bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traveling Ionosphere Disturbance Signatures on Ground‐Based Observations of the O(1D) Nightglow Inferred From 1‐D Modeling
Authors: Vargas Fabio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper reports our simulations of the volume emission rate of the O(1D) redline nightglow perturbed by waves traveling across the thermosphere at around 250 km altitude. Waves perturb the electronic and neutral background densities and temperatures in the region and modify the O(1D) layer intensity as it is captured by ground‐based nightglow instruments. The changes in the integrated volume emission rate are calculated for various vertical wavelengths of the perturbations. We demonstrate that, as the solar activity intensifies, the vertical scales of most likely observable TID waves become larger. For high solar activity, we demonstrate that only waves presenting vertical wavelengths larger than 360 km are likely to be observed. The variation of the range of likely observable vertical wavelengths with the solar cycle offers a plausible explanation for the low occurrence rate of TID in measurements of the redline nightglow during high solar activity periods. We have compared our results with those of Negale et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024876) and Paulino et al (2018; https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-265-2018) to verify that observed vertical wavelengths distribute around 140–210 km, in good correspondence with our predicted threshold wavelength
160 km for very low solar cycle period.
Relationships Between Eclogite‐Facies Mineral Assemblages, Deformation Microstructures, and Seismic Properties in the Yuka Terrane, North Qaidam Ultrahigh‐Pressure Metamorphic Belt, NW China
Authors: Park Munjae , Jung Haemyeong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo understand the relationships between eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages, deformation microstructures, and the seismic properties of subducting oceanic crust, eclogites from the Yuka terrane, North Qaidam ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic belt, NW China, were studied. Observations of mineral textures, deformation microstructures, and petrofabrics in the eclogites indicate that garnet, omphacite, and phengite were deformed by intracrystalline deformation (i.e., dislocation creep) during prograde metamorphism. In contrast, amphibole, which was formed by the topotactic replacement of omphacite at fluid‐present conditions, is considered to have been deformed by diffusional flow (dissolution‐precipitation creep) during amphibolite‐facies retrogression associated with exhumation. Based on the petrofabrics in the samples, the seismic properties of the eclogites were calculated depending on eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages such as garnet + omphacite, garnet + omphacite + phengite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + lawsonite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + amphibole, and garnet + omphacite + amphibole. We found that the seismic signatures of each of the eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages were different. In particular, phengite‐bearing eclogites (the garnet + omphacite + phengite/garnet + omphacite + phengite + amphibole assemblages), depending on phengite content, produced the strongest seismic anisotropy (AVp and AVs), with a strong polarization anisotropy, that was at least three times higher than bimineralic (phengite‐absent) eclogites (garnet + omphacite assemblage). Our results indicate that phengite, as a stable phase at high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions, can play an important role in the creation of trench‐parallel seismic anisotropy in the eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages found in subduction zones.
Style and Distribution of Slip at the Margin of a Pull‐Apart Structure: Geodetic Investigation of the Southern Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Hamiel Yariv , Piatibratova Oksana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a new analysis of crustal deformation along the southern Dead Sea pull‐apart basin, located at the southern part of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF). Using geodetic measurements of new and dense Global Positioning System network, we obtain the station velocities across the margin of this structure. We run a set of 2‐D and 3‐D models and find that the total left‐lateral strike‐slip rate of ~4.8 mm/yr is divided between the western (Sedom Fault) and eastern main boundary faults of the pull‐apart basin. Different locking depths of the western and eastern boundary faults suggest asymmetrical basin. General extension of the southern Dead Sea basin of ~0.4 mm/yr and additional shallow extension of ~0.5 mm/yr of the Sedom Fault is observed. The southern fault boundary, the Amazyahu transverse Fault, is obliquely deformed in the general direction of the DSF, transferring ~2.5 mm/yr of slip rate from southeast to northwest. The Sedom and Amazyahu faults are also found to be creeping at shallow depths and at steady rates. The depth of shallow creep correlates with the depth of thick rock salt layers deposited within the basin. The rock salt probably serves as lubricant material on the fault with a relatively low friction coefficient. This unique situation allows the fault to creep at almost constant velocity. Our observations suggest that shallow creep may also occur along additional segments of the DSF where thick rock salt layers are relatively shallow.
The Role of the Intertropical Discontinuity Region and the Heat Low in Dust Emission and Transport Over the Thar Desert, India: A Premonsoon Case Study
Authors: Dumka U. C. , Kaskaoutis D. G. , Francis D. , Chaboureau J.‐P. , Rashki A. , Tiwari Suresh , Singh Sachchidanand , Liakakou E. , Mihalopoulos N. 
Published: November 2019

Key Points

Satellite observations and Meso‐NH model simulations are used to investigate an intense dust storm over north India in June 2018
Dust is mostly confined below 2 km in the monsoon flow over the Thar desert, northwest India and at ~3 km along the Ganges Valley
The dust was accumulated in an arc‐shaped cloud in the convergence zone between the southwesterlies and the northwesterlies: the ITD
Assessment of Atmospheric Reanalyses With Independent Observations in the Weddell Sea, the Antarctic
Authors: Jonassen M. O. , Välisuo I. , Vihma T. , Uotila P. , Makshtas A. P. , Launiainen J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSurface layer and upper‐air in situ observations from two research vessel cruises and an ice station in the Weddell Sea from 1992 and 1996 are used to validate four current atmospheric reanalysis products: ERA‐Interim, CFSR, JRA‐55, and MERRA‐2. Three of the observation data sets were not available for assimilation, providing a rare opportunity to validate the reanalyses in the otherwise datasparse region of the Antarctic against independent data. All four reanalyses produce 2 m temperatures warmer than the observations, and the biases vary from +2.0 K in CFSR to +2.8 K in MERRA‐2. All four reanalyses are generally too warm also higher up in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), with biases up to +1.4 K (ERA‐Interim). Cloud fractions are relatively poorly reproduced by the reanalyses, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 having the strongest positive and negative biases of about +30 % and −17 %, respectively. Skill scores of the error statistics reveal that ERA‐Interim compares generally the most favorably against both the surface layer and the upper‐air observations. CFSR compares the second best and JRA‐55 and MERRA‐2 have the least favorable scores. The ABL warm bias is consistent with previous evaluation studies in high latitudes, where more recent observations have been applied. As the amount of observations has varied depending on the decade, season, and region, the consistency of the warm bias suggests a need to improve the modeling systems, including data assimilation as well as ABL and surface parameterizations.
A Bayesian‐Like Approach to Describe the Regional Variation of High‐Flash Rate Thunderstorms From Thermodynamic and Kinematic Environment Variables
Authors: Liu Nana , Liu Chuntao , Tissot Philippe E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA 16‐year Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission convective feature (CF) data set and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data are used to examine the nonlinear relationships between thermodynamic environments and the probability of high‐flash rate thunderstorms. First, Bayesian‐like probability functions are established between preselected ERA‐Interim thermodynamic variables and the high‐flash rate CFs. Then, the global geographical distribution of high‐flash rate thunderstorms is validated by applying these functions to the reanalysis data. The results suggest that a sole environmental factor has limited skill to estimate the probability of these events. The combination of four variables, including Convective Available Potential Energy, convection inhibition, low‐level shear, and warm cloud depth, may be used to derive a geographical distribution of high‐flash rate events that is close to the observations. The strong land‐ocean contrast in the frequency of high‐flash rate thunderstorms and some hot spot regions can be closely reproduced based only on these four variables from the reanalysis data. This indicates that the land‐ocean contrast in the occurrence of high‐flash rate thunderstorms can be largely interpreted by the fundamental differences between the thermodynamic conditions over land and ocean.
A Statistical Description of Particle Motion and Rest Regimes in Open‐Channel Flows Under Low Bedload Transport
Authors: Liu M. X. , Pelosi A. , Guala M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the last decade several efforts were devoted to model sediment‐particle transport in rivers as a stochastic process. Experimental observations are therefore needed to validate these models and to provide the correct probability distribution of selected stochastic variables. The kinematics of sand particles is investigated here using nonintrusive imaging to provide a statistical description of bedload transport under incipient motion conditions. In particular, we focus on the alternation between motion (particle steps) and rest regimes to quantify the probabilistic distribution of the particles waiting time, which is suggested by many studies to be responsible for anomalous diffusion. The probability distributions of the particle step time and step length, streamwise and spanwise velocities, acceleration, and waiting time are quantified experimentally. Results suggest that variables describing the particle motion regime are thin‐tailed distributed, whereas the waiting times exhibit a power law distribution. A specific class of waiting times during which the grain is observed to oscillate without a net displacement is classified as active and is analyzed separately from the other, so‐called deep waiting times. The experimental results, obtained under five different transport conditions, describe grain‐scale kinematics and dynamics at different wall shear stress. They provide both a benchmark data set for validating particle‐transport numerical simulation and critical input parameters for the stochastic modeling of bedload transport.
Soil Respiration Variability and Correlation Across a Wide Range of Temporal Scales
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Pennington Stephanie C. , Jian Jinshi , Megonigal J. Patrick , Sengupta Aditi , Ward Nicholas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe high temporal variability of the soil‐to‐atmosphere CO2 flux (soil respiration, RS) has been studied at hourly to multiannual time scales but remains less well understood than RS spatial variability. How RS fluxes vary and are autocorrelated at various time lags has practical implications for sampling and more fundamentally for our understanding of its abiotic and biotic underlying mechanisms. We examined the variability, correlation, and sampling requirements of RS over a wide range of temporal scales in a temperate deciduous forest in eastern Maryland, USA, using both automated (temporally continuous, N = 30,036 over 10 months) and survey (spatially diverse, temporally sparse, N = 1,912 over 17 months) data. Data from a global RS database were also used to examine interannual variability in comparable forests. The coefficient of variability of successive measurements generally varied from the minute (median coefficient of variation 16%) to hourly and daily (11–12%) time scales. Successive RS values measured at a given collar exhibited a strong hour‐to‐hour correlation (r = 0.931) and a moderate correlation at a 2‐hr lag (0.289); day‐to‐day (i.e., 24 hr lag) hourly observations were uncorrelated. Daily RS means were well correlated at a 1‐day lag (r = 0.856) but not at any further time lag. In a linear mixed‐effects model predicting RS, soil temperature and moisture exerted consistently strong effects regardless of time scale, and model coefficient of variability was generally high (>80%). These results provide new opportunities to explore the drivers and variability of RS fluxes, quantify sampling requirements, and improve error propagation.
Formulating an Elasticity Approach to Quantify the Effects of Climate Variability and Ecological Restoration on Sediment Discharge Change in the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Gao Guangyao , Fu Bojie , Gupta Hoshin V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSuspended sediment yields (SSY) respond strongly to ecological restoration (ER) efforts, and significant improvements in SSY control have been achieved in the Loess Plateau of China. However, it remains challenging to quantify the net impacts of ER on SSY. Here, we formulate the notion of elasticity of sediment discharge, by associating SSY change to climate variability and ER over the period 1950s to 2014. All ten of the subcatchments studied experienced significant decreases in annual SSY, streamflow, and suspended sediment concentration. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that changes to both streamflow volumes and to the suspended sediment concentration versus water discharge (C‐Q) relationships result in reduced SSY, so that streamflow is reduced but runs clearer. We find that two of the ER strategies resulted in weaker relative impacts of climate variability, largely by reducing streamflow (by 55% to 75%). Meanwhile, ER predominantly decreased SSY (by 63% to 81%). Regarding ER practices, (i) the predominant measure acting to reduce SSY changed, over time, from engineering to reforestation; (ii) check dams preferentially act to regulate the C‐Q relationships, whereas reforestation preferentially acts to moderate streamflow. Overall, our results suggest that a combination of engineering and vegetation measures is critical to achieving high‐efficiency ER. While change to the ER strategy increased the efficiency of streamflow for SSY control, the lost water discharge per unit SSY reduction increased from 5.2 to 6.4 m3·t−1. Conflicting demands for water necessitate that further ER should target precision management by revegetation of targeted areas in the Loess Plateau.
Microbial Community Composition in Deep‐Subsurface Reservoir Fluids Reveals Natural Interwell Connectivity
Authors: Zhang Yuran , Dekas Anne E. , Hawkins Adam J. , Parada Alma E. , Gorbatenko Oxana , Li Kewen , Horne Roland N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe identification of natural fractures and the wells they connect is crucial for the development of geological reservoirs because it may have an important impact on reservoir model construction and hydraulic fracture propagation. In this study we investigated the use of a novel data source, the microbial community composition in the reservoir formation fluids, for identification of interwell connectivity caused by natural fractures. We verified this concept at a newly developed mesoscale enhanced geothermal system (EGS) field testbed located 4,850 ft (1,478 m) beneath ground surface at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, SD. Fluids produced at or near the EGS testbed were sampled and subjected to high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to analyze the microbial community profile therein. Despite the typically substantial heterogeneity across the community profiles of samples spatially distributed (10 m to 1.9 km apart) throughout the site, samples from two wells at the EGS testbed showed highly similar microbial community composition, suggesting the two wells intersected the same natural fracture. This evidence of natural connectivity between the two wells at the EGS testbed was later corroborated by core log analysis and sewer camera surveys into the boreholes. Besides the field case described in this study, microbial community composition as a reservoir diagnostic tool would be applicable in a much broader context such as unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation, groundwater reservoir characterization, and environmental remediation, adding valuable “hard” data capable of pinpointing the origins of fluids unambiguously.
Altered expression of microRNA-223 in the plasma of patients with first-episode schizophrenia and its possible relation to neuronal migration-related genes
Authors: Zhao Zhilei , Jinde Seiichiro , Koike Shinsuke , Tada Mariko , Satomura Yoshihiro , Yoshikawa Akane , Nishimura Yukika , Takizawa Ryu , Kinoshita Akihide , Sakakibara Eisuke , Sakurada Hanako , Yamagishi Mika , Nishimura Fumichika , Inai Aya , Nishioka Masaki , Eriguchi Yosuke , Araki Tsuyoshi , Takaya Atsuhiko , Kan Chiemi , Umeda Maki , Shimazu Akihito , Hashimoto Hideki , Bundo Miki , Iwamoto Kazuya , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role as regulators of neurodevelopment by modulating gene expression. Altered miRNA expression has been reported in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the changes in the miRNA expression profile that occur during the initial stage of schizophrenia have not been fully investigated. To explore the global alterations in miRNA expression profiles that may be associated with the onset of schizophrenia, we first profiled miRNA expression in plasma from 17 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 17 healthy controls using microarray analysis. Among the miRNAs that showed robust changes, the elevated expression of has-miR-223-3p (miR-223) was validated via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using another independent sample set of 21 schizophrenia patients and 21 controls. To identify the putative targets of miR-223, we conducted a genome-wide gene expression analysis in neuronally differentiated SK-N-SH cells with stable miR-223 overexpression and an in silico analysis. We found that the mRNA expression levels of four genes related to the cytoskeleton or cell migration were significantly downregulated in miR-223-overexpressing cells, possibly due to interactions with miR-223. The in silico analysis suggested the presence of miR-223 target sites in these four genes. Lastly, a luciferase assay confirmed that miR-223 directly interacted with the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of all four genes. Our results reveal an increase in miR-223 in plasma during both the first episode and the later stage of schizophrenia, which may affect the expression of cell migration-related genes targeted by miR-223.
A large-scale genomic investigation of susceptibility to infection and its association with mental disorders in the Danish population
Authors: Nudel Ron , Wang Yunpeng , Appadurai Vivek , Schork Andrew J. , Buil Alfonso , Agerbo Esben , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Børglum Anders D. , Daly Mark J. , Mors Ole , Hougaard David M. , Mortensen Preben B. , Werge Thomas , Nordentoft Merete , Thompson Wesley K. , Benros Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInfections and mental disorders are two of the major global disease burdens. While correlations between mental disorders and infections have been reported, the possible genetic links between them have not been assessed in large-scale studies. Moreover, the genetic basis of susceptibility to infection is largely unknown, as large-scale genome-wide association studies of susceptibility to infection have been lacking. We utilized a large Danish population-based sample (N = 65,534) linked to nationwide population-based registers to investigate the genetic architecture of susceptibility to infection (heritability estimation, polygenic risk analysis, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS)) and examined its association with mental disorders (comorbidity analysis and genetic correlation). We found strong links between having at least one psychiatric diagnosis and the occurrence of infection (P = 2.16 × 10−208, OR = 1.72). The SNP heritability of susceptibility to infection ranged from ~2 to ~7% in samples of differing psychiatric diagnosis statuses (suggesting the environment as a major contributor to susceptibility), and polygenic risk scores moderately but significantly explained infection status in an independent sample. We observed a genetic correlation of 0.496 (P = 2.17 × 10−17) between a diagnosis of infection and a psychiatric diagnosis. While our GWAS did not identify genome-wide significant associations, we found 90 suggestive (P ≤ 10−5) associations for susceptibility to infection. Our findings suggest a genetic component in susceptibility to infection and indicate that the occurrence of infections in individuals with mental illness may be in part genetically driven.
The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies
Authors: Han Ying , Yan Wei , Zheng Yongbo , Khan Muhammad Zahid , Yuan Kai , Lu Lin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFentanyl is a powerful opioid anesthetic and analgesic, the use of which has caused an increasing public health threat in the United States and elsewhere. Fentanyl was initially approved and used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, especially cancer pain. However, recent years have seen a growing concern that fentanyl and its analogs are widely synthesized in laboratories and adulterated with illicit supplies of heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and counterfeit pills, contributing to the exponential growth in the number of drug-related overdose deaths. This review summarizes the recent epidemic and evolution of illicit fentanyl use, its pharmacological mechanisms and side effects, and the potential clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Because social, economic, and health problems that are related to the use of fentanyl and its analogs are growing, there is an urgent need to implement large-scale safe and effective harm reduction strategies to prevent fentanyl-related overdoses.