bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Total Cholesterol in Multicomponent Foods
Authors: Punwar Jalam K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of total cholesterol in multicomponent foods and also other products such as nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg solids, and certain candy bars. The lipid is extracted from the sample by a mixed solvent and saponified. The unsaponifiable fraction which contains the cholesterol and other sterols is extracted with benzene. An aliquot is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethylformamide. The sterols are derivatized to form trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers. The TMS-cholesterol derivative is quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography, using 5a-cholestane as an internal standard. Nino laboratories participated in a collaborative study of the determination of total cholesterol in deviled ham sandwich spread, vegetable beef stew, corned beef hash, frozen chicken pot pie, pizza pepperoni, fish sticks, breaded shrimp, chocolate-covered candy bars, dried whole egg solids, and nonfat dry milk and the results are reported here. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.64 to 23.2%, with an average coefficient of variation of 14.8%.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Determination of 4-Hydroxy-3-Nitrobenzenearsonic Acid (Roxarsone) in Premixes
Authors: Frahm Larry J , Albrecht Marven E , Mcdonnell J Patrick 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid) is extracted from the premix with aqueous 1% ammonium carbonate. The extract is filtered, diluted, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using an air-acetylene flame and an arsenic electrodeless discharge lamp. The instrument response of the sample is compared to that of a standard solution of arsenic trioxide. Recoveries range from 99.7 to 100.4% and coefficients of variation range from 0.35 to 0.63%.
Analysis of Feed Grains and Forages for Traces of Cobalt by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Hageman Lynn , Torma Laszlo , Ginther Burton E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been used for the analysis of cobalt (5–200 ppb) in plant material. An ashing temperature study shows that some cobalt may be lost at temperatures &gt;500°C. Direct methods using the carbon rod atomizer have been unsuccessful because of large non-atomic absorption and other interference problems. Calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese can cause interference. An extraction technique using 1-nitroso-2-naphthol as a chelating agent is recommended for routine analysis. Samples are dry ashed, dissolved in dilute HC1, and extracted with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-chloroform, and the cobalt level is determined by flameless AAS.
A Rapid Screening Method for the Determination of Di-(n-octyl) Tin Stabilizers in Alcoholic Beverages, Using a Heated Graphite Atomizer
Authors: Méranger Jean-Charles 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the rapid screening of di-(n-octyl) tin stabilizers in alcoholic beverages, using a heated graphite atomizer coupled to an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Benzene can selectively extract di-(ra-octyl) tin stabilizers in the presence of inorganic tin. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence of the ra-octyl grouping in a benzene extract of a plastic container and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to follow the efficiency of the purification steps. The tin content of 5 types of plastic containers presently used in Canada for the storage of alcoholic beverages was obtained by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry and levels of up to 1700 μg Sn/g plastic were found. The alcoholic beverages contained therein, which included 22 samples of gin, martini, cognac, red wine, and sherry, were analyzed for di-(n-octyl) tin content. Although the method used will detect 0.04 ppm Sn, there was no evidence of leaching in any of the samples analyzed.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Diols and Glycerol in Flavor Bases and Flavored Wines
Authors: Martin Glenn E , Dyer Randolph H , Figert Donald M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The determination of diols and glycerol in alcoholic products was investigated by gas chromatographic procedures based on gas adsorption, gas partition, or a combination of these. The best precision and accuracy were obtained by gas-partition chromatography, using SP-1000 as the liquid phase. The limits of detection were 0.04% for 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, or 1,3-butanediol, and 0.5% for glycerol. The gas-partition chromatographic procedure is fast, precise, and accurate. The preparation of standards and samples can be carried out with ease.
Thermal Susceptibility of Salmonella in the Moroccan Food Snail, Helix aspersa
Authors: Andrews Wallace H , Wilson Clyde R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thirty samples of 10–15 Helix aspersa food snails were examined for Salmonella by a surface rinsing method and by analysis of whole snails rinsed with 70% ethanol. Thirteen samples were positive by the rinsing method and 6 were positive by whole snail analysis, with this difference being significant (P &lt; 0.01). Although Salmonella contamination in H. aspersa appeared to be predominantly surface, the pathogen was also found within the snail meat. The ability of surface and subsurface Salmonella organisms to survive in cooked snails was determined in 90 samples. Thermocouple readings indicated that an internal temperature of at least 200°F (93°C) was reached within the snail meat during cooking by a typical recipe. This temperature was sufficient to kill both surface and subsurface Salmonella in 29 samples positive for the pathogen prior to heating, A variety of serotypes representing several somatic groups was isolated.
Determination of Amphetamine by Schiff Base Formation and Quantitative Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Clark Charles C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure was developed to determine amphetamine salts in solid dosage forms. Amphetamine was extracted from the solid matrix with dilute hydrochloric acid and reacted with cyclohexanone in a strongly basic aqueous methanolic solution. The Schiff base reaction product was extracted with hexane for gas chromatographic determination. Reaction time and optimum conditions were studied. Phcnethylamine, similarly treated, was used as an internal standard. Results compared favorably with those obtained by using USP methods.
Detection of Twelve Mycotoxins in Mixed Animal Feedstuffs, Using a Novel Membrane Cleanup Procedure
Authors: Roberts Basil A , Patterson Deryck S P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic screening method is described which is applicable to most animal feedstuffs. Interference from nonspecific lipid, pigment, and other components of simple and mixed feeds is reduced to a minimum by using a membrane cleanup step. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, penitrem A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone may be reliably detected. The sensitivity of the method is generally low for mixed feeds but even so aftatoxin B4 can be detected at a level of 3 ppb and ochratoxin A at 80 ppb. While the basic method is less sensitive for sterigmatocystin (330 ppb), patulin (600 ppb), zearalcnone (1000 ppb), and the trichothecenes (1000–4000 ppb), it may be adapted so as to reduce the above detection limits when the presence of these toxins is suspected. Lower levels may be detected in extracts of simple feeds.
Confirmation of Polybrominated Biphenyl Residues in Feeds and Dairy Products, Using an Ultraviolet Irradiation-Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Technique
Authors: Erney D Ronald 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection procedure was used to confirm the presence of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) residues in sample extracts after GLC quantitation. Chromatograms of PBB standard and sample extract solutions showed similar photodecomposition peak patterns dependent on time and intensity of UV irradiation. Confirmation of PBBs in sample extracts by this procedure was possible for any amount detectable by the GLC system employed. Prolonged UV irradiation resulted in complete disappearance of all PBB peaks from the chromatogram, permitting their distinction from background peaks due to extraneous sample material unaffected by UV irradiation.
Analysis of Pesticides by Chemical Derivatization. I. A New Procedure for the Formation of 2-Chloroethyl Esters of Ten Herbicidal Acids
Authors: Chau Alfred S Y , Terry Ken 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new esterification procedure was developed to form 2-chloroethyl esters for 10 common herbicidal acids, using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and 2-chloroethanol. This reagent was found to be more desirable than the commonly used boron trichloride/2-chloroethanol reagent. Maximum esterification was given for picloram at a lower reaction temperature with a shorter reaction time. Also, maximum esterification of dicamba and 2,3,6-TBA was achieved. The boron trichloride/2-chlorethanol gave poor or little esterification with these 2 acids under the various conditions investigated. The effect of solvents on esterification with the 2 reagents was also explored.
Survey for Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in 1973 Crop Corn Stored on Farms and in Country Elevators
Authors: Stoloff Leonard , Henry Sara , Francis Octave J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A total of 315 marketable and 57 obviously damaged corn samples were collected at 116 different farms and country elevators located in the United States in counties selected from among those producing more than 1 million bushels of corn in 1972. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins and zearalenone. The most striking correlations observed were between geographical area and mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin contamination was most frequently encountered in the Southeast-Appalachia areas with a 44% incidence of marketable corn with detectable aflatoxins. Zearalenone was most frequently encountered in the Corn Belt with a 10% incidence in marketable corn from that region. When mycotoxin contamination was found in an establishment, most of the samples from that establishment were contaminated. There was no correlation between mycotoxin contamination and storage practices nor could the observed contamination of marketable corn be related to the contamination of the obviously damaged grain. These observations plus correlations with the geographic incidence and aflatoxin level distribution of published field contamination data suggest the possibility of a common contamination mode.
Collaborative Study of an Extension of the Mills et al. Method for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods
Authors: Finsterwalder Charles E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fifteen laboratories collaboratively determined parathion, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDE in kale, and lindane, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and p,p′-DDE in eggs, using electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (potassium chloride thermionic detector for parathion). Pesticide levels ranged from 0.033 ppm heptachlor epoxide to 3.32 ppm p,p′-DDT. Mean recoveries (± standard deviations) were: parathion 91±15%, o,p′-DDT 99±8%, p,p′-DDT 97±8%, lindane 94±4%, dieldrin 106±8%, heptachlor epoxide 106±5%, p,p′-DDE 94±8% in eggs and 101±9% in kale. The methods have been adopted as official first action.
Automated Gel Permeation Chromatographic Cleanup of Animal and Plant Extracts for Pesticide Residue Determination
Authors: Johnson Lyle D , Waltz Ralph H , Ussary James P , Kaiser Floyd E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Applications of an improved gel-solvent system for cleanup of pesticide residues by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were investigated. Elution characteristics using Bio-Beads SX-3 gel and a toluene-ethyl acetate (1+3) elution solvent were determined for 16 nonicnic chlorinated pesticides, 3 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 14 chlorophenoxy herbicide esters, and 7 organophosphate insecticides. Elution patterns for vegetable and animal lipids were also studied. Quantitative recoveries of the pesticides were achieved. No liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup steps were required with any type of nonionic chlorinated pesticide or sample matrix. Only GPC cleanup was required for the nonionic chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and organophosphate pesticide residues in chicken and turkey fat samples. Electron capture and flame photometric detectors were used in the gas chromatographic method for the respective pesticides. Samples containing up to 0.5 g lipid each were processed at the rate of one every 30–40 min with the automated system. Results were in excellent agreement with those from accepted manual partitioning methods and were achieved with significant savings of both labor and chemicals.
Substitution of Cupric Sulfate for Mercuric Oxide as Catalyst for the Kjel-Foss Instrument
Authors: Wall Larry L , Gehrke Charles W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A mixture of cupric sulfate and titanium dioxide and cupric sulfate alone were evaluated as possible catalysts to replace mercuric oxide in the determination of protein nitrogen, using the Kjel-Foss automated instrument. It was necessary to modify the instrument to increase the digestion time from 6 to about 12 min to achieve acceptable protein nitrogen recovery with cupric sulfate as the catalyst. An experimental sample set of nitrogen-containing salts and American Association of Feed Control Officials check feed samples were analyzed with the Kjel-Foss instrument in its standard configuration with mercuric oxide and as modified with cupric sulfate as the catalyst. The average per cent nitrogen, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation with mercuric oxide and cupric sulfate were 10.37 and 10.36, 0.040 and 0.042, and 0.53 and 0.56, respectively. The substitution of cupric sulfate for mercuric oxide is feasible, and it eliminates the use of the potential pollutant, mercury.
Substances Interfering with the Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of T-2 Mycotoxin
Authors: Mirocha Chester J , Pathre Sadanand V , Behrens Jerome 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two substances interfering with the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) detection of the T-2 mycotoxin were identified as 1-glycerylmonooleate and 1-glycerylmonolinoleate. These monoglycerides are natural products formed by species of Fusarium growing on cereal grains and are also additives contained in liquid vegetable and animal fats added to the feed mixture. The monoglycerides can be removed from the analytical sample by resolution by thin layer chromatography prior to separation by GLC. Trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the monoglycerides and T-2 toxin have almost identical retention times on 3% OV-1 columns, whereas the trifluoroacetyl and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives give baseline separation on the same column. The monoglycerides can be misidentified as the T-2 toxin in analyses involving GLC.
Collaborative Study of the Food Chemicals Codex Method for the Determination of the Neutralizing Value of Sodium Aluminum Phosphate
Authors: Park Douglas L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fifteen laboratories participated in a collaborative study to evaluate the Food Chemicals Codex method for the determination of the neutralizing value of sodium aluminum phosphate. The AOAC method for determining the neutralizing value of sodium acid pyrophosphate, sec. 8.010, was also included in the study. The precisions of the Food Chemicals Codex method, based on the between-replicate standard deviation and on one collaborator making one determination, are 1.16 and 3.66, respectively. The Food Chemicals Codex method for the determination of the neutralizing value of sodium aluminum phosphate has been adopted as official first action.
The Relative Nitrogen Utilization Method for Evaluating Protein Quality
Authors: McLaughlan J Murray 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A single-dose rat assay for protein quality called relative nitrogen utilization (RNU) is described. The method includes a factor for the protein utilized for maintenance. The protein quality of the test protein is expressed as a per cent of the value for Iactalbumin, the reference protein. For good quality proteins RNU gives results that are similar to those obtained by net protein ratio and relative protein value; for poor quality proteins RNU results fall between values by the other 2 methods. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) gives much lower values for poor quality proteins than any of the other 3 aforementioned methods and is influenced more by both level of protein and lipid in the diet. RNU is a more precise assay than PER as judged by the coefficient of variation.
Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli Recovered from Food
Authors: Mehlman Ira J , Fishbein Morris , Gorbach Sherwood L , Sanders Arvey C , Eide Elmer L , Olson Joseph C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In Western nations, pathogenic biotypes are sporadically encountered in foodborne gastroenteritis. Cholera, dysentery, and chronic ulcerative colitis syndromes are recognized. E. coli has been associated on the average with 2% of annual food outbreaks and 5% of total cases. In developing nations, the incidence may be greater. In contrast with Salmonella and Shigella, significance can be assessed only by fulfillment of Koch’s postulates. Preliminary studies using vascular permeability reaction for the detection of heat-labile toxin and the Sereny keratoconjunctivitis test for demonstration of invasiveness indicate limited incidence of these pathogenicity markers in cultures from foods. Two per cent of isolates from cheeses involved in recent outbreaks were toxigenic; 14% were invasive. Corresponding values for food isolates not associated with illness were 10 and 0, respectively. To facilitate examination of multiple isolates, 10 may be pooled for the detection of heat-labile toxin, and 5 for invasiveness. Present model pathogenicity systems require standardization, estimation of specificity and sensitivity limits, examination by collaborative study, and ascertainment of human equivalence. Supplemental tests include capacity for colonization of intestinal epithelium and intracellular growth. Stereotypes based upon serology, host range, and recognized toxic factors may require modification.
Use of a Round-Bottom Resin Kettle for in vitro Dissolution Testing
Authors: Kirchhoefer Ross D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dissolution tests are used to assist in the evaluation of drug bioavailability. A piece of glassware has been designed which allows one to take advantage of the dissolution properties of a 3-neck round-bottom flask and is compatible with and easier to use than existing stirring and bath equipment.
Appraisal of Existing Methodology in Aspiration Toxicity Testing
Authors: Osterberg Robert E , Bayard Steven P , Ulsamer Andrew G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
New methods or modifications of currently used methods in aspiration toxicology must be capable of accurately assessing the hazard and toxicity potentials of those products which are capable of being aspirated. The methods evaluated in the rat were intratracheal injections, intravenous injections, and modifications of the Gerarde technique. A product containing petroleum distillates and a standard viscosity petroleum distillate sample were administered to Osborne-Mendel rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs in ml/kg doses. The utility of the methods was determined by comparing lung weight increases, lung-body weight ratios, gross pathological lung changes, and mortality. The modified Gerarde technique showed the best potential for predicting aspiration hazard and toxicity based on the severity of the reactions which, using a radiolabeled oil, was shown to be a function of the amount of product which enters and reacts with the lungs. The influence of preventing the swallowing reflex to assure aspiration of the oil was assessed in the rat. The results show that less than 10% of the dose is aspirated when the swallowing reflex occurs. Methods of sacrifice were investigated for an effect on rat lung weight. No tested method except stunning with cervical dislocation produced an effect. Tests were conducted on rats and rabbits to determine differences in lung reactivity to the influence of inhalation anesthetics, pentothal sodium, or no anesthesia in response to petroleum distillate administration and to determine which test species is the better animal model. The results indicate that the rat is the better test model because of degree of lung reaction, size, and economy, and that inhalation anesthesia with ether is preferable over the other choices.
Collaborative Study of the Serological Identification of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins by the Microslide Gel Double Diffusion Test
Authors: Bennett Reginald W , McClure Foster 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted, using the microslide gel double diffusion test for enterotoxin detection by determining the staphylococcal enterotoxigenicity of 7 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Two strains produced staphylococcal enteroloxin A (SEA), 2 strains produced staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), one strain produced both SEA and SEB, and 2 strains produced neither SEA nor SEB. To ascertain the effectiveness of this method for the detection of enterotoxins, strains of enterotoxigenic staphylococci which produced small or relatively large amounts of toxin were used in the study. The cultures were grown on semisolid brain-heart infusion agar and the culture fluids were assayed serologically for SEA and SEB. The qualitative results of this study by 16 collaborators indicated that this technique, in general, demonstrated a high degree of specificity as well as simplicity and reproducibility in the identification of the enterotoxins. Of the 16 participating laboratories, 14 reported the correct diagnoses for the 7 staphylococcal strains studied and 2 laboratories determined 6 of the 7 strains correctly. Based on these results, this method has been adopted as official first action.
Mass Spectra of Sodium N-Alkyl and N,N-Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Onuska Francis I , Comba Michael E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Electron impact mass spectra of 8 sodium alkyl and dialkyl dithiocarbamate salts are reported with the spectra of 2 dithiocarbamate zinc salts and N′,N′-dimetliyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamylsulfenamide. The investigated compounds all gave molecular ions, and generalized descriptions of their fragmentation behavior are presented.
Aflatoxin Occurrence on Raw and Cooked York Soybeans Inoculated With Three Aspergillus Isolates
Authors: Sherertz Peter C , Eadie Thomas , Young Joy W , Llewellyn Gerald C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Raw and cooked soybean media were inoculated in separate experiments with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, A. flavus ATCC 15548, and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 isolates. The total quantity of aflatoxins produced and the percentage distribution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 varied with the state of the medium (raw or cooked) and with the fungal isolate used. Cooked soybean medium supported higher aflatoxin production by A. flavus NRRL 3251 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 than did raw medium. Larger quantities of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were produced by A. flavus ATCC 15548 on raw soybean medium than were produced by any of the isolates on cooked medium. Application of these data is discussed briefly in relation to possible use of soybean media as a source of aflatoxin production.
Methods for the Determination of Calcium in Beer
Authors: West Dwight B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) has submitted 2 new analytical methods for the colorimetric determination of calcium in beer to the AOAC. These 2 methods give similar results and have been tested by an ASBC technical committee for 3 years. The methods have been adopted as official first action.