bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superconductivity mediated by polar modes in ferroelectric metals
Authors: Enderlein C. , de Oliveira J. Ferreira , Tompsett D. A. , Saitovitch E. Baggio , Saxena S. S. , Lonzarich G. G. , Rowley S. E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe occurrence of superconductivity in doped SrTiO3 at low carrier densities points to the presence of an unusually strong pairing interaction that has eluded understanding for several decades. We report experimental results showing the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, near to optimal doping that sheds light on the nature of this interaction. We find that Tc increases dramatically when the energy gap of the ferroelectric critical modes is suppressed, i.e., as the ferroelectric quantum critical point is approached in a way reminiscent to behaviour observed in magnetic counterparts. However, in contrast to the latter, the coupling of the carriers to the critical modes in ferroelectrics is predicted to be small. We present a quantitative model involving the dynamical screening of the Coulomb interaction and show that an enhancement of Tc near to a ferroelectric quantum critical point can arise due to the virtual exchange of longitudinal hybrid-polar-modes, even in the absence of a strong coupling to the transverse critical modes.
Plasmonic antenna coupling to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons for sensitive and fast mid-infrared photodetection with graphene
Authors: Castilla Sebastián , Vangelidis Ioannis , Pusapati Varun-Varma , Goldstein Jordan , Autore Marta , Slipchenko Tetiana , Rajendran Khannan , Kim Seyoon , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Martín-Moreno Luis , Englund Dirk , Tielrooij Klaas-Jan , Hillenbrand Rainer , Lidorikis Elefterios , Koppens Frank H. L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntegrating and manipulating the nano-optoelectronic properties of Van der Waals heterostructures can enable unprecedented platforms for photodetection and sensing. The main challenge of infrared photodetectors is to funnel the light into a small nanoscale active area and efficiently convert it into an electrical signal. Here, we overcome all of those challenges in one device, by efficient coupling of a plasmonic antenna to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in hexagonal-BN to highly concentrate mid-infrared light into a graphene pn-junction. We balance the interplay of the absorption, electrical and thermal conductivity of graphene via the device geometry. This approach yields remarkable device performance featuring room temperature high sensitivity (NEP of 82 pW$$/\sqrt{{\bf{Hz}}}$$
/

Hz

) and fast rise time of 17 nanoseconds (setup-limited), among others, hence achieving a combination currently not present in the state-of-the-art graphene and commercial mid-infrared detectors. We also develop a multiphysics model that shows very good quantitative agreement with our experimental results and reveals the different contributions to our photoresponse, thus paving the way for further improvement of these types of photodetectors even beyond mid-infrared range.
Lead halide perovskite vortex microlasers
Authors: Sun Wenzhao , Liu Yilin , Qu Geyang , Fan Yubin , Dai Wei , Wang Yuhan , Song Qinghai , Han Jiecai , Xiao Shumin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLead halide perovskite microlasers have been very promising for versatile optoelectronic applications. However, most perovskite microlasers are linearly polarized with uniform wavefront. The structured laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum have rarely been studied and the applications of perovskites in next-generation optical communications are thus hindered. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the perovskite vortex microlasers with highly directional outputs and well−controlled topological charges. High quality gratings have been experimentally fabricated in perovskite film and the subsequent vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with divergent angles of 3o are achieved. With the control of Archimedean spiral gratings, the wavefront of the perovskite VCSELs has been switched to be helical with topological charges of q = −4 to 4. This research is able to expand the potential applications of perovskite microlasers in hybrid integrated photonic networks, as well as optical computing.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis progresses through two phases of latent infection in humans
Authors: Colangeli Roberto , Gupta Aditi , Vinhas Solange Alves , Chippada Venkata Uma Deepthi , Kim Soyeon , Grady Courtney , Jones-López Edward C. , Soteropoulos Patricia , Palaci Moisés , Marques-Rodrigues Patrícia , Salgame Padmini , Ellner Jerrold J. , Dietze Reynaldo , Alland David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLittle is known about the physiology of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We studied the mutational rates of 24 index tuberculosis (TB) cases and their latently infected household contacts who developed active TB up to 5.25 years later, as an indication of bacterial physiological state and possible generation times during latent TB infection in humans. Here we report that the rate of new mutations in the M. tuberculosis genome decline dramatically after two years of latent infection (two-sided p < 0.001, assuming an 18 h generation time equal to log phase M. tuberculosis, with latency period modeled as a continuous variable). Alternatively, assuming a fixed mutation rate, the generation time increases over the latency duration. Mutations indicative of oxidative stress do not increase with increasing latency duration suggesting a lack of host or bacterial derived mutational stress. These results suggest that M. tuberculosis enters a quiescent state during latency, decreasing the risk for mutational drug resistance and increasing generation time, but potentially increasing bacterial tolerance to drugs that target actively growing bacteria.
Uncharted waters: the unintended impacts of residual chlorine on water quality and biofilms
Authors: Fish Katherine E. , Reeves-McLaren Nik , Husband Stewart , Boxall Joby 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDisinfection residuals in drinking water protect water quality and public heath by limiting planktonic microbial regrowth during distribution. However, we do not consider the consequences and selective pressures of such residuals on the ubiquitous biofilms that persist on the vast internal surface area of drinking water distribution systems. Using a full scale experimental facility, integrated analyses were applied to determine the physical, chemical and biological impacts of different free chlorine regimes on biofilm characteristics (composition, structure and microbiome) and water quality. Unexpectedly, higher free chlorine concentrations resulted in greater water quality degredation, observable as elevated inorganic loading and greater discolouration (a major cause of water quality complaints and a mask for other failures). High-chlorine concentrations also reduced biofilm cell concentrations but selected for a distinct biofilm bacterial community and inorganic composition, presenting unique risks. The results challenge the assumption that a measurable free chlorine residual necessarily assures drinking water safety.
Clinical utility of genomic signatures in young breast cancer patients: a systematic review
Authors: Villarreal-Garza Cynthia , Ferrigno Ana S. , De la Garza-Ramos Cynthia , Barragan-Carrillo Regina , Lambertini Matteo , Azim Hatem A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRisk stratification by genomic signatures has been shown to improve prognostication and guide treatment decisions among patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. However, their role in young women has not been fully elucidated. In this review, a systematic search was conducted for published articles and abstracts from major congresses that evaluated the use of genomic signatures in young breast cancer patients. A total of 71 studies were analyzed, including 561,188 patients of whom 27,748 (4.9%) were young. Women aged ≤40 years were subjected to genomic testing at a similar rate to older women but had a higher proportion of intermediate- to high-risk tumors when classified by EndoPredict (p = 0.04), MammaPrint (p < 0.01), and Oncotype DX (p < 0.01). In young women with low genomic risk, 6-year distant recurrence-free survival was 94%, while 5-year overall survival was nearly 100%. Nonetheless, young patients classified as low-risk had a higher tendency to receive chemotherapy compared to their older counterparts. In conclusion, genomic tests are useful tools for identifying young patients in whom chemotherapy omission is appropriate.
Current vortices and magnetic fields driven by moving polar twin boundaries in ferroelastic materials
Authors: Lu Guangming , Li Suzhi , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun , Salje Ekhard K. H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFerroelastic twin boundaries often have properties that do not exist in bulk, such as superconductivity, polarity etc. Designing and optimizing domain walls can hence functionalize ferroelastic materials. Using atomistic simulations, we report that moving domain walls have magnetic properties even when there is no magnetic element in the material. The origin of a robust magnetic signal lies in polar vortex structures induced by moving domain walls, e.g., near the tips of needle domains and near domain wall kinks. These vortices generate displacement currents, which are the origin of magnetic moments perpendicular to the vortex plane. This phenomenon is universal for ionic crystals and holds for all ferroelastic domain boundaries containing dipolar moments. The magnetic moment depends on the speed of the domain boundary, which can reach the speed of sound under strong mechanical forcing. We estimate that the magnetic moment can reach several tens of Bohr magnetons for a collective thin film of 1000 lattice planes and movements of the vortex by the speed of sound. The predicted magnetic fields in thin slabs are much larger than those observed experimentally in SrTiO3/LaAlO3 heterostructures, which may be due to weak (accidental) forcing and slow changes of the domain patterns during their experiments. The dynamical multiferroic properties of ferroelastic domain walls may have the potential to be used to construct localized magnetic memory devices in future.
Unfolding quantum computer readout noise
Authors: Nachman Benjamin , Urbanek Miroslav , de Jong Wibe A. , Bauer Christian W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the current era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers, noisy qubits can result in biased results for early quantum algorithm applications. This is a significant challenge for interpreting results from quantum computer simulations for quantum chemistry, nuclear physics, high energy physics (HEP), and other emerging scientific applications. An important class of qubit errors are readout errors. The most basic method to correct readout errors is matrix inversion, using a response matrix built from simple operations to probe the rate of transitions from known initial quantum states to readout outcomes. One challenge with inverting matrices with large off-diagonal components is that the results are sensitive to statistical fluctuations. This challenge is familiar to HEP, where prior-independent regularized matrix inversion techniques (“unfolding”) have been developed for years to correct for acceptance and detector effects, when performing differential cross section measurements. We study one such method, known as iterative Bayesian unfolding, as a potential tool for correcting readout errors from universal gate-based quantum computers. This method is shown to avoid pathologies from commonly used matrix inversion and least squares methods.
Causal association between mTOR-dependent EIF-4E and EIF-4A circulating protein levels and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Soliman Ghada A. , Schooling C. Mary 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe mammalian Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) nutrient-sensing pathway is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism and is dysregulated in diabetes. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF-4E) protein, a key regulator of gene translation and protein function, is controlled by mTORC1 and EIF-4E Binding Proteins (EIF4EBPs). Both EIF4EBPs and ribosomal protein S6K kinase (RP-S6K) are downstream effectors regulated by mTORC1 but converge to regulate two independent pathways. We investigated whether the risk of type 2 diabetes varied with genetically predicted EIF-4E, EIF-4A, EIF-4G, EIF4EBP, and RP-S6K circulating levels using Mendelian Randomization. We estimated the causal role of EIF-4F complex, EIF4EBP, and S6K in the circulation on type 2 diabetes, based on independent single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly associated (p = 5 × 10–6) with EIF-4E (16 SNPs), EIF-4A (11 SNPs), EIF-4G (6 SNPs), EIF4EBP2 (12 SNPs), and RP-S6K (16 SNPs). The exposure data were obtained from the INTERVAL study. We applied these SNPs for each exposure to publically available genetic associations with diabetes from the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) case (n = 26,676) and control (n = 132,532) study (mean age 57.4 years). We meta-analyzed SNP-specific Wald-estimates using inverse variance weighting with multiplicative random effects and conducted sensitivity analysis. Mendelian Randomization (MR-Base) R package was used in the analysis. The PhenoScanner curated database was used to identify disease associations with SNP gene variants. EIF-4E is associated with a lowered risk of type 2 diabetes with an odds ratio (OR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (0.88, 0.99, p = 0.03) with similar estimates from the weighted median and MR-Egger. Similarly, EIF-4A was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes with odds ratio (OR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (0.85, 0.97, p = 0.0003). Sensitivity analysis using MR-Egger and weighed median analysis does not indicate that there is a pleiotropic effect. This unbiased Mendelian Randomization estimate is consistent with a protective causal association of EIF-4E and EIF-4A on type 2 diabetes. EIF-4E and EIF-4A may be targeted for intervention by repurposing existing therapeutics to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
A data-driven medication score predicts 10-year mortality among aging adults
Authors: Häppölä Paavo , Havulinna Aki S. , Tasa Tõnis , Mars Nina J. , Perola Markus , Kallela Mikko , Milani Lili , Koskinen Seppo , Salomaa Veikko , Neale Benjamin M. , Palotie Aarno , Daly Mark , Ripatti Samuli 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHealth differences among the elderly and the role of medical treatments are topical issues in aging societies. We demonstrate the use of modern statistical learning methods to develop a data-driven health measure based on 21 years of pharmacy purchase and mortality data of 12,047 aging individuals. The resulting score was validated with 33,616 individuals from two fully independent datasets and it is strongly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.18 per point increase in score; 95% CI 1.14–1.22; p = 2.25e−16). When combined with Charlson comorbidity index, individuals with elevated medication score and comorbidity index had over six times higher risk (HR 6.30; 95% CI 3.84–10.3; AUC = 0.802) compared to individuals with a protective score profile. Alone, the medication score performs similarly to the Charlson comorbidity index and is associated with polygenic risk for coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Heterogeneous ozone effects on the DNA methylome of bronchial cells observed in a crossover study
Authors: Bind M.-A. C. , Rubin D. B. , Cardenas A. , Dhingra R. , Ward-Caviness C. , Liu Z. , Mirowsky J. , Schwartz J. D. , Diaz-Sanchez D. , Devlin R. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe used a randomized crossover experiment to estimate the effects of ozone (vs. clean air) exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation of target bronchial epithelial cells, using 17 volunteers, each randomly exposed on two separated occasions to clean air or 0.3-ppm ozone for two hours. Twenty-four hours after exposure, participants underwent bronchoscopy to collect epithelial cells whose DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina 450 K platform. We performed global and regional tests examining the ozone versus clean air effect on the DNA methylome and calculated Fisher-exactp-values for a series of univariate tests. We found little evidence of an overall effect of ozone on the DNA methylome but some suggestive changes inPLSCR1,HCAR1, andLINC00336DNA methylation after ozone exposure relative to clean air. We observed some participant-to-participant heterogeneity in ozone responses.
Dynamics of localised nitrogen supply and relevance for root growth of Vicia faba (‘Fuego’) and Hordeum vulgare (‘Marthe’) in soil
Authors: Blaser Sebastian R. G. A. , Koebernick Nicolai , Spott Oliver , Thiel Enrico , Vetterlein Doris 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRoot growth responds to local differences in N-form and concentration. This is known for artificial systems and assumed to be valid in soil. The purpose of this study is to challenge this assumption for soil mesocosms locally supplied with urea with and without nitrification inhibitor. Soil column experiments withVicia faba(‘Fuego’) andHordeum vulgare(‘Marthe’) were performed to investigate soil solution chemistry and root growth response of these two species with contrasting root architectures to the different N-supply simultaneously. Root growth was analysed over time and separately for the fertiliser layer and the areas above and below with X-ray CT (via region growing) and WinRHIZO. Additionally, NO3−and NH4+in soil and soil solution were analysed. InVicia faba, no pronounced differences were observed, although CT analysis indicated different root soil exploration for high NH4+. InHordeum vulgare, high NO3−inhibited lateral root growth while high NH4+stimulated the formation of first order laterals. The growth response to locally distributed N-forms in soil is species specific and less pronounced than in artificial systems. The combination of soil solution studies and non-invasive imaging of root growth can substantially improve the mechanistic understanding of root responses to different N-forms in soil.
Bioenergetic effects of hydrogen sulfide suppress soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin in cystathionine gamma-lyase compromised endothelial cells
Authors: Sanchez-Aranguren Lissette Carolina , Ahmad Shakil , Dias Irundika H. K. , Alzahrani Faisal A. , Rezai Homira , Wang Keqing , Ahmed Asif 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEndothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of preeclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy characterised by hypertension and elevated soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (sFlt-1). Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by inhibition of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) increases sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng) release. We explored whether compromise in CSE/H2S pathway is linked to dysregulation of the mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative status. We investigated whether these effects were linked to CSE-induced sFlt-1 and sEng production in endothelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that CSE/H2S pathway sustain endothelial mitochondrial bioenergetics and loss of CSE increases the production of mitochondrial-specific superoxide. As a compensatory effect, low CSE environment enhances the reliance on glycolysis. The mitochondrial-targeted H2S donor, AP39, suppressed the antiangiogenic response and restored the mitochondrial bioenergetics in endothelial cells. AP39 revealed that upregulation of sFlt-1, but not sEng, is independent of the mitochondrial H2S metabolising enzyme, SQR. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms for antiangiogenic upregulation in a mitochondrial-driven environment. Targeting H2S to the mitochondria may be of therapeutic benefit in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia.
Environmentally friendly quantum-dot color filters for ultra-high-definition liquid crystal displays
Authors: Ko Yun-Hyuk , Prabhakaran Prem , Choi Sinil , Kim Gyeong-Ju , Lee Changhee , Lee Kwang-Sup 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis and application of highly tuned cadmium-free green and red InPZnSe1−xSx/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in QD enhanced liquid crystal displays (LCD). The emissions of the quantum dots were synthetically tuned to sharp emissions at low full-width at half maximum. The QDs were incorporated in LCD devices as quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) or as a quantum dot incorporated color filter (QDCF). Synthetic tuning of the gradient inter-shell in the QDs leads to reduced full width at half-maximum, resulting in sharp green and red emissions from both types of devices. The application of the same QDs to devices using these different integration techniques shows the superiority of QDCF devices over QDEF ones. The RGB color gamut of a QDCF-LCD was 81.4% of REC.2020 in the CIE 1931 color space compared to 71.2% obtained for a QDEF-LCD display. The improved performance of QDCF was mainly due to the optimal interactions between the green QDs and the green color filter. The superior performance of cadmium-free InPZnSe1−xSx/ZnS QDCFs in LCDs make them well-suited for ultra-high-definition TV formats.
Effects of phylogenetic uncertainty on fossil identification illustrated by a new and enigmatic Eocene iguanian
Authors: Scarpetta Simon G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFossil identifications made in a phylogenetic framework are beholden to specific tree hypotheses. Without phylogenetic consensus, the systematic provenance of any given fossil can be volatile. Paleobiogeographic and divergence time hypotheses are contingent on the accurate systematic placement of fossils. Thus, fossil diagnoses should consider multiple topologies when phylogenetic resolution or clear apomorphies are lacking. However, such analyses are infrequently performed. Pleurodonta (Squamata: Iguania) is an ancient and frequently-studied lizard clade for which phylogenetic resolution is notoriously elusive. I describe a skull fossil of a new pleurodontan lizard taxon from the Eocene deposits of the Willwood Formation, Wyoming, and use the new taxon as a case-study to explore the effects of phylogenetic uncertainty on fossil identification. The relationships of the new taxon differ considerably among analyses, and resulting interpretations are correspondingly disparate. These results illustrate generalizable and severe issues with fossil interpretations made without consideration of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses.