bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Christopher 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is time to depart from Sigonio’s strict legalistic line of thought and the connected scholarly tradition that is almost exclusively concerned with reinterpreting the relatively late Greco-Roman sources. It advocates a more fluid and locally variable understanding of Roman republican colonization, based on new intellectual models that may be found in the historiography of imperialism more generally. In particular, Lauren Benton’s seminal work on geography and law in European imperialism offers an intellectual framework worth exploring. The complex picture of partial and divided sovereignty, far removed from the classic notion of indivisible sovereignty, permits more messy and complex pictures of colonial agency that agree comfortably with recent trends in the study of Roman colonization practices.
The Transition from Welfare to Workfare in Times of Crisis
Authors: Hajdú József 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Many of the serious deficiencies in the Hungarian welfare state pre-date the 2010 political changes and a pronounced anti-poverty policy turn was evidently already on its way in 2008, especially concerning income protection for the long-term unemployed. As if this were not enough, according to the OECD, among the thirty-two OECD member states, Hungary and Greece were the only states where real public social spending had decreased since the onset of the economic crisis. More precisely, Hungary’s social policy answer to the crisis included the introduction of workfare, the diminishment of the second pillar pension, the abolishment of early pensions, the activation of family policy, and the encouragement of citizens’ self-support attitude. Moreover, in 2010 a two-thirds majority in parliament gave the government the possibility to enact fundamental changes to Hungary’s Constitution and legislation as a whole. Confronted with the experience of non-democratic regimes and the individual vision of fundamental rights, after the transition, the Fundamental Law indicates a shift of emphasis from state obligations towards individual citizens to citizens’ obligations towards the community.
Fiduciaries’ Obligations and Climate Governance
Authors: Sarra Janis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 carefully examines the precise contours of the legal duties of directors and officers of companies, of pension fund trustees, their investment managers and service providers, and of asset managers and investment funds. It explores how these duties arise in respect of climate-related financial risk and opportunities. It discusses potential corporate law remedies for failing to address material climate-related risks, including liability for breach of directors’ duty of care and fiduciary duty, as well as oppression remedy provisions in the corporate laws of some countries. It examines fiduciary duties of pension fiduciaries and other institutional investors, exploring how these duties can be met with effective climate governance, oversight of managers, and proactive measures to address climate risk. It explores securities law disclosure requirements and the notion of materiality that guides what corporate officers need to disclose to investors.
John of the Cross
Authors: Hole Sam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This book examines the distinctive account of desire developed in the writings of the Spanish Discalced Carmelite friar John of the Cross (1542–1591), and locates its vital significance for modern depictions of Christian life and the transformation of the self. It contends that John’s delineation of the changes that are undergone by the ‘soul’ in the spiritual ascent is rooted in a distinctive, systematic, and neglected theological vision. A rich notion of desire animates his poetry and prose works and draws with creativity and novelty on biblical, Platonic, and Christian sources. This book traces the crucial role played by this underlying erotic driver of the spiritual ascent, and suggests that it represents a unique working out of the scholastic narrative of the graced transformation of the sensory appetites and the faculties of intellect, memory, and will. This is a neglected vision of the transformation of the self through the progressive purification of desire, which has the potential to significantly enrich current theological interest in desire and the self.
Simulating Subjectivity
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pessoa’s technique of lucid analytical self-simulation comprises a new methodology in the philosophy of mind, one which I will call—in deliberate contrast to the empirical and transcendental phenomenology of his contemporary Edmund Husserl, of whose work he appears to have been unaware—an ‘analytical phenomenology’. The method of an analytical phenomenology has two components. The first element is to simulate, in a guided or directed manner, a sensorium. Pessoa has a technical term for such acts of simulation, ‘dreaming’, his use of the term not confined to actual dreaming but to the controlled and lucid simulation in wakeful consciousness of a sensorium. The Pessoan concept of ‘dreaming’ is closely related to what has more recently been called ‘enactive imagination’.
Analytical Attention
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The second element in Pessoa’s philosophical method is that of impartial analysis. Pessoa’s technique of deliberately guiding the attention to one’s own experience, and, specifically, to the outputs of ‘dreaming’ or enactive imagination, has a modern echo in the psychological technique of descriptive experience sampling. Pessoan analysis is a sort of ongoing and self-cued application of descriptive experience sampling, directed less at the intentional content of one’s thoughts as at the phenomenal character of one’s experience. His description of an analytical attention to one’s own mental state might be held to constitute a theory of introspection. It is one which while claiming that introspection is based on attention also emphasizes the idea that introspection transforms the state of which one becomes aware, for example by intensifying, enriching, and sharpening it. I consider, and refute, two sorts of challenge to Pessoa’s analytical phenomenology, from choking and from transformative experience.
Dreams inside Dreams
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nested dreams, together with their implications for the reality of subjects, are explicitly the theme of a remarkable passage in the third-century BCE Daoist classic, the Zhuangzi, the story of the dreaming butterfly. With the apparatus of Pessoa’s philosophy of self to hand, we can understand this complicated story in a fresh light. Two distinct scenarios are now envisaged, each of which might constitute what it is to ‘emerge’ from the dream. One is that Zhou awakens and recalls that, in the dream, he was the butterfly. The alternative scenario is that, still in the dream, the butterfly falls asleep and dreams that it is Zhuang Zhou. Were all this to be put in terms of heteronymic simulation, Pessoan ‘dreaming’ rather than actual dreaming, it would be an illustration of nested heteronyms and of a rather particular sort. I suggest that we explain the situation by appealing to the idea of an orthonym. The correct thing to say is that the embedded ‘Zhou’ is an orthonym of the dreaming Zhou. This embedded Zhou is the double of the dreaming Zhou and is his shadow self.
Metaphysics and the Standard Interpretation
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFrege is celebrated as an arch-Platonist and an arch-realist. He is renowned for claiming that truths of arithmetic are eternally true and independent of us, our judgments, and our thought; that there is a “third realm” containing nonphysical objects that are not ideas. In this chapter it is argued that, to sustain the view that Frege means these renowned claims as statements of metaphysical doctrines, it is necessary to reject most of his claims about the unsaturatedness of functions. It is widely believed that these claims should be rejected, since they give rise to apparently insuperable problems. In this chapter, however, it is argued that the problems result, not from Frege’s claims about unsaturatedness but, rather, the view that they are meant to form part of a metaphysical theory. Properly understood, Frege has no problem with the concept horse.
The Context Principle, Sentential Priority, and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFrege’s attempt to show that arithmetic is a part of logic requires definitions of the numbers. What criteria determine whether his definitions are acceptable? It seems to stand to reason that the definition of, say, the number one must pick out the object to which we have been referring, all along, when we use the numeral “1.” However, Frege does not assume that there are objects to which we have been referring all along when we use numerals. Definitions of the numbers must be, at least in part, stipulative. But how, then, can a science based on Frege’s definitions be our science of arithmetic? The key to answering this question is Frege’s sentential priority view. To be accurate to our arithmetic, Frege’s definition does not need to preserve reference; what they need to preserve is, rather, the truth of sentences expressing the “well known properties of the numbers.”
Latent heat and pressure gap at the first-order deconfining phase transition of SU(3) Yang–Mills theory using the small flow-time expansion method
Authors:   WHOT-QCD Collaboration, Shirogane Mizuki , Ejiri Shinji , Iwami Ryo , Kanaya Kazuyuki , Kitazawa Masakiyo , Suzuki Hiroshi , Taniguchi Yusuke , Umeda Takashi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study latent heat and the pressure gap between the hot and cold phases at the first-order deconfining phase transition temperature of the SU(3) Yang–Mills theory. Performing simulations on lattices with various spatial volumes and lattice spacings, we calculate the gaps of the energy density and pressure using the small flow-time expansion (SF$t$X) method. We find that the latent heat $\Delta \epsilon$ in the continuum limit is $\Delta \epsilon /T^4 = 1.117 \pm 0.040$ for the aspect ratio $N_s/N_t=8$ and $1.349 \pm 0.038$ for $N_s/N_t=6$ at the transition temperature $T=T_c$. We also confirm that the pressure gap is consistent with zero, as expected from the dynamical balance of two phases at $T_c$. From hysteresis curves of the energy density near $T_c$, we show that the energy density in the (metastable) deconfined phase is sensitive to the spatial volume, while that in the confined phase is insensitive. Furthermore, we examine the effect of alternative procedures in the SF$t$X method—the order of the continuum and the vanishing flow-time extrapolations, and also the renormalization scale and higher-order corrections in the matching coefficients. We confirm that the final results are all very consistent with each other for these alternatives.
Enhanced Pronociceptive and Disrupted Antinociceptive Mechanisms in Nonspecific Chronic Neck Pain
Authors: Zabala Mata Josu , Lascurain-Aguirrebeña Ion , Dominguez López Estíbaliz , Azkue Jon Jatsu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Evidence suggests altered pronociceptive and antinociceptive mechanisms in many chronic pain conditions. Knowledge about these mechanisms in nonspecific chronic neck pain (NSNP) would improve understanding of the causes and the design of more effective treatments. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) is often used to assess presence of altered nociceptive processing in NSNP; however, its usefulness to detect this is yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional status of temporal summation of second pain (TSSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in NSNP and to characterize the association of both measures with PPT and clinical features of NSNP.

Methods
Thirty-two participants with NSNP (mean [SD] age = 44 [11] years; 27 female) and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. TSSP was assessed using an electrical stimulus at the dorsum of the hand, and CPM was evaluated with the Cold Pressor Test. PPT was assessed bilaterally at the neck and tibialis anterior muscles.

Results
Participants with NSNP showed greater TSPP (mean difference = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.46–0.01; Cohen d = 0.51) and lower CPM (mean difference = 19.44; 95% CI = 10.42–28.46; Cohen d = 1.09). Pooled data from all participants showed lower PPTs at the neck than the tibialis anterior. However, PPT measures did not differ between groups at either location. PPT measures were not correlated with CPM and TSP.

Conclusion
NSNP is associated with enhanced pronociceptive and impaired antinociceptive mechanisms, which may explain long-lasting pain and failure of some treatments to resolve symptoms. However, due to the observational nature of this study, a clear cause-effect relationship cannot be established. Normal PPT values in the clinic should not be interpreted as absence of altered nociceptive processing.

Impact
This study fills in some gaps in knowledge. Changes in central nociceptive processing may explain persistent and recurrent symptoms in NSNP and failure of treatments to obtain long-lasting relief. Further research is required to ascertain if TSSP and CPM assessment in the clinic may help predict physical therapy treatment outcome. Whether symptomatic relief with physical therapy is mediated by an improvement in TSSP and CPM should also be explored. PPTs were unaltered in participants with NSNP despite evidence of impairment in the central pain modulatory systems. Normal PPTs should not be interpreted as evidence of unaltered central pain-related processing.
Integrated assessment of legume production challenged by European policy interaction: A case-study approach from French and German dairy farms
Authors: Heinrichs Julia , Jouan Julia , Pahmeyer Christoph , Britz Wolfgang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLegumes, which currently show low production levels in the European Union, can reduce negative environmental externalities of agricultural systems by lowering nitrogen (N) fertilization and increasing protein self-sufficiency. This has led to the introduction of coupled support in France, in contrast to Germany. However, the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive is more favorable for legumes. Our study assesses economic and environmental impacts of these two policies affecting legume production. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, representing French and German dairy farms. The results suggest that relatively low levels of coupled support can lead to modest increases in legume production, but that more substantial changes require considerable subsidies. Allowing the French farm to apply manure on legumes, as is already possible in Germany, fosters legume production while considerably reducing the use of synthetic N fertilizer and imported protein-rich feed. However, environmental benefits are limited.
Making Doctors Effective Managers and Leaders: A Matter of Health and Well-Being
Authors: Rotenstein Lisa S. , Huckman Robert S. , Cassel Christine K. 
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 crisis has forced physicians to make daily decisions that require knowledge and skills they did not acquire as part of their biomedical training. Physicians are being called upon to be both managers—able to set processes and structures—and leaders—capable of creating vision and inspiring action. Although these skills may have been previously considered as just nice to have, they are now as central to being a physician as physiology and biochemistry. While traditionally only selected physicians have received management training, either through executive or joint degree programs, the authors argue that the pandemic has highlighted the importance of all physicians learning management and leadership skills. Training should emphasize skills related to interpersonal management, systems management, and communication and planning; be seamlessly integrated into the medical curriculum alongside existing content; and be delivered by existing faculty with leadership experience.
While leadership programs, such as the Pediatric Leadership for the Underserved program at the University of California, San Francisco, and the Clinical Process Improvement Leadership Program at Mass General Brigham, may include project work, instruction by clinical leaders, and content delivered over time, examples of leadership training that seamlessly blend biomedical and management training are lacking. The authors present the Leader and Leadership Education and Development curriculum used at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, which is woven through 4 years of medical school, as an example of leadership training that approximates many of the principles espoused here. The COVID-19 pandemic has stretched the logistical capabilities of health care systems and the entire United States, revealing that management and leadership skills—often viewed as soft skills—are a matter of life and death. Training all physicians in these skills will improve patient care, the well-being of the health care workforce, and health across the United States.
Personalized Graduate Medical Education and the Global Surgeon: Training for Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Davis Rachel W. , Sherif Youmna A. , Vu Megan Thuy , Shilstone Holly , Scott Bradford , Olutoye Oluyinka O. , Hollier Larry , Nuchtern Jed , Rosengart Todd K. 
Published: December 2020

Problem
The World Health Organization and the World Bank have identified improvement in access to surgical care as an urgent global health challenge and a cost-effective investment in public health. However, trainees in standard U.S. general surgery programs do not have adequate exposure to the procedures, technical skills, and foundational knowledge essential for providing surgical care in resource-limited settings.

Approach
The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) created a 7-year global surgery track within its general surgery residency in 2014. Individualized rotations equip residents with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to operate in regions with low surgeon density and develop sustainable surgical infrastructures. BCM provides a formal, integrated global surgery curriculum—including 2 years dedicated to global surgery—with surgical specialty rotations in domestic and international settings. Residents tailor their individual experience to the needs of their future clinical practice, region of interest, and surgical specialty.

Outcomes
There have been 4 major outcomes of the BCM global surgery track: (1) increased exposure for trainees to a broad range of surgeries critical in resource-limited settings, (2) meaningful international partnerships, (3) contributions to global surgery scholarship, and (4) establishment of sustainable global surgery activities.

Next Steps
To better facilitate access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical care worldwide, global surgeons should pursue expertise in topics not currently included in U.S. general surgical curricula, such as setting-specific technical skills, capacity building, and organizational collaboration. Future evaluations of the BCM global surgery track will assess the effect of individualized education on trainees’ professional identities, clinical practices, academic pursuits, global surgery leadership preparedness, and comfort with technical skills not encompassed in general surgery programs. Increasing availability of quality global surgery training programs would provide a critical next step toward contributing to the delivery of safe surgical care worldwide.
Long-acting injectable HIV therapies: the next frontier
Authors: Thornhill John , Orkin Chloe 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
There has been significant development of long-acting injectable therapy for the management of HIV in recent years that has the potential to revolutionise HIV care as we know it. This review summarises the data and outlines the potential challenges in the field of long-acting antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Recent findings
In recent years, monthly and two monthly long-acting injectable ART in the form of cabotegravir and rilpivirine has shown safety and efficacy in large-scale phase 3 randomised control trials. Also, agents with novel mechanisms of action, such as Lenacapavir, have been tested in early-phase studies and are currently being tested in phase 2-3 clinical trials; if successful, this may allow six-monthly dosing schedules.

Summary
However, despite evidence that suggests that these therapies are efficacious and acceptable to patients, the challenge of integrating these agents into our current healthcare infrastructure and making these novel agents cost-effective and available to the populations most likely to benefit remains. The next frontier for long-acting therapy will be to introduce these agents in a real-world setting ensuring that the groups most in need of long-acting therapy are not left behind.
“Safer spaces for everyone”? The Ladyfest scene as an innovative field for the fight against gendered violence in the live music industry
Authors: Barrière Louise 
Published: December 2020

PurposeLive music events have recently become more and more aware of the necessity to fight against gendered violence. In the meantime, research on gendered violence at live music events is also gaining a growing interest. Ladyfests and other punk-inspired queer and feminist do-it-yourself music festivals have often been presented as “safe spaces”, including in academic research. Yet, the exact goals and modalities of enactment of such safe spaces have mostly been overlooked. In this article, the author proposes to bridge this gap.Design/methodology/approachIn this article, the author relies on two sources of information: the first one is documentary and the second is ethnographical. The author first considers the festivals archives (flyers, presentation texts, programs booklets, websites and so one) to analyze the identities and goals of the festivals (“who were are” and “what we aim to do”). Crossing these sources of information with ethnographical fieldwork in 10 Ladyfests that happened in France and Germany between 2017 and 2019, the author observed the measures taken to reach such goals (“how we do it”).FindingsThe author begins with detailing the functions of safer spaces policies and shows that the festivals position themselves as transformative forces toward a safer nightlife. Then, the author introduces the means established by the festivals to enact their safer space policies. The author specifically underpins the crucial role of developing bystander intervention as well as self-managed security teams. Finally, the author sheds light on the limits of the safer spaces policies and posits that creating a safer environment demands a constant hard work to keep patriarchal structures away.Originality/valueVery few research studies have focused on live music, gendered violence and safe spaces. With this article, the author aims to contribute to the growing interest that these topics have gained in the last few years, by looking at an innovative feminist live music scene.