bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The intersubjective ontology of need in Carl Menger
Authors: Yamamori Toru 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs I have argued elsewhere, there is no room for the concept of need in the prevailing neoclassical school of economics—without reducing the need to a purely subjective construct. Not so, however, both in classical political economy and in the contemporary heterodox schools of economics. The main aim of this paper is, firstly, to show the existence of the concept of need as such in Carl Menger—widely acknowledged as one of the fathers of modern economics; and secondly, to trace the concept’s erasure in the orthodox school along with its rediscovery in the heterodox schools. With this exposition on the history of the idea, I hope to demonstrate how taking the concept seriously would urge us to engage ontological research and would mandate a significant change in economic analysis, regardless of whether this change is considered to reside within the orthodox tradition or be deemed a departure to heterodoxy.
Positional repeatability and variation in internal and external markers during volumetric-modulated arc therapy under end-exhalation breath-hold conditions for pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Sasaki Makoto , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Ono Tomohiro , Ashida Ryo , Yoshimura Michio , Nakata Manabu , Mizowaki Takashi , Sugimoto Naozo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the positional repeatability of internal and external markers among multiple breath-hold (BH) sessions and evaluate the positional variation of these markers within BH sessions for volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for pancreatic cancer patients. A total of 13 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients with an internal marker were enrolled. Single full-arc coplanar VMAT was delivered under end-exhalation BH conditions while monitoring the internal marker with kilovoltage (kV) X-ray fluoroscopy. Positional repeatability of the internal and external markers was determined by the difference between the reference and zero position in all BH sessions, and positional variation was defined by the displacement from the reference position in each BH session during megavolt beam delivery. The overall positional repeatability was 0.6 ± 1.5 mm in the X-axis for the centroid of the internal marker (CoIM), −0.1 ± 2.2 mm in the Y-axis for the CoIM, and 0.8 ± 2.2 mm for the external marker. The frequency of an internal marker position appearing &gt; 2 mm from the reference position in the Y-axis, despite the external marker position being ≤2 mm from the reference position, ranged from 0.0 to 39.9% for each patient. Meanwhile, the proportion of sessions with positional variation ≤2 mm was 93.2 and 98.7% for the CoIM and external marker, respectively. External marker motion can be used as a surrogate for pancreatic tumor motion during BH-VMAT delivery; however, margins of ~5 mm were required to ensure positional repeatability.
Thermal luminosities of cooling neutron stars
Authors: Potekhin A Y , Zyuzin D A , Yakovlev D G , Beznogov M V , Shibanov Yu A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTAges and thermal luminosities of neutron stars, inferred from observations, can be interpreted with the aid of the neutron star cooling theory to gain information on the properties of superdense matter in neutron-star interiors. We present a survey of estimated ages, surface temperatures, and thermal luminosities of middle-aged neutron stars with relatively weak or moderately strong magnetic fields, which can be useful for these purposes. The catalogue includes results selected from the literature, supplemented with new results of spectral analysis of a few cooling neutron stars. The data are compared with the theory. We show that overall agreement of theoretical cooling curves with observations improves substantially for models where neutron superfluidity in stellar core is weak.
Progenitor, precursor, and evolution of the dusty remnant of the stellar merger M31-LRN-2015
Authors: Blagorodnova N , Karambelkar V , Adams S M , Kasliwal M M , Kochanek C S , Dong S , Campbell H , Hodgkin S , Jencson J E , Johansson J , Kozłowski S , Laher R R , Masci F , Nugent P , Rebbapragada U 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
M31-LRN-2015 is a likely stellar merger discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy in 2015. We present new optical to mid-infrared photometry and optical spectroscopy for this event. Archival data show that the source started to brighten ∼2 yr before the nova event. During this precursor phase, the source brightened by ∼3 mag. The light curve at 6 and 1.5 months before the main outburst may show periodicity, with periods of 16 ± 0.3 and 28.1 ± 1.4 d, respectively. This complex emission may be explained by runaway mass-loss from the system after the binary undergoes Roche lobe overflow, leading the system to coalesce in tens of orbital periods. While the progenitor spectral energy distribution shows no evidence of pre-existing warm dust in the system, the remnant forms an optically thick dust shell at approximately four months after the outburst peak. The optical depth of the shell increases dramatically after 1.5 yr, suggesting the existence of shocks that enhance the dust formation process. We propose that the merger remnant is likely an inflated giant obscured by a cooling shell of gas with mass ∼0.2 M⊙ ejected at the onset of the common envelope phase.
Cataloguing the radio-sky with unsupervised machine learning: a new approach for the SKA era
Authors: Galvin T J , Huynh M T , Norris R P , Wang X R , Hopkins E , Polsterer K , Ralph N O , O’Brien A N , Heald G H 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We develop a new analysis approach towards identifying related radio components and their corresponding infrared host galaxy based on unsupervised machine learning methods. By exploiting Parallelized rotation and flipping INvariant Kohonen maps (pink), a self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm, we are able to associate radio and infrared sources without the a priori requirement of training labels. We present an example of this method using 894 415 images from the Faint Images of the Radio-Sky at Twenty centimeters (FIRST) and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) surveys centred towards positions described by the FIRST catalogue. We produce a set of catalogues that complement FIRST and describe 802 646 objects, including their radio components and their corresponding AllWISE infrared host galaxy. Using these data products, we (i) demonstrate the ability to identify objects with rare and unique radio morphologies (e.g. ‘X’-shaped galaxies, hybrid FR I/FR II morphologies), (ii) can identify the potentially resolved radio components that are associated with a single infrared host, (iii) introduce a ‘curliness’ statistic to search for bent and disturbed radio morphologies, and (iv) extract a set of 17 giant radio galaxies between 700 and 1100 kpc. As we require no training labels, our method can be applied to any radio-continuum survey, provided a sufficiently representative SOM can be trained.
An improved spin-down rate for the proposed white dwarf pulsar AR scorpii
Authors: Gaibor Y , Garnavich P M , Littlefield C , Potter S B , Buckley D A H 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse rapid-cadence, multiwavelength photometry of AR Scorpii from three observatories, covering five observing seasons. We measure the arrival times of the system’s beat pulses and use them to compute an updated ephemeris. The white dwarf spin-down rate is estimated with an uncertainty of only 4 per cent. These results confirm, beyond any doubt, that the white dwarf’s spin period is increasing at the rate consistent with by that of Stiller et al. (2018). We study the evolution of the beat pulse’s colour index across the orbit. The colour of the primary pulse maxima varies significantly across the orbit, with the peaks being bluer after superior conjunction than in the first half of the orbit. Specifically, at orbital phase 0.5, the colour index of the primary pulse shows a very sharp discontinuity towards bluer indices. This supports the Potter & Buckley (2018b) synchrotron emission model where the two emitting poles differ significantly in colour. However, no corresponding jump in the colour of the secondary pulses is seen. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the arrival times of the pulses can differ by as much as 6 s in simultaneous u and r photometry, depending on the binary orbital phase. If left uncorrected, this wavelength-dependent timing offset could lead to erroneous measurements of the spin-period derivative, particularly with heterogeneous data sets.
Variance-adjusted Mahalanobis (VAM): a fast and accurate method for cell-specific gene set scoring
Authors: Frost Hildreth Robert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStatistical analysis of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data is hindered by high levels of technical noise and inflated zero counts. One promising approach for addressing these challenges is gene set testing, or pathway analysis, which can mitigate sparsity and noise, and improve interpretation and power, by aggregating expression data to the pathway level. Unfortunately, methods optimized for bulk transcriptomics perform poorly on scRNA-seq data and progress on single cell-specific techniques has been limited. Importantly, no existing methods support cell-level gene set inference. To address this challenge, we developed a new gene set testing method, Variance-adjusted Mahalanobis (VAM), that integrates with the Seurat framework and can accommodate the technical noise, sparsity and large sample sizes characteristic of scRNA-seq data. The VAM method computes cell-specific pathway scores to transform a cell-by-gene matrix into a cell-by-pathway matrix that can be used for both data visualization and statistical enrichment analysis. Because the distribution of these scores under the null of uncorrelated technical noise has an accurate gamma approximation, both population and cell-level inference is supported. As demonstrated using simulated and real scRNA-seq data, the VAM method provides superior classification accuracy at a lower computation cost relative to existing single sample gene set testing approaches.
Low ALT values amongst hospitalized patients are associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia and overall mortality: a retrospective, big-data analysis of 51 831 patients
Authors: Itelman E , Segev A , Ahmead L , Leibowitz E , Agbaria M , Avaky C , Negro L , Shenhav-Saltzman G , Wasserstrum Y , Segal G 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Background
Sarcopenia and frailty influence clinical patients’ outcomes. Low alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum activity is a surrogate marker for sarcopenia and frailty. In-hospital hypoglycemia is associated, also with worse clinical outcomes.

Aim
We evaluated the association between low ALT, risk of in-hospital hypoglycemia and subsequent mortality.

Design
This was a retrospective cohort analysis.

Methods
We included patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital between 2007 and 2019. Patients’ data were retrieved from their electronic medical records.

Results
The cohort included 51 831 patients (average age 70.88). The rate of hypoglycemia was 10.8% (amongst diabetics 19.4% whereas in non-diabetics 8.3%). The rate of hypoglycemia was higher amongst patients with ALT &lt; 10 IU/l in the whole cohort (14.3% vs. 10.4%, P &lt; 0.001) as well as amongst diabetics (24.6% vs. 18.8%, P &lt; 0.001). Both the overall and in-hospital mortality were higher in the low ALT group (57.7% vs. 39.1% P &lt; 0.001 and 4.3% vs. 3.2%, P &lt; 0.001). A propensity score matching, after which a regression model was performed, showed that patients with ALT levels &lt; 10 IU/l had higher risk of overall mortality (HR = 1.21, CI 1.13–1.29, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Low ALT values amongst hospitalized patients are associated with increased risk of in-hospital hypoglycemia and overall mortality.
How Did COVID-19 Affect Firms’ Access to Public Capital Markets?*
Authors: Halling Michael , Yu Jin , Zechner Josef 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe find that bond issues have substantially increased since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis in calendar week 12 (March 16–20) for bonds rated A or higher, but surprisingly also for bonds rated BBB or lower. In contrast to existing evidence on bond maturities in economic downturns, we document that maturities exceed those of bonds issued before by the same firms as well as the average maturities during normal times. Determinants of corporate bond spreads substantially differ between COVID-19 and normal times. Most prominently, asset tangibility has a highly significant negative effect on spreads during normal times. During COVID-19, this is reversed, especially in industries heavily affected by lockdown measures, reflecting the inflexibility associated with fixed assets. A different picture emerges for equity issues, which slowed considerably during the first 4 weeks of the pandemic, before accelerating again. Capital raised during COVID-19 via equity issues is approximately 5% of capital raised via bond issues. (JEL G01, G32)Received: May 21, 2020; editorial decision June 17, 2020 by Editor Andrew Ellul.
Comparative study of material point method and upper bound limit analysis in slope stability analysis
Authors: Zhao Lianheng , Qiao Nan , Zhao Zhigang , Zuo Shi , Wang Xiang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The upper bound limit analysis (UBLA) is one of the key research directions in geotechnical engineering and is widely used in engineering practice. UBLA assumes that the slip surface with the minimum factor of safety (FSmin) is the critical slip surface, and then applies it to slope stability analysis. However, the hypothesis of UBLA has not been systematically verified, which may be due to the fact that the traditional numerical method is difficult to simulate the large deformation. In this study, in order to systematically verify the assumption of UBLA, material point method (MPM), which is suitable to simulate the large deformation of continuous media, is used to simulate the whole process of the slope failure, including the large-scale transportation and deposition of soil mass after slope failure. And a series of comparative studies are conducted on the stability of cohesive slopes using UBLA and MPM. The proposed study indicated that the slope angle, internal friction angle and cohesion have a remarkable effect on the slip surface of the cohesive slope. Also, for stable slopes, the calculation results of the two are relatively close. However, for unstable slopes, the slider volume determined by the UBLA is much smaller than the slider volume determined by the MPM. In other words, for unstable slopes, the critical slip surface of UBLA is very different from the slip surface when the slope failure occurs, and when the UBLA is applied to the stability analysis of unstable slope, it will lead to extremely unfavorable results.
Nonoperating room anaesthesia for elderly patients
Authors: Kim Duk Kyung 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
The number of elderly patients receiving non-operating room anaesthesia (NORA) has substantially increased because of clinical, epidemiological, social and economic reasons. Considering the high risk of anaesthesia-related adverse events in this population, along with the limitations of NORA, more specific knowledge and skills are required.

Recent findings
Advanced age appears to be an independent risk factor for anaesthesia-related adverse events in a NORA setting, similar to the traditional operating room. As significant changes occur in the pharmacological effects of anaesthetic agents with aging, reducing dosage and carefully titrating drugs are essential. Because NORA-related injury is frequently related to airway obstruction/respiratory depression, non-invasive respiratory activity monitoring is more useful for sedation of elderly patients. Additionally, advanced age increases the risk of aspiration and cognitive complications, even during sedation.

Summary
Elderly patients may greatly benefit from the lower invasiveness and faster recovery offered by interventional procedures. However, as they represent a highly heterogeneous population with large variations in physiological reserves and comorbidities, anaesthesiologists should strive to maintain the same practice standards throughout all anaesthetizing locations. Knowledge of the unique hazards associated with NORA in elderly patients may further enhance patient safety.

Video abstract: NORA for elderly patients.mp4: http://links.lww.com/COAN/A66.
Maternal morbidity: how to reduce it
Authors: Chong Martin Shao Foong , Clayton Matthew , Lucas Nuala 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Internationally there has been increased interest in maternal morbidity; both as a strategy to reduce maternal deaths and also because of the significant impact on a woman's life as a result of suffering from maternal morbidity. The present review will evaluate the current knowledge of, and strategies to reduce maternal morbidity.

Recent findings
The study of maternal morbidity and how to reduce it has been hampered for many years by the lack of a standard approach to measurement and evaluation. The World Health Organization has attempted to standardize the approach to maternal morbidity with the development of a new definition that recognizes the multiple dimensions of maternal morbidity, including external factors such as socioeconomic factors. This approach will assist with a more accurate evaluation of maternal morbidity. Maternal morbidity arises from many and varied causes. Many of these are amenable to quality improvement with an associated reduction in maternal morbidity.

Summary
There have been significant advances in the understanding of maternal morbidity: incidence causes and management. Future research should aim to establish accurate rates for maternal morbidity and further develop ways for healthcare professionals, including anaesthesia care providers, to reduce it.
Expert Opinion Regarding Appropriately Timing Dermatological Surgeries in Patients With Recent Myocardial Infarctions
Authors: McLawhorn Justin M. , Imtiaz Rasheen , Jasterzbski Thomas , Stubblefield Alexander , Chen Sixia , Stasko Thomas , Collins Lindsey 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND
There is limited data on the risk of perioperative myocardial infarctions (MIs) in patients with a recent MI who undergo dermatologic surgeries.

OBJECTIVE
Present the recommendations of dermatologic surgeons and cardiologists to determine the safety of dermatologic surgeries after a recent MI.

METHODS
An electronic survey was distributed to Mohs surgeons and cardiologists to infer the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) inherent to dermatologic surgery and determine timing of dermatologic surgery in patients with a recent MI.

RESULTS
One hundred twenty Mohs surgeons and 30 cardiologists were surveyed. Ninety-seven percent of cardiologists and 87% of Mohs surgeons deemed cutaneous excisions and Mohs micrographic surgery as low-risk procedures with less than one-percent chance of MACE. Seventy-seven percent of cardiologists and 46% of Mohs surgeons stated dermatologic surgery should either not be delayed or be delayed up to 1 month after an MI. Responses between cardiologists and Mohs surgeons did not significantly differ.

CONCLUSION
A preponderance of surveyed experts believe that most dermatologic surgeries may be safely performed in patients with a history of an MI within 1 month. The decision to implement urgent dermatologic surgery in patients with a recent MI should account for all clinically significant factors.
Severe Postmenopausal Genital Pain Treated Successfully With Prolonged Estrogen Therapy: A Case Series and Narrative Review
Authors: Goetsch Martha F. 
Published: June 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to describe a debilitating postmenopausal condition of continuous burning genital pain that remitted with prolonged estrogen focused on the vulvar vestibule.

Materials and Methods
Postmenopausal patients with constant genital pain seen by the author in a specialty vulvar health clinic comprised an institutional review board–approved descriptive case series. Examinations to localize pain used 4% lidocaine topical solution. Each patient received estradiol nightly as vestibule crème or constantly by transdermal route and was followed by serial examinations and follow-up telephone contact. Statistical tests included Student t test, Fisher exact test, and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results
Between 2008 and 2016, 16 women presented with constant genital pain that was partly or fully extinguishable with topical vestibular lidocaine, and their pain slowly responded to prolonged vestibule-directed estradiol therapy. The mean age was 66.8 years (± 11.2). The mean pain score was 5 (range = 2–10 on a 0–10 scale). Seven (44%) characterized their pain as debilitating, and 13 (81%) had accompanying urinary symptoms. In 9 patients (56%), ovaries had been removed before natural menopause at ages 27–50 years (mean = 39), followed by minimal or no estrogen therapy. Prolonged estrogen therapy eliminated constant pain in 69% and mitigated it in 31%.

Conclusions
Information about this severe but remediable condition that is associated with lack of estrogen may guide specialists who are treating complex vulvar pain. The patients' clinical histories and therapeutic courses invite a review of estrogen receptor physiology related to urogenital pain conditions.
Endotypes in T1D: B lymphocytes and early onset
Authors: Smith Mia J. , Cambier John C. , Gottlieb Peter A. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by self-reactive T cells, it has become increasingly evident that B cells also play a major role in disease development, likely functioning as antigen-presenting cells. Here we review the biology of islet antigen-reactive B cells and their participation in autoimmune diabetes.

Recent findings
Relative to late onset, individuals who develop T1D at an early age display increased accumulation of insulin-reactive B cells in islets. This B-cell signature is also associated with rapid progression of disease and responsiveness to B-cell depletion therapy. Also suggestive of B-cell participation in disease is loss of anergy in high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells. Importantly, loss of anergy is seen in patient's healthy first-degree relatives carrying certain T1D risk alleles, suggesting a role early in disease development.

Summary
Recent studies indicate that islet-reactive B cells may play a pathogenic role very early in T1D development in young patients, and suggest utility of therapies that target these cells.