bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced parallelization of the incremental 4D‐Var data assimilation algorithm using the Randomized Incremental Optimal Technique
Authors: Bousserez Nicolas , Guerrette Jonathan J. , Henze Daven K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncremental 4D‐Var is a data assimilation algorithm used routinely at operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) centres worldwide. The algorithm solves a series of quadratic minimization problems (inner‐loops) obtained from linear approximations of the forward model around nonlinear trajectories (outer‐loops). Since most of the computational burden is associated with the inner‐loops, many studies have focused on developing computationally efficient algorithms to solve the least‐square quadratic minimization problem, in particular through time parallelization. This paper presents the first implementation and testing of a recently proposed method for parallelizing incremental 4D‐Var, the Randomized Incremental Optimal Technique (RIOT), which replaces the traditional sequential conjugate gradient (CG) iterations in the inner‐loop of the minimization with fully parallel randomized singular value decomposition (RSVD) of the preconditioned Hessian of the cost function. RIOT is tested using the standard Lorenz‐96 model (L‐96) as well as two realistic high‐dimensional atmospheric source inversion problems based on aircraft observations of black carbon concentrations. A new outer‐loop preconditioning technique tailored to RSVD was introduced to improve convergence stability and performance. Results obtained with the L‐96 system show that the performance improvement from RIOT compared to standard CG algorithms increases significantly with nonlinearities. Overall, in the realistic black carbon source inversion experiments, RIOT reduces the wall‐clock time of the 4D‐Var minimization by a factor of 2 to 3, at the cost of a factor of 4 to 10 increase in energy cost due to the large number of parallel cores used. Furthermore, RIOT enables reduction of the wall‐clock time computation of the analysis‐error covariance matrix by a factor of 40 compared to a standard iterative Lanczos approach. Finally, as evidenced in this study, implementation of RIOT in an operational NWP system will require a better understanding of its convergence properties as a function of the Hessian characteristics and, in particular, the degree of freedom for signal of the inverse problem.
Mesoscale marine tropical precipitation varies independently from the spatial arrangement of its convective cells
Authors: Brueck Matthias , Hohenegger Cathy , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe relationship between mesoscale convective organization, quantified by the spatial arrangement of convection, and oceanic precipitation in the tropical belt is examined using the output of a global storm‐resolving simulation. The analysis uses a 2D watershed segmentation algorithm based on local precipitation maxima to isolate individual precipitation cells and derive their properties. 10° by 10° scenes are analyzed using a phase‐space representation made of the number of cells per scene and the mean area of the cells per scene to understand the controls on the spatial arrangement of convection and its precipitation. The presence of few and large cells in a scene indicates the presence of a more clustered distribution of cells, whereas many small cells in a scene tend to be randomly distributed. In general, the degree of clustering of a scene (Iorg) is positively correlated to the mean area of the cells and negatively correlated to the number of cells. Strikingly, the degree of clustering, whether the cells are randomly distributed or closely spaced, to a first order does not matter for the precipitation amounts produced. Scenes of similar precipitation amounts appear as hyperbolae in our phase‐space representation, hyperbolae that follow the contours of the precipitating area fraction. Finally, including the scene‐averaged water vapour path (WVP) in our phase‐space analysis reveals that scenes with larger WVP contain more cells than drier scenes, whereas the mean area of the cells only weakly varies with WVP. Dry scenes can contain both small and large cells, but they can contain only few cells of each category.
Prethermalization and Nonreciprocal Phonon Transport in a Levitated Optomechanical Array
Authors: Liu Shengyan , Yin Zhang‐qi , Li Tongcang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent advances in levitated optomechanics have brought new opportunities for the study of macroscopic quantum mechanics and precision measurement. Previous studies have mainly focused on the single levitated nanoparticle, the systems of multiple levitated nanoparticles were rarely involved. Here an array of optically levitated nanospheres in vacuum is considered and nontrivial phonon transport in this system is investigated. The levitated nanospheres are coupled by optical binding. Key parameters of this system, such as the interaction range, trapping frequencies, and mechanical dissipation, are highly tunable. Due to these advantages, counter‐intuitive phenomena such as prethermalization and nonreciprocal phonon transport can be achieved by tuning the spacing between neighboring spheres, the mechanical dissipation, and the trapping frequency of each sphere. The system provides a great platform to investigate novel phonon transport and thermal energy transfer.
Base‐Mediated Reductive Coupling of Indole‐3‐tosylhydrazone with Thiols/Boronic Acids: Facile Synthesis of 3‐(phenylthio)methyl/benzyl Indole Derivatives
Authors: Khan Imran , Sharma Aanchal , Kamboj Priya , Maity Banibrata , Tyagi Vikas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA transition‐metal free base‐mediated reductive coupling of indole‐3‐tosylhydrazone with thiols/boronic acids to afford biologically important 3‐(phenylthio)methyl/benzyl indole derivatives has been developed. A number of advantages such as low cost, broad substrates scope and operational simplicity make it a potential method for the synthesis of 3‐ phenylthiomethyl/benzyl indole derivatives. Further, six derivatives were selected based on their electronic effects to study the photophysical properties in different solvents. The studied compounds exhibited strong solvatochromic shift and faces solvent dependent polarity in UV‐Visible absorption as well as in fluorescence emission techniques. In addition, one derivative having –CN functionality exhibited most astonishing observation in fluorescence such as significant bathochromic shifting in the emission peak position as well as enhancing the fluorescence quantum yield in CH3CN compared to water.
Electrochemical, Surface Morphological and Spectral Studies of A Polyoxometalate‐Ionic Liquid Hybrid
Authors: Eavani Sara , Rafiee Ezzat , Farjami Fatemeh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the present work, a polyoxometalate‐ionic liquid hybrid, [PhPyPS]PW, has been synthesized using (3‐sulfonic acid) propyl‐4‐phenylpyridine as an organic and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid (PW) as an inorganic part. Cyclic voltammetric studies were performed in DMSO solution. The fourth reduction wave of PW is irreversible since PWVI8WV4O40−7 is not stable species in non‐aqueous media. In the case of [PhPyPS]PW hybrid, the existence of organic cation seems to lead to the stability of PWVI8WV4O40−7 and thus, appearance of oxidation peak in −1.09 V. Also, cyclic voltammograms were recorded upon the addition of various amounts of organic cation to the solution of PW. The results showed that the condensation and self‐assembly of organic and inorganic parts led to the formation of ion cluster forms (versus ion pair) in the solution. As a result, the existence of the strong electrostatic interaction between the organic cation and inorganic anion in solution and their dissolution as ion crystal form influenced the electron transfer of the redox process. The present work provide useful information for a suitable choice of organic and inorganic parts in polyoxometalate‐ionic liquid hybrids.
Generation of Strong Basic Site on Hypercrosslinked Porous Polymers as Catalyst for the Catalytic Oxidation of Methylene Compounds
Authors: Lu Xia , Shi Song , Zhu Guozhi , Zhao Li , Wang Min , Gao Jin , Du Zhongtian , Xu Jie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSolid base is a kind of important heterogeneous catalyst for the transformation of various chemicals. Although many different novel solid bases have reported, it is a still challenging process to generate strong basic site on many functional supports due to the high temperature treatment of strong base preparation. In this paper, the strong basic site was successfully generated on hypercrosslinked porous polymers (HCPs) via a reducing group strategy. With the reducing groups on HCPs, the decomposition temperature of base precursor KNO3 could be as low as 320 °C. Further investigation illustrated the reducing groups participated in the KNO3 decomposition through a redox strategy. The obtained solid base catalysts showed good oxidation capacity of methylene compounds.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder's relation with positive and negative emotional avoidance: The moderating role of gender
Authors: Schick Melissa R. , Weiss Nicole H. , Contractor Ateka A. , Suazo Nazaret C. , Spillane Nichea S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by avoidance of trauma‐related emotions. Research indicates that this avoidance may extend to any emotional experience that elicits distress, including those that are unrelated to the trauma. Literature in this area has been limited in its exclusive focus on negative emotions. Despite evidence of gender differences in PTSD and emotional avoidance separately, no studies to date have examined gender as a moderator of their association. The goal of the current study was to extend research by exploring the moderating role of gender in the relation between PTSD symptom severity and positive and negative emotional avoidance. Participants were 276 trauma‐exposed individuals (65.9% female, 65.6% White, Mage = 19.24) from a university in the north‐eastern United States. Moderation results indicated a main effect for PTSD symptom severity on both positive (b = 0.07, p < .001) and negative (b = 0.04, p = .03) emotional avoidance. The interaction of gender and PTSD symptom severity was significant for positive emotion avoidance (b = 0.97, p = .01). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with positive emotional avoidance for males (b = 0.13, p < .001) but not females (b = 0.03, p = .08). Results suggest the importance of gender‐sensitive recommendations for assessment and treatment of emotional avoidance in PTSD.
Ruthenium‐Doped Cobalt–Chromium Layered Double Hydroxides for Enhancing Oxygen Evolution through Regulating Charge Transfer
Authors: Dong Chenlong , Zhang Xilin , Xu Jie , Si Rui , Sheng Jun , Luo Jun , Zhang Shaoning , Dong Wujie , Li Guobao , Wang Weichao , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExploring the origin of transition metal (TM) lattice‐doped layered double hydroxides (LDHs) toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in engineering efficient electrocatalysts. Without understanding the physics behind the TM‐induced catalytic enhancements, it would be challenging to design the next generation of electrocatalysts. Herein, single Ru atoms are introduced into a CoCr LDHs lattice to improve activity. In 0.1 m KOH, CoCrRu LDHs require only 290 mV overpotential to drive to 10 mA cm−2 and show a Tafel slope of 56.12 mV dec−1. Electronic structure analyses based on density functional theory confirm that promoted OER activity originates from synergetic charge transfer among Ru, Cr, and Co elements. Specifically, Ru dopants can downshift d states of Co and enhance electron donation of Cr to oxygenates, which essentially breaks the scaling relation and achieves higher activity. This work provides insights into how single atomic Ru dopant tunes the electronic structures of its neighbor's active site Co and thus increases OER activities.
Standalone noise and anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks: A novel time‐series and adaptive Bayesian‐network‐based approach
Authors: Safaei Mahmood , Ismail Abul Samad , Chizari Hassan , Driss Maha , Boulila Wadii , Asadi Shahla , Safaei Mitra 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of small sensors with limited computational and communication capabilities. Reading data in WSN is not always reliable due to open environmental factors such as noise, weakly received signal strength, and intrusion attacks. The process of detecting highly noisy data is called anomaly or outlier detection. The challenging aspect of noise detection in WSN is related to the limited computational and communication capabilities of sensors. The purpose of this research is to design a local time‐series‐based data noise and anomaly detection approach for WSN. The proposed local outlier detection algorithm (LODA) is a decentralized noise detection algorithm that runs on each sensor node individually with three important features: reduction mechanism that eliminates the noneffective features, determination of the memory size of data histogram to accomplish the effective available memory, and classification for predicting noisy data. An adaptive Bayesian network is used as the classification algorithm for prediction and identification of outliers in each sensor node locally. Results of our approach are compared with four well‐known algorithms using benchmark real‐life datasets, which demonstrate that LODA can achieve higher (up to 89%) accuracy in the prediction of outliers in real sensory data.
Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment
Authors: McCutcheon Robert  A. , Krystal John H. , Howes Oliver D. 
Published: January 2020

Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this paper we assess research that has implicated both systems in the aetiology of this disorder. We examine evidence from post‐mortem, preclinical, pharmacological and in vivo neuroimaging studies. Pharmacological and preclinical studies implicate both systems, and in vivo imaging of the dopamine system has consistently identified elevated striatal dopamine synthesis and release capacity in schizophrenia. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. Converging evidence indicates that genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia underlie disruption of glutamatergic and dopaminergic function. However, while genetic influences may directly underlie glutamatergic dysfunction, few genetic risk variants directly implicate the dopamine system, indicating that aberrant dopamine signalling is likely to be predominantly due to other factors. We discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact, and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also discuss mechanisms through which existing treatments operate, and how recent research has highlighted opportunities for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Finally, we consider outstanding questions for the field, including what remains unknown regarding the nature of glutamate and dopamine function in schizophrenia, and what needs to be achieved to make progress in developing new treatments.
Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas
Authors: Wilson Abbey E. , Sparks Darrell L. , Knott Katrina K. , Willard Scott , Brown Ashli 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChemicals present in urine are thought to play an important role in mate identification in the solitary giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). During the breeding season, females will deposit chemical signals to advertise sexual receptivity to potential mates. The goal of this study was to determine if specific volatile compounds found in female urine could be considered as pheromones that elicit behavioral and physiological responses in males. Experimental simultaneous choice trials were conducted with captive male giant pandas (n = 3) housed at Memphis Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Zoo Atlanta. Octanoic acid, 1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone were selected as stimuli because previous studies reported their elevation in urine during the breeding season. Male interest was determined by a behavioral preference toward these volatile compounds diluted in synthetic urine compared with nontreated synthetic urine. Male urine samples were collected 1 week prior, during, and 1 week after the experimental period to assess changes in urinary semiochemical composition and urinary androgen concentrations. No significant differences in investigation response (p = .395) or flehmen response (p = .600) were found when stimuli were compared; however, decanoic acid and civetone elicited a behavioral preference over the control (response ratio > 0.5). The relative abundance of 16 compounds identified in male urine was significantly elevated (p < .05) above baseline values after the males were exposed to the stimuli. Androgen levels were significantly elevated (p < .05) in one male after exposure to 1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone. These data suggested that civetone and decanoic acid in female urine may motivate sexual responses in males.
Topic model for four-top at the LHC
Authors: Alvarez Ezequiel , Lamagna Federico , Szewc Manuel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We study the implementation of a Topic Model algorithm in four-top searches at the LHC as a test-probe of a not ideal system for applying this technique. We study this Topic Model behavior as its different hypotheses such as mutual reducibility and equal distribution in all samples shift from true. The four-top final state at the LHC is not only relevant because it does not fulfill these conditions, but also because it is a difficult and inefficient system to reconstruct and current Monte Carlo modeling of signal and backgrounds suffers from non-negligible uncertainties. We implement this Topic Model algorithm in the Same-Sign lepton channel where S/B is of order one and all backgrounds cannot have more than two b-jets at parton level. We define different mixtures according to the number of b- jets and we use the total number of jets to demix. Since only the background has an anchor bin, we find that we can reconstruct the background in the signal region independently of Monte Carlo. We propose to use this information to tune the Monte Carlo in the signal region and then compare signal prediction with data. We also explore Machine Learning techniques applied to this Topic Model algorithm and find slight improvements as well as potential roads to investigate. Although our findings indicate that still with the full LHC run 3 data the implementation would be challenging, we pursue through this work to find ways to reduce the impact of Monte Carlo simulations in four-top searches at the LHC.
Population growth correlates with increased fecundity in three-spined stickleback populations in a human-disturbed environment
Authors: Candolin Ulrika , Voigt Heinz-Rudolf 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHuman activity is altering the dynamics of populations through effects on fecundity, mortality and migration. An increased abundance of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Baltic Sea has been attributed to a human-caused decline of top predators. However, recent research indicates that a top-down effect cannot fully explain the population growth, but the contribution of a bottom-up effect has not been investigated. Yet, anthropogenic eutrophication has increased algae biomass at the spawning sites of the stickleback and, thus, the abundance of benthic prey. We investigated if increased fecundity could have contributed to the population growth of the stickleback by analysing a two decade time series of stickleback abundance, fecundity, and body size at three spawning sites. The results show an increase in the proportion of gravid females in the populations, which correlates with the population growth. In particular, the proportion of gravid females late in the spawning season has increased, which indicates enhanced food intake at the sites during the spawning season. Thus, a bottom-up effect could have contributed to the growth of the populations by increasing the number of egg clutches females produce. These results stress the importance of considering both bottom-up and top-down processes when investigating the mechanisms behind human impact on population dynamics.
The importance of being earliest: birth order and educational outcomes along the socioeconomic ladder in Mexico
Authors: Esposito Lucio , Kumar Sunil Mitra , Villaseñor Adrián 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe study the effect of birth order on educational outcomes in Mexico using 2 million observations from the 2010 Census. We find that the effect of birth order is negative, and a variety of endogeneity and robustness checks suggest a causal interpretation of this finding. We then examine whether these effects vary across households’ economic status, and we find significant heterogeneity across absolute as well as relative standards of living, operationalized as household wealth and relative deprivation. Finally, we find that firstborns’ advantage is amplified when they are male, and in particular when other siblings are female.
Effects of oral iron and calcium supplement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of molidustat: an oral HIF–PH inhibitor for the treatment of renal anaemia
Authors: Lentini Silvia , Kaiser Andreas , Kapsa Stefanie , Matsuno Kumi , van der Mey Dorina 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The present studies assessed the drug–drug interaction of molidustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, with iron and calcium supplements, which are common medications in patients with anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
Forty-two healthy men received molidustat alone (fasted or fed) or combined with oral iron(II) or calcium(II), given immediately before or between 4 h before and 1 h after molidustat in three randomized, open-label, crossover studies (12–15 participants per study). Molidustat AUC and Cmax were assessed as the main pharmacokinetic parameters, and endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) was measured to evaluate pharmacodynamics.

Results
Depending on prandial state, concomitant intake of iron(II) reduced molidustat AUC and Cmax by 50–75% and 46–84%, respectively, and EPO AUC(0-24) and Cmax by 31–44% and 36–48%, respectively. The influence of iron(II) declined with increasing the time interval to the intake of molidustat, with reductions in molidustat AUC and Cmax of 9% and 10%, respectively, when iron(II) intake occurred 4 h before molidustat. Accordingly, effects on endogenous EPO were less pronounced with increased time separation between oral iron(II) and molidustat intake. Calcium(II) reduced molidustat AUC and Cmax by 15% and 47%, respectively, without influence on EPO response. All treatments were well tolerated.

Conclusions
In contrast to concomitant oral intake of calcium, the effect of oral iron supplements on molidustat pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics should be considered, and the two agents should be administered with an appropriate time separation.