bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
Authors: Ge Jiwan , Zhang Senyan , Zhang Linqi , Wang Xinquan 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
The spike glycoprotein plays a critical role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by recognizing the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mediating fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. It is also the major target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. This review summarizes recent studies on the structure and function of spike glycoprotein, which revealed the structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Recent findings
SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, similar to those of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, spontaneously samples different prefusion states with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) adopting ‘up’ or ‘down’ conformations, and the RBD ‘down’ to ‘up’ conformational change is required for ACE2 binding. Receptor binding and spike glycoprotein priming by host proteases such as furin and transmembrane protease serine 2 induce pre to postfusion conformational changes of the spike trimer that enable membrane fusion. Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 were elucidated at atomic resolution using high-resolution crystal structures. These structures, together with adapted and remodeled SARS-CoV-2 strains, further revealed critical residues of the spike glycoprotein for SARS-CoV-2 infection and cross-species transmission.

Summary
Recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein provide important structural knowledge for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cross-species transmission.
Development of a New Chelation Model: Bioassay Data Interpretation and Dose Assessment after Plutonium Intake via Wound and Treatment with DTPA
Authors: Dumit Sara , Miller Guthrie , Klumpp John A. , Poudel Deepesh , Bertelli Luiz , Waters Tom L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The administration of chelation therapy to treat significant intakes of actinides, such as plutonium, affects the actinide’s normal biokinetics. In particular, it enhances the actinide’s rate of excretion, such that the standard biokinetic models cannot be applied directly to the chelation-affected bioassay data in order to estimate the intake and assess the radiation dose. The present study proposes a new chelation model that can be applied to the chelation-affected bioassay data after plutonium intake via wound and treatment with DTPA. In the proposed model, chelation is assumed to occur in the blood, liver, and parts of the skeleton. Ten datasets, consisting of measurements of 14C-DTPA, 238Pu, and 239Pu involving humans given radiolabeled DTPA and humans occupationally exposed to plutonium via wound and treated with chelation therapy, were used for model development. The combined dataset consisted of daily and cumulative excretion (urine and feces), wound counts, measurements of excised tissue, blood, and post-mortem tissue analyses of liver and skeleton. The combined data were simultaneously fit using the chelation model linked with a plutonium systemic model, which was linked to an ad hoc wound model. The proposed chelation model was used for dose assessment of the wound cases used in this study.
Role of Religion in Psychotic Illness in the Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Population
Authors: Serfaty David R. , Strous Rael D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aims to describe the role that religion and belief may play in members of the Israeli ultra-Orthodox Jewish population hospitalized in the Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center and diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Religion was judged essential by the patients in the management of their illness. Forty percent of the patients perceive their illness as their destiny, 26.7% as an “affliction of love,” and 33.3% as resulting from their sins. Sixty percent of patients explained that faith is a source of hope in their life, with 76.7% indicating that collective religious practices help them face their illness. Ninety percent expressed no conflict between consulting a psychiatrist and their religious beliefs. Collective religious practices were correlated with higher treatment credibility. The use of religious coping methods was correlated with lower anxiety and tension among women. Higher conflict between religion and consulting a psychiatrist was correlated with lower treatment credibility among men.
Validation of CARE Scale-7 in treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain: measurement of sex invariance
Authors: Ziadni Maisa , You Dokyoung Sophia , Chen Abby , Wilson Anna C. , Darnall Beth D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
Social and interpersonal factors impact the trajectory of chronic pain. We previously developed and validated a 2-factor, 7-item measure to assess interpersonal factors, including relationship guilt and worry and difficulty prioritizing self-care in chronic pain. Here, we confirm the factor structure and examine the sex invariance of the two-factor structure of the CARE Scale-7.

Methods:
Data were collected as part of routine clinical care at a tertiary pain clinic using the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry. Patient participants (67% women) were predominantly middle-aged (M = 50.9 years, SD = 17.8), married (55.2%), and White/non-Hispanic (55.7%). Data included demographics, pain characteristics, CARE Scale-7, pain catastrophizing, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System psychological and physical function measures. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the factor structure of the CARE Scale, and a stepwise approach to measurement invariances by sex examined configural, metric, and scalar invariance.

Results:
Internal consistency of the scale items ensured suitability for factor analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis findings revealed an overall good fit of the 2-factor model among males and females and that CARE Scale-7 is in fact sex invariant. Finally, CARE Scale-7 showed convergent validity with pain-related outcomes.

Discussion:
The CARE Scale is the first validated instrument to assess self-care in both sexes among patients with chronic pain. The subscale of difficulty prioritizing self-care emerged as a potentially unique factor that should be integrated in clinical assessment. CARE Scale may facilitate standardized measurement in research and clinical contexts, which may inform a comprehensive treatment focus that integrates individualized self-care planning.
Collateral Status in Ischemic Stroke: A Comparison of Computed Tomography Angiography, Computed Tomography Perfusion, and Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Kauw Frans , Dankbaar Jan W. , Martin Blake W. , Ding Victoria Y. , Boothroyd Derek B. , van Ommen Fasco , de Jong Hugo W.A.M. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Velthuis Birgitta K. , Heit Jeremy J. , Wintermark Max 
Published: November 2020

Objective
To compare assessment of collaterals by single-phase computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) and CT perfusion-derived 3-phase CTA, multiphase CTA and temporal maximum-intensity projection (tMIP) images to digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and relate collateral assessments to clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods
Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent CT perfusion, CTA, and DSA before thrombectomy with occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the M1 or the M2 segments were included. Two observers assessed all CT images and one separate observer assessed DSA (reference standard) with static and dynamic (modified American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology) collateral grading methods. Interobserver agreement and concordance were quantified with Cohen-weighted κ and concordance correlation coefficient, respectively. Imaging assessments were related to clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale, ≤ 2).

Results
Interobserver agreement (n = 101) was 0.46 (tMIP), 0.58 (3-phase CTA), 0.67 (multiphase CTA), and 0.69 (single-phase CTA) for static assessments and 0.52 (3-phase CTA) and 0.54 (multiphase CTA) for dynamic assessments. Concordance correlation coefficient (n = 80) was 0.08 (3-phase CTA), 0.09 (single-phase CTA), and 0.23 (multiphase CTA) for static assessments and 0.10 (3-phase CTA) and 0.27 (multiphase CTA) for dynamic assessments. Higher static collateral scores on multiphase CTA (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.7) and tMIP images (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.4) were associated with modified Rankin Scale of 2 or less as were higher modified American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology scores on 3-phase CTA (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.2) and multiphase CTA (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6).

Conclusions
Concordance between assessments on CT and DSA was poor. Collateral status evaluated on 3-phase CTA and multiphase CTA, but not on DSA, was associated with clinical outcome.
Modeling Patient-Informed Liver Contrast Perfusion in Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography
Authors: Setiawan Hananiel , Ria Francesco , Abadi Ehsan , Fu Wanyi , Smith Taylor B. , Samei Ehsan 
Published: November 2020

Objective
To determine the correlation between patient attributes and contrast enhancement in liver parenchyma and demonstrate the potential for patient-informed prediction and optimization of contrast enhancement in liver imaging.

Methods
The study included 418 chest/abdomen/pelvis computed tomography scans, with 75% to 25% training-testing split. Two regression models were built to predict liver parenchyma contrast enhancement over time: first model (model A) utilized patient attributes (height, weight, sex, age, bolus volume, injection rate, scan times, body mass index, lean body mass) and bolus-tracking data. A second model (model B) only used the patient attributes. Pearson coefficient was used to assess predictive accuracy.

Results
Weight- and height-related features were found to be statistically significant predictors (P < 0.05), weight being the strongest. Of the 2 models, model A (r
2 = 0.75) showed greater accuracy than model B (r
2 = 0.42).

Conclusions
Patient attributes can be used to build prediction model for liver parenchyma contrast enhancement. The model can have utility in optimization and improved consistency in contrast-enhanced liver imaging.
Relationships of Language Lateralization with Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics of Corpus Callosum, Tumor Grade, and Tumors Distance to Language-Eloquent Areas in Glial Neoplasms
Authors: Timocin Gizem , Toprak Ali , Aralasmak Ayse 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The aim of the study was to search relationships between language lateralization and corpus callosum (CC) connectivity, tumor grade, and tumors distance to language-eloquent areas in glial neoplasms.

Materials and Methods
The functional magnetic resonance imaging and CC diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of 42 patients with glial neoplasm were evaluated for relationships of language lateralization (left, right, and bilateral) with CC DTI metrics (tracts number, voxel, volume, length, fractional anisotropy [FA], and apparent diffusion coefficient), tumor grade, and tumors distance to language-eloquent areas and relationships of CC DTI metrics with tumor grade. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and χ2 tests were used. All were repeated in 26 patients with left hemispheric masses.

Results
In glial masses, language bilateralism was more common than normal population and more pronounced in low grade than high grade. In right lateralism and bilateralism, tumor settlement nearby language-eloquent areas was more common. In the left lateralism, highest CC tract number, higher tumor grade, and more remote tumor settlements were noted. There was no relationship between CC DTI metrics and tumor grade but increase in CC tracts number and FA with increasing tumor grade.

Conclusions
Increased bilateralism in glial masses than normal population and in low grade tumors than high grade and increased nearby tumor settlement in right lateralism and bilateralism support interhemispheric reorganization and plasticity. This is more pronounced in low grade because of higher life span. Highest CC tract number, higher tumor grade, and more remote tumor settlement in left lateralized group suggest intact CC integrity with limited hemispheric destruction. Increasing CC tracts number and FA with increasing tumor grade support preserved CC integrity in the shorter life span of high-grade tumors.
Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography for the Identification of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Using Repeated Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing or Confirmed True-Negative State as Reference Standard: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bellini Davide , Panvini Nicola , Carbone Iacopo , Rengo Marco , Wang Carolyn L. , Mileto Achille 
Published: November 2020

Objective
The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis assessing the diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) for the identification of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using repeated reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing or confirmed true-negative state as reference standard.

Methods
In May 2020, we interrogated the MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios of CT for COVID-19 identification were computed. Cumulative positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value, stratified by disease prevalence, were calculated.

Results
Ten articles were included (1332 patients). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and summary diagnostic odds ratio of CT were 82% [95% confidence interval (CI), 79%–84%], 68% (95% CI, 65%–71%), and 18 (95% CI, 9.8–32.8). The PPV and negative predictive value were 54% (95% CI, 30%–77%) and 94% (95% CI, 88%–99%) at a COVID-19 prevalence lower than 40%, and 80% (95% CI, 62%–91%) and 77% (95% CI, 68%–85%) at a prevalence higher than 40%.

Conclusion
CT yields higher specificity and PPV, albeit lower sensitivity, than previously reported for the identification of COVID-19.
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors of Head and Neck: Imaging-Based Review of World Health Organization Classification
Authors: Abdel Razek Ahmed Abdel Khalek , Gamaleldin Omneya A. , Elsebaie Nermeen A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We aim to review the imaging appearance of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) of head and neck according to updated fourth edition of World Health Organization classification. Peripheral nerve sheath tumor can be sporadic or associated with neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, and schwannomatosis. Schwannoma is the most common benign PNST that can be intracranial or extracranial and appears heterogeneous reflecting its histologic composition. Melanotic schwannoma is a different entity with high prediction of malignancy; it shows hypointense signal on T2-weighted image. Neurofibroma can present by localized, plexiform, or diffuse lesion. It usually appears homogeneous or shows a characteristic target sign. Perineurioma can be intraneural seen with the nerve fiber or extraneural appearing as a mass. Solitary circumscribed neuroma and neurothekeoma commonly present as dermal lesions. Nerve sheath myxoma may exhibit high signal on T1 weighted image. Benign triton tumors can be central, aggressive lesion, or peripheral nonaggressive lesion. Granular cell tumor shows hypointense signal on T2 weighted image. Neuroglial heterotopia most commonly occurs in the nasal cavity. Ectopic meningioma arises from ectopic arachnoid cells in the neck. In hybrid PNST, combined histological features of benign PNST occur in the same lesion. Malignant PNSTs are rare with an aggressive pattern. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are complementary studies to determine the location and extent of the tumor. Advanced magnetic resonance sequences, namely, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement, can help in differentiation of benign from malignant PNST.
Innovation of Audio-Visual Triage system in Combating the Spread of COVID-19 Infection and its efficacy: A Novel Strategy
Authors: Hafeez Muhammad Mansoor , Azhar Mohammad , Zafar Chudhary Hafiz Rizwan , Rana Muhammad Asim , Malik Arif 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTDuring the novel coronavirus pandemic, also known as SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 pandemic, frontline healthcare professionals suffered psychological as well as pathological trauma due to the lack of preparation to cope with this unforeseen situation. The protocols to prevent the spread of this disease proved to be less effective than anticipated. In these circumstances, improvement of the existing triage system was felt and an AUDIO-VISUAL TRIAGE (AVT) system was introduced to enhance confidence as well as increase the safety of frontline healthcare professionals. The current analysis was performed from March 21, 2020, to April 28, 2020, until the completion of sixty response forms, at Bahria Town International Hospital, Lahore. Thirty participants (Group A) deployed on visual triage and other thirty (Group B) on AVT for screening suspected cases of COVID-19 infection. Anxiety levels were measured by using the GAD-7 scoring system and the participants of both groups were periodically tested for COVID-19 infection by PCR. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the significance of different variables at a confidence level of 95%. The result of the current study revealed the effectiveness of AVT for the screening of COVID-19 patients. There was a statistically significant increase in anxiety levels and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rate in group A as compared to group B. Almost all participants in group A wanted to shift their place of work or ready to quit the job if they were forced to perform their duties at the same visual triage. AVT system for COVID-19 screening found to be more safe and less stressful than visual triage. It is not only a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of diseases but also boosted the confidence of frontline healthcare professionals to fight against coronavirus spread.
pyPOCQuant - A tool to automatically quantify Point-Of-Care Tests from images
Authors: Cuny Andreas P. , Rudolf Fabian , Ponti Aaron 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLateral flow Point-Of-Care Tests (POCTs) are a valuable tool for rapidly detecting pathogens and the associated immune response in humans and animals. In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, they offer rapid on-site diagnostics and can relieve centralized laboratory testing sites, thus freeing resources that can be focused on especially vulnerable groups. However, visual interpretation of the POCT test lines is subjective, error prone and only qualitative. Here we present pyPOCQuant, an open-source tool implemented in Python 3 that can robustly and reproducibly analyze POCTs from digital images and return an unbiased and quantitative measurement of the POCT test lines.
Design and implementation of an international, multi-arm, multi-stage platform master protocol for trials of novel SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agents: Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO/ACTIV-3)
Authors: Murray Daniel D. , Babiker Abdel G. , Baker Jason V. , Barkauskas Christina E. , Brown Samuel M. , Chang Christina C. , Davey Victoria J. , Gelijns Annetine C. , Ginde Adit A. , Grund Birgit , Higgs Elizabeth , Hudson Fleur , Kan Virginia L. , Lane H. Clifford , Murray Thomas A. , Paredes Roger , Parmar Mahesh K.B. , Pett Sarah , Phillips Andrew N. , Polizzotto Mark N. , Reilly Cavan , Sandkovsky Uriel , Sharma Shweta , Teitelbaum Marc , Thompson B. Taylor , Young Barnaby E. , Neaton James D. , Lundgren Jens D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSafe and effective therapies for COVID-19 are urgently needed. In order to meet this need, the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) public-private partnership initiated the Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO). TICO is a multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) platform master protocol, which facilitates the rapid evaluation of the safety and efficacy of novel candidate anti-viral therapeutic agents for adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Four agents have so far entered the protocol, with rapid answers already provided for three of these. Other agents are expected to enter the protocol throughout 2021. This protocol contains a number of key design and implementation features that, along with challenges faced by the protocol team, are presented and discussed.Protocol Design and ImplementationThree clinical trial networks, encompassing a global network of clinical sites, participated in the protocol development and implementation. TICO utilizes a MAMS design with an agile and robust approach to futility and safety evaluation at 300 patients enrolled, with subsequent expansion to full sample size and an expanded target population if the agent shows an acceptable safety profile and evidence of efficacy. Rapid recruitment to multiple agents is enabled through the sharing of placebo as well as the confining of agent-specific information to protocol appendices, and modular consent forms. In collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration, a thorough safety data collection and DSMB schedule was developed for the study of agents with limited in-human data.ChallengesChallenges included ensuring drug supply and reliable recruitment allowing for changing infection rates across the global network of sites, the need to balance the collection of data and samples without overburdening clinical staff, and obtaining regulatory approvals across a global network of sites.ConclusionThrough a robust multi-network partnership, the TICO protocol has been successfully used across a global network of sites for rapid generation of efficacy data on multiple novel antiviral agents. The protocol design and implementation features used in this protocol, and the approaches to address challenges, will have broader applicability. Mechanisms to facilitate improved communication and harmonization among country-specific regulatory bodies are required.
Host genetic liability for severe COVID-19 overlaps with alcohol drinking behavior and diabetic outcomes in over 1 million participants
Authors: Wendt Frank R , De Lillo Antonella , Pathak Gita A , De Angelis Flavio ,   COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, Polimanti Renato 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo distinguish correlation from causation, we performedin-silicoanalyses of three COVID-19 outcomes (N>1,000,000). We show genetic correlation and putative causality with depressive symptoms, metformin use, and alcohol use. COVID-19 risk loci associated with several hematologic biomarkers. Comprehensive findings inform genetic contributions to COVID-19 epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and risk factors.