bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple rule to describe interactions between visual categories
Authors: Poncet Marlene , Fabre‐Thorpe Michele , Chakravarthi Ramakrishna 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHumans can rapidly categorise visual objects when presented in isolation. However, in everyday life we encounter multiple objects at the same time. Far less is known about how simultaneously active object representations interact. We examined such interactions by asking participants to categorise a target object at the basic (Experiment 1) or the superordinate (Experiment 2) level while the representation of another object was still active. We found that the “prime” object strongly modulated the response to the target implying that the prime's category was rapidly and automatically accessed, influencing subsequent categorical processing. Using drift diffusion modelling, we show that a prime, whose category is different from that of the target, interferes with target processing primarily during the evidence accumulation stage. This suggests that the state of category‐processing neurons is altered by an active representation and this modifies the processing of other categories. Interestingly, the strength of interference increases with the similarity between the distractor and the target category. Considering these results and previous studies, we propose a general principle that category interactions are determined by the distance from a distractor's representation to the target's task‐relevant categorical boundary. We argue that this principle arises from the specific architectural organisation of categories in the brain.
Carbon accumulation in agroforestry systems is affected by tree species diversity, age and regional climate: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Zilong , Chen Han Y. H. , Bork Edward W. , Carlyle Cameron N. , Chang Scott X. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimAgroforestry is a globally practised system of land use for achieving greater and more diverse biomass production, but it has other ecological benefits, such as mitigation of climate change. Despite this, long‐term carbon (C) accumulation in different components of agroforestry systems, the drivers for C accumulation and the linkages between tree biomass and soil C stocks remain unclear.LocationGlobal.Time periodFrom 1989 to 2019.Major taxa studiedTrees.MethodsHere, we report on a global meta‐analysis based on 141 studies to identify patterns of C accumulation in tree‐based agroforestry systems compared with sole cropland and pasture.ResultsWe found that agroforestry systems had, on average, 46.1 Mg/ha (95% confidence interval, 36.4–55.8 Mg/ha) more C in tree biomass compared with sole cropland‐ or pasture‐based land uses without trees. Furthermore, agroforestry systems with multiple tree species contained greater biomass C stocks and accumulated biomass C faster than systems with a single tree species. The effect of agroforestry practices on soil C stock increased with tree age, although such increases varied among climatic zones. Agroforestry systems in tropical zones had the ability to increase soil C to peak levels quickly, whereas soil C in temperate zones increased at a slower rate but peaked at a greater overall soil C level. Our structural equation model did not detect a direct linkage between biomass C and changes in total soil C stock in agroforestry systems.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate that planting multiple tree species in agroforestry systems is an important strategy to increase biomass C sequestration, with regional climate affecting the temporal change of soil C in response to agroforestry practices.
Determination of δ44/40Ca and δ56/54Fe in Geological Materials Combined with a Simplified Method for their Separation Using a Single TODGA Resin Column
Authors: Guan Qiuyun , Sun Yali , Zhang Zhaofeng , Liu Xiaoming , An Yajun , Liu Fang , Zhao Shouqian 
Published: July 2020

A measurement procedure has been developed for the determination of δ44/40Ca and δ56/54Fe in geological samples by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), combined with a single TODGA resin column for their separation. Using the TODGA resin for separation of geological materials, Fe and Ca ions were eluted by using 8 ml of 1.5 mol l−1 HNO3 and 8 ml of 2 mol l−1 HCl, respectively, and their recovery was 99.7 ± 0.4% (n = 3) for the former and 99.4 ± 0.6% (n = 3) for the latter after removal of matrix and interfering elements using 12 ml of 6 mol l−1 HCl. This procedure was validated by the reference materials AGV‐2, BCR‐2 and BHVO‐2. Their Fe and Ca isotope data were comparable to their literature values, confirming a single column containing TODGA resin can be applied to the separation of Fe and Ca in geological samples for determination of their isotope ratios free of measurement bias.
Accuracy of mean grey density values obtained with small field of view cone beam computed tomography in differentiation between periapical cystic and solid lesions
Authors: AlMadi D. M. , Al‐Hadlaq M. A. , AlOtaibi O. , Alshagroud R. S. , Al‐Ekrish A. A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo determine if small and medium field of view (FOV) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) adjusted grey density values can be used to distinguish between periapical cystic and solid lesions.MethodologyFifty‐seven patients with periapical lesions having retrievable small or medium FOV CBCT images and biopsy samples were included. Two oral and maxillofacial pathologists examined the biopsy samples to provide the gold standard diagnosis of cystic or solid lesion. From the CBCT images, two independent examiners recorded the minimum adjusted grey density value of each lesion twice. Intra‐examiner and inter‐examiner reliability of the measurements were analysed, and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the minimum grey values in distinguishing a solid from cystic lesion were calculated. A receiver operating curve for diagnostic ability of adjusted grey density values to differentiate between periapical cystic and solid lesions was obtained, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.ResultsThe intra‐ and inter‐examiner reliability of the grey density values of the lesions and dentine were excellent. The AUC was 0.44 (P‐value = 0.45). The adjusted grey density value with the greatest accuracy for differentiating between cystic and solid lesions had an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 0.54, 1.00 and 0.075, respectively.ConclusionsSmall FOV CBCT adjusted grey density values obtained by the device used in the study could not distinguish between periapical cystic and solid lesions. Further developments in CBCT devices are needed to improve the accuracy of grey density measurements.
Social capital and the status externality
Authors: Itaya Jun‐ichi , Tsoukis Christopher 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates how the presence of social capital affects the externality arising from status‐seeking preference as a parable for inefficient antagonistic behavior. It is assumed that the stock of social capital accumulates through the strategic interaction among a finite number of rational, infinitely‐lived individuals. Using a differential game, we show that there are two types of Markov perfect equilibrium strategy, of which one leads a society to zero social capital, while the other leads to the satiation level of social capital. When there is an unstable interior steady state, there is a threshold: with any initial stock of social capital above (below) that, society is able to build social capital (get stuck in a poverty trap of null social capital). In the latter case, the intervention of governments is called upon, because social welfare in the poverty trap is less than that in the social capital‐rich society.
Development of volatile profile of Kumpiak podlaski dry‐cured ham during traditional ripening
Authors: Karpiński Piotr , Kruszewski Bartosz , Stachelska Milena Alicja , Szabłowska Emilia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMain aim of this research was to trace the development of volatile profile of Kumpiak podlaski dry‐cured ham during traditional curing and ripening for 30 weeks. Volatiles were extracted from each 6‐week period of ripening, and overall fifty‐three aroma compounds were identified. Changes in chemical groups share between cured and fully ripened ham were observed: aldehydes (35.49 → 31.37%), ketones (25.18 → 14.62%), alcohols (17.97 → 15.74%), esters (3.37 → 12.04%), hydrocarbons (7.69 → 6.81%), fatty acids (0.02 → 0.53%), terpenes (2.26 → 9.70%) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (0.99 → 0.78%). The 18th week of ripening is crucial for the aroma of Kumpiak podlaski ham due to start of continuous decrease in ketones and increase in esters’ and terpenes’ share. Formation of esters and terpenes originated from the presence of local herbs and the development of microflora. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation of samples from each 6‐week period of ripening. Obtained results relying on thirty‐seven compounds enabled to make a preliminary determination of ripening markers.
Effect of heat pretreatment before isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation on the characteristics of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein isolates
Authors: Zheng Huina , Shiming Liang , Gaozhan Xue , Dingding Ren , Wenhong Cao , Chaohua Zhang , Jianjun Yuan 
Published: July 2020

SummaryHeat treatment is a convenient way to eliminate the effects of endogenous enzymes on the industrial production of stable products. This study describes the preparation of protein isolates from oysters (OPI and HOPI) and krill (KPI and HKPI) by isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation (ISP) with or without heat pretreatment and comparatively presents their characteristics. The results showed that the solubilities of HOPI (24.08 ± 1.94%) and HKPI (42.29 ± 0.78%) were higher than those of OPI (13.46 ± 0.78%) and KPI (21.71.46 ± 1.51%), and the free and total sulphhydryl (‐SH) content and surface hydrophobicity of HOPI and HKPI were higher than those of OPI and KPI, which are related to higher fat content of HOPI (10.37 ± 0.55%) and HKPI (34.89 ± 1.19%). SDS–PAGE and gel chromatography pattern results showed that macromolecular proteins were degraded by endogenous enzymes in OPI and KPI, while they remained unaffected in HOPI and HKPI. The FT‐IR spectra showed similar patterns between OPI and HOPI and between KPI and HKPI. While the essential amino acid content was similar for OPI and HOPI (47.06 ± 1.33% and 47.93 ± 1.02%), that of KPI and HKPI (50.89 ± 0.89% and 51.19 ± 1.11%, respectively) was not significantly different.
Best ultrasound parameter for prediction of adverse renal function outcome after pyeloplasty
Authors: Han Jae Hyeon , Song Sang Hoon , Lee Je Seong , Nam Wook , Kim Sung Jin , Park Sungchan , Kim Kun Suk 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical value of preoperative ultrasound parameters for post‐pyeloplasty outcomes in pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.MethodsThe medical records of 187 pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent pyeloplasty as a result of ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of hydronephrosis was measured by the Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation, hydronephrosis index, and the hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio at 3, 6 and 12 months. Adverse renal function outcome was defined as ≥10% decrease in postoperative differential renal function compared with preoperative values.ResultsOf the 187 patients, preoperative hydronephrosis was categorized as Society for Fetal Urology grade 3 in 26 patients (13.9%) and grade 4 in 161 patients (86.1%). No surgical failures, defined as requirement of repeat surgery or deterioration of hydronephrosis grade, were noted. The mean changes in Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation and hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio showed similar trends of recovery during the follow‐up period. In total, 19 patients (10.2%) showed >10% decrease in differential renal function during follow up (mean 42 months). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio was the only significant prognostic factor for adverse renal function outcome (hazard ratio 1.806, 95% confidence interval 1.210–2.859, P = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio was the most significant predictive value (area under the curve 0.711, 95% confidence interval 0.618–0.804, P = 0.006).ConclusionsPediatric patients with high hydronephrosis area‐to‐renal parenchyma ratio values before surgery are more likely to show renal function decline after pyeloplasty.
Effect of plateletpheresis on total platelet count and mean platelet volume: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Gil‐Betancur Alejandro , Mantilla‐Gutierrez Carmen Yulieth , Cardona‐Arias Jaiberth Antonio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveCurrently, there are discrepancies in the reports on the extent of the reduction in platelet count after platelet donation by apheresis, and its impact on mean platelet volume (MPV). This study was conducted to meta‐analyze the effect of plateletpheresis on platelet count and on mean platelet volume, based on studies published between 1980 and 2018.MethodsMedline‐Pubmed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to December 31 2019. The PRISMA guidelines, reproducibility, and evaluation of the methodological quality were guaranteed. Heterogeneity was evaluated with DerSimonian‐Laird's, publication bias with a Begg's test. Sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta‐analysis were also conducted, as well as a forest plot.ResultsTwenty‐five studies with 3769 donors were systematized to analyze platelet count, and seven studies with 1176 donors to observe MPV. Most studies were published in India and the United States. There was a postprocedure reduction in both variables. The reduction in platelet count was 14.3 × 103/μL (95% CI 11.4 to 17.1 × 103⁄μL). The reduction in MPV was 1.43 fL (95% CI 0.3 to 2.5 fL). The analysis of subgroups showed that, in the case of platelet count, the reduction is not statistically significant two weeks after donation.ConclusionPlatelet donation by apheresis reduces platelet count and MPV in donors, which is detrimental to the purposes of the procedure; although the decrease is not clinically significant for the donor or the recipient. This demonstrates the need for subsequent studies to evaluate variables, such as donation frequency and donation intervals, should be considered to evaluate if the reported decrease is easily compensated, without adverse consequences for donors, or if modifications in donor selection criteria are required.
The digital POIP concept: Preorthodontic implant placement
Authors: Blasi Gonzalo , Blasi Ignacio , Blasi Alvaro , Elnabawi Omar , Murphy Kevin G. , Stappert Dina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this report is to present an interdisciplinary treatment involving periodontics, orthodontics, dental implant placement, and prosthodontics with a fully digital dentistry approach.Clinical ConsiderationsThe patient presented with an edentulous ridge on the area of the lower left lateral incisor as well as gingival recession on the adjacent teeth. After performing a digital orthodontic setup and indirect bonding bracket placement, a dental implant placement was carried out before orthodontic treatment in combination with guided bone regeneration (GBR), connective tissue graft (CTG) and periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO). In a 6‐month period, orthodontic treatment was fully completed and the dental implant was restored at 8 months. Following one‐and‐a‐half years, significant gingival recession reduction was accomplished and soft tissue augmentation around the dental implant appeared stable with a good functional and esthetic result.ConclusionThe use of the digital POIP concept with a proper diagnosis and careful planning is crucial for reducing treatment time and enhancing precision.
Learning and the Effectiveness of Central Bank Forward Guidance
Authors: COLE STEPHEN J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the link between expectations formation and the effectiveness of central bank forward guidance. A standard New Keynesian model is extended to include forward guidance shocks in the monetary policy rule. Agents form expectations about future macro‐economic variables via either the standard rational expectations hypothesis or an adaptive learning model. The results show that the assumption of rational expectations overstates the effects of forward guidance relative to adaptive learning during an economic crisis. Thus, if monetary policy is based on a model with rational expectations, the results of forward guidance could be potentially misleading.
An item response theory approach to constructing and evaluating brief and in‐depth financial literacy scales
Authors: Ranyard Rob , McNair Simon , Nicolini Gianni , Duxbury Darren 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe applied item response theory (IRT) to construct and evaluate new brief and in‐depth financial literacy scales. A survey of a UK adult sample (N = 589) included 50 questions to assess knowledge about managing financial resources and competence in using personal finance‐related information—including five widely used items, on interest rates, inflation, investment diversification, mortgages and bonds. IRT applied to a scale of these items identified some limitations, overcome via further iterations to construct a new brief scale with sound psychometric properties. IRT was then applied iteratively to our pool, resulting in an in‐depth, 20‐item scale, also psychometrically sound, covering four broad financial domains: everyday money transactions; the concept of money; borrowing; and saving and investment. Parallel 10‐item sub‐scales were also evaluated. The validity of the new scales was demonstrated by regression analyses which found that, controlling for demographic variables, financial literacy predicted key indicators of financial well‐being.
Innovative approach to aesthetical medicine services quality assessment
Authors: Krasilnikova Olga , Pozdnyakova Marina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecently, both doctors and patients pay particular attention to aesthetic medical services quality and efficacy of aesthetic adjustment implemented. It is essential to ensure research, analysis, and improving of botulinum toxin therapy quality and provide patients’ orientation on the adjustment schedule, which includes long‐term observation period, in order to accomplish the expected goals and increase degree of satisfaction. Injections of medication such as botulinum A toxin are highly demanded in many types of aesthetic treatment. However, practically, sufficient cosmetological effect may not always be achieved, and moreover, complications are possible. This article presents an attempt to evaluate botulinum toxin therapy efficacy using computer program, with calculation of integral quality factor (IQF) and plotting injection modeling visual diagram in long‐term observation period. In 3 selected clinical examples, aggregate IQF figure makes: in case of static forehead wrinkles 91.67%, for dynamic forehead wrinkles 76.67%; in case of static eyebrow wrinkles 96.67%, for dynamic eyebrow wrinkles 85%; as applied to static wrinkles of the outer corned of the eye 91.67%, whereas applied to dynamic wrinkles of the outer corner of the eye 73.33%. Although the benchmark is thought to be 100% of remodeling result, the procedures outcome still meets patients’ expectations. At the same time, present approach demands further discussion and collection for the purpose of development of procedural basis for aesthetic services quality assessment and interpretation of findings.
Addressing Provider Shortages in Rural America: The Role of State Opt‐Out Policy Adoptions in Promoting Hospital Anesthesia Provision
Authors: Feyereisen Scott L. , Puro Neeraj , McConnell William 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundShortages of anesthesia providers in rural areas have long resulted in access limitations in many US states. This situation prompted federal legislation designed to promote increased usage of certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) in hospitals. Starting in 2001, state governors were afforded the option to adopt “opt‐out” provisions, giving facilities in their states flexibility in utilizing CRNAs; specifically, adopting the opt‐out policy removes physician oversight requirements for Medicare billing purposes.MethodsWe used mixed effects generalized linear models to identify predictors of CRNA service provision in hospitals from 2011‐2015.ResultsWe found that being located in an opt‐out state does not result in increased odds of CRNA service provision in US hospitals. Higher levels of deprivation in counties, being located in rural geographic areas, and being a teaching hospital all influenced CRNA service provision.ConclusionsGiven that we found no evidence that being in an opt‐out state increases the odds of using CRNAs in hospitals, we contribute to the growing literature suggesting that states adopting the opt‐out policy have not realized increased health care access or reduced health care costs. As a result of other contextual restrictions on hospitals’ decision‐making, simply adopting the opt‐out policy has not been enough to address anesthesia provider shortages.
The effect of prior thecal puncture on cerebrospinal fluid analytes in normal adult horses
Authors: Chidlow Hayley , Giguère Steeve , Camus Melinda , Wells Bridgette , Berghaus Roy , McConachie Beasley Erin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSerial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis might be required in clinical neurologic disease. The effect of lumbosacral (LS) or cervical (C1‐C2) centesis on subsequent CSF cytologic analyses has not been investigated in horses.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of thecal puncture on subsequent CSF analysesAnimalsTen healthy adult horses.MethodsProspective study. Horses were randomly assigned to undergo CSF collection twice, 14 days apart, from either the C1‐C2 or LS space. After a 4‐month washout period, CSF collection was repeated from the alternate site. Continuous data were analyzed using linear mixed‐effects models and count data using mixed‐effects negative binomial regression. Statistical significance was set atP < .05.ResultsThere was no significant effect of collection day (day 0 or day 14) for any CSF analytes, including protein concentration (C1‐C2: 45 [95% CI: 33‐57] mg/dL day 0 vs 49 [95% CI: 39‐62] mg/dL day 14,P= .12; LS: 64 [95% CI: 41‐100] mg/dL day 0 vs 83 [95% CI: 53‐129] mg/dL day 14,P= .37), or nucleated cell count (C1‐C2: 2 [95% CI: 1‐4] cells/μL day 0 vs 3 [95% CI: 1‐4] cells/μL day 14,P= .65; LS: 3 [95% CI: 2‐5] cells/μL day 0 vs 5 [95% CI: 3‐8] cells/μL day 14,P= .10). There was no significant difference in EPM titer or EPM serum : CSF ratio between days 0 and 14.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceRepeat thecal puncture from the LS or C1‐C2 space 2 weeks apart does not appear to impact CSF analytes.