bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hourly dynamic and monthly semi-stationary calculation methods applied to nZEBs: Impacts on energy and comfort
Authors: Di Giuseppe E , Ulpiani G , Summa S , Tarabelli L , Di Perna C , D’Orazio M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The EU Directive 2010/31 abstained from prescribing harmonized and strict requirements for nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs), to provide EU countries flexibility and room for maneuver in setting national targets, in view of the impact of local climatic conditions and specific territorial and socio-economical features on heating and cooling needs. Benchmarks are usually provided in terms of primary energy needs, however the definition of accurate calculation methodologies, notably as regards the cooling share, is a rather challenging task. Nonetheless, its accomplishment is cardinal to countries, like Mediterranean ones, were the building performance is mostly dictated by summertime sensitivities. This paper presents a cutting-edge approach to nZEB performance analysis: the monthly quasi steady-state (EN 13790 as implemented in Italian UNI/TS 11300) and hourly dynamic calculation methods (developed under the standard UNI EN ISO 52016-1:2018) are compared, with due attention to the cooling energy consumption, to spot pros and cons of a finer temporal discretization. Potential nZEB design alternatives in three different Italian climatic zones are contemplated and used to confront the effectiveness of the above procedures.
A data mining model for building occupancy estimation based on deep learning methods
Authors: Zhou Yaping , Yu Zhun (Jerry) , Li Jun , Huang Yuanjian , Zhang Guoqiang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Real-time occupancy estimation is of great importance to improve systems control and energy efficiency of buildings. This study proposed a novel real time occupancy estimation model based on CO2 concentration data. A non-neural-network deep learning method (i.e. gcForest) was used to estimate the number of occupants. The gcForest incorporates three classifiers in each level, enabling the estimation performance to be enhanced by exploiting the complementarity among different learning algorithms. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, this study conducted an experiment in an office room and compared its results with the IHMM model that was widely used in previous studies. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model could achieve higher estimation accuracy and higher detection accuracy of occupant presence or absence.
Comparison of numerical and experimental performances of nZEB residential building in Putignano (Apulia Region)
Authors: Altobello A , Misceo M , Russo P , Stefanizzi P , Vignola I 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The sustainability of the European Regions, in terms of society and economy and environment, is strongly based on renewable energy and resource efficiency. This implies the large scale deployment of nearly Zero – Energy Buildings (nZEBs). As well as the technology is already available and proven. However the diffusion of nZEB in Mediterranean areas is a challenge for the local market actors considering the short time. In this direction our research is oriented, proposing the case study of the first passive building in Putignano (Apulia). The goal is to observe the impact of the comfort setting on energy demand during the everyday life. This new approach aims at simultaneously considering both the energy performance and the comfort and health of the inhabitants. The case study includes the simulation model and the measuring campaign. It aims to verify if occupants of nZEB will be aware of the qualities of their home and learn to manage and monitor energy consumption independently. The concept is to observe the impact of comfort setting on energy demand during the everyday life in heating season of the passivhaus tenants.
Modelling of a net-zero energy condo in a cold climate using an interdisciplinary design framework
Authors: Nicholson Sarah R , Shohet Rony , Fung Alan S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Developing buildings which generate the amount of energy that they use (energy net-zero) in cold climates has the potential to significantly reduce overall energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in these locations. This study introduces a design methodology which first iteratively reduces building loads from a synthesis of architectural, engineering, and building science strategies to achieve a minimized annual energy consumption. Then this optimized load is generated via on-site systems, and finally the overall design is validated within the goals of sustainability and high performance (as compared to benchmark designs). This strategy was applied to a detailed design-based analysis of a mid-rise, net-zero energy residential condo in Toronto, Canada. The building was developed within this iterative and computational process that draws on literature from passive house design, R2000, and ASHRAE 90.1 standards - as well as existing efficient building designs across various climates. Modelling using the eQuest building energy simulation software, relevant weather data, and hourly use profiles yielded energy consumption data which informed design modifications. Loads were systematically reduced by optimizing across building orientation, building layout and footprint, building materials, and architectural modifications. Furthermore, the use of Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) HVAC systems reduced heating and cooling demand and emissions in this mid-rise multi-unit residential building (MURB). Energy demand was further reduced by designing a high-performance building envelope with an improved window-to-wall ratio, triple glazed windows, airtight building enclosure, and high R-value insulation. On-site energy generation via the rooftop and facade solar array allowed for net-zero operation. The proposed methodology yielded a building design with annual energy consumption and GHG emissions reduced by 54.3% and 95.3% respectively.
A natural ventilation “calculator”: The challenge of defining a representative ‘performance sketch’ in practice and research
Authors: Donn M R , Bakshi N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Too often in architecture and engineering, the simplicity in early design of the apparent guarantees of HVAC equipment manufacturers wins out over the complexity of estimating the effectiveness of natural ventilation even in Net Zero Buildings. The reality is many people in offices and schools find themselves sitting at a fixed desk, in full direct sun, with the cold draft from the HVAC equipment guaranteeing that on average they are comfortable. The drawing of blinds ‘solves’ the immediate sun problem, but not the quality of the air. Experience with 200+ students designing low energy, high performance naturally ventilated spaces each year over the past decade has demonstrated that the formulae that exist in the literature for early estimation of window opening size have potential if presented in an appropriate format to facilitate sound design decisions. This paper reports the evolution of that format to a calculation dashboard that facilitates accounting for: outdoor and indoor CO2 levels; wind speeds and frequencies of occurrence; coincidence of periods of calm with high outdoor temperatures; window effectiveness coefficients; single-sided vs cross-ventilation options; building shape and orientation; code minimum ventilation rates; and even infiltration. The paper focuses on the limitations of the approach and its potential complementary role in the future as a Quality Assurance tool for critiquing the output of CFD studies of natural ventilation.
End-users’ opinion on living in multi-family nearly zero-energy buildings
Authors: Zavrl Marjana Šijanec , Jaćimović Marko , Erhorn-Kluttig Heike , Erhorn Hans , Illner Micha , Thomsen Kirsten Engelund , Wittchen Kim , Mørck Ove , Gutierrez Miriam Sanchez Mayoral , Zinzi Michele , Mattoni Benedetta , Fasano Gaetano 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The paper presents the findings on end-users’ experiences and expectations about living in multi-family Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs). The survey in four European countries (Slovenia, Italy, Denmark and Germany) was part of EU Horizon 2020 project CoNZEBs (2017-2019) and addressed end-users living or thinking about living in multi-family NZEBs. Targeted end-users were living (as tenants or owners) in either ordinary buildings or in high performance buildings such as NZEBs (mandatory after 2020 according to Directive 2010/31/EU). In the survey, the following topics were addressed: the level of end-user’s understanding of the NZEB concept, the source and quality of information on NZEB from the end-users’ perspective, the importance of various apartment features for the end-users, perception of NZEB characterizing technologies, and decision triggers for living in NZEB. Concerns, doubts and eventual fears about living in NZEBs were studied to enable a tailored information for future end-users, to increase the demand for NZEB and beyond NZEB buildings and to improve their acceptability. To facilitate the living in NZEBs a guide for end-users was developed, explaining the “Myths” about NZEBs as well as presenting testimonials of current NZEB users in four participating countries.
Effects of energy efficiency measures on building performance: an analysis in seven European cities
Authors: Rubeis Tullio de , Muttillo Mirco , Stornelli Vincenzo , Ambrosini Dario 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This work presents the energy performance analysis of an autarkic residential building, located in the suburb of L’Aquila, in central Italy. The analysis is performed via a calibrated dynamic thermal model, carried out with EnergyPlusTM engine coupled with DesignBuilder. The aim of this study is the further understanding of the optimization margins of the energy self-sufficient building by considering different Energy Efficiency Measures and the effects obtainable in different climatic conditions. Four Italian cities and three European capitals are considered, in addition to different scenarios, characterized by various technological plants. In fact, a significant difference between the high efficiency of the envelope, and the poor performance of the heating system was observed. The results highlighted the remarkable energy performance optimization of the analyzed building, although the effects of the Energy Efficiency Measures showed notable differences between colder and warmer climates.
Explicit upper bounds on the least primitive root
Authors: McGown Kevin , Trudgian Tim 
Published: October 2019

We give a method for producing explicit bounds on

g
(
p
)

g(p)

, the least primitive root modulo

p
p

. Using our method we show that
\[

g
(
p
)
>
2
r

2

r
ω
(
p
−
1
)

p

1
4

+

1

4
r

g(p)>2r\,2^{r\omega (p-1)}\,p^{\frac {1}{4}+\frac {1}{4r}}

\]
for

p
>

10

56

p>10^{56}

where

r
≥
2

r\geq 2

is an integer parameter. This result beats existing bounds that rely on explicit versions of the Burgess inequality. Our main result allows one to derive bounds of differing shapes for various ranges of

p
p

. For example, our method also allows us to show that

g
(
p
)
>

p

5

/

8

g(p)>p^{5/8}

for all

p
≥

10

22

p\geq 10^{22}

and

g
(
p
)
>

p

1

/

2

g(p)>p^{1/2}

for

p
≥

10

56

p\geq 10^{56}

.
Tendon healing in presence of chronic low-level inflammation: a systematic review
Authors: Chisari Emanuele , Rehak Laura , Khan Wasim S , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal condition affecting subjects regardless of their activity level. Multiple inflammatory molecules found in ex vivo samples of human tendons are related to the initiation or progression of tendinopathy. Their role in tendon healing is the subject of this review.Sources of dataAn extensive review of current literature was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library using the term ‘tendon’, as well as some common terms of tendon conditions such as ‘tendon injury OR (tendon damage) OR tendonitis OR tendinopathy OR (chronic tendonitis) OR tendinosis OR (chronic tendinopathy) OR enthesitis’ AND ‘healing’ AND ‘(inflammation OR immune response)’ as either key words or MeSH terms.Areas of agreementAn environment characterized by a low level of chronic inflammation, together with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, may influence the physiological tendon healing response after treatment.Areas of controversyMost studies on this topic exhibited limited scientific translational value because of their heterogeneity. The evidence associated with preclinical studies is limited.Growing pointsThe role of inflammation in tendon healing is still unclear, though it seems to affect the overall outcome. A thorough understanding of the biochemical mediators of healing and their pathway of pain could be used to target tendinopathy and possibly guide its management.Areas timely for developing researchWe require further studies with improved designs to effectively evaluate the pathogenesis and progression of tendinopathy to identify cellular and molecular targets to improve outcomes.
Cortical developmental abnormalities in logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia with dyslexia
Authors: Miller Zachary A , Spina Salvatore , Pakvasa Mikhail , Rosenberg Lynne , Watson Christa , Mandelli Maria Luisa , Paredes Mercedes F , Joie Renaud La , Rabinovici Gil D , Rosen Howard J , Grinberg Lea T , Huang Eric J , Miller Bruce L , Seeley William W , Gorno-Tempini Maria Luisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn increased prevalence of dyslexia has been observed in individuals diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia, most notably the logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia. The underlying pathology most commonly associated with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia is Alzheimer’s disease. In this clinical case report series, we describe the neuropathological findings of three patients with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia and developmental dyslexia, each demonstrating a pattern of cerebrocortical microdysgenesis, reminiscent of findings first reported in dyslexic individuals, alongside expected Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Neurodevelopmental and most severe Alzheimer’s disease pathological changes overlapped within perisylvian brain regions, areas associated with phonological deficits in both logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia and dyslexia. These three cases with pathological findings support the hypothesis that early-life neurodevelopmental changes might influence later-life susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease and could contribute to non-amnestic, early age-of-onset presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. Larger studies investigating neurobiological vulnerability across the lifespan are needed.
Invocation of National Security Exceptions under GATT Article XXI: Jurisdiction to Review and Standard of Review
Authors: Wang Chao 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The invocation of national security exceptions under Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 has long been viewed as “self-judging”. In the landmark case of Russia—Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit, the panel of the WTO’s dispute settlement body (DSB) addressed two important but previously considered ambiguous issues. First, the Panel confirmed its jurisdiction to review its members’ invocation of Article XXI of GATT 1994. Second, offering a detailed interpretation of Article XXI, especially paragraph (b) and its subparagraph (iii), the panel distinguished the objective requirements from the self-judging features, and held that it has the jurisdiction to determine whether the objective requirements of Article XXI have been satisfied when a member invokes the national security exception, and the member’s discretion is also expected to be limited by its good faith obligation, which, as an established principle of international law, shall apply to both the member’s definition of the essential security interests and its connection to the measures being taken.
International Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter coli in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Washington State and Québec, 2015–2018
Authors: Greninger Alexander L , Addetia Amin , Starr Kimberly , Cybulski Robert J , Stewart Mary K , Salipante Stephen J , Bryan Andrew B , Cookson Brad , Gaudreau Christiane , Bekal Sadjia , Fang Ferric C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Campylobacter species are among the most common causes of enteric bacterial infections worldwide. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for sexually transmitted enteric infections, including globally distributed strains of multidrug-resistant Shigella species.

Methods
This was a retrospective study of MSM-associated Campylobacter in Seattle, Washington and Montréal, Québec with phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles and whole genome sequencing (WGS).

Results
We report the isolation of 2 clonal lineages of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli from MSM in Seattle and Montréal. WGS revealed nearly identical strains obtained from the 2 regions over a 4-year period. Comparison with the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Pathogen Detection database revealed extensive Campylobacter species clusters carrying multiple drug resistance genes that segregated with these isolates. Examination of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance revealed multiple macrolide resistance determinants including a novel ribosomal RNA methyltransferase situated in a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) array locus in a C. coli isolate.

Conclusions
As previously reported for Shigella, specific multidrug-resistant strains of Campylobacter are circulating by sexual transmission in MSM populations across diverse geographic locations, suggesting a need to incorporate sexual behavior in the investigation of clusters of foodborne pathogens revealed by WGS data.
Combinations of cardiac and non-cardiac predictors for prognoses in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Hakuno Daihiko , Fukae Tomoaki , Takahashi Masashi , Takiguchi Shunichi , Li Hui-Chong , Nishizawa Kenya , Nozaki Hiroyuki , Sueyoshi Koichiro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Aims
In contemporary heart failure (HF) practice, prognostic value for combinations of cardiac and non-cardiac predictors remains poorly understood. We analysed the combinatorial predictors of outcomes in acute HF patients.

Methods and results
This longitudinal cohort study included consecutive patients admitted for acute decompensated HF between April 2015 and March 2018 in an urban hospital. The main outcomes are HF readmission within 6 months after discharge or all-cause death. A total of 451 patients with 662 admissions were enrolled and the data including frailty and echocardiographic parameters were analysed by multivariate and matched cohort analyses. The mean age of the patients was 76.8 years. We constructed a multi-frailty index (MFI) ranging from 0 to 3 points as a composite of non-cardiac comorbidities and biopsychosocial frailty. In matched cohort of patients with ejection fraction ≧50% (HFpEF), MFI ≧1, pulmonary hypertension (PH; peak flow velocity of tricuspid regurgitation ≧2.9 m/s by echocardiography), and pancytopenia at discharge were strong predictors of HF readmission [odds ratios (ORs), 4.33, 2.5, and 2.86; P = 0.02, 0.05, and 0.02, respectively], and MFI ≧2 was the only predictor for all-cause death. For ejection fraction &lt;40%, age, BNP ≧800 pg/mL, increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate during hospitalization, and lymphocytopenia plus anaemia predicted HF readmission (ORs, 1.77, 2.72, 0.73, and 2.89; P = 0.001, 0.05, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively). In contrast, diabetes mellitus was the only specific predictor found in patients over 80 years old.

Conclusion
These data identified multi-frailty and PH or mild pancytopenia as synergistic predictors of HF readmission in HFpEF patients.
Using Reading to Learn for EFL students’ reading of explanations
Authors: Becerra Tatiana , Herazo José , García Paula , Sagre Anamaría , Díaz Luisa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reading to Learn (R2L) is an instructional approach that leads students from aided to independent creation of meaning in reading and writing. The approach uses whole texts as the point of departure for instruction. This case study explored how R2L promoted ninth graders’ comprehension of explanation texts in EFL during six lessons and students’ perceptions about R2L. The study involved a group of ninth graders from a secondary state school in Colombia whose results in national standardized tests had been traditionally low, particularly in EFL reading. Results revealed that students became better readers of explanation texts and perceived R2L as a useful approach to develop their ability to understand written texts in EFL. The study highlights the benefits of R2L for enhancing L2 students’ meaning-making potential.
L. A. Hill’s ‘neutral English’—a historical counterpoint to ELF
Authors: Lowe Robert J , Smith Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The concept of English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the subject of much theoretical discussion and debate within ELT. However, little has been written concerning the history of ideas preceding it. This article discusses the concept of ‘neutral English’ proposed in 1967 by the writer L. A. Hill. After summarizing Hill’s life and work, the article explores his idea for neutral English, noting its apparent similarities to modern ELF theory as well as the historical and contextual factors that distinguish it. Using Hill’s work and stated motivations as a lens through which to view modern theory, the article highlights the possibility that apparently radical ideas can be co-opted to ‘centre’ interests in modern global ELT. Finally, it is proposed that more work into the history of conceptualizations of international English use would shed further light on the academic and political forces which intersect with this area of research.
Is Occupational Licensing More Beneficial for Women than for Men? The Case of Germany, 1993/2015
Authors: Witte Nils , Haupt Andreas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article analyzes the relation of gender wage inequality to occupational licensing in Germany in 1993 and 2015. We show that the very particular German licensing system and strong gender segregation lead to an overrepresentation of women in licensed occupations. We further investigate, whether both genders benefit equally from licensing in terms of wages. Finally, we study whether both women’s overrepresentation and potential gender gaps within licensed occupations help to explain patterns in the overall gender wage gap. To this end, we distinguish licensed occupations in professions and semi-professions. We use 1993 and 2015 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study to apply repeated cross-sectional regressions and decompositions. Our findings suggest that women benefited more from licensing in 1993 than in 2015. Men’s wage premiums seem to increase over time, but women’s premiums do not. We also show that semi-professions are less rewarding and women are overrepresented in these occupations. Finally, increased demand for licensed occupations is an important contribution to narrowing the gender wage gap. Women’s increased employment in licensed occupations alone would have reduced the overall gender wage gap by roughly 8 per cent.