bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiscal policy and economic activity in South Asia
Authors: Beyer Robert C. M. , Milivojevic Lazar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes whether fiscal policy in South Asia amplifies or smoothens business cycle fluctuations. It estimates several econometric models to explore the cyclicality of government spending and tax buoyancy. In South Asia, tax revenue increases less than one to one with changes in gross domestic product (GDP), but public spending increases more than proportionally. For each percentage point change in GDP growth, government expenditure changes by 1.3 percentage points. While changes in tax revenue have no significant impact on economic activity, the government spending multiplier is positive and significant: each additional US dollar (USD) of spending leads to an immediate increase in GDP of 0.2 USD and to an increase of 0.4 USD in the medium run. The impact of public spending on economic activity is entirely due to capital expenditure, which is also more procyclical. Procyclical public spending and a positive expenditure multiplier imply that fiscal policy in South Asia amplifies boom‐and‐bust cycles. These results are in line with those of other emerging markets and developing economies and robust to different model specifications and estimation strategies.
Working conditions and factory survival: Evidence from better factories Cambodia
Authors: Robertson Raymond , Brown Drusilla , Dehejia Rajeev 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA large and growing literature has identified several conditions, including exporting, that contribute to plant survival. A prevailing sentiment suggests that anti‐sweatshop activity against plants in developing countries adds to the risk of closure, making survival more difficult by imposing external constraints that may interfere with optimizing behavior. Using a relatively new plant‐level panel data set from Cambodia, this paper applies survival analysis to estimate the relationship between changes in working conditions and plant closure. The results find little, if any, evidence that improving working conditions increases the probability of closure. In fact, some evidence suggests that improvements in standards relating to compensation are positively correlated with the probability of plant survival.
Evaluating universal primary education in Uganda: School fee abolition and educational outcomes
Authors: Kan Sophia , Klasen Stephan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of lifting primary school fees on educational attainment in Uganda. After the abolishment of school fees in 1997, the enrollment rate more than doubled. Two decades later, we know little about the effect of the policy on educational attainment. With recent data on eight cohorts exposed to free education, we analyze the impact of the policy on years of completed primary school, completion of primary school, and transitioning to secondary school. We use a straightforward regression analysis with cohort dummies and household fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that lifting school fees had no effect on the years of primary school achievement and the likelihood of primary school completion. We find some weak evidence that the likelihood of those who completed primary education to start secondary school increased after Universal Primary Education.
Being on hemodialysis during the COVID‐19 outbreak: A mixed‐methods’ study exploring the impacts on dialysis adequacy, analytical data, and patients’ experiences
Authors: Sousa Helena , Ribeiro Oscar , Costa Elísio , Frontini Roberta , Paúl Constança , Amado Leonilde , Miranda Vasco , Ribeiro Fernando , Figueiredo Daniela 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFor individuals with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), the novel coronavirus can present several additional challenges in disease self‐management. This study aimed to explore the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic in non‐COVID‐19 patients with ESRD undergoing in‐center hemodialysis (HD). A mixed‐methods study was conducted with a purposive sample recruited from one dialysis unit in Portugal. Quantitative data were collected retrospectively from patients' medical records from February 2020 (T1—before the outbreak) and from April 2020 (T2—during lockdown). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 patients (66.9 ± 11.9 years old) undergoing HD for an average of 46.1 months (±39.5) in April 2020. Overall results suggested that dialysis adequacy and serum albumin levels decreased significantly at T2, while phosphorus levels increased. The findings from thematic analysis suggested several psychosocial negative impacts and impacts on disease and treatment‐related health behaviors (eg, difficulties managing dietary restrictions during the lockdown and diminished physical activity), which can partially explain these quantitative results. However, some patients were also able to find positive impacts in this experience and problem‐focused and emotional strategies were identified to cope with the demands of COVID‐19. Several recommendations have been made to mitigate patients’ emotional, relational, and educational unmet needs during the current pandemic and in the event of new outbreaks.
Changes in sandy soil hydro‐physical properties as function of biochar and biogas slurry amendments
Authors: Abdo Ahmed I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRaising a sandy soil's ability to retain more water is an important strategy to manage sandy soils. Combined application of biochar and slurry was hypothesized to be an appropriate strategy for improving soil hydro‐physical properties. A two‐season field trial was conducted by cultivating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on a sandy soil under permanent overhead sprinkler irrigation. Rice straw biochar at 0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha−1 and biogas slurry at 0, 5, 10 and 15 Mg ha−1 were applied. Results indicated that all biogas slurry rates were more effective than biochar on improving all investigated parameters apart from infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity which were higher with 30 Mg ha−1 of biochar than with 15 Mg ha−1 of slurry. Soil bulk density (g m−3) decreased significantly from 1.76 for the control to record 1.72 and 1.62 under biochar and slurry, respectively. Soil moisture contents at different tensions were the highest under the maximum combination rates, while biochar singly gave lower contents than slurry. The combined effect of 10 and 15 Mg ha−1 biochar and slurry, respectively, surpassed their individual effects. With strong coefficients of determination (R2 ranges from 0.88 to 0.98) and identical curves of estimated and predicted variables, it is possible to have accurate predictions for the changes in soil hydro‐physical properties linked with different combinations of biochar and biogas slurry.
Effects of polymer materials on the transformation and utilization of soil nitrogen and yield of wheat under drip irrigation
Authors: Tian Xiaoming , Wang Kaiyong , Fan Hua , Wang Jiqing , Wang Lina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNitrogen management is the key to improve crop yield. Polymer materials are widely used as water‐retaining agents in agriculture, but little is known about how polymer materials affect the transformation and utilization of soil nitrogen. This study focused on the effects of three polymer materials (humic acid extracted from cottonseed meal, H; modified polymer prepared by using polyacrylamide as main raw material, P; and composite polymer material composed of humic acid and modified polymer, HP) on the characteristics of soil and plant nitrogen accumulation in soils with/without plants under drip irrigation. The results showed that polymer materials increased the nitrogen accumulation and dry weight of leaf, spike axis + husk and grain, but decreased those of stem. Among them, the H treatment had the highest nitrogen uptake (34.5 kg·hm−2) after flowering stage, and the P treatment had the highest nitrogen transport (21.1% higher than no polymer materials, CK). Moreover, the wheat yields for the H and P treatments significantly increased by 19.7% and 12.6%, respectively. Polymer materials had an inhibitory effect on nitrogen fractions (soil total nitrogen (TN) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) at the early stage of the culture, but there were significant improvements at the flowering and mature stages. The effects of polymer materials on the storage of TN and its fractions were different. Among them, the storages of soil TN, nitrate‐nitrogen (SNO3‐‐N), and ammonium‐nitrogen (SNH4+‐N) for the H treatment were increased, but the SNO3‐‐N in soil with plants was decreased by 1,317 kg·hm−2 compared with that in soil without plants, and the decrease was the largest among the decreases caused by the three polymer materials; the soil SNO3‐‐N for the P treatment was increased, but also the decrease in the SNO3‐‐N was smaller than that for the H treatment; the SNO3‐‐N for the HP treatment was increased, but the SNH4+‐N was decreased. Redundancy analysis showed that humic acid and modified polymer materials mainly increased soil MBN, NH4+‐N, and nitrogen accumulation of plant organs except for stem, which finally increases wheat yield.
Remnants of middle Triassic oceanic lithosphere in the western Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, southwestern Tibet
Authors: Liu Qiang , Liu Feng , Li Hualiang , Zong Keqing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiscontinuous ophiolites within the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone (ITSZ) in southern Tibet represent remnants of Neo‐Tethyan oceanic lithosphere, which are considered to have formed during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous. We report field observations, petrological and geochronological data for some mafic intrusions in a tectonic mélange in the southern ophiolitic belt of the western ITSZ. Zircon from a gabbro yields an age of 243 ± 1 Ma with εHf(t) values of +7.9 to +13.2. Rare earth element (REE) pattern of this rock resembles that of normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt. We suggest that such gabbro and surrounding mafic–ultramafic rocks represent the remnants of middle Triassic oceanic lithosphere in the ITSZ. Our findings indicate that the Neo‐Tethys Ocean between India and the Lhasa terrane existed from at least the middle Triassic, contrasting with the commonly held view that the Neo‐Tethys Ocean opened along the northern edge of Gondwana during the late Triassic–early Jurassic.
Comparison of growth, survivorship, seed production and shedding of eight weed species in a wheat crop in Western Australia
Authors: Borger Catherine P. D. , Hashem Abul , Gill Gurjeet S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDevelopment of integrated weed management strategies is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the demography of individual species. The current research established eight winter or summer weed species in a winter annual wheat cropping system at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, and investigated emergence of the first cohort of each species, survivorship, plant size, seed production and seed shedding over three years (2016–2019). The winter weeds Bromus diandrus and Lolium rigidum emerged at the same time as the wheat crop, and the initial cohort of marked plants had 100% survival to seed production in each year. By comparison, other winter weed species like Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus and Polygonum aviculare frequently emerged later than the crop and had a lower percentage of plants surviving to seed production. However, individual S. oleraceus and P. aviculare plants had the greatest seed production compared to other species. All winter weeds had variable patterns of seed shedding between years, with the exception of L. rigidum. Summer weed species emerged at the same time, but plants in the initial cohort of each species did not always survive to produce seed. The early emergence and high survivorship of B. diandrus indicates high competitive ability, but shedding commenced at a similar time to L. rigidum and harvest weed seed control may be a viable control method for this species.
Heat Transfer of rGO/CO3O4 Hybrid Nanomaterial-Based Nanofluids and Twisted Tape Configurations in a Tube
Authors: Syam Sundar L. , Venkata Ramana E. , Said Zafar , Pereira António M.B. , Sousa Antonio C.M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The friction factor, thermal performance, and heat transfer are experimentally analyzed for reduced-graphene oxide/cobalt oxide (rGO/CO3O4) hybrid nanomaterial-based nanofluid circulating in a plain tube with and without twisted tape inserts having different pitches. The reduced-graphene oxide/cobalt oxide (rGO/CO3O4) hybrid nanomaterial is prepared using in situ/chemical reduction technique and then characterized with transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry. The experiments were conducted with different values of particle loading (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) and Reynolds number (2000–2,020,000). Three twisted tape inserts of helixes 285 mm, 190 mm, and 95 mm were used. The nanofluids was produced from the addition of the hybrid nanomaterial to water yield an increase, as compared to the basefluid (water), of the Nusselt number, which is further enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle loading. Therefore, when compared to water, the Nusselt number is enhanced by 25.65%, with no twisted tape and by 79.16% with twisted tape with helix of 95 mm for the nanofluid of 0.2% volume concentration. However, when compared to water, there is a slight friction factor penalty with the 0.2% particle loading of 1.11-times and 1.49-times for the plain tube and for the 95-mm twisted tape helix, respectively. The thermal performance factor gets enhanced by increasing the nanoparticles concentration of the hybrid nanofluids with or without twisted tape inserts, and it is always higher than one. Based on the experimental data, regression equations were developed for the Nusselt number and friction factor.
Muscle Fatigability After Hex-Bar Deadlift Exercise Performed With Fast or Slow Tempo
Authors: Collison Jay A. , Moran Jason , Zijdewind Inge , Hettinga Florentina J. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To examine the differences in muscle fatigability after resistance exercise performed with fast tempo (FT) compared with slow tempo (ST). Methods: A total of 8 resistance-trained males completed FT and ST hexagonal-barbell deadlifts, consisting of 8 sets of 6 repetitions at 60% 3-repetition maximum, using a randomized crossover design. Each FT repetition was performed with maximal velocity, while each repetition during ST was performed with a 3-1-3 (eccentric/isometric/concentric) tempo (measured in seconds). Isometric maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary muscle activation, and evoked potentiated twitch torque of the knee extensors were determined using twitch interpolation before, during (set 4), and after exercise. Displacement–time data were measured during the protocols. Results: The mean bar velocity and total concentric work were higher for FT compared with ST (995 [166] W vs 233 [52] W; 0.87 [0.05] m/s vs 0.19 [0.05] m/s; 4.8 [0.8] kJ vs 3.7 [1.1] kJ). Maximal voluntary contraction torque, potentiated twitch, and voluntary muscle activation were significantly reduced after FT (−7.8% [9.2%]; −5.2% [9.2%], −8.7% [12.2%]) and ST (−11.2% [8.4%], −13.3% [8.1%], −1.8% [3.6%]). Conclusion: The decline in maximal voluntary force after both the FT and ST hexagonal-barbell deadlifts exercise was accompanied by a similar decline in contractile force and voluntary muscle activation.
Looking at neurodevelopment through a big data lens
Authors: Briscoe James , Marín Oscar 
Published: September 2020

Insights from big data
The billions of neurons that make up the adult brain are organized into domains and circuits during development. High-resolution measurements such as those enabled by single-cell molecular profiling have revealed unexpected cellular diversity. Genomic tools are lending insight into mechanisms behind neurodevelopmental disorders. Briscoe and Marèn review the insights gained as big data analyses are applied to neurodevelopmental questions.

Science
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Coronavirus infection in neonates: a systematic review
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Cavallin Francesco , Cavicchiolo Maria Elena , Borellini Martina , Calgaro Serena , Baraldi Eugenio 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo summarise currently reported neonatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodsA search strategy was designed to retrieve all articles published from 1 December 2019 to 12 May 2020, by combining the terms ‘coronavirus’ OR ‘covid’ OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’) AND (‘neonat*’ OR ‘newborn’) in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedRxiv, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and the WHO COVID-19 database, with no language restrictions. Quality of studies was evaluated by using a specific tool for assessment of case reports and/or case series.ResultsTwenty-six observational studies (18 case reports and 8 case series) with 44 newborns with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the final analysis. Studies were mainly from China and Italy. Half of neonates had a documented contact with the infected mother and one out of three infected neonates was admitted from home. Median age at diagnosis was 5 days. One out of four neonates was asymptomatic, and the remaining showed mild symptoms typical of acute respiratory infections and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority of neonates were left in spontaneous breathing (room air) and had good prognosis after a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 days.ConclusionsMost neonates with SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic or presented mild symptoms, generally were left in spontaneous breathing and had a good prognosis after median 10 days of hospitalisation. Large epidemiological and clinical cohort studies, as well as the implementation of collaborative networks, are needed to improve the understanding of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates.
ICD-10-AM codes for cirrhosis and related complications: key performance considerations for population and healthcare studies
Authors: Hayward Kelly L , Johnson Amy L , Mckillen Benjamin J , Burke Niall T , Bansal Vikas , Horsfall Leigh U , Hartel Gunter , Moser Chris , Powell Elizabeth E , Valery Patricia C 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe utility of International Classiﬁcation of Diseases (ICD) codes relies on the accuracy of clinical reporting and administrative coding, which may be influenced by country-specific codes and coding rules. This study explores the accuracy and limitations of the Australian Modification of the 10th revision of ICD (ICD-10-AM) to detect the presence of cirrhosis and a subset of key complications for the purpose of future large-scale epidemiological research and healthcare studies.Design/methodICD-10-AM codes in a random sample of 540 admitted patient encounters at a major Australian tertiary hospital were compared with data abstracted from patients’ medical records by four blinded clinicians. Accuracy of individual codes and grouped combinations was determined by calculating sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ).ResultsThe PPVs for ‘grouped cirrhosis’ codes (0.96), hepatocellular carcinoma (0.97) ascites (0.97) and ‘grouped varices’ (0.95) were good (κ all >0.60). However, codes under-detected the prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites and varices (sensitivity 81.4%, 61.9% and 61.3%, respectively). Overall accuracy was lower for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (‘grouped’ PPV 0.75; κ 0.73) and the poorest for encephalopathy (‘grouped’ PPV 0.55; κ 0.21). To optimise detection of cirrhosis-related encounters, an ICD-10-AM code algorithm was constructed and validated in an independent cohort of 116 patients with known cirrhosis.ConclusionMultiple ICD-10-AM codes should be considered when using administrative databases to study the burden of cirrhosis and its complications in Australia, to avoid underestimation of the prevalence, morbidity, mortality and related resource utilisation from this burgeoning chronic disease.
Management of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV2 infection: a prospective observational study
Authors: Ibrahim Chokkiyil Ponnambath Hafis , Lobko Fatma Oleks , Alchamat Ghalia Abou , Swilam Waleed Gamal , Wani Saleema Rasool , Said Soha Tohamy , Weber Stefan , Bosio Paul 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo assess the clinical risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2 and transmission during rooming in and breast feeding in infants born to mothers with COVID-19.DesignProspective observational study.SettingA large tertiary maternal and neonatal care centre based in the UAE.ParticipantsInfants born to mothers diagnosed to have COVID-19 at the time of delivery, born between 1 April and 15 June 2020.Main outcome measuresRate of transmission of SARS-CoV2 from mother to infant (vertical or horizontal) while rooming in and breast feeding in hospital and post discharge and associated morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period.Results73 infants were born to mothers with COVID-19 at the time of delivery. Two infants tested positive for SARS-CoV2 after birth—one had respiratory symptoms related to other causes and the other infant remained well. 57 of mother–infant dyads who were well enough, roomed in while in hospital and all were breast fed. All surviving infants were followed up by telephone at 2 weeks and 4 weeks (or from the patient record review if still on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Majority of the discharged infants were still rooming in with mothers (95% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks) and still breast fed (99% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks). None of the infants developed any significant health issues or developed symptoms attributable to SARS-CoV2.ConclusionsThe risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2, vertically or horizontally, in the perinatal period is very low. Breast feeding and rooming in can be practised safely with adequate infection control precautions with negligible clinical risk to the infant.