bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology
Authors: Mornet Patrick , Cole Giller 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBorn in 1869, Gaston Contremoulins began his career as a painter. Fascinated by photography and discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895, our ingenious self taught engineer joined the laboratory of microphotography in the faculty of medicine in Paris. He published in 1896 studies in the use of X-rays associated with a compass for research and anatomical localization of foreign bodies in the skull. This work was awarded by the Montyon prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1897. Appointed chief of radiological laboratories in Paris Hospital in 1898, despite the fact that he was not doctor, he developed his method named metro radiography for localization, then extraction of foreign bodies in all organs mainly during World War 1. He developed with surgeons osteosynthesis and prothesis for wounded soldiers. Early awareness of radiation hazards for physicians, hospital staff and also the neighborhood of the radiological installation, Contremoulins developed ways of protecting source and also promoted the shielding of walls and floors, despite the opposition of some of the radiologists. Retired from the Necker Hospital in 1934, he exercised his talents in the Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital for another 16 years. He ended his days in 1950 after he was diagnosed with inoperable cataracts.
Imaging of Radiolucent Jaw Lesions
Authors: Bali Abdellatif , Vanhoenacker Filip M. , Vanhoenacker Charlotte , Bernaerts Anja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRadiolucent lesions in the jaw bones comprise a whole spectrum of odontogenic and nonodontogenic lesions. Although the imaging appearance is not always specific, careful radiologic analysis may contribute to characterization of these lesions. A useful approach is to first analyze the absence or presence of a relationship of the lesion to the teeth. The relation may be either near the tooth apex or crown of the tooth. Other lesions may or may not show any specific anatomical location. After analysis of the primary location of the lesion, additional criteria that may help in further imaging characterization are lesion demarcation and morphology, involvement of the cortex and periosteum, and soft tissue changes. This article describes the most characteristic and prevalent radiolucent lesions of the jaws at each location. In routine clinical practice, cone beam computed tomography is sufficient for appropriate lesion characterization, although magnetic resonance imaging may be useful in selected cases.
Klippel–Feil Syndrome with Multiple Cervical Anomalies Discovered Following Trauma
Authors: Celi Fernando , Saal-Zapata Giancarlo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe approach to the upper cervical spine is a challenge for surgeons, not only for its complex anatomy but also for the great variety of pathologies. Klippel–Feil syndrome (KFS) is a congenital disease characterized by the fusion of two or more cervical segments and is associated with various musculoskeletal and vascular malformations. However, there is no consensus on the type of surgery, approach, level of fixation or fusion. We report the case of a KFS, associated with multiple anatomical variants, who suffered a traumatic cervical injury and underwent surgical treatment.
Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Issues in Women
Authors: Vipperla Sujatha , Mahapatro Anil Kumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCOVID-19, although primarily a respiratory illness, has myriad cardiovascular manifestations. Underlying comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and underlying cardiovascular disease are associated with higher mortality. Diabetes confers greater risk in women than men. Myocardial injury is seen in 17 to 36% of patients and is associated with higher mortality. Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Case reports of myocarditis have been documented. The sex differences in these common presentations have not been disaggregated and such evaluation is warranted to elucidate future interventions.
Two classes of active transcription sites and their roles in developmental regulation
Authors: Robinson-Thiewes Sarah , McCloskey John , Kimble Judith 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Transcription occurs at chromosomal sites known as active transcription sites (ATS). We report that ATS can exist in two classes when assessed at key regulatory genes in their natural context: these “iATS” and “cATS” possess incomplete and complete nascent transcripts, respectively. Frequencies of the two classes are patterned within the developing tissue in a gene-, developmental stage-, and sex-specific manner, revealing ATS class regulation. Moreover, cATS frequency, not iATS frequency, corresponds to mRNA abundance, indicating that regulation of ATS class impacts gene expression. The iATS signature—presence of a long first intron but lacking exons—suggests slowing or pausing of transcriptional progression midway through the gene. We suggest that ATS class regulation can pattern gene expression during development.
Central vestibular sensitivity affects motion sick susceptibility through the efficacy of the velocity storage mechanism
Authors: Chua Wei De Kenneth , Kek Tze Ling 
Published: October 2020

Background
Slow-phase eye velocity–time constant (SPEV–TC) and perceived rotational duration (PRD) are measurable objective outcomes of the rotational chair step-velocity test. These two variables are dependent on the efficacy of the central velocity storage. If sensory conflict from the step-velocity of the rotational chair elicits motion sickness, the SPEV–TC and PRD in individuals with varying susceptibility to motion sickness should be affected.

Objective
To determine if central vestibular sensitivity (CVS) characteristics differ among individuals with a range of motion sickness susceptibility (MSS).

Methods
Participants were allocated to two groups based on MSS (low and high) as identified in the short version of the Motion Sick Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ-S). We evaluated the specific relationship between MSS and the characteristics of CVS through the SPEV–TC and PRD from the step-velocity test.

Results
Results showed significant differences in the PRD between these two groups. 180°/s pre-rotatory PRD is most significantly different (p = .005) followed by 50°/s post-rotatory PRD (counter clock-wise [CCW], p = .007; clock-wise [CW], p = .021) and log of 180°/s post-rotatory PRD (p = .042). Multiple regression analysis indicated that CCW post-rotatory PRD at 50°/s was a strong predictor of MSS.

Conclusions
High MSS individuals were observed with elevated PRD in general, indirectly suggesting greater velocity storage efficiency, hence, greater CVS; CVS is therefore positively correlated with MSS. PRD could be a reliable clinical indicator of motion sick susceptibility and may help with the selection of personnel working in motion sick environments and with the verification of motion sickness therapeutic interventions.
Beamed and Unbeamed Emission of γ-Ray Blazars
Authors: Pei Zhiyuan , Fan Junhui , Yang Jianghe , Bastieri Denis 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A two-component model of radio emission has been used to explain some radio observational properties of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and, in particular, of blazars. In this work, we extend the two-component idea to the γ-ray emission and assume that the total γ-ray output of blazars consists of relativistically beamed and unbeamed components. The basic idea leverages the correlation between the radio core-dominance parameter and the γ-ray beaming factor. To do so, we evaluate this correlation for a large sample of 584 blazars taken from the fourth source catalog of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) and correlated their γ-ray core-dominance parameters with radio core-dominance parameters. The γ-ray beaming factor is then used to estimate the beamed and unbeamed components. Our analysis confirms that the γ-ray emission in blazars is mainly from the beamed component.
Classifying discharge scenarios to improve understanding and care
Authors: Hyslop Brent 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hospital discharge planning is valuable in improving care and avoiding discharge delays. This is highly relevant to older people. Although usual discharge planning is now well understood and applicable to most patients, a range of different discharge scenarios exist that involve different considerations. These less common scenarios appear less well understood and can be challenging for clinical staff. To improve understanding and care, this Commentary suggests a basic classification of six discharge planning scenarios. These are: usual discharge planning, premature discharge, rehabilitation selection, safety concerns, reluctant discharge and delayed discharge. Clinical and system responses to each scenario are briefly discussed. This classification could potentially be useful in clinical education and quality improvement.
Caloric restriction mimetics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Sciarretta Sebastiano , Forte Maurizio , Castoldi Francesca , Frati Giacomo , Versaci Francesco , Sadoshima Junichi , Kroemer Guido , Maiuri Maria Chiara 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCaloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. CRMs include natural and synthetic compounds able to inhibit protein acetyltransferases, to interfere with acetyl coenzyme A biosynthesis, or to activate (de)acetyltransferase proteins. These modifications mimic the effects of caloric restriction, which is associated with the activation of autophagy. Previous evidence demonstrated the ability of CRMs to ameliorate cardiac function and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and maladaptive remodelling in animal models of ageing, mechanical overload, chronic myocardial ischaemia, and in genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In addition, CRMs were found to reduce acute ischaemia–reperfusion injury. In many cases, these beneficial effects of CRMs appeared to be mediated by autophagy activation. In the present review, we discuss the relevant literature about the role of different CRMs in animal models of cardiac diseases, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these compounds and their potential future clinical application.
Microbial selenium metabolism: a brief history, biogeochemistry and ecophysiology
Authors: Wells Michael , Stolz John F 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTSelenium is an essential trace element for organisms from all three domains of life. Microorganisms, in particular, mediate reductive transformations of selenium that govern the element's mobility and bioavailability in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Selenium metabolism is not just ubiquitous but an ancient feature of life likely extending back to the universal common ancestor of all cellular lineages. As with the sulfur biogeochemical cycle, reductive transformations of selenium serve two metabolic functions: assimilation into macromolecules and dissimilatory reduction during anaerobic respiration. This review begins with a historical overview of how research in both aspects of selenium metabolism has developed. We then provide an overview of the global selenium biogeochemical cycle, emphasizing the central role of microorganisms in the cycle. This serves as a basis for a robust discussion of current models for the evolution of the selenium biogeochemical cycle over geologic time, and how knowledge of the evolution and ecophysiology of selenium metabolism can enrich and refine these models. We conclude with a discussion of the ecophysiological function of selenium-respiring prokaryotes within the cycle, and the tantalizing possibility of oxidative selenium transformations during chemolithoautotrophic growth.
Exploring microbial determinants of apple replant disease (ARD): a microhabitat approach under split-root design
Authors: Balbín-Suárez Alicia , Lucas Maik , Vetterlein Doris , Sørensen Søren J , Winkelmann Traud , Smalla Kornelia , Jacquiod Samuel 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTApple replant disease (ARD) occurs worldwide in apple orchards and nurseries and leads to a severe growth and productivity decline. Despite research on the topic, its causality remains unclear. In a split-root experiment, we grew ARD-susceptible ‘M26’ apple rootstocks in different substrate combinations (+ARD: ARD soil; -ARD: gamma-irradiated ARD soil; and Control: soil with no apple history). We investigated the microbial community composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (bacteria and archaea) along the soil–root continuum (bulk soil, rhizosphere and rhizoplane). Significant differences in microbial community composition and structure were found between +ARD and -ARD or +ARD and Control along the soil–root continuum, even for plants exposed simultaneously to two different substrates (-ARD/+ARD and Control/+ARD). The substrates in the respective split-root compartment defined the assembly of root-associated microbial communities, being hardly influenced by the type of substrate in the respective neighbor compartment. Root-associated representatives from Actinobacteria were the most dynamic taxa in response to the treatments, suggesting a pivotal role in ARD. Altogether, we evidenced an altered state of the microbial community in the +ARD soil, displaying altered alpha- and beta-diversity, which in turn will also impact the normal development of apple rhizosphere and rhizoplane microbiota (dysbiosis), concurring with symptom appearance.
A Characteristic Map for the Symmetric Space of Symplectic Forms Over a Finite Field
Authors: He Jimmy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe characteristic map for the symmetric group is an isomorphism relating the representation theory of the symmetric group to symmetric functions. An analogous isomorphism is constructed for the symmetric space of symplectic forms over a finite field, with the spherical functions being sent to Macdonald polynomials with parameters $(q,q^2)$. An analogue of parabolic induction is interpreted as a certain multiplication of symmetric functions. Applications are given to Schur positivity of skew Macdonald polynomials with parameters $(q,q^2)$ as well as combinatorial formulas for spherical function values.
Accountability, secrecy, and innovation in AI-enabled clinical decision software
Authors: Rai Arti K , Sharma Isha , Silcox Christina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article employs analytical and empirical tools to dissect the complex relationship between secrecy, accountability, and innovation incentives in clinical decision software enabled by machine learning (ML-CD). Although secrecy can provide incentives for innovation, it can also diminish the ability of third parties to adjudicate risk and benefit responsibly. Our first aim is descriptive. We address how the interrelated regimes of intellectual property law, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, and tort liability are currently shaping information flow and innovation incentives. We find that developers regard secrecy over training data and details of the trained model as central to competitive advantage. Meanwhile, neither FDA nor adopters are currently asking for these types of details. In addition, in some cases, it is not clear whether developers are being asked to provide rigorous evidence of performance. FDA, Congress, developers, and adopters could all do more to promote information flow, particularly as ML-CD models move into areas of higher risk. We provide specific suggestions for how FDA regulation, patent law, and tort liability could be tweaked to improve information flow without sacrificing innovation incentives.
Screening for Viruses and Lemur-Associated Filara in Wild-Caught Mosquitoes From Madagascar
Authors: Klein Annette , Strube Christina , Becker Stefanie C , Naccache Fanny 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Madagascar is a hotspot of biodiversity, but poverty and population growth provoke a high risk of conflict between food security and biodiversity conservation in this tropical country. Numerous vector-borne diseases, including viral infections, affect public health in Madagascar and a continuous expansion of anthropogenically used areas intensifies contact on the human–wildlife interface. However, data on human and animal pathogens in potential insect vectors is limited. Therefore, we conducted a parasitological and virological survey of 785 adult female mosquitoes between March and May 2016 at the Ankarafantsika National Park in northwestern Madagascar. Screening included Alpha-, Phlebo-, and Flaviviridae and the recently described filarial nematode species, Lemurfilaria lemuris. The predominant mosquito genus was Culex (91%), followed by Mansonia (4.1%), Anopheles (3.4%), and Aedes (0.9%). Viral screening revealed no arboviruses, but an insect-specific flavivirus in two Culex sitiens pools. No pools screened positive for the lemur-specific filarial nematode L. lemuris.
Permethrin Resistance Status and Associated Mechanisms inAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae) From Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Janich Ashley J , Saavedra-Rodriguez Karla , Vera-Maloof Farah Z , Kading Rebekah C , Rodríguez Américo D , Penilla-Navarro Patricia , López-Solis Alma D , Solis-Santoyo Francisco , Perera Rushika , Black William C 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus—a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (&lt;2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (&gt;58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.
The international glycan repository GlyTouCan version 3.0
Authors: Fujita Akihiro , Aoki Nobuyuki P , Shinmachi Daisuke , Matsubara Masaaki , Tsuchiya Shinichiro , Shiota Masaaki , Ono Tamiko , Yamada Issaku , Aoki-Kinoshita Kiyoko F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Glycans serve important roles in signaling events and cell-cell communication, and they are recognized by lectins, viruses and bacteria, playing a variety of roles in many biological processes. However, there was no system to organize the plethora of glycan-related data in the literature. Thus GlyTouCan (https://glytoucan.org) was developed as the international glycan repository, allowing researchers to assign accession numbers to glycans. This also aided in the integration of glycan data across various databases. GlyTouCan assigns accession numbers to glycans which are defined as sets of monosaccharides, which may or may not be characterized with linkage information. GlyTouCan was developed to be able to recognize any level of ambiguity in glycans and uniquely assign accession numbers to each of them, regardless of the input text format. In this manuscript, we describe the latest update to GlyTouCan in version 3.0, its usage, and plans for future development.
Screening for functional transcriptional and splicing regulatory variants with GenIE
Authors: Cooper Sarah E , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Bello Erica , Coomber Eve L , Bassett Andrew R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic loci underlying human diseases, but a fundamental challenge remains to accurately identify the underlying causal genes and variants. Here, we describe an arrayed CRISPR screening method, Genome engineering-based Interrogation of Enhancers (GenIE), which assesses the effects of defined alleles on transcription or splicing when introduced in their endogenous genomic locations. We use this sensitive assay to validate the activity of transcriptional enhancers and splice regulatory elements in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and develop a software package (rgenie) to analyse the data. We screen the 99% credible set of Alzheimer's disease (AD) GWAS variants identified at the clusterin (CLU) locus to identify a subset of likely causal variants, and employ GenIE to understand the impact of specific mutations on splicing efficiency. We thus establish GenIE as an efficient tool to rapidly screen for the role of transcribed variants on gene expression.
KEGG: integrating viruses and cellular organisms
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru , Furumichi Miho , Sato Yoko , Ishiguro-Watanabe Mari , Tanabe Mao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/) is a manually curated resource integrating eighteen databases categorized into systems, genomic, chemical and health information. It also provides KEGG mapping tools, which enable understanding of cellular and organism-level functions from genome sequences and other molecular datasets. KEGG mapping is a predictive method of reconstructing molecular network systems from molecular building blocks based on the concept of functional orthologs. Since the introduction of the KEGG NETWORK database, various diseases have been associated with network variants, which are perturbed molecular networks caused by human gene variants, viruses, other pathogens and environmental factors. The network variation maps are created as aligned sets of related networks showing, for example, how different viruses inhibit or activate specific cellular signaling pathways. The KEGG pathway maps are now integrated with network variation maps in the NETWORK database, as well as with conserved functional units of KEGG modules and reaction modules in the MODULE database. The KO database for functional orthologs continues to be improved and virus KOs are being expanded for better understanding of virus-cell interactions and for enabling prediction of viral perturbations.