bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion How to (Re-)Envision Eurozone Governance
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAfter briefly setting the Eurozone crisis in international context, this Conclusion asks how the EU may move forward, to re-envision Eurozone governance while resolving the EU’s (euro) crisis of legitimacy in ways that ensure greater input, output, and throughput legitimacy. To do so, it recommends reforming Eurozone governance through a more fine-tuned approach to EU-level macroeconomic coordination via more differentiated country-specific targets debated by EU actors. And it proposes decentralizing the administration of the European Semester to ensure a more bottom-up process that is more sensitive to national varieties of capitalism and growth models. Only in so doing, the chapter argues, can there be greater democratic input at both EU and national levels, which could serve to reduce the citizen discontent driving populism. But for this to work, more solidarity mechanisms along with more resources are required not just for the Eurozone but equally across crisis areas, to ensure successful output performance. Finally, the chapter suggests that EU governance itself requires rethinking through more differentiated integration. Rather than a “hard core” moving forward, or Europe “à la carte,” the most effective future integration would be by seeing recognizing the EU as it already is: a “soft core” Europe of clusters of member states in overlapping policy communities, administered by one overall set of institutions.
Conclusions
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s main findings. It argues that during the interwar years wireless brought a distinctive British soundscape to listeners around the world while also carrying the world to British ears. Wireless internationalism was both a set of ideas about how radio broadcasting should work, and a lived transnational experience. Although wireless internationalism was in retreat by the late 1930s, vestiges survived right up until the outbreak of war, and would resurface thereafter. Wireless internationalism produced practical initiatives with concrete outcomes, which had lasting legacies. The chapter also emphasizes the extent of state intervention in BBC international broadcasting during the 1930s and argues that we should question much of the established historical wisdom concerning this issue. Finally, it stresses the need to work international broadcasting, sound, and listening more prominently into the cultural and social history of the interwar years.
American Claimants
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book recovers a major nineteenth-century literary figure, the American Claimant. The claimant was used to imagine cultural contact and exchange across the anglophone Atlantic, especially between Britain and the United States. Later, claimants were exported to South Africa, in fictions representing black students who acquired American degrees. The book argues that the claimant was a major and pervasive motif, with literary, rhetorical, and political uses. It was invoked to imagine cultural difference, in relation to identity, inheritance, relationship, or time. It could dramatize tensions between tradition and change, or questions of exclusion and power: it was wielded against slavery and segregation, or privileges of gender and class. American Claimants explores the figure’s implications for writers and editors, and also for missionaries, artists, and students, in works created and set in Britain, in the United States, in South Africa, and in Rome. The book touches on theatre history and periodical studies, literary marketing and reprinting, and activism, education, sculpture, fashion, and dress reform. Texts discussed range from Our American Cousin to Bleak House, Little Lord Fauntleroy to Frederick Douglass’ Paper; writers include Frances Trollope, Julia Griffiths, Alexander Crummell, John Dube, James McCune Smith, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Mark Twain.
The American Claimant
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines the idea of the American claimant, an American heir to a British estate, and traces it back to medieval lost-heir romances such as Havelok. In lost-heir romances, a hero is stolen or banished before he or she can inherit riches or power. She or he is thought to be dead, but by good fortune is saved. Often, she then works as a servant; certainly, her life is humble and obscure. But she thrives, and eventually returns, to be restored to her rightful position. The introduction also discusses real cases—James Annesley, the Tichborne Claimant, and those Nathaniel Hawthorne records in Our Old Home. It suggests a relationship with the figure of the confidence man, and discusses underlying preoccupations, including gentlemen and servants, and dress and undress.
Dundreary’s Whiskers
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces precursors to the claimant—the theatrical Yankee and his vehicle the trip play, in which Britons travelled to the United States, or Americans to Britain. The trip plays cast light on Frances Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans, and on Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit and American Notes. In Tom Taylor’s Our American Cousin, a trip play involves a claimant, inaugurating patterns evident in the structure and characterization of subsequent claimant texts. The chapter relates mid-century transatlantic tensions to the creation and staging of Our American Cousin, as reflected in Great Exhibition dramas and the newsprint duels of The Times and the New York Herald. It also suggests that the play drew on a pedagogical relationship between Tom Taylor and an American student at Cambridge, Charles Astor Bristed.
Fauntleroy’s Suit
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores claimants in a variety of fiction, especially the multiple claimants created by Frances Hodgson Burnett, and notes that a recurring feature is a recognition scene in a picture gallery. It argues that in Little Lord Fauntleroy Burnett is inverting the convention of the Yankee claimant, creating a conciliatory version of a form predicated on culture clash and the possibility of revolution. It suggests an analogue in Emily Dickinson’s ‘No matter—now—Sweet’, a possible influence in Captain Marryat’s The Children of the New Forest, and multiple heirs, including novels by Nancy Mitford, and The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Capped and Gowned
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 notes that education has been a major arena for transatlantic contact, and that it has also had political implications: seeking educations abroad offered some students a way to challenge racism and segregation. It takes three cases of such transatlantic educations—Alexander Crummell, Yolande Du Bois, and John Dube—and suggests ways in which their experiences show educational theories crossing and converging in Britain and South Africa. Dube’s example itself led to claimant fictions, by John Buchan and George Heaton Nicholls: the chapter shows how these drew on the imperial romances of H. Rider Haggard, reimagined in these novels with the conventions of claimant fiction.
Veiled Power
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book presents a historical study of the international law of the private business corporation. The literature on corporations and international law typically concentrates on the failure to regulate corporations. This book challenges this ‘failure’ narrative and presents an alternative historical reading: a history of its facilitative role in constituting an economic order. This study draws inspiration from scholarship on the history of international trade law, international investment law, the history of global governance, and political economic analysis of international law, and connects these specialized fields in a single lens: the corporate form. The point of departure for this history is the simultaneous emergence of international law as a modern legal discipline and the turn to free incorporation in corporate law during the last third of the nineteenth century. The book demonstrates how the sovereign veil of the state and the corporate veil of the company were applied in tandem to insulate corporations from responsibility. Nevertheless, less powerful states invoked the same prevailing conceptions of the corporation, the sovereign state, and the relation between them, to curtail corporate power in struggles associated with decolonization. Reacting to these early victories, capital exporting countries shifted to a vocabulary of human rights and protected companies under a new regime of international investment law, which entrenched the separation between market and politics.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the latter part of the nineteenth century, international lawyers begin to conceive themselves as part of a modern discipline of law. This chapter returns to the debate over the legitimacy of the operation of chartered companies in Africa during this period. The dissolution of the charters towards the end of the century was reflected in the suspension of the debate over companies in international legal commentaries for almost a century. The silence following international lawyers’ active critique over the chartered companies could be conceived as a testament to the irrelevance of international legal ideas, institutions, and practices to the history of private business corporations in colonial and other global settings. This chapter argues against such an interpretation and unravels the relevance of international law to economic actors by analysing this episode from the vantage point of the Royal Niger Company operations in Africa. I argue that the dissolution of the charters did not represent a failure, as previously thought, but rather a multifaceted transformation through which the relationship between economic agents and governmental agents was renegotiated. Further, I assert that while material conditions are crucial to understanding the chronicle of the Charter’s dissolution, international law is pivotal to unraveling the contours of the alliance that replaced them.
Realism, Ontology, and Objectivity
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explicates the concept of realism, and distinguishes it from related concepts with which it is often conflated. It shows that, properly conceived, realism has no ontological implications, and that influential epistemological objections to moral and mathematical realism fallaciously assume otherwise. One upshot of the discussion is that it is no response to Paul Benacerraf’s epistemological challenge to claim that there are no special mathematical entities with which to “get in touch.” The chapter concludes with a distinction between realism and objectivity, a distinction which is central to Chapter 6. It uses the Parallel Postulate, understood as a claim of pure geometry, as a paradigm of a claim that fails to be objective, even if mathematical realism is true. Conversely, it explains how realism about claims of a kind may be false even though they are objective in a sense in which the Parallel Postulate is not.
The Holy Spirit and Christian Experience
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book presents a fresh vision for Christian theology that foregrounds the relationship between theological ideas and the experiences of Christians. It argues that theology is always operating in a vibrant landscape of feeling and desiring, and shows that contemporary theology has often operated in problematic isolation from these experiential dynamics. It then argues that a theologically serious doctrine of the Holy Spirit not only authorizes but requires attention to Christian experience. Against this background, the book outlines a new methodological approach to Christian theology that attends to the emotional and experiential power of theological doctrines. This methodology draws on recent interdisciplinary research on affect and emotion, which has shown that affects are powerful motivating realities that saturate all dimensions of human thinking and acting. In the process, the book also explains why contemporary theology has often been ambivalent about subjective experience, and demonstrates that current discourse about God’s activity in the world is often artificially abstracted from experience and embodiment. The book culminates in a proposal for a new experiential and pneumatological account of the theology of grace that builds on this methodology. Focusing on the work of the Holy Spirit in salvation and sanctification, it retrieves insights from Augustine, Luther, and Philip Melanchthon to present an affective and Augustinian vision of salvation as a pedagogy of desire. In articulating this vision, the book engages critically with recent emphasis on participation and theosis in Christian soteriology and charts a new path forward for Protestant theology in a landscape hitherto dominated by the theological visions of Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas.
Salvation in the Spirit
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter applies the pneumatological and affective account of “experience” given in Chapter 2 to examine the work of the Spirit in salvation. It focuses on the movement in contemporary soteriology away from traditional Protestant theologies of justification by faith and towards theologies of participation and theosis. It analyzes a series of recent accounts to demonstrate that soteriologies of participation either have significant difficulties in articulating how the saving work of the Spirit is experienced in bodies (as in Torrance and Tanner), or else end up with a problematically optimistic account of the Spirit’s transformative work in Christians (as in contemporary neo-Thomism). It then argues that Philip Melanchthon’s sixteenth-century account of justification by faith is substantially more successful on both counts. This is due to Melanchthon’s extensive use of affective categories to make sense of how salvation in the Spirit comes to be experienced in ways that are legible in embodied human lives. This section also provides an extended refutation of the “legal fiction” argument against traditional Protestant soteriologies, made recently by Milbank, amongst others. The chapter concludes by drawing on patristic accounts of soteriological participation to argue that affective transformation of the kind described by Melanchthon can be construed as a form of soteriological participation.
Scott Unbound
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
‘Scott Unbound’ shows how thinking about print in the 1820s and 1830s in a disaggregated, messy and material way, and seeing it as part of a new media world of performance, text, and image, can help us to think differently about the immense cross-class popularity of Walter Scott’s work. Right from the start, Scott’s powerful Romantic presence as the literary author of books rested on ‘Scott’ as a multimedia phenomenon. Taking the nineteenth-century print serial seriously challenges assumptions about what a ‘book’ might be. By unbinding Scott’s work, this chapter disperses his texts and restores them to their original promiscuous sociability. The Romantic idea of the author is complicated through the remediations of the multi-genre productions of ‘The Magician of the North’ (a.k.a. Walter Scott), and the phenomenon of ‘Scott’ in the early nineteenth century is produced by the generative possibilities of the serial more than has been previously recognized.
Live Byron
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
‘Live Byron’ discusses the ‘live’ and singular performances of shipwrecks by Byron and the painter Géricault in 1819. Reactions to Byron’s treatment of a fatal shipwreck in the first instalment of his serial poem Don Juan are assessed alongside reactions to Géricault’s oil painting The Raft of the Medusa, which was simultaneously on show at the Egyptian Hall in London. The chapter analyses the strong sentiments of disgust elicited by both works, concluding that it is both their reference to a ‘real’ news item and their creation of virtual bodies to represent catastrophic death that triggered such strong critical reactions. Through the experiences of their viewers, panoramas and shows in this early period are reconceptualized as ‘live’ performances which demanded an interactive and participative engagement and which contributed to the formation of a popular consciousness of existing in a simultaneous historic present.
Vesuvius on the Strand
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4, ‘Vesuvius on the Strand’, continues to explore the idea of seriality and catastrophe through the ‘cross-class obsession’ with Mount Vesuvius. There were numerous displays and shows of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Naples all over London in this period, and this chapter considers the versions of the ‘real’ past—deep or recent—that they produced and how these might have contributed to a construction of a sense of the present. Bulwer’s phenomenally popular hit of 1834, The Last Days of Pompeii, which was received more as a multi-media show than as a novel, is used here as a test-case for re-thinking conventional literary generic hierarchies through a more nuanced appreciation of the possible uses and pleasures of texts in this period of widening readership and cultural participation.
Scalar
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5, ‘Scalar: Pugin, Carlyle, Dickens’, is about scale. It looks in detail at three writers in London who produced very different versions of the ‘modern’ in the late 1830s and early 1840s, but all of whom realized that something very big indeed was happening around them. Across different genres, Augustus Welby Pugin, Thomas Carlyle, and Charles Dickens all chose to represent democracy and reform specifically as a problem of scale. This chapter investigates their understanding of the seriality and scalability of market capitalism and the anxieties and opportunities that this revealed to them. Each took a different view, from Carlyle’s apocalyptic denunciation of a massification which soars vertiginously between the gigantic and the tiny; to Pugin’s insistence on a built and material ethics of the human scale; and Dickens’s cautious optimism about this moment of scalar derangement and the redistribution of the sensible.
History in Miniature
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6, ‘History in Miniature’, focuses on the weekly illustrated miscellanies of the 1820s and 1830s to see how they presented the past and created a sense of virtual historicity for a new readership. Images of the geographically and historically remote were presented as novelties and ‘news’ and the chapter looks at toys and other miniature representations of historical events too. Did people understand history as a series of singular and spectacular ‘fixed’ events? Or did the gradually embedding seriality of their daily practices create instead a more pliant, plastic, and permeable idea of history as a forming and formative process in which they could participate? This chapter considers the scalar strategies by which popular print and material culture put the past ‘within reach’ and suggests how different forms of miniaturization helped people to negotiate the dizzying possibilities of a global scale.
Biopolitics of Seriality
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7, ‘Biopolitics of Seriality’ considers the political possibilities that were released or inaugurated in the 1840s by this structure of seriality. It takes the whole run of Howitt’s Journal as its ‘serial’ case study and uses this liberal journal to think about how seriality was becoming increasingly important to the creation and maintenance of what we might now call biopolitics. Through its serial repetition of exemplary narratives of injustice around gender, race, class and age, Howitt’s Journal unconsciously reveals the profound connection between these constructs. Tracking the representation of children, slaves and the Irish across the run of the journal, partly through its use of work by Elizabeth Gaskell and Frederick Douglass, this chapter suggests that we need to develop a more complex way of thinking about the developing relationship between kinship, citizenship, and biopolitics at this critical historical moment.
African Economic Development
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book challenges conventional wisdoms both about economic performance and about policies for economic development in African countries. Its starting point is the striking variation in economic performance: unevenness and inequalities form a central fact. The authors highlight not only differences between African countries but also variations within countries, differences often organized around distinctions of gender, class, and ethnic identity. For example, school dropout and neonatal mortality have been reduced, particularly for some classes of women in some areas. Horticultural and agribusiness exports have grown far more rapidly in some countries than others. These variations (and many others) point to opportunities for changing performance, reducing inequalities, learning from other African policy experiences, and escaping the ties of structure and legacies of a colonial past. The book rejects teleological illusions and Eurocentric prejudice, but does pay close attention to the results of policy in more industrialized parts of the world. Seeing the contradictions of capitalism for what they are—fundamental and enduring—may help policy officials protect themselves against the misleading idea that development is likely to be a smooth, linear process, or that it would be were certain impediments removed. The authors criticize a wide range of orthodox and heterodox economists, especially for their cavalier attitude to statistical sources. Drawing on decades of research and policy experience, they combine careful use of available evidence from a range of African countries with heterodox political economy insights (mainly derived from Kalecki, Kaldor, and Hirschman) to make the policy case for specific types of public sector investment.
Quantities as Numerical Attributes
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While the determinable/determinates model of quantities treats quantities as (special cases of) variable attributes, the approaches considered in this chapter focus on quantities as numerical attributes: being numerically representable is what makes quantities special, if anything does. I distinguish three different attitudes to quantities thus conceived: restrictive realism, restrictive empiricism, and permissive empiricism. Restrictive realists hold that quantitativeness is a feature of attributes, not concepts, and not all attributes are quantitative; restrictive empiricists hold that quantitativeness is a feature of concepts, not attributes, but only some concepts are quantitative; permissivists hold that there is nothing special about quantitative concepts, since any attribute can be numerically represented. This chapter argues that we should reject the idea that quantities are numerical attributes or concepts and suggest that we should focus on the uniqueness of the numerical representation instead, a claim that will be made more precise in Chapter 6.