bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offset analgesia is reduced on the palm and increases with stimulus duration
Authors: Asplund Christopher L. , Kannangath Anjali , Long Victoria Jane En , Derbyshire Stuart W. G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundA noxious stimulus following a more intense stimulus often feels less painful than continuous noxious stimulation. This effect, known as offset analgesia (OA), may be due to descending inhibitory control, to changes in peripheral neural transmission or both. The timing and location of noxious thermal stimulation were manipulated to better understand the peripheral and central contributions to OA.MethodsIn a first experiment, participants (n = 29) provided continuous pain ratings as stimuli were delivered to the palm or dorsum of each hand. Offset trials included 44°C (T1), 45°C (T2) and 44°C (T3) stimulation periods. Baseline trials were identical except the T3 temperature fell to 35°C. Constant trials were 44°C throughout. The duration of T1 and T2 was either 1 s or 6 s, whereas T3 was always 12 s. In a second experiment, participants (n = 43) rated pain levels of noxious stimuli presented to the forearms with varying T1 and T2 durations (3, 6, 10 or 13 s) and a 20 s T3 period.ResultsOA effects became stronger with increasing inducing durations. OA, however, was not found on the palm even at longer durations.ConclusionsThe increase in OA with duration suggests that accumulated nociceptive signalling is more important to triggering OA than is a decrease in nociceptors’ instantaneous firing rates. The lack of OA on the palm, however, implies a key role for the rapidly adapting Type II AMH fibres that may be absent or not readily activated on the palm. Unravelling the relative central and peripheral contribution to OA requires further investigation.SignificanceOffset analgesia (OA) is a fundamentally temporal phenomenon dependent on dynamic changes in stimulus intensity. Here we demonstrate increased OA with increased stimulus duration. This finding implies the more slowly‐responding AMH‐I peripheral mechanoreceptors contribute to OA. The more rapidly responding AMH‐II peripheral mechanoreceptors, however, may be absent or more difficult to activate in the palm where we did not observe OA. This finding implies that the AMH‐II receptors are necessary for OA. Our studies suggest methods to unravel the different peripheral and central contributions to OA.
Normalizing the Biomagnification Factor
Authors: Gobas Frank A.P.C. , Lee Yung-Shan , Arnot Jon A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Following a recent proposal of normalizing the experimentally derived biomagnification factor (BMF) to a 5% lipid content in fish, we explore the normalization of the BMF of lipophilic chemicals in fish. We illustrate with theoretical models and experimental data that the BMF of lipophilic chemicals is a function of the lipid content of the diet and that poorly metabolizable, lipophilic chemicals biomagnify in organisms to a greater degree when present in higher–lipid content food. The proposed normalization of the laboratory BMF to the lipid content of the fish and subsequent standardization to a 5% fish lipid content, which is numerically identical to normalizing the BMF to a 5% dietary lipid content, has the potential to underestimate the biomagnification potential of lipophilic substances in aquatic food webs. The BMF normalized to both the lipid content of the fish and the lipid content of the diet, which is the biomagnification metric included in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's bioaccumulation testing guideline 305, better represents real-world biomagnification than the proposed BMF normalized and standardized to a 5% lipid content in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1204–1211. © 2020 SETAC
Abstract
Normalizing the biomagnification factor. BMF = biomagnification factor; BMF5% = biomagnification factor normalized to the lipid content of the fish and standardized to a fish lipid content of 5%, BMFL = lipid-normalized BMF; BMFL,5% = BMF normalized to the lipid content of the fish and a lipid content of the diet of the fish of 0.05 kg lipid/kg diet; TMF = trophic magnification factor.
Estimating the Equilibrium Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and 4 of Their Alternatives in Mammals
Authors: Allendorf Flora , Goss Kai-Uwe , Ulrich Nadin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) mostly exist as ionic compounds that are of major concern because of their accumulative behavior. The discussion about their risk is ongoing considering the increasing production of structurally similar alternatives. We conducted model calculations based on equilibrium distribution coefficients that allow studying the distribution of PFAAs and their alternatives in various mammalian organs through comparison to empirical measurements in humans and rats. The calculations rely on experimentally determined distribution coefficients of a series of PFAAs and 4 of their alternatives to physiological matrices such as structural proteins, storage lipids, membrane lipids, albumin, and fatty acid binding protein (FABP). The relative sorption capacities in each organ were calculated from the combination of distribution coefficients and physiological data. The calculated distribution of PFAAs and alternatives within the organs showed that albumin and membrane lipids and, to a lesser extent, structural proteins have the highest relative sorption capacities for the compounds. Sorption to FABP is only relevant in the distribution of short-chain PFAAs. Storage lipids play a minor role in the distribution of all studied compounds. Our calculated distribution of PFAAs was evaluated by comparison to reported PFAA concentrations in various organs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:910–920. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Preconditioning of AISI 304 stainless steel surfaces in the presence of flavins—Part II: Effect on biofilm formation and microbially influenced corrosion processes
Authors: Wurzler Nina , Schutter Jan D. , Wagner Ralph , Dimper Matthias , Hodoroaba Vasile‐Dan , Lützenkirchen‐Hecht Dirk , Ozcan Ozlem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiofilm formation and microbially influenced corrosion of the iron‐reducing microorganism Shewanella putrefaciens were investigated on stainless steel surfaces preconditioned in the absence and presence of flavin molecules by means of XANES (X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure) analysis and electrochemical methods. The results indicate that biofilm formation was promoted on samples preconditioned in electrolytes containing minute amounts of flavins. On the basis of the XANES results, the corrosion processes are controlled by the iron‐rich outer layer of the passive film. Biofilm formation resulted in a cathodic shift of the open circuit potential and a protective effect in terms of pitting corrosion. The samples preconditioned in the absence of flavins have shown delayed pitting and the samples preconditioned in the presence of flavins did not show any pitting in a window of −0.3‐ to +0.0‐V overpotential in the bacterial medium. The results indicate that changes in the passive film chemistry induced by the presence of minute amounts of flavins during a mild anodic polarization can change the susceptibility of stainless steel surfaces to microbially influenced corrosion.
Basalt/Polyacrylamide‐Ammonium Polyphosphate Hydrogel Composites for Fire‐Resistant Materials
Authors: Zheng Wen Jiang , Cui Xiao Feng , Zou Wei , Chen Qian , Zhang Hai Bo , Yang Hu , Yan Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHydrogels containing a large amount of water are widely used as fire‐resistant materials. However, when exposed to fire, the organic polymer network of gel will burn in a short time as the contained water evaporates. For that, the fire‐retarding ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and woven basalt fibers are introduced in polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels to improve the fire‐resistant performance. Thermo‐gravimetric tests indicating that the APP can prevent gel from decomposition effectively when the content is larger than 13 wt%. And the APP can form a foam layer on gel surface to protect it from burning. The basalt fibers are capable of absorbing heat and strengthening the gel. With the synergetic of APP and basalt fibers, the resultant basalt/PAAm‐APP composite with high mechanical strength exhibits excellent fire‐resistant performance. It can sustain the 1300 °C flame for as long as 15 min.
A wideband reconfigurable analog predistorter based on a new wideband tunable impedance matching network
Authors: Bian Chenge , Zhang Dewei , Deng Hailin , Liu Qing , Zhang Yi , Lv Dalong , Zhou Dongfang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA wideband reconfigurable analog predistorter (APD), which can maintain the tuning capability in wideband frequency, is proposed in this letter. First, the requirements of tunable impedance matching network (TIMN) used in the wideband reconfigurable APD is given. Second, a new wideband TIMN is analyzed, and the coverage the proposed TIMN is given. Then the circuit parameters of the TIMN can be appropriately selected to maintain the coverage of the TIMN meeting the requirement at needed frequencies. To validate the proposed TIMN, a wideband reconfigurable APD operating at Q‐band (46.5–51.5 GHz) is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show good agreement with the analysis. The minimum tuning range of gain and phase conversions are 12.5 dB and 46.5, respectively.
Assessment of a conceptually informed measure of emotion dysregulation: Evidence of construct validityvis a visimpulsivity and internalizing symptoms in adolescents withADHD
Authors: Monopoli W. John , Evans Steven W. , Benson Kari , Allan Nicholas P. , Owens Julie Sarno , DuPaul George J. , Bunford Nóra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesDespite advances in understanding associations among attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emotion dysregulation (ED), and related outcomes, there is incongruity between ADHD‐relevant conceptualizations of ED and available measures of ED. To assess the psychometric properties of a parent‐report questionnaire of ED conceptualized as deficits in the ability to modulate the (a) speed/degree of emotion escalation; (b) expression intensity; and (c) speed/degree of de‐escalation.MethodsParticipants were 209 adolescents with ADHD (78% male; 13.5–17.8 years old [M= 15.2SD= 0.91]). Questionnaire items were selected from parent‐report scales of ED and oppositional defiant disorder and subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and validity analyses.ResultsThe EFA revealed two factors, with speed/degree of escalation combined with intensity as factor one, and speed/degree of de‐escalation as factor two. Factor one scores were related to ADHD impulsivity symptoms but not to anxiety and depression symptoms and they remained predictors of impulsivity even in the presence of self‐report ED, evincing convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Factor two scores were related to anxiety and depression but not impulsivity, evincing convergent and discriminant validity.ConclusionThese results inform our understanding of ADHD‐relevant ED in adolescence and offer avenues for future research in measurement development, as well as for understanding ED and ADHD‐related impairment.
Regenerative peripheral nerve interface free muscle graft mass and function
Authors: Hu Yaxi , Ursu Daniel C. , Sohasky Racquel A. , Sando Ian C. , Ambani Shoshana L. W. , French Zachary P. , Mays Elizabeth A. , Nedic Andrej , Moon Jana D. , Kung Theodore A. , Cederna Paul S. , Kemp Stephen W. P. , Urbanchek Melanie G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundRegenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs) transduce neural signals to provide high‐fidelity control of neuroprosthetic devices. Traditionally, rat RPNIs are constructed with ~150 mg of free skeletal muscle grafts. It is unknown whether larger free muscle grafts allow RPNIs to transduce greater signal.MethodsRPNIs were constructed by securing skeletal muscle grafts of various masses (150, 300, 600, or 1200 mg) to the divided peroneal nerve. In the control group, the peroneal nerve was transected without repair. Endpoint assessments were conducted 3 mo postoperatively.ResultsCompound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), maximum tetanic isometric force, and specific muscle force were significantly higher for both the 150 and 300 mg RPNI groups compared to the 600 and 1200 mg RPNIs. Larger RPNI muscle groups contained central areas lacking regenerated muscle fibers.ConclusionsElectrical signaling and tissue viability are optimal in smaller as opposed to larger RPNI constructs in a rat model.
Necessary treatment of brain metastases in poor‐performance status patients: for all, for no one, or for whom?
Authors: Ampil Federico L. , Richards Troy A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe optimum treatment of brain metastases (BRM) in people with poor performance status remains to be ascertained. We aimed to report our reviewed 10‐year stereotactic radiosurgery experience of poor performance status patients with BRM treated at a single institution. Between June 2000 and December 2009, the study participants included 22 consecutive individuals with severe hemiparesis or cerebellar ataxia and stereotactic radiosurgery‐irradiated BRM. The mean follow‐up period was 26 months. Most of the patients were women, aged <65 years and diagnosed with solitary brain metastasis. Extracranial metastases were present in 45% of the patients. A total of 13 individuals (59%) died within 2 months after therapy, and nine patients (41%) died at a much later period. The overall median survival was 2 months, and the 2‐year and 5‐year crude survival rates were 41% and 14%, respectively. Short survival was not predominant after therapy in this limited experience, and the observed prolonged survival suggests that stereotactic radiosurgery still represents a valuable treatment option for poor performance status individuals with BRM.
Stabilization for an inhomogeneous porous‐elastic system with temperature and microtemperature
Authors: Feng Baowei , Yan Ling , Almeida Júnior Dilberto da Silva 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper we are concerned with a one‐dimensional linear theory of inhomogeneous porous‐thermo‐elastic materials with microtemperatures. The main results contain the global well‐posedness and stability of the system. By using Lumer–Philips theorem, we prove that the system is well posed. By using energy method, we establish exponential decay rate of the system.
The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Europe: A Psychoanalytical Contribution
Authors: Sandrin Paula 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide a psychoanalytically informed interpretation of the rise of right-wing populism in Europe. It argues that explanations for the growing support for right-wing populist political parties and groups in European countries which stress the role of economic, migratory, and political factors can be deepened by a reading which takes into account the role of affects in politics.
Eurozone Crisis Management and the Growth of Opposition to European Integration
Authors: Verney Susannah , Katsikas Dimitris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe crisis that started in Greece in 2010 gradually spread to other Eurozone member states. Things were worse for the crisis-hit countries of the Eurozone periphery, some of which implemented harsh adjustment programmes in the context of financial assistance agreements, while others adopted similar policies even though they had not officially entered a bailout agreement (e.g. Spain and to a lesser degree Italy). In this environment of deteriorating material conditions, Euroscepticism reached new heights. This chapter examines the impact of the crisis, and the way it was handled, on regionalism in Europe, through its effects on Euroscepticism. The authors compare Eurobarometer data from European Union (EU) member states, in order to develop a comparative outlook on attitudes towards European integration during the crisis. The analysis employs data at discreet time intervals, in order to capture the evolution of attitudes from the pre-crisis environment in 2008, to the peak of the crisis in 2012, its gradual resolution in 2016 and its official ending (with the exit of Greece from its third bailout programme) in 2018. This analysis is complemented by an overview of the political developments in crisis-hit countries with the objective of documenting and analysing the emergence and, in some cases, dominance of Eurosceptic parties. The objective is to present a comprehensive overview of political developments and the public attitudes that shaped them, vis a vis the EU, during the crisis and offer a tentative conclusion on their impact on the European integration process.
Financial Instability, Climate Change and the “Digital Colonization” of Europe: Some Unconventional Proposals
Authors: Schulmeister Stephan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the three main challenges by sketching three types of policy proposals. First, measures for repression of “finance alchemy” as precondition for a sustained recovery of the real economy and for a “renaissance” of the European Social Model; second, measures for fighting climate change and for promoting (“green”) economic growth over a transition period; and third, measures for overcoming the “digital colonization” of Europe by US providers of operation systems, standard software and online platforms.
Proposal for a Pact for National Responsibility Through EU Solidarity Within the Present EU Architecture
Authors: Ghymers Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis Chapter shows that there still exist urgent actions possible with existing tools and procedures for breaking the prisoner dilemma through modalities of solidarity leading to more responsibility. These feasible solutions are simple recipes based upon past experiences for opening again the European Union (EU) win–win game by activating conditional incentives able to enhance channelled financial market reactions favourable to adjusting countries, preventing self-fulfilling speculation and benefiting the whole EU.
Proposals for Reforms and Democratization of the EMU
Authors: Guilherme Bettina De Souza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this part of the book, we discuss proposals to improve architectural and crisis management lacunas. While other partners of the network present own proposals, this chapter has the objective to sketch out proposals, which have been discussed or are still in the pipeline at the top level of European Union (EU) decision-takers and institutions to remedy lacunas, errors and omissions of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) architecture. A main argument advanced is that the reforms with a focus on “risk-avoidance” and stronger “surveillance” and “monitoring” had more success, while any reforms based on the principle of “risk-sharing have encountered major resistance, both for the financial market regulation and for the fiscal framework.
The Double Democratic Deficit
Authors: De Souza Guilherme Bettina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter will sketch how the EU has reacted to the financial crisis and in particular to the unfolding sovereign debt crisis, revealing major flaws in EMU’s architecture. It will not only address these design flaws but attempt to evaluate the underlying causes, reasons and motives of the architects and decision takers by comparing the more “federalist” Werner Plan with the more “intergovernmental” blueprint of the EMU of the Maastricht Treaty, connect it with the paradigm change on economic governance discussed by Schulmeister in Chap. 2 and show the consequences for the crisis and its management in terms of efficiency, equity and democratic accountability.
Was das Unterhaltungsfernsehen zur Vermittlung von medizinischem Wissen an Studierende und Laien beitragen kann – Sensibilisierung für seltene Erkrankungen
Authors: Schaefer Jürgen R. , von Hirschhausen Eckart 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungMenschen mit komplexen und seltenen Erkrankungen haben es in unserem Gesundheitssystem oft schwer. Bis zur Diagnosefindung kann es Jahre dauern und häufig fehlt eine geeignete Therapie. Dabei sind seltene Erkrankungen in der Summe der Patienten alles andere als selten: Allein in Deutschland sind etwa 4 Mio. Menschen betroffen. Dennoch gilt, dass eine seltene Erkrankung oft erst dann entdeckt werden kann, wenn sie bekannt genug ist und die Bevölkerung für ihre Existenz sensibilisiert ist – dies gilt sowohl für Laien als auch die Ärzteschaft. Die eher ungewöhnliche Form der Wissensvermittlung über das Unterhaltungsfernsehen kann einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verbreitung von medizinischem Wissen und zur Sensibilisierung für medizinische Themen leisten. In konkreten Fällen kann das Unterhaltungsfernsehen so zur Diagnosefindung bei seltenen Erkrankungen beitragen oder Laien zu lebensrettenden Maßnahmen ermutigen, was in diesem Artikel anhand einiger Fallbeispiele verdeutlicht wird.Serien und Quizshows erreichen sehr viel mehr Zuschauer als klassische Gesundheitssendungen. Auch im Studierendenunterricht haben sie sich als außergewöhnlich wirksam erwiesen. Da die Erzählform das Mitfiebern und Mitraten in den Mittelpunkt stellt; anstelle des reinen Vermittelns von Fakten werden die medizinischen Themen als Gedächtnisinhalte emotional stärker verankert und leichter erinnerlich. Das Unterhaltungsfernsehen bietet somit einen innovativen Ansatz, um die Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung zu steigern – ein Potenzial, das in Deutschland noch besser genutzt werden könnte.
Psychotherapie bei juveniler Adipositas: gerechtfertigt und sinnvoll?
Authors: Gmeiner Michaela Silvia , Warschburger Petra 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundAdipositas ist im Kindes- und Jugendalter stark verbreitet. Medizinische Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen mit ihrem umfassenden Behandlungsangebot stellen eine wesentliche Säule der Versorgung dar. Da Adipositas mit vielfältigen psychosozialen Belastungen verbunden ist, stellt sich die Frage, ob psychotherapeutische Angebote noch stärker berücksichtigt werden sollten.FragestellungUntersucht wurde, wie verbreitet psychische Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas sind und in welchem Zusammenhang sie zum Gewichtsverlauf stehen.Material und MethodenDie Stichprobe bestand aus 220 Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas (8 bis 16 Jahre,M = 13,11 Jahre;SD± 1,88 Jahre; 54,5 % weiblich), die an einer stationären Rehabilitationsmaßnahme teilnahmen. Emotionale- und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ) wurden zu Rehabilitationsbeginn sowie 6 und 12 Monate nach Rehabilitationsende im Elternbericht erfasst. Zudem wurden Daten zur Bestimmung des Gewichtstatus durch das medizinische Personal der Kliniken bzw. in der Katamnese von Hausärzten erhoben.ErgebnisseFast die Hälfte der Kinder und Jugendlichen (48,6 %) wies auffällige Werte auf; v. a. Mädchen waren signifikant häufiger betroffen. Die deskriptive Betrachtung nach Rehabilitationsende zeigte einen vergleichbar hohen Anteil. Zudem wirkte sich das Vorliegen psychosozialer Auffälligkeiten signifikant negativ auf den Gewichtsverlauf aus.SchlussfolgerungPsychische Probleme sollten im Rahmen der Adipositastherapie stärker berücksichtigt werden. Zum einen sollten evtl. belastete Kinder durch Screenings identifiziert werden, zum anderen psychotherapeutische Maßnahmen zur Reduktion psychosozialer Belastungen integraler Bestandteil der Behandlung sein.