Using BCG vaccine to enhance non-specific protection of health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Denmark
Authors: Madsen Anne Marie Rosendahl , Schaltz-Buchholzer Frederik , Benfield Thomas , Bjerregaard-Andersen Morten , Dalgaard Lars Skov , Dam Christine , Ditlev Sisse Bolm , Faizi Gulia , Johansen Isik Somuncu , Kofoed Poul-Erik , Kristensen Gitte Schultz , Loekkegaard Ellen Christine Leth , Mogensen Christian Backer , Mohamed Libin , Ostenfeld Anne , Oedegaard Emilie Sundhaugen , Soerensen Marcus Kjaer , Wejse Christian , Jensen Aksel Karl Georg , Nielsen Sebastian , Krause Tyra Grove , Netea Mihai G. , Aaby Peter , Benn Christine Stabell 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectives: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis is associated with non- specific protective effects against other infections, and significant reductions in all-cause morbidity and mortality have been reported. We aim to test whether BCG vaccination may reduce susceptibility to and/or the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in health care workers (HCW) and thus prevent work absenteeism.The primary objective is to reduce absenteeism due to illness among HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary objectives are to reduce the number of HCW that are infected with SARS-CoV-2, and to reduce the number of hospital admissions among HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic.Hypothesis: BCG vaccination of HCW will reduce absenteeism by 20% over a period of 6 months.Trial design: Placebo-controlled, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial, recruiting study participants at several geographic locations. The BCG vaccine is used in this study on a different indication than the one it has been approved for by the Danish Medicines Agency, therefore this is classified as a phase III study.Participants: The trial will recruit 1,500 HCW at Danish hospitals.To be eligible for participation, a subject must meet the following criteria: Adult (≥18 years); Hospital personnel working at a participating hospital for more than 22 hours per week.A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:

Known allergy to components of the BCG vaccine or serious adverse events to prior BCG administration

Known prior active or latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)

or other mycobacterial species

Previous confirmed COVID-19

Fever (>38 C) within the past 24 hours

Suspicion of active viral or bacterial infection

Pregnancy

Breastfeeding

Vaccination with other live attenuated vaccine within the last 4 weeks

Severely immunocompromised subjects. This exclusion category comprises:

a) subjects with known infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)

b) subjects with solid organ transplantation

c) subjects with bone marrow transplantation

d) subjects under chemotherapy

e) subjects with primary immunodeficiency

f) subjects under treatment with any anti-cytokine therapy within the last year

g) subjects under treatment with oral or intravenous steroids defined as daily doses of 10 mg prednisone or equivalent for longer than 3 months

h) Active solid or non-solid malignancy or lymphoma within the prior two years

Direct involvement in the design or the execution of the BCG-DENMARK-COVID trial

Intervention and comparator: Participants will be randomised to BCG vaccine (BCG-Denmark, AJ Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark) or placebo (saline). An adult dose of 0.1 ml of resuspended BCG vaccine (intervention) or 0.1 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (control) is administered intradermally in the upper deltoid area of the right arm. All participants will receive one injection at inclusion, and no further treatment of study participants will take place.Main outcomes: Main study endpoint: Days of unplanned absenteeism due to illness within 180 days of randomisation.Secondary study endpoints: The cumulative incidence of documented COVID-19 and the cumulative incidence of hospital admission for any reason within 180 days of randomisation.Randomisation: Randomisation will be done centrally using the REDCap tool with stratification by hospital, sex and age groups (+/- 45 years of age) in random blocks of 4 and 6. The allocation ratio is 1:1.Blinding (masking): Participants will be blinded to treatment. The participant will be asked to leave the room while the allocated treatment is prepared. Once ready for injection, vaccine and placebo will look similar, and the participant will not be able to tell the difference.The physicians administering the treatment are not blinded.Numbers to be randomised (sample size): Sample size: N=1,500. The 1,500 participants will be randomised 1:1 to BCG or placebo with 750 participants in each group.Trial Status: Current protocol version 5.1, from July 6, 2020.Recruitment of study participants started on May 18, 2020 and we anticipate having finished recruiting by the end of December 2020.Trial registration: The trial was registered with EudraCT on April 16, 2020, EudraCT number: 2020-001888-90, and with ClinicalTrials.gov on May 1, 2020, registration number NCT04373291.Full protocol: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trialswebsite (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.Keywords: COVID-19, Randomised controlled trial, Protocol, BCG vaccine, NSEs/Non-specific effects of vaccines, Heterologous effects of vaccines, Health care workers, Pandemic, Immune training.