bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of UV‐A and UV‐C radiation in advanced oxidation processes with the intention of removing color and organic matter from the gross leachate of a stabilized sanitary landfill
Authors: Pereira Samara Teixeira , Rocha Elisângela Maria Rodrigues , da Silva Elson Santos , da Silva Giulia Beatriz Mota , Alves Maria Luisa Palitot Remigio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present work investigated color and biochemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from treated landfill leachate via advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) artificially emitted. The AOP H2O2/UV, TiO2/UV, and photolysis were tested in two bench‐scale photoreactors: The first one with UV‐C lamp and the other with UV‐A lamp associated or not with coagulation / flocculation pretreatment. Crude leachate samples with pH ranging from 8 to 3 were used, and time varied in 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Experiments were performed in two stages: step 1 with a 20 mL volume from each sample and step 2 with repetition of the best results from the previous step, adopting the 150 mL volume. In step 1, the AOP applied in the crude leachate sample showed the best results, standing out H2O2/UV‐C with 30 minutes and TiO2/UV‐A with 60 minutes. In step 2, H2O2/UV‐C had a 60% color removal and 25% COD reduction, while TiO2/UV‐A had a 10% color removal and 20% COD reduction. Therefore, the H2O2/UV‐C process was the most efficient, because the complex characteristics of the effluent interfered in the TiO2/UV‐A efficiency, but it is necessary to eliminate the process interferences. The use of artificial radiation is a viable alternative; however, it can be costly, being relevant in the associations between processes with artificial UV and solar UV, as the natural radiation becomes more attractive and allows the process operating costs reduction.
Evaluation After Cochlear Implant Surgery
Authors: Stock Annika , Bozzato Victoria , Kloska Stephan P. , Bozzato Alessandro , Hoppe Ulrich , Hornung Joachim , Dörfler Arnd , Struffert Tobias 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Assessment of the cochlear implant (CI) electrode array position using flat-detector computed tomography (FDCT) to test dependence of postoperative outcome on intracochlear electrode position.

Methods
A total of 102 patients implanted with 107 CIs underwent FDCT. Electrode position was rated as 1) scala tympani, 2) scala vestibuli, 3) scalar dislocation and 4) no deconvolution. Two independent neuroradiologists rated all image data sets twice and the scalar position was verified by a third neuroradiologist. Presurgical and postsurgical speech audiometry by the Freiburg monosyllabic test was used to evaluate auditory outcome after 6 months of speech rehabilitation.

Results
Electrode array position was assessed by FDCT in 107 CIs. Of the electrodes 60 were detected in the scala tympani, 21 in the scala vestibuli, 24 electrode arrays showed scalar dislocation and 2 electrodes were not placed in an intracochlear position. There was no significant difference in rehabilitation outcomes between scala tympani and scala vestibuli inserted patients. Rehabilitation was also possible in patients with dislocated electrodes.

Conclusion
The use of FDCT is a reliable diagnostic method to determine the position of the electrode array. In our study cohort, the electrode position had no significant impact on postoperative outcome except for non-deconvoluted electrode arrays.
Knockout of vascular smooth muscle EGF receptor in a mouse model prevents obesity-induced vascular dysfunction and renal damage in vivo
Authors: Stern Christian , Schreier Barbara , Nolze Alexander , Rabe Sindy , Mildenberger Sigrid , Gekle Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Obesity causes type 2 diabetes leading to vascular dysfunction and finally renal end-organ damage. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) EGF receptor (EGFR) modulates vascular wall homeostasis in part via serum response factor (SRF), a major regulator of VSM differentiation and a sensor for glucose. We investigated the role of VSM-EGFR during obesity-induced renovascular dysfunction, as well as EGFR–hyperglycaemia crosstalk.

Methods
The role of VSM-EGFR during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes was investigated in a mouse model with inducible, VSM-specific EGFR-knockout (KO). Various structural and functional variables as well as transcriptome changes, in vivo and ex vivo, were assessed. The impact of hyperglycaemia on EGFR-induced signalling and SRF transcriptional activity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated at the cellular level.

Results
We show that VSM-EGFR mediates obesity/type 2 diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction, remodelling and transcriptome dysregulation preceding renal damage and identify an EGFR–glucose synergism in terms of SRF activation, matrix dysregulation and mitochondrial function. EGFR deletion protects the animals from HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction, creatininaemia and albuminuria. Furthermore, we show that HFD leads to marked changes of the aortic transcriptome in wild-type but not in KO animals, indicative of EGFR-dependent SRF activation, matrix dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, the latter confirmed at the cellular level. Studies at the cellular level revealed that high glucose potentiated EGFR/EGF receptor 2 (ErbB2)-induced stimulation of SRF activity, enhancing the graded signalling responses to EGF, via the EGFR/ErbB2–ROCK–actin–MRTF pathway and promoted mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusions/interpretation
VSM-EGFR contributes to HFD-induced vascular and subsequent renal alterations. We propose that a potentiated EGFR/ErbB2–ROCK–MRTF–SRF signalling axis and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie the role of EGFR. This advanced working hypothesis will be investigated in mechanistic depth in future studies. VSM-EGFR may be a therapeutic target in cases of type 2 diabetes-induced renovascular disease.

Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in: (1) share_it, the data repository of the academic libraries of Saxony-Anhalt (10.25673/32049.2); and (2) in the gene expression omnibus database with the study identity GSE144838 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE144838).
Deliberate self-harm and associated risk factors in young adults: the importance of education attainment and sick leave
Authors: Lunde Ketil Berge , Mehlum Lars , Melle Ingrid , Qin Ping 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is high in young adults. However, few studies have examined risk in this specific age group. We, therefore, examined the relative influence and interactive nature of a wide range of potential sociodemographic and sick leave related risk factors in young adults, aged 18–35 years, using Norwegian register data.

Methods
All subjects with at least one episode of hospital presentation for DSH registered in the Norwegian Patient Register during the period 2008–2013 were compared with age, gender and date matched population controls using a nested case–control design. The relative influence of factors and their interactions were assessed using conditional logistic regression and recursive partitioning models.

Results
9 873 study cases were compared to 186 092 controls. Socioeconomic status, marital status, sick leave and several demographic factors influenced risk for DSH. Specifically, low education (OR 7.44, 95% CI 6.82–8.12), current sick leave due to psychiatric disorders (OR 18.25, 95% CI 14.97–22.25) and being previously married (OR 3.83, 95% CI 3.37–4.36) showed the highest effect sizes. Importantly, there was an interaction between education and sick leave, where those with either low education and no sick leave (OR 13.33, 95% CI 11.66–15.23) or high education and sick leave (OR 18. 87, 95% CI 17.41–24.21) were the subgroups at highest risk.

Conclusion
DSH in young adults is associated with multiple sociodemographic and health disadvantages. Importantly, the two high-risk subgroups imply different pathways of risk and a need for differentiated preventative efforts.
VMF3o: the Vienna Mapping Functions for optical frequencies
Authors: Boisits Janina , Landskron Daniel , Böhm Johannes 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe troposphere is considered as one of the major error sources in space geodetic techniques. Thus, accurate troposphere delay models are essential to provide high-quality products, such as reference frames, satellite orbits, or Earth rotation parameters. In this paper, a new troposphere delay model for satellite laser ranging, the Vienna Mapping Functions 3 for optical frequencies (VMF3o), is introduced. The model parameters are derived from ray-traced delays generated by an in-house ray-tracing software. VMF3o comprises not only zenith delays and mapping functions, but also linear horizontal gradients, which are not part of the standard SLR analysis yet. The model parameters are dedicated to a signal wavelength of 532 nm. Since some SLR stations operate also with other wavelengths, VMF3o provides a correction formula to transform the model parameters to any requested wavelength between 350 and 1064 nm. A test demonstrates that the correction formula approximates slant delays calculated at different wavelengths very accurately. The remaining error for slant delays at a wavelength of 1064 nm adds up to only a few millimetres at $$10^{\circ }$$

10
∘

elevation angle. A comparison study of the modelled delays that are derived from VMF3o and ray-traced delays was carried out to examine the quality of the model approach. The remaining differences of modelled and ray-traced delays are expressed as mean absolute error. At $$5^{\circ }$$

5
∘

elevation angle, the mean absolute error is only a few millimetres. At $$10^{\circ }$$

10
∘

elevation angle, it is at the 1 mm level. The results of the comparison also reveal that introducing linear horizontal gradients reduces the mean absolute error by more than 80% for low elevation angles.
Outcome of anal symptoms and anorectal function following two obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS)—a nested case-controlled study
Authors: Okeahialam Nicola Adanna , Thakar Ranee , Naidu Madhu , Sultan Abdul H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is a significant risk factor for developing anal incontinence. It can therefore be hypothesised that recurrent OASI in a subsequent delivery may predispose women to further anal sphincter dysfunction.

Methods
A nested case-controlled study based on data collected prospectively between 2006 and 2019. Women matched for age and ethnicity, with a history of one OASI and no sphincter damage in a subsequent delivery (control) were compared to women sustaining a second OASI. Assessment was carried out using the St Mark’s score (SMIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound scan (findings quantified using the modified Starck score).

Results
Eighty-four women were included and equally distributed between the two groups, who were followed up 12 weeks postnatally. No difference in SMIS scores was found. Maximum resting pressure (MRP, mmHg) and maximum squeeze pressure (MSP, mmHg) were significantly reduced in the study group. Median (IQR) MRP in the study group was 40.0 (31.3–54.0) versus 46.0 (39.3–61.5) in the control group (p = 0.030). Median (IQR) MSP was 73.0 (58.3–93.5) in the study group versus 92.5 (70.5–110.8) (p = 0.006) in the control group. A significant difference (p = 0.002) was found in the modified Starck score between the study group (median 0.0 [IQR 0.0–6.0]) and control group (median 0.0 [IQR 0.0–0.0]).

Conclusions
We have demonstrated that women with recurrent OASI do not have significant anorectal symptoms compared to those with one OASI 12 weeks after delivery, but worse anal sphincter function and integrity. Therefore, on long-term follow-up, symptoms may possibly develop. This information will be useful when counselling women in a subsequent pregnancy.
Dual-source computed tomography of the lung with spectral shaping and advanced iterative reconstruction: potential for maximum radiation dose reduction
Authors: Wetzl Matthias , May Matthias S. , Weinmann Daniel , Hammon Matthias , Treutlein Christoph , Zeilinger Martin , Kiefer Alexander , Trollmann Regina , Woelfle Joachim , Uder Michael , Rompel Oliver 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Radiation dose at CT should be as low as possible without compromising diagnostic quality.

Objective
To assess the potential for maximum dose reduction of pediatric lung dual-source CT with spectral shaping and advanced iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE).

Materials and methods
We retrospectively analyzed dual-source CT acquisitions in a full-dose group (FD: 100 kV, 64 reference mAs) and in three groups with spectral shaping and differing reference mAs values (Sn: 100 kV, 96/64/32 reference mAs), each group consisting of 16 patients (age mean 11.5 years, standard deviation 4.8 years, median 12.8 years, range 1.3–18 years). Advanced iterative reconstruction of images was performed with different strengths (FD: ADMIRE Level 2; Sn: ADMIRE Levels 2, 3 and 4). We analyzed dose parameters and measured noise. Diagnostic confidence and detectability of lung lesions as well as anatomical structures were assessed using a Likert scale (from 1 [unacceptable] to 4 [fully acceptable]).

Results
Compared to full dose, effective dose was reduced to 16.7% in the Sn 96 group, 11.1% in Sn64, and 5.5% in Sn32 (P<0.001). Noise values of Sn64ADM4 did not statistically differ from those in FDADM2 (45.7 vs. 38.9 Hounsfield units [HU]; P=0.132), whereas noise was significantly higher in Sn32ADM4 compared to Sn64ADM4 (61.5 HU; P<0.001). A Likert score >3 was reached in Sn64ADM4 regarding diagnostic confidence (3.2) and detectability of lung lesions (3.3). For detectability of most anatomical structures, no significant differences were found between FDAM2 and Sn64ADM4 (P≥0.05).

Conclusion
In pediatric lung dual-source CT, spectral shaping together with ADMIRE 4 enable radiation dose reduction to about 10% of a full-dose protocol while maintaining an acceptable diagnostic quality.
The prevalence of fibromyalgia in axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Jones Gareth T. , Mallawaarachchi Bhadra , Shim Joanna , Lock Jonathan , Macfarlane Gary J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractComorbid fibromyalgia, in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has been shown to influence disease activity and function, and quality of life. Although several papers exist, there is no comprehensive and robust systematic review to determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia in this patient group. Thus, the aim of the current study was to provide a definitive estimate of prevalence of fibromyalgia in axSpA, and in axSpA sub-classifications. A systematic literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), and Cochrane Library, updated to April 2020, combining keywords and relevant MeSH headings, to identify papers reporting the prevalence of fibromyalgia in axSpA, or data from which this could be computed. This was then combined in a meta-analysis with data from the Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis (SIRAS), a national axSpA register in Scotland. Data was pooled using random or fixed effects models where heterogeneity was greater or lesser than 75%. From 3401 manuscripts initially identified, 15 papers were included in the final review, plus SIRAS, giving data from 16 separate sources. The prevalence of fibromyalgia, among a total of 5214 patients, was 16.4% (95% CI 12.3–20.5%). Prevalence varied with axSpA sub-classification: ankylosing spondylitis: 13.8% (9.1–18.6%); MRI positive non-radiographic axSpA 20.3% (6.5–34.1%); and ‘clinical’ disease: 11.1% (6.0–16.2%). Overall, around 1 in 6 patients with axSpA also meet criteria for fibromyalgia. While estimates from individual studies vary, comorbid fibromyalgia represents a considerable burden across all sub-classifications of axSpA. This emphasises that focusing management solely on inflammatory disease in this patient group is unlikely to yield optimal improvements in quality of life.
Indian Ocean tripole mode and its associated atmospheric and oceanic processes
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Li Jianping , Zhao Sen , Zheng Fei , Feng Juan , Li Yang , Xu Yidan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDiffering from the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) that has sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) of opposing signs over the tropical southeastern and western Indian Ocean, a tripole pattern, characterized by positive (negative) SSTAs over the tropical central (southeastern and western) Indian Ocean, is observed and named the Indian Ocean tripole (IOT). This study proposes the concept of the IOT and further investigates the associated atmospheric and oceanic processes. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the IOT (IOD) is represented by the third (second) leading mode of the monthly SSTAs in the tropical Indian Ocean, explaining about 8.2% (10.3%) of the total variance. The IOT peaks in boreal summer, while the IOD has its mature phase in boreal fall. The spatio-temporal differences, together with the significant separation of these two EOF patterns, illustrate that the IOT is independent of the IOD. Heat budget diagnoses indicate that the anomalous temperature over the southeastern and western Indian Ocean is mainly generated by the net heat flux during April–May and by the total ocean advection in June–August. In contrast, the anomalous temperature is mainly driven by the advection of the mean temperature by the anomalous current in April and the residual term in May–June over the central Indian Ocean, which is replaced by advection of the anomalous temperature by the mean zonal current in July.
Surgical techniques and functional evaluation for vestibular lesions in the mouse: unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN)
Authors: Simon François , Pericat David , Djian Cassandre , Fricker Desdemona , Denoyelle Françoise , Beraneck Mathieu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
Unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) are two surgical methods to produce vestibular lesions in the mouse. The objective of this study was to describe the surgical technique of both methods, and compare functional compensation using vestibulo-ocular reflex-based tests.

Methods
UL and UVN were each performed on groups of seven and ten mice, respectively. Main surgical landmarks were the facial nerve, the external auditory canal and the sternomastoid and digastric muscles. For UL, the sternomastoid muscle was elevated to expose the mastoid, which was drilled to destroy the labyrinth. For UVN, the bulla was drilled opened and a transcochlear approach enabled the identification of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve exiting the brainstem, which was sectioned and the ganglion of Scarpa suctioned. Behaviour and vestibular function were analysed before surgery and at 1, 4, 7 days and at 1 month postlesion using sinusoidal rotation, off-vertical axis rotation, static head tilts and angular velocity steps.

Results
UL is a faster and safer procedure than UVN (operative time 16.3 vs 20.5 min, p = 0.19; survival rate 86% vs 60%, p = 0.25). UVN was more severe with significantly worse behavioural scores at day 4 and day 7 (p < 0.001). Vestibular compensation was overall similar during the first week and at 1 month (non-statistically significant difference).

Conclusion
Both UL and UVN procedures can routinely be performed in the mouse with similar post-operative recovery and behavioural compensation. The operative risk of vascular or neurological damage is smaller in UL compared to UVN. UVN may be required for specific research protocols studying central cellular process specifically related to the destruction of the ganglion of Scarpa and following vestibular nerve degeneration.
A clinician’s guide for developing a prediction model: a case study using real-world data of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Veen Kevin M. , de Angst Isabel B. , Mokhles Mostafa M. , Westgeest Hans M. , Kuppen Malou , Groot Carin A. Uyl-de , Gerritsen Winald R. , Kil Paul J. M. , Takkenberg Johanna J. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeWith the increasing interest in treatment decision-making based on risk prediction models, it is essential for clinicians to understand the steps in developing and interpreting such models.MethodsA retrospective registry of 20 Dutch hospitals with data on patients treated for castration-resistant prostate cancer was used to guide clinicians through the steps of developing a prediction model. The model of choice was the Cox proportional hazard model.ResultsUsing the exemplary dataset several essential steps in prediction modelling are discussed including: coding of predictors, missing values, interaction, model specification and performance. An advanced method for appropriate selection of main effects, e.g. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, is described. Furthermore, the assumptions of Cox proportional hazard model are discussed, and how to handle violations of the proportional hazard assumption using time-varying coefficients.ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive detailed guide to bridge the gap between the statistician and clinician, based on a large dataset of real-world patients treated for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Variation in oleoresin yield and anatomical traits among Sindora glabra populations in Hainan, China
Authors: Yu Niu , Li Qiongqiong , Yang Jinchang , Yin Guangtian , Li Rongsheng , Zou Wentao 
Published: June 2020

Key message
Geography and tree diameter were the major factors in determining oleoresin yield in Sindora glabra. The tangential diameter and area of secretory canals are reliable indicators of the oleoresin amount.

Abstract
Sindora glabra is a native tropical plant of China that exudes copious amounts of oleoresin from wounds on the stem. Elucidation of the mechanism affecting the oleoresin yield is of particular importance for development and selection of superior germplasm. In this study, the variation in oleoresin yield and anatomical traits of the stem of S. glabra were investigated in four main natural populations in Hainan. The results showed that annual oleoresin yield varied considerably among populations. The oleoresin yield exhibited an increasing trend with the increment of tree stem diameter until the diameter was over 80 cm. Moreover, oleoresin production in the wet season was higher than in dry season. The analysis of oleoresin chemical composition indicated that the four populations belong to the same chemotype despite the amount of four types of sesquiterpenes varying greatly among areas. Anatomical analysis revealed that quantitative traits of secretory canals including tangential diameter, area, density and frequency were significantly different among populations and tree diameters. Furthermore, the tangential diameter and area of secretory canals were positively correlated with oleoresin yield. These results suggested that the tangential diameter and area of secretory canals are reliable indicators of the oleoresin amount and can be used for selection purposes in S. glabra.