bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco cigarette and cannabis use among new mothers
Authors: Alshaarawy Omayma , Roskos Steven E. , Meghea Cristian I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsIn the United States, the prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy has increased whereas tobacco smoking has decreased. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco cigarette smoking and cannabis use among new mothers, stratified by breastfeeding status. Additionally, trend analysis was used to examine changes in tobacco and cannabis use over time.DesignCross‐sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001–18).SettingUnited States.ParticipantsPopulation‐based sample of new mothers (within 2 years of childbirth) aged 20–44 years (n = 1332).MeasurementsFor each NHANES data cycle, the prevalence of tobacco smoking measured by self‐report or serum cotinine was estimated. Additionally, we estimated the prevalence of cannabis use measured by self‐report. Using Joinpoint Regression, we tested for significant changes in trends and produced the average ‘data‐cycle’ percentage change (APC).FindingsFrom 2001 to 2018, more than one in five new mothers were tobacco cigarette smokers. New mothers who were breastfeeding were less likely to smoke cigarettes [7.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.9%, 10.9% compared with mothers who were not breastfeeding (25.7%, 95% CI = 22.3%, 29.3%]. Results from Joinpoint regression indicated no robust temporal trends for self‐reported tobacco smoking (APC = −1.3, 95% CI = −8.6, 6.7; P = 0.7) or for cotinine levels ≥ 4.47 ng/ml (APC = 0.3, 95% CI = −5.0, 5.9; P = 0.9), whereas cannabis use had increased among new mothers (APC = 23.7, 95% CI = 4.8, 46.0; P = 0.02).ConclusionsConsistent with the increase seen among other subgroups, cannabis use has approximately doubled among US new mothers since 2005. There is no significant evidence of a change in tobacco smoking among US new mothers since 2001.
Relationship between crown and root canal anatomy of four‐rooted maxillary molar teeth
Authors: Aydın Hakan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of four‐rooted teeth and the corresponding crown, root and canal morphology in maxillary molars. Cone‐beam computed tomographic images for 1200 patients were examined, and 1799 maxillary first molar (MFM) and 2123 maxillary second molar (MSM) teeth were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed at a 5% significance level. Only three MFMs (0.17%) and 30 maxillary MSMs (1.41%) were four‐rooted. The most common four‐root type was the double palatal root. A higher proportion of four‐rooted teeth were observed in men (P < 0.05), and a high percentage of root fusion was seen in these teeth. The palatal half of the crown was wider in teeth with double palatal roots. Although rarely encountered, the diagnosis and proper treatment of these teeth are very important for endodontic success.
Precision of the Nidek Tonoref II autokeratometer: how many repeated measurements are required?
Authors: Javadi‐Ottosen Søren , Næser Kristian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine the minimal number of repeated measurements required for precise Nidek Tonoref II autokeratometry.MethodsThis prospective, non‐intervention study was performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, Randers, Denmark. We used the Nidek Tonoref II autokeratometer to perform 10 successive measurements on 100 right eyes of cooperative individuals. Each keratometry was converted to the spherical equivalent power (SE), while the net astigmatism was converted to polar values along zero (KP(0)) and 45 degrees (KP(45)). All units were in dioptres (D). The precision was calculated as the mean absolute difference between paired measurements, using one or the average of two, three, four or five autokeratometries. Statistical assessment was performed with Dunn’s test for repeated measurements with a Bonferroni correction.ResultsThe precision of SE, KP(0) and KP(45) increased statistically significantly from one to three measurements, with no significant improvement for autokeratometries based on four or five measurements. There was no significant precision difference between one and two measurements.ConclusionA single keratometry is inadequate, but the vector average of three measurements is sufficient for precise autokeratometry with the Tonoref II device. The consistent use of three keratometries with this device may increase the precision of spherical and toric IOL calculation.
Relationships and trust: Two key pillars of a well‐functioning freestanding midwifery unit
Authors: Rocca‐Ihenacho Lucia , Yuill Cassandra , McCourt Christine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite strong evidence supporting the expansion of midwife‐led unit provision, as a result of optimal maternal and perinatal outcomes, cost‐effectiveness, and positive service user and staff experiences, scaling‐up has been slow. Systemic barriers associated with gender, professional, economic, cultural, and social factors continue to constrain the expansion of midwifery as a public health intervention globally. This article aimed to explore relationships and trust as key components of a well‐functioning freestanding midwifery unit (FMU).Method(s)A critical realist ethnographic study of an FMU located in East London, England, was conducted over a period of 15 months. Recruitment of the 82 participants was purposive. Data collection included participant observation and semi‐structured interviews, and data were analyzed thematically along with relevant local guidelines and documents.ResultsTwelve themes emerged. Relationships and Trust were identified as a core theme. The other 11 themes were grouped into six families, three of which: Ownership, Autonomy, and Continuous Learning; Team Spirit, Interdependency, and Power Relations; and Salutogenesis will be covered in this paper. The remaining three families: Friendly Environment; Having Time and Mindfulness; and Social Capital, will be covered in a separate paper.ConclusionsA relationship‐based model of care was crucial for both the functioning of the FMU and service users’ satisfaction and may offer a compelling response to high levels of stress and burnout among midwives.
Gouvernance municipale et information: étude exploratoire sur l’utilisation optimale des données 311
Authors: Caron Daniel J. , Lyall Nelson Eric , Bernardi Sara 
Published: December 2020

SommaireL’article présente une recherche exploratoire portant sur le potentiel d’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle pour analyser les informations obtenues à travers les requêtes effectuées auprès de centres municipaux d’appels non urgents (CANU). La recherche établit trois utilisations possibles des informations provenant d’un CANU soit pour des fins de gestion interne, de prestation de services ou de prise de décisions stratégique. Ces utilisations de l’information sont explorées à travers l’analyse du CANU de la Ville de Gatineau. Les résultats établissent deux séries d’hypothèses pour favoriser une utilisation optimale des données amassées à l’aide d’outils numériques sophistiqués. La recherche montre que les CANU pourraient être des nœuds informationnels consacrés au traitement, à la répartition et à l’analyse stratégique des informations.
Influence of HLA-C environment on the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C in European HIV–HCV co-infected individuals
Authors: Legrand N , David G , Rodallec A , Gaultier A , Salmon D , Cesbron A , Wittkop L , Raffi F , Gendzekhadze K , Retière C , Allavena C , Gagne K 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Natural killer (NK) cell functions are regulated by diverse inhibitory and activating receptors, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. Some KIR/HLA genetic combinations were reported associated with spontaneous clearance (SC) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) but with discordant results, possibly reflecting KIR and/or HLA gene polymorphism according to populations. KIR/HLA genetic combinations associated with both an exhaustive NK and T cell repertoire were investigated in a cohort of HIV–HCV co-infected individuals with either SC (n = 68) or chronic infection (CI, n = 163) compared to uninfected blood donors [controls (Ctrl), n = 100]. Multivariate analysis showed that the HLA C2C2 environment was associated with SC only in European HIV–HCV co-infected individuals [odds ratio (OR) = 4·30, 95% confidence interval = 1·57–12·25, P = 0·005]. KIR2D+ NK cell repertoire and potential of degranulation of KIR2DL1/S1+ NK cells were similar in the SC European cohort compared to uninfected individuals. In contrast, decreased frequencies of KIR2DS1+ and KIR2DL2+ NK cells were detected in the CI group of Europeans compared to SC and a decreased frequency of KIR2DL1/S1+ NK cells compared to controls. Regarding T cells, higher frequencies of DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1)+ and CD57+ T cells were observed in SC in comparison to controls. Interestingly, SC subjects emphasized increased frequencies of KIR2DL2/L3/S2+ T cells compared to CI subjects. Our study underlines that the C2 environment may activate efficient KIR2DL1+ NK cells in a viral context and maintain a KIR2DL2/L3/S2+ mature T cell response in the absence of KIR2DL2 engagement with its cognate ligands in SC group of HCV–HIV co-infected European patients.
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada patients show higher frequencies of circulating NKG2Dpos NK and NK T cells
Authors: Bonacini M , Cimino L , De Simone L , Bolletta E , Gozzi F , Soriano A , Muratore F , Zerbini A , Fontana L , Salvarani C , Croci S 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in tissues that contain melanocytes. We aimed to increase the knowledge regarding immunological pathways deregulated in VKH disease. We compared the percentages of circulating natural killer (NK), NK T and T cells expressing the activatory markers: CD16, CD69, NK group 2D (NKG2D), natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 (Nkp30), natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (Nkp46) and the inhibitory marker: NK group 2 member A (NKG2A) in 10 active VKH patients, 20 control subjects (CTR) and seven patients with Behçet disease (BD) by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic potential of NK cells was determined through the degranulation marker CD107a expression after contact with K562 cells by flow cytometry. Moreover, plasmatic levels of 27 cytokines were determined with a multiplex bead-based assay. VKH patients showed higher percentages of NKG2Dpos NK and NK T cells versus CTR. The cytotoxic potential of NK cells induced by K562 cells was comparable between VKH patients and CTR. Finally, higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-17 and platelet-derived growth factor-subunits B (PDGF-bb) were detected in plasma of VKH patients versus CTR. The immune profile of VKH patients was similar to that of BD patients.
Acyl‐CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 plays detrimental role in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats by inducing ferroptosis
Authors: Qu Xiao‐feng , Liang Tian‐yu , Wu De‐gang , Lai Nian‐sheng , Deng Ru‐ming , Ma Chao , Li Xiang , Li Hai‐ying , Liu Yi‐zhi , Shen Hai‐tao , Chen Gang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsAcyl‐CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is closely related to tumor genesis and development in certain tissues. However, the function of ACSL4 in early brain injury (EBI) caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns and role of ACSL4 in SAH and post‐SAH EBI using a rat model of SAH.MethodsThe rat model of SAH was induced by autologous blood injection into the prechiasmatic cistern of rats. We also used two specific inhibitors of ferroptosis (Ferrostatin‐1 and Liproxstatin‐1) to investigate the role of ferroptosis in EBI.ResultsWe found that ACSL4 levels in brain tissue increased significantly in post‐SAH EBI. Inhibiting the expression of ACSL4 using small interfering RNAs alleviated inflammation, blood‐brain barrier (BBB) impairment, oxidative stress, brain edema, and behavioral and cognitive deficits, and increased the number of surviving neurons, after SAH. Similar effects were obtained by suppressing ferroptosis.ConclusionsACSL4 exacerbated SAH‐induced EBI by mediating ferroptosis. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for potential therapy aimed at alleviating post‐SAH EBI.
Can multistakeholder forums empower indigenous and local communities and promote forest conservation? A comparative analysis of territorial planning in two Brazilian states with contrasting contexts
Authors: Gonzales Tovar Jazmin , Sarmiento Barletti Juan P. , Larson Anne M. , Barnes Grenville , Tucker Catherine M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMultistakeholder forums (MSFs) are applied in territorial planning with the goal of bringing together diverse actors in decision‐making, allowing the participation and empowerment of indigenous and local communities, protecting their territories, and promoting community‐based conservation efforts. However, important questions remain. How are territorial planning MSFs shaped by context and power? Can they represent communities' diversity, respect their ancestral rights, and bring real change? This article explores how context and power affect the capacities and challenges of territorial planning MSFs to include, represent, empower, and benefit communities. Examining actors' perceptions, we comparatively analyze two cases, in two Brazilian states with contrasting contexts. We conclude that territorial planning MSFs are highly political spaces influenced by complexities in context, power relations, and communities' diversity. They may include, represent, and empower communities and help recognize and conserve their territories, but not necessarily. Especially in difficult settings, communities face more challenges than other actors to be represented and participate at MSFs, and territorial planning may empower or “invisibilize” communities. Other mechanisms (e.g., social action) can be key for communities instead of, or in synergy with, MSFs.
Modifying dietary patterns in cardiothoracic transplant patients to reduce cardiovascular risk: The AMEND‐IT Trial
Authors: Entwistle Timothy R. , Miura Kyoko , Keevil Brian G. , Morris Julie , Yonan Nizar , Pohl Matthew , Green Adele C. , Fildes James E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is common after cardiothoracic transplantation and causes substantial morbidity.AimsTo assess feasibility and potential effectiveness of dietary interventions to reduce CVD risk.Materials and MethodsIn a pilot intervention, we recruited patients from a tertiary hospital and randomly allocated them to a Mediterranean or low‐fat diet for 12 months. Feasibility was measured by patient participation, retention, and adherence. Changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), heart rate, blood pressure, glucose markers, and blood lipids were assessed using longitudinal generalized estimating equation regression models with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsOf 56 heart and 60 lung transplant recipients, 52 (45%) consented, 41 were randomized, and 39 (95%) completed the study with good adherence to randomized diets. After 12 months, changes in many risk factors were seen in the Mediterranean and low‐fat‐diet groups, respectively, including mean BMI (–0.5 vs. 0.0 kg/m2), systolic/diastolic blood pressure +0.5/+0.1 vs –4.4/–3.5 mmHg; fasting glucose –0.26 vs –0.27 mmol/L; total cholesterol –0.56 vs –0.40 mmol/L. Changes in BMI and systolic/diastolic blood pressure in 49 eligible patients who did not take part were +0.7 kg/m2 and +2.5/+1.8 mmHg.DiscussionDietary interventions in cardiothoracic transplant patients are feasible and potentially beneficial.ConclusionA definitive nutritional intervention study in these high‐risk patients is warranted.
Showier plants host more larvae: distribution and movement of generalist caterpillars among plants in the field
Authors: Jones Lachlan C. , Rafter Michelle A. , Walter Gimme H. 
Published: December 2020

1. Host recognition and movement among plant species is widely studied in adult insects. These behaviours are rarely considered in juveniles despite evidence that they also move between plants.2. This study investigated what may influence caterpillars of a generalist moth Helicoverpa punctigera to move among individual plants and whether caterpillars gravitate towards more vigorously flowering plants in the field.3. This study tested caterpillar behaviour towards potted plants of a primary and secondary host species. The plants were inserted into the ground 50 cm apart. Caterpillars were placed, alone, onto either the primary or secondary host and left for 24 h before recording their final position. Individual caterpillars were also placed on the ground equidistant from each plant species, and their orientation behaviour was filmed.4. Caterpillars placed on either a primary or secondary host plant for 24 h moved to the other plant species a quarter of the time.5. They mostly moved to the primary host when placed at equal distance from each plant species and appeared to track volatiles by raising and swaying their heads.6. In field surveys of two native daisy hosts at multiple field sites, the number of flower heads on each plant or stand was recorded along with the number of Helicoverpa larvae. Almost all caterpillars were on the primary host species, and 76% were on plants with more flower heads than the median.7. This study concludes that H. punctigera caterpillars approach plants with attractive volatiles but wander from both attractive and less attractive plants (Restlessness hypothesis). They therefore gravitate towards vigorously flowering primary hosts.
A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection
Authors: Mikula Peter , Valcu Mihai , Brumm Henrik , Bulla Martin , Forstmeier Wolfgang , Petrusková Tereza , Kempenaers Bart , Albrecht Tomáš 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnimals use acoustic signals for communication, implying that the properties of these signals can be under strong selection. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis predicts that species in dense habitats emit lower‐frequency sounds than those in open areas because low‐frequency sounds propagate further in dense vegetation than high‐frequency sounds. Signal frequency may also be under sexual selection because it correlates with body size and lower‐frequency sounds are perceived as more intimidating. Here, we evaluate these hypotheses by analysing variation in peak song frequency across 5,085 passerine species (Passeriformes). A phylogenetically informed analysis revealed that song frequency decreases with increasing body mass and with male‐biased sexual size dimorphism. However, we found no support for the predicted relationship between frequency and habitat. Our results suggest that the global variation in passerine song frequency is mostly driven by natural and sexual selection causing evolutionary shifts in body size rather than by habitat‐related selection on sound propagation.
Brivaracetam as add‐on treatment in focal epilepsy: A real‐world time‐based analysis
Authors: Lattanzi Simona , De Maria Giovanni , Rosati Eleonora , Didato Giuseppe , Chiesa Valentina , Ranzato Federica , Canafoglia Laura , Cesnik Edward , Anzellotti Francesca , Meletti Stefano , Pauletto Giada , Nilo Annacarmen , Bartolini Emanuele , Marino Daniela , Tartara Elena , Luisi Concetta , Bonanni Paolo , Marrelli Alfonso , Stokelj David , Dainese Filippo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe study assessed the clinical response to add‐on brivaracetam (BRV) in real‐world practice by means of time‐to‐baseline seizure count methodology. Patients with focal epilepsy who were prescribed add‐on BRV were identified. Primary endpoint was the time‐to‐baseline seizure count defined as the number of days until each patient experienced the number of focal seizures that occurred in the 90 days before BRV initiation. Subgroup analysis was performed according to levetiracetam (LEV) status (naive vs prior use). Three‐hundred eighty‐seven patients were included. The overall median time‐to‐baseline seizure count was 150 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 130‐175) days. The median time‐to‐baseline seizure count was 198 (lower limit of 95% CI = 168) days for LEV‐naive patients, 126 (95% CI = 105‐150) days for patients with prior LEV use and withdrawal due to insufficient efficacy, and 170 (95% CI = 128‐291) days for patients who discontinued LEV due to adverse events (P = .002). The number of prior antiseizure medications (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02‐1.13, P = .009) and baseline monthly seizure frequency (adjHR = 1.004, 95% CI = 1.001‐1.008, P = .028) were independently associated with the primary endpoint. Add‐on BRV improved seizure control in LEV‐naive and LEV‐prior patients. The time‐to‐baseline seizure count represents an informative endpoint alongside traditional study outcomes and designs.
Antidepressant‐like effect of low dose of scopolamine in the H/Rouen genetic mouse model of depression
Authors: El Yacoubi Malika , Vaugeois Jean‐Marie , Jamain Stéphane 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRodent models of depression are useful for the investigation of cellular and neuronal mechanisms of antidepressant drugs and for the discovery of potential new targets. In this study, we examined the antidepressant‐like effect of scopolamine, a non‐selective muscarinic antagonist, in a genetic mouse model of depression obtained through a selective breeding strategy and called H/Rouen. In this model, we observed that scopolamine was active both in males and females at a lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) in the tail suspension test, 30 min following its administration, than observed in CD‐1 mice. In addition, we showed this antidepressant‐like effect was partly inhibited by an injection of 10 mg/kg of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX in both males and females, suggesting the antidepressant‐like effect of scopolamine was mainly driven by AMPA receptors in the H/Rouen mouse line. Altogether, our results showed the high sensitivity of the H/Rouen mouse model of depression to study the antidepressant‐like effects of pharmacological compounds.
The Effects of Fault‐Zone Cementation on Groundwater Flow at the Field Scale
Authors: Sproule Tyler G. , Spinelli Glenn A. , Wilson John L. , Fort Michael D. , Mozley Peter S. , Ciarico Jared 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFault zones are an important control on fluid flow, affecting groundwater supply, contaminant migration, and carbon storage. However, most models of fault seal do not consider fault zone cementation, despite the recognition that it is common and can dramatically reduce permeability. In order to study the field‐scale hydrogeologic effects of fault zone cementation, we conducted a series of aquifer pumping tests in wells installed within tens of meters of the variably cemented Loma Blanca Fault, a normal fault in the Rio Grande Rift. In the southern half of the study area, the fault zone is cemented by calcite; the cemented zone is 2‐8 m wide. In the center of the study area, the cemented fault zone is truncated at a buttress unconformity that laterally separates hydrostratigraphic units with a ∼40X difference in permeability. The fault zone north of the unconformity is not cemented. Constant rate pumping tests indicate that where the fault is cemented, it is a barrier to groundwater flow. This is an important demonstration that a fault with no clay in its core and similar sediment on both sides can be a barrier to groundwater flow by virtue of its cementation; most conceptual models for the hydrogeology of faults would predict that it would not be a barrier to groundwater flow. Additionally, the lateral permeability heterogeneity across the unconformity imposes another important control on the local flow field. This permeability discontinuity acts as either a no‐flow boundary or a constant head boundary, depending on the location of pumping.