bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Satellite‐Based Estimate of Convective Vertical Velocity and Convective Mass Flux: Global Survey and Comparison With Radar Wind Profiler Observations
Authors: Jeyaratnam Jeyavinoth , Luo Zhengzhao Johnny , Giangrande Scott E. , Wang Dié , Masunaga Hirohiko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConvective vertical velocity (wc) and convective mass flux (Mc) lie at the heart of global climate model cumulus parameterizations, but few observations of these critical parameters are available. This paper develops and evaluates a novel, satellite‐based method for estimating profiles of wc and Mc. Comparisons with collocated ground‐based radar wind profiler (RWP) observations show that satellite‐estimated median wc is slightly greater than the RWP estimates, but they show solid agreement when compared at the 95th percentiles (intense updrafts). RWP‐derived and satellite‐estimated Mc are broadly comparable in the lower and middle troposphere, with some differences in the upper troposphere due to differences in convective core sampling. A k‐means cluster analysis of multiple years of wc data shows that convective characteristics are distinctly different among extratropical convection, tropical land convection, and tropical oceanic convection. Tropical land convection is significantly more intense and more variable than the oceanic counterpart.
The Impact of COVID‐19 on Weather Forecasts: A Balanced View
Authors: Ingleby Bruce , Candy Brett , Eyre John , Haiden Thomas , Hill Christopher , Isaksen Lars , Kleist Daryl , Smith Fiona , Steinle Peter , Taylor Stewart , Tennant Warren , Tingwell Christopher 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAircraft reports are an important source of information for numerical weather prediction (NWP). From March 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in a large loss of aircraft data but despite this it is difficult to see any evidence of significant degradation in the forecast skill of global NWP systems. This apparent discrepancy is partly because forecast skill is very variable, showing both day‐to‐day noise and lower frequency dependence on the mean state of the atmosphere. The definitive way to cleanly assess aircraft impact is using a data denial experiment, which shows that the largest impact is in the upper troposphere. The method used by Chen (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl088613) to estimate the impact of COVID‐19 is oversimplistic. Chen understates the huge importance of satellite data for modern weather forecasts and raises more alarm than necessary about a drop in forecast accuracy.
Aggravation of Record‐Breaking Drought over the Mid‐to‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River in the Post‐monsoon Season of 2019 by Anomalous Indo‐Pacific Oceanic Conditions
Authors: Xu Kang , Miao Hao‐Yu , Liu Boqi , Tam Chi‐Yung , Wang Weiqiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Mid‐to‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) suffered an extreme drought in the post‐monsoon season of 2019, contemporaneous with a strong Central Pacific (CP) El Niño and a super positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) event. The present work shows that CP El Niño‐related Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTAs) weakened the western North Pacific anticyclone to prevent moisture transport to the MLRYR and explained 60% of the drought intensity. The super pIOD with an extremely cold SSTA in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean contributed 40% of the drought amplitude via an atmospheric teleconnection. The Indian Ocean cold SSTAs first strengthened the post‐monsoon rainfall and enhanced diabatic heating over South Asia, leading to baroclinic circulation anomalies with induced descending motion over the MLRYR. The aggravated dry conditions there ultimately broke the historical drought record for the period since 1979.
Designing a Radiative Antidote to CO2
Authors: Seeley Jacob T. , Lutsko Nicholas J. , Keith David W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSolar radiation modification (SRM) reduces the CO2‐induced change to the mean global hydrological cycle disproportionately more than it reduces the CO2‐induced increase in mean surface temperature. Thus, if SRM were used to offset all CO2‐induced mean warming, global‐mean precipitation would be less than in an unperturbed climate. Here, we show that the mismatch between the mean hydrological effects of CO2 and SRM may partly be alleviated by spectrally tuning the SRM intervention (reducing insolation at some wavelengths more than others). By concentrating solar dimming at near‐infrared wavelengths, where H2O has strong absorption bands, the direct effect of CO2 on the tropospheric energy budget can be offset, which minimizes perturbations to the mean hydrological cycle. Idealized cloud‐resolving simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium confirm that spectrally tuned SRM can simultaneously maintain mean surface temperature and precipitation at their unperturbed values even as large quantities of CO2 are added to the atmosphere.
Equatorial Moisture Dynamics of the Quasi‐Biweekly Oscillation in the Tropical Northwestern Pacific During Boreal Summer
Authors: Li Kuiping , He Qin , Yang Yang , Yu Weidong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe pronounced summertime quasi‐biweekly oscillation (QBWO) in the tropical northwestern Pacific usually originates from equatorial convective anomalies (ECAs) in the western Pacific. In this study, ECAs in relation to the QBWO are investigated in terms of the equatorial moisture dynamics. The results show that the development of ECAs is preconditioned by significant moisture anomalies associated with zonal moisture advection along the equator. Prior to initiation, an equatorially westward‐moving moisture precursor at a speed of approximately 5° longitude per day could be traced back to 140°W. A moisture budget analysis indicates that the successive westward movement of the moisture precursor is primarily due to the interaction between the zonal gradient of moisture anomalies and the mean easterly trade winds. The equatorial moisture dynamics likely maintain the quasi‐biweekly variability of ECAs regarding the QBWO in the tropical northwestern Pacific.
Three Regimes of Temperature Distribution Change Over Dry Land, Moist Land, and Oceanic Surfaces
Authors: Duan Suqin Q. , Findell Kirsten L. , Wright Jonathon S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate model simulations project different regimes of summertime temperature distribution changes under a quadrupling of CO2 for dry land, moist land, and oceanic surfaces. The entire temperature distribution shifts over dry land surfaces, while moist land surfaces feature an elongated upper tail of the distribution, with extremes increasing more than the corresponding means by ∼20% of the global mean warming. Oceanic surfaces show weaker warming relative to land surfaces, with no significant elongation of the upper tail. Dry land surfaces show little change in turbulent sensible (SH) or latent (LH) fluxes, with new balance reached with compensating adjustments among downwelling and upwelling radiative fluxes. By contrast, moist land surfaces show enhanced partitioning of turbulent flux toward SH, while oceanic surfaces show enhanced partitioning toward LH. Amplified warming of extreme temperatures over moist land surfaces is attributed to suppressed evapotranspiration and larger Bowen ratios.
Circulation of Radon Progeny in the Terrestrial Atmosphere During Thunderstorms
Authors: Chilingarian A. , Hovsepyan G. , Sargsyan B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe describe a new phenomenon in atmospheric physics—222Rn progeny circulation during thunderstorms. The enhancement of the natural gamma radiation during thunderstorms was measured with precise gamma ray spectrometers. Results of measurements performed at Aragats mountain in Armenia during summer 2020 demonstrate the Rn progeny lifted to the atmosphere by a near‐surface electric field are returned backward to the ground by rain precipitation. Thus, thunderstorms not only return negative charge to the Earth by lightning flashes but also maintain Rn progeny circulation in the atmosphere; it this way, significantly enlarging natural gamma radiation above the Earth surface and Radon concentration in the atmosphere.
Hypomethylation of PlncRNA-1 promoter enhances bladder cancer progression through the miR-136-5p/Smad3 axis
Authors: Kang Weiting , Wang Qiang , Dai Yun , Wang Hanbo , Wang Muwen , Wang Jin , Zhang Dong , Sun Peng , Qi Taiguo , Jin Xunbo , Cui Zilian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractApart from being potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate the development and progression of multiple cancers. PlncRNA-1 is a newly discovered lncRNA that exhibits the above properties through multiple regulatory pathways. However, the clinical significance and molecular mechanisms of PlncRNA-1 in bladder cancer have not been established. PlncRNA-1 was found to be overexpressed in 71.43% of bladder cancer tissues. Moreover, the expression level correlated with tumor invasion, T stage, age, and number of tumors, but not with gender, recurrent status, preoperative treatment, pathological grade, and tumor size. The expression level of PlncRNA-1 can, to a certain extent, be used as a predictor of the degree of tumor invasion and T stage among BC patients. Inhibiting PlncRNA-1 expression impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasion of T24 and 5637 bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, PlncRNA-1 promoter in BC tissues was found to be hypomethylated at position 131 (36157603 on chromosome 21). PlncRNA-1 promoter hypomethylation induces the overexpression of PlncRNA-1. In addition, PlncRNA-1 modulated the expression of smad3 and has-miR-136-5p (miR-136). Conversely, miR-136 regulated the expression of PlncRNA-1 and smad3. PlncRNA-1 mimics competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in its regulation of smad3 expression by binding miR-136. Rescue analysis further revealed that modulation of miR-136 could reverse the expression of smad3 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker proteins impaired by PlncRNA-1. In summary, PlncRNA-1 has important clinical predictive values and is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of smad3. The PlncRNA-1/miR-136/smad3 axis provides insights into the regulatory mechanism of BC, thus may serve as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for cancer.
Phase imaging with computational specificity (PICS) for measuring dry mass changes in sub-cellular compartments
Authors: Kandel Mikhail E. , He Yuchen R. , Lee Young Jae , Chen Taylor Hsuan-Yu , Sullivan Kathryn Michele , Aydin Onur , Saif M. Taher A. , Kong Hyunjoon , Sobh Nahil , Popescu Gabriel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDue to its specificity, fluorescence microscopy has become a quintessential imaging tool in cell biology. However, photobleaching, phototoxicity, and related artifacts continue to limit fluorescence microscopy’s utility. Recently, it has been shown that artificial intelligence (AI) can transform one form of contrast into another. We present phase imaging with computational specificity (PICS), a combination of quantitative phase imaging and AI, which provides information about unlabeled live cells with high specificity. Our imaging system allows for automatic training, while inference is built into the acquisition software and runs in real-time. Applying the computed fluorescence maps back to the quantitative phase imaging (QPI) data, we measured the growth of both nuclei and cytoplasm independently, over many days, without loss of viability. Using a QPI method that suppresses multiple scattering, we measured the dry mass content of individual cell nuclei within spheroids. In its current implementation, PICS offers a versatile quantitative technique for continuous simultaneous monitoring of individual cellular components in biological applications where long-term label-free imaging is desirable.
Variation in selection constraints on teleost TLRs with emphasis on their repertoire in the Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus
Authors: Priyam Manisha , Gupta Sanjay K. , Sarkar Biplab , Sharma T. R. , Pattanayak A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe high degree of conservation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), and yet their subtle variations for better adaptation of species in the host–pathogen arms race make them worthy candidates for understanding evolution. We have attempted to track the trend of TLR evolution in the most diverse vertebrate group—teleosts, where Clarias batrachus was given emphasis, considering its traits for terrestrial adaptation. Eleven C. batrachus TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 9, 13, 22, 25, 26) were identified in this study which clustered in proximity to its Siluriformes relative orthologues in the phylogenetic analysis of 228 TLRs from 25 teleosts. Ten TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 9, 13, 21, 22) with at least 15 member orthologues for each alignment were processed for selection pressure and coevolutionary analysis. TLR1, 7, 8 and 9 were found to be under positive selection in the alignment-wide test. TLR1 also showed maximum episodic diversification in its clades while the teleost group Eupercaria showed the maximum divergence in their TLR repertoire. Episodic diversification was evident in C. batrachus TLR1 and 7 alignments. These results present a strong evidence of a divergent TLR repertoire in teleosts which may be contributing towards species-specific variation in TLR functions.
Effects of the number of drugs used on the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in children
Authors: Sugioka Mayuko , Tachi Tomoya , Mizui Takashi , Koyama Aisa , Murayama Azusa , Katsuno Hayato , Matsuyama Takuya , Aoyama Satoshi , Osawa Tomohiro , Noguchi Yoshihiro , Yasuda Masahiro , Goto Chitoshi , Teramachi Hitomi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn pediatric individuals, polypharmacy would increase the prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, there is no report on the ADR increase adjusted for the influence of concomitant disease types. We conducted a retrospective study in pediatric patients to determine whether polypharmacy is a risk factor for ADR development, after the adjustment. Patients aged 1–14 years on medication who visited Gifu Municipal Hospital (Gifu, Japan) were included. We evaluated patient characteristics, ADR causality, ADR classification and severity, and ADR-causing drugs. We examined the association between ADR prevalence and number of drugs used. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses to investigate risk factors for ADR development. Of 1330 patients, 3.5% sought medical attention for ADRs. ADR causality was most often assessed as “possible,” with gastrointestinal ADRs being the most common. Grade 1 ADRs were the most and antibiotics were the most common suspected ADR-inducing drug. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ≥ 2 or ≥ 4 drug use, neoplasms, mental and behavioral disorders, and circulatory system diseases significantly increased ADR prevalence. Polypharmacy increased the prevalence of ADR resulting in hospital visits in children, after adjusting for the influence of disease types. Therefore, proactive polypharmacy control measures are necessary for children.
Enrichment of plasma extracellular vesicles for reliable quantification of their size and concentration for biomarker discovery
Authors: Holcar Marija , Ferdin Jana , Sitar Simona , Tušek-Žnidarič Magda , Dolžan Vita , Plemenitaš Ana , Žagar Ema , Lenassi Metka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHuman plasma is a complex fluid, increasingly used for extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarker studies. Our aim was to find a simple EV-enrichment method for reliable quantification of EVs in plasma to be used as biomarker of disease. Plasma of ten healthy subjects was processed using sedimentation rate- (sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation—sUC) and size- (size exclusion chromatography—SEC) based methods. According to nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to detectors (AF4-UV-MALS), miRNA quantification, transmission electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enrichment of EVs from plasma with sUC method lead to high purity of EVs in the samples. High nanoparticle concentrations after SEC resulted from substantial contamination with lipoproteins and other aggregates of EV-like sizes that importantly affect downstream EV quantification. Additionally, sUC EV-enrichment method linked to quantification with NTA or AF4-UV-MALS is repeatable, as the relative standard deviation of EV size measured in independently processed samples from the same plasma source was 5.4% and 2.1% when analyzed by NTA or AF4-UV-MALS, respectively. In conclusion, the sUC EV-enrichment method is compatible with reliable measurement of concentration and size of EVs from plasma and should in the future be tested on larger cohorts in relation to different diseases. This is one of the first studies using AF4-UV-MALS to quantify EVs in blood plasma, which opens new possible clinical utility for the technique.
Harvesting time and roasting effects on colour properties, xanthophylls, phytates, tannins and vitamin C contents of orange maize hybrid
Authors: Alamu Emmanuel O. , Maziya-Dixon Busie , Menkir Abebe , Ogunlade Adebayo O. , Olaofe Olorunfemi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiofortified maize varieties form an essential part of a nutritious diet; available evidence suggests that different processing methods may affect the final food products. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of processing (roasting) and harvesting time on the bioactive components (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, phytate, tannin and vitamin C) and colour properties (L*, a*, b*), of biofortified orange maize. The orange maize hybrids used for the study were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) diverse lines with high provitamin A (PVA) content. The results showed that harvesting time and roasting methods significantly (P ≤ 0.001) affected the colour properties. The positive values of ∆b* 30.7, 36.0 and 38.1 at 20 days after pollination (DAP), 27DAP and 34DAP, respectively showed that the intensity of orange colour increased with delay in harvesting time. In unprocessed freshly harvested orange hybrid maize; lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, tannin and vitamin C increased with an increase in harvesting time. For roasted hybrid, the mean concentrations of all the bioactive components increased with increases in harvesting time except for tannin and vitamin C that showed a decrease at 20DAP and 27DAP. The results revealed that processing and time of harvest affect the levels of non-provitamin A carotenoids, tannins, phytic acid, Vitamin C and the colour properties of biofortified maize genotypes.
Mesalazine granule formulation improves clinical data in Crohn's disease compared with tablet formulation
Authors: Tamura Satoshi , Ishida Natsuki , Miyazu Takahiro , Onoue Shunya , Tani Shinya , Yamade Mihoko , Hamaya Yasushi , Iwaizumi Moriya , Osawa Satoshi , Furuta Takahisa , Sugimoto Ken 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe efficacy of sustained-release preparations of mesalazine as a remission maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease remains to be established. We aimed to examine the changes in compliance rate and clinical data 2 years after switching from mesalazine tablet to granule formulation at our facility among patients with Crohn's disease in remission. We investigated the rate of continuous treatment of mesalazine granules and examined the changes in Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels 2 years after the switch. Compliance rate (continuous treatment vs. additional treatment) and continuous treatment rate [good (rate of ≥ 70%) vs. poor (rate < 70%)] were investigated. Of 46 patients, 12 (27.3%) received additional treatment and 32 (72.7%) did not require additional treatment in 2 years. No significant change in CDAI after switching to granule modification was noted in 32 patients in the continuous treatment group. Nevertheless, clinical remission was maintained for 2 years, and serum CRP levels decreased significantly (P = 0.023) and Hb levels increased significantly (P = 0.002). No change in the compliance rate was found. Our results suggest that mesalazine granule formulation may have a remission maintenance effect that is superior to that of mesalazine tablets.
Is One Ear Good Enough? Unilateral Hearing Loss and Preschoolers' Comprehension of the English Plural
Authors: Davies Benjamin , Rattanasone Nan Xu , Davis Aleisha , Demuth Katherine 
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The plural is one of the first grammatical morphemes acquired by English-speaking children with normal hearing (NH). Yet, those with hearing loss show delays in both plural comprehension and production. However, little is known about the effects of unilateral hearing loss (UHL) on children's acquisition of the plural, where children's ability to perceive fricatives (e.g., the /s/ in

cat
s

) can be compromised. This study therefore tested whether children with UHL were able to identify the grammatical number of newly heard words, both singular and plural.

Method

Eleven 3- to 5-year-olds with UHL participated in a novel word two-alternative forced choice task presented on an iPad. Their results were compared to those of 129 NH 3- to 5-year-olds. During the task, children had to choose whether an auditorily presented novel word was singular (e.g.,
tep, koss
) or plural (e.g.,
teps, kosses
) by touching the appropriate novel picture.

Results
Like their NH peers, children with UHL demonstrated comprehension of novel singulars. However, they were significantly less accurate at identifying novel plurals, with performance at chance. However, there were signs that their ability to identify novel plurals may improve with age.

Conclusion
While comparable to their NH peers at identifying novel singulars, these results suggest that young children with UHL do not yet have a robust representation of plural morphology, particularly on words they have not encountered before.
The Impact of Black Swan Events on Stock Prices: Evidence from the Melamine Incident in China
Authors: ZHU Wenjian 
Published: December 2020

The influence of melamine incident on dairy industry in 2008 was investigated, and the control effect of different enterprises on the black swan incident was analyzed. First of all, this paper analyzes the impact of the stock of listed companies in the dairy industry after the black swan incident, and compares the impact of the different risk treatment of several leading enterprises on the stock price recovery.
The results show that: first, the melamine incident has a negative effect on the enterprises involved, and the enterprises involved do not have a competitive advantage. Second, in the same period, enterprises pay more attention to the influence of black swan event and take more powerful measures. The greater the risk treatment intensity is, the less the influence of black swan event will be. Third, the two enterprises have similar risk handling strength. The faster the response to risk events, the earlier the processing time, and the less affected by the black swan event.