bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulated Indigenous fire stewardship increases the population growth rate of an understorey herb
Authors: Hart‐Fredeluces G. M. , Ticktin Tamara , Lake Frank K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Understanding how plant populations respond to multiple drivers is increasingly critical for biodiversity conservation under global change. Indigenous knowledge can provide guidance for sustainable management, but the outcome of its application in novel ecosystems is rarely known. Simulating the re‐introduction of Indigenous stewardship in contemporary contexts with population models allows for the comparison of different management scenarios and the elucidation of the mechanisms driving population outcomes.

Beargrass Xerophyllum tenax is an ecologically and culturally important understorey plant managed through fire and leaf harvest by Native Americans. We collected demographic and abiotic data on beargrass over 3 years across fire severities in nine populations and conducted an experiment to simulate Native American leaf gathering. These data were used to build integral projections models (IPMs) with soil moisture and light availability as covariates. With these IPMs, we simulated stochastic population growth rates across future fire and leaf harvest scenarios. We then decomposed our simulation results using stochastic life table response experiments (SLTREs).

The ‘no fire’ and ‘business as usual’ (180‐year fire return interval, 58% probability of high‐severity fire) scenarios resulted in lower population growth rates than ‘Indigenous fire stewardship’ (10‐year fire return interval, 10% chance of high‐severity fire). SLTREs revealed that Indigenous stewardship led to higher beargrass population growth rates due to greater fire frequency, higher adult survival and increased vegetative reproduction. Fire also interacted with harvest in the simulations; leaf harvest increased population growth rate only in combination with Indigenous fire stewardship.

Synthesis. Stochastic and retrospective population dynamics tools combined with an understanding of Indigenous management practices allow for the comparison of future socio‐ecological scenarios as well as mechanistic understanding of differences between scenarios. Simulated Indigenous stewardship supported the long‐term persistence of X. tenax populations while business as usual and no fire did not. The benefits of Indigenous stewardship to population dynamics, and the complexity of interactive effects of multiple drivers, provide further impetus for collaboration across Indigenous and western knowledge systems. Xerophyllum tenax is presented as a model system to explore the influence of Indigenous stewardship, or its absence, on population dynamics.
Long‐term empirical evidence, early warning signals and multiple drivers of regime shifts in a lake ecosystem
Authors: Su Haojie , Wang Rong , Feng Yuhao , Li Yanling , Li Yun , Chen Jun , Xu Chi , Wang Shaopeng , Fang Jingyun , Xie Ping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Catastrophic regime shifts in various ecosystems are increasing with the intensification of anthropogenic pressures. Understanding and predicting critical transitions are thus a key challenge in ecology. Previous studies have mainly focused on single environmental drivers (e.g. eutrophication) and early warning signals (EWSs) prior to population collapse. However, how multiple environmental stressors interact to shape ecological behaviour and whether EWSs were detectable prior to the recovery process in lake ecosystems are largely unknown.

We present long‐term empirical evidence of the critical transition and hysteresis with the combined pressures of climate warming, eutrophication and trophic cascade effects by fish stocking in a subtropical Chinese lake in the Yangtze floodplain. The catastrophic regime shifts are cross‐validated by 64‐year multi‐trophic level monitoring data and paleo‐diatom records.

We show that EWSs are detectable in both the collapse and recovery trajectories and that including body size information in composite EWSs requires shorter time‐series data and can improve the predictive ability of regime shifts. Although full recovery has not yet been observed, EWSs prior to recovery provide us with the opportunity to take measures for a clear‐water regime.

Climate warming and top‐down cascade effects have a negative influence on water clarity by altering lower trophic level abundance and body size, which, in turn, have a negative effect on macrophyte abundance. Furthermore, we identify a shift in the dominant driving forces from bottom‐up to top‐down after regime shifts, decoupling the relationships between nutrients and biological components and thus decreasing the efficiency of nutrient reduction.

Synthesis. This study provides new insights into ecological hysteresis under multiple external stressors and improves our understanding of trait‐based early warning signals in both the collapse and recovery processes in natural freshwater ecosystems. For management practice, our work suggests that slowing down climate warming and weakening the fish predation pressure on food webs are necessary to increase the effectiveness of nutrient reduction in the restoration of lakes.
A distinct ecotonal tree community exists at central African forest–savanna transitions
Authors: Cardoso Anabelle W. , Oliveras Imma , Abernethy Katharine A. , Jeffery Kathryn J. , Glover Sarah , Lehmann David , Edzang Ndong Josué , White Lee J. T. , Bond William J. , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Global change is expected to increase savanna woody encroachment as well as fire spreading into forest. Forest–savanna ecotones are the frontier of these processes and can thus either mitigate or enhance the effects of global change. However, the ecology of the forest–savanna ecotone is poorly understood. In this study, we determined whether a distinct ecotonal tree community existed between forest and savanna. We then evaluated whether the ecotonal tree community was more likely to facilitate fire spreading into the forest, woody encroachment of the savanna or the stabilisation of both forest and savanna parts of the landscape.

We sampled 28 vegetation transects across forest–savanna ecotones in a central African forest–savanna mosaic. We collected data on the size and species of all established (basal diameter >3 cm) trees in each transect. Split moving window dissimilarity analysis detected the location of borders delineating savanna, ecotone and forest tree communities. We assessed whether the ecotonal tree community was likely to facilitate fire spreading into the forest by burning experimental fires and evaluating shade and grass biomass along the transects. To decide whether the ecotone was likely to facilitate woody encroachment of the savanna, we evaluated if ecotonal tree species were forest pioneers.

A compositionally distinct and spatially extensive ecotonal tree community existed between forest and savanna. The ecotonal tree community did not promote fire spreading into forest and instead acted as a fire buffer, shading out flammable grass biomass from the understorey and protecting the forest from 95% of savanna fires. The ecotone helped stabilise the forest–savanna mosaic by allowing the fire‐dependant savanna to burn without exposing the fire‐sensitive forest to lethal temperatures.

The ecotonal tree community was comprised of many forest pioneer species that will promote woody encroachment in the savanna, especially if fire frequency is decreased.

Synthesis. A distinct fire‐buffering ecotonal tree community in this forest–savanna mosaic landscape illustrated that savanna fires are unlikely to compromise forest integrity. Conversely, suppression of fire in this landscape will likely lead to loss of savanna as the ecotone becomes the frontier of woody encroachment. Regular burning is essential for the preservation of this forest–savanna mosaic.
Anti‐carbamylated protein and peptide antibodies as potential inflammatory joint biomarkers in the relatives of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Chila‐Moreno Lorena , Rodríguez Luz‐Stella , Bautista‐Molano Wilson , Bello‐Gualtero Juan‐Manuel , Ramos‐Casallas Alejandro , Romero‐Sánchez Consuelo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveAntibodies against carbamylated proteins/peptide (CarP) have been associated with severity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, their role in risk groups, specific targets and relation with periodontal disease (PD) is uncertain yet. The aim of this study was evaluated the association between the levels of anti‐CarP with clinical manifestation, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, periodontal activity markers, PD diagnosis, PD severity, and presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P gingivalis) in relatives of patients with RA.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐four individuals with a family history of RA in first‐degree relatives (FDR) and 124 healthy individuals gender‐ and age‐matched, RA activity was assessed. Antibodies against carbamylated protein anti‐FCS‐Carp and 2 carbamylated peptides of fibrinogen were selected (anti‐Ca‐Fib2, anti‐Ca‐Fib3).ResultsAnti‐FCS‐Carp‐positive, anti‐Ca‐Fib2 and anti‐Ca‐Fib3 were more frequent in FDR than controls (25.0% vs 14.5%, 34.7% vs 15.3% and 33.1% vs 11.3%, respectively). Anti‐FCS‐CarP were associated with the HLA‐DRB1‐SE* 1402 allele (P = .035) and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein levels (P = .016), the anti‐Ca‐Fib2 antibodies were associated with the HLA‐DRB1‐SE* 1501 allele (P = .03), with non‐SE* 0901 allele (P = .01), the anti‐Ca‐Fib3 was associated with positive rheumatoid factor (P = .0012). The FDR condition was associated with the presence of anti‐Ca‐Fib3 (odds ratio [OR] =4.7; 95% CI = 1.8‐11.7; P = .001) and painful joints (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.01‐4.68; P = .045); we also detected an important trend toward the presence of P gingivalis (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 0.9‐3.7; P = .062).ConclusionThe presence of anti‐FCS‐Carp, anti‐Ca‐Fib3 and anti‐Ca‐Fib2 antibodies may have a role for these antibodies as early biomarkers in the development of RA, probably including additional mechanisms related with other non‐SE alleles; the anti‐peptide antibodies proposed in the present study may represent a simpler way to identify antibodies directed to a specific target.
Disrupting the Rhythms of Violence: Anti‐port Protests in the City of Buenaventura
Authors: Jenss Alke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis contribution draws on rhythmanalysis and the political economy of assemblage to provide a framework for understanding the productive spatio‐temporal effects of physical violence on urban rhythms. The paper explores how Buenaventura, Colombia's biggest port city, is transformed both by the growth in container turnover, and through recurring, spatial and temporal practices of violence. What role does violence play in the relation between trade‐driven acceleration through the port, and the aquatic, tidal rhythm that historically shaped the city? The contribution mobilizes the notion of disruption to analyse the frictions emerging between infrastructural nodes of acceleration, inhabitants’ movements, and urban space. I argue that while recurring violence provides urban rhythm itself, social movements may employ the temporal instrument of disruption as a means both of political articulation and transformation within the logics of accelerated accumulation and in a context marked by violent rhythms and forced mobility.
Effect of penicillin allergy on prophylactic antibiotic administration in the parturient undergoing cesarean delivery
Authors: Lange Samantha M. , Sharpe Emily E. , Hertzfeldt Dana N. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Sviggum Hans P. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundAdministering antibiotics is often difficult in patients with specific medication allergies. This investigation aimed to determine if a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy increased the risk for not receiving correct timing of prophylactic antibiotics at cesarean delivery. We hypothesized that patients with a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy would be less likely to receive antibiotics prior to incision for cesarean delivery.MethodsAll women undergoing cesarean delivery at Mayo Clinic Hospital, from 1 March 2008, to 28 February 2018 were retrospectively identified by electronic medical record query. Patients were grouped based on allergy status to penicillin/cephalosporins. Data recorded included the type and time of antibiotic given in relation to surgical incision. The primary outcome of this study was administration of antibiotics within 60 minutes prior to surgical incision. Characteristics potentially associated with the primary outcome were assessed using logistic regression.ResultsOf the 818 patients with a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy, 75 (9.2%) did not receive prophylactic antibiotic within 60 minutes prior to skin incision. Conversely, 326 (6.9%) of the 4744 patients without a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy did not receive their prophylactic antibiotic within 60 minutes prior to skin incision (P = .019). Patients undergoing an emergent cesarean delivery were also at an increased risk of not receiving their prophylactic antibiotic within 60 minutes prior to skin incision (P < .001).ConclusionPatients with a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy were less likely to receive prophylactic antibiotics within the recommended 60 minutes prior to surgical incision. Clear plans and communication are important for ensuring proper antibiotic administration at cesarean delivery to prevent surgical site infection.
Effect of deposit mobilization on the technical efficiency of rural saving and credit cooperatives: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Duguma Girma Jirata , Han Jiqin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRural Savings and Credit Cooperatives (RuSACCOs) are small‐scale financial service provider enterprises in rural areas. They foster local economic development by mobilizing deposits and lending these out to individuals, families, farmers, and small businesses in the same area. Using balanced panel data of 457 RuSACCOs from Ethiopia over the period 2014–17, we show how deposit mobilization affects technical efficiency. Our first stage efficiency estimate by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Window model shows the average efficiency of RuSACCOs gradually increased over time. The second stage Tobit censored estimation and bootstrapped truncated regression results confirms our hypotheses for key and control variables effects on technical efficiency. Focusing on rapid expansion during the early life cycle affects technical efficiency. A high percentage of women membership in cooperative enterprises advances technical efficiency. Furthermore, attracting and including all segments of the local entrepreneurial class as a membership opens the possibilities for mobilizing more deposits to become efficient.
Human papilloma virus vaccination in males: A pharmacovigilance study on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Bonaldo Giulia , Montanaro Nicola , Vaccheri Alberto , Motola Domenico 
Published: November 2020

AimsHuman papilloma virus (HPV) is 1 of the most common sexually transmitted infection responsible for different types of cancer: cervical, penile, vulvar, anal and oropharyngeal. It can affect both males and females. Our aim was to enrich the knowledge on the safety profiles of HPV vaccines in the male population.MethodsWe reviewed all the reports of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) present in the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from 1 January 2006 to 30 September 2018. Statistical data mining was performed using the reporting odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in order to detect disproportionality in reporting.ResultsA total of 5493 reports of AEFI were retrieved. The events most reported and that proportionally occurred more frequently with HPV vaccines than with others in males were: syncope (n = 701, reporting odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval [1.41–5.76p), loss of consciousness (n = 425, 2.79 [1.36–5.72]) and fall (n = 272, 3.54 [2.00–6.26]).ConclusionMost of the AEFIs were already reported in premarketing clinical trials and acknowledged for the corresponding vaccines. A disproportionate reporting was found for some of these events including syncope. The HPV vaccines are generally well tolerated in males, although limitations own of spontaneous reporting should be considered.
Immigrant earnings returns to post‐migration education: Evidence for Canada, 1999–2013
Authors: Ci Wen , Laing Michelle , Voia Marcel , Worswick Christopher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing the recently created Canadian Employer–Employee Dynamics Database (CEEDD), we analyze the earnings returns to investments in post secondary education by immigrants made after arrival in Canada. Fixed effects estimation results suggest that postsecondary education (PSE) in Canada increases annual earnings of men and women by 21.9% and 32.8%, respectively, for those enrolled full time and by 11.2% and 21.0% for those enrolled part time, respectively. Earnings effects of PSE are larger for immigrants admitted in the skilled worker category relative to family class immigrants and to refugees and are increasing in the level of education of the immigrants at landing. Immigrants from non‐traditional source countries generally have larger returns to PSE than immigrants from English‐language source countries, such as the US and the countries of Northwestern Europe.
The distribution of returns from land efficiency improvement in multistage production systems
Authors: Awada Lana , Phillips Peter W. B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper assesses the distributional consequences of technical changes that improve the efficiency of land and of other inputs in a multifactor crop‐production system. We introduced an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) by using the specification of a factor‐augmenting approach. Given the uncertainty about the EDM parameters, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to produce a distribution of possible return measures. We found that land suppliers (likely farmers) receive a larger share (73%) of total benefits from the adoption of land‐technical change than they do from the adoption of other input technologies. Each input supplier receives a larger share of total benefits from technical change in her own input. However, this result is sensitive to the value of the parameters, especially the value of the elasticity of substitution. We applied the EDM to the case of no‐tillage (NT) to provide insight into how the aggregate return from the adoption of NT was distributed among different groups on the Canadian Prairies. The results of this study can be used by policymakers and funding agencies in order to influence landowners and farming communities to adopt environmentally sound land technologies to achieve both greater agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Pig kidney xenotransplantation: Progress toward clinical trials
Authors: Cooper David K. C. , Hara Hidetaka , Iwase Hayato , Yamamoto Takayuki , Wang Zheng‐Yu , Jagdale Abhijit , Bikhet Mohamed H. , Nguyen Huy Q. , Foote Jeremy B. , Paris Wayne D. , Ayares David , Kumar Vineeta , Anderson Douglas J. , Locke Jayme E. , Eckhoff Devin E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPig organ xenotransplantation offers a solution to the shortage of deceased human organs for transplantation. The pathobiological response to a pig xenograft is complex, involving antibody, complement, coagulation, inflammatory, and cellular responses. To overcome these barriers, genetic manipulation of the organ‐source pigs has largely been directed to two major aims—(a) deletion of expression of the known carbohydrate xenoantigens against which humans have natural (preformed) antibodies, and (b) transgenic expression of human protective proteins, for example, complement‐ and coagulation‐regulatory proteins. Conventional (FDA‐approved) immunosuppressive therapy is unsuccessful in preventing an adaptive immune response to pig cells, but blockade of the CD40:CD154 costimulation pathway is successful. Survival of genetically engineered pig kidneys in immunosuppressed nonhuman primates can now be measured in months. Non‐immunological aspects, for example, pig renal function, a hypovolemia syndrome, and rapid growth of the pig kidney after transplantation, are briefly discussed. We suggest that patients on the wait‐list for a deceased human kidney graft who are unlikely to receive one due to long waiting times are those for whom kidney xenotransplantation might first be considered. The potential risk of infection, public attitudes to xenotransplantation, and ethical, regulatory, and financial aspects are briefly addressed.
Adverse outcomes after major surgery in children with intellectual disability
Authors: Huang Shih‐Yu , Chang Chuen‐Chau , Lin Chao‐Shun , Yeh Chun‐Chieh , Lin Jui‐An , Cherng Yih‐Giun , Chen Ta‐Liang , Liao Chien‐Chang 
Published: November 2020

AimTo evaluate outcomes after major surgery in children and adolescents with intellectual disability.MethodWe used 2004 to 2013 claims data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance programme to conduct a nested cohort study, which included 220 292 surgical patients aged 6 to 17 years. A propensity score matching procedure was used to select 2173 children with intellectual disability and 21 730 children without intellectual disability for comparison. Logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the postoperative complications and 30‐day mortality associated with intellectual disability.ResultsChildren with intellectual disability had a higher risk of postoperative pneumonia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.48–3.15; p<0.001), sepsis (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.28–2.18; p<0.001), and 30‐day mortality (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.05–3.93; p=0.013) compared with children without intellectual disability. Children with intellectual disability also had longer lengths of hospital stay (p<0.001) and higher medical expenditure (p<0.001) when compared with children with no intellectual disability.InterpretationChildren with intellectual disability experienced more complications and higher 30‐day mortality after surgery when compared with children without intellectual disability. There is an urgent need to revise the protocols for the perioperative care of this specific population.What this paper adds

Surgical patients with intellectual disability are at increased risk of postoperative pneumonia, sepsis, and 30‐day mortality.

Intellectual disability is associated with higher medical expenditure and increased length of stay in hospital after surgical procedures.

The influence of intellectual disability on postoperative outcomes is consistent in both sexes and those aged 10 to 17 years.

Low income and a history of fractures significantly impacts postoperative adverse events for patients with intellectual disability.
Sunflower syndrome: a poorly understood photosensitive epilepsy
Authors: Geenen Kennedy R , Patel Sandip , Thiele Elizabeth A 
Published: November 2020

Sunflower syndrome is a rare photosensitive epilepsy which has received little attention in recent medical literature. The historical cases documenting the epilepsy's stereotyped handwaving motion in front of light characterized the behavior as self‐inducing seizures via mimic of stroboscopic effect. However, the relationship between handwaving episodes and attendant generalized electroencephalogram abnormalities, and an appreciation of the compulsive attraction the sun and other light sources hold for these patients, suggest the handwaving motion may be a part of the seizure rather than a mechanism of self‐induction. The lack of awareness of Sunflower syndrome often leads to misdiagnosis. The seizures are often refractory to traditional anticonvulsant medication, and patients resort to behavioral intervention, such as hats and sunglasses, to reduce handwaving episodes. Further study is required to determine the syndrome's natural history and to identify more effective treatment options.What this paper adds

Sunflower syndrome is a rare condition that is often misdiagnosed.

Awareness of the clinical and electroencephalogram characteristics of Sunflower syndromemay reduce the prevalence of misdiagnosis.