bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timescapes of Himalayan hydropower: Promises, project life cycles, and precarities
Authors: Lord Austin , Drew Georgina , Gergan Mabel Denzin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we review the existing social science scholarship focused on hydropower development in the Himalayan region, using an interpretive lens attuned to issues of time and temporality. While the spatial politics of Himalayan hydropower are well examined in the literature, an explicit examination of temporal politics is lacking. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework organized around the heuristic of timescapes, highlighting temporal themes implicit in the existing literature. In three sections, we explore the temporal politics of anticipation that shape hydropower dreams, the intersecting temporalities and rhythms that modulate the life cycles of hydropower projects, and the ways that geological and hydrological time affect both hydropower development and broader Himalayan futures. Along the way, we pose a series of questions useful for framing future research given the significant climatic, geophysical, and sociopolitical changes underway in the Himalayan bioregion, calling for greater analytical attention to time, temporality, and temporal ethics in future studies of hydropower in the Himalayas and beyond.This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Planning WaterHuman Water > Water GovernanceHuman Water > Water as Imagined and RepresentedScience of Water > Water and Environmental Change
The role of the forensic anthropologist in the pediatric autopsy: Interpretations, contributions, and challenges
Authors: Fleischman Julie M. , Soto Martinez Miriam E. , Wiersema Jason M. , Pinto Deborrah C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChild maltreatment is a growing medicolegal and social concern and forensic anthropologists in the United States are more frequently being asked to participate in pediatric autopsies to evaluate skeletal injuries. These injuries may be occult to medical imaging and the autopsy itself, but the forensic anthropologist directly evaluates the skeletal tissue which can dramatically improve the sensitivity and specificity of the analysis. The training and methods of forensic anthropologists provide them with the unique perspective of comprehending the anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological properties of human pediatric bone which informs their interpretations of time since injury and mechanism of trauma. This perspective also permits the ability to differentiate between growth and development, skeletal anomalies/variants, and traumatized bone which can be of distinct consequence to the forensic pathologist's cause and manner of death determination. This review is intended for forensic anthropologists and others in the medicolegal community who are tasked with identifying and interpreting pediatric skeletal trauma. The research and scholarly work cited herein is the most current bibliography for comprehending the role and contribution(s) of the forensic anthropologist in the pediatric autopsy, the techniques and methods available to them, and the challenges and cautions associated with this delicate work.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Anthropology > Trauma Analysis
Forensic Medicine > Imaging Modalities
Forensic Medicine > Medicolegal Death Investigation Systems
The effect of visitors on the behavior of zoo‐housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Lewis Rebecca N. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Ferguson Amanda , Lee Tracey , Clifforde Lisa , Abeyesinghe Siobhan M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPrimates, especially apes, are popular with the public, often attracting large crowds. These crowds could cause behavioral change in captive primates, whether positive, neutral, or negative. We examined the impact of visitors on the behavior of six western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), observing the troop over 6 weeks during high season (4.5 hr/day, 35 days, May–July 2016). We used focal scan sampling to determine activity budget and enclosure usage, and focal continuous sampling to identify bouts of anxiety‐related behavior (visitor‐directed vigilance, self‐scratching, and aggression). Both daily zoo‐entry numbers (VGATE) and instantaneous crowds at the exhibit (VDENSITY) were measured. Overall, VGATE had little effect across behaviors. However, consistent with the more acute time frame of measurement, VDENSITY was a better predictor of behavior; at high crowd volumes, we observed significant group‐level changes in activity budget (increased inactivity, increased locomotion, and decreased environment‐related behaviors), increase in some anxiety‐related behaviors, and decreased enclosure usage. Although contributing similar effects, it could not be determined if crowd numbers, composition, or noise most affected the troop, nor any chronic effects of exposure to large crowds. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that measures to minimize the impacts of large crowds at the exhibit would be beneficial. Furthermore, we highlight potential discrepancies between common methods for measuring visitor numbers: VGATE is less sensitive to detecting visitor effects on behavioral indices than VDENSITY. Future studies should appropriately match the biological time frame of welfare indicators and visitor measures used to ensure the reliability of findings.
Organisational Identities, Boundaries, and Change Processes of Technical Universities
Authors: Larsen Katarina , Geschwind Lars , Broström Anders 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe volume is concerned with how technical universities respond to external influences but also are guided by internal processes of identity formation and reshaping of ideals and boundaries. In this chapter, we present two lines of inquiry and introduce the chapter contributions of the volume. An overarching question driving our research is what it means to be, or not to be, a technical university. The two main lines of inquiry, both related to the organisational identity of technical universities, are focusing on: (i) formation of ideals and boundaries and (ii) responses to change and how it relates to formation and re-negotiations of identity. Empirically, the volume limits its scope to Europe drawing on experiences from various national contexts. The empirical analysis focuses on identity formation processes but is nevertheless informed about ideas (and ideals) associated with technical universities.
Technical Universities in Germany: On Justification of the Higher Education and Research Markets
Authors: Schneijderberg Christian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe chapter presents both an overview of technical universities (TUs) in Germany, and how the methodological and theoretical approach of the orders of worth framework by Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) is useful for analyzing public organizations/forms. Guided by the research questions a) “How do publicly set performance indicators empirically construct the form of TUs?” And b) “How does market evolution of education and research products alter the civic-industrial conventions of coordination?”, first, seven characteristics are generated to define a TU in Germany: Recognition by the state, history as technical higher school, name, minimum of 40 engineering professorships, about 60% of professorships in natural sciences, technological, engineering, and mathematical sciences (STEM), average proportion of 1 to 1.6 of professorships in mathematical and natural sciences to professorships in engineering or vice versa, and professorships in social sciences. Second, further developing the theory of Boltanski and Thévenot (2006) helps understanding TUs as a dynamic but stable construction nurtured by investments in a form (Thévenot 1984). This is achieved by theoretically and empirically elaborating on the comprehension of a situation as it is (in comparison to justification in a situation) by focusing on the civic-industrial compromise of public universities being challenged by the market order constructed around higher education and research products and services by the German federal states.
Urbanisation and Land Use Change
Authors: Nuissl Henning , Siedentop Stefan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUrbanisation is one of the major driving forces behind the formation of today’s land use systems. It almost always involves the conversion of land use from non-urban to urban uses. A great deal of contemporary urbanisation has been characterised as urban sprawl, i.e. a highly extensive form of land take for urban uses having environmentally detrimental effects. However, urban land use change can occur in relatively diverse forms in terms of layout, building density and speed of change, to name but a few aspects. In recent decades, researchers have made substantial progress in empirically addressing the various forms of urban land use and its change over time. As a consequence, the global dimension of urbanisation-related land use change is now on the agenda of policymakers and researchers worldwide. In order to provide an overview of the many geographical, environmental, sociological and political aspects that are relevant with respect to urban land use change, this contribution strives to make (1) some conceptual clarification regarding the notions associated with urban land use change, before (2) highlighting its (economic, social and political) drivers, as well as its (3) impacts. The text then moves on to (4) briefly systematising the instruments and strategies that have been put in place to cope with urban land use change. Finally, (5), we reflect on the current state of the art regarding research and policies on urban land use change.
Wellenablauf – wie sich Abflusswellen aufbauen und wie der Scheitel gemindert werden kann
Authors: Seibert Simon P. , Auerswald Karl 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungAbfluss läuft immer in Form einer Welle ab. Wesentliche Eigenschaften einer Welle sind Anstiegs- und Ablaufzeit, Scheitelhöhe sowie Wellenvolumen. Je kürzer die Scheitelanstiegszeit und je größer das Wellenvolumen, umso höher und potenziell schadauslösender wird der Hochwasserscheitel. Wellenvolumen und Anstiegszeit sind daher die wichtigsten Kenngrößen einer Abflusswelle und erlauben es, die Scheitelhöhe zu ermitteln. Dieses Kapitel stellt unterschiedliche Verfahren vor, über die entweder nur der Scheitelwert oder die ganze Abflussganglinie konstruiert werden können. Mithilfe dieser Verfahren lassen sich auch die Einflüsse von Maßnahmen der Landnutzung oder der Landschaftsgestaltung quantifizieren, die entweder das Abflussvolumen und/oder die Anstiegszeit ändern. Die Schätzung des Scheitelabflusses und der Abflussganglinie hat daher grundlegende Bedeutung, auch wenn in der ländlichen Starkregen- und Sturzflutvorsorge bisher nur selten in diesen Kategorien gedacht und argumentiert wird.
Consistent numerical implementation of hypoelastic constitutive models
Authors: Palizi Mehrdad , Federico Salvatore , Adeeb Samer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn hypoelastic constitutive models, an objective stress rate is related to the rate of deformation through an elasticity tensor. The Truesdell, Jaumann, and Green–Naghdi rates of the Cauchy and Kirchhoff stress tensors are examples of the objective stress rates. The finite element analysis software ABAQUS uses a co-rotational frame which is based on the Jaumann rate for solid elements and on the Green–Naghdi rate for shell and membrane elements. The user subroutine UMAT is the platform to implement a general constitutive model into ABAQUS, but, in order to update the Jacobian matrix in UMAT, the model must be expressed in terms of the Jaumann rate of the Kirchhoff stress tensor. This study aims to formulate and implement various hypoelastic constitutive models into the ABAQUS UMAT subroutine. The developed UMAT subroutine codes are validated using available solutions, and the consequence of using wrong Jacobian matrices is elucidated. The UMAT subroutine codes are provided in the “Electronic Supplementary Material” repository for the user’s consideration.
Geografische Ansätze in der Gesundheitsberichterstattung
Authors: Koller Daniela , Wohlrab Doris , Sedlmeir Georg , Augustin Jobst 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Interesse an geografischen Darstellungen in der Gesundheitsberichterstattung (GBE) ist in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten stark gewachsen. Gesundheitsdaten können mit diesen Methoden anschaulich und zielgruppenorientiert visualisiert werden. Neue technische Möglichkeiten und die breitere Verfügbarkeit von Daten tragen zur verstärkten Anwendung in der GBE bei. In diesem Artikel soll gezeigt werden, welche geografischen Ansätze in der GBE auf Bundes‑, Länder- und Kommunalebene jeweils aktuell verfolgt werden. Insbesondere soll dabei auf die verwendeten Methoden fokussiert werden.Es wird gezeigt, dass auf Bundesebene geografische Methoden z. B. in der Surveillance angewendet werden; auf Länderebene gibt es z. B. Gesundheitsatlanten und auf der Kommunalebene verschiedene geografische Analysen. Die methodische Spannweite reicht von einfacheren Kartendarstellungen auf unterschiedlichen Aggregationsebenen bis hin zu komplexeren Verfahren wie raum-zeitlichen Darstellungen und räumlichen Glättungsverfahren.Fehlender Datenzugang oder datenschutzrechtliche Aspekte behindern noch häufig die Verbindung mit weiteren Datenquellen oder kleinräumigere Darstellungen. Vor allem ein besserer Zugang zu Daten auf kleinräumiger Ebene könnte die GBE aber erheblich erleichtern. Die Bevölkerung und Entscheidungsträger könnten dadurch noch umfassender informiert und folglich die Gesundheit und die gesundheitliche Versorgung der Bevölkerung verbessert werden.
A new species of the deuterostome Herpetogaster from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of South China
Authors: Yang Xianfeng , Kimmig Julien , Lieberman Bruce S. , Peng Shanchi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Cambrian radiation represents a key time period in the history of life. Here, we add to the mounting evidence accumulating on the nature of deuterostomes from this time period through description of a new species of stalked deuterostome, Herpetogaster haiyanensis nov. sp., from the lower Cambrian (series 2, stage 3) Chengjiang biota of China. This represents the first occurrence of the genus in Gondwana, the first juvenile specimen, and the oldest specimens to date. Herpetogaster haiyanensis nov. sp. differs from H. collinsi Caron et al. (2010) in having a stolon that is separated into an outer and inner layer, the segmentation of the body and in the shape and number of branches of the tentacles. The new species reiterates earlier suggestions of deuterostome affinities of the genus―it appears closely related to Phlogites and then successively more distantly related to Cotyledon and Eldonia―and may have fed on hyolithids.
Direct analysis of lateral flow immunoassays for deoxynivalenol using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Geballa-Koukoula Ariadni , Gerssen Arjen , Nielen Michel W. F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are widely used for rapid food safety screening analysis. Thanks to simplified protocols and smartphone readouts, LFIAs are expected to be increasingly used on-site, even by non-experts. As a typical follow-up in EU regulatory settings, suspect samples are sent to laboratories for confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, re-analysis by LC-MS/MS is laborious and time-consuming. In this work, an identification LFIA (ID-LFIA) approach followed by quadrupole-orbitrap MS or triple quadrupole MS/MS analysis is presented. As a proof of concept, a dedicated ID-LFIA strip was developed for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) following its initial screening by a commercial smartphone LFIA. The ID-LFIA strip can be simply immersed in the same sample extract used for the smartphone LFIA screening, and next, DON is retrieved from the monoclonal antibody with a dissociation solution consisting of methanol/ammonia. The solution thus obtained was analyzed directly in MS in order to rapidly confirm the presence of DON and any cross-reacting species. The protocol developed is capable of coping with severe ion suppression caused by LFIA buffers and nitrocellulose substrate residues. Initial analysis of blank, spiked, and incurred samples showed that the newly developed ID-LFIA-MS method was able to confirm the presence or absence of mycotoxins in the samples previously analyzed by LFIA and also differentiate between DON and DON 3-glucoside yielding the positive screening result. The concept and technique developed are envisaged to complement on-site screening and confirmation of any low molecular weight contaminant in future food control frameworks.
Early Prediction of Post‐hepatectomy Liver Failure in Patients Undergoing Major Hepatectomy Using a PHLF Prognostic Nomogram
Authors: Chin Ken Min , Koh Ye Xin , Syn Nicholas , Teo Jin Yao , Goh Brian K. P. , Cheow Peng Chung , Chung Yaw Fui Alexander , Ooi London Lucien , Chan Chung Yip , Lee Ser Yee 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundLiver resection (LR) is the main modality of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Post‐hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) remains the most dreaded complication. We aim to create a prognostic score for early risk stratification of patients undergoing LR.
MethodologyClinical and operative data of 472 patients between 2000 and 2016 with HCC or CRLM undergoing major hepatectomy were extracted and analysed from a prospectively maintained database. PHLF was defined using the 50–50 criteria.ResultsLiver cirrhosis and fatty liver were histologically confirmed in 35.6% and 53% of patients. 4.7% (n = 22) of patients had PHLF. A 90‐day mortality was 5.1% (n = 24). Pre‐operative albumin–bilirubin score (p = 0.0385), prothrombin time (p < 0.0001) and the natural logarithm of the ratio of post‐operative day 1 to pre‐operative serum bilirubin (SB) (ln(POD1Bil/pre‐opBil); p < 0.0001) were significantly independent predictors of PHLF. The PHLF prognostic nomogram was developed using these factors with receiver operating curve showing area under curve of 0.88. Excellent sensitivity (94.7%) and specificity (95.7%) for the prediction of PHLF (50–50 criteria) were achieved at cut‐offs of 9 and 11 points on this model. This score was also predictive of PHLF according to PeakBil > 7 and International Study Group for Liver Surgery criteria, intensive care unit admissions, length of stay, all complications, major complications, re‐admissions and mortality (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe PHLF nomogram (https://tinyurl.com/SGH‐PHLF‐Risk‐Calculator) can serve as a useful tool for early identification of patients at high risk of PHLF before the ‘point of no return’. This allows enforcement of closer monitoring, timely intervention and mitigation of adverse outcomes.
Magma water content of Pico Volcano (Azores Islands, Portugal): a clinopyroxene perspective
Authors: Nazzareni S. , Barbarossa V. , Skogby H. , Zanon V. , Petrelli M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClinopyroxenes from the Pico Volcano (Pico Island, Azores Archipelago) have been used as a proxy to define the water content of primitive magmas and the volcanological history of the erupted rocks. This very young volcano (53 ± 5 ka) is at a primordial stage of its evolution in comparison with the other volcanoes of the Azores. Clinopyroxenes from Pico Volcano underwent important dehydration processes and after annealing experiments under H2gas flux, a pre-eruptive H2O content between 93 and 182 ppm was recovered. A moderately high cooling rate for the cpx-host lavas expressed by the clinopyroxene closure temperature (Tc = 755–928 °C ± 20 °C) correlates with the dehydration, suggesting that this process may have occurred during magma ponding at the Moho Transition Zone (17.3–17.7 km) and/or after the eruption. By applying anIVAl-dependent partition coefficient to the measured H amount in clinopyroxene, the pre-eruptive water content of the parental magma was calculated to vary between 0.71 and 1.20 (average of 1.0) wt%. Clinopyroxene geobarometry performed by combining X-ray diffraction with mineral chemistry points to a general crystallisation from the mantle lithosphere (~ 8–9 kbar) to the oceanic mantle/crust boundary (~ 4–5 kbar). The similar major and trace chemistry, water content and Fe3+/Fetotratio of clinopyroxene, suggest similar conditions of oxygen fugacity, water content and fractional crystallisation of the magma from which clinopyroxene cores crystallised during the Pico Volcano central eruptions from 40 ka to historical times.
Byproduct-free geraniol glycosylation by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Priebe Xenia , Hoang Manh Dat , Rüdiger Julian , Turgel Maria , Tröndle Julia , Schwab Wilfried , Weuster-Botz Dirk 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective
Geraniol, a fragrance of great importance in the consumer goods industry, can be glucosylated by the UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase VvGT14a from Vitis vinifera, yielding more stable geranyl glucoside. Escherichia coli expressing VvGT14a is a convenient whole-cell biocatalyst for this biotransformation due to its intrinsic capability for UDP-glucose regeneration. The low water solubility and high cytotoxicity of geraniol can be overcome in a biphasic system where the non-aqueous phase functions as an in situ substrate reservoir. However, the effect of different process variables on the biphasic whole-cell biotransformation is unknown. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify potential bottlenecks during biotransformation with in situ geraniol supply via isopropyl myristate as second non-aqueous phase.

Results
First, insufficient UDP-glucose supply could be ruled out by measurement of intracellular UDP-glucose concentrations. Instead, oxygen supply was determined as a bottleneck. Moreover, the formation of the byproduct geranyl acetate by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was identified as a constraint for high product yields. The use of a CAT-deficient whole-cell biocatalyst prevented the formation of geranyl acetate, and geranyl glucoside could be obtained with 100% selectivity during a biotransformation on L-scale.

Conclusion
This study is the first to closely analyze the whole-cell biotransformation of geraniol with Escherichia coli expressing an UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase and can be used as an optimal starting point for the design of other glycosylation processes.