bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovering Experience in Christian Theology
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides initial clarification of how the term “experience” will be used in this book, distinguishing between “formal” and “implicit” functions of experience in theological reasoning. It then examines the history of ambivalence about “experience” in Protestant theology from Martin Luther’s debates with the enthusiasts to Karl Barth’s critique of Schleiermacher and his heirs. It argues that that this longstanding history of ambivalence has substantially shaped contemporary theological anxieties about subjectivity and experience, including for those who are not Protestants. The chapter then provides a series of arguments for the importance as well as irreducibility of “experience” in theology, on historical, theological, and psychological grounds.
Lending to, and Relation with the Government
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses pre-1800 relations between central banks and governments, including central bank lending to the government. The latter is interpreted both from the monetary perspective in Section 3.1 (need for secure and liquid assets to leverage the precious metal reserves) and from the state financing perspective in Section 3.2 (reliable and elastic additional source of government funding). Both may be beneficial for society, but from the perspective of central banking, the first is sufficient. Section 3.3 reviews the pre-1800 risks of problematic recourse of the government to the central bank. Section 3.4 reviews the tools that have been designed to reduce the risks of government exploitation of central banks. Section 3.5 discusses why all pre-1800 central banks were created through an exclusive public charter. Finally, Section 3.6 provides examples of pre-1800 government guarantees and public capital injections.
Disciplinary History
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Part Two uses narrative timing theory to tease out the many ways that IR works to time global political life—that is, to identify which political processes matter, specify how they hang together, and propose how they can unfold toward particular outcomes reflecting our vocational commitments. Chapter four shows that, from very early on, timing dynamics influenced the emergence and development of IR as a distinct domain of inquiry. In fact, timing crises played a constitutive role in key moments of the field’s history. We can see this in scholarly responses to World War I, the thermonuclear revolution, and the end of the Cold War. Taking a closer look at what analysts said and how they thought about these shocking events suggests that the IR project evolved as a collective narrative timing project. More specifically, when confronted by confounding world historical changes, scholars explicitly lamented the problem of time as they worked to rectify, modify, or replace existing accounts of how politics work. In the process, their loosely organized efforts produced and reproduced vocational stories about IR’s role, importance, and potential impact. When IR grapples with temporal phenomena, restoring order to international politics and to its academic study go hand in hand. This supports the argument developed in Part One that whatever else it does, IR pursues the dual task of securing political practice and theoretical knowledge against the ravages of Time.
Punitive Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While a number of theologians maintain that the motives resting behind God’s love and punitive wrath are often opposed to one another, Chapter 6 argues that God’s just wrath is a facet of His love and that God’s punishment of sinners is an expression of this relentless love. To make this case, it is first contended that God’s creation out of love as well as the ministry of Christ support the notion that God’s love and punitive wrath are fundamentally one. Next, the work of Gregory of Nyssa and the contemporary philosopher R.A. Duff are built upon to construct a communicative model of divine punishment. According to this model, God’s punishment intends to communicate to sinners the censure they deserve, with the aim of persuading these individuals to start down the path of spiritual transformation. In the final section, the communicative theory of divine punishment is applied to the doctrine of hell. There it is suggested that, given the communicative theory, hell is best seen as a place where God tries to reform sinners and enable them to exit hell and join the glorified saints. But, it is shown, this conception of hell does not by itself entail universal salvation.
Trinity, Deification, and Atonement
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 proposes a manner of conceiving of God’s deifying love, whereby God shares His intra-trinitarian life of love with men and women through the life and death of Christ. The proposal, which builds upon the Eastern Orthodox distinction between God’s essence and energies, includes partial accounts of both the Atonement and deification, along with an explanation of how these two doctrines fit together. The offered account of God’s deifying love is also shown to fit nicely with the understanding of love’s union exposited and defended in Chapter 2, thereby highlighting a connection between the defended model of God’s love and a classical way of thinking about Christian salvation.
Associations between Amygdala-Prefrontal Functional Connectivity and Age Depend on Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Ramphal Bruce , DeSerisy Mariah , Pagliaccio David , Raffanello Elizabeth , Rauh Virginia , Tau Gregory , Posner Jonathan , Marsh Rachel , Margolis Amy E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although severe early life stress has been shown to accelerate the development of frontolimbic resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), less is known about the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, a prolonged and multifaceted stressor. In a cross-sectional study of 127 participants aged 5–25, we examined whether lower neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES; measured by Area Deprivation Index and neighborhood poverty and educational attainment) was associated with prematurely reduced amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) RSFC. We further tested whether neighborhood SES was more predictive than household SES and whether SES effects on connectivity were associated with anxiety symptoms. We found reduced basolateral amygdala-vmPFC RSFC at earlier ages in participants from more disadvantaged neighborhoods; this effect was unique to neighborhood SES and absent for household SES. Furthermore, this reduced connectivity in more disadvantaged youth and increased connectivity in more advantaged youth were associated with less anxiety; children who deviated from the connectivity pattern associated with their neighborhood SES had more anxiety. These results demonstrate that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with accelerated maturation of amygdala-vmPFC RSFC and suggest that the pathophysiology of pediatric anxiety depends on a child’s neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings also underscore the importance of examining SES effects in studies of brain development.
A Kinetic Analysis of DNA-Deoxy Guanine Adducts in the Nasal Epithelium Produced by Inhaled Formaldehyde in Rats—Assessing Contributions to Adduct Production From Both Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Formaldehyde
Authors: Campbell Jr Jerry L , Gentry P Robinan , Clewell III Harvey J , Andersen Melvin E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although formaldehyde is a normal constituent of tissues, lifetime inhalation exposures at 6 h/day, 5 days/week at concentrations ≥6 ppm caused a nonlinear increase in nasal tumors in rats with incidence reaching close to 50% at 15 ppm. Studies with heavy isotope labeled [13CD2]-formaldehyde permit quantification of both the mass-labeled exogenous and endogenous DNA-formaldehyde reaction products. An existing pharmacokinetic model developed initially to describe 14C-DNA-protein crosslinks (DPX) provided a template for describing the time course of mass-labeled adducts. Published datasets included both DPX and N2-HO13CD2-dG adducts measured after a single 6-h exposure to 0.7, 2, 6, 9, 10, or 15 ppm formaldehyde, after multi-day exposures to 2 ppm for 6 h/day, 7 days/week with interim sacrifices up to 28 days, and after 28-day exposures for 6 h/day, 7 days/week to 0.3, 0.03, or 0.001 ppm. The existing kinetic model overpredicted endogenous adducts in the nasal epithelium after 1-day [13CD2]-formaldehyde exposure, requiring adjustment of parameters for rates of tissue metabolism and background formaldehyde. After refining tissue formaldehyde parameters, we fit the model to both forms of adducts by varying key parameters and optimizing against all 3 studies. Fitting to all these studies required 2 nonlinear pathways—one for high-exposure saturation of clearance in the nasal epithelial tissues and another for extracellular clearance that restricts uptake into the epithelial tissue for inhaled concentrations below 0.7 ppm. This refined pharmacokinetic model for endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde acetal adducts can assist in updating biologically based dose-response models for formaldehyde carcinogenicity.
Application of a Framework for Grouping and Mixtures Toxicity Assessment of PFAS: A Closer Examination of Dose-Additivity Approaches
Authors: Goodrum Philip E , Anderson Janet K , Luz Anthony L , Ansell Graham K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Environmental occurrence and biomonitoring data for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) demonstrate that humans are exposed to mixtures of PFAS. This article presents a new and systematic analysis of available PFAS toxicity study data using a tiered mixtures risk assessment framework consistent with United States and international mixtures guidance. The lines of evidence presented herein include a critique of whole mixture toxicity studies and analysis of dose-response models based on data from subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats. Based on available data to-date, concentration addition and relative potency factor methods are found to be inappropriate due to differences among sensitive effects and target organ potencies and noncongruent dose-response curves for the same effect endpoints from studies using the same species and protocols. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid lack a single mode of action or molecular initiating event and our evaluation herein shows they also have noncongruent dose-response curves. Dose-response curves for long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) also significantly differ in shapes of the curves from short-chain PFSAs and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids evaluated, and additional differences are apparent when curves are evaluated based on internal or administered dose. Following well-established guidance, the hazard index method applied to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and PFSAs grouped separately is the most appropriate approach for conducting a screening level risk assessment for nonpolymeric PFAS mixtures, given the current state-of-the science. A clear presentation of assumptions, uncertainties, and data gaps is needed before dose-additivity methods, including hazard index , are used to support risk management decisions. Adverse outcome pathway(s) and mode(s) of action information for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and for other nonpolymer PFAS are key data gaps precluding more robust mixtures methods. These findings can guide the prioritization of future studies on single chemical and whole mixture toxicity studies.
Genomes reveal genetic diversity of Piscine orthoreovirus in farmed and free-ranging salmonids from Canada and USA
Authors: Siah A , Breyta R B , Warheit K I , Gagne N , Purcell M K , Morrison D , Powell J F F , Johnson S C 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPiscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) is a segmented RNA virus, which is commonly found in salmonids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. PRV-1 causes the heart and skeletal muscle inflammation disease in Atlantic salmon and is associated with several other disease conditions. Previous phylogenetic studies of genome segment 1 (S1) identified four main genogroups of PRV-1 (S1 genogroups I–IV). The goal of the present study was to use Bayesian phylogenetic inference to expand our understanding of the spatial, temporal, and host patterns of PRV-1 from the waters of the northeast Pacific. To that end, we determined the coding genome sequences of fourteen PRV-1 samples that were selected to improve our knowledge of genetic diversity across a broader temporal, geographic, and host range, including the first reported genome sequences from the northwest Atlantic (Eastern Canada). Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the concatenated genomes and their individual segments revealed that established sequences from the northeast Pacific were monophyletic in all analyses. Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees of S1 sequences using BEAST and MrBayes also found that sequences from the northeast Pacific grouped separately from sequences from other areas. One PRV-1 sample (WCAN_BC17_AS_2017) from an escaped Atlantic salmon, collected in British Columbia but derived from Icelandic broodstock, grouped with other S1 sequences from Iceland. Our concatenated genome and S1 analysis demonstrated that PRV-1 from the northeast Pacific is genetically distinct but descended from PRV-1 from the North Atlantic. However, the analyses were inconclusive as to the timing and exact source of introduction into the northeast Pacific, either from eastern North America or from European waters of the North Atlantic. There was no evidence that PRV-1 was evolving differently between free-ranging Pacific Salmon and farmed Atlantic Salmon. The northeast Pacific PRV-1 sequences fall within genogroup II based on the classification of Garseth, Ekrem, and Biering (Garseth, A. H., Ekrem, T., and Biering, E. (2013) ‘Phylogenetic Evidence of Long Distance Dispersal and Transmission of Piscine Reovirus (PRV) between Farmed and Wild Atlantic Salmon’, PLoS One, 8: e82202.), which also includes North Atlantic sequences from Eastern Canada, Iceland, and Norway. The additional full-genome sequences herein strengthen our understanding of phylogeographical patterns related to the northeast Pacific, but a more balanced representation of full PRV-1 genomes from across its range, as well additional sequencing of archived samples, is still needed to better understand global relationships including potential transmission links among regions.
Dynamics of Race Structures of Pyricularia oryzae Populations Across 18 Seasons in Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Huang Zhipeng , Wang Jinyan , Zhang Yaling , Yao Yongxiang , Huang Lifei , Yang Xueyan , Wang Ling , Pan Qinghua 
Published: July 2020

Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaging fungal diseases affecting rice. Understanding how the pathogen’s race structure varies over time supports the efforts of rice breeders to develop improved cultivars. Here, the race structure of P. oryzae in Guangdong province, China, where rice is cropped twice per year, was assessed over 18 seasons from 1999 through 2008. The analysis was based on the reactions of a panel of seven differential Chinese cultivars to inoculation with a set of 1,248 isolates of P. oryzae in the province. The “total race frequency” parameter ranged from 14.7 to 39.7%, and the “race diversity index” ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. Twelve (ZA63, ZA31, ZA29, ZA21, ZA13, ZA9, ZB30, ZB17, ZB8, ZB2, ZC14, and ZC8) and two (ZD8 and ZD3) races were recognized as specific to indica and japonica rice types, respectively. Of the 59 distinct races identified, only two indica type races (ZC13 and ZC15) were identified as population-common, and nine indica type races (ZB1, ZB5, ZB6, ZB7, ZB13, ZB15, ZC5, ZC13, and ZC15) and one japonica type race (ZG1) were deemed to be population-dominant; the “total top two race isolate frequency” parameter ranged from 29.8 to 74.5%. On the host side, dynamics of resistance structures of the differential set were divided into three patterns: Both Tetep and Kanto 51 expressed the highest and most stable resistance, both Sifeng 43 and Lijiangxintuanheigu conveyed much lower and unstable resistance, and Zhenlong 13, Dongnong 363, and Heijiang 18 performed intermediate and seasonally dynamic resistance. Three interesting points distinguishing race structures of P. oryzae populations in southern and northeastern China were also discussed. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Are We Measuring What Matters? How Student and Clerkship Characteristics Influence Clinical Grading
Authors: Ingram Mary A. , Pearman Joseph L. , Estrada Carlos A. , Zinski Anne , Williams Winter L. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
Given the growing emphasis placed on clerkship performance for residency selection, clinical evaluation and its grading implications are critically important; therefore, the authors conducted this study to determine which evaluation components best predict a clinical honors recommendation across 3 core clerkships.

Method
Student evaluation data were collected during academic years 2015–2017 from the third-year internal medicine (IM), pediatrics, and surgery clerkships at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. The authors used factor analysis to examine 12 evaluation components (12 items), and they applied multilevel logistic regression to correlate evaluation components with a clinical honors recommendation.

Results
Of 3,947 completed evaluations, 1,508 (38%) recommended clinical honors. The top item that predicted a clinical honors recommendation was clinical reasoning skills for IM (odds ratio [OR] 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 4.2; P < .001), presentation skills for surgery (OR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.2; P < .001), and knowledge application for pediatrics (OR 4.8; 95% CI, 2.8 to 8.2; P < .001). Students who spent more time with their evaluators were more likely to receive clinical honors (P < .001), and residents were more likely than faculty to recommend clinical honors (P < .001). Of the top 5 evaluation items associated with clinical honors, 4 composed a single factor for all clerkships: clinical reasoning, knowledge application, record keeping, and presentation skills.

Conclusions
The 4 characteristics that best predicted a clinical honors recommendation in all disciplines (clinical reasoning, knowledge application, record keeping, and presentation skills) correspond with traditional definitions of clinical competence. Structural components, such as contact time with evaluators, also correlated with a clinical honors recommendation. These findings provide empiric insight into the determination of clinical honors and the need for heightened attention to structural components of clerkships and increased scrutiny of evaluation rubrics.
Pharmacokinetic Variability During Long-Term Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Valproate, Clobazam, and Levetiracetam in Patients With Dravet Syndrome
Authors: Johannessen Landmark Cecilie , Heger Katrine , Lund Caroline , Burns Margrete Larsen , Bjørnvold Marit , Sætre Erik , Johannessen Svein I. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for antiseizure medications (ASMs) may contribute to treatment optimization in individual patients. This study included patients with Dravet syndrome as they often require close monitoring because of polypharmacy with various ASMs. The aim was to use long-term TDM to investigate pharmacokinetic variability of ASMs in these patients.

Methods:
Retrospective data from patients with Dravet syndrome were collected from the TDM database at the Section for Clinical Pharmacology, National Center for Epilepsy in Norway (2008–2018). Concentration/(dose/kg)ratios (C/D ratios) were calculated for the ASMs and the concentration (C/C ratio) for N-desmethylclobazam. In patients with at least 3 measurements, the CV for C/D ratios for intrapatient and interpatient variability was calculated.

Results:
Fifty-three patients (30 male patients/23 female patients) between 2 and 50 years of age (mean, 16 years) were included. Pharmacokinetic variability of the total number of measurements of valproate (n = 417), clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam (n = 328), and levetiracetam (n = 238) was determined. Interpatient variability was more pronounced than intrapatient variability (coefficient of variations: valproate, 65% vs. 24%; levetiracetam, 71% vs. 27%; and clobazam/N-desmethylclobazam, 47%/77% vs. 35%/55%) (P < 0.01). Comedication with stiripentol (n = 16) increased the C/D ratio of valproate by 63% and of clobazam by 133% and the C/C ratio of N-desmethylclobazam/clobazam by 104% (P < 0.05). Younger age also contributed to pharmacokinetic variability.

Conclusions:
Long-term TDM revealed extensive variability in serum concentrations over time; the variability was lowest for levetiracetam, moderate for valproate, and highest for clobazam. Pharmacokinetic variability and interactions can thus be identified and adjusted to facilitate decision making to achieve the optimal treatment outcome.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antidepressants for the Treatment of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain With and Without Depression
Authors: Scherf-Clavel Maike , Breisinger Sarah , Fischer Monika , Deckert Jürgen , Unterecker Stefan , Rittner Heike L. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Antidepressants are recommended for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain; however, target serum concentrations based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) have not been established. Therefore, the authors analyzed routine care TDM data of antidepressants in patients with chronic pain with and without depression in terms of treatment outcomes in an interdisciplinary multimodal pain treatment (IMPT) program.

Methods:
Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and TDM for amitriptyline (n = 45) or duloxetine (n = 30) were retrospectively included. The German pain questionnaire for pain intensity and the Depression Anxiety Stress scale were applied at T0 and at the end of the IMPT program (T1). A relief of pain intensity score ≥2 was considered as a positive outcome. Comorbid depression was diagnosed based on ICD-10 criteria. Serum concentrations of antidepressants were measured for routine clinical care TDM.

Results:
After IMPT, stress improved in all subgroups, and depressive symptoms improved only in the duloxetine group. Overall, 40% and 27% of patients in the amitriptyline and duloxetine subgroup, respectively, were responders in terms of maximum pain score relief. Responders with comorbid depression were treated with a dose that led to a 1.7-fold higher serum concentration of the active moiety of amitriptyline (amitriptyline + nortriptyline) compared with nonresponders. Similarly, a 2.3-fold higher serum concentration was observed in depressed responders than in nondepressed responders (at minimum 131.5 ng/mL).

Conclusions:
Dosing of antidepressants for chronic pain relief should specifically take comorbid depression into account. TDM may provide better outcomes of pain relief in an IMPT setting in patients with comorbid depression.