bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource management for model learning at entity level
Authors: Beyer Christian , Unnikrishnan Vishnu , Brüggemann Robert , Toulouse Vincent , Omar Hafez Kader , Ntoutsi Eirini , Spiliopoulou Myra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany current and future applications plan to provide entity-specific predictions. These range from individualized healthcare applications to user-specific purchase recommendations. In our previous stream-based work on Amazon review data, we could show that error-weighted ensembles that combine entity-centric classifiers, which are only trained on reviews of one particular product (entity), and entity-ignorant classifiers, which are trained on all reviews irrespective of the product, can improve prediction quality. This came at the cost of storing multiple entity-centric models in primary memory, many of which would never be used again as their entities would not receive future instances in the stream. To overcome this drawback and make entity-centric learning viable in these scenarios, we investigated two different methods of reducing the primary memory requirement of our entity-centric approach. Our first method uses the lossy counting algorithm for data streams to identify entities whose instances make up a certain percentage of the total data stream within an error-margin. We then store all models which do not fulfil this requirement in secondary memory, from which they can be retrieved in case future instances belonging to them should arrive later in the stream. The second method replaces entity-centric models with a much more naive model which only stores the past labels and predicts the majority label seen so far. We applied our methods on the previously used Amazon data sets which contained up to 1.4M reviews and added two subsets of the Yelp data set which contain up to 4.2M reviews. Both methods were successful in reducing the primary memory requirements while still outperforming an entity-ignorant model.
The Social Significance of Interracial Cohabitation: Inferences Based on Fertility Behavior
Authors: Choi Kate H. , Goldberg Rachel E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInterracial couples cohabit at higher rates than same-race couples, which is attributed to lower barriers to interracial cohabitation relative to intermarriage. This begs the question of whether the significance of cohabitation differs between interracial and same-race couples. Using data from the 2006–2017 National Survey of Family Growth, we assessed the meaning of interracial cohabitation by comparing the pregnancy risk, pregnancy intentions, and union transitions following a pregnancy among women in interracial and same-race cohabitations. The pregnancy and union transition behaviors of women in White-Black cohabitations resembled those of Black women in same-race cohabitations, suggesting that White-Black cohabitation serves as a substitute to marriage and reflecting barriers to the formation of White-Black intermarriages. The behaviors of women in White-Hispanic cohabitations fell between those of their same-race counterparts or resembled those of White women in same-race cohabitations. These findings suggest that White-Hispanic cohabitations take on a meaning between trial marriage and substitute to marriage and support views that Hispanics with White partners are a more assimilated group than Hispanics in same-race unions. Results for pregnancy intentions deviated from these patterns. Women in White-Black cohabitations were less likely than Black women in same-race cohabitations to have an unintended pregnancy, suggesting that White-Black cohabitations are considered marriage-like unions involving children. Women in White-Hispanic cohabitations were more likely than White and Hispanic women in same-race cohabitations to have an unintended pregnancy, reflecting possible concerns about social discrimination. These findings indicate heterogeneity in the significance of interracial cohabitation and continuing obstacles to interracial unions.
Monitoring Forage Mass with Low-Cost UAV Data: Case Study at the Rengen Grassland Experiment
Authors: Lussem Ulrike , Schellberg Jürgen , Bareth Georg 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMonitoring and predicting above ground biomass yield of grasslands are of key importance for grassland management. Established manual methods such as clipping or rising plate meter measurements provide accurate estimates of forage yield, but are time consuming and labor intensive, and do not provide spatially continuous data as required for precision agriculture applications. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of sward height metrics derived from low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle-based image data to predict forage yield. The study was conducted over a period of 3 consecutive years (2014–2016) at the Rengen Grassland Experiment (RGE) in Germany. The RGE was established in 1941 and is since then under the same management regime of five treatments in a random block design and two harvest cuts per year. For UAV-based image acquisition, a DJI Phantom 2 with a mounted Canon Powershot S110 was used as a low-cost aerial imaging system. The data were investigated at different levels (e.g., harvest date-specific, year-specific, and plant community-specific). A pooled data model resulted in an R2 of 0.65 with a RMSE of 956.57 kg ha−1, although cut-specific or date-specific models yielded better results. In general, the UAV-based metrics outperformed the traditional rising plate meter measurements, but was affected by the timing of the harvest cut and plant community.
Facilitation in reaction systems
Authors: Manzoni Luca , Porreca Antonio E. , Rozenberg Grzegorz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReaction systems is a formal model of computation which originated as a model of interactions between biochemical reactions in the living cell. These interactions are based on two mechanisms, facilitation and inhibition, and this is well reflected in the formulation of reaction systems. In this paper, we investigate the facilitation aspect of reaction systems, where the products of a reaction may facilitate other reactions by providing some of their reactants. This aspect is formalized through positive dependency graphs which depict explicitly such facilitating interactions. The focus of the paper is on demonstrating how structural properties of reaction systems defined through the properties of their positive dependency graphs influence the behavioural properties of (suitable subclasses of) reaction systems, which, as usual, are defined through their transition graphs.
Synthesis and Characterization of Al-Pillared Bentonite for Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticide-Contaminated Water
Authors: Basiony Mohamed S. , Gaber Seleem E. , Ibrahim Hosny , Elshehy Emad A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe removal of pesticide contaminants from water is a key priority in environmental remediation, and requires intensive effort; this necessitates modification of the properties of pillared clays (PILCs) such as porosity, pore-volume, surface area, and synthesis methods. The purpose of the present study was to test the ability of Al-pillared bentonite (Al-PILB), using [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ and [Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)24]18+ (keggin cations, Al13 and Al30) as pillars, to adsorb chlorinated pesticides from contaminated water. In order to maximize intercalation and uniformity of layer stacking, various ratios of the nitrate forms of the synthesized keggin cations were intercalated into the natural bentonite (BT). The synthesized materials (Al-PILBs) were characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements. Increases in basal spacing, surface area, and pore volume were observed. The adsorption capacity of the Al-PILBs for 17 types of chlorinated pesticides from contaminated water was better than using the BT alone, e.g. for heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and endrin at natural pH, the maximum adsorptions obtained at equilibrium solution concentrations of 16, 20, and 20 μg/L, respectively, were 59.2, 59.15, and 60 μg/g, whereas corresponding values using pristine BT were 34.68, 39.45, and 38.9, respectively. The data were best described by the Freundlich adsorption model.
ENGAGEMENTS AND ENTANGLEMENTS: THE CONTEMPORARY WAQF AND THE FRAGILITY OF SHI'I QUIETISM
Authors: Hamoudi Haider Ala 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTwo primary impulses have historically motivated the Iraqi Shi'i juristic establishment in its relations with the Iraqi state. The first, deeply embedded in centuries of Islamic jurisprudence, is to achieve maximum autonomy for the Shi'i community from the state. The second has developed more recently in response to the modern state's efforts to extend its hegemonic control over areas that premodern empires were content either to leave to the jurists to administer or at least to share the administration of with jurists. This is to have the state recognize and implement Shi'i rules within parts of the state infrastructure that are of core interest to the juristic establishment. There is an obvious tension between these two desires, nowhere more evident than in the subject of this article—namely, the law pertaining to the creation, management, and liquidation of the Islamic charitable land trust known as the waqf. On the one hand, Article 43 of Iraq's constitution declares the followers of religions and sects to be “free” in administering the waqfs and their affairs, suggesting a strong desire for autonomy and separation from state control. Yet the implementing legislation for this provision extends the existence of a thick state bureaucracy and hands its administration over to juristic authorities. The ultimate irony of this arrangement is that it subjects juristic forces to far more potential interference as a legal matter than they have ever been subjected to, even during the totalitarian rule of the Ba'ath. In the end, a religious establishment historically deeply suspicious of political rulers and political engagement—indeed, one that defines itself by virtue of its separation from the state—now finds itself deeply and dangerously entangled in state political and administrative affairs. This article explores how this came to be and some of the significant consequences that arise from it.
Topography of the 410 and 660 km Discontinuities Beneath the Cenozoic Okavango Rift Zone and Adjacent Precambrian Provinces
Authors: Yu Youqiang , Gao Stephen S. , Liu Kelly H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBy taking advantage of the recent availability of a broadband seismic data set from Networks NR and BX covering the entire country of Botswana, we conduct a systematic receiver function investigation of the topography of the 410 and 660 km discontinuities beneath the incipient Okavango rift zone (ORZ) in northern Botswana and its adjacent Archean‐Proterozoic tectonic provinces in southern Africa. Similar to a previous mantle transition zone (MTZ) discontinuity study using data from a 1‐D profile traversing the ORZ, a normal MTZ thickness is observed in most parts of the study area. This is inconsistent with the existence of widespread positive thermal anomalies in the MTZ and further implies that active thermal upwelling from the lower mantle plays an insignificant role in the initiation of continental rifting. The results also suggest that cold temperature presumably associated with thick cratonic keels has indiscernible influence on the thermal structure of the MTZ. The expanded data set reveals several isolated areas of slight (~10 km or smaller) MTZ thinning. The largest of such areas has a NE‐SW elongated shape and is mostly caused by relative deepening of the 410 km discontinuity rather than shallowing of the 660 km discontinuity. These characteristics are different from those expected for a typical mantle plume. We speculate that the thinner‐than‐normal MTZ may be induced by minor thermal upwelling associated with late Mesozoic‐early Cenozoic lithospheric delamination, a recently proposed mechanism that might be responsible for the high elevation of southern Africa.
Anomalous Circulation in July 2019 Resulting in Mass Loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Cullather Richard I. , Andrews Lauren C. , Croteau Michael J. , Digirolamo Nicolo E. , Hall Dorothy K. , Lim Young‐Kwon , Loomis Bryant D. , Shuman Christopher A. , Nowicki Sophie M. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCurrent mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) includes a significant contribution from surface runoff. The circumstances associated with melt events are important for understanding the global sea level contribution of the GrIS. In late July 2019, surface melt occurred over 62% of the GrIS, including Summit Station. The general circulation leading to the event is found to be dissimilar to 2012 and other events documented in the 21st century, with warm air associated with remote atmospheric blocking over western Europe eventually transiting west to the GrIS. Gravimetric data indicate that the 2019 summer mass loss was 137 Gt more than the 2004–2010 median, or about 92% of the 2012 record. Mass loss during the event was significant in GrIS northeastern regions in 2019. As compared to 2012, the southwest did not fully participate. Similar circulation patterns have not previously been associated with significant melt.
Equatorial Pacific Warming Attenuated by SST Warming Patterns in the Tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Authors: Fosu Boniface , He Jie , Liguori Giovanni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost climate models project an enhanced mean sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic, and a zonal SST dipole in the Indian Ocean. The remote influences of these SST change patterns remain uncertain. To examine the extent to which the patterns of SST changes in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans modulate the warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean, we compare nudging experiments with prescribed structured and uniform SST changes in the tropics outside the Pacific. We find that the warming patterns in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans, respectively, drive a canonical La Niña‐like and elongated equatorial cooling through the Bjerknes feedback, acting to attenuate the warming in the equatorial Pacific substantially. The different SST cooling responses emanate from subtle differences between the initial wind forcing driven by the two basins' SST change patterns. These results have significant implications for future climate change projections.
Automated Seismic Source Characterization Using Deep Graph Neural Networks
Authors: van den Ende M. P. A. , Ampuero J.‐P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost seismological analysis methods require knowledge of the geographic location of the stations comprising a seismic network. However, common machine learning tools used in seismology do not account for this spatial information, and so there is an underutilized potential for improving the performance of machine learning models. In this work, we propose a graph neural network (GNN) approach that explicitly incorporates and leverages spatial information for the task of seismic source characterization (specifically, location and magnitude estimation), based on multistation waveform recordings. Even using a modestly‐sized GNN, we achieve model prediction accuracy that outperforms methods that are agnostic to station locations. Moreover, the proposed method is flexible to the number of seismic stations included in the analysis and is invariant to the order in which the stations are arranged, which opens up new applications in the automation of seismological tasks and in earthquake early warning systems.
Early and Extreme Warming in the South China Sea During 2015/2016: Role of an Unusual Indian Ocean Dipole Event
Authors: Xiao Fuan , Wang Dongxiao , Leung Marco Y. T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe South China Sea (SCS) experienced sea surface temperature that broke historical records in the autumn of 2015. This event cannot be explained by El Niño alone because the SCS usually warms during the El Niño peak and decaying phases. We show that an early anomalous anticyclone (AAC) establishment over the SCS in August contributed to this early warming. Analysis and simple modeling results reveal that such an early AAC establishment could be interpreted as a direct Rossby wave response to a cooling anomaly over the Maritime Continent (MC) and a Kelvin wave response to a heating anomaly over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). An unusual Indian Ocean dipole event contributed to the atmospheric heating anomaly over the TIO and made the cooling anomaly shrink to MC region. We should take into consideration the Indian Ocean SST patterns to improve the predictability of extreme East Asian climate.
Modeling the Impact of Ocean Circulation on Chlorophyll Blooms Around South Georgia, Southern Ocean
Authors: Matano R. P. , Combes V. , Young E. F. , Meredith M. P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe northeast periphery of the Scotia Sea hosts one of the largest chlorophyll‐a blooms of the Southern Ocean. This bloom peaks to the northwest of the island of South Georgia, extending eastward for hundreds of kilometers. Although the Southern Ocean has many islands of similar size, South Georgia is ecologically one of the most significant: It not only sustains one of the Southern Ocean's largest and most diverse ecosystems but also constitutes its single most important region for biological carbon sequestration. While the exceptional nature of South Georgia's blooms has been recognized widely, both the physical processes that contribute to their fertilization and the reasons why these blooms are larger than those of other similar regions (e.g., Kerguelen or Crozet Islands) are poorly understood. We use the results of a high‐resolution ocean model to investigate the physical processes that mediate the entrainment of deep, iron‐rich waters into the surface layers of the South Georgia region. We show that the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, the southernmost jet of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), pumps iron‐enriched waters from the deep ocean onto the bottom layers of South Georgia's shelf. These waters are upwelled along the northern coast of the island and are then exported into the Georgia Basin, where topographically steered circulation shields them from the dispersive effects of local currents and eddies, thus allowing the bloom development.
Multifocal structured illumination optoacoustic microscopy
Authors: Chen Zhenyue , Özbek Ali , Rebling Johannes , Zhou Quanyu , Deán-Ben Xosé Luís , Razansky Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOptoacoustic (OA) imaging has the capacity to effectively bridge the gap between macroscopic and microscopic realms in biological imaging. High-resolution OA microscopy has so far been performed via point-by-point scanning with a focused laser beam, thus greatly restricting the achievable imaging speed and/or field of view. Herein we introduce multifocal structured illumination OA microscopy (MSIOAM) that attains real-time 3D imaging speeds. For this purpose, the excitation laser beam is shaped to a grid of focused spots at the tissue surface by means of a beamsplitting diffraction grating and a condenser and is then scanned with an acousto-optic deflector operating at kHz rates. In both phantom and in vivo mouse experiments, a 10 mm wide volumetric field of view was imaged with 15 Hz frame rate at 28 μm spatial resolution. The proposed method is expected to greatly aid in biological investigations of dynamic functional, kinetic, and metabolic processes across multiple scales.
Si0.97Ge0.03 microelectronic thermoelectric generators with high power and voltage densities
Authors: Dhawan Ruchika , Madusanka Prabuddha , Hu Gangyi , Debord Jeff , Tran Toan , Maggio Kenneth , Edwards Hal , Lee Mark 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicroelectronic thermoelectric generators are one potential solution to energizing energy autonomous electronics, such as internet-of-things sensors, that must carry their own power source. However, thermoelectric generators with the mm2 footprint area necessary for on-chip integration made from high thermoelectric figure-of-merit materials have been unable to produce the voltage and power levels required to run Si electronics using common temperature differences. We present microelectronic thermoelectric generators using Si0.97Ge0.03, made by standard Si processing, with high voltage and power generation densities that are comparable to or better than generators using high figure-of-merit materials. These Si-based thermoelectric generators have <1 mm2 areas and can energize off-the-shelf sensor integrated circuits using temperature differences ≤25 K near room temperature. These generators can be directly integrated with Si circuits and scaled up in area to generate voltages and powers competitive with existing thermoelectric technologies, but in what should be a far more cost-effective manner.
The cellular and molecular landscape of hypothalamic patterning and differentiation from embryonic to late postnatal development
Authors: Kim Dong Won , Washington Parris Whitney , Wang Zoe Qianyi , Lin Sonia Hao , Sun Changyu , Ismail Basma Taleb , Wang Hong , Jiang Lizhi , Blackshaw Seth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe hypothalamus is a central regulator of many innate behaviors essential for survival, but the molecular mechanisms controlling hypothalamic patterning and cell fate specification are poorly understood. To identify genes that control hypothalamic development, we have used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to profile mouse hypothalamic gene expression across 12 developmental time points between embryonic day 10 and postnatal day 45. This identified genes that delineated clear developmental trajectories for all major hypothalamic cell types, and readily distinguished major regional subdivisions of the developing hypothalamus. By using our developmental dataset, we were able to rapidly annotate previously unidentified clusters from existing scRNA-Seq datasets collected during development and to identify the developmental origins of major neuronal populations of the ventromedial hypothalamus. We further show that our approach can rapidly and comprehensively characterize mutants that have altered hypothalamic patterning, identifying Nkx2.1 as a negative regulator of prethalamic identity. These data serve as a resource for further studies of hypothalamic development, physiology, and dysfunction.
[18-C-6H3O+]: an in-situ generated macrocyclic complex and an efficient, novel catalyst for synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives
Authors: Mishra Manisha , Jomon K. J. , Krishnan V. R. Sriram , Nizam Aatika 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSynthesis of small aromatic heterocycles is of greater importance in the organic chemistry due to their vibrant applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and veterinary products. Pyranopyrazoles are one such class of heterocycles associated with numerous applications. Hence herein we report a multicomponent crown ether catalyzed, ultrasound irradiated methodology to make different functionalized pyranopyrazoles in a single step. This technique involves the in-situ generation of [18-C-6H3O+][OH−] complex, which in turn activates the aromatic aldehyde and aids in the facile nucleophilic addition.