bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective multi-dialectal arabic POS tagging
Authors: Darwish Kareem , Attia Mohammed , Mubarak Hamdy , Samih Younes , Abdelali Ahmed , Màrquez Lluís , Eldesouki Mohamed , Kallmeyer Laura 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work introduces robust multi-dialectal part of speech tagging trained on an annotated data set of Arabic tweets in four major dialect groups: Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf, and Maghrebi. We implement two different sequence tagging approaches. The first uses conditional random fields (CRFs), while the second combines word- and character-based representations in a deep neural network with stacked layers of convolutional and recurrent networks with a CRF output layer. We successfully exploit a variety of features that help generalize our models, such as Brown clusters and stem templates. Also, we develop robust joint models that tag multi-dialectal tweets and outperform uni-dialectal taggers. We achieve a combined accuracy of 92.4% across all dialects, with per dialect results ranging between 90.2% and 95.4%. We obtained the results using a train/dev/test split of 70/10/20 for a data set of 350 tweets per dialect.
Interaction of Epididymal Epithelia and their Secretions with Spermatozoa Supports Functional and Morphological Changes During Long-Term Storage in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)
Authors: Tarique Imran , Tariq Mansoor , Bai Xuebing , Wenjia Qu , Yang Ping , Huang Yufei , Sheng Yang , Vistro Waseem Ali , Chen Quisheng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPost-testicular maturation of spermatozoa is crucial for attaining the morphological and functional capabilities needed for successful fertilization. Epididymal epithelia offer a favorable environment for spermatozoa that are stored long term in the turtle epididymis; however, sperm–epithelial interactions during storage, which are enormously important for sperm functional and morphological maturation, are still largely unknown in turtles. The present study examined the epididymis during the sperm-storage period (November–April) in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the cellular features of each epididymal segment (caput, corpus, and cauda) and their epithelial interactions with the spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were mainly located in the lumena of caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides. Numerous spermatozoa were bound to apical surfaces of the epithelia, and several were even embedded in the epithelial cytoplasm of the caput and corpus epididymides. No embedded spermatozoa were found in the cauda epididymis. In all epididymal segments, principal and clear cells showed the synthetic activity, evidenced by a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum network and high and low electron-dense secretory materials, respectively. Principal and clear cells in the caput and corpus segments showed embedded spermatozoa in electron-dense secretions and in the lipid droplets within the cytoplasm. No lysosomes were observed around the embedded spermatozoa. The lumena of the caput and corpus segments showed few apocrine and low electron density secretions. In the lumen of the cauda epididymidis, different secretions, such as holocrine with low and high electron density and their fragmentation, apocrine, and dictyosome, were found and are summarized. Altogether, sperm physical interactions with secretions either in the cytoplasm of epithelium or in the lumen may support the viability, morphological maintenance, and transfer of various proteins involved in long-term sperm storage in the turtle. This interaction could help us to understand the mechanisms of long-term sperm storage and provide more insights into the reproductive strategies of turtle sperm preservation.
Semi-Supervised Nonnegative Matrix Factorization of Wide-Field Fluorescence Microscopic Images for Tissue Diagnosis
Authors: Soman Shania M. , Rekha Charuvil Radhakrishna Pillai , Santhakumar Hema , Narendrakumar Uttamchand , Jayasree Ramapurath S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study tests the use of a constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to explore the comparatively new field of chemometric microscopy to support tissue diagnosis. The algorithm can extract the spectral signature and the absolute concentration map of endogenous fluorophores from wide-field microscopic images. The resultant data distinguished normal and fibrous calvarial tissues, based on the changes in their spectral signatures. The absolute concentration map of endogenous fluorophores, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and lipofuscin were derived from microscopic images and compared with the fluorescence from pure fluorophores. While the absolute concentration of NADH increased, the same of FAD and lipofuscin decreased from a normal to fibrous calvarial condition. An increase in the optical redox ratio, possibly due to the metabolic changes during the development of fibrosis, was observed. Differentiating tissue types using the absolute concentration map was found to be considerably more precise than that achievable with relative concentration. The quantification of fluorophores with reference to the absolute concentration map can eliminate uncertainties due to system responses or measurement details, thereby generating more biologically apposite data. Wide-field microscopy augmented with a constrained NMF algorithm could emerge as an advanced diagnostic tool, potentially heralding the emergence of chemometric microscopy.
To analyse target volume variations during SIB-IMRT of squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix
Authors: Shamsi Qurat-ul-Ain , Iqbal Khalid , Jabeen Shagufta , Buzdar Saeed Ahmad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurpose:To assess volume variations in target site due to changes in bladder filling and rectal content including air bubbles during simultaneous-integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) of patients suffering from squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix.Materials and methods:A total of ten patients of squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix were enrolled in this analysis. All patients were planned to undergo SIB-IMRT using 10 MV beam. Planning target volume of the tumour (PTVtumour) and PTVnodal were prescribed with 5,040 and 4,500 cGy doses, respectively. During planning, PTVtumour V95%, PTVnodal V95% and organs at risk (OARs) (bladder, rectum, femoral heads and small bowel) volumes were measured from initial CT planning scans taken with full bladder. CT scans were acquired once in a week over a treatment period of 5·5 weeks. Intra-treatment scans with full bladder were then fused with the planning scans to determine variations in the target volume and the OAR volume. Changes in radiation dose to the PTVtumour and the PTVnodal were also assessed by comparing intra-treatment scans with the planning (first) scans.Results:All patients showed intra-treatment bladder volume larger than the planning bladder volume. Difference between planning bladder and intra-treatment bladder volumes ranged from 4·5 to 49%. Rectal volume varied from 17 to 60 cc. A wide variation between planning and intra-treatment air volumes was found in most of the patients. When comparing initial and inter-fraction air volumes, the maximum difference was 366·67%. Due to bladder and rectal volume variations, PTVtumour V95% and PTVnodal V95% doses did not remain constant throughout the treatment. The maximum discrepancy between intra-treatment PTVtumour dose and planning PTVtumour dose was 12·15%. The maximum difference between planning and inter-fraction PTV V95% was 48·28%. PTVnodal dose observed from scan taken in last week of treatment was 12·87% less than planning PTVnodal dose analysed from planning CT scan. Maximum difference in planning and inter-fraction PTVnodal V95% was 57·78%.Conclusion:Inconsistent bladder and rectal volumes had a significant impact on target volume and dosage during an entire course of SIB-IMRT. For radiotherapy of gynaecological malignancies, data on variations in PTV should be acquired on daily basis to target radiation dose to the tumour site with accuracy.
Baptists and Bootleggers in the Biodiesel Trade: EU–Biodiesel (Indonesia)
Authors: Fischer Carolyn , Meyer Timothy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEU–Biodiesel (Indonesia) is the latest in two lines of cases. On the one hand, the case offers yet another example of the Dispute Settlement Body striking down creative interpretations of antidumping rules by developed countries. Applying the Appellate Body's decision in EU–Biodiesel (Argentina), the panel found that the EU could not use antidumping duties to counteract the effects of Indonesia's export tax on palm oil. On the other hand, the decision is another chapter in the battle over renewable energy markets. Both the EU and Indonesia had intervened in their markets to promote the development of domestic biodiesel industries. The panel's decision prevents the EU from using antidumping duties to preserve market opportunities created by its Renewable Energy Directive for its domestic biodiesel producers. The EU has responded in two ways. First, through regulations that disfavor palm-based biodiesel, but not biodiesel made from from other foodstocks, such as rapeseed oil commonly produced in the EU. Second, the EU has imposed countervailing duties on Indonesian biodiesel, finding that Indonesia's export tax on crude palm oil constitutes a subsidy to Indonesian biodiesel producers. The EU's apparently inelastic demand for protection raises two questions: First, when domestic political bargains rest on both protectionist and non-protectionist motives and policies have both protectionist and non-protectonist effects, what are the welfare consequences of restraining only overt protectionism? Second, under what circumstances may regulatory approaches be even less desirable than duties for addressing combined protectionist and environmental interests, and would the WTO have the right powers to discipline them in an environmentally sound way?
A Numerical Model of CPR of Rough Surface With Discrete Scatterers for Analysis of Mini‐RF Data
Authors: Liu Niutao , Xu Feng , Jin Ya‐Qiu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCircular polarization ratio (CPR) was regarded as an important index for detecting water ice in the permanently shaded region (PSR) of the Moon poles. However, many studies have intuitively described that the double‐bounce scatte ring caused by dihedral consisting of rock facets and the lunar rough surface may yield high CPR. Under a large local incidence angle, single scattering is reduced. Double‐bounce scattering of the dihedral governs the echoes and leads to an enhanced CPR. In this paper, a numerical model of the lunar rough surface with discrete scatterers, for example, rock bodies, is developed. The bidirectional analytic ray tracing (BART) method is applied to numerically solve high‐order scattering of this surface/rocks model. The lunar surface is modeled by the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA). This paper quantitatively analyzes how the surface topography, rocks, radar local incidence, etc, affect the CPR. It is found that at a small local incident angle, the single scattering is usually dominant and results in a small CPR. When the local incident angle becomes large, the radar wave reflected in the specular direction is more likely to be reflected again and increases the CPR.
Coupling Between E Region Quasi‐Periodic Echoes and F Region Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances at Low Latitudes
Authors: Xie Haiyong , Li Guozhu , Zhao Xiukuan , Ding Feng , Yan Chunxiao , Yang Guotao , Ning Baiqi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractE region quasi‐periodic (QP) echoes from a VHF coherent backscatter radar, sporadic E (Es) layer from a digisonde, and F region medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) from global navigation satellite systems receivers were simultaneously observed at low latitudes. The results on the night of 3 March 2018 show that the QP echoes in radar height‐time intensity maps were clustered into groups, coinciding with the periods of MSTIDs and strong Es layer. The MSTIDs had phase fronts elongating in the northwest‐southeast direction and propagated southwestward from middle to low latitudes. Similar to the propagation direction of MSTIDs, the low‐latitude Es layers also propagated southwestward. For the QP echoing clusters, a westward drift was seen from the radar multibeam observations. The Doppler velocities of QP echoes show beam dependence, with significantly enhanced positive values (motion away from the radar) in the westernmost beam. Based on a preliminary statistical analysis during the period March–June 2018, it was found that out of a total of 102 nights, there are 32 nights when QP echoes were generated. The simultaneous occurrences of QP echoes and MSTIDs were observed on six nights. We suggest that when the MSTIDs coming from middle latitudes approach low latitudes, the polarization electric fields associated with the MSTIDs could modulate the E region plasma instability producing QP echoes at low latitudes through the E‐F region electrodynamic coupling.
The Tectonic “Umbilical Cord” Linking India and Sri Lanka and the Tale of their Failed Rift
Authors: Ratheesh‐Kumar R. T. , Dharmapriya P. L. , Windley B. F. , Xiao W. J. , Jeevan U. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGeophysical studies of the tectonic links between Sri Lanka and India are limited, and consequent paleo‐fit configurations differ and remain uncertain. Here, we present first‐order constraints for an optimum link between Sri Lanka and southern India by using high‐resolution maps of elastic thickness (Te) and crustal thickness (Tc) derived from a flexure inversion method that based on the space‐domain convolution technique for a data window covering integral continental‐oceanic lithospheric setting. We find that the spatial variations of Te and Tc over different crustal provinces in southern India and Sri Lanka agree well with their tectonic classifications proposed by geological studies. Importantly, this study provides much‐needed confirmation of the rifting and associated lithospheric deformation along the mirrored continental margins of India and Sri Lanka and in the intervening transitional lithosphere. The two margins are marked by patterns of low Te and thinned crust, which suggests that an anticlockwise rift (eastward rift) of Sri Lanka away from India resulted in the creation of the Mannar Basin, and a secondary N‐S rifting gave rise to the Cauvery Basin. However, these developments led to a final failed rift, which we attribute to a mechanically strong continental lithospheric bond (a NW‐SE zone of high‐Te and relatively thick crust) that was present in the intervening Palk Strait. We matched the identical zones of Te variations along the two mirrored continental margins and thus obtained a coherent paleo‐fit configuration, and a step‐by‐step evolution of these margins was constructed by using magnetic anomaly‐based paleo‐fit reconstruction models.
Volume Characteristics of Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand, Derived From Digital Surface Difference Modeling
Authors: Massey C. I. , Townsend D. , Jones K. , Lukovic B. , Rhoades D. , Morgenstern R. , Rosser B. , Ries W. , Howarth J. , Hamling I. , Petley D. , Clark M. , Wartman J. , Litchfield N. , Olsen M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe use a mapped landslide inventory coupled with a 2‐m resolution vertical difference model covering an area of 6,875 km2 to accurately constrain landslide volume‐area relationships. We use the difference model to calculate the source volumes for landslides triggered by the MW 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, earthquake of 14 November 2016. Of the 29,519 mapped landslides in the inventory, 28,394 are within the analysis area, and of these, we have calculated the volume of 17,256 source areas that are ≥90% free of debris. Of the 28,394 landslides, about 80% are classified as soil or rock avalanches and the remainder as mainly translational slides. Our results show that both the soil avalanches and the rock avalanches, ignoring their source geology, have area to volume power‐law scaling exponents (γ) of 0.921 to 1.060 and 1.040 to 1.138, respectively. These are lower than the γ values of 1.1–1.3 (for soil) and 1.3–1.6 (for rock) reported in the literature for undifferentiated landslide types. They are, however, similar to those γ values estimated from other coseismic landslide inventories. In contrast, for 50 selected rotational, translational (planar slide surfaces), or compound slides, where much of the debris remains in the source area, we found γ values range between 1.46 and 1.47, indicating that their slide surfaces were considerably deeper than those landslides classified as avalanches. This study, like previous studies on coseismic landslides, shows that soil and rock avalanches (disrupted landslides) are the dominant landslide type triggered by earthquakes and that they tend to be shallow.
An Eigenmode Correlation‐Based Algorithm for Approaching Antenna Optimal Currents With Multiple Feeds
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Quan , Zhang Guo‐Yang , Wang Bing‐Zhong , Xiong Jiang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA feeding algorithm has been proposed for the excitation of the optimal electric current of Rayleigh quotient form optimization problems. Modal weighting coefficients of the corresponding generalized eigenvalue problem are calculated to form the correlation information between the desired and all other unwanted modes. Based on this information, multiple feeds are arranged to approximate the desired current distributions. The eigencurrent distribution is also utilized for some shape modification to the radiator for a possible feed number reduction. Three canonical optimization problems for electrically small antennas, minimum Q, maximum G/Q, and maximum G are studied and discussed. Several numerical examples with a certain arbitrary shape and electrical size are given. With the proposed feeding algorithm, calculated and simulated current distributions and performance indices are close to the theoretical optimum solution. Finally, a practical feeding network design for a classic characteristic mode problem is shown as a validation.
Estimation of Direct and Indirect Economic Losses Caused by a Flood With Long‐Lasting Inundation: Application to the 2011 Thailand Flood
Authors: Tanoue M. , Taguchi R. , Nakata S. , Watanabe S. , Fujimori S. , Hirabayashi Y. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRiver floods are common natural disasters that cause serious economic damage worldwide. In addition to direct economic damage, such as the destruction of physical assets, floods with long‐lasting inundation cause direct and indirect economic losses within and outside the affected area. Direct economic losses include loss of opportunity, due to interruption of business activities, and the costs associated with emergency measures such as cleaning, while indirect economic losses affect sectors within the trade and supply network. Few studies have explicitly estimated direct and indirect economic losses in several sectors, due to the difficulty of modeling inundation depth and period at finer scales. Here we developed a global modeling framework to estimate the direct and indirect economic losses associated with floods using a computable general equilibrium model and a global river and inundation model, which can simulate the flood extent, depth, and period. Application of the method to the 2011 Thailand flood demonstrated that the estimated economic losses due to business interruption in the industry and service sectors totaled $14.7 billion, which was about two thirds of the estimated direct economic damage caused by the flood ($22.0 billion). The estimated indirect economic losses reduced the gross domestic product of Thailand by 4.81% in 2011, without considering transboundary effects, and will cause more than 0.5% reduction in gross domestic product even in 2030, resulting in $55.3 billion of total losses from 2011 to 2030. Comprehensive estimation of direct and indirect economic losses facilitates understanding of various types of flood‐related economic risks during and after a flood.
Dynamics of Viscous Fingering in Porous Media in the Presence of In Situ Formed Precipitates and Their Subsequent Deposition
Authors: Sabet Nasser , Hassanzadeh Hassan , Abedi Jalal 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of miscible viscous fingering is of paramount importance in a wide range of applications, from groundwater hydrology to enhanced oil recovery. In this work, we investigate the effect of precipitation and deposition of an initially dissolved component and the subsequent porosity and permeability variations on miscible viscous fingering in porous media. The commonly used stream function‐vorticity formulation does not allow for nonsolenoidality of the velocity vector, which is the case when the porosity field varies with time. This is why we develop a velocity‐vorticity formulation, making no further simplifications on the flow field. For numerical simulations, the governing equations are solved using the hybridization of pseudospectral and compact finite difference methods, and the time stepping is carried out through high‐order semi‐implicit schemes. Using our methodology, we tackle the problem of precipitation of an initially dissolved component through an infinitely fast and reversible reaction. It is found that the deposition of the formed precipitates in porous media results in more severe interfacial instabilities, the effect of which is attenuated as the viscosity ratio between the displacing and resident fluids increases. In addition, our results show that the formed precipitates are mostly concentrated around the interface where the two fluids actively mix. We also characterize the alterations of the local and global permeability fields, and interestingly, we find that the ultimate value of the overall permeability of the porous media scales linearly with the log‐viscosity ratio at any fixed deposition rate. It is worth mentioning that, without loss of generality, the developed methodology and analysis in this study are applicable to other forms of precipitation reactions (e.g., finite rate and irreversible) in porous media.
The Balance and Abnormal Increase of Global Ocean Mass Change From Land Using GRACE
Authors: Jin Taoyong , Li Xiaolong , Shum C. K. , Ding Hao , Xu Xinyu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlobal ocean mass (GOM) change, which is mainly influenced by water outflow from land, has been identified as one of the important contributors to present‐day sea level rise. Here, we delineated GOM change by dividing the land into five parts, which are exorheic river basins, endorheic basins, polar ice sheets, and land glaciers and ice caps, by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mass concentration solutions, 2002–2017. We estimated their total contribution to GOM change to be 568.92 ± 21.43 GT•yr−1, which is statistically congruent with the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment estimated GOM change (579.46 ± 46.62 GT•yr−1). The melting of Earth's ice reservoirs is the dominant contribution in the whole period. However, an abnormal increase is found in the trend of GOM change with an amplitude of approximately 100% since August 2008. Further finding reveals that melting of Antarctica Ice Sheets are increasing fast and significantly dominates among other geophysical contributions to the abnormal increase at 34.28%, following with the water storage change of exorheic river basins at 28.71% and the melting of Greenland Ice Sheets at 22.76%, which is postulated to be resulting from intensified ice wastages and precipitation during the last decade.