bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHREA: A Systematic Hybrid Resampling Ensemble Approach Using One Class Classifier
Authors: Baro Pranita , Borah Malaya Dutta 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTImbalanced classification and data incompleteness are two critical issues in machine learning that, despite significant research, are difficult to solve. This paper presents the Systematic Hybrid Resampling Ensemble Approach that deals with the class imbalance and incompleteness of data at a given dataset and improves classification performance. We use an oscillator‐guided Factor Based Multiple Imputation Oversampling technique to balance out the minority and majority data samples, while substituting missing values in the dataset. The improved dataset is an oversampled dataset and it goes through random undersample to create majority and minority class subsets. These subsets are then trained with the classifiers using one of the One Class Classifier‐based methods, that is, One Class Support Vector Machine or Local Outlier Factor. Lastly, bootstrap aggregation ensemble setups are done using majority and minority class classifiers and combining them to come up with a score‐based prediction. To mimic real‐life scenarios where data could be missing, we introduce random missing values on each of these imbalance datasets to create new sets from each dataset with different missing values, that is, (10%, 20%, and 30%). The proposed method is experimented with using datasets taken from the KEEL website, and the results are compared against RBG, SBG, SBT, DTE, and EUS. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed approach gives better results revealing the efficiency and significance compared to the existing methods. The proposed method Local Outlier Factor Systematic Hybrid Resampling Ensemble Approach improves by 3.46%, 5.30%, 10.51% and 9.26% in terms of Recall, AUC, f‐measure and g‐mean and One Class Support Vector Machine Systematic Hybrid Resampling Ensemble Approach by 4.82%, 5.95%, 11.03% and 8.80% respectively.
Effects of Freshwater Protected Areas on Survival of a Critically Endangered Cetacean
Authors: Han Yi , Xu Wenjing , Wang Kexiong , Wang Ding , Mei Zhigang 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTEvaluating the effectiveness of freshwater protected areas (FPAs) is crucial for improving their performance, yet evidence remains limited. Using remote sensing and field surveys from 2001 to 2017, we examined FPA coverage, their efficacy in preventing species decline and habitat deterioration, and strategies to enhance FPA effectiveness for the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis). FPAs failed to cover nearly half of high‐abundance regions and two thirds of medium‐abundance areas. Despite initially better conditions, FPAs experienced similar or greater species declines and habitat deterioration. Porpoise distribution closely correlated to habitat conditions, with abundance declining most in severely degraded floodplains while remaining stable or increasing in less disturbed areas. To improve FPA performance, we recommend expanding protection to medium‐ and high‐abundance areas to better cover key porpoise habitats and enhancing existing FPAs through stricter law enforcement, proactive management, and targeted restoration. These strategies are reinforced by China's new legal and policy framework for Yangtze River protection, providing a foundation for long‐term conservation.
Detecting Monkeypox Virus by Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Ng Spencer , Stephan Carla , Do Mytrang , Frosina Denise , Jungbluth Achim , Busam Klaus J. , Ma Linglei 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundMpox (formerly known as monkeypox), a zoonotic disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), has become an international outbreak since May 2022. Mpox often presents with a mild systemic illness and a characteristic vesiculopustular skin eruption. In addition to molecular testing, histopathology of cutaneous lesions usually shows distinctive findings, such as epidermal necrosis, balloon degeneration, papillary dermal edema, and focal dermal necrosis, which have proven helpful in the diagnosis of mpox. Viral cytopathic changes with areas of multinucleation, smudging of the nuclei, and intracytoplasmic inclusions have also been described. Although useful, these features are relatively nonspecific. The use of a monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of MPXV may be a useful tool in confirming mpox infection.MethodsThree cases of PCR‐confirmed mpox were biopsied and subjected to IHC staining with a monoclonal MPXV‐specific antibody targeting viral envelope protein A29. As controls, cell lines transduced to express other MPXV viral antigens and samples of cutaneous viral infections involving Molluscum contagiosum, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, or Cytomegalovirus were also subjected to IHC staining with this antibody.ResultsAll three mpox patient biopsies performed on lesional skin subjected to MPXV IHC staining reliably detected viral infection in lesional skin with a diffuse cytoplasmic and focally nuclear staining pattern. No staining was seen in transduced cell lines expressing off‐target MPXV viral antigens and in lesional skin of other common viral infections listed above.ConclusionsThe monoclonal MPXV‐specific antibody may be used as an adjunct tool to confirm mpox infection.
Type 2 diabetes genetic risk and incident diabetes across diabetes risk enhancers
Authors: Moura Filipe A. , Kamanu Frederick K. , Wiviott Stephen D. , Giugliano Robert P. , Udler Miriam S. , Florez Jose C. , Ellinor Patrick T. , Sabatine Marc S. , Ruff Christian T. , Marston Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the predictive value of a contemporary type 2 diabetes (T2D) polygenic score (PGS) in detecting incident diabetes across a range of diabetes risk factors.Materials and MethodsWe analysed participants in the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk (FOURIER) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT0176463), which compared the efficacy of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor evolocumab versus placebo in lowering cardiovascular outcomes in participants with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL cholesterol levels of 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) or higher who were receiving statin therapy. Genetic risk was characterized using a previously validated T2D PGS based on ~1.2 million single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. PGS was analysed continuously and categorically as high (top 20% of the PGS) and low to intermediate (lower 80% of the PGS). The effect of evolocumab on incident diabetes in patients without diabetes at baseline was also assessed. HbA1c was measured at baseline and every 24 weeks thereafter, while FPG was measured at baseline, week 12, week 24 and every 24 weeks thereafter. Potential cases of incident diabetes were adjudicated centrally. Hazards ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were adjusted for baseline characteristics and ancestry.ResultsAmong 9388 participants, the mean age was 63 ± 9 years and 22.7% were women, with median HbA1c 39 mmol/mol (36 mmol/mol – 41 mmol/mol; 5.7% [5.4%–5.9%]) and mean body mass index (BMI) 28.7 ± 5 kg/m2. Diabetes developed in 690 participants (7.3%) during 2.3 years of median follow‐up. T2D PGS predicted incident T2D (HR per 1‐SD 1.22, 95% CI 1.14–1.32, p < 0.001). The rates of incident T2D in the high and low to intermediate genetic risk categories were 12.1% versus 6.8%, respectively (HR 1.43 95% CI 1.20–1.70, p < 0.001). Notably, high T2D genetic risk had greater predictive strength among individuals with lower HbA1c (P‐int = 0.0499) and lower BMI (P‐int = 0.004).ConclusionsThe T2D polygenic score serves as an independent predictor of incident diabetes, particularly among individuals with lower distribution of traditional risk factors.
“Magic concepts” and USAID: Framing food systems reform to support the status quo
Authors: Kelinsky‐Jones Lia R. , Niewolny Kim L. , Stephenson Max O. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMotivationInternational development policy is increasingly a contested site of agricultural politics. Many civil society organizations actively engage with alternative frameworks including sustainability, sovereignty, and self‐reliance to challenge the prevailing neoliberal construct of food systems. Recently, development policy actors have used the term “self‐reliance” in international development policy discourse, but its meaning, purpose, and underlying political ideology vary. Understanding how development actors define self‐reliance is critical for understanding whether the term is being used to maintain the neoliberal status quo or to support food systems change.PurposeIn 2018 the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) released its “The Journey to Self‐Reliance” policy framework. This article explores how USAID represented self‐reliance by examining the vocabularies, discourses, and ideologies the agency drew upon to conceptualize self‐reliance.Approach and methodsWe analysed a corpus of USAID policy documents published between 2018 and 2020, using critical discourse analysis (CDA), and triangulated CDA findings with corpus linguistics. We then presented our analysis to focus groups of US university scholar‐practitioners funded by USAID who responded to the findings.FindingsWe found that USAID's construction of self‐reliance simultaneously sought to reproduce neoliberal ideological outcomes while, at least formally, embracing localization in terms of community self‐reliance. We also found that USAID placed market actors as active leaders and presented local governments in passive roles. Focus group respondents agreed on the importance of localization but differed as to the primacy USAID afforded market organizations.Policy implicationsWe identified three major policy implications. First, the primacy of the neoliberal conception of self‐reliance limits self‐directed development among the targeted countries. Second, framing self‐reliance as market driven is likely to deepen consolidated power in agricultural development. Third, at a global policy level, we observe a lack of solidarity with civil society organizations addressing agricultural development efforts, which seek greater representation in development policy deliberations.
Community‐based epilepsy care in an onchocerciasis‐endemic area: A 3‐year cohort study in Mahenge, Tanzania
Authors: Bhwana Dan , Amaral Luís‐Jorge , Kamoen Olivia , Mhina Athanas , Mushi Vivian , Makunde William , Matuja William , Mpogole Meshack , Mmbando Bruno P. , Colebunders Robert 
Published: December 2024

AbstractObjectiveIn onchocerciasis‐endemic areas, limited access to antiseizure medications (ASMs) contributes to a high epilepsy burden. This study evaluated the impact of a community‐based epilepsy care program in Mahenge, Tanzania, an onchocerciasis‐endemic area with high epilepsy prevalence.MethodsA baseline survey (2017–2018) identified persons with epilepsy (PWE) in four rural villages. Subsequently, PWE were invited to enroll in the epilepsy treatment program (2019–2022), where trained community health workers (CHWs) screened for epilepsy, promoted ivermectin intake to treat onchocerciasis, distributed ASMs, and monitored seizure frequency and ASM adherence monthly under supervision from the project clinician trained in epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. A concluding survey (2022) collected sociodemographic data and participants' status as alive, deceased, or lost to follow‐up. Mixed‐effects negative binomial regression analyzed risk factors for weekly seizure incidence rate.ResultsOf 206 participants, 77.7% reported bilateral tonic–clonic seizures, and 32.0% reported focal seizures. More than one third (38.5%) were suspected of having nodding syndrome. Weekly seizure frequency decreased significantly from a mean of 1.9 seizures (interquartile range [IQR] = 0–2) at enrollment to .4 seizures (IQR = 0–0) at the last follow‐up (Wilcoxon test p < .0001), with significantly improved ASM adherence (57.5%–94.7%, McNemar test p < .0001). Factors associated with lower weekly seizure incidence included longer program participation, ASM adherence, carbamazepine use compared to phenobarbital, and ivermectin intake in 2022. ASM adverse events were associated with increased seizure frequency. The mortality rate was 32.7 deaths per 1000 person‐years, with most deceased not fully adhering to ASM (88%) and having epilepsy‐related causes of death (60%).SignificanceThe community‐based program using CHWs was associated with a significant reduction in seizure frequency and improved ASM adherence. In onchocerciasis‐endemic areas, it should be investigated whether carbamazepine should be a preferred ASM in PWE. Ivermectin's impact on seizure frequency merits further investigation in onchocerciasis‐endemic areas. Community‐based epilepsy care is a promising strategy for scaling up epilepsy care in rural areas in Africa.
Reduced Representation and Whole‐Genome Sequencing Approaches Highlight Beluga Whale Populations Associated to Eastern Canada Summer Aggregations
Authors: Montana Luca , Bringloe Trevor T. , Bourret Audrey , Sauvé Caroline , Mosnier Arnaud , Ferguson Steven H. , Postma Lianne , Lesage Véronique , Watt Cortney A. , Hammill Mike O. , Parent Geneviève J. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTEffective conservation strategies inherently depend on preserving populations, which in turn requires accurate tools for their detection. Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabit the circumpolar Arctic and form discrete summer aggregations. Previous genetic studies using mitochondrial and microsatellite loci have delineated distinct populations associated to summer aggregations but the extent of dispersal and interbreeding among these populations remains largely unknown. Such information is essential for the conservation of populations in Canada as some are endangered and harvested for subsistence by Inuit communities. Here, we used reduced representation and whole‐genome sequencing approaches to characterize population structure of beluga whales in eastern Canada and examine admixture between populations. A total of 905 beluga whales sampled between 1989 and 2021 were genotyped. Six main genomic clusters, with potential subclusters, were identified using multiple proxies for population structure. Most of the six main genomic clusters were consistent with previously identified populations, except in southeast Hudson Bay where two clusters were identified. Beluga summer aggregations may consequently be comprised of more than one distinct population. A low number of dispersers were identified between summer aggregations and limited interbreeding was detected between the six genomic clusters. Our work highlights the value of genomic approaches to improve our understanding of population structure and reproductive behavior in beluga whales, offering insights applicable to other cetacean species of conservation concern. An expansion of the geographical scope and increase in number of genotyped individuals will, however, be needed to improve the characterization of the finer scale structure and of the extent of admixture between populations.
The case against a US sovereign wealth fund
Authors: Megginson William L. , Zhou Xin Yue , Gholson Robert L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSovereign wealth funds (SWFs), with assets under management reaching over $12.9 trillion in 2024, remain prominent global investors. The idea of creating a US national SWF gained attention during the 2024 US national elections, prompting debates about its merits. This paper reviews the latest academic research on SWFs and examines whether the United States should establish its own national SWF. We argue against this proposition for three key reasons: a US SWF is unnecessary due to the efficiency of existing capital markets, politically infeasible given deep partisan divides, and fiscally imprudent given the nation's significant debt and budgetary constraints.
Converting Biochar Into Biochar‐Based Urea Promotes Environmental and Economic Sustainability in Rice‐Wheat Rotation System
Authors: Gong Xueliu , Shi Wei , Wu Jiarong , Qin Jingsong , Huang Wang , Feng Yanfang , Sun Haijun , Zheng Jufeng , Cheng Kun , Joseph Stephen , Chen Junhui , Bian Rongjun , Li Lianqing , Pan Genxing 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBiochar amendments in rice‐wheat systems are sustainable for reducing GHGs (greenhouse gases) and improving soil health but the widespread adoption of biochar faces economic challenges. To address limitation, a novel biochar‐based urea was formulated for environmental and cost advantages. A pot experiment within a rice‐wheat rotation was conducted to evaluate comparative effects of biochar‐based urea (CKBU), biochar + urea (BCU), and biochar‐based urea + biochar (BCBU) over conventional mineral fertilizer (CKU) on soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization, GHG emissions, soil structure, and crop productivity. Furthermore, fertilizer N fate was tracked using the 15N isotope during wheat season. The results indicated that compared to CKU, CKBU, BCU, and BCBU treatments significantly mitigated NH3 volatilization by 22%–31% during the rice season, and a 19% reduction was observed under the BCBU treatment during the wheat season due to the response of N‐cycling microorganisms. Regarding GHG emissions, the CKBU, BCU, and BCBU treatments significantly decreased the global warming potential (GWP) value by 49%–55% during the rice season and by 26%–45% during the wheat season, compared to CKU. Additionally, CKBU enhanced 15N use efficiency by 29% during wheat season, without affecting the rice season. The economic performance indicated that applying BU alone offered a net economic benefit, whereas biochar amendment led to a net economic loss. However, biochar amendment improved SOC and aggregation structure, with a significant increase in macroaggregate distribution over 50% compared to CKU and CKBU. Therefore, BU with small portions of biochar can be as effective in reducing NH3 emissions and mitigating GHG emissions as the use of a large quantity of biochar. Additionally, the BCBU did not show additional synergistic benefits regarding emission reduction or yield enhancement. Therefore, shifting biochar to BU could be a cost‐effective approach to achieving sustainable productivity in rice‐wheat crop rotation systems.
Impact of Subjective Masticatory Difficulty on Malnutrition and Frailty in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Won Chang Won , Shin Seung‐Yun , Kim Miji , Ko Min Jung , Seo Seongwoo , So Jong Seob , Jung Hoi‐In , Kho Hong‐Seop , Kang Kyung Lhi , Ha Seung‐Ryong , Kim Nam‐Hee , Linton Jina Lee , Kang Jeong‐Hyun 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study evaluated the impact of masticatory difficulty on the development and progression of malnutrition, frailty, sarcopenia, and disability in community‐dwelling adults, using data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study.MethodsParticipants were categorised by presence of masticatory difficulty. The Fried frailty phenotype, mini‐nutritional assessments, and diagnostic criteria proposed by Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia were adopted to diagnose frailty, malnutrition, and sarcopenia respectively. Physical disabilities were measured using the Korean activities of daily living (ADL) and Korean instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scales.ResultsA total of, 3010 participants were initially enrolled, 2864 participants remained in the study after 2 years, reflecting a 95.1% retention compliance. At baseline, the prevalence of frailty (28.0% vs. 18.1%), malnutrition (1.5% vs. 0.8%), IADL disability (10.1% vs. 7.7%), and ADL disability (10.8% vs. 8.0%) was higher among those experiencing masticatory difficulty than in those without. After 2 years, baseline masticatory difficulty was associated with the incidence of malnutrition (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 0.99–6.90; p = 0.042) after full adjustment for confounders. However, no associations were found between baseline masticatory difficulty and the incidence of frailty, sarcopenia or physical disability over 2 years after adjustment. Additionally, masticatory difficulty did not affect the persistence or remission of malnutrition, frailty, sarcopenia, IADL disability, and ADL disability in individuals who already had these conditions at baseline.ConclusionRestoring chewing function and masticatory satisfaction improves not only oral health but also contributes to overall health and promotes healthy aging in older individuals.
Rapamycin Abrogates Aggregation of Human α‐Synuclein Expressed in Fission Yeast via an Autophagy‐Independent Mechanism
Authors: Sugimoto Yoshitaka , Takasaki Teruaki , Yamada Ryuga , Kurosaki Ryo , Yamane Tomonari , Sugiura Reiko 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAggregation of alpha‐synuclein (α‐Syn) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, collectively termed synucleinopathies. Thus, tremendous efforts are being made to develop strategies to prevent or inhibit α‐Syn aggregation. Here, we genetically engineered fission yeast to express human α‐Syn C‐terminally fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) at low and high levels. α‐Syn was localized at the cell tips and septa at low‐level expression. At high‐level expression, α‐Syn was observed to form cytoplasmic aggregates. Notably, rapamycin, a natural product that allosterically inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by forming a complex with FKBP12, and Torin1, a synthetic mTOR inhibitor that blocks ATP binding to mTOR, markedly reduced the number of cells harboring α‐Syn aggregates. These mTOR inhibitors abrogate α‐Syn aggregation without affecting α‐Syn expression levels. Rapamycin, but not Torin1, failed to reduce α‐Syn aggregation in the deletion cells of fkh1+, encoding FKBP12, indicating the requirement of FKBP12 for rapamycin‐mediated inhibition of α‐Syn aggregation. Importantly, the effect of rapamycin was also observed in the cells lacking atg1+, a key regulator of autophagy. Collectively, rapamycin abrogates human α‐Syn aggregation expressed in fission yeast via an autophagy‐independent mechanism mediated by FKBP12.
Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context
Authors: Hermann Anett , Clar‐Novak Maria , Claes Marie‐Thérèse 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effects of teleworking as a human resources policy measure on gender‐specific time poverty. The focus is on the experiences of women with care tasks in Austria. Differences in the design of teleworking models before, during, and after the COVID‐19 pandemic with the introduction of a company policy as well as the resulting group dynamic effects and their connection to time pressure are analyzed. The questions are examined as to what significance the specific context has on the implementation of the teleworking policy and what effects arise from universal HR policy thinking on inclusion in the company. The study shows that women's time poverty worsens in all forms of teleworking due to the context, although positive effects are also visible. The importance of human resource management derives from this in designing telework policies and practices that not only support business objectives but also address the specific challenges faced by employees, particularly women with caregiving responsibilities.