bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stochastic Delta Rule: Faster and More Accurate Deep Learning Through Adaptive Weight Noise
Authors: Frazier-Logue Noah , Hanson Stephen José 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Multilayer neural networks have led to remarkable performance on many kinds of benchmark tasks in text, speech, and image processing. Nonlinear parameter estimation in hierarchical models is known to be subject to overfitting and misspecification. One approach to these estimation and related problems (e.g., saddle points, colinearity, feature discovery) is called Dropout. The Dropout algorithm removes hidden units according to a binomial random variable with probability p prior to each update, creating random “shocks” to the network that are averaged over updates (thus creating weight sharing). In this letter, we reestablish an older parameter search method and show that Dropout is a special case of this more general model, stochastic delta rule (SDR), published originally in 1990. Unlike Dropout, SDR redefines each weight in the network as a random variable with mean μwij and standard deviation σwij. Each weight random variable is sampled on each forward activation, consequently creating an exponential number of potential networks with shared weights (accumulated in the mean values). Both parameters are updated according to prediction error, thus resulting in weight noise injections that reflect a local history of prediction error and local model averaging. SDR therefore implements a more sensitive local gradient-dependent simulated annealing per weight converging in the limit to a Bayes optimal network. We run tests on standard benchmarks (CIFAR and ImageNet) using a modified version of DenseNet and show that SDR outperforms standard Dropout in top-5 validation error by approximately 13% with DenseNet-BC 121 on ImageNet and find various validation error improvements in smaller networks. We also show that SDR reaches the same accuracy that Dropout attains in 100 epochs in as few as 40 epochs, as well as improvements in training error by as much as 80%.
‘Bolder’ together — response to human social cues in groups of free-ranging dogs
Authors: Bhattacharjee Debottam , Sau Shubhra , Bhadra Anindita 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In urban environments, humans are a part of an interaction network of several species, impacting them directly or indirectly. The positive, negative and neutral components of such impact can be assessed by studying human-animal interactions in various habitats. While studies have shown animals’ reactions to specific human social cues, information is lacking on how animals respond to such cues in the presence and absence of conspecifics. We investigated the behavioural responses of free-ranging dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) towards various human social cues (neutral, friendly, low- and high-impact threatening) when presented to groups. We used previously published data on dogs’ reactions to identical cues when presented solitarily, and compared them with the group-level responses. Our results strengthen the idea of situation-relevant responsiveness in free-ranging dogs. Dogs in groups exhibited higher approach and less avoidance towards the unfamiliar human experimenter, especially towards the threatening cues, compared to dogs tested alone.
The Unity Status of Continental States’ Outlying Archipelagos
Authors: Su Jinyuan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article argues that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) does not exhaust rules of baseline regimes; those for continental States’ outlying archipelagos were set aside for development outside the Convention by negotiating States during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Today, most of the continental States possessing outlying archipelagos have applied the unity theory to such archipelagos, many by enclosing them with straight baselines, which has been protested by very few States. The application of straight baselines to big- island-dominating outlying archipelagos may be justifiable under the second limb of Article 7(1) of the LOSC or a customary rule that it reflects, thus causing a fragmentation of outlying archipelagos; however, this alternative justification remains hypothetical and, even if established, would not detract from the generality of State practice applying unity theory to outlying archipelagos without such geographical configuration.
Children’s Economic and Social Rights and Child Poverty: The State of Play
Authors: Nolan Aoife , Pells Kirrily 
Published: March 2020

This article focuses on both economic and social rights (esr) and child poverty. In doing so, it identifies and considers key developments and gaps in child rights scholarship (crs) in these areas. The authors’ treatment of these issues together is logical (albeit certainly not inevitable) given the strong connection between esr and poverty. Both are areas which have been under-explored in crs: esr have been historically under-theorised and marginalised in child rights research, whereas child poverty is an area that has received extensive academic attention but only a limited amount of this has been from a child rights perspective.
The article begins by outlining the state of the existing theoretical child rights literature on esr, before going on to consider the growing body of crs focused on specific esr-thematic areas. The authors make clear the historic dominance of law in terms of child esr scholarship while flagging the increasing esr-focused/framed work emerging from other disciplines, arguing that this is evidence of an ever-wider and more multidisciplinary engagement with esr. Moving on to the topic of child poverty, the authors note that, with some notable exceptions, there has been a failure on the part of child rights scholars to engage with child poverty, a fact that is at least partially attributable to disciplinary disconnects: while crs (and esr scholarship in particular) has come to be dominated by lawyers to a large degree, much academic work on child poverty originates in economics, development studies and social policy. There is, however, some recognition by child poverty scholars (and more so by practitioners) that child poverty is a “child rights” issue, albeit that there is an ongoing failure on the part of child poverty scholarship to really come to terms with the complexities of child rights in terms of the implications of such for the definition and measurement of child poverty. The authors conclude by flagging future avenues for academic engagements with child esr and child poverty, considering both the ways in which existing scholarship may be enriched as well as the potential dangers that new directions may pose in terms of child esr specifically.
Judaism, Ethics, and Time: On Levinas’s Re-Interpretation of Rosenzweig’s Concept of the Kingdom of God
Authors: Aidler Alexandra 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Since Emmanuel Levinas declared in Totality and Infinity (1961) that Franz Rosenzweig’s The Star of Redemption is “too often present” in his own work “to be cited,” an uninterrupted affinity between the two authors has been assumed. Nevertheless, throughout his æuvre, Levinas frequently underlines the philosophical differences marking his and Rosenzweig’s thought. In this article, I endeavor to demonstrate that the concept of redemption and salvation are wholly incompatible in Rosenzweig’s and Levinas’s philosophies. Whereas Rosenzweig pleads for a Jewish redemptive model that turns towards Judaism’s past, Levinas seeks to mobilize Judaism’s salvific potential in the name of a common human future. It is this conjunction between salvation and futurity that allows Levinas to establish a notion of the Kingdom of God that can redeem humanity from its own catastrophe after the Shoah.
The Austro-Hungarian Beginnings of the Research on the ‘European Genizah’
Authors: Turán Tamás 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Research on Hebrew manuscript fragments retrieved from bookbindings started in the second half of the 19th century, some earlier forays into this field notwithstanding. Austria-Hungary played an important role in this field of research for its first hundred years – a fact that deserves attention. This pioneering research in Austria-Hungary was made possible by a recognition and appreciation of the importance of minor source materials (‘small finds’) by local scholars, and was characterized by a historical – rather than a literary-historical – interest in this source material. This article explores the particular historical and cultural factors which contributed to this regional development.
Pit and pit aperture dimensions in plantation-grown Douglas fir as affected by local growth conditions and height in stem
Authors: Christof Andreas , Ræbild Anders , Thygesen Lisbeth G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study assessed whether allometric scaling applied to pit sizes in stems of Douglas fir. Pit and pit aperture diameters were measured in xylem from stems of four plantation-grown Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees from each of two different sites in Denmark. One site had fertile soil, the other had poor soil fertility. Three different heights were accessed for each tree, and 40 pits were measured per height. Results showed that pit diameter varied between 17 and 24 μm and decreased significantly with increasing height above ground. Representing the position in the tree as a power function of distance from the top of the tree (L0.2) rather than the height above ground improved the model fit for pit diameter as expressed by the R2 value. However, the pit diameter relationship was found to be significantly affected by site, suggesting that anatomic dimensions relate not only to tree size but also to growth conditions. This would imply that even though pit size supposedly has a strong biophysical determination, some xylem plasticity may still be induced by environmental factors.
Intersections between Jews and Media
Authors: Katz Maya Balakirsky 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this volume, the relationship between Jews and media is not only vividly illustrated, but it is consciously drawn into the formation of modern Jewish history and modern media. Maya Balakirsky Katz addresses key Jewish-media intersections in which Jews and mass media implicated (or were implicated by) one another. In this study, Katz discusses the relationship that Jews have had with mass media forms of print, film, photography, advertising, and postcards within the periods that these media have gained cultural ascendancy. These historical moments are tethered to a broader conversation addressing the major theoretical issues at the center of the discourse on Jews and media. Bearing this mutually constructive relationship in mind, Intersections between Jews and Media offers both a tangible demographic portrait of the real Jews who entered mass media and lays a theoretical and methodological framework for more qualitative analyses.
Assessment of a new tool to improve case manager identification of delayed return to work in the first two weeks of a workers’ compensation claim
Authors: Iles Ross A , Sheehan Luke R , Gosling Cameron McR 
Published: March 2020

Objective: To determine whether the Plan of Action for a Case (PACE) tool improved identification of workers at risk of delayed return to work. Design: Prospective cohort of workers with accepted workers’ compensation claims in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Interventions: The 41-item PACE tool was completed by the case manager within the first two weeks of a claim. The tool gathered information from the worker, employer and treating practitioner. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted work time loss of at least one and three months. Results: There were 524 claimants with complete PACE information. A total of 195 (37.2%) had work time loss of at least one month and 83 (15.8%) had time loss of at least three months. Being male, injury location, an Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire–Short Form score >50, having a small employer, suitable duties not being available, being certified unfit, and the worker having low one-month recovery expectations predicted time loss of over one month. For three months, injury location, a Short Form Orebro score >50, no return-to-work coordinator, and being certified unfit were significant predictors. The model incorporating PACE information provided a significantly better prediction of both one- and three-month outcomes than baseline information (area-under-the-curve statistics—one month: 0.85 and 0.68, respectively; three months: 0.85 and 0.69, respectively; both P < 0.001) Conclusion: The PACE tool improved the ability to identify workers at risk of ongoing work disability and identified modifiable factors suited to case manager–led intervention.
Plasma immunoglobulin binding protein 1 as a predictor of development of lupus nephritis
Authors: Kwon Oh Chan , Lee Eun-Ju , Oh Ji Seon , Hong Seokchan , Lee Chang-Keun , Yoo Bin , Park Min-Chan , Kim Yong-Gil 
Published: March 2020

Objective Urine levels of immunoglobulin binding protein 1 (IGBP1) are increased in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) compared with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without nephritis. However, the clinical significance of IGBP1 level in plasma is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether the plasma level of IGBP1 can predict future development of LN in SLE patients without nephritis. Methods Forty-three SLE patients without nephritis were followed for 5 years. Plasma IGBP1 levels were measured using ELISA, and clinical and laboratory data were obtained at study entry. Development of LN was confirmed by renal biopsy. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with development of LN, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the predictive value of each factor. Results Of the total 43 patients, eight (18.6%) developed LN during the follow-up period. Compared with patients who did not develop LN, those who developed LN had higher levels of plasma IGBP1 (6.3 ng/ml (range 4.3–9.6 ng/mL) vs. 13.3 ng/ml (range 7.2–31.3 ng/ml); p =  0.023). In the Cox regression analysis, higher CRP (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.325, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.073–1.637, p =  0.009), anti-dsDNA antibody (Ab; HR = 1.066, 95% CI 1.012–1.124, p =  0.017) and plasma IGBP1 (HR = 1.091, 95% CI 1.034–1.152, p =  0.002) were associated with future development of LN. Among these factors, anti-dsDNA Ab (area under the curve (AUC)=0.893) had the highest predictive value followed by plasma IGBP1 (AUC = 0.761) and CRP (AUC = 0.634). A combination of anti-dsDNA Ab and plasma IGBP1 as a composite predictor was highly specific (97%) for predicting the development of LN. Conclusions Plasma IGBP1 can be used complementarily with anti-dsDNA Ab for detecting SLE patients at a higher risk of developing LN.
Association Between Antipsychotics and Osteoporosis Based on Real-World Data
Authors: Yokoyama Satoshi , Wakamoto Shoki , Tanaka Yuki , Nakagawa Chihiro , Hosomi Kouichi , Takada Mitsutaka 
Published: March 2020

Background: Osteoporosis, which is a major public health concern, has been known to reduce health-related quality of life. Some studies have suggested that antipsychotics could perhaps cause osteoporosis by increasing serum prolactin levels. However, the association between antipsychotics and the risk for developing osteoporosis has been controversial. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the association between antipsychotic use and onset of osteoporosis in real-world settings. Methods: A multimethod data-mining approach using different algorithms and databases was used. First, disproportionality analysis was conducted using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database (2004-2017) with reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) being used to indicate a signal. Furthermore, a sequence symmetry analysis using data from a large Japanese administrative claims database (2005-2017; JMDC Inc, Japan) was conducted. Short-term intervals (ie, 12, 24, and 36 months) were set to investigate the association between antipsychotic use and onset of osteoporosis using the adjusted sequence ratio (SR) to indicate a signal. Results: No potential association between osteoporosis and all antipsychotics was observed in the FAERS database, except for perphenazine, which exhibited significant signals using both ROR and IC. Moreover, no potential association between osteoporosis and antipsychotics was observed in the JMDC claims database, except for sulpiride and aripiprazole. None of the antipsychotics indicated significant signals using all analyzed items (ROR, IC, and adjusted SR). Conclusion and Relevance: Real-world data show no association between antipsychotic use and the onset of osteoporosis. Further pharmacoepidemiological studies are needed for causality assessment.
Discovering socially withdrawn youth in Shanghai through the eyes of social workers: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Liu Lucia L , Li Tim MH , Wong Paul WC 
Published: March 2020

Summary The phenomenon of the social withdrawal of youth has been increasingly identified in some developed Asian and Western countries. There is also evidence to suggest that it is an emerging problem among the youth of China. To assess the current status of this youth problem in China, an exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted to collect the views through survey from 364 social workers in Shanghai and five focus group interviews were then conducted. Findings Social workers in Shanghai began to identify cases of social withdrawal among youth as early as in 2004. Social workers’ perceptions and intervention approaches were influenced by the extent of their experience in working with the identified youth group. They believed family relationships were a key causal factor in the social withdrawal of youth. The majority of family members of socially withdrawn youth tended to see social workers as the first line of help. Social workers also reported that the fragmentation of existing social services in Shanghai was a significant barrier, with respect to the rendering of timely assistance to this youth population. Applications This study can be considered to be the first attempt to explore the extent and nature of youth social withdrawal behaviour in China, from the perspectives of Chinese social workers. It is hoped that the study provides insights into the capacity of the existing youth social services in China to deal with this emerging youth issue.
Respiratory mechanics evaluation of mice submitted to intravenous methacholine: Bolus vs. continuous infusion
Authors: L Vitorasso Renato de , de Oliveira Maria A , Tavares-de-Lima Wothan , Moriya Henrique T 
Published: March 2020

The application of a bronchoconstrictor, usually Methacholine (MCh), in respiratory mechanics studies is usually accompanied by the assessment of respiratory mechanics in a dose–response curve. The MCh used in the dose–response curve can be inhaled (i.h.) and intravenous (i.v.) and there are studies comparing i.v. bolus and i.h. MCh in both mice and rats. However, MCh i.v. can be injected at short time interval (bolus) or in continuous infusion. This comparison is relevant since the way MCh is applied influences the mathematical model. We chose an aging process scenario to compare both protocols. This study aims to compare respiratory mechanics of 3-, 6-, and 10-month SAMR1 mice and how both administration methods (continuous infusion and bolus) impact respiratory mechanics evaluation. Both protocols were capable of assessing the difference among ages and doses in: peak or plateau; and area under the curve analysis. The respiratory mechanics parameters were Rn, G, and H (two-way analysis of variance: groups and doses with a P < 0.05 for all). Also, the infusion protocol presented a higher sensitivity to dose increment. In conclusion, both protocols were able to discriminate intragroup and intergroup differences. In the bolus protocol, the highest value of each curve dose may not correspond to the highest real value, and the loss of this point may be a problematic factor in the sample size. These factors are not present in the infusion protocol. Additionally, at this lineage and age screening, the infusion protocol appeared to be more sensitive to differences among ages when compared to the bolus protocol. Impact statement Respiratory mechanics studies are associated with fundamental research and translational studies; the present work thus investigates this particular matter. Our current research describes differences and similarities between two different ways of administrating a very prevalent bronchoconstrictor (methacholine) in an aging process scenario. The core issue of our work is related with troubles we find with the bolus protocol and the application of the mathematical model used to assess the respiratory mechanics. Our findings reveal the continuous infusion as an alternative to these problems and we hope to provide the proper foundations to a more reliable assessment in the respiratory field.
The role of inflammation in driving left ventricular remodeling in a pre-HFpEF model
Authors: Loredo-Mendoza Maria L , Ramirez-Sanchez Israel , Bustamante-Pozo Moises Muratt , Ayala Marcos , Navarrete Viridiana , Garate-Carrillo Alejandra , Ito Bruce R , Ceballos Guillermo , Omens Jeffrey , Villarreal Francisco 
Published: March 2020

We previously reported on the development of left ventricular (LV) structural and functional changes in an aged, female rat model where the effects of ovariectomy and excess weight (stimulated by fructose in water) were also explored. Ovariectomy and/or excess weight led to a prolongation of active relaxation, loss of cardiac output, and LV fibrosis in the setting of preserved ejection fraction. In this follow-up study, we wished to characterize the possible role of LV inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and cell death in inducing such changes. Four experimental groups were studied: young (3 months old), aged (18 months old), aged + ovariectomy (OVX), and aged + ovariectomy + 10% fructose (OVF). Using conventional histology and immunohistochemistry of myocardium as well as biochemical assays of plasma samples, we document the presence of inflammatory cell aggregates in LV myocardium which are associated to high levels of plasma inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1) and OS (carbonyl proteins) in aged, OVX, and OVF vs. young animals. In the inflammatory areas, normal cardiac tissue was substituted by replacement and interstitial fibrosis and M1 macrophages, (as per by CD68 immunostaining) as we all as by co-localization with TGF-β1. We also document increases in plasma troponin I levels, loss of capillary density, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and death. Select changes were further aggravated by ovariectomy and/or excess weight. In conclusion, aging in the female rat heart, when compounded with estrogen depletion and excess weight promotes the development of greater levels inflammation, OS, fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and injury/death. These factors likely play an important role in the development of LV remodeling that leads to the development of a “pre-HFpEF” phenotype. Impact statement The incidence of HFpEF continues to increase and ∼2/3 of the patient population are post-menopausal women. Unfortunately, most studies focus on the use of male animal models of remodeling. In this study, however, using female rats to set a model of pre-HFpEF, we provide insights to possible mechanisms that contribute to HFpEF development in humans that will lead us to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of HFpEF.