bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanomaterials for Combinational Radio–Immuno Oncotherapy
Authors: Wang Juan , Li Zhongmin , Wang Zhongtang , Yu Yonghua , Li Di , Li Baosheng , Ding Jianxun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRadiotherapy, a clinically used local treatment modality of cancers, is regarded as a promising candidate to promote current immunotherapy through initiating an in situ vaccination effect and reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment. The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy, referred to as combinational radio–immuno oncotherapy (CRIOT), elicits a synergistic antitumor effect based on the immunomodulatory properties of radiation. Unfortunately, current CRIOT accompanies low response rate and severe toxicity in clinical trials, thus limiting its application. To this end, various nanomaterials are being developed to sensitize radiotherapy or deliver immune agents, or both, to improve the unsatisfactory outcomes of CRIOT. Herein, enhanced antitumor efficacy of CRIOT with nanomaterials through the possible mechanisms of rejuvenation and activation of T cells, increased presentation of tumor‐related antigens, and inhibition of suppressive macrophages is presented, and the prospect of CRIOT in clinical practice is proposed.
Phosphonate Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Novel Family of Semiconductors
Authors: Siemensmeyer Konrad , Peeples Craig A. , Tholen Patrik , Schmitt Franz‐Josef , Çoşut Bünyemin , Hanna Gabriel , Yücesan Gündoğ 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHerein, the first semiconducting and magnetic phosphonate metal–organic framework (MOF), TUB75, is reported, which contains a 1D inorganic building unit composed of a zigzag chain of corner‐sharing copper dimers. The solid‐state UV–vis spectrum of TUB75 reveals the existence of a narrow bandgap of 1.4 eV, which agrees well with the density functional theory (DFT)‐calculated bandgap of 1.77 eV. Single‐crystal conductivity measurements for different orientations of the individual crystals yield a range of conductances from 10−3 to 103 S m−1 at room temperature, pointing to the directional nature of the electrical conductivity in TUB75. Magnetization measurements show that TUB75 is composed of antiferromagnetically coupled copper dimer chains. Due to their rich structural chemistry and exceptionally high thermal/chemical stabilities, phosphonate MOFs like TUB75 may open new vistas in engineerable electrodes for supercapacitors.
Mechanical Stimulation‐Induced Orientation of Gliding Microtubules in Confined Microwells
Authors: Inoue Daisuke , Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul , Tokuraku Kiyotaka , Sada Kazuki , Kakugo Akira 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBiomolecular motors are the smallest natural machines that can convert chemical energy into mechanical work with much higher energy efficiencies compared to man‐made machineries. Nowadays, reconstructed biomolecular motors, such as microtubules–kinesin, are successfully utilized for nanotechnological applications, e.g., in nanotransportation, parallel computation, molecular robotics, and so on. However, stochastic nature of their motion poses a limitation to their applications, which is difficult to control particularly under spatial constraints. In this work, top‐down and bottom‐up approaches are combined to address this problem in a gliding assay of microtubules. Through mechanical stimulation of the motile microtubule filaments, parallelization of the filaments is demonstrated concurrently in hundreds of microwells. The orientation of plenty of motile microtubules in confined space should further accelerate nanotechnological applications of biomolecular motors.
PEDOT Encapsulated and Mechanochemically Engineered Silicate Nanocrystals for High Energy Density Cathodes
Authors: Rasool Majid , Chiu Hsien‐Chieh , Zank Benjamin , Zeng Yan , Zhou Jigang , Zaghib Karim , Perepichka Dmitrii F. , Demopoulos George P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLithium iron silicate (LFS) attracts a lot of attention due to its 330 mAh g−1 theoretical capacity (2 Li+ per formula unit). However, inherently it exhibits poor Li‐ion intercalation kinetics, interfacial reactivity, and complex phase transitions resulting in lower than one Li+ capacity and poor retention. In this work, a core–shell architecture is devised largely overcoming these obstacles. At first, the nanostructure of Pmn21 LFS is annealed via mechanochemical processing enabling the activation of Li‐ion diffusion. Subsequently, the LFS nanocrystals are coated via in situ poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymerization involving partial chemical de‐lithiation/re‐lithiation, the latter catalyzed with FeCl3. As a result of the devised mechanochemical/interphasial engineering of the LFS@PEDOT nanocrystals, their Li‐ion storage capacity is augmented to > 1 Li, namely 200 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles or 1.2 Li+ units—the highest capacity reported for the Pmn21 LFS cathode. A key attribute of the new PEDOT coating technique is the generation of a Fe3+‐rich subsurface layer that contributes to structure stabilization via accelerated phase transition to inverse Pmn21 phase, in addition to rendering the nanocrystals electronically conductive and protected against reaction with electrolyte. Such core–shell engineered nanocrystals provide a powerful paradigm in developing viable high energy density cathodes for next‐generation Li‐ion batteries.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Hydrosilylation and Amino‐Methylation of Isatin Derivatives
Authors: Liu Yue , Xia Yun‐Tao , Cui Su‐Hang , Ji Yi‐Gang , Wu Lei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe demonstrate that using palladium acetate as a catalyst for reduction of DMF and isatin derivatives by hydrosilanes, a cascade hydrosilylation and amino‐methylation reaction can be realized. With DMF as a reactant and a solvent, the in‐situ generated siloxymethylamine intermediate, an adduct of DMF and hydrosilanes, smoothly participates in the successive stages, providing a serials of Si, N‐functionalized indolin‐2‐ones in moderate to good yields. This strategy exhibits high chemoselectivity toward carbonyl moieties reduction among the substrates.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Picolinamide‐Directed Benzylic C(sp3)−H Chalcogenation with Diaryl Disulfides and Diphenyl Diselenide
Authors: Wang Kai , Hou Jiahao , Zhang Changjun , Cheng Ke , Bai Renren , Xie Yuanyuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe first palladium‐catalyzed direct benzylic C(sp3)−H chalcogenation with diaryl disulfides and diphenyl diselenide has been established. The coupling reaction proceeds between the thioether radical and palladiumcycle intermediate. Picolinamide serves as an excellent directing group for the C−H activation of benzylic C(sp3)−H and can be easily removed. The current protocol exhibits a relatively broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. A mechanistic study indicates that palladium(IV) intermediate is probably formed during the course of the reaction.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Secondary C(sp3)−H Arylation of 2‐Alkylpyridines
Authors: Li Hong‐Liang , Kuninobu Yoichiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA pyridyl group‐assisted palladium‐catalyzed secondary C(sp3)−H arylation protocol was developed. A substituent at the 3‐position of the pyridyl group is proved to be important for promoting C−H arylation and controlling the regioselectivity. Aryl iodides can be used as coupling partners. The reaction proceeded in good to excellent yields with good functional group tolerance, even on the gram‐scale. The preliminary asymmetric reaction was investigated using an L‐proline derivative as a chiral ligand.magnified image
Robust Triboelectric Nanogenerator Achieved by Centrifugal Force Induced Automatic Working Mode Transition
Authors: Chen Jie , Guo Hengyu , Hu Chenguo , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMaterial abrasion in contact‐based freestanding mode‐triboelectric nanogenerators (FS‐TENGs) seriously deteriorates device mechanical durability and electrical stability, which causes TENGs to be only applicable in the harvesting of mechanical energy at low‐frequency. Here, a wide‐frequency and ultra‐robust rotational TENG is reported that is composed of a built‐in traction rope structure and capable of transforming from contact mode to non‐contact mode automatically as driven by the centrifugal force. With optimizing the fixed x and y position on slider and center shaft, respectively, the mode transition threshold speed can be reduced to 225 rpm. Additionally, the automatic working mode transition TENG exhibits excellent electrical stability, which can maintain 90% electric output after over 24 h of continuous operation, while the contact and non‐contact mode TENGs only retain 30% and 2% output, respectively. The high stability and large output density ensure its usage in the fast and effective charging of commercial capacitors or electronics. This work provides a prospective strategy for rotational TENGs to extend the frequency operation region and mechanical durability for practical applications.
Effect of Peroxyl‐Radicals‐Induced Oxidative Modification in the Physicochemical and Emulsifying Properties of Walnut Protein
Authors: Mao Xiaoying , Wang Dandan , Sun Lingge , Zhang Jian , Wu Qingzhi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the effects of peroxyl radical oxidation on the physicochemical and functional properties of walnut protein were investigated. Walnut protein isolate (WPI) containing 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was oxidatively stressed under aerobic conditions in peroxyl radical‐generating media. Incubation of walnut protein with increasing concentration of AAPH resulted in gradual carbonyl generation and free sulfhydryl group degradation. The results of surface hydrophobicity implied that oxidation leads to protein aggregation thus decreasing protein solubility in an AAPH concentration‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). Emulsifying properties exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05) at AAPH concentrations up to 0.2 mM and higher AAPH concentrations reduced the emulsifying capacity of WPI. These results indicate that appropriate oxidation is helpful to improve the emulsifying properties of protein, and with an increase of oxidation degree, emulsifying functional will damage.
Lethal effect of filamentous algal blooms on Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) eggs in the Baltic Sea
Authors: von Nordheim Lena , Kotterba Paul , Moll Dorothee , Polte Patrick 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

During this study, the effects of epiphytic filamentous algae on the survival of demersal spawned fish eggs were investigated in one of the most important spawning grounds of herring in the western Baltic Sea, which is subject to intense and ongoing eutrophication.
In coastal marine ecosystems all over the world, eutrophication is a primary water quality issue, often resulting in mass developments of bloom‐forming algae. Macro‐algal blooms have immense ecological effects, as they alter the structure and the function of an ecosystem. Numerous fish species are affected, as they depend on those coastal areas for spawning and as juvenile habitats.
A comparison of the survival of herring eggs on two natural spawning beds re‐vealed an immense impact of a filamentous algal bloom. The mortality rate reached nearly 100% in the area with massive occurrence of filamentous brown algae.
Hypothesizing that the presence of filamentous algae facilitates herring egg mortality, field and laboratory experiments were conducted and revealed particular effects of distinct algal species. The survival rate of artificially spawned eggs on algal substrates and control substrates was compared. Whereas filamentous forms of the green alga Ulva intestinalis induced no immediate effect, significantly higher egg mortality was documented in experiments with the filamentous brown alga Pylaiella littoralis.
Considering the ecological and economical importance of herring and other coastal spawners on the one hand and the persisting and increasing effects of eutrophication and climate change on the other hand, the results of our study clearly underpin the necessity to increase global efforts to reduce nutrient loads in coastal waters.
Cost–benefit analysis of funding smoking cessation before surgery
Authors: Jiménez-Ruiz C A , Martín V , Alsina-Restoy X , Granda-Orive J I , de Higes-Martínez E , García-Rueda M , Genovés-Crespo M , López-García C , Lorza-Blasco J J , Márquez F L , Ramos-Pinedo Á , Riesco-Miranda J A , Signes-Costa J , Solano-Reina S , Vaquero-Lozano P , Rejas J 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundSmoking at the time of surgery is associated with postoperative complications. Quitting smoking before surgery is linked to fewer complications during the hospital stay. This work analysed whether a smoking cessation intervention before surgery is economically worthwhile when funded by the National Health System (NHS) in Spain.MethodsThe economic analysis considered costs and benefits of the intervention to the NHS for the year 2016. The population who would benefit comprised adult smokers who were ready to quit and for whom surgery requiring admission to hospital was planned. The intervention, a combination of medical counselling and use of a smoking cessation drug which should occur 12 weeks before surgery, considered one attempt only to quit smoking. Benefits were costs avoided by averting postoperative complications if cessation was successful. The analysis compared the net economic outcome (benefit minus cost of intervention) and the return on investment, for intervention funded by the NHS versus the current situation without funding.ResultsSmoking cessation increased by 21·7 per cent with funding; the rate was 32·5 per cent when funded versus 10·7 per cent without funding, producing 9611 extra quitters. The cost per averted smoker was €1753 with a benefit of €503, achieving a net economic benefit of €4·8 million per year. Given the annual cost of the intervention (€17·4 million, of which €5·6 million (32·5 per cent) represents drugs), the return on investment was 28·7 per cent annually, equivalent to €1·29 per €1 of investment.ConclusionFrom the perspective of the Spanish NHS, the benefit of funding smoking cessation before surgery, in terms of healthcare cost savings, appears to greatly outweigh the costs.
Measuring sustainability risks: A rational myth?
Authors: Boiral Olivier , Talbot David , Brotherton Marie‐Christine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate the rigorousness and reliability of sustainability rating agencies' evaluation of corporate sustainability risks. Using grounded theory, this study conducts a qualitative analysis of 32 semi‐structured interviews with practitioners involved in this activity and shows the trade‐offs and rational myths underlying this evaluation process. The image of rationality and rigorousness projected by sustainability risk measurements is mostly intended to address the increasing institutional pressures for reliable and comparable information, particularly from institutional investors and socially responsible investment decision makers. Nevertheless, risk analysts face serious challenges due to the lack of reliable information, the unpredictability of sustainability risks, the methodological issues related to the measurement process, and the complexity and context‐dependency of risk assessment. These challenges call into question the official and optimistic rhetoric of rating agencies. This study contributes to the literature on sustainability risks and rational myths in organizations. Managerial implications and avenues for future research are also discussed.
Newly synthesized peptide, Ara‐27, exhibits significant improvement in cell‐penetrating ability compared to conventional peptides
Authors: Min Sol , Kim Kichul , Ku Seockmo , Park Jeong‐Yoon , Seo Jeongmin , Roh Sangho 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acid sequences known to act as a vehicle for enhancing the intracellular translocating efficiency of extracellular molecules. Although many groups have attempted to develop peptides with high cell‐penetrating efficiencies, very few have demonstrated efficient cellular uptake of CPPs at low concentrations. Here, we describe a newly synthesized peptide derived from Arabidopsis, Ara‐27, which exhibits significant improvement in cell‐penetrating efficiency compared to existing CPPs. The cell‐penetrating efficiency of Ara‐27 was compared with the commonly used Tat‐protein transduction domain (Tat‐PTD) and membrane translocating sequence (MTS) in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC). Cell‐penetrating efficiency of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled CPPs were assessed by flow cytometry and visualized by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometric analysis revealed >99% cell‐penetrating efficiency for 2 μM Ara‐27 in both HDF and hDPSC. In contrast, 2 μM Tat‐PTD and MTS showed <10% cell‐penetrating efficiency in both cells. In support, relative fluorescence intensities of FITC‐labeled Ara‐27 were around 8 to 22 times higher than those of Tat‐PTD and MTS in both cells. Confocal analysis revealed internalization of 0.2 and 2 μM Ara‐27 in both human cells, which was not observed for Tat‐PTD and MTS at either concentration. In conclusion, this study describes a novel CPP, Ara‐27, which exhibit significant improvement in intracellular uptake compared to conventional CPPs, without affecting cell viability. Thus, development of Ara‐27 based peptides may lead to improved delivery of functional cargo such as small molecules, siRNA, and drugs for in vivo studies.
Anatomic variations of the intrathoracic nerves and the neural connections of the second and third thoracic sympathetic ganglia to the brachial plexus
Authors: Won Hyung‐Jin , Choi Hoon‐Sung , Park Kyeong Han 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study investigated morphological variations of the intrathoracic nerves and the neural connections of the second and third thoracic sympathetic ganglia to the brachial plexus based on the existence of the intrathoracic nerves and the rami communicantes.Materials and methodsFifty thoracic sympathetic trunks from 26 Korean adult cadavers were used.ResultsThe first intrathoracic nerve connecting the first and second thoracic nerves was observed on 36 sides (72%), and the second intrathoracic nerve connecting the second and third thoracic nerves was found on three sides (6%). There were either one (62%) or two (10%) first intrathoracic nerves, and only one second intrathoracic nerve (6%). The neural connections of the second and third thoracic sympathetic ganglia to the first thoracic nerve were classified into three types based on the existence of the intrathoracic nerves: Type I (68%) had only the first intrathoracic nerve, Type II (26%) had no intrathoracic nerve, and Type III (6%) had both the first and second intrathoracic nerves. Types I, II, and III were further subdivided into 10, 6, and 3 types, respectively, according to the types of the rami communicantes arising from the second and third thoracic sympathetic ganglia.ConclusionsImproved knowledge of the variations in intrathoracic nerves and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia will be helpful to thoracic surgeons when they are disrupting the sympathetic supply to the hand for treating palmar hyperhidrosis, and contribute to successful diagnoses and treatments.
The concordance of treatment decision guided by OncotypeDX and the PREDICT tool in real‐world early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Goldstein Daniel A. , Mayer Chen , Shochat Tzippy , Reinhorn Daniel , Moore Assaf , Sarfaty Michal , Yerushalmi Rinat , Goldvaser Hadar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDecision‐making regarding adjuvant chemotherapy for early‐stage breast cancer can be guided by genomic assays such as OncotypeDX. The concordance of expected clinical decisions guided by OncotypeDX and prognostication online tools such as PREDICT is unknown.MethodsWe performed a retrospective single‐center cohort study comprising all women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, node negative disease, whose tumors were sent for OncotypeDX analysis. Expected decision on adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated using OncotypeDX and using PREDICT. The concordance between these two tools was calculated. The impact on concordance of prespecified features was assessed, including age, tumor size, intensity of ER and progesterone receptor (PR), grade, Ki67 and perineural and lymphovascular invasion.ResultsA total of 445 women were included. Overall concordance was 75% (K = 0.284). The concordance was significantly higher for grade 1 disease compared to grade 2‐3 (93% vs 72%, P < .001), tumor ≤ 1 cm compared to >1 cm (85% vs 72%, P = .009), PR positive compared to PR negative (78% vs 58%, P < .001) and ki67 < 10% compared to ≥10% (92% vs 63%, P < .001). The intensity of ER and the presence of perineural or lymphovascular invasion had no significant impact on concordance.ConclusionsCompared to PREDICT, using OncotypeDx in node negative, ER positive disease is expected to change the clinical decision in a quarter of patients. The concordance between OncotypeDx and PREDICT is influenced by pathological features. In patients with very low risk, treatment decisions may be made based solely on clinical risk assessment.
Radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with chemoradiation plus durvalumab
Authors: Shaverdian Narek , Thor Maria , Shepherd Annemarie F. , Offin Michael D. , Jackson Andrew , Wu Abraham J. , Gelblum Daphna Y. , Yorke Ellen D. , Simone Charles B. , Chaft Jamie E. , Hellmann Matthew D. , Gomez Daniel R. , Rimner Andreas , Deasy Joseph O. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionDurvalumab after concurrent chemoradiation (cCRT) is now standard of care for unresected stage III non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is limited data on radiation pneumonitis (RP) with this regimen. Therefore, we assessed RP and evaluated previously validated toxicity models in predicting for RP in patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab.MethodsPatients treated with cCRT and ≥ 1 dose of durvalumab were evaluated to identify cases of ≥ grade 2 RP. The validity of previously published RP models was assessed in this cohort as well a reference cohort treated with cCRT alone. The timing and incidence of RP was compared between cohorts.ResultsIn total, 11 (18%) of the 62 patients who received cCRT and durvalumab developed ≥ grade 2 RP a median of 3.4 months after cCRT. The onset of RP among patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab was significantly longer vs the reference cohort (3.4 vs 2.1 months; P = .01). Numerically more patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab developed RP than patients in the reference cohort (18% vs 9%, P = .09). Among patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab, 82% (n = 9) were responsive to treatment with high‐dose glucocorticoids. Previously published RP models widely underestimated the rate of RP in patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab [AUC ~ 0.50; p(Hosmer‐Lemeshow): 0.98‐1.00].ConclusionsOur data suggest a delayed onset of RP in patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab vs cCRT alone, and for RP to develop in a greater number of patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab. Previously published RP models significantly underestimate the rate of symptomatic RP among patients treated with cCRT and durvalumab.
Life threatening bilateral renal trauma in a child
Authors: Macheka Kudzai T. , Dube Daud Athanasius 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHematuria in children resulting from trauma should be promptly evaluated. Inappropriate management may result in undesirable consequences. Clinicians should have high index of suspicion for genitourinary injuries in pediatric patients. A case is presented of a boy saved by appropriate management following prompt action resulting from high index of suspicion.