bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Totally Organic Fluid for Well Completion
Authors: Guimerans Rosalvina , Cigüela Sergio , Fernandez Daniel , Paleo Enrique , Rojas Elinor , Rosas Eglys , Farias Antonio , Salas Jose 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
A completion fluid should not be damaging to the formation, should be solid free, and its weight can vary over a wide range. There is an organic fluid1 that is reusable after recuperating it with a brine and has low toxicity and corrosiveness. Given all these properties, we decided to evaluate it as a completion fluid.
This reusable organic fluid is prepared by dilution of a concentrated very viscous organic base with a low viscosity and toxicity oil to reach concentrations in the range of 9 to 16 ppg.
The permeability tests were conducted in a Hassler type cell using the organic fluid (15.7 ppg) within different sequences of fluids, as is shown in Tables 1 and 2. All the tests were performed at 320°F with cores and oil from Naricual Formation (Venezuela) and soaking times of 3 hrs for mud filtrate or calcium brine and 16 hrs for the organic fluid.
The results in Table 1 show that the organic fluid by itself does not damage the formation but instead is capable of cleaning it, allowing a better mobility of the oil. If the calcium brine (11 ppg) will follow the organic fluid into the formation, a damage of near 30% will appear; this damage can be reduced to almost zero by adding 1% of a surfactant to the brine.
A severe impairment to the oil mobility appeared when mud filtrate had leaked into the formation, which in all three cases shown in Table 2, is enlarged by the calcium brine. The use of the organic fluid as completion fluid partially removed the damage made by the water-based mud filtrates, but it did not clean or added damage in the oil-based mud case.
Table 2 shows a further reduction in the mobility of oil in all three cases if calcium brine goes into the formation after the organic fluid and the mud filtrate; these reductions are not as severe as when no organic fluid was used. Table 2 also shows that the addition of 1% surfactant to the brine lowers the additional damage in all the cases; the effect is more pronounced for the water-based muds.
From the data of this evaluation can be concluded that: The use of this low toxicity organic fluid for completion will partially clean the damage caused by water-based mud filtrates in the formation. The organic completion fluid will not increase the damage produced by the oil-based mud.The use of calcium brine with 1% of surfactant seems the best way to recover the organic fluid in order not to loose the reduction of damage gained by the organic completion fluid.
Induced Permeability Reduction in Water-Bearing Formations: Selecting the Appropriate Method
Authors: Vassilellis G. D. , Graves A. M. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
This study focuses on methods to reduce the permeability of water bearing formations by injecting chemical solutions through the wellbore. Permeability reduction applies in increasing recovery from waterfloods, water-drive gas reservoirs, and might find application in other fields, like environmental engineering, hydrogeology and construction. Different permeability reduction mechanisms are investigated and recommendations are given to aid in selecting an appropriate permeability reduction mechanism for a given reservoir. The study is conducted through literature search, theoretical and experimental investigations[1].
After examining several permeability reduction methods, it was found that no single technique can be applied universally in all reservoirs. The most common factor affecting the success and applicability of all the methods mentioned above is temperature, fluid salinity and pH. Some methods also depend on shear rate and consequently to rock properties as well as flow rate. The result of this study is a table that according to reservoir temperature, fluid salinity and pH, suggests the most efficient method to reduce permeability in a water bearing formation. Although this table does not provide a final answer to all possible situations, it is a staring point to design the appropriate permeability reduction treatment for a particular formation.
Brief: Computer Survival Skills for the Competitive Petroleum Engineer
Authors: Olson Donald A. 
Published: April 2020

Summary
Today's competitive petroleum engineers need elaborate computer skills in addition to the necessary engineering skills. This paper identifies the computer skills and knowledge base that an engineer should master to maintain a competitive position in his company and in the industry. The opinions presented here, from experience, professional interaction, and observation, can lead to further analysis of computers and their application to our profession.

Introduction
Statistics show that 91% of petroleum industry professionals have at least one computer on their desk and 80% of those spend at least 25% of their time using it. Many have concluded that the computer is the prime tool to use to achieve productivity improvements in our industry. To be competitive, a superior engineer must understand and be able to apply efficiently the computer skills needed in his organization to function effectively, to reduce costs, to return a profit on investment, and to assess and minimize risk. Frequently, he or she must also be able to impart those talents, priorities, and opinions to others.
It has been suggested1 that petroleum engineers are too busy concentrating on their discipline to devote much time to computing. Yet there are those of us who have used our knowledge of computer techniques to perform more efficiently in our organizations. Are you too busy to question and understand the systems available to you? The competitive engineer will not only be able to anticipate the necessity of increased computer usage but also to recommend the direction and the products needed for general implementation.
This paper organizes various computer skills in three levels: basic skills, competence, and excellence. Each section summarizes the skills needed to move to a higher capability. Readers should find their comfort levels and then proceed to a higher level. Note that the computer skills of competitive engineers are in addition to the professional skills a superior engineer needs.
The Quest for Integration: 3 Pillars
Authors: Peebler Robert P. 
Published: April 2020

Published in Oil & Gas Executive, Volume 2, Number 1, 1999, pages 30-36.
As global oil prices create new uncertainties and the industry enters a new era of knowledge-based E&P, many companies have intensified their quest for the Holy Grail of enterprise wide integration. In this business environment, it's easy for oil and gas executives to become hypnotized by the seemingly limitless potential of information technology (IT).
But technology is only part of the ultimate integrated solution. This article also explores the "softer" people and process issues that impact an energy company's ability to perform effectively in this new era.

The Hierarchy of Integration
Landmark started with one technology - a three-dimensional-seismic workstation - in one functional area: geophysical interpretation. As we expanded our product line to cover the full oilfield life cycle - geology, mapping, reservoir engineering, drilling - we quickly realized that we had to move from a functional view of the industry to a process view. We had to understand how to help oil companies use these technologies in more integrated ways. But that increased the challenge almost exponentially. Why?
As E&P companies approach the task of integration, they typically go through four phases, which we call the hierarchy of integration. Level 1involves integrating all the relevant technical, operational, and business data, making it readily accessible to users in digital form. That's not an easy task. Most companies accomplish this in one area at a time. Only then can they move up to Level 2 of the hierarchy. The second level entails integrating the work flow within a particular group, such as geology and geophysics, production engineering, or drilling.
Once that has been accomplished, they can move up to Level 3 - integration of operational processes across various groups. That presents an even greater challenge. In fact, we believe that most new technical and organizational innovations in our industry will take place in the "white space" between existing operational groups. For example, how can we better integrate reservoir engineering with geology? Drilling with the earth model? The surface with the subsurface? Despite progress in recent years, tremendous productivity gains can still be made in the gaps between various parts of the organization.
Knowledge-based analyses reveal new candidate genes associated with risk of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Author) Deke Jiang(Former Corresponding , Deng Jiaen , Dong Changzheng , Ma Xiaopin , Xiao Qianyi , Zhou Bin , Yang Chou , Wei Lin , Conran Carly , Zheng S. Lilly , Ng Irene Oi-lin , Yu Long , Xu Jianfeng , Sham Pak C. , Qi Xiaolong , Hou Jinlin , Ji Yuan , Cao Guangwen , Author) Miaoxin Li(New Corresponding 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have suggested several susceptibility loci of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by statistical analysis at individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, these loci only explain a small fraction of HBV-related HCC heritability. In the present study, we aimed to identify additional susceptibility loci of HBV-related HCC using advanced knowledge-based analysis.Methods: We performed knowledge-based analysis (including gene- and gene-set-based association tests) on variant-level association p-values from two existing GWASs of HBV-related HCC. Five different types of gene-sets were collected for the association analysis. A number of SNPs within the gene prioritized by the knowledge-based association tests were selected to replicate genetic associations in an independent sample of 965 cases and 923 controls.Results: The gene-based association analysis detected four genes significantly or suggestively associated with HBV-related HCC risk: SLC39A8, GOLGA8M, SMIM31, and WHAMMP2. The gene-set-based association analysis prioritized two promising gene set for HCC, cell cycle G1/S transition and NOTCH1 intracellular domain regulates transcription. Within the gene sets, three promising candidate genes (CDC45, NCOR1 and KAT2A) were further prioritized for HCC. Among genes of liver-specific expression, multiple genes previously implicated in HCC were also highlighted. However, probably due to small sample size, none of the genes prioritized by the knowledge-based association analyses were successfully replicated in the independent sample. Conclusions: This comprehensive knowledge-based association mining study suggested several promising genes and gene-sets associated with HBV-related HCC risks, which would facilitate follow-up functional studies on the pathogenic mechanism of HCC.
Primary validation of Charm II tests for the detection of antimicrobial residues in a range of aquaculture fish
Authors: Mukota Aziz Kimera , Gondam Melanie Flore Kamini , Tsafack Julie Judith Takadong , Sasanya James , Reybroeck Wim , Ntale Muhammad , Nyanzi Steven Allan , Tebandeke Emmanuel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The study carried out a primary validation of Charm II tests for the detection of antimicrobial residues in aquaculture fish. The Validation was performed according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the parameters determined included: detection capability, repeatability, reproducibility, specificity and robustness for the detection of antimicrobial residues in fish. Fish materials from different species including cat fish, trout, salmon, sea bass, tilapia, lingue and pangasius, were spiked with varying concentrations of selected antibiotics including sulfonamides, beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides to determine the detection capabilities and other validation parameters of the Charm II tests. Results of the validation showed that the detection capabilities for the tetracyclines ranged from 25 µg/kg to 100 µg/kg, while the sulfonamides and aminoglycosides were detected at 25 µg/kg for all species under study. The detection capabilities for the beta-lactams ranged from 25 µg/kg to 300 µg/kg; and was 100 µg/kg for the tested macrolides. Results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between counts for samples read immediately after addition of the scintillation fluid and those read fourteen hours after addition of the scintillation fluid, provided that there was good vortexing before analysis. There was also no significant difference between counts for the same samples analyzed in different runs under repeatability and reproducibility conditions at the same spiking concentrations for the different fish species analyzed. The relative standard deviation for both repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 1.2 to 15.1%.The Charm II tests were found to be 100% group specific, as none of the antimicrobials kits, gave false positive results when testing non-target antimicrobial drugs. Results of this study demonstrate the suitability of the Charm II technique as a rapid screening tool for detection of antimicrobial residues in a variety of fish species at Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) established in the EU guidelines, with the exception of tilmicosin which was detected at 2MRL. The results also prove the robustness, specificity, reliability and precision of the Charm II assay in the detection of various antimicrobial residuals in fish and its applicability for the rapid evaluation of the quality of aquaculture fish for safety and trade purposes.
A modified version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) in Iranian people
Authors: Nejatian Mahboobeh , Tehrani Hadi , Momenian Vahideh , Jafari Alireza 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: The risk rate for the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder is 50%, and the prevalence of mental disorders is increasing. This study aimed to evaluate the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) in Iranian people.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a multi-stage sampling method with the participation of 1273 people in the general population. After searching and reviewing various sources, the research team decided to use the questionnaire of MHLS with 35 items and 6 attributes that measured and developed by O'Connor et al. The face, content, and construct validity (Confirmatory factor analysis) were used for validation of MHLS. McDonald’s omega coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to calculate the reliability of MHLS. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS software Version 24.Results: In the CFA test, the six items were deleted and the final modified version of the MHLS included a total of 29 items with six attributes consisted of (a) knowledge of where to seek information (4 items), (b) ability to recognize disorders (8 items), (c) knowledge of self-treatment (2 items), (d) knowledge of risk factors and causes (2 items), (e) attitudes that promote recognition or appropriate help-seeking behavior (10 items), and (f) knowledge of professional help available (3 items). Based on the results of reliability, McDonald’s omega and Cronbach's alpha for all attributes of MHLS were 0.797 and 0.789 respectively.Conclusion: Due to the lack of appropriate instruments for measuring mental health literacy in the Iranian population, the modified version of MHLS with 29 items and 6 attributes is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring mental health literacy in the public population.
Classification of vulnerability levels using multivariate biomarkers in schizophrenia: a machine-learning approach
Authors: Caldani Simona , Vialatte François-Benoît , Baelde Aurélien , Bucci Maria Pia , Bendjemaa Narjes , Mam-Lam-Fook Célia , Gaillard Raphaël , Krebs Marie-Odile , Amado Isabelle 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disease involving cognitive and motor impairments. Motor dysfunctions, such as eye movements or neurological soft signs, are proposed as endophenotypic markers. Methods: Supervised machine-learning methods (Support Vector Machines) applied on oculomotor performances using comprehensive testing with prosaccades, antisaccades, memory-guided saccade tasks and smooth pursuit, as well as neurological soft signs assessment, was used to discriminate patients with schizophrenia (SZ, N=53), full siblings of patients (FS, N=45) and healthy volunteers (C, N=48). 80% of patients were used in a training/validation set and 20% on a test set. The discrimination was measured using the classification error (rate of misclassified patients).Results: The most reliable classification was between C and SZ, with only 15% and 12% of error rates for validation and test, whereas the SZ vs. FS classification provided the highest error rates (32% of error rate in both validation and test). Interestingly, neurological soft signs were selected as the best predictor, together with a combination of measures, for the two classifications: C vs. SZ, SZ vs. FS. In addition, memory-guided saccades were consistently selected among the best two multimodal features for the classifications involving the control group (C vs. SZ or FS). Conclusions: Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of neurological soft signs and sensitive oculomotor parameters, especially memory-guided saccades. This classification provides promising avenues for improving early detection of / early intervention in psychosis.
Salivary cytokines in children with nephrotic syndrome versus healthy children: a comparative study
Authors: Pollak David , Borovitz Yael , Levy Dana , Klein Yehuda , Bernfeld Nathalie , Davidovits Miriam , Davidovich Esti 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: The aims of this study were to compare salivary cytokines and total protein, between children with nephrotic syndrome and healthy children; and to examine whether saliva parameters can differentiate between steroid sensitivity and resistance, and between disease remission and relapse. Methods: Twenty-seven children with nephrotic syndrome were classified according to steroid sensitivity and resistance, and disease remission and relapse. Twenty healthy children served as controls. Whole saliva samples were collected from all the participants. Urine and blood tests done on the same day as the saliva collection were recorded. Salivary total protein was quantified using bicinchoninic acid; and IFNγ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6 and IL1β levels using ELISA. Results: The mean ages of the nephrotic syndrome and control groups were 11.3±2.4 and 9±4.2, respectively. Compared to the control group, for the nephrotic syndrome group, total salivary protein was significantly lower; as were the levels of all the cytokines examined except IFNγ. Statistically significant differences were not found in any of the salivary markers examined, between the children with nephrotic syndrome who were treatment sensitive (n=19) and resistant (n=8). Protein and IL-8 salivary levels were lower in the active (n=7) than in the remission (n=20) group. Conclusions: Salivary parameters distinguished children with nephrotic syndrome in relapse from healthy children. This may be due to decreased salivary protein excretion, which reflects decreased plasma levels, consequent to proteinuria. Accordingly, salivary markers may be developed as a diagnostic or screening tool for NS activity.
Baropodometric parameters variation with body weight loss: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Lanuza-Cerzócimo Carla , Alfaro-Santafé Javier , Almenar-Arasanz Alejandro-Jesús , Alfaro-Santafé José-Víctor , Pérez-Morcillo Aitor , Gómez-Bernal Antonio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background One of the major public health problems of the 21 st century is obesity. Baropodometry is commonly used to determine specific loads on the plantar surface of the foot and the comportment of the body center of pressure (CoP). To evaluate the redistribution of the baropodometric parameters: static and dynamic plantar pressures and antero – posterior CoP, by decreasing body weight. Methods A sample of 43 subjects (24 male, 19 female) participated in the study. A hypocaloric diet was designed with the aim to reduce their body weight. The baropodometric exam was performed in two occasions: weight 1 – Session 1 and weight 2 – Session 2, when they had lost between 12 and 18 kg. The foot was divided in 9 areas: heel, midfoot, 5 metatarsal heads (MTHs), Hallux, 2-5 toes. The Footwork® pressure platform was used to carry out the evaluation. Results Subjects reduce an 11.59% their mean weight. Foot pressure decrease was statistically significant between the first and second measurements (p < 0.05). For the static on the Hallux, 2 nd MTH, 3 rd MTH, 5 th MTH and heel, while for the dynamic the pressure decreases on the whole study areas except on the 2 nd and 5 th toes. For the CoP, a notable posterior displacement was observed. There were no gender differences.Conclusion We can conclude that weight loss affected positively to both plantar pressures and CoP, since statistically significant changes were observed in the baropodometric parameters between the two times studied.
Two-Body Wear of Occlusal Splint Materials Against Different Antagonists
Authors: Domanic Kubra Yildiz , Aslan Yilmaz Umut , Ozkan Yasemin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to demonstrate that the material of the occlusal splint can be chosen according to the needs of individual patients and contribute to the knowledge of the wear rate of these materials.Methods: In this study four occlusal splints materials (Sr Ivocap Heat Cured, Valplast, SR Ivocap Elastomer and Eclipse were selected. As antagonist materials natural tooth enamel, inCoris TZI and IPS e.max Press ceramic materials were used. Each wear test was performed using a chewing simulator (n=16; test load: 50 N; number of cycles: 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000; continuous rinsing with water at 30°C for the wet condition).Results: There was a statistically significant effect of the difference in materials on the amount of wear (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference among the mean values of all materials (p > 0.001). The highest mean value was obtained with Eclipse (0,318 mm3), and the lowest mean value was obtained with Valplast (0,134 mm3).Conclusion: Our study found differences in the in vitro wear rate among various occlusal splint materials.