bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additive Manufactured Impinging Coolant, Low Electromagnetic Interference, and Nonmetallic Heat Spreader: Design and Optimization
Authors: Whitt Reece , Hudson Skyler , Huitink David , Yuan Zhao , Emon Asif , Luo Fang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With the increase of electronic device power density, thermal management and reliability are increasingly critical in the design of power electronic systems. First, increased density challenges the capability of conventional heat sinks to adequately dissipate heat. Second, higher frequency switching in high voltage, high current, wide bandgap power modules is creating intensified electromagnetic interference (EMI) challenges, in which metallic heat removal systems will couple and create damaging current ringing. Furthermore, mobile power systems require lightweight heat removal methods that satisfy the heat loads dissipated during operation. In this effort, we introduce an additive manufacturing (AM) pathway to produce custom heat removal systems using nonmetallic materials, which take advantage of impinging fluid heat transfer to enable efficient thermal management. Herein, we leverage the precision of additive manufacturing techniques in the development of three-dimensional optimized flow channels for achieving enhanced effective convective heat transfer coefficients. The experimental performance of convective heat removal due to liquid impingement is compared with conventional heat sinks, with the requirement of simulating the heat transfer needed by a high voltage inverter. The implementation of nonmetallic materials manufacturing is aimed to reduce electromagnetic interference in a low weight and reduced cost package, making it useful for mobile power electronics.
More Pace Variation and Pack Formation in Successful World-Class 10,000-m Runners Than in Less Successful Competitors
Authors: Renfree Andrew , Casado Arturo , Pellejero Gonzalo , Hanley Brian 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To determine different relationships between, and predictive ability of, performance variables at intermediate distances with finishing time in elite male 10,000-m runners. Methods: Official electronic finishing and 100-m split times of the men’s 10,000-m finals at the 2008 and 2016 Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships in 2013 and 2017 were obtained (125 athlete performances in total). Correlations were calculated between finishing times and positions and performance variables related to speed, position, time to the leader, and time to the runner in front at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 9900 m. Stepwise linear-regression analysis was conducted between finishing times and positions and these variables across the race. One-way analysis of variance was performed to identify differences between intermediate distances. Results: The SD and kurtosis of mean time, skewness of mean time, and position and time difference to the leader were either correlated with or significantly contributed to predictions of finishing time and position at at least one of the analyzed distances (.81 ≥ r ≥ .30 and .001 ≤ P ≤ .03, respectively). These variables also displayed variation across the race (.001 ≤ P ≤ .05). Conclusions: The ability to undertake a high degree of pace variability, mostly characterized by acceleration in the final stages, is strongly associated with achievement of high finishing positions in championship 10,000-m racing. Furthermore, the adoption and maintenance of positions close to the front of the race from the early stages are important to achieve a high finishing position.
Effect of Resistance-Training Programs Differing in Set Configuration on Maximal Strength and Explosive-Action Performance
Authors: Cuevas-Aburto Jesualdo , Jukic Ivan , González-Hernández Jorge Miguel , Janicijevic Danica , Barboza-González Paola , Chirosa-Ríos Luis Javier , García-Ramos Amador 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To compare the effects of 2 upper-body strength-training programs differing in set configuration on bench press 1-repetition maximum (BP1RM), bench press throw peak velocity against 30 kg (BPT30), and handball throwing velocity. Methods: Thirty-five men were randomly assigned to a traditional group (TRG; n = 12), rest redistribution group (RRG; n = 13), or control group (n = 10). The training program was conducted with the bench press exercise and lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions per week): TRG—6 sets × 5 repetitions with 3 minutes of interset rest; RRG—1 set × 30 repetitions with 31 seconds of interrepetition rest. The total rest period (15 min) and load intensity (75% 1RM) were the same for both experimental groups. Subjects performed all repetitions at maximal intended velocity, and the load was adjusted on a daily basis from velocity recordings. Results: A significant time × group interaction was observed for both BP1RM and BPT30 (P < .01) due to the higher values observed at posttest compared with pretest for TRG (effect size [ES] = 0.77) and RRG (ES = 0.56–0.59) but not for the control group (ES ≤ 0.08). The changes in BP1RM and BPT30 did not differ between TRG and RRG (ES = 0.04 and 0.05, respectively). No significant differences in handball throwing velocity were observed between the pretest and posttest (ES = 0.16, 0.22, and 0.02 for TRG, RRG, and control group, respectively). Conclusions: Resistance-training programs based on not-to-failure traditional and rest redistribution set configurations induce similar changes in BP1RM, BPT30, and handball throwing velocity.
Epigenetic Regulation as a Basis for Long-Term Changes in the Nervous System: In Search of Specificity Mechanisms
Authors: Borodinova A. A. , Balaban P. M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Adaptive long-term changes in the functioning of nervous system (plasticity, memory) are not written in the genome, but are directly associated with the changes in expression of many genes comprising epigenetic regulation. Summarizing the known data regarding the role of epigenetics in regulation of plasticity and memory, we would like to highlight several key aspects. (i) Different chromatin remodeling complexes and DNA methyltransferases can be organized into high-order multiprotein repressor complexes that are cooperatively acting as the “molecular brake pads”, selectively restricting transcriptional activity of specific genes at rest. (ii) Relevant physiological stimuli induce a cascade of biochemical events in the activated neurons resulting in translocation of different signaling molecules (protein kinases, NO-containing complexes) to the nucleus. (iii) Stimulus-specific nitrosylation and phosphorylation of different epigenetic factors is linked to a decrease in their enzymatic activity or changes in intracellular localization that results in temporary destabilization of the repressor complexes. (iv) Removing “molecular brakes” opens a “critical time window” for global and local epigenetic changes, triggering specific transcriptional programs and modulation of synaptic connections efficiency. It can be assumed that the reversible post-translational histone modifications serve as the basis of plastic changes in the neural network. On the other hand, DNA methylation and methylation-dependent 3D chromatin organization can serve a stable molecular basis for long-term maintenance of plastic changes and memory.
Prevalence and factors associated with false hyperkalaemia in Asians in primary care: a cross-sectional study (the Unlysed Hyperkalaemia- the Unseen Burden (UHUB) study)
Authors: Boo Alicia Ying Ying , Koh Yi Ling Eileen , Hu Pei Lin , Tan Ngiap Chuan 
Published: September 2020

Serum potassium is part of routine laboratory tests done for patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus in primary care. Those found to have raised potassium (K>5.5 mmol/L) are recalled for repeat potassium in emergency departments or primary care clinics. Repeat potassium are often normal (≤5.5 mmo/L), that is, false hyperkalaemia. Haemolysis is known to cause false hyperkalaemia. We postulated that unlysed false hyperkalamia was prevalent and was associated with factors such as delayed processing time.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the prevalence of unlysed false hyperkalaemia and the factors associated with false-and-true-hyperkalaemia.SettingOutpatients in a cluster of public primary care clinics (polyclinics) in Singapore.ParticipantsAll patients of any ethnicity aged ≥21 with serum potassium test done.MethodsElectronic health records of index patients with potassium >5.5 mmol/L and its corresponding laboratory processing time in seven local polyclinics were reviewed between August 2015 and August 2017. Haemolysed specimens and patients on sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) suspension were excluded. If repeat potassium level was ≤5.5 mmol/L within 8 days, the case was defined as false hyperkalaemia. The proportion of such patients was computed to determine its prevalence. Linear and logistic regressions were used to identify the associated factors.ResultsThe study population comprised of 3014 index cases, of which 1575 had repeat potassium tests without preceding SPS. 86.4% (1362/1575) of them had potassium ≤5.5 mmol/L. The average processing time among specimens with potassium ≥6.0 mmol/L was 50 min longer, compared with those with potassium <5.1 mmol/L. Risk factors significantly associated with false hyperkalaemia included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2, OR=3.25, p<0.001;>90 mL/min/1.73 m2, OR=3.77, p<0.001) and delayed laboratory processing time (beta coefficient 0.001, p<0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of false hyperkalaemia was 86.4%. Recommendation to repeat potassium tests may target those with eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2.
Predictors of oral anticoagulant-associated adverse events in seniors transitioning from hospital to home: a retrospective cohort study protocol
Authors: Benipal Harsukh , Holbrook Anne , Paterson J. Michael , Douketis James , Foster Gary , Thabane Lehana 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionOral anticoagulants (OACs) are widely prescribed in older adults. High OAC-related adverse event rates in the early period following hospital discharge argue for an analysis to identify predictors. Our objective is to identify and validate clinical and continuity of care variables among seniors discharged from hospital on an OAC, which are independently associated with OAC-related adverse events within 30 days.Methods and analysisWe propose a population-based retrospective cohort study of all adults aged 66 years or older who were discharged from hospital on an OAC from September 2010 to March 2015 in Ontario, Canada. The primary outcome is a composite of the first hospitalisation or emergency department visit for a haemorrhage or thromboembolic event or mortality within 30 days of hospital discharge. A Cox proportional hazards model will be used to determine the association between the composite outcome and a set of prespecified covariates. A split sample method will be adopted to validate the variables associated with OAC-related adverse events.Ethics and disseminationThe use of data in this project was authorised under section 45 of Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act, which does not require review by a research ethics board. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences and will determine intervention targets to improve OAC management in upcoming randomised trials.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02777047; Pre-results.
Neuroendocrine tumours: what gastroenterologists need to know
Authors: Khan Mohid S , Pritchard D Mark 
Published: September 2020

Gastroenterologists are intermittently involved in diagnosing and managing patients who have neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). However, few UK gastroenterologists have received extensive training about this topic. This article aims to provide a brief introduction to NETs; it is aimed at a general gastroenterologist audience.NETs present in diverse ways and many symptomatic patients unfortunately experience significant delays in diagnosis. Comprehensive evaluation of a patient with a possible NET involves assessing their symptoms, the tumour’s primary organ of origin, its differentiation status, grade and stage, whether the NET is secreting hormones and whether there is any underlying hereditary predisposition. Such assessment often needs specialist investigations such as nuclear medicine scans. All these factors influence patient management and prognosis, so a patient’s case and investigations should always be discussed by a fully constituted NET multidisciplinary team. Most localised tumours are considered for resection, but there are multiple treatment options for metastatic disease and many patients receive several different therapies during the course of their illness. The most common first line treatment in patients who have metastatic low grade NETs is monthly long acting somatostatin analogue injections. Prognosis is highly variable, but some patients who have inoperable metastases survive for many years on treatment with good quality of life. Gastroenterologists may also be involved in managing the non-tumour associated chronic gastrointestinal problems that some patients experience. Their involvement has been shown to improve patient-reported outcomes and quality of life.
Globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) and analogues in plasma and urine of patients with Fabry disease and correlations with long-term treatment and genotypes in a nationwide female Danish cohort
Authors: Effraimidis Grigoris , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Rasmussen Åse Krogh , Lavoie Pamela , Abaoui Mona , Boutin Michel , Auray-Blais Christiane 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionRecent studies showed the usefulness of globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) and related analogues, deacylated forms of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), for high-risk screening, treatment monitoring and follow-up for patients with Fabry disease.MethodsWe evaluated Gb3, lyso-Gb3 and analogues using tandem mass spectrometry in 57 women with Fabry disease followed during a period of 15.4 years. Twenty-one women were never treated and 36 received treatment (agalsidase-beta, n=30; agalsidase-alfa, n=5; or migalastat, n=1). Lyso-Gb3 and analogues at m/z (−28), (−2), (+16), (+34) and (+50) were analysed in plasma and urine. Total Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 analogues at m/z (−12) and (+14) were evaluated in urine while the analogue at m/z (+18) was evaluated in plasma.ResultsA strong correlation between plasma and urine lyso-Gb3 and analogue levels was revealed. Plasma and urine lyso-Gb3 and analogue levels were not statistically different between patients carrying missense (n=49), nonsense (n=6) or deletion mutations (n=2). Never treated patients had lower plasma lyso-Gb3 and analogues at m/z (−28), (−2), (+16), (+34) and the seven urinary lyso-Gb3 analogues compared with pretreatment levels of the treated patients. A significant reduction of plasma lyso-Gb3 and five analogues, as well as urine Gb3 and six lyso-Gb3 analogues, but not lyso-Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 at m/z (+50), was observed post-treatment with agalsidase-beta. The same tendency was observed with agalsidase-alfa.ConclusionWomen with Fabry disease who started treatment based on clinical manifestations had higher lyso-Gb3 and analogue biomarker levels than never treated women. This indicates that a biomarker cut-off could potentially be a decision tool for treatment initiation in women with Fabry disease.
Collision tumour of two nodal metastases (adenocarcinoma and mast cell tumour) in a dog
Authors: Gibson Danielle , Beck Samuel , Gonzàlez‐Gasch Esteban , Harper Aaron 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYAn 11‐year‐old female neutered Labrador retriever was referred for a large vulvar mast cell tumour that extended into the vagina. Abdominal ultrasound revealed an enlarged right medial iliac lymph node, and cytology of the node was consistent with an endocrine/neuroendocrine tumour. An approximately 1.5‐cm right anal sac mass was palpated. Medial iliac lymphadenectomy via ventral celiotomy, right anal sacculectomy and marginal vulvar mass resection were performed. Histopathology was consistent with right anal sac adenocarcinoma, vulvar mast cell tumour, and the right medial iliac lymph node showed a metastatic collision of both the adenocarcinoma and mast cell tumour cell populations. Adjunctive chemotherapy and radiotherapy were recommended to address the risk of local recurrence and further metastasis but were declined by the owner. The dog remains alive and asymptomatic with no visible evidence of recurrence 14 months after initial presentation.
Effect of local cold application during exercise on gene expression related to mitochondrial homeostasis
Authors: Meister Ben , Collins Chris , McGlynn Mark , Slivka Dustin 
Published: September 2020

Exercise training increases mitochondrial content in active skeletal muscle. Previous work suggests that mitochondrial-related genes respond favorably to exercise in cold environments. However, the impact of localized tissue cooling is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of local muscle cooling during endurance exercise on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial-related gene expression. Twelve subjects (age, 28 ± 6 years) cycled at 65% peak power output. One leg was cooled (C) for 30 min before and during exercise with a thermal wrap while the other leg was wrapped but not cooled, room temperature (RT). Muscle biopsies were taken from each vastus lateralis before and 4 h after exercise for the analysis of gene expression. Muscle temperature was lower in the C (29.2 ± 0.7 °C) than the RT (34.1 ± 0.3 °C) condition after pre-cooling for 30 min before exercise (p < 0.001) and remained lower after exercise in the C (36.9 ± 0.5) than the RT (38.4 ± 0.2, p < 0.001) condition. PGC-1α and NRF1 mRNA expression were lower in the C (p = 0.012 and p = 0.045, respectively) than the RT condition at 4 h after exercise. There were no temperature-related differences in other genes (p > 0.05). These data suggest that local cooling has an inhibitory effect on exercise-induced PGC-1α and NRF1 expression in human skeletal muscle. Those considering using local cooling during exercise should consider other systemic cooling options. Novelty: Local cooling has an inhibitory effect on exercise-induced PGC-1α and NRF1 expression in human skeletal muscle. Local cooling may lead to a less robust exercise stimulus compared with standard conditions.
Sea ice and snow phenology in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from 1997 to 2018
Authors: Dauginis Alicia L.A. , Brown Laura C. 
Published: September 2020

The multiple islands and narrow channels that form the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) complicate snow/ice monitoring, as coarse resolution satellite observations are unable to resolve smaller-scale changes in snow/ice cover. We present the first study showing the utility of the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) 24 km (1997–2018) and 4 km (2004–2018) products to investigate changes in sea ice and snow phenology together in the CAA. Although ice break-up and snow retreat are shifting earlier (p > 0.05), on par with other Arctic regions, the final summer clearing of ice is shifting later. This, combined with trends towards earlier ice freeze and snow fall (p < 0.05), result in shorter open water and snow free seasons in the CAA. Spatial links between sea ice and snow are evident as significant clusters of trends were identified for all phenology parameters. The western regions were dominated by shifts towards shorter snow/ice seasons, whereas eastern regions tended to exhibit longer cover. Our research highlights the considerable regional and interannual variability in the timing of sea ice and snow advance/retreat within the CAA and emphasizes how the ice and snow dynamics in this complex region are responding to ongoing changing climate conditions.
Geodynamic context of the Proterozoïc deposits of the Firgoun Region (eastern border of the West African Craton, West Niger)
Authors: Alzouma Amadou Diafarou , Konaté Moussa , Ahmed Yacouba 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

In the Firgoun region located on the southwestern part of Niger, Proterozoic sedimentary deposits mark the southeastern edge of the West African Craton. The lowermost coarse-grained sandstones, structureless, are related to fluviatile deposits. They evolve vertically to alternating quartzitic sandstone beds and silty–clayey sandstone layers, interpreted as a shallow marine turbiditic sequence. The uppermost deposits have glacial features comparable with those found in Gourma and Taoudenni basins. These are diamictites interbeddeds–carbonates–silexites and cryoturbation features in slates, attributed to the association of ‘tillite
–
limestone
–
chert’ related to the ‘triad’. The Firgoun area deposits, as with their equivalents of Gourma and Béli basins, have recorded the Pan-African deformation episodes. In this paper we show that the studied deposits were firstly affected by an early distensive phase D1 and secondly by two Pan-African compressive episodes D2a and D2b. The distensive deformation episode is well recorded in the basal deposits (‘Sandstone of Firgoun Formation’). The deformation structures correspond to 70–80° N trending, syn-depositional normal faults. The plotting of the faults planes onto the stereographic diagram shows the prevailing of the extensional regime marked by a 140° N trending stretching. The first compressive deformation stage D2a is characterized in the basal deposits by isopachous folds and by anisopachous folds in the uppermost deposits. The combination of the satellite image and the plotting of the fold axial planes (30° N–45° NE to 50° N–50° NE) onto the stereographic diagram indicate a compressive regime with 120–140° N trending shortening. The last compressive deformation stage D2b is marked by thrust and reverse fault planes oriented 60–80° N, crosscutting all of the previous structures, mainly observed in the uppermost deposits (‘Béli–Garous Formation’). Their plotting onto the stereographic diagram reveals a 40° N shortening direction.