bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The heat gain-based generation method of coincident weather data for walls with a large thermal lag
Authors: Fang Zhengcheng , Chen Youming , Wu Shihai 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The coincident weather data (CWD) means the combination of weather data that affect a moment of indoor heat gains at the same time. It includes the coincidence of dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature and solar irradiation. The selection of design solar irradiation in the current ASHRAE and CIBSE design handbooks is independent on design dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature. And the generation methods of CWD in those are based on the original weather data itself. Furthermore, the generation methods in some related literatures are either ignoring the thermal delay and decay of building envelope or not appropriate for engineering using. Hence, a new method based on the hourly heat gain formula, three weather parameters, building heat characteristics and risk factor was developed for the generation of coincident solar irradiance, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature. The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong and data of 302 kinds of walls to generate coincident design weather data. The result shows that the design dry and wet bulb temperature can be lowered and the solar radiation values are more regular, compared to traditional weather data. In a category of walls, the deviation between the representative parameter and CWD is less than 5%. It’s means that using the new CWD can reduce the building energy consumption, and engineering heat gain calculations can be more precise and concise.
A physiological chamber experiment to explore human thermal adaption on the seasonal scale
Authors: Ji Wenjie , Cao Bin , Zhu Yingxin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the theory of thermal adaption, it’s usually believed that people can adapt to the thermal environment actively from three aspects: physiology, psychology and behaviour. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there is some thermal physiological adaption on the seasonal scale. A chamber experiment was designed and conducted twice at spring and early summer with the time interval of 1 month. There were totally four experimental conditions in each experiment, including 16 °C, 22 °C, 28 °C and 34 °C. We measured four physiological parameters of 18 recruited subjects, including in skin temperature, blood flow, moisture evaporation amount and metabolic rate. At the same time, some of the subjective thermal evaluation was collected. It was a tracing experiment in which the same individual was asked to participate in the experiment twice. So, some comparison on physiological parameters and thermal comfort evaluations at different season could be explored to illustrate the characteristics of thermal adaption. We found that there was some obvious difference on the moisture evaporation and the blood flow after one-month adaption, and the thermal comfort vote in the same temperature also had some variation. This study is meaningful for further understanding the mechanism of thermal adaption.
A simulation study on correlation between indoor volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide concentration in Beijing, China
Authors: Liang Weihui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a significant role to human health. There are many pollutants have been identified indoors. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are one of the most ubiquitous pollutants with proved adverse health effects. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a long history of being used as an indicator for IAQ. The VOC sensors are generally expensive and their accuracy are not as good as CO2 sensors. Whether CO2 could be a good indicator for VOC is important to determine ventilation control strategy in engineering application. In this study, indoor CO2 and formaldehyde concentrations in a Beijing’s bedroom was simulated for a whole year by the Monte Carlo method. When emission rate of CO2 was constant, strong positive correlation was identified between CO2 and formaldehyde. CO2 could be a good indicator for formaldehyde when emission rate of formaldehyde (mg/h) divided by the emission rate of CO2 (L/h) was smaller than 0.14. When emission rate of CO2 was changing, CO2 could not be used as an indicator for formaldehyde in general.
Impacts of energy retrofits on indoor CO2 concentration and air change rate
Authors: Leivo Virpi , Prasauskas Tadas , Aaltonen Anu , Martuzevicius Dainius , Haverinen-Shaughnessy Ulla 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Impacts of energy retrofits on IAQ were studied in two European countries, Finland and Lithuania. Air change rates were estimated based on air flows measured through ventilation outlets and 24-hour monitoring of CO2 concentrations before and after various energy retrofits in multi-family buildings. The air change rates (ACR) after retrofits were higher in apartments with mechanical ventilation in Finland. The ACR after retrofits were smaller in all study groups in Lithuania, yet noticeably smaller in apartments with mixed ventilation. CO2 concentrations in all study groups in Finland were lower than in Lithuania. Also, some decrease in CO2 concentrations was noticed after retrofits in Finland, whereas an opposite trend was observed in Lithuania. In conclusion, impacts of energy retrofits were mainly marginally positive in Finland and mainly negative in Lithuania. Positive impacts were typically noticed in apartments with mechanical ventilation and “good” IAQ before retrofits. On contrary, negative impacts were noticed in apartments with natural ventilation and “adequate” IAQ. It was concluded that IAQ should be assessed before and after retrofits.
Conception and deployment of the APOLLINE sensor network for IAQ monitoring
Authors: Hanoune B , Kassi R , Verbeke B , Assy E , Clavier L , Crumeyrolle S , Degrande S , Le Pallec X , Rouvoy R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The long-term study of air quality inside buildings in the presence of occupants requires the deployment of low-cost instruments capable of measuring the most concerning pollutants, without nuisance to the occupants. Several laboratories within the University of Lille, France, have united their expertises within the APOLLINE project (Air Pollution and Individual Exposure). They have designed a complete infrastructure for IAQ research and education, based on chemical (NO, NO2, O3, CO, CO2, COV, granulometry of PM 0.4-16 μm) and physical (P, T, RH, light, sound) sensor nodes. The nodes continuously send raw measurements through Ethernet or various wireless technologies to the APISENSE® cloud platform operated by Inria, for offsite realtime visualization and analysis. The network was successfully deployed since July 2018 within the buildings of University of Lille, with interesting results on the pollution levels and occupancy patterns.
Experimental study on the performance evaluation of active chilled beams in cooling operation under varied boundary conditions
Authors: Jean Marc-Antoine , Upadhyay Rohit , Koupriyanov Mike , Mora Rodrigo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the thermal comfort and indoor air quality performance of Active Chilled Beams (ACB) in cooling operation mode in an open office environment with asymmetrical loads. Many studies on thermal comfort using ACB in cooling mode have been conducted; most of the studies confirm that thermal comfort is satisfactory because the temperature gradient and the airspeeds are acceptable at the occupant level. However, these studies do not specifically address the local discomfort in cooling mode. Furthermore, these studies do not consider performance under different ACB configurations or varied boundary conditions such as those found in real offices. This paper reports the results of an experimental study that addresses the above issues. A laboratory experiment was designed to simulate a multi-occupant open office with an ACB subjected to asymmetric boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that discomfort draft risk at the ankle level is higher when the ACB is oriented parallel to the window. Furthermore, the results suggest that shape (the type of ACB) and throw of ACB affect air distribution. The results emphasize the importance of properly selecting, orienting, and designing ACB, not just to offset the room loads, but to match the proportions and boundary conditions of the office.
Climate and occupancy based investigation of air pollutants in office spaces
Authors: Hashemi Farzad , Passe Ulrike 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) has long been a matter of public concern as many people are spending a large portion of their time indoors. The concentration of some pollutant in offices and other work places can often be 2 to 5 times higher than typical outdoor concentrations. This study investigates the relationship between office space available per employee and outside weather condition with indoor pollutants level at 25 office locations of a large international architecture and design firm. Air pollutants measured in this study included carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They have been monitored for a three-month period from December 1st, 2017 to February 28th, 2018 in 23 offices located in the U.S., one office in China, and one office in Dubai. The first phase of this study analyzed the hourly average levels of mentioned pollutants at these offices during working and non-working hours. Then those levels were correlated to the number of employees at all of the locations. The second phase observed the difference in CO2 level, as the most important indoor air pollutant, related to outside weather condition (temperature and humidity) at three locations in the U.S. The initial result of phase one proved the linear relationship between the number of employees and CO2 levels in office buildings. It concluded, that the low area per employee rate will cause the high CO2 concentrations. Moreover, a comparison between indoor CO2 level and outside weather conditions (temperature and humidity) in the second phase at three office shows that CO2 level are affected directly by outdoor conditions during working hours. Based on the building climate zone, when temperature and humidity are far from the comfort zone and mechanical ventilation system are operated, CO2 concentration could variously change during working hours.
Simulation-based analysis of optimized PCM to improve building energy performance and indoor thermal environment
Authors: Hun Park Ji , Wi Seunghwan , Yeol Yun Beom , Yang Sungwoong , Lee Jongki , Kim Sumin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the optimized PCM melting temperature installed in the building models by DesignBuilder and analyze the building energy performance depending on the different climate conditions in South Korea. The building model was followed the residential construction standard house established by the Korea Rural Community Corporation. The total floor area of building is 41.92 m2, and the window-to-wall ratio is 30 %. The HVAC conditions were set to “simple HVAC” which is the basic load calculation algorithms to minimize the heating and cooling loads. Set-point temperatures set to the comfort temperature range, and set-back temperatures are based on the recommendation of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy of South Korea (MOTIE). The climate conditions to evaluate the simulation analysis were based on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, which classifies the general climate of the world depending on temperature and precipitation. As a result of the simulation analysis, the maximum energy savings were shown by PCM with melting point of (22.39–24.47)°C in cooling, and PCM with (19.73–21.38) °C in heating. Consequently, the maximum total energy savings were achieved for PCM with (22.39–24.47) °C, which means that the best optimized PCM according to the four seasons.
Thermal comfort and visual interaction: a subjective survey
Authors: d’Ambrosio Alfano F R , Bellia L , Fragliasso F , Palella B I , Riccio G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The application of the human factors’ principles stated the need for rethinking the indoor built environment design which should also conjugate the binomial energy saving-Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). This means that the optimization of a single IEQ component should also account for possible antagonistic or synergic effects. The hue-heat hypothesis is based on the idea that light and colours can affect the thermal perception. Particularly, spectral power distributions of light shifted to short wavelengths seem to promote a cooler thermal perception and the vice-versa. Several efforts have been made in the past to characterize the effect of the colour of light on thermal comfort, with experiments giving conflicting results mainly due to a bad control of lighting and microclimatic parameters and to the use of not robust measurement protocols. To verify the hue-heat hypothesis, in this study 81 subjects have been exposed to two different lighting scenarios characterized by warm and cool light at a fixed task illuminance value (300 lx) under winter thermo-hygrometric conditions in a special test room provided with white-tuning LED sources. Preliminary findings seem to confirm that warm light results in a warmer thermal sensation with a potential improvement of comfort conditions.
Demand-controlled ventilation: do different user groups require different CO2-setpoints?
Authors: Borgen Haugland Martine , Yang Aileen , Holøs Sverre B. , Thunshelle Kari , Mysen Mads 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether children’s bioeffluent generation rate is proportional to their carbon dioxide (CO2) generation rate. Consequently, to assess if there is a need to differentiate the CO2- setpoint for different user groups, focusing on children. Perceived air quality (PAQ) and odour intensity (OI) were assessed in three classrooms in Oslo, Norway. Two second-grade classes (7-8 years old) were compared with one eighth-grade class (13-14 years old). An untrained test panel consisting of 16 people visited each classroom twice and were asked to evaluate PAQ and OI upon entering the classrooms. The CO2 levels in the classrooms were kept constant at either 600 ppm or 1100 ppm during each visitation. The results showed that average PAQ-score was significantly worse in the second-grade classrooms compared to the eighth-grade classroom. For perceived odour intensity, the average score indicated that the odour was stronger in the second-grade classrooms compared to the eighth-grade classroom, however, this difference in score was not significant. Our results indicate a need for differentiation of setpoints for CO2-DCV based on user groups, especially for children.
Fusion of environmental monitoring components and gardening modules for manipulating indoor air quality
Authors: Chen J C , Lin Y J , Yang Z L , Yu C C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
People who live in a crowded jungle of metropolis are easy getting stressed and extremely need relaxing activities, e.g. gardening. The considerations about limited space, busy day and scarce experience will stop people to take action on gardening. They do need a device to help them taking care of plant, a smart device which is able to remotely control would be popular to the business of interior planting. This demand encouraged many designers to create the modules for interior planting. It also pushes researchers to study how interior planting is able to capture particles, to absorb VOC, to transform CO2, to change temperature and moisture. However, planting module with smart control of indoor air quality is rare until now. So we created an environmental manipulator in which environmental monitoring sensors, planting modules, and remote relays are fused together. This study described the process how we get the optimal design of environmental manipulator under a series of interviews based on Evaluation Grid Method (EGM).
Indoor Air Quality solutions for commercial buildings
Authors: Menezes Sean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Poor Indoor Air Quality in commercial buildings is a growing concern these days, with several studies suggesting that indoor air pollution is 2-5 times worse than outdoor air pollution. Most individuals spend approximately 8-10 hours a day at their workplace, exposing themselves to dangerous indoor air pollutants such as bacteria, mold, viruses, carcinogenic VOC’s (volatile organic compounds) generated within the office building. Micro-organisms and VOC’s are continuously released in commercial buildings and it is important to effectively keep the counts under control, since the generation of these pollutants are dynamic and cannot be predicted. It is practically not possible to sterilize the people entering commercial buildings and offices and expect them to wear sterile garments, gloves and masks used in clean room environments in the office. We also cannot avoid the use of cleaning agents, adhesives used for furniture and carpets, paints and sanitizers. This challenge sparked off the inspiration to design an innovative and effective solution that addresses the above issues and provides centralized decontamination at the source.
To effectively do this, the solution needs to integrate with the AHU to ensure that all the air circulated within the building is treated and decontaminated. In most AHU designs, the air is recirculated 10 times in one hour and since the IAQ system is integrated with the AHU, it ensures that the air is decontaminated with every pass through the system. The efficacy of the system has been tested and its performance validated in the test facility by a NABL accredited firm, and the proof of concept established practically, with field tests at live installations in fully functional office buildings.
Thermal environment perceptions considering length of stay for cardiovascular inpatients in hospitals: a statistical approach
Authors: Alotaibi Badr S , Lo Stephen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cardiovascular patients are one of the highest population groups affected by elevated external temperatures. Many research studies highlight the impact of three main indicators: mortality rates, morbidity, and admissions to hospitals. Most research determined that cardiovascular patients were among the top admissions to hospitals. The external temperature needs to be evaluated while the patients are hospitalised to reveal the extent of its impact. This study also seeks to evaluate the impact of the length of stay periods on the perceived thermal environment of cardiovascular inpatients when the external temperatures are elevated particularly in summer periods. To do so, longitudinal data analysis of indoor air temperatures, relative humidity and outdoor air temperatures linked with recorded patients’ responses, was undertaken for three months in cardiology and cardiac surgery wards in a hospital in Saudi Arabia, i.e. a hot, arid dessert climate (BWh) based on the Köppen Geiger climate zones map. Patient questionnaires were administrated during the daytime, specifically the afternoon hours to obtain the best results when outdoor temperatures exceeded 40°C. The gathered data was analysed using several statistical tests for correlations and differences to validate the results. The patients who were hospitalised for more than one week and one month felt more neutral compared to other shorter periods of stay; this was interpreted as patients having sufficient time acclimatise to their environment.
Ventilated hollow core slab cooling load reduction under the operative temperature metric
Authors: Christopher Raghubar , Umberto Berardi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper evaluates the cooling load reduction of a commercial office building through the use of a ventilated hollow core slab in Toronto Canada. Two scenarios were evaluated – SmartVent (SV) in which outdoor air is ventilated through concrete slab hollow cores when the outdoor air temperature is lower than that of the hollow core surface; and NoVent (NV), in which no ventilation takes place. A numerical model was created to simulate the heat transfer between the outdoor air stream and slab; and associated heat transfer between the slab and interior environment. The mean radiant temperature experienced by an occupant was then evaluated in both scenarios to determine the required ambient air temperature to achieve an operative temperature of 24.8°C. The cooling loads required to maintain this operative temperature setpoint were then determined for and compared.
Acoustic Environment of Large Terminal Airside Concourse in China
Authors: Huang Yenhsiang , Zhu Yingxin , Zhang Zhongchen , Lin Borong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study uses the model of the airside concourse of a certain terminal building in China, which is under construction, and compares the indoor reverberation time with six different indoor heights and different situation of unoccupied and occupied indoor field. The results of the study show that due to the narrow design of the airside concourse and the large number of glass curtain walls, the insufficient indoor sound absorption will result in - in the case of unoccupied field - the reverberation time of the 500Hz at 20m height terminal lasts as long as 7.2 seconds. With each 1m lower in height, the reverberation time increases by 0.16 seconds. The conclusion of this study is that, in the case that the indoor sound absorption cannot be increased and the number of indoor people is fixed, reducing the height of the terminal building helps to reduce the indoor reverberation time.
A comparison of indoor air quality and employee absenteeism in ‘local’ and ‘imported’ green building standards
Authors: Elnaklah R A , Natarajan S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Buildings are responsible for a quarter of global carbon emissions. In the developing world, the desire to reduce energy consumption initially resulted in the adoption of ‘imported’ standards such as LEED and BREEAM and, over time, the development of several ‘localised’ standards that either supplant or compete with the imported standards. However, such standards have often been implicated in the unintended consequence of reduced indoor air quality resulting from lowered ventilation rates, in turn affecting employee productivity and absenteeism. Here, we systematically review and compare the performance of office buildings built to the localised Jordanian Green Building Guide (JGBG) and the well-known international LEED standard. We measure building performance in terms of the indoor air quality (via CO2 concentration) and occupant absenteeism during winter 2019. Results show that the JGBG building had a significantly lower mean indoor CO2 concentration than the LEED building during working hours (p < 0.00). In addition, the occupants in the JGBG building reported 20% more working hours (p < 0.03) and approximately 9 hours less of absolute absenteeism. These initial results suggest that further development of localised codes is likely to bring greater benefit to the performance of building and occupants compared to imported standards.