bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Nature of Adjuvant and Site of Parenteral Immunization on the Serum and Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by a Nasal Boost with a Vaccine Alone
Authors: Guy Bruno , Fourage Sophie , Hessler Catherine , Sanchez Violette , Millet Marie José Quentin 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTOutbred OF1 mice were immunized subcutaneously with flu vaccine, either in the neck or in the lumbar region (back), in combination with adjuvants inducing either a Th1- or a Th2-type response, referred to as adjuvants A1 and A2, respectively. After two parenteral immunizations, the mice were boosted intranasally with nonadjuvanted vaccine. The serum response was analyzed after each immunization by measuring specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG1, and IgG2a antibody levels, while the local response (same isotypes) was measured in the salivary glands after the mucosal boost by ELISPOTs. We observed that systemic priming at any of the two sites with a Th2 rather than a Th1 adjuvant dramatically enhanced the mucosal IgG1 and IgA responses following a mucosal boost with unadjuvanted vaccine. In addition, as judged by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratios and serum IgA levels, immunization of mice in the back induced a rise in Th2 response compared to neck immunization with adjuvant A1. In contrast, such back immunization with adjuvant A2 reversed the Th1-Th2 balance in favor of the Th1 response compared to neck immunization. Similar differences were observed in mucosal antibody levels according to the site of priming with one given adjuvant; priming in the back with adjuvant A1 increased the mucosal IgA and IgG1 responses compared to neck priming, while the local IgG2a levels were decreased. The reverse was true for adjuvant A2. Back versus neck priming with this latter adjuvant decreased the mucosal IgG1 response, while local IgG2a levels were increased. The different lymphatic drainages of the two sites of parenteral immunization may explain these differences, due to the targeting of particular lymphoid inductive sites. Some of these sites may represent crossroads between systemic and mucosal immunity.
Increases in the Levels ofCoxiella burnetii-Specific Immunoglobulin G1 and G3 Antibodies in Acute Q Fever and Chronic Q Fever
Authors: Capo Christian , Iorgulescu Ioana , Mutillod Maryse , Mege Jean-Louis , Raoult Didier 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTA detailed analysis of the humoral response toCoxiella burnetiimay provide insight into the pathogenesis of Q fever, a zoonosis caused byC. burnetii. The subclasses ofC. burnetii-specific antibodies were determined by immunofluorescence in 20 patients with acute Q fever and 20 patients with chronic Q fever. Although immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG3 antibodies were found in acute and chronic Q fever, neither IgG2 nor IgG4 was detected. The detection of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies was not due to an increase of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. Moreover, IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies were not correlated, suggesting that they may play different roles in Q fever.
Pulmonary Bovine-Type Tuberculosis in Rabbits: Bacillary Virulence, Inhaled Dose Effects, Tuberculin Sensitivity, andMycobacterium vaccaeImmunotherapy
Authors: Converse P. J. , Dannenberg A. M. , Shigenaga T. , McMurray D. N. , Phalen S. W. , Stanford J. L. , Rook G. A. W. , Koru-Sengul T. , Abbey Helen , Estep J. E. , Pitt M. L. M. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThis report elucidates four aspects of the immunology of pulmonary tuberculosis produced in rabbits: (i) the virulence of bovine-type tubercle bacilli, strain Ravenel S, (ii) systemic factors influencing the generation of visible primary pulmonary tubercles, (iii) differences in tuberculin sensitivity of rabbits and humans, and (iv) the effect ofMycobacterium vaccaeimmunotherapy on cavitary tuberculosis. Laboratory strain Ravenel S (ATCC 35720) was not fully virulent. Fully virulent strains produce one visible primary pulmonary tubercle for each three bacillary units inhaled. Strain ATCC 35720 produced one such tubercle for each 18 to 107 bacillary units inhaled, indicating that its virulence was reduced by 6- to 36-fold. When a low dose of this Ravenel S strain was inhaled, the host resistance (measured by the number of inhaled bacilli needed to generate one visible primary pulmonary tubercle) was increased at least 3.5-fold compared to the host resistance when a high dose was inhaled. Rabbits and humans differ in the degree and in the maintenance of their dermal sensitivities to tuberculin. Compared to rabbits, humans are 100 times more sensitive to tuberculin. Also, at 33 weeks rabbits with well-controlled cavitary tuberculosis usually showed a decrease in their tuberculin reactions of about 50% from peak values, whereas humans with such well-controlled tuberculosis are thought to maintain strong reactions for many years. These species differences may be due to desensitization to group II mycobacterial antigens in the rabbits because they have a different diet and a different type of digestive tract.M. vaccaeimmunotherapy of rabbits with cavitary tuberculosis produced no statistically significant effects. Experiments with many more rabbits would be required to prove whether or not such immunotherapy is beneficial.
Streptococcal DNase B Is Immunologically Identical to Superantigen SpeF but Involves Separate Domains
Authors: Eriksson Anna , Eriksson Björn , Holm Stig E. , Norgren Mari 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The previous suggestion that streptococcal superantigen SpeF might be identical to DNase B was confirmed in this study. Polyclonal SpeF-specific antisera were able to inhibit depolymerization of methyl-green DNA by DNase B. However, T-cell mitogenicity and nuclease activity appear to involve separate immune epitopes on SpeF, since sera with the capacity to neutralize the mitogenic activity of SpeF did not always inhibit the DNase activity.
Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody in a Prenatal Population at a Community Hospital
Authors: Alexander Thomas S. , Lee Joanne , Yen-Lieberman Belinda 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening may reduce vertical HIV transmission. We screened 4,419 prenatal sera and found 38 repeatedly reactive specimens with an HIV-1–HIV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analysis confirmed four of these specimens as positive for HIV-1 antibodies. Screening detects previously unidentified HIV infections, but false-positive results may also occur.
Prevalence ofBartonella henselaeandBartonella clarridgeiaein an Urban Indonesian Cat Population
Authors: Marston Eric L. , Finkel Barbara , Regnery Russell L. , Winoto Imelda L. , Graham R. Ross , Wignal Steven , Simanjuntak Gindo , Olson James G. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTWe studied evidence ofBartonella henselaeandBartonella clarridgeiaeinfection in 54 cats living in Jakarta, Indonesia. By using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, we found immunoglobulin G antibody toB. henselaein 40 of 74 cats (54%). The blood of 14 feral cats was cultured on rabbit blood agar plates for 28 days.Bartonella-like colonies were identified asB. henselaeorB. clarridgeiaeby using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Of the cats sampled in the study, 6 of 14 (43%; all feral) were culture positive forB. henselae; 3 of 14 (21%; 2 feral and 1 pet) culture positive forB. clarridgeiae. This is the first report that documentsB. henselaeandB. clarridgeiaeinfections in Indonesian cats.
Potential Value of Major Antigenic Protein 2 for Serological Diagnosis of Heartwater and Related Ehrlichial Infections
Authors: Bowie Michael V. , Reddy G. Roman , Semu Shalt M. , Mahan Suman M. , Barbet Anthony F. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Cowdria ruminantium
is the etiologic agent of heartwater, a disease causing major economic loss in ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Development of a serodiagnostic test is essential for determining the carrier status of animals from regions where heartwater is endemic, but most available tests give false-positive reactions with sera against related
Erhlichia
species. Current approaches rely on molecular methods to define proteins and epitopes that may allow specific diagnosis. Two major antigenic proteins (MAPs), MAP1 and MAP2, have been examined for their use as antigens in the serodiagnosis of heartwater. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine if MAP2 is conserved among five geographically divergent strains of
C. ruminantium
and (ii) to determine if MAP2 homologs are present in
Ehrlichia canis
, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, and
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
, the organism responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis. These two agents are closely related to
C. ruminantium
. The
map2
gene from four strains of
C. ruminantium
was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously reported
map2
gene from the Crystal Springs strain. Only 10 nucleic acid differences between the strains were identified, and they translate to only 3 amino acid changes, indicating that MAP2 is highly conserved. Genes encoding MAP2 homologs from
E. canis
and
E. chaffeensis
also were cloned and sequenced. Amino acid analysis of MAP2 homologs of
E. chaffeensis
and
E. canis
with MAP2 of
C. ruminantium
revealed 83.4 and 84.4% identities, respectively. Further analysis of MAP2 and its homologs revealed that the whole protein lacks specificity for heartwater diagnosis. The development of epitope-specific assays using this sequence information may produce diagnostic tests suitable for
C. ruminantium
and also other related rickettsiae.
Genetic and Serological Analysis of Lipoprotein LppA in
Mycoplasma mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
LC and
Mycoplasma mycoides
subsp.
capri
Authors: Monnerat Marie-Pierre , Thiaucourt François , Poveda Jose B. , Nicolet Jacques , Frey Joachim 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

The genes encoding the 62-kDa lipoproteins from the
Mycoplasma mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
large-colony type (LC) strain Y-goat and the
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
strain PG3 were cloned and analyzed by sequencing. These two lipoproteins have been named LppA[MmymyLC] and LppA[Mmyca], and their corresponding genes have been named
lppA
[MmymyLC] and
lppA
[Mmyca], respectively. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of these two lipoproteins showed a very high degree of similarity between these two mycoplasmas. Given the sequence data, LppA seems to fulfill the same structural functions as the previously described major lipoproteins P72 of
M. mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
small-colony type and P67 of the
Mycoplasma
species bovine group 7. Based on
lppA
gene sequences of
M. mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
LC and
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
type strains, a specific PCR assay was developed so that it amplified this gene in all field strains of the two species analyzed in this study but not in the other members of the
M. mycoides
cluster. Analysis of the PCR-amplified
lppA
genes with frequently cutting restriction enzymes showed a certain degree of genetic variability which, however, did not cluster the two subspecies. This PCR therefore allows a rapid identification of
M. mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
LC and
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
but does not distinguish between these two closely related subspecies. LppA was expressed in
Escherichia coli
K-12 and used for the production of polyclonal mouse antiserum. Antibodies against recombinant LppA[MmymyLC] reacted with a 62-kDa protein in all
M. mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
LC and
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
type strains and field strains tested but not with the other members of the
M. mycoides
cluster, thus showing the antigenic specificity of LppA and further supporting the concept that a close relationship exists between these two mycoplasmas.
Identification of a Peptide from Mammal Albumins Responsible for Enhanced Pigment Production by Group B Streptococci
Authors: Rosa-Fraile Manuel , Sampedro Antonio , Varela Javier , Garcia-Peña Marisa , Gimenez-Gallego Guillermo 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

The peptide from peptones responsible for enhanced pigment production by
Streptococcus agalactiae
in culture media has been isolated from a peptic digest of human albumin and has been identified as Ile-Ala-Arg-Arg-His-Pro-Tyr-Phe. The related heptapeptide lacking the N-terminal Ile also had pigment-enhancing activity. A sequence similarity search showed that these sequences are present only in mammal albumins.
Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Plasma after Pneumoccoccal Immunization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients
Authors: Valdez Hernan , Purvis Scott , Asaad Robert , Valerio Ian , Sha Beverly E. , Landay Alan L. , Lederman Michael M. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTTo ascertain if immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is associated with rises in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the plasma of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured serially after immunization. IL-6 levels rose an average of 2.2- and 2.1-fold 6 and 8 h after immunization, respectively, but TNF-α levels remained unchanged. The levels of these cytokines were stable in unimmunized controls. Immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine induces increases in the levels of IL-6 in the plasma of persons with HIV-1 infection.
Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages by Treatment with 2-Chloroadenosine Aerosol
Authors: Kubota Yutaka , Iwasaki Yoshinobu , Harada Hidehiko , Yokomura Ichiro , Ueda Mikio , Hashimoto Shinichi , Nakagawa Masao 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are localized in the alveoli and alveolar ducts of the lung and are the only macrophages living in an aerobic environment. Recent studies have demonstrated that AMs play a central role in lung diseases, such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It has become important to find a simple, effective way to eliminate AMs in order to investigate the function of AMs in vivo. 2-Chloroadenosine (2-CA), a purine analog, is reported to be selectively cytotoxic to cultured macrophages, and we hypothesized that it would deplete the number of AMs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice without any effect on neutrophil or lymphocyte counts. After mice had inhaled 1 mM aerosolized 2-CA for 2 h, AMs were found to be significantly depleted at 0 h [(4.42 ± 0.16) × 10
4
/ml], 24 h [(4.17 ± 0.89) × 10
4
/ml], 48 h [(3.17 ± 0.21) × 10
4
/ml], and 72 h [(5.00 ± 0.64) × 10
4
/ml] compared with concentrations in untreated controls [(12.1 ± 0.21) × 10
4
/ml]. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in BALF did not change and histological changes in the lung were not observed after 2-CA treatment. The lung wet-to-dry weight ratio did not change at 0, 24, and 48 h after 2-CA aerosol application. The 2-CA aerosol had no effect on lung vascular permeability, as assessed by the intravenous administration of Evans blue, or on other phagocytes, as assessed by Kupffer cell counts. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of 2-CA in reducing AM numbers in vivo.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Leishmaniasis in India
Authors: Chatterjee Mitali , Jaffe Charles L. , Sundar Shyam , Basu Debasis , Sen Sandeep , Mandal Chitra 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTALeishmania donovanispecies-specific monoclonal antibody (monoclonal antibody D2) was evaluated for its diagnostic and prognostic potential by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) in sera from Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and seven patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). These results were compared with those obtained by microscopy with Giemsa-stained tissue smears and a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (direct ELISA) with crude parasite antigen. Of 121 patients with clinically diagnosed VL examined, 103 (85.1%) were positive and 11 (9.1%) were negative by all three methods. An additional 7 (5.8%) who were negative by microscopy were positive by both C-ELISA and direct ELISA. Seven PKDL patients were also examined and were found to be positive by all three methods. Analysis of the chemotherapeutic response to sodium antimony gluconate of these 110 serologically positive VL patients showed that 57 (51.8%) were drug responsive and 53 (48.2%) were drug resistant. The C-ELISA with sera from 20 longitudinally monitored VL patients before and after chemotherapy showed a significant decrease in percent inhibition of monoclonal antibody D2 in drug-responsive patients. However, in drug-unresponsive patients, the percent inhibition of D2 was unchanged or was slightly increased. Our results therefore indicate (i) the applicability ofL. donovanispecies-specific monoclonal antibody D2 for sensitive and specific serodiagnosis by C-ELISA, (ii) that the C-ELISA is more sensitive than microscopy, especially for early diagnosis, (iii) thatL. donovaniis still the main causative agent of VL, irrespective of the chemotherapeutic response, and (iv) that the C-ELISA can be used to evaluate the success of drug treatment.
Pentoxifylline Inhibits Superantigen-Induced Toxic Shock and Cytokine Release
Authors: Krakauer Teresa , Stiles Bradley G. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a critical cytokine that mediates the toxic effects of bacterial superantigens like staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Pentoxifylline, an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits endotoxemia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of TNF-α, was tested for its ability to inhibit SEB- and TSST-1-induced activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro and toxin-mediated shock in mice. Stimulation of PBMCs by SEB or TSST-1 was effectively blocked by pentoxifylline (10 mM), as evidenced by the inhibition of TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and T-cell proliferation. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IFN-γ in serum after an SEB or TSST-1 injection were significantly lower in mice given pentoxifylline (5.5 mg/animal) versus control mice. Additionally, pentoxifylline diminished the lethal effects and temperature fluctuations elicited by SEB and TSST-1. Thus, in addition to treating endotoxemias, the cumulative in vitro and in vivo data suggest that pentoxifylline may also be useful in abrogating the ill effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST-1.
Conservation of Expression and N-Terminal Sequences of the
Pasteurella haemolytica
31-Kilodalton and
Pasteurella trehalosi
29-Kilodalton Periplasmic Iron-Regulated Proteins
Authors: Tabatabai Louisa B. , Frank Glynn H. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

This study examined the conservation of expression of a 31-kDa iron-regulated protein by serotypes of
Pasteurella haemolytica
and
Pasteurella trehalosi
associated with pasteurellosis of cattle and sheep. A polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified 31-kDa periplasmic iron-regulated protein from
P. haemolytica
serotype A1 showed that all
P. haemolytica
serotypes expressed similar 31-kDa proteins with identical N-terminal sequences, whereas
P. trehalosi
serotypes expressed immunologically different 29-kDa proteins with a different N-terminal sequence. Antibody to the 31-kDa iron-regulated protein was a useful tool to distinguish similarities and differences of the iron-regulated proteins of
P. haemolytica
and
P. trehalosi
.
Redesignation of a Purported P1.15 Subtype-Specific Meningococcal Monoclonal Antibody as a P1.19-Specific Reagent
Authors: Wedege E. , Caugant D. A. , Musacchio A. , Saunders N. B. , Zollinger W. D. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Two reference monoclonal antibodies against the meningococcal P1.15 subtype PorA, MN3C5C and 2-1-P1.15, showed only partial concordant recognition of meningococcal isolates. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of P1.19,15 PorA, peptide mapping, and sequencing of
porA
regions demonstrated that 2-1-P1.15 was specific for subtype P1.19, and henceforth it is to be redesignated as 2-1-P1.19.
Low Levels of Antigenic Variability in Fluconazole-Susceptible and -Resistant
Candida albicans
Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Authors: Lopez-Ribot Jose L. , McAtee Robert K. , Kirkpatrick William R. , La Valle Roberto , Patterson Thomas F. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Three serial isolates of
Candida albicans
were obtained by direct swab or by oral saline rinses from each of five human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. Genotyping techniques confirmed the presence of a persistent strain in multiple episodes from the same patient, which was different from the strains isolated from other patients. Fluconazole susceptibility was determined by both an agar dilution method and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards macrobroth procedure. In four of these patients the strains developed fluconazole resistance, and in one patient the strain remained susceptible. The different isolates were propagated as yeast cells on a synthetic medium, and their cell wall proteinaceous components were extracted by treatment with β-mercaptoethanol. Protein and mannoprotein components present in the extracts were analyzed by electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and lectin-blotting techniques. The analysis showed a similar composition, with only minor qualitative and quantitative differences in the polypeptidic and antigenic patterns associated with the cell wall extracts from serial isolates from the same patient, as well as those from different strains isolated from different patients. Use of monospecific antibodies generated against two immunodominant antigens during candidiasis (enolase and the 58-kDa fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein) demonstrated their expression in all isolates tested. Overall, the antigenic makeup of
C. albicans
strains remained constant during the course of infection and was not affected by development of fluconazole resistance. In contrast to previous reports, the low degree of antigenic variability observed in this study may be due to the fact that the isolates were obtained from a highly homogeneous population of patients and to the uniformity in techniques used for the isolation, storage, and culture of the different strains, as well as extraction methodologies.