bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-12 Effects of tannin supplementation on zootechnical performance and blood parameters of weaned piglets
Authors: Hejna Monika , Dell’Anno Matteo , Caprarulo Valentina , Sotira Stefania , Rossi Luciana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaned piglets often suffer from the enteric disorders and post-weaning diarrhoea. Natural extracts, due to its functional properties, such as tannins from chestnut and quebracho are often considered as feed additives against diarrhoea after the antibiotics ban (Reg. UE 1831/2003). The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of tannins on growth performance and blood parameters of weaned piglets. A total of 120 piglets (Large White x Landrace) weaned at d 28±2 were randomly allotted to one of two treatments (control vs. tannin) with 6 pens per treatment and 10 pigs per pen. The tannin diet was supplemented with 1.25% of chestnut and quebracho tannins (Silvateam, Italy). The experiment lasted 40 days. Individual body weight (BW) was recorded at d 0, 14, 28 and 40. Feed intake was measured weekly to calculate feed efficiency from d 0 to 14, d 14 to 28, and d 28 to 40. Blood samples were collected on d 40 from a subset of animals (4 pigs/pen). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Supplementation of tannins did not affect BW and feed intake throughout the experiment. However, addition of tannins showed tendency to increase the feed efficiency on d 14 to d 28, compared with control (P = 0.54; 60.4 vs. 52.3, respectively). Dietary addition of tannins significantly increase the serum concentration of albumin, and decrease of globulin, urea and creatinine compared with control (P &lt; 0.05; 23.05 vs. 19.31 g/L, 30.13 vs. 33.58 g/L; 0.98 vs. 2.18 mmol/L; 53.92 vs. 78.92 μmol/L, respectively). In conclusion, tannin supplementation impacted the blood parameters that were related to protein utilization, although this benefit was not reflected in growth performance of weaned pigs.
PSIX-19 The impact of piglet nursing location along the sow udder line on piglet gain and subsequent weaning weight
Authors: Dierking Shannon L , Monegue Harold J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Piglet weaning weight is a critical factor that influences post-weaning growth and performance. Weaning weight is a function of birth weight and the amount and nutrient density of the milk consumed during lactation. Milk production is influenced by sow mammary gland development and diet consumption but may also be a biological function of teat location along the udder line. The objective of this study was then to determine the effects of piglet nursing location along the udder on overall piglet gain and weaning weight. A total of 1,078 individual piglets were observed during the nursing period at three time points during lactation. The teat pairs along the udder line were labeled from anterior to posterior (1-7, respectively) to define nursing location. At the end of the lactation period, the observed piglet nursing location was evaluated for both actual weaning weight and overall piglet weight gain during lactation. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance with the statistical model utilizing litter size as a covariate. As expected, when litter size was utilized as a covariate, there was a significant effect on piglet weaning weight (P &lt; 0.0001), and there was both a linear and quadratic effect of location (L, P &lt; 0.0001; Q, P = 0.0009) on both weaning weight and lactation piglet gain. Heavier piglets were weaned from more anterior teats (teat pairs 1-4), with the numerically heaviest piglets weaned from teat pair 4 (6.12 kg), with the lowest weight piglets being weaned from teat pair 7 (5.17 kg). Piglet weight gain during lactation was impacted by litter size (P &lt; 0.0001), but nursing location did not affect lactation weight gain (P = 0.57). Due to the differences in piglet weights at weaning, it can be concluded that piglet nursing location influences overall piglet weaning weight.
PSIX-8 Effects of an algae-clay complex-based feed additive and diet formulation regimen on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Williams Hadley , Del Tuffo Leandro , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Erceg Jake , Gallissot Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of an algae-clay-complex-based feed additive (ACC, Olmix Group, Brehan, France) and diet formulation regimen on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 337×1050, initially 49.5 kg) were used in a 90-day study. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of ACC (none or 0.10% until 100 kg body weight and 0.05% thereafter) and dietary formulation regimen (High vs Low). High diets were formulated to maximize growth with added fat and no dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Low diets were formulated to contain approximately 150 kcal/kg less net energy (NE), 30% DDGS, no added fat, and were formulated 0.10% below the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lys requirement based on the SID Lys:NE ratio as estimated in the High diets. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no ACC × formulation interactions (P &gt;0.220) for growth or carcass characteristics. Overall, ADG was greater (P=0.027) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed diets without ACC with no change in ADFI or G:F (P &gt;0.180). This was a result of late finishing (d 56 to 90) ADG and G:F increase (P&lt; 0.019) for pigs fed diets with ACC compared with those fed no ACC. Also, pigs fed High diets had improved (P&lt; 0.047) ADG, ADFI, G:F and final body weight compared to pigs fed Low diets. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed High diets tended to have greater (P=0.067) loin depth and had greater (P&lt; 0.001) carcass weight than pigs fed low diets with no evidence for differences between the control and pigs fed ACC (P &gt;0.05). The addition of ACC resulted in improved ADG and G:F in late finishing, but did not affect carcass characteristics.
PSIX-17 Investigating the biological activities of sodium cellobionate produced from cellulosic biomass
Authors: Kovanda Lauren , Fan Zhiliang , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A novel method has been developed to easily hydrolyze cellulose to sodium cellobionate in a filamentous fungas, Neurospora crassa. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the in vitro biological activities of sodium cellobionate. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with 3 chemical-based assays, including DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Antimicrobial activity was determined as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that prevented growth of tested bacteria, including four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli F18 and ATCC 25922, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and a wild strain isolated from cull diary cows in California) and one gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212). Anti-inflammatory activity was tested by analyzing TNF-α production with porcine alveolar macrophages that were challenged with lipopolysaccharide. A porcine intestinal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2, was also used to test the effects of cellobionate on cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The tested doses of sodium cellobionate were 0, 0.04, 0.20, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 20.00, and 40.00 mg/mL. All assays were performed with over 6 replicates, except that MIC assays were performed as triplicate. All data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS. Sodium cellobionate did not have radical scavenging capacity, but had weak FRAP (9.68 μM L-Cysteine equivalent) and TEAC (69% reduction) at the dose of 40 mg/mL. MIC results revealed that sodium cellobionate did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, indicating it does not have antimicrobial activity within the range of tested doses. Sodium cellobionate did not exhibit anti-inflammatory activities, but significantly enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in vitro by 24.00%, 39.64%, and 25.98% when the doses were 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/mL, respectively. Results of this experiment indicate that cellobionate has limited biological activities in vitro, except that this biomass product could strongly stimulate the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Future research will focus on the potential impacts of sodium cellobionate on intestinal physiology in vivo.
PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge
Authors: Helm Emma T , Gabler Nicholas , Burrough Eric R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P&lt; 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.
PSVI-1 Dietary protease supplementation on growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea of nursery pigs
Authors: Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Clizer David A , Ramirez-Camba Christian , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary protease supplementation on pig’s growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea in a 43-d trial. A total of 936 weaned pigs [21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 nutritional levels × 2 protease levels). The nutritional levels corresponded to a standard feeding program and a reduced feeding program (15% lower SID Lys) and without or with protease supplementation (0.0125% inclusion). Piglets were distributed in 36 pens with 26 pigs per pen and 9 replicates per dietary treatment. Pigs received a common Phase 1 diet and experimental diets in Phase 2, 3, and 4, (0.91, 3.4, 4.5, and 24.0 kg/pig, respectively). Phytase was included at 2,500 U in Phase 2 – 4, all diets met energy and AA:Lys requirements for nursery pigs. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 weeks. A pen fecal score assessment was performed at d7, 10, and 14. Performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure and fecal score data using the PROC FREQ procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). No significant interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between dietary treatments. From d15 to 43 and during overall experimental period, pigs fed standard diets had greater BW, ADG, and G:F (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed deficient diets (Table 1). On d7, pigs fed deficient diet had more (X2 &lt; 0.05) soft and watery feces, and consequently less normal feces compared to pigs fed standard diets (Figure 1). On d7, 10, and 14, pigs fed diets with protease supplementation had more (X2 &lt; 0.05) normal feces compared to control pigs. Overall, effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance were not expressive under the conditions of this study but protease addition benefited intestinal health of nursery pigs.
PSVI-4 Digestible and metabolizable energy content, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in novel corn co-products for swine
Authors: Yang Zhaohui , Palowski Amanda , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and compare the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in novel corn co-products and dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) for swine. Seven corn co-products were evaluated including 2 conventional DDGS (DDGS-A and DDGS-B), 1 corn fiber and solubles (CFS), 2 high protein distillers’ grains (HPDG-A and HPDG-B), and 2 high yeast and protein co-products (HYP-A and HYP-B). In Exp.1, 32 barrows (BW = 24.2 ± 3.4 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to a corn-soybean meal basal diet or 1 of 7 diets containing 30% of a co-product in a randomized two-period crossover design. Feces and urine were collected in 2 periods (7-d adaptation and 4-d collection). In Exp.2, 16 ileal-cannulated barrows (BW = 37.0 ± 3.8 kg) were assigned to 1 of 8 diets in a repeated 8 × 4 Youden square design. An N-free diet, and 7 test diets containing 1 of 7 corn co-products as the sole protein source were used. Diets were fed to pigs for four 7-d periods (5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection). The HYP-A and HYP-B had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) DE (4,309 and 4,183 kcal/kg DM, respectively) and ME (4,118 and 3,972 kcal/kg DM, respectively), and HPDG-B had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) DE and ME (2,266 and 2,168 kcal/kg DM, respectively) among all corn co-products. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val were similar among DGS-B, HPDG-A, HYP-A, and HYP-B, while HPDG-B had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) SID coefficients for all AA and CP. The high ME and SID Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp content of HYP-A and HYP-B indicate greater feeding value for swine compared to other co-products evaluated.
PSVI-11 Non-GMO beet pulp and canola meal corn-soybean meal diet has comparable effects as that of GMO corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of sows and piglets
Authors: Seok Woo Jung , Wang Huan , Kibria Sumya , Li Yanjiao , Kim In Ho 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Consumers are concerned about the safety of livestock feed stuff with the increasing use of genetically modified organisms (GMO).The objective of the present experiment was to compare the effect of non-GMO sugar-beet pulp (SBP) and canola meal (CM) in the diet with GMO corn-soybean meal basal diets on reproduction performance in gestation-lactation sows and the performance of their litters. A total of 16 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 2.4), were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments with 8 sows per treatment starting from the last 4 weeks of gestation to 21 day of lactation. Treatments consisted of GMO diet (CON) and non-GMO diet (NO). Sows were individually fed gestation and lactation diets that were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations for all nutrients. The amount of feed consumed during the lactation periods was recorded and used to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI). Number of piglets born and piglets weaned were also recorded to calculate the survival rate. Individual piglet body weight (BW) and litter weights were assessed on days 0, and 26 to calculate average daily gain (ADG). All data were subjected to the GLM procedures of SAS in a randomized complete block design. The variability in the data was expressed as standard error of means (SEM). A probability level of P&lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In the current study, NO treatment diets showed comparable effects on the BW, ADFI, backfat thickness, body condition score, and estrus interval of sows as that of basal diet. In addition, there was also no significant difference in growth performance of piglets fed NO treatment diets compared with CON diet (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated the utilization of non-GMO beet pulp, and canola meals do not have any adverse effect on the performance of sows and their litters.
PSVIII-12 Effects of increasing iron dextran dosage at birth on hematological profile, growth performance, and tissue mineral concentrations of pigs in the nursery
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Monegue Harold J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the blood profile, growth performance, and tissue mineral concentration during the nursery period in weanling pigs that received various dosages of iron at birth. A total of 70 crossbred pigs (weaning BW 6.36 ± 0.92) from 5 different injectable iron dosage treatments administered at birth (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg iron from iron dextran) were used. Pigs were weighed at d 22 (weaning), 23, 24, 25, 29, 38, 44, and 52. Blood was collected from 10 pigs per treatment at the same times as above except for d 44 and analyzed for a complete blood count (CBC). A total of 3 pigs per treatment were euthanized on d 22, 38, and 52 to determine tissue mineral concentration. All pigs were fed a common nursery diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg Fe from ferrous sulfate. All data were subjected to ANOVA with the pig as the experimental unit. As injectable iron dosage at birth increased, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) increased at weaning (linear and quadratic: P &lt; 0.05), to d 29 and then quadratically through (P &lt; 0.05) d 38. Along with the other CBC measurements, Hb was similar between treatments at d 52. There was a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.05) for ADG from d 22 to 52. Although by d 52, final BW peaked (quadratic: P &lt; 0.05) for pigs receiving 100 mg iron. Iron concentration of the liver and spleen were greater (linear: P &lt; 0.05) at weaning as iron injection dosage increased but was greater only in the liver at d 38 (P &lt; 0.05) and the spleen at d 52 (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate that an iron injection administered shortly after birth is vital for proper growth and hematological functions during the nursery period.
PSVIII-5 Effect of glycemic and endocrine response to feeding time in pregnant sows
Authors: Manu Hayford , SuHyup Lee , Baidoo Samuel Kofi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the glycemic and endocrine responses to feeding time in restrictively fed pregnant sows. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 229.17 ± 1.34 kg; parity 3.90 ± 0.12; backfat 13.60 ± 0.27 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at daily at 0730 h (Control, T1), 1130 h (T2), and 1530 h (T3). The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. On average sows received 2.27 kg corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6948 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Total area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using Trapezoidal summation method. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparison was by Tukey’s method. Pregnant sows fed at different times of the day had similar fasting levels of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY (P ˃ 0.10). Sows fed daily at 0730 and 1130 h had increased (P = 0.018) and propensity to increase (P = 0.088) in insulin concentration from fasting to 30 minutes post-prandial, respectively, but not in sows fed daily at 1530 h (P ˃ 0.05). Glucose, active ghrelin, and total PYY concentrations and AUC did not differ with respect to feeding time. In conclusion, plasma insulin response appears to be a function of time of the day at which calories are ingested. Feeding time to elicit maximum insulin response are 0730 and 1130 h but not at 1530 h. Therefore, feeding pregnant sows daily at or before 1130 h may elicit maximum insulin response.
PSVII-17 Effects of zinc chloride supplementation during ovarian cortex vitrification prior to in vitro fertilization on embryo development in pigs
Authors: Hicks Emma C , Arena Haley , Whitaker Brian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ovarian tissue has an increased risk of damage during vitrification due to the presence of different cell types and water permeability levels within the tissue. Supplementation of antioxidant-like compounds such as zinc chloride improves follicular integrity and increases antral follicle development post-thawing. However, the effects of zinc chloride supplementation on the oocytes within the follicles are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study is was to determine the effects of 5 μg/mL zinc chloride supplementation during the vitrification process on post-thawing fertilization characteristics and embryonic development. Ovarian cortex samples (5 x 5 mm; n=27) were isolated from ovaries extracted from cycling gilts. Cortical pieces were loaded onto a 25-gauge needle and incubated for five min in equilibrium solution followed by five min in vitrification solution, both supplemented with 5 μg/mL zinc chloride. Following incubation, the cortexes were place in liquid nitrogen for 7 d. Cortexes were then thawed and oocytes were aspirated from antral follicles. Oocytes (n=162) were incubated in maturation media for 40-44 h and then subjected to IVF and embryo culture. Frozen-thawed semen from three boars was used (30 oocytes/well, 200 sperm/oocyte). Post-IVF, a portion of the potential embryos (n=25) were evaluated for penetration, polyspermy, and male pronuclear formation rates. The remaining embryos (n=137) were evaluated 48 h after IVF for cleavage and 144 h for blastocyst formation. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. There were no differences between treatment groups when comparing penetration, 2-cell and blastocyst formation rates. However, polyspermic penetration rates were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) and male pronuclear formation were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the zinc chloride supplemented treatment group compared to no supplementation. These results indicate that supplementing zinc chloride during ovarian cortex freezing improves fertilization characteristics of their oocytes post-thawing and maturation.