bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial dispersal and drift drive microbiome diversity patterns within a population of feral hindgut fermenters
Authors: Stothart Mason R. , Greuel Ruth J. , Gavriliuc Stefan , Henry Astrid , Wilson Alastair J. , McLoughlin Philip D. , Poissant Jocelyn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStudies of microbiome variation in wildlife often emphasize host physiology and diet as proximate selective pressures acting on host‐associated microbiota. In contrast, microbial dispersal and ecological drift are more rarely considered. Using amplicon sequencing, we characterized the bacterial microbiome of adult female (n = 86) Sable Island horses (Nova Scotia, Canada) as part of a detailed individual‐based study of this feral population. Using data on sampling date, horse location, age, parental status, and local habitat variables, we contrasted the ability of spatiotemporal, life history, and environmental factors to explain microbiome diversity among Sable Island horses. We extended inferences made from these analyses with both phylogeny‐informed and phylogeny‐independent null modelling approaches to identify deviations from stochastic expectations. Phylogeny‐informed diversity measures were correlated with spatial and local habitat variables, but null modelling results suggested that heterogeneity in ecological drift, rather than differential selective pressures acting on the microbiome, was responsible for these correlations. Conversely, phylogeny‐independent diversity measures were best explained by host spatial and social structure, suggesting that taxonomic composition of the microbiome was shaped most strongly by bacterial dispersal. Parental status was important but correlated with measures of β‐dispersion rather than β‐diversity (mares without foals had lower alpha diversity and more variable microbiomes than mares with foals). Our results suggest that between host microbiome variation within the Sable Island horse population is driven more strongly by bacterial dispersal and ecological drift than by differential selective pressures. These results emphasize the need to consider alternative ecological processes in the study of microbiomes.
Weak genetic signal for phenotypic integration implicates developmental processes as major regulators of trait covariation
Authors: Conith Andrew J. , Hope Sylvie A. , Chhouk Brian H. , Craig Albertson R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhenotypic integration is an important metric that describes the degree of covariation among traits in a population, and is hypothesized to arise due to selection for shared functional processes. Our ability to identify the genetic and/or developmental underpinnings of integration is marred by temporally overlapping cell‐, tissue‐ and structure‐level processes that serve to continually 'overwrite' the structure of covariation among traits through ontogeny. Here, we examine whether traits that are integrated at the phenotypic level also exhibit a shared genetic basis (e.g. pleiotropy). We micro‐CT scanned two hard tissue traits, and two soft tissue traits (mandible, pectoral girdle, atrium and ventricle, respectively) from an F5 hybrid population of Lake Malawi cichlids, and used geometric morphometrics to extract 3D shape information from each trait. Given the large degree of asymmetric variation that may reflect developmental instability, we separated symmetric from asymmetric components of shape variation. We then performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to determine the degree of genetic overlap between shapes. While we found ubiquitous associations among traits at the phenotypic level, except for a handful of notable exceptions, our QTL analysis revealed few overlapping genetic regions. Taken together, this indicates developmental interactions can play a large role in determining the degree of phenotypic integration among traits, and likely obfuscate the genotype to phenotype map, limiting our ability to gain a comprehensive picture of the genetic contributors responsible for phenotypic divergence.
Reference values for serum chemistry of wild Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from the central Amazon
Authors: de Mello Daniela M. D. , de Melo Fabiana A. , da Silva Vera M. F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBlood values of wild cetacean population are a valuable tool to drive proper management of threatened species. Reference intervals of 26 serum analytes were determined from 107 apparently healthy Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) wild‐caught in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (3°3′S, 64°51′W), central Amazon, Brazil. No differences were detected between males and females or between pregnant and nonpregnant females. Calves had higher serum calcium than juveniles and adults, and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in calves and juveniles than adults as a result of bone growth. Adults showed higher creatinine levels than juveniles due to higher body mass, and higher urea than calves. Positive correlation was found between body length and body weight with creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase activity; whereas calcium and alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase (CK) activities negatively correlated with these body parameters. Cardiac rate and respiratory frequency appear to have not correlated with any serum analyte, while stress level positively correlated with CK. Storage of frozen samples for 60 days at −80°C significantly altered 10 of the 19 analytes after one freeze–thaw cycle. Important differences were detected among age classes, stress level, and sample storage and should be taken into account before any clinical or physiological interpretations.
A bibliometric analysis of periodontology
Authors: Ahmad Paras , Slots Jørgen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis bibliometric study assessed periodontal/implant articles that were part of the five most‐cited dental articles in each of the years 2005‐2019. Periodontal/implant articles made up one to four articles in each of 14 years and totaled 40% of the yearly five most‐cited dental articles. The three core periodontal journals (Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Journal of Periodontology, and Periodontology 2000) increased ~50%‐100% in Journal Impact Factor from 2005 to 2015 and were among the 10 most‐cited dental journals in the 2015‐2019 period. The Journal of Clinical Periodontology and Periodontology 2000 were in several years assigned the highest Journal Impact Factor in dentistry. In summary, periodontal journals continue to publish high‐impact articles that are relevant for both oral health care and medicine.
Don't stop me now: Hampered retrieval of action plans following interruptions
Authors: Zickerick Bianca , Kobald S. Oliver , Thönes Sven , Küper Kristina , Wascher Edmund , Schneider Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow can we retrieve action plans in working memory (WM) after being distracted or interrupted? The present EEG study investigated this question using a WM task in which a random sequence of single numbers (1–4 and 6–9) was presented. In a given trial, participants had to decide whether the number presented in the preceding trial was odd or even. Additionally, interfering stimuli were randomly presented in 25% of all trials, requiring the participants to either ignore a colored number (distraction) or respond to it (interruption) while maintaining the previously formed action plan in WM. Our results revealed a detrimental impact of interruptions on WM performance in trials after interrupting stimuli compared to trials without a preceding interference. This was reflected in decreased task accuracy and reduced stimulus‐ and response‐locked P3b amplitudes potentially indicating a hampered reactivation of stimulus–response links. Moreover, decreased contralateral mu suppression prior to a given response highlighted an impaired response preparation following interruptions. Distractions, on the other hand, did not negatively affect task performance but were followed by faster responses in subsequent trials compared to trials without prior interference. This result pattern was supported by stronger contralateral mu suppression indicating a facilitated response preparation. Overall, these results suggest that action representations in WM are resistant to distractions but do suffer from interruptions that disrupt or interfere with their implementation. We thus propose that the possibility of adequately preparing for an upcoming response is essential for behavioral guidance in the presence of external interference.
A Seasonal Dynamic Measurement Model for Summer Learning Loss
Authors: McNeish Daniel , Dumas Denis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch conducted in US schools shows summer learning loss in test scores. If this summer loss is not incorporated into models of student ability growth, assumptions will be violated because fall scores will be overestimated and spring scores will be underestimated, which can be particularly problematic when evaluating teacher or school effectiveness. Statistical methods for summer loss have remained relatively undeveloped and often rely on lagged-time or piecewise models, which commonly saturate the mean structure and become reparameterizations of empirical means. Compound polynomial models have recently been introduced and simultaneously model within-year and between-year growth processes in test scores. However, these models operate with polynomial functions of time, which can have limited interpretative utility. In this article, we propose incorporating seasonality within the dynamic measurement modelling (DMM) framework. DMM reparametrizes non-linear growth models to directly estimate interpretable quantities (e.g. learning capacity as an upper asymptote on growth). Borrowing from ecological models proposed for body mass of cold-climate species, we show how DMM can incorporate seasonality to provide more interpretable parameters as well as to explicitly include summer learning loss as a parameter in the model.
The economics of liming in arable crop rotations: analysis of the 35‐year Rothamsted and Woburn liming experiments
Authors: Holland Jonathan E. , Behrendt Karl 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLiming is a common management practice, but there exists uncertainty about the economic benefits. An economic analysis of the costs and profitability of liming arable crops was undertaken using data from the long‐term liming experiment at Rothamsted and Woburn. There was a strong liming effect on gross margins, but large differences in the economic benefit between crops. For some crops (such as spring barley), liming greatly improved the gross margin, while for spring oats liming provided very little increase. Most economic benefit was achieved with the high lime treatment, but the cumulative discounted cash flow indicated that it took approximately 20 years before a distinct difference developed between the lime treatments. Therefore, lime should be considered a capital investment and economic evaluation undertaken over a long period. Liming rate increased the net present value expressed as an annual equivalent (NPVa). An additional £436 ha−1 year−1 at Rothamsted and £208 ha−1 year−1 at Woburn of profit was gained from the adoption of the most profitable liming treatments over not liming. Sensitivity analysis indicated that total liming costs had a weak effect on NPVa, but crop price had a strong effect. The economic performance of liming differed between sites and was higher at Rothamsted than at Woburn, mostly because of soil differences. Liming greatly improves economic returns of most arable crops, but the magnitude of the long‐term economic benefit depends upon the sequence of crops within a given rotation.
What's in a name? Leveraging students' informal vocabulary in probability
Authors: Findley Kelly , Whitacre Ian , Atabaş Şebnem 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProviding opportunities for students to express ideas in their own words is key to promoting authentic disciplinary engagement and robust conceptual understanding. In this article, we discuss our experiences and observations related to students' informal vocabulary in the context of a middle school probability unit. We noticed that students' informal naming provided critical glimpses into their conceptions and tensions about sample spaces. The use of student‐suggested names also served to compress previous discussions and facilitate higher‐level conceptual thinking in later conversations. We share our experiences with informal naming in one curricular context and conclude with perceived benefits to allowing space for student naming as a broader instructional practice.
Higher donor body mass index is associated with increased hemolysis of red blood cells at 42‐days of storage: A retrospective analysis of routine quality control data
Authors: Sparrow Rosemary L. , Payne Katherine A. , Adams Geoffrey G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundFor reasons unclear, some stored red blood cells (RBCs) have low hemolysis, while others have high hemolysis, which impacts quality consistency. To identify variables that influence hemolysis, routine quality control (QC) data for 42‐days‐stored RBCs with corresponding donor information were analyzed.Study Design and MethodsRBC QC and donor data were obtained from a national blood supplier. Regression models and analyses were performed on total cohort stratified by donor sex and by high hemolysis (≥90th percentile) vs control (<90th percentile) samples, including matching.ResultsData included 1734 leukoreduced RBCs (822 female, 912 male), processed by buffy coat–poor or whole blood filtration methods. Male RBCs had larger volume, hemoglobin content, and higher hemolysis than female RBCs (median hemolysis, 0.24% vs 0.21%; all P < .0001). Multivariable regression identified increased body mass index (BMI) and RBC variables were associated with higher hemolysis (P < .0001), along with older female age and buffy coat–poor processing method (P < .002). Logistic regression models comparing the high and control hemolysis subsets, matched for RBC component variables and processing method, identified overweight‐obese BMI (>27 kg/m2) in males remained the single donor‐related variable associated with higher hemolysis (P < .0001); odds ratio, 3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐6.7), increasing to 4 (95% CI, 1.8‐8.6) for obese males (BMI > 30 kg/m2). Female donor obesity and older age trended toward higher hemolysis.ConclusionDonor BMI, sex, and female age influence the level of hemolysis of 42‐days‐stored RBCs. Other factors, not identified in this study, also influence the level of hemolysis.
Management of canine perianal fistula with fluorescence light energy: preliminary findings
Authors: Marchegiani Andrea , Tambella Adolfo M. , Fruganti Alessandro , Spaterna Andrea , Cerquetella Matteo , Paterson Susan 
Published: November 2020

RésuméContexteLes fistules anales canines (CPF) sont une dermatose sévère, douloureuse et invalidante de la peau périanale. Elle interfère souvent avec la qualité de vie du chien comme de son propriétaire. Les traitements médicaux conventionnels impliquent les immunosuppresseurs ; cependant, la résolution des lésions peut être limitée par la faible compliance du propriétaire, les effets indésirables des traitements et leur coût.Hypothèses/ObjectifsCette étude a pour objectif de déterminer les effets bénéfiques potentiels de la lumière fluorescente (FLE) sur des cas de CPF.SujetsQuatre chiens avec fistules périanales actives.Matériels et méthodesFLE a été appliqué en traitement unique une fois par semaine, deux fois consécutives au cours de la même session pour chaque chien jusqu’à amélioration clinique significative avec évaluation chaque semaine pendant six semaines. Les chiens étaient évalués par la mesure de la taille des lésions au départ et chaque semaine pendant six semaines, à l’aide d’un logiciel de planimétrie. Les propriétaires notaient les vocalises et les efforts de poussée au cours de la défécation de leur animal ainsi que la fréquence de léchage sur une échelle de 0 à 5 pour déterminer la réponse au traitement.RésultatsTous les chiens se sont améliorés avec FLE, avec une réduction significative des vocalises, poussées et léchage après deux semaines (P = 0.002). Après cinq semaines de traitement FLE, les zones lésionnelles avaient significativement diminuées (P = 0.04). Seulement un chien a nécessité plus de sept applications. Aucun effet secondaire n’a été décrit.Conclusion et importance cliniqueFLE semble être un traitement alternatif prometteur de CPF.
Weed infestation is affected by chickpea farmer demographics and agronomic practices
Authors: Bagheri Alireza , Sohrabi Naser , Mondani Farzad , Nosratti Iraj 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo investigate the effects of agronomic practices and farmer demographics on levels of weed infestation in chickpea fields, a survey was conducted during 2015 in Sanjabi district, Kermanshah, Iran. Two sets of data were collected: (a) weed sampling from the selected chickpea fields, and (b) questionnaire recording of farmer demographics and agronomic management. The farmers were asked about their residence status (resident or migrant), occupation (farming only, farming plus a second job), experience and education levels, as well as seedbed preparation, sowing date and method, source of seed supply, crop cultivar, sowing seed rate, weed control operation and crop rotation history. The results showed that weed species composition was similar across the studied fields. The use of a row crop planter, a sowing rate of 45 kg ha‐1, and weed control resulted in 30.2, 23.03 and 34.2% reductions in weed infestation compared with hand sowing, a sowing rate of 30 kg ha‐1 and lack of weed control, respectively. Weed density decreased with increasing farmer experience and decreased by 33.0% and 23.5% in chickpea fields of resident farmers and owners whose sole occupation was agriculture. We found that 89.5% of the most experienced farmers adopted weed control operations and most resident landowners (77.4%) opted for crop planter (77.4%) and weed control (90.3%) compared to migrant farmers (50 and 68.5%, respectively). More landowners who were exclusively farmers performed weed control (90.6%) than owners who had a second job (67.9%).
Impact of donor and prolonged cold ischemia time of neonatal pig pancreas on neonatal pig islet transplant outcome
Authors: Huang Wenlong , Shimizu Hirofumi , Bianchi John , Matovinovic Kaja , Ayares David L. , Gotoh Mitsukazu , Korbutt Gregory S. , Rajotte Ray V. , Rayat Gina R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundGenetically modified pigs (GMP) have been developed to alleviate the shortage of donors in human islet transplantation and rejection. In this study, we characterized and compared the islets from GalTKO, GalTKO/hCD46, GalTKO/hCD46/hCD39, and wild‐type (WT) neonatal pigs.MethodsIslets were isolated from GMP and WT pig pancreases that have been packaged with ice pack for at least 24 hours. The difference in gene expression and function of islets were evaluated by microarray analysis and transplantation of islets under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic immune‐deficient mice, respectively. Blood glucose levels of these mice were monitored weekly post‐transplantation for >100 days, and islet grafts were collected and evaluated for the presence of endocrine cells.ResultsThe genes involved in extracellular components, cell adhesion, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory response are differentially expressed between GMP and WT pig islets. Variation in the ability of pig islets in correcting the diabetic state of the mouse recipients appears to be dependent on the pig donor. In addition, prolonged cold ischemia time had a negative effect on the transplant outcome. All normoglycemic mice were able to respond well to glucose challenge despite the initial differences in the ability of islet transplants to reverse their diabetic state. Islet xenografts of normoglycemic mice contained abundant insulin‐ and glucagon‐positive cells.ConclusionThe effect of GMP and WT neonatal pig islet transplants on hyperglycemia in mice appears to be dependent on the pig donor, and prolonged cold ischemia time negatively affects the neonatal pig islet transplant outcome.
Impact of a demand-side integrated WASH and nutrition community-based care group intervention on behavioural change: a randomised controlled trial in western Kenya
Authors: Freeman Matthew C , Ellis Anna S , Ogutu Emily Awino , Caruso Bethany A , Linabarger Molly , Micek Katie , Muga Richard , Girard Amy Webb , Wodnik Breanna K , Jacob Arriola Kimberly 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionGrowth shortfalls and diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings. Due to the multifaceted causes of undernutrition and the identified limitations of siloed nutrition programmes, improving the delivery of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and nutrition programming could improve child health.MethodsWe conducted a cluster randomised trial in western Kenya to assess the impact on household behaviours of a novel, theory-informed and integrated WASH and nutrition intervention delivered through care groups as compared with the standard care group approach. We developed an intervention targeting practices relating to food hygiene, mealtime and feeding, and compound cleanliness, each using various behavioural change techniques to influence the uptake of targeted behaviours. Prespecified behavioural outcomes were verified through direct observation, 24 hours recall, and self-reported picture-based methods.ResultsCompared with control households, a greater proportion of intervention households had a hygienic food preparation area (Risk double difference (RDD) 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.96), had stored food hygienically (RDD 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.00), had a functional handwashing station (RDD 0.64, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.74), provided a safe space for their child to play (RDD 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.96), and who fed their children thickened porridge (RDD 0.56, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.63) at endline. The proportion of children 6–24 months in intervention households consuming a sufficient diversity of foods (RDD 0.81, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.04) was higher than in control households; however, there was a non-significant increase in the percentage of pregnant and lactating women receiving an adequate diversity of foods in their diets (RDD 0.86, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.05) among intervention compared with control households at endline.ConclusionOur integrated WASH and nutrition intervention resulted in important changes in behaviours. This theory-informed intervention could be added to existing care group programmes to considerable advantage.