bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Banks’ vulnerabilities to money laundering activities
Authors: Yeoh Peter 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to provide insights as to why money laundering persists in banks and their weaknesses as gatekeepers.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper contextualizes the design and proliferation of anti-money laundering (AML) measures; investigates the different manners of conceptualizing them; and provides insights pertaining to probable limitations of these measures. The paper relies on primary data from statutes and secondary data from published sources.

Findings
The paper’s findings suggest that competitive pressures, shareholders return imperative, and lucrative misaligned incentives for management contributed to weaknesses in effective compliance in banks.

Practical implications
Insights drawn from this paper reinforces the notion that banks need to seriously review their business approaches, as well as their roles as gatekeepers.

Social implications
Given the slew of corporate scandals and other materially harmful misjudgments in money-laundering compliance, banks might need to seriously review their role and obligations in the economy.

Originality/value
Much has been said about money-laundering activities enabled by the banking sector. This paper contributed to insights as to why they persist despite AML rules, and what measures could be further taken to enhance compliance effectiveness.
Independence and temporality: examining the PMLA in India
Authors: Sharma Sameer 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (the PMLA/the Act) was enacted in India in 2002. Since then, Indian courts have had to deal with two interconnected issues owing to the nature of the offence of money laundering (ML) as conceived in the Act itself. The first issue relates to the independence of the offence of ML from the conviction of the underlying offence; and the second is the manner in which the PMLA operates – whether it does so retrospectively or prospectively. The purpose of this paper is to delve into these questions as there is no definitive and binding answer provided for by the courts. It aims to provide normative answers to the above-mentioned questions to enable better functioning of the Act.

Design/methodology/approach
This research paper examines international conventions relating to ML, reports by inter-governmental bodies, the statutory language of the Act and judgements rendered by courts.

Findings
The paper goes on to conclude that for fulfilling the purpose of the Act, the offence of ML must be considered separate from the conviction of the predicate offence. As a result, it also concludes that the Act must apply in instances where the predicate offence was committed prior to its inclusion in the Act’s Schedule if the act of ML occurs after such inclusion.

Originality/value
There does not exist any scholarly literature addressing the judiciary’s interpretation of the Act regarding the said two issues in a systematic fashion. Added to this is the fact that there exist uncertainty and ambiguity because of conflicting judgements. By analyzing international instruments, the phraseology of the Act and contradictory case-law, this paper attempts to find definitive solutions to the said two questions in a purposive manner.
An integrated-dynamic mode of entry model: global MNEs entering into emerging markets
Authors: Enkhtaivan Bolortuya , Davaadorj Zagdbazar 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for the mode of entry in a particular case of global MNEs entering into emerging markets.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model builds on institutional theory and follows an integrated approach of entry mode theories using bargaining theory, the liability of foreignness and local legitimacy.FindingsThe conceptual model introduces five propositions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has policy implications for emerging market institutions. Also, the model highlights the significance of long-term vision in global MNEs’ sustainability. However, the model excludes the MNEs’ internal institutions, home country institutions, as well as institutional and cognitive distances.Originality/valueThe conceptual model addresses the dynamics of MNEs’ entry decisions with long-term strategic vision. It helps to recognize the global MNEs’ internalization of the host country’s formal and informal institutions when the bargaining power is in imbalance.
A role of mulberry leaves in improving resistance to virus‐mediated disease in Allomyrina dichotoma
Authors: Kwak Kyu‐Won , Han Myung‐Sae , Kim Sun Young , Kim Eunsun , Kim Nang‐Hee , Park Kwanho , Kim Yong‐Soon , Lee Heui‐Sam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a safe and effective method for preventing Allomyrina dichotoma nudivirus (AdNV) infection in the Korean horned beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, found on the farms in the Republic of Korea. Mulberry leaf powder was added to fermented oak sawdust to minimize mortality in AdNV‐infected A. dichotoma. Mulberry leaves were found to contain 1‐deoxynojirimycin, which has anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and anti‐tumor effects. Based on the proposed antiviral effects of mulberry leaves, a feed of fermented sawdust combined with 1% or 5% mulberry leaf powder was fed to AdNV‐infected second or third stage A. dichotoma larvae. The larval mortality rate was recorded over 10 weeks. The second and third instar larvae that were fed with the sawdust mixture with 5% mulberry leaf powder had mortality rates of 60% and 30%, respectively. In contrast, the control group that was fed with the sawdust without mulberry leaf powder had a mortality rate of 100%. Also, we confirmed that AdNV was not detected in the experimental group that was subjected to an outdoor application test for 8 months with mulberry leaf powder treatment. A reduced mortality rate after treatment with 1% mulberry leaf powder was observed in the field application. In addition, a comparison of the control colony and mulberry leaf treated group showed a statistical difference in growth of larvae at various states, and demonstrated the efficiency of mulberry leaf powder combined with fermented sawdust for treatment of AdNV‐ infected A. dichotoma.
Identification and expression analysis of cytochrome P450 genes in Plecoptera oculata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Lyu Zihao , Kong Delong , Cheng Jie , Lin Tong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) play an important role in the decomposition of insecticides. Plecoptera oculata Moore is a lepidopteran forestry pest that severely affects Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. In this study, 27 putative CYP genes were identified in the transcriptome of larval P. oculata. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes are grouped into four clans, 15 families, and 22 subfamilies. The tissue‐specific expression profile for each gene was determined using real‐time reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR), and the 27 genes were found to be ubiquitously expressed, mainly in the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and fat body. The expression profiles of all 27 PoCYP genes exposed to half the lethal concentration (LC50) of sendebao and lambda‐cyhalothrin were determined using RT‐qPCR. The results showed that six and twelve PoCYP genes were significantly down‐ and up‐regulated, respectively, by exposure to sendebao, and three and twelve PoCYP genes were significantly down‐ and up‐regulated, respectively, by exposure to lambda‐cyhalothrin. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show the expression of CYP genes in P. oculata. Our results provide a basis for further investigation of the roles of PoCYP genes in insecticide detoxification and as potential targets for novel pesticides.
The potential for organ donation in Iceland: A nationwide study of deaths in intensive care units
Authors: Palsson Thordur P. , Sigvaldason Kristinn , Kristjansdottir Thora E. , Thorkelsson Thordur , Blondal Asbjorn T. , Karason Sigurbergur , Palsson Runolfur 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundThe deceased organ donation rate in Iceland has been low compared with other Western countries. The aim of this study was to explore the potential for organ donation after brain death in Iceland.MethodsObservational cohort study of patients with catastrophic brain injury who died in intensive care units (ICUs) at hospitals in Iceland in 2003‐2016. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify potential donors (PDs), using the WHO Critical Pathway for Deceased Donation. Trends in annual incidence of PDs, conversion to actual donors, and family refusals were assessed.ResultsAmong 1537 patients who died in the ICU, 125 (8.1%) were identified as PDs. Of 103 PDs who were declared brain dead, consent for organ donation was pursued in 84 cases and granted in 63. Fifty‐six became actual donors. The annual donation rate averaged 13 per million population (pmp), but rose abruptly in the final 2 years to 36 and 27 pmp, respectively. This was paralleled by an increase in annual incidence of PDs from an average of 28 pmp to 54 and 42 pmp, respectively. The donor conversion rate increased during the study period (P = .026). Twenty‐three PDs (18%) were not pursued without an apparent reason.ConclusionsThe donation rate increased markedly in the last 2 years of the study period after remaining low for more than a decade. This change can largely be explained by a high incidence of PDs and a low family refusal rate. Missed donation opportunities suggest a potential to maintain a high donation rate in the future.
Modelling the effects of alcohol pricing policies on alcohol consumption in subpopulations in Australia
Authors: Jiang Heng , Livingston Michael , Room Robin , Callinan Sarah , Marzan Melvin , Brennan Alan , Doran Christopher 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsTo model the effects of a range of alcohol pricing policies on alcohol consumption in subpopulation groups (e.g. alcohol consumption pattern, and age and income groups) in Australia.DesignWe used estimated price elasticities to model the effects of proposed pricing policies on consumption for 11 beverage categories among subpopulation groups.SettingAustralia.ParticipantsA total of 1789 adults (16+ years) who reported they purchased and consumed alcohol in the 2013 Australian International Alcohol Control Study, an adult population survey.MeasurementsMean and percentage changes in alcohol consumption were estimated for each scenario across subgroups. The policy scenarios evaluated included: (1) increasing the excise rate 10% for all off‐premise beverages; (2) replacing the wine equalization tax with a volumetric excise rate equal to the current spirits tax rate; (3) applying a uniform excise tax rate to all beverages equal to the current sprits tax rate and a 10 or 20% increase in it; and(4) introducing a minimum unit price (MUP) on all beverages categories at $1.00, 1.30 or 1.50.FindingsThe effects of different tax and MUP policies varied greatly across different subgroups. The effects of the MUP policy on alcohol consumption increased rapidly in the range from $1.00 to $1.50. Applying a uniform tax rate across all beverages equal to current spirits tax rate, or a 10 or 20% increase beyond that, could generate large reductions in overall alcohol consumption in Australia. Compared with the uniform tax rate with or without further tax increase, introducing a MUP at $1.30 or $1.50 could reduce consumption particularly among harmful drinkers and lower‐income drinkers, with comparatively smaller impacts on moderate and higher‐income drinkers.ConclusionsBoth uniform excise tax and minimum unit price policies are predicted to reduce alcohol consumption in Australia. Minimum unit price policies are predicted to have a greater impact on drinking among harmful drinkers than moderate drinkers.
Rutin protects boar sperm from cryodamage via enhancing the antioxidative defense
Authors: Xu Dejun , Wu Lin , Yang Li , Liu Dingbang , Chen Huali , Geng Guoxia , Li Qingwang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study was aimed to investigate whether and how Rutin protects boar sperm against cryoinjury during cryopreservation. Five concentrations of Rutin with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, and 2.0 mM were added to the freezing extender of boar sperm, respectively, and the effects on quality and function of boar sperm after freezing‐thawing were assessed. The results showed that the sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosomal integrity were significantly improved in 0.4 mM and 0.6 mM Rutin groups (p < .05). Compared with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) or Tanshinone IIA, Rutin exhibited higher rates of mitochondrial activity and acrosome integrity (p < .05). Mechanistically, the addition of Rutin at the concentration of 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mM significantly attenuated ROS accumulation and MDA production by improving antioxidant enzymatic activity, including SOD, CAT, and GSH‐Px (p < .05). Functionally, a higher penetration rate and the increased total efficiency of fertilization were observed in the 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 mM Rutin groups than in the control group (p < .05). Moreover, the addition of Rutin (0.6 mM) significantly induced an increase in both the cleavage and blastocyst rates (p < .05). In summary, supplementation with Rutin in cryopreservation medium protects boar sperm against ROS attack by enhancing the antioxidative defense.
Procreation machines: Ectogenesis as reproductive enhancement, proper medicine or a step towards posthumanism?
Authors: Eichinger Johanna , Eichinger Tobias 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFull ectogenesis as the complete externalization of human reproduction by bypassing the bodily processes of gestation and childbirth can be considered the culmination of genetic and reproductive technologies. Despite its still being a hypothetical scenario, it has been discussed for decades as the ultimate means to liberate women from their reproductive tasks in society and hence finally end fundamental gender injustices generally. In the debate about the application of artificial wombs to achieve gender equality, one aspect is barely mentioned but is of crucial relevance from a medical‐ethical perspective: whether and how could full ectogenesis be justified as a proper use of medicine? After characterizing the technology as a special form of human enhancement and as an extension of medical practice that goes beyond the traditional field of medicine, this paper critically assesses the theoretical possibilities of legitimizing this extension. We identify two ways of justification: either one argues that ectogenesis fulfils a proper goal of medicine (a justification we call pathologization), or one argues that the application of ectogenesis achieves a non‐medical goal (which we call medicalization). Because it is important from a medical‐ethical point of view to avoid an inappropriate instrumentalization or misuse of medicine and thus an undue medicalization of non‐medical problems, a set of necessary conditions has to be met. It is doubtful whether full ectogenesis for non‐medical purposes could fulfil these conditions. Rather, its comprehensive usage could be seen as a revolutionary modification of what it means to be human.
Prepared for transition? A cross‐sectional descriptive study of the gains attained in early psychosis programs
Authors: McCay Elizabeth , Tibbo Philip , Conrad Gretchen , Crocker Candice , Langley John , Kirwan Nicole , Aiello Andria , Danaher Audrey , Sheasgreen Clare 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo examine the degree to which youth identified as ready for discharge from three Canadian early psychosis intervention (EPI) programs had achieved optimal outcomes (ie, symptom remission, quality of life, self‐esteem and functioning).MethodsThis cross‐sectional descriptive study is part of a larger study assessing the effectiveness of an evidence‐based intervention to sustain the gains acquired in EPI programs in two Canadian provinces (Ontario and Nova Scotia), as youth transition from EPI services to community‐based care. Baseline data collected from 39 participants receiving usual treatment in these three EPI programs comprised the comparison group. Participants completed measures to assess symptoms, quality of life, self‐esteem and functional level just prior to discharge.ResultsParticipants demonstrated lower levels of symptoms, greater quality of life, greater self‐esteem and greater levels of functioning, following EPI treatment when compared to similar youth described in the literature. These findings suggest that study participants had achieved optimal outcomes following EPI treatment.ConclusionThe study findings have laid the ground work for the current Canadian Institutes of Health Research partnership study in which our research group is assessing the effectiveness of an evidence‐based transitional intervention in order to address critical psychosocial issues of identity, stigma, effective relationships and meaningful life goals, along with the development of an individualized ‘passport for transition’. It is anticipated that implementing an evidence‐based transitional intervention will support participants to maintain the gains made in EPI programs once they transition to community‐based care and will inform future research addressing this challenging issue.
Proximate causes and consequences of intergenerational influences of salient sensory experience
Authors: Aoued Hadj S. , Sannigrahi Soma , Hunter Sarah C. , Doshi Nandini , Sathi Zakia S. , Chan Anthony W. S. , Walum Hasse , Dias Brian G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSalient sensory environments experienced by a parental generation can exert intergenerational influences on offspring. While these data provide an exciting new perspective on biological inheritance, questions remain about causes and consequences of intergenerational influences of salient sensory experience. We previously showed that exposing male mice to a salient olfactory experience, like olfactory fear conditioning, resulted in offspring demonstrating a sensitivity to the odor used to condition the paternal generation and possessing enhanced neuroanatomical representation for that odor. In this study, we first injected RNA extracted from sperm of male mice that underwent olfactory fear conditioning into naïve single‐cell zygotes and found that adults that developed from these embryos had increased sensitivity and enhanced neuroanatomical representation for the odor (Odor A) with which the paternal male had been conditioned. Next, we found that female, but not male offspring sired by males conditioned with Odor A show enhanced consolidation of a weak single‐trial Odor A + shock fear conditioning protocol. Our data provide evidence that RNA found in the paternal germline after exposure to salient sensory experiences can contribute to intergenerational influences of such experiences, and that such intergenerational influences confer an element of adaptation to the offspring. In so doing, our study of intergenerational influences of parental sensory experience adds to existing literature on intergenerational influences of parental exposures to stress and dietary manipulations and suggests that some causes (sperm RNA) and consequences (behavioral flexibility) of intergenerational influences of parental experiences may be conserved across a variety of parental experiences.
Investigating the relationship between climate, stand age, and temporal trends in masting behavior of European forest trees
Authors: Pesendorfer Mario B. , Bogdziewicz Michał , Szymkowiak Jakub , Borowski Zbigniew , Kantorowicz Władysław , Espelta Josep M. , Fernández‐Martínez Marcos 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMasting—temporally variable seed production with high spatial synchrony—is a pervasive strategy in wind‐pollinated trees that is hypothesized to be vulnerable to climate change due to its correlation with variability in abiotic conditions. Recent work suggests that aging may also have strong effects on seed production patterns of trees, but this potential confounding factor has not been considered in previous times series analysis of climate change effects. Using a 54 year dataset for seven dominant species in 17 forests across Poland, we used the proportion of seed‐producing trees (PST) to contrast the predictions of the climate change and aging hypotheses in Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus petraea, and Quercus robur. Our results show that in all species, PST increased over time and that this change correlated most strongly with stand age, while the standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index, a measure of drought, contributed to temporal trends in PST of F. sylvatica and Q. robur. Temporal variability of PST also increased over time in all species except P. sylvestris, while trends in temporal autocorrelation and among‐stand synchrony reflect species‐specific masting strategies. Our results suggest a pivotal role of plant ontogeny in driving not only the extent but also variability and synchrony of reproduction in temperate forest trees. In a time of increasing forest regrowth in Europe, we therefore call for increased attention to demographic effects such as aging on plant reproductive behavior, particularly in studies examining global change effects using long‐term time series data.
The effect of mating on female reproduction across hermaphroditic freshwater snails
Authors: Swart Elferra M. , Starkloff Naima C. , Ypenburg Sanne , Ellers Jacintha , van Straalen Nico M. , Koene Joris M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSexual conflicts often arise between mating partners because each sex tries to maximize its own reproductive success. One major male strategy to influence a partner's resource allocation is the transfer of accessory gland proteins. This has been shown to occur in simultaneous hermaphrodites as well as in organisms with separate sexes. Although accessory gland proteins affect the investment of resources in both male and female function, we here specifically focus on female investment. In the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, previous studies found that the accessory gland protein ovipostatin reduced female fecundity by suppressing egg laying in the partner in the short term (days). To investigate whether this reduction in egg laying is a commonly found effect of mating in freshwater snails, we compared egg output for evidence of suppression in isolated and paired snails of eight pulmonate species. Furthermore, we determined whether the suppression of egg laying caused a shift in resource allocation to the eggs. We found that in five of the eight species egg laying was suppressed, with fewer and lighter egg masses being laid when they had access to a mating partner. In mated pairs of L. stagnalis and Biomphalaria alexandrina, allocation of resources to the eggs was altered in opposite ways: individuals of L. stagnalis laid fewer but larger and heavier eggs; individuals of B. alexandrina laid smaller and lighter eggs, with no change in egg numbers. Such changes in the female function are most likely the result of combined effects of receiving accessory gland proteins, and the cost of mating in both male and female roles. Thus, effects of the maternal environment, including the receipt of accessory gland proteins, on offspring investment are not restricted to species with separate sexes.