bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual System
Authors: Stacy Andrea K , Nelson Sacha B , Van Hooser Stephen D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

In the human visual system, signals travel from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the primary visual cortex. In the retina, photoreceptors transduce light into electrical signals that are processed by the local neurons of the retina, which in turn provide input to the retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina. There are many types of retinal ganglion cells, including those sensitive to colour and form and motion and change, and retinal ganglion cells generally have receptive fields with a centre‐surround organisation. The LGN acts as a relay station between the retina and primary visual cortex. In the cortex, the luminance sensitive simple and complex cells respond to oriented bars or edges. Simple cells respond to properly oriented bars of light at particular locations, while complex cells respond to properly oriented bars at any location within their receptive fields. Double opponent cells in primary visual cortex allow the visual system to sense colour contrasts. Primary visual cortex has a complex horizontal organisation with overlapping maps of visual topography, ocular dominance and orientation tuning.

Key Concepts

A receptive field refers to the region of visual space in which stimuli elicit a response from the cell.

The retina is a laminated structure at the back of the eye that transmits visual information to the brain.

The retina contains two types of photoreceptors, called rods and cones, that are responsible for converting light into electrical signals.

Retinal ganglion cells are the output cells of the retina that send information to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

The lateral geniculate nucleus is a laminated structure divided into layers based on eye of origin and cellular properties.

Neurons in the primary visual cortex exhibit selectivity for stimulus orientation.

Double‐opponent cells in the primary visual cortex respond to colour patterns and contribute to colour perception.

The mammalian visual pathway is organised retinotopically so that spatial representation of the visual field is preserved.

The primary visual cortex contributes to the initial processing of all visual information that is essential for visual perception.
Combining automatic plan integrity check (APIC) with standard plan document and checklist method to reduce errors in treatment planning
Authors: Xia Ping , LaHurd Danielle , Qi Peng , Mastroianni Anthony , Lee Daesung , Magnelli Anthony , Murray Eric , Kolar Matt , Guo Bingqi , Meier Tim , Chao Samual T. , Suh John H. , Yu Naichang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurpose/objectivesTo report our experience of combining three approaches of an automatic plan integrity check (APIC), a standard plan documentation, and checklist methods to minimize errors in the treatment planning process.Materials/methodsWe developed APIC program and standardized plan documentation via scripting in the treatment planning system, with an enforce function of APIC usage. We used a checklist method to check for communication errors in patient charts (referred to as chart errors). Any errors in the plans and charts (referred to as the planning errors) discovered during the initial chart check by the therapists were reported to our institutional Workflow Enhancement (WE) system. Clinical Implementation of these three methods is a progressive process while the APIC was the major progress among the three methods. Thus, we chose to compared the total number of planning errors before (including data from 2013 to 2014) and after (including data from 2015 to 2018) APIC implementation. We assigned the severity of these errors into five categories: serious (S), near miss with safety net (NM), clinical interruption (CLI), minor impediment (MI), and bookkeeping (BK). The Mann–Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 253 planning error forms, containing 272 errors, were submitted during the study period, representing an error rate of 3.8%, 3.1%, 2.1%, 0.8%, 1.9% and 1.3% of total number of plans in these years respectively. A marked reduction of planning error rate in the S and NM categories was statistically significant (P < 0.01): from 0.6% before APIC to 0.1% after APIC. The error rate for all categories was also significantly reduced (P < 0.01), from 3.4% before APIC and 1.5% per plan after APIC.ConclusionWith three combined methods, we reduced both the number and the severity of errors significantly in the process of treatment planning.
Quantitative Photoacoustic Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Inflammation In Vivo Using Activatable Theranostic Nanoprobe
Authors: Ye Jiamin , Li Zhi , Fu Qinrui , Li Qingqing , Zhang Xuan , Su Lichao , Yang Huanghao , Song Jibin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExcessive production of reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 is the pathological basis of chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as bacterial infection‐induced inflammation. Therefore, the in situ H2O2 level is a reliable biomarker of inflammatory responses, and its real‐time measurement can monitor disease progression and improve therapeutic outcomes in inflammation‐linked diseases. However, the currently used strategies for the diagnosis of inflammation is mainly through routine blood test, which are limited in determining the inflammation status and cannot provide comprehensive quantitative information. In this work, a novel H2O2‐responsive theranostic nanoplatform comprising Ag shell coated Pd‐tipped gold nanorods (Au–Pd@Ag NR) is developed. The etching and oxidation of the Ag shell by H2O2 release the Ag ions, which effectively kill bacteria in vivo and trigger their absorption variation at 700 and 1260 nm. The ratiometric photoacoustic (PA) imaging at 1260 and 700 nm (PA1260/PA700) accurately quantifies H2O2 in a mice model of bacterial infection and abdomen inflammation, even in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. The H2O2 activated second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) PA images of the probe can further precisely differentiate the inflammation region and normal tissue. This nanoplatform not only can quantify H2O2 during inflammation but also act as a potent antibacterial agent.
Calcium Phosphate Mineralized Black Phosphorous with Enhanced Functionality and Anticancer Bioactivity
Authors: Pan Ting , Fu Wen , Xin Hongbao , Geng Shengyong , Li Zhibin , Cui Haodong , Zhang Yanli , Chu Paul K. , Zhou Wenhua , Yu Xue‐Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBiodegradable inorganic nanomaterials have opened new perspectives for cancer therapy due to their inherent anticancer activity. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) with their unique bioactivity have recently been identified as promising cancer therapeutic agents but their application is hampered by the difficulty in surface functionalization. Herein, an in situ calcium phosphate (CaP) mineralization strategy is described to enhance the anticancer activity of BPs. By using BPs as the phosphate sources and growth templates, the synthesized CaP‐mineralized BPs (CaBPs) retain the intrinsic properties of BPs and at the same time have high loading capacities for various fluorophores to enable effective bioimaging and tracing. Compared to BPs, CaBPs exhibit enhanced and selective anticancer bioactivity due to the improved pH‐responsive degradation behavior and intracellular Ca2+ overloading in cancer cells. Furthermore, CaBPs specifically target mitochondria and cause structural damage, thus leading to mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. After intravenous injection, CaBPs target orthotopic breast cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth without giving rise to adverse effects or toxicity. The results demonstrate the great potential of CaBPs as targeted anticancer agents and the CaP mineralization approach provides a versatile surface functionalization strategy for nanotherapeutic agents.
Perovskite‐Type Solid Solution Nano‐Electrocatalysts Enable Simultaneously Enhanced Activity and Stability for Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Liang Xiao , Shi Lei , Cao Rui , Wan Gang , Yan Wensheng , Chen Hui , Liu Yipu , Zou Xiaoxin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA trade‐off between catalytic activity and structural stability generally exists in oxygen evolution electrocatalysis, especially in acidic environment. This dilemma limits the development of higher‐performance electrocatalysts that are required by next‐generation electrochemical technologies. Here it is demonstrated that the inverse catalytic activity–structural stability relation can be broken by alloying catalytically inert strontium zirconate with the other catalytically active perovskite, strontium iridate. This strategy results in an alloyed perovskite electrocatalyst with simultaneously improved iridium mass activity and structural stability, by about five times, for the oxygen evolution reaction under acidic conditions. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the alloying strategy generates multiple positive effects, mainly including the reduction of catalyst size, the decrease of catalyst covalency, and the weakening of surface oxygen‐binding ability. The synergistic optimization of bulk and surface properties, as a result, enhances the intrinsic activity and availability of surface iridium sites, whilst significantly inhibiting the surface cation corrosion during electrocatalysis.
Low‐Cost Fabrication Method for Thin, Flexible, and Transparent Touch Screen Sensors
Authors: Kim Seong‐jun , Phung Thanh Huy , Kim Seora , Rahman Md. Khalilur , Kwon Kye‐Si 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study presents a new fabrication method for touch screen sensors using inexpensive, flexible, and transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. In the proposed method, a transparent capacitive touch sensor array is implemented with two independent axes of invisible electrodes consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO) patterns and bridge electrodes. A low‐cost implementation of the bridge electrodes is achieved by using near‐field electrospinning (NFES) method for the conductive lines with linewidth of 3–5 µm. Then, the printed bridge electrode is sintered using green laser without damaging the PET film. It is demonstrated that two transparent electrodes deposited on a single sheet of PET film can detect the touch location by scanning the driving signal while simultaneously measuring the capacitances from the sensing lines connected via bridge electrodes.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Benzothiazoles via Cross Coupling of Amines and Arene Thiolation Sequence
Authors: Kim Jihyeon , Oh Kyungsoo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA one‐pot three‐component synthesis of benzothiazoles has been developed using the copper‐catalyzed aerobic cross coupling of amines followed by arene thiolation using elemental sulfur. The dual roles of elemental sulfur and CuCl(OH)‐TMEDA in the aerobic amine oxidation and the aniline thiolation enable the facile access to benzothiazole derivatives from readily available starting materials. The operational simplicity of the current promiscuous catalyst system suggests the high synthetic potential in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds.magnified image
Bipolar Electrodes for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Liu Tiefeng , Yuan Yifei , Tao Xinyong , Lin Zhan , Lu Jun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe development of advanced rechargeable batteries provides a great opportunity for basic and applied researchers to collectively overcome challenging scientific and technological barriers that directly address a critical need for energy storage. In addition to novel battery chemistries often scientifically reviewed, advanced battery structures via technological innovations that boost battery performance are also worthy of attention. In this context, bipolar electrodes (BEs) are capable of improving the specific power, simplifying cell components, and reducing manufacturing costs for rechargeable batteries. By focusing on the fundamentals and applications of BEs in rechargeable batteries, the rational utilization of BEs from an academic perspective is considered. The progress and challenges of BEs are discussed and summarized in detail. Key techniques and materials for enabling BEs are highlighted and an outlook for the future directions of BEs that involve emerging concepts, such as wearable devices, all‐solid‐state batteries, fast spraying fabrication, and recyclable secondary batteries, is also presented.
Complementary Type Ferroelectric Memory Transistor Circuits with P‐ and N‐Channel MoTe2
Authors: Hong Sungjae , Kim Kang Lib , Cho Yongjae , Cho Hyunmin , Park Ji Hoon , Park Cheolmin , Im Seongil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFerroelectric nonvolatile memory (FeNVM) field effect transistors (FETs) are reported using p‐channel MoTe2 and P(VDF‐TrFE) ferroelectric polymer, and furthermore a complementary type memory cell is demonstrated coupling p‐ and n‐channel MoTe2 FETs. A top‐gate p‐FET with P(VDF‐TrFE) and a bottom‐gate n‐FET with Al2O3 dielectric are integrated as one cell. Such a complementary type cell is more desirable research path in respect of power consumption but rare to find in 2D‐based memory reports. Among many 2D semiconductors MoTe2 is selected, because p‐type MoTe2‐based FeNVM is not reported yet, and also because it is relatively easy to obtain both p‐ and n‐channel from the homogeneous MoTe2. The integrated device also operates as a complementary metal oxide semiconductor inverter in a small voltage range from 0 to ≈2.5 V, but primarily works as a FeNVM circuit when p‐channel with top P(VDF‐TrFE) is biased with high voltages over the coercive electric field (Ec) of the polymer. The bottom gate n‐channel transistor operates as a switching device in the FeNVM cell, allowing voltage output signals during device operations. It is concluded that the complementary type FeNVM cell is practical and novel enough to report as a first time demonstration based on 2D MoTe2.
Soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community composition jointly affect crop yield
Authors: Chen Meiqi , Xu Jisheng , Li Zengqiang , Zhao Bingzi , Zhang Jiabao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBalanced fertilization with N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK) is usually recommended to increase crop yield, while little is known on whether the effectiveness differs in soils with different fertilization histories. A greenhouse experiment grown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and fertilized with NPK was conducted using soils that had been under five fertilization histories, including NPK, unbalanced fertilizers without one of the major elements (NP, PK, and NK), and an unfertilized treatment (Nil), for 18 yr. Wheat biomass and nutrient uptake from the PK treatment was 23–114% higher, from the NP was similar (except for N uptake), and from the NK and Nil was 14–58% lower, relative to the NPK treatment. Network analysis revealed positive associations of wheat biomass with available P (AvaP) and some specific taxa (i.e.,FlavisolibacterandPontibacterenriched in PK treatment andMicrobacteriumandNocardioidesdepleted in NK and Nil treatments), besides positive associations between AvaP andMicrobacteriumandNocardioidesabundances. GenusBaccillusenriched in PK treatment was identified as the keystone taxa. These results suggest that significantly induced crop yield in PK treatment by a single season application of balanced fertilizers may be associated with higher AvaP and stimulation of microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling and crop growth promotion, while lower yield observed in NK treatment may be related to lower AvaP and suppression of microorganisms involved in soil P availability. Our findings implied that besides balanced fertilization, more strategies are required for quickly improving crop yield according to soil nature.
Machine‐Driven Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycopeptide
Authors: Zhang Jiabin , Liu Ding , Saikam Varma , Gadi Madhusudhan R. , Gibbons Christopher , Fu Xuan , Song Heliang , Yu Jin , Kondengaden Shukkoor M. , Wang Peng G. , Wen Liuqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHistorically, researchers have put considerable effort into developing automation systems to prepare natural biopolymers such as peptides and oligonucleotides. The availability of such mature systems has significantly advanced the development of natural science. Over the past twenty years, breakthroughs in automated synthesis of oligosaccharides have also been achieved. A machine‐driven platform for glycopeptide synthesis by a reconstructed peptide synthesizer is described. The designed platform is based on the use of an amine‐functionalized silica resin to facilitate the chemical synthesis of peptides in organic solvent as well as the enzymatic synthesis of glycan epitopes in the aqueous phase in a single reaction vessel. Both syntheses were performed by a peptide synthesizer in a semiautomated manner.
Biosynthesis of Indole Diterpene Lolitrems: Radical‐Induced Cyclization of an Epoxyalcohol Affording a Characteristic Lolitremane Skeleton
Authors: Jiang Yulu , Ozaki Taro , Harada Mei , Miyasaka Tadachika , Sato Hajime , Miyamoto Kazunori , Kanazawa Junichiro , Liu Chengwei , Maruyama Jun‐ichi , Adachi Masaatsu , Nakazaki Atsuo , Nishikawa Toshio , Uchiyama Masanobu , Minami Atsushi , Oikawa Hideaki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLolitrems are tremorgenic indole diterpenes that exhibit a unique 5/6 bicyclic system of the indole moiety. Although genetic analysis has indicated that the prenyltransferase LtmE and the cytochrome P450 LtmJ are involved in the construction of this unique structure, the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the reconstitution of the biosynthetic pathway for lolitrems employing a recently established genome‐editing technique for the expression host Aspergillus oryzae. Heterologous expression and bioconversion of the various intermediates revealed that LtmJ catalyzes multistep oxidation to furnish the lolitrem core. We also isolated the key reaction intermediate with an epoxyalcohol moiety. This observation allowed us to establish the mechanism of radical‐induced cyclization, which was firmly supported by density functional theory calculations and a model experiment with a synthetic analogue.
On interdisciplinary collaboration and mentoring in Birth Defects Research
Authors: Cordero José F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere are many research societies in the world but none like the Teratology Society, now known as, the Society of Birth Defects Research and Prevention. Our Society has thrived in the last 60 years because of its inclusiveness in the diversity of disciplines of our membership, the outstanding interprofessional collaboration, and successful mentorship. This brief commentary offers some anecdotes about our diversity, interprofessional research, and mentoring.
Ermittlung eines Designraums zur Mechatronisierung von Befestigungsmitteln am Beispiel von Verbundankern
Authors: Horn Sebastian , Zimprich Sebastian , Gwosch Thomas , Matthiesen Sven 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMit steigender Digitalisierung im Bauwesen werden zunehmend Sensordaten für die Zustandsanalyse von Bauwerken notwendig. Als lasteinleitende Bauteile eignen sich insbesondere Befestigungsmittel zur Integration sensorischer Elemente. Jedoch ist bisher nicht bekannt, wie sich sensorische Elemente auf die Primärfunktion „Haltekraft“ auswirken. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Effekte zusätzlich eingebrachter Elemente zur Ermittlung möglicher Designräume am Beispiel eines Verbundankers. Hierzu wurden an zuvor bestimmten Wirkflächen und Begrenzungsflächen Elemente in Verbundanker integriert und in einem vollfaktoriellen 33‐Versuchsplan experimentell untersucht. Die Effekte der Faktorstufen gegenüber der Primärfunktion wurden statistisch interpretiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass im System Verbundanker Designraum für den Einsatz sensorischer Elemente vorhanden ist, der genutzt werden kann, um sensorische Verbundanker zu entwickeln, ohne die Verbundspannung signifikant zu beeinflussen.
Einfluss von Querbewehrung auf das Rissverhalten von Stahlbetonplatten unter Gebrauchslast
Authors: Berger Johannes , Keuser Manfred 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIm Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens an der Universität der Bundeswehr München wurde in den vergangenen Jahren in experimentellen und theoretischen Studien der Einfluss von Bewehrung auf das Riss‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Stahlbetonplatten im Grenzzustand der Gebrauchstauglichkeit (GZG) untersucht. Neben experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von senkrecht zur Zugspannungsrichtung angeordneten Bewehrungsstäben auf die Rissbildung in Stahlbetonplattenstreifen wurden auch Versuche an Stahlbetonplatten mit geneigten Bewehrungsnetzen unter ein‐ und zweiaxialer Biegebeanspruchung durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse zeigte insgesamt, dass unter speziellen Randbedingungen die senkrecht, aber auch geneigt angeordnete Bewehrung einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Rissverhalten in Stahlbetonplatten haben kann. Auf Grundlage mechanischer Vorüberlegungen, experimenteller Untersuchungen sowie zusätzlicher numerischer Parameterstudien wurde, basierend auf dem klassischen Rissmodell, ein vereinfachter Ansatz zur Berechnung des Rissabstands und der Rissbreite in Stahlbetonplatten unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses beliebig orientierter Querbewehrung entwickelt.Der nachfolgende Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Inhalte der durchgeführten Untersuchungen vor und fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit zusammen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den experimentellen Untersuchungen an Stahlbetonplatten unter einaxialer Biegebeanspruchung.
Einfluss unterschiedlicher Lastaufbringungsverfahren auf die Verschiebungsprognose von Verbunddübeln
Authors: Stierschneider Elisabeth , Zeman Oliver , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag wird der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlichen Lastaufbringungsarten im Rahmen von Dauerlastversuchen an Verbunddübeln untersucht. Diese unterscheiden sich in der Gleichmäßigkeit der aufgebrachten Dauerlast und ihrer Regelung über die Versuchszeit, sind aber alle für die Durchführung zulässig. Da die aufgebrachte Dauerlast in direktem Zusammenhang mit den gemessenen Verschiebungen steht, welche auf eine Nutzungsdauer von derzeit üblicherweise 50 Jahren extrapoliert werden, soll der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Lastaufbringungsarten auf die Verschiebungsprognose untersucht werden. Da gegenwärtig eine verlängerte Nutzungsdauer immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt, sind mögliche Einflüsse im Zuge der Versuchsdurchführung auf die Extrapolation von Relevanz. Die so gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf die Art der Lastaufbringung und deren Einfluss auf die Prognose können unter Umständen für die Erarbeitung von Prüfrichtlinien für eine verlängerte Nutzungsdauer herangezogen werden.