bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Benchmark Comparison Effort Between Code_Aster and CNNC/NPIC Software: Part 2
Authors: Xie Hai , Kong Zichen , Shao Xuejiao , Mathieu Tanguy , Xiong Furui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fatigue is identified as a significant degradation mode that affects nuclear power plants world-wide. Recent research on the interaction between fatigue degradation and the influence of PWR environment has caused international concern and triggered numerous research programs [1]. In this context, several codes & standards, including the RCC-M code, have included some technical mandatory or non-mandatory sections to address the issue. In RCC-M, this is compiled in the Rules in Probation Phase 2 and 3 [2].
Due to the novelty of these rules, there is room for improvement for the specific and practical implementation of these rules. AFCEN has hence launched a benchmark exercise at the end of 2019 to help increase the quality of these rules.
Part 1 of this paper [3] states that EDF and CNNC/NPIC have launched an effort to benchmark their respective codes on fatigue calculation including the EAF algorithm. In the second part of the benchmark, the two companies started the code comparison based on a benchmark case provided by AFCEN.
As stated previously, the 2016 edition of RCC-M code integrates the modifications made to the Code in Probation Phase 2 and 3(RPP)[2], which respectively modify the fatigue design curve for austenitic stainless steels and Nickel base alloys, as well as integrate environmental effects in the fatigue evaluation for austenitic stainless steel components. In this paper, a comparison between RCC-M RPP and NUREG/CR-6909 rev.1 [3] is proposed. The comparison focuses on the technical details of the strain rate calculation and transient combination method.
The cumulative fatigue usage factor with or without considering EAF according to RCC-M RPP – 2 and RPP – 3 is given by EDF, using code_aster and its POST_RCCM operator. CNNC/NPIC will provide multiple sets of results including cumulative fatigue usage factors according to RCC-M RPP and NUREG CR/6909 rev. 1 respectively using its own software. Comparison of selection for peak and valleys points, Sn and Fen values are also presented. Differences of the algorithms of the two codes are also discussed.
Research on Regulations and Standards for Inspection of Atmospheric Liquid Metal Tank Trucks for Hazardous Chemicals
Authors: Fang Zhou , Wang Zhe , Li Guanghai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Atmospheric tank truck is a dangerous chemical road transport tool widely used in petroleum and petrochemical industries. The quality and safety of tank truck are closely related to people’s life and property safety. Through investigation and study, the biggest problem of atmospheric tank truck safety system is that the level of regular inspection, safety accessories selection and inspection, inspection organization qualification, safety assessment and other aspects are inadequate, and there is no specific basis for actual operation. Chinese Relevant regulations and standards are summarized and compared, and the gap between the existing basis for inspection and evaluation and the actual operation needs are put forward, aiming at above key issues. The existing problems and their causes in the field of road transportation of dangerous chemical atmospheric tank trucks are studied, including the ex-factory inspection, in-service inspection methods, inspection items, inspection basis, selection of safety accessories, inspection of safety accessories and qualification of inspection institutions. Suggestions are made, such as the further improvement of the system of regulations and standards, the supplement and perfection of relevant standards, the enhancement of employees’ safety awareness, the standardization of inspection work behavior, and so on.
Investigation of Relationship Between Microhardness and Charpy Impact Energy for Temper Bead Welding Qualification: Part 2
Authors: Smith Boeing , Ramirez Antonio J. , McCracken Steven L. , Tate Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Temper bead (TB) welding is routinely used as an alternative to post weld heat treatment (PWHT) when performing weld repairs on low alloy steels in the nuclear power industry. Historically, TB welding procedures have been qualified by Charpy V-notch (CVN) testing to demonstrate acceptable impact properties in the weld heat affected zone (HAZ).
Part 1 of this work investigated a hardness drop criterion to demonstrate proper HAZ tempering using a vintage heat of SA-508 forged material (see PVP2019-93950). Optimization of hardness test parameters was also a major piece of the Part 1 scope of work. Part 2 of this work adds a more modern heat of SA-508 material and two heats of A-387 F22 material to the study. The overarching goal of this work is to support an alternative hardness test protocol for qualification of temper bead welding (see PVP2015-45663).
INCEFA-PLUS Project: The Impact of Using Fatigue Data Generated From Multiple Specimen Geometries on the Outcome of a Regression Analysis
Authors: Mclennan Alec , Spätig Philippe , Le Roux Jean-Christophe , Waters Joshua , Gill Peter , Beswick Jack , Platts Norman 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The INCEFA-PLUS project (INcreasing Safety in NPPs by Covering gaps in Environmental Fatigue Assessment) aims to generate and analyse Environmentally-Assisted Fatigue (EAF) experimental data studying parameters such as mean strain, hold times and surface finish. To understand the implications of these parameters for environmental fatigue assessments, these tests were carried out at 300 °C in air and light water reactor primary coolant environments (at 230 °C and 300 °C).
Over the duration of this project around 230 fatigue data points were generated by different organisations using a common testing methodology, but with differing specimen geometries. Of these 230 data points, 23 were obtained from tests done using hollow specimen designs. Recent work comparing the fatigue lives of hollow to those of solid specimens indicates that on average the use of hollow specimens results in reduced fatigue lives. This has been explained in terms of the additional hoop and radial strains applied to the specimen due to the internal pressure of the hollow specimen. Given the examples published in the literature on the topic, the comparison of data generated using hollow and solid specimen geometries within the INCEFA-PLUS database has been a particular concern.
This paper aims to explore the differences between hollow and solid specimen geometries within the INCEFA-PLUS database, highlight the potential risks of including both geometries in a single analysis, and discusses the approach taken by the project to mitigate the identified risks. The work presented in this paper details three approaches for the data obtained from hollow specimens: 1) exclude the data, 2) include the data as is, or 3) include the data with a correction on the strain amplitude. The strain amplitude correction will be based on the theoretical basis presented in Gill et al. [1], and extended to account for the different hollow specimen geometries used across the INCEFA-PLUS programme.
This work demonstrates the robustness of the data analysis performed on the INCEFA-PLUS database to the use of differing specimen geometries. It also develops an explanation for the apparent difference in fatigue life between tests conducted on hollow and solid specimens under test conditions that are nominally the same. Furthermore, this paper builds on the mechanistic understanding presented in Gill et al. [1] and generalises across several Laboratories.
Investigation Into Methods for Determining Moment Ranges at Piping Tees and Branches
Authors: Pellereau Ben , Candler David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
NB-3600 provides methods for assessing the structural integrity of piping systems. One of the major loading types in piping systems is the moments generated within the pipework to react relative movement of components, thermal expansion and external loads such as gravity or seismic loading.
When assessing a pipe tee or branch, there are three sources of moments that must be considered: from the branch and from the run on both sides of the junction; each of these sets of moments has three components.
The three components of the branch moment can be easily combined using the square root sum of the squares approach to determine a single resultant moment. For the run, the process is more complex as the moments from either side of the junction need to be converted into a single set of component moments before the resultant run moment is obtained. The method for doing this is given in Subparagraph NB-3683.1 of ASME BPVC Section III. Once the three components run moments have been obtained, they are also combined to determine the resultant. The resultant run and branch moments are then multiplied by geometry-dependent stress indices and summed to give a stress range.
For fatigue and shakedown assessments, it is unclear whether the “sign rule” should be applied to the individual load sets before ranging or to the range of each individual component. This potentially results in uncertainty in calculations, leading to unnecessary conservatism and/or repeat calculations.
For this study, 10 randomly generated sets of moments have been applied in a 3D finite element model of a typical pipe tee. The stress intensity ranges obtained from the FE results have been compared with the stress range obtained using the NB-3600 stress indices with the sign rule implemented in three different ways.
The study shows that the sign rule should be applied after ranging the individual moment components; a change to the wording of the code is recommended to confirm this. However, given the levels of conservatism in other parts of the calculation, it is unlikely that any calculations carried out using the sign rule first are non-conservative.
Proposal for a Total Fatigue Life Assessment Methodology That Predicts Fatigue Life From Defect Initiation to Through Wall Leak
Authors: Batten Joseph , Currie Chris , Mann Jonathan , Morley Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Even with improvements to remove excessive conservatisms, current fatigue assessment approaches can result in high Cumulative Usage Factors (CUFs) for some analyses. In order to improve plant availability from these assessments and mitigate future changes to design codes, an improvement in understanding in this area is desirable. Hence the proposal for a Life Assessment Methodology (LAM) was created.
The LAM is a concept for an approach based on modelling each stage of fatigue life to predict total fatigue life, as a means of minimising conservatism in an assessment, where necessary. It should also be capable of incorporating statistical methods to assign reliability figures to calculated plant lives.
This paper describes the proposed definition of the LAM and how a proof of concept version of the LAM was developed to assess the Bettis Bechtel Stepped Pipe (BBSP) test. The results were presented with two seeded cases (fixed inputs) and a range of lives corresponding to associated Target Reliabilities (TRs). The Best Estimate (BE) and TR associated lives produced were based on using the latest methods available for calculating Fatigue Initiation (FI) and Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG), whereas the seeded Effective Strain Range (ESR) comparison case used current deterministic assessment methods.
The results for the case study concluded that there is a benefit to pursuing the development of the LAM when compared to traditional assessment methods. It highlighted and quantified the conservatism present in traditional assessment methods for these cases as well as the need to understand the required TR for a specific component as this can have a large effect on the predicted life.
With further refinements to the method, a more realistic and robust output of the total fatigue life distribution (for specific cases) would be obtained, which in turn would allow us to better quantify the conservatism associated with a TR.
Tempering Efficiency Evaluation for Dissimilar Weld Overlays
Authors: Jang Eun , Stewart Jeffrey , Luo Yuxiang , Qu Shijie , Alexandrov Boian , McCracken Steven L. , Tatman Jonathan , Barborak Darren , Penso Jorge A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a procedure for evaluation and quantification of the tempering efficiency of corrosion resistant weld overlays used in the power generation and oil and gas industries. Three two-layer weld overlays of Alloy 625 on Grade 22 steel plates were produced using GTAW cold wire procedures. Typical welding parameters corresponding to low, medium, and high heat input were utilized. The overlays consisted of nine beads on the first layer and five to seven beads on the second layer. The weld thermal histories experienced in the coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) were measured with Type K thermocouples and recorded with a 55 Hz sampling rate. Two rows of seven thermocouples were used in each overlay: one row located in a mid-bead position beneath the center bead of the overlay and the other row located in the nearest bead overlap position. Additionally, one Type C thermocouple was plunged into the weld pool of a second layer weld bead.
The acquired thermal histories and the CGHAZ hardness at the thermocouple locations were evaluated to quantify the tempering efficiency in each welding procedure. The weld thermal histories with peak temperatures between 500°C, assumed as the minimum tempering temperature, and the base metal AC1 temperature were considered as tempering thermal cycles. The number of tempering thermal cycles and the sum of tempering cycle’s peak temperatures in each thermocouple location, as well as the corresponding hardness were used to quantify the tempering response efficiency for each of the three welding procedures. The results of this study will be used for validation of a computational model-based approach for prediction of tempering response and optimization of temper bead welding procedures.
Clinical profile and outcome of early surgery in neonatal-onset glaucoma presenting over a 5-year period
Authors: Kaushik Sushmita , Dhingra Deepika , Arora Atul , Singh Mini P , Kaur Savleen , Joshi Gunjan , Snehi Sagarika , Gupta Gaurav , Pandav Surinder Singh 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundNeonatal-onset glaucoma (NOG) is a severe form of childhood glaucoma and is not always due to primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Due to advances in neonatal care, the incidence of NOG is rising, but it remains an under-reported entity. The objective of the paper was to study the clinical profiles, surgical and visual outcomes of NOG at least 1 year following early surgery.MethodsProspective interventional cohort study at a tertiary care referral centre. Babies with NOG, who presented between January 2013 and December 2017, had a history suggestive of disease onset within 1 month of birth, and underwent surgery by 3 months of age, were prospectively enrolled. Those who completed a 1-year follow-up after surgery were analysed.Results94 eyes of 53 babies were analysed. 35 (66%) had PCG. Neonatal congenital ectropion uveae, congenital rubella syndrome, Peter’s anomaly and Sturge-Weber syndrome comprised the non-PCG group. The mean age at presentation and surgery was 24.8±21.9, and 36.7±29.9 days. Additional glaucoma surgery was required in 43 of the 94 eyes (45.7%). PCG had significantly better outcomes than other glaucomas at all time points. 28.3% of eyes had good vision (LogMar (0–0.5)), 34.7% had moderate visual impairment (LogMar 0.7–1.0) and 16% were blind (LogMar <1.62) .ConclusionOur study shows that NOG does not always have a dismal prognosis. A small but significant proportion could have other underlying conditions than PCG. Timely surgery and rigorous amblyopia therapy resulted in good outcomes in terms of intraocular pressure control and vision in this cohort.
Association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and birth weight among term births: a cross-sectional study in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Kana Musa Abubakar , Safiyan Halima , Yusuf Hauwau Evelyn , Musa Abu Saleh Mohammad , Richards-Barber Marie , Harmon Quaker E , London Stephanie J 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo determine the association of prenatal exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) with birth weight as a continuous variable among term births in a Nigerian population.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingMother–child pairs recruited when their newborns were brought for BCG or other vaccines shortly after birth at the Child Welfare Clinic of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.Participants293 women with term birth infants.Main exposure and outcome measuresEmotional, physical and sexual IPV were measured postnatally by interview using the Conflict Tactics Scale. Birth weight in grams was the main outcome measure. Linear regression, with adjustment for covariates, was used to estimate associations between birth weight and exposure to the presence, and frequency, of IPV.ResultsSixty-seven per cent of mothers experienced at least one of the three forms of IPV during pregnancy. Relative to the 33% of women with no prenatal exposure to any form of IPV, we observed a reduction in birth weight of 94 g (95% CI: −202 to 15) for prenatal exposure to emotional IPV, 162 g (95% CI −267 to −58) for physical IPV and 139 g (95% CI −248 to −30) for sexual IPV. The combination of all three forms of IPV was associated with a 223 g reduction in birth weight (95% CI −368 to −77). Increasing occurrences of each of the three types of IPV were associated with greater reductions in birth weight. For physical IPV, relative to no exposure to any form of IPV, birth weight was lower by 112 g (95% CI −219 to −4) with 1–5 instances and 380 g (95% CI −553 to −206) for >5 instances over the pregnancy.ConclusionsMaternal exposure to IPV was associated with shifting of the birth weight distribution among term newborns. A dose–response relationship was observed between frequency of IPV and birth weight.
Improving the quality of routine maternal and newborn data captured in primary health facilities in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria: a before-and-after study
Authors: Bhattacharya Antoinette Alas , Allen Elizabeth , Umar Nasir , Audu Ahmed , Felix Habila , Schellenberg Joanna , Marchant Tanya 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesPrimary objective: to assess nine data quality metrics for 14 maternal and newborn health data elements, following implementation of an integrated, district-focused data quality intervention. Secondary objective: to consider whether assessing the data quality metrics beyond completeness and accuracy of facility reporting offered new insight into reviewing routine data quality.DesignBefore-and-after study design.SettingPrimary health facilities in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria.ParticipantsMonitoring and evaluation officers and maternal, newborn and child health coordinators for state-level and all 11 local government areas (district-equivalent) overseeing 492 primary care facilities offering maternal and newborn care services.InterventionBetween April 2017 and December 2018, we implemented an integrated data quality intervention which included: introduction of job aids and regular self-assessment of data quality, peer-review and feedback, learning workshops, work planning for improvement, and ongoing support through social media.Outcome measures9 metrics for the data quality dimensions of completeness and timeliness, internal consistency of reported data, and external consistency.ResultsThe data quality intervention was associated with improvements in seven of nine data quality metrics assessed including availability and timeliness of reporting, completeness of data elements, accuracy of facility reporting, consistency between related data elements, and frequency of outliers reported. Improvement differed by data element type, with content of care and commodity-related data improving more than contact-related data. Increases in the consistency between related data elements demonstrated improved internal consistency within and across facility documentation.ConclusionsAn integrated district-focused data quality intervention—including regular self-assessment of data quality, peer-review and feedback, learning workshops, work planning for improvement, and ongoing support through social media—can increase the completeness, accuracy and internal consistency of facility-based routine data.
Understanding what women want: eliciting preference for delivery health facility in a rural subcounty in Kenya, a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Oluoch-Aridi Jackline , Adam Mary B , Wafula Francis , Kokwaro Gilbert 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo identify what women want in a delivery health facility and how they rank the attributes that influence the choice of a place of delivery.DesignA discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted to elicit rural women’s preferences for choice of delivery health facility. Data were analysed using a conditional logit model to evaluate the relative importance of the selected attributes. A mixed multinomial model evaluated how interactions with sociodemographic variables influence the choice of the selected attributes.SettingSix health facilities in a rural subcounty.ParticipantsWomen aged 18–49 years who had delivered within 6 weeks.Primary outcomeThe DCE required women to select from hypothetical health facility A or B or opt-out alternative.ResultsA total of 474 participants were sampled, 466 participants completed the survey (response rate 98%). The attribute with the strongest association with health facility preference was having a kind and supportive healthcare worker (β=1.184, p<0.001), second availability of medical equipment and drug supplies (β=1.073, p<0.001) and third quality of clinical services (β=0.826, p<0.001). Distance, availability of referral services and costs were ranked fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively (β=0.457, p<0.001; β=0.266, p<0.001; and β=0.000018, p<0.001). The opt-out alternative ranked last suggesting a disutility for home delivery (β=−0.849, p<0.001).ConclusionThe most highly valued attribute was a process indicator of quality of care followed by technical indicators. Policymakers need to consider women’s preferences to inform strategies that are person centred and lead to improvements in quality of care during delivery.