bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philemon Holland’s Livy and Sir Francis Nethersole’s Problemes
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns to Philemon Holland’s (1552–1637) enormous Romane Historie (1600), the first full-scale translation of Livy into English, completed in the final years of the sixteenth century. This chapter examines the use to which Francis Nethersole (bap. 1587, d. 1659) put Holland’s Tudor translation at the height of the English Civil War. Nethersole’s appeal to Livy in 1648 formed part of an ever-intensifying engagement with the AUC in the mid-seventeenth century. Nethersole harnessed sections from Books 8 and 9 of the AUC to a contemporary debate among the Parliamentarians concerning the punishment of Delinquents. These selections from Holland’s Livy are located in the wider context of the intense engagement with Livy’s history in the mid-seventeenth century, from Leveller pamphlets celebrating the expulsion of kings to royalist defences of absolute monarchy. With his account of Rome’s transition from monarchy to a consular republic, Livy was readily exploited in debates concerning the government and constitution of England, serving as one of the most prominent authorities of political thought during the English Civil War.
Maritime Strategic Thought and International Law
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the development of maritime strategic thought in Great Britain from 1872 to 1914, analysing the debates at the Royal United Service Institution, which provided one of the most important forums to discuss strategic matters. The early naval strategic thinkers John and Philip Colomb set the agenda, discussing maritime strategy in the context of home and imperial defence. Later strategists, such as Alfred T. Mahan and Julian S. Corbett, focused on command and control of the sea. The chapter examines not only how maritime strategic thought developed but also how the practice and codification of international maritime law shaped ideas about a future maritime conflict.
The Government’s Bank
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the emergence of ‘credit policy’, which more or less completely replaced ‘monetary policy’ as a key concept among experts and politicians. The term implied a shift in focus from aggregates that had previously been at the core of central bank activity—money, liquidity, and interest rates, as a means to control inflation and output—to loans facilitating specific types of economic activities. Credit policy mainly became a process for regulating aggregate lending and allocating the credit to various sectors of the economy. When starting to conduct credit policies, the authorities needed both a formal and informal system for regulating and allocation of loans, and some principles for prioritizing between potential credit customers. Both challenges came to engage government ministries, while Norges Bank sought to find a role in the implementation and management of the emerging system. In practice, Norges Bank became the government’s bank, as part of its key policy apparatus. The central bank governor, Gunnar Jahn, wanted another policy and a freer role but adapted to the new reality that was forced upon Norges Bank. When he stepped down in 1954, Norges Bank was among the least influential of the central banks in western Europe.
Downfall of the Regulatory System and Triumph of the Market
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how, in the 1970s and 1980s, Norges Bank began to develop instruments with a view to steering economic policy under freer market conditions. However, governments of changing political hues were unwilling to let go of the low interest rate. The oil price fall in 1986 brought an abrupt change in interest rate and credit policy. The government’s tightening actions included the introduction of a more binding fixed exchange rate policy. The frequent recourse to corrective devaluations was to be a thing of the past. Hence, there was a justification for using the interest rate as an ongoing instrument to stabilize the exchange rate. This task fell to Norges Bank. The transition to an independent, active interest rate policy on the part of the central bank was abrupt and came as a surprise. Barely a year before the collapse of the oil price, the Storting had passed a law that made Norges Bank one of the least autonomous central banks in all of western Europe. Ultimately, it was the external situation, and in no sense an increase in government’s and the public’s recognition of the bank and its institutional legitimacy, that restored greater operative autonomy to Norges Bank.
Last Stands
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The moment of liberation in Western Europe spans several years before and after Victory in Europe Day. The roughly two years before 8 May 1945 witnessed the greatest extension of antifascist resistance activism, imparting an aura of radicalization to this period. It is possible to pinpoint specifically when the pressures of radical antifascist resistance activism broke out one last time in post-liberation Western Europe. In Belgium, tensions rose in conjunction with the attitudes of the new post-liberation government headed by the conservative Catholic Hubert Pierlot. In November 1947, first in Marseille but then also in Saint-Étienne, resistance activists defied the old political elite in militant actions which were the last of their kind in post-liberation France. In Italy, the assassination attempt on Palmiro Togliatti in 1948 marked the last stand of the radical resistance spirit, witnessing instances of quasi-urban insurrections in some of the traditional hotspots of antifascism in Italy.
The Anxieties of the Marketplace
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The fear of crime is a core topic of criminology. This chapter explores the characteristics of fear of crimes in the marketplace. It is the wealthier members of society who are worried about crime in the marketplace, unlike other crime fears (such as burglary), which are held by poorer people. The chapter then models fear of crime in the marketplace using structural equation modelling. It then analyses the fear of crime as a driver of attitudes and behaviour, thus modelling the consequences of fear rather than fear as an outcome. The findings suggest that people with higher levels of fear become more cynical about rules (legal cynicism) and intend offend again.
Choreography Invisible
Authors: Pakes Anna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Focusing on Western theatre dance, Choreography Invisible explores the metaphysics of dances and choreographic works. It draws on a range of resources from analytic philosophy of art to develop the argument that dances are repeatable structures of action. The book also analyses the idea of the dance work in long-term historical perspective. Tracing different ways in which dances have been conceptualised across time, the book considers changing notions of authorship, fixity, persistence, and autonomy from the fifteenth century to the present day. The modern work-concept is interrogated, its relativity and contested status (particularly within contemporary dance practice) acknowledged. As the dance work disappears from contemporary discourse, what can be said about the kind of thing it is? Choreography Invisible considers the materials of dance making and the nature (and limits) of choreographic authorship. It explores issues of identity and persistence, including why distinct (and sometimes quite various) performances are still treated as performances of the same work. The book examines how dances survive through time and what it means for a dance work to be lost, considering the extent to which practices of dance reconstruction and reenactment can recuperate or reconstitute lost choreography. The focus here is dance, but the book addresses issues with wider implications for the metaphysics of art, including how the historical relativity of art practices should inflect analytic arguments about the nature of art works, and what place such works have within a broader ontology of human and natural worlds.
To good purpose: non-charitable purpose trusts for the specific purpose of holding shares in perpetuity in Singapore
Authors: Yeo Terence , Liu Xin Er Victoria 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article considers the issue of whether Singapore should amend its trust laws to allow for non-charitable purpose trusts (NCPTs) for the specific purpose of holding company shares in perpetuity. The authors argue that such trusts should be allowed for two reasons. First, NCPTs in general should not be regarded as repugnant to the trust concept. Secondly, the practical advantages of allowing non-charitable trusts in a limited fashion outweigh the disadvantages. The article concludes by proposing possible reforms to the Singapore trust legislation.
Tannic cell walls form a continuous apoplastic barrier sustaining Arabidopsis seed coat biophysical properties
Authors: Demonsais Lara , Utz-Pugin Anne , Loubéry Sylvain , Lopez-Molina Luis 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTSeeds are a late land plant evolution innovation that promoted the striking spread and diversity of angiosperms. The seed coat is a specialized dead tissue protecting the plant embryo from mechanical damage. In many species, includingArabidopsis thaliana, the seed coat also achieves a remarkable balancing act: it limits oxygen uptake, avoiding premature embryo oxidative damage, but not entirely so as to enable seed dormancy release. The seed coat biophysical features implementing the striking physiological properties of the seed remain poorly understood. Tannins, a type of flavonoids, are antioxidants known to accumulate in the Arabidopsis seed coat andtransparent testa(tt) mutant seeds, deficient in flavonoid synthesis, exhibit low dormancy and viability. However, their precise contribution to seed coat architecture and biophysics remains evasive. A seed coat cuticle, covering the endosperm outer surface was, intriguingly, previously shown to be more permeable inttmutants deficient not in cuticular component synthesis, but rather in flavonoid synthesis. Investigating the role of flavonoids in cuticle permeability led us to identify cell walls, originating from the seed coat inner integument 1 cells, impregnated with tannins. We found that tannic cell walls are tightly associated with the cuticle, forming two fused layers that regulate endosperm permeability. In addition, we show that tannic cell walls are prominent building blocks of the seed coat, constituting a continuous barrier around the seed living tissues. Altogether our findings reveal the existence of tannic cell walls as a previously unrecognized biological barrier sustaining the seed’s key physiological properties.One sentence summaryThe seed coat is largely composed of plant cell walls impregnated with tannins, forming a thick and continuous protective barrier surrounding the embryo promoting seed viability and dormancy.
Impact of Superspreaders on dissemination and mitigation of COVID-19
Authors: Sneppen Kim , Taylor Robert J. , Simonsen Lone 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe draconian measures used to control COVID-19 dissemination have been highly effective but only at enormous socioeconomic cost. Evidence suggests that “superspreaders” who transmit the virus to a large number of people, play a substantial role in transmission; recent estimates suggest that about 1-20% of people with the virus are the source for about 80% of infections. We used an agent-based model to explore the interplay between social structure, mitigation and superspreading.MethodsWe developed an agent-based model with a subset of “superspreader” agents that transmit disease far more efficiently. These agents act in a social network that allows transmission during contacts in three sectors: “home,” “work/school” and “other”. We simulated the effect of various mitigation strategies that limit contacts in each of these sectors, and used the model to fit COVID-19 mortality data from Sweden.FindingsReducing contacts in the “other” sector had a far greater impact on epidemic trajectory than did reducing “home” or “work/school” contacts; this effect was substantially enhanced when the infectivity of children was reduced relative to that of adults. The model fit Swedish hospitalization data with reasonable assumptions about the effect of Sweden’s mitigation policies on contacts in the different sectors.InterpretationOur results suggest COVID-19 could be controlled by limiting large gatherings and other opportunities for contacts between people in restaurants, sporting events, concerts and worship services) while still allowing regular contacts in the home or at work and school.Research in contextEvidence before this studySuperspreading events have long been known to be important in the epidemiology of many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, Ebola and SARS. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiologic analyses have inferred substantial individual-level variation in transmissibility, with an estimated 1% to 20% of infected persons causing about 80% of all COVID-19 cases.Added value of this studyWe developed an agent-based socially structured model to simulate the effect of superspreaders in COVID-19 transmission in the context of country-wide “lockdown” policies. These simulations indicate that COVID-19 can be effectively mitigated by limiting contacts between people who otherwise rarely meet, while allowing home and most work/school contacts to continue.Implications of all available evidenceIt is crucial to include heterogeneity in individual infectiousness when modeling the impact of mitigation strategies on observed COVID-19 epidemic patterns. Reducing opportunities for superspreading by limiting random contacts outside home and work could be the most effective way to control COVID-19. Our findings suggest why the epidemic has continued to decline following re-opening of work and school in European countries. The superspreader phenomenon may also explain the variability in COVID-19 incidence in rural and urban areas within a country.
Prostaglandin in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates peripheral glucose metabolism
Authors: Lee Ming-Liang , Matsunaga Hirokazu , Sugiura Yuki , Hayasaka Takahiro , Yamamoto Izumi , Imoto Daigo , Suematsu Makoto , Iijima Norifumi , Kimura Kazuhiro , Diano Sabrina , Toda Chitoku 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe hypothalamus plays a central role in monitoring and regulating systemic glucose metabolism. The brain is enriched with phospholipids containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are biologically active in physiological regulation. Here, we show that intraperitoneal glucose injection induced changes in hypothalamic distribution and amount of phospholipids, especially arachidonic-acid-containing phospholipids, that were then metabolized to produce prostaglandins. Knockdown of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a key enzyme for generating arachidonic acid from phospholipids, in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), lowered insulin sensitivity in muscles during regular chow diet (RCD) feeding. Conversely, the down-regulation of glucose metabolism by high fat diet (HFD) feeding was improved by knockdown of cPLA2 in the VMH through changing hepatic insulin sensitivity and hypothalamic inflammation. Our data suggest that cPLA2-mediated hypothalamic phospholipid metabolism is critical for controlling systemic glucose metabolism during RCD, while continuous activation of the same pathway to produce prostaglandins during HFD deteriorates glucose metabolism.
Integrative analysis of mutated genes and mutational processes reveals seven colorectal cancer subtypes
Authors: Dashti Hamed , Dehzangi Abdollah , Bayati Masroor , Breen James , Lovell Nigel , Ebrahimi Diako , Rabiee Hamid R. , Alinejad-Rokny Hamid 
Published: May 2020

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. It has been reported that ∼10%-15% of individuals with colorectal cancer experience a causative mutation in the known susceptibility genes, highlighting the importance of identifying mutations for early detection in high risk individuals. Through extensive sequencing projects such as the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), a large number of somatic point mutations have been identified that can be used to identify cancer-associated genes, as well as the signature of mutational processes defined by the tri-nucleotide sequence context (motif) of mutated sites. Mutation is the hallmark of cancer genome, and many studies have reported cancer subtyping based on the type of frequently mutated genes, or the proportion of mutational processes, however, none of these cancer subtyping methods consider these features simultaneously. This highlights the need for a better and more inclusive subtype classification approach to enable biomarker discovery and thus inform drug development for CRC. In this study, we developed a statistical pipeline based on a novel concept ‘gene-motif’, which merges mutated gene information with tri-nucleotide motif of mutated sites, to identify cancer subtypes, in this case CRCs. Our analysis identified for the first time, 3,131 gene-motif combinations that were significantly mutated in 536 ICGC colorectal cancer samples compared to other cancer types, identifying seven CRC subtypes with distinguishable phenotypes and biomarkers. Interestingly, we identified several genes that were mutated in multiple subtypes but with unique sequence contexts. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of considering both the mutation type and mutated genes in identification of cancer subtypes and cancer biomarkers.
Another’s pain in my brain: No evidence that placebo analgesia affects the sensory-discriminative component in empathy for pain
Authors: Hartmann Helena , Rütgen Markus , Riva Federica , Lamm Claus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe shared representations account of empathy suggests that sharing other people’s emotions relies on neural processes similar to those engaged when directly experiencing such emotions. Recent research corroborated this by showing that placebo analgesia resulted in reduced pain empathy and decreased activation in shared neural networks. However, those studies did not report any placebo-related variation of somatosensory engagement during pain empathy. The experimental paradigms used in these studies did not direct attention towards a specific body part in pain, which may explain the absence of effects for somatosensation. The main objective of this preregistered study was to implement a paradigm overcoming this limitation, and to investigate whether placebo analgesia may also modulate the sensory-discriminative component of empathy for pain. We induced a localized, first-hand placebo analgesia effect in the right hand of 45 participants by means of a placebo gel and conditioning techniques, and compared this to the left hand as a control condition. Participants underwent a pain task in the MRI scanner, receiving painful or non-painful electrical stimulation on their left or right hand, or witnessing another person receiving such stimulation. In contrast to a robust localized placebo analgesia effect for self-experienced pain, the empathy condition showed no differences between the two hands, neither for behavioral nor neural responses. We thus report no evidence for somatosensory sharing in empathy, while replicating previous studies showing overlapping brain activity in the affective-motivational component for first-hand and empathy for pain. Hence, in a more rigorous test aiming to overcome limitations of previous work, we again find no causal evidence for the engagement of somatosensory sharing in empathy. Our study refines the understanding of the neural underpinnings of empathy for pain, and the use of placebo analgesia in investigating such models.HighlightsInvestigated placebo modulation of somatosensory and affective components of painLocalized placebo analgesia effects for self-report and fMRI of first-hand painNo evidence for such effects in empathy for painSuggests that somatosensory sharing does not play a critical role in pain empathy
The Surprising Role of the Default Mode Network
Authors: Brandman T. , Malach R. , Simony. E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) is a group of high-order brain regions recently implicated in processing external naturalistic events, yet it remains unclear what cognitive function it serves. Here we identified the cognitive states predictive of DMN fMRI coactivation. Particularly, we developed astate-fluctuation pattern analysis, matching network coactivations across a short movie with retrospective behavioral sampling of movie events. Network coactivation was selectively correlated with the state ofsurpriseacross movie events, compared to all other cognitive states (e.g. emotion, vividness). The effect was exhibited in the DMN, but not dorsal attention or visual networks. Furthermore, surprise was found to mediate DMN coactivations with hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. These unexpected findings point to the DMN as a major hub in high-level prediction-error representations.
Evolution of genes involved in the unusual genitals of the bear macaque,Macaca arctoides
Authors: Stevison Laurie , Bailey Nick P , Szpiech Zachary A , Novak Taylor E , Melnick Don J , Evans Ben J , Wall Jeffrey D 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGenital divergence is thought to contribute to reproductive barriers by establishing a “lock- and-key” mechanism for reproductive compatibility. One such example,Macaca arctoides, the bear macaque, has compensatory changes in both male and female genital morphology as compared to close relatives.Macaca arctoidesalso has a complex evolutionary history, having extensive introgression between thefascicularisandsinicamacaque species groups. Here, phylogenetic relationships were analyzed via whole genome sequences from five species, includingM. arctoides, and two species each from the putative parental species groups. This analysis revealed ∼3x more genomic regions supported placement in thesinicaspecies group as compared to thefascicularisspecies group. Additionally, introgression analysis of theM. arctoidesgenome revealed it is a mosaic of recent polymorphisms shared with both species groups. To examine the evolution of their unique genital morphology further, the prevalence of candidate genes involved in genital morphology were compared against genome-wide outliers in various population genetic metrics, while accounting for background variation in recombination rate. This analysis identified 66 outlier genes, including several genes that influence baculum morphology in mice, which were of interest since the bear macaque has the longest primate baculum. The mean of several metrics was statistically different in the candidate genes as compared to the rest of the genome, suggesting that genes involved in genital morphology have increased divergence and decreased diversity beyond expectations. These results highlight how extensive introgression may have contributed to reproductive isolation and shaped the unique genital morphology in the bear macaque.