bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Face Masks – To Use or Not to Use!
Authors: Ramakrishnan Devraj 
Published: September 2020

COVID-19 has evolved into a pandemic in quick time and being a droplet infection, it was quickly understood that prevention is the key. People started to use all types of masks and there was a panic as stocks started running out. Health care workers must use a triple layered surgical mask and those exposed to aerosol generating procedures must use an N 95 mask and these should be kept reserved for them, especially in a resource limited setting. Though initial advice from experts to the general public was not to use a mask in community settings unless they are sick or taking care of someone sick, the advice had to be later modified. Though CDC Atlanta currently advices everyone with no symptoms to wear cloth masks in the community, WHO opines there is no clear evidence to advise for or against mask use in the community. However, WHO encourages countries advising community mask use as it can generate useful evidence. Along with mask use, practicing all other preventive measures such as handwashing, cough etiquette, social distancing, quarantine and isolation are of utmost importance, without which, using surgical masks or even N95 masks, will not be much effective in the community setting.
Contact Tracing and Quarantine for Covid 19: Challenges in community surveillance
Authors: Gowda Giriyanna , Holla Ramesh , Ramraj Balaji , Shettihalli Gudegowda Kishore 
Published: September 2020

Covid 19 caused by SARS-coV-2 is a novel corona virus. This began in Wuhan city, China at the end of December 2019 and had spread to the rest of the world. World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid 19 as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30th Jan 2020 and later declared as pandemic on 11th march 2020. 1 The disease is mainly spread from human to human through small droplets from nose or mouth when a person with Covid 19 coughs or exhales and through the surface contact. Community surveillance plays significant role in prevention of spread of disease. It includes isolation of the positive case, quarantine of the high risk and low risk contacts and community disinfection.1, 2
The period of communicability is estimated with the current data to be from 2 days before the onset of symptoms and up to 2 weeks after onset. Hence the initial few asymptomatic days turns out to be crucial period in containing the spread of infection. By the time a Covid 19 patient is diagnosed and isolated, there are quite a number of primary and secondary contacts. Government of India focus has been on Community Surveillance activities which mainly comprises of Contact Tracing and Quarantine.3, 4 This article focuses on the various measures taken to trace the contacts, quarantine measures and on the challenges faced.
MORALITAS DALAM NOVEL PARA PRIYAYI KARYA UMAR KAYAM MORALITY IN UMAR KAYAM‘S NOVEL PARA PRIYAYI
Authors: Septiningsih Lustantini 
Published: September 2020

<p>ABSTRAK <br /> <br />Novel merupakan media yang dapat menjadi sarana untuk menyampaikan nilai moral kehidupan. Nilai moral dimaksudkan untuk menerangkan apa yang seharusnya dan tidak seharusnya dilakukan manusia terhadap manusia lain. Dari nilai itulah muncul moralitas. Novel Para Priyayi karya Umar Kayam dapat digali dari aspek moralitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendiskripsikan moralitas dalam novel Para Priyayi karya Umar Kayam. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode deskriptif, yaitu penelitian dilakukan atas dasar fakta yang ada. Untuk mengetahui moralitas yang terkandung dalam novel Para Priyayi digunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra, yaitu pendekatan sastra yang mengungkapkan aspek moralitas dalam karya sastra. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam novel Para Priyayi terkandung moralitas yang meliputi moralitas sebagai kepala keluarga, moralitas sebagai guru, moralitas sebagai pemangku budaya, dan moralitas sebagai seorang yang sukses. Moralitas yang dilukiskan itu merupakan nilai atau ajaran yang disampaikan oleh pengarang. </p><p>Kata Kunci: moralitas, sosiologi sastra, deskriptif, nilai <br /> </p><p>ABSTRACT <br /> Novel is a medium that can be a means to convey the moral values of life. Moral values is intended to explain what man should and should not do to other human beings. From that values comes morality. Umar Kayam's novel Para Priyayi can be extracted from the aspect of his morality. This study aims to describe morality in Umar Kayam's novel Para Priyayi. This research includes qualitative research. The method used in this research is descriptive method, that is research conducted on the basis of existing facts. To know the morality contained in the novel Para Priyayi used the approach of literary sociology, the literary approach that expresses the aspect of morality in the literary work. The results show that in the novel Para Priyayi contained morality that includes morality as head of the family, morality as a teacher, morality as a cultural bearer, and morality as a success. The depicted morality is the value or teaching conveyed by the author. </p><p>Key Words: morality, sociology of literature, descriptive, value</p>
Necrotizing enterocolitis in term neonates: Possible risk factors
Authors: Elhosny Ayman , De Vos Corné , Banieghbal Behrouz 
Published: September 2020

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common surgical disease in premature neonates, however, it may occasionally occur in term neonates. The etiology of NEC in prematurity is multifactorial but is still not well understood in term neonates. In this study, the maternal and neonatal risk factors, along with underlying pathology that may precipitate NEC in term neonates are investigated.
Methods: A retrospective study investigating the maternal and neonatal risk factors for NEC in term neonates (G.A ≥37 weeks) was performed over an 8-years period (January 2009 to March 2017). We used the second group of healthy term neonates over the same period as a control group. The data were collected from medical records. Term babies with the primary diagnosis of NEC were included in the review. Premature neonates (G.A <37 weeks) and NEC secondary to intestinal obstruction (e.g. Hirschsprung’s disease) were excluded from the study.
Results: Of 194 babies with NEC, 14 were term neonates. Maternal risk factors: maternal age, Rhesus status, nicotine use, medication use, chronic and gestational illness were not found to be significant, however, maternal methamphetamine (MA) abuse was found to be a significant risk factor. Neonatal risk factors: genetic disorder, mode of delivery, type of milk, and invasive procedure were not found to be significant, but the presence of congenital heart disease (CHD) was a significant risk factor. Three neonates with CHD (3/4) in the group of term neonates with NEC also had maternal MA use.
Conclusion: NEC in term neonates is rarely encountered. CHD is well known to precipitate the disease in premature or full-term neonates, as also noted in this cohort. MA usage was also noted as a possible underlying cause.
Penerapan Perkuliahan Dengan Pendekatan Humanistik Pada Mata Kuliah Penelitian Pendidikan di Pgsd Bone
Authors: Mustamir Mustamir 
Published: September 2020

Permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan mahasiswa selalu menjadi topik yang memerlukan perhatian terus-menerus dari berbagai kalangan. Banyak penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa, namun sebagian besar masih berlandaskan pada pendekatan kognitif semata. Berdasarkan kajian teoritis, teori belajar yang lebih banyak memberikan peluang untuk berkembangnya potensi mahasiswa secara optimal adalah teori belajar humanistik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode pre-eksperimen dengan desain one shoot case study. Data yang diambil dan diolah adalah data kemampuan atau pemahaman mahasiswa yang beruoa nilai perolehan mahasiswa dari mengerjakan tugas dan tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan mahasiswa dalam perkuliahan ini berkisar pada nilai 4 atau nilai A dan nilai 3 atau nilai B. Secara keseluruhan, rata-rata kemampuan mahasiswa adalah 3,5 melebihi target, yaitu nilai 3. Semua mahasiswa terlihat aktif dan serius dalam mengikuti perkuliahan.
Model Komunikasi Politik di Era Dunia Virtualitas
Authors: Supriadi Supriadi 
Published: September 2020

Media massa dan politik tidak bisa dipisahkan karena media sebagai saluran komunikasi politik yang sangat efektif. Media massa memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam peroses politik. Kemampuan media dalam menyampaikan penyiaran untuk menampilkan pesan kepada khalayak luas menjadikan media sebagai objek, media penyiaran merupakan organisasi yang menyebarkan informasi yang berupa produk budaya atau pesan yang dapat mempengaruhi dan mencerminkan budaya dalam masyarakat, seperti halnya aspek politik dan ekonomi. Kondisi politik yang dibangun di dalam berbagi ruang virtual (seperti cyberspace), yang memengaruhi bentuk, penampakan, nilai, dan kebeneran politik itu sendiri. Media merupakan ruang untuk perbuatan pengaruh para elit politik, baik yang berada di dalam pemerintah maupun yang di luar pemerintah, berupaya mendaptkan akses yang lebih lama dan luas untuk mempengaruhi persepsi masyarakat tentang politik, realitas politik, kebijakan dan lembaga pemerintah yang sedang berkuasa.
From old tricks to Netflix: How local are interlingual subtitling norms for streamed television?
Authors: Pedersen Jan 
Published: September 2020

Like other translation norms, interlingual subtitling norms for television evolve over time, influenced by technology, mediascape development and other trends. Originating in cinema subtitling norms, TV subtitling norms began to develop at national public service broadcasters. Later, norms became international with the rise of the DVD and the proliferation of commercial TV in Europe. These days, the most influential force driving subtitling norms is arguably the global video on demand (VOD) providers. This paper investigates the subtitling guidelines of VOD giant Netflix, in search of the question: How local are interlingual subtitling norms for streamed television? The results show that there is little variation in the initial guidelines, but that they are continually becoming more varied, as they are localized using input from users.
Standardising accessibility: Transferring knowledge to society
Authors: Matamala Anna , Orero Pilar 
Published: September 2020

This article describes standardisation work in the field of media accessibility with a focus on the international standardisation bodies ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ITU (International Telecommunication Union). It provides an overview of what standards are and how standardisation agencies work, with a focus on the technical procedures, types of documents and Code of Conduct to be followed. The specific tasks of working groups dealing with access services is presented and their main outputs in the form of standards are summarised. The article also discusses the main challenges researchers face when getting involved in standardisation work and the benefits of transferring into society and the industry through standardisation.
In support of a wide notion of media accessibility: Access to content and access to creation
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo 
Published: September 2020

The prevailing narrow consideration of media accessibility (MA) as concerning only persons with sensory disabilities poses a series of epistemological and terminological issues, and limits the potential of MA to instigate social change. This article supports a wider view of MA that encompasses both people with and without disabilities who need access to audiovisual content. To articulate this wide notion of MA, a distinction is made between access to content and access to creation (Dangerfield, 2017), and examples are drawn from two emerging disciplines: interlingual respeaking and accessible filmmaking (AFM). As far as access to content is concerned, interlingual respeaking can contribute to making MA more visible, forcing hearing audiences to share the same need for access as audiences with hearing loss. As for AFM, by proposing the integration of translation and accessibility as part of the filmmaking process, it provides a platform for deaf, blind and foreign audiences, as well as other groups, to join forces and increase their visibility within the film industry. However, a wide notion of MA must also include access to creation, that is, access to equipment, funding and job opportunities that can enable persons with sensory disabilities to create audiovisual products which, it is argued, can provide a more inclusive and empathetic audiovisual experience than the current model of MA.
HUBUNGAN KEPATUHAN CUCI TANGAN ENAM LANGKAH LIMA MOMEN PERAWAT DENGAN KEJADIAN PHLEBITIS DI RSUD DR. WAHIDIN SUDIRO HUSODO MOJOKERTO
Authors: Basuki Duwi , Nofita Martika 
Published: September 2020

Pendahuluan: Kejadian phlebitis di RSUD dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Mojokerto lebih tinggi dibandingkan infeksi lain. Rendahnya kepatuhan cuci tangan perawat menjadi salah satu penyebab tingginya insidensi phlebitis. Langkah efektif memutuskan rantai transmisi infeksi yang mengakibatkan phlebitis adalah cuci tangan yang benar. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat dengan kejadian phlebitis di RSUD dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Mojokerto. Metode: Desain penelitian analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan kohort. Populasinya seluruh perawat IGD dengan sampel total populasi sebanyak 20 orang dan sampel pasien 20 orang dengan consecutive sampling. Variabel independen kepatuhan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat, variabel dependen kejadian phlebitis. Pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan uji statistik spearman. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan p = 0,007 < α=0,05, sehingga H0 ditolak artinya ada hubungan antara kepatuhan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat dengan kejadian phlebitis, dengan nilai r=0,579 yang menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan keeratan korelasi sedang. Diskusi: Ketidakpatuhan perawat dalam melakukan cuci tangan mengakibatkan terjadinya transmisi bakteri dari tangan perawat ke tangan pasien. Bakteri masuk ke dalam vena melalui luka tusukan infus, kemudian bakteri mengakibatkan terjadinya infeksi di sekitar luka tusukan infus, sehingga terjadilah phlebitis. Perawat diharuskan membiasakan diri untuk melakukan prosedur cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen sesuai SPO dengan demikian kejadian phlebitis bisa dicegah. Semakin tinggi kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen, semakin rendah kejadian phlebitis.
Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Pringsewu Lampung
Authors: Atmasari Yeti , Sanjaya Riona , Fauziah Nur Alfi 
Published: September 2020

Smoking behavior is related to public health. Smoking is a behavior that has a tendency to begin during adolescence. Factors that are closely related to smoking behavior in adolescents are knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about cigarettes and smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High Schools in 2019. The design used in this research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were male students at North Pagelaran Vocational High School 2018/2019 in 98 students. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The sample in this study were 98 respondents. The results of univariate analysis revealed that respondents who had good knowledge were 62 respondents (63.3 percent) and respondents who were light smokers were 46 respondents (46.9 percent). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about smoking in smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High School Year 2019 with a p-value of 0,001. For adolescents to start doing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly as an effort to stop smoking or avoid smoking. Abstrak: Perilaku merokok berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Merokok merupakan perilaku yang memiliki kecendrungan dimulai saat masa remaja. Faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja adalah pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun ajaran 2018/2019 sebanyak 98 siswa. Tekhnik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Total sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil Analisa univariat diketahui responden yang memiliki pengetahuan baik sebanyak 62 responden (63,3 persen) dan responden yang merupakan perokok ringan sebanyak 46 responden (46,9 persen). Ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019 dengan p-value sebesar 0,001. Bagi remaja untuk memulai melakukan perilaku hidup sehat seperti melakukan olah raga secara teratur sebgai upaya berhenti merokok maupun menghindari merokok.
A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited
Authors: Monsalve Angel , Segura Catalina , Hucke Nicole , Katz Scott 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Bed load transport formulations for gravel-bed rivers are often based on reach-averaged shear stress values. However, the complexity of the flow field in these systems results in wide distributions of shear stress, whose effects on bed load transport are not well captured by the frequently used equations, leading to inaccurate estimates of sediment transport. Here, we modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include the complete distributions of shear stress generated by a given flow within a reach. The equation was calibrated and verified using bed load data measured at Oak Creek, OR. The spatially variable flow field characterization was obtained using a two-dimensional flow model calibrated
over a wide range of flows between 0.1 and 1.0 of bankfull discharge. The
shape of the distributions of shear stress was remarkably similar across
different discharge levels, which allowed it to be parameterized in terms of
discharge using a gamma function. When discharge is high enough to mobilize
the pavement layer (1.0 m3 s−1 in Oak Creek), the proposed transport equation had a similar performance to the original formulation based on reach-averaged shear stress values. In addition, the proposed equation predicts bed load transport rates for lower flows when the pavement layer is still present because it accounts for bed load transport occurring in a small fraction of the channel bed that experiences high values of shear stress. This is an improvement over the original equation, which fails to estimate this bed load flux by relying solely on reach-average shear stress values.
Gemeenten en religieus erfgoed
Authors: Honingh Marlies , Nelissen Nico 
Published: September 2020

Municipalities and religious heritage. Introduction to the special issue ‘religious heritage’
This issue of Bestuurswetenschappen is devoted to the theme of ‘religious heritage’, more specifically to what is called the ‘church problem’. Nobody will have missed the fact that quite a few churches have been withdrawn as places of worship in recent years. While there was still a shortage of churches a generation ago, today the problem is the other way around: there is a surplus. There is great agreement about the causes of this: secularization and church leaving have left deep marks. Churches have been demolished, used for multiple purposes and churches have become vacant. However, the majority of the empty churches have been given a new destination. Those who think that this solves the problem are mistaken. As a result, a new problem has arisen that raises the following questions: which designated purposes are ‘appropriate’, what is absolutely not possible and how does it work in practice if the religious function is combined with a cultural and/or commercial function? The versatility of the ‘church problem’ is evident from the contributions in this special issue. It opens with a column written by the King’s Commissioner in the province of North-Brabant, Wim van de Donk. In his column he emphasizes the value of religious heritage and the commitment of local communities to finding creative solutions.
Bestuurlijke strategieën tot duurzaam behoud van kerkgebouwen
Authors: Strolenberg Frank 
Published: September 2020

Administrative strategies for the sustainable preservation of church buildings
The care for religious heritage is no recent phenomenon in the Netherlands. King Willem I (1813-1840) was the first king of the Netherlands personally committed to the preservation of churches. But striving for conservation does not mean that a building is frozen in time; on the contrary. Many a church is made smaller, rebuilt or expanded in the course of its existence. The use of churches for other than religious purposes is also nothing new in the Netherlands, as is the re-designation of churches. The ‘Grote Kerk’ of Veere has been re-designated many times since 1600. Of the current approximately 7,100 buildings in the Netherlands that were built for a religious function, some 1,700 have already been re-designated. It is said that around 1,000 church buildings have been closed since the 1960s, hundreds of which have been demolished. As far as religious buildings are concerned, change is not an exception, but a constant. So desperately wanting to keep everything as it is – or was – seems impossible. But all this does not alter the fact that church buildings are dear to Dutch society. For example, churches make up only 4% of the total stock of national monuments in the Netherlands, but together they receive about 40% of all maintenance funds. Church buildings apparantly offer something extra and lift us up as people. And from that perspective alone, the recommendation is to keep these buildings as much as possible for the future.
‘Waarom mag het niet wat meer onze kerk zijn?’
Authors: Kaljouw Matthias 
Published: September 2020

‘Why should it not be more our church?’ Tensions with multiple use of city churches
This article provides insight into the way in which various city churches that are national monuments fulfill their various, sometimes contradictory, functions. All of these are church buildings that determine the city view. These five church buildings are dependent on commercial rental by a foundation or manager for their maintenance, but they also explicitly fulfill a religious and cultural-historical function. How do ecclesiastical and management organizations deal with this area of tension, what administrative forms do we find and where and why do tensions arise? The author sketches the results of a comparative case study of five churches, supplemented with data collected through focus groups with administrators of 20 church communities associated with city churches that are national monuments. It appears that tensions between the various functions of the church building occur in all these churches, regardless of the chosen administrative model. These tensions seem to be concentrated mainly around the ‘iconic’ meaning of the church building. For the church community, the church building not only fulfills the function of ‘meeting place’; it is also the building through which the church community is visible and recognizable in the city. In addition, the church building also appears to represent certain values with which church communities identify themselves. It is therefore important for administrators and foundations to answer a ‘cardinal’ question: can the current ecclesiastical function of the building be part of the commercial and cultural-historical function of the building, or should it remain strictly separate from it?