bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are market‐based solutions a viable strategy for addressing micronutrient deficiency? Lessons from case studies in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia
Authors: Henson Spencer , Agnew Jessica 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotivationWhile public and civil sector nutrition interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries have demonstrated positive impacts on nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency remains persistent and severe. Accordingly, there is much debate about the viability of market‐based strategies directed at reducing micronutrient deficiencies among the poor, particularly concerning the role businesses can take.PurposeThis article explores the potential for both large and micro/small businesses to engage in markets for nutrient‐dense foods. It examines the challenges businesses face in establishing and maintaining sustainable business models and whether these businesses can achieve the scale required to achieve substantive impacts on the nutrition of the poor.MethodologyThis article presents a comprehensive literature review and in‐depth case studies of market‐based initiatives directed at enhancing the access of the poor to nutrient‐dense foods. The case studies involved analysis of secondary data and interviews with stakeholders, including value chain actors, civil society organizations, government officials, etc.FindingsAll bottom of the pyramid (BOP) businesses face considerable challenges in the context of markets for nutrient‐dense foods directed at the poor that relate to the difficulties faced in presenting a viable value proposition to consumers and in distributing products to the places where the poor reside, while achieving sustainable scale. Importantly, the results indicate a critical role for micro/small businesses in promoting the consumption of nutrient‐dense foods by the poor.Policy implicationsThe findings raise important questions over the role and focus of public support to businesses looking to enter and/or expand in markets for nutrient‐dense foods directed at the poor, and especially with respect to micro/small businesses as opposed to large/multinational corporations.OriginalityThe article presents the first comparative analysis of market‐based strategies of micro/small to large businesses directed at reducing micronutrient deficiencies in the poor.
A class of monotone kernelized classifiers on the basis of the Choquet integral
Authors: Fallah Tehrani Ali , Strickert Marc , Ahrens Diane 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe key property of monotone classifiers is that increasing (decreasing) input values lead to increasing (decreasing) the output value. Preserving monotonicity for a classifier typically requires many constraints to be respected by modelling approaches such as artificial intelligence techniques. The type of constraints strongly depends on the modelling assumptions. Of course, for sophisticated models, such conditions might be very complex. In this study, we present a new family of kernels that we call it Choquet kernels. Henceforth, it allows for employing popular kernel‐based methods, such as support vector machines. Instead of a naïve approach with exponential computational complexity, we propose an equivalent formulation with quadratic time in the number of attributes. Furthermore, because coefficients derived from kernel solutions are not necessarily monotone in the dual form, different approaches are proposed to monotonize coefficients. Finally, experiments illustrate beneficial properties of the Choquet kernels.
Tree of motility – A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life
Authors: Miyata Makoto , Robinson Robert C. , Uyeda Taro Q. P. , Fukumori Yoshihiro , Fukushima Shun‐ichi , Haruta Shin , Homma Michio , Inaba Kazuo , Ito Masahiro , Kaito Chikara , Kato Kentaro , Kenri Tsuyoshi , Kinosita Yoshiaki , Kojima Seiji , Minamino Tohru , Mori Hiroyuki , Nakamura Shuichi , Nakane Daisuke , Nakayama Koji , Nishiyama Masayoshi , Shibata Satoshi , Shimabukuro Katsuya , Tamakoshi Masatada , Taoka Azuma , Tashiro Yosuke , Tulum Isil , Wada Hirofumi , Wakabayashi Ken‐ichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotility often plays a decisive role in the survival of species. Five systems of motility have been studied in depth: those propelled by bacterial flagella, eukaryotic actin polymerization and the eukaryotic motor proteins myosin, kinesin and dynein. However, many organisms exhibit surprisingly diverse motilities, and advances in genomics, molecular biology and imaging have showed that those motilities have inherently independent mechanisms. This makes defining the breadth of motility nontrivial, because novel motilities may be driven by unknown mechanisms. Here, we classify the known motilities based on the unique classes of movement‐producing protein architectures. Based on this criterion, the current total of independent motility systems stands at 18 types. In this perspective, we discuss these modes of motility relative to the latest phylogenetic Tree of Life and propose a history of motility. During the ~4 billion years since the emergence of life, motility arose in Bacteria with flagella and pili, and in Archaea with archaella. Newer modes of motility became possible in Eukarya with changes to the cell envelope. Presence or absence of a peptidoglycan layer, the acquisition of robust membrane dynamics, the enlargement of cells and environmental opportunities likely provided the context for the (co)evolution of novel types of motility.
Research commercialisation and academic performance: A study of doctoral projects in Iran
Authors: Zarghami Hamid Reza , Amrollahi Alireza , Jafari Mostafa 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on how and to what extent factors identified in the literature influence academic and commercial outcomes, as well as the candidates' perception of the success and satisfaction from the results of PhD projects. Based on a survey of 607 PhD graduates and candidates, the relationship between contextual factors and subjective (related to the perception of candidates) and objective (such as publications and patents) outcomes of doctoral projects were examined. The results revealed higher satisfaction among candidates with commercialised research. Also, for the first time the effects of important, yet previously neglected, factors affecting the outcomes of PhD projects (such as the effect of the corresponding industrial sector, and personal economic situation of researchers) were studied. Studying the causal relationships among the variables is beneficial for developing policies aimed at enhancing the commercial and academic outcomes of PhD projects and improving candidate satisfaction.
INFORMATION AND PRICE DISPERSION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: Pennerstorfer Dieter , Schmidt‐Dengler Philipp , Schutz Nicolas , Weiss Christoph , Yontcheva Biliana 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLimited information is the key element generating price dispersion in models of homogeneous‐goods markets. We show that the global relationship between information and price dispersion is an inverse‐U shape. We test this mechanism for the retail gasoline market using a new measure of information based on commuter data from Austria. Commuters sample gasoline prices on their commuting route, providing us with spatial variation in the share of informed consumers. Our empirical estimates are in line with the theoretical predictions. We also quantify how information affects average prices paid and the distribution of surplus in the gasoline market.
He irradiation‐induced lattice distortion and surface blistering of Gd2Zr2O7 defect‐fluorite ceramics
Authors: Huang Zhangyi , Zhou Mao , Cao Zhangkai , Tang Zhe , Zhang Yutong , Duan Junjing , Qi Jianqi , Guo Xiaofeng , Lu Tiecheng , Wu Di 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGd2Zr2O7 ceramics with different grain sizes ranging from nanoscale to submicron scale (91, 204, and 634 nm) were irradiated at room temperature using 190 keV He ions with doses ranging from 5 × 1016 to 5 × 1017 ions/cm2. We fully characterized the pre‐ and post‐irradiation samples using grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM) as the grain size and degree of irradiation vary. The results suggested that all three Gd2Zr2O7 samples demonstrate outstanding radiation tolerance to displacement damage by retaining their crystallinity after irradiation at 5 × 1017 ions/cm2. which is equal to 16 displacement per atom (dpa) at peak positions. Although lattice expansion was observed at a He irradiation at 5 × 1016 ions/cm2 and beyond, the lattice remained stable for the nanograin ceramic, while the degree of distortion for the sample with the largest grain size (634 nm) continuously increased. Moreover, a delayed He bubble evolution process was seen for the nanograin ceramic, which did not appear for the submicron‐grained sample. Interestingly, the grain size‐dependent surface blistering was also found to be a function of ion fluence. After He irradiation at 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 the AFM root‐mean‐square(RMS) roughness variation for Gd2Zr2O7 ceramics of 91, 204, and 634 nm were 4.8, 7.0, and 11.1 nm, respectively.
Four New Members of Foliicolous Green Algae Within the Watanabea Clade (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
Authors: Li Shuyin , Sun Hui , Hu Yuxin , Liu Benwen , Zhu Huan , Hu Zhengyu , Liu Guoxiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMembers of the Watanabea clade of Trebouxiophyceae are genetically diverse and widely distributed in all kinds of habitats, especially in most terrestrial habitats. Ten new strains of terrestrial algae isolated from the tropical rainforest in China, and four published strains were investigated in this study. Morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S, ITS, rbcL, and tufA genes were used to identify the new strains. Four previously described species were reinvestigated to supplement molecular data and autospores’ morphological photographs. The phylogenetic analyses based on 18S only, the concatenated dataset of 18S and ITS, as well as the concatenated dataset of rbcL and tufA, showed the same phylogenetic positions and relationships of these new strains. According to the phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparisons results, we described these 10 strains as four new members within the Watanabea clade, Polulichloris yunnanensis sp. nov., Polulichloris ovale sp. nov., Massjukichlorella orientale sp. nov., and Massjukichlorella minus sp. nov., and two known species, Massjukichlorella epiphytica, and Mysteriochloris nanningensis. Additionally, we provide strong evidence proving that Phyllosiphon, Mysteriochloris, Polulichloris, and Desertella all reproduce through unequal sized autospores.
An Underpinning of School Inequities: Asthma Absences and Lost Revenue in California Schools
Authors: Kreger Mary , Sargent Cairoli Katherine , Brindis Claire D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAsthma is epidemic in many locations in the United States. Asthma exacerbations pose serious health and education risks for students through school absences, school dropout, and introduction to the juvenile justice system. Accurate school district‐level asthma data, currently in short supply, would enable early interventions that focus on specific geographic areas and racial and ethnic subgroups that have higher asthma prevalence.METHODSTo support the development of better local level data systems, we used two California student databases, as well as state education and financial databases, to develop two models to estimate school absences and to extrapolate their economic impact in lost school revenue.RESULTSAnalysis demonstrated subpopulations that are appropriate for early intervention: African American elementary school boys have 9.4 average absences per year, higher than other primary racial and ethnic groups. Students who miss ≥3 school days due to asthma account for $26 million of lost revenue.CONCLUSIONSAccurate local level asthma data can identify subpopulations of students for whom environmental and treatment programs can be employed to reduce asthma absences and other related outcomes, and to reduce currently lost school revenues. Such programs also may diminish other asthma‐related school inequities.
Comparison of methods to determine primary tumour size in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma
Authors: Schlag A. N. , Johnson T. , Vinayak A. , Kuvaldina A. , Skinner O. T. , Wustefeld‐Janssens B. G. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesTo assess agreement between measurement of primary apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma tumours using digital palpation, CT and formalin‐fixed tissue and to look for associations with metastasis at presentation.Materials and MethodsRetrospective study of different methods of measuring primary tumour size in histopathologically‐confirmed canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma.ResultsOne hundred sixteen tumours from 107 dogs were included. There was moderate agreement between maximal dimension of the primary tumour measured by CT compared to formalin‐fixed tissue and digital palpation. There was no significant difference in median maximum dimension between the measurement methods. Vascular invasion, CT stage, digital rectal examination stage and formalin‐fixed tissue stage were significantly associated with metastasis at presentation, while mitotic index of the primary tumour was not. Dogs with tumours >2.5 cm (tumour‐stage 2) were significantly more likely to present with metastatic disease.Clinical SignificanceIn canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, primary tumour size, tumour‐stage and vascular invasion are strong predictors of metastasis at presentation.
Comparison of a Novel Tension Band and Patellotibial Tubercle Cerclage in the Treatment of Comminuted Fractures of Inferior Pole of the Patella
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐shan , Li Peng‐fei , Zhou Fang , Tian Yun , Ji Hong‐quan , Guo Yan , Lv Yang , Yang Zhong‐wei , Hou Guo‐jin 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effect of a novel tension band using 3.0 mm cannulated screw combined with a titanium cable and specific shims comparatively with patellotibial tubercle cerclage in comminuted fractures of the inferior pole of the patella.MethodsThe retrospective study from March 2012 to July 2017 was conducted in Peking University Third Hospital and comprised 63 patients with comminuted fractures of the inferior pole of the patella: 41 treated with new tension band using 3.0 mm cannulated screw combined with a titanium cable and specific shims (new tension band group) and 22 with patellotibial tubercle cerclage (tubercle cerclage group). Gender, age, AO/OTA fracture type, injury mechanism, inter‐fragmentary gap, and follow‐up time of patients were recorded. Two groups were compared regarding: operation time, blood loss, partial weight‐bearing time, fracture‐healed time, Bostman score and knee mobility at 12‐month follow‐up, and postoperative complications. Continuous and categorical parameters were analyzed by Mann‐Whitney U test and the chi‐squared test, respectively. Fisher's exact test was used for small data subsets.ResultsBetween the two groups, no statistically significant difference was found in mean age, gender, AO/OTA fracture type, injury mechanism, mean inter‐fragmentary gap, or mean follow‐up time (P > 0.05). The mean operation time of new tension band group was significantly longer than that of tubercle cerclage group (76.4 min vs 64.2 min, P = 0.006), while there was no significant difference in blood loss. After surgery, new tension band group had a significantly earlier mean partial weight‐bearing time (5.2 weeks vs 7.4 weeks, P < 0.001) and fracture‐healed time (9.6 weeks vs 11.6 weeks, P < 0.001). At 12‐month follow‐up, patients of new tension band group had a significantly higher mean Bostman score (28.5 vs 25.8, P < 0.001) and knee mobility (126.7 vs 117.3, P < 0.001). Ten complications related with internal fixation were found in tubercle cerclage group including two cases of loose internal fixation, two cases of cerclage breakage, and six cases of low patella position who undertook secondary operation. No complications were found in new tension band group (0 in 41 vs 10 in 22, P < 0.001).ConclusionPatients with comminuted fractures of the inferior pole of the patella treated with a novel tension band experienced a longer operation time, but earlier partial‐weight‐bearing and fracture‐healed time, better clinical outcomes at 12‐month follow‐up, and less complications. It should be considered an alternative therapy for the treatment of distal pole patellar fractures.
The Reliability and Concurrent Validity of PainMAP Software for Automated Quantification of Pain Drawings on Body Charts of Patients With Low Back Pain
Authors: Corrêa Leticia Amaral , Bittencourt Juliana Valentim , Ferreira Arthur de Sá , Reis Felipe José Jandre dos , de Almeida Renato Santos , Nogueira Leandro Alberto Calazans 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe assessment of painful areas through printed body charts is a simple way for clinicians to identify patients with widespread pain in primary care. However, there is a lack in the literature about a simple and automated method designed to analyze pain drawings in body charts in clinical practice.PurposeTo test the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliabilities and concurrent validity of software (PainMAP) for quantification of pain drawings in patients with low back pain.MethodsThirty‐eight participants (16 [42.10%] female; mean age 50.24 [11.54] years; mean body mass index 27.90 [5.42] kg/m2; duration of pain of 94.35 [96.11] months) with a current episode of low back pain were recruited from a pool of physiotherapy outpatients. Participants were instructed to shade all their painful areas on a body chart using a red pen. The body charts were digitized by separate raters using smartphone cameras and twice for one rater to analyze the intra‐rater reliability. Both the number of pain sites and the pain area were calculated using ImageJ software (reference method). The PainMAP software used image processing methods to automatically quantify the data from the same digitized body charts.ResultsThe reliability analyses revealed that PainMAP has excellent inter‐ and intra‐rater reliabilities to quantify the number of pain sites (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]2,1: 0.998 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.996 to 0.999]; ICC2,1: 0.995 [95% CI 0.991 to 0.998]) and the pain area [ICC2,1: 0.998 (95% CI 0.995 to 0.999); ICC2,1: 0.975 (95% CI 0.951 to 0.987)], respectively. The standard error of the measurement was 0.22 (4%) for the number of pain sites and 0.03 cm2 (4%) for the pain area. The Bland‐Altman analyses revealed no substantive differences between the 2 methods for the pain area (mean difference = 0.007 [95% CI −0.053 to 0.067]).ConclusionPainMAP software is reliable and valid for quantification of the number of pain sites and the pain area in patients with low back pain.
Analysis of predictive factors for perforated appendicitis in children
Authors: Miyauchi Harunori , Okata Yuichi , Hatakeyama Tadashi , Nakatani Taichi , Nakai Yumiko , Bitoh Yuko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this research was to investigate the diagnostic value of objective factors present at admission for identifying predictive markers of perforated appendicitis in children.MethodsWe performed a retrospective case review of 319 children aged ≤15 years who underwent treatment for acute appendicitis at our institution over a 6‐year period from January 2011 to December 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for perforation of acute appendicitis in children.ResultsIn the 6‐year period, 319 patients underwent treatment for acute appendicitis, of whom 72 (22.6%) had perforated appendicitis. Multivariate analysis revealed five independent factors predicting perforated appendicitis at admission: longer symptom duration (≥2 days), fever (axillary temperature ≥38.0 °C), elevated C‐reactive protein level (≥3.46 mg/dL), appendiceal fecalith on imaging, and ascites on imaging. Among patients with all five risk factors, 93.3% had perforated appendicitis. None of the patients without any of these factors had a perforated appendicitis.ConclusionsLonger symptom duration (≥2 days), fever (axillary temperature ≥38.0 °C), elevated C‐reactive protein level, and the presence of appendiceal fecalith and ascites on imaging are independent and objective factors predicting perforated appendicitis at admission. These risk factors have the potential to be helpful as an ancillary index for physicians determining the severity of appendicitis.
The Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study (VIHCS): Study design of a preconception cohort from parent adolescence to offspring childhood
Authors: Spry Elizabeth , Olsson Craig A. , Hearps Stephen J. C. , Aarsman Stephanie , Carlin John B. , Howard Louise M. , Moreno‐Betancur Margarita , Romaniuk Helena , Doyle Lex W. , Brown Stephanie , Borschmann Rohan , Alway Yvette , Coffey Carolyn , Patton George C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence that parental determinants of offspring early life development begin well before pregnancy.ObjectivesWe established the Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study (VIHCS) to examine the contributions of parental mental health, substance use, and socio‐economic characteristics before pregnancy to child emotional, physical, social, and cognitive development.PopulationMen and women were recruited from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort (VAHCS), an existing cohort study beginning in 1992 that assessed a representative sample of 1943 secondary school students in Victoria, Australia, repeatedly from adolescence (wave 1, mean age 14 years) to adulthood (wave 10, mean age 35 years).MethodsVictorian Adolescent Health Cohort participants with children born between 2006 and 2013 were recruited to VIHCS and invited to participate during trimester three, at 2 months postpartum, and 1 year postpartum. Parental mental health, substance use and socio‐economic characteristics were assessed repeatedly throughout; infant characteristics were assessed postnatally and in infancy. Data will be supplemented by linkage to routine datasets. A further follow‐up is underway as children reach 8 years of age.Preliminary ResultsOf the 1307 infants born to VAHCS participants between 2006 and 2013, 1030 were recruited to VIHCS. At VIHCS study entry, 18% of recruited parents had preconception common mental disorder in adolescence and young adulthood, 18% smoked daily in adolescence and young adulthood, and 6% had not completed high school. Half of VIHCS infants were female (48%), 4% were from multiple births, and 7% were preterm (<37 weeks' gestation).ConclusionsVictorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study is a prospective cohort of 1030 children with up to nine waves of preconception parental data and three waves of perinatal parental and infant data. These will allow examination of continuities of parental health and health risks from the decades before pregnancy to offspring childhood, and the contributions of exposures before pregnancy to offspring outcomes in childhood.