks in hemiparetic stroke.DesignValidation and test‐retest study.SettingSubacute rehabilitation wards in Japan.ParticipantsEighty‐two therapists verified the form's content validity; 30 stroke patients who were using a wheelchair participated in the validation and test‐retest study.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresThe content validity of the assessment form was initially assessed based on a questionnaire. Subsequently, four occupational therapists used the form to evaluate video‐recorded toileting performances simulated by participants with hemiparetic stroke. Two assessors evaluated each video‐recorded performance once and repeated the evaluation of the same performance at 2 weeks later. The interrater reliability, intrarater reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the form were examined.ResultsFleiss’ κ coefficient for interrater reliability for each form item was 0.61 or more. Cohen's κ coefficient for intrarater reliability for each item was 0.60 or more. Cronbach's coefficient alpha ranged from 0.94 to 0.95. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for the mean score on the form and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score for “toileting” ranged from 0.88 to 0.93 (P < .001). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for the mean score on the form and the FIM score for “toilet transfer” ranged from 0.91 to 0.93 (P < .001).ConclusionsThe TTAF demonstrated good reliability and validity. Further multicenter studies involving patients at different stroke phases are required to verify the reliability and validity of TTAF and confirm the generalizability of these findings.
Inter‐spherulitic/inner‐spherulitic localization of PBSU during crystallization of PVDF in PVDF/PBSU blend
Authors: Ye Cuicui , Cao Xiaojun , Wang Hengti , Wang Jiayao , Wang Tao , Wang Zongbao , Li Yongjin , You Jichun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this work, the miscibility effect on the localization of poly(butylene succinate) (PBSU) during the crystallization of PVDF in their blend has been investigated. After annealed at 200 °C and 240 °C, homogeneous and phase‐separated structures can be obtained respectively, which was followed by isothermal crystallization at 141 °C. In the case of 200°C, PBSU tends to enrich in inner‐spherulitic regions because of the excellent miscibility of the blend and the higher growth rate of PVDF crystals. When the specimen was annealed at 240 °C, phase separation produces PVDF and PBSU domains. Upon cooling to 141 °C, one part of PBSU is miscible with , while the other part of it remains as phase‐separated domains due to the high viscosity and slow relaxation of them. The former accounts for the distribution of PBSU in inner‐spherulitic regions. In the latter, however, phase‐separated structures depress the diffusion of PVDF during its crystallization, leading to the lower magnitude of growth rate of spherulites. Both of them contribute to the localization of PBSU in inter‐spherulitic regions. The distribution of PBSU among PVDF spherulites has been validated by long periods, pore size, and mechanical performance of the porous PVDF membranes.
Synthetic chloroinconazide compound exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Lv Xing , Xiang Shunyu , Wang Xiangchuan , Wu Lei , Liu Changyun , Yuan Mengting , Gong Weiwei , Win HsuMyat , Hao Chunyan , Xue Yang , Ma Lisong , Cheng Daoquan , Sun Xianchao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDevelopment of anti‐plant‐virus compounds and improvement of biosafety remain hot research topics in controlling plant viral disease. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects all tobacco species as well as many other plants worldwide and causes severe losses in tobacco production. To date, no efficient chemical treatments are known to protect plants from virus infection. Therefore, the search for a highly active antiviral compound with high efficacy in field application is required.RESULTSWe reported the synthesis of a novel antiviral halogenated acyl compound Chloroinconazide (CHI) using tryptophan as a substrate and examined its anti‐TMV activity. We found that CHI displayed the ability to strongly inhibit the infection of TMV on Nicotiana benthamiana via multiple mechanisms. We observed that CHI was able to impair the virulence of TMV by directly altering the morphological structure of virions and increasing the activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes, resulting in reduced TMV‐induced ROS production during infection of the plant. In addition, the expression of salicylic acid‐responsive genes was significantly increased after CHI application. However, after application of CHI on SA‐deficient NahG plants no obvious anti‐TMV activity was observed, suggesting that the SA signaling pathway was required for CHI‐induced anti‐TMV activity associated with reduced infection of TMV. CHI exhibited no effects on plant growth and development.CONCLUSIONThe easily synthesized CHI can actively induce plant resistance against TMV as well as act on virus particles and exhibits high biosafety, which provides a potential for commercial application of CHI in controlling plant virus disease in the future. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The control of the brown planthopper by the rice Bph14 gene is affected by nitrogen
Authors: Sun Ze , Shi Jin‐Hua , Fan Tao , Wang Chao , Liu Le , Jin Huanan , Foba Caroline Ngichop , Wang Man‐Qun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDBrown rice planthopper (BPH) is a devastating rice pest in Asia. Bph14 is the first cloned BPH‐resistance gene in rice, inducing callose deposition while impeding BPH feeding. Nitrogen application affects plant growth and resistance. However, there is little evidence on the influence of nitrogen on the callose content or regulation of rice BPH resistance. In this study, Luoyou9348 (containing Bph14 and highly resistant to BPH) and Yangliangyou6 (without Bph14 and susceptible to BPH) were planted under varying nitrogen regimes (0 , 90, 180 kg ha−1) to determine their effects on the resistance levels of rice to BPH feeding. The experiments involved BPH performance, plant volatile profiling and BPH preferences in laboratory and field experiments.RESULTSWe found that BPH egg hatching rate, total number of eggs laid and BPH preference increased with increasing nitrogen application in both rice varieties. However, the expression of Bph14, callose content and BPH feeding significantly declined with an increase in nitrogen fertilization in Luoyou9348, compared with Yangliangyou6. Also, the emission of volatile terpene compounds increased with increasing nitrogen application, which resulted in an increase in BPH numbers on both varieties. Two‐way analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between rice variety and nitrogen in BPH feeding behavior.CONCLUSIONOur findings provide an insight for addressing problems involved in the incorporation of insecticidal genes into crop plants. The effects of nitrogen on insecticidal gene expression in rice plant defense are discussed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Perspective: enhancing economic evaluations and impacts of integrated pest management Farmer Field Schools (IPM‐FFS) in low‐income countries
Authors: Rejesus Roderick M , Jones Michael S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOver the last few decades, the use of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) have been considered one of the best approaches to disseminate integrated pest management (IPM) practices that aim to reduce reliance on and misuse of chemical pest control methods in agriculture. However, the published empirical literature has been decidedly mixed in terms of the effectiveness of the IPM‐FFS approach to improve economic outcomes in the short‐term (e.g. reduce chemical use, improve profits), and the potential for scaling‐up and IPM dissemination in the medium‐term. This article briefly explores the empirical IPM‐FFS literature and draws implications for future research directions that can potentially enhance IPM knowledge diffusion methods (including IPM‐FFS) and increase the economic impact of IPM techniques in low‐income countries. We find that promising research directions to improve understanding of IPM dissemination and IPM impacts will need to involve: (i) interdisciplinary long‐run studies using rigorous evaluation methods; (ii) in‐depth assessments of spillover effects; (iii) careful examination of IPM and IPM‐FFS impact heterogeneity; (iv) evaluation of novel IPM packages with herbicide‐ and genetics‐centered components; (v) piloting and impact assessments of alternative IPM knowledge diffusion structures; and (vi) piloting and impact analysis of IPM dissemination and learning programs with private sector involvement. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of Sesamia nonagrioides on cultivated and wild host plants: Implications for Bt maize resistance management
Authors: M Camargo Ana , Arias‐Martín María , Castañera Pedro , P Farinós Gema 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSesamia nonagrioides is an important maize pest in the Mediterranean basin that is effectively controlled by Cry1Ab‐expressing maize (Bt maize). The continued cultivation of Bt maize in Spain exerts high selection pressure on the target pests, which could lead to the development of resistance. Provision of refuges of non‐Bt plants is an essential component in the high‐dose/refuge (HDR) strategy to delay resistance evolution. Here we analyze the suitability of cultivated (rice and sorghum) and wild (Johnsongrass, cattail, common reed and giant reed) plants, reported as hosts of S. nonagrioides, for larval development and oviposition of this pest compared to maize, and we evaluate their potential role in delaying resistance development to Bt maize.RESULTSBioassays conducted with plant pieces or whole plants showed that the larval cycle could only be completed in the three cultivated plants and in Johnsongrass. Females showed a strong preference for ovipositing on maize in comparison with sorghum or rice. Although young larvae consumed more sorghum than maize in two‐choice bioassays, both larvae and adults had a better performance (shorter larval period and higher pupal weight, fecundity and fertility) when larvae fed on maize throughout their larval stage than when they fed on sorghum or rice.CONCLUSIONNone of the alternative hosts of S. nonagrioides tested here should be considered as natural unstructured refuges within the HDR strategy for Bt maize and this pest in Spain, as some of the necessary requirements to fulfill this strategy would not be met. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The ERA5 global reanalysis
Authors: Hersbach Hans , Bell Bill , Berrisford Paul , Hirahara Shoji , Horányi András , Muñoz‐Sabater Joaquín , Nicolas Julien , Peubey Carole , Radu Raluca , Schepers Dinand , Simmons Adrian , Soci Cornel , Abdalla Saleh , Abellan Xavier , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Bechtold Peter , Biavati Gionata , Bidlot Jean , Bonavita Massimo , De Chiara Giovanna , Dahlgren Per , Dee Dick , Diamantakis Michail , Dragani Rossana , Flemming Johannes , Forbes Richard , Fuentes Manuel , Geer Alan , Haimberger Leo , Healy Sean , Hogan Robin J. , Hólm Elías , Janisková Marta , Keeley Sarah , Laloyaux Patrick , Lopez Philippe , Lupu Cristina , Radnoti Gabor , de Rosnay Patricia , Rozum Iryna , Vamborg Freja , Villaume Sebastien , Thépaut Jean‐Noël 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWithin the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards. This new reanalysis replaces the ERA‐Interim reanalysis (spanning 1979 onwards) which was started in 2006. ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016. ERA5 thus benefits from a decade of developments in model physics, core dynamics and data assimilation. In addition to a significantly enhanced horizontal resolution of 31 km, compared to 80 km for ERA‐Interim, ERA5 has hourly output throughout, and an uncertainty estimate from an ensemble (3‐hourly at half the horizontal resolution). This paper describes the general set‐up of ERA5, as well as a basic evaluation of characteristics and performance, with a focus on the dataset from 1979 onwards which is currently publicly available. Re‐forecasts from ERA5 analyses show a gain of up to one day in skill with respect to ERA‐Interim. Comparison with radiosonde and PILOT data prior to assimilation shows an improved fit for temperature, wind and humidity in the troposphere, but not the stratosphere. A comparison with independent buoy data shows a much improved fit for ocean wave height. The uncertainty estimate reflects the evolution of the observing systems used in ERA5. The enhanced temporal and spatial resolution allows for a detailed evolution of weather systems. For precipitation, global‐mean correlation with monthly‐mean GPCP data is increased from 67% to 77%. In general, low‐frequency variability is found to be well represented and from 10 hPa downwards general patterns of anomalies in temperature match those from the ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 reanalyses.
Effect of Microcracks on Graphite Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Jingbo , Li Yanan , Gao Hong , Chen Qianlin , Yang Min 
Published: May 2020

AbstractModified graphite with microcracks was obtained by a combination of microwave heating and KOH activation. KOH enhanced the degree of order of the graphite, and K+increased the spacing of the graphite layer. Microwave heating caused microcracks on graphite and promoted doping of K+into the graphite. The microcracks could increase the contact area of electrode materials and electrolytes and decrease diffusion length. Furthermore, the uniform microcracks dispersed the pressure of the electrode wetted by the electrolyte, relieved stress during lithium removal and increased the degree of order of the graphite. The modified graphite has a capacity of 449 mAh g−1at 0.1 C, 380 mAh g−1at 0.25 C and 367 mAh g−1at 0.5 C. In addition, the capacity retention rate was 96.1% after one hundred cycles at 0.25 C, and the average coulombic efficiency was 99.4%.
Auto QSAR‐ A Fast Approach for Creation and Application of QSAR Models through Automation
Authors: Karnik Kshipra S. , Narula Ishudeep Singh , Sarkate Aniket P. , Wakte Pravin S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA continuous and undefined malignant growth in cancer makes it an extremely heterogeneous complex disease. Different types of enzymes helps in detection of cancerous growth in the human body. In this work, different predictive Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) models by means of various molecular modeling techniques using 43 novel 6, 7‐disubstituted‐4‐phenoxyquinoline derivatives acting as Tyrosine‐protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) (c‐Met kinase) inhibitors were designed. Best QSAR models were generated through Auto QSAR. Predicted activity of these models was compared with the observed activity from literature, and it was observed that potent compound 18 b gave high docking results. Auto‐QSAR technique provided the perfect model for the designed derivatives. Binding affinity of compounds for c‐Met kinase enzyme was studied by molecular docking and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA dG) binding studies. Optimized compounds were subjected to in silico ADMET studies for predicting drug‐likeliness and toxicity properties. Reported work will assist to design, refine and construct the novel phenoxyquinoline derivatives as potent c‐Met kinase inhibitors in near future.
On the Influence of Diurnal and Subdiurnal Signals in the Normal Vector on Large Ring Laser Gyroscope Observations
Authors: Tercjak Monika , Gebauer André , Rajner Marcin , Brzeziński Aleksander , Schreiber Karl Ulrich 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe ring laser gyroscope (RLG) technique has been investigated for over 20 years as a potential complement to space geodetic techniques in measuring Earth rotation. However, RLGs are also sensitive to changes in their terrestrial orientation. Therefore in this paper, we review how the high-frequency band (i.e. signals shorter than 0.5 cycle per day) of the known phenomena causing site deformation contribute to the RLG observable, the Sagnac frequency. We study the impact of solid Earth tides, ocean tidal loading and non-tidal loading phenomena (atmospheric pressure loading and continental hydrosphere loading). Also, we evaluate the differences between available models of the phenomena and the importance of the Love numbers used in modeling the impact of solid Earth tides. Finally, we compare modeled variations in the instrument orientation with the ones observed with a tiltmeter. Our results prove that at the present accuracy of the RLG technique, solid Earth tides and ocean tidal loading effects have significant effect on RLG measurements, and continental hydrosphere loading can be actually neglected. Regarding the atmospheric loading model, its application might introduce some undesired signals. We also show that discrepancies arising from the use of different models can be neglected, and there is almost no impact arising from the use of different Love numbers. Finally, we discuss differences between data reduced with tiltmeter observations and these reduced with modeled signal, and potential causes of this discrepancies.
Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce DNA damage response in rat liver in a 28-day feeding study
Authors: Ebmeyer Johanna , Rasinger Josef Daniel , Hengstler Jan G. , Schaudien Dirk , Creutzenberg Otto , Lampen Alfonso , Braeuning Albert , Hessel-Pras Stefanie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary plant metabolites that occur as food and feed contaminants. Acute and subacute PA poisoning can lead to severe liver damage in humans and animals, comprising liver pain, hepatomegaly and the development of ascites due to occlusion of the hepatic sinusoids (veno-occlusive disease). Chronic exposure to low levels of PA can induce liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. However, it is not well understood which transcriptional changes are induced by PA and whether all hepatotoxic PA, regardless of their structure, induce similar responses. Therefore, a 28-day subacute rat feeding study was performed with six structurally different PA heliotrine, echimidine, lasiocarpine, senecionine, senkirkine, and platyphylline, administered at not acutely toxic doses from 0.1 to 3.3 mg/kg body weight. This dose range is relevant for humans, since consumption of contaminated tea may result in doses of ~ 8 µg/kg in adults and cases of PA ingestion by contaminated food was reported for infants with doses up to 3 mg/kg body weight. ALT and AST were not increased in all treatment groups. Whole-genome microarray analyses revealed pronounced effects on gene expression in the high-dose treatment groups resulting in a set of 36 commonly regulated genes. However, platyphylline, the only 1,2-saturated and, therefore, presumably non-hepatotoxic PA, did not induce significant expression changes. Biological functions identified to be affected by high-dose treatments (3.3 mg/kg body weight) comprise cell-cycle regulation associated with DNA damage response. These functions were found to be affected by all analyzed 1,2-unsaturated PA.In conclusion, 1,2-unsaturated hepatotoxic PA induced cell cycle regulation processes associated with DNA damage response. Similar effects were observed for all hepatotoxic PA. Effects were observed in a dose range inducing no histopathological alterations and no increase in liver enzymes. Therefore, transcriptomics studies identified changes in expression of genes known to be involved in response to genotoxic compounds at PA doses relevant to humans under worst case exposure scenarios.
Interactions between different predator–prey states: a method for the derivation of the functional and numerical response
Authors: Berardo Cecilia , Geritz Stefan , Gyllenberg Mats , Raoul Gaël 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper we introduce a formal method for the derivation of a predator’s functional response from a system of fast state transitions of the prey or predator on a time scale during which the total prey and predator densities remain constant. Such derivation permits an explicit interpretation of the structure and parameters of the functional response in terms of individual behaviour. The same method is also used here to derive the corresponding numerical response of the predator as well as of the prey.
Effects of Hydrocarbons on Wind Waves in a Mine Pit Lake
Authors: Hurley David , Lawrence Gregory , Tedford Edmund 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe extraction and upgrading of bitumen to crude oil from the Canadian oil sands has produced large quantities of byproducts such as fluid fine tailings (FFT) and oil sands process affected water (OSPW). One reclamation strategy for these byproducts is to backfill a mined-out pit with FFT and cap it with a mix of OSPW and non-process affected water to form a pit lake. We investigated the effects of hydrocarbons, residual bitumen, on the generation and growth of wind waves, both in the laboratory and in a pit lake. In the laboratory, we compared the wind wave characteristics in the presence and absence of a hydrocarbon film. We showed that the hydrocarbon film dampens high frequency waves, resulting in a slower growing wave field dominated by lower frequency waves. These results were consistent with our field observations. Thus, it appears that the presence of a hydrocarbon film on a pit lake leads to a wind wave field dominated by longer wavelength waves that take more time to develop and grow at a slower rate. This is important since wind wave-driven mixing, in tandem with biogeochemical processes, governs water quality in mine pit lakes. Thus, this work improves understanding of the physical processes that effect water quality in mine pit lakes and enhances the ability of mine managers to conduct pit lake reclamation.