bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging the Patronage Paradigm
Authors: McGrady Deborah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter revisits the portrayal of poet-prince relations in late-medieval francophone literature to expose writers’ use of these accounts to critique nobility’s role in literary production. A consideration of select texts from Guillaume de Machaut, Eustache Deschamps and Jean Froissart will show that literary portrayals of the poet-prince relationship frequently served to challenge patrons’ authority over literary production, criticize the failure of nobility to recognize the power of poetry, and acknowledge the increasing presence of a dynamic literary network that stretched beyond the prince’s reach. Far from serving as mouthpieces to the prince, these writers used the patronage paradigm to assert, often at the prince’s expense, the inestimable value of poetry and the wisdom of writers.
‘Gaufred, deere maister soverain’
Authors: Simpson James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter briefly surveys and characterizes the rhetorical culture inherited by Chaucer. It then surveys and critiques twentieth-century scholarship on Chaucer and rhetoric. The body of the chapter argues that Chaucer’s understanding of rhetoric is directly derived from late twelfth-century Neoplatonic sources. Examples demonstrate Chaucer’s flexible familiarity with each branch of twelfth-century Neoplatonic rhetoric and poetics. Chaucer also modified the Neoplatonic rhetoric he received. The late twelfth-, early thirteenth-century rhetorician Geoffrey of Vinsauf might be Chaucer’s ‘dere mayster soverayn’, but among the many skills taught by rhetoric is that of only ostensibly following one’s master: Chaucer himself is the ‘maister soverain’ of a poetic-rhetoric.
The Poetics of Trespass and Duress
Authors: Johnson Eleanor 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the legal training institutions of the Common Law, the Inns of Court, might have impacted on the evolution and staging of legal problematics in late Middle English, and especially Chaucerian, poetics. Specifically, the chapter sets out and analyses the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century changes to trespass law and the contemporaneous rise of the courts of equity, in order to open up a new way of reading Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde as, in effect, an academic thought experiment on these legal changes. Chaucer’s decision to create his poem as, in part, a meditation on the theoretical nature and practical feasibility of these new legal systems likely originated during his education at the Inns of Court.
Logic and Mathematics
Authors: Sylla Edith Dudley 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChaucer is known as a philosophical poet. He translated Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy from Latin to English. Do his works reveal familiarity with what went on in philosophy at Oxford and Cambridge universities in the fourteenth century? The chapter summarizes typical features of the work of the so-called ‘Oxford Calculators’ (also known as the ‘Merton School’) and contemporary philosophers at the University of Paris (who, together, may be called the fourteenth-century ‘moderni’) and contrasts these features with the work of John Wyclif, which became influential later in the fourteenth century. Among the features considered are disputations on sophismata, use of the logica moderna and technical measure languages, demonstrative reasoning, and optimism about the capabilities of scientific disciplines. Resonating more with Wycliffites are negative images of clerics.
At Home and in the ‘Countour-Hous’
Authors: Hsy Jonathan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter juxtaposes The House of Fame and the Shipman’s Tale to explore two London locations closely associated with Chaucer’s life: his residence above Aldgate, and the customs house on the wool quay. In The House of Fame, Chaucer synthesizes a quotidian portrayal of ‘Geffrey’ at home with imaginative representations of urban life and sounds. The poem not only engages with Latinate poetic traditions, but it also absorbs mixed-vernacular varieties of civic writing. In the Shipman’s Tale, a French merchant’s activities in his ‘contour-hous’ recall Chaucer’s vocation as a customs official for the Port of London, and the tale’s cross-linguistic wordplay suggests the multilingual capacities of Chaucer’s urban readers. In these works, the poet inhabits the polyglot settings of northern French ports and London’s waterfront. Chaucer’s portrayal of accounting practices reflect aspects of everyday medieval life, but more profoundly the poet illustrates the porous boundaries between languages within urban environments.
Books and Booklessness in Chaucer’s England
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Most of Chaucer’s contemporaries never owned a book. How do we reconcile this fact with the everyday bookishness of Chaucer’s writings? This chapter describes the intersection, in Chaucer’s time, of the traditional oral and written dissemination of ideas, and new book technologies such as paper and cursive scripts. It identifies Chaucer with an emerging class of secular household and urban clerks who made their living by reading and writing. Together with the medieval religious, these men formed a small but significant network in medieval England for the production and circulation of a large number of texts, in all kinds of book and non-book formats. The chapter covers Chaucer’s own dealings with books at key moments in Chaucer’s career, from the literacy he must have acquired as a child in a merchant-class household in London to the transmission of his literary works within his coterie, and then, via professional book producers, to a wider group of readers, including modern ones.
Law, Legitimacy, and Religion in the GreekPoleis
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the role played by religion in the courts, assemblies, and governmental administration of Greek poleis. Religion provided legitimacy to the legal system as a whole, religious rituals affected legal and legislative business, and polis regulations governed many aspects of rituals. The law against impiety safeguarded rituals, as opposed to enforcing doctrinal orthodoxy. No less important than polis laws and regulations were the by-laws and rules issued by smaller, less powerful bodies such as religious associations, demes, phratries, and donors establishing foundations. Rather than have two legal systems, one religious and one secular, as in modern Israel or medieval England, the Greek poleis had a twofold, integrated system in which religious and secular concerns were fused, and in which religion provided both a moral foundation and a supportive set of rituals.
Law, Speech-Writers, and Rhetorical Context
Authors: Carey Christopher 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of speechwriters and the nature of argument in the Athenian courts. Starting with the means of persuasion recognized in ancient rhetorical writing and the nature of the task faced by the litigant in Athenian courts, it proceeds to examine in detail the structure of speeches delivered before the courts, the role of the individual components of the speech, and the manner of presentation. Finally, it addresses the rise of the paid speech-writer (logographer, logographos) and his role in the individual legal action and (more briefly) the possible means of training or preparation available to an aspiring speech-writer.
The Quiet Scientific Revolution: Problem-Solving and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of “Newtonian” Mechanics
Authors: Hepburn Brian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A narrative is proposed for eighteenth-century origins of “Newtonian” mechanics, according to which there are two relevant streams of development. One was the popularization of Newtonian natural philosophy, particularly in France in connection with the philosophe movement and the Enlightenment. This movement was inspired primarily by the example of Newton’s Opticks and embraced induction from observation and experiment. Newton’s Principia (1687), on the other hand, and its mathematical treatment of forces and motion, was exceedingly difficult. Solving novel problems in mechanics not addressed in the Principia required the kind of training possessed by a select group of mathematicians, most of whom were already engaged in a program of mathematical mechanics and did not identify as Newtonians nor took Principia as their starting point. The loudly celebrated, popular Newtonianism was lacking a program in mechanics until the end of the eighteenth century, when it subsumed, ironically, the mechanics of the non-Newtonians.
Feasibility of Auricular Field Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: Evaluation by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Randomized Trial
Authors: Woodbury Anna , Krishnamurthy Venkatagiri , Gebre Melat , Napadow Vitaly , Bicknese Corinne , Liu Mofei , Lukemire Joshua , Kalangara Jerry , Cui Xiangqin , Guo Ying , Sniecinski Roman , Crosson Bruce 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of recruitment, preliminary efficacy, and acceptability of auricular percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS) for the treatment of fibromyalgia in veterans, using neuroimaging as an outcome measure and a biomarker of treatment response.

Design
Randomized, controlled, single-blind.

Setting
Government hospital.

Subjects
Twenty-one veterans with fibromyalgia were randomized to standard therapy (ST) control or ST with auricular PENFS treatment.

Methods
Participants received weekly visits with a pain practitioner over 4 weeks. The PENFS group received reapplication of PENFS at each weekly visit. Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) data were collected within 2 weeks prior to initiating treatment and 2 weeks following the final treatment. Analysis of rs-fcMRI used a right posterior insula seed. Pain and function were assessed at baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks post-treatment.

Results
At 12 weeks post-treatment, there was a nonsignificant trend toward improved pain scores and significant improvements in pain interference with sleep among the PENFS treatment group as compared with the ST controls. Neuroimaging data displayed increased connectivity to areas of the cerebellum and executive control networks in the PENFS group as compared with the ST control group following treatment.

Conclusions
There was a trend toward improved pain and function among veterans with fibromyalgia in the ST + PENFS group as compared with the ST control group. Pain and functional outcomes correlated with altered rs-fcMRI network connectivity. Neuroimaging results differed between groups, suggesting an alternative underlying mechanism for PENFS analgesia.
Task-Induced Functional Connectivity of the Syntax-Related Networks for Patients with a Cortical Glioma
Authors: Tanaka Kyohei , Kinno Ryuta , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Maruyama Takashi , Sakai Kuniyoshi L 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Analysis of the functional connectivity has enabled understanding of the cortical networks. In the present study, we used a picture-sentence matching task to introduce syntactically harder conditions, and clarified 3 major points. First, patients with a glioma in the lateral premotor cortex/inferior frontal gyrus or in other cortical regions showed much weaker activations than controls, especially in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Moreover, the error rates under the harder conditions were much higher for these patients. Secondly, syntactic loads induced selective connectivity with enhancement and suppression, consistently for both patients and controls. More specifically, the local connectivity was enhanced among the 3 syntax-related networks within the left frontal cortex, while the global connectivity of both dorsal and ventral pathways was suppressed. In addition, the exact reproducibility of r-values across the control and patient groups was remarkable, since under easier conditions alone, connectivity patterns for the patients were completely unmatched with those for the controls. Thirdly, we found an additional syntax-related network, further confirming the intergroup similarity of task-induced functional connectivity. These results indicate that functional connectivity of agrammatic patients is mostly preserved regardless of a glioma, and that the connectivity can change dynamically and systematically according to syntactic loads.
The interplay between irrigation and fruiting on branch growth and mortality, gas exchange and water relations of coffee trees
Authors: Almeida Wellington L , Ávila Rodrigo T , Pérez-Molina Junior P , Barbosa Marcela L , Marçal Dinorah M S , de Souza Raylla P B , Martino Pedro B , Cardoso Amanda A , Martins Samuel C V , DaMatta Fábio M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe overall coordination between gas exchanges and plant hydraulics may be affected by soil water availability and source-to-sink relationships. Here we evaluated how branch growth and mortality, leaf gas exchange and metabolism are affected in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees by drought and fruiting. Field-grown plants were irrigated or not, and maintained with full or no fruit load. Under mild water deficit, irrigation per se did not significantly impact growth but markedly reduced branch mortality in fruiting trees, despite similar leaf assimilate pools and water status. Fruiting increased net photosynthetic rate in parallel with an enhanced stomatal conductance, particularly in irrigated plants. Mesophyll conductance and maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rate remained unchanged across treatments. The increased stomatal conductance in fruiting trees over nonfruiting ones was unrelated to internal CO2 concentration, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels or differential ABA sensitivity. However, stomatal conductance was associated with higher stomatal density, lower stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit, and higher leaf hydraulic conductance and capacitance. Increased leaf transpiration rate in fruiting trees was supported by coordinated alterations in plant hydraulics, which explained the maintenance of plant water status. Finally, by preventing branch mortality, irrigation can mitigate biennial production fluctuations and improve the sustainability of coffee plantations.
A Narrative Study of Equity in Clinical Assessment Through the Antideficit Lens
Authors: Teherani Arianne , Perez Sandra , Muller-Juge Virginie , Lupton Katherine , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
Efforts to address inequities in medical education are centered on a dialogue of deficits that highlight negative underrepresented in medicine (UIM) learner experiences and lower performance outcomes. An alternative narrative explores perspectives on achievement and equity in assessment. This study sought to understand UIM learner perceptions of successes and equitable assessment practices.

Method
Using narrative research, investigators selected a purposeful sample of self-identified UIM fourth-year medical students and senior-level residents and conducted semistructured interviews. Questions elicited personal stories of achievement during clinical training, clinical assessment practices that captured achievement, and equity in clinical assessment. Using re-storying and thematic analysis, investigators coded transcripts and synthesized data into themes and representative stories.

Results
Twenty UIM learners (6 medical students and 14 residents) were interviewed. Learners often thought about equity during clinical training and provided personal definitions of equity in assessment. Learners shared stories that reflected their achievements in patient care, favorable assessment outcomes, and growth throughout clinical training. Sound assessments that captured achievements included frequent observations with real-time feedback on predefined expectations by supportive, longitudinal clinical supervisors. Finally, equitable assessment systems were characterized as sound assessment systems that also avoided comparison to peers, used narrative assessment, assessed patient care and growth, trained supervisors to avoid bias, and acknowledged learner identity.

Conclusions
UIM learners characterized equitable and sound assessment systems that captured achievements during clinical training. These findings guide future efforts to create an inclusive, fair, and equitable clinical assessment experience.
Struggles and Tensions in Antiracism Education in Medical School: Lessons Learned
Authors: Ona Fernando F. , Amutah-Onukagha Ndidiamaka N. , Asemamaw Rina , Schlaff Anthony L. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
Faculty from different racial and ethnic backgrounds developed and piloted an antiracism curriculum initially designed to help medical students work more effectively with patients of color. Learning objectives included developing stronger therapeutic relationships, addressing the effects of structural racism in the lives of patients, and mitigating racism in the medical encounter.

Method
The antiracism curriculum was delivered and evaluated in 2019 through focus groups and written input before and after each module. The process and outcome evaluation used a grounded theory approach.

Results
Three emergent themes reflect how medical students experienced the antiracism curriculum and inform recommendations for integrating an antiracism curriculum into future medical education. The themes are: 1) the differential needs and experiences of persons of color and Whites, 2) the need to address issues of racism within medical education as well as in medical care, and 3) the need for structures of accountability in medical education.

Conclusions
Medical educators must address racism in medical education before seeking to direct students to address it in medical practice.
Modeling the combined effect of digital exposure notification and non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic in Washington state
Authors: Abueg Matthew , Hinch Robert , Wu Neo , Liu Luyang , Probert William , Wu Austin , Eastham Paul , Shafi Yusef , Rosencrantz Matt , Dikovsky Michael , Cheng Zhao , Nurtay Anel , Abeler-Dörner Lucie , Bonsall David , McConnell Michael V. , O’Banion Shawn , Fraser Christophe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractContact tracing is increasingly being used to combat COVID-19, and digital implementations are now being deployed, many of them based on Apple and Google’s Exposure Notification System. These systems are new and are based on smartphone technology that has not traditionally been used for this purpose, presenting challenges in understanding possible outcomes. In this work, we use individual-based computational models to explore how digital exposure notifications can be used in conjunction with non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as traditional contact tracing and social distancing, to influence COVID-19 disease spread in a population. Specifically, we use a representative model of the household and occupational structure of three counties in the state of Washington together with a proposed digital exposure notifications deployment to quantify impacts under a range of scenarios of adoption, compliance, and mobility. In a model in which 15% of the population participated, we found that digital exposure notification systems could reduce infections and deaths by approximately 8% and 6%, effectively complementing traditional contact tracing. We believe this can serve as guidance to health authorities in Washington state and beyond on how exposure notification systems can complement traditional public health interventions to suppress the spread of COVID-19.
Optimizing direct RT-LAMP to detect transmissible SARS-CoV-2 from primary nasopharyngeal swab and saliva patient samples
Authors: Dudley Dawn M. , Newman Christina M. , Weiler Andrea M. , Ramuta Mitchell D. , Shortreed Cecilia G. , Heffron Anna S. , Accola Molly A. , Rehrauer William M. , Friedrich Thomas C. , O’Connor David H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 testing is crucial to controlling the spread of this virus, yet shortages of nucleic acid extraction supplies and other key reagents have hindered the response to COVID-19 in the US. Several groups have described loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for SARS-CoV-2, including testing directly from nasopharyngeal swabs and eliminating the need for reagents in short supply. Here we describe a fluorescence-based RT-LAMP test using direct nasopharyngeal swab samples and show consistent detection in clinically confirmed samples, albeit with approximately 100-fold lower sensitivity than qRT-PCR. We demonstrate that adding lysis buffer directly into the RT-LAMP reaction improves the sensitivity of some samples by approximately 10-fold. Overall, the limit of detection (LOD) of RT-LAMP using direct nasopharyngeal swab or saliva samples without RNA extraction is 1×105-1×106 copies/ml. This LOD is sufficient to detect samples from which infectious virus can be cultured. Therefore, samples that test positive in this assay contain levels of virus that are most likely to perpetuate transmission. Furthermore, purified RNA in this assay achieves a similar LOD to qRT-PCR and we provide a revised method to work directly with saliva as starting material. These results indicate that high-throughput RT-LAMP testing could augment qRT-PCR in SARS-CoV-2 screening programs, especially while the availability of qRT-PCR testing and RNA extraction reagents is constrained.
To isolate or not to isolate: The impact of changing behavior on COVID-19 transmission
Authors: Agusto Folashade B. , Erovenko Igor V. , Fulk Alexander , Abu-Saymeh Qays , Romero-Alvarez Daniel , Ponce Joan , Sindi Suzanne , Ortega Omayra , Onge Jarron M. Saint , Peterson A. Townsend 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 25 million cases and 800 thousand deaths worldwide to date. Neither vaccines nor therapeutic drugs are currently available for this novel coronavirus. All measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are thus based on reducing contact between infected and susceptible individuals. Most of these measures such as quarantine and self-isolation require voluntary compliance by the population. However, humans may act in their (perceived) self-interest only. We construct a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission with quarantine and hospitalization coupled with a dynamic game model of adaptive human behavior. Susceptible and infected individuals adopt various behavioral strategies based on perceived prevalence and burden of the disease and sensitivity to isolation measures, and they evolve their strategies using a social learning algorithm (imitation dynamics). This results in complex interplay between the epidemiological model, which affects success of different strategies, and the game-theoretic behavioral model, which in turn affects the spread of the disease. We found that the second wave of the pandemic, which has been observed in the US, can be attributed to rational behavior of susceptible individuals, and that multiple waves of the pandemic are possible if the rate of social learning of infected individuals is sufficiently high. To reduce the burden of the disease on the society, it is necessary to incentivize such altruistic behavior by infected individuals as voluntary self-isolation.