bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of α-ketoglutaric acid simulating an impact-generated hydrothermal system: implications for prebiotic chemistry studies
Authors: Ramírez-Vázquez L. , Negrón-Mendoza A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLife originated on Earth possibly as a physicochemical process; thus, geological environments and their hypothetical characteristics on early Earth are essential for chemical evolution studies. Also, it is necessary to consider the energy sources that were available in the past and the components that could have contributed to promote chemical reactions. It has been proposed that the components could have been mineral surfaces. The aim of this work is to determine the possible role of mineral surfaces on chemical evolution, and to study of the stability of relevant molecules for metabolism, such as α-ketoglutaric acid (α-keto acid, Krebs cycle participant), using ionizing radiation and thermal energy as energy sources and mineral surfaces to promote chemical reactions. Preliminary results show α-ketoglutaric acid can be relatively stable at the simulated conditions of an impact-generated hydrothermal system; thus, those systems might have been plausible environments for chemical evolution on Earth.
Pension fund's illiquid assets allocation under liquidity and capital requirements
Authors: Broeders Dirk W. G. A. , Jansen Kristy A. E. , Werker Bas J. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDefined benefit pension funds invest in illiquid asset classes for return, diversification or liability hedging reasons. So far, little is known about factors influencing how much they invest in illiquid assets. We conjecture that liquidity and capital requirements are pivotal in this decision. Short-term pension payments and margining on derivative contracts generate liquidity requirements, while regulations impose capital requirements. Consistent with our model we empirically find that these requirements create a hump-shaped impact of liability duration on the fraction of risky assets invested in illiquid assets. Further, we report that pension fund size, type, and funding ratio impact illiquid assets allocations.
Nahenahe (Soft, Sweet, Melodious): Sounding Out Native Hawaiian Self-Determination
Authors: FELLEZS KEVIN 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this essay, I explore the ways in which kī hō‘alu (Hawaiian slack key guitarists) articulated Native Hawaiian aspirations for self-determination and reterritorialization during the Second Hawaiian Renaissance. I argue that Hawaiian music speaks to a liberatory politics that is embedded within an aesthetic of nahenahe (soft, sweet, melodious). Nahenahe invests slack key guitarists with the mana (power, authority) to invoke a Native Hawaiian perspective that empowers and sustains Kanaka Maoli (native Hawaiian) efforts for self-determination and political autonomy. The connections between music and political activism were highlighted and strengthened throughout the period. Indeed, although numerous political groups organized throughout the period, providing the modern foundations to the struggles for sovereignty today, at the forefront of it all were the musicians.
Nonstationary Teleconnection Between the Pacific Ocean and Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Bonan D. B. , Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOver the last 40 years observations show a teleconnection between summertime Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures and September Arctic sea ice extent. However, the short satellite observation record has made it difficult to further examine this relationship. Here, we use 30 fully coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to assess the ability of GCMs to simulate this teleconnection and analyze its stationarity over longer timescales. GCMs can temporarily simulate the teleconnection in continuous 40‐year segments but not over longer, centennial timescales. Each GCM exhibits considerable teleconnection variability on multidecadal timescales. Further analysis shows that the teleconnection depends on an equally nonstationary atmospheric bridge from the subequatorial Pacific Ocean to the upper Arctic troposphere. These findings indicate that the modulation of Arctic sea ice loss by subequatorial Pacific Ocean variability is not fixed in time, undermining the assumption of teleconnection stationarity as defined by the satellite record.
La Niña's Diminishing Fingerprint on the Central Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Rajagopalan Balaji , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Zhang Lei , Goodkin Nathalie F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLa Niña years tend to provide increased Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall. However, observations show 6–8% reduction in ISM rainfall during post‐1980 La Niñas relative to pre‐1980. Using a suite of atmospheric general circulation model experiments, we replicate this observed phenomenon and attribute it to a combination of weakening La Niña events themselves plus strongly warming tropical Indian Ocean. We demonstrate that half of the ISM rainfall reduction during post‐1980 La Niñas can be attributed to changes in the spatial pattern and intensity of La Niña within the tropical Pacific Ocean. Warmer eastern‐equatorial Pacific Ocean temperatures during post‐1980 La Niñas weaken the Walker circulation, resulting in large‐scale anomalous subsidence over the Indian subcontinent, thereby inhibiting the deep convection that drives ISM rainfall. Further, we demonstrate the declining central ISM rainfall during La Niña years with increasing tropical Indian Ocean warming, which has several serious concerns for regional water resources and stability.
Climate Adaptation as a Control Problem: Review and Perspectives on Dynamic Water Resources Planning Under Uncertainty
Authors: Herman Jonathan D. , Quinn Julianne D. , Steinschneider Scott , Giuliani Matteo , Fletcher Sarah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimate change introduces substantial uncertainty to water resources planning and raises the key question: when, or under what conditions, should adaptation occur? A number of recent studies aim to identify policies mapping future observations to actions—in other words, framing climate adaptation as an optimal control problem. This paper uses the control paradigm to review and classify recent dynamic planning studies according to their approaches to uncertainty characterization, policy structure, and solution methods. We propose a set of research gaps and opportunities in this area centered on the challenge of characterizing uncertainty, which prevents the unambiguous application of control methods to this problem. These include exogenous uncertainty in forcing, model structure, and parameters propagated through a chain of climate and hydrologic models; endogenous uncertainty in human‐environmental system dynamics across multiple scales; and sampling uncertainty due to the finite length of historical observations and future projections. Recognizing these challenges, several opportunities exist to improve the use of control methods for climate adaptation, namely, how problem context and understanding of climate processes might assist with uncertainty quantification and experimental design, out‐of‐sample validation and robustness of optimized adaptation policies, and monitoring and data assimilation, including trend detection, Bayesian inference, and indicator variable selection. We conclude with a summary of recommendations for dynamic water resources planning under climate change through the lens of optimal control.
Patch‐Based Multiscale Algorithm for Flow and Reactive Transport in Fracture‐Microcrack Systems in Shales
Authors: Wang Ziyan , Battiato Ilenia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA major challenge in modeling reactive transport in shales is the multiscale nature of the fractured rock system. Shales may contain a few main fractures and thousands of microcracks whose length and aperture are orders of magnitude smaller than the former. This renders fully resolved simulations too expensive, while traditional upscaling methods cannot accurately capture fracture clogging dynamics due to precipitation. We develop a fully coupled patch‐based multiscale algorithm to address this issue: We solve reactive transport only in a few selected microcracks, while evaluating the others by interpolation and ensuring top‐down bottom‐up coupling between the main fracture and the microcracks. Specifically, we consider a fracture system with an array of hundreds of microcracks connected to a main fracture. The patch‐based multiscale algorithm is validated against fully resolved pore‐scale simulations and a steady‐state analytical solution. We find the reaction rate can have a great impact on the concentration profiles after breakthrough, even if the profiles before breakthrough are similar. Also, the breakthrough curves exhibit three dynamic regimes when microcrack aperture alterations are accounted for.
Deep-Channel uses deep neural networks to detect single-molecule events from patch-clamp data
Authors: Celik Numan , O’Brien Fiona , Brennan Sean , Rainbow Richard D. , Dart Caroline , Zheng Yalin , Coenen Frans , Barrett-Jolley Richard 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSingle-molecule research techniques such as patch-clamp electrophysiology deliver unique biological insight by capturing the movement of individual proteins in real time, unobscured by whole-cell ensemble averaging. The critical first step in analysis is event detection, so called “idealisation”, where noisy raw data are turned into discrete records of protein movement. To date there have been practical limitations in patch-clamp data idealisation; high quality idealisation is typically laborious and becomes infeasible and subjective with complex biological data containing many distinct native single-ion channel proteins gating simultaneously. Here, we show a deep learning model based on convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory architecture can automatically idealise complex single molecule activity more accurately and faster than traditional methods. There are no parameters to set; baseline, channel amplitude or numbers of channels for example. We believe this approach could revolutionise the unsupervised automatic detection of single-molecule transition events in the future.
Investigation of radiation recovery effect on sensing fibre in BOTDR
Authors: Li Mi , Zhang Yizhuo , Chen Zhang , Guo You , Zhang Xinyu , Zhang Xuping 
Published: January 2020

The radiation recovery effect on sensing fibre in Brillouin optical time‐domain reflectometer (BOTDR) has been experimentally investigated. In the experiment, three kinds of commercial single‐mode G.652.D fibres: Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable, Corning and Fujikura have been used as sensing fibre in BOTDR system. After 200 Gy dose gamma‐ray radiation absorbed by sensing fibre, the performance of BOTDR at different time intervals has been tested. Moreover, by analysing Brillouin gain spectra along with fibre sample, the recovery in radiation‐induced attenuation, the variation of Brillouin frequency shift and the variation of stress coefficient are characterised. The results will be helpful for the error correction in the simulation experiment and are a reliable basis for the introduction of BOTDR into the space station.
Investigation on distribution of electro‐thermal coupled field and improved design of ±1100 kV converter valve‐side bushing
Authors: Liu Xuandong , Chen Ming , Liang Chengjun , Tang Hao , Zhang Qiaogen 
Published: January 2020

Compared to bushings with lower voltage levels, the ±1100 kV converter valve‐side bushing has thicker radial insulation and longer axial insulation resulting in a more uneven temperature distribution and more severe electric field distortion, especially under high‐ambient‐temperature and high‐current conditions. Improving the distribution of the electro‐thermal coupled field of the bushing is critical for the safe operation of converter transformers. This study discusses the distribution of electro‐thermal coupled field of a typical bushing and proposes a new method to evaluate the conductivity of multiple capacitor layers under inhomogeneous axial temperatures. The effects of four bushing designs are investigated as per the adjustment of the capacitor screen structure, the replacement of the current‐carrying structure, and the modification of resin‐impregnated paper material. The results show that merely adjusting the capacitor screens is not feasible due to size limitations. By decreasing heat accumulation, adopting a single‐tube structure and increasing the thermal conductivity of resin‐impregnated paper material can reduce electric field distortion to a certain extent. Unlike the other three methods, hierarchically controlling the material resistance effectively balances the internal and external electric fields. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of these methods to improve the distribution of the electro‐thermal coupled field in the bushing.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy and/or Chemotherapy for Endometrial Cancer, Status as at 2019
Authors: Emons Günter , Tempfer Clemens , Battista Marco Johannes , Mustea Alexander , Vordermark Dirk ,   for the Uterus Commission of the AGO
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe role of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the primary treatment of endometrial cancer with a high risk of recurrence has still not been conclusively determined. The results of 3 large randomized controlled studies on different aspects of this issue have been published in full in recent months, and the relevant results are analyzed here.
Circulating and Disseminated Tumor Cells in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Banys-Paluchowski Malgorzata , Fehm Tanja , Janni Wolfgang , Solomayer Erich-Franz , Hartkopf Andreas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHematogenous dissemination of single tumor cells from the primary tumor is a common phenomenon in most solid malignancies. In breast cancer, presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in bone marrow predicts poor clinical outcome, both in early and metastatic setting. Beyond that, persistence of CTCs/DTCs is associated with shorter relapse-free interval as well. Numerous studies have shown that these cells differ from tumor cells in the primary tumor with regard to hormone and HER2 receptor status and it has been hypothesized that some of them might be in fact cancer stem cells. Recently, the first positive study on CTC-based therapy interventions has been presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2018, demonstrating that detection of CTCs may guide treatment decisions in metastatic HR-positive HER2-negative disease. In this review, we present the current state of evidence of tumor cell dissemination and discuss the implications for future trials.
The Use of Intravenous Prostaglandins in Extremity Ischemia
Authors: Samuel Vimalin , Selvaraj Dheepak , Kota Albert Abhinay , Stephen Edwin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Introduction Prostaglandins are potent vasoactive agents with other properties of vasodilatation, fibrinolysis and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases (PVD), mainly in patients with nonreconstructable PVD and also as an adjunct when there is residual ischemia after revascularization. Our experience in using PGE1 at a tertiary care center in South India is presented here along with a review of literature.
Materials and Methods Patients presenting to us with nonreconstructable critical limb ischemia underwent prostaglandin infusion after meeting selection criteria.
Results Of the 142 patients enrolled into the study, 48 completed the study. There was a shift in the profile of patients from critical limb ischemia to claudicants or minor tissue loss.
Discussion In the absence of options to treat patients with nonreconstructable critical limb ischemia, prostaglandin infusion offers a viable option for treatment.
Conclusion PGE1 infusion is an option for patients with nonreconstructable critical limb ischemia.
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam in Neonates and Young Infants: The Challenges of Collecting Pharmacokinetics and Safety Data in This Vulnerable Patient Population
Authors: Ang Jocelyn Y. , Arrieta Antonio , Bradley John S. , Zhang Zufei , Yu Brian , Rizk Matthew L. , Johnson Matthew G. , Rhee Elizabeth G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective New treatments are needed for multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative infections in neonates. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination that has broad-spectrum activity against most common gram-negative bacteria, including MDR strains. We evaluated pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of ceftolozane/tazobactam in term and premature neonates and young infants.
Study Design This is a subgroup analysis of a phase 1, noncomparative, open-label, multicenter study that characterized the PK, safety, and tolerability of a single intravenous (IV) dose of ceftolozane/tazobactam in pediatric patients with proven/suspected gram-negative infection or receiving perioperative prophylaxis.
Results Seven patients were enrolled in Group A (birth [7 days postnatal] to < 3 months, > 32 weeks gestation) and six patients were enrolled in Group B (birth [7 days postnatal] to < 3 months, ≤ 32 weeks gestation). PK profiles in neonates and young infants were generally comparable to those of older children receiving a single IV dose of ceftolozane/tazobactam. No serious adverse events (AEs), treatment-related AEs, severe AEs, or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were reported.
Conclusion Among term and premature neonates and young infants, PK was comparable to older children and ceftolozane/tazobactam was generally well tolerated. An adaptable and flexible study design is necessary for enrollment in neonatal PK trials.
Activation by substoichiometric inhibition
Authors: Merdanovic Melisa , Burston Steven G. , Schmitz Anna Laura , Köcher Steffen , Knapp Stefan , Clausen Tim , Kaiser Markus , Huber Robert , Ehrmann Michael 
Published: January 2020

Significance
Small-molecule inhibitors of enzymes are commonly derived from native ligands and represent invaluable and extensively applied tools in chemical biology. In addition to the well-known issue of selectivity, paradoxical curiosities were described over decades that have wide implications in drug discovery and treatment. Of particular interest are observations where low concentrations of inhibitors may activate their targets instead of causing partial inhibition. Our conceptual analysis explains the general phenomenon of “activation by inhibition” as a ligand-induced transition between the T state and the R state in the classic Monod–Wyman–Changeux model of activation, in which the inhibitory ligand acts as an activator.
Phenotypic analysis of extracellular vesicles: a review on the applications of fluorescence
Authors: Panagopoulou Maria S. , Wark Alastair W. , Birch David J S , Gregory Christopher D. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have numerous potential applications in the field of healthcare and diagnostics, and research into their biological functions is rapidly increasing. Mainly because of their small size and heterogeneity, there are significant challenges associated with their analysis and despite overt evidence of the potential of EVs in clinical diagnostic practice, guidelines for analytical procedures have not yet been properly established. Here, we present an overview of the main methods for studying the properties of EVs based on the principles of fluorescence. Setting aside the isolation, purification and physicochemical characterization strategies which answer questions about the size, surface charge and stability of EVs (reviewed elsewhere), we focus on available optical tools that enable the direct analysis of phenotype and mechanisms of interaction with tissues. In brief, the topics on which we elaborate range from the most popular approaches such as nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry, to less commonly used techniques such as fluorescence depolarization and microarrays as well as emerging areas such as fast fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We highlight that understanding the strengths and limitations of each method is essential for choosing the most appropriate combination of analytical tools. Finally, future directions of this rapidly developing area of medical diagnostics are discussed.
Interferometry for full temporal reconstruction of laser-plasma accelerator-based seeded free electron lasers
Authors: Labat M , Bielawski S , Loulergue A , Corde S , Couprie M-E , Roussel E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The spectacular development of Laser-Plasma Accelerators (LPA) appears very promising for a free electron laser application. The handling of the inherent properties of those LPA beams already allowed controlled production of LPA–based spontaneous undulator radiation. Stepping further, we here unveil that the forthcoming LPA–based seeded FELs will present distinctive spatio-spectral distributions. Relying on numerical simulations and simple analytical models, we show how those interferometric patterns can be exploited to retrieve, in single-shot, the spectro-temporal content and source point properties of the FEL pulses.
Shapes of Fe nanocrystals encapsulated at the graphite surface
Authors: Lii-Rosales Ann , Han Yong , Julien Scott E , Pierre-Louis Olivier , Jing Dapeng , Wan Kai-Tak , Tringides Michael C , Evans James W , Thiel Patricia A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe and analyze in detail the shapes of Fe islands encapsulated under the top graphene layers in graphite. Shapes are interrogated using scanning tunneling microscopy. The main outputs of the shape analysis are the slope of the graphene membrane around the perimeter of the island, and the aspect ratio of the central metal cluster. Modeling primarily uses a continuum elasticity (CE) model. As input to the CE model, we use density functional theory to calculate the surface energy of Fe, and the adhesion energies between Fe and graphene or graphite. We use the shaft-loaded blister test (SLBT) model to provide independent stretching and bending strain energies in the graphene membrane. We also introduce a model for the elastic strain in which stretching and bending are treated simultaneously. Measured side slopes agree very well with the CE model, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The fit is optimal for a graphene membrane consisting of 2–3 graphene monolayers, in agreement with experiment. Analysis of contributions to total energy shows that the side slope depends only on the properties of graphene/graphite. This reflects delamination of the graphene membrane from the underlying graphite, caused by upward pressure from the growing metal cluster. This insight leads us to evaluate the delamination geometry in the context of two related, classic models that give analytic results for the slope of a delaminated membrane. One of these, the point-loaded circular blister test model, reasonably predicts the delamination geometry at the edge of an Fe island. The aspect ratio also agrees well with the CE model in the limit of large island size, but not for small islands. Previously, we had speculated that this discrepancy was due to lack of coupling between bending and stretching in the SLBT model, but the new modeling shows that this explanation is not viable.