bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plate Fixation versus Arthroscopic‐Assisted Plate Fixation for Isolated Medium‐Sized Fractures of the Greater Tuberosity: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sun Qi , Ge Wei , Li Gen , Wu Jie Zhou , Lu Guanghua , Li Runmin , Zhao Zhenyu , Zhu Yaru , Xu Youzhi , Wang Lei , Cai Ming 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo compare the clinical outcomes of plate fixation and arthroscopic‐assisted plate fixation in patients with displaced isolated medium‐sized fractures of the greater tuberosity.MethodsFrom July 2013 to October 2017, patients with displaced isolated medium‐sized fractures of the greater tuberosity who underwent arthroscopic‐assisted plate fixation (ASPF group) or open reduction and internal plate fixation (ORIF group) were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. There were 19 patients in the ASPF group and 27 patients in the ORIF group, with comparable demographic characteristics. The average age of patients was 49.4 ± 12.1 years in the ASPF group and 46.9 ± 11.4 years in the ORIF group. The shoulder function reflected by the Constant–Murley (CS) scores, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, and the range of motion (ROM) in the both groups at the last follow‐up were analyzed in the study. Surgery time, postoperative pain, and postoperative complications were also reviewed.ResultsA total of 46 eligible patients were included in this study. The mean follow‐up was similar for the ASPF (19.4 ± 3.7 months) and the ORIF (18.2 ± 3.2 months) groups (P = 0.372). All patients had achieved primary incision healing in both groups at the last follow‐up. The surgery time was 96.8 ± 11.7 min and 64.2 ± 8.3 min in the ASPF group and the ORIF group, respectively (P < 0.01). All the CS scores (P = 0.278), ASES scores (P = 0.426), and ROM were slightly better in the ASPF group than in the ORIF group, but they did not attain significant differences. In addition, there was no significant difference in the postoperative complication rate between the ASPF group (10.5%) and the ORIF group (18.5%) (P = 0.522). In the ASPF group, there was only one patient with postoperative shoulder stiffness and one case of fracture malunion. In the ORIF group, there were two cases of postoperative shoulder stiffness, two cases of fracture malunoin, and one case of subacromial impingement. Other major postoperative complications, such as fracture nonunion, pullout of the suture anchor, and screw penetration, were not observed in either group.ConclusionArthroscopic‐assisted plate fixation is effective and may be an alternative in the treatment of displaced isolated medium‐sized fractures of the greater tuberosity.
Yield and utility of surveillance kidney biopsies in pediatric kidney transplant recipients at various time points post‐transplant
Authors: Landsberg Adina , Riazy Maziar , Blydt‐Hansen Tom D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to a lack of consensus on SB for pediatric kidney transplant recipients, we evaluated the yield and clinical utility of SB findings at various time points post‐transplant.MethodsPatients transplanted at a single institution between 2014 and 2020 with at least one SB at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post‐transplant were included. Additional biopsies were done for indication (IB). TCMR was classified by Banff criteria (score ≥i1t1).ResultsForty‐seven patients had 142 biopsies (SB = 113, IB = 29); 19 (40.4%) of whom experienced at least one TCMR episode in the first‐year post‐transplant. The greatest SB yield of any pathologic abnormality was at 6 months (57.1%; P < .001). Six months also had the highest yield for TCMR (42.9%), compared with 3.3%, 20.8%, 15.0%, and 9.1% at 1.5, 3, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively (P = .003). SB instigated intensification of immunosuppression (28.3% cases), reduction of immunosuppression (2.7% cases), and other non‐immunosuppressant changes (1.8% cases). The 6‐month SB led to the greatest number of changes in management (53.6%), compared with 1.5, 3, 12, and 24 months (13.3, 20.8, 25.0, and 36.4%, respectively; P = .012). There were no major biopsy‐related complications.ConclusionsSBs identify an important burden of subclinical rejection and other pathology leading to changes in clinical management. The greatest yield was at 6 months, whereas the least utility was at the 1.5 months. Selection of SB timing may be tailored such that the optimal yield is balanced against the procedural risk.
Horizontal orientation of zygomorphic flowers: significance for rain protection and pollen transfer
Authors: Yu Y.‐M. , Li X.‐X. , Xie D. , Wang H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFloral traits are recognized to have evolved under selection for abiotic and biotic factors. Complex zygomorphic flowers usually face horizontally. It has been proved that a horizontal orientation facilitates pollinator recognition and pollination efficiency, but its significance in adaptation to abiotic factors remains unknown.The floral orientation ofAbelia × grandifloranaturally varies around horizontal (with an angle of −30 to +33° between the floral main axis and the horizontal). We examined whether three different floral orientations affected flower thermal conditions, response to rain and pollination.Results showed that floral orientation had no effect on diurnal variations in flower temperature. The anthers of all three flower orientations were wetted by rainfall, but the inclined upward‐facing flowers contained significantly more rainwater. The horizontal flowers received significantly higher visitation by hawkmoths and had a higher stigmatic pollen load. In contrast, the upward flower orientation reduced pollination precision, while downward‐facing flowers had decreased pollinator attraction.This study indicates that horizontal flowers may have evolved as a trade‐off between rain protection and pollination. Zygomorphic flowers that deviate from a horizontal orientation may have lower fitness because of flower flooding by rainwater and decreased pollen transfer.
Pathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species, infected plant part, inoculum potential, pathogen genotype, and temperature
Authors: Garbelotto Matteo , Schmidt Doug , Popenuck Tina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision‐making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by P. ramorum are an issue.
Reproduction traits of heterozygousmyostatinknockout sows crossbred with homozygousmyostatinknockout boars
Authors: Han Sheng‐zhong , Li Zhou‐Yan , Paek Hyo‐Jin , Choe Hak‐Myong , Yin Xi‐Jun , Quan Biao‐Hu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFew studies exist on homozygous myostatin gene mutant (MSTN−/−) pigs, especially on their reproductive ability. We have previously shown that semen quality of homozygousMSTN−/−boars is comparable to that of wild type (WT). However, no data exist on the reproductive ability of heterozygousMSTNgene mutant (MSTN+/−) sows. The present study highlights showed that the heterozygousMSTN+/−sows have delayed pubertal age than WT sows (255.80 ± 6.79 versus 191.10 ± 3.42, respectively). The number of services per pregnancy of heterozygousMSTN+/−sows is significantly higher than that of WT sows (3.33 ± 0.43 versus 1.60 ± 0.25, respectively). Moreover, although heterozygousMSTN+/−sows have natural reproduction ability, their litter size was significantly lower than that of WT sows (7.75 ± 0.44 versus 14.25 ± 0.60, respectively). Offsprings generated from heterozygousMSTN+/−sow and homozygousMSTN−/−boar were genotyped with the PCR and sequencing method to detect myostatin mutation and to identify whether the piglets are homozygousMSTN−/−or heterozygousMSTN+/−. The proportion of homozygousMSTN−/−piglets was significantly lower than that of heterozygousMSTN+/−piglets (2.50 ± 0.35 versus 5.25 ± 0.60, respectively). Furthermore, none of the sows presented dystocia, and the phenotype of heterozygousMSTN+/−piglets was normal. However, 10% homozygousMSTN−/−piglets died of dyspnoea within 2 hr after birth, 60% of homozygousMSTN−/−piglets showed large tongues, and 50% had umbilical hernias. In summary, this study for the first time reports the reproduction traits of heterozygousMSTN+/−sows crossbred with homozygousMSTN−/−boars. This study will pave the way in a new direction for the breeding and development of super lean meat varieties in the future.
High Throughput Risk and Impact Screening of Chemicals in Consumer Products
Authors: Jolliet Olivier , Huang Lei , Hou Ping , Fantke Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe ubiquitous presence of more than 80,000 chemicals in thousands of consumer products used on a daily basis stresses the need for screening a broader set of chemicals than the traditional well‐studied suspect chemicals. This high‐throughput screening combines stochastic chemical‐product usage with mass balance‐based exposure models and toxicity data to prioritize risks associated with household products. We first characterize product usage using the stochastic SHEDS‐HT model and chemical content in common household products from the CPDat database, the chemical amounts applied daily varying over more than six orders of magnitude, from mg to kg. We then estimate multi‐pathways near‐ and far‐field exposures for 5,500 chemical‐product combinations, applying an extended USEtox model to calculate product intake fractions ranging from 0.001 to ∼1, and exposure doses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude. Combining exposure doses with chemical‐specific dose–responses and reference doses shows that risks can be substantial for multiple home maintenance products, such as paints or paint strippers, for some home‐applied pesticides, leave‐on personal care products, and cleaning products. Sixty percent of the chemical‐product combinations have hazard quotients exceeding 1, and 9% of the combinations have lifetime cancer risks exceeding 10−4. Population‐level impacts of household products ingredients can be substantial, representing 5 to 100 minutes of healthy life lost per day, with users’ exposures up to 103 minutes per day. To address this issue, present mass balance‐based models are already able to provide exposure estimates for both users and populations. This screening study shows large variations of up to 10 orders of magnitude in impact across both chemicals and product combinations, demonstrating that prioritization based on hazard only is not acceptable, since it would neglect orders of magnitude variations in both product usage and exposure that need to be quantified. To address this, the USEtox suite of mass balance‐based models is already able to provide exposure estimates for thousands of product‐chemical combinations for both users and populations. The present study calls for more scrutiny of most impacting chemical‐product combinations, fully ensuring from a regulatory perspective consumer product safety for high‐end users and using protective measures for users.
Power‐Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism and Sectarian Authoritarianism
Authors: Dixon Paul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsociationalists have traditionally embraced sectarian authoritarianism combined with a very limited form of democracy as the only democratic way of managing plural conflicts. New Generation consociationalists, by contrast, believe their theory is compatible with opposing sectarian authoritarianism in places like Iraq and the Lebanon. Traditional consociationalists have tended to claim that all power‐sharing is consociational, whereas revisionist and liberal consociationalists claim that consociationalism does not require power‐sharing and that the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 is therefore a consociational success. This paper argues that ‘classic’ consociationalism has constantly been revised to deflect criticism and capture apparently successful cases of conflict management. Consociationalists have deployed a ‘Wonderland’ definition which allows them to make such contradictory claims. Paradoxically, this definitional ambiguity and incoherence allows consociationalism to be ‘all things to all people’, resulting in its successful domination of the academic debate.
Anomalous Enhancement of Heat Transfer to H2O/CO2 Mixtures in Near-Critical Region
Authors: Zhang Hanlin , Wu Haomin , Li Sha , Liu Dong , Li Qiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer to supercritical H2O/CO2 mixtures (24 MPa, 310 to 430 °C, and CO2 mass fractions up to 18.5%), the working fluids of a novel power generation system with coal gasified in supercritical water, was experimentally investigated for typical working conditions of this system. For these conditions, i.e., high mass velocities (above 1200 kg m−2 s−1) and low heat flux (below 300 kW m−2), the convection heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of supercritical pure fluids usually increase with temperature, peak near the pseudo-critical point, i.e., heat transfer enhancement, and then decrease for higher temperatures. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a new heat transfer enhancement phenomenon for supercritical H2O/CO2 mixtures. A high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus was setup to measure the convection HTCs of the supercritical H2O/CO2 mixtures. Experimental results show that surprisingly two distinct peaks of convection HTCs appear, with one corresponding temperature being the pseudo-critical point of the H2O/CO2 mixture, i.e., the thermophysical property variation induced mechanism, and the other one being the critical miscible point of the mixture, i.e., the dissolution-induced mechanism. These results pave the way to efficient heat transfer devices that use supercritical mixtures as heat transfer fluids.
Nuclear Pressure Vessel Manufacture Using the Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) Process
Authors: Sulley John , Wallace Phil , Warner Ted , Jones Gary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) has been used by Rolls-Royce to successfully manufacture nuclear plant components such as valves, piping, and pump casings; the majority of these components being manufactured from stainless steels, typically 316L. There are also considered to be potentially significant benefits to be gained by manufacturing large nuclear plant pressure vessels via the HIP process, such vessels commonly being manufactured from Low Alloy Steel (LAS) materials such as ASME SA-508. The benefits would include cost and lead-time reductions, which are particularly pertinent in relation to the competiveness of the power generation market and future nuclear power plant construction. Such vessels are a major cost and are critical path items of the primary plant. Also, material quality improvements and improved inspectability are possible via the HIP process. Welding vessel sections together using Thick-Section Electron Beam Welding (TSEBW) shows significant promise in reducing welding time and the provision of high quality welds, further reducing vessel cost and lead-time. There is also the potential with the use of TSEBW, to reduce weld inspection requirements with the weld being effectively the same as the parent material, i.e. no weld filler material is used. This paper presents an overview of the pioneering work conducted and planned by Rolls-Royce to develop a method of manufacture to combine HIPing and TSEBW to produce nuclear plant pressure vessels. Staged development is covered, starting with small billet manufacture for the purposes of material testing and examination, followed by vessel demonstrators for the purposes of proving the method of manufacture and to provide justification data, e.g. examination, pressure and thermal cyclic test data.
In order to provide a balanced perspective, the paper also identifies the key challenges — risks, and capability development requirements necessary to deliver this method of manufacture.
Investigation of VVER-440 Confinement Response During DBA After Leaktightness Improvement
Authors: Hovhannisyan Hovhannes , Malakyan Tsolak , Amirjanyan Armen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Based on Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (VVER-440/270) example the response of confinement to leaktightness improvement in case of design basis accident was investigated. The main interest of the investigation is to determine the influence of confinement leaktightness improvement on the reduction of available NPSH of active safety systems pumps (ECCS and spray systems). Results of analyses showed that confinement leaktightness improvement will lead to strong underpressure condition and endanger ECCS pumps operation due to cavitation. Hence, in parallel with confinement leaktightness improvement confinement vacuumization prevention means must be considered.
Emergency Action Level Study in Reprocessing Facility
Authors: Renze Wang , Jiangang Zhang , Yapeng Yang , Zongyang Feng , Linsheng Jia , Ning Wang , Yining Liu , Boning Liang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The safety characteristics and potential hazards of reprocessing facilities are different from those of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Emergency action level (EAL) development is an important aspect of emergency preparedness, and EAL is an important basis for emergency response of reprocessing facilities. EAL quantitative research can enhance its operability.
At present, the domestic and foreign literature, generally only gave the principle method for EAL development. There are no operational guidance documents for specific EAL quantification in reprocessing facilities. According to the features of the functions and configurations of the reprocessing facilities, two additional categories EAL, E category for the spent fuel pool accident and W category for the high level liquid waste tank accident, have been added. Meanwhile, four categories-S, F, A, H are retained with similar implication as NPPs.
On the basis of existing principles and practical experience, specially the reference from DOE G 151.1-1A, EAL quantification was developed according to the characteristics and symptoms related to the safety of reprocessing facilities.
EAL quantification for several accidents was developed, and it was with good maneuverability. The study for EAL quantification in reprocessing facilities shows that, quantitative, indicative, practical EALs can make emergency response more accurate and efficient, and ongoing research is strongly requisite.
Modeling the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment With the GOTHIC Code
Authors: Harvill Rodney , Lane Jeff , Link John , Gates Anita , Kindred Tom 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
GOTHIC 8.3(QA) includes capabilities for modeling advanced, non-light water cooled reactors. Important capabilities introduced in GOTHIC 8.3(QA) include fluid property tables for various molten salts, an enhancement to the tracer tracking module to allow radioactive decay energy to be released locally in the carrier fluid and other improvements to the neutron kinetics module. With these new capabilities in place, GOTHIC is used to benchmark steady-state and transient conditions in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), which operated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1965 to 1969. In this experimental reactor, UF4 fuel was dissolved in molten fluoride salt, and criticality could be achieved only in the graphite moderated core. An air-cooled radiator transferred fission and decay heat to the environment.
The design thermal output of the MSRE was 10 MWt, but the radiator design limited the output to 8 MWt. The original design parameters neglected the impact of decay heat on system temperatures. GOTHIC is used to benchmark system operating parameters at both the 10 MWt design condition and the 8 MWt operating condition, both with and without decay heat. The cases that include decay heat apply 7% of the nominal thermal output using the eleven decay heat precursors from ASB 9-2 as tracers. The results of the benchmark exhibit good agreement with design and operating data and demonstrate heat-up due to decay heat in the fuel salt outside the core.
In the MSRE, delayed neutron precursors are not confined to the core because the fuel and fission products flow through the system. As a result, there are different values for (effective) delayed neutron fraction with and without flow, and the decay of delayed neutron precursors outside the core under full-flow conditions reduces reactivity by 0.212 % δk/k. Zero power physics testing included fuel salt pump start-up and coast-down transients with a control rod automatically moving to maintain criticality. The control rod motion calculated by GOTHIC is a reasonable match to measured data from these transients.
Low power testing included a natural convection transient with no control rod motion such that reactor power was responding to heat load demand from the radiator. The reactor power and fuel salt and coolant salt temperatures calculated by GOTHIC exhibit good agreement with measured data.
Identify the Broken Loop and Break Sizes of Recirculation Line LOCA for a BWR6/MarkIII Plant
Authors: Hwang Sheng-Dih , Wang Te-Chuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this study, the MAAP5 code was used as the tool to simulate a reactor operated at steady-state and occurred an LOCA with different break sizes at the recirculation loops. A BWR6/MarkIII nuclear power plant (NPP) was selected as the sample deck. By detecting the temperature difference between the loops, and then the break size could be determined including which loop and how is the break size. Moreover, this study had also analyzed the effect of break sizes affecting the characteristic of an NPP. These results were consistent with the previous experiments and codes. This study also suggested to the operators in the main control room (MCR), when they observed some syndrome of the acquired data and they could preliminary estimate which loop broke and how was the size of the LOCA. Those could help the operators to make a strategy to avoid the probability of core melted.