bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Welfare Economics
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA growing body of normative work explores whether and how deference to people’s choices might be reconciled with behavioral findings about human error. This work has strong implications for economic analysis of law, cost–benefit analysis, and regulatory policy. In light of behavioral findings, regulators should adopt a working presumption in favor of respect for people’s self-regarding choices, but only if those choices are adequately informed and sufficiently free from behavioral biases. The working presumption should itself be rebuttable on welfare grounds, with an understanding that the ends that people choose might make their lives go less well. For example, people might die prematurely or suffer from serious illness, and what they receive in return might not (on any plausible account of welfare) be nearly enough. The underlying reason might involve a lack of information or a behavioral bias, identifiable or not, in which case intervention can fit with the working presumption, but the real problem might involve philosophical questions about the proper understanding of welfare, and about what it means for people to have a good life.
Can Finance Be a Virtuous Practice? A MacIntyrean Account
Authors: Rocchi Marta , Ferrero Ignacio , Beadle Ron 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTFinance may suffer from institutional deformations that subordinate its distinctive goods to the pursuit of external goods, but this should encourage attempts to reform the institutionalization of finance rather than to reject its potential for virtuous business activity. This article argues that finance should be regarded as a domain-relative practice (Beabout 2012; MacIntyre 2007). Alongside management, its moral status thereby varies with the purposes it serves. Hence, when practitioners working in finance facilitate projects that create common goods, it allows them to develop virtues. This argument applies MacIntyre’s widely acknowledged account of the relationship between practices and the development of virtues while questioning some of his claims about finance. It also takes issue with extant accounts of particular financial functions that have failed to identify the distinctive goods of financial practice.
Impact of Fundamental Diseases on Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Chen Yiguang , Li Tianhua , Ye Yongyi , Chen Yongjian , Pan Jun 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:In December 2019, a new type of coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared in Wuhan, China. Serious outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have occurred throughout China and the world. Therefore, we intend to shed light on its potential clinical and epidemiological characteristics.Methods:In this retrospective study, we included 50 confirmed fatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 reported on Chinese official media networks from January 16, 2020, to February 5, 2020. All the cases were confirmed by local qualified medical and health institutions. Specific information has been released through official channels. According to the contents of the reports, we recorded in detail the gender, age, first symptom date, death date, primary symptoms, chronic fundamental diseases, and other data of the patients, and carried out analyses and discussion.Results:In total, 50 fatal cases were reported: median age was 70 y old, and males were 2.33 times more likely to die than females. The median number of days from the first symptom to death was 13, and that length of time tended to be shorter among people aged 65 and older compared with those younger than 65 (12 days vs 17 days;P= 0.046). Therefore, the older patients had fewer number of days from the first symptom to death (r = -0.40;P= 0.012).Conclusions:In our study, we found that most of the deaths were elderly men with chronic fundamental diseases, and their COVID-19 progression to death time was shorter. At the same time, we demonstrated that older men are more likely to become infected with COVID-19, and the risk of death is positively correlated with age.
Transition to Virtual Learning During the Coronavirus Disease–2019 Crisis in Iran: Opportunity Or Challenge?
Authors: Ahmady Soleiman , Shahbazi Sara , Heidari Mohammad 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 is a respiratory disease that can spread from one person to person. This virus is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China. Iran’s novel coronavirus cases reached 17,361 on 17 March, while death toll reached approximately 1,135. Its first death was officially announced on 20 February 2020 in Qom. The 2019 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems around the world, Also in Iran, and led to the closure of face to face courses in schools and universities. Therefore, virtual education can be seen as a turning point in education of these days in Iran.
Occurrence of the hurdiid radiodontCambrorasterin the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan) Mantou Formation of North China
Authors: Sun Zhixin , Zeng Han , Zhao Fangchen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe hurdiid radiodontCambrorasteris characterized by a prominent horseshoe-shaped head carapace, which bears conspicuous posterolateral spinous processes and covers half of the body length, and a pair of frontal appendages possessing rake-like endites. Here we report the discovery of characteristic central and lateral elements as well as a possible appendage endite forCambrorasterfrom the Cambrian Wuliuan Mantou Formation of North China. This discovery suggests thatCambrorasterhad dispersed over a wide biogeographic range and expands the geographic range of Hurdiidae. The increasing discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in the Upper Shale Member of the Mantou Formation indicate that this horizon is a promising Burgess Shale–type Lagerstätte.
The Italian Adaptation of the Romantic Competence Interview: A Preliminary Test of Psychometrics Properties
Authors: Cuccì Gaia , Davila Joanne , Olivari Maria Giulia , Confalonieri Emanuela 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The study examines the preliminary psychometric properties of the Romantic Competence Interview — Italian version (RCI-Iv) for adolescents, a semistructured interview assessing romantic competence adolescents. Participants were 116 Italian adolescents (Mage = 17.61 years) who were administered the RCI-Iv and a survey investigating self-perception, emotion regulation strategies, sexual behaviours, and perceptions of relationship quality. Results showed that the RCI-Iv could be coded reliably. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the one-factor structure and RCI-Iv domains were highly correlated with each other, supporting construct validity. There was evidence of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. The study highlights the importance of continuing to study romantic competence in adolescence.
INVESTIGATION OF A FLOWSTONE-LIKE HISTORICAL INDOOR-TRAVERTINE (RUDAS SPA, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY) USING THE14C “BOMB-PEAK”
Authors: Virág Magdolna , Molnár Mihály , Braun Mihály , Mindszenty Andrea 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTTravertine precipitated during the past ca. 120 years, from thermal waters in one of the historical Spas of the Buda Thermal Karst (Hungary) was investigated using radiocarbon (14C). The age of the deposit is based on the historic date of the structure on which the travertine was deposited. A textural study of the travertine buildup using a ~22-cm-long diamond-core crosscutting was undertaken. The original aim of the study was to improve our understanding of the controls and possibly also the rate of travertine-precipitation. In addition to characteristic, mm-scale, regular laminations, 0.5–1.0 cm dark-colored intervals were also observed in the core. Correlation of these latter textural changes with well-known changes in the water management of the Spa was greatly hindered by the lack of age data from the interior of the core. Therefore, in addition to the two known points (beginning in 1883 AD and ending 2004 AD) at least one age-datum point, somewhere inbetween, was necessary. Since the timespan of the core obviously included the 1960s of the last century, we expected that the14C anomaly related to the atmospheric nuclear tests of those years could be detected by isotope-geochemistry. This paper gives a brief overview of the textural features of the investigated travertine and presents the dataset proving the incorporation of considerable amounts of atmospheric carbon in the carbonate precipitate, which, indeed, facilitated the indirect dating of the part of the core containing “bomb”14C, and this helped us to unfold the factors controlling the observed textural changes of the travertine.
Religion in Vichy France: How Meso-Level Actors Contribute to Authoritarian Legitimation
Authors: Luft Aliza 
Published: May 2020

AbstractResearch on authoritarian legitimation suggests that rulers seek support through ideological, personalistic, performance-based, and procedural strategies. Typically, however, this work only considers the dynamics of legitimation between rulers and civilians. In contrast, this paper suggests that meso-level actors play a critical role in shaping legitimation from both above and below. Through an historical analysis of the French episcopate’s support for the Vichy regime from 1940 to 1942, I identify four practices that bolstered Vichy’s attempts to accrue legitimacy and simultaneously identify the consequences of these practices for the Church’s relationship with Jews. Public endorsements by the religious authorities for Marshal Pétain, their cooperation with the Vichy administration, the expression of shared values, and common rhetoric all contributed to the regime’s legitimation process while leading to a concomitant decline in the hierarchy’s ties to the rabbinate. These results suggest that attention to meso-level actors brings into relief important dynamics about how legitimation processes unfold in authoritarian settings while simultaneously contributing to research on the Holocaust in France.
Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with becoming overweight and obese: an 11-year longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Cao Ya-Jing , Wang Hui-Jun , Zhang Bing , Qi Su-Fen , Mi Ying-Jun , Pan Xing-Bing , Wang Chao , Tian Qing-Bao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe effects of macronutrient intake on obesity are controversial. This research aims to investigate the associations between macronutrient intake and new-onset overweight/obesity. The relationship between the consumption of carbohydrate and total fat and obesity was assessed by the multivariable Cox model in this 11-year cohort, which included 6612 adults (3291 men and 3321 women) who were free of overweight and obesity at baseline. The dietary intake was recorded using a 24-h recall method for three consecutive days. Moreover, substitution models were developed to distinguish the effects of macronutrient composition alteration from energy intake modification. During 7·5 person years (interquartile range 4·3, 10·8) of follow-up, 1807 participants became overweight or obese. After adjusting for risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) of overweight/obesity in extreme quintiles of fat was 1·48 (quintile 5 v. quintile 1, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·89; Ptrend = 0·02) in women. Additionally, replacing 5 % of energy from carbohydrate with equivalent energy from fat was associated with an estimated 4·3 % (HR 1·043, 95 % CI 1·007, 1·081) increase in overweight/obesity in women. Moreover, dietary carbohydrate was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (quintile 5 v. quintile 1, HR 0·70, 95 % CI 0·55, 0·89; Ptrend = 0·02) in women. Total fat was related to a higher risk of overweight/obesity, whereas high carbohydrate intake was related to a lower risk of overweight/obesity in women, which was not observed in men.
Long-term iodine nutrition is associated with longevity in older adults: a 20 years’ follow-up of the Randers–Skagen study
Authors: Riis Johannes , Pedersen Klaus M. , Danielsen Mathias B. , Sørensen Gustav V. B. , Jørgensen Martin G. , Andersen Stine L. , Carlé Allan , Pedersen Inge B. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Andersen Stig 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIodine intake affects the occurrence of thyroid disorders. However, the association of iodine intake with longevity remains to be described. This led us to perform a 20 years’ follow-up on participants from the Randers–Skagen (RaSk) study. Residents in Randers born in 1920 (n 210) and Skagen born in 1918–1923 (n 218) were included in a clinical study in 1997–1998. Mean iodine content in drinking water was 2 µg/l in Randers and 139 µg/l in Skagen. We collected baseline data through questionnaires, performed physical examinations and measured iodine concentrations in spot urine samples. Income data were retrieved from Danish registries. We performed follow-up on mortality until 31 December 2017 using Danish registries. Complete follow-up data were available on 428 out of 430 of participants (99·5 %). At baseline, the median urinary iodine concentration was 55 µg/l in Randers and 160 µg/l in Skagen residents. Participants were long-term residents with 72·8 and 92·7 % residing for more than 25 years in Randers and Skagen, respectively. Cox regression showed that living in Skagen compared with Randers was associated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) of death in both age- and sex-adjusted analyses (HR 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87, P = 0·006), but also after adjustment for age, sex, number of drugs, Charlson co-morbidity index, smoking, alcohol and income (HR 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87, P = 0·008). Residing in iodine-replete Skagen was associated with increased longevity. This indicates that long-term residency in an iodine-replete environment may be associated with increased longevity compared with residency in an iodine-deficient environment.
SOME THOUGHTS ON THEODECTAS’MAVSOLVS
Authors: Sims Thomas 
Published: May 2020

TheSudatells us the following about the elder Theodectas, the Phaselian orator and tragedian:Θεοδέκτης, Ἀριστάνδρου, Φασηλίτης ἐκ Λυκίας, ῥήτωρ, τραπεὶς δὲ ἐπὶ τραγῳδίας, μαθητὴς Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἰσοκράτους καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Ἐρυθραῖος Ναυκράτης καὶ Ἰσοκράτης ὁ ῥήτωρ, ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης, καὶ Θεόπομπος, ἐπὶ τῆς ρϛ́ ὀλυμπιάδος εἶπον ἐπιτάφιον ἐπὶ Μαυσώλῳ, Ἀρτεμισίας τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ προτρεψαμένης. καὶ ἐνίκησε μάλιστα εὐδοκιμήσας ἐν ᾗ εἶπε τραγῳδίᾳ. ἄλλοι δέ φασι Θεόπομπον ἔχειν τὰ πρωτεῖα. δράματα δὲ ἐδίδαξε ν́. τελευτᾷ δὲ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἐτῶν ἑνὸς καὶ μ́, ἔτι τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ περιόντος. ἔγραψε δὲ καὶ τέχνην ῥητορικὴν ἐν μέτρωι, καὶ ἄλλα τινα καταλογάδην.Theodectas, son of Aristander, from Phaselis in Lycia, an orator, then he turned to tragedy, a pupil of Plato, Isocrates and Aristotle. This man [that is, Theodectas] and Naucrates from Erythrae and Isocrates the orator from Apollonia and Theopompus, in the 106th Olympiad [356/5–353/2b.c.], gave funeral speeches for Mausolus, at the instigation of his widow Artemisia. And [Theodectas] won, gaining great honour in the tragedy which he spoke. Others, however, say that Theopompus won first prize. He [that is, Theodectas] produced fifty plays. He died in Athens at the age of 41, being survived by his father. He also wrote anArt of Rhetoricin verse, and some other works in prose.
Entire solutions of a variation of the eikonal equation and related PDEs
Authors: Lü Feng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is twofold. The first aim is to describe the entire solutions of the partial differential equation (PDE) $u_{z_1}^2+2Bu_{z_1}u_{z_2}+u_{z_2}^2=e^g$, where B is a constant and g is a polynomial or an entire function in $\mathbb {C}^2$. The second aim is to consider the entire solutions of another PDE, which is a generalization of the well-known PDE of tubular surfaces.
COMPETITIVE IMPERIALISM IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: KALMAN JULIE 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHistorians of empire are well aware of the importance of finding moments and spaces of connectedness between empires. The question of how to do so meaningfully remains open. This article brings to light a significant moment of imperial connectedness, through imperial contest. It tells the story of the humiliating expulsion of the British consul John Falcon from the strategic Mediterranean port of Algiers, during the Napoleonic wars. Both France and Britain sought to establish an informal imperial presence in the regency of Algiers, for access to the grain that both needed – France for its southern regions and armies, and Britain for the supply of its Mediterranean base in Gibraltar. The consuls of both powers were obliged to deal with a Jewish trading house that acted as middleman, both in trade and in diplomatic relations in the regency: the House of Bacri and Busnach. As the two powers competed, and sought to shut one another out, they attributed failures and frustrations to this trading house. Through French and British perceptions of Falcon's expulsion, and both powers’ understanding of the role of the trading house in events, this article offers a picture of imperial connection, bringing together middlemen, diplomacy, and international relations.
Bankrupt: Financial Life in Late Mandate Palestine
Authors: Mitter Sreemati 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the late 1930s, the first independent Arab banks in Palestine, the Arab Bank and the Arab Agricultural Bank, sued customers who had defaulted on loans in an attempt to maintain solvency. Their indebted customers, unable to pay, fought back to prevent their lands from being foreclosed and sold to Zionist buyers. Each party claimed that its position was consistent with, indeed essential to, the anti-Zionist nationalist cause. The story of these pioneering Arab banks and their legal battles with their customers in the wake of the 1936-1939 revolt provides insight into Arab financial life in Mandate Palestine. It reveals the banks’ struggles to survive; complicates notions of Arab-Palestinian landlessness and indebtedness; and argues that political and economic exigencies, not reductive notions of collaboration or patriotism, produced the banks’ antagonistic relationship with their customers, whereby the survival of one came at the expense of the other.
Rebel Groups, International Humanitarian Law, and Civil War Outcomes in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Stanton Jessica A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDo rebel group violations of international humanitarian law during civil war—in particular, attacks on noncombatant civilians—affect conflict outcomes? I argue that in the post-Cold War era, rebel groups that donottarget civilians have used the framework of international humanitarian law to appeal for diplomatic support from Western governments and intergovernmental organizations. However, rebel group appeals for international diplomatic support are most likely to be effective when the rebel group can contrast its own restraint toward civilians with the government's abuses. Rebel groups that donottarget civilians in the face of government abuses, therefore, are likely to be able to translate increased international diplomatic support into more favorable conflict outcomes. Using original cross-national data on rebel group violence against civilians in all civil wars from 1989 to 2010, I show that rebel groups that exercise restraint toward civilians in the face of government violence are more likely to secure favorable conflict outcomes. I also probe the causal mechanism linking rebel group behavior to conflict outcomes, showing that when a rebel group exercises restraint toward civilians and the government commits atrocities, Western governments and intergovernmental organizations are more likely to take coercive diplomatic action against the government. The evidence shows that rebel groups can translate this increased diplomatic support into favorable political outcomes.
Trans-Imperial Anarchism: Cooperatist communalist theory and practice in imperial Japan
Authors: KRAMM ROBERT 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article investigates anarchist theory and practice in 1920s and 1930s imperial Japan. It deliberately focuses on concepts and interventions by a rather unknown group—the Nōson Seinen Sha—to highlight a global consciousness even among those anarchists in imperial Japan who did not become famous for their cosmopolitan adventures. Their trans-imperial anarchism emerged from a modern critique of the present and engagement with cooperatist communalist ideas and experiences in Asia, Russia, and Western Europe. Anarchists theorized and implemented new forms of living that challenged the forces of capitalism, imperialism, and increasing militarism. In doing so, they simultaneously positioned themselves against established conservative and fascist agrarianism as well as Marxist dogmatism in the socialist movement. Despite their repression by the imperial state, they offered a radical, universalist, yet pragmatic way of being in autarkic farming village communes that corresponded with similar ideas and movements worldwide.
Improved Motion Planning of Humanoid Robots Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization
Authors: Muni Manoj Kumar , Parhi Dayal R. , Kumar Priyadarshi Biplab 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYThis paper emphasizes on Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm for effective and efficient navigation of humanoid NAO, which uses the foraging quality of bacteria Escherichia coli for getting shortest path between two locations in minimum time. The Gaussian cost function assigned to both attractant and repellent profile of bacterium performs a major role in obtaining the best path between any two locations. Mathematical formulations have been performed to design the control architecture for humanoid navigation using the proposed methodology. The developed approach has been tested in a simulation platform, and the simulation results have been validated in an experimental platform. Here, motion planning for both single and multiple humanoid robots on a common platform has been performed by integrating a petri-net architecture for multiple humanoid navigation. Finally, the results obtained from both the platforms are compared in terms of suitable navigational parameters, and proper agreements have been observed with minimal amount of error limits.
Geospatial and hot spot analysis of paediatric tuberculosis infection in Bohol, Philippines
Authors: Leining L. M. , Gatchalian S. R. , Gunter S. M. , Castillo-Carandang N. T. , Mandalakas A. M. , Cruz A. T. , McCormick J. B. , Murray K. O. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in children is a critical public health issue. In Bohol, Philippines, we found a high tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive prevalence (weighted prevalence = 6.4%) among 5476 children (<15 years) from 184 villages, with geographically isolated communities having prevalence as high as 29%. Therefore, we conducted a geospatial and hot spot analysis to examine the association between villages with high TST-positive prevalence (⩾6.5%) and access to medical care (distance (in kilometres and minutes of travel time) to the municipal Rural Health Units (RHU)), access to healthcare resources (distance to Provincial Health Office (PHO)) and socioeconomic determinants of health. Hot spot analysis revealed significant clusters of TST-positive prevalence in villages farthest from the PHO. Based on univariate analysis, the following variables associated with high prevalence were included in the multivariate model: minutes of travel time to the PHO, distance to the PHO, island villages and total deprivation based on socioeconomic indicators. In the final model, only distance to PHO in minutes was significant (P = 0.005). When evaluated further, greater than 1-hour drive significantly increased risk for TST-positivity (P = 0.003). Distance to healthcare resources likely increases the risk of TB transmission within the community. Expanding TB control efforts to geographically isolated areas is critical.