bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthy settings in an airport planning context: Lessons from the Sydney experience
Authors: Crimeen A , de Leeuw E , Freestone R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Issue
Airports provide infrastructure for an industry situated between economic development and environmental detriment. In Western Sydney, a new international airport is being built in an area of sustained population growth. To proactively address the transformation created by the airport, a research hub in South Western Sydney began in 2015 to prepare a health promotion and protection agenda surrounding the airport.

Description
The concept of an airport that proactively addresses social determinants of health (equity) was introduced, and has been met with in-principle positive support from aviation-related stakeholders. However, follow through with demonstrated commitment has been limited. An exploration of the policy domain of the Western Sydney airport region was undertaken to identify the organisations involved and the control they exert over key determinants of health (equity) and their interrelationship. The intent was to gauge urban health professionals' ability to influence change within the airport planning and development process.

Results
The analysis shows that power within airport planning is spread widely vertically and horizontally. Despite having a centralised planning organisation, decision making authority is dispersed across multiple levels of public and private governance within the wider airport region. Organisations are bound by (or defer to) higher level regulatory guidelines or legislation for technical aspects of airport planning. Those with more flexible influence lack incentive to engage with broader public health activities.

Lessons
Lobbying for better public health outcomes has bypassed the complex planning system within airport development settings. Opportunities exist to influence planning through formal and non-formal structures for specific “wins”. However, thinking outside a health box may provide the biggest opportunity for change yet, as shown by the successful legal blocking of the Heathrow runway expansion by climate change activists.

Key messages
Airports as major urban infrastructure sit under complex organisational structures both in their development and management. Public health responses need to be more targeted and innovative in advocacy and engagement.
The rational use and disposal of drugs and the environmental and public health risks associated
Authors: Jorge MP , Caminada M L , Bocchiglieri M M , da Silva Paganini W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The rational use and disposal of medicines is a topic that has been discussed by researchers worldwide, aiming to minimize the consumption and indiscriminate use of these compounds. The objective of this work was to promote the study of rational use, informative and educational action and environmental risks due to inadequate disposal. The proposal for this study was forwarded to the Institution's Ethics Committee, linked to the study, and its realization was approved, CAAE: 91559018.9.0000.5490, Opinion Number: 2,751,853. Data collection was carried out through an interview, through a questionnaire, evaluating aspects, regarding the rational use and disposal of medicines, having been developed in the city of Jaguariuna-SP.
The research assessed the level of knowledge of a group, in relation to rational use, disposal of leftovers and expired medicines and knowledge about the potential effects on the environment and public health arising from these actions. It was found that almost all respondents have medicines at home, 50.93% of which are overdue, however the lack of information regarding the correct form of disposal, causes the population to proceed inappropriately. Among the main reported destinations, storage and disposal in common garbage prevails. Regarding awareness and responsibility, with regard to environmental contamination, more than 70% are aware of the problems caused in the environment and public health. Finally, regarding educational and informational actions in relation to the storage and disposal of medicines, 65.22% of the interviewees stated that they had not previously received any type of information on the proper storage and disposal of medicines.
The data demonstrate the interviewees: awareness of the environmental and public health problems that may eventually be triggered due to the aspects addressed. However, the lack of information and adequate posts makes it difficult to disseminate information.

Key messages
The lack of guidance on storage and disposal of medicines, as well as aspects related to rational use, was the main aspect observed. It is necessary to take effective action regarding the inappropriate disposal of drugs in the environment, given the potential risk to public health arising from this practice.
Advances in an integrated evaluation of Community health in Medellín (Colombia) during 2014-2019
Authors: Martinez-Herrera E , DA Hernandez  , Benach J C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In accordance with the “Health in All Policies” approach, since 2014 the city of Medellín (Colombia) has implemented a community-based urban health model based on knowledge and action to strengthen community participation, social cohesion, and health equity.

Methods
A mix method design was carried out to effectively monitor planning actions, as well as specific socio-environmental interventions in two thirds of the communes of Medellín. A standardized operating procedure was built up: toolkit for diagnostic validation were developed; priorities and health needs identified; assets of social, community, institutional and social capital of the intervened communes analyzed and mapped; community capacities and social leadership in health strengthened; governance and intersectoral communication for change and social mobilization increased.

Results
45.07 (SD 19.77) was a measurement baseline of Community Social Capital in Health. The interrelation between community health assets was especially relevant in some communes. For example: In the Commune 1 Popular, women's leadership allowed the implementation of relevant salutogenic actions. The intersectoral actions of the Commune 15 Guayabal for child care were evaluated as a case of territorial governance. In the Commune 12 La América, social mobilization actions were evaluated as a case for social communication. By other side, the learning process of a community training program in social participation in health has generated relevant evidence to continue jointly reinforcing citizen empowerment in health decision-making.

Conclusions
There was a large overlap between the community health interests and the technical decisions for health planning designed by the city health authority, in that sense, assessing social participation in health as a process involves not only planning common actions but also designing and applying participatory knowledge with the community.

Key messages
Social interactions for social health transformations requires longitudinal process of observation. Implementation evaluation is useful 'just on time' for decision making process.
Perceptions of neighborhood environment on health in a Saudi Population in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Saddik B , Al-Masri S , Jradi H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest there is a relationship between a person's neighbourhood environment and determinants of health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes and mental health depression. However, to date, no research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has explored this relationship. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess neighborhood perceived walkability, aesthetics, safety and connectedness, and their relationship with reported mental health status in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia among Saudi males and females over the age of 18 years. We used validated Arabic versions of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) short form and the (K10) scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis for all study variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the likelihood of depression among the sample. A total of 493 residents in Riyadh-KSA, were included in the study. Most participants in the study responded negatively to statements on neighborhood walkability and aesthetics and did not perceive their neighborhood friendly in terms of providing adequate and accessible footpaths, natural reserves, attractive buildings or well-maintained walkways. Perceptions for walkability and aesthetics were lowest in comparison to safety, access to services and overall neighborhood satisfaction. Older individuals (&gt;40 years) showed increased vulnerability to depression in univariate analysis (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.6241-0.9649) whilst being employed significantly decreased the likelihood of depression by 42%, (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.386-0.875). Perceived neighborhood safety and connectedness were significantly associated with reported depression (OR = 0.930, 95%CI: 0.90-0.962).
The results from this study demonstrate an association between neighborhood safety and connectedness with reported depressive symptoms among residents in Riyadh. Further research should focus on whether these observations are in fact causal.

Key messages
There is an association between perceived neighborhood safety and connectedness with reported depression. This study suggests that walkable built environments may decrease reports of psychological distress, whilst aesthetics and accessibility may improve both physical and mental health.
Comparison of effects of air pollution on children between urban and rural area in west Bengal, India
Authors: Umemura T , Terasaki H , Onishi K , Matsumi Y , Ueda K , Suzuki K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Air pollution is a serious problem in India. According to World Bank's data in 2015, about 660 million people were categorized as poor (US$3.20 per day per capita) in India and the proportion to total the population was 50.4 %. Even though the number and proportion are large, the effects on the poor people have not been studied very well. We measured the effects of air pollution on children of the poor and compared between urban and rural area in West Bengal, India.

Methods
24 male students (12.5 ± 0.8 years) in urban area (Kolkata) and 20 male students (12.5 ± 0.5 years) in rural area (Jata) were recruited. We measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), which was index of airway inflammation and checked allergic symptoms. The survey was conducted in January (dry season) and August (rainy season) 2019 to confirm a seasonal difference. Air quality index (AQI) in each area was used for index of air pollution.

Results
Average AQI was 335 (Kolkata) and 155 (Haldia: near Jata) for 2 months from December 2018 to January 2019, while average AQI was 51 (Kolkata) and 38 (Haldia) for 2 months from July to August 2019. As for FeNO in dry season, the value in Kolkata was 24.9 ± 16.1 and the value in Jata was 11.7 ± 3.5. As for FeNO in rainy season, the value in Kolkata was 22.3 ± 17.5 and the value in Jata was 16.8 ± 6.7. The value of FeNO in Kolkata was higher than Jata in either season. Although a seasonal difference was not detected in Kolkata, the value in dry season was lower than in rainy season in Jata. The prevalence of allergic symptoms in dry season was higher than in rainy season in Kolkata. On the other hand, there was no difference in the prevalence between dry and rainy season in Jata.

Conclusions
Even though AQI and the prevalence of allergic symptoms decreased, the value of FeNO did not decrease in Kolkata. Because AQI decreased, indoor air pollution might have influenced on airway. It is supposed that prevention of indoor air pollution is important.

Key messages
Airway of children in urban area may be influenced on by air pollution more than in rural area. Indoor air pollution may influence on children of the poor more than outdoor air pollution.
The cost of violence: Assessing the economic cost of gender-based violence in Rwanda
Authors: Spence I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a health and legal issue of international concern. In 2006, the Rwandan Government passed new laws to address this issue. However, Rwanda still has a high prevalence of gender based violence in communities at a rate of around 35%. This poster explores the economic cost of Gender-Based Violence in Rwanda. It seeks to: (1) define and describe GBV in Rwanda and comment on the state of the economy; (2) examine the literature on existing studies of the cost of GBV with a focus on common methodologies used; and (3) calculate the minimum costs associated with GBV in Rwanda.

Methods
Existing data was reviewed to look at the definition of GBV with regard to law and policy. This included identifying the common causes of GBV in Rwanda as well as looking at the nature and prevalence. An examination of the current state of the Rwandan Economy was undertaken in order to identify the areas whereupon GBV could cause disruption. Subsequently, a narrative literature review was conducted which examined the common methodologies used in cost analyses of GBV across the globe. Lastly a basic costing exercise was performed which determined the minimum costs associated with GBV in Rwanda using government data and NGO reports.

Results
The results showed that GBV makes up a small percentage of GDP in Rwanda at 0.003%. Victim costs were measured at $10,355,812.97, whilst government costs were found to be $13,082,542.07 and civil society costs incurred amounted to $4,684,428.00.

Conclusions
Overall this study reveals that just taking basic costs into consideration, GBV imposes a significant financial burden on the country. In particular, it highlighted the burden felt by the government providing public services such as healthcare and legal services. Therefore it is likely there is an overconsumption of scarce resources by GBV cases, which will likely lead to economic strain at both a local and national level.

Key messages
Gender-based violence costs make up a small but recognisable percentage of GDP in Rwanda. More investment in preventative strategy is needed to reduce both the prevalence of GBV and the cost to the local and national economy.
Fighting excessive pharmaceutical prices: Evaluating the options
Authors: Den Exter A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
New treatment options for various cancer therapies have appeared extremely expensive and prices may increase further. The affordability and availability of life-saving medicines is therefore a key issue in national health policies of all countries. Fighting excessive pharmaceutical prices, this paper examined a 'toolbox' of price reducing measures, provided by international law (e.g., compulsory licensing, pharmacy's exemption, price transparency and mandatory disclosure, competition authorities' review unfair prices, crossborder purchasing medicines).

Results
Evaluating the options, states remain hesitant, if not reluctant to apply for compulsory licensing and or other regulatory options to curtail pharmaceutical prices. Instead, Cross-border collaboration on (price and cost) negotiation of selective medicines seems the most feasible remedy to create advantages of economies of scale, and thus providing access to affordable new medicines.

Conclusions
Despite some obstacles, voluntary cross-border purchasing arrangements are a meaningful option to safeguard access to affordable innovative medicines, particularly for small countries

Methods
Legal analysis treaty law, provisions, case law, and literature.

Key messages
Voluntary cross-border purchasing arrangements are a meaningful option to safeguard access to affordable innovative medicines. Particularly for small countries.
Regional support in the health regions of Rio de Janeiro state: a strategy for strengthening SUS
Authors: Cabral L M , Peres A M , Rodrigues P H , Caldas M , Magalhães M , Hill D , Silva D S , Rezende M F , Costa S I , Osório S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Brazil is one of the few countries in the world with more than 200 million inhabitants that has a universal public health system. In its 30 years of existence, the Unified Health System (SUS) has brought many advances to the Brazilian society. However, it still faces challenges to ensure health services in quantity and quality to the entire population. Federal, state and municipal government levels share the responsibility for its management and financing. In this governance scheme, it is the Municipal Health Secretariats (MHS) of the 5,596 Brazilian municipalities that are primarily responsible for providing and managing health services. Given the importance of this responsibility, Councils of Municipal Health Departments (COSEMS) and the National Council of Municipal Health Departments (CONASEMS) were created in 1986. Their role is to promote the articulation and negotiation of their interests with the federal and state levels. In Rio de Janeiro, a team of specialized professionals has been providing support for COSEMS-RJ since 2012. The team carries out activities in the nine regions of the state, which has 92 municipalities and more than 16 million inhabitants, the 3rd largest population in Brazil. Its activities are maintained by CONASEMS, the Ministry of Health and the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). The objetive of this report is to present the experience of the expert team of COSEMS RJ as a strategy for strengthening regional governance and intergovernmental relations. Providing specialized technical support for MHS has improved local management of SUS and has allowed for the establishment of regionalized health care networks in Rio de Janeiro.

Key messages
The project improves the participation of municipal managers and teams in regional spaces. It strengthens their capacity for intergovernamental decision-making and regionalization of the health system. The project qualifies the municipal management for fundraising, knowledge building, policy implementing and monitoring, as well as participatory planning.
The long-term effects of mandatory military on health outcomes
Authors: Cavalli N , Boccia S , Giraldi L , Mariani M , Ricciardi W , Nicodemo C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In the past many young men spent a period of time in military service. To enter in the military service the person should pass a health visit where the physical and mental health conditions were verified. We focus our analysis on the Italian military service that was stopped to be mandatory in 2004, to explore if health visits during the military service have effects in preventing future illnesses. To do that we compare health outcomes of the cohort of Italian people born in 1985 and in 1987, i.e. before and after the suppression of the mandatory military service, respectively.

Methods
Data on demographic characteristics of men potentially enrolling the last compulsory military visit and the one after the abrogation were obtained from the Italian National Statistics Institute. For health outcomes, we obtained for the same population the health records of hospital admissions from 2007 to 2017. A difference-in-difference analysis was performed to calculate whether the probability of being differed among the two cohorts of people.

Results
A total of 215,081 males born in 1985 and 210,616 males born in 1987 were admitted to hospital in the period 2007-2017. A decreasing trend from 2007 to 2017 in overall hospitalization rates were observed for both cohorts of 1987 (1.26 to 1.15) and 1985 (1.22 to 1.13). The regression model showed a significant lower probability for the 1985 cohort, respect to the 1987, of being admitted for an infectious or parasite disease (coefficient -0.83; 95% CI: -1.15 - -0.51) and for tumours (coefficient = -0.83, 95% CI:-1.57 - -0.09)

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempted to quantify the potential preventive impact in the male population of the physical examination during the mandatory military visit. With an age difference of 2 years between the 2 cohorts, the results show a significant reduction in terms of hospital admission for certain types of health conditions

Key messages
The mandatory military service was helpful in detecting certain diseases whose diagnosis would otherwise be delayed or undetected. Physical and mental examinations for mandatory military service, could see how a potential screening programme of prevention among young men.
The ethics of pandemic preparedness revisited - autonomy, quarantine, transferability and trust
Authors: Schröder-Bäck P , Schloemer T , Martakis K , Brall C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The outbreak of SARS in 2002 lead to a public health ethics discourse. The crisis management of that time was ethically analysed and lessons to be learned discussed. Scholarship and WHO, among others, developed an ethics of pandemic preparedness. The current “corona crisis” also faces us with ethical challenges. This presentation is comparing the two crises from an ethical point of view and a focus on Europe.

Methods
An ethics framework for pandemic preparedness (Schröder et al. 2006 and Schröder-Bäck 2014) is used to make a synopsis of ethical issues. Ethical aspects of 2002 and 2020 that were discussed in the literature and in the media are compared. For 2020, the focus is on interventions in Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.

Results
Topics that emerged from the 2002 crisis were, among others, revolving around aspects of stigmatisation and fair distribution of scarce resources (esp. vaccines, antivirals). Currently, most urgent and ethically challenging aspects relate to social distancing vs. autonomy: Isolation and quarantine are handled differently across Europe and the EU. Questions of transferability of such interventions prevail. Contexts vary vertically over time (2002 vs. 2020) and horizontally (e.g. between Italy and Germany at the same time). Furthermore, trust in authorities, media and health information is a key issue.

Conclusions
Ethical aspects are key for good pandemic preparedness and management. The context of the crises between 2002 and 2020 has slightly changed, also based on “lessons learned” from 2002. This has implications on ethical issues that are being discussed. New lessons will have to be learned from the 2020 crisis.

Key messages
Pandemic preparedness and outbreak management entail many ethical tensions that need to be addressed. Currently, questions of trust and transferability are key to the crisis management, further ethical issues could still emerge.