bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of work: Meeting the global challenges of demographic change and automation
Authors: ABELIANSKY Ana L. , ALGUR Eda , BLOOM David E. , PRETTNER Klaus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article explores future job creation needs under conditions of demographic, economic and technological change. The authors first estimate the implications for job creation during 2020–30 of population growth, changes in labour force participation and the achievement of target unemployment rates, by age and sex. Second, they analyse the job creation needs by country income group and, lastly, examine the effects of accelerated automation. Projections indicate that shifting demographics will account for a far greater share of the estimated global need for 340 million jobs over 2020–30 than automation.
Regreso al futuro. Continuidad del diálogo sobre el trabajo y la tecnología en la OIT
Authors: CHERRY Miriam A. 
Published: April 2020

ResumenLa preocupación por el desempleo tecnológico no es nueva. Los debates que tuvieron lugar en el decenio de 1960 sobre la automatización reflejaban tanto optimismo como preocupación por la potencial destrucción de empleo causada por la tecnología. Al estudiar los archivos de la OIT, y en particular la información recopilada por su ṢOficina de Automatizaciónṣ, se observa que muchas propuestas actuales se debatieron durante aquel periodo, aunque nunca se tradujeron en políticas de reglamentación. La autora reabre este antiguo debate, como un buen punto de partida para abordar los problemas actuales en consonancia con el mundo del trabajo que aspiramos a construir.
Evaluación del Índice de Progreso Real para medir lo que importa y orientar las políticas
Authors: BERIK Günseli 
Published: April 2020

ResumenSe examina el Índice de Progreso Real (IPR), un indicador monetario que, a diferencia del PIB, es idóneo para medir el desempeño económico, evaluar los efectos de las políticas y responder a las preocupaciones contemporáneas sobre el bienestar. Presenta funcionalidades de análisis evolutivo de variables, como el método del panel de control, pero la comparación entre países solo será posible cuando se resuelvan ciertos problemas de datos y se uniformice su metodología mediante la definición del IPR 2.0. Actualmente, los principales obstáculos que impiden su uso generalizado son la falta de voluntad política y de apoyo institucional.
Geografías laborales en la economía de plataformas. Entender las estrategias de representación colectiva en el contexto del trabajo digital
Authors: JOHNSTON Hannah 
Published: April 2020

ResumenSe examina la influencia de los aspectos geográficos y espaciales en las estrategias de representación colectiva de los trabajadores de plataformas, según estas ofrezcan servicios localizados en una ubicación precisa o distribuyan en línea trabajo «deslocalizado» en régimen de externalización abierta. Tomando como ejemplos de diálogo social los comités de empresa, la negociación colectiva y los acuerdos multiempresariales, se analizan los factores que determinan la elección de estas estrategias solidarias según el tipo de plataforma y los marcos normativos aplicables, así como su efectividad para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en las plataformas digitales.
Immunometabolism: From basic mechanisms to translation
Authors: Makowski Liza , Chaib Mehdi , Rathmell Jeffrey C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImmunometabolism has emerged as a major mechanism central to adaptive and innate immune regulation. From early observations that inflammatory cytokines were induced in obese adipose tissue and that these cytokines contributed to metabolic disease, it was clear that metabolism and the immunological state are inextricably linked. With a second research wave arising from studies in cancer metabolism to also study the intrinsic metabolic pathways of immune cells themselves and how those pathways influence cell fate and function, immunometabolism is a rapidly maturing area of research. Several key themes and goals drive the field. There is abundant evidence that metabolic pathways are closely tied to cell signaling and differentiation which leads different subsets of immune cells to adopt unique metabolic programs specific to their state and environment. In this way, metabolic signaling drives cell fate. It is also apparent that microenvironment greatly influences cell metabolism. Immune cells adopt programs specific for the tissues where they infiltrate and reside. Ultimately, a central goal of the field is to apply immunometabolism findings to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes these facets of immunometabolism and highlights opportunities for clinical translation.
A novel approach to the rapid synthesis of high‐entropy carbide nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Qinglong , Mei Jie , Jin Wei , Jiang Qichuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA novel strategy for the rapid synthesis of high‐entropy carbide particles is proposed that involves the transformation of multicomponent intermetallic intermediates to multicomponent carbides (high‐entropy carbide precursors). (Ti0.25V0.25Nb0.25Ta0.25)C nanoparticles with a uniform solute distribution were successfully synthesized in an Al matrix by heating Al‐Ti‐V‐Nb‐Ta‐C powder mixtures at 1500°C for 10 minutes. The multicomponent aluminide intermediates led to the rapid formation of multicomponent carbides during heating to 1100°C, which transformed into a high‐entropy solid solution during heating to 1500°C. We developed a new rapid approach for the synthesis of high‐entropy ceramic particles.
Garnet stability in the Al–Ca–Mg–Si–Y–O system with implications for reactions between TBCs, EBCs, and silicate deposits
Authors: Godbole Eeshani , Karthikeyan Nikhil , Poerschke David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work expands the understanding of the garnet solid solution field in the yttria‐calcia‐magnesia‐alumina‐silica system. The crystal chemistry was used to define the theoretical extent of the garnet homogeneity range based on site‐specific substitution rules and charge neutrality constraints. Compositions lying within this range were equilibrated at 1400°C. The resulting phase assemblages were analyzed to determine the identity and compositions of the equilibrium phases. Quantitative chemical analysis was used to infer that Mg2+ preferentially partitions into the intermediate‐sized octahedral site compared to the larger dodecahedral site, that Ca2+ has a higher solubility in the dodecahedral site than Mg2+, and that the presence of Mg2+increases the total Si4+ solubility in the garnet structure. The results were also used to map the extent of the garnet solid solution phase field at 1400°C. The findings are discussed in the context of efforts to understand the interactions between Y‐containing thermal and environmental barrier coatings and silicate deposits.
Klotho protein contributes to cardioprotection during ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Olejnik Agnieszka , Krzywonos‐Zawadzka Anna , Banaszkiewicz Marta , Bil‐Lula Iwona 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRestoration of blood flow to ischaemic heart inflicts ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which manifests in metabolic and morphological disorders. Klotho is a protein with antioxidative and antiapoptotic activity, and is involved in the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis. The aim of the current research was to determine the role of Klotho in the heart subjected to I/R injury, as well as to study Klotho as a potential cardioprotective agent. Human cardiomyocytes and Wistar rat hearts perfused using Langendorff method subjected to I/R have been used. Hemodynamic parameters of heart function, markers of I/R injury, and gene and protein expression of Klotho were measured. Human cardiomyocytes were also incubated in the presence of recombinant Klotho protein, and the viability of cells was measured. There was a higher expression of Klotho gene and protein synthesis in the cardiomyocytes subjected to I/R injury. The compensatory production and release of Klotho protein from cardiac tissue during I/R were also shown. The treatment of cardiomyocytes subjected to I/R with Klotho protein resulted in increased viability and metabolic activity of cells. Thus, Klotho contributes to compensatory mechanism during I/R, and could be used as a marker of injury and as a potential cardiopreventive/cardioprotective agent.
Dermatologists and SARS‐CoV‐2: the impact of the pandemic on daily practice
Authors: Gisondi P. , Piaserico S. , Conti A. , Naldi L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSince the first case of ‘pneumonia of unknown aetiology’ was diagnosed at the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China on 30 December 2019, what was recognized thereafter as ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’ (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread over the four continents, causing the respiratory manifestations of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) and satisfying the epidemiological criteria for a label of ‘pandemic’. The ongoing SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is having a huge impact on dermatological practice including the marked reduction of face‐to‐face consultations in favour of teledermatology, the uncertainties concerning the outcome of COVID‐19 infection in patients with common inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis receiving immunosuppressive/immunomodulating systemic therapies; the direct involvement of dermatologists in COVID‐19 care for patient assistance and new research needs to be addressed. It is not known yet if skin lesions and derangement of the skin barrier could make it easier for SARS‐CoV‐2 to transmit via indirect contact; it remains to be defined if specific mucosal or skin lesions are associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, although some unpublished observations indicate the occurrence of a transient varicelliform exanthema during the early phase of the infection. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new pathogen for humans that is highly contagious, can spread quickly, and is capable of causing enormous health, economic and societal impacts in any setting. The consequences may continue long after the pandemic resolves, and new management modalities for dermatology may originate from the COVID‐19 disaster. Learning from experience may help to cope with future major societal changes.
Zigzag longitudinal melanonychia: a peculiar dermoscopic pattern
Authors: Sahin S. , Aydingoz I.E. , Ersoy Evans S. , Demircioglu Duman D. , Di Chiacchio N.G. , Haneke E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundLongitudinal melanonychia (LM) can present a diagnostic challenge and dermoscopy is of utmost importance for its evaluation and differential diagnosis of LM.ObjectiveThis report aimed to describe an unusual dermoscopic pattern in a group of patients that presented with LM.MethodsThe clinical course and features of five LM patients that presented with an unusual ‘zigzag’ dermoscopic pattern were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsIn all, four of the five patients were children (age range: 10–13years). In all five patients, the thumb nail was affected. A nail matrix biopsy was available for only one patient and was reported as lentigo. In two (one child and one adult) out of the five patients, spontaneous total regression of the LM was observed.ConclusionsThe peculiar ‘zigzag’ dermoscopic pattern of LM described herein seems to occur primarily in children. Although this pattern is a benign in nature, it is not clear if it is related to trauma. Further investigation is warranted to clarify the association between the histopathological findings and the zigzag pattern observed via dermoscopy.
Perspectives on an amended law addressing pharmacists' availability in community pharmacies
Authors: Qadeer Gohar , Amin Mohamed Ezzat Khamis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesLittle attention has been given to perceptions of pharmacist availability and role in the community setting following policy changes. The Pakistani model is particularly interesting as it encompasses three different pharmacy practice licensure types with major differences in credentials, training, and role. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study examined factors associated with the availability of pharmacists in the community setting in Pakistan following the implementation of a new policy regulating pharmacist presence in community pharmacies.MethodsFifteen participants were interviewed in three Pakistani cities (Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar). Those included pharmacy licence holders (types A, B, and C), non‐pharmacist owners and a pharmacist inspector who were purposively sampled to assure variance in education, gender, time in practice, and geographic location. Directed content analysis was performed based on the TPB framework. Description of themes came after discussions among the two authors.ResultsFindings indicated a discrepancy between participants about the value of having a pharmacist present with pharmacists showing more appreciation of the value they would provide. Participants felt that the new policy is attempting to change a norm that has existed for a long time. They also pointed to logistical challenges in making a pharmacist available including the feasibility of having a pharmacist present, the financial burden of hiring a pharmacist, and difficulty in enforcing the law uniformly across different geographical areas. Participants were concerned that some type A licence holders sensed that practicing in the community setting and the act of selling medications was beneath their social status as pharmacists.ConclusionA set of factors contribute to the availability of pharmacists in community pharmacies in Pakistan. The change in law should be supplemented with other interventions that contribute to making well‐trained pharmacy personnel available for serving patrons.
Gut microbiota regulate cognitive deficits and amyloid deposition in a model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Li Zhuo , Zhu Hua , Guo Yaxi , Du Xiaopeng , Qin Chuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGut microbiota, comprising a vast number of microorganism species with complex metagenome, are known to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyloid deposition. However, studies related to gut microbiota have been mostly restricted to comparisons of amyloid deposits, while investigations on neurobehavioral changes and the pathogenesis of AD are limited. Therefore, we aimed to identify the relationship between changes in the intestinal microbiome and the pathogenesis of AD. APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (PAP) transgenic mice and wild‐type (WT) mice of different age groups were used. The composition of intestinal bacterial communities in the mice was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (16S rRNA Seq), and the Y maze was used to measure cognitive function. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA Seq) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE 36980) were used to filter differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between specific pathogen‐free (SPF) and germ‐free (GF) mice. Quantitative reverse‐transcriptase PCR (qRT‐PCR) and western blot (WB) were used to verify the results. We found that the intestinal microbiota was significantly different between 5‐month‐old PAP and WT mice and the cognition of SPF PAP mice was diminished compared to GF PAP and SPF WT mice. DEGs in 5‐month‐old SPF and GF mice were enriched in the MAPK signalling pathway, and expression of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid deposition increased in 5‐month‐old SPF PAP mice. Results from this study showed that changes in intestinal microbiota were correlated with impairment of cognitive function and might promote amyloid deposition by stimulating the MAPK signalling pathway in the brain.
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Psycho‐social and educational interventions for enhancing adherence to dialysis in adults with end‐stage renal disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tao Wei‐Wei , Tao Xiao‐Mei , Wang Yue , Bi Shu‐Hong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the influence of psycho‐social and educational interventions on improving adherence to dialysis for patients with end‐stage renal disease.BackgroundAdherence to the complex regimen is poor, contributing to avoidable hospitalisation and morbidity. Psycho‐social and educational interventions may be beneficial coping strategies.DesignSystematic literature review and meta‐analysis were conducted.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of 8 databases from their inceptions to 16 January 2019 to identify relevant articles. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the analysis. The PRISMA checklist was used.ResultsA total of forty RCTs were included to evaluate the effect. The aggregated results of the studies showed that psycho‐social and educational interventions elevated adherence rate in both peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD) patients. For physiological and biochemical indicators, meta‐analysis revealed that significant post‐treatment effects were evident for interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), IDWG/dry weight, serum potassium, phosphate, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), except for albumin. In particular, subgroup analysis indicated that only the interventions carried out individually exerted significant combined effect for lowering IDWG. As for subjective measures, meta‐analysis also revealed small but significant combined effects.ConclusionsThe results of this meta‐analysis suggest that psycho‐social and educational interventions were associated with significant effects on adherence in patients receiving dialysis regimen.Relevance to clinical practiceThe analysis suggests that psycho‐social and educational interventions should be considered as effective strategies for enhancing adherence to dialysis in adults with end‐stage renal disease. The potential utility of these interventions should focus on how best to promote individually implementation in clinical practice.
Does breastfeeding self‐efficacy theory apply to mothers of moderate and late preterm infants? A qualitative exploration
Authors: Brockway Meredith , Benzies Karen M. , Carr Eloise , Aziz Khalid 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundBreastmilk feeding reduces morbidities and improves outcomes related to prematurity. However, breastmilk feeding rates in preterm infants are substantially lower than those in term infants. Breastfeeding self‐efficacy theory is a social change theory, which is predictive of exclusive breastmilk feeding at 2 months postpartum in mothers of full‐term infants. However, this theory has not been well explored in mothers of moderate and late preterm infants.Aims and ObjectivesTo explore maternal experiences with feeding moderate (320/7 – 336/7 weeks’ gestational age) and late preterm infants (340/7 – 366/7 weeks’ GA) in neonatal intensive care units and assess applicability of breastfeeding self‐efficacy theory.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative descriptive exploration of maternal experiences with infant feeding in neonatal intensive care units. Using purposive, maximum variation sampling, we selected mothers of preterm infants born at 320/7 – 346/7 weeks, who experienced high mean differences in their BSE scores between admission and discharge. Fourteen mothers participated in semi‐structured telephone interviews. Data were examined using thematic analysis. To explore and describe breastfeeding self‐efficacy within the context of neonatal intensive care units, we super‐imposed the four sources of information from breastfeeding self‐efficacy theory onto the defined themes.ResultsThree main themes emerged: (a) institutional influences, (b) relationship with the pump and (c) establishing breastfeeding, with an emphasis on the importance of direct breastfeeding at discharge. Overlaying the four sources of information from breastfeeding self‐efficacy highlighted the presence of three sources of information: verbal persuasion, performance accomplishment and physiologic/affective responses. Vicarious experience was not identified in maternal experiences with infant feeding.ConclusionOur findings indicate that breastfeeding self‐efficacy is an applicable theory for mothers of preterm infants.Relevance to Clinical PracticeHealthcare providers need to be aware of the influence that institutional culture and policies may have on maternal breastfeeding self‐efficacy and breastfeeding outcomes.
Prevalence, characteristics and mortality outcomes of obese, nonobese and lean NAFLD in the United States, 1999–2016
Authors: Zou B. , Yeo Y. H. , Nguyen V. H. , Cheung R. , Ingelsson E. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundUpdated prevalence and outcome data for nonobese NAFLD for the multi‐ethnic US population is limited.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and mortality of obese and nonobese individuals with NAFLD in the United Sates.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted using the 1999–2016 NHANES databases. We determined hazard ratio stratified by obesity status in NAFLD individuals using Cox regression and log‐rank test.ResultsOverall NAFLD prevalence was 32.3%: 22.7% were obese and 9.6% were nonobese, with increasing trend over time for obese NAFLD, but not nonobese NAFLD. Amongst those with NAFLD, 29.7% (95% CI: 27.8%‐31.7%) were nonobese, of which 13.6% had lean NAFLD. Nonobese NAFLD was more common in older (40.9% if ≥ 65 vs. 24.2% if < 65 years), male (34.0% vs. 24.2%) and foreign‐born Asian people (39.8% vs. 11.4%) and uncommon in black (11.5% vs 30–35% in other ethnicities, P < 0.001). Metabolic comorbidities were common in nonobese NAFLD individuals who also had more advanced fibrosis. Nonobese NAFLD individuals had higher 15‐year cumulative all‐cause mortality (51.7%) than obese NAFLD (27.2%) and non‐NAFLD (20.7%) (P < 0.001). However, DM and fibrosis, but neither obese nor nonobese NAFLD compared to non‐NAFLD was independently associated with higher mortality.ConclusionNonobese NAFLD makes up about one‐third of the NAFLD in the United States (even higher in older, male and foreign‐born individuals) and carries higher mortality than obese NAFLD. Screening for NAFLD should be considered in high‐risk groups even in the absence of obesity.
Tax Fraud and Selective Law Enforcement
Authors: de la Feria Rita 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article presents a new conceptual framework for research into tax fraud and law enforcement. Informed by research approaches from across tax law, public economics, criminology, criminal justice, economics of crime, and regulatory theory, it assesses the effectiveness, and the legitimacy, of current approaches to combating tax fraud, bringing new dimensions to previously identified trends in crime control. It argues that, whilst the last decade has witnessed a significant intensification of measures that purportedly target tax fraud, preference has been consistently given to enforcement measures that maximize revenue gains rather than combat the fraud itself, even where the effect is to aggravate the non‐revenue costs of tax fraud. These developments demonstrate a significant shift from tax fraud suppression to tax fraud management. The article concludes that this shift not only undermines tax equity and overall tax compliance, but also leads to selective tax enforcement, thus representing a significant risk to the rule of law.