bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of Asymmetric Extrusion Die Using Bezier Technique
Authors: Bedan Aqeel Sabree , Mansor Khalida kadhim , Anwer Kany Kamaran , Kadhim Hanan Hikmat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Extrusion is a process that used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. The main advantage of this process with respect to other manufacturing processes is its ability to create very complex cross-sections, while the limitation of extrusion process is used to produced just a symmetric profile so this paper proposed an adopted algorithm that used to design and implementation the Asymmetric extrusion die that used to prevent the twisting that caused in metal when used to produce the Asymmetric product, and in other wise reduce the total extrusion power and die pressure distribution on metal during extrusion process. This adopted design was implemented in this work using Teflon material in both symmetric and asymmetric profile using CNC milling machine to demonstration the success of this algorithm.
Effect of the Location of Draw Bead and Its Profile in Cylindrical Cup Forming
Authors: Hussein Narmeen Zuhair , Ameen Hani Aziz , Saleh Ali Hassan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of draw bead on the production of cylindrical cup in deep drawing process three metal (aluminum, brass, steel). The draw bead is designed by Bezier curve’s equation that play an important role in prevent occurrence of wrinkling especially with improved aluminum, because that’s only lubricant is passed with aluminum, when compared it with without draw bead, it is noticed that the maximum drawing force will increase due to lubricant. It can be concluded that in deep drawing with draw bead the wax has used us a lubricant, be better compared to without draw bead for AL, good agreement is evident between ANSYS(18) and experimental work. comparing between deep drawing with draw bead and without the energy required to complete drawn when using draw bead is more than without draw bead, The aims of this paper to predict the wrinkling and thinning (necking) and to study the influence of using draw bead on the thickness distribution along the cup, so the hoop strain distribution along the blank is more uniform for using draw bead and thickness strain with & without using draw bead, is about 0.17% in thinning for brass with it and 0.20% in thickening to steel without it.
Joining of Double Pre-Holed Aluminum Alloy AA6061-T6 to Polyamide PA using Hot Press Technique
Authors: Barrak Osamah Sabah , Saad Mursal Luaibi , Mezher Marwan T. , Hussein Sabah Khammass , Hamzah Mahmood Mohammed 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work is using a hot press technique to join a hybrid structure of aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 sheet of 1mm thickness together with polyamide PA sheet of 2mm thickness. The aluminum alloy specimen was pre-holed with two holes of 5mm diameter. The joining process was carried out with a lap joint configuration. Three different process parameters of the joining process were used: temperature (164, 172 and180°C), pressure (4, 7 and 10 bar) and time (1, 2.5 and 4 min.). The joints were tested by a shear test, macrostructure and scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspection. The design of the experiments (DOE) method was used to analysis the effect of the process parameters on the joint shear force. The DOE optimized the shear force of the joint with a maximum value of 1565 N at 177.5°C 4bar and 3.5min. The SEM examination indicated that the joining mechanism occurred by re-solidified the PA through the internal surface of the aluminum hole.
Strength of resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy AA6061 to carbon steel using different filler materials
Authors: Al-Filfily A A , Al-Adili A S , Sar M H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Resistance spot welding is a process in where contacting metal surfaces for similar or dissimilar materials are joined by heat generated from resistance to electric current. Carbon steel and aluminum alloy A6061 sheets were welded by using resistance spot welding method in two stages with and without filler materials where copper and zinc were implemented as fillers, where those two materials, particularly the former, has acceptable affinity, therefor better wettability, to both welded metals. The characteristics of weld joint were investigated by measuring the effect of welding current and time on the nugget size and tensile shear strength of the weldment. The results showed that the welding current has an incremental influence on both the nugget size and tensile shear strength for the two cases studied. Also, the results revealed that the copper filler increases the strength of the weldments more than the zinc filler, which is attributed of higher affinity of the copper to both metals. The joint with the maximum tensile shear strength of 47 kN/m2 is obtained at the condition of 15 kA welding current for copper filler and 40 kN/m2 is obtained at the condition of 13 kA. The thickness of interfacial reaction layer decreased from central joints region to the surrounding area.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Radiant Floor Heating Panels Performance at Different Conditions
Authors: Kassim Muna S. , Abdulghafor Israa A. , Kadhim Husam H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The performance of radiant floor heating panels with different arrangements in room and different room air temperatures are investigated experimentally and numerically. In addition to study the effect of radiant floor heating arrangement on thermal comfort conditions in occupied zone. The room air and panels temperatures are measured at different heights and locations. The temperature of supplying hot water fluctuates from 35 to40 °C. The results present that the different radiant floor heating arrangements effect on thermal comfort while the performance of radiant floor heating panel is little affected by arrangements. Experimental results appear good agreement with numerical results.
The crack displacement prediction of a composite sample by modelling the mixed mode bending test
Authors: Ibrahim Isam Jabbar , Moosa Affaan Uthman , Battawi Ali Adel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One of the main failure modes of laminate structures is interfacial failure by interlaminar failure or debonding. Interlaminar failure can be simulated with a model called cohesive zone approach A key ingredient of a cohesive zone approach is a traction-separation law that describes the softening in the crack zone near the tip of interlaminar failure. This simulation utilized the implementation of a cohesive zone approach with traction-separation laws, which implemented within the thin elastic layer feature of the Solid Mechanics interface in a COMSOL Multiphysics analysis software’s on a sample of composite material APC-2/AS-4. The capabilities of the cohesive zone approach to predict mixed mode effect in the beginning and propagation of the crack are demonstrated in a model of mixed-mode bending test. Both load and displacement are measured at the crack interface. The maximum load that carried by the sample used was 257.8 N. Whereas the maximum displacement was 6 mm as a load-displacement curve was shown.
Investigating affecting parameters on surface roughness and metal removal rate in wire electrical discharge machining process
Authors: Shather Saad K. , Mahdi Qussay S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article presents an approach to study the role of cutting factors on surface quality and material removal rate in (Wire Electrical Discharge Machining) process of O1tool steel. Pulse duration, pulse pause time and working current were adopted as process parameters while surface roughness and metal removal rate were the outputs. Three levels of pulse on time have been used 10, 20 and 30 μ sec. while pulse off time was 10, 15 and 20 μ sec. and finally the current was 6, 8 and 10 A while the other parameters kept constant. The experiments showed that increasing pulse on time will increases metal removal rate and surface roughness, in addition increasing pulse off time will reduce metal removal rate but improving surface finish. Finally increasing the current will increase metal removal rate and reduce surface roughness.
Control of vibration by using dynamic vibration absorber
Authors: Ahmed R S , Atiyah K A. , Abdulsahib I A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Vibration is one of the most important problems that engineering systems and suspension systems which negatively affected the performance of the system as it leads to energy loss, equipment damage, mechanical parts erosion, low product cost and quality. Therefore, many methods have been studied to reduce the vibrations, and the most important of these methods is the use of a vibration absorbent. Several different technologies have been used to improve the performance of adaptation, and the important one from these technologies is the use of smart materials. The present invention relates to a vibration absorber which an absorber end mass is coupled to a primary mass from two degrees of freedom, with shape memory alloy (SMA) springs. Preferably, the end mass is coupled to the primary mass with several discrete SMA springs, which may be individually heated. When each of the SMA spring is heat above a predetermined temperature, the SMA material undergoes a phase change that results in a change in the stiffness of the SMA spring. Experimental and theoretical results have shown that the SMA-based dynamic vibration absorption is more effective in reducing the vibration amplitude for a wider frequency range. The range of error does not exceed 20% approximately. Therefore, good agreements between theoretical and experimental results in 2DOF system are obtained.
Design of Sliding Mode Control for Overhead Crane Systems
Authors: Hussein Emad. Q. , Al-Dujaili Ayad Q. , Ajel Ahmed R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Overhead cranes are large used structures for lifting and conveying weighty loads. The design and modelling of imperceptible controllers based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimator for crane system. In this work, a SMC (Sliding Mode Control) of a crane system is proposed. The asymptotically stability system is ensured by Lyapunov functions. For validation of the proposed controller, a comparative study with LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) results show that both the controllers give satisfactory performance, but the SMC provides better overall performance. The proposed sliding mode control approach for overhead cranes system has shown to be more effective, robust and realistic than a LQR controller, and to be able to move cargo safely to a destination even in harsh environment. Simulation results of the study prove the favourable of the proposed controller during the transport of a crane system.
Removal of Precious Metals from Electronic-Waste by Using Composite Material
Authors: Hilal Raghad Hamid 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this research, in-situ polymerization is used to prepare composite material at the same ratio of (polyacrylic acid to bentonite) and (10ml) aquaregia (1:3 HNO3: HCl), accurately about (5g) of the electronic waste (e-waste) powder is dissolved. Adsorption efficiency of (Polyacrylic acid - bentonite) composite to precious metals from neutral (e-waste) solution via forth flotation method, taking various weights (2.5, 5, 10 g.l−1) of adsorbent material (polyacrylic acid - bentonite) composite at different temperatures (25, 35 and 45) °C. Results show that adsorption efficiency of Au+1 is higher than Ag+1 from adsorbent material and the highest value is (53.238%, 43.3904%), (51.778%, 41.99%) and (51.278%, 39.595%) for (Au+1, Ag+1) at (25, 35 and 45)°C respectively. But it is decreased slightly with increasing temperature.
Modification and Refinement of Al-23Si Alloy Processed by Addition of Nano-Metal-Phosphate
Authors: Hussein H A , kahdim M j , Atiyah A A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This research investigates the effect of Nano-Metal-Phosphate on Si particles through solidification in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. Which means the merge of modification and refinement with the addition (0.01-0.03) % of Nano-Metal-Phosphate produced by a stir casting. The process synchronizing effects of Nano-Metal-Phosphate that relates to the AlP and Al2O3 formation. These include the following, the effect of Al2O3 at the interfaced between the Al phase and Si particles for obstacle the growth and enhance the refinement of the primary Si and the impact of AlP act as sites of heterogeneous nucleation for eutectic Si. Microstructures analysis revealed that both the fundamental and eutectic Si particles were significantly modified and refined. The primary Si grains were refined from star frames to polygon forms, and their edges were more regular. The platelet eutectic Si grains were also modified into the delicate fibrous forms. Resulting in significant ductility enhancement that could have great potential for numerous applications. Besides, studies microstructure and corrosion behaviour by optical and scanning electron microscopy, XRD and electrochemical cyclic polarization.
Investigation the Effect of Titanium on Adhesive Wear and Hardness of NiAl-Y2O3 Composite Material
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Al-Dulaimi Kawthar Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the present study, the nickel aluminide NiAl-based composite, reinforced with yttrium oxide Y2O3 with addition of titanium, was prepared by sintering at 1350 °C for one and a half hours under argon gas atmosphere. Brinell hardness test was carried out according to (ASTM E140 – 12b). Titanium addition leads to an increase in hardness of (NiAl-Y2O3) composite. The increase in hardness is mainly due to increased NiAl-Y2O3 mechanical resistance when titanium is added by the solid-state solution strengthening, as well as by the high density (5.7514 g/cm3) and very low porosity (1.93%) of the final samples. The addition of 2 wt % Ti to the NiAl compound increases the hardness of the compound material (90NiAl-10Y2O3) to 295 HB and then increases to 330 HB by adding 2.5 wt. % Ti and continues to increase to 378 HB by adding (3 wt. % Ti). Wear test is carried out to find the wear characteristics of the composites developed by powder metallurgy route. The results revealed that the addition of titanium leads to a decrease in the wear-rate of NiAl-Y2O3. Addition of 2 wt. % Ti to (70NiAl-30Y2O3) leads to a reduction in adhesion-wear rate from (7.611 * 10−6 g/cm) to (5.81* 10−6 g/cm) and to (5.47*10−6 g/cm) by adding 2.5 wt. % Ti. The adhesion-wear ratio continues to decrease to 4.77 * 10−6 g/cm by adding 3 wt. % Ti.
The Role of ZnO Nano-fluids on Heat Treatments of Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Hassoni Safaa M. , Azpen Qasim M. , Assi Abdullah Dhayea , Ismael Mustafa K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conventional quenching versus ZnO-NP emulsion and heat treatments for medium carbon steel (CK45) has been carried out in laboratory environment condition. For comparison, the mechanical properties of CK45 and microstructure were examined. The main parameter focused in this work was the concentration of ZnO-NP in deionized water. Thus, emulsion represents a quenching medium for CK45 specimens. Optical microscope analysis for CK45 microstructure, hardness and tensile test for all specimens were done to evaluate the role of nano ZnO additives as quenching media at different concentration. Experimental results reveal that the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid (water) astonishingly enhanced some mechanical properties as tensile strength and yield stress. 2wt.% of ZnO-NP raised the yield 14.8% and the UTS by 16.9%.
Extraction of high purity amorphous silica from rice husk by chemical process
Authors: Ajeel Sami abualnoun , Sukkar Khalid A. , Zedin Naser Korde 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
High purity amorphous silica (SiO2) is extracted from agriculture waste (rice husk) that supplied from Al-Najaf province, Iraq. Silica is the major inorganic constituent of the rice husk. It is prepared with using acid pretreatment of (3N HCl), then burned it at (700°C) for 4 hrs, and followed with leaching process by 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3N NaOH. The extracted results are high-surface area of amorphous silica particles. Extracted results are silica particles were high surface area of amorphous silica particles. These particles were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. High pure amorphous silica observed from rice husk ash was confirmed by XRD diffraction. The silica purity results measured by X-Ray fluorescence was 99.714% for leaching at 3N NaOH. Results from (AFM) of silica with nanoscale sizes and microparticles with diameters ranging from (87-114) nm.
Effect of Mold Vibration on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Eutectic Alloy
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Hassan Muhanad Hamid 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aluminum-silicon foundry alloys at eutectic region have small range of freezing, good castability and good properties. Such alloys are used in many engineering applications like automobile, aeronautical and aerospace industries. In present work, aluminum-silicon eutectic samples with silicon of 12-13wt.% were prepared using stir casting method. The microstructure, hardness, porosity, dendrite grain size, tensile strength, and elongation were studied to see the effect of mechanical mold vibration on this eutectic alloy. An amplitude of 0.5 mm and frequency of 5,10,15,20 and 25 Hz were used for casting the samples with mechanical mold vibration. The results showed that the values of the amplitude and frequencies have significant effect on the studied properties. A decrease in dendrite grain size by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the decreased by 15%, 26%, 32%, 42%, and 53%. The hardness was increased by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the hardness increased by 7%, 16%, 25%, 33%, and 40%. Also, a decrease in porosity by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the porosity decreased by 35%, 46%, 58%, 69%, and 77%. The increase in tensile strength by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the increased by 12%, 18%, 25%, 29%, and 36%; and increase in elongation percentage by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the increased by 14%, 29%, 38%, 52% and 71% respectively.
Derivation of a new multiscale model: II. Deriving a modified Hall-Petch relation from the multiscale model and testing it for nano, micro, and macro materials
Authors: Fadhil Sadeem Abbas , Hassan Mohsen A. , Azeez Jazeel H. , Majeed Munaf S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the present work, a multiscale Hall-Petch relation is derived from a new multiscale model and applied for all ranges of grain sizes. The derived multiscale Hall-Petch relation has a superior over the previous models represented by its direct applicability on any material without the need for prior knowledge of grain size distribution. The new multiscale relation applicability is tested with three elements Mg, Zn, and Fe due to their importance in industrial applications. The comparison among the coefficients of different materials suggested a criterion to predict the reverse Hall-Petch relation.
Erosive Wear Behavior of Jute Fiber / Polyester resin with Biowaste Materials
Authors: Mohammed R A , Attallah M S , Hadi A Q 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of hybrid composite materials plays a huge role in many different engineering applications. In this article, the hybrid composites were prepared using the hand lay up method from polyester resin with 4% wt. jute fibers and reinforcement with different weight fractions of (3%, 6%, 9%, and 11%wt. egg shells powder / rice husk powder) to investigate the resistance of these hybrid polymeric composites to the test erosive wear. The median particle size of the eggshell and rice husk powder used in this research was (15.2 µm, 53.7 µm) respectively. The parameters that were studied during the erosion test (weight fractions of the fillers, impingement angle (30°, 60°, 90°), size silica sand (450, 600, 750µm) at the time constant (15 hours). Erosive wear behavior results for all samples hybrid composites were analyzed and discussed by using the experimental design of Taguchi (L9) (MINITAB 16). We note from the results that the samples (polyester + 4 wt%. Jute fibers + 11% wt. Eggshell powder) and (polyester + 4 wt%. Jute fibers + 11 wt%. rice husk powder) give the best erosive rate (0.00010g, 0.00027 g)respectively at variables (angle 60°, size silica sand 450 µm). Through the results of the ANOVA analysis, it was found that all variables (filler content, angle impingement, and silica sand size) had a significant effect on the erosive test.
High Empirical Study of Edge Detection-Based Image Denoising Corrupted by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (WGN)
Authors: Al-azzawi Alaa K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Denoising of images is one of the Sparky subjects in image manipulating. The goal behind new design approaches to the denoising of image chains is to alleviation the superinduced noise into minimal rate after adopting spatial and temporal areas. However, eliciting edges from denoising images consider the largest trouble that facing many of researchers. Many wavelet-based images denoising methods been proposed to elicit edges from the corrupted images. In this paper, denoising images can be actualized by thresholding the wavelets coefficients at the low — low — subbands. In addition, a new technique approach to the edge detection of images corrupted by the “White-Gaussian Noise” been proposed. This technique comprises two treads: First, all likely edge points elicited with the applying of the first and second partial derivatives. Second, edge detection based-gradients which, relying on the two-dimensional convolution-based on the theory of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter been attained. Here, the histograms of the V/H image gradients can be exploited to create the essential threshold. This will facilitate the access to the convincing simulations in the process of image gradients detection. Experimental results show that the performance efficiency of our proposed technique was best comparing with the classical detection method in terms of blurriness and artifacts specifically, with areas that contain the edges.
Reference measurement channel RMC parameters of LTE downlink waveforms
Authors: Al Azzawi Fatima Faydh , Al Azzawi Zainab Faydhe , Al Azzawi Sada Faydhe , Abid Faeza Abbas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high speed wireless communication for mobile devices and data terminals, It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. LTE employs SC-FDMA for uplink UL transmission and OFDM for downlink DL data transmission, in this paper LTE DL implemented with MATLAB programing and Simulink, Reference measurement channel RMC on DL waveform illustrated in different Transmission scheme of single, 4 antenna and cyclic delay diversity scheme CDD, duplexing mode, resources blocks and modulation approaches leadings to a various number of total information per frame, QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation approaches used in the proposed system are tested under AWGN Rayleigh fading channels.