bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
District schools and the erosion of parental rights under the Poor Law: a case study from London (1889–1899)
Authors: Pimm-Smith Rachel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the empirical backing for the claim that poor law officials needed legal authority to refuse poor parents’ right to the custody of their children in order to stabilise children's welfare institutions during the nineteenth century. Although workhouses were capable of accommodating children, Victorian lawmakers feared children would model themselves on adult paupers to become permanent burdens on the state. To tackle this problem, a system of children's welfare institutions called ‘district schools’ was introduced to train children to become industrious adult labourers. Children were usually classified as orphans or deserted so they could be sent to district schools without fear of family intervention. However, children with ambiguous parental circumstances were labelled as ‘other’ and considered a problematic class because they were perceived to be at risk of having on-going contact with their birth families. Lawmakers feared parents of ‘other’ children would undermine reformation efforts by asserting their custody rights, and passed the first laws in English history to allow the state to restrict parental rights on this basis. This article explores the claim of unwanted parental involvement, and in doing so, seeks to contextualise the origins of public law interference in the family sphere within a narrative of imposed citizenship rather than protection.
Folic acid supplementation, dietary folate intake and risk of small for gestational age in China
Authors: Guo Huaqi , Mao Baohong , Wang Meng , Liu Qing , Yang Liping , Xie Yahui , Wang Yanxia , He Xiaochun , Cui Hongmei , Lin Xiaojuan , Lv Ling , Zhou Min , Xu Xiaoying , Qiu Jie , Zhang Yawei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjective:To investigate the hypothesis that folic acid supplementation and dietary folate intake before conception and during pregnancy reduce the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and to examine the joint effect of folic acid supplementation and dietary folate intake on the risk of SGA.Design:Participants were interviewed by trained study interviewers using a standardized and structured questionnaire. Information on birth outcomes and maternal complications was abstracted from medical records and dietary information was collected via a semi-quantitative FFQ before conception and during pregnancy.Setting:A birth cohort data analysis using the 2010–2012 Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital.Participants:Women (n 8758) and their children enrolled in the study.Results:Folic acid supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of SGA (OR = 0·72, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·86), with the reduced risk seen mainly for SGA at ≥37 weeks of gestational age (OR = 0·70, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·85) and nulliparous SGA (OR = 0·67, 95 % CI 0·54, 0·84). There was no significant association between dietary folate intake and SGA risk.Conclusions:Our study suggested that folic acid supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of SGA and the risk varied by preterm status and parity.
HALF NIKULIN SURFACES AND MODULI OF PRYM CURVES
Authors: Knutsen Andreas Leopold , Lelli-Chiesa Margherita , Verra Alessandro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLet ${\mathcal{F}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$ be the moduli space of polarized Nikulin surfaces $(Y,H)$ of genus $g$ and let ${\mathcal{P}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$ be the moduli of triples $(Y,H,C)$, with $C\in |H|$ a smooth curve. We study the natural map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{g}:{\mathcal{P}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}\rightarrow {\mathcal{R}}_{g}$, where ${\mathcal{R}}_{g}$ is the moduli space of Prym curves of genus $g$. We prove that it is generically injective on every irreducible component, with a few exceptions in low genus. This gives a complete picture of the map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{g}$ and confirms some striking analogies between it and the Mukai map $m_{g}:{\mathcal{P}}_{g}\rightarrow {\mathcal{M}}_{g}$ for moduli of triples $(Y,H,C)$, where $(Y,H)$ is any genus $g$ polarized $K3$ surface. The proof is by degeneration to boundary points of a partial compactification of ${\mathcal{F}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$. These represent the union of two surfaces with four even nodes and effective anticanonical class, which we call half Nikulin surfaces. The use of this degeneration is new with respect to previous techniques.
Agronomic and economic tradeoffs between alternative cover crop and organic soybean sequences
Authors: Champagne Rebecca J , Wallace John M , Curran William S , Baraibar Barbara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrganic grain producers are interested in reducing tillage to conserve soil and decrease labor and fuel costs. We examined agronomic and economic tradeoffs associated with alternative strategies for reducing tillage frequency and intensity in a cover crop–soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.) sequence within a corn (Zea maysL.)–soybean–spelt (Triticum speltaL.) organic cropping system experiment in Pennsylvania. Tillage-based soybean production preceded by a cover crop mixture of annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) and forage radish (Raphanus sativusL.) interseeded into corn grain (Z. maysL.) was compared with reduced-tillage soybean production preceded by roller-crimped cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) that was sown after corn silage. Total aboveground weed biomass did not differ between soybean production strategies. Each strategy, however, was characterized by high inter-annual variability in weed abundance. Tillage-based soybean production marginally increased grain yield by 0.28 Mg ha−1compared with reduced-tillage soybean. A path model of soybean yield indicated that soybean stand establishment and weed biomass were primary drivers of yield, but soybean production strategy had a measurable effect on yields due to factors other than within-season weed–crop competition. Cumulative tillage frequency and intensity were quantified for each cover crop—sequence using the Soil Tillage Intensity Rating (STIR) index. The reduced-tillage soybean sequence resulted in 50% less soil disturbance compared to tillage-based soybean sequence across study years. Finally, enterprise budget comparisons showed that the reduced-tillage soybean sequence resulted in lower input costs than the tillage-based soybean sequence but was approximately $114 ha−1less profitable because of lower average yields.
C‐Complex Asteroids: UV‐Visible Spectral Characteristics and Implications for Space Weathering Effects
Authors: Hendrix Amanda R. , Vilas Faith 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpace weathering effects on the rocky S‐class asteroids are well understood. However, on the low‐albedo C‐complex asteroids, such as spacecraft targets Bennu and Ryugu, the situation is more complicated, especially due to a lack of spectral features throughout the visible‐near infrared spectral region. Here we show, through a combination of observational data and laboratory data of carbonaceous chondrites, phyllosilicates, and mixtures, that the UV‐visible spectral region is a diagnostic regime for studying space weathering effects on C‐complex asteroids. We show that space‐weathering‐produced opaque constituents, such as graphitized carbons, darken mixtures with phyllosilicates and produce a bluing the UV‐visible spectrum, consistent with what is seen on the asteroids compared with carbonaceous chondrites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the UV upturns in the spectra of Bennu and Ryugu are consistent with the presence of graphitized carbon on those surfaces, the result of surface processing.
Impact of Nudging Strategy on the Climate Representativeness and Hindcast Skill of Constrained EAMv1 Simulations
Authors: Sun Jian , Zhang Kai , Wan Hui , Ma Po‐Lun , Tang Qi , Zhang Shixuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNudging is a simulation technique widely used in sensitivity studies and in the evaluation of atmosphere models. Care is needed in the experimental setup in order to achieve the desired constraint on the simulated atmospheric processes without introducing undue intervention. In this study, sensitivity experiments are conducted with the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model Version 1 (EAMv1) to identify setups that can give results representative of the model's long‐term climate and meanwhile reasonably capture characteristics of the observed meteorological conditions to facilitate the comparison of model results with measurements. We show that when the prescribed meteorological conditions are temporally interpolated to the model time to constrain EAM's horizontal winds at each time step, a nudged simulation can reproduce the characteristic evolution of the observed weather events (especially in middle and high latitudes) as well as the model's long‐term climatology, although nudging also leads to nonnegligible regional changes in wind‐driven aerosol emissions, low‐level clouds in the stratocumulus regime, and cloud and precipitation near the maritime continent. Compared to its predecessor model used in an earlier study, EAMv1 is less sensitive to temperature nudging, although significant impacts on the cloud radiative effects still exist. EAMv1 remains very sensitive to humidity nudging. Constraining humidity substantially improves the correlation between the simulated and observed tropical precipitation but also leads to large changes in the long‐term statistics of the simulated precipitation, clouds, and aerosol lifecycle.
An epigenetic predictor of death captures multi-modal measures of brain health
Authors: Hillary Robert F. , Stevenson Anna J. , Cox Simon R. , McCartney Daniel L. , Harris Sarah E. , Seeboth Anne , Higham Jon , Sproul Duncan , Taylor Adele M. , Redmond Paul , Corley Janie , Pattie Alison , Hernández Maria del. C. Valdés , Muñoz-Maniega Susana , Bastin Mark E. , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Horvath Steve , Ritchie Craig W. , Spires-Jones Tara L. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Evans Kathryn L. , Deary Ian J. , Marioni Riccardo E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIndividuals of the same chronological age exhibit disparate rates of biological ageing. Consequently, a number of methodologies have been proposed to determine biological age and primarily exploit variation at the level of DNA methylation (DNAm). A novel epigenetic clock, termed ‘DNAm GrimAge’ has outperformed its predecessors in predicting the risk of mortality as well as many age-related morbidities. However, the association between DNAm GrimAge and cognitive or neuroimaging phenotypes remains unknown. We explore these associations in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 709, mean age 73 years). Higher DNAm GrimAge was strongly associated with all-cause mortality over the eighth decade (Hazard Ratio per standard deviation increase in GrimAge: 1.81,P < 2.0 × 10−16). Higher DNAm GrimAge was associated with lower age 11 IQ (β = −0.11), lower age 73 general cognitive ability (β = −0.18), decreased brain volume (β = −0.25) and increased brain white matter hyperintensities (β = 0.17). There was tentative evidence for a longitudinal association between DNAm GrimAge and cognitive decline from age 70 to 79. Sixty-nine of 137 health- and brain-related phenotypes tested were significantly associated with GrimAge. Adjusting all models for childhood intelligence attenuated to non-significance a small number of associations (12/69 associations; 6 of which were cognitive traits), but not the association with general cognitive ability (33.9% attenuation). Higher DNAm GrimAge associates with lower cognitive ability and brain vascular lesions in older age, independently of early-life cognitive ability. This epigenetic predictor of mortality associates with different measures of brain health and may aid in the prediction of age-related cognitive decline.
Replicability of structural brain alterations associated with general psychopathology: evidence from a population-representative birth cohort
Authors: Romer Adrienne L. , Knodt Annchen R. , Sison Maria L. , Ireland David , Houts Renate , Ramrakha Sandhya , Poulton Richie , Keenan Ross , Melzer Tracy R. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom , Hariri Ahmad R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTransdiagnostic research has identified a general psychopathology factor—often called the ‘p’ factor—that accounts for shared variation across internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorders in diverse samples. It has been argued that the p factor may reflect dysfunctional thinking present in serious mental illness. In support of this, we previously used a theory-free, data-driven multimodal neuroimaging approach to find that higher p factor scores are associated with structural alterations within a cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit (CTCC) and visual association cortex, both of which are important for monitoring and coordinating information processing in the service of executive control. Here we attempt to replicate these associations by conducting region-of-interest analyses using data from 875 members of the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, a five-decade study of a population-representative birth cohort, collected when they were 45 years old. We further sought to replicate a more recent report that p factor scores can be predicted by patterns of distributed cerebellar morphology as estimated through independent component analysis. We successfully replicated associations between higher p factor scores and both reduced gray matter volume of the visual association cortex and fractional anisotropy of pontine white matter pathways within the CTCC. In contrast, we failed to replicate prior associations between cerebellar structure and p factor scores. Collectively, our findings encourage further focus on the CTCC and visual association cortex as core neural substrates and potential biomarkers of general psychopathology.
Characterization of novel, recurrent genomic rearrangements as sensitive MRD targets in childhood B-cell precursor ALL
Authors: zur Stadt Udo , Alawi Malik , Adao Manuela , Indenbirken Daniela , Escherich Gabriele , Horstmann Martin A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractB-cell precursor (BCP) ALL carry a variety of classical V(D)J rearrangements as well as genomic fusions and translocations. Here, we assessed the value of genomic capture high-throughput sequencing (gc-HTS) in BCP ALL (n = 183) for the identification and implementation of targets for minimal residual disease (MRD) testing. For TRδ, a total of 300 clonal rearrangements were detected in 158 of 183 samples (86%). Beside clonal Vδ2-Dδ3, Dδ2-Dδ3, and Vδ2-Jα we identified a novel group of recurrent Dδ-Jα rearrangements, comprising Dδ2 or Dδ3 segments fused predominantly to Jα29. For IGH-JH, 329 clonal rearrangements were identified in 172 of 183 samples (94%) including novel types of V(D)J joining. Oligoclonality was found in ~1/3 (n = 57/183) of ALL samples. Genomic breakpoints were identified in 71 BCP-ALL. A distinct MRD high-risk subgroup of IGH-V(D)J-germline ALL revealed frequent deletions of IKZF1 (n = 7/11) and the presence of genomic fusions (n = 10/11). Quantitative measurement using genomic fusion breakpoints achieved equivalent results compared to conventional V(D)J-based MRD testing and could be advantageous upon persistence of a leukemic clone. Taken together, selective gc-HTS expands the spectrum of suitable MRD targets and allows for the identification of genomic fusions relevant to risk and treatment stratification in childhood ALL.
Transcription elongation factor AFF2/FMR2 regulates expression of expanded GGGGCC repeat-containing C9ORF72 allele in ALS/FTD
Authors: Yuva-Aydemir Yeliz , Almeida Sandra , Krishnan Gopinath , Gendron Tania F. , Gao Fen-Biao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExpanded GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats in C9ORF72 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). How RNAs containing expanded G4C2 repeats are transcribed in human neurons is largely unknown. Here we describe a Drosophila model in which poly(GR) expression in adult neurons causes axonal and locomotor defects and premature death without apparent TDP-43 pathology. In an unbiased genetic screen, partial loss of Lilliputian (Lilli) activity strongly suppresses poly(GR) toxicity by specifically downregulating the transcription of GC-rich sequences in Drosophila. Knockout of AFF2/FMR2 (one of four mammalian homologues of Lilli) with CRISPR-Cas9 decreases the expression of the mutant C9ORF72 allele containing expanded G4C2 repeats and the levels of repeat RNA foci and dipeptide repeat proteins in cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of C9ORF72 patients, resulting in rescue of axonal degeneration and TDP-43 pathology. Thus, AFF2/FMR2 regulates the transcription and toxicity of expanded G4C2 repeats in human C9ORF72-ALS/FTD neurons.
An interhemispheric neural circuit allowing binocular integration in the optic tectum
Authors: Gebhardt Christoph , Auer Thomas O. , Henriques Pedro M. , Rajan Gokul , Duroure Karine , Bianco Isaac H. , Del Bene Filippo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBinocular stereopsis requires the convergence of visual information from corresponding points in visual space seen by two different lines of sight. This may be achieved by superposition of retinal input from each eye onto the same downstream neurons via ipsi- and contralaterally projecting optic nerve fibers. Zebrafish larvae can perceive binocular cues during prey hunting but have exclusively contralateral retinotectal projections. Here we report brain activity in the tectal neuropil ipsilateral to the visually stimulated eye, despite the absence of ipsilateral retinotectal projections. This activity colocalizes with arbors of commissural neurons, termed intertectal neurons (ITNs), that connect the tectal hemispheres. ITNs are GABAergic, establish tectal synapses bilaterally and respond to small moving stimuli. ITN-ablation impairs capture swim initiation when prey is positioned in the binocular strike zone. We propose an intertectal circuit that controls execution of the prey-capture motor program following binocular localization of prey, without requiring ipsilateral retinotectal projections.
Enzyme-mimetic self-catalyzed polymerization of polypeptide helices
Authors: Song Ziyuan , Fu Hailin , Baumgartner Ryan , Zhu Lingyang , Shih Kuo-Chih , Xia Yingchun , Zheng Xuetao , Yin Lichen , Chipot Christophe , Lin Yao , Cheng Jianjun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEnzymes provide optimal three-dimensional structures for substrate binding and the subsequent accelerated reaction. Such folding-dependent catalytic behaviors, however, are seldom mechanistically explored with reduced structural complexity. Here, we demonstrate that the α-helix, a much simpler structural motif of enzyme, can facilitate its own growth through the self-catalyzed polymerization ofN-carboxyanhydride (NCA) in dichloromethane. The reversible binding between the N terminus of α-helical polypeptides and NCAs promotes rate acceleration of the subsequent ring-opening reaction. A two-stage, Michaelis–Menten-type kinetic model is proposed by considering the binding and reaction between the propagating helical chains and the monomers, and is successfully utilized to predict the molecular weights and molecular-weight distributions of the resulting polymers. This work elucidates the mechanism of helix-induced, enzyme-mimetic catalysis, emphasizes the importance of solvent choice in the discovery of new reaction type, and provides a route for rapid production of well-defined synthetic polypeptides by taking advantage of self-accelerated ring-opening polymerizations.
Parametrization of energy sharing distributions in direct double photoionization of He
Authors: Andersson J. , Zagorodskikh S. , Roos A. Hult , Talaee O. , Squibb R. J. , Koulentianos D. , Wallner M. , Zhaunerchyk V. , Singh R. , Eland J. H. D. , Rost J. M. , Feifel R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present experimental results on the characteristic sharing of available excess energy, ranging from 11–221 eV, between two electrons in single-photon direct double ionization of He. An effective parametrization of the sharing distributions is presented along with an empirical model that describes the complete shape of the distribution based on a single experimentally determinable parameter. The measured total energy sharing distributions are separated into two distributions representing the shake-off and knock-out parts by simulating the sharing distribution curves expected from a pure wave collapse after a sudden removal of the primary electron. In this way, empirical knock-out distributions are extracted and both the shake-off and knock-out distributions are parametrized. These results suggest a simple method that can be applied to other atomic and molecular systems to experimentally study important aspects of the direct double ionization process.
Prenatal electroporation-mediated gene transfer restores Slc26a4 knock-out mouse hearing and vestibular function
Authors: Takeda Hiroki , Miwa Toru , Kim Min Young , Choi Byung Yoon , Orita Yorihisa , Minoda Ryosei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe otocyst, an anlage of the inner ear, presents an attractive target to study treatment strategies for genetic hearing loss and inner ear development. We have previously reported that electroporation-mediated transuterine gene transfer of Connexin30, utilizing a monophasic pulse into Connexin30−/− mouse otocysts at embryonic day 11.5, is able to prevent putative hearing deterioration. However, it is not clear whether supplementary gene transfer can rescue significant morphological changes, caused by genetic deficits. In addition, with the transuterine gene transfer technique utilized in our previous report, the survival rate of embryos and their mothers after treatment was low, which became a serious obstacle for effective in vivo experiments. Here, we set out to elucidate the feasibility of supplementation therapy in Slc26a4 deficient mice, utilizing biphasic pulses, optimized by modifying pulse conditions. Modification of the biphasic pulse conditions during electroporation increased the survival rate. In addition, supplementation of the target gene cDNA into the otocysts of homozygous Slc24a4 knockout mice significantly prevented enlargement of the endolymphatic space in the inner ear areas; moreover, it rescued hearing and vestibular function of mice in vivo.
Practical Resistance of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Cry1F Bacillus thuringiensis maize discovered in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Smith Jocelyn L. , Farhan Yasmine , Schaafsma Arthur W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTransgenic maize, Zea mays L., modified to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, was introduced in 1996 to control Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a key maize pest in North America. The high-dose/refuge concept, developed to delay or prevent resistance evolution to this technology, has been exemplified by O. nubilalis as no cases of practical resistance were identified in >20 years. This study documents the first case of practical resistance to Cry1F Bt maize by O. nubilalis in North America. Four collections of O. nubilalis were made from Cry1F maize in Nova Scotia, Canada with unexpected injury (UXI) ranging from 30–70%. Greater survival of UXI collections was observed when larvae were exposed to the highest concentration of 200 ng Cry1F cm−2 in diet-overlay bioassays compared to susceptible laboratory colonies. Larvae also fed and survived on Cry1F leaf tissue in 7 d bioassays. A collection from non-Bt maize, 120 km west of the UXI region, also survived 200 ng Cry1F cm−2, but was susceptible to Cry1F leaf tissue. Detection of Cry1F-resistant O. nubilalis in what might be considered an insignificant maize-growing region indicates that a number of preventable causal factors may have been related to inadequate stewardship of Bt maize technology.