bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The permit to work in relation with occupational accident at Petrochemical Plant
Authors: Jusoh Nizar , Wijayanuddin Ali Mohamad , Amran Tuan Abdullah Tuan , Husain Alias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Permit To Work is an official documents used as a means of communication, control and managing of work activities to prevent accident at the Petrochemical Plant. But in many cases the Permit To Work has failed in its roles to control work activities which causes the occupational accident in the plant. Because of that this study was conducted to assess the Permit To Work in occupational accident occurred in the Petrochemical Plant This study was conducted by distributing 260 survey questionnaire to Work-leader of various contractor company that work in the Plant. The data was analysed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to confirm the five Permit To Work elements construct. The Structural Equation Model was performed to identify most significant element related to failure of Permit To Work, and it was found that the hazardous activity and worksite inspection are the main element contributed to occupational accident in the Petrochemical Plant.The result of all the study has indicated that the Permit To Work and their element play important roles and it must be fully comply in every Permit To Work Process for work that need to be done in the Petrochemical Plant to ensure no accident occurred at Petrochemical Plant.

This is Part 1 of two paper, focusing on PTW Assessment. Part 2 deal with PTW Accident Model, PTW in Bow Tie, Predictive Modelling and Case Study.
Combined natural and chemical coagulants to remove fluoride from wastewater
Authors: Chee V L , Chong C H , Choo C M , Choong Thomas S Y 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe combined chemical and natural coagulant showed greater fluoride ion removal in synthetic hydrofluoric acid wastewater when compared to natural coagulant or chemical coagulant treatment alone. The impact of applying fibrous thin film on the coagulation activity was assessed in this study. In this study, a new chemical coagulant called Ecogent F-Loc was introduced. It can increase 40% of fluoride removal when combined with sodium aluminate. Combined chemical and natural coagulants gave the highest fluoride reduction using theMoringa Oleiferaseed and eggshell with dosage of 100 ppm were 57% and 73%, respectively. When the chemical coagulant added withMoringa Oleiferaseed, the fluoride removal efficiency increased from 50% to 77%. This showed that the combined chemical and natural coagulant showed similar coagulation effect as conventional chemical coagulant. In term of fibrous thin film, there is no significant effect on the coagulation activity of coagulant, but it helped to reduce the turbidity and coagulant residue in the synthetic wastewater and used to produce ionic solution for fluoride removal. In addition, the direct contact between particles and the impeller of Jar Test equipment can destroy the surface morphology of coagulant particles. With the support of the fibrous thin film, this challenge can be solved. In conclusion, the combined natural and chemical coagulant solutions can be used to substitute existing chemical treatment in fluoride wastewater treatment.
Chromium removal from chrome-tannery effluent after alkaline precipitation by adsorption using municipal solid waste-derived activated biochar
Authors: Parañaque Julienne Eris L. , Concepcion Maguyon-Detras Monet , Migo Veronica P. , Alfafara Catalino G. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Municipal solid wastes (MSW) accumulation and generation of toxic wastewater are common issues especially in highly industrialized and urban communities. To address these concerns, municipal solid wastes was converted to activated biochar (MSWAB), which can be used to treat alkaline-precipitated tannery wastewater by adsorption to meet the environmental limit of 0.5 ppm Crtotal concentration. Alkali precipitated tannery wastewater has an initial Crtotal concentration of about 3364.37. MSW pyrolysis at 500°C for 30 mins produced about 50.42 % w/w biochar, which was activated using KOH to improve its adsorption capacity. Equilibrium time for Cr adsorption using MSWAB was established after 1 hour of adsorption. The effect of pH and adsorbent dosage on the Crtotal removal were then tested from pH 6.5 to 12 and from 0.2 to 10 mg MSWAB/mL wastewater, respectively, using 2k factorial design. Statistical results show that both factors were significant on the percent removal of Crtotal. Maximum Crtotal removal obtained was about 98.97% using MSWAB as adsorbent at pH 12 with 10 mg/mL dosage. Freundlich isotherm best described the adsorption of Cr onto MSWAB (R2 = 0.8231) as compared to the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.5079). Commercial activated carbon (CAC) with a removal of 57.39 % was still observed to have higher removal efficiency compared to the 55 % removal using MSWAB at pH 8.5. However, considering the low cost of feedstock used, environmental benefits, and its adsorption performance, MSWAB can be a possible alternative for CAC.
Nutrient Recovery from Slaughterhouse Wastewater
Authors: Sreyvich S , Petrus H T B M , Purnomo C W 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater commonly contains high concentration of NH4+ and PO43-. These nutrients can cause eutrophication and unpleasant odor problem if untreated properly. By adding some minerals, the nutrients can be recovered in the form of immiscible powder called struvite. Struvite precipitation process for nutrients recovery from waste sources is beneficial not only providing slow-releasing and high-quality fertilizer but also reducing soil and water pollution from rich-nutrients wastewater. Three parameters in struvite precipitation will be observed in this study which are pH, temperature, and PO43-/Mg2+ molar ratio. The optimum conditions obtained based on the highest removal efficiency of phosphate (99.3%) and ammonium (98.1%) are PO43-/Mg2+ ratio of 1:3; pH of 9.0; and temperature at 30°C. Meanwhile for kinetic study, the temperature increase will reduce the rate constant (k) value, while increasing pH tend to increase k values. The obtained powder of struvite has been confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) with expected impurity of MgCl2 due to the excess usage during struvite precipitation process. This study is applicable for wastewater treatment plant which not only treating wastewater but also producing eco-friendly fertilizers.
Exergy analysis and energy utilization in the transportation sector of the Philippines
Authors: Buenafe R J Q , Lomeda R A P , Rivera R R C , Tagalog C L , Soriano A N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper analysed the energy and exergy utilization of the four transportation sectors (road, rail, water, and air) in the Philippines during the years 1990 to 2016. The consumption per fuel was also considered in the analysis because each sector utilizes one or more type of fuel. The collected data showed that road transportation has the highest fuel utilization, and energy and exergy efficiency amongst the four followed by the aviation and marine subsectors which are both less significant than the results from the road transportation sector. Also, it was observed that diesel and gasoline are the ones commonly used in the road, rail, and marine subsectors compared to LPG, ethanol, biodiesel, and electricity. Comparing the overall energy and exergy efficiencies from 20 years ago, it was observed that the efficiencies are gradually increasing annually in small increments. The data presented in this research will be beneficial to the Philippine transportation sector to effectively reduce cost and improve the quality of transport in the country. It is also helpful to base future transportation designs on the energy and exergy efficiencies to better improve transportation and reduce the environmental impact which can both be practical for the economy and the ecosystem.
Sustainability assessment of levulinic acid and succinic acid production from empty fruit bunch
Authors: Hafyan R H , Bhullar L , Putra Z A , Bilad M R , Wirzal M D H , Nordin N A H M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Empty fruit bunch (EFB) generated as waste in plantation mill activities in Malaysia is a potential biomass feedstock of biorefinery for fuels and chemicals production. Levulinic acid and succinic acid, two out of 12 chemical building blocks identified by Department of Energy (DOE) to be used in synthesis of high-value materials, can be produced from biochemical conversion of the EFB. This paper evaluates sustainability assessment of EFB to levulinic acid and succinic acid. The assessments include net present value (NPV), global warming potential (GWP), and Hazard identification and ranking (HIRA) to cater for economic, environment, and safety performances, respectively. The results show that the levulinic acid production is more economically attractive than succinic acid production. The environmental impact quantification reveals that the levulinic acid has lower GWP score of 6.3 kgCO2-eq/kg levulinic acid than succinic acid with 11.2 kgCO2-eq/kg succinic acid. Meanwhile, the succinic acid production is inherently safer than levulinic acid production due to its less severe operating conditions.
Cogeneration system for energy saving and CO2 emission reduction: A case study of textile factory
Authors: Sommani P , Krittametaporn T , Lothongkum A W 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Thailand has many textile factories of which the complete value chain consists of upstream, midstream and downstream sectors. It is well-known that textile manufacturing consumes considerable amount of energy. The textile factory in this case study is located at Bang Poo Industrial Estate in Samut Prakarn province, Thailand. It is categorized as a midstream sector and has been consuming final energy in terms of 87% thermal energy (steam) and 13% electrical energy. The factory had 6 fire-tube steam boilers having capacity of 40 tons steam per hour. The age of the existing boilers was longer than 20 years. Therefore, it was decided to install a cogeneration system to replace the existing boilers for energy saving, safety integrity and CO2 emission reduction. The gas turbine topping cycle cogeneration system with waste heat recovery was selected due to several advantages such as low energy consumption, high boiler efficiency and high energy efficiency. Considering the energy and environmental issues, the results showed 92% overall efficiency, 19.5% primary energy or natural gas savings, and 38.6% reduction of CO2 emission when compared to the separated heat and power system. In summary, the cogeneration system shows positive energy and environmental impacts.
Safety culture level among workers in the selected manufacturing plant
Authors: Zakaria Junaidah , Rosmani Che Hassan Che , Diana Hamid Mahar , Hani Sukadarin Ezrin , Razak Zakaria 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Workers in the manufacturing industry face many safety risks due to the nature of the job. The state of safety and health performance determine by examining the safety climate factors which reflects workers’ perception of the psychological aspect in safety culture domain. This study aimed to assess the safety culture level and its contributing factor to the safety culture in a selected chemical manufacturing plant. Survey data was collected from 309 employees in a factory located in Kuantan Pahang. They were randomly selected and represent two groups, namely executive and technician. A standardized climate questionnaire was used and answered by the respondents within 20 to 30 minutes. Sixty-five percent of the total respondents agree that the safety culture level at their workplace is high, and another 35% revealed that it is moderate. Perceived safety climate and personal attitude among two groups employee were compared using an Independent Sample t-test. Results revealed a significant difference between groups (t=7.428, P=0.007) for management commitment, (t=6.133, P=0.014) for safety rules and procedures, (t=15.823, P=0.001) for supportive environment, (t=10.949, P=0.001) and lastly for physical work environment, (t=6.067, P=0.014). A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between safety culture factors and demographic information of the respondents. There was a positive correlation between safety rules and procedures and level of education, r = 0.135, p = 0.018, and Involvement and years of working experience, r = 0.165, p = 0.004. Increases in the level of education were found correlated with increases in perceived safety rules and procedures while increases of years of working experience was directly correlated with increases in involvement to safety in the organization.
Adsorption of 4-Nitrophenol from wastewater using Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) based Activated Carbon
Authors: Zufarhana Zulkurnai Nurul , Wahidatul Azura Zainon Najib Nor , Fazara Md Ali Umi , Ru Shien Tan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The presence of phenols and phenolic compounds in water and wastewater has gained great public attention and it is one of the most frequent pollutants in wastewater. In this study, the adsorption of 4-Nitrophenol from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from the non-edible Sea Mango (Cerbera odollam) fruit was investigated. The Sea Mango Activated Carbon (SMAC) was prepared through a physicochemical activation which consists of H3PO4 impregnation and followed by CO2 gasification. The influences of process variables represented by solution pH value, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on removal efficiency of 4-NP onto Sea Mango Raw Material (SMRM) and Sea Mango Activated Carbon (SMAC) were studied. Result showed that the optimum pH for 4-NP removal was at pH 3. The dosage usage required to complete 100 ml of 4-NP on SMRM and SMAC was 1.0 g. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the adsorption process, and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm effectively fits the experimental data for the adsorbates better than the Langmuir model with the highest adsorption capacity 158.730 mg/g of 4-nitrophenol on SMAC. It was found that 70.49% and 97.98% of 4-NP was adsorbed onto SMRM and SMAC, respectively, at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L.
Mass transfer evaluation of substrate, intermediate products and inhibitors in membrane bioreactor on biogas production
Authors: Hidayat M , Kurniawan I G , Prakosa M A , Dökümcü S , Millati R , Cahyanto M N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Problem of fruit wastes can be minimized by fermenting them to produce biogas. Biogas production using membrane bioreactor (MBR) is an effort to prevent microbial washout especially with the presence of some inhibitors such as D-limonene and xanthone that are naturally originated from the fruits. In the membrane system, nutritional compounds such as glucose (substrate) and acetic acid (intermediate product) in fruit waste are expected to pass through, but the inhibitors are retained as membrane is hydrophilic and the inhibitors are hydrophobic.
Two membranes poly vinylidine difluoride (PVDF) and poly ether sulfone (PES) were used. In this study, permeability of inhibitors and nutritional compounds across the membranes were evaluated. In the separated experiments, D-limonene or xanthone solution as inhibitors and glucose or acetic acid as nutritional compounds at various concentrations were pumped through the membrane placed in a module. Flux of compounds through membrane was determined by collecting each milliliter of permeate at a certain time. The concentration of compounds in the feed and permeate were analyzed using gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography. Permeability of compounds were calculated the obtained concentration and flux.
The results showed that both membranes are able to retain the inhibitors while the substrate (glucose) and intermediate product (acetic acid) are let go across the membranes. The result showed that PES had better performance than PVDF in term of flux, while the selectivity is fairly the same for both membranes. Thus, it can be concluded that PES is more suitable for fermentation using membrane bioreactors.
Extraction of Silica from Rice Straw Using Alkaline Hydrolysis Pretreatment
Authors: Haslija Abu Bakar Ayu , Jia Ni Carey Chong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Rice straw is an abundant resource in Asian countries, for instance, Malaysia and India. Rice straw is a major agricultural waste product, which caused disposal issue in areas. Residue burning crops was adopted for the farmers to dispose of rice straw after harvest in order to prepare seedbed preparation for next season. An alarming air pollution report impacted by open burning of rice straw contributes to global warming. Commercialization of silica is an alternative method to dispose of agro-waste residues. The main objective of this research is to extract silica from rice straw. The amorphous silica was derived by first digesting rice straw with Soda AQ solution by varying NaOH concentration from 5 wt% - 25 wt% and 0.1 wt% anthraquinone (AQ) to dissolve silica content and acid precipitation at pH 7 to obtain silica gel. Other parameters such as the effect of digestion temperature (60 °C to 90 °C), digestion time (1 hour to 3 hours), and Soda AQ to rice straw impregnation phase ratio (150:5 to 500:5). The optimum effects of parameter had yielded 74.11 % of silica and it was demonstrated by Soda AQ with NaOH concentration 20 wt% and 0.1 wt% AQ, temperature of 75 °C, digestion time of 3 hours and the ratio 200:5 of Soda AQ to rice straw. Characterization of rice straw was performed by using Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The commercialization of silica had the potential to be utilized as construction materials and silica gel that aids to absorb moisture.
Comparative study of Heat Pump Assisted Distillation Column and Its Application for Pressure Swing Distillation Process
Authors: Retno Sawitri Dyah , Budiman Arief 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Two of the well-known heat pumps assisted distillation column scheme are direct vapor recompression and bottom flashing. The comparison between the two schemes was systematically studied for binary mixture of non-azeotropic benzene-toluene system. Simulation was carried out using Aspen Plus software. The best scheme was selected based on economic evaluation (utility cost and TAC reduction). The application of both schemes was also studied for pressure swing distillation process. Pressure swing distillation is one of the most common methods for separating pressure-sensitive azeotropic system. Direct vapor recompression scheme and bottom flashing scheme can be applied to enhance the energy savings. The minimum-boiling homogeneous azeotropic mixture of methyl acetate-methanol was chosen as representative in process simulation.
Effect of surface-etched modification on halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for polysulfone mixed matrix membrane in CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Jafa J , Anissuzaman S. M. , Chiam C K , Bolong N , Razali A R , Ismail A F , Ismail N M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated from a 25 wt% of polysulfone (PSf) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) selected as the inorganic filler. The incorporation of 1 wt% to 5 wt% of HNTs in the membrane is promising in improving the performance of the membrane for gas separation due to its barrier properties. HNTs was modified by surface-etched method before it is embedded into the membrane in order to reduce the interfacial defects as well as the agglomeration in the membrane. This study further investigated the improvement of the polymer-clay interface interaction, characterize the functional groups, structure and surface area of the newly modified clay and also mechanical properties of the membrane. From the FTIR spectra, it can be seen that the functional group of surface-etched HNTs reduced in intensities compared to the unmodified HNTs. There are no distinct changes in XRD pattern for both unmodified and modified HNTs and tensile strength shows an increment in MMMs embedded with modified clay compared to unmodified clays. The incorporation of surface-etched HNTs was able to improve the membrane properties to a desired membrane that can be applied in the CO2 and CH4 separation.
Microwave assisted extraction of lipid from Nannochloropsis gaditana microalgae using [EMIM]Cl
Authors: Rezaei Motlagh S , Harun R , Biak D R A , Hussain S A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as superior solvent due to their exclusive properties, green and varied applications in chemical industries. ILs can be apply as solvent in extracting lipid from algal biomass. This study examined the application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ILs to extract total lipids from microalgae for biodiesel production. 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) IL was utilized as the solvent and microwave irradiation applied for the pretreatment method. The experimental findings were compared with those from conventional method using Soxhlet extraction. For [EMIM]Cl plus microwave irradiation assisted extraction, it was reveald that the highest lipid yield was achieved 13.9% in the optimum condition at 3.3 w/v of solid loading, process duration of 5 min, temperature of 80 °C and microwave power of 800 W. Also, microwave irradiation with IL had improved the lipid extraction up to 3.1 times compared to the Soxhlet result. The findings from this study displays that the MAE with IL has the potential to be applied in extracting compounds from biomass.
Simulation of the Drying Process of Polysaccharide Extract Solution in a Spray Dryer
Authors: Nurtono Tantular , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Mufyda Rahmatika Annie , Machmudah Siti , Winardi Sugeng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The drying process of droplets into particles on a spray dryer is influenced by several factors, including the temperature and the flow rate of inlet air as a carrier gas and a drying media. The effects of temperature of the inlet air in the spray dryer system was elucidated in this study. A solution containing 35 w% polysaccharide extract and water as the solvent was injected into a spray dryer. The inlet air temperatures were varied at 135, 170, and 200 °C with 3 L/min. The geometry of spray dryer consisted of the tubular-conical with a length of 48.8 cm and 15.2 cm diameter cylinder. The spray dryer unit was simulated using CFD code, Fluent Ansys R15.0 with the second phase of droplets/particles was modelled by the Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM). The inlet air temperature also affected the size of the particles. The increase of the air temperature led to the increase of the average particle diameter leaving the chamber with the smaller standard deviation. The air flow rate affected the particle size. The higher the air flow rate, the smaller the size of the average diameter of the particles and smaller standard deviation would be. The evaporation rate increased with the increase of the flow rate and inlet air temperature. The resulting particles had an average size of 1.28∼1.9 μm diameter to drying with hot air that flowed continuously. The simulation result was validated by the experimental work with discrepancy less than 20%.