bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformulating Governmental Immunities
Authors: Parasidis Efthimios 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines three legal doctrines frequently invoked by the government and military to shield untoward conduct from court review: the state secrets privilege, the political question doctrine, and sovereign immunity. As the chapter explains, although the doctrines serve important goals, they also reduce governmental accountability and impede the ability of injured citizens to seek redress through the courts. The chapter proposes amendments that seek to reformulate the doctrines to better harmonize national security goals with jus in praeparatione bellum: providing courts with more authority to assess whether policy decisions made by the Executive or Legislative infringe upon an individual’s constitutional rights, precluding government use of the doctrines when government conduct infringes constitutional rights, and establishing a mediation program that provides claimants with an alternative mechanism for redress when a governmental immunity applies and court review is precluded.
Heterogeneous depressive symptom trajectories among women with type 2 diabetes: findings from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study
Authors: Perez Nicole Beaulieu , D’Eramo Melkus Gail , Fletcher Jason , Allen-Watts Kristen , Jones Deborah L , Collins Lauren F , Ramirez Catalina , Long Amanda , Cohen Mardge H , Merenstein Daniel , Wilson Tracey E , Sharma Anjali , Aouizerat Brad 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Depression affects 33% of women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and leads to increased risks of premature mortality. Fluctuation and variation of depressive presentations can hinder clinical identification.

Purpose
We aimed to identify and examine subgroups characterized by distinct depressive symptom trajectories among women with T2D.

Methods
This retrospective analysis leveraged the Women’s Interagency HIV Study data to identify depressive symptom trajectories based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scores (2014-2019) among women with and without HIV. Descriptive statistics characterized sample demographics (eg, age, race, income), clinical indices (eg, hemoglobin A1C [HbA1c], BMI, HIV status), and psychosocial experiences (eg, discrimination, social support, anxiety, pain). We used growth mixture modeling to identify groups defined by distinct depressive symptom trajectories and parametric and non-parametric tests to examine demographic, clinical, and psychosocial differences across subgroups.

Results
Among the 630 women included, the mean age was 50.4 (SD = 8.3) years, 72.4% identified as Black and non-Hispanic, and 68.2% were living with HIV. Five subgroups were identified and distinguished by severity and symptom type. Participants with lower incomes (P = .01), lower employment (P &lt; .0001), lower social support (P = .0001), and experiences of discrimination (P &lt; .0001) showed greater membership in threshold, moderate, and severe depressive subgroups. Subgroup membership was not associated with metabolic indices (BMI, HbA1c) or HIV status. Anxiety, pain, and loneliness (all P = .0001) were worse in subgroups with higher depressive symptoms.

Conclusions
Among women with T2D, depressive symptom trajectories differ across clinical and social contexts. This study advances precision by delineating subgroups within a broad clinical category.
Linking adverbials in children’s writing: Exploring variation across year groups, genres, and disciplines
Authors: Durrant Philip , Akbaş Erdem , Barbaros Elif , Aldawood Arwa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Linking adverbials is a crucial element in successful academic writing that is particularly challenging for both first and second-language learners to master. Drawing on a corpus of writing by mainstream students in UK schools, the current article explores the under-researched issues of how these forms develop across levels of study in an Anglophone context and how their use and development vary across text genres and academic disciplines. We demonstrate that, excluding a small number of high-frequency pathbreaking items (such as and, but and so), linking adverbials are markedly more frequent in children’s non-literary than literary writing and that the former, but not the latter, shows an increase in use of linkers as children mature. Linkers are equally prevalent across academic disciplines. However, the specific linkers used are strongly dependent on both text genre and academic discipline, reflecting functional differences between these. The analysis further demonstrates how students move from using characteristically spoken-style linkers towards more written-style linkers as they progress through school.
A multivariate Polya tree model for meta-analysis with event-time distributions
Authors: Poli Giovanni , Fountzilas Elena , Tsimeridou Apostolia-Maria , Müller Peter 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
We develop a nonparametric Bayesian prior for a family of random probability measures by extending the Polya tree ($\mbox{PT}$) prior to a joint prior for a set of probability measures $G_1,\dots ,G_n$, suitable for meta-analysis with event-time outcomes. In the application to meta-analysis, $G_i$ is the event-time distribution specific to study $i$. The proposed model defines a regression on study-specific covariates by introducing increased correlation for any pair of studies with similar characteristics. The desired multivariate $\mbox{PT}$ model is constructed by introducing a hierarchical prior on the conditional splitting probabilities in the $\mbox{PT}$ construction for each of the $G_i$. The hierarchical prior replaces the independent beta priors for the splitting probability in the PT construction with a Gaussian process prior for corresponding (logit) splitting probabilities across all studies. The Gaussian process is indexed by study-specific covariates, introducing the desired dependence with increased correlation for similar studies. The main feature of the proposed construction is (conditionally) conjugate posterior updating with commonly reported inference summaries for event-time data. The construction is motivated by a meta-analysis over cancer immunotherapy studies.
Cumulative link mixed-effects models in the service of remote sensing crop progress monitoring
Authors: Oikonomidis Ioannis , Trevezas Samis 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
This study introduces an innovative cumulative link modeling (CLM) approach to monitor crop progress over large areas using remote sensing data. Two distinct models are developed, a fixed-effects CLM and a mixed-effects one that incorporates annual random effects to capture the inherent inter-seasonal variability. Inference is based on partial-likelihood with two law variations, the standard CLM based on the multinomial distribution and a novel one based on the product binomial distribution. Model performance is evaluated on eight crops, namely corn, oats, sorghum, soybeans, winter wheat, alfalfa, dry beans, and millet, using in-situ data from Nebraska, USA, spanning 20 years. The models utilize the predictive attributes of calendar time, thermal time, and the normalized difference vegetation index. The results demonstrate the wide applicability of this approach to different crops, providing large-scale predictions of crop progress and allowing the estimation of important agronomic parameters. To facilitate reproducibility, an ecosystem of R packages has been developed and made publicly accessible under the name Ages of Man. The packages can be utilized to implement the presented methodology in any area with this type of data, including the USA.
A Bayesian joint model for mediation analysis with matrix-valued mediators
Authors: Liu Zijin , Liu Zhihui (Amy) , Hosni Ali , Kim John , Jiang Bei , Saarela Olli 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Unscheduled treatment interruptions may lead to reduced quality of care in radiation therapy (RT). Identifying the RT prescription dose effects on the outcome of treatment interruptions, mediated through doses distributed into different organs at risk (OARs), can inform future treatment planning. The radiation exposure to OARs can be summarized by a matrix of dose-volume histograms (DVH) for each patient. Although various methods for high-dimensional mediation analysis have been proposed recently, few studies investigated how matrix-valued data can be treated as mediators. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian joint mediation model for high-dimensional matrix-valued mediators. In this joint model, latent features are extracted from the matrix-valued data through an adaptation of probabilistic multilinear principal components analysis (MPCA), retaining the inherent matrix structure. We derive and implement a Gibbs sampling algorithm to jointly estimate all model parameters, and introduce a Varimax rotation method to identify active indicators of mediation among the matrix-valued data. Our simulation study finds that the proposed joint model has higher efficiency in estimating causal decomposition effects compared to an alternative two-step method, and demonstrates that the mediation effects can be identified and visualized in the matrix form. We apply the method to study the effect of prescription dose on treatment interruptions in anal canal cancer patients.
Robust and flexible learning of a high-dimensional classification rule using auxiliary outcomes
Authors: Liang Muxuan , Park Jaeyoung , Lu Qing , Zhong Xiang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Correlated outcomes are common in many practical problems. In some settings, one outcome is of particular interest, and others are auxiliary. To leverage information shared by all the outcomes, traditional multi-task learning (MTL) minimizes an averaged loss function over all the outcomes, which may lead to biased estimation for the target outcome, especially when the MTL model is misspecified. In this work, based on a decomposition of estimation bias into two types, within-subspace and against-subspace, we develop a robust transfer learning approach to estimating a high-dimensional linear decision rule for the outcome of interest with the presence of auxiliary outcomes. The proposed method includes an MTL step using all outcomes to gain efficiency and a subsequent calibration step using only the outcome of interest to correct both types of biases. We show that the final estimator can achieve a lower estimation error than the one using only the single outcome of interest. Simulations and real data analysis are conducted to justify the superiority of the proposed method.
Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of tribe Psoraleeae (Fabaceae) supports segregation of the South American Otholobium as a New Genus Grimolobium
Authors: Egan Ashley N , Bello Abubakar , Stirton Charles H , Chimphango Samson B M , Muasya A Muthama 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Tribe Psoraleeae (Fabaceae) is a clade nested within the Millettioid/Phaseoloid legumes, yet set apart by its single-seeded fruit. With a cosmopolitan distribution, the tribe is currently recognized as having 10 genera: Bituminaria, Cullen, Hoita, Kartalinia, Ladeania, Orbexilum, Otholobium, Pediomelum, Psoralea, and Rupertia. Several previous molecular systematic works have shown the non-monophyly of species within Otholobium, with lineages separating geographically between members distributed in South America vs. Africa. However, previous sampling was sparse regarding species sampled from South America. Here, we increase our sampling of South American Otholobium species and estimate phylogenies based on four DNA regions (ITS, rpoB-trnC, trnS-trnG, trnL-trnF) to provide conclusive evidence that South American species of Otholobium should be segregated and recognized as a new genus, Grimolobium A.N.Egan, C.H.Stirt. & A.Bello, chosen to honour the work of James Grimes, a botanist whose seminal work on New World Psoraleeae improved the taxonomic evolutionary understanding of this plant group. We describe this new genus based on a new phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Psoraleeae and our exploration of morphology within this phylogenetic context and provide the necessary new combinations and keys.
Theoretical study on single-molecule electron conductivity of paddlewheel-type dichromium(II,II) tetracarboxylate complexes
Authors: Amamizu Naoka , Sasaki Keisuke , Nishida Mitsuhiro , Masuda Koki , Inoue Ren , Taka Kaito , Tada Kohei , Kishi Ryohei , Kitagawa Yasutaka 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A relationship between the single-molecule electron conductivity, spin states, and substituents is investigated on the paddlewheel-type dichromium(II,II) tetracarboxylate complexes as the simplest model of the extended metal atom chains. The electronic structures and single-molecule electron conductivity of some model complexes with different substituents are calculated by the broken-symmetry density functional theory and elastic scattering Green's functions methods, respectively. The calculated results indicate that the electron conductivity of the complexes is changed by the electron-donating/withdrawing groups introduced into the bridging ligands. In addition, it is also found that a ratio of the electron conductivities between the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic coupling states in the Cr(II)2 unit can be changed by these substituents. These results suggest that the electron conductivity of these complexes can be controlled by changing the spin state.
Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of zinc glutarate for the heterogeneous catalysis of propylene oxide and CO2 copolymerization
Authors: Saito Norio , Honda Masayoshi , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Takei Takahiro , Kumada Nobuhiro 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Zinc glutarate (ZnGA) is used as a solid-state heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonate from the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxide. However, the conventional synthesis of ZnGA involves the use of a large amount of toluene, which is a toxic substance. In the present study, we developed a solvent-free, environmentally friendly synthesis for ZnGA using a mechanochemical process. This accelerated the formation of flake-like ZnGA microcrystals in a shorter reaction time than that of the conventional method. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure analyses, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that ZnO is the most effective source of Zn. This catalyst selectively produced poly(propylene carbonate) from CO2 and propylene oxide, with a molecular weight (Mn) of 25,000 and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 5.27. We believe that this mechanochemical synthesis is a sustainable alternative to conventional approaches.
Exploring the relation between TGF-β pathway activity and response to checkpoint inhibition in patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: van Ravensteijn Stefan G , Amir Avital L , Tauriello Daniele V F , van Herpen Carla M L , Boers-Sonderen Marye J , Wesseling Yvonne J W , van Brussel Anne G C , Keizer Diederick M , Verheul Henk M W , Bol Kalijn F 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is highly effective for the treatment of melanoma, but intrinsic resistance is present in a subgroup of patients. TGF-β pathway activity may play a role in this resistance by preventing T-cells from entering the tumor microenvironment, causing immune escape. We investigated the association of TGF-β signal transduction pathway activity with resistance to ICI treatment in advanced melanoma. Furthermore, other pathway activities were analyzed to better understand their potential role in ICI resistance.

Method
The activity of 8 signaling pathways (TGF-β, Hedgehog, MAPK, AR, NOTCH, PI3K, JAK/STAT1-2, and NFkB) was analyzed from tumor tissue from patients with advanced melanoma. Pathway activity scores (PAS) were explored for associations with survival and response to ICI in 34 patients (19 non-responders and 15 responders). A second, independent method to investigate the predictive value of TGF-β pathway activation was conducted by determining levels of phosphorylated SMAD2.

Results
The mean TGF-β PAS of responders vs non-responders was 53.9 vs 56.8 (P = 0.265). No significant relation with progression-free survival was detected for TGF-β activity (P = 0.078). No association between pSMAD2 staining and treatment response or survival was identified. In contrast, Hedgehog scores of responders versus non-responders were 35.7 vs 41.6 (P = 0.038). High Hedgehog PAS was the sole significant predictor of resistance to ICI (OR 0.88, P = 0.033) and worse progression-free survival (HR 1–1.1, P = 0.012).

Conclusion
TGF-β pathway activation showed no significant relation with treatment response to ICI or survival in patients with advanced melanoma. Hedgehog PAS was identified as a possible biomarker associated with both treatment response and survival.
Effect of pupation environment on pupal development and eclosion of chilli thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Han Dongyin , Ye Zhengpei , Fu Yueguan , Zhang Fangping , Zhan Canlan , Li Lei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In recent years, the damage caused by thrips has become a key factor impacting the winter and spring production of fruits and vegetables in Hainan Province, China. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of different pupation environments on pupal development and eclosion of chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) by analyzing pupal development and eclosion of chilli thrips in an indoor environment with simulated natural soils and water content. Soil type, soil water content, and temperature substantially affected the eclosion of chilli thrips during the pupal stage. Both a low soil water content of 1% and a high soil water content of 15% were not conducive to the pupation and eclosion of chilli thrips. Moreover, the results indicated an interaction between soil type and soil water and temperature and soil water content, affecting the eclosion of chilli thrips. Chilli thrips not only pupated in soil but also completed pupation and eclosion in other soil-less environments, such as tender mango leaves, stalks, plastic mulch, and weed fabric. This study suggests that in addition to adopting pest control measures that target the canopy layer of crops, appropriate measures such as increasing soil water content can also be implemented in the ground layer to enhance the overall effectiveness of pest control.
Atrial and ventricular functional mitral regurgitation: prevalence, characteristics, outcomes, and disease progression
Authors: Chen Qin-Fen , Zhou Xi , Katsouras Christos S , Ni Chao , Zhu Han , Liu Chenyang , Peng Yangdi , Ge Hang-Bin , Hong Chenglv , Lin Wei-Hong , Zhou Xiao-Dong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Aims
Limited data exist on the natural history of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), including atrial (AFMR), ventricular (VFMR), and dual FMR. This study examined the prevalence, characteristics, outcomes, and progression of these FMR subtypes.

Methods and results
Consecutive patients with ≥mild to moderate FMR were included and classified as AFMR, VFMR, or dual FMR. AFMR is characterized by left atrial enlargement, while VFMR involves left ventricular enlargement or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Dual FMR combines features of both. Clinical outcome was all-cause mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization. Echocardiographic outcome was the progression from mild-moderate/moderate to severe FMR and from AFMR/VFMR to dual FMR. Of 22 814 patients, AFMR, VFMR, and dual FMR were identified in 39%, 14%, and 47%, respectively. Most (84%) had mild-moderate to moderate FMR. Over a median clinical follow-up of 4.7 years, dual FMR has the highest risk of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization. Compared with AFMR, patients with VFMR have a higher incidence of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR = 1.73, 95%CI 1.54–1.94, P &lt; 0.001) and HF hospitalization (adjusted HR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.15–1.32, P &lt; 0.001). In the serial cohort with 2.4 (1.0–4.9) years echocardiogram follow-up, VFMR was associated with a 1.51-fold and 3.08-fold increase in the risk of progressing to severe FMR and dual FMR than AFMR (both P &lt; 0.001). Sensitivity analyses did not change these findings.

Conclusion
AFMR and VFMR have significant differences in survival and disease progression. Dual FMR is a common and distinct disease process that occurs in the progression of AFMR or VFMR and is associated with a poor prognosis.
‘It’s what we should be doing anyway’: using financial incentives to promote relational continuity in Australian General Practice—a nested case study analysis
Authors: Russell Grant , Westbury Susannah , Advocat Jenny , Zwar Nicholas , Metusela Christine , Batterham Marijka , Peterson Gregory M , Mullan Judy , Mazza Danielle , Radford Jan , Eckermann Simon , Bonney Andrew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Relational continuity is a fundamental component of primary care. The ‘Quality in General Practice Trial’ (EQuIP-GP), was a 12-month cluster randomized trial, designed to investigate whether financial incentives can improve relational continuity in primary care.

Aim
To examine (i) how financial incentives are perceived and experienced by primary care patients, providers, and practice staff, and (ii) how clinical and organizational routines related to relational continuity are influenced by the introduction of a financial model designed to incentivize relational continuity.

Design and setting
We used a mixed methods case study approach with six of the intervention arm practices participating in the EQuIP-GP trial.

Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients, providers, practice staff, and intervention facilitators. Intervention facilitators kept structured diaries to capture reflective notes. To contextualize results, practices completed a modified practice attributes survey and patients completed the Primary Care Assessment Tool at baseline and 12 months.

Results
Patient-perceived relational continuity was not impacted by the intervention. Financial incentives were preferred for rewarding, as opposed to incentivizing, quality care; however, they were perceived as a blunt and inflexible instrument. The introduction of the incentive model increased attention to pre-existing organizational routines rather than creating new ones.

Conclusion
Incentive models should be suitably flexible to accommodate diversity in patient and practice needs. Small changes can be made to existing practice routines that will improve awareness and conscientiousness of relational continuity. Further research should examine how feasible these routine changes would be in practices that do not already focus on continuity.