bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recycling Approaches for Li Ion Batteries
Authors: Slater Peter Raymond 
Published: February 2020

The forecasted rapid expansion in Li ion battery use needed for worldwide targets for zero emission cars means that there is a vital need to develop strategies to efficiently recycle used Li ion cells. One of the challenges in terms of delivering commercially viable approaches to recycling spent EV cells is the fact that the battery chemistry is constantly evolving, and that there is no vehicle cell standard.
In this presentation, an overview of the Faraday Institution ReliB: Recycling of lithium ion batteries project will be given. This 8 university interdisciplinary project aim is to establish the technological, economic and legal infrastructure to make possible the recycling of close to 100% of the materials contained in lithium ion batteries from the automotive sector. In addition to the project overview, initial results on the characterisation of automotive cells, and routes for the remanufacture of cathode materials will be presented.
Electrochemical Properties of Low Co-Containing Layered Oxide Cathodes Viewing from Structural, Defect and Processing Variations
Authors: Fung Kuan-Zong , Fung Kenneth , Chang Chia Chin , Tsai Shu-Yi 
Published: February 2020

Layered oxides containing transition metal ions are known to exhibit higher capacities than ones with spinel or olivine structures. However, higher charging capacity means the creation of more ionic/electronic defects in both cation and/or anion sublattices of layered structure. As a result, their structural and electrochemical properties are strongly affected by the formation and/or elimination of these defects.
Moreover, the existing defects in layered oxides are typically determined by the condition of fabrication processes, for instance the oxygen partial pressure. The capacity fading observed in layered oxides is typically caused by the phase transformation of cycled layered oxides. In addition, the structural instability of layered oxides may be due to repeated formation/elimination of large amount of defects. Doping of aliovalent ions has been widely used for control of defects through charge compensation mechanism. Thus, the main objective of this work to investigate (i)the structural/electrochemical properties, (ii) charging/discharging/cycling behaviour (ii) effect of aliovalent doping on high Ni/low Co-containing layered oxides.
In this study, the electrical/electrochemical/structural properties of layered oxide containing 80% Ni in transition metal layer are investigated.
Layered oxides are fabricated using either solid state reaction or co-precipitation techniques. Ni content in is fixed at 80% in the transition metal ion layers in these cathode materials, the variation in electrochemical properties will be caused by the minor elements/dopants such as Mn and Al. First, the electrical measurement of layered oxides are conducted using sintered disc. Assembled cells using above-mentioned cathode and Li anode with desired liquid electrolyte will be tested and cycled. XPS, SEM and XRD analyses will be conducted on as-assembled as well as cycled cells. The analysed results will be illustrated based on the chemical characteristics of doping ions and the accompanying defects created.
Organic Batteries Operated at -70 oc
Authors: Dong Xiao-Li , Wang Yong-Gang , Xia Yong-Yao 
Published: February 2020

Commercialized Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are being widely applied in various portable devices and electric vehicles. However, it is a common phenomenon that LIBs based on intercalation compound electrodes exhibit poor performance when the temperature decreases below 0 oC, for which the insufficient ionic conductivity and freezing of electrolyte are generally considered the main reasons. Various approaches have been developed to overcome this issue, such as developing additives to improve the low-temperature behavior of electrolytes and externally/internally heating and insulating the cells. 1 Although some electrolyte additives can efficiently improve the discharge behavior of LIBs at the low temperature from -20 oC to -40 oC, the corresponding recharge processes at such temperature are still very difficult. Recently reported liquefied gas electrolyte for Li-metal battery that exhibits high performance at low temperature of -60 oC,2 but high-pressure stainless-steel cells had to be used during the electrochemical tests owing to its typically gaseous state under standard conditions.
In addition to the reported liquefied gas electrolyte, an alternative solution is to seek an appropriate solvent with a low freezing point for the electrolyte, which may be used for improving the low-temperature behavior of rechargeable batteries. Herein, an ethyl acetate-based electrolyte with a sufficient ionic conductivity of 0.2 mS cm-1 at the ultra-low temperature of -70 oC is first used to fabricate intercalation compounds-based Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and an organic electrodes-based rechargeable battery, respectively, to clarify their low-temperature behavior. 3 It is demonstrated that the LIBs cannot work at -70 oC because of the sluggish de-solvation of Li+. However, the rechargeable battery using organic electrodes can work well at such low temperature and retains ~70% of capacity at room temperature, owing to the fast kinetics of charge storage on the surface groups or in the large interstitial space of organic solids. These results indicate a new way for developing low-temperature batteries.
Figure 1 Schematical illustration of the organic batteries operated at -70 oC.

Figure 1
Improving Aging Prediction for Electric Vehicle Operation with Combined Electrical, Thermal and Aging Model for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using Quantitative Cell Data
Authors: Schoeneberger Ilka , Dechent Philipp , Rücker Fabian , Jakobowski Sven , Sauer Dirk Uwe 
Published: February 2020

Electric vehicles (EV) in the power grid are not necessarily an additional burden, but can also act grid relieving. This is possible by storing energy from renewable sources and shaving the volatility of generation. For EV battery owners it is important to predict the aging effects resulting from secondary battery use. For a future energy system, it is therefore important to address the topic of EV battery aging for the group of stakeholders: EV owners, EV manufacturers, energy providers and grid operators.
A physico-chemically motivated, impedance-based lithium-ion battery model has recently been presented in [6] and is available as open source [5]. Additionally, the authors present a new set of quantitative measurement data for parameterization of a battery pack of Daimler’s Smart electric drive. A battery pack was disassembled to gather all information from inside the battery pack. The cells have been aged as part of an extensive aging testing. Therefore, the simulation setup enables in-situ and operando analysis of cell behavior and helps understanding aging effects in electric vehicle operation.
For model parameterization, the research contributions for electrical modeling based on electrical impedance spectroscopy from [1], as well as studies on aging behavior of lithium-ion cells with graphite anode from [2] and [3] are considered and used to adapt the method presented in [4]. The model is parameterized with electrical, thermal and aging parameters for an automotive battery pack that consists of 93 high-energy lithium-ion pouch cells with NMC cathode and graphite anode with a capacity of 50 Ah. A 3D-geometrical representation of the battery pack topology including cooling allows a detailed assessment of the simulated cell temperatures. It therefore helps to generate a better understanding of the incremental battery aging effects that are caused by vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation.
Controlled charging and discharging of EVs could help the grid in terms of stability and avoid additional cost for grid expansion. At the same time, V2G services could generate additional revenues to the EV battery owners from service payment. Nevertheless, calculation of EV battery aging is one major purpose for EV battery owners before they agree to the active use of their EV battery by third parties.
Sources:
[1] Dissertation H. Witzenhausen, https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2017-03437
[2] Dissertation A. Warnecke, https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2017-09646
[3] Dissertation M. Lewerenz https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2018-228663
[4] Schmalstieg et al., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.012
[6] Dissertation F. Hust, “Physico-Chemically Motivated Parameterization and Modelling of Real-Time Capable Lithium-Ion Battery Models - a Case Study on the Tesla Model S Battery”, January 2019
[5] www.openbat.de
Oxygen Reduction at Pt{Hkl} Electrodes in an Alkali Metal Ion Containing Aprotic Solvent
Authors: Hardwick Laurence J. , Galloway Thomas , Attard Gary , Li Jian-Feng , Dong Jin-Chao 
Published: February 2020

Metal-oxygen battery cathodes utilise the reversible redox species of oxygen in the presence of metal ions. However the oxygen reduction and evolution reaction mechanisms are yet to be conclusively determined. In order to elucidate the effect of surface structure on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) a method of preparing clean, well-defined Pt{hkl} electrodes for adsorption studies in non-aqueous solvents is described. The ORR in MClO4 (M = Li+, Na+, K+) containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the electrolyte highlights the structural sensitivity of the ORR under these conditions.
Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ electrochemical Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), the various stages of oxygen reduction as a function of i) potential, ii) metal ion concentration and iii) sweep rate are investigated.
In the sodium system it is found that on Pt{111} and Pt{110}-(1x1) terraces, a long lived surface sodium peroxide species is formed reversibly, whereas on Pt{100} and polycrystalline electrodes, this species is unstable and dissolves into the bulk electrolyte. On all surfaces studied, the initial reduction pathway corresponds to the formation of a surface sodium superoxide phase. In the absence of sodium ions, superoxide formation takes place exclusively followed by superoxide formation into the bulk of the electrolyte with no evidence of peroxide formation.

The discovery that Pt surfaces can control the reaction pathway between superoxide and peroxide species opens up the development of practical electrocatalysts capable of controlling the desired reaction pathway towards Na2O2 to deliver Na-O2 batteries with higher theoretical specific energies.
Mass Transport Characterization in Redox Flow Batteries Using Fluorescence Microscopy in Operando
Authors: Wong Andrew A. , Aziz Michael J. , Rubinstein Shmuel 
Published: February 2020

Significant advancements in aqueous organic redox flow battery (RFB) chemistries are generating greater anticipation for grid scale energy storage systems. However, low power densities, driven in part by mass transport limitations within the cell stack, limit the performance of these systems. A detailed understanding of mass transport and electrochemical activity within the porous electrode would benefit all RFB chemistries, particularly those using aqueous organic electrolytes. In this study we use fluorescence microscopy to image fluid flow and electrochemical activity in operando using fluorescent tracer particles and redox-active aqueous-soluble quinones respectively. The fluorescence of the reduced quinone is used as a direct measure of local state of charge and the tracer particles allow measurements of local velocities and fluid streamlines. The combined approach illuminates the influence of the electrode architecture on electrochemical-flow processes, unveiling surprisingly heterogeneous behavior over length scales significantly larger then the average pore diameter. Several electrode styles are compared including papers, cloths and felts with an emphasis on mass transport characteristics impacting their performance. We will discuss further applications for this in operando technique and suggest potential electrode architectures to improve RFB performance as grid scale energy storage systems.
Figure: (left) Strobe imaging of fluorescent tracer particles highlighting fluid streamlines in a woven carbon fiber electrode. (center) Colorized image of a fluorescent quinone electrolyte undergoing electrochemical reduction in operando. Image width is 2 mm highlighting the strikingly heterogeneous mass transport process. (right) particle tracking of fluorescent tracer particles providing insight into local velocity fields and fluid dead zones.

Figure 1
In Situ NMR Studies of Li Microstructure Formation
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir Anna B , Menkin Svetlana , Marbella Lauren E , Best Adam Samuel , Grey Clare P. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal is an attractive anode for next-generation, high-energy batteries but it suffers from both capacity fading and safety problems associated with microstructural and dendritic growth. A detailed understanding of the fundamental processes that lead to an uneven Li deposition is necessary to develop new and effective strategies to mitigate dendrite growth. The morphology of Li deposits is highly dependent on the choice of electrolyte system with improved cycling performance attributed to a more uniform, robust and conductive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). [1]
In this work we use in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with electrochemical characterisation techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With in situ NMR we are able to monitor and quantify the microstructures that form during lithium deposition. As a result of the ‘skin depth issue’ of metals, that is the electromagnetic RF field excites only the surface of the Li metal, NMR is a sensitive and quantitative method for microstructure formation.[2] Furthermore, the resonance of the microstructural peak gives an indication of the morphology of the growing deposits. [3] This allows for an effective comparison of different electrolyte systems and lithium plating conditions. [2,3] Superconcentrated electrolytes are investigated in detail as their suppression of dendrite growth has been reported in many studies. [1,4] Different electrochemical cycling parameters are investigated including the relatively unexplored method of applying pulsed current as to ascertain the role of the concentration gradients in the SEI layer.

Reference
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[1] Liu, B. et al.
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2, 833–845 (2018).
[2] Bhattacharyya, R. et al.
Nat. Mater.
9, 504–510 (2010).
[3] S. Chandrashekar, et al.
Nat. Mater.
11, 311-315 (2012).
[4] Qian, J. et al.
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15, 135–144 (2015).
The protective capability of the laser welded armour steel plates
Authors: Pacek D , Kolodziejczak P , Grzelak K , Torzewski J , Podgorzak P 
Published: February 2020

Despite the intensive development of plastics and composite materials in the case of armours employed to protect vehicles, armour steel remains a material commonly and effectively used. This is especially evident in the base armour of armoured vehicles, where the body is made of welded armour steel plates. However, the area of joining both the weld and the heat affected zone are sensitive areas with the reduced protective capability. In the case of laser welding in comparison with methods such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, it is possible to narrow down the above mentioned areas. The paper presents the results of research on the protective capability of welded zone of armour steel plates with a hardness of 500 HB. In the first part of the work, in order to select the proper parameters for the bonding process, different connection variants were made and their microstructure and selected mechanical properties were analysed. After selecting the best variant of the welding process, samples (200 mm × 200 mm) consisting of two welded plates with dimensions 100 mm × 200 mm were made for testing. The thickness of the plates was selected in such a way that in the areas outside the bonding zone, the lack of complete perforation by the projectiles used in the tests is guaranteed. The samples were shot at the weld location and at different distances from the weld to verify, for the chosen method of joining steel plates, if the welded armour loses its protective capability and, possibly, how wide this area may be.
2D parametric contrast time-density analysis for the prediction of complete aneurysm occlusion at six months’ post-flow diversion stent
Authors: Hussein Ahmed E , Shownkeen Meghana , Thomas Andre , Stapleton Christopher , Brunozzi Denise , Nelson Jessica , Naumgart John , Linninger Andreas , Atwal Gursant , Alaraj Ali 
Published: February 2020

Objective Indications for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms with flow diversion stents are expanding. The current aneurysm occlusion rate at six months ranges between 60 and 80%. Predictability of complete vs. partial aneurysm occlusion is poorly defined. Here, we evaluate the angiographic contrast time-density as a predictor of aneurysm occlusion rate at six months’ post-flow diversion stents. Methods Patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms proximal to the internal carotid artery terminus treated with single flow diversion stents were included. 2D parametric parenchymal blood flow software (Siemens-Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) was used to calculate contrast time-density within the aneurysm and in the proximal adjacent internal carotid artery. The area under the curve ratio between the two regions of interests was assessed at baseline and after flow diversion stents deployment. The area under the curve ratio between completely vs. partially occluded aneurysms at six months’ follow-up was compared. Results Thirty patients with 31 aneurysms were included. Mean aneurysm diameter was 8 mm (range 2–28 mm). Complete occlusion was obtained in 19 aneurysms. Younger patients ( P = 0.006) and smaller aneurysms ( P = 0.046) presented higher chance of complete obliteration. Incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm was more likely if the area under the curve contrast time-density ratio showed absolute ( P = 0.001) and relative percentage ( P = 0.001) decrease after flow diversion stents deployment. Area under ROC curve was 0.85. Conclusion Negative change in the area under the curve ratio indicates less contrast stagnation in the aneurysm and lower chance of occlusion. These data provide a real-time analysis after aneurysm treatment. If validated in larger datasets, this can prompt input to the surgeon to place a second flow diversion stents.
Reseña de Libro
Authors: Arias Gallegos Walter Lizandro 
Published: February 2020

Montgomery, W. (2018). Conductismo: un análisis paradigmático. Cuestiones teóricas, filosóficas y profesionales. Lima: Saxo. 333 pp. ISBN 978-612-47804-6-2
El profesor William Montgomery, quien labora en la Escuela Profesional de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos ha publicado un nuevo libro. Se trata de Conductismo: un análisis paradigmático. Cuestiones teóricas, filosóficas y profesionales, un libro que como en anteriores publicaciones, Montgomery analiza los fundamentos filosóficos del conductismo, pero particularmente de los conductismos de tercera generación, que han tratado de superar las críticas hechas a su postura reduccionista y su enfoque mecanicista. Lo cierto es que, el conductismo como corriente psicológica, ha favorecido el posicionamiento científico de la psicología y le ha dotado de una identidad, principalmente el modelo skinneriano y sus sucedáneos, pues la gran limitación del conductismo de Watson es que toma prestados los métodos reflexológicos de Pavlov, lo cual le resta originalidad y autonomía a su deseo de erigir una psicología como ciencia independiente.
Quantitative Seismic Interpretation Identifies Sweet Spots in Organic-Rich Mudrocks
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2020

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 197290, “Quantitative Seismic Interpretation Work Flow for Sweet-Spot Identification in Organic-Rich Mudrocks,” by Mustafa A. Al Ibrahim, Tapan Mukerji, SPE, and Allegra Hosford Scheirer, Stanford University, prepared for the 2019 SPE Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 11–14 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Estimating the lateral heterogeneity of geochemical properties of organic-rich mudrocks is important for unconventional resource plays. Well-penetration data from emerging plays are sparse and so traditional geostatistical methods will not yield good results. In this study, the authors use a quantitative seismic interpretation work flow (QSI) based on a rock-physics template in estimating the uncertainty of the geochemical properties of organic mudrocks of the Shublik formation of the Alaskan North Slope. By combining the rock-physics template and the results of seismic inversion, multiple realizations of total organic content (TOC), matrix porosity, and brittleness index are generated. These parameters can be used for sweet-spot detection.
Introduction
Data for physical rock parameters are generally restricted to well locations. To extend data laterally, two general directions can be taken: a data-oriented approach and a physics-oriented approach. The data-oriented approach is powerful but requires a large amount of data commonly not available in emerging areas where well penetration is scarce. Physics-oriented approaches can be used to obtain the desired parameters used in decision-making; however, the results are highly dependent on the inputs, such as TOC and hydrogen index, and these typically are not defined regionally.
The QSI is a powerful tool that can be used to estimate the lateral and vertical heterogeneity of rocks beyond wellbores. QSI combines both of the previously mentioned approaches by using well data to calibrate rock-physics models and then using statistical methods to derive relationships between rock-physics models and seismic data.
In the complete paper, the authors demonstrate a work flow to apply the QSI to organic-rich mudrocks by incorporating a constructed rock-physics template for mudrocks. Joint estimation of rock properties is used to estimate the geochemical and mechanical properties important in determining sweet spots. Multiple possible realizations of Earth models are generated to capture the nonuniqueness associated with the inversion problem.
Study Area
The Triassic Shublik source rock is the main petroleum source in the North Slope of Alaska. The organic-rich calcareous interval is interpreted to be deposited during a marine upwelling period. Lateral and vertical heterogeneity in the Shublik formation has been documented with multiple facies identified.