bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Healable and Transparent Elastomers Based on Dual Reversible Networks
Authors: Wang Peng , Yang Lei , Sun Mingqi , Yang Zhenhuai , Guo Shuai , Gao Gang , Xu Liangge , Ji Dongchao , Cao Wenxin , Zhu Jiaqi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe fabrication of silicon elastomer with good mechanical properties and self‐healing ability is still a challenge. Herein, a facile method to fabricate a transparent healable double‐network (DN) elastomer by introducing polyborosiloxane (PBS) into self‐healing polydimethylsiloxane (HPDMS) networks is demonstrated. Tensile testing shows that the mechanical properties of PBS and HPDMS are both improved. The DN elastomer shows high transparency across the visible spectrum with an average transmittance of 75%. Because of the breakage and reconstruction of reversible imine bonds and BO dative bonds, the elastomer exhibits excellent self‐healing properties with a maximum healing efficiency of 98% at room temperature. Meanwhile, the elastomer can be repeatedly reprocessed with a recovery of 85% of virgin mechanical strengths. This work provides a new insight to design transparent, self‐healing silicone elastomers with a simple and eco‐friendly method.
Reduced Plastic Dilatancy in Polymer Glasses
Authors: Peng Qing , Deng Binghui , Utz Marcel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAmorphous solids in general exhibit a volume change during plastic deformation due to microstructure change during plastic relaxation. Here the deformation dilatancy of alkane polymer glasses upon shearing is investigated using molecular static simulations at zero temperature and pressure. The dilatancy of linear alkane chains has been quantified as a function of strain and chain length. It is found that the system densities decrease linearly with respect to strain after yield point. In addition, dilatability decreases considerably with increasing chain length, suggesting enhanced cooperation of different deformation mechanisms. An analytic model is introduced for dilatability based on the atomistic study. The entanglement chain length is predicted as 43 for alkane polymers from the model, agreeing well with experiments. The study provides insights of correlations of the physical properties and chain length of polymers which might be useful in material design and applications of structural polymers.
Tripterygium wilfordii: An inspiring resource for rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Authors: Zhang Yanqiong , Mao Xia , Li Weijie , Chen Wenjia , Wang Xiaoyue , Ma Zhaochen , Lin Na 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF)‐based therapy is among the most efficient and crucial therapeutics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which indicates that TwHF is a potential source of novel anti‐RA drugs. However, accumulating studies have observed that TwHF‐based therapy induces multi‐organ toxicity, which prevents the wide use of this herb in clinical practice, although several recent studies have attempted to reduce the toxicity of TwHF. Notably, our research group developed a “Clinical Practice Guideline for Tripterygium Glycosides/Tripterygium wilfordii Tablets in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis” (No. T/CACM 1337‐2020) approved by the China Association of Chinese Medicine to standardize the clinical application of TwHF‐based therapy and thus avoid adverse effects. Although great strides have been made toward the characterization of TwHF‐based therapy and revealing its underlying pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms, several crucial gaps in knowledge remain as potential barriers to enhance its therapeutic effects on the premise of safety assurance. This review offers a global view of TwHF, ranging from its chemical constituents, quality control, clinical observations, and underlying pharmacological mechanisms to toxic manifestations and mechanisms. We focus on the important and emerging aspects of this field and highlight the major challenges and strategies for using novel techniques and approaches to gain new insights into unresolved questions. We hope that this review will improve the understanding of TwHF application and draw increasing interdisciplinary attention from clinicians that practice both Chinese and Western medicine, basic researchers, and computer scientists.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning‐aided drug discovery in central nervous system diseases: State‐of‐the‐arts and future directions
Authors: Vatansever Sezen , Schlessinger Avner , Wacker Daniel , Kaniskan H. Ümit , Jin Jian , Zhou Ming‐Ming , Zhang Bin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNeurological disorders significantly outnumber diseases in other therapeutic areas. However, developing drugs for central nervous system (CNS) disorders remains the most challenging area in drug discovery, accompanied with the long timelines and high attrition rates. With the rapid growth of biomedical data enabled by advanced experimental technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as an indispensable tool to draw meaningful insights and improve decision making in drug discovery. Thanks to the advancements in AI and ML algorithms, now the AI/ML‐driven solutions have an unprecedented potential to accelerate the process of CNS drug discovery with better success rate. In this review, we comprehensively summarize AI/ML‐powered pharmaceutical discovery efforts and their implementations in the CNS area. After introducing the AI/ML models as well as the conceptualization and data preparation, we outline the applications of AI/ML technologies to several key procedures in drug discovery, including target identification, compound screening, hit/lead generation and optimization, drug response and synergy prediction, de novo drug design, and drug repurposing. We review the current state‐of‐the‐art of AI/ML‐guided CNS drug discovery, focusing on blood–brain barrier permeability prediction and implementation into therapeutic discovery for neurological diseases. Finally, we discuss the major challenges and limitations of current approaches and possible future directions that may provide resolutions to these difficulties.
Comparison between long and lower medial head triceps branches in dual neurotization for shoulder function restoration in upper brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Ellabban Mohamed A. , Sadek Ahmed Fathy , Galhom Ayman , Hafez Ahmed E. , Ramadan Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeIn upper brachial plexus injury (UBPI), restoring shoulder function is crucial. This study compares the transfer of long and lower medial heads of triceps branches to the axillary nerve to achieve proper restoration of function.Patients and MethodsA retrospective comparative study was conducted between two groups of patients with (UBPI). Group I patients (10) [mean age: 19 ± 10.6 years] were managed by transferring triceps long head branch to axillary nerve while group II patients (8) [mean age: 26 ± 9.6 years] were managed by triceps lower medial head branch transfer. The mean time from injury to surgery was 6 ± 1.3 and 5 ± 1.7 months respectively. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months with the assessment of VAS, DASH score, active range of motion (AROM) and strength of shoulder abduction and external rotation; in addition to shoulder endurance and strengths of donors. Postoperative, three‐monthly, electrodiagnostic assessments were performed.ResultsPostoperatively, the mean VAS and DASH scores; in addition to endurance time, showed significant enhancement in both groups. Patients in both groups have accomplished a mean abduction (AROM) of 98° ± 27.9 and 97° ± 11.9 respectively. The mean external rotation (AROM) was 48° ± 18.4 and 47° ± 9.2 respectively. Furthermore, group II patients had less triceps morbidity in addition to earlier and enhanced electrophysiological recovery.ConclusionsDual neurotization for shoulder function restoration in (UBPI) is capable of providing proper functional results with minimal donor morbidity. The triceps lower medial branch provides an excelling donor due to less triceps morbidity, extra length; yet, earlier and enhanced electrophysiological recovery.
The Beneficial Effects of Red Sun‐Dried Capsicum annuum L. Cv Senise Extract with Antioxidant Properties in Experimental Obesity are Associated with Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: Sinisgalli Chiara , Vezza Teresa , Diez‐Echave Patricia , Ostuni Angela , Faraone Immacolata , Hidalgo‐Garcia Laura , Russo Daniela , Armentano Maria Francesca , Garrido‐Mesa José , Rodriguez‐Cabezas Maria Elena , Rodríguez‐Nogales Alba , Milella Luigi , Galvez Julio 
Published: December 2020

ScopeCapsicum annuum L. cv Senise is a sweet pepper containing health promoting compounds that can be modified by ripening and drying. This study focuses on finding the peppers with the best antioxidant properties, which are evaluated on an experimental model of obesity.Methods and ResultsPhytochemical profile and antioxidant activity are evaluated on several peppers obtained from the same cultivar at different ripening stages. Red sweet peppers show the highest content in polyphenols, β‐carotene, lycopene, and capsinoids, and demonstrate the best antioxidant activity in vitro. Mice fed a high fat diet are orally treated with an extract from these peppers (Capsicum annuum extract [CAE]) (1, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day). It promotes weight loss and improves plasma markers related to glucose and lipid metabolisms. CAE also ameliorates obesity‐associated systemic inflammation reducing the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in adipose and hepatic tissues and improving the expression of different markers involved in the gut epithelial barrier function. These effects are associated with a modulation of the intestinal microbiome, which appears altered.ConclusionsThe extract can be considered a new potential approach for the treatment of obesity, complementary to dietary restrictions.
IAEA‐AAPM TRS‐483‐based reference dosimetry of the new RefleXion biology‐guided radiotherapy (BgRT) machine
Authors: Mirzakhanian Lalageh , Bassalow Rostem , Zaks Daniel , Huntzinger Calvin , Seuntjens Jan 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide data for the calibration of the recent biology‐guided radiotherapy (BgRT) machine (Hayward, CA, USA) following the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) TRS‐483 code of practice (COP) (Palmans et al. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2017) and (Mirzakhanian et al. Med Phys, 2020).MethodsIn RefleXion BgRT machine, reference dosimetry was performed using two methodologies described in TRS‐483 and (Mirzakhanian et al. Med Phys, 2020) In the first approach (Approach 1), the generic beam quality correction factor was calculated using an accurate Monte Carlo (MC) model of the beam and of six ionization chamber types. The is a beam quality factor that corrects (absorbed dose to water calibration coefficient in a calibration beam quality ) for the differences between the response of the chamber in the conventional reference calibration field with beam quality at the standards laboratory and the response of the chamber in the user’s A field with beam quality . Field A represents the reference calibration field that does not fulfill msr conditions. In the second approach (Approach 2), a square equivalent field size was determined for field A of and . Knowing the equivalent field size, the beam quality specifier for the hypothetical field size was derived. This was used to calculate the beam quality correction factor analytically for the six chamber types using the TRS‐398. (Andreo et al. Int Atom Energy Agency 420, 2001) Here, TRS‐398 was used instead of TRS‐483 since the beam quality correction values for the chambers used in this study are not tabulated in TRS‐483. The accuracy of Approach 2 is studied in comparison to Approach 1.ResultsAmong the chambers, the PTW 31010 had the largest correction due to the volume averaging effect. The smallest‐volume chamber (IBA CC01) had the smallest correction followed by the other microchambers Exradin‐A14 and ‐A14SL. The equivalent square fields sizes were found to be 3.6 cm and 4.8 cm for the and field sizes, respectively. The beam quality correction factors calculated using the two approaches were within 0.27% for all chambers except IBA CC01. The latter chamber has an electrode made of steel and the differences between the correction calculated using the two approaches was the largest, that is, 0.5%.ConclusionsIn this study, we provided the values as a function of the beam quality specifier at the RefleXion BgRT setup ( and ) for six chamber types. We suggest using the first approach for calibration of the RefleXion BgRT machine. However, if the MC correction is not available for a user’s detector, the user can use the second approach for estimating the beam quality correction factor to sufficient accuracy (0.3%) provided the chamber electrode is not made of high Z material.
Automated segmentation of retinal nonperfusion area in fluorescein angiography in retinal vein occlusion using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Tang Ziqi , Zhang Ximei , Yang Guangqian , Zhang Guanghua , Gong Yubin , Zhao Ke , Xie Juan , Hou Junjun , Hou Jia , Sun Bin , Wang Zhao 
Published: December 2020

PurposeRetinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common cause of vision loss after diabetic retinopathy due to retinal vascular disease. Retinal nonperfusion (RNP), identified on fluorescein angiograms (FA) and appearing as hypofluorescence regions, is one of the most significant characteristics of RVO. Quantification of RNP is crucial for assessing the severity and progression of RVO. However, in current clinical practice, it is mostly conducted manually, which is time‐consuming, subjective, and error‐prone. The purpose of this study is to develop fully automated methods for segmentation of RNP using convolutional neural networks (CNNs).MethodsFA images from 161 patients were analyzed, and RNP areas were annotated by three independent physicians. The optimal method to use multi‐physicians’ labeled data to train the CNNs was evaluated. An adaptive histogram‐based data augmentation method was utilized to boost the CNN performance. CNN methods based on context encoder module were developed for automated segmentation of RNP and compared with existing state‐of‐the‐art methods.ResultsThe proposed methods achieved excellent agreements with physicians for segmentation of RNP in FA images. The CNN performance can be improved significantly by the proposed adaptive histogram‐based data augmentation method. Using the averaged labels from physicians to train the CNNs achieved the best consensus with all physicians, with a mean accuracy of 0.883±0.166 with fivefold cross‐validation.ConclusionsWe reported CNN methods to segment RNP in RVO in FA images. Our work can help improve clinical workflow, and can be useful for further investigating the association between RNP and retinal disease progression, as well as for evaluating the optimal treatments for the management of RVO.
Are Classic Bedside Exam Findings Required to Initiate Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients: Emphasis on Bowel Sounds and Abdominal Distension
Authors: Deane Adam M. , Ali Abdelhamid Yasmine , Plummer Mark P. , Fetterplace Kate , Moore Cara , Reintam Blaser Annika 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe general physical examination of a patient is an axiom of critical care medicine, but evidence to support this practice remains sparse. Given the lack of evidence for a comprehensive physical examination of the entire patient on admission to the intensive care unit, which most clinicians consider an essential part of care, should clinicians continue the practice of a specialized gastrointestinal system physical examination when commencing enteral nutrition in critically ill patients? In this review of literature related to gastrointestinal system examination in critically ill patients, the focus is on gastrointestinal sounds and abdominal distension. There is a summary of what these physical features represent, an evaluation of the evidence regarding use of these physical features in patients after abdominal surgery, exploration of the rationale for and against using the physical findings in routine practice, and detail regarding what is known about each feature in critically ill patients. Based on the available evidence, it is recommended that an isolated symptom, sign, or bedside test does not provide meaningful information. However, it is submitted that a comprehensive physical assessment of the gastrointestinal system still has a role when initiating or administering enteral nutrition: specifically, when multiple features are present, clinicians should consider further investigation or intervention.
Culturally tailored interventions for ethnic minorities: A scoping review
Authors: Joo Jee Young , Liu Megan F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimThis scoping review identifies strengths and weakness of culturally tailored interventions for ethnic minorities’ care in the United States. It reviews recently published studies to improve understanding of these interventions for future research and practice.DesignScoping review.MethodsBy searching five electronic databases—CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science, this review located 58 empirical studies published between 2015–2019. This review was guided by the PRISMA statements.ResultsThe review identified four weaknesses and five strengths of culturally tailored interventions. Weaknesses included unclear guidelines, low attention and retention rates, failure to measure processes and inadequate training for healthcare providers. The intervention strengths were culturally respectful and patient‐centred care, healthy lifestyle promotion, increased family and community supports, technology use for efficient and timely care and increased knowledge of disease by participants.
Insights into student participation in a soil physics course during COVID‐19 emergency online learning
Authors: Wyatt Briana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recent novel coronavirus pandemic led to global changes in higher education as universities transitioned to online learning to slow the spread of the virus. In the United States, this transition occurred during the spring of 2020, and the compulsory shift to online learning led to frustrations from students and instructors alike. I studied student participation during the online portion of a university‐level soil physics course taught in Spring 2020. Participation was quantified using the number of student posts in weekly discussion boards, the number of student views of asynchronous videos, and the number of video views during each week of online instruction. Relationships between video length and number of student views and between student participation and final exam grades were also examined. My findings show that student views of mini‐lecture videos were low and decreased throughout the online learning period. Conversely, views of example problem videos and the number of posts on graded discussion boards were high and remained high throughout the online learning period, suggesting that students were more engaged with online material that affected their grades. I also found that the level of student engagement in online material was positively correlated with higher final exam scores. The findings presented here may be used to improve the development and delivery of online coursework in natural science disciplines, both during current and future emergencies.
Phase I Study of Afatinib and Selumetinib in Patients with KRAS-Mutated Colorectal, Non-Small Cell Lung, and Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Brummelen Emilie M.J. , Huijberts Sanne , Herpen Carla , Desar Ingrid , Opdam Frans , Geel Robin , Marchetti Serena , Steeghs Neeltje , Monkhorst Kim , Thijssen Bas , Rosing Hilde , Huitema Alwin , Beijnen Jos , Bernards Rene , Schellens Jan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Lessons Learned
Afatinib and selumetinib can be combined in continuous and intermittent dosing schedules, albeit at lower doses than approved for monotherapy. Maximum tolerated dose for continuous and intermittent schedules is afatinib 20 mg once daily and selumetinib 25 mg b.i.d. Because the anticancer activity was limited, further development of this combination is not recommended until better biomarkers for response and resistance are defined.

Background
Antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors are limited in KRAS-mutated tumors because of feedback activation of upstream epidermal growth factor receptors, which reactivates the MAPK and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–AKT pathway. Therefore, this phase I trial was initiated with the pan-HER inhibitor afatinib plus the MEK inhibitor selumetinib in patients with KRAS mutant, PIK3CA wild-type tumors.

Methods
Afatinib and selumetinib were administered according to a 3+3 design in continuous and intermittent schedules. The primary objective was safety, and the secondary objective was clinical efficacy.

Results
Twenty-six patients were enrolled with colorectal cancer (n = 19), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 6), and pancreatic cancer (n = 1). Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in six patients, including grade 3 diarrhea, dehydration, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and mucositis. The recommended phase II dose (RP2D) was 20 mg afatinib once daily (QD) and 25 mg selumetinib b.i.d. (21 days on/7 days off) for continuous afatinib dosing and for intermittent dosing with both drugs 5 days on/2 days off. Efficacy was limited with disease stabilization for 221 days in a patient with NSCLC as best response.

Conclusion
Afatinib and selumetinib can be combined in continuous and intermittent schedules in patients with KRAS mutant tumors. Although target engagement was observed, the clinical efficacy was limited.