bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution reflection spectra for Proxima b and Trappist-1e models for ELT observations
Authors: Lin Z , Kaltenegger L 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The closest stars that harbor potentially habitable planets are cool M-stars. Upcoming ground- and space-based telescopes will be able to search the atmosphere of such planets for a range of chemicals. To facilitate this search and to inform upcoming observations, we model the high-resolution reflection spectra of two of the closest potentially habitable exoplanets for a range of terrestrial atmospheres and surface pressures for active and inactive phases of their host stars for both oxic and anoxic conditions: Proxima b, the closest potentially habitable exoplanet, and Trappist-1e, one of 3 Earth-size planets orbiting in the Habitable Zone of Trappist-1. We find that atmospheric spectral features, including biosignatures like O2 in combination with a reduced gas like CH4 for oxic atmospheres, as well as climate indicators like CO2 and H2O for all atmospheres, show absorption features in the spectra of Proxima b and Trappist-1e models. However for some features like oxygen, high-resolution observations will be critical to identify them in a planet's reflected flux. Thus these two planets will be among the best targets for upcoming observations of potential Earth-like planets in reflected light with planned Extremely Large Telescopes.
rascalc: a jackknife approach to estimating single- and multitracer galaxy covariance matrices
Authors: Philcox Oliver H E , Eisenstein Daniel J , O’Connell Ross , Wiegand Alexander 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
To make use of clustering statistics from large cosmological surveys, accurate and precise covariance matrices are needed. We present a new code to estimate large-scale galaxy two-point correlation function (2PCF) covariances in arbitrary survey geometries that, due to new sampling techniques, runs ∼104 times faster than previous codes, computing finely binned covariance matrices with negligible noise in less than 100 CPU-hours. As in previous works, non-Gaussianity is approximated via a small rescaling of shot noise in the theoretical model, calibrated by comparing jackknife survey covariances to an associated jackknife model. The flexible code, rascalc, has been publicly released, and automatically takes care of all necessary pre- and post-processing, requiring only a single input data set (without a prior 2PCF model). Deviations between large-scale model covariances from a mock survey and those from a large suite of mocks are found to be indistinguishable from noise. In addition, the choice of input mock is shown to be irrelevant for desired noise levels below ∼105 mocks. Coupled with its generalization to multitracer data sets, this shows the algorithm to be an excellent tool for analysis, reducing the need for large numbers of mock simulations to be computed.
Towards a deeper understanding of the physics driving galaxy quenching – inferring trends in the gas content via extinction
Authors: Piotrowska Joanna M , Bluck Asa F L , Maiolino Roberto , Concas Alice , Peng Yingjie 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
In order to investigate the importance of different proposed quenching mechanisms, we use an indirect method to estimate gas masses for ∼62 000 SDSS DR7 galaxies. We infer gas surface densities from dust column densities as traced by extinction within the fibre, applying a metallicity correction to account for varying dust-to-gas ratios. We find that both gas fraction and star formation efficiency (SFE) decrease moving away from the star-forming main sequence (MS) towards quiescence for all galaxy masses. We further show that both quantities correlate similarly strongly with the departure from the MS, implying the need for any physical model of quenching to invoke a change in both gas fraction and SFE. Our results call for a better understanding of the physical processes driving the decrease in SFE, which has received relatively little attention in the theory of quenching until now.
STRIDE—a fluorescence method for direct, specific in situ detection of individual single- or double-strand DNA breaks in fixed cells
Authors: Kordon Magdalena M , Zarębski Mirosław , Solarczyk Kamil , Ma Hanhui , Pederson Thoru , Dobrucki Jurek W 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We here describe a technique termed STRIDE (SensiTive Recognition of Individual DNA Ends), which enables highly sensitive, specific, direct in situ detection of single- or double-strand DNA breaks (sSTRIDE or dSTRIDE), in nuclei of single cells, using fluorescence microscopy. The sensitivity of STRIDE was tested using a specially developed CRISPR/Cas9 DNA damage induction system, capable of inducing small clusters or individual single- or double-strand breaks. STRIDE exhibits significantly higher sensitivity and specificity of detection of DNA breaks than the commonly used terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay or methods based on monitoring of recruitment of repair proteins or histone modifications at the damage site (e.g. γH2AX). Even individual genome site-specific DNA double-strand cuts induced by CRISPR/Cas9, as well as individual single-strand DNA scissions induced by the nickase version of Cas9, can be detected by STRIDE and precisely localized within the cell nucleus. We further show that STRIDE can detect low-level spontaneous DNA damage, including age-related DNA lesions, DNA breaks induced by several agents (bleomycin, doxorubicin, topotecan, hydrogen peroxide, UV, photosensitized reactions) and fragmentation of DNA in human spermatozoa. The STRIDE methods are potentially useful in studies of mechanisms of DNA damage induction and repair in cell lines and primary cultures, including cells with impaired repair mechanisms.
Supracerebellar Transtentorial Approach for Mesial Temporal Lobe Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Medial temporal cavernous malformations can involve transgression of eloquent parenchyma. For a tentorium-abutting temporal cavernous malformation, the supracerebellar transtentorial corridor is a suitable approach with minimal parenchymal insult. Using dynamic and gravity retraction, lighted bipolar forceps and suction, and stereotactic navigation, this trajectory provides a minimally invasive corridor. The patient in this case has a medial temporal cavernous malformation, with the lesion abutting the tentorial leaflet. The cavernous malformation is accessed and removed in a piecemeal manner. Complete removal of the lesion is achieved. The patient remained neurologically stable after the procedure. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Alloxan Disintegrates the Plant Cytoskeleton and Suppresses mlo-Mediated Powdery Mildew Resistance
Authors: Wu Hongpo , Zhang Weiwei , Schuster Martin , Moch Marcin , Windoffer Reinhard , Steinberg Gero , Staiger Christopher J , Panstruga Ralph 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecessively inherited mutant alleles of Mlo genes (mlo) confer broad-spectrum penetration resistance to powdery mildew pathogens in angiosperm plants. Although a few components are known to be required for mlo resistance, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this type of immunity remains elusive. In this study, we identified alloxan (5,5-dihydroxyl pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione) and some of its structural analogs as chemical suppressors of mlo-mediated resistance in monocotyledonous barley (Hordeum vulgare) and dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana. Apart from mlo resistance, alloxan impairs nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Histological analysis revealed that the chemical reduces callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide accumulation at attempted fungal penetration sites. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that alloxan interferes with the motility of cellular organelles (peroxisomes, endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum) and the pathogen-triggered redistribution of the PEN1/SYP121 t-SNARE protein. These cellular defects are likely the consequence of disassembly of actin filaments and microtubules upon alloxan treatment. Similar to the situation in animal cells, alloxan elicited the temporary accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons and rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants. Our results suggest that alloxan may destabilize cytoskeletal architecture via induction of an early transient ROS burst, further leading to the failure of molecular and cellular processes that are critical for plant immunity.
Amyloidogenicity and cytotoxicity of des-Lys-1 human amylin provides insight into amylin self-assembly and highlights the difficulties of defining amyloidogenicity
Authors: Lee Kyung-Hoon , Zhyvoloup Alexander , Raleigh Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The polypeptide amylin is responsible for islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes, a process which contributes to β-cell death in the disease. The role of the N-terminal region of amylin in amyloid formation is relatively unexplored, although removal of the disulfide bridged loop between Cys-2 and Cys-7 accelerates amyloid formation. We examine the des Lys-1 variant of human amylin (h-amylin), a variant which is likely produced in vivo. Lys-1 is a region of high charge density in the h-amylin amyloid fiber. The des Lys-1 polypeptide forms amyloid on the same time scale as wild-type amylin in phosphate buffered saline, but does so more rapidly in Tris. The des Lys-1 variant is somewhat less toxic to cultured INS cells than wild type. The implications for the in vitro mechanism of amyloid formation and for comparative analysis of amyloidogenicity are discussed.
Predictor of enhanced mortality in patients with multimorbidity and atrial fibrillation in an acute hospital setting
Authors: Iñiguez Vázquez I , Matesanz Fernández M , Romay Lema E M , Seoane Pillado M T , Monte Secades R , Pértega Díaz S , Casariego Vales E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) admitted to hospital commonly have comorbidities. Few studies have attempted to determine factors prognostic of mortality in hospitalized AF patients with multimorbidity.

Aim
To identify factors associated with mortality in hospitalized AF patients.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Methods
Patients with multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases), with or without AF, discharged from Lugo hospital (Spain) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2015. Data were extracted from hospital medical records.

Results
Of 74 220 patients (170 978 hospitalizations), 52 939 had multimorbidity (14 181 had AF; 38 758 no AF) and were included in our study. Patients with AF were older (mean ± standard deviation 78.6 ± 10.0 vs. 71.9 ± 14.2 years) and had a higher mortality rate (27.1 vs. 20.5%) than those without AF. Gender (female), age, stroke and congestive heart failure (CHF), but not AF, were independently associated with mortality. AF significantly increased the mortality risk in women [relative risk (RR) 1.091; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.021–1.165; P = 0.010] and in those aged &gt;80 years (RR 1.153; 95% CI, 1.1–1.2; P &lt; 0.001). CHF independently increased the risk of mortality across all age groups (RR 1.496; 95% CI 1.422–1.574; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Hospitalized patients with AF have a higher mortality rate than those without AF. The prognostic significance of AF changes with age and gender while CHF is associated with the greatest risk of death.
Mechanisms of Metabolism Interaction Between p-Cresol and Mycophenolic Acid
Authors: Rong Yan , Kiang Tony K L 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMycophenolic acid (MPA) is commonly prescribed for preventing graft rejection after kidney transplantation. The primary metabolic pathways of MPA are hepatic glucuronidation through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of MPA-glucuronide (MPAG, major pathway) and MPA-acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). p-Cresol, a potent uremic toxin known to accumulate in patients with renal dysfunction, can potentially interact with MPA via the inhibition of glucuronidation. We hypothesized that the interaction between MPA and p-cresol is clinically relevant and that the estimated exposure changes in the clinic are of toxicological significance. Using in vitro approaches (ie, human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes), the potency and mechanisms of inhibition by p-cresol towards MPA glucuronidation were characterized. Inter-individual variabilities, effects of clinical co-variates, in vitro-in vivo prediction of likely changes in MPA exposure, and comparison to other toxins were determined for clinical relevance. p-Cresol inhibited MPAG formation in a potent and competitive manner (Ki=5.2 µM in pooled human liver microsomes) and the interaction was primarily mediated by UGT1A9. This interaction was estimated to increase plasma MPA exposure in patients by approximately 1.8-fold, which may result in MPA toxicity. The mechanism of inhibition for AcMPAG formation was noncompetitive (Ki=127.5 µM) and less likely to be clinically significant. p-Cresol was the most potent inhibitor of MPA-glucuronidation compared with other commonly studied uremic toxins (eg, indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid) and its metabolites (ie, p-cresol sulfate and p-cresol glucuronide). Our findings indicate that the interaction between p-cresol and MPA is of toxicological significance and warrants clinical investigation.
The role of IgM testing in the diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up of syphilis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Osbak Kara K. , Tsoumanis Achilleas , De Baetselier Irith , Van Esbroek Marjan , Smet Hilde , Kenyon Chris R. , Crucitti Tania 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe diagnosis of repeat syphilis and its follow-up remains challenging. We aimed to investigate if IgM testing may assist in the diagnosis of syphilis reinfection/relapse and its treatment follow-up.MethodsSera were collected from 120 individuals with a new diagnosis of syphilis (72 with repeat infections) and 30 syphilis negative controls during a cohort study investigating syphilis biomarkers conducted at a STI/HIV clinic in Antwerp, Belgium. Syphilis was diagnosed based on a simultaneous positive treponemal and non-treponemal assay result and/or positive serum PCR targeting polA. Specimens collected at visit of diagnosis, and 3 and 6 months post-treatment were tested by two enzyme immuno assays (EIAs), recomWell (Mikrogen; MI) and Euroimmun (EU), to detect anti-treponemal IgM. Baseline specimens were also tested for anti-treponemal IgM using a line immuno assay (LIA) recomLine (Mikrogen). Quantitative kinetic decay curves were constructed from the longitudinal quantitative EIA results.ResultsAn overall sensitivity for the diagnosis of syphilis of 59.8 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 50.3-68.7), 75.0 % (95 %(CI): 66.1-82.3) and 64.2 % (95 %(CI): 54.8-72.6) was obtained for the EU, MI EIAs, and MI LIA, respectively. When only considering repeat syphilis, the diagnostic sensitivity decreased to 45.7 % (95 %(CI): 33.9-58.0), 63.9 % (95 %(CI): 51.7-74.6) and 47.2 % (95 %(CI): 35.5-59.3), respectively. IgM seroreverted in most cases 6 months after treatment. Post-treatment IgM concentrations decreased 30 % faster for initial syphilis compared to repeat infection. The IgM EIAs and IgM LIA agreed from fairly to moderately (Cohen’s kappa (κ): 0.36 [EU EIA]; κ: 0.53 [MI EIA]; κ: 0.40 [MI LIA]) with the diagnosis of syphilis.ConclusionsIgM detection was not a sensitive method to diagnose syphilis and was even poorer in the diagnosis of syphilis repeat infections, but might play a role in treatment follow-up.KEY MESSAGE BOX-IgM detection was not a sensitive method to diagnose syphilis and was even poorer in the diagnosis of syphilis repeat infections-IgM serorevert in most cases 6 months after treatment-In repeat episodes of syphilis, IgM concentrations decline faster post-treatment
Anterolateral entorhinal cortex thickness as a new biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Holbrook Andrew , Tustison Nicholas , Marquez Freddie , Roberts Jared , Yassa Michael A. , Gillen Daniel ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionLoss of entorhinal cortex (EC) layer II neurons represents the earliest AD lesion in the brain. Research suggests differing functional roles between two EC subregions, the anterolateral EC (aLEC) and the posteromedial EC (pMEC).MethodsWe use joint label fusion to obtain aLEC and pMEC cortical thickness measurements from serial MRI scans of 775 ADNI-1 participants (219 healthy; 380 MCI; 176 AD) and use linear mixed-effects models to analyze longitudinal associations between cortical thickness, disease status and cognitive measures.ResultsGroup status is reliability predicted by aLEC thickness, which also exhibits greater associations with cognitive outcomes than does pMEC thickness. Change in aLEC thickness is also associated with CSF amyloid and tau levels.DiscussionThinning of aLEC is a sensitive structural biomarker that changes over short durations in the course of AD and tracks disease severity – it is a strong candidate biomarker for detection of early AD.
Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with alpha dysrhythmia across the visual cortex and the default mode network
Authors: Clancy Kevin J. , Andrzejewski Jeremy A. , Ding Mingzhou , Schmidt Norman B. , Li Wen 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundAnomalies in default mode network (DMN) activity and alpha (8-12 Hz) oscillations have been independently observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent spatiotemporal analyses suggest that alpha oscillations support DMN functioning via inter-regional synchronization and sensory cortical inhibition. Therefore, we examined a unifying pathology of alpha deficits in the visual-cortex-DMN system in PTSD.MethodsPatients with PTSD (N= 25) and two control groups—patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (N= 24) and healthy controls (N= 20)—underwent a standard eyes-open resting state (S-RS) and a modified resting state (M-RS) of passively viewing salient images (known to deactivate the DMN). High-density electroencephalogram (hdEEG) were recorded, from which intracortical alpha activity (power and connectivity/Granger causality) was extracted using the exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA).ResultsPatients with PTSD (vs. controls) demonstrated attenuated alpha power in the visual cortex and key hubs of the DMN (posterior cingulate cortex/PCC and medial prefrontal cortex/mPFC) at both states, the severity of which further correlated with hypervigilance symptoms. With increased visual input (at M-RS vs. S-RS), patients with PTSD further demonstrated reduced alpha-frequency directed connectivity within the DMN (PCC→mPFC) and, importantly, from the visual cortex (VC) to both DMN hubs (VC→PCC and VC→mPFC), linking alpha deficits in the two systems.ConclusionsThese interrelated alpha deficits align with DMN hypoactivity/hypoconnectivity, sensory disinhibition, and hypervigilance in PTSD, representing a unifying neural underpinning of these anomalies. The identification of visual-cortex-DMN alpha dysrhythmia in PTSD further presents a novel therapeutic target, promoting network-based intervention of neural oscillations.
A wealth of opportunities: an ethnographic study on learning to deliver high-value, cost-conscious care
Authors: Stammen Lorette A. , Janssen Linda M.E. , Bressers Guusje , Driessen Erik W. , Stassen Laurents P.S. , Stalmeijer Renée E. , Scheele Fedde 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveSince physicians’ behaviour determines up to 80% of total healthcare expenditures, training residents to deliver high-value, cost-conscious care is essential. Residents acknowledge the importance of high-value, cost-conscious care-delivery, yet perceive training to be insufficient. We designed an observational study to gain insight into how the workplace setting relates to residents’ high-value, cost-conscious care-delivery.DesignThis ethnographic study builds on 175 hours of non-participant observations including informal interviews, 9 semi-structured interviews and document analysis.SettingDepartment of obstetrics and gynaecology in an academic hospital in the Netherlands. Population or sample: 21 gynaecology residents.MethodsIterative analysis process of fieldnotes, interview transcripts and documents, including open-coding, thematic analysis and axial analysis by a multidisciplinary research team.ResultsResidents rarely consider health care costs, and knowledge regarding costs is often absent. Senior consultants guide residents while balancing benefits, risks and costs, with or without explicating their decision-making process. Identified learning opportunities are elaboration on questions raised concerning high-value, cost-conscious care, checking information about costs that are used in discussions about high-value, cost-conscious care, and having a more open and explicit discussion about high-value, cost-conscious care.ConclusionOur study emphasizes that the opportunities and potential to train residents to deliver high-value, cost-conscious care in the workplace are present. The challenge resides in capitalizing on these opportunities. We suggest departments to consult external experts to facilitate discussions regarding high-value, cost-conscious care to contribute to informal learning and to create a workplace setting in which high-value, cost-conscious care-delivery is prioritized.Fundingnone