bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation of a new elastoviscoplastic model for time‐dependent behavior of clay
Authors: Yuan Yixing , Whittle Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a generalized, elastoviscoplastic constitutive model, MIT‐SR, that is capable of describing a wide range of time‐dependent characteristics observed in clays from creep to strain‐rate‐dependent shear behavior. The key component of the proposed model is a novel evolution equation that attributes viscoplastic deformations to a state variable,Ra, referred to as internal strain rate, which represents the perturbation of the clay particle assembly due to historical straining. This state variable is driven by external straining actions (under compression or shear), which can be intrinsically linked to the loading step in classical plasticity theory, and decays with time representing a fading memory process. The proposed framework can be used to extend existing time‐independent elastoplastic models. In this case, MIT‐SR is built upon a prior elastoplastic model (MIT‐S1), which uses 3‐D stress‐space surfaces and hardening laws to represent anisotropic effective stress‐strain‐strength properties, and a paraelastic approach to describe nonlinear hysteretic behavior at small strains. The paper highlights the versatility of the proposed MIT‐SR model in representing a wide range of time‐dependent characteristics for normally consolidation behavior and undrained shear behavior. By varying a strain‐rate sensitivity parameter,β, the model can capture a full spectrum from temporary material response to changing strain rate, to isotache‐type behavior where the normal consolidation and critical state lines are functions of the applied steady strain rate. The paper also showcases the model prediction for undrained creep and undrained relaxation behavior, and its promising capability in describing rate‐effects under cyclic direct simple shear.
Recent advances in the Van der Waals epitaxy growth of III‐V semiconductor nanowires on graphene
Authors: Anyebe Ezekiel Anyebe , Kesaria Manoj 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recent discovery of the one‐atom‐thick, two‐dimensional graphene layers with exciting properties including superb optical transparency and high mechanical robustness has stimulated extensive research interest for use as an alternative nanowires (NWs) growth platform for applications in next generation, flexible, stretchable, and printable electronic and optoelectronic devices. When combined with the exceptional capabilities of semiconductor NWs including improved light absorption, reduced optical reflectance, enhanced carrier collection, and fast response, the performance of optoelectronic devices could be significantly improved in novel high‐performance, flexible nanodevices. However, the growth of semiconductor NWs on 2D graphene layers is highly challenging owing to the absence of surface dangling bonds on graphene. Intriguingly, the last decade has witnessed a flurry of research activity on the growth of III‐V semiconductor NWs on graphene. In this review, we highlight the significant advancements that have been made in circumventing this challenge to realize the growth of III‐V semiconductor NWs on graphene. We then summarize the recent progress made in the development of graphene‐based NWs devices including photodetectors and solar cells. Finally, a brief conclusion and outlook of the way forward in the growth of semiconductor NWs on graphene is presented.
The development and initial evaluation of referral flowchart for suspected neuroblastoma for pediatricians in nononcology clinics in China
Authors: Ma Xiaoli , Duan Chao , Cai Siyu , Wang Xindi , Jiang Chiyi , Yue Zhixia , Li Kun , Jin Mei , Zhang Dawei , Wang Xiaoman , Peng Xiaoxia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe delayed diagnosis of neuroblastoma (NB) is common in China, which results in the prognosis of NB in China lagging behind that in developed countries.MethodsA referral flowchart for suspected NB was implemented in nononcology clinics at Beijing Children's Hospital (BCH). Patients with symptoms of suspected NB were referred from nononcology clinics in BCH to oncology clinics and confirmed NB cases were regarded as referral group. The control group comprised patients initially diagnosed with NB who came directly to oncology clinics in BCH from other regions nationwide. The age at NB diagnosis was compared as primary outcome, and the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) were compared via the Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank tests.ResultsIn total, 3337 children with suspected NB were screened consecutively from 687 070 pediatric patients. Through examination of urine vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid, or B‐ultrasound, 102 of 3337 patients were referred to oncologists for comprehensive evaluations. Eventually, 29 referred patients were diagnosed as NB and the hospital‐based diagnosis rate of NB was 4.2 per 100 000 visits. The median age at diagnosis in the referral group was 21.0 months, which was 9 months earlier than that of the control group (30.0 months, P = .026). The 5‐year OS rate was 72.4% in the referral group, which was higher than that of the control group (66.7%) but without statistical significance (P = .664).ConclusionDelayed NB detection could be avoided by training pediatricians in nononcology clinics to detect suspected NB and refer these patients to oncologists.
Survival from childhood cancer in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Liu Biying , Youlden Danny R. , Wabinga Henry , Nambooze Sarah , Amulen Phoebe Mary , Aitken Joanne F. , Parkin Donald Maxwell 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPopulation‐based data on survival from childhood cancers in sub‐Saharan Africa are sparse. We report data on 221 children with cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 in the population of Kampala, Uganda. Survival for eight of nine children with cancer assessed was below the WHO's global target of 60% (the exception was Hodgkin lymphoma: 86% at 3 years). There was significant (P < .05) decline in survival between 1 and 3 years for Wilms tumour and Kaposi sarcoma (30% and 34% at 3 years, respectively). Survival from Burkitt lymphoma, Wilms tumour and Kaposi sarcoma has not changed compared with results from the 2005‐2009 study.
Use of pegylated interferon in young patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Kucine Nicole , Bergmann Shayla , Krichevsky Spencer , Jones Devin , Rytting Michael , Jain Juhi , Bennett Carolyn M. , Resar Linda M.S. , Mascarenhas John , Verstovsek Srdan , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are rare disorders in young patients, and because of this, standardized treatment recommendations are not available. Pediatric patients are more frequently treated with hydroxyurea than interferon, yet there are no data suggesting this is the best practice. Current treatment guidelines for adults suggest using interferon as upfront therapy in young patients. We reviewed the cases of 13 young patients with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia, who were treated with interferon. Extreme thrombocytosis was well controlled and the medication was tolerated by many. Our work shows the need for prospective studies evaluating interferon in our youngest patients with MPN.
Sensing of toxic Lewisite (L1, L2, and L3) molecules by graphdiyne nanoflake using density functional theory calculations and quantum theory of atoms in molecule analysis
Authors: Khan Sidra , Sajid Hasnain , Ayub Khurshid , Mahmood Tariq 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPromising sensor applications of graphdiyne for various gases and toxic molecules have extensively been studied; however, similar studies for the detection of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are not reported. Here, we report the adsorption of Lewisites (L1, L2, and L3), on graphdiyne nanoflake (GDY) using density functional theory (DFT) ωB97XD/6‐31+G (d,p) method. Our results show that Lewisite molecules are preferably physiosorbed at the triangular portion of GDY nanoflake. In particular, the binding of L3(3‐chlorovinyl arsine) on GDY nanoflake is thermodynamically favorable than L1(1‐chlorovinylarsonous dichloride) and L2(2‐chlorovinylarsonous chloride). Symmetry adopted perturbation theory (SAPT0) analysis reveals that the least contribution of repulsive exchange component is present in case of L2@GDY complex. Further, the smallest HOMO‐LUMO energy gap, appreciable charge transfer (NBO), and largest red shift in ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectrum are also in accord with the higher %sensitivity of graphdiyne toward L2. Quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) analysis is performed to get insight into the noncovalent interactions. Therefore, it is predicted that the sensitivity of GDY nanoflake is potentially high for Lewisite especially for L2.
Short and long interpregnancy interval and the risk for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea in the offspring
Authors: Rapaport Pasternak Hila , Sheiner Eyal , Goldbart Aviv , Wainstock Tamar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionInterpregnancy interval (IPI) is defined as the period between a live birth and the conception of a subsequent fetus. Both short (IPI < 6 months) and long IPI (IPI > 60 months) have been shown to increase the risk for adverse perinatal outcomes, some of which, are known risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the offspring.AimsTo study the association between IPI and risk for offspring OSAS, during a follow‐up period of up to 18 years.Study designPopulation‐based cohort.SubjectsIn this population‐based cohort analysis, all singleton live births, born to a mother with at least one previous birth occurring between 1991 and 2014, were included. Congenital malformations were excluded.Materials and MethodsHospitalizations of the offspring due to OSAS diagnosis up to 18 years of age, were evaluated according to IPI length. Intermediate IPI (6–60 months) was considered as the reference. A Kaplan‐Meier survival curve and a Cox hazards regression model were used to compare the incidence of OSAS between the groups, and to adjust for confounding variables.ResultsThe study population included 144,397 deliveries, of which 13.1% (n = 18,947) were followed by short IPI, 7.9% (n = 11,438) and 79.0% (n = 114,012) were followed by long and intermediate IPI, respectively. OSAS hospitalization rates were significantly higher among the long IPI group compared to intermediate and short IPIs (0.9%; 0.7% and 0.6%, respectively, p = .001). The association between long IPI and offspring pediatric OSAS remained significant after controlling for preterm delivery, maternal diabetes, and smoking, and mode of delivery, (adjusted HR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.17–1.80).ConclusionsChildren born following long IPI are at increased risk for pediatric OSAS.
The Black Hole Entropy Distance Conjecture and Black Hole Evaporation
Authors: Lüben Marvin , Lüst Dieter , Ribes Metidieri Ariadna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe extend the recently proposed Black Hole Entropy Distance Conjecture to the case of charged black holes in de Sitter space. By systematically studying distances in the space of black hole geometries with multiple horizons, we find that the distance is generically related to the logarithm of the entropy. From the infinite distance conjecture this predicts the appearance of a massless tower of modes in the limit of infinite entropy. Further, we study the evaporation of these black holes and relate it to the geometric distance. We find that the corresponding distance to the final stage of evaporation is finite. We conclude that evaporation does not lead to the appearance of a light tower of black hole microstates.
Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthus sensu lato (Phyllanthaceae): Towards coherent monophyletic taxa
Authors: Bouman Roderick W. , Keßler Paul J.A. , Telford Ian R.H. , Bruhl Jeremy J. , Strijk Joeri S. , Saunders Richard M.K. , van Welzen Peter C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe genus Phyllanthus is paraphyletic as currently circumscribed, with the genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon nested within it. A phylogeny based on nuclear (ITS, PHYC) and chloroplast (matK, accD‐psaI, trnS‐trnG) markers is presented, including 18/18 subgenera and 53/70 sections. Differences in habit, branching type, floral and fruit characters are discussed, and we find indications for shifts in pollination and dispersal strategies possibly underlying the convergent evolution of these characters in multiple clades. Several taxonomic issues were found in the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus that will require new transfers and rank changes. Phyllanthus subg. Anesonemoides, subg. Conami, subg. Emblica, subg. Gomphidium, subg. Kirganelia and subg. Phyllanthus are polyphyletic, and several sections appear to be paraphyletic (e.g., P. sect. Anisonema, sect. Emblicastrum, sect. Pseudoactephila, sect. Swartziani, and sect. Xylophylla); P. subg. Phyllanthodendron is furthermore paraphyletic with the genus Glochidion nested within. To create a classification of tribe Phyllantheae that comprises exclusively monophyletic taxa, it is necessary to treat several clades at the same taxonomic rank as the genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon. Since combining all genera would lead to one giant heterogeneous genus that is difficult to define, we recommend dividing Phyllanthus into several monophyletic genera, which have previously been recognized and often possess diagnostic (combinations of) morphological characters. This new classification is forthcoming.
Laboratory diagnosis of a new outbreak of acute African swine fever in smallholder pig farms in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Tizhe Emmanuel V. , Luka Pam D. , Adedeji Adeyinka J. , Tanko Polycarp , Gurumyen George Y. , Buba Deborah M. , Tizhe Ussa D. , Bitrus Asinamai A. , Oragwa Arthur O. , Shaibu Samson J. , Unanam Essieniffiok S. , Igbokwe Ikechukwu O. , Akpavie Stephen O. , Njoku Celestine O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious fatal infectious disease of pigs and wild suids. The disease has a worldwide occurrence and significant impact on pig production. Two adult intensively raised large white boars from two farms in Jos with a history of sudden death were diagnosed of ASF between July and August 2019. Post‐mortem examination of carcasses grossly showed splenomegaly, haemorrhagic lymphadenitis and hepatomegaly with severe congestion. The kidneys were enlarged and had generalized petechiae and blood clot in the pelvis. The heart was moderately enlarged. Microscopic examination of the spleen and lymph nodes revealed severe lymphocytic depletion, haemorrhage and severe haemosiderosis. The liver was severely congested with focal coagulative necrosis of the hepatocytes. The kidneys were severely congested and showed renal tubular necrosis with few tubular protein casts. Tissue samples were confirmed to be positive for African swine fever virus (ASFV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to genotype I.
Analytical bending solutions of thin plates by two‐dimensional generalized integral transform method
Authors: Qian Xu , Jinghui Zhang , Ullah Salamat , Yang Zhong , Litao Geng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, analytical bending solution of a rectangular thin plate with different boundary conditions was obtained by using the two‐dimensional generalized finite integral transform method. During the solution procedure, the vibrating beam functions satisfying different boundary conditions of the plate are taken as integral kernels to form the integral transform pairs. This two‐dimensional integral transform is used to the partial differential governing equations of the plate, to transform them to a system of linear algebraic equations from which the accurate analytical solution is obtained easily. The superiority of the present method is that it does not need to seek the deformation function in advance, and avoids the complex superposition processes. Thus, the proposed method is reasonable and feasible. The good agreement of present results and the analytical solution from the literature shows the validity of the method.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThree themes have been central to my research program: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization and measurement of these dynamics; and (3) the Triple Helix (TH) of university-industry-government relations. University-industry-government relations provide an institutional infrastructure carrying the potential of self-organization in the knowledge base of an economy. I elaborated these themes into the problem of relating (i) Luhmann’s sociological theory about meaning-processing in communications with (ii) information-theoretical operationalizations of the possible synergies in Triple-Helix relations, and (iii) anticipatory mechanisms in cultural evolutions.
A Methodology for Future Scenario Planning
Authors: Sardesai Saskia , Stute Markus , Kamphues Josef 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe future is influenced by various possible developments and is hence difficult to predict. Still, each company or institution bases its vision and strategic progress on certain assumptions for the future. In order to prepare for various developments of the future, it is reasonable to consider different possible scenarios while building a future vision. Thus, this chapter focuses on the methodological approach for the generation of future scenarios showing what the surroundings for supply chains might be like in a time horizon until 2030. This integrates various political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental influences and changes. The methodological framework required for generating scenarios is set by a combination of quantitative and qualitative scenario planning methodologies. Close coordination and collaboration between production and logistics guides the underlying scenario design to focus the context on supply chains. While considering trends described in Kalaitzi et al. 2020, this approach results in a set of macro scenarios, each describing a possible future development until 2030. The macro scenarios range from scenarios with progressive developments to regressing or stagnating evolutions.
What Counts as World Class? Global University Rankings and Shifts in Institutional Strategies
Authors: Erkkilä Tero , Piironen Ossi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlobal university rankings have emerged as a benchmark of institutional success, setting standards for higher education policymaking and institutional practices. Nevertheless, only a marginal share of higher education institutions (HEI) are in a realistic position to be ranked as a ‘world-class’ institutions. In the European context, the global rankings have been used to highlight a performance gap between European and North American institutions. Here the focus has been on the HEIs in the top-100 positions, causing concerns over European higher education. This has also become a marker of world-class university. We analyze the strategies of 27 Northern European universities in different tiers to learn how they have adjusted to the reality of ranking. We conclude that the references to global rankings have increased between 2014 and 2018. At the same time, the references to rankings have become more implicit in nature. Nevertheless, we find that the discourse of global comparison and excellence has become more common in the strategies. There are also emerging references to the regional role of universities, which are apparent in the strategies of universities that are clearly outside the top-100 ranked institutions. However, this is also a reflection of the discourse of world-class university.
Equivalence Testing for Regression Discontinuity Designs
Authors: Hartman Erin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRegression discontinuity (RD) designs are increasingly common in political science. They have many advantages, including a known and observable treatment assignment mechanism. The literature has emphasized the need for “falsification tests” and ways to assess the validity of the design. When implementing RD designs, researchers typically rely on two falsification tests, based on empirically testable implications of the identifying assumptions, to argue the design is credible. These tests, one for continuity in the regression function for a pretreatment covariate, and one for continuity in the density of the forcing variable, use a null of no difference in the parameter of interest at the discontinuity. Common practice can, incorrectly, conflate a failure to reject evidence of a flawed design with evidence that the design is credible. The well-known equivalence testing approach addresses these problems, but how to implement equivalence tests in the RD framework is not straightforward. This paper develops two equivalence tests tailored for RD designs that allow researchers to provide statistical evidence that the design is credible. Simulation studies show the superior performance of equivalence-based tests over tests-of-difference, as used in current practice. The tests are applied to the close elections RD data presented in Eggers et al. (2015b).
The impact of older siblings on the language environment and language development of bilingual toddlers
Authors: Tsinivits Danai , Unsworth Sharon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that the language development of bilingual children benefits from more exposure and opportunities for language use. Typically, this research has used aggregated measures of exposure and use. The role of specific interlocutors and in particular older siblings has received comparatively little attention. In this study, we examine the impact of having an older sibling on the language environment and language development of a group of 31 bilingual Greek–Dutch toddlers aged 16 to 30 months growing up in the Netherlands. Approximately half (n = 14) of the toddlers had an older sibling. With respect to language environment, toddlers with older siblings were in general found to hear and use more Dutch at home than their first-born peers. There were however no differences between the two groups of toddlers in terms of parental language use. With respect to language development, toddlers with older siblings were found to score higher than first-born peers on measures of Dutch receptive vocabulary, productive vocabulary, and morphosyntactic complexity. For Greek, no such differences were observed. The findings are discussed in light of factors including family constellation, parental language proficiency, bilingual parenting strategies, and the wider sociolinguistic context.