bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation and stability of emulsions stabilized by Quillaja saponin–egg lecithin mixtures
Authors: Salminen Hanna , Bischoff Sonja , Weiss Jochen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKnowledge of binary emulsifiers’ influence on the formation and stability of emulsion‐based products is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the emulsifying properties of Quillaja saponin–egg lecithin mixtures at different concentration ratios (r = 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5) with total emulsifier concentration set to 0.5% or 1.0% (w/w). For this, oil‐in‐water emulsions (10% oil, pH 7) were prepared via high‐pressure homogenization. Furthermore, emulsion stability against different environmental stresses was tested. All the binary emulsifier mixtures formed submicron sized emulsions upon homogenization. The most stable emulsions among the mixed emulsifiers were obtained at low Quillaja saponin concentration at r = 1:4 that showed similar physical stability over time to emulsions stabilized by Quillaja saponins and egg lecithin alone. The data suggested that the mixtures of Quillaja saponins and egg lecithins built mixed interfacial layers that were prone to changes over time. Emulsions stabilized by the binary mixtures were in general less stable against changes in pH and ionic strength than the emulsions stabilized by the individual emulsifiers. An exception were the emulsions at r = 1:4 that showed improved stability at pH 2 over the phase separated Quillaja saponin–stabilized emulsions at the same pH. Moreover, all the emulsions were heat stable up to 90 °C. On the other hand, none of the emulsions were stable upon freeze‐thawing. These results increase our understanding of technofunctionality of binary emulsifier systems.Practical ApplicationFood‐grade and natural emulsifier mixtures composed of Quillaja saponins and egg lecithin may be used in selected emulsion‐based food or personal care product applications to replace synthetic surfactants due to issues with consumer acceptance and regulatory restrictions.
Prematurity and breastfeeding initiation: A sibling analysis
Authors: Byerly Tiffany , Buckman Cierra , Tumin Dmitry , Bear Kelly 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimStudies suggest breastfeeding initiation is less common for premature infants. This association may be confounded by socio‐economic characteristics that correlate with the risk of premature birth. We compared premature and term‐born children to determine whether prematurity independently predicted likelihood of breastfeeding continuation and duration.MethodsData were obtained from women ages 15‐44 years reporting at least two live pregnancies on the 2011‐2017 National Survey of Family Growth. Participants completed a pregnancy and breastfeeding history. Breastfeeding initiation was defined as breastfeeding for at least 1 week, and duration of exclusive breastfeeding was recorded in months. Sibling fixed effects regression models were used to evaluate the impact of prematurity.ResultsAmong families with some children who were breastfed and others who were not (n = 2848 children), preterm birth was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (odds ratio = 1.11; P = .468). Among children who were ever breastfed, exclusive breastfeeding lasted 5% fewer months among children born preterm, compared with term‐born siblings (incidence rate ratio = 0.95; P = .060).ConclusionUsing sibling‐group analysis to control for confounding, we found no independent association between prematurity and likelihood of breastfeeding initiation. This suggests interventions supporting breastfeeding for premature infants may need to address external barriers to breastfeeding not specifically preterm birth.
Enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Engbers Aline G.J. , Flint Robert B. , Völler Swantje , de Klerk Johan C.A. , Reiss Irwin K.M. , Andriessen Peter , Liem Kian D. , Degraeuwe Pieter L.J. , Croubels Siska , Millecam Joske , Allegaert Karel , Simons Sinno H.P. , Knibbe Catherijne A.J. 
Published: April 2020

AimsRacemic ibuprofen is widely used for the treatment of preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Currently used bodyweight‐based dosing guidelines are based on total ibuprofen, while only the S‐enantiomer of ibuprofen is pharmacologically active. We aimed to optimize ibuprofen dosing for preterm neonates of different ages based on an enantiomer‐specific population pharmacokinetic model.MethodsWe prospectively collected 210 plasma samples of 67 preterm neonates treated with ibuprofen for patent ductus arteriosus (median gestational age [GA] 26 [range 24–30] weeks, median body weight 0.83 [0.45–1.59] kg, median postnatal age [PNA] 3 [1–12] days), and developed a population pharmacokinetic model for S‐ and R‐ibuprofen.ResultsWe found that S‐ibuprofen clearance (CLS, 3.98 mL/h [relative standard error {RSE} 8%]) increases with PNA and GA, with exponents of 2.25 (RSE 6%) and 5.81 (RSE 15%), respectively. Additionally, a 3.11‐fold higher CLS was estimated for preterm neonates born small for GA (RSE 34%). Clearance of R‐ibuprofen was found to be high compared to CLS (18 mL/h [RSE 24%]), resulting in a low contribution of R‐ibuprofen to total ibuprofen exposure. Current body weight was identified as covariate on both volume of distribution of S‐ibuprofen and R‐ibuprofen.ConclusionS‐ibuprofen clearance shows important maturation, especially with PNA, resulting in an up to 3‐fold increase in CLS during a 3‐day treatment regimen. This rapid increase in clearance needs to be incorporated in dosing guidelines by adjusting the dose for every day after birth to achieve equal ibuprofen exposure.
Successful culture of human transition zone cells
Authors: Zhang Jie , Ahmad Amatul M. , Ng Hannah , Shi Jane , McGhee Charles N. J. , Patel Dipika V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuman corneal endothelial cells undergo very little or no proliferation and respond to cell loss by migration and cellular enlargement. Significant cell loss or damage may result in corneal oedema, opacity and loss of vision. In vitro expansion of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) is a promising strategy for corneal regeneration. The transition zone (TZ) may be an alternative source of CECs. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for TZ cell culture, and to determine their potential to proliferate and differentiate into cells that resemble CECs in vitro.MethodsAn explant culture protocol for the human TZ was established. Cell proliferation was assessed using 5‐ethynyl‐2’‐deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The expression of stem cell and endothelial markers was assessed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsTZ cells can be passaged up to 12 times; cells became polygonal 3 to 4 passages before senescence. An average of 41% of cells incorporated EdU over a 5‐day period. TZ cells expressed the corneal endothelial proteins ZO‐1 and Na+/K+ ATPase, Col8A2, the periocular mesenchyme marker PITX2, and the neural crest stem cell markers Nestin and Sox10. TZ cells expressed mRNA of a range of neural crest, periocular mesenchyme, and corneal endothelial genes.ConclusionsTZ cells can proliferate and differentiate into cells that resemble CECs, demonstrating their potential to be an alternative cell source for corneal endothelial cell therapy.
Mutations in the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene associated with deltamethrin resistance in commercially sourced Phytoseiulus persimilis
Authors: Benavent‐Albarracín L. , Alonso M. , Catalán J. , Urbaneja A. , Davies T. G. E. , Williamson M. S. , González‐Cabrera J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe implementation of Integrated Pest Management in current agricultural practice is a convenient and very effective strategy to keep pest populations under control. The use of biological control agents, such as Phytoseiulus persimilis, is key for the success of such an approach. This predatory mite is widely used as it is very effective for controlling Tetranychus urticae, one of the most devastating crop pests. Here, we identify several mutations located in the voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) of commercially sourced P. persimilis that correlate with a reduced susceptibility to the pyrethroid deltamethrin. We found that the mites sourced from two different biocontrol product companies have intrinsic genotypic differences that correlate with their phenotype when tested with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Mites from Syngenta Bioline, carrying the mutations M918L and A1536T, were able to survive deltamethrin concentrations of up to 10 ppm, while the mites from Koppert Biological Systems, with the combination M918L, L925V and S1539T, survived treatment with 40 ppm. All of the point mutations identified in the predatory mite samples are located in a particular region of the VGSC, previously proposed as the binding site for this family of pesticides and identified as a ‘hot spot’ for resistance.
Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19): Characteristics in children and considerations for dentists providing their care
Authors: Mallineni Sreekanth Kumar , Innes Nicola P. , Raggio Daniela Procida , Araujo Mariana Pinheiro , Robertson Mark D. , Jayaraman Jayakumar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe emergence of the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causing coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has led to a global pandemic and one of the most significant challenges to the healthcare profession. Dental practices are focal points for cross‐infection, and care must be taken to minimise the risk of infection to, from, or between dental care professionals and patients. The COVID‐19 epidemiological and clinical characteristics are still being collated but children's symptoms seem to be milder than those that adults experience. It is unknown whether certain groups, for example children with comorbidities, might be at a higher risk of more severe illness. Emerging data on disease spread in children, affected by COVID‐19, have not been presented in detail. The purpose of this article was to report current data on the paediatric population affected with COVID‐19 and highlight considerations for dentists providing care for children during this pandemic. All members of the dental team have a professional responsibility to keep themselves informed of current guidance and be vigilant in updating themselves as recommendations are changing so quickly.
Associations between adiposity indicators and hypertension among children and adolescents with intellectual disability—A case–control study
Authors: Wyszyńska Justyna , Podgórska‐Bednarz Justyna , Dereń Katarzyna , Baran Joanna , Czenczek‐Lewandowska Ewelina , Leszczak Justyna , Mazur Artur 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAdiposity is closely related to hypertension (HTN) in paediatric population. However, which adiposity indicator is most associated with HTN among children and adolescents with intellectual disability remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between HTN prevalence and different adiposity indicators: body mass index (BMI) percentile, body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) in students with intellectual disability.MethodsCross‐sectional study included a sample of 568 schoolchildren with intellectual disability, aged 7–18 years. Blood pressure, BMI, body composition, WC and HC were determined using standardized equipment.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression showed that male gender, adolescence, high HC and excessive BFP were significant independent factors that increased risk of HTN occurrence in population with intellectual disability.ConclusionsFindings indicated that HC and BFP, in particular, may be helpful tools to detect HTN in population with intellectual disability.
Closure of the left atrial appendage using percutaneous transcatheter occlusion devices
Authors: Gianni Carola , Anannab Alisara , Sahore Salwan Anu , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Natale Andrea , Horton Rodney P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClosure of the left atrial appendage (LAA) using percutaneous transcatheter occlusion devices is used for stroke prevention as an alternative for patients with a high risk and contraindications for long‐term oral anticoagulation use. In this manuscript, we will discuss the practical aspects of four among the available devices that provide percutaneous intravascular closure of the LAA: Watchman, Amulet, WaveCrest, and LAmbre.
Comparison of myocardial injury and inflammation after pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation between radiofrequency catheter ablation and cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Yano Masamichi , Egami Yasuyuki , Yanagawa Kyosuke , Nakamura Hitoshi , Matsuhiro Yutaka , Yasumoto Koji , Tsuda Masaki , Okamoto Naotaka , Tanaka Akihiro , Matsunaga‐Lee Yasuharu , Yamato Masaki , Shutta Ryu , Nishino Masami , Tanouchi Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundsSeveral studies have shown the serum high sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs‐TnI) a biomarker of myocardium injury, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation, are associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. We evaluated the relationship between the hs‐TnI level in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence.Methods and ResultsWe enrolled 263 consecutive PAF patients who underwent PVI from May 2017 to April 2018. We investigated the difference in the relationship between the myocardial injury marker (serum hs‐TnI), inflammatory marker (CRP, white blood cell) at 36 to 48 hours after the PVI, and early or late recurrence of AF (ERAF; <3 months and LRAF; from 3 months to 1 year) between the radiofrequency ablation group (R group) and cryoballoon ablation group (C group). The R group consisted of 147 patients and the C groups consisted of 116 patients. The serum hs‐TnI level in R group was significantly lower than in the C group (2.33 vs 5.08 ng/mL; P < .001), while the CRP was significantly higher in the R group than C group (2.02 vs 1.10 mg/dL; P < .001). The incidences of an ERAF/LRAF were similar between the two groups.ConclusionCryoballoon ablation may cause more myocardial injury than radiofrequency catheter ablation, on the contrary, radiofrequency catheter ablation, may cause more inflammation than cryoballoon ablation. However, these phenomena may not affect the recurrence of AF after the PVI in patient with PAF.
Use of a multi‐electrode radiofrequency balloon catheter to achieve pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: 12‐Month outcomes of the RADIANCE study
Authors: Dhillon Gurpreet Singh , Honarbakhsh Shohreh , Di Monaco Antonio , Coling Ann Elizabeth , Lenka Kernerová , Pizzamiglio Francesca , Hunter Ross J. , Horton Rodney , Mansour Moussa , Natale Andrea , Reddy Vivek , Grimaldi Massimo , Neuzil Petr , Tondo Claudio , Schilling Richard J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe RADIANCE first‐in‐man study evaluated acute (3‐month) safety and design concept in terms of utility of a new multi‐electrode radiofrequency (RF) balloon catheter (HELIOSTAR, Biosense Webster) to achieve pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). After study conclusion, a subset of patients was followed up to 12 months.MethodsPatients with drug refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were enrolled. Neurological assessment, cardiac and cerebral magnetic resonance imagings were performed pre and post procedure. Ablation was delivered at 15 Watts to each PV for 60 seconds (electrodes adjacent to the posterior wall limited to 20 seconds). Adenosine or isoproterenol was administered to confirm PVI. Esophageal endoscopy was performed 48 hours post procedure. Patients were clinically followed up for 12 months.ResultsThirty‐nine patients underwent catheter ablation from four centers. Mean age was 60.7 ± 10.0 years with 23 (57.5%) being male. Confirmation of PVI was performed in all PVs treated (152/152). Confirmation of isolation after one delivery was performed solely on 137 of 152 PVs of which 79.6% (109/137) achieved isolation with a single delivery of RF energy. Acute PV reconnection was seen in 4.6% (7/150) of PVs. Freedom from documented atrial arrhythmia at 12 months in those followed up was 86.4% (32/37). A total of 75.7% (28/37) of patients were free from atrial arrhythmia and off antiarrhythmic medications.ConclusionThe HELIOSTAR RF balloon catheter allows for rapid and safe PVI with majority of PVs only requiring one application.
Electrical isolation of the superior vena cava using second‐generation cryoballoon in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wei Hui‐Qiang , Guo Xiao‐Gang , Sun Qi , Yang Jian‐Du , Xie Hai‐Yang , Cao Zhong‐Jing , Chen Yan‐Qiao , Zhang Shu , Wu Shulin , Ma Jian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe safety and efficacy of superior vena cava (SVC) isolation using second‐generation cryoballoon (CB) ablation remain unknown.MethodsA total of 26 (3.2%) patients with SVC‐related paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) from a consecutive series of 806 patients who underwent second‐generation CB were included. Pulmonary vein isolation was initially achieved by CB ablation. If the SVC trigger was determined, the electrical isolation of SVC isolation was performed using the second‐generation CB.ResultsReal‐time SVC potential was observed in all patients. Isolation of the SVC was successfully accomplished in 21 (80.8%) patients. The mean number of freeze cycles in each patient was 2.1 ± 1.1. The mean time to isolation and ablation duration were 22.5 ± 14.2 seconds and 94.5 ± 22.3 seconds, respectively. A transient phrenic nerve (PN) injury was observed in five patients (19.2%). There were two patients (7.7%) experienced reversible sinus node injury during the first application. During a mean follow‐up period of 13.2 ± 5.8 months, four patients (15.4%) had atrial arrhythmia recurrences.ConclusionIsolation of SVC using the second‐generation 28‐mm CB is feasible when SVC driver during AF is identified. Vigilant monitoring of PN function during CB ablation of SVC is needed to avoid PN injury.
<p><strong>Is </strong><strong><em>Pyemotes zhonghuajia</em></strong><strong> (Acari: Pyemotidae) a suitable biological control agent against the fall armyworm </strong><strong><em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em></strong><strong> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?</strong><strong></strong></p>
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Tian Tai-An , Li Xue-Lin , Chen Yi-Chai , Yu Xiao-Fei , Tan Xiao-Feng , Zhu Yi , Yang Mao-Fa 
Published: April 2020

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most damaging noctuid pests of maize and is reported in China at the beginning of 2019. It poses a serious threat to the food security of China. In order to find an attractive alternative to reduce the application of chemical insecticides, we screened different initial mite densities of Pyemotes zhonghuajia on the mortality rate of different stages of FAW and also recorded the number of P. zhonghuajia on FAW at the different times (24, 48, and 72 h). The results showed that initial mite densities had a significant effect on the mortality rates of all stages of FAW and the number of P. zhonghuajia found on the surface of FAW. One P. zhonghuajia female was able to significantly induce the mortality of FAW in the 1st to 3rd instar larvae, and the mite density of 40 could achieve 100% FAW mortality when added 1st to 5th instar larvae and prepupae. There was an increasing number of P. zhonghuajia on FAW from the 2nd to 4th instar larvae stages at all three days. These results provide the basic information for considering P. zhonghuajia as a suitable bio-control agent against FAW in China.
CLABSI reduction using evidence based interventions and nurse empowerment: a quality improvement initiative from a tertiary care NICU in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Ali Shabbir , Ahmed Anjum Mohyuddin , Arbab Saba , Ariff Shabina , Ali Rehan , Demas Simon , Zeb Jehan , Rizvi Arjumand , Saleem Ali , Farooqi Joveria 
Published: April 2020

Objective
Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We designed a CLABSI Prevention Package (CPP) to decrease NICU CLABSI rates, using evidence-proven interventions.

Design
This was a quality improvement (QI) project. Data collection was divided into three phases (pre-implementation, implementation and post implementation). SQUIRE2.0 guidelines were used to design, implement and report this QI initiative.

Setting
A tertiary care level 3 NICU at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan.

Patients
All patients admitted to the AKUH NICU from 1 January 2016 to 31 March 2018 who had a central line in place during their NICU admission.

Interventions
CPP used evidence-based interventions focusing on hand hygiene, aseptic central line insertion techniques and central line care, prevention of fungal infections and nurse empowerment.

Main outcome measures
CLABSI rates pre and post intervention were recorded. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for CLABSI, device (central line) utilisation ratio, CLABSI related mortality and micro-organism profile.

Results
CLABSI rates decreased from 17.1/1000 device days to 5.0/1000 device days (relative risk (RR)=0.36, CI=0.17–0.74). Device (central line) utilisation ratio declined from 0.30 to 0.25. Out of 613 patients enrolled in our study, 139 (22.7%) died. Mortality was higher in CLABSI group (n=20, 44%) as compared with non CLABSI group (n=119, 21.1%) (p<0.001). Gestational age of <27 weeks was an independent risk factor for CLABSI (RR=4.45, CI=1.10–18.25, p=0.03). A total of 158 pathogens were isolated among which 68 were associated with CLABSI. Gram-negative bacteria 31 (47.7%) were the most common cause of CLABSI. Ninety-seven (61%) micro-organisms were multi-drug resistant.

Conclusions
CPP was effective in decreasing NICU CLABSI rates and can be used as a model to decrease NICU CLABSI rates in low or middle-income countries.
Pronounced Impact of Salinity on Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Foltz Gregory R. , Leung L. Ruby , Kaplan John , Xu Wenwei , Reul Nicolas , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) is difficult to predict and poses a formidable threat to coastal populations. A warm upper ocean is well known to favor RI, but the role of ocean salinity is less clear. This study shows a strong inverse relationship between salinity and TC RI in the eastern Caribbean and western tropical Atlantic due to near-surface freshening from the Amazon–Orinoco River system. In this region, rapidly intensifying TCs induce a much stronger surface enthalpy flux compared to more weakly intensifying storms, in part due to a reduction in SST cooling caused by salinity stratification. This reduction has a noticeable positive impact on TCs undergoing RI, but the impact of salinity on more weakly intensifying storms is insignificant. These statistical results are confirmed through experiments with an ocean mixed layer model, which show that the salinity-induced reduction in SST cold wakes increases significantly as the storm’s intensification rate increases. Currently, operational statistical–dynamical RI models do not use salinity as a predictor. Through experiments with a statistical RI prediction scheme, it is found that the inclusion of surface salinity significantly improves the RI detection skill, offering promise for improved operational RI prediction. Satellite surface salinity may be valuable for this purpose, given its global coverage and availability in near–real time.