bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROJETO DE EXTENSÃO VIDA ATIVA - UNATI: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA DURANTE A PANDEMIA PELA COVID-19
Authors: Cardoso Silva Fernanda , Ferreira Germano Ítalo Gabriel , Akemi Ando Teixeira Nívea , Oliveira Karla Caroline , De Oliveira Martins Rafaela , Kosour Carolina 
Published: January 2021

Devido à pandemia pela COVID-19, houve a necessidade de adaptação nas atividades de promoção à saúde, assim, o Projeto de Extensão Vida Ativa, diante da impossibilidade de sua aplicação presencial, realizou adaptações para ser desenvolvido de forma remota. Objetivo: Relatar as ações desenvolvidas pelos alunos e professores do Projeto Vida Ativa, para pessoas idosas durante o período de isolamento social ocasionado pelo Covid-19. Metodologia: Trata-se de relato de experiência das ações desenvolvidas pelo Projeto de Extensão Vida Ativa durante a pandemia pela COVID-19. Foram realizadas atividades de forma remota pelas redes sociais WhatsApp® e Facebook®. Resultados: Os idosos participantes do projeto relataram melhorias propiciadas pelas ações e como elas influenciaram positivamente a qualidade de vida dos mesmos durante o isolamento social. Os acadêmicos participantes do projeto, alcançaram maior envolvimento com os idosos participantes, proporcionando interação dialógica em formato digital. São realizadas pelos alunos apresentações dos resultados de pesquisas de forma online em eventos científicos. Conclusão: As atividades desenvolvidas de forma remota no projeto proporcionaram repercussão positiva na manutenção funcional e melhora da qualidade de vida dos idosos e impacto na formação do aluno promovendo os princípios da extensão: indissociabilidade, interdisciplinaridade, interação dialógica, impacto na formação do aluno e social. Portanto, ações de extensão em saúde de forma remota devem ser estimuladas, pois promovem a aproximação da comunidade com o conhecimento acadêmico.
Longitudinal Assessment of Pulmonary Function and Bronchodilator Responses in Pediatric Patients with Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Authors: Yu Xiuhua , Wei Jiaoyang , Li Yanchun , Zhang Lu , Che Hongming , Liu Li 
Published: January 2021

Abstract Objective: We aimed to further assess the evolution of
pulmonary function and bronchodilator response in the Chinese case
series with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO).
Methods: Twelve children with PIBO, aged 59-110 months, were
retrospectively studied between 2011 and 2019. According to the ATS/ERS
recommendations, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume
in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC and maximal midexpiratory flow velocity
25%-75% (MMEF25%-75%) were collected at each pulmonary function
tests (PFTs), as well as bronchodilator responses were evaluated.
Spirometric parameters were monitored over time, and generalized linear
mixed models were used to analyze longitudinal panel data. Results: The
median baseline PFT values for FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio and MMEF25%
-75% were 41.6%, 39.75%, 90.7% and 22.2% respectively. At the
initial PFTs, 10 (83.3%) patients demonstrated a significant
bronchodilator response. FVC and FEV1 increased by a mean of
8.212%/year and 5.007%/year, and FEV1/FVC ratio with an average
decrease of 3.537%/year. MMEF25-75% showed an average increase of
1.583% per year. Over all, FEV1 and MMEF25%-75% showed different
degrees of improvement after inhaled bronchodilators at each PFT
sessions for ten patients, and FEV1 was with significant
(>12%) β2-bronchodilation in 53% of PFT sessions.
Conclusions: Pediatric patients with PIBO showed an obstructive defect
of pulmonary function. The FVC, FEV1 and MMEF25%-75% improved as they
grew old, while FEV1/FVC ratio decreased. It may be due to the
development of lung parenchyma more than airway growth. Airway
obstruction of some patients improved with the use of β2 agonists.
Patient Safety in Surgical Care
Authors: Greenberg Caprice C. , Ghaferi Amir 
Published: January 2021

The 1999 report of the Institute of Medicine, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, made national headlines with its estimates of the frequency and severity of adverse events in health care, including that as many as 98,000 medical error–related deaths occur each year in the United States. The observation that the basic principles of human error are highly applicable to clinical practice has markedly advanced our understanding and willingness to address error in this setting. This review seeks to address the characteristics of systems in general and the system of surgical care in particular. It describes the growing knowledge of factors that affect human performance and how these factors contribute to adverse surgical outcomes. The review also outlines current obstacles to improving safety, identifies systems approaches to making improvements, and discusses ways in which surgeons can take the lead in overcoming these obstacles. An overall goal is that acceptance of error and a willingness to investigate its underlying causes will allow health care professionals to make use of the lessons learned from study of nonmedical systems. Tables include definitions of terms related to patient safety, the operation profile, handoff coordination and communication objectives and relevant strategies, nonmedical system techniques applicable to medical systems, Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research patient safety indicators, National Quality Forum list of health care facility–related serious reportable events, and examples of surgically relevant quality improvement practices appropriate for widespread implementation. Figures include the Swiss Cheese Model representing the relationship between latent and active errors and adverse outcomes, a schematic depiction of the process by which system failures may lead to injury, the Systems Engineering in Patient Safety Model of work system and patient safety, and a depiction of contrasting characteristics of medical practice in the 20th and 21st centuries. This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables, and 165 references.
Preoperative Testing and Planning for Safer Surgery
Authors: Ng Valerie , Harken Alden H. , Markham Sarah , Antoine Jill 
Published: January 2021

Consensus statements and regulatory guidelines endorse the process of identifying patients at increased risk for surgical morbidity and mortality. This is termed prognostic testing, and it identifies patients who are deemed to be too sick to benefit from the anticipated gain of surgery. However, much more valuable than prognostic testing is predictive, or directive, testing. A predictive test pinpoints the patient’s problem that will benefit from a specific available intervention. This review covers what is risk?, changing paradigms of surgical success, building a case for moderation, so, does anyone disagree?, timing, frailty and age (and the eyeball test), is the heart the only organ that counts?, changing paradigms, the enhanced importance of functional capacity, resting electrocardiogram, exercise stress testing, ventricular function testing, stair climbing: putting it all together, pulmonary function tests, obstructive airway disease, perioperative nutrition, how can we make surgery safer?, enhanced recovery after surgery, putting it all together, extended enhanced recovery after surgery, tight glucose control, smoking cessation, and timing of collaboration with anesthesia. Figures show routine preoperative tests for elective surgery (adapted from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guideline 3, preoperative assessment strategies and recommended risk-reducing therapy relative to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification performed by the surgeon and age, ASA Class I and II patients may be safely be evaluated by an anesthesiologist on the day of their scheduled surgery for a full preoperative history and physical examination, flow volume loop. Tables list ASA physical status classification, effect of abnormal screening results on physician behavior, and minimum preoperative test requirements at the Mayo Clinic (in 1997).

This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 111 references
Advanced and Recurrent Rectal Cancer
Authors: de Rosa Nicole , Chang George J 
Published: January 2021

Rectal cancer accounts for one-third of all colorectal cancers and has an increasing incidence in patients under 40 years of 1.8 to 2.6% annually. Significant advances in multidisciplinary therapy for rectal cancer have resulted in an improved relative 5-year survival; prognosis is strongly dependent on the extent of disease. Although the majority of patients present with disease localized to the mesorectum, locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) occurs in up to 10% of patients. Surgical extirpation remains the mainstay of curative therapy for LARC and locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). This review covers risk factors for pelvic recurrence, clinical presentation, diagnosis and staging, preparation for surgery, multimodality therapy for advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer, pelvic reconstruction, and palliative procedures. Figures show Harrison-Anderson-Mick applicator for intraoperative brachytherapy, an algorithm for treating LARC (extension beyond mesorectal fascia or advanced modal disease), an algorithm for treating LRRC, and intraoperative photographs showing oblique sacral resection, extended right lateral pelvic resection, and vertical rectus myocutaneous flap procurement. Tables list risk factors associated with rectal cancer recurrence, and a classification schema of LRRC.

This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 119 references
Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Richmond Bryan K. , Tran Mike Q. 
Published: January 2021

Approximately 700,000 inguinal hernia repairs are performed in the United States annually, making it one of the most commonly performed operations in surgical practice. The anatomy of the inguinal region is quite complex, and a thorough understanding of this region is required to successfully and safely repair these defects. The science of inguinal hernia repair continues to evolve and over the past several years has expanded to include laparoscopic and robotic approaches, as well as time-honored open repairs that still play an essential role in treating this disease process. The following review describes the relevant anatomy, types of groin hernias, the role of different hernia prostheses and meshes, common and evolving repair techniques, and the common complications encountered in hernia surgery, including chronic groin pain after inguinal hernia repair.
The review contains 19 figures, 15 tables, and 50 references.
Keywords: Inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, transabdominal preperitoneal repair, total extraperitoneal repair, laparoscopy, Bassini repair, Lichtenstein repair
Sclerotherapy
Authors: Kirkwood Melissa L , H. Chamseddin Khalil 
Published: January 2021

Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a caustic solution into an abnormal vein so as to cause localized destruction of the venous intima and obliteration of the vessel. Over the past 50 years, improvements in the technology have greatly enhanced the results achievable with sclerotherapy. To ensure optimal results, it is essential to have a thorough knowledge not only of the technique but also of the indications, expected outcomes, and possible complications associated with the procedure. This review covers preoperative evaluation, operative planning, technique and complications associated with sclerotherapy. Figures show a 63-year-old woman before and after two treatments with 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, a 52-year-old woman before and after two treatments with 0.5% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, a 36-year-old woman before and after four treatments with a combination of 0.5% and 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, the standard hand position for sclerotherapy, skin necrosis on the left posterior calf of a 48-year-old woman after ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy, a 56-year-old woman before treatment and with residual hyperpigmentation after treatment with 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, and telangiectatic matting in a 43-year-old woman after treatment with 0.2% sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Tables list complications of sclerotherapy, suggested polidocanol (POL) and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) concentrations for liquid and foam sclerotherapy, materials needed for sclerotherapy, and absolute and relative contraindications for sclerotherapy for varicose veins.
Key Words: Varicose veins, Chronic venous insuffiency, sclerotherapy, foam sclerotherapy, reticular veins, venous disorders
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 29 references.
Colonic Volvulus
Authors: Kasten Kevin R. , Marcello Peter W. , Francone Todd D. 
Published: January 2021

Colonic volvulus accounts for 3 to 5% of bowel obstructions in the United States. Current data reveal sigmoid volvulus as the most common colonic volvulus, followed by volvulus of the cecum, transverse colon, and splenic fixture. Despite a low incidence in the United States, diagnosis, management, and patient outcome depend on an appropriate index of suspicion and adherence to the proposed algorithm highlighting the approach to the patient with colonic volvulus. This review outlines the definition, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of colonic volvulus, as well as its clinical evaluation and treatment. Tables review the demographics of colonic volvulus in the United States, the differential diagnosis of and risk factors for colonic volvulus, important radiographic findings in colonic volvulus, and nonoperative management of sigmoid volvulus. Figures show the types of ileosigmoid knot; plain radiographs of cecal, sigmoid, transverse, and splenic flexure volvulus; contrast enema of cecal, transverse, splenic flexure, and sigmoid volvulus; cross-sectional abdominal imaging of cecal, sigmoid, and transverse colon volvulus and ileosigmoid knot; endoscopic evaluation in sigmoid volvulus; use of an esophageal overtube for placement of a rectal tube; necrotic cecum and transverse colon volvulus in the operating suite; and sigmoid volvulus in an elderly gentleman.

This review contains 14 figures, 13 tables, and 165 references
Keywords: Colonic volvulus, colonic obstruction, endoscopy, surgical intervention, ileosigmoid knot, splenic flexure volvulus, sigmoid volvulus, transverse colon volvulus, cecal volvulus
Injuries to the Peripheral Blood Vessels
Authors: Fox Charles J. 
Published: January 2021

Contributions from the armed conflicts of the 20th century have defined the standards for vessel ligation or repair of arterial and venous injuries. Since the Vietnam War, there has been considerable modernization in the battlefield medical environment, and forward surgical capability, expeditious evacuation and new and effective resuscitation strategies have provided the foundation for innovation and progress. Lessons learned during current US military operations continue to advance the practice of vascular trauma surgery, and these techniques are directly translated to surgical practices in trauma centers around the world. This review covers mechanisms and sites of extremity vascular injury, initial assessment, management, and special considerations. Figures show an avulsion injury, in which an artery is stretched, an algorithm for the workup of a patient with a potential extremity vascular injury, an algorithm for the management of complex extremity trauma, exposure of the axillary artery, exposure of the brachial artery, exposure of the femoral artery, medial exposure of the proximal and distal popliteal arteries, the two-incision technique for lower leg decompression in compartment syndrome, and incisions for forearm decompression in compartment syndrome.

This review contains 10 highly rendered figures and 84 references
Pharmacologic Considerations in the Elderly Surgical Patient
Authors: Sohn Linda , Hong Joe C. , Yeh Michael W. , Russell Tara A. , Russell Marcia M. 
Published: January 2021

The most rapidly growing segment of the elderly population corresponds to persons age 85 and over. As of 2006, elderly patients accounted for 35.3% of the inpatient and 32.1% of the outpatient surgical procedures occurring in the United States. Because age-related changes occur in each organ system in all elderly individuals, this population merits special consideration when undergoing surgical procedures. Furthermore, there is a high probability that older adults will have multiple chronic medical problems, which may present a complex medication management challenge. This review covers the pharmacologic impact of physiologic changes associated with aging, preoperative assessment, preoperative medication management, delirium and the impact of perioperative medications in the elderly, anesthesia and related medications, and specific drug classes and their use in the elderly surgical patient. Figures show an overview of the management of the elderly surgical patient, and preoperative medication management. Tables list medications that should be avoided in older patients with reduced renal function, drugs that exhibit additive adverse effects, medications with high anticholinergic activity, medications that inhibit and induce the CYP450 system, herbal supplements, 2015 Beers Criteria summary of potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults, drugs associated with postoperative delirium, risk factors for postoperative delirium, and clinical pharmacology of commonly used anesthetic agents.

This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 61 references
The Morbidly Obese Surgical Patient
Authors: Schweitzer Michael A. , Grimberg Gregory 
Published: January 2021

Over the past few decades, the incidence of obesity has been steadily rising in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates greater than 40% of the US adult population is obese. Rising obesity rates are also increasing among children and adolescents as well, with nearly one in five children and adolescents considered obese. As a result, surgeons today face the challenge of caring for an increasing number of morbidly obese patients, and this trend is expected to worsen over time. This review covers preoperative evaluation, obesity-related comorbidities, respiratory insufficiency, anesthesia in patients with respiratory insufficiency, intraoperative management, postoperative management, complications of gastric surgery for obesity, diabetes mellitus, wound care, and other obesity-related diseases. Figures show impaired pulmonary function in the morbidly obese improved significantly after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery, significant improvement in mean pulmonary arterial pressure in 18 patients, 3 to 9 months after gastric surgery-induced weight loss of 42% ± 19% of excess weight, and a chronic venous stasis ulcer present for several years in a morbidly obese patient. The tables list evaluation and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, and indications for extended postoperative chemoprophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in morbidly obese patients.
This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 46 references
Keywords: morbid obesity, obesity, metabolic surgery, venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis, Obstructive Sleep Apnea
The Spleen
Authors: Schinnerer Eric A , Grams Jayleen M 
Published: January 2021

This review focuses on the normal anatomy and physiology of the spleen. The spleen functions as a hematologic organ, filtering blood, metabolizing iron, and acting as a reservoir for blood cells. The spleen, the largest lymphatic organ, also plays a key role in adaptive and innate immunity.
This review contains 7 figures of highly rendered artwork and 26 references.
Key words: immune system, spleen, spleen anatomy, spleen physiology, splenectomy vaccine guidelines
Injuries to the Chest Part 2 : Mediastinal Injuries
Authors: Painter Matthew D. , Hildreth Amy N. , Hoth J. Jason 
Published: January 2021

Blunt thoracic trauma comprises approximately 8% of all traumatic admissions in the United States. While chest wall injuries comprise much of this burden, mediastinal injuries, including cardiac and great vessel injuries, are being recognized more frequently given the diagnostic capabilities of modern CT imaging. In penetrating trauma, close proximity of structures in the mediastinal space, comes with a higher incidence of injury to multiple structures. Further, cardiac injury is estimated to comprise 10% of the mortality of gunshot wound victims, while more than 90% of great vessel injury is associated with penetrating injury, representing a significant burden of disease. Management and care of these injuries requires consideration of multiple details and exposure techniques. This article will address diagnosis, management and repair of esophageal, thoracic duct, cardiac, and great vessel injuries.
This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 49 references.
Keywords: Mediastinal structures, esophageal injury, esophageal repair, thoracic duct injury, thoracic duct ligation, blunt cardiac injury, penetrating cardiac injury, blunt aortic injury, great vessel injury, endovascular stenting
Preoperative Evaluation of the Vascular Patient
Authors: Koleilat Issam , Carsten Christopher G. 
Published: January 2021

Almost as critical as an operation itself is the preparation of the patient. Although this often includes psychosocial concerns such as expectations of recovery, inpatient stay, and other patient-centered issues, the discussion prior to surgery should not be limited to these factors. A medical assessment of the patient’s fitness and physiologic preparedness for the planned procedure must be performed by the surgeon and the resultant findings and plan reviewed with the patient. Although vascular disease affects multiple organ systems requiring a thorough general preoperative patient assessment, the focus of preoperative risk reduction strategies center on cardiac outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on cardiac-related interventions with added coverage of preoperative strategies regarding diabetes, pulmonary and renal risk assessment, and infection reduction. Lastly, the perioperative management of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications and cerebrovascular disease are discussed Techniques and treatments to optimize patients for surgery are integrated into the respective sections, allowing for a primer to guide this critical phase in a patient’s journey through surgery. Tables outline the Revised Cardiac Risk Index, assessment of functional capacity from patient self-reported activities, optimal delay in elective surgery after percutaneous coronary revascularization according to the 2014 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines, Respiratory Failure Risk Index, Szilagyi classification of vascular surgical site infection, and recommendations regarding perioperative management of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. A suggested algorithm for preoperative cardiac workup and the Cockcroff-Gault equation are provided.

This review contains 2 figures, 6 tables, and 115 references.