bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of sonic jets by fluidic injection
Authors: Kailash G , Aravindh Kumar S M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present experimental study aims at investigating the effect of fluidic injection by means of air tabs on the core of circular and square sonic jets issuing from orifice at different levels of underexpansion. The experiments were conducted by varying the injection pressure ratio (IPR) from 3 to 5 for a fixed nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) 3, 4 or 5. Shadowgraph visualization was used to quantify core length of jet with and without fluidic injection. The injection in both circular and square sonic jets resulted in reduction of core length at all the NPRs. For each NPR, the maximum and minimum core length reductions occurred at IPRs 5 and 3, respectively, showing that the mixing promotion in circular or noncircular sonic jets is influenced by momentum of the injected jet. Among the NPRs, the reduction in core length was maximum at NPR 3 and minimum at NPR 5 for both circular and square jets at all the IPRs. The injection caused a highest reduction in the core of square jet than the circular jet all NPRs except NPR 5. A highest reduction of about 50% was achieved at NPR 3 and IPR 5 for square jet.
Control of mach 2 jet using sonic coflow
Authors: Sharma Keshav Ramesh , Akash A , Vishal R , Rajkumar S , Bharadwaj K K , Aravindh Kumar S M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An experimental investigation was done to understand the effect of sonic coflow jet on the core length of Mach 2 jet at different levels of expansion. The sonic jet surrounding the primary Mach 2 jet was produced using a sonic nozzle, whereas a convergent-divergent nozzle was used for Mach 2 jet. The annular gap between the sonic and supersonic nozzles was 1mm. For a fixed main jet NPR, the NPR of the sonic jet was varied from 4 to 6 (in steps of 1), which correspond to underexpanded levels of the sonic jet. The NPR of Mach 2 jet was varied from 4 to 6, which correspond to overexpanded states of Mach 2 jet. Without sonic coflow, the core length of Mach 2 jet was found to increase with the increase of NPR which was quantified using shadowgraph visualization. For all the main jet NPRs, the increase in coflow NPR resulted in the increase of core length. For each NPR of Mach 2 jet, the core length increases with the increase of coflow NPR. The maximum core length for NPRs 4 to 6 was at coflow NPR of 6 and minimum was at coflow NPR 4. The sonic coflow was found to retard the mixing of Mach 2 jet at all the pressure ratios, but it resulted in weakening the strength of waves present in the core of Mach 2 jet.
Seating comfort analysis: a virtual ergonomics study of bus drivers in private transportation
Authors: Gowtham S , Ramnaath M , Sudharsan S , Lalith Kumar B V , Praneeth V , Dinesh S. , Subramaniyam Murali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Seating comfort is one of the most important indicators of the performance of automotive seats. Seat is one of the places in the vehicle where most of the drivers spent driving. A good seat can prevent a lot of painful disorders including low back pain, which is typical of bad posture. Driver posture is one of the most important issues that need to be considered in the vehicle seat design process. Research Gap: Around the world, there have been many studies on seating comfort including car seats, truck seats, bus seats, train seats, etc. However, in India there are not many studies focusing on bus drivers seating comfort. Objective: This study aimed at investigating bus drivers seating comfort in private transportation using virtual ergonomics. Methods: We have considered a group of male bus drivers with different percentiles. And, we have selected a bus seat typically used in private transportation. The anthropometry of drivers and dimensions of the seat has been measured and modelled in the virtual environment (CATIA V6). For the seating comfort analysis, RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) analysis was performed. Results and Discussion: The RULA score revealed that the drivers with 77th to 94th percentile felt comfortable with the seat. The rest had higher RULA scores and felt discomfort. Conclusion: The bus seat design needs to be changed by considering Indian anthropometry. Also, this study only examined a few subjects; hence, further investigation would give better recommendations. Application: The benefit of virtual ergonomics is used in this project. The methodology used in this study could be used for other seat studies.
Preliminary aeroacoustic measurements of conditioned jet flow from a circular nozzle
Authors: Dubey Pujan , Pramod Malandkar Yash , Tiwari Lakshya , Kannan B T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present study deals with the design, development, and fabrication of a nozzle with flowconditioning assembly and using it to study jet flow acoustics. The flow is conditioned by severalmeans before the nozzle exits and the conditioned flow is allowed to exit the nozzle as jet. Thisconditioned jet flow produces aerodynamically generated noise and the same is measured using amicrophone. The microphone is placed perpendicular to the jet axis and the measurements arerecorded for various regimes. The results will be discussed based on the acoustic spectra and thejet decay characteristics.
Stress analysis of different types of cages in cervical vertebrae: a finite element study
Authors: Choudhury Sandeep , Raja D , Roy Sandipan , Datta Shubhabrata 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To facilitate cervical fusion, cervical cages filled with bone or bone substitute are inserted between the vertebrae. To improve the subsidence of the cage and to avoid its post-surgical migration, design optimization concept is being employed in the present work. In this study, finite element method is being used to design several cervical cages with varying shapes and sizes. The cages are designed using Solid modeling software. Finite element analysis (FEA) optimization is done by varying the material properties as well as shapes and sizes of the cage. Stress analysis has been performed using FEA in the cervical vertebrae C3-C4 for the different types of cages.
Finite element analysis of patellofemoral joint prosthetics
Authors: Anilkumar Shreya , Ashokkumar D , Raja D , Karthik Varshini 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Prosthetics have been existed from the times of the old. Prosthetics were utilized numerous applications: work, restorative appearance and aesthetics from time of the Egyptians, profound feeling of being entirety. Chronic knee conditions such as Chondromalacia patella is one of the knee joint is an disability that influences the ligament of the patella and is additionally regularly called sprinters knee. It cause torment on the patellar part of knee and furthermore require supplanting medical procedure for influenced knee with counterfeit segments. Kneecap typically dwells over the front of your knee joint. At the point when you twist your knee, the posterior of your kneecap floats over the ligament of your femur, or thigh bone, at the knee. Ligaments and tendons connect your kneecap to your knee thigh muscle. At the point when any of these parts neglects to move appropriately, it can make your kneecap rub facing your thigh bone. The substitution of the entire knee is a tedious and maximally obtrusive procedure. Hence forth a patellofemoral embed can help in just be restricted cure but then take care of the issue caused due to chondromalacia. The patellofemoral CT images will be segmented and smoothed using MIMICS 21.0 software. This allows for meshing and assigning material properties to the bone to check how the bone interacts with the implants. Material properties are assigned using ANSYS Mechanical APDL 18.The mechanical properties of two implant materials are compared to view the results. The scope of the project is that it is beneficial in the prosthetic industry as it can provide patients with the less painful method of replacement and hence they will be able to do their normal daily activities. Which can be for the betterment of athletes and runner and other targeted condromlacic patients. The aim is to carry out Finite Element Modeling and analysis of Prosthetic for patellofemoral region. The objective is to carry out segmentation and thresholding of a CT image. Studying the various material properties that will used for prosthesis for the Patellofemoral region and to undertake a comparative Finite Element Analysis of the compatible materials. The comparison between bio-compatible materials like carbon fiber and HDPE and check as to which would be the better implant material, its feasibilty and availability and also to design and create a 3D model of the is the main aim of the study.
Comparison of deep learning models for predictive maintenance
Authors: Naren R , Subhashini J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
There is a clear intersection between the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). IoT is about connecting machines and making use of the data generated from those machines. AI is about simulating intelligent behaviour in machines of all kinds. As IoT devices will generate vast amounts of data, then AI will be functionally necessary to deal with these huge volumes if we’re to have any chance of making sense of the data. AI is beneficial for both real-time and post event processing: Post event processing – identifying patterns in data sets and running predictive analytics, e.g. the correlation between traffic congestion, air pollution and chronic respiratory illnesses within a city centre. Real-time processing – responding quickly to conditions and building up knowledge of decisions about those events, e.g. remote video camera reading license plates for parking payments.
Characterization of fully lamellar Ti6Al-4V alloy
Authors: Dodla Srihari , Anirudh M , Rohith E , Vinay Kumar Reddy S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The high mechanical strength of the lamellar Ti-6Al-4V extruded rod was characterized. The grain morphology of the extruded Ti-6Al-4V rod was investigated by optical microscopy. The microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy consists of very fine α lamella of approximately 2.5 µm in thickness and β lamella with 1 µm thickness. Besides, a numerical model has been presented that reproduces the morphology of the lamellar colonies. In particular, the representative volume element with 512 elements, 4096 elements and, 32768 elements are studied with the C3D8 linear element. Experimental and numerical comparisons of the lamellae morphology have been presented.
Vibration analysis of metal – polymer sandwich structure incorporated in car bonnet
Authors: Deepak S , Vigneshwaran K , Vinoth Babu N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The weight of the car material plays an important role in its performance in terms of fuel efficiency, speed and smoke emission. Especially in hybrid electric vehicles, lightweight materials are important for balancing the weight of its electrical components and also to enhance vehicle speed on account of its comparative low mileage. Nowadays, aluminium, magnesium and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites (CFRP) were introduced in making of car body panels since those materials can improve its performance. Yet the material costs, fibre orientation and fabrication techniques in case of CFRP in mass production remains a question. Also, the interior of the car panels was filled with vibration barriers or isolators with considerable thickness which can also add weight to the car. Hence a sandwich structure is presented in this work where the polyurethane foam of higher thickness (core) is bonded between two thin metallic face sheets (skin). The polyurethane foam was chosen as the core because of its low density, porosity and viscoelastic behaviour where it can provide better damping capabilities. Hence, the foam can also help in reducing the volume of internal vibration isolators. Since the car bonnet receives the vibration from sources like aerodynamic exposure to air during travel and mechanical movements within the vehicle (engine operation), it was chosen as the subject for vibration analysis.
A review on development of rapid numerical quadrature in finite element method
Authors: Sai Chandra V , Jayakarthikeyan P V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Typical problem areas of interest include structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. The analytical solution of these problems generally requires the solution to boundary value problems for partial differential equations. In particular, the focus will be on the Finite Element Method and its application to linear and nonlinear problems. Aim of the present proposal is to: initiate the investigation on the Universal Matrix method which is introduced presently for linear elastic and transient heat transfer problems when applied to non-linear elastic and inelastic problems. Multiple databases are searched for literature and limiting to last ten years. The keywords selected for the search were a combination of the nonlinear heat transient, inelastic problems. Universal Matrix Method applied to nonlinear heat transient & inelastic problems which a time is reducing than the existing methods like Gauss Quadrature methods, etc. Research on usage of various methods other than Gauss Quadrature method applied to linear problems extended to nonlinear heat transient & inelastic problems.
Lateral and torsional vibration analysis of composite shaft
Authors: Rajkiran U , Vinoth A , Jegadeesan K , Shravankumar C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In Energy Industries reliability of rotating equipment’s plays a key role in overall plant reliability and safer operation, in fact maintaining these equipment’s in larger scale is a challenging task. The magnitude of vibration in rotating equipment’s is high when the rotor excitation force coincides with the natural frequency. This paper deals with the comparison study on existing steel shaft over laminated composite shaft’s lateral and torsional critical speed, which aims to optimize the natural frequency. The rotor system model represented here is undamped, without disc and simply supported with bearing for lateral vibration analysis and considering two discs at ends for torsional vibration analysis. The analysis report represents the comparison of both steel and laminated composite shaft, which features with Campbell diagram.
Numerical prediction of deflection of a cylindrical hollow structure due to steady wind loads
Authors: Shravankumar C , Gowtham S , Lalith Kumar B V , Praneeth V , Siva Krishna Reddy D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A raising population and to meet the raising needs there is an increasing demand for tall structure both for commercial use and industrial purpose. Wind behaviour is a key design parameter for such structures and need to be assessed accurately in the preliminary and secondary design stages. This study is aimed at prediction and analysis of deflection of hollow structure due to steady wind loads. Hollow structures typically represent chimneys that are used in the coal fired stream power plant. A hollow cylindrical part with base diameter of 6 cm is fabricated and tested in wind tunnel at constant speeds of 10, 15 and 20 m/s. An accelerometer is mounted on top of body to measure the deflection. Next, the deflection of the body is predicted numerically using commercial ANSYS software. Initially Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to predict the flow field and associated wind force acting on the body. The wind load is transferred to the structural solver to predict the deflection of the body. The predicted deflection compared well with the wind tunnel experiments. Further FSI simulations are performed by changing the thickness of the hollow structure. The results are analysed to study the effect of wind speed and thickness on the deflection. A cubic polynomial curve-fit for the deflection, as a function of the wind speed is developed.
Design & Analysis of Assembled Teeth Spur Gear
Authors: Arun Prasath C T , Lakshmankumar Abburi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gears are the most important components in modern mechanical engineering world. The use of gears has more common in all the industries. The advantages of spur gear are simplicity in design and can be manufactured easily, economically and less maintenance. At present scenario gears plays an important role in wide space of research especially in gear motors, gear pumps, electromechanical actuators and drive shafts for the car etc. Gears predominantly fail in contact fatigue mode (pitting/spalling) due to combined rolling and sliding motion. Pitting initiation has been experimentally investigated by many researchers under different loading and operating conditions. Contact and Bending stresses at pitch point happened due to a close agreement. The highest probability of pitting/bending failure initiation is observed in single tooth contact region due to full load sharing and the chance of contact fatigue failure is more in comparison to bending fatigue failure. But if the failure happened in teeth - entire gear is replacing. So, it is so expensive. Our Aim is to design and study the failures of assembled teeth spur gear. In this work, we are going to do conceptual design to detail design with CAD Model and proceed to check the failures using Analysis Tool. Aim to find out the contact stresses and deflection by using Solid works and Ansys software’s.
Finite Element Modeling and Validation of a Human Foot through experimental studies
Authors: Vijayaragavan E , Gopal T V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The mechanical experimentation in human beings is practically very difficult due to various laws and procedures. The use of Finite Element (FE) model of the human parts has a significant effect in research. Foot, the most complex structure in human body consists of 26 bones and 33 joints. As reported in the existing literatures, several finite element foot models are developed by imposing simplifications on its anatomy by considering the ligaments as tension free link element, which has a significant variance compared to the experimental results. This paper attempts to develop and validate a realistic finite element model of a normal human foot with bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments mimicking the actual foot using Image Reconstruction Techniques (IRT). The finite element analysis on this model is performed to simulate the balanced standing condition by applying the necessary loading and boundary conditions. Under balanced standing condition, a maximum Von Mises stress of 0.139 MPa is observed in the heel region. For validating the results obtained from finite element analysis, the experimental studies with (i) Moticon insole and (ii) Noraxon’s FDM-T SciFit Treadmill is conducted, which provided a variation of 4.3 % and 0.7 % respectively with FE studies.
Modelling and design of a drain cleaning robot
Authors: Fouziya Sulthana S , Vibha K. , Kumar Sudhanshu , Mathur Sneha , Mohile Tarang Ashutosh 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Underground sewers collect waste from domestic and industrial buildings. These pipes are designed to carry only liquid and semi-solid wastes such as soap water and human excrement. However due to improper disposal, solid waste materials such as rags, plastic waste, condoms, sanitary napkins, white cement etc. are also found. Since the pipes are not meant to carry these wastes, they cause blockages. Apart from sewer drains housing societies with sewage treatment plants (STPs) also face this problem. Clearing these blocks either require a human worker, which endangers human life due to presence of toxic gases, or a high-pressure water hose cum suction machine which is very expensive. The aim of this paper is to design an automatic robot which will be able to clear blocks quickly at a much lower cost without any threat to human life. The robot will be lowered into the sewer pipes through a manhole. It will propel itself till it reaches the block then clear the block. The robot is tethered by data cable for communication and to prevent it from flowing away. A rope is used to retrieve the robot once the block is cleared.
Design, Analysis and Development of composite matrix material upright of FSAE vehicle
Authors: Harris Samuel R , Choudhary Dinesh , Chaudhary Nirav , Datta Siddhartha 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Lightweight material Upright plays a very important role in improving the performance of the race cars i.e. lowering down the unsprung mass of the car and improving the ride and handling characteristics of the vehicle. Due to excellent characteristic of Nylon66 of reducing noise, wear rate, light weight, simple to design and manufacture and for the same, lightweight composite matrix material i.e. Nylon66 reinforced with Carbon fibre was used. The vehicle upright was designed in SOLIDWORKS in accordance to the Formula SAE (society of automotive engineers) rulebook. The static structural analysis was performed in ANSYS over the vehicle upright to find out the von-miss stress and total deformation. Final optimized design was manufactured using the technique of continuous fibre fabrication in order to get the desired strength of the Upright.
Influence of loading in cervical spine motion segment and stress distribution
Authors: Susai Manickam P. , Vinod Vibin , Yogesh VB , Harin M S , Balamurugan S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to create a three-dimensional model of a cervical spine motion segment and to confirm it by inspecting the model with similar FE method. Initially a model was created by extracting CT scan images and the mesh was generated. FEM models of the lower cervical spine are derived from a CT scan with dissimilar elements and then quality of these models is evaluated with the help of mesh element-related metrics. Different material properties were assigned for each part of the model and then the analysis was carried out. Finite element analysis is used to find the effect of variations in morphology of spine, intervertebral disc height, slope of facet joint, process height of articular facet joint and segment size was parameterized. Ligament forces and vertebral rotation variations was also done as part of the FE study. The individual components of spine are subjected to different types of loading situations and the stresses developed on them need to studied. Some of the most important morphological variations found in the anatomy were disc segmental size & stress developed in the superior and inferior endplates and also the stress developed in the disc were analysed. The results obtained were collated with some external references and after validation of the model; the model could be used for extended similar studies.
Study of Mesh Stiffness of Spur Gear Tooth by Considering Pitting Defect under Dynamic Load Conditions
Authors: Chandrasekaran M. , Nandakumar P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gear drives are one of the most essential mechanism of power transmission systems in numerous industrial applications such as automobiles, aerospace and wind turbines, etc. As the speed of gear transmission increases, the study of the dynamic behavior of the gears are more important in the gear design. Gear mesh stiffness plays an eminent role in gear dynamics and it varies in the existence of gear fault such as pitting, spalling and crack. The dynamic performance of the gears are affected by module, contact ratio, pressure angle and transmission error, etc. In order to understand the dynamic properties of spur gear system, it is necessary to calculate the mesh stiffness of the gear tooth pair effectively. In this paper, a comparative study has been carried out using FEM between healthy gear and fault gear by considering pitting defect. Gear mesh stiffness of healthy and fault gear has been compared under dynamic load distribution in gear tooth contacts.