bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide analysis of the soybean DREB gene family: Identification, genomic organization and expression profiles in response to drought stress
Authors: Zhou Yaxing , Zhou Wei , Liu Hui , Liu Peng , Li Zhigang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDREB transcription factors regulate the expression of stress‐responsive genes, and thus play an important role in plant stress response to abiotic stresses. To obtain a global expression profile of soybean DREB genes under drought stress, we first explored the soybean genome to identify DREB family genes, and then analysed a set of transcriptome data of drought stress to verify their involvement in stress response. We identified 73 DREB family genes from the soybean genome. These DREB genes were further divided into six subgroups basing on the phylogenetic analysis. Gene structure analysis showed that most DREB genes have a single exon without intron. Soybean DREB genes were unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes. We further identified 186 putative target genes of soybean DREB proteins and found that these targeted genes were significantly enriched in metabolism pathways of fructose and mannose. The analysis of transcriptome data showed that DREB genes were differentially expressed during different periods of drought, indicating that the DREB family genes were responsive to drought stress.
Acclimatisation of guard cell metabolism to long‐term salinity
Authors: Franzisky Bastian Leander , Geilfus Christoph‐Martin , Romo‐Pérez Maria Luisa , Fehrle Ines , Erban Alexander , Kopka Joachim , Zörb Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStomatal movements are enabled by changes in guard cell turgor facilitated via transient accumulation of inorganic and organic ions imported from the apoplast or biosynthesized within guard cells. Under salinity, excess salt ions accumulate within plant tissues resulting in osmotic and ionic stress. To elucidate whether (a) Na+ and Cl− concentrations increase in guard cells in response to long‐term NaCl exposure and how (b) guard cell metabolism acclimates to the anticipated stress, we profiled the ions and primary metabolites of leaves, the apoplast and isolated guard cells at darkness and during light, that is, closed and fully opened stomata. In contrast to leaves, the primary metabolism of guard cell preparations remained predominantly unaffected by increased salt ion concentrations. Orchestrated reductions of stomatal aperture and guard cell osmolyte synthesis were found, but unlike in leaves, no increases of stress responsive metabolites or compatible solutes occurred. Diverging regulation of guard cell metabolism might be a prerequisite to facilitate the constant adjustment of turgor that affects aperture. Moreover, the photoperiod‐dependent sucrose accumulation in the apoplast and guard cells changed to a permanently replete condition under NaCl, indicating that stress‐related photosynthate accumulation in leaves contributes to the permanent closing response of stomata under stress.
Decline of serum albumin precedes severe acute GVHD after haploidentical HSCT
Authors: Takahashi Nobuhisa , Mochizuki Kazuhiro , Sano Hideki , Kobayashi Shogo , Ohara Yoshihiro , Ikeda Kazuhiko , Ohto Hitoshi , Kikuta Atsushi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground: Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a useful therapy for relapsed/refractory acute leukemia or lymphoma because of the strong graft‐vs‐leukemia (GVL) effect. However, it is often accompanied by severe acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD), which is the most serious complication after haploidentical HSCT. Thus, it is important to control the severity of aGVHD while maintaining the GVL effect. In our experience of pediatric haploidentical HSCT, it takes several days for aGVHD to become severe after the appearance of initial symptoms, mostly skin rashes. In this study, we aimed to identify useful biomarkers at the onset of aGVHD that predict subsequent development of severe aGVHD.Methods: Forty‐five consecutive children with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia or lymphoma who developed aGVHD after haploidentical HSCT were enrolled. We analyzed possible biomarkers from samples collected at the onset of acute GVHD.Results: Nineteen patients developed grade 1–2 aGVHD, and 26 patients developed grade 3–4 aGVHD. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics between the two groups. Transplant‐related mortality occurred only in the grade 3–4 aGVHD group (34.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that serum albumin was an independent biomarker for predicting the severity of aGVHD (P = 0.009). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of serum albumin was 0.864.Conclusions: The serum albumin level at the onset of aGvHD could be a useful biomarker for the development of subsequent severe aGVHD in pediatric patients after haploidentical HSCT.
Families, experiments, and nature: Learning science through project‐based learning
Authors: Santamaría‐Cárdaba Noelia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study brings together the research focused on science education through project‐based learning (PBL). This learning project was carried out in a rural learning community and an attempt was made to adapt to the natural resources of the area by organizing educational outings, experimental activities, and encouraging the participation of families. The overall objective is to test the effectiveness of applying the PBL teaching methodology for learning science in a rural learning community. The methodology used has been qualitative, specifically, the participating research has been used and the information has been compiled in a field notebook. The results show that the didactic proposal had good results; showing that, in conclusion, science teaching today should be inclined toward more innovative educational methodologies such as PBL.
Dividing Lines: The Role School District Boundaries Play in Spending Inequality for Public Education
Authors: Kitchens Karin 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo highlight the role that school district boundaries along racial cleavages contribute to differences in spending on public education.MethodsFinancial and demographic data were collected on the 11,000 plus school districts and 1,800 counties in the United States from 1995 to 2011. A series of panel models was used to estimate the effect of segregation on differences in spending.ResultsModels show that white–Black segregation leads to increased variation in per child local revenue within counties. Within these segregated counties, districts with larger Black populations collect less in local revenue but have a higher tax burden.ConclusionIn explaining differences in per child expenditures across school districts, economic differences are the most cited. Racial segregation often occurs along school district borders and leads to differences in per child expenditures through concentration of resources in certain districts.
Diffusion and Typology: The Invention and Early Adoption of Medicinal Marijuana and Offshore Wind Policies
Authors: Motta Michael J. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThis article investigates how different types of policies (morality based and highly technical) inform early‐stage policy learning and diffusion processes.MethodsUsing process tracing, interviews, archival research, and cross‐case analysis, this article describes and compares the emergence of medical marijuana and offshore wind energy policies in U.S. states. Using iterative data collection and analysis, the study identifies which factors proffered by the literature affect the policy learning and diffusion process.ResultsDespite representing different types of policies, there were significant similarities across both cases: State actors drew lessons from Europe; policy lessons from Europe were weaponized by national political interests in an effort to stymy state‐level diffusion; and, as policies diffused to other states, organized opposition curtailed.ConclusionThis study demonstrates how the stage of diffusion can be as determinative of the policy learning context as the type of policy, and highlights how the diffusion and typology literatures can inform each other.
Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers
Authors: Wu Stephen 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThis study analyzes the relationship between the race of a city's police chief and the incidence of fatal shootings by police officers.MethodsThe Washington Post's “Fatal Force Database” is used to calculate per‐capita rates of fatal shootings by police officers occurring between January 1, 2015 and June 1, 2020 for the 100 largest cities in the United States. I compare fatal shooting rates for cities with police chiefs of different races, both unadjusted and adjusted for differences in city characteristics.ResultsRates of fatal shootings by officers are almost 50 percent higher in cities with police forces led by white police chiefs than in cities with black police chiefs. Of the 30 cities with the highest rates of fatal shootings, 23 have police departments led by whites and only four have departments led by blacks, while of the 30 cities with the lowest rates, 16 have police departments led by blacks and only 11 are led by whites. Differences in fatal shooting rates persist after controlling for city characteristics.ConclusionLeaders in the highest position of authority may have a powerful effect on the culture of a police department and its resulting behavior.
A modified technique of keratoleptynsis (“letter‐box”) for treatment of canine corneal edema associated with endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Giannikaki Stamatina , Escanilla Natalia , Sturgess Kit , Lowe Robert C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo describe a modified keratoleptynsis procedure, as a method of preserving central corneal function, and evaluate the outcome in vision, reduction of corneal thickness and treatment of epithelial corneal ulcers in cases with endothelial cell dysfunction.MethodsForty‐four dogs (72 eyes) were affected by progressive corneal edema, with or without ulcerative keratitis. All patients were treated with a dorsal and ventral superficial keratectomy followed by conjunctival flaps, maintaining a clear central cornea. Corneal thickness measurements were obtained via ultrasound biomicroscopy.ResultsAll eyes showed resolution of ocular discomfort postoperatively, with a median time to resolution of 35 days. Two years post‐surgery, vision had been lost in 2 of 29 eyes (7%). From the initial population, 23 dogs (39 eyes) had follow‐up evaluations of corneal thickness. The mean central corneal thickness was 1359 ± 251 μm prior to surgery. Thickening of the central cornea was observed one week after surgery to 1559 ± 263 μm. Decreased corneal thickness was reported, at 1 month, 4 months, 10 months and 2 years postoperatively (1285 ± 267 μm, 1102 ± 150 μm, 1121 ± 288 μm, 1193 ± 283 μm, respectively). All eyes showed a similar trend of increasing and then decreasing corneal thickness.ConclusionsThis surgical technique provided statistically significant reduction in central corneal thickness and sustained relief of ocular pain. Reduction in corneal thickness appeared to be maintained 2 years post‐surgery, and all patients remained comfortable. Superficial corneal pigmentation and fibrosis resulted in vision loss in two eyes.
Comparison of glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in a cohort of obese patients
Authors: Chan D M L , Murphy M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) has historically been diagnosed by measurement of blood glucose concentrations. More recently, the use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been advocated in the diagnosis of diabetes, complementing its existing role in the monitoring of glycaemic control.A recent study has shown that obesity is an important problem in the UK Armed Forces. Obese patients are at increased risk of diabetes and intermediate hyperglycaemia (pre-diabetes). It is unclear whether the application of diagnostic criteria based on HbA1c would produce different categorisation of obese patients compared with standard glucose-based criteria. In the current study, we compared HbA1c with fasting plasma glucose in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and intermediate hyperglycaemia in a cohort of obese patients.MethodsPatients were recruited from the NHS Tayside Specialist Weight Management Service. They were classified into three categories (normoglycaemia, pre-diabetes, and diabetes) according to their fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c. The diagnostic criteria of three organisations were applied: the World Health Organisation (WHO); the American Diabetes Association (ADA); and the International Expert Committee (IEC). Glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, liver function tests and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured.ResultsBy WHO (fasting glucose) criteria, 102 subjects were classified as normal, 13 as having impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and 5 as having diabetes mellitus (DM). By IEC (HbA1c) criteria, 89 subjects were classified as normal, 21 as pre-diabetes and 7 as DM. By ADA (HbA1c) criteria, 69 subjects were classified as normal, 41 as pre-diabetes and 7 as DM. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in hyperglycaemic states compared with normal subjects, with ANOVA F statistics of 9.45 for WHO (p < 0.001), 9.24 for IEC (p < 0.001), and 6.87 for ADA (p < 0.01).ConclusionAlthough the numbers were small, more obese patients were categorised as hyperglycaemic (pre-diabetes and diabetes) when HbA1c-based criteria were applied, compared with WHO (glucose-based) criteria. Further studies are required to confirm this preliminary observation.
The Compensatory Reserve Index – potential uses in a military context
Authors: Pynn H J , Smith J E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPatients often compensate for physiological insults before demonstrating abnormalities in traditionally measured vital signs such as pulse and blood pressure. The Compensatory Reserve Index analyses arterial waveform and may detect early circulatory shock. This article reviews the current evidence exploring this technology and its potential applicability in the military environment.
WORLD CANCER RESEARCH DAY: A Call to Action for a Coordinated International Research Effort to Prevent, Diagnose, and Treat Cancer
Authors: Puyol Marta , Seoane Joan , Aguilar Esther , Vozza Lisa B. , Orbe Isabel , Crawford Katherine H. , Fernández Ana , Bray Freddie , Johnson Sonali E. , Gopal Satish 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The burden of cancer continues to grow and is projected to double by 2040. This situation calls for coordinated action and emphasizes the need to join efforts on worldwide initiatives, including World Cancer Research Day (WCRD), which aims to create and consolidate a yearly momentum to raise awareness and commitment for research on cancer. Cancer research is a key driver of advances in prevention and therapeutic strategies that will benefit tomorrow's cancer patients. In 2016, 10 international organizations partnered to launch the WCRD initiative. Five years later, a total of 89 organizations and more than half a million people have joined this global movement that helps raise awareness of the importance of cancer research, demonstrating that a collaborative research culture is essential to address current challenges and create opportunities to accelerate impactful cancer research for a better future.
FDA Oncology Center of Excellence Project Renewal: Engaging the Oncology Community to Update Product Labeling for Older Oncology Drugs
Authors: Kluetz Paul G. , Keegan Patricia , Demetri George D. , Thornton Katherine , Sul Joohee , Kim Janice , Katzen Harvey , Burke Laurie Beth , Harvey R. Donald , Alebachew Elleni , Agrawal Sundeep , Nair Abhilasha , Donoghue Martha , Pierce William F. , Shord Stacy S. , Gao Jennifer J. , Pazdur Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The FDA conducts independent reviews of scientific data obtained with investigational drug products to ensure that they are safe and effective. As a result of this process, FDA-approved product labeling is generated that is considered one of the most trusted sources of information for use of an approved drug. But FDA approval is only the beginning of the life cycle of a new drug; the first oncology drugs now have more than 7 decades of clinical experience in the postmarketing setting. Due, in part, to lack of incentives, some companies may not seek inclusion of new data, other than new safety information, in FDA-approved product labeling. Ensuring that product labeling provides adequate directions for use is important for all drugs, including older therapies that may form the backbone of many standard combination regimens for pediatric and adult cancers. Project Renewal is an FDA Oncology Center of Excellence pilot program that leverages expertise from the clinical and scientific oncology communities to review published literature and generate a drug-specific product report summarizing data that may support updates to FDA-approved product labeling. This article provides a broad overview of Project Renewal's collaborative pilot process for identifying and assessing literature supporting potential labeling updates, while engaging the oncology community to increase awareness of FDA's evidentiary standards and deliberative processes used when considering the addition of new indications and dosing regimens to product labeling.
Is There a Sex Gap in Surviving an Acute Coronary Syndrome or Subsequent Development of Heart Failure?
Authors: Ezekowitz Justin A. , Savu Anamaria , Welsh Robert C. , McAlister Finlay A. , Goodman Shaun G. , Kaul Padma 
Published: November 2020

Background:
We hypothesized that disparities between sexes in the management of myocardial infarction (MI) may have changed over time, and thus altered the prognoses after MI, especially the risk for the development of heart failure.

Methods:
Using a large population-based cohort of patients with MI between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2016, we examined the incidence, angiographic findings, treatment (including revascularization), and clinical outcomes of patients with a first-time MI. To elucidate the differences between sexes, a series of multivariable models were created to explore all MI and non–ST-segment–elevation MI (NSTEMI) versus ST-segment–elevation MI (STEMI) over time.

Results:

Between 2002 and 2016, 45 064 patients (13 878 [30.8%] women) were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of first-time MI (54.9% NSTEMI and 45.1% STEMI). Women were older (median age, 72 versus 61 years), had more comorbidities, and had lower rates of diagnostic angiography than did men (women, 74%, versus men, 87%). When angiography was performed, women had a lower proportion of left main, 2-vessel disease with proximal left anterior descending or 3-vessel disease compared with men (33.4% versus 40.9%,
P
<0.0001), and a higher frequency of 1-vessel disease or nonobstructive coronary artery disease (39.6% versus 29.1%,
P
<0.0001). Women had a higher unadjusted rate of in-hospital mortality than did men in both patients with STEMI (women, 9.4%, versus men, 4.5%) and patients with NSTEMI (women, 4.7%, versus men, 2.9%). After adjustment, this difference remained significant in STEMI (adjusted odds ratio, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.24–1.64]) but not in NSTEMI (adjusted odds ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.83–1.13]). After discharge, women developed heart failure after STEMI (women, 22.5%, versus men, 14.9%) as well as after NSTEMI (women, 23.2%, versus men, 15.7%). The adjusted relative risk for women versus men of developing the outcomes of mortality and heart failure remained similar across years, although the differences were nonsignificantly attenuated over 5 years of follow-up.

Conclusions:
Although some attenuation of differences in clinical outcomes over time has occurred, women remain at higher risk than men of dying or developing heart failure in the subsequent 5 years after STEMI or NSTEMI, even after accounting for differences in angiographic findings, revascularization, and other confounders.
Single‐Cell Immune Profiling in Coronary Artery Disease: The Role of State‐of‐the‐Art Immunophenotyping With Mass Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kott Katharine A. , Vernon Stephen T. , Hansen Thomas , de Dreu Macha , Das Souvik K. , Powell Joseph , Fazekas de St Groth Barbara , Di Bartolo Belinda A. , McGuire Helen M. , Figtree Gemma A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death globally and is a major burden to every health system in the world. There have been significant improvements in risk modification, treatments, and mortality; however, our ability to detect asymptomatic disease for early intervention remains limited. Recent discoveries regarding the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis have prompted investigation into new methods of diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. This article reviews some of the highlights of the important developments in cardioimmunology and summarizes the clinical evidence linking the immune system and atherosclerosis. It provides an overview of the major serological biomarkers that have been associated with atherosclerosis, noting the limitations of these markers attributable to low specificity, and then contrasts these serological markers with the circulating immune cell subtypes that have been found to be altered in coronary artery disease. This review then outlines the technique of mass cytometry and its ability to provide high‐dimensional single‐cell data and explores how this high‐resolution quantification of specific immune cell subpopulations may assist in the diagnosis of early atherosclerosis in combination with other complimentary techniques such as single‐cell RNA sequencing. We propose that this improved specificity has the potential to transform the detection of coronary artery disease in its early phases, facilitating targeted preventative approaches in the precision medicine era.