bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suffrage
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article III of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns suffrage. Section 1 provides that “all citizens of the United States, over the age of eighteen (18) years, who are bona fide residents of this state, are qualified electors of this state.” Added in 1978, Section 2 provides for the creation and membership of a State Election Board. Section 3 concerns mandatory primary system and nomination of candidates. Section 4 provides for the manner of holding and conducting elections. This provision gives the legislature a great deal of authority in regulating elections. Lastly, Section 5 states that “all elections shall be free and equal.” It also provides that “no power, civil or military, shall ever interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage, and electors shall, in all cases, except for treason, felony, and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance on elections and while going to and from the same.”
Distribution of Powers
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article IV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns distribution of powers. One of the hallmarks of the U.S. Constitution is its embrace of the concept known as separation of powers, notwithstanding that the document does not explicitly refer to it. The Oklahoma framers made the concept explicit. Section 1 provides for the separation and distinction of the departments of government. It states that “the powers of the government of the State of Oklahoma shall be divided into three separate departments: The Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.” This provision does not prohibit some blending of the three branches. What this section does clearly prohibit is all of the power of one branch being exercised by another branch. It also prohibits the legislature from appointing its own members to boards that have the authority to approve grant applications for development, use, and control of water resources.
Executive Department
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article VI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the executive department. Section 1 provides that “the Executive authority of the state shall be vested in a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor and Inspector, Attorney General, State Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Commissioner of Labor, Commissioner of Insurance, and other officers provided by law and this Constitution.” While these executive officers may hold meetings outside the state’s capital, they may not set up branch offices in any place other than Oklahoma City. Section 2 states that “the Supreme Executive power shall be vested in a Governor.” Sections 3 and 4 provides for the eligibility of an individual to certain state offices as well as the terms of office and succession, respectively. The chapter then details the provisions for the qualifications, powers, and duties of each of the executive officers. Article VI also includes the provision for the seal of the state (Section 35), which incorporates images from the Five Civilized Tribes along with the seal of Oklahoma Territory.
Public Roads
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article XVI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns public roads. Building and maintaining a state highway system is a mandatory governmental function over which the state enjoys “sovereign immunity.” Section 1 states that “the Legislature is directed to establish a Department of Highways, and shall have the power to create improvement districts and provide for building and maintaining public roads, and may provide for the utilization of convict and punitive labor thereon.” Section 2 clarifies that the state does not attempt to preempt the federal government’s actions and rights with regard to the public highways. It also assures that this provision was not intended to take away the rights of a Native American tribe. Section 3 gives the legislature broad powers to use its discretion to make, and to generate money for, a system of levees, drains, and irrigation ditches. The state may pay for such items through taxation.
Municipal Corporations
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article XVIII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns municipal corporations. Section 1 recognizes the power of the legislature to create municipal corporations and define their powers, but puts certain limitations on that power. In Oklahoma, cities possess no inherent power or authority, but exercise only those powers expressly granted, or incidental to powers expressly granted, by the state of Oklahoma. Section 3(a) provides for the framing and adoption of a charter, while Section 3(b) focuses on the election of a board of freeholders. Meanwhile, Section 4(a) through Section 4(e) deals with the powers of the initiative and referendum. Section 5(a) provides that “no municipal corporation shall ever grant, extend, or renew a franchise, without the approval of a majority of the qualified electors residing within its corporate limits, who shall vote thereon at a general or special election.” Lastly, power over the city streets within municipalities is reserved to the state, but cities have been delegated full power to control and regulate the streets. Cities may, for instance, use this delegated power to regulate parking.
Insurance
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article XIX of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns insurance. Section 1 reflects the state’s paternal desire to protect its citizens from insurance companies that might come into Oklahoma with the intent to defraud Oklahoma residents. The legislature has chosen to pass laws imposing taxes on foreign insurance companies, as allowed by this section of the constitution. Section 2 specifies the entrance fees and annual tax that foreign insurance companies must pay to the insurance commissioner. Meanwhile, Section 3 deals with nonprofit insurance organizations. To establish status as a fraternal beneficiary association under this section, the character of such business, and not its formal organization, determines its status. Section 4 is basically a bookkeeping provision that determines what is done with fees charged to insurance entities in the state.
Public Institutions
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article XXI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns public institutions. Section 1 provides that “educational, reformatory, and penal institutions and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law.” This section allows the legislature to provide for certain citizens as an act of public goodwill, and perhaps as a requirement of other constitutional provisions. For instance, this section has been important in defining rights such as the provision of interpreters for deaf mutes in criminal prosecutions, failure to educate, law libraries in prisons, school desegregation, and prisoners’ rights. As a specific example, in Board of Commissioners of Logan County v. State (1927), the court decided that the state has a duty to establish hospitals for the insane and to support or sustain those hospitals.
Toward a Truly Ecumenical Wisdom
Authors: Adler Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter uses Irving Babbitt’s educational philosophy as a starting point for an intellectually and ethically sound approach to the contemporary humanities. Although Babbitt did not present a defense of the humanities completely appropriate for our day and age, his ecumenical and comparatively broadminded approach can help ground a contemporary rationale that is both novel and satisfying. The chapter argues that contemporary humanists must vouch for the central importance of their subjects in part by expressing the ways in which masterworks of culture (from all intellectual traditions, not just Western ones) help contribute to the creation of better human beings.
Does Art Change Us?
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes up the question of art’s effects on its audience. The thesis is that art probably does affect us in ways that matter morally, and so we should be suspicious of accounts that treat art’s effects as unimportant. The chapter has two main parts. First, it sets out a prima facie case for the claim that artworks might change their audiences in morally salient ways. Drawing on social science research, this section establishes that there is a plausible mechanism and supporting background evidence to suggest that we might well be affected by the art we enjoy: made more aggressive, for example, by narratives centered around violent protagonists. The second part argues that the principal approaches to judging art morally without talking about art’s effects suffer from significant weaknesses.
Artworks and Persons
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis short chapter recapitulates the main conclusions of the previous chapters. The preceding chapters taken together support a moderate skepticism with regard to how we evaluate art morally. Artworks in themselves are rarely appropriate objects of moral evaluation. We should not judge artworks as though they were people. Art might sometimes affect us—either our character or our understanding—but these effects can be hard to see, and they can be good or bad. Our engagement with art can also affect our relationships with others in our affective communities, and these effects can matter too. However, the arguments thus far doesn’t tell us much about what these moral evaluations of art come to or how they matter. The second part of the book, which starts in Chapter 6, takes up these larger questions.
An Expressivist Account of the Differences between Aesthetic and Moral Judgments
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins with five more or less familiar ways of distinguishing between aesthetic and moral judgments. These distinctions are far from perfect—they allow of exceptions—but they constitute a reasonable guide. Then the chapter introduces two new distinctions from an expressivist framework. The first is the fact that aesthetic reasoning, but not moral reasoning, involves a particular kind of non-valenced judgment. The second is that aesthetic judgments, but not moral judgments, are recalcitrant in the face of conflicting higher-order judgments. The chapter concludes that expressivism offers a reasonably clear basis for distinguishing between moral and aesthetic judgments.
Should Moral Judgments Affect Aesthetic Judgments (or the Other Way Around)?
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers a defense of autonomism—the view that aesthetic and moral judgments are independent of one another. When we ask whether judging an artwork to be morally bad affects its aesthetic value, we are asking a normative question about what it is best for us to do. Should we take a moral judgment about the effects of an artwork to bear on our aesthetic judgment about the work itself? The chapter argues that we do not make any error if we refuse to change one judgment in light of the other. We are free to keep them separate. This chapter concludes with replies to objections from both those who endorse a stronger link between morality and aesthetics as well as those who want a complete separation.
Conclusions and Illustrations
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter applies the approaches defended in the book to some cases of moral criticism of art. The first part considers some cases of criticisms of entire kinds of art: criticisms of horror films, bell hooks’s criticisms of the representations of black women in popular media, and Paul Taylor’s critique of “narratives of moral representation.” Second, it considers criticisms of two specific works: Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Spike Lee’s film BlacKkKlansman. It concludes by revisiting the arguments of Chapter 1. The conclusion is that judging art morally is no easy matter, and it might not always be clear whether or not a work is good, but that there is value in thinking through these matters.
Local Competition and PMSCs’ Behavior in Civil Wars
Authors: Akcinaroglu Seden , Radziszewski Elizabeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What is the significance of local or conflict-level competition on PMSCs’ military effectiveness? And what is the mechanism through which such competition improves PMSCs’ accountability? This chapter argues that variation in local competition, the number of PMSCs that operate in a given conflict zone, affects the level of accountability to the client. With the presence of multiple PMSCs, companies can anticipate the existence of informal peer monitoring. Whether gaining a competitive edge or safety concerns motivate companies’ monitoring of each other in the field, this puts pressure on PMSCs to fulfill contractual obligations and become more militarily effective or risk losing future contracts. The chapter argues that a greater level of local competition pushes companies to improve their skills and to limit fraud and human rights abuses, factors that contribute to quicker termination of war.
Under Pressure
Authors: Akcinaroglu Seden , Radziszewski Elizabeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights key findings and theoretical contribution of the book. It delineates policy recommendations based on the study of PMSCs’ interventions into civil wars and suggests that awarding contracts based on non-cost factors such as companies’ reputation for corporate professionalism and positive media coverage could increase the selection of those PMSCs that are most likely to be militarily effective. Awarding contracts to multiple companies as opposed to just one also improves accountability in a conflict zone. The chapter discusses ideas for future research such as comparing PMSCs’ performance across different local areas within a given conflict zone and exploring the rise of new mercenary groups and their impact on conflict dynamics.
The Ordeal of Incongruity
Authors: Gill Sam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
By contrasting his own personal experience dancing with Smith’s preference for reading, the author engages a complex and far-reaching discussion of the role and importance of experience both in religious subjects studied and in the lives of the scholars. From a biologically and philosophically based theory of experience, the chapter examines the importance of repetition, feeling kinds of knowing, and gesture, among other aspects of being bodied, to posit that religion and also the study of religion are skills honed through long repetitive experience. The chapter also engages the implications that sensory-rich religious experience is transduced into written description that is often the only access scholars have to their subjects of study. Countering the common understanding that Smith is reluctant to value experience, the chapter shows that the core role of incongruity and difference Smith attributes to religion and its study amounts to, in his own terms, an ordeal or determining experience.
Smith’s Golden Bough
Authors: Gill Sam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws inspiration from the broad contributions of Jonathan Smith as well as the author’s in an extensive development of a new approach to a proper academic study of religion based on the philosophy and biology of human movement. The implications and advantages of this distinctive self-moving approach are discussed in terms of place, myth, ritual, comparison, body, and religion theory. The chapter presents a richly developed range of new perspectives and concepts, including aesthetic of impossibles, transduction, play, the corporeality of concepts, coherence as preferable to meaning, the essential role of metastability and nonlinearity in religion studies, gesture/posture/prosthesis as opening access to experience, religion as skill-based behavior, material/biological expansionism, biology of transcendence, and the challenges and goals to which a proper study of religion should be directed. The chapter concludes by proclaiming Jonathan Smith to be a major inspiration and resource for the creative and productive future of the study of religion.
Introduction
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter lays out two contemporary radical democratic theories of popular power with conceptual frames drawn from early modern philosophy, and it foreshadows an alternative theory of popular power to overcome their shortcomings. The contemporary theories are exemplified by the work of Tuck and Negri. Tuck promotes Hobbes’s idea of a ‘sleeping sovereign’ as an absolute democratic sovereign, cutting through the ordinary workings of government. Alternatively, Negri promotes Spinoza’s idea of an insurgent popular multitude as an irresistible democratic force disrupting any settled institutional regime. The chapter then indicates some reasons for dissatisfaction with radical democratic theories of popular power, and foreshadows the alternative theory that will be put forward and defended through the course of the book. It sketches how this alternative theory emerges from a new interpretation of the political philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza, and in particular, of their conceptions of power as potentia.
Relational Power
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Hobbes’s theory of individual human power (potentia), and its transformation across his works. It argues that Hobbes’s early works offer an account of potentia reflecting an intuitive common sense that an individual’s power lies in the faculties or capacities that the individual possesses. It claims that such a conception still bears the marks of scholasticism, and it illustrates this point against a stylized presentation of Aquinas’s conception of potentia. By contrast, the chapter argues that on Hobbes’s later account, individual potentia is irreducibly relational, with the corollary that potentia cannot be identified in abstraction from actual social life. This change belatedly extends the antischolasticism of Hobbes’s natural science into his science of human beings.
The Political Problem
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Hobbes’s late view of human collective power, unlike the early view, is able to grasp informal and emergent collective power. Hobbes’s later works, with their new relational conception of potentia, offer both theoretical resources to conceive informal collective power distinct from the state, and also analytical reasons to expect such power to be politically troubling. The ‘political problem’ emerges: in order to achieve the concrete power sufficient to uphold its absolute authority (potestas), the state needs to harness or tame the informal collective powers within the populace. The chapter argues that the political problem explains the absence of the ‘sleeping sovereign’, so central to the radical democratic interpretation of Hobbes, from Hobbes’s later writings. But informal collective power cannot necessarily be celebrated as a welcome popular insurgency against excessive state power: for its characteristic inner structure is complex oligarchic allegiance rather than equal horizontal affiliation.
Capitalism's Sexual History
Authors: Smith Nicola J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What is the relationship between capitalism and sexuality, and why are they so often assumed to be antithetical? The book interrogates these questions by bringing together insights from two fields that have often overlooked each other, international political economy and queer theory. It develops a queer political economy lens to understand how the history of capitalism has been intimately entangled with the history of sexuality. Yet central to this story has been the construction of sexuality as something that needs to be protected from capitalism’s adulterating influence at all costs. As the author examines, this is no accident since capitalism profits greatly from the illusion that economic and sexual relations exist in distinct realms that can and must be kept apart. Focusing on the specific site of sex work in Britain, the volume draws on wide-ranging archival research to chart a genealogy of capitalist development from the Middle Ages to the present day. It shows that capitalism has long been organized around the extraction of unpaid sexual labor that, in turn, has been made possible by the creation and maintenance of a dualism between sex and work. By exposing the historical mechanisms through which the economy/sexuality dichotomy has been constituted, the book opens up new space for critical inquiry into the intersections between sex, work, and economic and sexual injustice.
Ritual, Ascetic, and Meditative Practice in the Veda and Upaniṣads
Authors: Galewicz Cezary 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines ascetic and meditation practices as borne witness to in the ancient scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas and Upaniṣads. Close to the appearance of Buddhism towards the sixth or fifth century bce, the already rich textual heritage of the Veda emerged as a canonical collection rearranged for ritual use. Most of its texts had been composed centuries earlier, beginning in the north-west areas of the Greater Punjab, and continued to grow while transmitted orally over a period of several centuries. All that accompanied a slow movement towards east and south of the Vedic tribes and clans. They fought and formed alliances among themselves and with others in the process of growing cultural synthesis. The complex Vedic canon represents a religion which modern scholarship chose to name either Vedism or Vedic Hinduism as preceding that of Brahmanism and later traditions of Hinduism. It also bears witness to a marked emphasis on ritual practice of a decidedly elite character. The late phase of its oral canonization has been recently considered as redefinition in the face either of the universal call of Buddhism or the challenge of the written media of the neighbouring Persian Empire. This chapter examines these developments.
Historical Context of Early Asceticism
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ascetics have impressed foreign visitors to India from an early time onward. The Greek Megasthenes, who spent time in eastern India around the year 300 bce, described ascetics that remained motionless for a whole day in one single position. More than a thousand years later, Arab travellers marvelled at men in India who remained motionless for years on end. After almost another millennium, in the seventeenth century ce, the Frenchman François Bernier saw ascetics who remained standing seven days and nights, without sitting or lying down, leaning against ropes while asleep. Today Indian ascetics still impress foreigners, but the latter no longer have to leave their armchairs and can observe the sādhus, yogis, or fakirs on their television or computer screens. This chapter will briefly present what we know about asceticism in early India. It will present the evidence schematically, because this is the only way in which an understanding of complicated historical processes can be conveyed.