bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on Optimum Topology Using Conformal Mapping
Authors: Kitayama Satoshi , Yamakawa Hiroshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a method to determine optimum topologies of two dimensional elastic planar structures by using conformal mappings. We use the conformal mappings which is known to be effective in two dimensional fluid mechanics, electromagnetics and elasticity by complex coordinate transformation. We show that two invariants of stress can satisfy the Laplace equation, and then we clarify that corresponding relationships between fluid mechanics and electromagnetics can also be valid in the theory of elasticity. Then, presented a method to obtain optimum topologies is easier than by the conventional methods. We treated several numerical examples by the presented method. Through numerical examples, we can examine the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design for Production: A Tool for Reducing Manufacturing Cycle Time
Authors: Herrmann Jeffrey W. , Chincholkar Mandar M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a decision support tool that can help a product development team reduce manufacturing cycle time during product design. This design for production (DFP) tool determines how manufacturing a new product design affects the performance of the manufacturing system by analyzing the capacity requirements and estimating the manufacturing cycle times. Performing these tasks early in the product development process can reduce product development time. The paper presents a comprehensive DFP approach and describes the components of the DFP tool, which gives feedback that can be used to eliminate manufacturing cycle time problems. We present an example that illustrates the tool’s functionality.
A Tool-Centric Approach to Generating Redesign Suggestions for Improved Machinability
Authors: Zhou Xuhui , Gaines Daniel M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Providing early feedback on the manufacturability of a part design can greatly improve the quality of the product while reducing the time and cost of production. However, the necessary manufacturing knowledge is not always available. Computer tools that can provide this manufacturing knowledge by analyzing a design suggesting changes to improve its manufacturability would be a valuable asset to a designer. To this end, we present an approach to automatically generate redesign suggestions to improve the manufacturability of machined parts. Novel aspects of this approach include the ability to identify un-machinable shapes in a part and transform them into machinable features and to automatically identify the possible shape transformations based on properties of the machining equipment. This increases the scope of redesign generation tools by allowing them to be applied to parts that are not already machinable.
A Survey on Design Rationale: Representation, Capture and Retrieval
Authors: Hu Xiaochun , Pang Jun , Pang Yan , Atwood Michael , Sun Wei , Regli William C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a brief survey on recent research in the area of design rationale. The study of Design Rationale spans a number of diverse disciplines, touching on concepts from research communities in Mechanical Design, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Civil Engineering and Human-Factors and Human-Computer Interaction research. We focus this survey on prototype design rationale systems for these application domains and put forward several major axes along which to describe and classify design rationale systems, including argumentation-based, descriptive, and process-based approaches. Further, we attempt to abstract the place of systems and tools for design rationale capture and retrieval in the context of contemporary knowledge-based engineering and CAD tools.
This survey is structured around the fundamental different approaches, their representation schema, their capture methods, and retrieval techniques. A number of recent design rationale systems and representation schemes are presented, including JANUS, COMET, ADD, REMAP, HOS, PHIDIAS, DRIVE, IBIS. We conclude with an assessment of the current state-of-the-art and a discussion of critical open research issues.
Information Modeling of Conceptual Process Planning Integrated With Conceptual Design
Authors: Feng Shaw C. , Song Eugene Y. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Conceptual process planning is a key activity for designers to evaluate manufacturability and manufacturing cost and time in the early product development stage. Since major manufacturing cost is determined in early design, it is critical to be able to assess manufacturability and cost as early as possible in the design process. The integration between process planning and design is critical to enable these analyses. A literature review of the current status of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) software technologies reveals the lack of interface standards to enable the integration of these systems. In order to develop interface standards, information models have to be first developed to define the interfaces. An initial information model for conceptual process planning has been developed. This model includes an activity model and an object model for manufacturing process selection, resource selection, and cost and time estimation. The activity model sets the context in which the objects are used for information sharing and exchange. The object model defines classes used in conceptual process planning. The main purpose of developing this model is to initiate the development of standard interface specifications that are necessary for design and process planning integration.
Recognition of Contact States: Validation of Planning With Principal Contacts (PCS)
Authors: Marehalli Jayavardhan N. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In high precision assembly tasks, contact motion is common and often desirable. These events entail a careful study of contact states of the parts being assembled. Recognition of contact states is crucial in planning and executing contact motion plans due to inevitable uncertainties. Xiao [3] introduced the concept of principal contacts (PC) and contact formation (CF) for contact state recognition. The concept of using CFs (as sets of PCs) has the inherent advantage that a change of CF is often coincident with a discontinuity of the general contact force (force and torque). Previous work [1,2] in contact motion planning has shown that contact information at the level of PCs along with the sensed location and force information is often sufficient for planning high precision assembly operations. In this paper, we present results from experiments involving planned contact motions to validate the notion of PCs and CFs, specifically that an abrupt change in general contact force often accompanies a change between CFs. We present results for the general 2D peg-in-corner problem.
Optimising Automatic Tool Selection for 2½D Components
Authors: Lim T. , Corney J. , Ritchie J. M. , Clark D. E. R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An important step in planning the manufacture of a component by CNC machining is the selection of cutting tools. Although it has long been known that the choice of cutter sizes can have a dramatic effect on the overall machining time, few algorithms for optimisation have been available to the production engineer. This paper describes a method for determining a theoretical optimal combination of cutting tools for machining a given set of 3D volumes or 2D profiles. The algorithm considers residual material left behind by oversized cutters and the relative clearance rates of cutters that can access the selected machining features. The current implementation of the procedure described does not give exact results because several machining parameters are not included in the selection process such as tool path length, plunge rates, etc. However, the experimental results suggest that while these factors may make changes to the absolute values calculated, they typically make only a small difference to the relative ranking of the tools. The results presented here suggest that the correct combination of tools could reduce machining times by significant amounts. Consequently the paper concludes with a discussion of how the tool path generation routines used in commercial CAM systems could be modified to achieve this.
A Web-Based Tolerance Analysis Service for Solid Freeform Fabrication
Authors: Arni R. K. , Gupta S. K. , Kumar Malay 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a prototype web-based service for performing manufacturability analysis of design tolerances for parts produced using solid freeform fabrication processes. Our prototype service primarily serves two different types of users — process providers and designers. Process providers register the process capabilities and constraints of their processes with the service. Designers upload the geometry and tolerance information of the part to our server and select a process from the list of registered processes and perform an analysis of the feasibility of manufacturing the part using the selected process. Manufacturing feasibility is identified by analyzing the effect of build direction on the achievable tolerances on various faces of the part. If there is at least one build direction that can satisfy all tolerance requirements, then the part is considered manufacturable. Otherwise, the part is considered non-manufacturable. In this paper, we describe the architecture of our prototype service and explain in detail the process of registering process capabilities and performing manufacturability analysis using our prototype service. We also describe an algorithm to formulate redesign suggestions that can propose suitable modifications to the part design so that a non-manufacturable part can become manufacturable.
Decomposition Based Feature Recognition Using Constrained and Aggregated Half-Space Partitioning
Authors: Lu Yong , Gadh Rajit , Tautges Timothy J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Decomposition based feature recognition (DBFR) has drawn attention over the years. It has two stages: decomposition and aggregation. At the decomposition stage, the CAD model is partitioned into minimal cells. At the aggregation stage, the decomposed individual cells are composed in different combinations and these combinations are matched with predefined feature patterns to retrieve features in the model. The DBFR technique shows promises to deal with interactive features. However, DBFR algorithms suffer from the combinatorial problem in both the partitioning and the composing stages. This paper proposes a novel decomposition based feature recognition technique using the constrained and aggregated half-space partitioning. The constrained and aggregated half-space is defined in the occupation of a volume in the Euclidean space, bounded by multiple surfaces. The decomposition approach based on this concept can largely avoid over-cuttings. It tends to produce partitions that can be directly matched with feature patterns. Different from other DBFR algorithms, pattern matching is also introduced in the decomposition stage. Thus it further shrinks the space of combination and feature determination. Some algorithms are also proposed to do efficient volume combinations at the aggregation stage.
Graph Grammar Based Product Variety Modeling
Authors: Du Xuehong , Tseng Mitchell M. , Jiao Jianxin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of product variety modeling, i.e. the means to organize the data of a family of products according to the underpinning logic among them. The targeted product families are characterized by providing user-selectable product features and feature values and achieving variety by combining parameterized functional or physical modules. A graph grammar based (GGB) model is proposed for the purpose of enhancing the comprehensiveness and manipulability of the data of product families for different functional departments in a company in order to facilitate effective order processing as well as direct customer-manufacturer interaction. To deal with variety effectively, both structural and non-structural family data are represented as family graphs whereas order-specific products are represented as variant graphs derived by applying predefined graph rewrite rules to the family graphs. The most important characteristics of the GGB model are three folds. While emphasizing the distinctiveness of the information that different users are concerned about, it provides cross view data transferring mechanisms. It also supports data manipulation for variety generation. Finally, taking advantage of the graph grammar based language of PROGRES, GGB is a model to be easily implemented as a visualized computer system. The specification of an office chair product family illustrates the principles and construction process of GGB models.
Performance Distribution Analysis and Robust Design
Authors: Zhu Jianmin , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the theory of performance sensitivity distribution and a novel robust parameter design technique. In the theory, a Jacobian matrix describes the effect of the component tolerance to the system performance, and the performance distribution is characterized in the variation space by a set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Thus, the feasible performance space is depicted as an ellipsoid. The size, shape, and orientation of the ellipsoid describe the quantity as well as quality of the feasible space and, therefore, the performance sensitivity distribution against the tolerance variation. The robustness of a design is evaluated by comparing the fitness between the ellipsoid feasible space and the tolerance space, which is a block, through a set of quantitative and qualitative indexes. The robust design can then be determined. The design approach is demonstrated in a mechanism design problem. Because of the generality of the analysis theory, the method can be used in any design situation as long as the relationship between the performance and design variables can be expressed analytically.
Direct Machining: A New Paradigm for Machining Data Transfer
Authors: Bassett C. P. , Jensen C. G. , Bosley J. E. , Red W. E. , Evans M. S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although modern machine tools and controllers have evolved with the computer over the years, many machining practices derive from those developed for the original punched-tape controllers. A new method called Direct Machining And Control (DMAC) is being developed at Brigham Young University that allows the machine controller to directly interpret the CAD/CAM models without the need for any intermediary text files such as M&G code. In this paper, Direct Machining with its requirements and implications is explored. CAD extraction methods and progress are shown. Our software architecture and data transfer methods are explained. With what we have developed, we can build a proof-of-concept system that will hopefully attract the attention and partnership of both CAD and machine controller vendors for further integration.
An Analysis of the Content of Technical Information Used by Engineering Designers
Authors: Lowe Alistair , McMahon Chris , Shah Tulan , Culley Steve 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper reports on an investigation that aims to characterise the technical content of documentary information used by engineers within two aerospace companies. The work has been carried out in order to gain an understanding of the technical requirements for future information systems to support designers. A rigorous analysis of the textual content of exemplar information objects provided by engineers is initially described. From this analysis, Object Content Profiles for three distinct types of text-based objects are identified: (i) correspondence, (ii) technical (report) objects and (iii) manuals, catalogues and standards. This work is complemented by a survey of designers which identifies the attributes that engineers consider the most helpful as search criteria when trying to locate information objects. These results suggest that whilst drawings and CAD models can be represented by a small number of core attributes, for text-based objects a wider range of descriptive attributes is important. Finally, an outline framework to allow the development of hierarchical taxonomies is presented. This is based on ontology development guidelines but is modified to promote the reuse of existing hierarchically structured sources of indexing terms.
Managing Dependencies for Collaborative Design
Authors: Wang Kai-Lu , Jin Yan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In collaborative engineering, the dependencies of engineering problems determine with whom and how designers should coordinate. Based on the directed dependency framework introduced in this research, we argue that the reciprocal and cyclic dependencies cause design iterations and inefficiencies, and should be avoided if possible. By studying the patterns of engineering dependencies and design decomposition, this paper provides an approach to manage the dependencies in order to avoid reciprocal and cyclic dependencies both in the early conceptual design stage and in design task arrangement stage, to make collaborative design more efficient. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a dependency-based coordination framework that consists of a formal model of engineering dependencies, and coordination methods, and guidelines for dependency-based engineering design and management. This paper describes our current dependency modeling framework and dependency management methods for collaborative design.
Designing Modular and Integrative Systems
Authors: Sosa Manuel E. , Eppinger Steven D. , Rowles Craig M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a method that allows us to enhance our understanding of the difference between designing modular systems and integrative systems. Modular systems are those whose interfaces are well defined and shared with only a few other systems. Integrative systems are those whose interfaces may be more complex and shared across the product. Our approach is illustrated by analyzing the development of a large commercial aircraft engine. We document both the product’s design interfaces and the technical interactions between design teams. We found statistically significant differences in the ways modular and integrative design teams handle design interfaces. We focus our analysis on studying the effects due to organizational and system boundaries, and to the existence of various types of design interfaces. By identifying modular and integrative systems and by understanding the differences in designing those systems, development organizations can improve the integration process for complex designs.
Information Handling and Social Interaction of Multi-Disciplinary Design Teams in Conceptual Design: A Classification Scheme Developed From Observed Activity Patterns
Authors: Milne Andrew J. , Leifer Larry J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Economical “intelligent” technologies emerging from the fields of electrical engineering, materials science, and computer science are making product design an increasingly multi-disciplinary activity. Collaboration among disciplinary specialists is particularly important in the early phases of the design process, when alternative technology strategies are considered and initial solution approaches are planned. In an effort to design new forms of technology-supported global learning spaces, Stanford University sponsored a design charrette, bringing together participants from a variety of disciplines to develop design requirements for both the technological and physical architecture of such spaces. The design activity was videotaped and later analyzed in an attempt to understand how design teams were using information and how much emphasis each team placed on information handling activity vs. social interaction. One outcome of this work was the development of a coding scheme that can be applied to analyze activity of design teams during the early phases of conceptual design. Another outcome was a quantitative analysis of the design activity. The analysis of two design teams with apparently very different process approaches revealed similar activity patterns. It also showed a rather even distribution within each team between “information introduction” activities and “process navigation” activities. The results demonstrate the importance of detailed, structured analysis of design team activity and suggest opportunities for future research in this area.
Multi-Objectives Layout Planning Approach
Authors: Sallam Mohamed M. , Ashour Said A. , El-Sharief Mahmoud A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Plant layout deals with selection of the most effective arrangement of facilities or departments to achieve the best utilization of the available resources to produce a product. The plant layout problem is of great interest to both scholars and practitioners. Historically, two basic criteria have been most commonly used to generate an optimum layout. These two criterions are quantitative and qualitative.
In this study an approach is introduced as a heuristic technique for combining the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the facility layout. The two objectives which may be contradicting, are minimizing material handling costs and maximizing a closeness rating measure. Assuming that the decision-maker is capable of responding to a paired comparison of alternatives, this algorithm is developed to, iteratively, reduce the feasible space of the weighting factor, which combines the two objectives. The algorithm terminates when the predetermined bounds on the weighing factor are reached. A graphical method is presented to help analyze the sensitivity of the optimum layout into small variations in the estimated value of the decision-maker’s preferred weight.
The proposed approach has been applied in a case study, which is an exhaust system factory (Engineering Company for Manufacturing Exhaust Systems) located in the 6th. October City. This factory was founded as a small workshop for producing hand-made mufflers to meet the needs of the local automotive repair shops. In order to satisfy the needs of assembly plants of exhaust systems, a new location in the 6th. October City has been chosen, modern machinery supplied and scientific techniques followed to accomplish optimum layout. By applying this approach the best layout can be generated. In this layout warehouses were rearranged and a reduction the total material handling costs of 32% has been achieved.
Overconstrained Analysis of Five-Link Spatial Single Loops With Revolute and Prismatic Joints
Authors: Jin Qiong , Hang Lu-Bin , Zhang Ming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A new method on determining the existence conditions of overconstrained mechanisms is presented in this paper, which is used for studying the spatial single loop generally possessing one configure. This method is very effective to distinguish finite and infinite solutions of displacement analysis, and can analytically deduce the input-output equations. It is elucidated that the existence conditions of overconstrained mechanism consist of the overconstrained conditions and the closure conditions, and that the independence of the closure conditions should be further discussed. On the other hand, the existence conditions of two known 5-link overconstrainded mechanisms are verified and corrected. This method also provides a theoretical basis for finding new oveconstrained mechanisms.
Assembly Configurations of Spatial RRRCC, RRCRC, RRRRCR, and RRRRRRR Mechanisms
Authors: Foster David E. , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of finding the assembly configurations, also called circuits, of spatial single-loop single-DOF mechanisms with five or more links. The RRRCC, RRCRC, RRRRCR, and RRRRRRR mechanisms are covered, along with all variations in which a revolute (R) joint is replaced by a prismatic (P) joint. A numerical method is given to find the ACs, and is illustrated with several examples.