bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BA Application Promotes Offset Formation in Hosta Cultivars
Authors: Garner James M. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes D. Joseph , Kessler J. Raymond 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A foliar spray of 0, 1250, 2500, or 3750 ppm BA was applied to 10 hosta cultivars. BA application promoted offset formation in 8 cultivars at 30 days after treatment (DAT) and in all cultivars at 60 DAT. At 30 DAT, no offsets had formed in controls (0 ppm BA) of ‘Halcyon’ or ‘Samuel Blue’, but plants receiving 3750 ppm BA averaged 3.1 and 5.5 offsets, respectively. In the remaining cultivars at 30 DAT, maximum increases in offsets compared to controls ranged from 0.9 offset for ‘Stiletto’ to 6.2 offsets for ‘Hyacinthina’. Untreated plants of ‘Halcyon’ formed no offsets by 60 DAT, whereas plants receiving 3750 ppm BA averaged 3.8 offsets. In the remaining cultivars at 60 DAT, maximum increases in offsets compared to controls ranged from 2.1 offsets for ‘Great Expectations’ to 7.6 offsets for ‘Stiletto’. Offset stage of development, based on number of unfurled leaves, was more advanced in treated plants than in controls of two cultivars, less than that of controls in two cultivars, and similar to controls in the remaining cultivars. No phytotoxic symptoms were noted for any cultivar, and plant size was either increased or not affected by BA treatment.
Honeylocust Plant Bug and Leafhopper: Response to Water Stress and Cultivar
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Peterson N. C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In East Lansing, Michigan, honeylocust plant bugs Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Say) hatch from overwintering eggs in early May when leaf buds open. They progress through five larval stages by the middle of June. Adults are active in late June and early July. Feeding injury to developing honeylocust foliage occurs throughout the period of larval and adult activity from early May until early July. The leafhopper, Macropsis fumipennis, has a similar life cycle except for the period of adult activity that extends until late July. Cultivars vary considerably in susceptibility to honeylocust plant bug: injury to ‘Halka’ and ‘Skyline’ was far more severe than to ‘Summerlace’ trees in the same randomized planting. Water stress had no effect on honeylocust plant bug, but leafhoppers (M. fumipennis) were less abundant on trees the year following severe water stress.
Use of Rapeseed Meal to Control Black Vine Weevil Larvae Infesting Potted Rhododendron
Authors: Elberson Leslie R. , McCaffrey Joseph P. , Tripepi Robert R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Defatted rapeseed meal (RSM) from Brassica napus L. was applied as a mulch to potted rhododendron and strawberry (companion plants) infested with black vine weevil larvae to evaluate its potential as a natural soil fumigant. In the first year of study, three potting media (Sunshine® mix #1, 9:1 bark:sand, and 1:1 bark:peat [by vol]) were tested for their effects on larval survival. In the second year, 0, 50, 100, or 200 g (0, 1.8, 3.5, or 7 oz) of RSM were added to potted plants of rhododendron cv. ‘Ignatius Sargent’ grown in 1:1 bark:peat media in #1 (3-liter) containers. Meal was added approximately 16 weeks after planting rhododendron and strawberry plants. In the first study potting media type was found to have a significant effect on insecticidal activity of the meal resulting in a higher rate of larvae surviving in pots with Sunshine® mix than those with custom mixes of bark and sand or bark and peat. In the second study the highest rate of RSM, 200 g (7 oz)/l gal pot, reduced larval survival by 70% compared to the lowest rate, 50 g (1.8 oz) RSM, and the control. Shoot growth of rhododendron was unaffected by all rates of RSM, however strawberry leaf margins became necrotic with RSM rates of 100 (3.5 oz) and 200 g (7 oz). Rapeseed meal is toxic to black vine weevil larvae, but rates necessary for effective control in a nursery application may be too high for practical use.
Retail Garden Outlets: Plant Material Purchases and Trends
Authors: Garber M. P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A Georgia survey indicated that retail garden outlets purchased about 86% of plant material directly from growers. The estimated wholesale value of plants purchased by retail garden outlets represented in this survey was about $30M. The mean wholesale value of plants purchased by garden centers ($99K) greatly exceeded that of feed and seed ($22K) and hardware($24K) stores. The most important factor in selection of a plant supplier by a retail garden outlet was plant quality. The mix of plant material purchased varied with the type of retail outlet as did the information sources used to determine which plants to purchase. The marketing implications of these results for growers are discussed.
Performance of Landscape Plants from Northern Japan in the North Central United States
Authors: Widrlechner Mark P. , Hebel James B. , Herman Dale E. , Iles Jeffery K. , Kling Gary J. , Ovrom A. Paul , Pair John C. , Paparozzi Ellen T. , Poppe Steven R. , Rose Nancy , Schutzki Robert E. , Tubesing Charles , Wildung David K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 1984 and 1985, 21 landscape plant introductions from northern Japan were distributed for testing in the NC-7 Regional Ornamental Plant Trials. Seventeen of these introductions were evaluated for 10 years at six to ten sites representing a cross-section of growing conditions in the north central United States. For these 17 introductions, first-year survival averaged 60%; however, by year 10, fewer than 20% of the original 425 plants were alive. Based on these evaluations, the populations could be divided into four groups. One population of Rosa rugosa was adapted to most trial sites; two populations (Alnus hirsuta and Lonicera chrysantha) were adapted to some sites; three populations were of poorly adapted dieback shrubs, and the remaining 11 populations included a diverse set of trees and shrubs unadapted to any, or nearly any, trial site. Temperature and moisture data from Japan and from trial sites were used to examine relationships between plant adaptation and climate. Statistically significant, multiple-regression models were calculated to describe the functional relationships between temperature and moisture conditions and plant adaptation at the various trial sites. Our models predict that plants from northern Japan are best adapted to sites in the northeastern United States where moisture surpluses exceed those typically found in the north central United States. These models also suggest criteria to evaluate sites throughout northeastern Asia for future exploration.
Low pH Enhances Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Rhododendron in Subirrigation
Authors: Holt Thomas A. , Maynard Brian K. , Johnson William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Semi-hardwood terminal stem cuttings of Rhododendron L. ‘P.J.M.’, R. ‘Catawbiense Album’ and R. ‘Purple Gem’ were treated with a solution of 0.1% indolebutyric acid and 0.5% napthaleneacetic acid and inserted into perlite for rooting under subirrigation, without overhead mist, at solution pH of 4.5 or 7.5. All cultivars rooted in higher percentages and produced larger root balls at pH 4.5 than at pH 7.5. A second study with softwood stem cuttings of R. ‘P.J.M.’ and both softwood and semi-hardwood stem cuttings of R. ‘Purple Gem’ confirmed these findings and included an additional subirrigation treatment, a sphagnum peat slurry, pH 4.1, which produced nearly identical results to the pH 4.5 treatment.
Tolerance of Seashore Paspalum Cultivars to Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Jack Johnson B. , Duncan Ronny R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of preemergence herbicides among seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) cultivars used for summer annual weed control is limited. No differences were found in turfgrass tolerance among four paspalum cultivars from preemergence herbicides during 1996 and 1997 at Griffin, GA. The tolerance of paspalum turfgrass was good when treated with Ronstar (oxadiazon) at rates ≤ 10.1 kg/ha (9.0 lb/A), pendimethalin (various trade names, water-dispersible granules) or Barricade (prodiamine) at recommended rates [3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A) and 0.8 kg/ha (0.7 lb/A), respectively]. When rates of these herbicides were increased to three times recommended, 15% injury was noted. During May 1996, Dimension (dithiopyr) injured the turf 12% when applied at the normal rate [0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A)], but the injury was 35% in plots treated with three times recommended. Dimension did not cause any injury in 1997. Surflan (oryzalin) at 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A) and XL (benefin + oryzalin) at 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A) caused a maximum of 26% and 20% injury, respectively, when applied at the recommended rates. Maximum injury ranged from 48% for Surflan and 38% for XL when applied to plots at the three times recommended. The quality of PI 509018-1, SIPV-2, and AP-10 was generally higher than Adalayd from early spring until late August both years.
Influence of Herbicides on Establishment of Eight Seashore Paspalum Cultivars
Authors: Johnson B. Jack , Duncan Ronny R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Herbicide efficacy among seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) ecotypes during establishment is not well documented. When herbicides were applied to eight newly planted paspalum cultivars, herbicide tolerance among cultivars was not different. Neither Manage (halosulfuron) at ≤0.21 kg/ha (≤0.19 lb/A) nor Ronstar (oxadiazon) at ≤10.0 kg/ha (≤9.0 lb/A) caused significant turfgrass injury when applied at the recommended or three times the recommended rates during 1996 and 1997. Similar results were obtained from Drive (quinclorac) at 0.9 kg/ha (0.8 lb/A) and Vanquish (dicamba) at 0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A). In 1996, Dimension (dithiopyr) and pendimethalin (various trade names, water-dispersible granules) applied at any rate did not significantly injure the turf. However, when recommended rates were applied in 1997, Dimension (dithiopyr) caused a maximum of 19% injury [0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A)] and pendimethalin caused a maximum injury of 23% [3.3 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A)]. The injury was 35 to 36% when each herbicide was applied at three times the recommended rate. Illoxan (diclofop) at ≥1.1 kg/ha (≥1.0 lb/A) was the only herbicide included in this study that severely injured the turfgrass (26 to 42%) both years when applied at the recommended rate. Differences were found in growth among eight paspalum cultivars during the 6-week period following planting. By 6 weeks, SIPV-2 generally produced the poorest growth in 1996 while Adalayd produced the poorest growth in 1996 and 1997.
Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Growth and Nutrient Status of Containerized Crape Myrtle
Authors: Cabrera Raul I. , Devereaux Diana R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Containerized crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica x fauriei ‘Tonto’) plants were grown over a 9-month period using complete nutrient solutions, except during overwintering, that differed in N concentration: 15, 30, 60, 120, 210, and 300 mg/liter. Plant shoot biomass, leaf area and canopy diameter increased with applied N concentrations ([N]a) up to 60 mg/liter, but higher levels caused significant depressions in all these parameters. Root biomass and plant height were depressed linearly with increases in [N]a. Regardless of final plant biomass, increases in [N]a significantly favored shoot over root growth, with ratios increasing from 1.9 to 5.4 for 15 to 300 mg/liter, respectively.
Soluble salts in the medium, monitored via leachates, increased with N supply and were identified as a key factor involved in the yield reductions observed at the higher [N]a. Leaf N concentration increased with N supply, stabilizing at [N]a above 120 mg/liter; concentrations of 2.6–2.7% were associated with maximum growth. Calcium and iron concentrations in tissue followed the same response pattern as N, but sulfur (S) decreased significantly in an opposite pattern. Other nutrients did not respond to [N]a. Leaf tissue N:S ratios were more closely correlated with plant growth that either N or S alone, with maximum growth observed at a ratio of approximately 6:1. Higher N:S ratios produced sharp yield depressions.
Fertilizer Rate and Pot-In-Pot Production Increase Growth of Heritage River Birch
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to compare the effects of three fertilizer rates [High N Southern Formula, 23N–1.7P–6.6K (23–4–8) at 1.3, 1.7, and 2.0 kg N/m3 (2.2, 2.8, and 3.4 lb N/yd3)] and two production systems [pot-in-pot (PIP) or conventional above-ground (CAG)] on the growth of Heritage river birch (Betula nigra L. ‘Cully’) in 26 liter (#7) containers. Plants grown PIP had greater shoot dry weight (20%), root dry weight (31%), total biomass (27%) and root:shoot ratios (12%). Increasing fertilizer rates increased shoot dry weights but decreased root:shoot ratios. Rate of fertilizer application influenced foliar Mg, Zn, and Fe while production system had no effect. The foliar P:Zn ratio increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased. Soluble salts and NO3-N in the leachate increased linearly as rate of fertilizer increased at 15 and 60 days after application (DAA), whereas the response was curvilinear at 120 DAA. When different, nutrient concentrations in the leachate were greater for plants grown CAG. Fertilizer longevity based on prill analysis was greater when the PIP system was used, presumably due to lower substrate temperatures during the experimental period.
Susceptibility of Crapemyrtle Cultivars to Powdery Mildew and Cercospora Leaf Spot in Alabama
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Keever G. J. , Gilliam C. H. , Williams J. D. , Creech G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Reaction of 43 cultivars in three crapemyrtle taxa (Lagerstroemia indica, L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei) to powdery mildew (Erysiphe lagerstroemia) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora lythracearum) was evaluated for three years in a simulated landscape planting in Auburn, AL. Overall, the incidence of powdery mildew was lower on L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei than on L. indica. In two of three years, Cercospora leaf spot severity was similar among all cultivars of L. indica and L. indica x fauriei, while the single selection of L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ proved highly resistant to this disease. Selected cultivars in each crapemyrtle taxa were resistant to one or both diseases. Over the three-year evaluation period, hybrid cultivars ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, and ‘Tonto’, as well as L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ were largely free of powdery mildew and suffered little damage from Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars suffering light injury to the foliage along with little noticeable defoliation from either disease were L. indica x fauriei ‘Basham's Party Pink’, ‘Apalachee’, ‘Caddo’ as well as L. indica ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Glendora White’. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Carolina Beauty’, ‘Wonderful White’, ‘Raspberry Sundae’, ‘Powhatan’, ‘Peppermint Lace’, ‘Majestic Beauty’, and ‘Orbin Adkins’ were susceptible to both powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot. The mildew-resistant cultivars ‘Acoma’, ‘Near East’, ‘Yuma’, ‘Souix’, ‘Hopi’, and ‘Comanche’ suffered extensive spotting of the leaves, which extended well into the mid-canopy, along with heavy leaf shed due to Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars which are susceptible to one or both diseases would be poor choices in low maintenance commercial or residential landscapes.
Control of Basal Sprout Regrowth in ‘Bradford’ Pear with NAA
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Stephenson James C. , Fare Donna C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Suppression of basal sprout development in Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ was achieved with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a dormant, directed trunk spray. Nearly complete sprout control was achieved with all test rates (2875 to 11,500 ppm) through 120 days after treatment (DAT), with a slight increase in total sprout number occurring between 120 and 210 DAT. The 5750 ppm rate provided optimal sprout control and resulted in 15% more increase in tree height and 20% more increase in caliper than in control trees. No phytotoxicity was observed on trees in any treatment.
Are ‘Barton’ and ‘Cloud 9’ the Same Cultivar of Cornus florida L.?
Authors: Windham Mark T. , Trigiano Robert N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ten flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) cultivars were evaluated for phenotypic characters including resistance to spot anthracnose and dogwood canker, susceptibility to frost damage, leaf color, bract length and color, bloom number and reproductive phenology. Cultivars differed by at least three phenotypic characters except for ‘Barton’ and ‘Cloud 9’, which when compared with each other, were not significantly different at any characteristic. DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) using 17 octamer oligonucleotide primers could not distinguish these cultivars. Furthermore, arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP), a technique that produces ‘fingerprints of fingerprints’, which is capable of detecting more differences than DAF, also failed to reveal any polymorphic DNA. Therefore, based on the lack of phenotypic and genetic differences between these two cultivars, we conclude that they are the same genotype.
Irrigation Volume, Application, and Controlled-release Fertilizers: I. Effect on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrient Content in Containerized Plant Production
Authors: Groves Kelly M. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment with four volumes of irrigation and five controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) was conducted to evaluate effects on plant growth and mineral nutrient content. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’ and seedlings of Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’ were grown in 3.8 liter (4 qt) containers in a pine bark:sand substrate (8:1, by vol) incorporated with 3.5 g (0.12 oz) N per container with one of the following five CRFs: Meister 21N–3.5P–11.1K (21–7–14), Osmocote 24N–2.0P–5.6K (24–4–7), Scotts 23N–2.0P–6.4K (23–4–8), Sustane 5N–0.9P–3.3K (5–2–4) or Woodace 21N–3.0P–9.5K (21–6–12). Irrigation volumes of 200 ml (0.3 in), 400 ml (0.6 in), 800 ml (1.1 in), or 1200 ml (1.7 in) were applied once daily (single) or in two equal applications with a two hr interval between irrigation allotments (cyclic). All measured variables were unaffected by irrigation application (cyclic or single). Top dry weight of cotoneaster increased quadratically with increasing irrigation volume for all CRFs. Maximum top dry weight was obtained with 612 ml (0.8 in), 921 ml (1.3 in), 928 ml (1.3 in), 300 ml (0.6 in), or 909 ml (1.3 in) for plants fertilized with Meister, Osmocote, Scotts, Sustane, and Woodace, respectively. Osmocote, Scotts, and Woodace produced 90% of maximum top weight over a wide range of irrigation volumes [≈ 550 ml (0.8 in) to 1200 ml (1.5 in)]. Stomatal conductance of cotoneaster fertilized with Osmocote 24–4–7 increased linearly with increasing volume of irrigation, whereas net photosynthetic rate increased quadratically and was highest at 800 ml (1.1 in). All CRFs, excluding Sustane, had similar dry weights when irrigated with 200 ml (0.3 in). At 800 ml (1.1 in) and 1200 ml (1.7 in), cotoneaster fertilized with Osmocote 24–4–7 and Scotts 23–4–8 produced greater top dry weight compared to Meister, Sustane, and Woodace. Top dry weight of rudbeckia increased quadratically with increasing irrigation volume regardless of CRFs. Maximum dry weight was produced with 1160 ml, 931 ml, 959 ml, 1091 ml, or 1009 ml for plants grown with Meister, Osmocote, Scotts, Sustane, or Woodace, respectively. Ninety percent of the maximum top dry weight of both species within each CRF could be obtained with a 40% reduction in irrigation volume. Nitrogen content of cotoneaster and rudbeckia were unaffected by irrigation volume, whereas P and K content, depending upon CRF and plant, was reduced at low irrigation volumes.
Evaluation of Various Traits of 40 Selections and Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple Growing in Maryland
Authors: Townsend A. M. , Douglass L. W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Thirty-seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) selections and commercial cultivars were evaluated for six years in a replicated field plot at Glenn Dale, MD. Significant differences among clones occurred for growth rate; for time, intensity, and duration of autumn color; for time of growth initiation in the spring; and for injury sustained from potato leafhopper (PLH) [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] feeding. The red maple cultivars showing the best red color over three years time were ‘Autumn Flame,’ ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley,’ and ‘Van.’ The cultivar ‘Bowhall’ was the least reddish. Of the three Freeman maples evaluated, ‘ Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ manifested the best red color and also low PLH injury; whereas ‘Armstrong’ consistently showed the least reddish color of all 40 clones tested, and intermediate PLH injury. Those cultivars and selections from northern seed sources reached their peak color the earliest, but often dropped their leaves more quickly after showing their best color, compared to clones originating in more southerly locations. The clones showing the least PLH injury over several years included the Freeman maples ‘Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer,’ and red maple clones and cultivars selected by the U.S. National Arboretum either from full-sib progenies (e.g., ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley’) or from an Ohio provenance-progeny test (e.g., ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket’). Those clones initiating growth (or “flushing”) earliest in the spring generally showed the least PLH injury; correlations between lateness of flushing and degree of PLH injury were highly significant.
Propagation of Thuja x ‘Green Giant’ by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment
Authors: Griffin Jason J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’ (‘Green Giant’ arborvitae), consisting of 22 cm (8.6 in) terminals (tips of first-order laterals) or 20 cm (7.8 in) laterals (side shoots removed from those portions of terminal cuttings inserted into the rooting medium), were collected on three dates associated with specific stock plant growth stages (softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood) and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 9000 ppm (0.9%). Regardless of cutting type or auxin treatment, cuttings rooted in high percentages at each growth stage. Overall rooting for softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood, cuttings was 85%, 86%, and 96%, respectively. Semi-hardwood cuttings were the only cuttings in which percent rooting was affected by IBA treatment or cutting type, with lateral cuttings rooting in higher percentages than terminal cuttings (92% vs. 79%, respectively), while IBA concentrations of 3000 (0.3%) or 6000 ppm (0.6%) proved optimal for both cutting types. Mean root number and mean root length varied by growth stage, cutting type, and IBA concentration. In general, rooting percentages and root length were optimized at the hardwood stage with either cutting type treated with 3000, 6000 or 9000 ppm (0.3%, 0.6% or 0.9%) IBA, resulting in &gt;10 roots per cutting.