bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eine Kantische Begründung individueller Klimapflichten
Authors: Hollnaicher Simon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
According to a well-known problem in climate ethics, individual actions cannot be wrong due to their impact on climate change since the individual act does not make a difference. By referring to the practical interpretation of the categorical imperative, the author argues that certain actions lead to a contradiction in conception in light of the climate crisis. Universalizing these actions would cause foreseeable climate impacts, making it impossible to pursue the original maxim effectively. According to the practical interpretation, such actions are morally wrong. The wrongness of these actions does not depend on making a difference, rather these actions are wrong because they make it impossible for others to act accordingly. Thus, apart from imperfect duties, for which has been argued convincingly elsewhere (Henning 2016; Alberzart 2019), we also have perfect duties to refrain from certain actions in the face of the climate crisis.
Why Leave the Car at Home, If That Doesn’t Save the Climate?
Authors: Mannino Adriano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Why take individual action against collectively caused evils such as climate change? Prima facie, one’s individual contribution may seem to make a negligible difference at best. Consequentialists as well as consequence-sensitive nonconsequentialists should be interested in whether a consequence-based justification for taking individual climate action can be found nonetheless. The author argues that even though individual agents are able to make a non-zero difference in expectation, the altruistic expected value may be so small as to be insufficiently worthwhile, given the agents’ opportunity cost. In this case, altruistic agents may face a Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), i.e. an altruistic public goods problem. Hence, the consequence-based account of why to leave one’s car at home could be vindicated if the PD can be solved in a consequence-based way. The author offers tentative grounds for optimism about solving the PD in a consequence-based way, and for acting accordingly.
Two Structures in One Object
Authors: Piwowarczyk Marek 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article the author analyzes the problem stated by Ingarden in his ontology: under what conditions can the subject−properties structure and the whole−parts structure coexist in one object? After the presentation of Ingarden’s doctrines concerning both structures, the author argues that for Ingarden a whole is nothing over and above a plurality of objects linked by relations. However, Ingarden was convinced that a compound object is not identical with a whole which is associated with it. Then the author analyzes the difference between the two types of compound objects: higher-order objects and compound, primarily individual objects. The former are founded on parts while the latter are such that their parts are founded on them. Finally, the author considers Ingarden’s theory as an answer to the one–many problem. The author argues that Ingarden’s conception of a higher-order object cannot solve this problem, and he also points to some difficulties concerning primarily individual compound objects.
The covid-19 Pandemic, Geopolitics, and International Law
Authors: Fidler David P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Balance-of-power politics have shaped how countries, especially the United States and China, have responded to the covid-19 pandemic. The manner in which geopolitics have influenced responses to this outbreak is unprecedented, and the impact has also been felt in the field of international law. This article surveys how geopolitical calculations appeared in global health from the mid-nineteenth century through the end of the Cold War and why such calculations did not, during this period, fundamentally change international health cooperation or the international law used to address health issues. The astonishing changes in global health and international law on health that unfolded during the post-Cold War era happened in a context not characterized by geopolitical machinations. However, the covid-19 pandemic emerged after the balance of power had returned to international relations, and rival great powers have turned this pandemic into a battleground in their competition for power and influence.
YouTube as a Recruitment Tool? A Reflection on Using Video to Recruit Research Participants
Authors: Culshaw Suzanne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article presents an innovative, video-based approach to the recruitment of research participants. A YouTube video was created and uploaded as part of a doctoral study exploring what it means to be struggling as a teacher. Following a review of the recruitment literature, which highlights a general lack of attention paid to the challenges of recruitment, the author explores the approach she took in planning the video. The video was the main promotional tool for the study and was communicated via Twitter and email. She also presents online survey findings on the perceived impact and influence of the video; the visual format, informal tone and the ability to see the researcher in person were rated very positively. A reflective analysis of the video transcript follows drawing on the literature as well as the survey findings. She concludes that video-based recruitment can be an inexpensive but powerful tool which allows a human connection with the researcher early on in the research process.
Diagrams of Intensity: Visualising the Sensibilities of Transdisciplinary Practice
Authors: Logere Romaine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One of the challenges to an increased rationalism within educational discourse has been a rethinking of mind-body relations. While there has been considerable discussion around what is implicated through the engagement of physical and theoretical sites of knowing, methodological difficulties related to how its resultant data might be meaningfully evidenced remain. Based on fieldwork conducted on a post-qualitative approach to transdisciplinary practice the author provides an account of a visual research method developed specifically to illustrate non-verbal experiences of group ideation. Writing from the position of a creative practitioner and intimate insider, the author explores how this positionality supported the role of bodily knowing in her research and the ways in which bodily experience offered utility to this research endeavour. The author concludes with a reflection on visualisation as a method to capture non-cognitive data and areas indicated through felt data for further exploration.
Using Video in Research with Young Children, Teachers and Parents: Entanglements of Possibility, Risk and Ethical Responsibility
Authors: Haggerty Maggie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article draws on research conducted for the author’s PhD study and concepts in semiotic multimodality and relational materialism (Barad, 2007; Haraway, 2008) to explore the dynamics of what partnering with video/visual technologies in educational research with young children can be, do and become. This study was an ethnographic study which examined the curriculum and assessment priorities six focus children in Aotearoa-New Zealand encountered during their last six months in an early childhood (EC) centre and their first six months at school. In the article the author focuses on two video-recorded observations included in the PhD report by way of opening up for critical consideration the entanglements of possibility, risk and ethical responsibility entailed in the use of video in research with young children.
Deep Relaxation Experience with Complementary Urban Zen Integrative Therapy: Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Authors: Von Visger Tania T. , Thrane Susan E. , Klatt Maryanna D. , Chang Yu-Ping , Happ MaryBeth 
Published: November 2020

Complementary Health Approaches (CHAs) are used as adjunctive therapy for managing symptoms associated with chronic conditions. Little evidence exists about how patients with pulmonary hypertension use or experience CHA. We explored patients’ relaxation experience during Urban Zen Integrative Therapy (UZIT) and present qualitative thematic analysis results of 32 focused-debriefing-interviews. Thirteen community-dwelling adults received six individual weekly sessions that included essential oil, gentle-body movement, restorative pose, body-awareness meditation, and Reiki. Two themes, “Relaxation” and “In-between state,” were subjected to dimensional analysis and detailed description. We identified conditions or phenomena contributing to these themes across the following contextual sub-categories: time/temporal, associated elements, what the experience felt like, and asleep state. Deep relaxation experience was achieved when participants lost the sense of time, primarily during body-awareness meditation, and while they were “drifting” into an asleep state. These elements provide clarity for the future development of therapeutic endpoints of patients’ experience of CHA. ClinicalTrial.gov # NCT03194438
Correlation between climatic and biochemical parameters in etiopathogenesis of unprovoked deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs
Authors: Damnjanović Zoran , Jovanović Milan , Šarac Momir , Stepanović Nemanja , Lazarević Milan , Milić Dragan 
Published: November 2020

Aim Beside the intention of early detection and optimal treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of chronobiological rhythms on the etiopathogenesis of unprovoked deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs with monitoring of seasonal variations in biochemical parameters. Patients and methodology The prospective clinical trial included all consecutive hospitalized patients and outpatients diagnosed with DVT at the Vascular Surgery Clinic of the Clinical Center in Niš, starting from January 2013 to December 2014. Results There was no statistically significant difference in correlation between the distribution of the incidence of DVT of the lower limbs (p = 0.582), sex (p = 0.350), age (p = 0.385) and localization (p = 0.886) and the seasons. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in patients who developed DVT in spring than in those who developed DVT in winter (p < 0.05), while LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with DVT in winter than in those diagnosed with DVT in autumn (p < 0.05). Conclusion According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the territory of South Serbia, the seasons are not significantly related to the incidence, sex, age and localization of unprovoked DVT of the lower limbs. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in patients who developed DVT in spring than in those who developed DVT in winter, while LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in patients during winter than during autumn.
Clinical profile and management of external jugular vein aneurysms
Authors: Thakur Uttam Kumar , Savlania Ajay , Naik Anil L , Singh Charan , Chatterjee Debajyoti , Gorsi Ujjwal 
Published: November 2020

Objective External jugular vein (EJV) aneurysm is an extremely uncommon clinical condition. We have studied the clinical profile and need for surgery in this present seven case series of primary external jugular vein aneurysms. Method Over the past three years, we have diagnosed and managed aneurysms of external jugular vein in seven patients, who presented with swelling in the posterior triangle of the neck. Venous duplex was obtained in all the patients, followed by computed tomography (CT) in three patients and one patient reported with magnetic resonance (MR) venography from another hospital. Three patients had symptoms ranging from mild intermittent discomfort to moderate pain underwent excision of aneurysm after ligation of both ends of EJV. Four patients had swelling on the lateral side of the neck due to EJV aneurysm, with no other associated symptoms. They were kept on six monthly follow-ups. Result We operated three patients, as they were symptomatic, of which only two had thrombus in the aneurysmal sac. All three symptomatic patients had aneurysm of size >5 cm. Post-surgery and on subsequent follow-ups they were asymptomatic. The four asymptomatic patients kept on conservative management did not develop any thrombosis of aneurysm sac in follow up. Conclusion Surgical excision is indicated for symptomatic patients with EJV aneurysm, preferably for size > 5 cm because of their higher association with thrombosis or symptoms. Asymptomatic patients can be managed non-operatively with regular surveillance by clinical examination and venous duplex or can be treated if patients insist due to cosmetic reasons.
A novel food-based foam as oral contrast agent with negative Hounsfield units for demarcation of small bowel loops on abdominal CT: tolerability and bowel distension in 25 volunteers
Authors: Leander Peter , Adnerhill Ingvar , Böök Olof , Casal-Dujat Lucia , Stathis Georgios , Fork Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Background Diseases of the bowel are not always displayed on conventional abdominal computed tomography (CT). The studied oral contrast agent aims to improve this. Purpose To investigate whether the use of a novel oral contrast for abdominal CT enables the same diagnostic advantages as seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods Twenty-five consented volunteers drank up to 1400 mL of a stable, drinkable foam. Comments on acceptance and side effects were noted immediately and 24 h later. Foam palatability was documented through interviews, and distribution in the small bowel by Hounsfield units from the CT software. The CT results were compared with age- and sex-matched controls, pretreated according to routine. A non-enhanced abdominal CT protocol of lowest possible radiation dose was used. External referees evaluated all data obtained. Results Foam was considered odd to swallow, and fullness was reported by all volunteers after 950 mL. Five had difficulties in drinking the last 320 mL and two abstained from it. All adverse symptoms were mild. The distribution in the small bowel was on par with standard agents. Foam density revealed stability with intraluminal values of around –550 HU from stomach to terminal ileum, satisfying the requirement of a great bowel lumen-to-wall contrast. External reviewers re-evaluated all our data, and one predicted the foam to offer a potential for improved diagnostics. Conclusion A CT true-negative bowel filling agent was formulated, with high acceptance, few side effects, and a potential to mimic T1-weighted MRI images.
Acute and subacute prostate MRI findings after MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound ablation of prostate cancer
Authors: Mäkelä Pietari , Anttinen Mikael , Suomi Visa , Steiner Aida , Saunavaara Jani , Sainio Teija , Horte Antero , Taimen Pekka , Boström Peter , Blanco Sequeiros Roberto 
Published: November 2020

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA) is an emerging method for treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). TULSA-related subacute MRI findings have not been previously characterized. Purpose To evaluate acute and subacute MRI findings after TULSA treatment in a treat-and-resect setting. Material and Methods Six men with newly diagnosed MRI-visible and biopsy-concordant clinically significant PCa were enrolled and completed the study. Eight lesions classified as PI-RADS 3–5 were focally ablated using TULSA. One- and three-week follow-up MRI scans were performed between TULSA and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Results TULSA-related hemorrhage was detected as a subtle T1 hyperintensity and more apparent T2 hypointensity in the MRI. Both prostate volume and non-perfused volume (NPV) markedly increased after TULSA at one week and three weeks after treatment, respectively. Lesion apparent diffusion coefficient values increased one week after treatment and decreased nearing the baseline values at the three-week MRI follow-up. Conclusion The optimal timing of MRI follow-up seems to be at the earliest at three weeks after treatment, when the post-procedural edema has decreased and the NPV has matured. Diffusion-weighted imaging has little or no added diagnostic value in the subacute setting.
Functional and morphological outcomes after surgery in lamellar macular holes versus epiretinal membrane foveoschisis
Authors: Caretti Luigi , La Gloria Valerio Alvise , Verzola Giacomo , Badin Gloria , Monterosso Cristina , Daniele Anna Rita 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To compare the clinical findings and outcomes of vitrectomy for lamellar macular holes (LMH) versus epiretinal membrane foveoschisis (ERMF). Materials and methods: This retrospective study enrolled 36 eyes of 35 patients with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) parameters and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: The 19 (52.8%) ERMF and 17 (47.2%) LMH were included. Preoperatively, eyes with LMH were characterized by a lower central foveal thickness (CFT) (102.18 ± 31.44 µm vs 159.37 ± 25.25 µm, p < 0.001) and a greater incidence of outer retinal disruption ( p < 0.001). Primary anatomical success was achieved in 34/36 eyes (94.4%). Preoperative BCVA was better in ERMF (0.16 – IQR 0.09 – logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (LogMAR) – 20/28 Snellen) than LMH (0.40 – IQR 0.30 – LogMAR, 20/50 Snellen) ( p = 0.008). At 6 months after surgery, BCVA significantly improved in the ERMF group ( p < 0.001), but showed insignificant change in LMH ( p = 0.125). Two cases, both in the LMH group, developed full thickness macular hole after surgery. Conclusion: Eyes with LMH showed visual stabilization after surgery, whereas the eyes in the ERMF group were susceptible to functional improvement. These differences in BCVA outcomes may be the consequence of a higher damage in the outer retina in the LMH group; an accurate SD-OCT examination is a fundamental step when deciding to proceed or not to the surgery.
Is a virtual clinic model a safe and effective way for assessing patients referred with suspiciously blurred optic discs? The blurred disc clinic
Authors: Jefferis Joanna M , Griffith Nigel , Blackwell Daniel , Batty Ruth , Hickman Simon J , Pepper Irene M 
Published: November 2020

Background: There are increasing numbers of referrals to ophthalmology departments due to blurred optic disc margins. In light of this and the COVID-19 pandemic we aimed to assess whether these patients could be safely assessed without direct contact between the clinician and patient. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of consecutive patients seen in our ‘blurred disc clinic’ between August 2018 and October 2019. We then presented anonymous information from their referral letter, their visual fields and optic nerve images to two consultant neuro-ophthalmologists blinded to the outcome of the face-to-face consultation. In the simulated virtual clinic, the two consultants were asked to choose an outcome for each patient from discharge, investigate or bring in for a face-to-face assessment. Results: Out of 133 patients seen in the blurred disc clinic, six (4.5%) were found to have papilloedema. All six were identified by both neuro-ophthalmologists as needing a face-to-face clinic consultation from the simulated virtual clinic. One hundred and twenty (90%) patients were discharged from the face-to-face clinic at the first consultation. The two neuro-ophthalmologists chose to discharge 114 (95%) and 99 (83%) of these respectively from the simulated virtual clinic. The virtual clinic would have potentially missed serious pathology in only one patient who had normal optic discs but reported diplopia at the previous face-to-face consultation. Conclusions: A virtual clinic model is an effective way of screening for papilloedema in patients referred to the eye clinic with suspicious optic discs. Unrelated or incidental pathology may be missed in a virtual clinic.
Difference in default mode network subsystems in autism across childhood and adolescence
Authors: Bathelt Joe , Geurts Hilde M 
Published: November 2020

Differences in the default mode network are among the most replicated brain-level findings in autistic individuals. Furthermore, subregions within the default mode network are associated with cognitive functions such as mentalising that are immediately relevant to cognitive theories of autism. Recent evidence suggests that the default mode network comprises partially independent subsystems that are tied to dissociable cognitive processes, specifically a medial temporal lobe subsystem involved in memory retrieval, a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex subsystem involved in social processing and a posterior cingulate cortex – anterior medial prefrontal cortex system that ties the other subsystems together. This modular organisation is thought to arise in childhood development. The current analysis investigated differences in default mode network subsystems in 193 autistic boys and young men (5–18 years) and in a group of 208 age-matched boys and young men without a diagnosis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from the data repository of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. The results indicated a developmental trend towards greater modularisation of the default mode network across childhood and adolescence in autism, mostly driven by reduced between-subnetwork connection strength. In contrast, default mode network subnetwork organisation was relatively stable in the comparison group. We suggest that these differences reflect delayed maturation of the default mode network in autism. Lay abstract Neuroimaging research has identified a network of brain regions that are more active when we daydream compared to when we are engaged in a task. This network has been named the default mode network. Furthermore, differences in the default mode network are the most consistent findings in neuroimaging research in autism. Recent studies suggest that the default mode network is composed of subnetworks that are tied to different functions, namely memory and understanding others’ minds. In this study, we investigated if default mode network differences in autism are related to specific subnetworks of the default mode network and if these differences change across childhood and adolescence. Our results suggest that the subnetworks of the default mode network are less differentiated in autism in middle childhood compared to neurotypicals. By late adolescence, the default mode network subnetwork organisation was similar in the autistic and neurotypical groups. These findings provide a foundation for future studies to investigate if this developmental pattern relates to improvements in the integration of memory and social understanding as autistic children grow up.
Variation in the clinical commissioning of surgery for three common hand conditions in England
Authors: Coffey Duncan , Redgrave Natalie , Hudson-Phillips Sarah , Clark Calum , Tahmassebi Ramon , Vig Stella 
Published: November 2020

The surgical referral policies for patients with trigger finger, ganglion removal and Dupuytren’s disease were collected for all Clinical Commissioning Groups in England. The aim was to assess whether there was variation in the policies across England, resulting in inequality in patients’ access to surgery. Data were collected between October 2018 and January 2019 and compared with national guidelines. Analysis of the results showed that for all three conditions, surgical commissioning policies varied depending on the locality. The results also show that despite the existence of national guidelines, they are not implemented. This has the potential to lead to variation in surgical referral and access to services for patients in different localities in England. Level of evidence: III