bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Intimacy Levels in Best Friendships and Romantic Partnerships
Authors: Pearce Eiluned , Machin Anna , Dunbar Robin I. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectives Close romantic and friendship relationships are crucial for successful survival and reproduction. Both provide emotional support that can have significant effects on an individual’s health and wellbeing, and through this their longer term survival and fitness. Nonetheless, the factors that create and maintain intimacy in close relationships remain unclear. Nor is it entirely clear what differentiates romantic relationships from friendships in these terms. In this paper, we explore which factors most strongly predict intimacy in these two kinds of relationship, and how these differ between the two sexes. Results Aside from best friendships being highly gendered in both sexes, the dynamics of these two types of relationships differ between the sexes. The intimacy of female relationships was influenced by similarity (homophily) in many more factors (notably dependability, kindness, mutual support, sense of humour) than was the case for men. Some factors had opposite effects in the two sexes: gift-giving had a negative effect on women’s friendships and a positive effect on men’s, whereas shared histories had the opposite effect. Conclusion These results confirm and extend previous findings that the dynamics of male and female relationships are very different in ways that may reflect differences in their functions.
African Lightning and its Relation to Rainfall and Climate Change in a Convection‐Permitting Model
Authors: Finney D. L. , Marsham J. H. , Wilkinson J. M. , Field P. R. , Blyth A. M. , Jackson L. S. , Kendon E. J. , Tucker S. O. , Stratton R. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal climate models struggle to simulate both the convection and cloud ice fundamental to lightning formation. We use the first convection‐permitting, future climate simulations for the lightning hot spot of Africa, at the same time utilizing an ice‐based lightning parametrization. Both the model and observations show that lightning over Africa's drier areas, as well as the moist Congo, have more lightning per rainfall than other regions. Contrary to results in the literature, the future projection shows little increase in total lightning (~107 flashes (or 2%) per degree warming). This is a consequence of increased stability reducing the number of lightning days, largely offsetting the increased graupel and updraft velocity driving an increase in lightning per lightning day. The next step is to establish if these results are robust across other models and, if combined with parametrized‐convection models, whether ensemble‐based information on the possible responses of lightning to climate change can be investigated.
Evaluating the Performance of Climate Models Based on Wasserstein Distance
Authors: Vissio Gabriele , Lembo Valerio , Lucarini Valerio , Ghil Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe propose a methodology for intercomparing climate models and evaluating their performance against benchmarks based on the use of the Wasserstein distance (WD). This distance provides a rigorous way to measure quantitatively the difference between two probability distributions. The proposed approach is flexible and can be applied in any number of dimensions; it allows one to rank climate models taking into account all the moments of the distributions. By selecting the combination of climatic variables and the regions of interest, it is possible to highlight specific model deficiencies. The WD enables a comprehensive evaluation of the skill of a climate model. We apply this approach to a selected number of physical fields, ranking the models in terms of their performance in simulating them and pinpointing their weaknesses in the simulation of some of the selected physical fields in specific areas of the Earth.
Evaluation of Neural Network Emulations for Radiation Parameterization in Cloud Resolving Model
Authors: Roh Soonyoung , Song Hwan‐Jin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated the forecast performance of neural network (NN)‐based radiation emulators with 300 to 56 neurons developed under the cloud‐resolving simulation. These emulators are 20–100 times faster than the original parameterization and express evolutionary features well for 6 hr. The results suggest that the frequent use of an NN emulator can improve not only computational speed but also forecasting accuracy in comparison to the infrequent use of original radiation parameterization, which is commonly used for speedup but can induce numerical instability as a result of imbalance with other processes. The forecast error of the emulator results was much improved in comparison with that for infrequent radiation runs with similar computational cost. The 56‐neuron emulator results were even more accurate than the infrequent runs, which had a computational cost five times higher. The speed and accuracy advantages of radiation emulators can be utilized for weather forecasting.
Spatial Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian Antarctic Basin From 2018–2020 Captured by Deep Argo
Authors: Thomas George , Purkey Sarah G. , Roemmich Dean , Foppert Annie , Rintoul Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are two varieties of Antarctic Bottom Water present in the Australian Antarctic Basin (AAB): locally produced Adélie Land Bottom Water (ALBW) and distantly produced Ross Sea Bottom Water (RSBW). Between 2014 and 2018, RSBW has rebounded from a multidecade freshening trend. The return of the salty RSBW to the AAB is revealed by six Deep Argo floats that have occupied the region from January of 2018 to March of 2020. The floats depict a zonal variation in temperature and salinity in the bottom waters of the AAB, driven by the inflow of RSBW. A simple Optimum Multiparameter Analysis based on potential temperature and salinity gives a sense of scale to the composition of the bottom waters, which are nearly 80% of the new, salty RSBW in the south‐east corner of the basin by 2019 and generally less than 40% to the west closer to the ALBW outflow region and the abyssal plain.
Flux Transfer Event Showers at Mercury: Dependence on Plasma β and Magnetic Shear and Their Contribution to the Dungey Cycle
Authors: Sun W. J. , Slavin J. A. , Smith A. W. , Dewey R. M. , Poh G. K. , Jia X. , Raines J. M. , Livi S. , Saito Y. , Gershman D. J. , DiBraccio G. A. , Imber S. M. , Guo J. P. , Fu S. Y. , Zong Q. G. , Zhao J. T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMercury's flux transfer event (FTE) showers are dayside magnetopause crossings accompanied by large numbers (≥10) of magnetic flux ropes (FRs). These shower events are common, occurring during 52% (1,953/3,748) of the analyzed crossings. Shower events are observed with magnetic shear angles (θ) from 0° to 180° across the magnetopause and magnetosheath plasma β from 0.1 to 10 but are most prevalent for high θ and low plasma β. Individual FR duration correlates positively, while spacing correlates negatively, with θ and plasma β. FR flux content and core magnetic field intensity correlate negatively with plasma β, but they do not correlate with θ. During shower intervals, FRs carry 60% to 85% of the magnetic flux required to supply Mercury's Dungey cycle. The FTE showers and the large amount of magnetic flux carried by the FTE‐type FRs appear quite different from observations at Earth and other planetary magnetospheres visited thus far.
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Magnesium Sulfate at High Pressure and Low Temperature With Application to Ganymede's Subsurface Ocean
Authors: Pan Yilong , Yong Wenjun , Secco Richard A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGanymede has strong evidence of a subsurface ocean primarily composed of MgSO4. We conducted experimental measurements of the electrical conductivity of aqueous MgSO4 at 200–1,200 MPa and 243–295 K in a multianvil press, simulating the high‐pressure and low‐temperature (HPLT) conditions of Ganymede's subsurface ocean. A numerical model is proposed with logσ = − 3.1605+940.931/T+0.8986logc+2logΛ0 − log(5Λ0+2695c1/2), where σ is electrical conductivity in S/m, T is temperature in K, c is molar concentration in mol/L, and Λ0 is limiting equivalent conductance in S·cm2·equiv−1. We used this model to generate electrical conductivity curves up to 500 km deep in Ganymede and found that the values are lower than previously predicted. Our novel experimental methods demonstrate access to the HPLT environment of liquid samples that expands our ability for experimental simulation of icy ocean worlds in the outer solar system.
Barrier for the Eastward Propagation of Madden‐Julian Oscillation Over the Maritime Continent: A Possible New Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Lei , Han Weiqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant intraseasonal variability of the tropical troposphere. Many MJOs originate from the tropical Indian Ocean and propagate into the Pacific via the Maritime Continent (MC). However, 30–50% of the MJO stalls over the MC, while its cause remains unclear. Here, we find that a new interbasin coupled phenomenon dubbed “Warm Pool Dipole” (WPD), which is associated with out‐of‐phase sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the southeast Indian Ocean and the western central tropical Pacific, may play an important role in controlling the MJO propagation. During the positive WPD, ~67% of the MJO is stalled over the MC, whereas none is stalled during its negative phase. It is the SSTAs at both poles of the WPD together that produce these effects. The results are robust to cross–data set differences and supported by model experiments, although the small observational sample size limits their level of statistical significance.
Statistical Evidence for EMIC Wave Excitation Driven by Substorm Injection and Enhanced Solar Wind Pressure in the Earth's Magnetosphere: Two Different EMIC Wave Sources
Authors: Chen Huayue , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSubstorm injection and solar wind dynamic pressure have long been considered as two main drivers of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave excitation, but clear observational evidence is still lacking. With Van Allen Probes data from 2012–2017, we have investigated the roles of the two EMIC wave drivers separately, by using time‐modified AE+ and
. Both the occurrence rate and magnetic amplitude of waves significantly increase with the enhancement of each index. During large AE+, EMIC waves are mainly generated in the dusk sector (16 ≤ MLT ≤ 20) and near the magnetic equator (|MLAT| < 10°). This is presumably due to substorm‐injected protons drifting from midnight sector to the plasmaspheric bulge. While during large
, EMIC waves mainly occur in the noon sector (9 ≤ MLT ≤ 15). But there exist higher‐latitude (10° < |MLAT| < 20°) source regions besides equatorial source, possibly due to the minimum B regions. Our results provide strong observational support to existing generation mechanisms of EMIC waves in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Seasonal Forecasts of the Exceptional Northern Hemisphere Winter of 2020
Authors: Lee Simon H. , Lawrence Zachary D. , Butler Amy H. , Karpechko Alexey Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe winter of 2019–2020 was dominated by an extremely strong stratospheric polar vortex and positive tropospheric Arctic Oscillation (AO). Here, we analyze forecasts from six different prediction systems contributing to the C3S seasonal forecast database. Most performed very strongly, with consistently high skill for January–March 2020 from forecasts launched through October–December 2019. Although the magnitude of the anomalies was underestimated, the performance of most prediction systems was extremely high for a positive AO winter relative to the common hindcast climate. Ensemble members which better predicted the extremely strong stratospheric vortex better predicted the extreme tropospheric state. We find a significant relationship between forecasts of the anomalous midlatitude tropospheric wave pattern in early winter, which destructively interfered with the climatological stationary waves and the strength of the stratospheric vortex later in the winter. Our results demonstrate a strong interdependence between the accuracy of stratospheric vortex and AO forecasts.
Observations of the Size Distribution of Frazil Ice in an Ice Shelf Water Plume
Authors: Frazer Eamon K. , Langhorne Pat J. , Leonard Greg H. , Robinson Natalie J. , Schumayer Dániel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe size distribution of frazil ice is currently unconstrained in ice shelf cavity modeling. Here we observe the time‐dependent behavior of the number and size of frazil ice particles in an Ice Shelf Water plume. A novel acoustic scattering inversion was used to infer frazil ice crystal diameters, assuming a log‐normal distribution. Observation sites were on land‐fast sea ice approximately 13 and 33 km from the front of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The water column from the ice‐water interface to 30 m below mean sea level was monitored over 3 weeks in November of 2016 and 2017. At 15 m below sea level the mean frazil crystal diameter was ∼1 mm. Fractional ice volume, derived from frazil crystal size and number density, correlates with in situ supercooling (up to 50 mK at 15 m below sea level). The data presented here provide valuable input for model initiation and evaluation.
Excitation of Oxygen Ion Cyclotron Harmonic Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere: Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Liu Kaijun , Min Kyungguk , Feng Bolu , Wang Yan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHybrid simulations are carried out to investigate the excitation of oxygen ion cyclotron harmonic waves observed in the inner magnetosphere. The simulations show that these waves can be excited by energetic oxygen ions of a ring‐like velocity distribution. The excited waves have properties consistent with observations, but their nearly perpendicular propagation disagrees with the quasi‐parallel propagation from the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis reported earlier. By performing the same SVD analysis on the simulated waves in a three‐dimensional simulation, it is demonstrated that the superposition of multiple waves with different azimuthal angles can cause the commonly used SVD analysis of wave propagation to yield incorrectly small wave normal angles. In addition, the results show that the enhanced waves scatter oxygen ions mainly along v⊥ through cyclotron resonance. The waves may also scatter energetic radiation belt electrons through bounce resonance and transit time scattering, similar to fast magnetosonic waves.
How Does the Melting Impact Charge Separation in Squall Line? A Bin Microphysics Simulation Study
Authors: Xu Liangtao , Xue Lulin , Geresdi Istvan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA new electrification and discharge model was developed based on a two‐moment bin microphysical scheme coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Based on the electrical model, the role of the noninductive charging mechanism associated with the melting processes of both snow and graupel (rimed particles) in the charge structure formation in the stratiform region of an organized convective system was examined. Our results showed that the snow melting charging mechanism forms a substantial positive charge layer near and below 0°C isotherm in the stratiform region of a squall line. It was also found that the graupel melting charging process mostly enhanced the positive charge layer in the convective region with little impact in the stratiform region. The in situ charging of noninductive collisional and melting processes and the charge transportation from the convective core all contribute to the charge structure formation in the stratiform region of a squall line.
Single-cell individualized electroporation with real-time impedance monitoring using a microelectrode array chip
Authors: Zhang Zhizhong , Zheng Tianyang , Zhu Rong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe ability to precisely deliver molecules into single cells while maintaining good cell viability is of great importance to applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery as it is an advancement toward the promise of personalized medicine. This paper reports a single-cell individualized electroporation method with real-time impedance monitoring to improve cell perforation efficiency and cell viability using a microelectrode array chip. The microchip contains a plurality of sextupole-electrode units patterned in an array, which are used to perform in situ electroporation and real-time impedance monitoring on single cells. The dynamic recovery processes of single cells under electroporation are tracked in real time via impedance measurement, which provide detailed transient cell states and facilitate understanding the whole recovery process at the level of single cells. We define single-cell impedance indicators to characterize cell perforation efficiency and cell viability, which are used to optimize electroporation. By applying the proposed electroporation method to different cell lines, including human cancer cell lines and normal human cell lines individually, optimum stimuli are determined for these cells, by which high transfection levels of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmid into cells are achieved. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed single-cell individualized electroporation/transfection method and demonstrate promising potential in applications of cell reprogramming, induced pluripotent stem cells, adoptive cell therapy, and intracellular drug delivery technology.
Inkjet printing-based fabrication of microscale 3D ice structures
Authors: Zheng Fengyi , Wang Zhongyan , Huang Jiasheng , Li Zhihong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study proposed a method for fabricating 3D microstructures of ice without a supporting material. The inkjet printing process was performed in a low humidity environment to precisely control the growth direction of the ice crystals. In the printing process, water droplets (volume = hundreds of picoliters) were deposited onto the previously formed ice structure, after which they immediately froze. Different 3D structures (maximum height = 2000 µm) could be formed by controlling the substrate temperature, ejection frequency and droplet size. The growth direction was dependent on the landing point of the droplet on the previously formed ice structure; thus, 3D structures could be created with high degrees of freedom.
The effects of inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by JNJ-42165279 in social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study
Authors: Schmidt Mark E. , Liebowitz Michael R. , Stein Murray B. , Grunfeld Jennifer , Van Hove Ilse , Simmons W. Kyle , Van Der Ark Peter , Palmer James A. , Saad Ziad S. , Pemberton Darrel J. , Van Nueten Luc , Drevets Wayne C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractJNJ-42165279 is a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of fatty acid amides (FAA) including anandamide (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA). We assessed the efficacy, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of treatment with JNJ-42165279 in subjects with social anxiety disorder (SAD). This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomizing subjects to 12 weeks of treatment with either JNJ-42165279 (25 mg daily) or placebo (PBO). The primary endpoint was the change in the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total score from baseline to end of study. Secondary endpoints included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17), and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I). Samples were collected for plasma concentration of AEA, PEA, OEA, and JNJ-42165279. A total of 149 subjects were enrolled with a mean baseline LSAS total score of 102.6 (SD 16.84). The mean change from baseline (SD) in LSAS total score at week 12 was numerically greater for JNJ-42165279: −29.4 (27.47) compared to PBO: −22.4 (23.57) but not significant. The percentage of subjects with ≥30% improvement from baseline in the LSAS total score was significantly higher for JNJ-42165279 (42.4%) compared to PBO (23.6%) (p value = 0.04). The percentage of subjects with a CGI-I score of much or very much improved was also significantly higher for JNJ-42165279 (44.1%) than for PBO (23.6%) (p value = 0.02). The drug was well tolerated. JNJ-42165279 appears to elicit an anxiolytic effect in subjects with SAD although trough concentrations with 25 mg once daily appeared to be insufficient to completely inhibit FAAH activity which may have led to suboptimal efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02432703.
Notch3 contributes to T-cell leukemia growth via regulation of the unfolded protein response
Authors: Giuli Maria Valeria , Diluvio Giulia , Giuliani Eugenia , Franciosa Giulia , Di Magno Laura , Pignataro Maria Gemma , Tottone Luca , Nicoletti Carmine , Besharat Zein Mersini , Peruzzi Giovanna , Pelullo Maria , Palermo Rocco , Canettieri Gianluca , Talora Claudio , d’Amati Giulia , Bellavia Diana , Screpanti Isabella , Checquolo Saula 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive response that tries to restore protein homeostasis after endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Recent studies highlighted the role of UPR in acute leukemias and UPR targeting has been suggested as a therapeutic approach. Aberrant Notch signaling is a common feature of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), as downregulation of Notch activity negatively affects T-ALL cell survival, leading to the employment of Notch inhibitors in T-ALL therapy. Here we demonstrate that Notch3 is able to sustain UPR in T-ALL cells, as Notch3 silencing favored a Bip-dependent IRE1α inactivation under ER stress conditions, leading to increased apoptosis via upregulation of the ER stress cell death mediator CHOP. By using Juglone, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone acting as an anticancer agent, to decrease Notch3 expression and induce ER stress, we observed an increased ER stress-associated apoptosis. Altogether our results suggest that Notch3 inhibition may prevent leukemia cells from engaging a functional UPR needed to compensate the Juglone-mediated ER proteotoxic stress. Notably, in vivo administration of Juglone to human T-ALL xenotransplant models significantly reduced tumor growth, finally fostering the exploitation of Juglone-dependent Notch3 inhibition to perturb the ER stress/UPR signaling in Notch3-dependent T-ALL subsets.