bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of [emim][BF4] ionic liquid concentration on ionic liquid-polymeric membrane (ILPM) for CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Mustafa M Z , Mukhtar H , Md Nordin N A H , Mannan H A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the current study, polyethersulfone based (emim)[bf4] ionic liquid polymeric membranes (ILPMs) were synthesised for CO2 separation from CH4. Two weight percentages (10% and 20%) of (emim)[bf4] ionic liquid was added in the prepared doped solution; flat sheet dense membranes were synthesised by the dry phase inversion method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) was used to analyse membranes morphology. Elemental composition of the membranes was examined using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Distribution of IL in the polymer matrix was observed with the help of mapping. The gas permeation experiments were performed at ambient room temperature and 4 bar pressure. All membranes showed dense and non-porous structure which depicted the good compatibility of polymer and ionic liquid. Presence of additional elements such as nitrogen and fluorine in PES/[emim] [bf4] membranes confirmed the presence of ionic liquid in the polymer. Mapping of fluorine element shown the uniform distribution of ionic liquid in the synthesised ILPMs. Membrane having ionic liquid 20 weight % showed a nearly 39-fold increase in CO2 gas permeability compared to pure polyethersulfone membrane and 2.31-fold increase in ideal selectivity of CO2/CH4. The synthesised ILPMs have immense potential for CO2 separation from natural gas.
Prediction of reservoir sedimentation using Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) towards development of sustainable catchment management
Authors: Abdul Razad A Z , Sidek L M , Jung K , Rahman N F , Shamsuddin S H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sedimentation is considered as one of the major deterioration of a lake or reservoir, resulted from the sediment yield process in the catchment. To control reservoir sedimentation, the most effective method is to control sediment production at sources. This studyis initiated to determine reservoir sedimentation using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Cameron Highlands is an active agricultural area is chosen as study area, where meteorological data from 1997 to 2012 were used to simulate stream flow and sediment load at main rivers feeding into Ringlet Reservoir. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the most sensitive parameters towards flow and sediment load simulation. Calibration and validation were performed from 2001 to 2006 and 2010 to 2012 respectively. Model performance ranges from satisfactory to good, as indicated by R2.0.5, NSE > 0.5, PBIAS <+10% and RSR<0.7. Results are in the form of spatial distribution of flow, sediment load and sediment yield, which are useful to determine problematic sub-catchment to prompt for immediate sediment control measures.
Modelling of swine farm management for enhancement of biogas production and energy efficiency
Authors: Putmai N , Jarunglumlert T , Prommuak C , Pavasant P , Flood A E 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A conventional all-in/all-out batch management, applied in most small to medium scale swine farming, often provides an inconsistent feed of wastewater for the biogas system, causing imbalance between the farm’s power requirement and its generation capacity. This study proposed two developed models that could be employed to ease this problem. In Model 1, the operation was divided into two batch intervals, while in Model 2, the operation used four separate batches. The developed models helped avoid an unnecessary long lag phase, allowing more stable anaerobic digestion performance, and a more evenly distributed amount of biogas being produced. Accordingly, the developed models more stably supplied energy for domestic use, achieving 36-44% reduction of the electricity expense, or a saving of 43,782 m3 biogas or 35,834 kWh equivalent compared with that of the conventional management. Moreover, excess biogas which occurred in the conventional management, up to 14,714 m3 or 12,043 kWh equivalent at the peak period, could be reduced by 79-100%, evaluated as a greenhouse gas reduction of 9,441 and 11,902 m3CO2eq by Models 1 and 2, respectively. This suggests that without additional investment, more profit could be attained from the significant reduction of operating cost by proper farm management.
Effect of Zeolite NaA additive on the absorption refrigeration unit
Authors: Badarullah B , Abdulrazik A , Nafsun A I 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Absorption refrigeration has a potential to become among the most effective refrigeration unit due to low power consumption and eco-friendly benefits. However, the problem of relatively lower performance compared to the compressor refrigeration unit has increased the efforts for improvements including working fluid modification and addition of special additive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects by adding Zeolite NaA as an additive in the ammonia/water solution in the bench-scale absorption refrigeration system. The additive contains of certain chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, sodium aluminate and sodium metacilicate. The additive was added with different concentrations in the range of 0.2 mM to 0.001 M. From the experiment, the highest COP was calculated to be 6.3 with 0.001 M of additive, while the lowest cooling box temperature was recorded to be 20°C with 0.6 mM additive and 1.5 of COP. The ratio of ammonia and water solution was 30/70% by volume for the obtained result which could be subjected to further research.
Biogas production for electricity from fruit waste: a case study of Gemah Ripah biogas plant, Yogyakarta
Authors: Marendra F. , Pramudikto D.A. , Rahmada A. , Rimbawan H.J. , Cahyono R. B. , Ariyanto T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Gemah ripah biogas (GRB) plant is the first biogas project in Indonesia that utilizes a 100% fruit waste as a feedstock. Now, the biogas has been operating for almost 9 years. To get objective performance study in the biogas plant existing, it important to analyze biogas production, electricity generation and energy and environmental benefits of the GRB plant. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the typical demonstration model in utilization of fruit waste. Regarding the observation, technically GRB has operated in appropriate function. GRB was designed for 4 T/day feed and supplies 148.5 kWh/day electricity. The further analysis exhibited that GRB project is required to be optimized for maximum energy and environmental benefits because biogas plant feed only 0.35 T/day (8% of feed design) and supplies electricity only 0.45 % of its supplies. For biogas quality, data showed that the biogas plant produces methane and carbon dioxide with average content of 59% and 37% which is already within a good standard. GRB need some of recommendation for maximum operation which is discussed in this article. Nevertheless, operating as an example of a sustainable renewable energy model, GRB can decrease of waste discharge to the landfill and utilization of waste at the source. The operation model of GRB plays an important role in reducing greenhouse, mitigating pollution and generating renewable energy.
Modeling of CO2-MEA absorption system in the packed column using Sulzer DX structured packing
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Zubair , Maulud Abdulhalim Shah , Azmi Bustam M , Suleman Humbul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The accurate design of a packed column is largely dependent upon the accurate calculation of the effective mass transfer area (ae
) of a packing. The experimental and the modelling study for the packed column with CO2-Monoethanolamine (MEA) system has been reported by employing Sulzer DX packing. The model validation results revealed that the modification in the available simple ae
correlations is necessary to attain the reliable results using Sulzer DX packing. Recently, a new simple ae
correlation suitable for Sulzer DX packing with MEA-CO2 system has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, the rate-based model is developed using the newly developed ae
correlation for the packed absorption column with Sulzer DX structured packing for CO2-MEA system. The model has been successfully validated with the experimental data. Overall results depict good accuracy (AAD < 15%) of predicted CO2 concentration profiles due to the reliable ae
calculations. However, the relative accuracy is low at high liquid flowrates (> 8 m3/m2h) due to the design limitations of the ae
correlation. Therefore, in this study, the adopted ae
mass transfer correlation is found suitable for the reliable modelling of the packed absorption column with Sulzer DX packing.
Product Distribution and Characteristic from Pyrolysis of Indonesia Palm Oil Residues
Authors: Cahyono R. B. , Adhityatama G. I. , Persada G.B. , Prasetya A. , Ariyanto T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During the production, palm oil industry generated around 4 ton of dry biomass waste such empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), and palm oil fiber (PF) for each 1 ton of palm oil extracted. As main industry in Indonesia, palm oil industry offered not only the oil product but also biomass waste which was potential for clean energy sources. The utilization of those biomass residue is still limited due to lack of information related to conversion method as well as characteristic of various product. This research focuses on the product distribution and characterization of biomass pyrolysis especially PKS and PF. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted using both thermogravity (TG) method and stainless steel reactor at temperature range of 450–550°C. Based on the TG method that biomass was heated up until 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere, PKS exhibited slower decomposition process rather than PF because of high value of hardness and fixed carbon. Two strong peaks were seen clearly which the first peak correspond to hemicellulose and lignin decomposition that proceed in the temperature range of 200 – 300°C. While, the second peak represented to cellulose and lignin decomposition that occurred in the temperature range of 300 – 500°C. Pyrolysis at higher temperature initiated smaller amount of solid product due to volatilization and higher ash content. The ash composed of several chemical such as Si, Al, Ca, Mn etc which would still remain in the solid product when temperature was increased. However, the fixed carbon and heating value enhanced significantly as increasing temperature. Clearly, based on the SEM images, the biochar hold better pore structure compared to raw material. In the pyrolysis process, the volatile matter moved to gas phases and create abundant vacant as pore structure in the solid product. These results offers opportunities of better utilization of palm oil residues not only energy conversion but also other area such as adsorbent, bio-fertilizer/soil conditioning.
Effect of storage condition on color, vitamin C content, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in fresh soursop pulp (Annona muricata L.)
Authors: Tran N Y T , Nhan N P T , Thanh V T , Chinh N D , Tri D L , Nguyen D V , Vy T A , Truc T T , Thinh P V 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Annona muricata Linn. (soursop) belongs to the Annonaceae family. This plant has been traditionally used for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. In this study, the effect of storage conditions (room and cold condition) on Annona muricata nutrients was evaluated on the basis of color, vitamin C, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (DPPH). The change in Lab* brightness (64.34 ± 4.18a, -4.61 ± 0.31a, 12.80 ± 0.57a for fresh sample) was negligible during the 10 day cooling process (66.22 ± 2.33ab, -0.58 ± 7.89a, 9.03 ± 0.85b). These criteria have not changed compared to the original sample after 2 days. The effect of room temperature on properties of Soursop was significant. After 8 and 10 days, it was impossible to quantify TAA, TPC and ABTS of the sample. The values of the two samples (8 and 10 days) at low temperatures were respectively 4.46 ± 0.35 and 3.27 ± 0.33 (TAA); 3.00 ± 0.05 and 2.64 ± 0.30 (TPC); 0.66 ± 0.01 and 0.69 ± 0.04 (free-radicals scavenging capacity). The appearance and morphology of the samples are also graphically described.
Optimization of Osmotic Dehydration Process for Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) Pieces with Salt Solution and Spices by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Nagamaniammai G , Udhayaganga M , Swetha S , Ramasamy K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe optimization of osmotic dehydration process ofaonla(Emblica officinalisGaertn) slices in brine solution containing spices (cumin powder, fenugreek powder, fresh ginger extract) was carried out using response surface methodology. The independent process variables for osmotic dehydration are salt concentration in water (4-12%), spices concentration in the brine solution (39%), solution to fruit ratio (3-5) and duration of 60-90 minutes at room temperature. The osmotic dehydration process was optimized for maximum water loss, solute gain, overall acceptability and minimum acidity and vitamin C loss based on the RSM. The optimum conditions were predicted as 12% salt concentration, 7.09 % spices concentration, 4.30 solutions to fruit ratio and 84.15 minutes process time. Among the process variable, salt concentration, process duration and spices concentration have the most significant effect on water loss, solute gain, acidity and overall acceptability; process time has the most effect on vitamin-C loss and acidity whereas solution-to-fruit ratio had significantly lower effect on all the responses. Osmotically dehydratedaonlasamples were observed to be less in functional compounds compare to freshaonlasamples due to leaching out of minor compounds to hypertonic solution during osmotic dehydration process.
Effect of Torrefaction Conditions on Physicochemical Properties of Empty Fruit Bunches
Authors: Sukiran M A , Wan Daud W M A , Abnisa F , Nasrin A B , Loh S K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Empty fruit bunches (EFB) in current bulky form are low in energy density and highly moist making them unsuitable as a solid fuel. Pre-treatment of EFB via thermochemical process i.e. torrefaction is required in order to improve its energy density via reduction of moisture and oxygen contents, which eventually will lead to an increased calorific value (CV). This study investigated the effects of temperature (225 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C) and retention time (20, 40 and 60 min) on the torrefaction products distribution (solid, liquid and gas) and physicochemical properties including proximate and ultimate (elemental) compositions and energy content of torrefied EFB. The results indicated that an increased temperature and retention time led to lower mass of torrefied EFB yield. The highest yield (90.44%) was attainable after 20 min of torrefaction at the lowest deployed 225 °C. However, the CV of torrefied EFB increased with increasing temperature and retention time, reaching a maximum 25.73 MJ/kg at 300 °C for 60 min, i.e. up to 46% higher than its raw form. The resulting improved physicochemical properties indicated suitability of the torrefied EFB for bioenergy processes such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis and peptization.
Synthesis and Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity of Surfactant Free MWCNTs-Jatropha Oil-based Nanofluid
Authors: Rehman W U , Mercian Z M A , Bhat A H , Guan B H , Sulaimon A A , Khan I U , Ullah H , Mukhtar A , Saqib S , Hameed A , Yasir M , Ahmad A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thermal conductivity enhancement of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based nanofluids received the attention of many researchers due to its remarkable thermal properties. However, the synthesis of surfactant-free multi-walled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids with higher dispersion stability to maintain a trade-off between its dispersion stability and thermophysical properties is still a challenge. In this research, a surfactant-free multi-walled carbon nanotube and Jatropha seed oil-based nano-dispersion are prepared via one-step method and subjected to experimental determination of thermal conductivity within the temperature range of (25 °C - 65 °C) and nanoparticle volume fraction range of (0.2 wt.% - 0.8 wt.%). The prepared nanofluid found to be highly stable for long time and its thermal conductivity enhancement was found to be 6.76%.
Screening of extraction buffer concentration for protease extraction from the leaves of Syzygium polyanthum using full factorial design
Authors: Yahya Noorhafiza , Arshad Zatul Iffah Mohd , Mudalip Siti Kholijah Abdul , Sulaiman Siti Zubaidah , Man Rohaida Che , Shaarani Shalyda Md , Rahim Mohd Hairul Ab. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the factors that significantly affect the extraction of protease from the leaves of Syzygium polyanthum. The extraction of protease from the leaves of Syzigium polyanthum was studied at different concentration of substances in the extraction buffer. A 24 full factorial experimental design was performed. The effect of four independent operating factors including; A, the concentration of potassium phosphate (KPO4); B, the concentration of Triton X-100; C, the concentration of glycerol; and D, the concentration of dithiotreitol (DTT) on the protease activity were evaluated statistically. All regression models gave a good fit to the experimental data (R2 > 99%). The maximum protease activity was detected when the extraction was performed using 3.0 M KPO4, 1% Triton X-100, 80% glycerol and 1.5 M DTT. The results revealed that the concentration of KPO4, DTT, and their interaction were statistically significant to affect the protease activity. Thus, the results obtained from this study indicate that full factorial design is useful to screen the significant factors and minimise the number of experiments.
Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) using electrocoagulation process for treatment of oleochemical wastewater
Authors: Azli F A M , Azoddein A A M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWastewater from oleochemical industry contains high concentration glycierin, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) that can cause environmental pollution if discharged without proper treatment method. Currently, oleochemical industry used reverse osmosis membrane and submerged bed biofilm reactor to treat their wastewater. In this work, other method namely electrocoagulation treatment that capable to achieve a high removal of color, COD, biological oxygen demand (BOD) is employed. The objective of the study is to determine the optimum operating condition such as initial pH (6-9), applied current (4.0-8.0A), type of electrode (aluminium & stainless steel & and retention time (10 – 40 min) on degradation of COD and TSS in wastewater from an oleochemical industry using this process. The experimental results showed that the pollutant removal efficiencies of COD and TSS can be achieved at 62.64% and 66.12% respectively, of the initial concentration of parameters using aluminium electrode at the optimum conditions of pH 7.5, applied current 6 A and reaction time of 30 min. All the findings of the study revealed that treatment of oleochemical wastewater by electrocoagulation process at optimum conditions can be used as a treatment.
MHD free convection boundary layer flow near the lower stagnation point flow of a horizontal circular cylinder in ferrofluid
Authors: Yasin S H M , Mohamed M K A , Ismail Z , Salleh M Z 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The present numerical solution is to theoretically investigate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection boundary layer flow and the heat transfer of ferrofluid near the lower stagnation point of a horizontal circular cylinder. The conventional heat transfer of fluids such as water and oil is inherently the poor heat transfer performance. Nanofluid which is formed by magnetic nanoparticles is known as ferrofluid and has shown a particular achievement when the effect of external magnetic is applied. For this purpose, ferrofluid that contains magnetite, Fe3O4 and water are considered. The dimensional governing equations are transformed by using non-dimensional variables and non-similar transformations to form nonlinear partial differential equations. The numerical solution using the implicit finite difference scheme namely Keller-box method is used to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical results on velocity and temperature distributions as well as the quantity of interest of pertinent parameters such as magnetic parameter and the volume fraction of ferroparticles parameter are discussed. It is noticeable that the reduced Nusselt number of ferrofluid decreases through the increase of magnetic parameter strength.
A significant review on different cooling agent during rapid cooling process of low carbon steel
Authors: Mohd Saaroni M A , Sazali N , Ghazali M F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Low carbon steel has been chosen as the engineering material in this project to research the comparison of the effects of cooling agent during rapid cooling process and to develop a mechanical data of low carbon steel after the heat treatment. This material has been chosen because it is mostly used for deep drawing of motor car bodies, motor cycle parts and other domestic applications where it need to involve the desired mechanical properties processes. Rapid cooling process or quenching is common process to obtain certain material properties such as increasing strength and hardness. This process is widely used in industry to obtain required properties of any application.
The effect of material on bipolar membrane fuel cell performance: A review
Authors: Daud S S , Norrdin M A , Jaafar J , Sudirman R 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBipolar membrane fuel cell (BPMFC) was firstly discovered in 2000 that composed of two-layered ionic conducting membranes. The importance of BPMC development is its ability to humidify the cell when operating at a high current density that eliminates the use of the external humidification system. It is able to self-humidify the cell because of water formation at the intermediate layer from the reaction of hydrogen ion (H+) with hydroxide ion (OH−). Up to now, there is no commercial bipolar membrane (BPM) in water formation configuration for the fuel cell humidifying purpose. Thus, the researcher had come out with a composition of proton exchange membrane with anion exchange membrane by the hotpressing method that allows them to carry the proton and anion simultaneously in a single cell. There are a few of polymeric-based PEM and AEM material had been selected for developing BPM such as Nafion, FumaPEM FAA3, quaternary ammonium polysulfone (QAPSF), and quaternary ammonium poly(phenylene)oxide (QAPPO). This review aims to determine the effect of material selection and design for developing BPM toward its performance in fuel cell based on published works. Besides, the potentialities of polymeric-based material are discussed, pointing out the main positive and negative effect of this BPM for fuel cell applications. As a case study, the use of different types of PEM and AEM material for BPM is particularly stressed, pointing out the main properties for its applications in BPMFC.