bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feierlichkeiten mit Folgen: Fieber, Dyspnoe und Thoraxschmerz
Authors: Punzet Marit , Bayer Michael , Schoch Otto 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungAnamnese Wir berichten von einem 35-jährigen Patienten, welcher sich nach einer Feier in der Notaufnahme vorstellte. Initial bestanden Fieber, Dyspnoe und Thoraxschmerzen. Am Vorabend versuchte der alkoholisierte Mann mit einer öligen Brennpaste Feuer zu spucken.Untersuchung und Diagnostik Es zeigt sich ein reduzierter, febriler, aber kreislaufstabiler Patient. Im Labor imponierten erhöhte Entzündungsparameter. Aufgrund des Befundes im konventionellen Röntgen-Thorax ergänzten wir ein CT-Thorax, das vor allem im Mittellappen streifige Opazitäten zeigte.Diagnose Aufgrund der Anamnese, Klinik und Diagnostik gingen wir von einer Feuerschlucker-Pneumonie aus.Therapie und Verlauf Unter einer Therapie mit Co-Amoxicillin i. v., Inhalation mit Ipratropiumbromid, Salbutamol, Sauerstoff und symptomatischer Therapie konnte eine Besserung und Entlassung nach 3 Tagen erreicht werden.Folgerung Durch Aspiration der Brennpaste kam es zu einer lipoiden Pneumonie. Es sind bisher wenige Fälle beschrieben, jedoch waren Anamnese, Symptome sowie die Diagnostik passend für dieses Krankheitsbild. Eine Antibiotikatherapie oder Steroidgabe ist primär nicht eindeutig indiziert, zur Prophylaxe einer Superinfektion können Antibiotika sinnvoll sein.
Normative decomposition of the profit bridge into the impact of changes in marketing variables
Authors: Smith Tim J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA set of definitions and equations for measuring the impact of changes in quantity sold, price, variable costs, and mix between two time periods on the business’s profitability are provided. The recommended decomposition of the changes in profit is then compared with four other seemingly rational decompositions using hypothetical two-product firms. The comparisons demonstrate the importance of using a proper decomposition in constructing a measurement of the impacts of changes in quantity sold, price, variable costs, and mix on the profitability over other formulations and prior art. This normative decomposition of the profit bridge measuring the impact of changes in marketing activities is used as part of the intelligence mosaic in executive and investor decision-making.
Semi-automatic mapping of pre-census enumeration areas and population sampling frames
Authors: Qader Sarchil , Lefebvre Veronique , Tatem Andrew , Pape Utz , Himelein Kristen , Ninneman Amy , Bengtsson Linus , Bird Tomas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnumeration Areas (EAs) are the operational geographic units for the collection and dissemination of census data and are often used as a national sampling frame for various types of surveys. In many poor or conflict-affected countries, EA demarcations are incomplete, outdated, or missing. Even for countries that are stable and prosperous, creating and updating EAs is one of the most challenging yet essential tasks in the preparation for a national census. Commonly, EAs are created by manually digitising small geographic units on high-resolution satellite imagery or physically walking the boundaries of units, both of which are highly time, cost, and labour intensive. In addition, creating EAs requires considering population and area size within each unit. This is an optimisation problem that can best be solved by a computer. Here, for the first time, we produce a semi-automatic mapping of pre-defined census EAs based on high-resolution gridded population and settlement datasets and using publicly available natural and administrative boundaries. We demonstrate the approach in generating rural EAs for Somalia where such mapping is not existent. In addition, we compare our automated approach against manually digitised EAs created in urban areas of Mogadishu and Hargeysa. Our semi-automatically generated EAs are consistent with standard EAs, including having identifiable boundaries for field teams to follow on the ground, and appropriate sizing and population for coverage by an enumerator. Furthermore, our semi-automated urban EAs have no gaps, in contrast, to manually drawn urban EAs. Our work shows the time, labour and cost-saving value of automated EA delineation and points to the potential for broadly available tools suitable for low-income and data-poor settings but applicable to potentially wider contexts.
Exploring the foundations of tonality: statistical cognitive modeling of modes in the history of Western classical music
Authors: Harasim Daniel , Moss Fabian C. , Ramirez Matthias , Rohrmeier Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTonality is one of the most central theoretical concepts for the analysis of Western classical music. This study presents a novel approach for the study of its historical development, exploring in particular the concept of mode. Based on a large dataset of approximately 13,000 musical pieces in MIDI format, we present two models to infer both the number and characteristics of modes of different historical periods from first principles: a geometric model of modes as clusters of musical pieces in a non-Euclidean space, and a cognitively plausible Bayesian model of modes as Dirichlet distributions. We use the geometric model to determine the optimal number of modes for five historical epochs via unsupervised learning and apply the probabilistic model to infer the characteristics of the modes. Our results show that the inference of four modes is most plausible in the Renaissance, that two modes–corresponding to major and minor–are most appropriate in the Baroque and Classical eras, whereas no clear separation into distinct modes is found for the 19th century.
Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations
Authors: Vescio Theresa K. , Schermerhorn Nathaniel E. C. 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Donald J. Trump’s history-making ascension from nonpolitician to president of the United States has been attributed to the antiestablishment, antielitist, and nativist populism of Trump voters, as well as to sexism, racism, homophobia, and xenophobia. Based on the findings of seven studies involving 2,007 people, men’s and women’s endorsement of hegemonic masculinity predicted support for Trump over and beyond the aforementioned factors, even when controlling for political party affiliation. Results highlight the importance of looking beyond social identity–based conceptualizations of masculinity to fully consider how men’s and women’s endorsement of cultural ideologies about masculinity legitimate patriarchal forms of dominance and reify gender-, race-, and class-based hierarchies.
Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak‐performance age and age‐related performance progression
Authors: Gorzi Ali , Khantan Mina , Khademnoe Omid , Eston Roger 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse age‐related performance progression and peak‐performance age (PPA) in elite track and field athletes and to use a model to predict peak performance. Best performances of world‐class athletes from ages 14 to 15 y up to and including the last Olympic year (n = 798), all‐time top lists (n = 444), and world record‐holders (n = 43) were considered in all 22 disciplines for men and 21 disciplines for women. A discipline/sex‐specified model was used by applying dynamic panel data methods to analyze the performance trends. Profile analysis showed that PPA of all‐time top list throwers was higher than middle‐distance runners (P < 0.001), distance runners (P < 0.05), and jumpers (P < 0.05) in men and higher (P < 0.05) than middle‐distance runners in women. Olympic year top list athletes showed that PPA of women throwers was higher than sprinters (P < 0.001) and middle‐distance runners (P < 0.05), and PPA of women distance runners was higher (P < 0.05) than sprinters. In both all‐time (P < 0.05) and Olympic year (P < 0.05) top lists, the PPA of men race walkers was higher than middle‐distance runners. Performance over the preceding 1–2 years (in all disciplines), height (in Long Jump Men; Long Jump Women; Triple Jump Men) and weight (in Discus Throwing Men) indices, respectively, are important (P < 0.05) for predicting future records with different coefficients in different disciplines. The models provide a useful tool for coaches to predict peak performance records and PPA of their athletes which may be of benefit with goal‐setting and evaluation of performance progression at different ages in track and field athletics.
Sustained attention to response task-related beta oscillations relate to performance and provide a functional biomarker in ALS
Authors: McMackin Roisin , Dukic Stefan , Costello Emmet , Pinto-Grau Marta , Keenan Orla , Fasano Antonio , Buxo Teresa , Heverin Mark , Reilly Richard , Pender Niall , Hardiman Orla , Nasseroleslami Bahman 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective. To characterize the cortical oscillations associated with performance of the sustained attention to response task (SART) and their disruptions in the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Approach. A randomised SART was undertaken by 24 ALS patients and 33 healthy controls during 128-channel electroencephalography (EEG). Complex Morlet wavelet transform was used to quantify non-phase-locked oscillatory activity in event-related spectral perturbations associated with performing the SART. We investigated the relationships between these perturbations and task performance, and associated motor and cognitive changes in ALS. Main results. SART induced theta-band event-related synchronization (ERS) and alpha- and beta-band event-related desynchronization (ERD), followed by rebound beta ERS, in both Go and NoGo trials across the frontoparietal axis, with NoGo trials eliciting greater theta ERS and lesser beta ERS. Controls with greater Go trial beta ERS performed with greater speed and less accuracy. ALS patients exhibited increased anticipation compared to controls but similar reaction times and accuracy. Prefrontal (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.8, Cohen’s d = 0.97) and parietal (AUROC = 0.82, Cohen’s d = 1.12) beta-band ERD was significantly reduced in ALS but did not relate to performance, while patients with higher Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) ALS-specific scores demonstrated greater ERS in beta (rho = 0.72) upon successful withholding. Significance. EEG measurement of task-related oscillation changes reveals variation in cortical network engagement in relation to speed versus accuracy strategies. Such measures can also capture cognitive and motor network pathophysiology in the absence of task performance decline, which may facilitate development of more sensitive early neurodegenerative disease biomarkers.
An ongoing cooling in the eastern Pacific linked to eastward migrations of the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone
Authors: Zou Youjia , Xi Xiangying 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that recent global warming hiatuses are associated with an ongoing cooling in the eastern Pacific. However, the possible driver for this cooling remains vigorously debated. Present theories can be generally categorized into three different frameworks, the most prevailing theory considering the increased heat uptake in ocean interior as a direct trigger in cooling the eastern equatorial Pacific, the next regarding the prolonged solar minimum as a potential driver in producing weak radiative forcing over the Pacific, while another suggesting that changes in atmospheric water vapour and aerosols play an unnegligible role in absorbing and reflecting solar radiation. Most recently, some studies argue that the ongoing cooling in the eastern Pacific is induced by a strengthening of the easterly trade winds. Nevertheless, observational records coming from the monitoring buoys deployed along the equator by NOAA since 1992 indicate that an intensification of the trade winds is only confined to the central tropical Pacific (around 170° E–170° W) during hiatus decades, elsewhere along the equatorial Pacific the trade winds exhibit a stable condition even a slight weakening in the eastern equatorial Pacific, rendering it as a trigger of this cooling in the eastern Pacific unlikely. Here we use a model and long-term observational data to demonstrate that a persistent cooling in the eastern Pacific is directly linked to an eastward displacement of the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone (SPSA). Interactions between the Andes and an eastward shift of the SPSA generate greater pressure gradients in the eastern flank, in turn, stronger alongshore winds and more intense upwelling, ultimately contributing to hiatus decades.
Demand side climate change mitigation actions and SDGs: literature review with systematic evidence search
Authors: Roy Joyashree , Some Shreya , Das Nandini , Pathak Minal 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
To strengthen current discourse on acceleration and scale up of the emissions mitigation actions by sector-specific demand side actions, information on the intersection of three dimensions becomes useful. First, what kind of actions help in avoiding, shifting and improving demand for activities/services and resultant emissions to help in deciding choices for actions; second, how these three categories of actions are linked to the wider impact on human wellbeing represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework; and third, who are the actors associated with these mitigation actions. These three steps become important in the targeted scaling up of actions through policy interventions. This study undertakes a review of the literature between 2015 and 2020 with systematic evidence searching and screening. The literature search has been conducted in Scopus Database. From over 6887 literature in the initial search, 294 relevant literature were finally reviewed to link demand side interventions of avoid-shift-improve (ASI) categories to SDGs. It also maps these actions to actors who can lead the changes. Results show that a wide range of improvement actions are already helping in incremental steps to reduce demand and emissions in various services like mobility, shelter and industrial products. However, ASI categories provide more distinct mitigation actions. All actions need support of innovation, infrastructure development and industrialization. Actions that interact with several SDGs include active mode of transport, passive building design, cleaner cooking, and circular economy. Positive links of these actions to multiple SDGs are overall very strong; however, few trade-offs have been observed. These are mostly related to distributional impact across social groups which highlight the need for policy attention and hard infrastructure design changes. Mitigation and wider benefit outcomes cannot be achieved by individual or household level actions alone. They require the involvement of multiple actors, interconnected actions in sequence as well as in parallel, and support of hard infrastructure. Our results show that in mobility services, policy makers supported by spatial planners and service delivery providers are the major actors. In industry, major actors are policy makers followed by spatial planners and innovators. For buildings, key actors include spatial planners followed by policy makers. Besides these, strategic information sharing to enhance user awareness and education plays an important role in shaping behaviour. Digitalization, information and communication, and interactive technologies will play a significant role in understanding and modifying people’s choices; however, these would also require regulatory attention.
A thermodynamic description of the hysteresis in specific-heat curves in glass transitions
Authors: Shirai Koun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
By refining the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium and state variables (thermodynamic coordinate, TC) for solids, it is determined that the state of a glass substance transforms into an equilibrium state after it is solidified. In contrast, the state of a glass substance during the glass transition is a nonequilibrium state. The specific-heat (C) versus temperature (T) curve exhibits hysteresis, which is traditionally believed to invalidate thermodynamic methods. However, the glass transition slowly occurs in a manner such that structural change is decoupled with the fast process of thermal relaxation of phonons, which enables us to describe the hysteresis by thermodynamic methods. The hysteresis is caused by the structural relaxation and the time of relaxation is determined by the energy barrier, which depends solely on the current value of TCs. Therefore, the state in hysteresis can be described by the information of the current structure alone: history-dependent response functions are unnecessary. On the basis of these conclusions, the behavior of the C-T curve with changing heating/cooling rate γ is simulated. The main features of the hysteresis, the shift of C to higher temperatures with increasing γ, the hump structure, and the memory effect are well reproduced from a structure-dependent energy barrier. In view of the structural dependence of the energy barrier, it is not surprising to observe deviations from the Arrhenius law. However, only the terms that are higher than linear in T are observed in Arrhenius plot as the deviation. An important finding of this study is that the apparent energy barrier obtained using the Arrhenius plot significantly overestimates the real value. The extraordinarily large values of the pre-exponential factor of the relaxation time can also be understood on this basis.
Why can deep convolutional neural networks improve protein fold recognition? A visual explanation by interpretation
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhu Yi-Heng , Song Xiaoning , Song Jiangning , Yu Dong-Jun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As an essential task in protein structure and function prediction, protein fold recognition has attracted increasing attention. The majority of the existing machine learning-based protein fold recognition approaches strongly rely on handcrafted features, which depict the characteristics of different protein folds; however, effective feature extraction methods still represent the bottleneck for further performance improvement of protein fold recognition. As a powerful feature extractor, deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) can automatically extract discriminative features for fold recognition without human intervention, which has demonstrated an impressive performance on protein fold recognition. Despite the encouraging progress, DCNN often acts as a black box, and as such, it is challenging for users to understand what really happens in DCNN and why it works well for protein fold recognition. In this study, we explore the intrinsic mechanism of DCNN and explain why it works for protein fold recognition using a visual explanation technique. More specifically, we first trained a VGGNet-based DCNN model, termed VGGNet-FE, which can extract fold-specific features from the predicted protein residue–residue contact map for protein fold recognition. Subsequently, based on the trained VGGNet-FE, we implemented a new contact-assisted predictor, termed VGGfold, for protein fold recognition; we then visualized what features were extracted by each of the convolutional layers in VGGNet-FE using a deconvolution technique. Furthermore, we visualized the high-level semantic information, termed fold-discriminative region, of a predicted contact map from the localization map obtained from the last convolutional layer of VGGNet-FE. It is visually confirmed that VGGNet-FE could effectively extract distinct fold-discriminative regions for different types of protein folds, thereby accounting for the improved performance of VGGfold for protein fold recognition. In summary, this study is of great significance for both understanding the working principle of DCNNs in protein fold recognition and exploring the relationship between the predicted protein contact map and protein tertiary structure. This proposed visualization method is flexible and applicable to address other DCNN-based bioinformatics and computational biology questions. The online web server of VGGfold is freely available at http://csbio.njust.edu.cn/bioinf/vggfold/.
Genome annotation of disease-causing microorganisms
Authors: Dong Yibo , Li Chang , Kim Kami , Cui Liwang , Liu Xiaoming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHumans have coexisted with pathogenic microorganisms throughout its history of evolution. We have never halted the exploration of pathogenic microorganisms. With the improvement of genome-sequencing technology and the continuous reduction of sequencing costs, an increasing number of complete genome sequences of pathogenic microorganisms have become available. Genome annotation of this massive sequence information has become a daunting task in biological research. This paper summarizes the approaches to the genome annotation of pathogenic microorganisms and the available popular genome annotation tools for prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Furthermore, real-world comparisons of different annotation tools using 12 genomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses were conducted. Current challenges and problems were also discussed.
Bios2cor: an R package integrating dynamic and evolutionary correlations to identify functionally important residues in proteins
Authors: Taddese Bruck , Garnier Antoine , Deniaud Madeline , Henrion Daniel , Chabbert Marie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Summary
Both dynamic correlations in protein sidechain motions during molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and evolutionary correlations in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) of homologous proteins may reveal functionally important residues. We developed the R package Bios2cor that provides a unique framework to investigate and, possibly, integrate both analyses. Bios2cor starts with an MSA or an MD trajectory and computes correlation/covariation scores between positions in the MSA or between sidechain dihedral angles or rotamers in the MD trajectory. In addition, Bios2cor provides a variety of tools for the analysis, the visualization and the interpretation of the data.

Availability and implementation
The R package Bios2cor is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network, at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Bios2cor.
A transgenic DND1GFP fusion allele reports in vivo expression and RNA-binding targets in undifferentiated mouse germ cells
Authors: Ruthig Victor A , Yokonishi Tetsuhiro , Friedersdorf Matthew B , Batchvarova Sofia , Hardy Josiah , Garness Jason A , Keene Jack D , Capel Blanche 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn vertebrates, the RNA-binding protein (RBP) dead end 1 (DND1) is essential for primordial germ cell (PGC) survival and maintenance of cell identity. In multiple species, Dnd1 loss or mutation leads to severe PGC loss soon after specification or, in some species, germ cell transformation to somatic lineages. Our investigations into the role of DND1 in PGC specification and differentiation have been limited by the absence of an available antibody. To address this problem, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to establish a transgenic mouse line carrying a DND1GFP fusion allele. We present imaging analysis of DND1GFP expression showing that DND1GFP expression is heterogeneous among male germ cells (MGCs) and female germ cells (FGCs). DND1GFP was detected in MGCs throughout fetal life but lost from FGCs at meiotic entry. In postnatal and adult testes, DND1GFP expression correlated with classic markers for the premeiotic spermatogonial population. Utilizing the GFP tag for RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis in MGCs validated this transgenic as a tool for identifying in vivo transcript targets of DND1. The DND1GFP mouse line is a novel tool for isolation and analysis of embryonic and fetal germ cells, and the spermatogonial population of the postnatal and adult testis.