bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scotland at Westminster
Authors: Evans Adam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSince the Treaty and Acts of Union in 1707, Scotland has returned MPs to Westminster. Whilst dwarfed, at least demographically by its partner in that Union, England, Scotland has, on a number of occasions, punched above its weight at the Centre—most notably at either end of the twentieth century when Liberalism and then Labour dominated Scottish politics. This chapter examines the relationship of Scotland with the UK Parliament. It begins by placing this relationship in its historical context, before then turning to an audit of contemporary Scottish influence and representation at Westminster, post-devolution. This chapter does this by breaking down two of the main and interconnected dimensions of Scottish representation at Westminster: (1) Scottish parliamentarians and the Westminster party system; and (2) institutional representation within Parliament. This latter category includes both Scottish-specific institutional mechanisms, such as the Scottish Affairs Committee and the Scottish Grand Committee, and the broader Westminster apparatus that can be leveraged for influence, such as parliamentary question times.
Geographesis, or the Afterlife of Britain in Chaucer
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey Jerome 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThrough a close reading of several of the Canterbury Tales (but especially the Franklin’s Tale), this chapter maps the glimmers of British (especially Welsh) history within Geoffrey Chaucer’s Anglocentric narrative ambit. The inquiry is framed through the use of postcolonial anthropology and ecomaterialism, and discussion returns repeatedly to how humans compose narratives with and on stone (menhirs, monoliths, Stonehenge), especially because stone’s duration is so vast. A major focus of the chapter is Chaucer’s unspoken debt to the twelfth-century British historian Geoffrey of Monmouth, who stands at the commencement of the Arthur myth that Chaucer so often dismisses as dead or long past. Stone ensures that this history endures.
Lydgate’s Chaucer
Authors: Bale Anthony 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the ways in which the fifteenth-century poet John Lydgate read and used Chaucer’s writing. Lydgate was crucial to the construction of Chaucer’s reputation, but the terms of Lydgate’s praise are ambiguous. This chapter explores three specific moments and different modes of Lydgatian emulation: in ‘The Mumming at Bishopswood’; the Prologue to The Siege of Thebes; and in poems written for and about Thomas and Alice Chaucer (Geoffrey Chaucer’s son and grand-daughter). I show how closely Lydgate worked with Chaucer’s work, but I also argue that Lydgate’s formal and lexical emulation of Chaucer does not equate to uncritical borrowing: Lydgate repeatedly finds new ways in which to imagine, and reshape, Chaucer’s poetic oeuvre.
Law and Justice in Aristotle
Authors: Bertelli Lucio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive account of Aristotle’s views on law and justice. It starts off with the differences between Plato’s and Aristotle’s theories. It then discusses in detail Aristotle’s analysis of the various kinds of justice in the Nicomachean Ethics, and moves to the Rhetoric with its conception of legality and ‘fairness’ (epieikeia). It then concludes with an analysis of how different conceptions of justice, as well as a commitment to the supremacy of law, informs Aristotle’s various constitutional taxonomies in the Politics. It discusses in particular the relationship between various notions of proportional justice and particular regimes (politeiai), with a focus on democracy and oligarchy.
Punic
Authors: Baurain Claude 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the Punic literature of the Roman imperial period. Since Punic works have not survived from either the Punic city or the Roman city, investigations on Punic literature can only be based on indirect testimonies—including Neo-Punic epigraphy, a temporary survival of the Neo-Punic language and writing, and fragments in translation attributed to Mago the agronomist—or on a cautious assessment of the cultural mood in the Punic city and the role the neighbouring Numidian population may have played in the conservation of the Punic literary output. From this viewpoint, the fate meted out in 146 bce, just after the fall of Carthage, by the Roman Senate to the Agronomic Treatise written by Mago in Punic and to the libri Punici most probably written in Greek is worth special attention because these works could have been one of the stimuli for the Graeco-Latin literature that flourished in Roman Africa right up to the late imperial period. As for other writings in Punic, kept in the archives of Carthage in Punic times, they probably served primarily to preserve traditional knowledge. The contents and the long and turbulent history of the handwritten archives assembled much later in Timbuktu and elsewhere in Mali provide a glimpse into the diversity of topics treated in the Punic language and writing by Carthaginians who lived before 146 bce. As for the Roman city, there is nothing tangible that would support the idea of a ‘renaissance’ in Punic literary output.
Time Bombs
Authors: Verhoeven Claudia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter argues that terrorism, at least in Russia and Europe during the nineteenth century, may be understood as a political modernism. Terrorism is thus not only modern, but self-consciously so. Predicated on a particularly modern understanding of historical time, terrorism is perpetrated by people who are historically hyperconscious and who seek, via violence, either to move history forward faster; to reroute, derail, or demolish it; or, finally, to break free of it entirely. The chapter proposes this idea as an extension of the argument that terrorism is modern, aims to expose terrorism’s temporal orientation, and establishes links with related phenomena in art and literature.
KIC 9406652: A laboratory for tilted disks in cataclysmic variable stars
Authors: Kimura Mariko , Osaki Yoji , Kato Taichi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKIC 9406652 is a cataclysmic variable, sub-classified as an “IW And-type” star, which shows repeated standstills with oscillatory variations terminated by brightening. This system shows negative superhumps, semi-periodic variations having periods slightly shorter than the ∼6 hr orbital period, and super-orbital signals having ∼4 d periods, both of which are believed to originate from a precessing, tilted accretion disk. We have re-examined its Kepler light curve over 1500 d. In accordance with a cycle of IW And-type light variation, the frequency of negative superhumps showed reproducible variation: a rapid drop during the brightening and a gradual increase during the standstill. This is interpreted as a drastic change in the radial mass distribution and the expansion of the tilted disk, which is not expected from the existing models of IW And stars. The constancy in flux amplitudes of the negative superhumps confirms that their light source is the bright spot sweeping across the surface of the tilted disk. The frequencies of the negative superhumps and super-orbital signals varied in unison on long timescales, suggesting their common origin: the tilted disk. The orbital signals at the brightening were dominated by the irradiation of the secondary star and varied with the orientation of the tilted disk; the amplitude was maximized at the minimum of the super-orbital signals, and the light maximum shifted to early orbital phases as the super-orbital phase advanced. This is the first direct evidence that the disk is tilted out of the binary orbital plane and is retrogradely precessing. The tilt angle of the disk inferred from semi-amplitudes of super-orbital signals was lower than 3°. The diversity in light curves of the negative superhumps supports this and suggests that part of the gas stream overflows the disk edge. This study thus offers rich information about the tilted disk in cataclysmic variables.
Choline-Mediated Lipid Reprogramming as a Dominant Salt Tolerance Mechanism in Grass Species Lacking Glycine Betaine
Authors: Zhang Kun , Lyu Weiting , Gao Yanli , Zhang Xiaxiang , Sun Yan , Huang Bingru 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Choline, as a precursor of glycine betaine (GB) and phospholipids, is known to play roles in plant tolerance to salt stress, but the downstream metabolic pathways regulated by choline conferring salt tolerance are still unclear for non-GB-accumulating species. The objectives were to examine how choline affects salt tolerance in a non-GB-accumulating grass species and to determine major metabolic pathways of choline regulating salt tolerance involving GB or lipid metabolism. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) plants were subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl) with or without foliar application of choline chloride (1 mM) in a growth chamber. Choline or GB alone and the combined application increased leaf photochemical efficiency, relative water content and osmotic adjustment and reduced leaf electrolyte leakage. Choline application had no effects on the endogenous GB content and GB synthesis genes did not show responses to choline under nonstress and salt stress conditions. GB was not detected in Kentucky bluegrass leaves. Lipidomic analysis revealed an increase in the content of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and a decrease in the phosphatidic acid content by choline application in plants exposed to salt stress. Choline-mediated lipid reprogramming could function as a dominant salt tolerance mechanism in non-GB-accumulating grass species.
Stakeholder Engagement in Pragmatic Clinical Trials: Emphasizing Relationships to Improve Pain Management Delivery and Outcomes
Authors: Bastian Lori A , Cohen Steven P , Katsovich Lily , Becker William C , Brummett Bradley R , Burgess Diana J , Crunkhorn Andrea E , Denneson Lauren M , Frank Joseph W , Goertz Christine , Ilfeld Brian , Kanzler Kathryn E , Krishnaswamy Akshaya , LaChappelle Kathryn , Martino Steve , Mattocks Kristin , McGeary Cindy A , Reznik Thomas E , Rhon Daniel I , Salsbury Stacie A , Seal Karen H , Semiatin Alicia M , Shin Marlena H , Simon Corey B , Teyhen Deydre S , Zamora Kara , Kerns, Robert D ,   the NIH-DOD-VA Pain Management Collaboratory
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
The NIH-DOD-VA Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) supports 11 pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) on nonpharmacological approaches to management of pain and co-occurring conditions in U.S. military and veteran health organizations. The Stakeholder Engagement Work Group is supported by a separately funded Coordinating Center and was formed with the goal of developing respectful and productive partnerships that will maximize the ability to generate trustworthy, internally valid findings directly relevant to veterans and military service members with pain, front-line primary care clinicians and health care teams, and health system leaders. The Stakeholder Engagement Work Group provides a forum to promote success of the PCTs in which principal investigators and/or their designees discuss various stakeholder engagement strategies, address challenges, and share experiences. Herein, we communicate features of meaningful stakeholder engagement in the design and implementation of pain management pragmatic trials, across the PMC.

Design
Our collective experiences suggest that an optimal stakeholder-engaged research project involves understanding the following: i) Who are research stakeholders in PMC trials? ii) How do investigators ensure that stakeholders represent the interests of a study’s target treatment population, including individuals from underrepresented groups?, and iii) How can sustained stakeholder relationships help overcome implementation challenges over the course of a PCT?

Summary
Our experiences outline the role of stakeholders in pain research and may inform future pragmatic trial researchers regarding methods to engage stakeholders effectively.
Operational Considerations for Physical Therapy During COVID-19: A Rapid Review
Authors: Wittmeier Kristy , Parsons Joanne , Webber Sandra , Askin Nicole , Salonga Adrian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Physical therapists play an important role in responding to pandemic and physical disaster situations. Existing literature can provide guidance to health care leadership teams to appropriately and safely leverage physical therapy resources and skill sets during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to provide a review of the pandemic and physical disaster management literature to summarize physical therapy–specific operational considerations to assist hospital-based leadership teams in planning and response efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A rapid review was conducted over a 4-week time frame (April–May 2020). The review team included 3 physical therapist clinician researchers, a health librarian, and a member of the physical therapy leadership team. The initial search strategy identified 303 articles, 80 of which were retained for full-text screening. Twenty articles were included in the review.

Results
Five main categories of operational considerations for physical therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic were identified: (1) organizational actions, (2) staffing considerations, (3) physical therapist roles, (4) physical resources, and (5) other considerations. Additional relevant information from physical therapists’ experiences in physical disaster situations was also summarized.

Conclusion
The evidence presented within this review can be used to inform facility-based and regional planning efforts during the current COVID-19 pandemic and in general preparedness planning.

Impact
Physical therapists have an important role to play in response efforts related to major events that impact health and wellness, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence-informed, facility-based, and regional planning during the current COVID-19 pandemic will help physical therapists enhance their role in treating patients in physical therapy and rehabilitation settings.
Phylogenomic Data Reveal Widespread Introgression Across the Range of an Alpine and Arctic Specialist
Authors: Funk Erik R , Spellman Garth M , Winker Kevin , Withrow Jack J , Ruegg Kristen C , Zavaleta Erika , Taylor Scott A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how gene flow affects population divergence and speciation remains challenging. Differentiating one evolutionary process from another can be difficult because multiple processes can produce similar patterns, and more than one process can occur simultaneously. Although simple population models produce predictable results, how these processes balance in taxa with patchy distributions and complicated natural histories is less certain. These types of populations might be highly connected through migration (gene flow), but can experience stronger effects of genetic drift and inbreeding, or localized selection. Although different signals can be difficult to separate, the application of high-throughput sequence data can provide the resolution necessary to distinguish many of these processes. We present whole-genome sequence data for an avian species group with an alpine and arctic tundra distribution to examine the role that different population genetic processes have played in their evolutionary history. Rosy-finches inhabit high elevation mountaintop sky islands and high-latitude island and continental tundra. They exhibit extensive plumage variation coupled with low levels of genetic variation. Additionally, the number of species within the complex is debated, making them excellent for studying the forces involved in the process of diversification, as well as an important species group in which to investigate species boundaries. Total genomic variation suggests a broadly continuous pattern of allele frequency changes across the mainland taxa of this group in North America. However, phylogenomic analyses recover multiple distinct, well supported, groups that coincide with previously described morphological variation and current species-level taxonomy. Tests of introgression using D-statistics and approximate Bayesian computation reveal significant levels of introgression between multiple North American taxa. These results provide insight into the balance between divergent and homogenizing population genetic processes and highlight remaining challenges in interpreting conflict between different types of analytical approaches with whole-genome sequence data. [ABBA-BABA; approximate Bayesian computation; gene flow; phylogenomics; speciation; whole-genome sequencing.]
Welcoming PhytoFrontiers™ into Our APS Family of Journals
Authors: Grünwald Niklaus J. , Klosterman Steven J. 
Published: September 2020

The American Phytopathological Society (APS) is launching the new journal PhytoFrontiers™. As with many other gold open access (OA) journals, manuscripts will not be judged on novelty but rather solely on quality and scientific rigor. The expectation therefore is that the manuscripts are based on solid experimental design, robust statistical analyses, and quality technical writing. PhytoFrontiers explicitly encourages publication of negative results because it removes a significant and persistent bias from the literature. PhytoFrontiers establishes a new venue for our plant health colleagues in Europe and elsewhere who are required by their institutions or funders to publish in gold OA journals (i.e., journals that allow immediate access to all content). PhytoFrontiers complements our established journals by providing a new place for manuscripts that do not fit the subject areas currently covered in our five existing journals. These papers might cover subjects as broad as robotics, microbial taxonomy, and those that focus primarily on abiotic stress responses, in addition to all of those plant health subjects typically found in our other APS journals, and potentially other subject areas. We are excited to launch this new journal and hope you will consider PhytoFrontiers for your next submission. Follow us on our new journey on Twitter @PhytoFrontiers . [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021
Addressing Patient Bias and Discrimination Against Clinicians of Diverse Backgrounds
Authors: Chandrashekar Pooja , Jain Sachin H. 
Published: September 2020

The duty to care for all patients is central to the health professions, but what happens when clinicians encounter patients who exhibit biased or discriminatory behaviors? While significant attention has focused on addressing clinician bias toward patients, incidents of patient bias toward clinicians also occur and are difficult to navigate.
Clinicians anecdotally describe their experiences with patient bias, prejudice, and discrimination as profoundly painful and degrading. Though this phenomenon has not been rigorously studied, it is not unreasonable to postulate that the moral distress caused by patient bias may ultimately contribute to clinician burnout. Because women and minority clinicians are more likely to be targets of patient bias, this may worsen existing disparities for these groups and increase their risk for burnout. Biased behavior may also affect patient outcomes.
Although some degree of ignoring derogatory comments is necessary to maintain professionalism and workflow, clinicians also have the right to a workplace free of mistreatment and abuse. How should clinicians reconcile the expectation to always “put patients first” with their basic right to be treated with dignity and respect? And how can health care organizations develop policies and training to mitigate the effects of these experiences?
The authors discuss the ethical dilemmas associated with responding to prejudiced patients and then present a framework for clinicians to use when directly facing or witnessing biased behavior from patients. Finally, they describe strategies to address patient bias at the institutional level.
Posters of the 2020 American Association of Neuroscience Nurses Annual Meeting: The Year There Was No Wall on Which to Hang Them
Authors: Fecske Erin 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The 2020 annual meeting of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses was canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a summary of 27 abstracts presented in poster format that were accepted to that meeting.
Relation of Doubling Time and Reproduction Number with Testing Rate for Corona Infections in India
Authors: Indrayan Abhaya , Mishra Aman 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is a general feeling that increased testing has a salutary effect on the course of the current coronavirus epidemic. We quantify the relationship of testing rate with the doubling time and reproduction number in India, estimate the effect, and use these relationships to make projections for the near future.
Excess cardiovascular deaths in the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Wang Junren , Zhu Jianwei , Yang Huazhen , Hu Yao , Sun Yajing , Ying Zhiye , Qu Yuanyuan , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A , Fang Fang , Song Huan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImportanceThe healthcare demand created by the COVID-19 pandemic was far beyond the hospital surge capacity in many countries, resulting in possible negative influence on prognosis of other severe diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD).ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on CVD-related hospitalizations and mortality.DesignCommunity-based prospective cohort study.Setting the UK Biobank population.Participants421,717 UK Biobank participants who were registered in England and alive on December 1st 2019.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome of interest was CVD death, as deaths with CVD as a cause of death according to the death registers. We retrieved information on hospitalizations with CVD as the primary diagnosis based on the UK Biobank hospital inpatient data. The study period was between December 1st 2019 and May 30th 2020, and we used the same calendar period of the three preceding years as the reference period. Standardized mortality/incidence ratios (SMRs/SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate the relative risk of CVD outcomes during the study period, compared with the reference period, to control for seasonal variations and aging of the study population.ResultsWe observed a distinct increase in CVD-related deaths in March and April 2020 as compared to the corresponding months of the three preceding years. The observed number of CVD death (n=217) was almost doubled in April, compared with the expected number (n=120), corresponding to an SMR of 1.81 (95% CI 1.58-2.06). We observed a sharp decline of CVD hospitalization in March (n=841) and April (n=454), compared with the expected number (n=1208 for March and 1026 for April), leading to an SIR of 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.74) for March and 0.44 (95% CI 0.40-0.48) for April. There was also a clear increase of death, but a clear decrease of hospitalization, in March and April for all the five major subtypes of CVD.ConclusionsWe observed a distinct excess in CVD deaths in the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK Biobank population. In addition to CVD complications of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the reduced hospital capacity might have contributed to the observed excess CVD deaths.Key PointsQuestionHow did the COVID-19 outbreak affect rates of CVD-related death and hospitalization?FindingIn this prospective study involving 421,717 UK Biobank participants, we observed excess CVD-related mortality in parallel with decreased CVD-related hospitalization in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, March and April 2020.MeaningIn addition to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection progressing to CVD-related death, reduced hospital resources might have partially contributed to the excess CVD mortality.