bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of manual and femtosecond astigmatic keratotomy in the treatment of postkeratoplasty astigmatism
Authors: Sorkin Nir , Mimouni Michael , Santaella Gisella , Kreimei Mohammad , Trinh Tanya , Yang Yelin , Saeed Danyal , Cohen Eyal , Rootman David S. , Chan Clara C. , Slomovic Allan R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo compare the outcomes of femtosecond astigmatic keratotomy (FSAK) and manual astigmatic keratotomy (AK) in treatment of postkeratoplasty astigmatism.MethodsA retrospective, comparative, pairwise‐matched case series including 150 patients who underwent either FSAK (n = 75) or manual AK (n = 75) for the treatment of astigmatism (>3.00 D) following penetrating keratoplasty or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. Pairwise matching for baseline variables (age, visual acuity and astigmatism) was performed.ResultsMean age was 57.5 ± 16.0 years. The FSAK group had significantly better postoperative best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (p = 0.010), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (p = 0.049), corneal astigmatism (p = 0.020) and manifest astigmatism (p < 0.001) compared with the manual AK group. Gain of ≥3 lines in BCVA (logMAR) was seen in five eyes (6.7%) and 21 eyes (28.0%) in manual AK and FSAK, respectively (p = 0.005). Alpins vector analysis showed lower (closer to 0) index of success (0.50 ± 0.24 and 0.79 ± 0.48, p < 0.001) and higher (closer to 1) correction index (0.94 ± 0.45 and 0.74 ± 0.55, p = 0.020) in FSAK compared with manual AK. Corneal and manifest astigmatism improved significantly in both groups, while BCVA and UCVA improved significantly in FSAK only.Repeat AK rate was 32% (24 eyes) in manual AK and 4% (three eyes) in FSAK (p < 0.001). Overcorrection‐related re‐suturing rate was 0% in manual AK and 8% (six eyes) in FSAK (p = 0.037). There was one microperforation (1.3%) in FSAK, and there were no occurrences of graft dehiscence, infectious keratitis or graft rejection.ConclusionsBoth manual AK and FSAK were safe and effective in reducing postkeratoplasty astigmatism. FSAK had superior visual and keratometric outcomes compared with manual AK.
The digital transformation of work: A relational view
Authors: Rodriguez‐Lluesma Carlos , García‐Ruiz Pablo , Pinto‐Garay Javier 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConversation about the current and potential effects of digital technologies on the nature of work is raging within scholarly and practitioner communities. Artificial intelligence, robotics, data analytics, digital platforms, and automation, among other technologies, are prompting a swift and profound transformation of work. Building on Pierpaolo Donati's relational sociology, we examine the changes these technologies are likely to bring about in work as a human relation. Despite the very real threats of unemployment, job insecurity, precariousness, and surveillance, technology may also encourage the emergence of a work culture that shifts the scales toward a relational realm rather than a transactional one. To this end, we argue that work should be understood as a social relation with four dimensions: exchange value, intrinsic extra‐economic purpose, communication for reciprocal services, and correspondence with primary human needs according to use values. Understanding the digital transformation of work from this point of view requires comprehending the differentiation and integration of these four dimensions.
Asking the teachers: A Delphi study on the selection of skills and behaviours for an assessment of barriers to learning for pupils on the autism spectrum with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Howell Melanie , Bradshaw Jill , Langdon Peter E. 
Published: October 2020

Accessible summary

Barriers make it hard for pupils to learn. We wanted to assess barriers to learning. We made an assessment called the Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education‐Autism (ABLE‐Autism).

We asked teachers to tell us about the barriers to learning. They told us about lots of barriers. We wanted to include the most important barriers.

We used the Delphi method with teachers. The Delphi method helps people to agree what is important.

Teachers told us about the most important barriers to learning. We included the most important barriers to learning in our assessment.

AbstractBackgroundThis study outlines how a modified Delphi procedure was used with special educational needs teachers to select skills and behaviours for inclusion in the Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education‐Autism (ABLE‐Autism). The ABLE‐Autism is a new teacher assessment to show progress in barriers to learning for pupils on the autism spectrum with coexisting intellectual disabilities in special schools. The research aim was to select items for inclusion in the assessment based on teacher ratings of relevance, comprehensibility and comprehensiveness.MethodFollowing a review of the literature and teacher focus groups, a list of 86 items was developed and a modified two‐round Delphi exercise was conducted with special needs teachers. Items were selected for inclusion if at least 80% of teachers agreed that the item was (a) able to be understood, (b) important to assess and (c) the median score associated with whether the item was able to be understood and important to assess was 1 (the highest score possible).ResultsIn the first round, 56 items met the criteria for inclusion and were retained. Thirty items were amended, and, after three items were amalgamated with other items, 27 amended items were included in the second round. After the second round, 14 additional items met the threshold to be included in the final assessment.ConclusionsAfter both rounds, 70 items were endorsed by teachers and included in the ABLE‐Autism. The input of special needs teachers provided initial face and content validity for the new outcome measure.
Different responses of repetitive behaviours in juvenile and young adult mice to Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol may affect decision making for Tourette syndrome
Authors: Gorberg Victoria , McCaffery Peter , Anavi‐Goffer Sharon 
Published: October 2020

Background and PurposeMedicinal cannabis is in increasing use by patients with Tourette syndrome, a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the general population and has a childhood onset. However, the pharmacological effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have not been systematically screened or compared between juvenile and young adult rodents in a model of Tourette syndrome.Experimental ApproachThe administration of 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine (DOI) increases head twitch response (HTR) and ear scratch response (ESR) and has been proposed as an animal model useful to respectively study motor tics and premonitory urges associated with tic disorders.Key ResultsComparing the potency of Δ9‐THC to inhibit DOI‐induced repetitive behaviours, the rank order was ESR > grooming > HTR versus ESR = grooming > HTR in young adult versus juvenile mice. Δ9‐THC (5 mg·kg−1) induced severe adverse effects in the form of cataleptic behaviour in control mice and significantly increased ESR in juveniles. The pharmacological effects of CBD have not been studied in models of Tourette syndrome. In juveniles, CBD had no effect on DOI‐induced ESR and grooming behaviours. CBD alone induced side effects, significantly increasing the frequency of HTR in juveniles and young adults.Conclusion and ImplicationsΔ9‐THC efficaciously reverses peripheral but not central motor tics. Δ9‐THC may reduce ambulatory movements and evoke premonitory urges in some paediatric patients. The small “therapeutic window” in juveniles suggests that CBD may not effectively treat motor tics in children and may even exacerbate tics in a population of patients with Tourette syndrome.
Youth with disabilities are more likely than their peers to engage in hazardous child labour
Authors: Emerson Eric , Llewellyn Gwynnyth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the extent to which children and adolescents with disabilities are exposed to child labour.ObjectiveTo estimate prevalence rates and adjusted rate ratios of exposure to child labour among children and adolescents with/without disability in middle‐ and low‐income countries and to determine whether these rates vary between functional limitations associated with disability.Participants and SettingNationally representative samples involving 142,499 children aged 5–14 from 15 countries.MethodsSecondary analysis of data collected in UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.ResultsOverall children and youth with disability were not at significantly greater risk of exposure than children without disability to child labour when demographic and contextual factors were taken into account. However, children and youth with disability were at significantly greater risk of exposure than children without disability to hazardous child labour (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 1.15 [1.10–1.21], P < 0.001). Specifically, children and youth with impairments related to poorer mental health or cognitive functioning were at significantly greater risk of exposure to hazardous child labour (e.g., ARR for learning impairment = 1.27 [1.14–1.42], P < 0.001). In contrast, children with impairments related to sensory functioning, mobility and expressive communication were at no greater risk of exposure than children with no disability.ConclusionsChildren and youth with disability are at greater risk of exposure to hazardous child labour than children with no disability in middle‐ and low‐income countries. Responses to eradicate hazardous child labour need to take account of the situation of children and youth with disability.
A physiology‐based Earth observation model indicates stagnation in the global gross primary production during recent decades
Authors: Tagesson Torbern , Tian Feng , Schurgers Guy , Horion Stephanie , Scholes Robert , Ahlström Anders , Ardö Jonas , Moreno Alvaro , Madani Nima , Olin Stefan , Fensholt Rasmus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEarth observation‐based estimates of global gross primary production (GPP) are essential for understanding the response of the terrestrial biosphere to climatic change and other anthropogenic forcing. In this study, we attempt an ecosystem‐level physiological approach of estimating GPP using an asymptotic light response function (LRF) between GPP and incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) that better represents the response observed at high spatiotemporal resolutions than the conventional light use efficiency approach. Modelled GPP is thereafter constrained with meteorological and hydrological variables. The variability in field‐observed GPP, net primary productivity and solar‐induced fluorescence was better or equally well captured by our LRF‐based GPP when compared with six state‐of‐the‐art Earth observation‐based GPP products. Over the period 1982–2015, the LRF‐based average annual global terrestrial GPP budget was 121.8 ± 3.5 Pg C, with a detrended inter‐annual variability of 0.74 ± 0.13 Pg C. The strongest inter‐annual variability was observed in semi‐arid regions, but croplands in China and India also showed strong inter‐annual variations. The trend in global terrestrial GPP during 1982–2015 was 0.27 ± 0.02 Pg C year−1, and was generally larger in the northern than the southern hemisphere. Most positive GPP trends were seen in areas with croplands whereas negative trends were observed for large non‐cropped parts of the tropics. Trends were strong during the eighties and nineties but levelled off around year 2000. Other GPP products either showed no trends or continuous increase throughout the study period. This study benchmarks a first global Earth observation‐based model using an asymptotic light response function, improving simulations of GPP, and reveals a stagnation in the global GPP after the year 2000.
Perinatal exposure to earthquake stress increases the risks of hypertension and diabetes in subsequent adult life: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Li Na , Yu Lu‐Lu , Zhao Xiao‐Chuan , Song Mei , Wang Lan , Gao Yuan‐Yuan , Lu Wen‐Ting , Wang Xue‐Yi , Wang Yu‐Mei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe objective of the current study was to determine whether exposure to earthquake stress during pregnancy and infancy impacted on the risk of chronic adult health problems. All subjects were divided into three groups: the infant exposure group, the fetus exposure group, and the non‐exposure group. All subjects completed a standardized interview that included questions on demographic information, traumatic experiences during the earthquake, Anthropomorphic parameters such as body height, weight, and blood pressure were measured. Traumatic events in childhood and adulthood were assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Life Event Scale (LES), respectively. Totally1325 subjects were included; 399 subjects experienced the earthquake as fetuses, 374 subjects who experienced the earthquake as infants and 552 subjects did not experience the earthquake. The three groups were comparable in sociodemographic and baseline characteristics except age (Infant exposure vs Prenatal exposure vs No exposure = 39.5 ± 0.6 vs 38.5 ± 0.8 vs 37.5 ± 0.9, p < .001). Fetal and infant exposure to earthquakes was associated with elevated systolic blood pressure (both were + 3 mm Hg, p < .001). After adjustment for covariates, earthquake exposure in infants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.010, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.216 ~ 3.322) and fetuses (OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.014 ~ 2.248) was a significant and independent risk factor for hypertension. Earthquake expose in fetuses was a significant and independent risk factor for diabetes (OR = 2.307, 95% CI = 1.136 ~ 4.686). Earthquake exposure in infants and fetuses is a significant and independent risk factor for hypertension. Earthquake exposure in fetuses is significant and independent risk factor for diabetes.
Efficacy of color discrimination tests used in dentistry
Authors: Simionato Andressa , Pecho Oscar E. , Della Bona Alvaro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of visual discrimination tests used for color research in dentistry.Materials and methodsVolunteers (N = 120) were divided in three groups of observers (n = 40; gender‐balanced): S‐dental students; D‐dentists; and L‐laypersons. Two general color discrimination tests (I‐Ishihara and FM‐Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 Hue) and the test of color discrimination competency in dentistry using the VITA Classical shade guide (VC) were performed and data were recorded according to manufacturers' or literature recommendations. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test for the gender influence and Kruskal‐Wallis test for the observer influence, and Bonferroni as post‐hoc test (α = 0.05). Pearson (α = 0.05) was used to examine the correlation among visual tests (I, FM, and VC).ResultsObservers and visual tests were not influenced by gender (P > .05). Different observer groups had no influence on I test (P > .05). S and D showed similar level of color perception using FM and VC (P > .05), but these observers showed greater color perception than L (P ≤ .05). FM and VC also showed significant correlation (P ≤ .05) for the overall D observers (r = −0.362), male D (r = −0.594) and female S (r = −0.457).ConclusionObserver experience significantly influenced on color perception, irrespective of gender. FM test showed greater correlation to color correspondence in dentistry (VC) than I test.Clinical significanceObserver experience is more relevant than gender for the color selection process in dentistry. Considering the visual discrimination tests for color research in dentistry, the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 Hue test seems to be more efficacious than the Ishihara test.
Detection of early stage gastric cancers in screening laser endoscopy using linked color imaging for patients with atrophic gastritis
Authors: Yamaoka Minoru , Imaeda Hiroyuki , Miyaguchi Kazuya , Ashitani Keigo , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Ohgo Hideki , Soma Hiromitsu , Hirooka Nobutaka , Nakamoto Hidetomo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsLaser endoscopy involves blue laser imaging in bright mode (BLI‐bright). Linked color imaging (LCI) is superior to white light imaging (WLI) for detecting gastric cancers. This study aimed to detect gastric cancers on screening endoscopy using not only WLI but also BLI‐bright and LCI in patients with atrophic gastritis.Patients and MethodsA total of 500 patients with atrophic gastritis undergoing screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy were included. The gastric lumen was observed in the WLI mode, followed by the LCI and BLI‐bright modes. When gastric neoplasms were suspected, the mode was changed to WLI, and we sprayed indigo carmine. Finally, biopsy specimens were taken for those lesions and pathological diagnosis was made. We compared the size, morphology, and color of gastric neoplasms found by the first WLI mode and those detected by only the LCI mode or BLI‐bright mode.ResultsWe detected 16 gastric neoplasms (3.2%), of which 13 were early gastric cancers (EGCs) and three were gastric adenomas. Ten EGCs and two gastric adenomas (75%) were detected by the first WLI mode; three EGCs and one gastric adenoma (25%) were missed by the first WLI mode and were detected by the LCI mode or BLI‐bright mode. All were less than 1 cm in diameter and were reddish. Mean diameter of the lesions was significantly less for LCI‐detected or BLI‐bright‐detected lesions than for WLI‐detected lesions (7.8 vs 21.2 mm).ConclusionsLaser endoscopy is useful for detecting EGCs by LCI for patients with atrophic gastritis.
Laser therapy in the treatment of cicatricial ectropion
Authors: Ouyang Hua‐Wei , Gold Michael H. , Lei Ying , Tan Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of laser therapy in treating cicatricial ectropion.MethodsSeven patients with cicatricial ectropion were entered into this clinical study. The ectropions were pretreated with the 595‐nm pulsed dye laser if the scar color was red. If there was no red, the UltraPulse fractional CO2 laser was used and parameters were adapted according to the height of scar. MEBT/MEBO was used after laser treatment for wound healing. The degree of ectropion was measured for changes before and after treatment, and the scars were evaluated for changes in melanin, height, vascularity, and pliability using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) before and after treatment.ResultsAll seven patients with cicatricial ectropion entered into this protocol were completely corrected after 1‐2 treatment sessions. The total VSS score, as well as the score for melanin and pliability in 7 patients, showed a decrease following the treatments, and this was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The scores for height and vascularity showed a decrease following the treatments, but there was no significant difference by statistical analysis (P ≥ 0.05). There were no adverse reactions reported.ConclusionsThe treatment of cicatricial ectropion with laser therapy can not only correct the ectropion, but also improve the scars in the treatment area. Compared with the traditional repair of cicatricial ectropion, the use of fractional CO2 laser provides surgical precision and the advantage of a timely treatment without the need to wait for the scar to stabilize.
The melatonin metabolite N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine facilitates long‐term object memory in young and aging mice
Authors: Iwashita Hikaru , Matsumoto Yukihisa , Maruyama Yusuke , Watanabe Kazuki , Chiba Atsuhiko , Hattori Atsuhiko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMelatonin (MEL) has been reported to enhance cognitive processes, making it a potential treatment for cognitive decline. However, the role of MEL’s metabolites, N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK), in these effects are unknown. The current study directly investigated the acute effects of systemic MEL, AFMK, and AMK on novel object recognition. We also analyzed MEL, AFMK, and AMK levels in hippocampus and temporal lobe containing the perirhinal cortex following systemic MEL and AMK treatment. AMK administered post‐training had a more potent effect on object memory than MEL and AFMK. AMK was also able to rescue age‐associated declines in memory impairments when object memory was tested up to 4 days following training. Results from administering AMK at varying times around the training trial and the metabolism time course in brain tissue suggest that AMK’s memory‐enhancing effects reflect memory consolidation. Furthermore, inhibiting the MEL‐to‐AMK metabolic pathway disrupted object memory at 24 hours post‐training, suggesting that endogenous AMK might play an important role in long‐term memory formation. This is the first study to report that AMK facilitates long‐term object memory performance in mice, and that MEL crosses the blood‐brain barrier and is immediately converted to AMK in brain tissue. Overall, these results support AMK as a potential therapeutic agent to improve or prevent memory decline.
Post‐fire regeneration strategies in a frequently burned Cerrado community
Authors: Zupo Talita , Daibes Luis Felipe , Pausas Juli G. , Fidelis Alessandra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimFire is a natural disturbance in many ecosystems throughout the world where plant populations can persist by the resprouting of individuals and/or by recruiting from seeds. We evaluated the post‐fire regeneration response for 41 coexisting species, including grasses, forbs, and shrubs, from an open Cerrado community (campo sujo) in Central Brazil.LocationThe study was conducted at the Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador (RNST) in Central Brazil. The vegetation of the study area is characterized by a continuous herbaceous layer dominated by grasses and scattered shrubs, which produces fine fuel loads that can burn frequently.MethodsWe examined both resprouting ability after experimental fires, accounting for bud location, and seed response to heat shocks caused by fire, where seeds were subjected to heat shocks of 100°C for one and three minutes, 200°C for one minute, and a control (untreated seeds).ResultsAll species were able to resprout (R+) after fire, mainly from buds located in underground structures, but also from aerial and basal buds. Seeds of most species tolerated heat shocks of 100°C for one and three minutes, but heat treatments of 200°C decreased seed viability of nearly 50% of species. Seven species, all of which had dormant seeds, showed heat‐stimulated germination. In sum, 81% of the community was classified as R+PT (resprouters with heat‐tolerant propagules) and 17% was R+PS (resprouters with heat‐stimulated propagules). The remaining 2% (one species) was classified as R+P−, showing heat‐sensitive seeds.ConclusionsResprouting is the main post‐fire regeneration strategy in Cerrado open savannas, while fire‐stimulated germination, although possible, is less common in comparison to the frequency in other fire‐prone ecosystems. However, in Cerrado open savannas, heat tolerance is an important trait that enables germination when favorable conditions arise.