Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Saudi Arabian Adults: Assessing Prevalence and Risk Factors in Second-hand Smokers and Factory Workers – A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Aldawood Haya Fahad , Aljari Adhwaa Ahmed M. , Alrajeh Saud Abdulmohsen , Sanedi Abdullah , Albawardi Khalid Abdulrahman , Alarfaj Abdullah Ahmed 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a significant health concern globally, characterised by persistent inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucous membranes. This condition affects a broad demographic, with a notable prevalence in Saudi Arabia. The study is focussed on understanding the prevalence and risk factors of CRS amongst adults in this region, with a particular emphasis on the influence of second-hand smoke and factory work. Recognising the gap in existing research, this study aims to explore these environmental and occupational factors, providing new insights and complementing the current body of literature on CRS. The objectives are to identify the prevalence rates, understand the relationship between CRS and specific environmental exposures and highlight potential areas for public health intervention.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study targeted Saudi Arabian adults, with a special focus on second-hand smokers and individuals working in factories, to investigate the environmental and occupational influences on CRS. A comprehensive, structured questionnaire was deployed to collect data on demographic characteristics, smoking history, occupational exposure and CRS symptoms. The study employed stratified sampling to ensure a representative sample, encompassing different regions and varying levels of exposure. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis using Pearson’s coefficient, regression analysis and Chi-square tests. These methods aimed to discern the prevalence of CRS in relation to second-hand smoke and factory work and to examine the strength of these associations.

Results:
The study unveiled that adults with over 10 years of exposure to second-hand smoke had a significantly higher prevalence of CRS compared to those with shorter exposure durations. This finding indicates a dose–response relationship between second-hand smoke exposure duration and CRS prevalence. Further, the study found that individuals rating their exposure to second-hand smoke as ‘high’ exhibited a greater prevalence of CRS compared to those with ‘low’ or ‘moderate’ exposure levels. Similarly, factory workers showed a higher prevalence of CRS, suggesting occupational factors as significant contributors to the condition. These results underscore the critical impact of prolonged and intense environmental exposures on CRS development.

Conclusion:
This research provides substantial evidence linking environmental and occupational factors, particularly second-hand smoke and factory work, to the prevalence of CRS in Saudi Arabian adults. The findings highlight the urgent need for public health initiatives aimed at reducing exposure to harmful environmental elements in both domestic and industrial settings. The study significantly contributes to our understanding of CRS in the Saudi Arabian context, underscoring the importance of targeted public health policies and workplace safety measures. It also lays the groundwork for future research, emphasising the need for longitudinal studies and interventions to mitigate these identified risk factors, ultimately aiming to improve respiratory health and public health policy.