bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PET imaging in urology: a rapidly growing successful collaboration
Authors: Farolfi Andrea , Koschel Samantha , Murphy Declan G. , Fanti Stefano 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
To discuss and highlight the recent findings in urological oncology focusing on nuclear medicine advances on imaging and therapy.

Recent findings
Testicular tumors: 18F-FDG as the standard positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with proven good accuracy in detecting metastatic testicular cancer; urothelial cancer: good accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in detecting distant metastases but poor results in detecting local disease; prostate cancer: prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a promising target for imaging prostate cancer with unprecedented accuracy in both staging and restaging and prospective studies were recently published. In castration-resistant prostate cancer, PSMA-targeting radionuclide therapy is showing potential as a curative possibility (e.g. using 177Lu-PSMA); renal cell cancer (RCC): besides FDG other PET radiotracers are under clinical evaluation (e.g. antibody-based molecular imaging, metabolic radiotracers and PSMA-based tracers). PSMA-based imaging may have applications in staging clear-cell RCC and in the selection and in the antiangiogenic treatment's response assessment. Possible role of PSMA-targeting radionuclide therapy?

Summary
In urological oncology, the use of 18F-FDG has been limited by a generally low tumor uptake and physiological 18F-FDG excretion by the urinary system. Other radiotracers are increasing the urologist's portfolio allowing imaging of several biochemical pathways. Theragnostic possibilities are also under investigation thanks to PSMA-based tracers.
Perianal Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 After Laser-Assisted Hair Removal
Authors: Reis Joel , Santos Fábio Videira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We report a case of perianal reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 in a 27-year-old man, who was HIV positive with good immunovirological status, after a laser-assisted (alexandrite) hair removal session. We discuss the clinical and laboratory features and the role of prophylaxis with antivirals, particularly in certain patients such as immunocompromised ones.
Pregnancies and Time to Pregnancy in Women With and Without a Previous Chlamydia trachomatis Infection
Authors: Hoenderboom Bernice M. , van Bergen Jan E.A.M. , Dukers-Muijrers Nicole H.T.M. , Götz Hannelore M. , Hoebe Christian J.P.A. , de Vries Henry J.C. , van den Broek Ingrid V.F. , de Vries Frank , Land Jolande A. , van der Sande Marianne A.B. , Morré Servaas A. , van Benthem Birgit H.B. 
Published: July 2020

Background
A Chlamydia trachomatis infection (chlamydia) can result in tubal factor infertility in women. To assess if this association results in fewer pregnant women, we aimed to assess pregnancy incidences and time to pregnancy among women with a previous chlamydia infection compared with women without one and who were participating in the Netherlands Chlamydia Cohort Study (NECCST).

Methods
The NECCST is a cohort of women of reproductive age tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial between 2008 and 2011 and reinvited for NECCST in 2015 to 2016. Chlamydia status (positive/negative) was defined using chlamydia screening trial–nucleic acid amplification test results, chlamydia immunoglobulin G presence in serum, or self-reported chlamydia infections. Data on pregnancies were collected via questionnaires in 2015–2016 and 2017–2018. Overall pregnancies (i.e., planned and unplanned) and time to pregnancy (among women with a pregnancy intention) were compared between chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative women using Cox regressions.

Results
Of 5704 women enrolled, 1717 (30.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 28.9–31.3) women was chlamydia positive. Overall pregnancy proportions were similar in chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative women (49.0% [95% CI, 46.5–51.4] versus 50.5% [95% CI, 48.9–52.0]). Pregnancies per 1000 person-years were 53.2 (95% CI, 51.5–55.0) for chlamydia negatives and 83.0 (95% CI, 78.5–87.9) for chlamydia positives. Among women with a pregnancy intention, 12% of chlamydia-positive women had a time to pregnancy of >12 months compared with 8% of chlamydia negatives (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Overall pregnancy rates were not lower in chlamydia-positive women compared with chlamydia-negative women, but among women with a pregnancy intention, time to pregnancy was longer and pregnancy rates were lower in chlamydia-positive women.
Trial registration number: Dutch Trial Register NTR-5597.
Oculocardiac Reflex in A 15-Year-Old With Orbital Fractures and Epidural Hematoma
Authors: Bliss Amy , Cox Daniel , Chaulk David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The oculocardiac reflex has been well described in the literature and was first defined in 1908 by Aschner. The phenomenon involves the afferent limb of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve as well as the efferent pathway involving the vagal nerve leading to negative chronotropic effects. It results in a decrease in heart rate and oftentimes a decrease in blood pressure associated with compression of the eye or traction of the extraocular muscles. This reflex has clinical significance in both the operating room during ophthalmic procedures and in the emergency department in patients having sustained craniofacial trauma. The typical dysrhythmia described in literature is sinus bradycardia. Our patient, however, had a ventricular escape rhythm with a complete left bundle branch block pattern.
Sonographic Evaluation of the Optimal Needle Insertion Site in the Biceps Femoris Short Head
Authors: Shin Seyoung , Kim Ki Hoon , Kim Dong Hwee 
Published: July 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to identify the optimal needle placement for electromyographic examination of the biceps femoris short head muscle in relation to the biceps femoris long head tendon through sonographic evaluation.

Design
This cross-sectional observational study involved 36 lower limbs of 18 healthy volunteers. The distances and angles indicating the relationships between the common fibular nerve and the medial or lateral border of the biceps femoris long head tendon were measured at 5 and 7 cm proximal to the tip of the fibular head (P1 and P2, respectively) using ultrasonography.

Results
The median values of the distance between the biceps femoris long head tendon and the common fibular nerve were significantly longer in the lateral approach than in the medial approach at the P1 and P2 levels. The median values of the angles between the vertical line to the biceps femoris long head tendon and the common fibular nerve were significantly larger in the lateral approach than in the medial approach at both levels.

Conclusions
The common fibular nerve is located just below the medial border of the biceps femoris long head tendon at a near-vertical degree from the skin. It is strongly recommended that the needle should be inserted on the lateral side of the biceps femoris long head tendon during needle electromyographic examination of the biceps femoris short head muscle.
Jaw Pain and Oromandibular Dysfunction After a Complex Hospital Course
Authors: Smith Sarah , Lam Ny-Ying 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A 38-yr-old man presented to the emergency department with severe chest pain and was found to have a type A aortic dissection. Forty-eight hours after an emergency mechanical Bentall and ascending hemiarch replacement, the patient developed agitation prompting administration of high-dose haloperidol. He was found to have evidence of multiple acute infarcts on head computed tomography/computed tomography angiography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Four days later, he began to complain of jaw pain and difficulty opening his mouth. After admission to inpatient rehabilitation, he was found to have strong activity in the masseters bilaterally at rest on electromyography, indicating a diagnosis of oromandibular dystonia. Starting in the intensive care unit, the patient reported jaw pain and dysfunction for 40 days before having a diagnosis of oromandibular dystonia. At this point, treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA injections and baclofen did not provide relief. Because of an extended delay in diagnosis, it is believed that the patient has developed joint contractures. Oromandibular dystonia is an important diagnosis to consider in patients who experience jaw pain or difficulty with mouth opening. Treatment of this condition can decrease pain and trauma to oral structures as well as improve ability to perform oral hygiene, eat, and communicate.
Improved Function in a Runner With Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis With Use of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy
Authors: Rovito Craig , Paganoni Sabrina , Babu Suma , Tenforde Adam S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A 59-yr-old male marathon runner presented with recent diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia in the setting of gait deviation and spasticity. He noted asymmetric wear pattern of his right shoe and toe drag, with recent development of left lower limb pain and cramping attributed to spasticity. He elected to proceed with radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment targeting the affected muscles. The night following initial treatment, he was able to run 2 mins per mile faster over a 4-mile run with resolution of toe drag. He completed six sessions of radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment along with maintaining regular cardiovascular exercise and strength training. He was seen 6 wks after a series of treatment with recent worsening and toe drag that recurred. He completed further sessions with return to improved function seen after his initial series of shockwave and ability to return to running up to 13 miles. His neurologic symptoms remained controlled without noted progression. This case illustrates the potential use of radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment in spasticity management of hereditary spastic paraplegia and that more frequent sessions may be required to maintain benefits of treatment.
Change in Center of Pressure Progression in the Foot Provides Clues for Functional Improvement of the More Affected Lower Limb During Post-stroke Gait Rehabilitation
Authors: Choi Hyuk Sung , Choi Hanboram , Kang Suk , Jung Jung Woo , Kim Woo-Sub 
Published: July 2020

Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure in the foot (apCoP) in post-stroke gait rehabilitation.

Design
This observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. Forty-two subacute post-stroke patients were included. The apCoP was measured twice with a wearable insole foot pressure measurement system, time interval more than 7 days. The results were compared between the first and second tests. The relationship between apCoP changes and spatiotemporal parameter changes were investigated.

Results
The apCoP increased significantly between tests. The change in walking speed was significantly predicted by the change in the apCoP on the less affected side. The change in asymmetry of the single support phase was significantly correlated with the change in the apCoP on the more affected side.

Conclusion
The change in apCoP provides information about the restoration of body support, body forward progression control, and propulsion in the more affected lower limb during early post-stroke rehabilitation. The apCoP can be a useful parameter for the monitoring of functional changes in the more affected lower limb during post-stroke gait rehabilitation.
Advances in Classification and Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Rule Simon , Johns Sophie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMantle cell lymphoma is a rare, aggressive, and largely incurable form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There are a number of well-characterized prognostic features but nothing that can help guide therapy. Treatment with chemotherapy is generally effective in the short term, but relapse is inevitable and subsequent treatment is challenging. The use of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, however, has transformed practice. These agents are highly active in relapsed disease and are very well-tolerated drugs. Chemotherapy-free combinations using Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors look very exciting and will likely evolve to be part of frontline care in the future.
Proliferation of HIV-infected renal epithelial cells following virus acquisition from infected macrophages
Authors: Hughes Kelly , Akturk Guray , Gnjatic Sacha , Chen Benjamin , Klotman Mary , Blasi Maria 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
HIV-1 can infect and persist in different organs and tissues, resulting in the generation of multiple viral compartments and reservoirs. Increasing evidence supports the kidney as such a reservoir. Previous work demonstrated that HIV-1 infected CD4+ T-cells transfer virus to renal tubule epithelial (RTE) cells through cell-to-cell contact. In addition to CD4+ T cells, macrophages represent the other major target of HIV-1. Renal macrophages induce and regulate inflammatory responses and are critical to homeostatic regulation of the kidney environment. Combined with their ability to harbour virus, macrophages may also play an important role in the spread of HIV-1 infection in the kidney.

Design and methods:
Multiparametric histochemistry analysis was performed on kidney biopsies from individuals with HIV-1 associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Primary monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with a GFP-expressing replication competent HIV-1. HIV-1 transfer from macrophages to RTE cells was carried out in a coculture system and evaluated by fluorescence-microscopy and flow-cytometry. Live imaging was performed to assess the fate of HIV-1 infected RTE cells over time.

Results:
We show that macrophages are abundantly present in the renal inflammatory infiltrate of individuals with HIVAN. We observed contact-dependent HIV-1 transfer from infected macrophages to both primary and immortalized renal cells. Live imaging of HIV-1 infected RTE cells revealed four different fates: proliferation, hypertrophy, latency and cell death.

Conclusion:
Our study suggests that macrophages may play a role in the dissemination of HIV-1 in the kidney and that proliferation of infected renal cells may contribute to HIV-1 persistence in this compartment.
Switching to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (B/F/TAF) From Dolutegravir (DTG)+F/TAF or DTG+F/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) in the Presence of Pre-existing NRTI Resistance
Authors: Acosta Rima K. , Willkom Madeleine , Andreatta Kristen , Liu Hui , Martin Ross , Parvangada Aiyappa , Martin Hal , Collins Sean , White Kirsten L. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Study 4030 was a phase 3, randomized, double-blinded study of 565 HIV-1 RNA-suppressed participants switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) or dolutegravir (DTG)+F/TAF. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-NRTI, and protease inhibitor resistance (-R) was allowed, but integrase strand transfer inhibitor-R was excluded. Here, we describe the detailed resistance analysis.

Methods:
Historical plasma HIV-1 RNA genotypes and baseline proviral DNA genotypes were analyzed. Documented or investigator-suspected NRTI-R was grouped for stratification into 3 categories of level of resistance. Viral blips were assessed through week 48. Virologic failures had genotypic and phenotypic resistance analyses at week 48, confirmed failure, or last visit, if HIV-1 RNA did not resuppress to <50 copies/mL while on study drug.

Results:
In total, 83% (470/565) of participants had baseline genotypic data available with NRTI-R detected in 24% (138/565), including 5% (30/565) with K65R/E/N or ≥3 thymidine analog mutations and 19% (108/565) with other NRTI-R mutations. M184V/I was present in 14% (81/565). Pre-existing integrase strand transfer inhibitor-R mutations were found in 4% (20/565) of participants. Primary non-NRTI-R and protease inhibitor-R mutations were present in 21% (118/565) and 7% (38/565) of participants. High rates of viral suppression were maintained in all groups through week 48; blips were observed in only 15 participants (2.7%). Three participants met criteria for resistance analysis (all in DTG+F/TAF arm); none developed treatment-emergent resistance to study drugs.

Conclusions:
Participants with baseline NRTI resistance, much of which was previously undocumented, maintained suppression 48 weeks after switching to B/F/TAF or DTG+F/TAF triple therapy. Blips and virologic failure were uncommon using either regimen, with no treatment-emergent resistance.
Cognitive Reserve and Its Determinants in Newly HIV Diagnosed Antiretroviral-Naive Adults From Periurban and Informal Settlements: Evidence From an HIV Hyperendemic South African Setting
Authors: Narsi Kalpesh , Tomita Andrew , Ramlall Suvira 
Published: July 2020

Background:Cognitive reserve (CR), the brain's capacity to resist pathology, plays an essential role in preserving the cognitive health of people living with HIV. Cognitive health differs by the HIV clinical stage, but there are few studies on CR in newly diagnosed antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive HIV-positive adults to inform early intervention in sub-Saharan Africa.Method:We investigated the CR profile and its determinants among 211 newly diagnosed ART-naive HIV-positive participants from 2 clinics that serve periurban and informal settlement communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. CR domains in education, work, and leisure were assessed using the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). The CR determinants included major depression, substance use, CD4 count, history of head injury/medical comorbidity, in addition to sociodemographic status. Regression models were fitted to investigate relationships between the total/domain scores and their determinants.Results:CRIq-Total scores were concentrated in the low-medium/medium functioning range with no individual in the extreme low or high CR functioning group. The determinants of CRIq-Total and CRIq-Education were older age, higher education attainment, and being employed. For the CRIq-Work domain, we found older age associated with lower CR. Major depression was only associated with lower CRIq-Leisure.Conclusion:ART scale-up will undoubtedly improve the longevity of individuals living with HIV, but we found high degree of suboptimal CR in a relatively young group of newly diagnosed ART-naive HIV-positive individuals from periurban and informal settlement communities. Early intervention focusing on increasing CR especially in socioeconomically vulnerable populations is needed to mitigate HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and promote long-term healthy independent living.
The American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Criteria Are Useful in the Evaluation of Fibromyalgia Symptoms in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Magrey Marina N. , Thomas Charles , Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: July 2020

Background
Fibromyalgia (FM) is common among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and its coexistence is believed to interfere with the measurement of patient-reported outcomes of disease activity and function in AS because of overlapping symptoms between the 2 diseases. This can confound clinical assessment and treatment decisions.

Aims
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the Fibromyalgia Symptom Scale (FSS) and its components, the Widespread Pain Index (WPI), and System Severity Scale with measures of disease activity, function, and patient-reported outcomes in AS.

Methods
We recruited 63 AS patients (aged ≥18 years) meeting the modified New York criteria, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score–C-Reactive Protein, Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index questionnaires were administered to them. The presence of FM was determined using validated 2010 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria for FM.

Results
Twenty-eight of 63 patients (44.4%) with AS and FM had higher disease activity and greater impairment of functional ability compared with AS patients without FM. Using multiple linear regression estimates, there was no significant relationship of FSS scores with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (p = 0.36), Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (p = 0.50), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score–C-Reactive Protein (p = 0.24), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (p = 0.42) scores, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.82) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.75).

Conclusions
Despite a high prevalence of FM in our patients with the diagnosis of AS, there was no relationship between FSS and measures of disease activity or function in AS, suggesting that FSS and its components could be a useful tool to assess FM in AS patients. Also, FM impairs functional ability in patients with AS.
A Case of Myotonic Dystrophy Type I With Rimmed Vacuoles in Skeletal Muscle Pathology
Authors: Ban Rui , Zhang Yutong , Li Ke , Shi Qiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Dystrophia myotonica type 1 (DM1) and DM2 are the most common muscular dystrophies. In both diseases, the skeletal muscle is the most severely affected. Additional symptoms are also involved in the eye, heart, brain, endocrine glands, gastrointestinal tract, skin, skeleton, and peripheral nerves. Skeletal muscle pathology is mainly manifested as myopathic changes including internal nuclei, sarcoplasmic masses, preferential type 1 fiber atrophy, and so on. Rimmed vacuoles (RVs) seen on muscle biopsy are areas of muscle destruction with an accumulation of autophagic vacuoles. However, there is no report about RVs in skeletal muscle of myotonic dystrophy patients. Here, we describe the first case of DM1 with RVs in skeletal muscle pathology.
Progression of Large Vessel Disease in Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis–Associated Ischemic Stroke: The Role of Vascular Imaging
Authors: Guisado-Alonso Daniel , Edo M. Carmen , Estrada Alarcón Paula Valentina , García-Sánchez Sonia María , Font Maria Àngels , Mena Romo Luis , Marrero-González Paula , Mengual Juan José , Castrillo Laura , Montull Caterina , Corominas Hector , Gómez-Choco Manuel 
Published: July 2020

Objective
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) can cause ischemic stroke (IS) due to the involvement of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. The aim of our study is to describe the pattern of stroke recurrence in patients with GCA-related IS and the role of vascular imaging in the follow-up of these patients.

Methods
We conducted an observational study of 2417 consecutive patients diagnosed with IS and admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. We reviewed patients with GCA-related IS and the relationship of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, vascular status, and clinical course.

Results
We found 4 patients with GCA-related IS among 2417 IS patients: 1 woman (25%); median age, 77.3 years (67–85 years). Mean follow-up was 3.6 years. Initial vascular workup showed vertebral artery stenosis in all of them and internal carotid artery stenosis in 2 patients. All patients were started on treatment with full-dose prednisone, associated with methotrexate in 2 cases. Follow-up color-coded duplex sonography disclosed progression of arterial stenoses in 3 patients who suffered a recurrent IS (days after index stroke; mean, 27.67 [SD, 10.97]) despite normal C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate values.

Conclusions
Vascular imaging, especially with color-coded duplex sonography, could play a role in the follow-up of patients with GCA-related IS and identify those patients with higher risk of recurrent stroke.