bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dense Breast Notification Letters: What Do Breast Radiologists Think?
Authors: Baird Grayson L , Dibble Elizabeth H , Mainiero Martha B , Miles Randy C , Lourenco Ana P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Food and Drug Administration is currently creating national standards for language used in letters sent to women after mammography concerning dense breasts. The purpose of the current study is to survey breast radiologists on their opinions about language to be included in dense breast notification (DBN) letters.

Methods
An anonymous survey (17 questions and 10 open-ended response fields) was sent to Society of Breast Imaging members between May 2019 and June 2019. Analyses were conducted using a chi-square test and the generalized linear model.

Results
A total of 262 surveys were completed (25% response rate). The majority of breast radiologists believe letters should be sent to patients (91%), with most (66%) believing that patients should receive DBN letters regardless of having dense breasts or not. The majority of breast radiologists believe DBNs should be sent to referring physicians (69%), include statements that define masking (89%), inform patients that dense breasts are associated with cancer risk (77%), inform patients about the possible benefits of supplemental screening (86%), be written at the sixth- or eighth-grade reading level (92%), and should be provided in other languages in addition to English (89%); half of the respondents (51%) believe the letters should contain BI-RADS density descriptors.

Conclusion
There is consensus that patients and referring physicians should receive DBN letters and that those letters should address masking, increased cancer risk, and supplemental screening. Respondents believe the letters should be written at a sixth- or eighth-grade reading level.
Characterization of an Ecdysteroid-Regulated 16 kDa Protein Gene in Chinese Oak Silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Chen Miao-Miao , Zhong Liang , Zhao Chun-Shan , Wang Feng-Cheng , Ji Wan-Jie , Zhang Bo , Liu Shu-Yu , Liu Yan-Qun , Li Xi-Sheng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A large number of ecdysteroid-regulated 16 kDa proteins (ESR16s) of insects have been isolated and annotated in GenBank; however, knowledge on insect ESR16s remain limited. In the present study, we characterized an ecdysteroid-regulated 16 kDa protein gene isolated in Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville (‘ApESR16’ in the following), an important silk-producing and edible insect. The obtained cDNA sequence of ApESR16 is 1,049 bp, harboring an open reading frame of 441 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 146 amino acids. CD-search revealed that ApESR16 contains the putative cholesterol/lipid binding sites on conserved domain Npc2_like (Niemann–Pick type C-2) belonging to the MD-2-related lipid-recognition superfamily. Sequence comparison revealed that ApESR16 exhibits 51–57% identity to ESR16s of lepidopteran insects, 36–41% identity to ESR16 or NPC2a of nonlepidopteran insects, and 28–32% identity to NPC2a of vertebrates, indicating a high sequence divergence during the evolution of animals. Phylogenetic analysis found that the used sequences were divided into two groups corresponding to vertebrates and invertebrates, and the used insect sequences were also well clustered according to their families. The A. pernyi ESR16 mRNA is expressed during all four developmental stages and in all tested tissues. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) into A. pernyi diapausing pupae triggering diapause termination induced upregulation of ESR16 mRNA compared to the diapausing pupae, with the highest expression level at day 2 in the ovaries but day 12 in the fat body. Our results suggested that ApESR16 might be a diapause-related gene and plays a vital role in the pupal diapause of A. pernyi.
Effects of Photoperiod on the Development of Forensically Important Blow Fly Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Bauer Amely M , Bauer Alexandra , Tomberlin Jeffery K 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEstimation of the time of colonization (TOC) is often based on laboratory studies that document arthropod development. Precise data for forensically important species, such as blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), are essential for accuracy in the estimate of TOC. Calliphorid development is a quantitative trait and thus depends on a host of variables. In calliphorids, studies showed photoperiod can play a role in development. However, there has been little research to date on the effects of photoperiod, and available data indicate the impact is species-specific. In this study, the effects of photoperiod on the development of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), were examined. Chrysomya rufifacies is a fly of great medical and legal importance and is often encountered on vertebrate remains in temperate and tropic regions throughout the world, including North and Central America, Asia, and Australia. Larvae were reared under light regimes of 12, 16, and 24 h of light at 28.5 ± 0.0°C, 86.2 ± 0.3 RH. Minimum development time for each stage did not differ significantly for the applied photoperiods, nor were there significant differences in total minimum postembryonic development time. Photoperiod did not significantly affect larval size or growth rate. The data suggest that light durations investigated in this study do not influence the development of C. rufifacies. This indicates that photoperiod may not be a concern for forensic entomologists in Texas, United States, or other areas with similar conditions when estimating the TOC for this species. Validation efforts are encouraged to verify this conclusion.
Penetrance of Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Women Who Carry a BRCA1/2 Mutation and Do Not Use Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Jinbo , Bae Eunchan , Zhang Lingjiao , Hughes Kevin , Parmigiani Giovanni , Braun Danielle , Rebbeck Timothy R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Use of risk-reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) substantially reduces the risk of ovarian and breast cancer for women who carry a BRCA1/2 mutation. It is important to adjust for RRSO use in the estimation of BRCA1/2 penetrance of breast and ovarian cancer.

Methods
We searched PubMed for penetrance estimates of breast and ovarian cancer from studies that genotyped individual patients and explicitly adjusted for RRSO use by censoring follow-up at the age of RRSO. We meta-analyzed penetrance estimates from 7 identified studies. We implemented the resulting penetrance estimates in a Mendelian risk prediction model as iplemented in the software package BRCAPRO, which we applied to estimate carrier probabilities in 2 BRCA cohorts.

Results
Penetrance estimates by age 70 years for breast cancer were 64.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 59.5% to 69.4%) for BRCA1 mutation carriers and 61.0% (95% CI = 48.1% to 72.5%) for BRCA2 mutation carriers, and for ovarian cancer they were 48.3% (95% CI = 38.8% to 57.9%) and 20.0% (95% CI = 13.3% to 29.0%), respectively. When integrated into BRCAPRO, our estimates led to good calibration and different estimates of carrier probabilities for some individuals when evaluating the models in 2 cohorts.

Conclusions
The report updates penetrance estimates for BRCA1/2-associated cancer. We report higher estimates than previously reported, which did not adjust for RRSO. Differential use of RRSO may partially explain heterogeneity in the currently available penetrance estimates. For some individuals, using our estimates in BRCAPRO may result in changes in estimated carrier probabilities, which warrants validation in future studies.
Rabies exposure in travellers to Asia, the Middle East, Africa, South and Central America—a German Airport study
Authors: Heitkamp Christian , Stelzl Daniel Robert , Ramharter Michael , Bühler Silja 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Rabies causes thousands of deaths worldwide and trips to rabies endemic countries are popular. Travellers are often uncertain whether pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is advisable since they find it difficult to estimate the exposure risk during travel and the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis in endemic regions. The aim of this study was to determine the potential rabies exposures in travellers and to assess their knowledge on rabies. Secondly, we explored the access to appropriate post-exposure medical care in respective countries.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study at Frankfurt Airport. Returning adult travellers arriving from Asia, the Middle East, Africa, South and Central America were invited to participate in this questionnaire-based study while waiting in the baggage claim area.

Results
Over a one-month recruitment phase in March 2019, we enrolled 3066 travellers; 2929 were included in the analysis. The gender ratio was balanced; the median age was 42 years (range 18–83 years). Participants arrived from Asia (46%), Africa (29%), Central/South America (13%), the Middle East (8%) and the Caribbean (8%). Forty-five per cent sought pretravel advice and 22% received ≥2 injections of rabies PrEP. Travellers with pretravel advice from tropical medicine specialists reached significantly higher knowledge scores than others. We found that potential rabies exposure occurred in 2.0% (57/2915) of travellers with 31% (13/42) of the contacts being unprovoked; 19% (8/42) of the exposed sought medical care and 3/8 were adequately treated before returning to Germany. Risk factors for animal exposure were: male sex, young age, trips to Asia and a long stay abroad (&gt;4 weeks).

Conclusions
A total of 2% of returning travellers (n = 2915) experienced a potential rabies exposure during their journey. A majority of the exposed individuals did not seek medical care; those seeking medical care were often treated inadequately. Rabies information must be emphasised during pretravel counselling and PrEP should be offered generously, especially to travellers with high exposure risks.
The 21-cm signals from ultracompact minihaloes as a probe of primordial small-scale fluctuations
Authors: Furugori Kunihiko , Abe Katsuya T , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Hashimoto Daiki , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Hasegawa Kenji 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Ultracompact minihaloes (UCMHs) can form after the epoch of matter–radiation equality, if the density fluctuations of dark matter have significantly large amplitude on small scales. The constraint on the UCMH abundance allows us to access such small-scale fluctuations. In this paper, we present that, through the measurement of 21-cm fluctuations before the epoch of reionization, we can obtain a constraint on the UCMH abundance. We calculate the 21-cm signal from UCMHs and show that UCMHs provide the enhancement of the 21-cm fluctuations. We also investigate the constraint on the UCMH abundance and small-scale curvature perturbations. Our results indicate that the upcoming 21-cm observation, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), provides the constraint on amplitude of primordial curvature power spectrum, ${\cal A}_{\zeta } \lesssim 10^{-6}$ on 100 ≲ k ≲ 1000 Mpc−1. Although it is not stronger than the one from the non-detection of gamma-rays induced by dark matter annihilation in UCMHs, the constraint by the SKA will be important because this constraint is independent of the dark matter particle model.
Stellar angular momentum distribution linked to galaxy morphology
Authors: Sweet Sarah M , Glazebrook Karl , Obreschkow Danail , Fisher Deanne B , Burkert Andreas , Lagos Claudia D P , Espejo Salcedo Juan M 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the spatially resolved stellar specific angular momentum j* in a high-quality sample of 24 Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area galaxies covering a broad range of visual morphology, accounting for stellar velocity and velocity dispersion. The shape of the spaxelwise probability density function of normalized s = j*/j*mean, PDF(s), deviates significantly from the near-universal initial distribution expected of baryons in a dark matter halo and can be explained by the expected baryonic effects in galaxy formation that remove and redistribute angular momentum. Further we find that the observed shape of the PDF(s) correlates significantly with photometric morphology, where late-type galaxies have a PDF(s) that is similar to a normal distribution, whereas early types have a strongly skewed PDF(s) resulting from an excess of low-angular momentum material. Galaxies that are known to host pseudo-bulges (bulge Sérsic index nb &lt; 2.2) tend to have less skewed bulge PDF(s), with skewness (b1rb) ≲ 0.8. The PDF(s) encodes both kinematic and photometric information and appears to be a robust tracer of morphology. Its use is motivated by the desire to move away from traditional component-based classifications which are subject to observer bias, to classification on a galaxy’s fundamental (stellar mass and angular momentum) properties. In future, PDF(s) may also be useful as a kinematic decomposition tool.
Multi-epoch X-ray burst modelling: MCMC with large grids of 1D simulations
Authors: Johnston Zac , Heger Alexander , Galloway Duncan K 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Type-I X-ray bursts are recurring thermonuclear explosions on the surface of accreting neutron stars. Matching observed bursts to computational models can help to constrain system properties, such as the neutron star mass and radius, crustal heating rates, and the accreted fuel composition, but systematic parameter studies to date have been limited. We apply Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to 1D burst models for the first time, and obtain system parameter estimations for the ‘Clocked Burster’, GS 1826−238, by fitting multiple observed epochs simultaneously. We explore multiple parameters which are often held constant, including the neutron star mass, crustal heating rate, and hydrogen composition. To improve the computational efficiency, we precompute a grid of 3840 kepler models – the largest set of 1D burst simulations to date – and by interpolating over the model grid, we can rapidly sample burst predictions. We obtain estimates for a CNO metallicity of $Z_\mathrm{CNO} = 0.010^{+0.005}_{-0.004}$, a hydrogen fraction of $X_0 = 0.74^{+0.02}_{-0.03}$, a distance of $d \sqrt{\xi _\mathrm{b}} = 6.5^{+0.4}_{-0.6}\, \mathrm{kpc}$ , and a system inclination of $i = {69^{+2}_{-3}}^{\circ }$.
Probiotics for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Krüger Jenifer F , Hillesheim Elaine , Pereira Amanda C S N , Camargo Carolina Q , Rabito Estela I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Context
Dementia is the fifth leading cause of death in the world. Animal studies indicate that in addition to the aging process, intestinal microbiota may play an important role in the neurodegeneration process through the modulation of the gut-brain axis.

Objective
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on the cognitive function of individuals with dementia.

Data Sources
MEDLINE, BVS, SciELO, CENTRAL, Embase, and grey literature were searched from their inception to January 2019.

Study Selection
We included data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that addressed dementias and assessed the following outcomes: cognitive function; inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers; nutritional status; and intestinal microbiota composition.

Data Extraction
Data searches, article selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessments were performed according to the Cochrane guidelines. Data were pooled by inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) was used to assess the quality of evidence.

Results
Data from 3 RCTs involving 161 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease receiving Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains showed no beneficial effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function (standardized mean difference, 0.56; 95%CI: −0.06 to 1.18), with very low certainty of evidence. However, probiotic supplementation improved plasma triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance, and plasma malondialdehyde. No RCTs included synbiotic supplementation or assessed microbiota composition.

Conclusion
Current evidence regarding the use of probiotics and synbiotics for individuals with dementia is insufficient to support their clinical application.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no: CRD42018116148.
Effects of corn supplementation and age on performance and reproduction of beef females grazing lush spring pasture
Authors: Henley Parker A , Meteer William T , Chapple Wesley P , Redden Miles E , Shike Daniel W 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated how corn supplementation and age of female affected body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rate, and blood metabolites (nonesterified fatty acid [NEFA], β-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA], and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) when grazing lush spring pasture. Angus and Angus × Simmental beef females (n = 361) were blocked by location, stratified by BW and BCS, and then were assigned to groups (n = 8 groups/treatment combination; 9–14 females/group). The study utilized a stratified, randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The four treatment combinations were: yearling heifers receiving no supplement (CON-H); yearling heifers receiving supplement of dry-rolled corn (SUPP-H; 1.81 kg as-fed/heifer/d) for 42 d; 2-yr-old lactating cow-calf pairs receiving no supplement (CON-C); and 2-yr-old lactating cow-calf pairs receiving supplement of dry-rolled corn (SUPP-C; 1.81 kg as-fed/cow/d) for 42 d. Supplementation began at AI (end of April) when cows began grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea schreb)-red clover (Trifolium pratense) pastures. Pasture forage was collected weekly for analysis. Throughout the study, forage crude protein decreased (P &lt; 0.01) over time, but acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber, dry matter, forage height, and forage mass all increased (P &lt; 0.01) over time. Females receiving SUPP tended (P = 0.10) to have greater BW and greater BW change over the supplementation period. Supplementation × age effects for BCS were detected (P = 0.04); SUPP-H had greater BCS than all other treatment combinations at d 42. Cow BHBA was greater (P &lt; 0.01) compared with heifers. Female NEFA increased (P &lt; 0.01) from d 12 to 42. Control females had greater (P = 0.02) serum NEFA concentrations compared with SUPP females. Control females had greater (P = 0.03) BUN concentrations compared with SUPP females. Cow BUN was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than heifer BUN. Supplementation effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.25) for AI or overall pregnancy rate. In conclusion, there were no supplementation × age interactions excluding d 42 BCS. Supplementation regardless of female age tended to improve d 42 BW and BW change. Cow BHBA and BUN was greater compared with the heifers, whereas the supplemented females had decreased NEFA and BUN. Cows tended to have greater AI pregnancy rates than heifers, but supplementation did not affect AI or overall pregnancy rates.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Transiently Increases Solute Transport in Brain Tissue
Authors: Fu Bingmei , Xia Yifan , Khalid Wasem , Huang Guangyao , Yin Zhaokai , Bikson Marom 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non‐invasive electrical stimulation investigated to treat a broad range of brain disorders and to enhance memory and cognition in healthy individuals. Our prior study has shown that tDCS with proper dosage can achieve non‐invasive and temporary increase in the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability (P). To further investigate whether tDCS also increases the material transport in brain tissue, we employed high resolution multiphoton microscopy to collect the spreading images of fluorescently‐labeled solutes in the rat brain tissue after tDCS treatment. The effective solute diffusion coefficient in the brain tissue (Deff ) was determined by using our previously developed method. Deff is a quantitative indicator for solute transport in a medium.MethodsAfter 20 min 1 mA tDCS treatment, sodium fluorescein (MW 376), or FITC‐dextran 70k in 1% BSA mammalian Ringer was injected into the rat (SD, 250–300g) cerebral circulation via the ipsilateral carotid artery by a syringe pump at a constant rate of ~3 ml/min. Simultaneously, the 3‐D images of a post‐capillary vessel and its surrounding area in the rat brain tissue 100–200 mm below the pia mater were collected by laser scanning multiphoton microscopy with 820 nm excitation wavelength. The cerebral microvessel permeability (P) and the effective solute diffusion coefficient in the brain tissue Deff were determined from the rate of dye spreading images. Specifically, Deff was estimated by curve fitting the spatio‐temporal solute concentration (fluorescence intensity) distribution by using an unsteady diffusion transport model.Results and DiscussionIt was found that in 5–10 min post 20 min–1mA tDCS, Deff/Dfree increases from 0.45 to 0.50 for sodium fluorescein (n=5) and from 0.11 to 0.25 for dextran 70k (n=6), all the increased Deff returned to the control level in 25–30 min post tDCS. tDCS indeed transiently makes the brain tissue less restrictive to solute transport, especially for larger solutes.ConclusionstDCS not only transiently increases the BBB permeability but also enhances the solute transport in brain tissue.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH RO1 NS101362‐01
The Role of the Gut‐Brain Axis in the Capacity for Learning in Zebrafish
Authors: Deutsch Colin J , Uno Jennifer K 
Published: April 2020

Starved (low calorie) and overfed (high calorie) diets are common in food insecure areas and can shift gut microbiota diversity. While there is increasing evidence linking the gut microbiota composition to psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression, little is known regarding the impact gut microbes have on learning behavior and capacity. Current literature supports that alterations in intestinal microbiota diversity and richness can influence serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of gut‐brain axis on learning capacity. We hypothesize that a decrease in microbial diversity and abundance will negatively impact learning in zebrafish. Fish were grouped and fed a control diet, a starved low caloric diet and an overfed high caloric diet. Afterwards microbial DNA and RNA from zebrafish brain tissue was isolated. Bacterial abundance was quantified with primers designed against 16s ribosomal RNA. Dopamine and serotonin receptor expression was examined using TaqMan primer probes. Overfed fish exhibited a significant increase weight relative to starved fish, in addition starved fish displayed a 7.0 mg decrease in weight (p<.001, n=5). Both overfed and starved fish exhibited a decrease in intestinal microbial abundance. Associative learning was assessed using a plus‐maze protocol. Interestingly we observed modest, though not significant increases in learning in the starved fish relative to overfed and control fish. Coinciding with this data, overfed fish showed no significant changes in serotonin or dopamine receptor gene expression compared to control diets, however starved diets illustrated an increasing trend in serotonin receptor expression and a significant increase in dopamine D1 receptor expression (p<.04, n=11). These results indicate that starved and overfed diets decrease gut microbial abundance and may influence learning capacity through the gut‐brain axis in starved fish.Support or Funding InformationElon University