bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Analysis of The Effects of Nitrogen Source and Sin1 Knockout on Biosilica Morphology in The Model Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana
Authors: Horvát Szabolcs , Fathima Adeeba , Görlich Stefan , Modes Carl , Schlierf Michael , Kröger Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Morphogenesis of the silica based cell walls of diatoms, a large group of microalgae, is a paradigm for the self-assembly of complex 3D nano- and microscale patterned inorganic materials. In recent years, loss-of-function studies using genetic manipulation were successfully applied for the identification of genes that guide silica morphogenesis in diatoms. These studies revealed that the loss of one gene can affect multiple morphological parameters, and the morphological changes can be rather subtle being blurred by natural variations in morphology even within the same clone. Both factors severely hamper the identification of morphological mutants using subjective by-eye inspection of electron micrographs. Here we have developed automated image analysis for objectively quantifying the morphology of ridge networks and pore densities from numerous electron micrographs of diatom biosilica. This study demonstrated differences in ridge network morphology and pore density in diatoms growing on ammonium rather than nitrate as sole nitrogen source. Furthermore, it revealed shortcomings in previous by-eye evaluation of the biosilica phenotype of the silicanin-1 knockout mutant. We anticipate that the computational methods established in the present work, will be invaluable for unraveling genotype-phenotype correlations in diatom biosilica morphogenesis.
Perceived Stress and Emotional Eating in Adolescence: Mediation Through Negative-Focused Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Reward Sensitivity
Authors: Huang Jiaai , Wang Yuanjie , Ye Na , Xu Xia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: There have been ambiguous findings on the empirical relationship 24 between perceived stress and emotional eating. The mediating roles of negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation and reward sensitivity of these relationships, particularly for adolescents, are often overlooked. The objective of this study was to assess the association between perceived stress, negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, reward sensitivity, and emotional eating in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 562 adolescents were selected and evaluated based on perceived stress, negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, reward sensitivity, and emotional eating. Model tests were conducted using serial multiple mediation analyses, controlling for sex, age, household income, and body mass index. Results: Results showed that perceived stress directly affected adolescents’ emotional eating. In addition, perceived stress indirectly affected emotional eating through negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation and reward sensitivity. Conclusions: Findings support the hypothesis that perceived stress increases negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, which increases reward sensitivity and thus increases emotional eating. Implications of these findings for preventive and therapeutic intervention are discussed, and future research recommendations are provided.
Re-recognizing Micro Locations of Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron in Biochar Using C-TEM technique
Authors: Yang Kun , Xu Jialu , Zhang Ming , Lin Daohui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI/BC), prepared commonly by liquid reduction using sodium borohydride (NaBH4), exhibits better reduction performance for contaminants than bulk NZVI. The better reducing ability was attributed to attachment of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) on biochar (BC) surface or into interior pores of BC particles due to observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plan transmission electron microscopy (P-TEM) techniques in previous studies. In this study, cross-sectional TEM (C-TEM) technique was employed firstly to explore location of NZVI in NZVI/BC. It was observed that NZVI is isolated from BC particles, but not located on the surface or in the interior pores of BC particles. This observation was also supported by negligible adsorption and precipitation of Fe2+/Fe3+ and iron hydroxides on BC surface or into interior pores of BC particles respectively. Precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, rather than adsorption, is responsible for the removal of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by BC. Moreover, precipitates of iron hydroxides cannot be reduced to NZVI by NaBH4. In addition to SEM or P-TEM, therefore, C-TEM is a potential technique which should be employed to characterize the interior morphology of NZVI/BC for better understanding the reduction mechanisms and performance of contaminants by NZVI/BC.
A Novel Approach for the Isolation and Long-Term Expansion of Pure Satellite Cells Based on Ice-Cold Treatment
Authors: Benedetti Anna , Cera Gianluca , De Meo Daniele , Villani Ciro , Bouche Marina , Lozanoska-Ochser Biliana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are muscle stem cells capable of regenerating injured muscle. The study of their functional potential depends on the availability of methods for the isolation and expansion of pure SCs with preserved myogenic properties after serial passages in vitro. Here, we describe the ice-cold treatment (ICT) method, which is a simple, economical and efficient method for the isolation and in vitro expansion of highly pure mouse and human SCs. It involves a brief (15-30 min) incubation on ice (0 °C) of a dish containing a heterogeneous mix of adherent muscle mononuclear cells, which leads to the detachment of only the SCs, and gives rise to cultures of superior purity compared to other commonly used isolation methods. The ICT method doubles up as a gentle passaging technique, allowing SC expansion over extended periods of time without compromising their proliferation and differentiation potential. Moreover, SCs isolated and expanded using the ICT method are capable of regenerating injured muscle in vivo. The ICT method involves minimal cell manipulation, does not require any expertise or expensive reagents, it is fast, and highly reproducible, and greatly reduces the number of animals or human biopsies required in order to obtain sufficient number of SCs. The cost-effectiveness, accessibility and technical simplicity of this method, as well as its remarkable efficiency, will no doubt accelerate SC basic and translational research bringing their therapeutic use closer to the clinic.
The Inventory of Scale Insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) Associated With Olive Tree in North of Tunisia
Authors: gharbi Naceur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: This study was realized for more than four years (from 2014 to 2018) in olive groves of northern Tunisian governorates. Scale insect samples were collected from leaves, stems and fruits.Results: An annotated list of 22 scale insect species has been recorded. These species divided into 4 families. The family Diaspididae is the most species-rich, with 14 species in 9 genera; Coccidae contains 4 species in 3 genera; Pseudococcidae contains 3 species in 3 genera; and Asterolecaniidae contains 1 species in 1 genus.Conclusions: This paper contains 3 species recorded for the first time in the Tunisian fauna: Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) and Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin).
Elevated Serum Estradiol Levels Have Different Effects on Pregnancy Outcomes Depending on Whether Cleavage-stage or Blastocyst-stage Embryo Transfer Is Performed During Artificial Frozen Embryo Transfer Cycles
Authors: Li Qing , Ruan Liming , Zhu Lingling , Yang Zengyu , Zhu Maoling , Luo Yudi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum estradiol (E2) and pregnancy outcomes of cleavage- or blastocyst-stage frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles using hormone replacement therapy.Methods: A total of 776 FET cycles (669 couples) performed from January 2016 to December 2019 were included in the present retrospective cohort study. The impact of progesterone-initiation-day serum E2 levels on the ongoing pregnancy/live birth (OP/LB) rates was determined, and cleavage-stage embryo transfers and blastocyst-stage embryo transfers were analyzed separately. Results: Regarding cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles, serum E2 levels on progesterone initiation day were significantly lower in the OP/LB group than in the non-OP/LB group (214.75 ± 173.47 vs. 253.20 ± 203.30 pg/ml; P = 0.023). In addition, there were downward trends in implantation, clinical pregnancy and OP/LB rates with increasing E2 levels. However, in blastocyst-stage embryo transfer cycles, such trends were not observed, and there was no significant difference between the OP/LB group and the non-OP/LB group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that E2 levels on progesterone initiation day in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles were independently associated with OP/LB (odds ratio = 1.000, 95% confidence interval: 1.000-1.001, P = 0.008). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.55 in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles and 0.53 in blastocyst-stage embryo transfer cycles.Conclusions: The association of low OP/LB rates with elevated E2 levels on the progesterone initiation day in cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles suggests that E2 levels should be monitored during artificial cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles. However, it is not necessary to monitor serum E2 levels when transferring blastocysts in artificial FET cycles.
Dynamic Flow Priming Programs Allow Tuning Up The Cell Layers Properties for Engineered Vascular Graft.
Authors: Baba Kazutomo , Mikhailov Andrey , Sankai Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Tissue engineered vascular graft (TEVG) has a good potential to replace and repair demanded blood vessels. Here, we proposed a novel method to create three-layered TEVG on biocompatible glass fiber scaffolds starting from flat sheet state into tubular shape and to train the resulting tissue by our developed bioreactor system. Constructed tubular tissues were matured and trained under 3 types of individual flow programs, and their mechanical and biological properties were analyzed. The strength of scaffold after cell seeding was 2.83 N which is sufficient to withstand the pressure of blood flow and the use of sutures. Fluorescent imaging and histological examination of trained vascular tissue revealed that each cell layer has its own individual response to training flow rates. Fluid flow simulation model was created based on experimentally measured tissue geometries; its analysis suggested a correlation between local flow rate fluctuations and fibroblast layer infiltration depth into the scaffold. Concluding: a three-layered tissue structure similar to natural can be created by seeding different cell types in succession, and the following training of the forming tissue with increasing flow by a bioreactor is effective for promoting cell survival, and cell layer formation of desired geometry.
Chromosome-length genome assembly and structural variations of the primal Basenji dog (Canis lupus familiaris) genome
Authors: Edwards Richard J , Field Matt A. , Ferguson James M. , Dudchenko Olga , Keilwagen Jens , Rosen Benjamin G. , Johnson Gary S. , Rice Edward R. , Hillier LaDeanna , Hammond Jillian M. , Towarnicki Samuel G. , Omer Arina , Khan Ruqayya , Skvortsova Ksenia , Bogdanovic Ozren , Zammit Robert A. , Aiden Erez Lieberman , Warren Wesley C. , Ballard J. William O. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Basenjis are considered an ancient dog breed of central African origins that still live and hunt with tribesmen in the African Congo. Nicknamed the barkless dog, Basenjis possess unique phylogeny, geographical origins and traits, making their genome structure of great interest. The increasing number of available canid reference genomes allows us to examine the impact the choice of reference genome makes with regard to reference genome quality and breed relatedness.
Results
Here, we report two high quality de novo Basenji genome assemblies: a female, China (CanFam_Bas), and a male, Wags. We conduct pairwise comparisons and report structural variations between assembled genomes of three dog breeds: Basenji (CanFam_Bas), Boxer (CanFam3.1) and German Shepherd Dog (GSD) (CanFam_GSD). CanFam_Bas is superior to CanFam3.1 in terms of genome contiguity and comparable overall to the high quality CanFam_GSD assembly. By aligning short read data from 58 representative dog breeds to three reference genomes, we demonstrate how the choice of reference genome significantly impacts both read mapping and variant detection.
Conclusions
The growing number of high-quality canid reference genomes means the choice of reference genome is an increasingly critical decision in subsequent canid variant analyses. The basal position of the Basenji makes it suitable for variant analysis for targeted applications of specific dog breeds. However, we believe more comprehensive analyses across the entire family of canids is more suited to a pangenome approach. Collectively this work highlights the importance the choice of reference genome makes in all variation studies.
Estimated public health gains from smokers in Germany switching to risk-reduced alternatives: Results from population health impact modelling by socioeconomic group
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N , Fry John S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Previously, we estimated the impact of introducing heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes in Germany between 1995 and 2015 on mortality from the four main smoking-related diseases in men and women aged 30–79 years. Deaths would have reduced by 216,650 (from 852,357 for continued smoking) had everyone quit smoking in 1995 and by 39,818 − 179,470 had one or both of heat-not burn products and e-cigarettes been introduced and adopted to varying extents. Here, we report substantial mortality reductions separately in two socioeconomic groups (A = higher, B = lower) defined by income and education.
Methods
Modelling is essentially as before, with individuals of a given sex, age range and cigarette smoking distribution followed over time under a “Null Scenario” (reduced-risk products never introduced) and various “Alternative Scenarios” (reduced-risk products introduced), the individual product histories generated then allowing estimation of reductions in mortality for each Alternative Scenario compared to the Null Scenario. Here, however, individuals are subdivided into two socioeconomic groups with transition probabilities between product use groups varying by group as well as by sex, age and length of follow-up. The possibility of transitioning between socioeconomic groups is also allowed for.
Results
Where all cigarette smokers switch immediately, half to each new product, the drops in deaths were estimated as 60,081 in group A and 122,343 in group B, about 82% of the drops associated with immediate cessation (72,725 A, 147,684 B). Where the conversion was more gradual, the drops were about 35% of those from cessation (25,648 A, 52,652 B). Drops were about two times higher in B, because of their greater numbers, older age, and higher frequency of current smokers. Years of life saved were also higher (about 1.5 times) in B than A.
Conclusions
Methodological limitations would not have affected our conclusion that introducing these products in 1995 in Germany could have substantially reduced mortality in each group, with greater gains in B. While cessation is the best choice to reduce mortality, switching to reduced-risk products also provides substantial health gains. Encouraging lower socioeconomic group smokers who would otherwise continue smoking to fully switch to reduced-risk products could diminish smoking-related health inequalities.
Estimated public health gains from German smokers switching to risk-reduced alternatives: Results from population health impact modelling
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N , Fry John S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

Smoking is associated with cancer and cardiorespiratory disease mortality. Reducing smoking prevalence reduces deaths and life-years lost. Here, we estimate the impact of introducing heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes in Germany from 1995 to 2015 on mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke in men and women aged 30–79 years.
Methods

We used the previously described population health impact model. Modelling starts with individuals of a given sex and age range with a defined cigarette smoking distribution. They are then followed under a “Null Scenario”, where reduced-risk products are never introduced, and one of seven “Alternative Scenarios”, where they are. Transition probabilities allow tobacco product use to change annually, and the individual product histories then allow estimation of risks, relative to never users, for each year and Scenario, which are then used to estimate reductions in deaths and life-years lost for each Alternative Scenario.
Results

In the Null Scenario, we estimated 852,357 deaths from cigarette smoking, with 8.61 million life-years lost. Had everyone quit in 1995, with no further use of the three products, these numbers would reduce by 216,650 and 2.88 million. The reductions would be 159,278 and 2.06 million with an immediate complete switch from cigarettes to heat-not-burn products, and 179,470 and 2.34 million with an immediate switch to 50% heat-not-burn products and 50% e-cigarettes. In four Scenarios with a more gradual switch, estimated decreases were 39,818–81,293 deaths and 0.50–1.05 million life-years, representing 17.5%-37.5% of the effect of cessation. These estimates assume switching to heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes involves risk decreases of 80% and 95% of those from quitting. The decreases would have increased, had more diseases and a wider age range been considered, and also with a longer follow-up period, the decreases increasing markedly with time.
Conclusions

Various limitations are discussed, none affecting our conclusion that introducing these new products into Germany in 1995 could have substantially reduced mortality. Our results imply deaths from cigarette smoking could be substantially reduced, both by cessation and switching to reduced-risk products. Risk-proportionate public health campaigns and regulation might increase such switching.
An Investigation of AIDS-related Knowledge-Attitude-Practice and Analysis of Influencing Factors Among Students in China
Authors: Xie Hong , Wen Jing , Tang Jian , Yu Xingli , Xiao Lu , Chen Yanhua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: With the increasing number of HIV infected students in China, it is necessary to investigate AIDS-related knowledge-attitude-practice among students, which is helpful to formulate effective AIDS health education measures for students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with students aged 15-24 years. University college students (n=1,744) were surveyed with a sampling in western China. The data were collected from May to November 2019 through both face-to-face and online survey. Data were analysed using logistic regression and multiple regression analysis.Results：A total of 1,744 questionnaires were included in the data analysis, including 890 females (51.0%), with a mean age of 19.43 (±1.27) years; 344 (19.7%) of students knew that the effective time for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was within 72 hours. The influencing factors of AIDS discrimination of students included gender, residential area, education and major; 235 (13.5%) students reported having had sex; 38 reported having had commercial or temporary sexual partners and most (n=31) of these were males; 131 (56.5%) students reported never or sometimes used condoms during sex.Conclusions: The awareness rate of AIDS among students in west China is low; especially the awareness rate of PEP is the lowest. Condom use is low among students, who look for sexual partners through the Internet; men are more likely than women to engage in risky sexual behavior. The results of this study show that AIDS knowledge is not sufficient to change the attitudes and behaviors of students. However, AIDS health education is an important means to prevent and control AIDS, and more contact to people living with HIV may help reduce AIDS discrimination.
Risk Factor of Breakage After Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation in Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Lee Young-Kyun , Kim Jung-Taek , Park Chan Ho , Song Ji-Ung , Kim Tae-Young , Koo Kyung-Hoi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Breakage of the intramedullary nail is a rare complication after proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in intertrochanteric fracture treatment. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the frequency of nail breakage among the patients who were treated for mechanical failure after PFNA for intertrochanteric/ pertrochanteric fracture, and (2) to determine the risk factors for nail breakage in PFNA treatment of intertrochanteric fracture.Methods: To identify mechanical failure after internal fixation using PFNA, we retrospectively reviewed the data of 35 patients (35 hips) who required reoperation after PFNA with a helical blade for intertrochanteric/ pertrochanteric fracture between June 2005 and June 2018. We evaluated the frequency of breakage of PFNA and compared the demographic and radiologic parameters between the breakage and control (non-breakage) groups. We also compared the lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum according to the centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle of blade by using reverse design technique.Results: Among the 25 patients with mechanical failure after PFNA except 10 patients with peri-implant infection and osteonecrosis, 7 (28.0%) showed breakage of PFNA at average of 8 months (range, 5 to 13 months) after index surgery. A larger horizontal offset (the horizontal distance from the lateral surface of the IM nail and the medial tip of helical blade) was associated with an increased risk of nail breakage. A CCD angle of 130° has a shorter lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum, meaning a higher stress for nail breakage, although there was no association between centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle and breakage of the nail.Conclusions: Our study suggested that higher horizontal offset and a higher CCD angle can increase the risk of breakage of the PFNA nail at the aperture for the helical blade.Levels of Evidence: Level III