bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collisional effects on resonant particles in quasilinear theory
Authors: Catto Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

A careful examination of the effects of collisions on resonant wave–particle interactions leads to an alternate interpretation and deeper understanding of the quasilinear operator originally formulated by Kennel & Engelmann (Phys. Fluids, vol. 9, 1966, pp. 2377–2388) for collisionless, magnetized plasmas, and widely used to model radio frequency heating and current drive. The resonant and nearly resonant particles are particularly sensitive to collisions that scatter them out of and into resonance, as for Landau damping as shown by Johnston (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14, 1971, pp. 2719–2726) and Auerbach (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 1977, pp. 1836–1844). As a result, the resonant particle–wave interactions occur in the centre of a narrow collisional boundary when the collision frequency

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$

is very small compared to the wave frequency

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$

. The diffusive nature of the pitch angle scattering combined with the wave–particle resonance condition enhances the collision frequency by

$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})^{2/3}\gg 1$

, resulting in an effective resonant particle collisional interaction time of

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\text{int}}\sim (\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714})^{2/3}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}\ll 1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$

. A collisional boundary layer analysis generalizes the standard quasilinear operator to a form that is fully consistent with Kennel–Englemann, but allows replacing the delta function appearing in the diffusivity with a simple integral (having the appropriate delta function limit) retaining the new physics associated with the narrow boundary layer, while preserving the entropy production principle. The limitations of the collisional boundary layer treatment are also estimated, and indicate that substantial departures from Maxwellian are not permitted.
Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Li Yuchen , Wang Yue , Jiang Jingwen , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Fall Katja , Fang Fang , Song Huan , Lu Donghao , Zhang Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to the drastic surge of COVID-19 patients, many countries are considering or already graduating health professional students early to aid professional resources. We aimed to assess outbreak-related psychological distress and symptoms of acute stress reaction (ASR) in health professional students and to characterize individuals with potential need for interventions.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 1442 health professional students at Sichuan University, China. At baseline (October 2019), participants were assessed for childhood adversity, stressful life events, internet addiction, and family functioning. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations of the above exposures with subsequent psychological distress and ASR in response to the outbreak.ResultsThree hundred and eighty-four (26.63%) participants demonstrated clinically significant psychological distress, while 160 (11.10%) met the criterion for a probable ASR. Individuals who scored high on both childhood adversity and stressful life event experiences during the past year were at increased risks of both distress (ORs 2.00–2.66) and probable ASR (ORs 2.23–3.10), respectively. Moreover, internet addiction was associated with elevated risks of distress (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.60–2.64) and probable ASR (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.50–3.10). By contrast, good family functioning was associated with decreased risks of distress (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.33–0.55) and probable ASR (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33–0.69). All associations were independent of baseline psychological distress.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that COVID-19 related psychological distress and high symptoms burden of ASR are common among health professional students. Extended family and professional support should be considered for vulnerable individuals during these unprecedented times.
Grounded procedures: A proximate mechanism for the psychology of cleansing and other physical actions
Authors: Lee Spike W. S. , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExperimental work has revealed causal links between physical cleansing and various psychological variables. Empirically, how robust are they? Theoretically, how do they operate? Major prevailing accounts focus on morality or disgust, capturing a subset of cleansing effects, but cannot easily handle cleansing effects in non-moral, non-disgusting contexts. Building on grounded views on cognitive processes and known properties of mental procedures, we proposegrounded proceduresof separation as a proximate mechanism underlying cleansing effects. This account differs from prevailing accounts in terms of explanatory kind, interpretive parsimony, and predictive scope. Its unique and falsifiable predictions have received empirical support: Cleansing attenuates or eliminates otherwise observed influences of prior events (1) across domains and (2) across valences. (3) Cleansing manipulations produce stronger effects the more strongly they engage sensorimotor capacities. (4) Reversing the causal arrow, motivation for cleansing is triggered more readily by negative than positive entities. (5) Conceptually similar effects extend to other physical actions of separation. On the flipside, grounded procedures ofconnectionare also observed. Together, separation and connection organize prior findings relevant to multiple perspectives (e.g., conceptual metaphor, sympathetic magic) and open up new questions. Their predictions are more generalizable than the specific mappings in conceptual metaphors, but more fine-grained than the broad assumptions of grounded cognition. This intermediate level of analysis sheds light on the interplay between mental and physical processes.
Comprehension of English plural-singular marking by Mandarin-L1, early L2-immersion learners
Authors: Rusk Brian V. , Paradis Johanne , Järvikivi Juhani 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrevious research has established that early second language (L2) learners in classroom immersion may not ultimately produce all L2 morphosyntactic features as first language (L1) speakers of the language do, whereas L2 comprehension outcomes are reported to be less divergent from those of L1 speakers. However, immersion learners’ L2 comprehension is typically assessed using tasks of holistic understanding, and therefore, little is known about fine-grained comprehension of specific morphosyntactic constructions. To address this, the present study examined online comprehension of English plural–singular marking by Mandarin-speaking, English-immersion learners in Taiwan. This semantically transparent feature differs from the L1 grammar and is a notable area of difficulty for Mandarin-speaking L2-English learners. The present study assesses middle school-aged immersion learners’ comprehension using a visual-world eye-tracking task combined with a picture decision task, comparing results to age-matched English-monolingual controls. After more than 8 years of L2 exposure, the immersion participants showed similarities and differences to monolinguals in plural–singular marking comprehension as measured by eye-tracking, and were less accurate in their interpretations on the picture decision task. This study shows that comprehension differences for a semantically transparent morphosyntactic construction can be apparent even after many years for learners who started immersion at an early age.
Investigation of a salmonellosis outbreak linked to French toast sandwich with the use of surveillance camera, Taiwan, 2018
Authors: Chueh Yu-Neng , Du Tsai-Hsia , Lee Chao-Jung , Liao Ying-Shu , Chiou Chien-Shun , Chang Jui-Chen , Lin Chiao-Wen , Lee Tsuey-Fong , Su Chia-Ping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSalmonellais a leading cause of foodborne outbreaks in Taiwan. On 27 April 2018, a salmonellosis outbreak among customers of a restaurant was reported to the Taiwan CDC. We investigated the outbreak to identify infection sources and prevent further transmission. We interviewed ill customers and their dining companions. We conducted a case-control study to identify foods associated with the illness. Case-patients were those who had diarrhoea within 72 h after eating at the restaurant during 16–27 April 2018. Specimens, food samples and environmental samples were collected and tested for enteric pathogens.Salmonellaisolates were analysed with pulse-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing. We inspected the restaurant sanitation and reviewed kitchen surveillance camera recordings. We identified 47 case-patients, including one decedent. Compared with 44 controls, case-patients were more likely to have had a French toast sandwich (OR: 102.4; 95% CI: 18.7–952.3).SalmonellaEnteritidis isolates from 16 case-patients shared an indistinguishable genotype. Camera recordings revealed eggshell contamination, long holding time at room temperature and use of leftovers during implicated food preparation. Recommendations for restaurant egg-containing food preparation are to use pasteurised egg products and ensure a high enough cooking temperature and long enough cooking time to preventSalmonellacontamination.
Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions and major food contributors among Japanese adults: comparison of different calculation methods
Authors: Sugimoto Minami , Murakami Kentaro , Asakura Keiko , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To develop a greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) database for Japanese foods using three different approaches, compare the results of estimated diet-related GHGE and determine major food contributors among Japanese adults.Design:Cross-sectional. Three GHGE databases were developed: (1) a literature-based method including a literature review of life cycle assessment studies of Japanese foods and (2) production- and (3) consumption-based input–output tables (IOT)-applied methods using the Japanese IOT. All databases were linked to the Japanese food composition table and food consumption data. Diet-related GHGE was estimated based on each database and the 4-d dietary record data. Diet-related GHGE were compared in both total and food group level between the databases.Setting:Japan.Participants:392 healthy adults aged 20–69 years.Results:The mean diet-related GHGE significantly differed according to the calculation methods: 4145 g CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq)/d by the literature-based method, 4031 g CO2-eq/d by the production-based method and 7392 g CO2-eq/d by the consumption-based IOT-applied methods. It significantly differed in food group level as well. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between three methods ranged from 0·82 to 0·86. Irrespective of the methods, the top contributor to GHGE was meat (19·7–28·8 %) followed by fish and seafood (13·8–18·3 %).Conclusions:Although the identified major food contributors to GHGE were comparable between the three methods, the estimated GHGE values significantly differed by calculation methods. This finding suggested that caution must be taken when interpreting the estimated diet-related GHGE values obtained using the different calculation methods of GHGE.
Boosting Answer Set Optimization with Weighted Comparator Networks
Authors: BOMANSON JORI , JANHUNEN TOMI 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnswer set programming (ASP) is a paradigm for modeling knowledge-intensive domains and solving challenging reasoning problems. In ASP solving, a typical strategy is to preprocess problem instances by rewriting complex rules into simpler ones. Normalization is a rewriting process that removes extended rule types altogether in favor of normal rules. Recently, such techniques led to optimization rewriting in ASP, where the goal is to boost answer set optimization by refactoring the optimization criteria of interest. In this paper, we present a novel, general, and effective technique for optimization rewriting based on comparator networks which are specific kinds of circuits for reordering the elements of vectors. The idea is to connect an ASP encoding of a comparator network to the literals being optimized and to redistribute the weights of these literals over the structure of the network. The encoding captures information about the weight of an answer set in auxiliary atoms in a structured way that is proven to yield exponential improvements during branch-and-bound optimization on an infinite family of example programs. The used comparator network can be tuned freely, for example, to find the best size for a given benchmark class. Experiments show accelerated optimization performance on several benchmark problems.
Carbohydrate, phytohormone, and associated transcriptome changes during storage root formation in alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Authors: Yin Junliang , Tian Jie , Li Gang , Zhu Yongxing , Zhou Xiaokang , He Yang , Nie Peiyao , Su Yanmeng , Zhong Qiwen , Chen Zhongyi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe storage root of alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb.] growing in terrestrial habitats is an important metamorphic organ for its propagation, overwintering, and spread. However, the regulatory mechanism adventitious root expansion to form storage roots is still unclear. To reveal the changes accompanying the root-swelling process, we quantified sugar, soluble protein, and phytohormone content in adventitious and storage roots. Results demonstrated that sucrose, fructose, and soluble protein increased in storage roots, whereas abscisic acid (ABA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), brassinosteroid (BR), gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin (trans-zeatin [tZ] and isopentenyladenine [iP] and the corresponding ribosidestZR and iPR).tZ-type (tZR andtZ) content decreased, suggesting the involvement of sugars and hormones in the formation of storage roots. To further reveal the molecular basis ofA.philoxeroides’s ability to form storage roots and provide candidate genes for molecular function analyses, we assembled a de novo transcriptome ofA.philoxeroidesbased on four sets of RNA-sequencing data. According to functional annotation and expression profiling, 42 unigenes involved in sucrose synthesis and hydrolysis were identified, in addition to 70, 58, and 78 unigenes in ABA, BR, and IAA signal transduction, respectively. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed 21 unigenes involved in sugar metabolism and hormone signal transduction were differentially expressed during the formation of storage roots. These results revealed metabolic changes during the formation of storage roots and provide candidate genes involved in sugar and phytohormone metabolism inA. philoxeroides.
Community Citizen Science for Risk Management of a Spontaneously Combusting Coal‐Mine Waste Heap in Ban Chaung, Dawei District, Myanmar
Authors: Phenrat Tanapon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSince 2015, a large heap of improperly disposed coal‐mine waste in Ban Chaung, Dawei district, Myanmar, has repeatedly spontaneously combusted, affecting an indigenous community. Recently, the regional Myanmar government has compelled the mine to properly manage the mine waste heap, but there is no opportunity for affected villagers to participate. This study empowers the affected villagers to make risk management decisions via a community citizen science approach. First, field investigations were performed with the affected community to identify hot spots at the waste heap releasing gaseous pollutants that may exceed acceptable levels. Next, existing monitoring data previously collected by the community were interpreted as clear evidence of past poor waste management. Information about suppression of existing fire and mine waste storage options was presented to the community for them to make an informed decision about the most appropriate corrective action that should be taken by the mine. The mining company chose to use surface sealing for both suppression of existing fire and on‐site storage of the mine waste but did not install any long‐term monitoring system. Nevertheless, the community's choice was surface sealing with preventive monitoring together with emergency response, which is the more scientifically appropriate option. This outcome of a science‐based risk management decision by the community will be forwarded to the regional government for enforcement. This process of community citizen science is in line with the normative rationale of public participation, which is meant to influence decisions, elevate democratic capacity, and empower marginalized individuals and communities.
Hydrochemical Characteristics Jointly Determine the Transport and Cycling of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in an Arid Chinese Wetland
Authors: Liu Bing , Zhao Wenzhi , Wen Zijuan , Yang Yuting , Chang Xuexiang , Zhu Zhaocen , Si Rui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSalt accumulation gradually changes the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and may even transform sinks into sources in arid wetlands. However, it's not clear how hydrochemical characteristics affect the wetland's source or sink function or how they affect C, N, and P cycling in arid regions. To clarify these relationships, we conducted field measurement in arid northern China. We simulated the variations of hydrochemical characteristics and the storage and stoichiometry of C, N, and P using the process‐based DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC) and Hydrus‐1D models. The meteorological and hydrological processes had obvious characteristics of seasonal and interannual changes. The measured evapotranspiration averaged 660.23 and 587.94 mm year−1 in the saltmarsh and riparian wetlands, respectively. The soil showed a clear trend with higher SO42−, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl− fractions in comparison with lower Mg2+, K+, and HCO3− fractions, with the major ion and nutrient concentrations gradually decreasing with increasing depth in the soil. The major ion types had characteristics of Na+‐Ca2+‐SO42−‐Cl− in the saltmarsh wetland and riparian wetland. The storage of total C, N, and P were 372.72 ± 66.52 t C/hm2, 10.92 ± 2.59 t N/hm2, and 17.55 ± 1.54 t P/hm2 in the saltmarsh wetland versus 119.72 ± 27.88 t C/hm2, 4.38 ± 1.24 t N/hm2, and 13.17 ± 1.46 t P/hm2 in the riparian wetland. Therefore, wetland salinization in our study led to increased soil C, N, and P contents and storage and thereby enhanced the sink function of the wetlands.
Reply to Comment on “Active Crustal Deformation in the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt as Evidenced by Historical Earthquakes During the Last 450 Years” by G. Suárez et al.
Authors: Suárez Gerardo , Caballero‐Jiménez Gema V. , Novelo‐Casanova David A. 
Published: May 2020

Key Points

The magnitude and epicentral locations important historical earthquakes are determined inverting the macroseismic data
The TMVB is under active tectonic deformation and moderate‐sized earthquakes occur on several mapped active faults
Earthquakes have occurred on the TMVB in areas where no mapped faults exist
Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle
Authors: Meddens S. Fleur W. , de Vlaming Ronald , Bowers Peter , Burik Casper A. P. , Linnér Richard Karlsson , Lee Chanwook , Okbay Aysu , Turley Patrick , Rietveld Cornelius A. , Fontana Mark Alan , Ghanbari Mohsen , Imamura Fumiaki , McMahon George , van der Most Peter J. , Voortman Trudy , Wade Kaitlin H. , Anderson Emma L. , Braun Kim V. E. , Emmett Pauline M. , Esko Tonũ , Gonzalez Juan R. , Kiefte-de Jong Jessica C. , Langenberg Claudia , Luan Jian’an , Muka Taulant , Ring Susan , Rivadeneira Fernando , Snieder Harold , van Rooij Frank J. A. , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. ,   23andMe Research Team,   EPIC- InterAct Consortium,   Lifelines Cohort Study, Smith George Davey , Franco Oscar H. , Forouhi Nita G. , Ikram M. Arfan , Uitterlinden Andre G. , van Vliet-Ostaptchouk Jana V. , Wareham Nick J. , Cesarini David , Harden K. Paige , Lee James J. , Benjamin Daniel J. , Chow Carson C. , Koellinger Philipp D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of relative intake from the macronutrients fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sugar in over 235,000 individuals of European ancestries. We identified 21 unique, approximately independent lead SNPs. Fourteen lead SNPs are uniquely associated with one macronutrient at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8), while five of the 21 lead SNPs reach suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10−5) for at least one other macronutrient. While the phenotypes are genetically correlated, each phenotype carries a partially unique genetic architecture. Relative protein intake exhibits the strongest relationships with poor health, including positive genetic associations with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease (rg ≈ 0.15–0.5). In contrast, relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and neighborhood deprivation (|rg| ≈ 0.1–0.3) and positive genetic correlations with physical activity (rg ≈ 0.1 and 0.2). Relative fat intake has no consistent pattern of genetic correlations with poor health but has a negative genetic correlation with educational attainment (rg ≈−0.1). Although our analyses do not allow us to draw causal conclusions, we find no evidence of negative health consequences associated with relative carbohydrate, sugar, or fat intake. However, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that relative protein intake plays a role in the etiology of metabolic dysfunction.
The circular RNA circMAST1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration by sponging miR-1299 and regulating CTNND1 expression
Authors: Yu Xiufeng , Sheng Ping , Sun Jing , Zhao Xijuang , Zhang Junting , Li Yiying , Zhang YiMeng , Zhang Wenxiu , Wang Jianqi , Liu Kunpeng , Zhu Daling , Jiang Hongchi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with a loop structure; however, their functions remain largely unknown. Growing evidence suggests that circRNAs play a pivotal role in the progression of malignant diseases. However, the expression profiles and function of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. We investigated the expression of microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 1 (MAST1) circRNA (circMAST1) in HCC and healthy tissues using bioinformatics, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess the interaction between circMAST1 and miR-1299. Proliferation assays, colony formation assays, flow cytometry, transwell assays, and western blotting were also performed. A mouse xenograft model was also used to determine the effect of circMAST1 on HCC growth in vivo. CircMAST1 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines; silencing via small interfering RNA inhibited migration, invasion, and proliferation of HCC cell lines in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of circMAST1 was positively correlated with catenin delta-1 (CTNND1) and negatively correlated with microRNA (miR)-1299 in HCC clinical samples. Importantly, circMAST1 sponged miR-1299 to stabilize the expression of CTNND1 and promoted tumorigenic features in HCC cell lines. We found that circMAST1 may serve as a novel biomarker for HCC. Moreover, circMAST1 elicits HCC progression by sponging miRNA-1299 and stabilizing CTNND1. Our data provide potential options for therapeutic targets in patients with HCC.