bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thiazole Compounds as Antiviral Agents: An Update
Authors: Singh Inder P. , Gupta Shiv , Kumar Sanjay 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Thiazole is a good nucleus owing to its various pharmaceutical
applications. Thiazole containing compounds (thiazoles) have shown various biological activities
like antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anticancer, antiallergic, antihypertensive,
antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal and antipsychotic. The scaffold is present in more than
18 FDA approved drugs and also in more than 70 experimental drugs. Only a few reviews are
available in the literature despite its great medicinal importance. During the course of time, this
scaffold has been studied extensively for its antiviral activities and provided compounds with
activity in the nM range. However, no focused review is available on the compilation of antiviral
activities shown by this scaffold.

Objective:
In the present review, we have made an effort to compile antiviral literature of thiazoles
reported from the year 2011 to till date.

Methods:
We searched the SciFinder database (excluding patent literature) with keywords like
“antiviral”, “anti-HIV” and “virus”. Further filters were applied for the year of publication and
keywords thiazole, reviews etc. to find relevant literature reported on the antiviral activities of thiazoles.

Results:
Nearly, 50 research articles were selected to compile and review the antiviral literature of
thiazoles reported from the year 2011 to till date. Compounds 8, 25, 40, 62, 72, 73, 91, 112, 113,
131, 137, 175, 198, 200, 201 and 213 were reported in the literature with potent antiviral activity
against CVB, SARS, RSV, HCV, HRV, VZV, TMV, FMDV, DENV, YFV, influenza virus, Junin
virus, HIV-1, HSV, VV and EBV, respectively.

Conclusion:
There is further scope for the synthesis and evaluation of novel thiazole compounds
by taking the most active compounds as lead structures. In conclusion, this review provides an
overview of antiviral activities of thiazole compounds reported from the year 2011 to till date.
Depression and HIV Disease Progression: A Mini-Review
Authors: Yousuf Abdilahi , Mohd Arifin Siti Roshaidai , Musa Ramli , Md. Isa Muhammad Lokman 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Depression is the most common mental disorder and a leading cause of disability, which commonly presents unexplained psychological and physical symptoms. Depression and HIV/AIDS are commonly comorbid. This review provides an insight into the effect of depression on disease progression among people living with HIV.

Methods:
A search for relevant articles was conducted using a database like MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed English journals published between 2015 and 2019 were included in the review.

Results:
A total of eight studies conducted in different settings were included in the review. This review has found that psychosocial, neurohormonal and virologic factors associated with depression affect HIV disease progression. Yet, the chronicity of depression, absence of the hormones that have a buffer effect on depression and lack of examination if depression is a predictor, or an outcome of disease progression, were some of the gaps that require further investigation.

Conclusion:
Considerably, more research is needed to better understand the effect of mental disorder, especially depression, on HIV disease progression to AIDS and future interventions should, therefore, concentrate on the integration of mental health screening in HIV clinical setup.
Flexural Strength of Modified Reactive Powder Concrete One Way Slabs
Authors: Abtan Yaarub G. , Hassan Hassan Falah 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Over the last three decades, the interest in using advanced high-performance materials in the construction industry has been increasing worldwide. Recently, a very high strength cement-based composite with high ductility called Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) has been developed. The RPC concept is based on the principle that a material with a minimum of defects such as micro-cracks and voids will be able to achieve greater load-carrying capacity and durability.

Methods:
In the present paper, an experimental program of sixteen reinforced concrete one-way slabs was conducted to investigate their behavior under flexural loading. Four of these slabs were with Normal Concrete (NC) and the others of Modified Reactive Powder Concrete (MRPC). All slabs were identical in the dimension of its length and width (1000×500) mm, respectively, and its thickness was varied as one of the variables used in the present work. Other parameters for a one-way slab are concrete type, steel fibers content and flexural steel reinforcement ratio (0.33 and 0.66)%.

Results:
The results showed that the MRPC slabs with steel fibers failed in a ductile manner and had ultimate load capacity more than that of non-fibrous MRPC with an improvement percentage that reaches up to (66) %. This percentage became (212) % in comparison with normal concrete slabs.

Conclusions:
Moreover, the results showed that slabs, for both concrete types, reinforced with lower steel ratio failed by tension mode, otherwise, the slabs of higher reinforcement steel ratio failed by combined tension-shear mode. However, an improvement was observed in the ultimate load capacity up to (53 and 98) % when the ratio of steel reinforcement and slab thickness increased, respectively.
Optimizing Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels for Tomato Production
Authors: Tesfay Teklay , Berhane Abadi , Gebremariam Mebrahtu 
Published: January 2020

Background:Though nitrogen and water are key factors for tomato production, their optimum integration is not well identified in the study area. Therefore, optimizing irrigation level and nitrogen fertilizer rates are crucial to boost tomato yield as well as for better nutrient and Water Use Efficiency (WUE).Objective:The objective of the present study was to determine the optimum irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer levels for higher tomato yield, improved water and nutrient use efficiencies.Methods:Split plot design was implemented with three irrigation levels expressed as a percentage of potential Evapotranspiration (ETc) allotted to the main plots and four nitrogen levels as sub-plots. Climate data were imported to AquaCrop model climate dataset for determining irrigation water amount and irrigation scheduling. Irrigation scheduling was determined using the FAO AquaCrop model and the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in AquaCrop model was determined using Penman-Monteith method.Results:Irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer levels markedly influenced the growth and yield performance of tomato, nutrient residue, Agronomic Efficiency (AE), Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) as well as Water Use Efficiency (WUE). With this, the most influential factor for tomato production was the nitrogen level rather than irrigation.Conclusion:In this study, higher growth and yield performance as well as, better water and nutrient use efficiencies of tomato were obtained while the irrigation level of 75% ETc is interacted with a nitrogen fertilizer rate of 92 kg N/ha.
Induction of Bacterial Canker Resistance in Tomato Plants Using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Authors: Kolomiiets Yuliya , Grygoryuk Ivan , Likhanov Artur , Butsenko Lyudmila , Blume Yaroslav 
Published: January 2020

Background:
By inducing the production of inhibitory allelochemicals and mechanisms of systemic resistance plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) help plants to cope with stresses.

Materials and Methods:
In this study cell suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens or Azotobacter chroococcum were used to test the efficacy of these PGPB in inducing resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis, a bacteria known to cause canker disease. To test this hypothesis, seedlings of Chaika variety, characterized by short growing, early-ripening, high productivity and resistance against fusarium and the C. michiganensis strain ІZ-38 isolated in Kyiv were employed.

Results and Conclusion:
The use of cell suspensions of the PGPB B. subtilis, A. chroococcum or P. fluorescens induced an increment in the resistance of tomato plants against the causative agent of bacterial canker (C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) by 42–50%. PGPB in fact promoted in C. michiganensis infected tomato plants: i) the accumulation of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids; ii) the thickening of the upper and lower epidermis of leaves; iii) the deposition of biopolymers with protective properties in epidermal cells; iv) the activity of the peroxidase enzyme and v) the net productivity of photosynthesis.
Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Validity as a Tumor Biomarker
Authors: Sadik Noha A. , Ahmed Nagwa R. , Mohamed Moataz F. , Ashoush Omar A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers associated with deaths worldwide and the presence of valid biomarkers for early diagnosis in high-risk patients can ameliorate the outcome of HCC. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has been found to play an essential role in the process of HCC growth and progression.

Objectives:
Therefore, we evaluated the serum VEGF levels in patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis and estimated its significant value for differentiating HCC patients from liver cirrhosis patients.

Material and methods:
Eighty-one subjects were enrolled in the study, 30 patients had HCC, 31 patients had liver cirrhosis and 20 were healthy control subjects. VEGF and AFP were measured using ELIZA. Abdominal ultrasound and triphasic abdominal computed tomography were performed in all subjects. Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis was performed for serum VEGF to determine its validity as a tumor biomarker.

Results:
The median levels of the serum VEGF were highly expressed in the HCC group (418 pg/ml) and the liver cirrhosis group (308 pg/ml) with no significant difference (P = 0.767); however both groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group (0.8 pg/ml, P <0.000). Serum VEGF showed high sensitivity (100%) and high specificity (100%) in differentiating HCC patients from controls with a cut-off value of ≥ 64.2 pg/ml, although it showed low sensitivity (29.2%) and specificity (85.7%) for differentiating HCC patients from liver cirrhosis patients.

Conclusion:
VEGF can be used as a reliable biomarker for differentiating HCC patients from healthy subjects but it can't be used as a reliable biomarker for differentiating HCC patients from high-risk patients as liver cirrhosis. The elevated serum VEGF levels in HCC and liver cirrhosis patients can elucidate the crucial role of angiogenesis in HCC and liver cirrhosis.
Microstrip Antenna-inception, Progress and Current-state of The Art Review
Authors: Gunaram  , Sharma Vijay 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Microstrip antenna has gained significant attention for a large number of
communication systems due to its adaptable features and compatibility.

Objective:
The major objective of this manuscript is to assess the microstrip antenna technology for
structure adaptability, the feature based performance capabilities, design and versatility.

Methods:
The major reviews conducted in every decade on antenna technology highlighted the significance
of microstrip antenna technology. Moreover, a review of the articles on microstrip antenna
published in ‘IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation’ revealed that these antennas can primarily
be used instead of other types of antennas.

:
The available presentation of microstrip antennas includes features, such as small size, flatness (low
profiles), wide-ranging impedance bandwidth, high gain, and circular polarization. A chronological
assessment of the major endeavors in the microstrip antenna study conducted during the last four
decades, is highlighted.

Results:
This manuscript focuses on the cutting-edge developments in the microstrip antenna technology
and facilitates various modern designated extents, which provide the readers an insight into
the tractability presented by microstrip antennas and their prospective benefits as compared to different
types of other antennas like lens antenna, dish antenna, horn antenna, etc. The recent advancements
in manufacturing techniques of microstrip antenna are reviewed. A large number of
publications on the applications of microstrip antennas, such as communication, sensing, energy
harvesting, biomedical relevance etc. are also included to show their importance at present.

Conclusion:
This article presents a state of the art evaluation of the research carried out on microstrip
antennas from the time of their inception to till date. It consolidates the information for the
researchers working in this field and will be helpful in enhancing the efforts for the research.
العوامل المؤثرة على استقلالية وموضوعية التدقيق الداخلي دراسة ميدانية على واقع المؤسسات الحكومية في كرميان
Authors: Habeeb Soran Mohammed Amin , Mohammed Amin Honar Mohammed , Abdulkarim Peshkawt Abdullah 
Published: January 2020

The Research aims at identifying the factors that affect the Independence and Objectivity of the Internal Auditor by Analyzing the Factors and the variables that constitute them, in addition to surveying the society of the study on the availability of these factors among the internal auditors in the government institutions of the Garmain administration.

Study findings:
1 - The conditions of independence and objectivity of the internal auditor are not available from the point of view of the categories covered by the research based on the results of the research.
2 - There are obstacles to provide the conditions of independence and objectivity of the internal auditor, which indicates the agreement of the sample members on the availability of constraints to provide the conditions of independence and objectivity of the internal auditor.
3. In most cases, there is competition among the accountants to act as an internal auditor, leading to the administration's support in imposing its hegemony on the internal auditors.
4. A specialized team of internal auditors who have the skills, knowledge and specialization to enable them to perform their work independently and objectively is not provided.

Study recommendations:
1 - Focus on the appointment of the auditor by a higher body of the Director based on competencies.
2 - Work to be isolated internal auditor by a higher body of the Director to prevent it from affecting the independence and objectivity.
3 - Interest in the development of special frameworks as an exam to compete for the position of internal auditor.
4. To force the management of institutions not to impose restrictions on the scope of the internal audit.
Characteristics of Gun Advertisements on Social Media: Systematic Search and Content Analysis of Twitter and YouTube Posts
Authors: Jordan Lisa , Kalin James , Dabrowski Colleen 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundAlthough gun violence has been identified as a major public health concern, the scope and significance of internet gun advertising is not known.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the characteristics of gun advertising on social media and to compare the reach of posts by manufacturers with those of influencers.MethodsUsing a systematic search, we created a database of recent and popular Twitter and YouTube posts made public by major firearm manufacturers and influencers. From our sample of social media posts, we reviewed the content of the posts on the basis of 19 different characteristics, such as type of gun, presence of women, and military or police references. Our content analysis summarized statistical differences in the information conveyed in posts to compare advertising approaches across social media platforms.ResultsSample posts revealed that firearm manufacturers use social media to attract audiences to websites that sell firearms: 14.1% (131/928; ±2.9) of Twitter posts, 53.6% (228/425; ±6.2) of YouTube videos, and 89.5% (214/239; ±5.1) of YouTube influencer videos link to websites that facilitate sales. Advertisements included women in efforts to market handguns and pistols for the purpose of protection: videos with women included protection themes 2.5 times more often than videos without women. Top manufacturers of domestic firearms received 98 million channel views, compared with 6.1 billion channel views received by the top 12 YouTube influencers.ConclusionsFirearm companies use social media as an advertising platform to connect viewers to websites that sell guns. Gun manufacturers appropriate YouTube servers, video streaming services, and the work of YouTube influencers to reach large audiences to promote the widespread sale of consumer firearms. YouTube and Twitter subsidize gun advertising by offering server and streaming services at no cost to gun manufacturers, to the commercial benefit of Google and Twitter’s corporate ownership.
Discrepancies in Written Versus Calculated Durations in Opioid Prescriptions: Pre-Post Study
Authors: Slovis Benjamin H , Kairys John , Babula Bracken , Girondo Melanie , Martino Cara , Roke Lindsey M , Riggio Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Background
The United States is in the midst of an opioid epidemic. Long-term use of opioid medications is associated with an increased risk of dependence. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention makes specific recommendations regarding opioid prescribing, including that prescription quantities should not exceed the intended duration of treatment.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine if opioid prescription quantities written at our institution exceed intended duration of treatment and whether enhancements to our electronic health record system improved any discrepancies.

Methods
We examined the opioid prescriptions written at our institution for a 22-month period. We examined the duration of treatment documented in the prescription itself and calculated a duration based on the quantity of tablets and doses per day. We determined whether requiring documentation of the prescription duration affected these outcomes.

Results
We reviewed 72,314 opioid prescriptions, of which 16.96% had a calculated duration that was greater than what was documented in the prescription. Making the duration a required field significantly reduced this discrepancy (17.95% vs 16.21%, P<.001) but did not eliminate it.

Conclusions
Health information technology vendors should develop tools that, by default, accurately represent prescription durations and/or modify doses and quantities dispensed based on provider-entered durations. This would potentially reduce unintended prolonged opioid use and reduce the potential for long-term dependence.
ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOIDS ANALYSIS OF SAMBUCUS NIGRA (ELDERBERRY)
Authors: GOUD N. SRINIVAS , PRASAD GOBIND 
Published: January 2020

Objective: The goal of this study was paying attention on the chemical characterization of phytochemical compounds and their antioxidant activity of Sambucus nigra L.
Methods: Phytochemical analysis was performed by Sambucus nigra L fruit extract. Total Phenol and Flavonoids content of elderberry fruit extract also determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antibacterial activity was performed by disk diffusion method and Antioxidant capacity was investigated by DPPH assay, butylhydroxytoluene used as a standard.
Results: The richest anthocyanin in elderberry fruits was cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside. The antioxidant capacity obtained for elderberry extract proved that elderberry shown highest antioxidant activity, being the richest anthocyanins. The antioxidant capacity of elderberry fruit methanolic extract was recorded 62.56±1.12 percentages of scavenging activity. We also investigated antibacterial activity against four species Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. There E. coli was recorded 12.0 mm and Pseudomonas putida was recorded 0.34 mm zone of inhibition.
Conclusion: The conclusion of our study is that Sambucus nisgra fruit extract has very high antioxidant activity which makes it recommendable for food industry and dietary supplement.
AMELIORATIVE ROLE OF SILYMARIN AGAINST ASPARTAME–INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATORY EFFECT AND GENOTOXICITY IN MALE ALBINO RATS
Authors: ELBALLAT SABHA E. , M. ABAS AL-SHIMAA 
Published: January 2020

Objective: Aspartame (ASP) is one of the most common artificial sweeteners. It has been recorded to be safe by World Health Organization. However, numerous publications have concluded that ASP is a genotoxic and carcinogenic sweetener.
Methods: The current study aims to examine the effect of ASP consumption (250 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 d) on some biochemical parameters, oxidative/antioxidative status in different tissues, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency and mitotic index (MI) percentage in addition to the possible ameliorative role of silymarin (50 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 d) against ASP-induced toxicity in male albino rats.
Results: The present results have confirmed that ASP is able to induce significant increase in the blood glucose level, liver, kidney and lipid function tests, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, serum TNF-α level, frequency of CA and MI%. Meanwhile, Glutathione reduced level (GSH), Glutathione–S-transferase (GST) and catalase activity (CAT) were decreased by ASPadministration. Recovery group showed slight enhancement in all parameters but remained significant as compared to the control group. Co-administration of ASP with silymarin showed greater improvement than the recovery group.
Conclusion: Silymarin have an ameliorative role against biochemical oxidative stress, inflammatory changes in blood and different tissues, chromosomal aberrations and MI% induced by ASP administration.
Baseline profiles of auditory, vestibular, and visual functions in youth tackle football players
Authors: White-Schwoch Travis , Krizman Jennifer , McCracken Kristi , Burgess Jamie K , Thompson Elaine C , Nicol Trent , Kraus Nina , LaBella Cynthia R 
Published: January 2020

Aim: Neurosensory tests have emerged as components of sport-related concussion management. Limited normative data are available in healthy, nonconcussed youth athletes. Patients & methods/results: In 2017 and 2018, we tested 108 youth tackle football players immediately before their seasons on the frequency-following response, Balance Error Scoring System, and King-Devick test. We compared results with published data in older and/or and nonathlete populations. Performance on all tests improved with age. Frequency-following response and Balance Error Scoring System results aligned with socioeconomic status. Performance was not correlated across neurosensory domains. Conclusion: Baseline neurosensory functions in seven 14-year-old male tackle football players are consistent with previously published data. Results reinforce the need for individual baselines or demographic-specific norms and the use of multiple neurosensory measures in sport-related concussion management.
La implementación del Acuerdo de paz en Colombia: entre la “paz territorial” y la disputa por el territorio
Authors: Ahumada Beltrán Consuelo 
Published: January 2020

La firma del Acuerdo Final entre el Gobierno Nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), el 24 de noviembre de 2016, generó muchas expectativas. Sin embargo, los importantes avances alcanzados durante los meses subsecuentes dieron paso a un periodo de estancamiento e incluso de franco retroceso en su implementación. En este artículo se analizarán las dificultades en el cumplimiento del Acuerdo Final, en especial, en lo que respecta a su primer punto sobre Reforma Rural Integral (RRI). El análisis parte del planteamiento de que, si bien este Acuerdo se centró en generar las condiciones para culminar con el conflicto armado y el restablecimiento de las condiciones democráticas en el país...