bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidental socialism: a natural experiment in Haiti 1796–1820
Authors: Ferrero Mario 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFor some 25 years in revolutionary Haiti, most of the productive land was nationalized and run as state property. This paper shows that this economic system can be accurately described as agrarian socialism. Its life and death are compared with the experiences of 20th-century socialist regimes and their transition to a market economy, paying special attention to the kindred case of São Tomé. Haitian socialism is interesting because it was the unintended, accidental product of an emergency situation: the killing or flight of all the French landlords, which made their land vacant property and drove the state to run it in the public interest to defend the revolution. Therefore, it can be read as a natural experiment in socialism in the absence of a socialist ideology and of a socialist party that could hold the system together, constrain its income distribution, and control its eventual privatization.
Clinging to Guns and Religion? A Research Note Testing the Role of Protestantism in Shaping Gun Identity in the United States
Authors: Vegter Abigail , den Dulk Kevin R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow does social identity shape Protestant attitudes about guns in the United States? Numerous studies show that religion shapes attitudes about guns, but the role of Protestantism in forming those attitudes is undertheorized and undertested. We draw from the extensive literature on religion-as-identity and the burgeoning literature of gun-ownership-as-identity to test the theory about the role of Protestant religion in cultivating a gun identity. We argue that for many Protestants, gun ownership has taken on the characteristics of a distinctive social identity, but that there are clear differences between different types of Protestants—notably, evangelicals and mainliners—that render the expansive category of “Protestant” largely irrelevant as an explanatory variable. While that finding might seem straightforward to scholars of religion and politics, the broad categorical approach—that is, treating “Protestant” as explanatory—has proven surprisingly durable in studies of gun ownership and attitudes about gun control. The analysis uses a recent Pew survey with batteries of questions about gun identity, gun policy, and religion. While this research note does not fully testwhythis relationship between Protestantism and gun identity exists, we do show that the relationship not only exists but also affects gun policy attitudes.
Evaluating cereal rye and crimson clover for weed suppression within buffer areas in dicamba-resistant soybean
Authors: Hodgskiss Connor L. , Young Bryan G. , Armstrong Shalamar D. , Johnson William G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs herbicide-resistant weeds become more problematic, producers will consider the use of cover crops to suppress weeds. Weed suppression from cover crops may occur especially in the label-mandated buffer areas of dicamba-resistant soybean where dicamba use is not allowed. Three cover crops terminated at three timings with three herbicide strategies were evaluated for their effect on weed suppression in dicamba-resistant soybean. Delaying termination until soybean planting or after and using cereal rye or cereal rye + crimson clover increased cover-crop biomass by at least 40% compared to terminating early or using a crimson clover–only cover crop. Densities of problematic weed species were evaluated in early summer before a blanket POST application. Plots with cereal rye had 75% less horseweed compared to crimson clover at two of four site-years. Cereal rye or the mixed cover crop terminated at or after soybean planting reduced waterhemp densities by 87% compared to early termination timings of crimson clover and the earliest termination timing of the mix at one of two site-years. Cover crops were not as effective in reducing waterhemp densities as they were in reducing horseweed densities. This difference was due to a divergence in emergence patterns; waterhemp emergence generally peaks after termination of the cover crop, whereas horseweed emergence coincides with establishment and rapid vegetative growth of cereal rye. Cover crops alone were generally not as effective as was using a high-biomass cover crop combined with an herbicide strategy that contained dicamba and residual herbicides. However, within label-mandated buffer areas where dicamba cannot be used, a cover crop containing cereal rye with delayed termination until soybean planting combined with residual herbicides could be used to improve suppression of horseweed and waterhemp.
Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1: Broadleaf species
Authors: Schwartz-Lazaro Lauren M. , Shergill Lovreet S. , Evans Jeffrey A. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Beam Shawn C. , Bish Mandy D. , Bond Jason A. , Bradley Kevin W. , Curran William S. , Davis Adam S. , Everman Wesley J. , Flessner Michael L. , Haring Steven C. , Jordan Nicholas R. , Korres Nicholas E. , Lindquist John L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Sanders Tameka L. , Steckel Larry E. , VanGessel Mark J. , Young Blake , Mirsky Steven B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPotential effectiveness of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems depends upon seed shatter of the target weed species at crop maturity, enabling its collection and processing at crop harvest. However, seed retention likely is influenced by agroecological and environmental factors. In 2016 and 2017, we assessed seed-shatter phenology in 13 economically important broadleaf weed species in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from crop physiological maturity to 4 wk after physiological maturity at multiple sites spread across 14 states in the southern, northern, and mid-Atlantic United States. Greater proportions of seeds were retained by weeds in southern latitudes and shatter rate increased at northern latitudes. Amaranthus spp. seed shatter was low (0% to 2%), whereas shatter varied widely in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) (2% to 90%) over the weeks following soybean physiological maturity. Overall, the broadleaf species studied shattered less than 10% of their seeds by soybean harvest. Our results suggest that some of the broadleaf species with greater seed retention rates in the weeks following soybean physiological maturity may be good candidates for HWSC.
Exoskeleton kinematic design robustness: An assessment method to account for human variability
Authors: Sposito Matteo , Di Natali Christian , Toxiri Stefano , Caldwell Darwin G. , De Momi Elena , Ortiz Jesús 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Exoskeletons are wearable devices intended to physically assist one or multiple human joints in executing certain activities. From a mechanical point of view, they are kinematic structures arranged in parallel to the biological joints. In order to allow the users to move while assisted, it is crucial to avoid mobility restrictions introduced by the exoskeleton’s kinematics. Passive degrees of freedom and other self-alignment mechanisms are a common option to avoid any restrictions. However, the literature lacks a systematic method to account for large inter- and intra-subject variability in designing and assessing kinematic chains. To this end, we introduce a model-based method to assess the kinematics of exoskeletons by representing restrictions in mobility as disturbances and undesired forces at the anchor points. The method makes use of robotic kinematic tools and generates useful insights to support the design process. Though an application on a back-support exoskeleton designed for lifting tasks is illustrated, the method can describe any type of rigid exoskeleton. A qualitative pilot trial is conducted to assess the kinematic model that proved to predict kinematic configurations associated to rising undesired forces recorded at the anchor points, that give rise to mobility restrictions and discomfort on the users.
No significant effect of caffeine on five kilometer running performance after muscle damage
Authors: Al-Nawaiseh Ali M. , Pritchett Robert C. , Pritchett Kelly Kerr , Bataineh Mo’ath F. , Taifour Akef M. , Bellar David , Schoeff Makenzie A. , Fox Brian , Judge Amy , Judge Lawrence W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Caffeine has documented hypoalgesic effects during exercise. However, there is a lack of research focusing on caffeine’s potential analgesic effects to ameliorate delayed onset muscle soreness. A placebo controlled randomized cross-over trial was carried out to determine if 5 mg/kg of body weight (mg/kgBW) of caffeine attenuates muscle pain and improves 5 k running performance following delayed onset muscle soreness. Prior to participating, eleven runners (9 male; 2 female; age, 24.5 ± 6.3 years; height, 173.6 ± 7.8 cm; body mass, 66.3 ± 7.5 kg; BMI, 23.18 kg/m2 ± 1.6; VO2max61.0 ± 6.1 ml/kg/min−1), were asked to discontinue supplement use for 72 hours and abstain from caffeine consumption for 48 hours. Participants performed a 30-minute downhill run on a treadmill set at −10% grade at 70% VO2maxto induce delayed onset of muscle soreness. Participants then returned 48 hours after to complete a 5 k time trial run where they consumed either 5 mg/kgBW of caffeine or a placebo. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were taken every two minutes during the trial. There was no detectable statistical difference between 5 k performance between caffeine (1074.9 ± 119.7 sec) or placebo (1053.8 ± 86.8 sec) ( p = .41). Algometer readings were similar between both treatments for muscle soreness in the rectus femoris ( p = .791) and the vastus medialis oblique ( p = .371). Muscle soreness ratings were found to be greater in the caffeine condition compared to the placebo condition ( p = .030). There was no effect of treatment on rating of perceived exertion between conditions ( p = .574). The present study suggests that caffeine is not effective at reducing muscle soreness, rating of perceived exertion, or improving running performance in a time trial in the presence of muscle soreness.
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Currents off the New Guinea Coast From Mooring Measurements
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Wu Jie , Wang Fujun , Hu Shijian , Wang Qingye , Jia Fan , Wang Fan , Hu Dunxin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeasonal and interannual variability of the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) and New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC) were investigated with 3 years of mooring measurements off the northern coast of New Guinea and outputs from the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator during 1980–2018. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers mounted on the two moorings captured variations of the currents in the upper 800 m off the New Guinea coast during 2015–2018. NGCC is a seasonally reversing current in the upper 100 m, which flows southeastward in boreal winter with maximum velocity of 63 cm/s near the surface, and flows northwestward in boreal summer with maximum velocity of −55 cm/s at 80 m. NGCUC flows northwestward all year round between 100 and 400 m, and its temporal mean velocity reaches −40 cm/s at 200 m. A seasonally reversing current named New Guinea Coastal Intermediate Current with speed of 10 cm/s is detected below the NGCUC, which is in phase with the NGCC on seasonal time scale. Seasonal variation of the NGCUC is also in phase with that of the NGCC, and it is strong in boreal summer and weak in winter. Such seasonal signal reaches down to the depth of 800 m. Both mooring measurements and model outputs indicate that NGCUC demonstrates significant interannual variations associated with El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with its velocity core shoaling during El Nino and deepening during La Nina, but the net transport of NGCUC exhibits no significant relationship with ENSO.
Advanced View at the Ocean Surface
Authors: Panfilova M. , Karaev V. , Mitnik L. , Titchenko Y. , Ryabkova M. , Meshkov E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImprovement of methods for satellite monitoring of the world ocean state is one of the most important areas of the remote sensing because of the influence the oceans have on the Earth's climate. Currently, only one parameter is measured on a regular basis on a global scale: the significant wave height which is obtained from spaceborne radar altimeter data. It is known that at small incidence angles within the framework of Kirchhoff approximation, the backscattering radar cross section depends mainly on the mean square slope (mss) of the sea surface; therefore, this parameter can be measured. The performed studies lead to the improvement of the methods for processing the data from a precipitation radar. We demonstrate that the mss of the large‐scale (compared to the radar wavelength) sea waves can be restored within the swath, that is, about 115 km wide. The aim of this work is to communicate these new possibilities to the broad research community involved in the studies of the oceans. In this paper, a review of the results is performed and the prospects for global monitoring are first shown. On the basis of the precipitation radar data, it becomes possible to measure global fields of sea wave slopes, which in turn will help scientists to analyze the processes of air‐sea interaction. Availability of this new mss parameter essentially doubles the amount of available descriptors of sea waves, which will advance the understanding of the processes occurring in the oceans.
Polyandry blocks gene drive in a wild house mouse population
Authors: Manser Andri , König Barbara , Lindholm Anna K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGene drives are genetic elements that manipulate Mendelian inheritance ratios in their favour. Understanding the forces that explain drive frequency in natural populations is a long-standing focus of evolutionary research. Recently, the possibility to create artificial drive constructs to modify pest populations has exacerbated our need to understand how drive spreads in natural populations. Here, we study the impact of polyandry on a well-known gene drive, called t haplotype, in an intensively monitored population of wild house mice. First, we show that house mice are highly polyandrous: 47% of 682 litters were sired by more than one male. Second, we find that drive-carrying males are particularly compromised in sperm competition, resulting in reduced reproductive success. As a result, drive frequency decreased during the 4.5 year observation period. Overall, we provide the first direct evidence that the spread of a gene drive is hampered by reproductive behaviour in a natural population.
Selection, biophysical and structural analysis of synthetic nanobodies that effectively neutralize SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Custódio Tânia F. , Das Hrishikesh , Sheward Daniel J. , Hanke Leo , Pazicky Samuel , Pieprzyk Joanna , Sorgenfrei Michèle , Schroer Martin A. , Gruzinov Andrey Yu. , Jeffries Cy M. , Graewert Melissa A. , Svergun Dmitri I. , Dobrev Nikolay , Remans Kim , Seeger Markus A. , McInerney Gerald M. , Murrell Ben , Hällberg B. Martin , Löw Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Therapeutic neutralizing antibodies constitute a key short-to-medium term approach to tackle COVID-19. However, traditional antibody production is hampered by long development times and costly production. Here, we report the rapid isolation and characterization of nanobodies from a synthetic library, known as sybodies (Sb), that target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several binders with low nanomolar affinities and efficient neutralization activity were identified of which Sb23 displayed high affinity and neutralized pseudovirus with an IC50 of 0.6 µg/ml. A cryo-EM structure of the spike bound to Sb23 showed that Sb23 binds competitively in the ACE2 binding site. Furthermore, the cryo-EM reconstruction revealed an unusual conformation of the spike where two RBDs are in the ‘up’ ACE2-binding conformation. The combined approach represents an alternative, fast workflow to select binders with neutralizing activity against newly emerging viruses.
Small molecules as potent biphasic modulators of protein liquid-liquid phase separation
Authors: Babinchak W. Michael , Dumm Benjamin K. , Venus Sarah , Boyko Solomiia , Putnam Andrea A. , Jankowsky Eckhard , Surewicz Witold K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLiquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins that leads to formation of membrane-less organelles is critical to many biochemical processes in the cell. However, dysregulated LLPS can also facilitate aberrant phase transitions and lead to protein aggregation and disease. Accordingly, there is great interest in identifying small molecules that modulate LLPS. Here, we demonstrate that 4,4’-dianilino-1,1’-binaphthyl-5,5’-disulfonic acid (bis-ANS) and similar compounds are potent biphasic modulators of protein LLPS. Depending on context, bis-ANS can both induce LLPS de novo as well as prevent formation of homotypic liquid droplets. Our study also reveals the mechanisms by which bis-ANS and related compounds modulate LLPS and identify key chemical features of small molecules required for this activity. These findings may provide a foundation for the rational design of small molecule modulators of LLPS with therapeutic value.
Discovery of driver non-coding splice-site-creating mutations in cancer
Authors: Cao Song , Zhou Daniel Cui , Oh Clara , Jayasinghe Reyka G. , Zhao Yanyan , Yoon Christopher J. , Wyczalkowski Matthew A. , Bailey Matthew H. , Tsou Terrence , Gao Qingsong , Malone Andrew , Reynolds Sheila , Shmulevich Ilya , Wendl Michael C. , Chen Feng , Ding Li 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon-coding mutations can create splice sites, however the true extent of how such somatic non-coding mutations affect RNA splicing are largely unexplored. Here we use the MiSplice pipeline to analyze 783 cancer cases with WGS data and 9494 cases with WES data, discovering 562 non-coding mutations that lead to splicing alterations. Notably, most of these mutations create new exons. Introns associated with new exon creation are significantly larger than the genome-wide average intron size. We find that some mutation-induced splicing alterations are located in genes important in tumorigenesis (ATRX, BCOR, CDKN2B, MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MDM2, SMAD4, STK11, TP53 etc.), often leading to truncated proteins and affecting gene expression. The pattern emerging from these exon-creating mutations suggests that splice sites created by non-coding mutations interact with pre-existing potential splice sites that originally lacked a suitable splicing pair to induce new exon formation. Our study suggests the importance of investigating biological and clinical consequences of noncoding splice-inducing mutations that were previously neglected by conventional annotation pipelines. MiSplice will be useful for automatically annotating the splicing impact of coding and non-coding mutations in future large-scale analyses.
Cysteine oxidation and disulfide formation in the ribosomal exit tunnel
Authors: Schulte Linda , Mao Jiafei , Reitz Julian , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Kudlinzki Denis , Hodirnau Victor-Valentin , Meier-Credo Jakob , Saxena Krishna , Buhr Florian , Langer Julian D. , Blackledge Martin , Frangakis Achilleas S. , Glaubitz Clemens , Schwalbe Harald 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the conformational sampling of translation-arrested ribosome nascent chain complexes is key to understand co-translational folding. Up to now, coupling of cysteine oxidation, disulfide bond formation and structure formation in nascent chains has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the eye-lens protein γB-crystallin in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Using mass spectrometry, theoretical simulations, dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that thiol groups of cysteine residues undergo S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and form non-native disulfide bonds. Thus, covalent modification chemistry occurs already prior to nascent chain release as the ribosome exit tunnel provides sufficient space even for disulfide bond formation which can guide protein folding.
R-spondins are BMP receptor antagonists in Xenopus early embryonic development
Authors: Lee Hyeyoon , Seidl Carina , Sun Rui , Glinka Andrey , Niehrs Christof 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBMP signaling plays key roles in development, stem cells, adult tissue homeostasis, and disease. How BMP receptors are extracellularly modulated and in which physiological context, is therefore of prime importance. R-spondins (RSPOs) are a small family of secreted proteins that co-activate WNT signaling and function as potent stem cell effectors and oncogenes. Evidence is mounting that RSPOs act WNT-independently but how and in which physiological processes remains enigmatic. Here we show that RSPO2 and RSPO3 also act as BMP antagonists. RSPO2 is a high affinity ligand for the type I BMP receptor BMPR1A/ALK3, and it engages ZNRF3 to trigger internalization and degradation of BMPR1A. In early Xenopus embryos, Rspo2 is a negative feedback inhibitor in the BMP4 synexpression group and regulates dorsoventral axis formation. We conclude that R-spondins are bifunctional ligands, which activate WNT- and inhibit BMP signaling via ZNRF3, with implications for development and cancer.
Integrated digital pathology and transcriptome analysis identifies molecular mediators of T-cell exclusion in ovarian cancer
Authors: Desbois Mélanie , Udyavar Akshata R. , Ryner Lisa , Kozlowski Cleopatra , Guan Yinghui , Dürrbaum Milena , Lu Shan , Fortin Jean-Philippe , Koeppen Hartmut , Ziai James , Chang Ching-Wei , Keerthivasan Shilpa , Plante Marie , Bourgon Richard , Bais Carlos , Hegde Priti , Daemen Anneleen , Turley Shannon , Wang Yulei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClose proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumour cells is required for effective immunotherapy. However, what controls the spatial distribution of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is not well understood. Here we couple digital pathology and transcriptome analysis on a large ovarian tumour cohort and develop a machine learning approach to molecularly classify and characterize tumour-immune phenotypes. Our study identifies two important hallmarks characterizing T cell excluded tumours: 1) loss of antigen presentation on tumour cells and 2) upregulation of TGFβ and activated stroma. Furthermore, we identify TGFβ as an important mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFβ reduces MHC-I expression in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. TGFβ also activates fibroblasts and induces extracellular matrix production as a potential physical barrier to hinder T cell infiltration. Our findings indicate that targeting TGFβ might be a promising strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and improve clinical benefits of cancer immunotherapy.