bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage analysis of sandstone during the creep stage under the different levels of uniaxial stress using NMR measurements
Authors: Cheng Hao , Zhou Xiaoping , Pan Xiaokang , Berto Filippo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are carried out to evaluate the micro‐cracking characteristics of sandstones during the creep stage under the different levels of creep stresses. The variations in the parameters, including transverse relaxation time (T2) spectra distribution, percentage of the pore distribution, incremental value of porosity and ultrasonic P wave velocity are analysed. The results show that, during the creep stage, small pores in the rocks gradually evolve into large pores, resulting in an increase in damage of rocks. With the increase of the loading ratio, the increasing rate of porosity increases sharply, implying that the damage degree becomes more serious under the high loading ratio. When the loading ratio is larger than 0.7, the increasing rate of porosity and the decreasing rate of the P wave velocity both increases rapidly. During the creep stage, the relationship between micro‐crack and macro‐creep characteristics of rocks is established based on the analysis of the deformation and the porosity evolution during creep. It is found that, as the loading ratio increases, the increasing rate of porosity is linear with the creep strain. The NMR method offers a feasible option to identify micro‐cracking process of rocks during the creep stage, which can directly reflect the damage mechanism of rock caused by creep. The porosity of rocks is an effective parameter to evaluate the damage of rocks. The damage evolution of the specimen is highly anisotropic and is heavily related to the loading ratio during the creep stage. The relationship between the damage parameter and the loading ratio is exponential.
Victims of ancient hyperthermal events herald the fates of marine clades and traits under global warming
Authors: Reddin Carl J. , Kocsis Ádám T. , Aberhan Martin , Kiessling Wolfgang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganismic groups vary non‐randomly in their vulnerability to extinction. However, it is unclear whether the same groups are consistently vulnerable, regardless of the dominant extinction drivers, or whether certain drivers have their own distinctive and predictable victims. Given the challenges presented by anthropogenic global warming, we focus on changes in extinction selectivity trends during ancient hyperthermal events: geologically rapid episodes of global warming. Focusing on the fossil record of the last 300 million years, we identify clades and traits of marine ectotherms that were more prone to extinction under the onset of six hyperthermal events than during other times. Hyperthermals enhanced the vulnerability of marine fauna that host photosymbionts, particularly zooxanthellate corals, the reef environments they provide, and genera with actively burrowing or swimming adult life‐stages. The extinction risk of larger sized fauna also increased relative to non‐hyperthermal times, while genera with a poorly buffered internal physiology did not become more vulnerable on average during hyperthermals. Hyperthermal‐vulnerable clades include rhynchonelliform brachiopods and bony fish, whereas resistant clades include cartilaginous fish, and ostreid and venerid bivalves. These extinction responses in the geological past mirror modern responses of these groups to warming, including range‐shift magnitudes, population losses, and experimental performance under climate‐related stressors. Accordingly, extinction mechanisms distinctive to rapid global warming may be indicated, including sensitivity to warming‐induced seawater deoxygenation. In anticipation of modern warming‐driven marine extinctions, the trends illustrated in the fossil record offer an expedient preview.
Legacy of archipelago history in modern island biodiversity – An agent‐based simulation model
Authors: Jõks Madli , Kreft Holger , Weigelt Patrick , Pärtel Meelis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimGeological processes of island growth and erosion, in addition to eustatic sea‐level fluctuations, alter key physical properties of oceanic islands, such as area, elevation and isolation over time. These dynamics operate over similar time‐scales to the biogeographical processes of colonization, speciation and extinction, and thus should strongly affect island biodiversity patterns as we observe them today. Here, we study the effects of geological history and eustatic sea‐level fluctuations on biodiversity patterns in the Hawaiian, Galapagos and Canary Islands, using an agent‐based simulation model.LocationHawaiian Islands, Galapagos Islands and Canary Islands.Time periodGeological history up to 20 Ma.TaxaSpermatophyta, Pteridophyta, Passeriformes, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.MethodsWe analysed the effect of geological, eustatic and biogeographical processes via a spatially explicit agent‐based simulation model. We compared the emergent patterns with observed species richness and the proportion of single‐island endemics across the considered taxa and archipelagos.ResultsOur results suggested that both geological and eustatic processes have affected biodiversity assembly in the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands. In the Canary Islands, we found only the proportion of single‐island endemics to be affected by historical configurations.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the key role of past geological and eustatic processes in affecting modern insular biodiversity patterns.
A republic of scholars or scholars of the republic? Reflections on the predicaments of academic freedom and university autonomy in Turkey
Authors: Fındıklı Burhan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt is widely recognised that academic freedom and university autonomy in Turkey are currently under pressure. Many scholars have produced articles discussing the Turkish predicament, linking it to the recent authoritarian and populist turn of the country. This paper offers a different interpretation, arguing how academic freedom and institutional autonomy have been approached and practised in Turkey from the past to the present, by focusing mainly on the evolution of the relations between higher education institutions and political power. Understanding how this relationship has been constructed and maintained may help us to grasp the context‐specific university practices restricting academic freedom and university autonomy.
Comercio y trabajo a la luz del pluralismo del Órgano de Apelación de la OMC
Authors: LANGILLE Joanna 
Published: November 2020

ResumenLos Acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) pueden limitar la capacidad de sus Estados Miembros para reaccionar ante violaciones de los derechos y normas (internacionales) del trabajo tanto en su territorio como en el extranjero. Se expone aquí cómo el Órgano de Apelación de la OMC ha interpretado esos Acuerdos con un enfoque «pluralista», preservando el derecho de los Miembros a legislar, ampliando el alcance de las excepciones generales y atenuando los efectos desreguladores de ciertas disposiciones. Numerosas medidas de protección del trabajo podrían pues ser compatibles con las obligaciones de no discriminación del derecho mercantil internacional.
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine blocks ovariectomy‐induced bone loss by suppressing Ca2+/calmodulin‐mediated osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Lee Ha Young , Cho Kwang Min , Kim Min Kyung , Lee Mingyu , Kim Hun , Choi Cheol Yong , Kim Kyeong Kyu , Park Joon Seong , Kim Hong‐Hee , Bae Yoe‐Sik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOsteoporosis is a disease in which bone mineral density decreases due to abnormal activity of osteoclasts, and is commonly found in post‐menopausal women who have decreased levels of female hormones. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is an important biological lipid that can be converted to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) by autotaxin. S1P is known to be involved in osteoclast activation by stimulating osteoblasts, but bone regulation by SPC is not well understood. In this study, we found that SPC strongly inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation. SPC‐induced inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation were not affected by several antagonists of S1P receptors or pertussis toxin, suggesting cell surface receptor independency. However, SPC inhibited RANKL‐induced calcineurin activation and subsequent NFATc1 activity, leading to decrease of the expression of Trap and Ctsk. Moreover, we found that bone loss in an experimental osteoporosis mouse model was recovered by SPC injection. SPC also blocked ovariectomy‐induced body weight increase and Nfatc1 gene expression in mice. We also found that SPC inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation in human macrophages. Since currently available treatments for osteoporosis, such as administration of female hormones or hormone receptor modulators, show serious side effects, SPC has potential as a new agent for osteoporosis treatment.
The Structure of Coordination: Transatlantic Policy Networks and the Mobilization of Business and Civil Society
Authors: Kourtikakis Kostas , Turkina Ekaterina , Postnikov Evgeny 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExternal policy networks resolve two collective action problems in EU external relations: engaging nonstate actors from the EU and its partner countries in transnational policymaking and converting this engagement to feedback for policymakers. We use formal network analysis to understand the relationship between network structure and collective action by transnational nonstate actors. Our empirical focus is on the Transatlantic Business Council and the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue networks, which engage business and consumer advocacy organizations in transatlantic economic policymaking. We find that both are highly centralized around EU and US government institutions, with relatively low, but rising, levels of interaction among nonstate organizations. This structure helps increase engagement by giving organizations opportunities to interact with government institutions, learn from their peers, and, for some, to exercise power. It also helps EU and US institutions harness policy feedback, especially from nonstate actors that have frequent interactions with their peers.
Accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral scanners on shade determination
Authors: Ebeid Kamal , Sabet Ahmed , Della Bona Alvaro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral scanners on shade determination.Materials and methodsTen different shades of Vita Mark II blocks were used. A disc‐shape specimen (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick) per ceramic block was fabricated. Ten color measurements per specimen were performed by each instrument (Vita Easyshade V [control], 3shape Trios, Cerec Omnicam, Cerec Primescan) and recorded in Vita Classic color system. The number of correct shade match per instrument for each shade was recorded. Instrumental accuracy was compared using Cochran Q test and repeatability was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the instrumental accuracy for shade determination (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the Easyshade V (78%) and the 3Shape Trios (66%) (p > 0.05), with the latter being similar to the other scanners Primescan(63%) and Omnicam (57%) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found (p > 0.05) when different shades were evaluated by the same instrument. Similar repeatability was found for the different devices, ranging from 44.3% for Easyshade to 51.9% for Omnicam.ConclusionThe evaluated instruments showed less than expected repeatability and accuracy on measuring different dental shades. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using instrumental shade determination, which should be accompanied by experienced human visual assessment.Clinical significanceThe outcome of this study might help clinicians evaluate the performance of intraoral scanners as a shade matching tool.
Nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface using deep feature fusion by Vis/NIR spectroscopy and 1D‐CNN
Authors: Yu Guowei , Ma Benxue , Chen Jincheng , Li Xiaozhan , Li Yujie , Li Cong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNondestructive identification of pesticide residues remains a challenge in terms of fruit safety assessment. In this study, a novel method based on visible/near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy (348.45–1,141.34 nm) combined with deep feature fusion was proposed, achieving nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface. The spectra of Hami melons with clear water and three kinds of pesticide residues (chlorothalonil, imidacloprid, and pyraclostrobin) were collected in the diffuse reflectance mode. The one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN), with increased width and depth through parallel convolution modules and concatenate layers, was presented to capture multiple deep features from Vis/NIR spectra and fuse them. This model had a better performance for four‐class identification as the accuracy of 95.83%, and outperformed other CNN models and conventional approaches (partial least squares discriminant analysis and support vector machine). Moreover, the proposed 1D‐CNN model could accurately differentiate whether there were pesticide residues with the identification accuracy as 99.17%. However, the prediction of imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin residues was not accurate due to the similar spectral features. The overall studies indicated that the 1D‐CNN model with deep feature fusion looked promising for nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy.Practical applicationsVisible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy, as a nondestructive technique, looks promising for evaluation of fruit quality and safety. One‐dimensional convolutional neural network, with deep feature fusion structure to capture multi‐scale spectral information, has a better identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface. Vis/NIR spectroscopy with deep feature fusion can be applied in research and development of a nondestructive detector for pesticide residues on the thick‐skinned fruit surface in the future.
Nanogold‐based immunochromatographic strip test for rapid detection of clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Pengsuk Chalinan , Wangman Pradit , Chaivisuthangkura Parin , Sithigorngul Paisarn , Longyant Siwaporn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA nanogold‐based immunochromatographic strip test (VCG strip test) for the detection of all 70 isolates of Vibrio cholerae including O1, O139, and non‐O1/O139 (NVCs) was developed using two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), namely VC‐63 and VC‐201, which bound specifically to 10 and 15 kDa proteins. Direct detection of V. cholerae in experimentally spiked fresh seafood samples such as shrimp, blood clam, mussel, and oyster could be achieved with sensitivities of 107 CFU/ml, which was similar to that of the dot blotting test using each MAb. The detection sensitivity could be improved to 103 or 10 or 1 CFU/ml of original bacterial content after preincubation of the sample in alkaline peptone water for 6, 12, and 24 hr consecutively. However, the detection sensitivities were also dependent on the content of other bacteria in the sample that might compete or inhibit the growth of V. cholerae during the preenrichment step. Due to its broad specificity, simplicity and rapid result generation, the VCG strip test can be used for the preliminary detection of V. cholerae at point of care for both environmental and clinical strains to assist appropriate decision or epidemiological surveillance of virulent V. cholerae strains (including NVC strains), which are ubiquitous in the environment and seafood.
Limited Risk Sharing and International Equity Returns
Authors: ZHANG SHAOJUN 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTLimited stock market participation can potentially explain the disconnect between international asset prices and macro quantities. An incomplete markets model in which risk sharing for stockholders is high generates highly correlated equity returns and relatively smooth exchange rates. Risk sharing for nonstockholders is limited because of their nonparticipation in stock markets and borrowing constraints, reducing the aggregate consumption correlation and the correlation between aggregate consumption differentials and exchange rates. Financial integration widens the disconnect by benefiting stockholders but hurting nonstockholders. Survey data indicate that international risk sharing for stockholders is better than that for nonstockholders, consistent with the predictions.
Second‐trimester acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy: A brief review of the literature and a case report
Authors: Ramadan Mohamad K. , Khaza'al Janoub , Cha'ar Dunia , Bazzi Zeinab , Bachnak Ronza , Haibeh Pierre 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAcute fatty liver disease of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare life‐threatening medical emergency unique to pregnancy. It is characterized by progressive microvesicular fatty infiltration of maternal hepatocytes, but the exact etiology has yet to be elucidated. AFLP typically manifests in late third trimester or immediately postpartum and seldom during second trimester. Prompt delivery, irrespective of gestational age or severity, is crucial for arresting the insult and permitting recovery. We hereby report a 21‐year‐old Lebanese second‐gravid woman at 20 weeks' gestation diagnosed with AFLP depending on clinical features and compatible laboratory studies (score of 8 on Swansea criteria), in spite of early occurrence. A review and analysis of early AFLP (second trimester) compared to late (third trimester) was also presented. AFLP appearing during second trimester is as serious as the disease manifesting in late third trimester, with similar diagnostic difficulties, less association with hypertension, but with greater hesitation of obstetricians to affect prompt delivery and higher adverse perinatal outcome due to added effect of premature delivery in second trimester.
Neural Mechanisms of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Insights from Neuroimaging
Authors: Liu Wei , Xiao Yan , Zheng Ting , Chen Guangxiang 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTParoxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare movement disorder of the nervous system, and little is known about its pathogenesis. Currently, the diagnosis of PKD is primarily based on clinical manifestations, with little objective evidence. Neuroimaging has been used to explore the pathological changes in cerebral structure and function associated with PKD. The current review highlights recent advances in neuroimaging to provide a better understanding of the neural mechanisms and early diagnosis of this disorder. Several studies utilizing single‐photon emission computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging have found significant localized abnormalities in the caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, thalamus, and frontoparietal cortex in PKD patients. These studies have also revealed alterations in interhemispheric functional connectivity between the brain regions of bilateral cerebral hemispheres such as the putamen, primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex in these patients. In addition, proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 gene mutations can affect the functional organization of the brain in PKD. These results suggest that the neural mechanisms of PKD are associated with the disruption of both structural and/or functional properties in basal ganglia‐thalamo‐cortical circuitry and interhemispheric functional connectivity. PKD can be considered a circuitry/network disorder and is not restricted to localized structural and/or functional abnormalities. Multimodal neuroimaging combined with gene analysis can provide additional valuable information for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of this disorder.
Evidence for the presence of chondrule‐ and CAI‐derived material in an isotopically anomalous Antarctic micrometeorite
Authors: Soens Bastien , Suttle Martin D. , Maeda Ryoga , Vanhaecke Frank , Yamaguchi Akira , Van Ginneken Matthias , Debaille Vinciane , Claeys Philippe , Goderis Steven 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe report the discovery of a unique, refractory phase‐bearing micrometeorite (WF1202A‐001) from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica. A silicate‐rich cosmic spherule (~400 µm) displays a microporphyritic texture containing Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion (CAI)‐derived material (~5–10 area%), including high‐Mg forsterite (Fo98‐99) and enstatite (En98‐99, Wo0‐1). The micrometeorite also hosts a spherical inclusion (~209 µm), reminiscent of chondrules, displaying a barred olivine texture. Oxygen isotopic compositions of the micrometeorite groundmass (δ17O = –3.46‰, δ18O = 10.43‰, ∆17O = –1.96‰) are consistent with a carbonaceous chondrite precursor body. Yet, a relict forsterite grain is characterized by δ17O = –45.8‰, δ18O = –43.7‰, ∆17O = –23.1‰, compatible with CAIs. In contrast, a relict low‐Ca pyroxene grain (δ17O = –4.96‰, δ18O = –4.32‰, ∆17O = –2.71‰) presumably represents a first‐generation silicate grain that accreted 18O‐rich gas or dust in a transient melting scenario. The spherical inclusion displays anomalous oxygen isotope ratios (δ17O = –0.98‰, δ18O = –2.16‰, ∆17O = 0.15‰), comparable to anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and fragments from Comet 81P/Wild2. Based on its major element geochemistry, the chondrule size, and oxygen isotope systematics, micrometeorite WF1202A‐001 likely sampled a carbonaceous chondrite parent body similar to, but distinct from CM, CO, or CV chondrites. This observation may suggest that some carbonaceous chondrite bodies can be linked to comets. The reconstructed atmospheric entry parameters of micrometeorite WF1202A‐001 suggest that the precursor particle originated from a low‐inclination, low‐eccentricity source region, most likely either the main belt asteroids or Jupiter family comets (JFCs).