bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of training in student examiner rating performance in a&nbsp;student-led mock OSCE
Authors: Koo Jian Hui , Ong Kim Yao , Yap Yun Ting , Tham Kum Ying 
Published: December 2020

Introduction Peer assessments are increasingly prevalent in medical education, including student-led mock Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE). While there is some evidence to suggest that examiner training may improve OSCE assessments, few students undergo training before becoming examiners. We sought to evaluate an examiner training programme in the setting of a student-led mock OSCE.
Methods A year‑2 mock OSCE comprised of history taking (Hx) and physical examination (PE) stations was conducted involving 35 year‑3 (Y3) student examiners and 21 year‑5 (Y5) student examiners who acted as reference examiners. Twelve Y3 student-examiners attended an OSCE examiner training programme conducted by senior faculty. During the OSCE, Y3 and Y5 student examiners were randomly paired to grade the same candidates and scores were compared. Scores for checklist rating (CR) and global rating (GR) domains were assigned for both Hx and PE stations.
Results There was moderate to excellent correlation between Y3 and Y5 student examiners for both Hx (ICC 0.71–0.96) and PE stations (ICC 0.71–0.88) across all domains. For both Hx and PE stations, GR domain had poorer correlation than CR domains. Examiner training resulted in better correlations for PE but not Hx stations. Effect sizes were lower than the minimum detectible effect (MDE) sizes for all comparisons made.
Discussion Y3 student examiners are effective substitutes for Y5 student examiners in a Y2 mock OSCE. Our findings suggest that examiner training may further improve marking behaviour especially for PE stations.
Interview with Tunde Kelani
Authors: Onikoyi Tunde 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this interview with the Nigerian filmmaker, Tunde Kelani, film scholar Tunde Onikoyi explores the universe of Kelani’s cinematic vision, particularly as it relates to Thunderbolt (2002) and Dazzling Mirage (2014). Although produced twelve years apart, what binds them is a common humanitarian narrative temperament. Onikoyi and Kelani discuss his films in broader terms, exploring literary references, Kelani’s interest in health, and how cinema convey his creative tendencies. The interlocutors investigate the effects of “magun,” male chauvinism, and patriarchal idiosyncrasies in contemporary Nigeria. Kelani shares his filmmaking vision, and reflects on the future of Nigerian cinema in framing African story-telling.
A meta-analysis of the association between obesity and COVID-19
Authors: Yang Jiao , Ma ZhiYing , Lei YanChang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Owing to limited data, we conducted a meta-analysis to re-evaluate the relationship between obesity and coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). Literature published between 1 January 2020 and 22 August 2020 was comprehensively analysed, and RevMan3.5 was used for data analysis. A total of 50 studies, including data on 18 260 378 patients, were available. Obesity was associated with a higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection (odds ratio (OR): 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–1.54; P < 0.00001) and increased severity of COVID-19 (hospitalisation rate: OR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.78–3.39; P < 0.00001; severe cases: OR: 3.74, 95% CI 1.18–11.87; P: 0.02; need for intensive care unit admission: OR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.21–1.40; P < 0.00001; need for invasive mechanical ventilation: OR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.35–1.88; P < 0.00001 and mortality: OR: 1.65, 95% CI 1.21–2.25; P: 0.001). However, we found a non-linear association between BMI and the severity of COVID-19. In conclusion, we found that obesity could increase the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection and aggregate the severity of COVID-19. Further studies are needed to explore the possible mechanisms behind this association.
Tracking Changes in Climate Sensitivity in CNRM Climate Models
Authors: Saint‐Martin D. , Geoffroy O. , Voldoire A. , Cattiaux J. , Brient F. , Chauvin F. , Chevallier M. , Colin J. , Decharme B. , Delire C. , Douville H. , Guérémy J.‐F. , Joetzjer E. , Ribes A. , Roehrig R. , Terray L. , Valcke S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) in the latest version of CNRM climate model, CNRM‐CM6‐1, and in its high‐resolution counterpart, CNRM‐CM6‐1‐HR, is significantly larger than in the previous version (CNRM‐CM5.1). The traceability of this climate sensitivity change is investigated using coupled ocean‐atmosphere model climate change simulations. These simulations show that the increase in ECS is the result of changes in the atmospheric component. A particular attention is paid to the method used to decompose the equilibrium temperature response difference, by using a linearized decomposition of the individual radiative agents diagnosed by a radiative kernel technique. The climate sensitivity increase is primarily due to the cloud radiative responses, with a predominant contribution of the tropical longwave response (including both feedback and forcing adjustment) and a significant contribution of the extratropical and tropical shortwave feedback changes. A series of stand‐alone atmosphere experiments is carried out to quantify the contributions of each atmospheric development to this difference between CNRM‐CM5.1 and CNRM‐CM6‐1. The change of the convection scheme appears to play an important role in driving the cloud changes, with a large effect on the tropical longwave cloud feedback change.
A conditional gradient algorithm for distributed online optimization in networks
Authors: Shen Xiuyu , Li Dequan , Fang Runyue , Dong Qiao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper addresses a network of computing nodes aiming to solve an online convex optimisation problem in a distributed manner, that is, by means of the local estimation and communication, without any central coordinator. An online distributed conditional gradient algorithm based on the conditional gradient is developed, which can effectively tackle the problem of high time complexity of the distributed online optimisation. The proposed algorithm allows the global objective function to be decomposed into the sum of the local objective functions, and nodes collectively minimise the sum of local time‐varying objective functions while the communication pattern among nodes is captured as a connected undirected graph. By adding a regularisation term to the local objective function of each node, the proposed algorithm constructs a new time‐varying objective function. The proposed algorithm also utilises the local linear optimisation oracle to replace the projection operation such that the regret bound of the algorithm can be effectively improved. By introducing the nominal regret and the global regret, the convergence properties of the proposed algorithm are also theoretically analysed. It is shown that, if the objective function of each agent is strongly convex and smooth, these two types of regrets grow sublinearly with the order of , where is the time horizon. Numerical experiments also demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm over existing distributed optimisation algorithms.
Identifying single‐phase to ground fault based on line multi‐dimensional data in cyber‐physical distribution system
Authors: Chen Qing , Yang Shiwu , Li Hongbin , Wen Xue , Wang Xinggang , Bao Zhiwei , Peng Junran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSingle‐phase to ground fault is the most common line fault in power distribution systems, which may result in an electrical fire and personal safety problems. Particularly, it is more difficult to identify the fault occurring in the system in which the neutral point is grounded via Petersen coil. This paper proposes a new scheme based on line multi‐dimensional data in cyber‐physical distribution system, where line multi‐dimensional data is used to extract the fault characteristics and thus to identify the faulty line. First, the circuit is analyzed and the difference‐like algorithm is used to extract the current signal difference value from the line multi‐dimensional data as the feature quantity. In order to reduce the impact of the measurement error on the result, the authors employ the deep neural networks to process the line multi‐dimensional data, and demonstrate that this method can effectively resist the error interference. A simulation based on a previously studied model has been carried out and the results show the superiority compared to the fifth harmonic identification method. In addition, the test results obtained in the Dynamic Simulation Laboratory of Huazhong University of Science and Technology also demonstrate the practicality of the scheme.
Refinement of the German Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging questionnaire in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women using item response theory and classical test theory
Authors: Gabes Michaela , Stute Petra , Apfelbacher Christian J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective:
We aimed to assess the structural validity of the Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging (DIVA) questionnaire using item response theory/Rasch analysis and classical test theory and refine the current version of the DIVA if necessary.

Methods:
Postmenopausal women reporting vaginal symptoms related to menopause participated in the study. Item characteristic curves were analyzed to see whether the response categories were functioning optimally. The assumptions of the Rasch model were tested for the whole DIVA as well as for each domain separately. Exploratory factor analyses were carried out and correlations of the single items with the DIVA domains were analyzed to identify the most-fitting items. Finally, validation analyses were carried out on the refined version.

Results:
We registered 185 eligible postmenopausal women. Revising the response categories of each of the four domains led to adequate looking item characteristic curves. The whole DIVA represented a multidimensional construct, however, each of the four domains fulfilled the Rasch requirements of unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity, and an adequate model fit. Integrating item response theory/Rasch and classical test theory, two items (item 5 and item 17) showing relevant issues were identified and removed from the refined version. In the subsequent validation, the refined DIVA showed similar validation results like its original equivalent.

Conclusions:
We created a validated refined version of the DIVA, having now three response categories instead of five. With 17 items (short-version) or rather 21 items (long-version for women with recent sexual activity), the refined DIVA is more feasible and showed several excellent measurement properties.
Association of waist-to-height ratio with estimated glomerular filtration rate in middle-aged and elderly Chinese
Authors: Tian Lu , Zheng Han , Li Yanzhi , Jia Chongqi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective:
This study aimed to assess the relationship between waist-to-height (WHtR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in men, non-menopausal, and postmenopausal women among middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

Methods:
This study analyzed the data of 7,807 participants in a cross-sectional survey, ie, the third wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Restrictive cubic-spline regression with three knots was used to assess the dose–response association of WHtR with eGFR. Piecewise linear regression models were further established to calculate the slope of each segment and their 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results:
After adjusting for potential confounders, an inverse L-shaped dose–response relationship was found between WHtR and eGFR among men (P
nonlinear = 0.024, threshold = 0.513) and postmenopausal women (P
nonlinear = 0.009, threshold = 0.503). The slopes on the right sides of the threshold were statistically significant among men (β

2
= −33.77, 95% CI: −53.23 to −14.31) and postmenopausal women (β

2
= −36.53, 95% CI: −49.71 to −23.35), respectively. A weak negative linear relationship existed between WHtR and eGFR in non-menopausal women.

Conclusions:
The relationship between WHtR and eGFR tended to be inverse-L-shaped in men and postmenopausal women, but may vary with postmenopausal status in women.
The Physiological Impact of Masking Is Insignificant and Should Not Preclude Routine Use During Daily Activities, Exercise, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Haraf Rebecca H. , Faghy Mark A. , Carlin Brian , Josephson Richard A. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
Masking has been employed as a strategy for reducing transmission of a variety of communicable diseases. With the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, many countries have implemented mandatory public masking. However, the perceived impact of mask use on pulmonary function has been a deterrent to public compliance with recommendations. COVID-19 has shed light on the impact that comorbid cardiac and pulmonary conditions may have on disease severity. This knowledge has led to increased primary and secondary prevention efforts for which exercise and rehabilitation are central. The importance of safe methods of exercise while mitigating risk of viral transmission is paramount to global recovery from the pandemic and prevention of future outbreaks.

Methods:
We constructed a focused literature review of the impact of various masks on pulmonary function at rest and with exercise. This was then incorporated into recommendations for the integration of masks with exercise and rehabilitation in the COVID-19 era.

Results:
While there is a paucity of evidence, we identified the physiological effects of masking at rest and during exercise to be negligible. The perceived impact appears to be far greater than the measured impact, and increased frequency of mask use leads to a physiological and psychological adaptive response.

Conclusions:
Masking during daily activities, exercise, and rehabilitation is safe in both healthy individuals and those with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Rehabilitation participants should be reassured that the benefits of masking during COVID-19 far outweigh the risks, and increased frequency of mask use invokes adaptive responses that make long-term masking tolerable.
Price Differences Between Otic and Ophthalmic Drops
Authors: Valentini Chris , Lin Jiahui , Golub Justin S. , Lustig Lawrence 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
Otic drops are one of the most frequently prescribed medications in otolaryngology. However, some forms of these drops can be very expensive, and ophthalmic formulations are sometimes used by practitioners to decrease the cost for their patients. The goal of this study is to determine the cost differential between otic and ophthalmic drops.

Methods:
Pharmacies in New York City, Chicago, and Portland were surveyed in the span of 6 weeks by telephone to evaluate the current prices of various otic and ophthalmic drops commonly prescribed by otolaryngologists.

Results:
A total of 83 pharmacies were surveyed. Surveyed drugs included ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone (cip/dex) otic, neomycin/polymyxin B sulfates/hydrocortisone (neo/poly/HC) otic, acetic acid (AA) otic, acetic acid/hydrocortisone (AA/HC) otic, ofloxacin otic, ofloxacin ophthalmic, and tobramycin/dexamethasone (tob/dex) ophthalmic. Per milliliter, cip/dex otic was consistently the most expensive, with a median price of $38.00 per milliliter. Among the antibiotic drops, neo/poly/HC otic was the least expensive formulation with a median price of $11.60 per milliliter. Ofloxacin ophthalmic was significantly less expensive than the otic formulation, at $11.00 and $31.00 per milliliter, respectively (adjusted p < 0.001). In general, otic and ophthalmic formulations were not significantly different according to manufacturing information, although ophthalmic drops were more often packaged in a sterile fashion and with less abrasive ingredients for use in the more sensitive tissue of the eye.

Conclusion:
Significant and meaningful price differences exist between otic and ophthalmic drops. Given the safety of ophthalmic drops used in the ears, they may be a more cost-effective alternative to traditionally prescribed otic drops when clinically appropriate.
Effects of Presentation Level on Spatial Hearing With and Without Bone-Conduction Amplification in Congenital Unilateral Aural Atresia
Authors: Canfarotta Michael W. , Kane Stacey L.G. , Buss Emily 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
This study assessed the effect of ipsilateral bone-conduction amplification on spatial hearing abilities in subjects with congenital unilateral aural atresia (CUAA).

Patients:
Twelve patients with unilateral conductive hearing loss secondary to CUAA and normal hearing in the contralateral ear were tested. Most (75%) had limited experience with a bone-conduction hearing aid (BCHA).

Intervention:
Performance was evaluated with and without a BCHA fitted acutely on a softband.

Main Outcome Measures:
Spatial hearing abilities were evaluated in two paradigms. Spatial release from masking was evaluated by comparing masked sentence recognition with a target and two speech maskers either colocated at 0 degree or with the maskers separated at +90 degrees and −90 degrees. Sound source localization was evaluated in a 180 degrees arc of loudspeakers on the horizontal plane. Performance was evaluated at 50 and 75 dB SPL, and results were compared for patients tested with and without a BCHA.

Results:
Group level results indicate similar spatial release from masking in the aided and unaided conditions at both presentation levels. Localization at 50 dB SPL was similar aided and unaided, but at 75 dB SPL the root mean square error was lower unaided than aided (17.2 degrees vs 41.3 degrees; p = 0.010).

Conclusions:
Use of a BCHA in patients with CUAA may interfere with auditory cues required for sound source localization when the signal level is intense enough to overcome the patient's conductive hearing loss. These findings have potential clinical implications in fitting of BCHAs to support optimal spatial hearing in patients with CUAA.
What’s in a diagnosis? A genetic decomposition of major depression
Authors: Jermy Bradley S , Glanville Kylie P , Coleman Jonathan RI , Lewis Cathryn M , Vassos Evangelos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDetermining a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is complex, involving consideration and rating of a variety of different components. These include number of symptoms over an agreed threshold, symptom duration, functional impairment, persistence of symptoms within an episode, and symptom recurrence. While these components are generally accepted amongst physicians, it is unknown whether they reflect partly distinct biology between phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate how the genetic aetiology varies in the presence of different MDD components.Thirty-two depression phenotypes which systematically incorporate the MDD components were created using the mental health questionnaire data within the UK Biobank. SNP-based heritabilities and genetic correlations with three previously defined major depression phenotypes were calculated (broad depression, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) defined depression and 23andMe, Inc. self-reported depression) and differences between estimates analysed.All phenotypes were heritable (h2SNPrange: 0.102 – 0.162) and showed substantial genetic correlations with other major depression phenotypes (Rg range: 0.651 – 0.894 (PGC); 0.652 – 0.837 (23andMe); 0.699 – 0.900 (broad depression)). The requirement for 5 or more symptoms and for a long episode duration had the strongest effect on SNP-based heritability, in the positive and negative direction respectively (1.4% average increase; 2.7% average decrease). No significant differences were noted between genetic correlations.While there is some variation, the two cardinal symptoms, depressed mood and anhedonia, largely reflect the genetic aetiology of phenotypes incorporating more MDD components. These components may appropriately index for severity, however, the genetic component between phenotypes incorporating none and all components is comparable.
Covid Fast Fax: A system for real-time triage of Covid-19 case report faxes
Authors: Lavertu Adam , Stribling Alison , White Matt , McInnes Greg , Altman Russ B. , Pramanik Rajiv , Kaushal Amit 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The scale and speed of the COVID-19 pandemic has strained many parts of the national healthcare infrastructure, including communicable disease monitoring and prevention. Many local health departments now receive hundreds or thousands of COVID-19 case reports a day. Many arrive via faxed handwritten forms, often intermingled with other faxes sent to a general fax line, making it difficult to rapidly identify the highest priority cases for outreach and monitoring. We present an AI-based system capable of real-time identification and triage of handwritten faxed COVID-19 forms. The system relies on two models: one model to identify which received pages correspond to case report forms, and a second model to extract information from the set of identified case reports. We evaluated the system on a set of 1,224 faxes received by a local health department over a two-week period. For the 88% of faxes of sufficient quality, the system detects COVID-19 reports with high precision, 0.98, and high recall, 0.91. Among all received COVID-19 faxes, the system identifies high priority cases with a specificity of 0.87, a precision of 0.46 and recall of 0.83. Our system can be adapted to new forms, after a brief training period. Covid Fast Fax can support local health departments in their efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 and limit its impact on the community. The tool is freely available.
Functional genomics atlas of synovial fibroblasts defining rheumatoid arthritis heritability
Authors: Ge Xiangyu , Frank-Bertoncelj Mojca , Klein Kerstin , Mcgovern Amanda , Kuret Tadeja , Houtman Miranda , Burja Blaž , Micheroli Raphael , Marks Miriam , Filer Andrew , Buckley Christopher D. , Orozco Gisela , Distler Oliver , Morris Andrew P , Martin Paul , Eyre Stephen , Ospelt Caroline 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGenome-wide association studies have reported >100 risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These loci have been shown to be enriched in immune cell-specific enhancers, but analysis so far has excluded stromal cells, such as synovial fibroblasts (FLS), despite their crucial involvement in the pathogenesis of RA. Here we integrated DNA architecture (ChIP-seq), 3D chromatin interactions (HiC, capture HiC), DNA accessibility (ATAC-seq) and gene expression (RNA-seq) in FLS, B cells and T cells with genetic fine mapping of RA loci. We identified putative causal variants, enhancers, genes, and cell types for 30 - 60% of RA loci and demonstrated that FLS account for up to 24% of RA heritability. TNF stimulation of FLS altered the organization of topologically associating domains (TADs), chromatin state and the expression of putative causal genes (e.g.TNFAIP3, IFNAR1). Several putative causal genes constituted RA-relevant functional networks in FLS with roles in cellular proliferation and activation. Finally, we demonstrated that risk variants can have joint-specific effects on target gene expression in RA FLS, which may contribute to the development of the characteristic pattern of joint involvement in RA. Overall, our research provides the first direct evidence for a causal role of FLS in the genetic susceptibility for RA accounting for up to a quarter of RA heritability.