bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Does the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Affect the Boreal Winter Tropospheric Circulation in CMIP5/6 Models?
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I. , White Ian P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUsing 17 CMIP5 and CMIP6 models with a spontaneously generated quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)-like phenomenon, this study explores and evaluates three dynamical pathways for impacts of the QBO on the troposphere: 1) the Holtan–Tan (HT) effect on the stratospheric polar vortex and the northern annular mode (NAM), 2) the subtropical zonal wind downward arching over the Pacific, and 3) changes in local convection over the Maritime Continent and Indo-Pacific Ocean. More than half of the models can reproduce at least one of the three pathways, but few models can reproduce all of the three routes. First, seven models are able to simulate a weakened polar vortex during easterly QBO (EQBO) winters, in agreement with the HT effect in the reanalysis. However, the weakened polar vortex response during EQBO winters is underestimated or not present at all in other models, and hence the chain for QBO, vortex, and tropospheric NAM/AO is not simulated. For the second pathway associated with the downward arching of the QBO winds, 10 models simulate an inconsistent extratropical easterly anomaly center over 20°–40°N in the Pacific sector during EQBO, and hence the negative relative vorticity anomalies poleward of the easterly center is not present in those models, leading to no consensus on the height response over the North Pacific between those models and the reanalysis. However, the other seven models do capture this effect. The third pathway is only observed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, where the strong climatological deep convection and the warm pool are situated. Seven models can simulate the convection anomalies associated with the QBO over the Maritime Continent, which is likely caused by the near-tropopause low buoyancy frequency anomalies. No robust relationship between the QBO and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can be established using the JRA55 reanalysis, and 10 models consistently confirm little modulation of the ocean basinwide Walker circulation and ENSO events by the QBO.
Rapid Local Urbanization around Most Meteorological Stations Explains the Observed Daily Asymmetric Warming Rates across China from 1985 to 2017
Authors: Jiang Shaojing , Wang Kaicun , Mao Yuna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe increasing rate of the observed daily minimum temperatureTminhas been much higher than that of the observed daily maximum temperatureTmaxduring the past six decades across China. In this study, the local urbanization impact on these observed asymmetric warming rates was investigated. The latest released land-cover data with a 30-m spatial resolution and annual temporal resolution from 1985 to 2017 were used to quantify the urbanization ratios around weather stations. Although urbanized areas occupied only 2.25% of the landmass in China, the percentage of stations with an urbanization ratio over 20% increased from 22.1% to 68.2% during the period 1985–2017. Significant asymmetric warming rates at urban stations were identified, which were approximately 3 times larger compared to the average asymmetry observed at all 2454 stations in China. However, this asymmetry disappeared at rural stations. These differences are mainly due to the rapid local urbanization around most meteorological stations in China since 1985, which affected the spatial representation of observations and led to the observed asymmetry warming rates. The results reported here indicate that the observed asymmetric warming rate over China from 1985 to 2017 is an observational bias due to local urbanization around most stations rather than large-scale climate change. The results also explain the phenomenon that the observed warming rate ofTminremains higher than that ofTmaxafter 1990 when the surface solar radiation stops decreasing in China.
Global Evaluation of Seasonal Precipitation and Temperature Forecasts from NMME
Authors: Roy Tirthankar , He Xiaogang , Lin Peirong , Beck Hylke E. , Castro Christopher , Wood Eric F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present a comprehensive global evaluation of monthly precipitation and temperature forecasts from 16 seasonal forecasting models within the NMME Phase-1 system, using Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation version 2 (MSWEP-V2; precipitation) and Climate Research Unit TS4.01 (CRU-TS4.01; temperature) data as reference. We first assessed the forecast skill for lead times of 1–8 months using Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), an objective performance metric combining correlation, bias, and variability. Next, we carried out an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to compare the spatiotemporal variability structures of the forecasts. We found that, in most cases, precipitation skill was highest during the first lead time (i.e., forecast in the month of initialization) and rapidly dropped thereafter, while temperature skill was much higher overall and better retained at higher lead times, which is indicative of stronger temporal persistence. Based on a comprehensive assessment over 21 regions and four seasons, we found that the skill showed strong regional and seasonal dependencies. Some tropical regions, such as the Amazon and Southeast Asia, showed high skill even at longer lead times for both precipitation and temperature. Rainy seasons were generally associated with high precipitation skill, while during winter, temperature skill was low. Overall, precipitation forecast skill was highest for the NASA, NCEP, CMC, and GFDL models, and for temperature, the NASA, CFSv2, COLA, and CMC models performed the best. The spatiotemporal variability structures were better captured for precipitation than temperature. The simple forecast averaging did not produce noticeably better results, emphasizing the need for more advanced weight-based averaging schemes.
Turbulence Asymmetries in Bottom Boundary Layer Velocity Pulses Associated with Onshore-Propagating Nonlinear Internal Waves
Authors: Becherer Johannes , Moum James N. , Colosi John A. , Lerczak James A. , McSweeney Jacqueline M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe inner shelf is a region inshore of that part of the shelf that roughly obeys Ekman dynamics and offshore of the surf zone. Importantly, this is where surface and bottom boundary layers are in close proximity, overlap, and interact. The internal tide carries a substantial amount of energy into the inner shelf region were it eventually dissipates and contributes to mixing. A part of this energy transformation is due to a complex interaction with the bottom, where distinctions between nonlinear internal waves of depression and elevation are blurred, indeed, where polarity reversals of incoming waves take place. From an intensive set of measurements over the inner shelf off central California, we identify salient differences between onshore pulses from waves with properties of elevation waves and offshore pulses from shallowing depression waves. While the velocity structures and amplitudes of on/offshore pulses 1 m above the seafloor are not detectably different, onshore pulses are both more energetically turbulent and carry more sediments than offshore pulses. Their turbulence is also oppositely skewed: onshore pulses slightly to the leading edges, offshore pulses to the trailing edges of the pulses. We consider in turn three independent mechanisms that may contribute to the observed asymmetry: propagation in adverse pressure gradients and the resultant inflection point instability, residence time of a fluid parcel in the pulse, and turbulence suppression by stratification. The first mechanism may largely explain higher turbulence in the trailing edge of offshore pulses. The extended residence time may be responsible for the high and more uniform turbulence distribution across onshore compared to offshore pulses. Stratification does not play a leading role in turbulence modification inside of the pulses 1 m above the bed.
Surface Drift Currents Induced by Waves and Wind in a Large Tank
Authors: Polnikov Vladislav , Qiao Fangli , Ma Hongyu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe empirical features of surface drift currents induced by both mechanical and wind waves are presented. The measurements were made by using surface floats in a large tank with dimensions of 32.5 × 1 × 2 m3. Three cases were studied: (i) regular (narrowband) mechanical waves, (ii) irregular (wideband) mechanical waves, and (iii) wind waves. The measured surface drift currents induced by mechanical waves Ud are compared with the Stokes drift at the surface USt estimated by a well-known formula with an integral over the wave spectrum. In this case, the ratio Ud/USt varies in the range of 0.5–0.93 and slightly increases with decreasing wave steepness. No visible dependence on the breaking intensity is observed. In the case of wind waves, the wind-induced part of the surface drift Udw is compared with the friction velocity u*. In our measurements, the ratio Udw/u* varies systematically in the range of 0.65–1.2. Considering the percentage of wave breaking Br, the wave age A, and the wave steepness Ϭ, the parameterization of Udw was obtained in the form Udw = (Br + ϬA)u*, which corresponds to the observations with a mean error of 10%. For the first time, this ratio provides the dependence of wind-induced drift on the surface wave parameters. The obtained results and problems related to measuring surface drift currents are discussed.
Improving Nonlinear and Nonhydrostatic Ocean Lee Wave Drag Parameterizations
Authors: Mayer Frederick T. , Fringer Oliver B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOcean lee waves occur on length scales that are smaller than the grid scale of global circulation models (GCMs). Therefore, such models must parameterize the drag associated with launching lee waves. This paper compares the lee wave drag predicted by existing parameterizations with the drag measured in high-resolution nonhydrostatic numerical simulations of a lee wave over periodic sinusoidal bathymetry. The simulations afford a time-varying glimpse at the nonlinear and nonhydrostatic oceanic lee wave spinup process and identify a characteristic time scale to reach steady state. The maximum instantaneous lee wave drag observed during the spinup period is found to be well predicted by linear lee wave theory for all hill heights. In steady state, the simulations demonstrate the applicability of parameterizing the drag based on applying linear theory to the lowest overtopping streamline of the flow (LOTS), as is currently employed in GCMs. However, because existing parameterizations are based only on the height of the LOTS, they implicitly assume hydrostatic flow. For hills tall enough to trap water in their valleys, the simulations identify a set of nonhydrostatic processes that can result in a reduction of the lee wave drag from that given by hydrostatic parameterizations. The simulations suggest implementing a time-dependent nonhydrostatic version of the LOTS-based parameterization of lee wave drag and demonstrate the remarkable applicability of linear lee wave theory to oceanic lee waves.
Correcting Biases in Historical Bathythermograph Data Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Bagnell Aaron , DeVries Timothy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHistorical estimates of ocean heat content (OHC) are important for understanding the climate sensitivity of the Earth system and for tracking changes in Earth’s energy balance over time. Prior to 2004, these estimates rely primarily on temperature measurements from mechanical and expendable bathythermograph (BT) instruments that were deployed on large scales by naval vessels and ships of opportunity. These BT temperature measurements are subject to well-documented biases, but even the best calibration methods still exhibit residual biases when compared with high-quality temperature datasets. Here, we use a new approach to reduce biases in historical BT data after binning them to a regular grid such as would be used for estimating OHC. Our method consists of an ensemble of artificial neural networks that corrects biases with respect to depth, year, and water temperature in the top 10 m. A global correction and corrections optimized to specific BT probe types are presented for the top 1800 m. Our approach differs from most prior studies by accounting for multiple sources of error in a single correction instead of separating the bias into several independent components. These new global and probe-specific corrections perform on par with widely used calibration methods on a series of metrics that examine the residual temperature biases with respect to a high-quality reference dataset. However, distinct patterns emerge across these various calibration methods when they are extrapolated to BT data that are not included in our cross-instrument comparison, contributing to uncertainty that will ultimately impact estimates of OHC.
Impact of Synthetic Arctic Argo-Type Floats in a Coupled Ocean–Sea Ice State Estimation Framework
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Heimbach Patrick , Garg Vikram V. , Ocaña Victor , Lee Craig , Rainville Luc 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe lack of continuous spatial and temporal sampling of hydrographic measurements in large parts of the Arctic Ocean remains a major obstacle for quantifying mean state and variability of the Arctic Ocean circulation. This shortcoming motivates an assessment of the utility of Argo-type floats, the challenges of deploying such floats due to the presence of sea ice, and the implications of extended times of no surfacing on hydrographic inferences. Within the framework of an Arctic coupled ocean–sea ice state estimate that is constrained to available satellite and in situ observations, we establish metrics for quantifying the usefulness of such floats. The likelihood of float surfacing strongly correlates with the annual sea ice minimum cover. Within the float lifetime of 4–5 years, surfacing frequency ranges from 10–100 days in seasonally sea ice–covered regions to 1–3 years in multiyear sea ice–covered regions. The longer the float drifts under ice without surfacing, the larger the uncertainty in its position, which translates into larger uncertainties in hydrographic measurements. Below the mixed layer, especially in the western Arctic, normalized errors remain below 1, suggesting that measurements along a path whose only known positions are the beginning and end points can help constrain numerical models and reduce hydrographic uncertainties. The error assessment presented is a first step in the development of quantitative methods for guiding the design of observing networks. These results can and should be used to inform a float network design with suggested locations of float deployment and associated expected hydrographic uncertainties.
A Spherical Temperature Sensor Array Design for Near-Surface Atmospheric Temperature Studies
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Qingquan , Ding Feng , Ding Renhui 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe observation accuracy of the surface air temperature less than 0.1 K is a requirement, stated by the meteorological and climatological community. However, the accuracy of a temperature sensor inside a shield is affected by a number of factors including solar radiation, wind speed, upwelling longwave radiation, air density, sun elevation angle, sun azimuth angle, underlying surface, precipitation, moisture, structure, and coating of the radiation shield. Due to these factors, the temperature error of the temperature sensor may be much larger than 1 K under adverse conditions. To improve the observation accuracy, this paper proposed a spherical temperature sensor array. A series of analytical calculations based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is performed to verify the design principle of this sensor array. The calculation results show that the temperature error ratio can be assumed as a constant. To verify the accuracy of this sensor array, simulations and observation experiments are conducted. The simulation results show that the mean difference between the temperature provided by this sensor array and the reference air temperature is 0.072 K. The field experiment results show that a root-mean-square error (RMSE) and a mean absolute error (MAE) between the temperature provided by this sensor array and the reference air temperature are 0.173 and 0.153 K, respectively.
Assessment of ECMWF Subseasonal Temperature Predictions for an Anomalously Cold Week Followed by an Anomalously Warm Week in Central and Southeastern South America during July 2017
Authors: Alvarez M. S. , Coelho C. A. S. , Osman M. , Firpo M. Â. F. , Vera C. S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe demand of subseasonal predictions (from one to about four weeks in advance) has been considerably increasing as these predictions can potentially help prepare for the occurrence of high-impact events such as heat or cold waves that affect both social and economic activities. This study aims to assess the subseasonal temperature prediction quality of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) against the Japan Meteorological Agency reanalyses. Two consecutive weeks of July 2017 were analyzed, which presented anomalously cold and warm conditions over central South America. The quality of 20 years of hindcasts for the two investigated weeks was compared to that for similar weeks during the JJA season and of 3 years of real-time forecasts for the same season. Anomalously cold temperatures observed during the week of 17–23 July 2017 were well predicted one week in advance. Moreover, the warm anomalies observed during the following week of 24–30 July 2017 were well predicted two weeks in advance. Higher linear association and discrimination (ability to distinguish events from nonevents), but reduced reliability, was found for the 20 years of hindcasts for the target week than for the hindcasts produced for all of the JJA season. In addition, the real-time forecasts showed generally better performance over some regions of South America than the hindcasts. The assessment provides robust evidence about temperature prediction quality to build confidence in regional subseasonal forecasts as well as to identify regions in which the predictions have better performance.
The Relationship between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Kaplan J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical cyclone rapid intensification in the northern basins of the Western Hemisphere is examined. All rapid intensification events in the part of the Western Hemisphere north of the equator and the MJO phase and amplitude are compiled from 1974 to 2015. Rapid intensification events and the MJO tend to move in tandem with each other from west to east across the hemisphere, though rapid intensification appears most likely during a neutral MJO phase. The addition of this information to an operational statistical rapid intensification forecasting scheme does not significantly improve forecasts.
Addictive Sexual Behavior
Authors: Myers Wayne A. 
Published: August 2020

Case material is presented from two patients suffering from addictive sexual behavior. The term addiction is used because of the intense, driven quality of the behavior and because of its mood-elevating effects. Psychodynamically, the patients’ sexual acts helped to undo feelings of rejection at the hands of their mothers and to enhance feelings of lovability and of self-esteem. The behavior also helped to neutralize powerful feelings of rage toward the mother. In one patient, the acts also helped to ease inner turmoil related to an underlying attention deficit disorder. I speculate that some adults with addictive sexual behavior may have underlying attention deficit disorders. In both my patients, the sexual behaviors served the self-regulatory function of alleviating inner feelings of anhedonia and depression. When they decreased their sexual activities during the course of the treatment, they required adjunctive antidepressant medication. The underlying meaning of the medication and countertransference attitudes toward such patients are explored.
Machine Learning in Laryngoscopy Analysis: A Proof of Concept Observational Study for the Identification of Post-Extubation Ulcerations and Granulomas
Authors: Parker Felix , Brodsky Martin B. , Akst Lee M. , Ali Haider 
Published: August 2020

Objective: Computer-aided analysis of laryngoscopy images has potential to add objectivity to subjective evaluations. Automated classification of biomedical images is extremely challenging due to the precision required and the limited amount of annotated data available for training. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have the potential to improve image analysis and have demonstrated good performance in many settings. This study applied machine-learning technologies to laryngoscopy to determine the accuracy of computer recognition of known laryngeal lesions found in patients post-extubation. Methods: This is a proof of concept study that used a convenience sample of transnasal, flexible, distal-chip laryngoscopy images from patients post-extubation in the intensive care unit. After manually annotating images at the pixel-level, we applied a CNN-based method for analysis of granulomas and ulcerations to test potential machine-learning approaches for laryngoscopy analysis. Results: A total of 127 images from 25 patients were manually annotated for presence and shape of these lesions—100 for training, 27 for evaluating the system. There were 193 ulcerations (148 in the training set; 45 in the evaluation set) and 272 granulomas (208 in the training set; 64 in the evaluation set) identified. Time to annotate each image was approximately 3 minutes. Machine-based analysis demonstrated per-pixel sensitivity of 82.0% and 62.8% for granulomas and ulcerations respectively; specificity was 99.0% and 99.6%. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of machine learning via CNN-based methods to add objectivity to laryngoscopy analysis, suggesting that CNN may aid in laryngoscopy analysis for other conditions in the future.
Fertility Technology Research and the Use of Human Beings as Property
Authors: Jones-Nosacek Cynthia 
Published: August 2020

In January 2020, an article in the Journal of Human Reproduction exploring whether human embryos could be obtained via uterine lavage and to compare their quality to embryos created via in vitro fertilization. Any embryo that was not removed via lavage was either prevented from implanting by giving the women injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists or aborted with either methotrexate or uterine curettage. This research was done using women in Mexico, who were paid the equivalent of over two months’ wages and who signed away their rights to their embryos, including agreeing to have an abortion if implantation did occur. Not only is this another instance of human beings being treated as property but is against the dignity of these women by turning them into, as one ethicist says, “human petri dishes.” Summary: Researchers continue to use people as objects to obtain their goals. In this case, it was poor women in Mexico and their embryos. The Editors of Journal of Human Reproduction enabled this by publishing the report.