bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis drives Streptococcus pyogenes systemic infection
Authors: Siggins Matthew K. , Lynskey Nicola N. , Lamb Lucy E. , Johnson Louise A. , Huse Kristin K. , Pearson Max , Banerji Suneale , Turner Claire E. , Woollard Kevin , Jackson David G. , Sriskandan Shiranee 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnassisted metastasis through the lymphatic system is a mechanism of dissemination thus far ascribed only to cancer cells. Here, we report that Streptococcus pyogenes also hijack lymphatic vessels to escape a local infection site, transiting through sequential lymph nodes and efferent lymphatic vessels to enter the bloodstream. Contrasting with previously reported mechanisms of intracellular pathogen carriage by phagocytes, we show S. pyogenes remain extracellular during transit, first in afferent and then efferent lymphatics that carry the bacteria through successive draining lymph nodes. We identify streptococcal virulence mechanisms important for bacterial lymphatic dissemination and show that metastatic streptococci within infected lymph nodes resist and subvert clearance by phagocytes, enabling replication that can seed intense bloodstream infection. The findings establish the lymphatic system as both a survival niche and conduit to the bloodstream for S. pyogenes, explaining the phenomenon of occult bacteraemia. This work provides new perspectives in streptococcal pathogenesis with implications for immunity.
Ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers (ROPI-CDSA)
Authors: Hurst Paul J. , Rakowski Alexander M. , Patterson Joseph P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe self-assembly of block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nano- and microstructures is of great interest for a wide range of applications. A key challenge in this field is obtaining independent control over molecular structure and hierarchical structure in all dimensions using scalable one-pot chemistry. Here we report on the ring opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA) of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nanostructures. A key feature of ROPI-CDSA is that the polymerization time is much shorter than the self-assembly relaxation time, resulting in a non-equilibrium self-assembly process. The self-assembly mechanism is analyzed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and turbidity studies. The analysis revealed that the self-assembly mechanism is dependent on both the polymer molecular structure and concentration. Knowledge of the self-assembly mechanism enabled the kinetic trapping of multiple hierarchical structures from a single block copolymer.
The lysophospholipase D enzyme Gdpd3 is required to maintain chronic myelogenous leukaemia stem cells
Authors: Naka Kazuhito , Ochiai Ryosuke , Matsubara Eriko , Kondo Chie , Yang Kyung-Min , Hoshii Takayuki , Araki Masatake , Araki Kimi , Sotomaru Yusuke , Sasaki Ko , Mitani Kinuko , Kim Dong-Wook , Ooshima Akira , Kim Seong-Jin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough advanced lipidomics technology facilitates quantitation of intracellular lipid components, little is known about the regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells. Here, we show that disruption of theGdpd3gene encoding a lysophospholipase D enzyme significantly decreased self-renewal capacity in murine chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) stem cells in vivo. Sophisticated lipidomics analyses revealed thatGdpd3deficiency reduced levels of certain lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) and lipid mediators in CML cells. Loss ofGdpd3also activated AKT/mTORC1 signalling and cell cycle progression while suppressing Foxo3a/β-catenin interaction within CML stem cell nuclei. Strikingly, CML stem cells carrying a hypomorphic mutation ofLgr4/Gpr48, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) acting downstream of Gdpd3, displayed inadequate disease-initiating capacity in vivo. Our data showing that lysophospholipid metabolism is required for CML stem cell maintenance in vivo establish a new, biologically significant mechanism of cancer recurrence that is independent of oncogene addiction.
Porous cage-derived nanomaterial inks for direct and internal three-dimensional printing
Authors: Aubert Tangi , Huang Jen-Yu , Ma Kai , Hanrath Tobias , Wiesner Ulrich 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe convergence of 3D printing techniques and nanomaterials is generating a compelling opportunity space to create advanced materials with multiscale structural control and hierarchical functionalities. While most nanoparticles consist of a dense material, less attention has been payed to 3D printing of nanoparticles with intrinsic porosity. Here, we combine ultrasmall (about 10 nm) silica nanocages with digital light processing technique for the direct 3D printing of hierarchically porous parts with arbitrary shapes, as well as tunable internal structures and high surface area. Thanks to the versatile and orthogonal cage surface modifications, we show how this approach can be applied for the implementation and positioning of functionalities throughout 3D printed objects. Furthermore, taking advantage of the internal porosity of the printed parts, an internal printing approach is proposed for the localized deposition of a guest material within a host matrix, enabling complex 3D material designs.
Fully organic compliant dry electrodes self-adhesive to skin for long-term motion-robust epidermal biopotential monitoring
Authors: Zhang Lei , Kumar Kirthika Senthil , He Hao , Cai Catherine Jiayi , He Xu , Gao Huxin , Yue Shizhong , Li Changsheng , Seet Raymond Chee-Seong , Ren Hongliang , Ouyang Jianyong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWearable dry electrodes are needed for long-term biopotential recordings but are limited by their imperfect compliance with the skin, especially during body movements and sweat secretions, resulting in high interfacial impedance and motion artifacts. Herein, we report an intrinsically conductive polymer dry electrode with excellent self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity. It shows much lower skin-contact impedance and noise in static and dynamic measurement than the current dry electrodes and standard gel electrodes, enabling to acquire high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in various conditions such as dry and wet skin and during body movement. Hence, this dry electrode can be used for long-term healthcare monitoring in complex daily conditions. We further investigated the capabilities of this electrode in a clinical setting and realized its ability to detect the arrhythmia features of atrial fibrillation accurately, and quantify muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing and contraction against resistance.
Direct growth of uniform carbon nitride layers with extended optical absorption towards efficient water-splitting photoanodes
Authors: Qin Jiani , Barrio Jesús , Peng Guiming , Tzadikov Jonathan , Abisdris Liel , Volokh Michael , Shalom Menny 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA general synthesis of carbon nitride (CN) films with extended optical absorption, excellent charge separation under illumination, and outstanding performance as a photoanode in water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells is reported. To this end, we introduced a universal method to rapidly grow CN monomers directly from a hot saturated solution on various substrates. Upon calcination, a highly uniform carbon nitride layer with tuned structural and photophysical properties and in intimate contact with the substrate is obtained. Detailed photoelectrochemical and structural studies reveal good photoresponse up to 600 nm, excellent hole extraction efficiency (up to 62%) and strong adhesion of the CN layer to the substrate. The best CN photoanode demonstrates a benchmark-setting photocurrent density of 353 µA cm−2 (51% faradaic efficiency for oxygen), and external quantum yield value above 12% at 450 nm at 1.23 V versus RHE in an alkaline solution, as well as low onset potential and good stability.
Topological pruning enables ultra-low Rayleigh scattering in pressure-quenched silica glass
Authors: Yang Yongjian , Homma Osamu , Urata Shingo , Ono Madoka , Mauro John C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSilica glass is the most indispensable material in optical communication applications due to its superior optical properties. The transmission loss of silica glass has been reduced over the past 30 years by continuous efforts toward decreasing density fluctuations by lowering of fictive temperature, e.g., through improvements in processing or doping. A recent study has shown that shrinkage of structural voids by hot compression is a promising way to further decrease the loss. However, an atomic understanding of the pressure effect is still lacking. Here, using molecular simulations, we connect the void shrinkage to topological pruning of silica network. Two physical models predict that the Rayleigh scattering loss of pressure-quenched silica glass can be reduced by >50% when the glass is quenched at an appropriate pressure (4 GPa in our simulation). Our studies are consistent with available experimental results and demonstrate topologically optimized structure can give desirable properties for optical applications of silica as well as other glasses with similar network structure.
Warfare-induced mammal population declines in Southwestern Africa are mediated by species life history, habitat type and hunter preferences
Authors: Braga-Pereira Franciany , Peres Carlos A. , Campos-Silva João Vitor , Santos Carmen Van-Dúnem , Alves Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCivil wars often coincide with global biodiversity hotspots and have plagued the everyday reality of many countries throughout human history. However, how do civil wars affect wildlife populations? Are these impacts the same in savannah and forest environments? How persistent are the post-war consequences on wildlife populations within and outside conflict zones? Long-term monitoring programs in war zones, which could answer these questions, are virtually nonexistent, not least due to the risks researchers are exposed to. In this context, only a few methodologies can provide data on wild populations during war conflicts. We used local ecological knowledge to assess the main consequences of a prolonged civil war (1975–2002) in Southwestern Africa on forest and savannah mammals. The post-war abundance in 20 of 26 (77%) mammal species considered in this study was lower in open savannah compared to the closed-canopy forest environments, with some species experiencing a decline of up to 80% of their pre-war baseline abundance. Large-bodied mammals were preferred targets and had been overhunted, but as their populations became increasingly depleted, the size structure of prey species gradually shifted towards smaller-bodied species. Finally, we present a general flow diagram of how civil wars in low-governance countries can have both positive and negative impacts on native wildlife populations at different scales of space and time.
Choosing to view morbid information involves reward circuitry
Authors: Oosterwijk Suzanne , Snoek Lukas , Tekoppele Jurriaan , Engelbert Lara H. , Scholte H. Steven 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPeople often seek out stories, videos or images that detail death, violence or harm. Considering the ubiquity of this behavior, it is surprising that we know very little about the neural circuits involved in choosing negative information. Using fMRI, the present study shows that choosing intensely negative stimuli engages similar brain regions as those that support extrinsic incentives and “regular” curiosity. Participants made choices to view negative and positive images, based on negative (e.g., a soldier kicks a civilian against his head) and positive (e.g., children throw flower petals at a wedding) verbal cues. We hypothesized that the conflicting, but relatively informative act of choosing to view a negative image, resulted in stronger activation of reward circuitry as opposed to the relatively uncomplicated act of choosing to view a positive stimulus. Indeed, as preregistered, we found that choosing negative cues was associated with activation of the striatum, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, both when contrasting against a passive viewing condition, and when contrasting against positive cues. These findings nuance models of decision-making, valuation and curiosity, and are an important starting point when considering the value of seeking out negative content.
Northstar enables automatic classification of known and novel cell types from tumor samples
Authors: Zanini Fabio , Berghuis Bojk A. , Jones Robert C. , Nicolis di Robilant Benedetta , Nong Rachel Yuan , Norton Jeffrey A. , Clarke Michael F. , Quake Stephen R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSingle cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identification remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on data from glioblastoma, melanoma, and seven different healthy tissues and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. Northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.
Bio-assisted synthesized Ag(0) nanoparticles stabilized on hybrid of sepiolite and chitin: efficient catalytic system for xanthene synthesis
Authors: Kahangi Fatemeh Ghoreyshi , Mehrdad Morteza , Heravi Majid M. , Sadjadi Samahe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this work, with the use of two natural compounds, chitin and sepiolite clay, a novel covalent hybrid is fabricated and applied as a support for the stabilization of silver nanoparticles with the aid of Kombucha extract as a natural reducing agent. The resultant catalytic system, Ag@Sep-N–CH, was characterized via XRD, TEM, FTIR, ICP, SEM, TGA, UV–Vis and BET. It was found that fine Ag(0) nanoparticles with mean diameter of 6.1 ± 1.8 nm were formed on the support and the specific surface area of the catalyst was 130 m2 g−1. The study of the catalytic performance of Ag@Sep-N–CH for catalyzing synthesis of xanthenes in aqueous media under mild reaction condition confirmed that Ag@Sep-N–CH exhibited high catalytic activity and could promote the reaction of various substrates to furnish the corresponding products in high yields. Moreover, the contribution of both chitin and sepiolite to the catalysis has been affirmed. It was found that hybridization of these two components led to synergistic effects and consequently improved the observed catalytic activity. Notably, the catalyst was recyclable up to several reaction runs.
A small Cretaceous crocodyliform in a dinosaur nesting ground and the origin of sebecids
Authors: Sellés Albert G. , Blanco Alejandro , Vila Bernat , Marmi Josep , López-Soriano Francisco J. , Llácer Sergio , Frigola Jaime , Canals Miquel , Galobart Àngel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSebecosuchia was a group of highly specialized cursorial crocodyliforms that diversified during the Cretaceous and persist until the end of the Miocene. Their unique combination of cranial and post-cranial features indicates that they were active terrestrial predators that occupied the apex of the Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems, even competing with theropod dinosaurs. Here, we report the discovery of the earliest sebecid worldwide, and the first from Eurasia, Ogresuchus furatus gen. et sp. nov., based on a semi-articulate specimen located in a titanosaurian sauropod nesting ground. The new taxon challenges current biogeographical models about the early dispersal and radiation of sebecid crocodylomorphs, and suggests an origin of the group much earlier than previously expected. Moreover, the new taxon suggests a potential convergent evolution between linages geographically isolated. Taphonomic evidences suggest that Ogresuchus died almost in the same place where fossilized, in a dinosaur nesting area. Biometric and morphologic observations lead to speculate that Ogresuchus could easily predate on sauropod hatchlings.
Individual differences in fear acquisition: multivariate analyses of different emotional negativity scales, physiological responding, subjective measures, and neural activation
Authors: Sjouwerman Rachel , Scharfenort Robert , Lonsdorf Tina B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNegative emotionality is a well-established and stable risk factor for affective disorders. Individual differences in negative emotionality have been linked to associative learning processes which can be captured experimentally by computing CS-discrimination values in fear conditioning paradigms. Literature suffers from underpowered samples, suboptimal methods, and an isolated focus on single questionnaires and single outcome measures. First, the specific and shared variance across three commonly employed questionnaires [STAI-T, NEO-FFI-Neuroticism, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) Scale] in relation to CS-discrimination during fear-acquisition in multiple analysis units (ratings, skin conductance, startle) is addressed (NStudy1 = 356). A specific significant negative association between STAI-T and CS-discrimination in SCRs and between IU and CS-discrimination in startle responding was identified in multimodal and dimensional analyses, but also between latent factors negative emotionality and fear learning, which capture shared variance across questionnaires/scales and across outcome measures. Second, STAI-T was positively associated with CS-discrimination in a number of brain areas linked to conditioned fear (amygdala, putamen, thalamus), but not to SCRs or ratings (NStudy2 = 113). Importantly, we replicate potential sampling biases between fMRI and behavioral studies regarding anxiety levels. Future studies are needed to target wide sampling distributions for STAI-T and verify whether current findings are generalizable to other samples.
Somatostatin 1.1 contributes to the innate exploration of zebrafish larva
Authors: Quan Feng B. , Desban Laura , Mirat Olivier , Kermarquer Maxime , Roussel Julian , Koëth Fanny , Marnas Hugo , Djenoune Lydia , Lejeune François-Xavier , Tostivint Hervé , Wyart Claire 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPharmacological experiments indicate that neuropeptides can effectively tune neuronal activity and modulate locomotor output patterns. However, their functions in shaping innate locomotion often remain elusive. For example, somatostatin has been previously shown to induce locomotion when injected in the brain ventricles but to inhibit fictive locomotion when bath-applied in the spinal cord in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of somatostatin in innate locomotion through a genetic approach by knocking out somatostatin 1.1 (sst1.1) in zebrafish. We automated and carefully analyzed the kinematics of locomotion over a hundred of thousand bouts from hundreds of mutant and control sibling larvae. We found that the deletion of sst1.1 did not impact acousto-vestibular escape responses but led to abnormal exploration. sst1.1 mutant larvae swam over larger distance, at higher speed and performed larger tail bends, indicating that Somatostatin 1.1 inhibits spontaneous locomotion. Altogether our study demonstrates that Somatostatin 1.1 innately contributes to slowing down spontaneous locomotion.
Predicting permeability via statistical learning on higher-order microstructural information
Authors: Röding Magnus , Ma Zheng , Torquato Salvatore 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuantitative structure–property relationships are crucial for the understanding and prediction of the physical properties of complex materials. For fluid flow in porous materials, characterizing the geometry of the pore microstructure facilitates prediction of permeability, a key property that has been extensively studied in material science, geophysics and chemical engineering. In this work, we study the predictability of different structural descriptors via both linear regressions and neural networks. A large data set of 30,000 virtual, porous microstructures of different types, including both granular and continuous solid phases, is created for this end. We compute permeabilities of these structures using the lattice Boltzmann method, and characterize the pore space geometry using one-point correlation functions (porosity, specific surface), two-point surface-surface, surface-void, and void-void correlation functions, as well as the geodesic tortuosity as an implicit descriptor. Then, we study the prediction of the permeability using different combinations of these descriptors. We obtain significant improvements of performance when compared to a Kozeny-Carman regression with only lowest-order descriptors (porosity and specific surface). We find that combining all three two-point correlation functions and tortuosity provides the best prediction of permeability, with the void-void correlation function being the most informative individual descriptor. Moreover, the combination of porosity, specific surface, and geodesic tortuosity provides very good predictive performance. This shows that higher-order correlation functions are extremely useful for forming a general model for predicting physical properties of complex materials. Additionally, our results suggest that artificial neural networks are superior to the more conventional regression methods for establishing quantitative structure–property relationships. We make the data and code used publicly available to facilitate further development of permeability prediction methods.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects of low-temperature exposures on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) adults before and after overwintering
Authors: Scaccini Davide , Vanishvili Luka , Tirello Paola , Walton Vaughn M. , Duso Carlo , Pozzebon Alberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCold winter temperatures can influence insects’ survival in temperate zones. Brown marmorated stink bug,Halyomorpha halys(Stål) overwinters as adults in natural and human-made structures. In this study, we characterized low temperature mortality rates ofH. halysadults that were either entering (ENA) or exiting (EXA) overwintering microhabitats. We considered the effect of different duration of cold exposure on mortality. We determined the impact of insect nutritional status and weight on cold tolerance. We additionally evaluated the effects of cold exposure onH. halysadult longevity and fecundity. Mortality of ENA and EXA adults was determined for 6 h and 2 h periods at − 2.5 °C and 2.5 °C respectively. EXA adults displayed higher mortality rates compared to ENA individuals at the low-temperature regimes.Halyomorpha halysadult survival rate was higher when their nutrient index (EXA individuals only) and weight were high. Low-temperature exposure increased longevity, but reduced fecundity of ENA females. The data further highlight how extreme spring frost events can result in significantly increased mortality levels ofH. halysadults.