bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Forced Convection Flow Through a Porous Medium Saturated Channel Using Singular Perturbation Analysis
Authors: Chen G. M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Accounting for the fact that thermal conductivity of fluid is much less than the thermal conductivity of solid in most of the porous medium-related applications, this study applies perturbation approach in analyzing forced convection through a parallel plate channel under local thermal nonequilibirum (LTNE) condition by denoting the thermal conductivity ratio of fluid to solid as the small parameter, suggesting leading order solutions to solve the two-equation energy model, by incorporating Darcy model and Brinkman model for large porous medium shape factor, respectively, in the presence of heat generation in both fluid and solid. This study provides important fluid temperatures, solid temperatures, and heat transfer coefficient approximations, which enables further analysis on the fluid and solid temperature gradient at the boundary and hence delineate the roles of thermal conductivities and interfacial heat transfer in LNTE mode. The results signify competition between the heat conduction from the wall through fluid conduction and interfacial heat transfer from solid to fluid in the thermal boundary layer. The effect of thermal boundary layer is intensified with the attendant increase in porous medium shape factor and heat generation in solid. The results for Brinkman model also establish conditions for temperature bifurcations to take place whereby in such cases, an increase in viscous dissipation in fluid attributes to the detachment of thermal boundary layer as the porous medium shape factor, S decreases. The phenomenon caused by insufficient convection rate to overcome viscous dissipation bears much resemblance to the separation point in the momentum boundary layer.
Exploring Self-Compassion and Versions of Masculinity in Men Athletes
Authors: Reis Nathan A. , Kowalski Kent C. , Mosewich Amber D. , Ferguson Leah J. 
Published: December 2019

Despite a growing emphasis on self-compassion in sport, little research has focused exclusively on men athletes. The purpose of this research was to explore the interaction of self-compassion and diverse versions of masculinity on the psychosocial well-being of men athletes. The authors sampled 172 men athletes (Mage = 22.8 yr) from a variety of sports, using descriptive methodology with self-report questionnaires. Self-compassion was related to most variables (e.g., psychological well-being, fear of negative evaluation, state self-criticism, internalized shame, reactions to a hypothetical sport-specific scenario) in hypothesized directions and predicted unique variance beyond self-esteem across most of those variables, as well as moderated relationships between masculinity and both autonomy and attitudes toward gay men. In addition, self-compassion was differentially related to inclusive and hegemonic masculinity. Our findings support self-compassion as a promising resource for men athletes to buffer emotionally difficult sport experiences.
Fatigue-Related Changes in Running Gait Patterns Persist in the Days Following a Marathon Race
Authors: Clermont Christian A. , Pohl Andrew J. , Ferber Reed 
Published: December 2019

Context: The risk of experiencing an overuse running-related injury can increase with atypical running biomechanics associated with neuromuscular fatigue and/or training errors. While it is important to understand the changes in running biomechanics within a fatigue-inducing run, it may be more clinically relevant to assess gait patterns in the days following a marathon to better evaluate the effects of inadequate recovery on injury. Objective: To use center of mass (CoM) acceleration patterns to investigate changes in running patterns prior to (PRE) and at 2 (POST2) and 7 (POST7) days following a marathon race. Design: Pre–post intervention study. Setting: A 200-m oval track surface. Participants: Seventeen recreational marathon runners (10 females, age = 34.2 [5.67] y; 7 males, age = 47.41 [15.32] y). Intervention: Marathon race. Main Outcome Measures: An inertial measurement unit was placed near the CoM to collect triaxial acceleration data during overground running for PRE, POST2, and POST7 sessions. Twenty-two features were extracted from the acceleration waveforms to characterize different aspects of running gait. Lower-limb musculoskeletal pain was also recorded at each session with a visual analog scale. Results: At POST2, runners reported higher self-reported pain and exhibited elevated peak mediolateral acceleration with an increased mediolateral ratio of acceleration root mean square compared with PRE. At POST7, pain was reduced and more similar to PRE, with runners demonstrating increased stride regularity in the vertical direction and decreased peak resultant acceleration. Conclusions: The observed changes in CoM motion at POST2 may be associated with atypical running biomechanics that can translate to greater mediolateral impulses, potentially increasing the risk of injury. This study demonstrates the use of an accelerometer as an effective tool to detect atypical CoM motion for runners due to fatigue, recovery, and musculoskeletal pain in real-world environments.
Improvements in Lower-Extremity Function Following a Rehabilitation Program With Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation in Females With Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Glaviano Neal R. , Marshall Ashley N. , Mangum L. Colby , Hart Joseph M. , Hertel Jay , Russell Shawn , Saliba Susan 
Published: December 2019

Context: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a challenging condition, with altered kinematics and muscle activity as 2 common impairments. Single applications of patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) have improved both kinematics and muscle activity in females with PFP; however, the use of PENS in conjunction with a rehabilitation program has not been evaluated. Objective: To determine the effects of a 4-week rehabilitation program with PENS on lower-extremity biomechanics and electromyography (EMG) during a single-leg squat (SLS) and a step-down task (SDT) in individuals with PFP. Study Design: Double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Setting: Laboratory. Patients of Other Participants: Sixteen females with PFP (age 23.3 [4.9] y, mass 66.3 [13.5] kg, height 166.1 [5.9] cm). Intervention: Patients completed a 4-week supervised rehabilitation program with or without PENS. Main Outcome Measures: Curve analyses for lower-extremity kinematics and EMG activity (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and adductor longus) were constructed by plotting group means and 90% confidence intervals throughout 100% of each task, before and after the rehabilitation program. Mean differences (MDs) and SDs were calculated where statistical differences were identified. Results: No differences at baseline in lower-extremity kinematics or EMG were found between groups. Following rehabilitation, the PENS group had significant reduction in hip adduction between 29% and 47% of the SLS (MD = 4.62° [3.85°]) and between 43% and 69% of the SDT (MD = 6.55° [0.77°]). Throughout the entire SDT, there was a decrease in trunk flexion in the PENS group (MD = 10.91° [1.73°]). A significant decrease in gluteus medius activity was seen during both the SLS (MD = 2.77 [3.58]) and SDT (MD = 4.36 [5.38]), and gluteus maximus during the SLS (MD = 1.49 [1.46]). No differences were seen in the Sham group lower-extremity kinematics for either task. Conclusion: Rehabilitation with PENS improved kinematics in both tasks and decreased EMG activity. This suggests that rehabilitation with PENS may improve muscle function during functional tasks.
Intravitreal bevacizumab improves the clearance of vitreous haemorrhage and visual outcomes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Wirkkala Joonas , Bloigu Risto , Hautala Nina Maria 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the occurrence of vitreous haemorrhage (VH) secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) for VH in 5-year real-life data.Methods and analysis850 adult patients with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) with PDR were screened for VH. The effect of IVB was evaluated by the clearage of VH and the change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The rates of VHs, reinjections, macular oedema, complications, additional treatments and outcomes of spontaneous resorption, panretinal photocoagulation or pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for VH were also investigated.ResultsVH occurred in 16% of patients with T1D and 9% of patients with T2D with PDR. 336 VHs in 140 eyes of 103 patients were documented. VH was cleared in 92% of cases in less than 3 months by the initial IVB. IVB was superior to other treatment methods in shortening the time for clearance of VH (Kaplan-Meier, p<0.0001). The average rate of IVB reinjections was 1.7±1.1 and the reinjection interval was 7.2±3.9 weeks. BCVA increased 0.73±0.04 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units after IVB (generalised estimating equations, p=0.0004). In 5 years, the patients had 2.2±2.7 recurrence of VHs. A simultaneous 72% decrease in the rate of PPVs was documented (p<0.0001).ConclusionVH occurs mostly in patients with T1D. The therapeutic effect of IVB for VH was significant and led to improved clearance of VH and visual outcome. Moreover, IVB prevented persistent and recurrent VHs and decreased the need for costly PPV.
Effects of physical activity calorie equivalent food labelling to reduce food selection and consumption: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies
Authors: Daley Amanda J , McGee Eleanor , Bayliss Sue , Coombe April , Parretti Helen M 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundThere is limited evidence that nutritional labelling on food/drinks is changing eating behaviours. Physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) food labelling aims to provide the public with information about the amount of physical activity required to expend the number of kilocalories in food/drinks (eg, calories in this pizza requires 45 min of running to burn), to encourage healthier food choices and reduce disease.ObjectiveWe aimed to systematically search for randomised controlled trials and experimental studies of the effects of PACE food labelling on the selection, purchase or consumption of food/drinks.MethodsPACE food labelling was compared with any other type of food labelling or no labelling (comparator). Reports were identified by searching electronic databases, websites and social media platforms. Inverse variance meta-analysis was used to summarise evidence. Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CIs were used to describe between-group differences using a random effects model.Results15 studies were eligible for inclusion. When PACE labelling was displayed on food/drinks and menus, significantly fewer calories were selected, relative to comparator labelling (WMD=−64.9 kcal, 95% CI −103.2 to −26.6, p=0.009, n=4606). Presenting participants with PACE food labelling results in the consumption of significantly fewer calories (WMD=−80.4 kcal, 95% CI−136.7 to −24.2, p=0.005, n=486) relative to comparator food labelling.ConclusionBased on current evidence PACE food labelling may reduce the number of kilocalories selected from menus and decrease the number of kilocalories/grams of food consumed by the public, compared with other types of food labelling/no labelling.Trial registration numberCRD42018088567.
Trajectories of self-rated health before and after retirement: evidence from two cohort studies
Authors: Stenholm Sari , Virtanen Marianna , Pentti Jaana , Oksanen Tuula , Kivimäki Mika , Vahtera Jussi 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesPrevious studies have produced conflicting findings on the health consequences of retirement. We aimed at identifying trajectories of self-rated health over retirement transition using repeated measurements and examined which preretirement factors predicted membership to each trajectory.MethodsThe study population consisted of Finnish public sector employees from two independent cohorts (Finnish Public Sector Study (FPS), n=5776 with a 4-year follow-up interval; and Finnish Retirement and Aging Study (FIREA), n=2796 with a 1-year follow-up interval). Both cohorts included assessment of self-rated health one to three times before and one to three times after retirement (average number of measurement points: 3.7 in FPS and 3.5 in FIREA). We used latent trajectory analysis to identify trajectories of self-rated health.ResultsIn both cohorts four similar trajectories were identified: ‘Sustained good health’ (47% in FPS and 74% in FIREA), ‘From good to suboptimal health’ (19% and 6%), ‘From suboptimal to good health’ (14% and 8%) and ‘Sustained suboptimal health’ (20% and 12%). There were more women and persons in high occupational status in the ‘From suboptimal to good health’ trajectory group when compared with ‘Sustained suboptimal health’ trajectory group in FPS. Those in the trajectory ‘From good to suboptimal health’ had lower occupational status and higher job strain in comparison with those in the ‘Sustained good health’ trajectory in both cohorts.ConclusionsA large majority of public sector employees maintain their perceived health status during retirement transition. Adverse trajectory in self-rated health relate to low occupational status and work-related stressors.
Anesthesia of the anterior femoral cutaneous nerves for total knee arthroplasty incision: randomized volunteer trial
Authors: Bjørn Siska , Nielsen Thomas Dahl , Moriggl Bernhard , Hoermann Romed , Bendtsen Thomas Fichtner 
Published: December 2019

Background and objectives
For pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), an injection at the midthigh level may produce analgesia inferior to that of a femoral nerve block as the anterior femoral cutaneous nerves (intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve (IFCN) and medial femoral cutaneous nerve (MFCN)) are not anesthetized. The IFCN can be selectively anesthetized in the subcutaneous tissue above the sartorius muscle and the MFCN by an injection in the proximal part of the femoral triangle (FT). The primary aim was to investigate the area of cutaneous anesthesia in relation to the surgical incision for TKA and anteromedial knee area after intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve blockade (IFCNB) in combination with an injection in the proximal or distal part of the FT (proximal vs distal femoral triangle block (FTB)).

Methods
The study was carried out as two separate investigations: first, dissection of nine cadaver sides to verify a technique for IFCNB; second, a volunteer study with 40 healthy volunteers. The surgical midline incision for TKA was drawn bilaterally. All volunteers received an active distal FTB combined with a placebo proximal FTB on one side and vice versa on the other side. All volunteers were randomized to an active IFCNB on one side and placebo IFCNB on the contralateral side.

Results
Identification of IFCN was successful in all cadaver sides. Fifteen out of 20 volunteers had complete anesthesia of the incision line after IFCNB combined with proximal FTB, which was significantly higher compared with proximal FTB alone and with distal FTB+IFCNB. A gap at the anteromedial knee area was present in 2/20 volunteers with proximal FTB compared with 17/20 with distal FTB when all volunteers had active IFCNB.

Conclusion
Ultrasound-guided blockade of the IFCN and MFCN anesthetize the surgical midline incision and the anteromedial area of the knee relevant for TKA. In contrast, an injection at the midthigh level produces insufficient cutaneous anesthesia not covering the areas of interest.

Trial registration number
EudraCT: 2018-004986-15.
Mean-payoff Optimization in Continuous-time Markov Chains with Parametric Alarms
Authors: Baier Christel , Dubslaff Clemens , Korenčiak L'uboš , kučera Antonín , Řehák Vojtěch 
Published: December 2019

Continuous-time Markov chains with alarms (ACTMCs) allow for alarm events that can be non-exponentially distributed. Within
parametric
ACTMCs, the parameters of alarm-event distributions are not given explicitly and can be the subject of parameter synthesis. In this line, an algorithm is presented that solves the ε-optimal parameter synthesis problem for parametric ACTMCs with long-run average optimization objectives. The approach provided in this article is based on a reduction of the problem to finding long-run average optimal policies in semi-Markov decision processes (semi-MDPs) and sufficient discretization of the parameter (i.e., action) space. Since the set of actions in the discretized semi-MDP can be very large, a straightforward approach based on an explicit action-space construction fails to solve even simple instances of the problem. The presented algorithm uses an enhanced policy iteration on
symbolic
representations of the action space. Soundness of the algorithm is established for parametric ACTMCs with alarm-event distributions that satisfy four mild assumptions, fulfilled by many kinds of distributions. Exemplifying proofs for the satisfaction of these requirements are provided for Dirac, uniform, exponential, Erlang, and Weibull distributions in particular. An experimental implementation shows that the symbolic technique substantially improves the efficiency of the synthesis algorithm and allows us to solve instances of realistic size.
Relationship of postsaccadic oscillation with the state of the pupil inside the iris and with cognitive processing
Authors: Yamagishi Shimpei , Yoneya Makoto , Furukawa Shigeto 
Published: December 2019

Recent studies using video-based eye tracking have presented accumulating evidence that postsaccadic oscillation defined in reference to the pupil center (PSOp) is larger than that to the iris center (PSOi). This indicates that the relative motion of the pupil reflects the viscoelasticity of the tissue of the iris. It is known that the pupil size controlled by the sphincter/dilator pupillae muscles reflects many aspects of cognition. A hypothesis derived from this fact is that cognitive tasks affect the properties of PSOp due to the change in the state of these muscles. To test this hypothesis, we conducted pro- and antisaccade tasks for human participants and adopted the recent physical model of PSO to evaluate the dynamic properties of PSOp/PSOi. The results showed the dependence of the elasticity coefficient of the PSOp on the antisaccade task, but this effect was not significant for the PSOi. This suggests that cognitive tasks such as antisaccade tasks affect elasticity of the muscle of the iris. We found that the trial-by-trial fluctuation in the presaccade absolute pupil size correlated with the elasticity coefficient of PSOp. We also found the task dependence of the viscosity coefficient and overshoot amount of PSOi, which probably reflects the dynamics of the entire eyeball movement. The difference in task dependence between PSOp and PSOi indicates that the separate measures of these two can be means to distinguish factors related to the oculomotor neural system from those related to the physiological states of the iris tissue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The state of the eyeball varies dynamically moment by moment depending on underlying neural/cognitive processing. Combining simultaneous measurements of pupil-centric and iris-centric movements and a recent physical model of postsaccadic oscillation (PSO), we show that the pupil-centric PSO is sensitive to the type of saccade task, suggesting that the physical state of the iris muscles reflects the underlying cognitive processes.
Gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey
Authors: Hafed Ziad M. , Goffart Laurent 
Published: December 2019

Rigorous behavioral studies made in human subjects have shown that small-eccentricity target displacements are associated with increased saccadic reaction times, but the reasons for this remain unclear. Before characterizing the neurophysiological foundations underlying this relationship between the spatial and temporal aspects of saccades, we tested the triggering of small saccades in the male rhesus macaque monkey. We also compared our results to those obtained in human subjects, both from the existing literature and through our own additional measurements. Using a variety of behavioral tasks exercising visual and nonvisual guidance of small saccades, we found that small saccades consistently require more time than larger saccades to be triggered in the nonhuman primate, even in the absence of any visual guidance and when valid advance information about the saccade landing position is available. We also found a strong asymmetry in the reaction times of small upper versus lower visual field visually guided saccades, a phenomenon that has not been described before for small saccades, even in humans. Following the suggestion that an eye movement is not initiated as long as the visuo-oculomotor system is within a state of balance, in which opposing commands counterbalance each other, we propose that the longer reaction times are a signature of enhanced times needed to create the symmetry-breaking condition that puts downstream premotor neurons into a push-pull regime necessary for rotating the eyeballs. Our results provide an important catalog of nonhuman primate oculomotor capabilities on the miniature scale, allowing concrete predictions on underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Leveraging a multitude of neurophysiological investigations in the rhesus macaque monkey, we generated and tested hypotheses about small-saccade latencies in this animal model. We found that small saccades always take longer, on average, than larger saccades to trigger, regardless of visual and cognitive context. Moreover, small downward saccades have the longest latencies overall. Our results provide an important documentation of oculomotor capabilities of an indispensable animal model for neuroscientific research in vision, cognition, and action.