bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Classical Mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book was written by the working physicists for students and teachers of physics faculties of universities. Its contents correspond roughly to the corresponding course in the textbooks Mechanics by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (1976) and Classical Mechanics by H. Goldstein, Ch. Poole, and J. Safko (2000). As a rule, the given solution of a problem is not finished with obtaining the required formulae. It is necessary to analyse the results, and this is of great interest and by no means a mechanical part of the solution. The authors consider classical mechanics as the first chapter of theoretical physics; the methods and ideas developed in this chapter are literally important for all other sections of theoretical physics. Thus, the authors have indicated wherever this does not require additional amplification, the analogy or points of contact with the problems in quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, or statistical mechanics. The first English edition of this book was published by Pergamon Press in 1971 with the invaluable help by the translation editor D. ter Haar. This second English publication is based on the fourth Russian edition of 2010 as well as the problems added in the publications in Spanish and French. As a result, this book contains 357 problems instead of the 289 problems that appeared in the first English edition.
Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
‘Will you write in my album?’ Many Romantic poets were asked this question by women who collected contributions in their manuscript books. Those who obliged included Byron, Scott, Wordsworth, and Lamb, but also Felicia Hemans, Amelia Opie, and Sara Coleridge. Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture presents the first critical and cultural history of this forgotten phenomenon. It asks a series of questions. Where did 1820s ‘albo-mania’ come from, and why was it satirized as a women’s ‘mania’? What was the relation between visitors’ books associated with great institutions and country houses, personal albums belonging to individuals, and the poetry written in both? What caused albums’ re-gendering from earlier friendship books kept by male students and gentlemen on the Grand Tour to a ‘feminized’ practice identified mainly with young women? When albums were central to women’s culture, why were so many published album poems by men? How did amateur and professional poets engage differently with albums? What does album culture’s privileging of ‘original poetry’ have to say about attitudes towards creativity, poetic practice, and the print marketplace? Album Verses recovers a distinctive subgenre of occasional poetry composed to be read in manuscript, with its own characteristic formal features, conventions, themes, and cultural significance. Unique albums examined include that kept at the Grande Chartreuse, those owned by Regency socialite Lady Sarah Jersey, and those kept by the Lake poets’ daughters. Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture shows that album poetry reflects changing attitudes to identity, gender, class, politics, poetry, family dynamics, and social relations between 1780 and 1850.
The Documentary Imagination in Twentieth-Century French Literature
Authors: James Alison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book studies the documentary impulse that plays a central role in twentieth-century French literature. Focusing on nonfiction narratives, it analyzes the use of documents—pieces of textual or visual evidence incorporated into the literary work to relay and interrogate reality. It traces the emergence of an enduring concern with factual reference in texts that engage with current events or the historical archive. Writers idealize the document as a fragment of raw reality, but also reveal its constructed and mediated nature and integrate it as a voice within a larger composition. This ambivalent documentary imagination, present in works by Gide, Breton, Aragon, Yourcenar, Duras, and Modiano (among others), shapes the relationship of literature to visual media, testimonial discourses, and self-representation. Far from turning away from realism in the twentieth century, French literature often turns to the document as a site of both modernist experiment and engagement with the world.
Introduction
Authors: James Alison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introduction challenges prevalent accounts that see French literature turning away from realist concerns in the twentieth century. While the realist and naturalist novels of the nineteenth century give an increasingly central place to documentary materials, they integrate these documents into autonomous fictional worlds. Both continuing and breaking with this tradition, many twentieth-century writers make the document into the nexus of their experiments in nonfiction form. Also shaped by developments in photography and cinema, literature reflects on the referential status of images versus text, as well as questioning the ontological status of facts. The twentieth century sees the emergence in French literature of a documentary imagination that simultaneously idealizes documents as fragments of reality that speak for themselves (the “speaking fact”) and reveals their mediated and constructed nature (facts must be spoken).
Diffraction in the Static Approximation
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The basic principles of crystallography are reviewed, including the lattice, basis and reciprocal lattice. The Bragg diffraction law and Laue equation, which describe coherent scattering from a crystalline material, are derived, and the structure factor and differential cross-section are obtained in the static approximation. It is explained how the presence of defects, short-range order, and reduced dimensionality causes diffuse scattering. For non-crystalline materials, such as liquids and glasses, the pair distribution function and density-density correlation function are introduced, and their relation to the static structure factor established. For molecular fluids, the form factor is defined and calculated for a diatomic molecule, and the separation of intra- and inter-molecular scattering is discussed. The principles of small-angle neutron scattering are described.
Magnetic Excitations
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the neutron inelastic scattering spectrum is calculated for a variety of magnetic systems. A number of isolated magnetic systems are considered, including single-ion crystal field and intermultiplet excitations, and magnetic clusters. Linear spin-wave theory, a method for calculating the collective spin dynamics in magnetically ordered systems, is outlined and applied to ferromagnets and antiferromagnets both with and without anisptropy. The Random Phase Approximation (RPA) method for the generalized susceptibility is presented and applied to calculate the spectrum of crystal field excitons in praseodymium. The nature of the spin excitations in itinerant magnets is described, and the generalized susceptibility is calculated in the RPA for itinerant electrons with echange correlations. General features of the spin dynamical response in quantum magnets are described, and illustrated by the magnetic spectra of quantum spin chains.
Cryptographic Primitives
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a very detailed introduction to cryptography. It first explains the cryptographic basics and introduces the concept of public-key encryption which is based on one-way and trapdoor functions, considering the three major public-key encryption families like integer factorization, discrete logarithm and elliptic curve schemes. This is followed by an introduction to hash functions which are applied to construct Merkle trees and digital signature schemes. As modern cryptoschemes are commonly based on elliptic curves, the chapter then introduces elliptic curve cryptography which is based on the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP). It considers the hardness of the ECDLP and the possible attacks against it, showing how to find suitable domain parameters to construct cryptographically strong elliptic curves. This is followed by the discussion of elliptic curve domain parameters which are recommended by current standards. Finally, it introduces the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), the elliptic curve digital signature scheme.
Michael Young, Social Science, and the British Left, 1945-1970
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the mid-twentieth century the social sciences significantly expanded, and played a major role in shaping British intellectual, political, and cultural life. Central to this shift was the left-wing policy maker and sociologist Michael Young. In the 1940s Young was a key architect of the Labour Party’s 1945 election manifesto, Let Us Face the Future. He became a sociologist in the 1950s, publishing a classic study of the London working class, Family and Kinship in East London, with Peter Willmott in 1957, and the 1958 dystopian satire, The Rise of the Meritocracy, about a future society in which status was determined entirely by intelligence. Young also founded dozens of organizations, including the Institute of Community Studies, the Consumers’ Association, and the Open University. Moving between politics, academia, and activism, Young believed that the social sciences could help policy makers and politicians understand human nature and build better social and political institutions. This book examines the relationship between social science and public policy in left-wing politics between the end of the Second World War and the end of the first Wilson government through the figure of Michael Young. It shows how Young and other researchers and policy makers challenged Labour values like full employment and nationalization, and argued that the Labour Party should put more emphasis on relationships, family, and community. Showing that the social sciences were embedded in the politics of the post-war left, this book argues that historians and scholars should take their role in British politics and political thought seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines Michael Young’s biography and numerous contributions to British politics, social science, and social activism. It explains how historians have frequently used the concept of an ‘ethical socialist’ tradition to describe aspects of British progressive politics concerned with fellowship, community, and quality of life, and argues that in the period after the Second World War this ethical tradition was expressed through the social sciences. While Young’s ideas have received attention from political historians and policy makers, the introduction argues that they have not been properly understood in the context of mid-twentieth-century social science. Discussing a recent movement amongst historians of modern Britain to critically re-examine social scientific understandings of twentieth-century British society, I argue that scholars should treat the social sciences as an important influence on the history of the British left.
The Institute of Community Studies, 1953–1958
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the Institute of Community Studies, the Bethnal Green-based social research organization where Young and his colleague Peter Willmott published probably their best-known work, the 1957 Family and Kinship in East London. This and other Institute of Community Studies publications, such as Peter Townsend’s The Family Life of Old People, suggested that the family and extended family were crucial sources of mutual aid and social support for working-class communities, and that this aspect of working-class life had been overlooked by middle-class policy makers and urban planners who thought in terms of a more isolated and conventionally middle-class ‘nuclear’ family of parents and young children. This chapter shows that while Young and his colleagues did detect strong kinship networks in the communities they studied, their emphasis on the extended family was informed by a variety of contemporary developments in anthropology, psychology, and sociology, and by a political project to challenge the Labour Party’s emphasis on male labour and suggest that the extended family could provide an alternative to the workplace as a site of social solidarity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of women in Young’s dystopian satire The Rise of the Meritocracy, which argues that Young idealized women, and the relationships between them, for being less defined by work and professional status.
Debauched, Desperate, Deranged
Authors: Conley Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Contemporary studies have concluded that women are far less likely to kill than men and that when women do kill, they do so within the family. This book examines the evolution of this pattern in homicide trials in London from the late seventeenth century until just before the First World War. Obviously, the number of prosecutions for homicide is not the same as the number of homicides committed. Which deaths were considered homicides and in what circumstances women were culpable illustrate profound changes in the prevailing assumptions about women. The outcomes of trials and the portrayals of these women in the press illuminate changes in perceptions of women’s status and their physical and mental limitations. This book breaks new ground in that the existing studies of gender and homicide have been narrowly focused chronologically. Though the scholarship for the early modern period is rich, the divide between early modern and modern is rarely crossed. A longer time frame makes it possible to discern which trends are brief anomalies and which represent significant change or continuity. Rather than a simple matter of patriarchal control, gender expectations fluctuated widely over time. Early modern women who killed were wicked, eighteenth-century female killers had succumbed to passion, nineteenth-century women were vulnerable to external threats to their roles as wives and mothers, while early twentieth-century women were most often seen as victims of their own biological shortcomings.
1874–1913: Incapable of Forming a Sound Judgement
Authors: Conley Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
By the late nineteenth century, women were often assumed to be biologically incapable of making a rational, independent decision to kill. The women who were executed had all killed children other than their own. Children were the only victims considered more vulnerable than women themselves. Neonaticide was less common, but the courts were prosecuting abortions more often and several abortionists were prosecuted for murder when clients died from complications. Women who killed men who had jilted them or women whom they viewed as romantic rivals were viewed sympathetically as they were assumed to be the victims of manipulation by men. Women’s crimes were often attributed to mental weaknesses associated with the onset of menses, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. The change in perceptions of women’s autonomy and rationality, however condescending, meant that women accused of homicide were treated more leniently than ever before.
Patriotism by Proxy
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Patriotism by Proxy develops a new understanding of the connections between American literature and American lives by focusing on a historic moment when the military transformed both. At the height of the Civil War in 1863, the Union instated the first-ever federal draft. Paired with the Emancipation Proclamation, the draft inaugurated new relationships between the nation and its citizens. A massive bureaucratic undertaking, the draft redefined the American people as a population. Equitable as the system was in theory, the draft laid bare social divisions, as wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve in their stead. A unique feature of the Civil War draft, substitutes reflect the transformation of how the state governed American life: the draft is the context in which American politics met and also transformed into a new kind of biopolitics. Replicating the core assumption of representative democracy that enables one person to stand in as a political proxy for another, the substitute took the place of the draftee and stood in uneasy relationship to the volunteer. Censorship and the suspension of habeas corpus prohibited free discussions over the draft’s significance, making literary devices and genres the primary means for deliberating over the changing meanings of political representation and citizenship. Assembling an extensive textual and visual archive, Patriotism by Proxy examines the draft as a cultural formation that operated at the nexus of political abstraction and embodied specificity, where the definition of national subjectivity was negotiated in the interstices of what it means to be a citizen-soldier.
Introduction
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introduction provides a critical framework for re-evaluating a tacit assumption in the field of American literary scholarship, namely that its objects of study are civilian. While scholars have examined how texts negotiate the relationship between subjects and citizens, such considerations have overwhelmingly overlooked the importance of the military for shaping both. The Civil War draft transformed the content of citizenship for Americans, and embedded the military in the structures of representative democracy. Because the draft drew on yet unsettled norms of representation established as far back as the Constitutional Convention, a vast outpouring of texts not only thematized the draft but made textual representation itself a crucial domain for thinking through the draft’s promises of metaphoric equality and pitfalls of synecdochical rendering. Identifying substitutes as a particularly important subset of the draft, this book traces a cultural history of the connections between the symbolic nation and its body politics.
Public Reading and the Civil War Draft Lottery
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Establishing a methodology for the book as a whole, this first chapter argues that the draft connected the abstractly political and concretely biopolitical via acts of public reading that occurred at the site of the draft lottery, when names were drawn that were then further disseminated in print. A popular literary trope, reading the names generated a citizenry that could be individuated (to the level of the subject) and function as a collective (generate populations), with the draft operating as an important hinge between these two scales of biopower. The draft lottery and its depictions in images and poetry, including Herman Melville’s, formed an assemblage that connected embodied with imagined communities and linked American lives to national ideology. Wartime print periodicals did not merely report on but actively participated in practices of public reading that drew on a range of gestures to facilitate military subject formations.
“We Are Coming, Father Abraham”
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces changing attitudes towards the draft, and examines the oppositional power parody took on under governmental regulations of speech (when it became treasonous to criticize the draft) and of bodies (when the Lincoln administration suspended the writ of habeas corpus). This chapter pairs the deliberations over the draft that occur in historical archives, specifically in newspaper editorials and personal letters, with the poetry and prose repertoires that express the voices those archives silence. Tracking the relationship between voluntary enlistment, conscription, and substitution as these ramify at the level of trope (metaphor/metonymy/synecdoche), the chapter analyzes how deliberations over draft substitution engaged and fundamentally reshaped the politics of representation established in the Constitutional Convention and developed in Walt Whitman’s antebellum celebrations of democratic equivalences. The draft’s provisions for physical substitution undercut and reshaped familiar structures of political representation, as Abraham Lincoln’s hiring of a “representative recruit” makes clear.
Conclusion
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As soldiers returned from the battlefield with horrific injuries, the cultural formation of citizen-soldiers came to orient itself around the disability of veterans whose “impaired state” (in Henry James’s evocative phrase) called forth new relations of physical substitution around an ethics of care, but also became the site for the cultural reconstruction of the state. Claiming the injured veteran as a figure of whiteness, racialized biopower reoriented itself around the abandonment of metaphoric equality and came to embrace metonymic suture as the fraught conjunction of reconstructed bodies and the reconstructed nation. Drawing on categories of exemption inaugurated by the draft, the injured veteran was able to offer a unifying figure for all whites to claim a privileged relation to the nation.
Article 7 TEU: From ‘Nuclear Option’ to ‘Sisyphean Procedure’?
Authors: Pech Laurent 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In December 2017, the EU’s Art 7 TEU, often informally but mistakenly referred to as the EU’s ‘nuclear option’, was activated for the very first time by the European Commission in respect of Poland. A few months later, the same provision was activated by the European Parliament in respect of Hungary. In both instances, the Council was asked to determine, in accordance with Art 7(1) TEU, whether Polish and Hungarian authorities were at risk of breaching the EU’s foundational values. This contribution offers a critical assessment of the practical workings of the Art 7(1) procedure, which, not unlike Art 50 TEU, few thought would ever be activated. The underlying thread of this contribution is Professor Sadurski’s seminal contribution ‘Adding a Bite to a Bark’ in which he offered the first comprehensive account of the genesis and assessment of Art 7 TEU.
RCTs in Development Economics, Their Critics and Their Evolution
Authors: Ogden Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The use of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) in development economics has attracted a consistent drumbeat of criticism, but relatively little response from so-called randomistas (other than a steadily increasing number of practitioners and papers). This chapter systematizes the critiques and discusses the difficulty in responding directly to them. Following this the chapter applies prominent RCT critic Lant Pritchett’s PDIA framework to illustrate how the RCT movement has been responsive to the critiques if not to the critics through a steady evolution of practice. Finally, the chapter assesses the current state of the RCT movement in terms of impact and productivity.