bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declining female size at onset of maturity in Nephrops norvegicus in long-term surveys (1997–2016)
Authors: Sigwart Julia D , Lundy Mathieu , Dick Jamie T A , Becker Carola 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Data on the demography and reproduction of marine species provide important information for a sustainable fisheries management. We show that the size at onset of maturity in female Nephrops norvegicus has been in decline for over 20 years and has always been above the established minimum landing size (MLS) in the Western Irish Sea. Determining the size at onset of maturity is one important factor to inform an effective MLS, such that individuals can reproduce at least once. The length at which half of females are sexually mature (L50) in the overall population declined by over 12% in two decades, from 23.6 mm in 1997 to 20.6 mm in 2016, while the MLS has remained at 20 mm. While L50 values differ among permanent sampling stations, the decline was observed at all stations. Current practice thus allows immature females to be landed before they reproduce and contribute to recruitment. While it is not always possible to identify the determining factors that drive the decline in SOM, we argue that it is appropriate to recognize this as an indicator of declining system productivity.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nobrega Diego B , Tang Karen L , Caffrey Niamh P , De Buck Jeroen , Cork Susan C , Ronksley Paul E , Polachek Alicia J , Ganshorn Heather , Sharma Nishan , Kastelic John P , Kellner James D , Ghali William A , Barkema Herman W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria.

Objectives
To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans.

Methods
We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies.

Results
A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes.

Conclusions
The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
PTCA (1-H-Pyrrole-2,3,5-Tricarboxylic Acid) as a Marker for Oxidative Hair Treatment: Distribution, Gender Aspects, Correlation with EtG and Self-Reports
Authors: Casati Sara , Ravelli Alessandro , Angeli Ilaria , Bergamaschi Roberta F , Binelli Giorgio , Minoli Mauro , Orioli Marica 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hair analysis is an important and reliable resource for the assessment of alcohol or drug abstinence in both clinical and forensic toxicology. Recently, it has been demonstrated that hair oxidative cosmetic treatments lead to the reduction in incorporated xenobiotics in hair, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a marker of alcohol abuse, and the formation of 1-H-pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a degradation product of melanin. The aim of the present study was to investigate PTCA trends in a large number of samples in order to evaluate the reliability of this biomarker in recognizing previous cosmetic treatment in forensic analyses. Therefore, a single-step extraction followed by an high-performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC--MS-MS) method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of EtG and PTCA. This method was applied to 1,219 scalp hair samples from two groups, namely self-reported untreated and in vivo treated hair, exhibiting a concentration range of 6.7 to 440.0 pg/mg for EtG (mean 26.8 pg/mg, median 14.6 pg/mg) and 0.009 to 49.8 ng/mg for PTCA (mean 0.66 ng/mg, median 0.02 ng/mg). The PTCA content was significantly different among the two experimental groups, with the in vivo treated group showing significantly higher levels of PTCA than the untreated group. Finally, an in vitro bleaching was performed and the results confirmed that a strong hair oxidative treatment may negatively affect EtG test results (false negative), whereas the mean PTCA content increased showing statistically significant differences between untreated and in vitro oxidative treated samples. The present study suggests that the determination of PTCA in routine hair analysis procedure could be useful in order to discover previous cosmetic treatment including oxidation.
Estimating bat fatality at a Texas wind energy facility: implications transcending the United States–Mexico border
Authors: Weaver Sara P , Jones Amanda K , Hein Cris D , Castro-Arellano Ivan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWind energy development causes bat fatalities. Despite emphasis on understanding and reducing these impacts, few data are available for the southwest region of the United States and northern Mexico. We monitored bat fatalities for a full year (March 2017–March 2018) at a wind energy facility in south Texas near the United States–Mexico border. We established search plots of 100-m radius at eight randomly selected turbines (of 255) and searched the roads and pads at an additional 92 turbines. We conducted weekly searches from spring through fall and bimonthly during winter. We used GenEst (Generalized Mortality Estimator) to estimate bat fatalities corrected for searcher efficiency, carcass removal, and density-weighted proportion of area searched. We found 205 bats during standardized searches, the majority of which were Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis, 76%). The corrected fatality estimates were 16 bats/megawatt/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12 – 30 bats/megawatt/year) across all species. Species composition at our site is similar to that of northern Mexico, an area of expanding wind energy development with no published studies.
Lessons learned in a large-scale project to digitize and computationally analyze musical scores
Authors: McKay Cory , Cumming Julie , Fujinaga Ichiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Many areas of the digital humanities (DH) have the potential to benefit greatly from recent advances in machine learning, big data, and statistical analysis. These sophisticated techniques come with pitfalls, however, and their accidental misuse can lead to erroneous results. This article outlines in broad terms our experiences with a large-scale, long-term international project to digitize musical scores, automatically analyze them, and share the results with other researchers. It then describes our experiences in order to help other researchers in the DH avoid some of the missteps we and other DH researchers have made. In addition to issues associated with data mining, this article also discusses approaches to sharing data, software, and intermediate analyses such that they are accessible to other researchers in ways that encourage repeatability, verifiability, iterative refinement, creative exploration, and multidisciplinary collaboration.
The dependence of the galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relation on galaxy morphology
Authors: Correa Camila A , Schaye Joop 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the dependence of the local galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) on galaxy morphology. We use data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release 7 with morphological classifications from Galaxy Zoo, and compare with the EAGLE cosmological simulation. At fixed halo mass in the mass range $10^{11.7}\!-\!10^{12.9}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, the median stellar masses of SDSS disc galaxies are up to a factor of 1.4 higher than the median masses of their elliptical counterparts. However, when we switch from the stellar masses from Kauffmann et al. to those calculated by Chang et al. or Brinchmann et al., the median SHMR from discs and ellipticals coincides in this mass range. For halo masses larger than $10^{13}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, discs are less massive than ellipticals in same-mass haloes, regardless of whose stellar mass estimates we use. However, we find that for these high halo masses the results for discs may be affected by central/satellite misclassifications. The EAGLE simulation predicts that discs are up to a factor of 1.5 more massive than elliptical galaxies residing in same-mass haloes less massive than $10^{13}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, in agreement with the Kauffmann et al. data. Haloes with masses between 1011.5 and $10^{12}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, which host disc galaxies, were assembled earlier than those hosting ellipticals. This suggests that the discs are more massive because they had more time for gas accretion and star formation. In $10^{12}\!-\!10^{12.5}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$ haloes, the central black holes in elliptical galaxies grew faster and became more massive than their counterparts in disc galaxies. This suggests that in this halo mass range the ellipticals are less massive because active galactic nucleus feedback ejected more of the halo’s gas reservoir, reducing star formation, and suppressing the (re)growth of stellar discs.
SPRAI-II: multifrequency radiative transfer for variable gas densities
Authors: Jaura Ondrej , Magg Mattis , Glover Simon C O , Klessen Ralf S 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present version 2 of the radiation transfer module sprai (Simplex Photon Radiation in the arepo Implementation). sprai is a novel method for solving the equations of transfer on an unstructured mesh using a variant of the short characteristics approach. It has several advantages compared to other approaches: its computational cost is independent of the number of radiation sources (unlike typical ray-tracing methods) and it is less diffusive than moment-based methods. Version 1 of sprai has already been shown to do an excellent job of modelling the growth of R-type ionization fronts in low-density gas. However, it does not perform so well with D-type fronts in denser gas unless run with a small time-step. Version 2 of the code addresses this weakness in the algorithm, allowing us to dramatically improve its performance in dense gas. Version 2 of sprai also includes two important updates to the microphysics treated in the code: a revised multifrequency framework that allows us to model helium photoionization, and a treatment of the effects of radiation pressure. In this paper, we describe these enhancements to sprai and also present several tests of the code.
LESSER: a catalogue of spectroscopically selected sample of Lyman-α emitters lensed by galaxies
Authors: Cao Xiaoyue , Li Ran , Shu Yiping , Mao Shude , Kneib Jean-Paul , Gao Liang 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We introduce the LEnSed laeS in the Eboss suRvey (LESSER) project, which aims to search for lensed Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) in the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS). The final catalogue contains 361 candidate lensing systems. The lens galaxies are luminous red galaxies (LRGs) at redshift 0.4 &lt; z &lt; 0.8, and the source galaxies are LAEs at redshift 2 &lt; z &lt; 3. The spectral resolution of eBOSS (∼2000) allows us to further identify the fine structures of Lyman-α ($\rm Ly\alpha$) emissions. Among our lensed LAE candidates, 281 systems present single-peaked line profiles while 80 systems show double-peaked features. Future spectroscopic/imaging follow-up observations of the catalogue may shed light on the origin of diverse $\rm Ly\alpha$ line morphology, and provide promising labs for studying low-mass dark matter haloes/subhaloes.
Models of distorted and evolving dark matter haloes
Authors: Sanders Jason L , Lilley Edward J , Vasiliev Eugene , Evans N Wyn , Erkal Denis 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the ability of basis function expansions to reproduce the evolution of a Milky Way-like dark matter halo, extracted from a cosmological zoom-in simulation. For each snapshot, the density of the halo is reduced to a basis function expansion, with interpolation used to recreate the evolution between snapshots. The angular variation of the halo density is described by spherical harmonics, and the radial variation either by biorthonormal basis functions adapted to handle truncated haloes or by splines. High fidelity orbit reconstructions are attainable using either method with similar computational expense. We quantify how the error in the reconstructed orbits varies with expansion order and snapshot spacing. Despite the many possible biorthonormal expansions, it is hard to beat a conventional Hernquist–Ostriker expansion with a moderate number of terms (≳15 radial and ≳6 angular). As two applications of the developed machinery, we assess the impact of the time-dependence of the potential on (i) the orbits of Milky Way satellites and (ii) planes of satellites as observed in the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies. Time evolution over the last 5 Gyr introduces an uncertainty in the Milky Way satellites’ orbital parameters of $\sim 15 \, \mathrm{per\, cent}$, comparable to that induced by the observational errors or the uncertainty in the present-day Milky Way potential. On average, planes of satellites grow at similar rates in evolving and time-independent potentials. There can be more, or less, growth in the plane’s thickness, if the plane becomes less, or more, aligned with the major or minor axis of the evolving halo.
The 2019 eruption of recurrent nova V3890 Sgr: observations by Swift, NICER, and SMARTS
Authors: Page K L , Kuin N P M , Beardmore A P , Walter F M , Osborne J P , Markwardt C B , Ness J-U , Orio M , Sokolovsky K V 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
V3890 Sgr is a recurrent nova that has been seen in outburst three times so far, with the most recent eruption occurring on 2019 August 27 ut. This latest outburst was followed in detail by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, from less than a day after the eruption until the nova entered the Sun observing constraint, with a small number of additional observations after the constraint ended. The X-ray light curve shows initial hard shock emission, followed by an early start of the supersoft source phase around day 8.5, with the soft emission ceasing by day 26. Together with the peak blackbody temperature of the supersoft spectrum being ∼100 eV, these timings suggest the white dwarf mass to be high, $\sim 1.3\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$. The UV photometric light curve decays monotonically, with the decay rate changing a number of times, approximately simultaneously with variations in the X-ray emission. The UV grism spectra show both line and continuum emission, with emission lines of N, C, Mg, and O being notable. These UV spectra are best dereddened using a Small Magellanic Cloud extinction law. Optical spectra from SMARTS show evidence of interaction between the nova ejecta and wind from the donor star, as well as the extended atmosphere of the red giant being flash-ionized by the supersoft X-ray photons. Data from NICER reveal a transient 83 s quasi-periodic oscillation, with a modulation amplitude of 5 per cent, adding to the sample of novae that show such short variabilities during their supersoft phase.
Observation of an inertial-range energy cascade within a reconnection jet in the Earth’s magnetotail
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Riddhi , Chasapis Alexandros , Gershman D J , Giles B L , Russell C T , Strangeway R J , Le Contel O , Argall M R , Burch J L 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The Earth’s magnetotail region provides a unique environment for the study of plasma turbulence. We investigate the turbulence developed in an exhaust produced by magnetic reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail region. Magnetic and velocity spectra show broad-band fluctuations corresponding to the inertial range, with Kolmorogov scaling of −5/3, indicative of a well-developed turbulent cascade. We examine the mixed, third-order structure functions, and obtain a linear scaling in the inertial range. This linear scaling of the third-order structure functions implies a scale-invariant cascade of energy through the inertial range. A Politano–Pouquet third-order analysis gives an estimate of the incompressive energy transfer rate of ${\sim}10^{7}~\mathrm{J\, kg^{-1}\, s^{-1}}$. This is four orders of magnitude higher than the values typically measured in the 1-au solar wind, suggesting that the turbulence cascade plays an important role as a pathway of energy dissipation during reconnection events in the tail region.
Characterization of distinct molecular interactions responsible for IRF3 and IRF7 phosphorylation and subsequent dimerization
Authors: Dalskov Louise , Narita Ryo , Andersen Line L , Jensen Nanna , Assil Sonia , Kristensen Kennith H , Mikkelsen Jacob G , Fujita Takashi , Mogensen Trine H , Paludan Søren R , Hartmann Rune 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIRF3 and IRF7 are critical transcription factors in the innate immune response. Their activation is controlled by phosphorylation events, leading to the formation of homodimers that are transcriptionally active. Phosphorylation occurs when IRF3 is recruited to adaptor proteins via a positively charged surface within the regulatory domain of IRF3. This positively charged surface also plays a crucial role in forming the active homodimer by interacting with the phosphorylated sites stabilizing the homodimer. Here, we describe a distinct molecular interaction that is responsible for adaptor docking and hence phosphorylation as well as a separate interaction responsible for the formation of active homodimer. We then demonstrate that IRF7 can be activated by both MAVS and STING in a manner highly similar to that of IRF3 but with one key difference. Regulation of IRF7 appears more tightly controlled; while a single phosphorylation event is sufficient to activate IRF3, at least two phosphorylation events are required for IRF7 activation.
The role of FACT in managing chromatin: disruption, assembly, or repair?
Authors: Formosa Tim , Winston Fred 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) has long been considered to be a transcription elongation factor whose ability to destabilize nucleosomes promotes RNAPII progression on chromatin templates. However, this is just one function of this histone chaperone, as FACT also functions in DNA replication. While broadly conserved among eukaryotes and essential for viability in many organisms, dependence on FACT varies widely, with some differentiated cells proliferating normally in its absence. It is therefore unclear what the core functions of FACT are, whether they differ in different circumstances, and what makes FACT essential in some situations but not others. Here, we review recent advances and propose a unifying model for FACT activity. By analogy to DNA repair, we propose that the ability of FACT to both destabilize and assemble nucleosomes allows it to monitor and restore nucleosome integrity as part of a system of chromatin repair, in which disruptions in the packaging of DNA are sensed and returned to their normal state. The requirement for FACT then depends on the level of chromatin disruption occurring in the cell, and the cell's ability to tolerate packaging defects. The role of FACT in transcription would then be just one facet of a broader system for maintaining chromatin integrity.
Hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Seethapathy Harish , Rusibamayila Nifasha , Chute Donald F , Lee Meghan , Strohbehn Ian , Zubiri Leyre , Faje Alexander T , Reynolds Kerry L , Jhaveri Kenar D , Sise Meghan E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Hyponatremia due to endocrinopathies such as adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism has been reported in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We determined the risk and predictors of hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities in a ‘real-world’ sample of patients receiving ICIs to treat advanced malignancies.

Methods
This was a retrospective observational study of all patients who received ICIs from a single cancer center between 2011 and 2018. Patients were followed for 12 months after initiation of ICIs or until death. Common Terminology for Cancer Adverse Events version 5.0 criteria were used to grade the severity of hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities. The predictors of severe (Grade 3 or 4) hyponatremia were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. The etiology of Grade 3 or 4 hyponatremia was determined by chart review.

Results
A total of 2458 patients were included. Their average age was 64 years [standard deviation (SD) 13], 58% were male and 90% were white. In the first year after starting ICIs, 62% experienced hyponatremia (sodium &lt;134 mEq/L) and 136 (6%) experienced severe hyponatremia (&lt;124 mEq/L). Severe hyponatremia occurred on average 164 days (SD 100) after drug initiation. Only nine cases of severe hyponatremia were due to endocrinopathies (0.3% overall incidence). Risk factors for severe hyponatremia included ipilimumab (a cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 inhibitor) use, diuretic use and non-White race. Other severe electrolyte abnormalities were also commonly observed: severe hypokalemia (potassium &lt;3.0 mEq/L) occurred in 6%, severe hyperkalemia (potassium ≥6.1 mEq/L) occurred in 0.6%, severe hypophosphatemia (phosphorus &lt;2 mg/dL) occurred in 17% and severe hypocalcemia (corrected calcium &lt;7.0 mg/dL) occurred in 0.2%.

Conclusions
Hyponatremia is common in cancer patients receiving ICIs. However, endocrinopathies are an uncommon cause of severe hyponatremia.
Cutaneous Vasculitis in a Patient With COVID-19
Authors: Kösters Katrin , Schwarzer Sitha , Labuhn Achim , Rübben Albert , Yang Sara , Hessler Frank , Assaf Chalid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We describe a 43-year-old patient with coronavirus disease 2019 who developed a bullous hemorrhagic rash that progressed to necrotic lesions. Histopathology confirmed a vasculitis of small- and medium-sized cutaneous vessels.
Political Constitutionalism and Legal Constitutionalism—an Imaginary Opposition?
Authors: Latham-Gambi Alexander 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article argues that the opposition between political and legal constitutionalism can be traced to a cleavage in what philosophers have called the ‘social imaginary’: the shared understandings that underpin social life. Since social imaginary understandings are by their nature nebulous and ill-defined, political and legal constitutionalism should not be thought of as competing theories or heuristic models, but—more abstractly—contrasting ways of imagining the political world. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, I argue that my claim is supported by the way in which legal constitutionalism embedded itself as the governing idea in the United States and in France, and also by the failure of the ‘new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism’ to yield a genuinely distinctive alternative to political and legal constitutionalism.