bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and source apportionment of aerosol light scattering in a typical polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Chen Dong , Zhao Yu , Zhang Jie , Yu Huan , Yu Xingna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Through online observation and offline chemistry analysis of samples at
suburban, urban and industrial sites (NJU, PAES and NUIST, respectively) in
Nanjing, a typical polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta, we optimized the
aerosol light scattering estimation method, identified its influencing
factors and quantified the contributions of emission sources to aerosol
scattering. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 during the
sampling period (November 2015–March 2017) was 163.1±13.6 µg m−3 for the heavily polluted period, 3.8 and 1.6 times those for the
clean (47.9±15.8 µg m−3) and lightly polluted (102.1±16.4 µg m−3) periods, respectively. The largest increase in
PM concentration and its major chemical components was found at the size
range of 0.56–1.0 µm for the heavily polluted period, and the
contributions of nitrate and sulfate were the greatest in the 0.56–1.0 µm fraction (19.4 %–39.7 % and 18.1 %–34.7 %, respectively) for all the three
periods. The results indicated that the large growth of nitrate and sulfate
was one of the major reasons for the polluted periods. Based on
measurements at the three sites, the US Interagency Monitoring of Protected
Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithm was optimized to evaluate aerosol
scattering in eastern China. The light absorption capacity of organic carbon
(OC) was estimated to account for over half of the methanol-soluble organic
carbon (MSOC) at NJU and PAES, whereas the fraction was lower at NUIST.
Based on the Mie theory, we found that the high relative humidity (RH) could
largely enhance the light scattering effect of accumulation particles, but
it had few effects on the mixing state of particles. The scattering
coefficients of particles within the 0.56–1.0 µm range contributed the
most to the total scattering (28 %–69 %). The mass scattering efficiency
(MSE) of sulfate and nitrate increased with the elevated pollution level,
whereas a low MSE of organic matter (OM) was found for the heavily polluted
period, probably because a proportion of OM had only a light absorption
property. A coupled model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the Mie
theory was developed and applied for the source apportionment of aerosol
light scattering. Coal burning, industry and vehicles were identified as the
major sources of the reduced visibility in Nanjing, with an estimated
collective contribution at 64 %–70 %. The comparison between the clean and
polluted period suggested that the increased primary particle emissions from
vehicles and industry were the major causes of the visibility degradation in
urban and industrial regions, respectively. In addition, secondary aerosols
were a great contributor to the reduced visibility.
The GGCMI Phase 2 emulators: global gridded crop model responses to changes in CO2, temperature, water, and nitrogen (version 1.0)
Authors: Franke James A. , Müller Christoph , Elliott Joshua , Ruane Alex C. , Jägermeyr Jonas , Snyder Abigail , Dury Marie , Falloon Pete D. , Folberth Christian , François Louis , Hank Tobias , Izaurralde R. Cesar , Jacquemin Ingrid , Jones Curtis , Li Michelle , Liu Wenfeng , Olin Stefan , Phillips Meridel , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Reddy Ashwan , Williams Karina , Wang Ziwei , Zabel Florian , Moyer Elisabeth J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Statistical emulation allows combining advantageous features of statistical and process-based crop models for understanding the effects of future climate changes on crop yields.
We describe here the development of emulators for nine process-based crop models and five crops using output from the Global Gridded Model Intercomparison Project (GGCMI) Phase 2.
The GGCMI Phase 2 experiment is designed with the explicit goal of producing a structured training dataset for emulator development that samples across four dimensions relevant to crop yields: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, temperature, water supply, and nitrogen inputs (CTWN).
Simulations are run under two different adaptation assumptions: that growing seasons shorten in warmer climates, and that cultivar choice allows growing seasons to remain fixed.
The dataset allows emulating the climatological-mean yield response of all models with a simple polynomial in mean growing-season values.
Climatological-mean yields are a central metric in climate change impact analysis; we show here that they can be captured without relying on interannual variations.
In general, emulation errors are negligible relative to differences across crop models or even across climate model scenarios; errors become significant only in some marginal lands where crops are not currently grown. We demonstrate that the resulting GGCMI emulators can reproduce yields under realistic future climate simulations, even though the GGCMI Phase 2 dataset is constructed with uniform CTWN offsets, suggesting that the effects of changes in temperature and precipitation distributions are small relative to those of changing means.
The resulting emulators therefore capture relevant crop model responses in a lightweight, computationally tractable form, providing a tool that can facilitate model comparison, diagnosis of interacting factors affecting yields, and integrated assessment of climate impacts.
The Search for a Result-Oriented Public Sector Reform in Ghana: A Myth or Reality?
Authors: Agbevade Akpeko , Koduah Desmond Tweneboah 
Published: September 2020

The Article Examined Whether Public Sector Reform In Ghana Is A Myth Or Reality. It Emerged That Since Independence In 1957, Successive Governments Implemented Both Socialist And Market-Oriented Public Sector Reforms; However, None Of These Reforms Yielded The Expected Outcome. Hence, The New Patriotic Party On Winning Political Power Initiated The National Public Sector Reform Strategy. This Reform Aimed At Using The Public Sector As The Catalyst To Stimulate The Private Sector For Job Creation And National Development. The Study Found That The Reform Made Some Gains. However, Excessive Partisanship, Narrow Political Commitment, Donor-Funding, The Time Boundedness Of The Reform And Focus On Only 16 Ministries, Departments And Agencies Militated Against It Success Hence Public Sector Reform Is A Myth In Ghana. The Article Recommends Commitment To The Directive Principles Of State Policy As The Panacea To Effectiveness Of Public Sector Reforms In Ghana.
Stage of Takeoff Based on Rostow's Theory for the Role of Manufacture of Non-metals, Except Petroleum and Coal Manufacture to the Economic Increase
Authors: Muda Iskandar , - Nurlina , - Erlina , Nuradi Tengku Erry 
Published: September 2020

This study aims to know the effect of Manufacture of Non Metalic, Except Petroleum & Coal and Manufacture of Basic Metals to the Economic Growth based on Stage of Takeoff on Rostow's Theory. Type of research is Causal Design approach. Type of data is secondary data from Government Statistics Agency Republic of Indonesia period in years 2000 until 2015. The method of analysis used Smart PLS software. The Findings of this research are Manufacture of Non Metalic, Except Petroleum & Coal and Manufacture of Basic Metals variables influence to the Economic Increase. The Impact of this study is not analyzed with the approach of data pooling and cross section model so that the coefficients of each equation can be known each year so it can be known which has a big influence on Economic Increase. This research has implications for the government to provide facilities and facilities to investors who want to enter in the field of Manufacture of Non-Metalic, Except Petroleum & Coal and Manufacture of Basic Metals.The value of this research has a good value because it is measurement from 2000 until 2015 periods.
Het prestatievoordeel van publiek-private samenwerking
Authors: Verweij Stefan , van Meerkerk Ingmar , Leendertse Wim 
Published: September 2020

The Performance Advantage of Public-Private Partnerships: An Analysis of Transport Infrastructure Projects in the Netherlands
Compared to regular contracts, infrastructure development and management through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) is expected to lead to better cost and time performance. However, the evidence for this performance advantage of PPPs is lacking. This article analyzes the performance differences of projects with a Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) contract (a type of PPP) and a Design-and-Construct (D&C) contract. Project performance data were collected (N = 65) from the Project Database of Rijkswaterstaat and analyzed using non-parametric tests. Rijkswaterstaat is the executive agency of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. The results show that DBFM-projects have a significantly higher cost performance than D&C-projects. In particular, DBFM-projects have less additional costs related to technical necessities in the implementation phase. Regarding time performance, DBFM-projects seem to perform better although the difference with D&C-projects is not statistically significant. The article discusses explanations for the performance advantage of PPPs, rooted in principal-agent theory. From this discussion, an agenda is presented for further research into the performance advantage of Public-Private Partnerships.
Dierenrechten in de Grondwet?
Authors: de Jong Sierd Hans 
Published: September 2020

Universal rights for animals?
Two petitions on the internet strive to include ‘animal rights’ in the Dutch Constitution. Jeremy Bentham stipulated that animals should not be denied the right to happiness, because they suffer. The Dutch philosopher Eskens made a plea to grant animals the same fundamental rights as humans. Theoretically, this leads to special, bizarre and sometimes paradoxical situations. This indicates that the logic in this theory is missing.In the past fifty years, ethological science made enormous progress and we have learned much more about the emotions and the behaviour of animals. Animals travel consciously through ‘time’ and hurt their brains in the search for knowledge and experiences. But this does not yet make humans and animals equal. Within the legal discourse there is no place for universal rights for animals because these must always be asserted through human intervention. The energy to maintain the bureaucracy Eskens proposes should be used to formulate animal protection as a human obligation.
Langdurige zorg is te eenzijdig ingestoken
Authors: Hilberink Sander R. , Cardol Mieke 
Published: September 2020

The Blind Spot
The most relevant part of a discussion is not what is discussed but what cannot be spoken of. The real taboos are those for which it is taboo to call them taboos. The status quo defines itself as non-ideological while denouncing any challenge to itself as radical.Therefore the column ‘De blinde vlek’ frames the framers, politicizes the status quo and articulates what is not heard of.
Concernaansprakelijkheid bij inbreuken op het EU-mededingingsrecht: Skanska in actie
Authors: Meijer Rogier 
Published: September 2020

Concernaansprakelijkheid bij inbreuken op het EU-mededingingsrecht: Skanska in actie
Een duidelijk voorbeeld van een beperking van de procedurele autonomie van de lidstaten vormt het Skanska-arrest van het Hof van Justitie, waarin het ruime ondernemingsbegrip dat wordt toegepast in het publieke mededingingsrecht is doorgetrokken naar de privaatrechtelijke handhaving van het mededingingsrecht. Het arrest heeft veel stof doen opwaaien vanwege zijn potentieel verstrekkende gevolgen. Het in onderhavige bijdrage te bespreken arrest van het Hof Arnhem Leeuwarden in een follow-on zaak in het Gas Geïsoleerd Schakelmateriaal-kartel geeft het hof toepassing aan het Skanska-arrest en past daarbij het ondernemingsbegrip zoals we dat kennen uit de publieke handhaving van het mededingingsrecht toet op de beoordeling van de aansprakelijkheid van een niet-beboete dochtermaatschappij van een de karteldeelnemers.
Recommendation Engines
Authors: Schrage Michael 
Published: September 2020

How companies like Amazon and Netflix know what “you might also like”: the history, technology, business, and social impact of online recommendation engines.
Increasingly, our technologies are giving us better, faster, smarter, and more personal advice than our own families and best friends. Amazon already knows what kind of books and household goods you like and is more than eager to recommend more; YouTube and TikTok always have another video lined up to show you; Netflix has crunched the numbers of your viewing habits to suggest whole genres that you would enjoy. In this volume in the MIT Press's Essential Knowledge series, innovation expert Michael Schrage explains the origins, technologies, business applications, and increasing societal impact of recommendation engines, the systems that allow companies worldwide to know what products, services, and experiences “you might also like.”
Schrage offers a history of recommendation that reaches back to antiquity's oracles and astrologers; recounts the academic origins and commercial evolution of recommendation engines; explains how these systems work, discussing key mathematical insights, including the impact of machine learning and deep learning algorithms; and highlights user experience design challenges. He offers brief but incisive case studies of the digital music service Spotify; ByteDance, the owner of TikTok; and the online personal stylist Stitch Fix. Finally, Schrage considers the future of technological recommenders: Will they leave us disappointed and dependent—or will they help us discover the world and ourselves in novel and serendipitous ways?
Factors that influence occupational physicians’ decision to issue an employer warning in Japan
Authors: Ito Naoto , Ogasawara Ayana , Kawasumi Mika , Mori Koji , Nagata Tomohisa , Fujino Yoshihisa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To elucidate the factors that influence occupational physicians’ decision to issue an employer warning.

Methods
The interview was conducted with 10 Japan Society for Occupational Health certified occupational physicians (COPs) and certified senior occupational physicians (CSOPs) to create nine fictive scenarios in which an occupational physician may need to consider issuing a warning. Sixteen CSOPs assessed the seriousness of the problem in each of nine scenarios where they may need to consider issuing an employer warning. Next, using a survey questionnaire, 597 COPs and CSOPs were asked to rate how likely they were to issue a warning in each of the nine scenarios, and answer items on their characteristics and number of previously issued warnings. A multilevel logistic regression analysis nested for various scenarios was used to assess the odds ratio (OR) of being likely to issue a warning.

Results
Valid questionnaires were obtained from 117 participants (19.6%). The ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were as follows: mean score of seriousness of the problem, 5.90 (4.50-7.75); years of experience as occupational physician, 1.04 (1.02-1.06); women, 1.75 (1.20-2.54); being a part-time occupational physician without in-house experience, 2.08 (1.31-3.29); and having previously issued two or more times warnings, 1.99 (1.29-3.06), compared with those who had never issued a warning.

Conclusions
Occupational physicians’ likelihood to issue a warning was associated with the seriousness of the problem as assessed in various scenarios, years of experience as occupational physician, gender, employment type, experience as in-house occupational physician, and number of past warnings.
Tuning Reactivity in Pd‐catalysed C(sp3)‐H Arylations via Directing Group Modifications and Solvent Selection
Authors: Coomber Charlotte E. , Porter Michael J. , Aliev Abil E. , Smith Peter D. , Sheppard Tom D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe palladium‐catalysed sp3 C−H arylation of a selection of saturated amine scaffolds was investigated using substituted picolinamide directing groups. On the bornylamine scaffold, highly selective monoarylation takes place using unsubstituted picolinamide or 3‐methylpicolinamide, whereas a double C−H arylation occurs with other substituents present, becoming a significant product with 3‐trifluoromethylpicolinamide. DFT calculations were used to help rationalise the effect of directing groups on the C−H palladation steps which were found experimentally to be irreversible. The substituted picolinamide directing groups were also examined on acyclic amine scaffolds and in many cases increased yields and selectivity could be obtained using methylpicolinamides. For a selection of other amine scaffolds, the yield of C−H arylation could be improved significantly using 3‐methylpicolinamide as the directing group and/or 3‐methylpentan‐3‐ol as the solventmagnified image
Recent Progress in Non‐Precious Metal Single Atomic Catalysts for Solar and Non‐Solar Driven Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Jing , Wu Hongmei , Li Feng , Feng Xiaoqian , Zhang Peng , Gao Lian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is of practical importance to develop efficient non‐precious metal hydrogen‐evolving catalysts for cost‐effective sustainable hydrogen production from water. In recent years, constructing single‐atomic catalysts (SACs) has been demonstrated to be an efficacious way to boost the catalytic activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts, although most of them are based on noble metals. Very recently, great advances have been achieved in noble metal‐free SACs by design of compatible material systems and implementation of novel synthetic strategies, which are determinative for the amount and pattern of metallic single atoms to be anchored on the supports and consequently the electronic states and coordination environment of the atoms. This progress report summarizes perspectives of compositions of the SACs with appropriate synthetic methods, and their relationships with the HER catalytic performance. In addition, some state‐of‐the‐art technologies, for example, in situ techniques, high throughput techniques, and machine learning, are suggested to help the design, preparation, and characterization of SACs.
POD analysis of oscillating grid turbulence in water and shear thinning polymer solution
Authors: Lacassagne Tom , Simoëns Serge , EL Hajem Mahmoud , Champagne Jean‐Yves 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOscillating grids are frequently used with water and Newtonian fluids to generate controlled turbulence and mixing. Yet, their use with shear thinning fluids still requires experimental characterization. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to PIV measurements of the flow generated by an oscillating grid in water and a shear thinning dilute polymer solution (DPS) of xanthan gum. The aims are to investigate the ability of POD to isolate periodic flow structures, and to use it to describe the effects of the shear thinning property. A dominance of the low order POD modes is evidenced in DPS. The methods applied in blade stirred tanks to identify oscillatory motion fail here. However, a strong mode coupling in the grid swept region is observed, determined by the working fluid and by an underlying chaotic nature of the flow. Possibilities of reconstructing turbulence properties using high order modes are discussed.
Nanoscale visualization of extracellular DNA on cell surfaces
Authors: Olsen Anita , Ehrhardt Christopher J , Yadavalli Vamsi K 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNanoscale analysis of extracellular DNA (eDNA) that is present on the surface of cells in trace biological samples can provide insight into the understanding of DNA transfer through touch, and thereby, the role of eDNA is a biologically and forensically relevant phenomenon. While various bulk scale tools and DNA analysis can be used to quantitatively obtain this information, obtaining a three dimensional (3D) visualization of the eDNA can provide a unique look into the spatial and temporal dynamics at the cellular level. In this study, we show how atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be integrated with optical microscopy to visualize the distribution of surface associate eDNA at a single cell level. Using a nucleic acid fluorophore such as Diamond™ Dye, the surface eDNA can be observed and quantified using fluorescence microscopy. This informational channel can then be overlaid with surface topography and cellular elasticity to provide structural visualization. Finally, chemical force spectroscopy can be used to obtain the distribution of surface‐associated eDNA on the cell surface at the molecular level. Such integrated techniques can enhance understanding of the biological role of eDNA, and can also be potentially valuable for investigating challenging trace samples, containing very few cells for various analyses.
Sustainabilty integration in product portfolio for sustainable development: Findings from the industry
Authors: Villamil Carolina , Hallstedt Sophie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany companies decide which services, products, and technologies to include in their product portfolio using evaluation criteria, which often consider cost, quality, risk, revenue, time, and market position. Incorporating sustainability in the portfolio evaluation criteria could ensure the development of sustainable solutions from the early stages of the product development process, where there is more room for innovation. The aim of this paper is to understand how sustainability can be integrated in the company portfolio development. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with experts in the field and representatives from multinational manufacturing companies with operations in Sweden. Main findings from this study include a proposed definition of a sustainability product portfolio concept and suggested portfolio evaluation criteria from an industry perspective. Future research will develop a method to guide manufacturing companies in sustainability integration and implementation in product portfolios.
Pyonephrosis drained by double‐J catheter
Authors: Chang Che‐Wei , Huang Chun‐Nung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn infectious disease with obstructive hydronephrosis, pyonephrosis causes suppurative destruction of the renal parenchyma. In such cases, retrograde ureteric stenting is considered a good choice for the drainage of pyonephrosis, as an alternative to percutaneous nephrostomy and nephrectomy. The complication rate is minimal in retrograde ureteric stenting compared with about 4% in percutaneous nephrostomy.
Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency Syndrome in a patient from India
Authors: Paul Chandramallika , Chakraborty Subhosmito , Chakraborty Sarit , Goswami Kalyan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis report highlights an extremely rare genetic condition constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) in an Indian pediatric patient with dual malignancies, who suffered from transient encephalopathy, a rare side effect of the drug Nivolumab and the associated challenge during CSF protein electrophoresis interpretation.