bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Smart Wrappings for Next Generation Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Sensors
Authors: Kupis-Rozmyslowicz Justyna , Zubkovs Vitalijs , Ravi Sudharshan , Boghossian Ardemis Anoush 
Published: February 2020

Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) have a unique combination of optical, chemical, and physical properties that render them suitable for a broad range of applications1–3. Since SWCNTs are composed exclusively of surface atoms, the fluorescence emission of the nanotubes is very sensitive to the surrounding environment, enabling single-molecule detection limits that are especially desirable for biosensing applications. The selectivity of SWCNT-based fluorescence sensors can be tuned by engineering a polymer wrapping that covers the nanotube surface, imparting the nanotube with molecular recognition capabilities. The challenge in creating these near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence sensors lies with tuning the specificity of the sensor by altering the wrapping properties. Though the exact mechanism by which polymers render surface selectivity is an area of active area of research4, researchers have been nonetheless able to engineer wrappings by screening an assortment of SWCNTs wrapped in various polymers and monitoring fluorescence changes in response to different analytes.
In contrast to this empirical approach, we have developed ”smart” wrappings capable of pre-defined molecular recognition towards a specific analyte of interest. By applying established synthetic and biological techniques for engineering specificity, our platform provides an interdisciplinary approach towards exploring the underlying molecular mechanism and versatility in tuning optical SWCNT-based sensors. The results of this work provide a seminal proof-of-concept approach in developing smart sensing technologies.

References

(1) Han, C.; Doepke, A.; Cho, W.; Likodimos, V.; De La Cruz, A. a.; Back, T.; Heineman, W. R.; Halsall, H. B.; Shanov, V. N.; Schulz, M. J.; Falaras, P.; Dionysiou, D. D. Adv. Funct. Mater.
2013, 23(14), 1807–1816.
(2) Choi, Y.-E.; Kwak, J.-W.; Park, J. W. Sensors
2010, 10(1), 428–455.
(3) Liu, Z.; Chen, K.; Davis, C.; Sherlock, S.; Cao, Q.; Chen, X.; Dai, H. Cancer Res.
2008, 68(16), 6652–6660.
(4) Z. W. Ulissi, J. Zhang, V. Sresht, D. Blankschtein, M. S. Strano, Langmuir
2015, 31(1), 628–636.
Applying the Ionic Field-Effect Photoluminescence of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes for Circuit-Free Electroanalytics
Authors: Horoszko Christopher Peter , Jena Prakrit Vaibhav , Roxbury Daniel , Rotkin Slava V. , Martel Richard , Heller Daniel A 
Published: February 2020

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit unique photophysical processes from the visible to near-infrared that are ascribed to excitation and decay of excitonic transitions. Here we show that polyelectrolytic dispersants and aqueous electrolytes interact directly with charge carriers in the semiconducting nanotubes, resulting in carrier modulation that can be probed through photoluminescence (PL) intensity and frequency changes. Laser photocarrier generation may therefore induce a potential on the nanotube which interacts, through screening and adsorption, with solvent ions, described by ionic activity in the environment. A systematic exploration of various environmental parameters such as the type of polyelectrolyte dispersant and amphoteric surface is investigated to gain increased sensitivity for eventual use in modern potentiometry. Based upon the nanotube’s demonstrated role in double-layer and pseudo-capacitors, we developed models to explain observed phenomena and propose nanotubes can serve as circuit-free optical electrodes for electroanalytical applications on surfaces and cell membranes.
SVR was partially supported by National Science Foundation (ECCS-1509786)
(Invited) Phenomena in Mass-Transport Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy at Channel Electrodes
Authors: Holm Thomas , Ingdal Mats , Fanavoll Espen Vinge , Sunde Svein , Seland Frode , Harrington David A. 
Published: February 2020

Microfluidic devices in general and channel electrodes in particular offer a wide variety of opportunities for analytical electrochemistry, especially as an easily manufactured rotating disk analog. In terms of this, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a method is a quickly recorded method that allows for fast characterization of the system. However, channel electrodes are not uniformly accessible, which greatly complicates the numerical treatment of the mass-transport to these electrodes. Using a reversible hexaammineruthenium(II/III) redox couple, the mass-transport impedance was measured, shown in Fig. 1a, and modelled using commercially available numerical software (Comsol Multiphysics ®). The results using numerical modelling were discussed in terms of common assumptions and used as a benchmark to test the validity of these approximations [1]. In addition, a new method using galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy at the upstream electrode and detecting the frequency dependent potential at a downstream electrode was discussed, Fig. 1b. Potentially, this allows for quick acquisition of geometric, kinetic and mass-transport parameters to allow quick characterization of a double channel electrode setup.
[1] T. Holm, M. Ingdal, E.V. Fanavoll, S. Sunde, F. Seland, D.A. Harrington, Electrochimica Acta 202 (2016) p. 84.

Figure 1
Influence of C-Rate on Impedance Spectra in Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries By in-Situ EIS
Authors: Kato Hirotaka , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used for the investigation of electrochemical properties in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIRB). Our group applied a nonstationary impedance spectroscopy to evaluation of LIRB1). The theory of this method was proposed by Stoynov et al.2). It allows the simultaneous measurement of the charge-discharge curves and impedance spectra of LIRB. We previously reported that three impedance spectra for full cell and positive and negative electrodes were determined by arranging a reference electrode in a laboratory cell of LIRB 3). We named in-situ EIS for this method and the influence of C-rate on the impedance spectra of both electrodes was investigated by in-situ EIS in the present study.
3D impedance spectra of positive and negative electrodes during charge at the 3 C-rate were measured by in-situ EIS. The 3D impedance of the full cell and positive and negative electrodes whose axes were real and imaginary parts and time was determined precisely. The impedance spectrum of the positive electrode described the two capacitive loops originating from film resistance and charge transfer resistance (R
ct). The instantaneous impedance was determined at arbitrary time from 3D impedance plot. The R
ct of negative electrode was determined by the curve-fitting using the equivalent circuit from 3D impedance plots. It demonstrated that the R
ct during charge was larger than that during discharge in the positive electrode and smaller than that during discharge in the negative electrode. The interpretation of the hysteresis of R
ct observed in charge-discharge sequence was discussed in the present study.

References:

[1] M. Itagaki, N. Kobari, S. Yotsuda, K. Watanabe, S. Kinoshita, M. Ue, J. Power Sources, 135 (2004) 55-261.
[2] Z. B. Stoynov, B. S. Savova – Stoynov, J. Electroanal. Chem., 183 (1985) 133.
[3] M. Itagaki, K. Honda, Y. Hoshi, I. Shitanda, J
. Electroanal. Chem. 737 (2015) 78-84.
(Invited) Versatile Hydrogen Separations at Intermediate Temperatures with Solid Acid Membranes
Authors: Papandrew Alexander B. , Wilson David L. , Zawodzinski Thomas A. 
Published: February 2020

Scalable, economical, on-demand hydrogen production from easily transported feedstocks may be an accelerant to the dawn of the long-prophesied hydrogen economy. An appropriately selective separation scheme could be used to produce ultra-pure hydrogen from a mixture of gases, allowing hydrogen to be mixed into existing natural gas pipelines. Alternately, gas-to-liquid methods can be used to produce transportable liquids, such as methanol, that can be converted to hydrogen as necessary.
The economics of these prospective courses of action demand that any such separation route must rely on inexpensive membranes, omit expensive catalysts, and limit stack-level materials costs. Electrochemical systems based on the anhydrous crystalline proton conductor CsH2PO4 (CDP) meet these standards. Operating at an intermediate temperature of 250 C, CDP-based devices can incorporate heterogeneous catalysts at the cell level to effect in-situ reforming of complex fuels such as methanol. A further benefit of intermediate-temperature operation is the extreme impurity tolerance of nonplatinum anode catalysts, including ruthenium.
In this contribution, the versatile array of separation schemes accessible using CDP-based membrane is assessed. Separations from simulated reformate streams as well as coupled heterogeneous-electrochemical cells for hydrogen production directly from hydrocarbons will be discussed.
Lithium Conducting Solid Electrolytes for Electrolysis of Lithium Tritide and Enrichment of Lithium-6
Authors: Olson Luke Christopher , Garcia-Diaz Brenda L. , Colon-Mercado Hector , Teprovich Joseph 
Published: February 2020

Lithium stable, lithium conducting electrolytes may improve methods to attain high tritium breeding yields required by many current D-T fusion energy production designs. Two ways such an electrolyte could aid is by reducing one unit of operation from the current baseline method from the process of tritium extraction from the breeding blanket, and by enrichment of lithium-6 from natural lithium to allow for use of a lithium-6 enriched blanket in combination with blanket neutron multipliers to attain a higher breeding per fusion neutron.
Lithium tritide (LiT) is generated as a by-product of a tritium reaction with lithium cooling blanket material in fusion reactors for tritium breeding and power production. Recovery of tritium from the blanket materials is important to prevent environmental release and to recover valuable material. The Maroni process is the leading method to recover LiT from the lithium blanket using a molten salt liquid-liquid extraction method. The Maroni process can introduce salt components into the fusion reactor if separation is not complete and that can cause corrosion and activation of the salt components. SRNL has developed a direct LiT electrolysis method in the lithium blanket material using solid lithium ion conductors and has shown the evolution of hydrogen from the Li/LiH material during electrolysis. This method has been demonstrated at SRNL and results will be discussed.
The U.S. has historically stockpiled lithium-6 and lithium-7 for use in nuclear applications. These stockpiles of lithium isotopes are being depleted and the U.S. closed production facilities in the 1980's. The longest operating plants in the U.S. used the column exchange (COLEX) process, which utilized an Hg-Li amalgam that preferentially forms with lithium-6. The operation of these plants resulted in significant environmental contamination with mercury (Hg). SRNL is now conducting research to use the same type of electrolyte as used for LiT electrolysis to enrich lithium in lithium-6. This research is to develop a high temperature method for lithium-6 enrichment that includes conduction of lithium-6 through a solid state electrolyte and the formation of a molten Li-Bi alloy. Both the solid state conduction of Li and the formation of the Li-Bi alloy can potentially lead to enrichment of lithium-6 based on current research findings and thermodynamic modeling. Combining the conduction and alloying steps will make it possible to create a smaller and more efficient separation process. The use of bismuth (Bi) is much more environmentally friendly than Hg and has a similar energetic change, which assists the separation process. Results to date will be discussed.
Highly Stable Dual-Phase Y0.8Ca0.2Cr0.8Co0.2O3 - Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 ceramic Composite Membrane for Oxygen Separation
Authors: Yoon Kyung Joong , Marina Olga A 
Published: February 2020

High-temperature oxygen transport membranes based on mixed ionic- and electronic-conducting (MIEC) ceramics are receiving increasing attention due to their potential applications for high-purity oxygen production, oxyfuel combustion, hydrogen/syngas production, coal gasification, and waste recovery. Dense MIEC membranes exclusively allow the permeation of oxygen ions in the presence of an oxygen partial pressure gradient because the oxygen ionic flux is counterbalanced by the flux of electrons to form an internal short circuit.
In this work, a highly stable ceramic composite membrane composed of Ca- and Co-doped yttrium chromite, Y0.8Ca0.2Cr0.8Co0.2O3 (YCCC), and samaria-doped ceria, Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC), is demonstrated for oxygen separation. Homogeneously dispersed nano-scale composite powders were synthesized by a single-step combustion process based on the glycine-nitrate method. Dense composite membranes were achieved having submicron grain sizes and well-percolated electronic and ionic conduction pathways. Densification of the composite membrane was assisted by liquid phase sintering caused by cobalt-doping in yttrium chromite, and gas-tight membranes are fabricated at 1400oC. The YCCC and SDC phases were chemically and thermo-mechanically compatible at both processing and operating temperatures. The composite membrane exhibited an oxygen permeation flux comparable to those of the state-of-the-art single-phase membrane materials and excellent stability in harsh operating conditions under a H2-CO2 environment for long-term operation, which suggests potential application in various combustion and fuel production processes.
Understanding High Capacity in Li-Rich 3d Cathode Materials
Authors: Luo Kun , Roberts Matthew , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium rich layered cathodes, which offer increased capacity, have, for several years, been regarded as one of the next major advances, able to store charge by invoking transition metal and oxygen redox processes in the same material. However, they are still challenged by problems such irreversible first cycle capacity, voltage fade on cycling related to changes in the structure. Recently important work has been carried out to better understand the origin of the high capacity and the voltage fade.
In this contribution we shall present data probing the nature of the O redox states in Li rich 3d transition metal oxides, on the nature of O loss probed by isotopic substitution and on the degree of oxygen loss vs oxygen redox. We shall also report on a new sol-gel synthesis for Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2. The electrochemical performance is shown in Figure 1. The cycling stability of the material is good with a capacity of ~250 mAh g-1 maintained after 100 cycles.

Figure 1
A Techno-Economic Assessment of Cylindrical Spiral-Wound Lithium Ion Batteries: Can the Huge Factories Achieve Their Cost Goals?
Authors: Whitacre Jay , Ciez Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

This talk will examine the techno-economics of Li-ion battery production with a focus on assessing the potential economies of scale that are purported for very large factories. A full front-to-back manufacturing model has been developed to address this question. The model is based on the Argonne BatPac tool that was originally created to describe the production of prismatic pouch configuration cells and has been extended to describe spiral-wound 18650 cells. Three different cathode chemistries have been considered: NCA, LMO, or NMC, and the costs of producing cells and packs at different volumes with different supply chain inputs are assessed. Further, an analysis on the impact of the market price of lithium-containing precursors on battery and back costing will be offered.
Our findings suggest that there is an absolute minimum in production cost for this format of these cells and this minimum is higher than values commonly described in the media. We also suggest that the price of lithium has little impact on cell and pack costing on a per kWh basis. We will offer a complete accounting of our analysis and an assessment of what materials and manufacturing changes stand to have the largest cost impact when producing cells and packs at a massive scale.
Li5FeO4 Li Source Additive Fixing Irreversibility in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Chi-Kai , Su Xin , Lu Wenquan , Wang Xiaoping , Johnson Christopher 
Published: February 2020

The initial irreversible capacity loss (ICL) in Li-ion batteries (LIB) occurs at both the anode and cathode materials. For the cathode, mostly interfacial losses are seen. However, the anode is typically more severe due to the creation of the solid-electrolyte interphase or SEI that consumes lithium in the cell on the first cycle, that passivates the carbon (graphite) electrode surface that enables further cycling at decent energy and coulombic efficiencies. However deleterious lithium consuming reactions continue to occur; caused by other reasons, such as decomposition of electrode materials, electrolyte additives, or side reactions that are not beneficial but all consuming. As a result, the number of lithium-ions available in the cell for cycling is decreased, leading to unmitigated decrease of the cell capacity and energy content.
In this study, advanced high-performance lithium-ion cells and batteries that contain high-lithium-content additives such as Li5FeO4 or ‘LFO’ are used in the LIBs. Such additives improve the lithium-ion cell by electrochemically releasing large quantities of sacrificial lithium on the first formation cycle to treat too large irreversible capacity losses (ICL) (Figure 1). Additional benefits also include improved cycle-over-cycle coulombic efficiency in such cells. These solid powder oxide-based lithium-containing additives are enabled by co-blending with an active material cathode (e.g.; nickel manganese cobalt, NMC, or lithium cobalt oxide, LCO, or nickel cobalt aluminum or NCA) into an electrode in an as-prepared state. Such co-blended cathodes, when properly cell-balanced and thus paired with high-capacity and high energy/capacity containing advanced anode electrodes such as silicon, silicon oxide, or tin-containing intermetallic alloys, or high-capacity hard carbons, and graphite anodes thus results in a higher energy dense lithium-ion cell than previous state-of-art.

Figure 1. Voltage profiles of various LIB materials including Li-source additive Li5FeO4.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This work was supported as part of the Center for Electrochemical Energy Science (CEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences.

Figure 1
Substantial Oxygen Flux in Fluorite-Rich Dual-Phase Membrane By Tailoring the Surface
Authors: Joo Jong Hoon , Yu Ji Haeng , Yoo Chung-Yul , Yun Kyong Sik , Lee Younki 
Published: February 2020

The oxygen permeation flux of dual-phase doped ceria membranes, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ–La0.7Sr0.3MnO3±δ (GDC/LSM), has been systematically studied as a function of their LSM content, thickness, and coating material. The percolation threshold of the composites for electronic conduction has been determined by general effective-medium theory. The minimum LSM content of the composite for electrical percolation was estimated to be ~20 vol%. The oxygen flux of uncoated fluorite phase-rich membrane exhibits a low oxygen flux under an air/He gradient, indicating that the permeation is mainly controlled by the surface-exchange kinetics of GDC. However, with modification of the surface on both sides, the flux of the membrane was substantially improved by about three orders of magnitude compared with that of the membrane with non-modified surfaces. This observation indicates that the surface modification of fluorite-rich dual phase membrane plays a crucial role in dramatically enhanced oxygen permeation flux. This significant enhancement of the oxygen fluxes is of particular importance as dual-phase membranes are the most studied class of the chemically and mechanically stable membrane. These promising results highlight the potential of dual-phase ceria/pure-electronic-phase membranes for industrial applications.
Electrochemical Reduction of UO2 to U in LiCl-KCl Molten Salt Eutectic Using the Fluidised Cathode Process
Authors: Abdulaziz Rema , Brown Leon D , Inman Douglas , Sharrad Clint , Shearing Paul R. , Brett Daniel J.L 
Published: February 2020

The electrochemical reduction of UO2 to U metal using a fluidised cathode process [1] has been investigated. This has relevance for the pyroprocessing of mixed oxide spent fuel from certain types of nuclear power stations. Considering voltammetry alongside a predominance diagram for the system, the reaction path-way for both a fluidised cathode process and a packed metallic cavity electrode precursor was studied. The route the reduction process follows depends on pO2- and potential, which is highly influenced by the process used to reduce the metal oxide and its form.
The main reduction potential using the fluidised cathode appeared to be -2.2 V (vs. Ag/Ag+). Faradaic current efficiency was found to be ~ 92 %. The reduction process is split into three stages; the first where a seeding process takes place at a low potential to allow for the reduced uranium particles to be deposited onto the tungsten current collector; the second where rapid reduction of UO2 particles occurs with a growth in electrode size accompanied by an increase in current being passed; and the third where diminishing current is associated with reduction of the residual oxides in the melt takes place.

References:

[1] R. Abdulaziz, L.D. Brown, D. Inman, S. Simons, P.R. Shearing, D.J.L. Brett, Novel fluidised cathode approach for the electrochemical reduction of tungsten oxide in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic, Electrochemistry Communications, 41 (2014) 44-46.

Figure 1
Dynamic Impedance As a Cell Grading and Selection Method for the Lib Pack
Authors: Chung Jaesik 
Published: February 2020

We have studied the Dynamic Impedance method as a cell grading and selection guideline for the multi-cell LiB module and battery pack. We have studied a) Cell Open Circuit (OCV), b) cell AC Impedance at 1 K Hz and c) cell initial capacity, which industries have been used for cell grading for the quality control and cell selection guideline for the multi-cell LiB pack. Full range of AC Impedance methode also has been studied for the same purpose.
We found the best condition of the Dynamic Impedance testing for the cell grading and selection guideline through with various variables of a) temperature, b) time, c) type of LiB and d) Capacity of the cell. We applied this technique to the multi-cell LiB modules by serial and parallel cell connections to verify the validation of this method and the impact of this technique.