bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durability of the Reinforced One-Part Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars with Different Fibers
Authors: Abdollahnejad Z. , Mastali M. , Falah M. , Shaad K. Mohammad , Luukkonen T. , Illikainen M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of reinforcing one-part alkali-activated slag binders (OAASs) with different types of fiber (steel, polyvinyl alcohol [PVA], basalt, and cellulose) and fiber combinations (single and hybrid) on the mechanical and durability properties of OAASs. All OAASs were reinforced by a 1% fiber volume fraction. Compressive and flexural strengths were the mechanical properties, which were addressed. The durability of the reinforced OAASs was examined based on water absorption by immersion and capillary, acid resistance, high temperature resistance, carbonation resistance, and freeze/thaw resistance. The experimental results showed that the fiber type and combination greatly affects the mechanical and durability properties of OAASs. Moreover, the influence of fiber type and combination on high temperature resistance and freeze/thaw resistance is greater than the influence on acid resistance and carbonation resistance.

Graphic Abstract
Intercropping of grain legumes and cereals improves the use of soil N resources and reduces the requirement for synthetic fertilizer N: A global-scale analysis
Authors: Jensen Erik Steen , Carlsson Georg , Hauggaard-Nielsen Henrik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlanetary boundaries for terrestrial inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr) are transgressed and reducing the input of new Nr and its environmental impacts are major global challenges. Grain legumes fix dinitrogen (N2) in symbiosis with soil bacteria and use soil N sources, but often less efficient than cereals. Intercropping grain legumes with cereals may be a means of increasing use efficiency of soil N. Here, we estimate the global sole cropped grain legume acquisition of N from soil to approximately 14.2 Tg N year−1, which corresponds to one-third of the global synthetic fertilizer N use (109 Tg N year−1) for all crops, assuming that grain legumes recover on average 40% of the fertilizer N. Published data from grain legume-cereal intercrop experiments, employing stable 15N isotope methods, have shown that due to competitive interactions and complementary N acquisition in intercrops, the cereals recover a more than proportional share of the soil N sources. As a consequence, the intercropped legume derives more of its N from the atmosphere, compared with when it is grown as legume sole crop. We estimated that the increased N use efficiency in intercropping can reduce the requirements for fossil-based fertilizer N by about 26% on a global scale. In addition, our estimates indicate that if all current grain legume sole crops would instead be intercropped with cereals, a potential net land saving would be achieved, when also replacing part of the current cereal sole crop area with intercropping. Intercropping has additional potential advantages such as increased yield stability and yield per unit area, reduced pest problems and reduced requirements for agrochemicals, while stimulating biodiversity. It is concluded that crop diversification by intercropping has the potential to reduce global requirements for synthetic fertilizer N and consequently support the development of more sustainable cropping systems.
Bridging the gap: Responding to resident burnout and restoring well-being
Authors: Hategan Ana , Riddell Tara 
Published: February 2020

There is an increasing awareness of high burnout found among physicians. Resident physicians particularly face heightened stress due to inherent pressures of training in addition to systemic challenges common to healthcare. It is crucial that medical training programs and organizations create a culture which promotes physician well-being. We conducted an evaluation of a quality assurance pilot program aimed at creating a safe space for increasing burnout awareness and well-being among resident physicians. The program was voluntary, offered to psychiatry residents enrolled at McMaster University, and comprised an online resilience curriculum, peer groups, and wellness newsletters. Data analysis took place between December 15, 2018 and July 15, 2019. The educational goals were evaluated by outcome measures obtained over time in aggregated response data through residents’ anonymous survey feedback. All aspects of the triad received positive feedback, with peer groups being perceived as most helpful. Of all residents, 31% (n = 22) engaged in all three aspects of the program; the majority were female (83%) and senior residents (63%). While 48% reported burnout upon enrollment, there was an average 50% stress reduction perceived post-attendance. This project has shown that peer groups can make a difference in the daily experience of psychiatry residents at our institution.
Vertical (Dis‑)Integration and Firm Performance: A Management Paradigm Revisited
Authors: Kaiser Florian , Obermaier Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVertical disintegration in manufacturing industries has been an increasing trend since the 1990s in many countries. According to a prevailing management paradigm of focusing on core competencies, firms should have vertically disintegrated (i.e. outsourced non-core competencies) to achieve cost savings, enhance competitiveness and improve firm performance. In line with this management paradigm, most empirical studies therefore hypothesized a negative linear relationship between the degree of vertical integration and firm performance, expecting performance to rise when vertical integration decreases.In contrast to previous studies, finding mixed results, we assume an inverted u‑shaped relationship, theoretically based on transaction cost economics and the resource-based view of the firm, and by considering advantages and disadvantages of vertical integration, with an optimal level of vertical integration, where firms with a too low degree of vertical integration could achieve higher performance by vertical integration, while firms with too broad vertical integration could achieve higher performance by vertical disintegration.With respect to our data based on a sample of 434 German manufacturing firms between 1993 and 2013 we find a decreasing trend of vertical integration over time. Applying multiple regression analysis, our findings suggest a positive, but diminishing relationship between the degree of vertical integration and financial performance. These two findings describe a paradox of vertical disintegration. The decreasing trend mainly emerges because lower performing firms outsourced their activities significantly whereas high performing firms do not show such a development. Overall, our results indicate that German manufacturing firms might have gone too far in in their vertical disintegration strategy by following a management paradigm which needs much more critical reflection.
Ein explosiver Habitus? Über Nutzen und Grenzen von Bourdieus Praxistheorie für die Erklärung von Selbstmordattentaten
Authors: Mayer Lotta 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungAndré Armbrusters Skizze einer praxeologischen Erklärung von Selbstmordanschlägen kommt das große Verdienst zu, die dominierenden rationalistischen Ansätze zu Selbstmordterrorismus nicht nur zu kritisieren, sondern eine soziologische Alternative auf der Basis einer nicht-rationalistischen Sozialtheorie zu formulieren. Dennoch greift Armbrusters Ansatz an entscheidenden Stellen zu kurz. Dies gilt sowohl in theoretischer als auch in empirischer Hinsicht. Während in Bourdieus Theorieanlage den unintendierten Sozialisationsprozessen im jeweiligen sozialen Feld eine zentrale Rolle zukommt, fokussiert Armbruster fast ausschließlich auf organisierte ,Trainingsprozesse‘ in den Camps der Hisbollah. Derart geraten ihm die ungesteuerten Sozialisationsprozesse im Feld, durch welche eine habituelle Disposition für Selbstmordattentate auch ohne darauf ausgerichtete Ausbildung entstehen könnte, fast völlig aus dem Blick. Mutmaßlich hängt dies damit zusammen, dass Armbruster das relevante Feld als ,Feld der Hisbollah‘ fasst, und derart den Kontext sozialer und politischer Konflikte in der Region aus den Augen verliert. Dieser Kontext aber ist zentral für die Erklärung des Entstehens eines desire für Selbstmordattentate ohne ,Training‘: Die Feldanalyse muss hier als Konfliktanalyse, nicht als Organisationsanalyse erfolgen. Zudem ist Armbrusters These, dass ein solches desire des Attentäters notwendig und hinreichend für Selbstmordanschläge sei, empirisch zweifelhaft. Vielmehr bedürfte es einer empirisch basierten Typologie unterschiedlich motivierter Attentäter in Relation zu den Prozessen ihrer Rekrutierung. Daran anschließend fragt sich, ob und wie mit Bourdieus Sozialtheorie jene Selbstmordanschläge, deren Ausführender kein entsprechendes desire entwickelt hatte, zu erklären wären.
Cardiovascular Disease and Triathlon-Related Deaths in the United Kingdom
Authors: Windsor Jeremy S. , Newman James , Sheppard Mary 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Triathlon is one of the fastest growing sports in the United Kingdom. However, in recent years several deaths have occurred. The intention of this study is to identify these cases and examine the role cardiovascular disease played in these deaths. Methods An extensive online search was performed to identify triathlon-related deaths (TRDs) in the United Kingdom and UK citizens who died during or as a result of competing in triathlons abroad. British Triathlon provided the number of participants who took part in UK-based events. Coroners provided information on all those who died. Results Between 2009 and 2015, 991,186 participants took part in British Triathlon-sanctioned events. Five TRDs in the United Kingdom were identified. The mortality rate was 0.5 per 100,000 participants. Deaths occurred during or after the swim (3), cycle (1), and run (1) events. During the same period, 5 TRDs were identified among UK citizens competing abroad. These deaths occurred during or after the swim (2), cycle (1), and run (2) events. Cardiovascular pathology was cited as a cause or contributing factor in half of the fatalities. Four deaths were referred to a specialist cardiac pathology service for autopsy. Conclusions Cardiovascular disease was found to be the most common cause of TRD. Further research is needed to determine the underlying cardiac pathology that triggers TRDs. With this information it may be possible to develop screening tools that can prevent similar fatalities from occurring in the future.
The New Puzzle of Moral Deference
Authors: Lewis Max 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhilosophers think that there is something fishy about moral deference. The most common explanation of this fishiness is that moral deference doesn’t yield the epistemic states necessary for certain moral achievements (e.g., acting with moral worth or being virtuous). First, I argue that this explanation overgeneralizes. It entails that using many intuitively kosher belief-formation methods (e.g., abduction, reductio ad absurdum, and intuition) should be off-putting. Second, I argue that moral deference is sometimes superior to these other methods because it puts one in a better position to gain the relevant moral achievements.
The Value of Behavioral Economics for EU Judicial Decision-Making
Authors: Winter Christoph K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis Article analyzes the value of behavioral economics for EU judicial decision-making. The first part introduces the foundations of behavioral economics by focusing on cognitive illusions, prospect theory, and the underlying distinction between different processes of thought. The second part examines the influence of selected biases and heuristics, namely the anchoring effect, availability bias, zero-risk bias, and hindsight bias on diverse legal issues in EU law including, among others, the scope of the fundamental freedoms, the proportionality test as well as the roles of the Advocate General and Reporting Judge. The Article outlines how behavioral economic findings can be taken into account to improve judicial decision-making. Accordingly, the adaptation of judicial training concerning cognitive illusions, the establishment of a de minimis rule regarding the scope of the fundamental freedoms, and the use of economic models when determining the impact of certain measures on fundamental freedoms is suggested. Finally, an “unbiased jury” concentrating exclusively on specific factual issues such as causal connections within the proportionality test is necessary, if the hindsight bias is to be avoided. While it is of great importance to take behavioral economic findings into account, judicial decision-making is unlikely to become flawless based on natural intelligence. Despite bearing fundamental risks, artificial intelligence may provide means to achieve greater fairness, consistency, and legal certainty in the future.
Proportionality and the Right to Equality
Authors: Lurie Guy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis Article focuses on the overlap and interaction between the doctrine of proportionality and the doctrines used to assess the constitutionality of state violations of the right to equality. The Article has three main contributions to comparative constitutional literature. First, the Article pinpoints the difficulty that arises when courts try to apply the doctrine of proportionality on claimed violations of the right to equality. Analytically, as shown in this Article, the overlap and interaction between these two doctrines is problematic because they are both relational measures between means and ends. Second, this Article categorizes two models adopted by courts in the application of proportionality in the context of the violation of the right to equality. Third, this Article points out that the choice of the model used by each court is relevant to the ongoing discourse on the advantages and disadvantages of proportionality.
Alexy and the “German” Model of Proportionality: Why the Theory of Constitutional Rights Does Not Provide a Representative Reconstruction of the Proportionality Test
Authors: Petersen Niels 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRobert Alexy is one of the most prominent proponents of proportionality in international legal scholarship. His theory has two dimensions. On the one hand, it is a normative defense of balancing. On the other hand, it seeks to provide a reconstruction of the case law of the German Federal Constitutional Court. This Article focuses on the reconstructive part of his theory. It argues that his reconstruction of the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court is only partly accurate. In particular, it does not provide a suitable reconstruction of the decisions in which the Court finds a statute to be inconsistent with the constitution. For this reason, the normative critique of Alexy’s theory does not necessarily translate into a critique of the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court’s application of proportionality or even the proportionality doctrine itself. Instead, it targets only one specific interpretation of proportionality.
Barriers and facilitators to standardization of ultrasound use and probe disinfection in the ambulatory setting
Authors: Ai Angela , Anderson Laura , Safdar Nasia , Shirley Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo determine barriers and facilitators to standardization of ultrasound probe disinfection at ambulatory sites, we conducted observations and interviews of staff. Variability was noted in disinfection practices and in the use of protective equipment even for procedures with the potential for the probe to contact sterile tissues. Standardization is needed.
The role of subglacial hydrology in ice streams with elevated geothermal heat flux
Authors: Smith-Johnsen Silje , de Fleurian Basile , Nisancioglu Kerim H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe spatial distribution of geothermal heat flux (GHF) under ice sheets is largely unknown. Nonetheless, it is an important boundary condition in ice-sheet models, and suggested to control part of the complex surface velocity patterns observed in some regions. Here we investigate the effect of including subglacial hydrology when modelling ice streams with elevated GHF. We use an idealised ice stream geometry and a thermomechanical ice flow model coupled to subglacial hydrology in the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM). Our results show that the dynamic response of the ice stream to elevated GHF is greatly enhanced when including the interactive subglacial hydrology. On the other hand, the impact of GHF on ice temperature is reduced when subglacial hydrology is included. In conclusion, the sensitivity of ice stream dynamics to GHF is likely to be underestimated in studies neglecting subglacial hydrology.
Evaluation of VIIth–XIIth cranial nerve anastomosis results by age
Authors: Eravcı F C , Karaloğlu F , Tutar H , Bakkal F K , Tutar V B , Karamert R 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate VIIth–XIIth cranial nerve (hypoglossal–facial nerve) anastomosis results by age.MethodA total of 34 patients who attended a follow-up visit in 2016, aged 20–63 years, were enrolled. The House–Brackmann facial nerve function grading system and the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation scale were applied.ResultsRegarding post-anastomosis facial nerve function, in the group aged 40 years or less, 14 patients (78 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade III and 4 patients (22 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade IV facial nerve function post-anastomosis. In the group aged over 40 years, nine patients (56 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade III and seven patients (44 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade IV facial nerve function post-anastomosis. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in mean facial movement domain scores (p= 0.02). Analysis between age and facial movement score in all 34 patients demonstrated a moderate negative correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient: −0.38) and statistical significance (p= 0.02).ConclusionFacial reanimation yielded better results in younger than in older patients.
Estimates of marine turtle nesting populations in the south-west Indian Ocean indicate the importance of the Chagos Archipelago
Authors: Mortimer Jeanne A. , Esteban Nicole , Guzman Antenor Nestor , Hays Graeme C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlobal marine turtle population assessments highlight the importance of the south-west Indian Ocean region, despite data gaps for the Chagos Archipelago. The archipelago hosts nesting hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and green turtles Chelonia mydas, both heavily exploited for 2 centuries until protection in 1968–1970. We assessed available nesting habitat and spatial distribution of nesting activity during rapid surveys of 90% of the archipelago's coastline in 1996, 1999, 2006 and 2016. We quantified seasonality and mean annual egg clutch production from monthly track counts during 2006–2018 along a 2.8 km index beach on Diego Garcia island. An estimated 56% (132 km) of coastline provided suitable nesting habitat. Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos atolls accounted for 90.4% of hawksbill and 70.4% of green turtle nesting. Hawksbill turtles showed distinct nesting peaks during October–February, and green turtles nested year-round with elevated activity during June–October. Estimates of 6,300 hawksbill and 20,500 green turtle clutches laid annually during 2011–2018 indicate that nesting on the Chagos Archipelago has increased 2–5 times for hawksbill turtles and 4–9 times for green turtles since 1996. Regional estimates indicate green turtles produce 10 times more egg clutches than hawksbill turtles, and the Chagos Archipelago accounts for 39–51% of an estimated 12,500–16,000 hawksbill and 14–20% of an estimated 104,000–143,500 green turtle clutches laid in the south-west Indian Ocean. The improved status may reflect > 40 years without significant exploitation. Long-term monitoring is needed to captureinterannual variation in nesting numbers and minimize uncertainty in population estimates.
CONNECTED SELF-OWNERSHIP AND OUR OBLIGATIONS TO OTHERS
Authors: Cudd Ann E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:This essay explores the concept of the connected self-owner, which takes account of the metaphysical significance of relations among persons for persons’ capacities to be owners. This concept of the self-owner conflicts with the traditional libertarian understanding of the self-owner as atomistic or essentially separable from all others. I argue that the atomistic self cannot be a self-owner. A self-owner is a moral person with intentions, desires, and thoughts. But in order to have intentions, desires, and thoughts a being must relate to others through language and norm-guided behavior. Individual beings require the pre-existence of norms and norm-givers to bootstrap their selves, and norms, norm-givers, and norm-takers are necessary to continue to support the self. That means, I argue, that the self who can be an owner is essentially connected. Next, I ask how humans become connected selves and whether that connection matters morally. I distinguish among those connections that support development of valuable capacities. One such capacity is the autonomous individual. I argue that the social connections that allow the development of autonomous individuals have moral value and should be fostered. On the basis of these two values, I argue that we can support at least two nonvoluntary obligations, one negative and one positive, that we can ground in our metaphysical essence as connected self-owners.
SELF-OWNERSHIP, LABOR, AND LICENSING
Authors: Russell Daniel C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:In this essay I examine restrictions on labor as takings of property: a liberty to work is property, and restrictions of that liberty are takings. I set property in one’s labor within a unified framework for all forms of property, understood as a social institution for balancing two freedoms: freedom to act even if it interferes with someone else, and freedom from interference. As such, property includes not only possession but also use and disposition. To restrict use or disposition is to alter those freedoms, which is a taking of property, including property in one’s labor. I understand such takings to be justified insofar as they benefit the persons whose freedoms are altered, taking up the question of when restrictions on use and disposition of labor are to the benefit or the harm of excluded workers. Appreciating that labor is property, and that restrictions on labor are takings, reframes the justificatory burden that restrictions on labor must bear. And where that justification is lacking, this approach reframes the nature of the wrongs that unjustified restrictions perpetrate, especially against the most vulnerable workers.
WHEN ARE MARKETS ILLEGITIMATE?
Authors: Greene Amanda R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:In this essay I defend an alternative account of why markets are legitimate. I argue that markets have a raison d’être—a potential to be valuable that, if fulfilled, would justify their existence. I characterize this potential in terms of the goods that are promoted by the legal protection of economic agency: resource discretion, contribution esteem, wealth, diffusion of power, and freedom of association. I argue that market institutions deliver these goods without requiring the participants to have shared ends, or shared deliberation about joint ends—indeed, this feature is the source of the market’s distinctive contribution to well-being. I suggest that when markets lack legitimacy, this is because they fail to fulfill their raison d’être, or fail to be recognized as doing so. Thus, the contours of legal protection must be drawn so that these goods are realized together in a recognizable way, without sacrificing one good for the sake of others. Finally, I argue that this account is appealing because it allows regulators to consider a plurality of goods, and because it makes room for the essential role of rhetoric in securing market legitimacy.