bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prawo własności intelektualnej w branży kosmetycznej
Authors: Sacha Gabriela 
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł jest odpowiedzią na rosnące znaczenie rynkowe branży kosmetycznej. Ostatnie lata pokazują duży wzrost zamożności społeczeństwa w Polsce, co niewątpliwie ma wpływ na zwiększenie popytu na produkty kosmetyczne, a wraz z nim na skalę produkcji. Obecnie coraz większą popularność zyskują również marki lokalne albo takie, które tworzą produkty kosmetyczne na małą skalę ze względu na dbałość o naturalne składniki. W konsekwencji zmienia się struktura branży, w której istotne są już nie tylko duże firmy międzynarodowe, ponieważ swoją pozycję na rynku wyraźnie zaznaczają również średni, mali i mikroprzedsiębiorcy. W obliczu tych tendencji producenci prowadzą między sobą zaciętą walkę konkurencyjną o klienta. W niniejszym opracowaniu przeanalizowane zostały przepisy prawa polskiego oraz ustawodawstwa europejskiego. Zagadnienie poddano również badaniu analitycznemu, którego podstawę stanowiły orzeczenia Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, Sądu Najwyższego oraz opisy patentowe poszczególnych rozwiązań. W artykule opisano też uregulowania dotyczące produktów kosmetycznych w ustawodawstwie polskim oraz europejskim. Głównym celem jest przedstawienie obowiązujących przepisów prawa własności intelektualnej, które najlepiej odpowiadają specyfice branży kosmetycznej. Ważne jest również opisanie, w jaki sposób przedsiębiorcy mogą bronić się przed wykorzystywaniem ich renomy i pozycji rynkowej przez inne podmioty, które wprowadzają do obrotu tzw. lookalikes lub oferują produkty podrobione. Intellectual property law in cosmetics industryThis article is a response to the growing significance of the cosmetics industry. Recent years have shown a significant rise in individual wealth in Poland, which influences the increased demand for cosmetics products and with it the scale of their production. Currently local brands are also increasing in popularity, as well as small-scale, environmentally conscious and natural product-oriented manufacturers. As a consequence, the structure of the industry is also changing — it is no longer just the large multinational companies that are significant players, as medium, small, and micro-scale entrepreneurs are also making their mark. With such tendencies, manufacturers intensively compete with each other. This article analyses the provisions of Polish and European law. The issue has also been analytically researched, based on the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Polish Supreme Court and the patent descriptions of certain industry solutions. This article describes the regulation of cosmetic products in Polish and European legislation. The main aim of the article is the representation of current provisions of intellectual property law, which best reflect the cosmetics industry. This article also aims to show how entrepreneurs can defend themselves from using their prestige and market position by other entities introducing lookalike products or offering counterfeit products.
The horizontal impact of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights in accordance with the sentencing guidelines of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Moskal Anna , Kozłowski Jakub 
Published: March 2020

One of the biggest challenges of European law is balancing the relations between the Member States and the European Union. An especially interesting aspect of this issue is the horizontal impact of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. The authors of the article will reconstruct the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which precisely settles problems related to this issue. Various examples will be examined, ranging from the renowned judgment of the Grand Chamber of the Court in Case C-617/10 Åklagaren v. Hans Åkerberg Fransson to the most recent judgment of the Grand Chamber of the Court in Joined Cases C-569/16 and C-570/16 Stadt Wuppertal v. Maria Elisabeth Bauer and Volker Willmeroth v. Martin Broßonn. The authors will also evaluate the settled case law using a holistic perspective on the whole system of European law and its principles. Horyzontalny skutek oddziaływania Karty Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej w linii orzeczniczej Trybunalu Sprawiedliwosci UEJednym z największych wyzwań prawa europejskiego jest uzyskanie balansu między systemami prawnymi poszczególnych państw członkowskich a systemem Unii Europejskiej. Zagadnieniem, które jawi się jako niezwykle interesujące w tym kontekście, jest horyzontalny skutek oddziaływania Karty Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej. Autorzy artykułu dokonali rekonstrukcji linii orzeczniczej Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE, które w sposób konsekwentny rozwija wykładnię tej problematyki — od legendarnego już wyroku wielkiej izby Trybunału w sprawie C-617/10 Åklagaren przeciwko Hansowi Åkerbergowi Franssonowi po najnowszy w badanym zakresie wyrok wielkiej izby Trybunału w sprawach połączonych C‑569/16 i C‑570/16 Stadt Wuppertal przeciwko Marii Elisabeth Bauer oraz Volker Willmeroth przeciwko Martinie Broßonn. Autorzy podjęli się także ewaluacji dotychczasowej linii orzeczniczej w sposób holistyczny, biorąc pod uwagę czynniki wynikające z całego systemu prawnego UE oraz jej zasad i wartości.
зміна риторики українських футбольних фанатів під час суспільно-політичних подій в україні 2013–2016 років
Authors: Protsyk Iryna 
Published: March 2020

Change of rhetoric of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016In Ukrainian society football fans environment is usually perceived in a negative way — first of all due to its characteristic verbal aggression and rude behavior at the stadiums and beyond them. In Ukraine, like in all the other European countries, movements of football fans have never been aside from politics: they always emphasized their national identity, actively reacted to social and political events in the country, declared aggressive attitude towards fan movements which professed left views. Change of verbal aggression and traditionally hostile attitude towards rival fan groups happened in fans environment in 2013–2014, when in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity took place and fans were the first to defend its values. February 13, 2014 Manifesto of football fans was publicized which bears witness to transformation of traditional rhetoric of fans. Provisions of the Manifesto under the name of “A fan to another fan is like a brother and a friend from Luhansk to the Carpathians” which say about establishing of an open-ended truce among Ukrainian football ultras still hold. The aim of the article is to present change of verbal and non-verbal behaviour of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016 and to give the examples of texts from the discourse of football fans which have become commonly recognized mottos and songs during Maidan and Russian aggression in Ukraine during 2014–2016.Зміна риторики українських футбольних фанатів під час суспільно-політичних подій в Україні 2013–2016 років В українському суспільстві середовище футбольних фанатів сприймають здебільшого негативно — як соціальну спільноту, якій притаманна словесна агресія та брутальна поведінка на стадіонах і поза ними. В Україні, як і в інших європейських країнах, рух футбольних фанатів ніколи не дистанціювався від політики: фанати завжди підкреслювали свою національну належність, активно відгукувалися на суспільно-політичні події в країні, демонстрували негативне ставлення до фанатських груп, які сповідують ліві погляди. Зміна словесної агресії та традиційно ворожої поведінки стосовно фанатів команд-суперниць відбулася в середовищі футбольних ультрас на зламі 2013–2014 років, коли в Україні відбулася Революція гідності. Фанати були першими, хто виступив на захист її вартостей. 13 лютого 2014 року з’явився маніфест футбольних ультрас, у якому помітна зміна їхньої традиційної риторики. Засади маніфесту, який має назву: «Від Луганська до Карпат фанат фанату — друг і брат», проголошували безстрокове перемир’я, що залишається непорушним дотепер. Метою статті є представлення трансформації вербальної та невербальної поведінки українських футбольних фанатів під час суспільно-політичних подій в Україні у 2013–2016 роках і розгляд текстів, які творять дискурс фанатів футболу, — текстів, які стали загальновживаними гаслами та піснями під час Майдану та російської агресії у 2014–2016 роках.
Wszechstronność upodobań kulinarnych. O dystynktywnych i komunikacyjnych właściwościach jedzenia
Authors: Cebula Michał 
Published: March 2020

Variety of culinary tastes: On distinctive and communicative facets of eating The bulk of the contemporary debate in cultural stratification research refers to the concept of omnivorousness. According to it, the stratification of tastes in modern societies resembles an invert­ed pyramid separating higher social classes with broad tastes cutting across the fine and popular genres at the top from lower social classes with narrow tastes at the bottom. The aim of the article is to shed light on this phenomenon by inferring the social and symbolic significance of the variety of food experience. The omnivorousness presents people with opportunities for demonstrating com­municative competence and for staking claims to social exclusivity. Based on a large survey into the exposure to a variety of foods, spices and ingredients, this article shows that omnivorosusness is a function of socio-economic position, although the relationship gets stronger as specific items are considered. Furthermore, the culinary repertoire depends on personal network characteristics such as size, diversity, access to resources and type of social relation. The celebration of variety makes it possible to operate in the postmodern world of diverse commodities and styles and to communicate with people of different cultural profiles.
Wartości na sprzedaż. Budowanie wizerunku marki w mediach społecznościowych
Authors: Mandes Sławomir , Strzyczkowski Konstanty 
Published: March 2020

Values for sale: Building the brand image in social media The aim of our article is to analyze the mechanisms of value creation on the example of the brand promoted by Ewa Chodakowska, a popular fitness trainer, the owner of a company selling products and services related to physical activity. At the beginning, we describe the recent changes in marketing theory, with special emphasis on the concept of marketing 3.0. In the second part of the article, we analyze the material collected on Ewa Chodakowska’s Facebook page and recon­struct the language and symbolic mechanisms of linking brand activity to a specific value system. As a result, we show the process of objectivation of abstract content values under the supervision of Ewa Chodakowska’s brand.
Atrakcyjność hoteli w percepcji nabywców usług turystycznych na przykładzie Turcji
Authors: Dojwa-Turczyńska Katarzyna 
Published: March 2020

The attractiveness of hotels in the perception of buyers of tourist services: The example of Turkey The emergence of leisure time, as well as transformational changes taking place in Poland, meant that Polish tourists could start travelling to other countries for tourism. This article attempts to answer questions about what constitutes a high standard for visitors leaving, which is associated with their disappointment with the purchased offer. These issues were related to the country which for years was eagerly visited by tourists from Poland, and in 2018 returned to the top of the ranking of preferred destinations — Turkey. Research based on secondary data analysis has allowed the author to look at issues that have an impact on the tourist attractiveness of a given country, but first and foremost, it has made it possible to decode factors that are important to travelers and which are less important during a leisure stay.
Osoby nieheteroseksualne jako konsumenci
Authors: Wrona Mateusz 
Published: March 2020

Non-heterosexual people as consumers The article presents a description of non-heterosexual customers. The author took into consideration aspects of sexuality emerging from the creation of new social groups according to a gay-friendly strategy. The main goal was to show how sexual identity influences customer behaviors. Social ex­clusion of non-heterosexual people was mentioned as the main cause of the creation of gay or les­bian social groups. The article also presents correct and incorrect examples of the implementation of gay-friendly strategy.
Warunki mieszkaniowe jako wyznacznik jakości życia osób niepełnosprawnych na przykładzie osób z dysfunkcją narządu wzroku
Authors: Sadowa Agnieszka 
Published: March 2020

Housing conditions as a determinant of the quality of life of disabled people, based on the example of people with sight dysfunctionOne of the basic needs of a person is to have a place to live. Virtually everyone dreams of having their own place, to relax and feel safe. Such a space is an important place for people with disabilities, because it is often the only place that is tailored to their needs, where they feel safer than in any other spaces. Every citizen of the country has the right to housing, which is provided by numerous docu­ments and regulations.The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of housing conditions on the quality of life of people with disabilities. The following thesis has been formulated in the work: the disabled aim to improve the quality of their lives by changing housing conditions.Literature sources have been reviewed to define basic concepts, the results of previous studies have been correlated. After accessing the database, the results of the research carried out in March 2015 by the foundation “Nie widzę problemu” literally meaning “I do not see the problem” with involvement of employees and students of the University of Wroclaw have been compiled.The analysis shows that respondents most often live together with their parents and spend a large part of their income on purchases related to household appliances. As much as 60% of re­spondents do not own a flat. Approximately 68% find the buildings they live in are not suited to their needs, however only 23% of them try to get social housing.Translated by Karolina Riemel
Wciąż terra incognita? Turystyka górska w Karpatach Wschodnich w okresie autonomii galicyjskiej
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M. 
Published: March 2020

Still terra incognita? Mountain climbing in the Eastern Carpathians in the period of Galician autonomyEarly mountain climbing in the distant, expansive, and wild Eastern Carpathians in a far corner of Galicia then part of Austria-Hungary, today in Ukraine looked rather different from that practiced in the Tatra mountains. This is attested to by the near universal use of the services of the local Hutsul highlanders with their horses in order to cover the greater distances from the piedmont localities, reachable by carriage or railway, to the mountain peaks. The present article — based on descriptions of expeditions in newspapers and specialized journals, books, and memoirs — considers the experience of various individuals and groups that conquered or attempted to conquer the peaks of Czarnohora from about 1873 to to the first years of the 20th century. Among the climbers of the period one finds Tatra Society activists, students from the Galician capital of Lwów/Lemberg/L’viv, as well as a young Scotchwoman. Among other things, the article analyzes the challenges of the expeditions and the motivation and impressions of the participants in order to better understand why, despite the passage of time as well as the experiences of earlier mountain climbers, the peaks of Czarnohora in this period long remained only lightly frequented.
W naszej letniej stolicy… Satyra Ludwika Szczepańskiego na młodopolskich turystów w Tatrach
Authors: Bajda Justyna 
Published: March 2020

W naszej letniej stolicy… In our summer capital… Ludwik Szczepański’s satire on Young Poland tourists in the TatrasIn the article the author analyses a slightly forgotten satirical novel by Ludwik Szczepański, W naszej letniej stolicy, czyli przygoda rejenta Nowakowskiego w Zakopanem In our summer capital or the adventure of Nowakowski, a notary, in Zakopane 1904, published under the pseudonym Wincenty Ogórek. She tackles three topics:Placement of the novel in the context of other Young Poland period works referring to the discovery of Zakopane as an ideal place for summer holidays by Poles from various parts of the partitioned country, especially by residents of Kraków or Warsaw. In the first two parts of the article the author presents an outline of the plot and then discusses the topography of Zakopane and its environs, brilliantly depicted by Żeromski.The subchapter “…this Zakopane train is especially full of nice, friendly women…” contains a detailed analysis of direct and indirect linguistic, stylistic, personal and cultural references to Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, whose satirical anti-portrait as the poet Przerwański, is included in the novel by Szczepański.In the last part of the article the author points to those features of Szczepański’s novel which make it possible to describe it as a “resort novel”. In addition, she refers to other titles of literary works from the Young Poland period, which fit in with the proposed literary convention. The term “resort novel” refers to Jacek Kolbuszewski’s earlier concept of “boarding house novel”. In the conclusion the author points to the possibility of reinterpreting numerous “resort novels” from the Young Poland period with the help of the latest tools used in the description and analysis of various phenomena relating to tourism understood as a subject of research in the humanities.
Selected issues in handwriting examination, graphology and their technology in document examination
Authors: Cieśla Rafał , Grębowiec-Baffoni Jolanta 
Published: March 2020

This article aims at introducing the complex nature of handwriting examination for judicial purposes and the resulting competences which ahandwriting expert must have. The knowledge of neurophysiological conditioning of handwriting strokes, together with the knowledge of inks, their physical and chemical reactions with surfaces on which handwriting is applied, techniques allowing their observation and acquiring clear enlarged photographic images are indispensable for acorrect expert examination, explanation of how the conclusions were arrived at and illustrating the results. Appropriate selection of techniques of acquiring images requires not only the knowledge of optical and lighting equipment but also practical skills in its appropriate use. Thus, handwriting examination combines the knowledge from various areas: neurophysiology of movement, psychology of handwriting, chemistry, physics and use of optical equipment, which together guaran­tee objective and reliable examination yielding correct results.
Pamięć matki — pamięć o matce. „O Dzienniku pewnej Judyty Ženi Lebl”
Authors: Taczyńska Katarzyna 
Published: March 2020

Mother’s Memory — the Memory of Mother. About Ženi Lebl’s A Diary of JudithThe aim of this article is to rescue from oblivion a Ženi Lebl’s text A Dairy of Judith Dnevnik jedne Judite, 1990 and to attempt to capture and present the specifics of female narration about World War II and Holocaust in Yugoslavia. The analysis particularly accentuates war traumas as an important aspect of women’s identity in Yugoslavia, which demands discussion and reflection. Lebl perceives herself as an agent of memory, who feels re­sponsible not only for keeping the memory of the tragic past, but also for the way in which this memory is preserved. The author’s testimony written in Dnevnik…, the tale about a Jewish family Lebl, should be considered against the background of the particular political situation, the reality of Belgrade under occupation. On the one hand the narration that is passed on documents the fate of individual family members; on the other, the author by her own registered words speaks up for preserving the memory of Jewish victims of World War II in Serbia.Память матери — память о матери. O Дневнике одной Юдифи Жени ЛеблЦель данной статьи — воскрешение из забвения забытого текста Жени Лебл — Дневника одной Юдифи Dnevnik jedne Judite, 1990 — а также попытка определения и представления специфики женского нарратива о Второй мировой войне и уничтожении евреев в Югославии. При проведении анализа особое внимание уделяется проблеме травм войны как важного элемента женской идентичности в странах бывшей Югославии, о котором необходимо говорить и размышлять. Жени Лебл воспринимает себя как хранительницу памяти, которая чувствует ответственность не только за поддержание памяти о трагических событиях прошлого, но и за то, как увековечена эта память. Свидетельство автора в Дневнике…, повествовании об истории еврейской семьи Лебл, следует рассматривать в контексте конкретной политической ситуации, реалий оккупированного Белграда. С одной стороны, зафиксированный нарратив документирует судьбы отдельных членов семьи, с другой — посредством записанных слов автор сохраняет память о погибших во время Второй мировой войны в Сербии евреях.
Traumatic body, word, and otherness: Refugees and deportations in the 1940s Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Authors: Annus Epp 
Published: March 2020

Traumatic body, word, and otherness: Refugees and deportations in the 1940s Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic This essay analyses some instances of Estonian life-writing in order to investigate the question of collective trauma in the Soviet-era Baltics, and especially in Estonia. I suggest that it is precisely the combina­tion of wounded body, word and otherness that forms the basis of collective, or national trauma. In working through or acting out the traumatic as a repetitive event, the affective charge in the wounded body will find its expression through the unconditional rejection of the Other. This intimate liaison between the negative affective charge that is experienced in the body and the Other that is figured in the imagination is disseminated in discursive form. The link between the national Other and one’s bodily vulnerability is established in a way that resists rationalization: for those who lived through the trauma of deportations, the Other becomes transfixed in a structure of trauma in a way that cannot be negotiated. Травматическое тело, слово и другое: беженцы и депортации в 1940-х годах в Эстонской Советской Социалистической РеспубликеВ статье анализируются некоторые примеры эстонских биографических писаний, чтобы исследовать вопрос о коллективной травме в странах Прибалтики в советскую эпоху, особенно в Эстонии. Полагается, что именно комбинация раненого тела, слова и другой при­роды составляет основу коллективной или национальной травмы. При работе или разыгры­вании травматического как повторяющегося события, эмоциональный заряд в раненом теле находит свое выражение через безусловное отклонение Другого. Эта интимная связь между от­рицательным аффективным зарядом, который испытывается в теле и Другoм, фигурирующим в воображении, распространяется в дискурсивной форме. Национальная связь с Другим и физиологической уязвимостью устанавливается таким образом, который не подлежит рацио нализации: для тех, кто пережил травму депортаций, Другое становится запертым в структуре травмы таким образом, что оно не обсуждается.