bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient and multiplexable genome editing using Platinum TALENs in oleaginous microalga, Nannochloropsis oceanica NIES‐2145
Authors: Kurita Tomokazu , Moroi Keishi , Iwai Masako , Okazaki Kumiko , Shimizu Shinsuke , Nomura Seiji , Saito Fumihiko , Maeda Shinichiro , Takami Akihide , Sakamoto Atsushi , Ohta Hiroyuki , Sakuma Tetsushi , Yamamoto Takashi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlgae accumulate large amounts of lipids produced by photosynthesis, and these lipids are expected to be utilized as feedstocks for sustainable new energies, known as biodiesels. Nannochloropsis species are eukaryotic microalgae that produce high levels of lipids. However, since the production costs of algal biodiesels are higher than those of fossil fuels, the improved productivity of algal lipids by molecular breeding of algae is required for practical use. In the present study, we developed a highly efficient genome‐editing system involving Platinum transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Platinum TALENs codon‐optimized for N. oceanica were synthesized, and their DNA‐binding activity was confirmed by single‐strand annealing assays in human HEK293T cells. All‐in‐one expression vectors for Platinum TALEN targeting the nitrate reductase gene, NoNR, and acyltransferase gene, LPAT1, were transfected into Nannochloropsis species. The introduction of each Platinum TALEN revealed high genome‐editing efficiency with no detectable off‐target mutations at the candidate sites in N. oceanica. By simultaneously introducing TALENs targeting two genes, we obtained double mutant strains. The loss‐of‐function phenotype of NoNR was also confirmed. These findings will provide an essential technology for molecular breeding in Nannochloropsis species.
Social dominance, hypermasculinity, and career barriers in Nigeria
Authors: Ajibade Adisa Toyin , Mordi Chima , Simpson Ruth , Iwowo Vanessa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDrawing on social dominance theory as a theoretical lens and based on a qualitative study of female managers and supervisors at different levels of the organization, we investigate the barriers women in Nigeria face in their careers. In their accounts of discrimination, corruption, familial/domestic responsibilities, cultural perceptions of gender, and ingrained religious beliefs, participants draw attention to the intense difficulties they face in their careers. We highlight the significance of context and argue that Nigeria is notable for an extreme attitude of male preference at work involving an intensification of career barriers that reflects the entrenched and systemic nature of male dominance in Nigerian organizations. We capture this in the concept of the “hypermasculine organization,” which is characterized by exaggerated male advantage, a tendency towards gender‐based exploitation and abuse together with a justificatory logic based on rigidly enforced gender roles. These debilitating factors affecting women in organizations have potential implications for other countries in the global south.
Advantages of the Optimum Pulse Moment in Surface NMR and Application in Groundwater Exploration
Authors: Pan Jianwei , Lu Kai , Wang Zhongmei , Li Kaitian , Li Zhenyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) method is widely used in groundwater detection because of its sensitivity to hydrogen in water and direct water detection. However, low signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) restrict the development of this technique. An optimum pulse sequence is designed according to correspondence between the pulse moment strength and its best detection depth. Because only selection of the pulse intensity distribution according to the target aquifer depth is required and the “on‐resonance” pulse pattern is still employed, this pulse sequence emission can be easily achieved using existing SNMR instrumentation. Numerical simulation results and field experiments show that, compared with traditional exponential growth pulses, the optimum pulse sequence effectively improves the SNR of the SNMR method. The aquifer boundary, water content, and pore characteristics of the inversion result are thus more consistent with characteristics of underground structures. Additionally, because the optimum pulse sequence focuses most of the pulse moments in the target depth range, in situations where two aquifers are separated by a relatively narrow aquitard, it is better able to resolve the individual aquifers than the traditional pulses. Optimum pulse moments improve the SNR by enhancing the signal amplitude, compared with various filtering methods, and obtain a better detection effect. This kind of pulse sequence can be used as an alternative pulse sequence form of the SNMR method.
Habitat and weather conditions influence reproductive rates of suburban and rural Red‐shouldered HawksButeo lineatus
Authors: Dykstra Cheryl R. , Hays Jeffrey L. , Simon Melinda M. , Wegman Ann R. , Dykstra Laura R. , Williams Kelly A. 
Published: September 2020

Both habitat and weather can strongly influence reproductive rates of birds. We measured reproductive rates of suburban and rural Red‐shouldered HawksButeo lineatusin southern Ohio, USA, from 1997 to 2016, and then tested how weather conditions and habitat in the areas surrounding the nest‐sites were related to two measures of reproductive rate. Reproductive rates of Red‐shouldered Hawks did not differ between the suburban and rural study areas, and were relatively stable from year to year. Suburban Red‐shouldered Hawks produced 2736 young in 1773 nesting attempts (i.e. nest with eggs) at 302 territories (1.54 young per nesting attempt), and rural‐nesting Hawks produced 996 young in 640 nesting attempts at 108 territories (1.56 young per nesting attempt). Annual nesting success averaged 58.9 ± 1.1% for suburban birds and 58.9 ± 2.1% for rural birds. Several factors influenced Red‐shouldered Hawk reproductive rates, measured as either the number of young per nesting attempt or the percentage of nesting attempts that were successful. Higher air temperatures during May (the nestling period) and increasing amounts of coniferous forest were associated with higher reproductive rates, whereas increasing April air temperatures and increasing amount of grassland cover had the opposite effect. Land cover variables associated with suburban landscapes, such as the amount of residential development, did not influence the number of young per nesting attempt or nesting success, suggesting that Red‐shouldered Hawks are welladapted to human‐dominated landscapes in southern Ohio. Our study also illustrates the value of long‐term datasets for improving our understanding of factors that affect raptors’ demographic parameters.
Overcoming perceived sacrifice as a barrier to the adoption of green non‐purchase behaviours
Authors: Chwialkowska Agnieszka , Flicinska‐Turkiewicz Joanna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs environmental concerns do not translate into action, this study uses an experimental design to test the effectiveness of different priming strategies in terms of increasing green non‐purchase behaviour frequency. Green non‐purchase behaviours are particularly problematic as they are associated with sacrifice. While previous research focused on promoting green purchases, this research contributes to the existing literature by investigating effective ways to promote green non‐purchase behaviours (conservation and recycling) and shows that they can be primed with appropriate communication strategies. In particular, building on prospect theory, it shows that priming personal gain, as opposed to environmental gain, can motivate people to act green and that priming no effort can mitigate the perceived sacrifice associated with green non‐purchase behaviours. Rather than focusing on intentions or immediate attitudinal responses, this study investigates behavioural changes that occur due to effective priming, thus contributing to a better understanding of how to generate a lasting behavioural change. This study also bears practical implications and provides recommendations regarding the development of successful social campaigns that encourage green non‐purchase behaviours.
Does deregulation decrease unemployment? An empirical analysis of the Spanish labour market
Authors: HERRERO Daniel , CÁRDENAS Luis , LÓPEZ GALLEGO Julián 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSpain underwent two major labour reforms in 2010 and 2012 under the assumption that deregulating the labour market and decentralizing collective bargaining would automatically reduce unemployment (deregulation hypothesis). This article highlights the impact of demand and the sectoral structure of the economy to explain the behaviour of this variable (structural hypothesis). Analysing subnational panel data, the authors assess the capacity of these two hypotheses to explain unemployment trends. Their results cast doubt on the deregulation hypothesis and indicate the importance of cyclical and structural factors.
La norme ISO 45001 et les controverses autour de la régulation transnationale privée de la sécurité et de la santé au travail
Authors: HERAS‐SAIZARBITORIA Iñaki , BOIRAL Olivier , IBARLOZA Ander 
Published: September 2020

RésuméLes auteurs analysent la genèse de la norme ISO 45001 sur la sécurité et la santé au travail, une initiative de régulation transnationale privée. Ils décrivent les controverses qui ont surgi à cette occasion, en se fondant sur des entretiens avec des personnes associées à l'élaboration, l'approbation et la diffusion initiale du texte, ainsi que sur une analyse qualitative des documents internes au comité chargé de sa finalisation. À l'instar de normes précédentes sur l'environnement – ISO 14001 – et la responsabilité sociale des entreprises – ISO 26000 –, ce nouvel instrument suscite de vives préoccupations, car il traite de questions politiques, sociales et juridiques déterminantes.
Impact of salt and the osmoprotective transcription factor NFAT‐5 on macrophages during mechanical strain
Authors: Schröder Agnes , Leikam Alexandra , Käppler Paul , Neubert Patrick , Jantsch Jonathan , Neuhofer Wolfgang , Deschner James , Proff Peter , Kirschneck Christian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMyeloid cells regulate bone density in response to increased salt (NaCl) intake via the osmoprotective transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells‐5 (NFAT‐5). Because orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a pseudoinflammatory immunological process, we investigated the influence of NaCl and NFAT‐5 on the expression pattern of macrophages in a model of simulated OTM. RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed for 4 h to 2 g cm−2 compressive or 16% tensile or no mechanical strain (control), with or without the addition of 40 mm NaCl. We analyzed the expression of inflammatory genes and proteins [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐6 and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase‐2 (Ptgs‐2)/prostaglandin E2 (PG‐E2)] by real‐time‐quantitative PCR and ELISA. To investigate the role of NFAT‐5 in these responses, NFAT‐5 was both constitutively expressed and silenced. Salt and compressive strain, but not tensile strain increased the expression of NFAT‐5 and most tested inflammatory factors in macrophages. NaCl induced the expression of Ptgs‐2/PG‐E2 and TNF, whereas secretion of IL‐6 was inhibited. Similarly, a constitutive expression of NFAT‐5 reduced IL‐6 expression, while increasing Ptgs‐2/PG‐E2 and TNF expression. Silencing of NFAT‐5 upregulated IL‐6 and reduced Ptgs‐2/PG‐E2 and TNF expression. Salt had an impact on the expression profile of macrophages as a reaction to compressive and tensile strain that occur during OTM. This was mediated via NFAT‐5, which surprisingly also seems to play a regulatory role in mechanotransduction of compressive strain. Sodium accumulation in the periodontal ligament caused by dietary salt consumption might propagate local osteoclastogenesis via increased local inflammation and thus OTM velocity, but possibly also entail side effects such as dental root resorptions or periodontal bone loss.
GPR43 regulates marginal zone B‐cell responses to foreign and endogenous antigens
Authors: Rohrbeck Leona , Adori Monika , Wang Shan , He Chenfei , Tibbitt Christopher A , Chernyshev Mark , Sirel Madle , Ribacke Ulf , Murrell Ben , Bohlooly‐Y Mohammad , Karlsson Mikael CI , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B , Coquet Jonathan M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMarginal zone (MZ) B cells are innate‐like B cells that produce polyreactive antibodies with an affinity for microbial molecular patterns and carbohydrate ligands. MZ B cells have been shown to be important in mediating immunity to various bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae and are also implicated in inflammatory syndromes including lupus erythematosus. The intestinal microbiota is responsible for producing short‐chain fatty acids, which can regulate immune cell function by several mechanisms including ligation of the G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPR)43. Herein, we show that MZ B cells express Gpr43 messenger RNA and that the absence of this receptor impacts on MZ B‐cell surface marker expression and antibody production. In T‐cell‐independent responses to the hapten 4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenylacetic acid (NP), mice deficient in GPR43 displayed higher serum titers of NP‐specific antibodies. Moreover, in response to a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, GPR43‐deficient mice developed robust serum antibody responses and had markedly increased numbers of splenic antibody‐secreting cells, compared with control mice. Finally, serum immunoglobulin M autoantibodies to double‐stranded DNA and phosphatidylcholine were increased in resting 10–15‐week‐old mice lacking GPR43. Taken together, mice lacking GPR43 have heightened antibody responses to T‐cell‐independent antigens, which may be a result of impaired regulation of MZ B cells.
Neuromedin U: potential roles in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Ye Yuan , Liang Zongan , Xue Luzheng 
Published: September 2020

SummarySince the discovery of neuromedin U (NmU) from porcine spinal cord in 1985, this neuropeptide has been subsequently identified in many other species with multiple physiological and pathophysiological roles detected, ranging from smooth muscle contraction, feeding, energy balance to tumorigenesis. Intriguingly, NmU is also emerging to play pro‐inflammatory roles involving immune cell activation and cytokine release in a neuron‐dependent or neuron‐independent manner. The NmU‐mediated inflammatory responses have already been observed in worm infection, sepsis, autoimmune arthritis and allergic animal models. In this review, we focus on the roles of NmU in immunity and inflammation by highlighting the interactions between NmU and immune cells, summarizing the signalling mechanism involved in their reactions and discussing its potential contributions to inflammatory diseases.
Cancer immunotherapy harnessing γδ T cells and programmed death‐1
Authors: Tanaka Yoshimasa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has received increasing attention since the success of CTLA‐4 and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR‐T cells. One of the most promising next‐generation cancer treatments is adoptive transfer of immune effector cells. Developing an efficacious adoptive transfer therapy requires growing large numbers of highly purified immune effector cells in a short period of time. γδ T cells can be effectively expanded using synthetic antigens such as pyrophosphomonoesters and nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates (N‐BPs). Pyrophosphomonoester antigens, initially identified in mycobacterial extracts, were used for this purpose in the early years of the development of γδ T cell‐based therapy. GMP‐grade N‐BPs, which are now commercially available, are used in many clinical trials worldwide. In order to develop N‐BPs for cancer immunotherapy, N‐BP prodrugs have been synthesized; among these, tetrakis‐pivaloyloxymethyl 2‐(thiazole‐2‐ylamino)ethylidene‐1,1‐bisphosphonate (PTA) is the most potent compound for stimulating γδ T cells. The activated γδ T cells express high levels of PD‐1, suggesting the potential for a combination therapy harnessing γδ T cells and PD‐1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, the functions of γδ T cells can be modified by IL‐18. Collectively, the recent findings show that γδ T cells are one of the most promising immune effector subsets for the development of novel cancer immunotherapy.
Workplace exposure to suicide among Australian mental health workers: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Sanford Rebecca L. , Hawker Katelyn , Wayland Sarah , Maple Myfanwy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWorkplace exposure to suicide attempts and deaths has been widely recognized as an occupational hazard for mental health and social care workers, including mental health nurses. Research consistently demonstrates the adverse impact on professionals. This paper explores the results of an online survey examining suicide exposure and impact. Of the 3010 Australian adult participants who identified exposure to suicide attempts and/or deaths in a larger study, 130 indicated that the most impactful suicide attempt and/or death exposure was that of a client or service user. While distress levels were relatively low among participants with workplace exposure, the qualitative content from 53 participants provides illumination into this experience. Themes that emerged in the qualitative responses include impact on the professional, organization response, and lack of adequate resources and supports to prevent suicide. Previous research has examined the impact of suicide exposure among professionals specifically, but this is the first known study of participants in a community sample who identified the most impactful suicide attempt or death exposure they had experienced was that of a client in a mental health setting. Workplace exposure among mental health workers is common and can have both deleterious and positive effects. Bereavement focused outcomes, where the loss of an attachment relationship is the focus, does not capture the full range of experiences in workplace exposure. Systemic issues in mental health care contribute to further distress among exposed workers, and this requires additional investigation and response.
Non‐neutralizing antibody responses following A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccination with or without AS03 adjuvant system
Authors: Friel Damien , Co Mary , Ollinger Thierry , Salaun Bruno , Schuind Anne , Li Ping , Walravens Karl , Ennis Francis A. , Vaughn David W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundNon‐neutralizing antibodies inducing complement‐dependent lysis (CDL) and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity may contribute to protection against influenza infection. We investigated CDL and ADCC responses in healthy adults randomized to receive either non‐adjuvanted or AS03‐adjuvanted monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine (containing 15 µg/3.75 μg of hemagglutinin, respectively) on a 2‐dose schedule 21 days apart.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory analysis of a subset of 106 subjects having no prior history of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection or seasonal influenza vaccination enrolled in a previously reported study (NCT00985673). Antibody responses against the homologous A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain and a related A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) seasonal influenza strain were analyzed up to Day 42.ResultsBaseline seropositivity determined with hemagglutination inhibition (HI), CDL and ADCC antibody titers against viral strains was high; A/California/7/2009 (HI [40.4‐48.1%]; CDL [34.6‐36.0%]; ADCC [92.1‐92.3%]); A/Brisbane/59/2007 (HI [73.1‐88.9%]; CDL [38.0‐42.0%]; ADCC [86.8‐97.0%]). CDL seropositivity increased following vaccination with both adjuvanted and non‐adjuvanted formulations (A/California/7/2009 [95.9‐100%]; A/Brisbane/59/2007 [75.5‐79.6%]). At Day 21, increases in CDL and ADCC antibody geometric mean titers against both strains were observed for both formulations. After 2 doses of AS03‐adjuvanted vaccine, vaccine responses of 95.8% (≥9‐fold increase from baseline in CDL titers) and 34.3% (≥16‐fold increase from baseline in ADCC titers) were seen against A/California/7/2009; and 22.4% and 42.9%, respectively, against A/Brisbane/59/2007. Vaccine responses after 2 doses of the non‐adjuvanted vaccine were broadly similar.ConclusionsBroadly comparable non‐neutralizing immune responses were observed following vaccination with non‐adjuvanted and AS03‐adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm09 formulations; including activity against a related vaccine strain.
Population anxiety and positive behaviour change during the COVID‐19 epidemic: Cross‐sectional surveys in Singapore, China and Italy
Authors: Lim Jane M. , Tun Zaw Myo , Kumar Vishakha , Quaye Sharon Esi Duoduwa , Offeddu Vittoria , Cook Alex R. , Lwin May Oo , Jiang Shaohai , Tam Clarence C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundOn 31 December 2019, an epidemic of pneumonia of unknown aetiology was first reported in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. A rapidly progressing epidemic of COVID‐19 ensued within China, with multiple exportations to other countries. We aimed to measure perceptions and responses towards COVID‐19 in three countries to understand how population‐level anxiety can be mitigated in the early phases of a pandemic.MethodsBetween February and March 2020, we conducted online surveys in Singapore, China and Italy with a total of 4505 respondents to measure respondents’ knowledge, perceptions, anxiety and behaviours towards the COVID‐19 epidemic, and identified factors associated with lower anxiety and more positive behavioural responses.ResultsRespondents reported high awareness of COVID‐19 and its accompanying symptoms, comparable information‐seeking habits and similarly high levels of information sufficiency, adherence to and acceptance of public health control measures. Higher self‐efficacy was associated with lower anxiety levels in all three countries, while willingness to comply with restrictive measures and greater information sufficiency were associated with more positive behavioural changes to reduce spread of infection.ConclusionPopulation‐level anxiety and behavioural responses to an outbreak can be influenced by information provided. This should be used to inform future outbreak preparedness plans, taking into account the importance of increasing population‐level self‐efficacy and information sufficiency to reduce anxiety and promote positive behavioural changes.
Experimental and numerical thermal analysis for direct microwave heating of silicon carbide
Authors: Ghorbel Inès , Ganster Patrick , Moulin Nicolas , Meunier Christophe , Bruchon Julien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA comparison between experiment and numerical simulation of microwave heating of a parallelepipedic silicon carbide (SiC) sample is presented. Using a‐2.45 GHz single‐mode cavity, the evolution of the surface temperature is first experimentally studied for different orientations of the sample. A finite element analysis of this electromagnetic‐thermal coupled problem is then conducted with the COMSOL Multiphysics®software. Despite the different approximations of our model, a good agreement between experimental and numerical results is found, confirming that the heating of SiC depends only on the electric field. The effect of sample orientations and the cavity length on heating is also highlighted and analyzed.