bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bearing capacity of piles in unsaturated soil from theoretical and experimental approaches
Authors: al-Omari Raid R. , Fattah Mohammed Y. , Kallawi Abbas M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch in unsaturated soil mechanics has considerably developed in the past decades, through the simultaneous development of experimental investigations and theoretical analyses. A fundamental property of unsaturated soil is the ability to store and release water.In this study, an attempt was made to compare the results of bearing capacity of model pile groups constructed in saturated soil prepared at two dry densities and unsaturated soil, with results from theoretical approach (conventional and modified)α, βandλmethods. Square aluminum model piles of 20 x 20 mm in cross section and 200 mm in length were used. The piles were arranged in six group configurations, single, 2×1, 3×1, 2×2, 3×2, and 3×3, groups in addition to pull out test at which the pile is designed to verify this purpose. All groups have the same spacing, which is equal to 3 pile diameters (60 mm). The results showed that using the β method gives the value of ultimate capacity close to the experimental results for saturated and unsaturated tests, while the theoretical results showed overestimation when using other two methods. The results of load displacement curves for piles embedded in soil having three different properties indicate an increase in the ultimate pile load carrying capacity with increase in the number of piles for different soil properties. This increase however, is not linear and gives a high value when the soil becomes in unsaturated state compared to the soil in saturated state.
Analysis of piled raft foundation in sandy soil using full scale models
Authors: Hussein H H , Karim H H , Shlash K T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conduct of the piled raft foundation system is measured by using different methods. Full scale loading tests were conducted on 18 full scale models consistent with ASTM D1143-07, so as to get actual behavior. The experiment study included carrying out still field load testing for piles fixed in sand soils in Karbala province, these piles are viewed as pioneers within this area. Testing was conducted for Six groups of piles (1×1, 1×2, 3 heaps, 2×2, 5 pile and 2×3). Every group comprised of three states; pile group, just rafts as well as piled rafts, accordingly, a sum of 18 still load testing were done. It was inferred that the piled raft basis diminishes the sum settling as well as prompts increment of the bearing limit more than the piles’ groups along with the raft basis. The loading that was shared via the raft basis is approximately (46.3, 28.5, 27.6, 26.4, 25.7 and 25%) regarding the groups of piled raft (1×1, 1×2, 3 piles, 2×2, 5 piles as well as 2×3), individually. The instance of pilled raft basis can be taken as the basic state on the grounds that the raft basis has no loading share until the piles’ group achieves the completely preparing state. It was seen that the pile achieves this state as the connected loading is in the scope of (40-60%) of the sum burden, after which the raft participates loading share, and afterward it will be failed before pile.
Implementation of the Space and Terrestrial information to Use Geological Deposits in Engineering Construction in Western Desert/Iraq
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Raad M.Wafur 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is possible to study the locations of the geological deposits for various construction projects, which were indicated by our study and the new method used in construction.
In the Western Desert/Anbar province in general and the Gaara Depression the area of study especially, and some other surrounding areas. The area of the study contains a special lithological sequence consisting of several configurations. This sequence extends from the hard rock at the top to the fragile rocks beneath it, it is, therefore, easy to construct, in formations whose rocks are fragile by digging through them easily and at low cost, by removing them from hard rock, such as building inside a cave. In addition, the hard rocks constitute the natural protection of buildings, civilian and military projects built underneath, so hard geological rocks naturally protect the buildings, besides these are low in cost, compared to similar projects on the surface of the earth, which need to special engineering techniques and high cost of the securities. While the buildings of our research completely protected from most directions and the natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes or terrorists and terrorist operations, through the hard rock cover.
Behavior of grouting pile in sandy soil
Authors: Hussein H H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An old project was built in south of Iraq. This project included housing and buildings for common use. Pile foundations were needed in some parts, where sandy lean clay and medium dense silty sand existed at different depths. Small diameter friction piles were used in this part of the project. Micro piles are used in the same manner as the conventional piles in combination with caps. They can also be used to reduce excessive settlement. In the load test program vertical, tensile and lateral loading tests were performed to study the efficiency of this type of piles. For the current work, Full-scale pile loading testing has been done to examine the field performance of the micro piles subjected to tension, lateral and compressing loads. The observations have provided some conclusion. Installing the micro piling within all soils represents a method of improving procedure done to a ground. Micro piles can be used a normal foundation piles. The work of this paper pointed to, without plunging failing, Butler and Hoy’s strategy gives a well estimating of a definitive uplifting limit. This study has shown that, once micro-piles have been provided with a higher casing section, carrying capacity of piles may be increase by more than 90% in comparison with micro-piles that have no case. Tensile loads ratio represents 25% of the compression loads. A final observation is that the micro piles have sensitivity toward the constructing method as well as the drilling bit specification.
Multiple Regression and ANN ( MLP) Model for Predicting Swelling index of Ramadi Cohesive Soil
Authors: Abdulkareem Ahmed H , Aziz Dalal O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The response of expansive soils in the form of swelling and shrinkage due to changes in water content is frequently expressed as heaving and settling of lightly loaded structures such as roads, buildings, and canal linings. Compression and/or swelling indices are used for the calculation of the consolidation settlement of fine grained soils. They are conventionally determined by laboratory oedometer tests. Because of the time and expense involved in performing consolidation tests, it is often desirable to obtain approximate values of swelling index, Cs by using other soil properties which are more easily determined. A database consisting of 102 consolidation tests from different parts of Ramadi city were compiled, identified, and used to conduct and utilized a statistical study to estimate suitable relations to determine the swelling index. this study develops the artificial neural networks based multi-layer perceptron, ANN-MLP and multiple regression, MR models. Neural model offers significant improvements in prediction accuracy of the statistical models.
Properties of modified asphalt mixtures with additives of fillers materials
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Zghair Hussein H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In past, the use of by-product materials such as cement kiln dust and fly ash powders, especially in the field of highway pavements has received increasing attention. The aim of this research is to investigate the physical properties of the modified asphalt binder with additives of filler types such as cement kiln dust, fly ash, and metakaolin powder. Then, to assess the Marshall properties of modified asphalt mixtures. Three fillers containing 3%, 5%, and 7% by weight were used. The modified asphalt binder was mixed by a mechanical mixer having a revolution rate of (2000 rpm.), for mixing time (5 to 20) min. at a temperature of 140 °C. Results showed that the use the additives was beneficial in improving the physical characteristics of the asphalt cement. Overall, it was found that the penetration grade reduced and softening point values increased and the susceptibility of temperature was enhanced. Furthermore, the results of the tested specimens, the 5% of CKD, 5% of fly ash and 7% of MK were sufficient to improve the physical characteristics and Marshall properties of modified asphalt binder mixtures. In addition, the results obtained from the Marshall test show that the maximum stability for 7% of MK, 5% of CKD, 5% of fly ash, and control asphalt mixtures are (14.4, 13.6, 11.7 and 10.4) kN, respectively.
Characteristics of asphalt binder modified with waste vegetable oil and waste plastics
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Al-Rubaee Rasha H A , Al-zerkani Mahdi A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Asphalt binder, which is a by-product of petroleum distillation, is vastly consumed in pavement construction. However, petroleum is highly rare as a nonrenewable source resulting in the short-term supply of petroleum asphalt. The improper elimination of waste oils and plastics presents numerous environmental problems. This paper investigates the possibility of using waste vegetable oil (WVO) in combination with waste plastics; Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), as enhancing additives for (40/50) asphalt cement in order to mitigate the illegal disposal of these wastes and modify asphalt binder properties as well as reduce the consumption of bitumen thereby reducing the cost. Three percentages (1%, 2% and 3%) of waste vegetable oil were firstly added to the control asphalt to prepare WVO-modified bitumen. Three percentages (1%, 3% and 5%) of LDPE and PVC were then added separately to WVO-modified binder. Physical properties of the original and modified asphalts were studied using several laboratory tests. The results indicated that bitumen modified with waste vegetable oil has better thermal cracking resistance and lower rutting resistance and it is more suitable to be used in moderate and cold regions, while the addition of plastic wastes in combination with waste vegetable oil could reverse these effects. As a final result, utilizing suitable amounts of waste vegetable oils and waste plastics as asphalt cement additives can give new binders that are suitable for both hot and cold regions. Finally, it can be concluded that the recycling of waste oils and plastics in hot mix asphalt industry is workable and can be seen as a convenient and valid method for eliminating these wastes.
Off-street parking characteristics in Al-Hilla City Center
Authors: Jony Hasan , Jawad Muhand , Al-Jameel Hamid Athab 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Parking problems in an urban area are one of the serious problems everywhere, especially in Iraq. Therefore, this study has mainly focused on investigating parking characteristics in the city center of Al-Hilla. These parking characteristics include average turnover and efficiency for off-street parking. Sixteen off-street parking sites have been surveyed through this study. These facilities are within the CBD area in the city. The main results demonstrate a sharp lack of legal parking for off street and most of existing ones are illegal. The average turnover for off-street parking ranges from 1.9 to 2.6 which shows low utilization of each space with the city centre. The study has specific limitations to improve the parking activities with more sophisticated methods of managing off-street parking demand.
Investigations of the road pavement surface conditions using MATLAB image processing
Authors: Joni Hasan Hamodi , Alwan Imzahim Abdulkareem , Naji Ghazwan Adnan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In view of the increase in the number of vehicles, there has been a need to devise new ways to conduct rapid assessments of the pavement efficiency and thus, improve road performance. Road performance assessment can be carried out in a variety of ways and can predict the future deterioration of the pavement efficiency. Commonly, pavement condition can be estimated on four portions i.e. surface distress, riding quality, skid resistance in addition to structural capacity. In a pavement maintenance management system, the assessment of pavement surface failures is one of the significant duties for improving maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Different image analysis and processing techniques using MATLAB programming language code have been sophisticated for discovering of distresses like patches, potholes, cracks etc. on the pavement surface, which is called Automatic Evaluation Of Pavement (AEOP). The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of application of the different image processing techniques for discovering and categories of pavement distresses. The code was trained on more than 360 images to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis and was then examined on 40 images and gaving results with 77.5% accuracy.
Simulation of traffic flow in unsignalized roundabout using SIDRA software evaluation in Baghdad City
Authors: Yousif Maysam Ali , Ziboon Abdulrazzak T , Qasim Zaynab Ibrahim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For evaluating the urban roads as well as the express ways, the simulation software are considered to be of high importance. The experts of transportations are concentrating on dissemination and arrangement regarding roadways’ traffic jams. The main aim of this present work is to analyze the present situation of traffic in Wahran round-about Baghdad/Iraq/according to certain consistent traffic count using SIDRA software through calculating the level of service, delay time, travel time, and degree of situation. The author of his work recorded the number of vehicles passing Wahran Roundabout for two peak hours, morning peak hour from (7:30 to 8:30 a.m.), while the evening peak hour from (5:30 to 6:30 p.m.). The performance related to the present intersections has been assessed through the use of a simulation model. The results have indicated that the level of service (LOS) related to Wahran Round-about is F of (111.3 sec/veh) average delay and degree of saturation has been (1.737 v/c).
Analysis of traffic accident severity in Baghdad city using Binary Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Al-Dahawi Ali M , Al-Tamimi Omar J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Severity of accident is an important issue to researchers in road safety since this work is interested not only with the prevention of accidents but also with the factors that enhance in reduction of their severity. One of the ways to achieve the latter is to determine the potential factors that influence the severity of accident. This research can be considered as one of the few studies in this approach in Iraq, especially in Baghdad City, where the analysis of accidents has not been carried out for many years since 2003, especially analysis of accidents’ severity. Therefore, it is essential to establish baseline information on accident severity. The data utilized in this research consists of a sample size of (268) observations and it was collected manually from traffic officers due to the deficiency in record system (as there is no specific archive system for registered accident reports). The results from binary logistic regression model indicate that there are three variables significantly associated with severity of accidents namely; site, vehicle body type, and cause of accident.
Traffic signs comprehension study
Authors: Abduljabbar Ahmed S. , Jaleel Zeena Tariq , Salman Nawal Dawood 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Current research work investigates road user’s comprehension of different traffic control devices. Sample demographics were taken into consideration such as age, gender, and educational background. Twenty regulatory and warning signs were examined in this study. These signs vary from simple ‘No parking’ sign to more tricky ones such as ‘Divided highway’ sign. In addition, the questionnaire includes other questions related to road safety, condition of roads signs, and feeling of safety as a driver and as a pedestrian. These signs were selected based on their popularity among other road signs. The selected sample was over 100 people from different regions in Iraq (mainly southern provinces and the capital Baghdad). Only 16 % of selected sample answered with yes when asked about feeling safe as a driver, whereas 29% feels safe as a pedestrian. None of the respondents got all the 20 signs meaning correct, and the highest percent of correct sign meaning was associated with pedestrian crossing sign (98.2%). On the other hand, flagger man sign (work zone sign) had the lowest correct score of (19.8%). Overall Average of correct signs meaning was (68.5%). Approximately, 25% of traffic signs have scored less than 50%, and 75% of traffic signs scored more than 50% correctness score. A great work needs to be done to educate and spread adequate material that explains uses and meanings of different road signs.
Generalize new method to determine the location of the control setion in the box culvert under inlet control
Authors: Maatooq J S , Omran H A , Taha M M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The control section is a location at which a unique relationship between the flow rate and the water depth (critical depth) exists. When the culvert flows under inlet control, the location of the control section exists into the culvert barrel at some distance from the entrance. The exact location of the control section has not been investigated until now. The present study demonstrates the exact location of the control section experimentally based on the measured elevations along the barrel for each run undertaken. Then the correlation between the critical depth and its location is presented as proposed deterministic equations. Thus, the aim is to find the section at which the critical depth is achieved, measured from the beginning of the barrel by using the empirical equations. The application of the proposed equations is specified in terms of the geometric and hydraulic conditions that have been adopted in the present study.
Regional flood frequency analysis for flood index estimation in hydrologic regions with limited flood data
Authors: Younis Abdulwahab M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to establish a regional relationship between mean annual peak flood and the catchment area based on the annual peak flood frequency analysis. Annual peak flood time series for various gauging sites of six basins in north part of Iraq are used in analysis. The procedure of analysis is approached by scaling a regional flood frequency distribution (index-flood of catchment) which is defined here as the mean annual maximum flood discharge and estimated by linear regression using physiographic and climatic catchment properties. The index-flood method was found to have slightly better prediction accuracies over the direct-regression method. The coefficient of determination R2 between reference and estimated index-floods is relatively high in most cases for all the gauging stations. All regions give very high R
2 correlation and the best model is the model (2), which is also associated with minimum value of RMSE.
Occurrence of Residual Organophosphorus Pesticides in soil of some Asian countries, Australia and Nigeria
Authors: Pirsaheb M , Nouri M , Karimi Hazhir , Mustafa Yaseen T , Hossini Hooshyar , Naderi Zohreh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of this systematic review study was to provide a precise estimation and awareness of the remaining organophosphorus pesticides in global soil and sediments. To do so, both international and national databases of PubMed, Scopus and the Institute for Scientific Information, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex and Magiran scientific were searched/used to find studies published from 1968 to 2017. Next, the following keywords in English and Persian were used including: “organophosphorous” or “organo-phosphorous” or “organophosphate” with or without “pesticide” or “toxicity”; “soil” or “topsoil”. Based on our systematic search, a total number of 15 articles were chosen and used to analysis. Most studies have been conducted in Asian countries and some part of Africa and commonly used organophosphorous pesticides included chloroprifous, dichlorvos, diazinon, fenitrothion, malathion and profenofos. On the other hand, personal interviews showed that chloroprifous, dicrotophos and profenofos are more used widely in the world. Random effects model to estimate the overall amounts of the residue organophosphorus pesticides in global soil was used. Accordingly, the overall concentration of organophosphorus pesticides was estimated to be 131.05 mg/kg (95%CI, 130.98–131.12).
Equation of mixed land use that achieve sustainability
Authors: Alourafi Samir Nori , Khairy Alrawi Areaj 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Our cities are far from achieving sustainability. This requires sustainable approaches and strategies when planning urban land use for our cities as the basis for the distribution of activities and services in the city and can be considered as the basis for the sustainability of the city. The mixed use strategy is one of the sustainability strategies. It has been adopted in our research and an equation Lum has been adopted in measuring the sustainability of the study area of the Holy City of Karbala. This equation is a measure of the extent to which uses compete with residential use, which is dominant in residential neighborhoods. This equation suggests five cases of sustainability (very unsustainable, unsustainable, low sustainability, sustainable, very sustainable). The important conclusion are 3% of the neighbourhoods are very unsustainable neighbourhood, 14% of the neighborhoods are unsustainable, 48% of the neighborhoods are Low sustainability, 34% of the neighborhoods are sustainable, 1.5% of the neighbourhoods are very sustainable. The main recommendations are to adopt a mixed use strategy in the future master plans in the planning of residential neighborhoods in the holy city of Karbala to reduce the time, distance and cost of trips by reducing the distance between uses to achieve the principles of sustainability in all its aspects (environmental, economic and social), relying on walking within neighborhoods for residents, reducing air pollution and noise by reducing the use of vehicles within neighborhoods.
Effect of porosity on thermal conductivity of porous materials
Authors: Humaish H H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The basic idea of porous materials has been used in different applications of engineering science especially regards to thermal insulation. In this study the effect of porosity on thermal conductivity has been investigated experimentally by using Cylindrical thermal probe (TP02® Hukseflux). During transmission the heat power in the probe, the temperature is variation as a function of the natural logarithm. The slope of the graph is representing the proportion inverse to the thermal conductivity. Different materials in terms of porosity have been selected to identify influence of porosity on thermal conductivity. At first fluid material (glycerol) with no porosity, and after that glass beads of different diameters to introduce the porosity and different types of glass wool as an example of insulation materials. Comsol Multiphysics® axisymmetric module 2-D has been used to validate the experimental results.