bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost Optimisation in Risk Reduction Management Based on Gross Disproportionation Concept
Authors: Marín Alejandro , Hernández Jon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gross Disproportionation concept is used as indicator once risk reduction measures are required. This indicator shows that a measure must be implemented if its cost (i.e. Capital Expenditure), is not grossly disproportionate if compared to benefits — represented by casualties suppression — reached by the measure. Due to this, a risk reduction measure is reasonable feasible unless its cost is highly disproportionate in comparison to its benefits.
In hydrocarbon transportation industry, benefits represent the avoided cost if threats take place; on the other hand, for risk mitigation cost estimation, the cost per casualty averted must be accounted. The latter, provides a global cost of the mitigation measure adopted in relation to the direct cost of construction, with the reduction of the level of risk (i.e. social risk) and with the expected design period for that measure. In this last concept, the higher the reduction in the level of risk or the longer the design period of the mitigation measure, the lower the cost per casualty averted, a fact that reflects an effective mitigation measure in terms of risk reduction and its durability.
This document shows, from a case study, how the application of the concept of grow disproportionation allows to select the type of optimal intervention over Ocensa’s pipeline, with the most favorable relation between cost and benefit, and the effective risk reduction level.
Risk Management of Pipeline Breakage at River Crossings Through Quantitative Analysis of the Threat, Vulnerability and Consequences
Authors: Debandi Carlos , Martearena Fernando , Roth Natalia 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The floods of rivers and streams are among the threats that most frequently cause technological accidents. A quantitative analysis of the risk of breakage of pipelines in crossings with channels is presented.
The proposed methodology evaluates the risk of rupture of the pipeline quantifying both the threat of being discovered and its vulnerability to hydrodynamic forces and those due to vortex shedding.
Decision-making for risk mitigation is complemented by the evaluation of the consequences that breakage can produce in the environment and in the activity of the operator, that is, the assessment of the severity of the risk. To this end, the impact is quantified in terms of the extent of the damage caused and the economic losses due to the stoppage of production and the remediation costs.
Finally, risk management is developed, which includes actions to mitigate the hazard and vulnerability, the priority of each of them and the implementation and monitoring plans.
The application of the proposed methodology achieves the early identification and reduction of risk of breakage, knowledge of the state of the crosses, objectivity and reliability in the assignment of risk levels and the correct allocation of resources for mitigation.
Enhancing Geohazard Management Practice for South American Pipelines
Authors: Porter Michael , Scordo Elisa , Barlow Pete , Welkner Daniela , Leach Miguel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pipeline geohazard management practices and technologies have evolved rapidly over the past 15 years in step with industry’s drive towards zero failures. This paper describes the evolution in geohazard management for pipelines since the early 2000’s and describes how technology and management practices are currently being adapted to accommodate South American site conditions and data sources. It ends by outlining a possible framework for industry, regulatory and academic collaboration within South America that offers the potential for another step-function improvement in pipeline safety.
Investigations for Wax Coated 3D Printed Hybrid Patterns for Partial Dentures
Authors: Boparai Kamaljit Singh , Singh Gurpartap , Singh Rupinder , Singh Sarabjit 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this work, 3D printed master patterns of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastic material have been used for the preparation of Ni-Cr based functional prototypes as partial dentures (PD). The study started with patient specific three dimensional (3D), CAD data (fetched through scanning). This data was used for preparation of .STL file for printing of master patterns on fused deposition modeling (FDM) setup. The 3D printed master patterns were further wax coated to reduce the surface irregularities (as cost effective post processing technique). The hybrid patterns were subjected to investment casting for the preparation of Ni-Cr based PD. The finally prepared functional prototypes as PD were optimized for dimensional accuracy, surface finish and surface hardness as responses. The results are visualized and supported by photomicrographs and in-vitro analysis.
Experimental Investigation on Laser Peening of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy
Authors: Hu Yongxiang , Lai Mengqi , Yao Zhenqiang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Laser additive manufacturing is widely utilized to fabricate Ti6Al4V alloy, but post-processing is necessary to improve its performance for fatigue resistance of some critical components. This paper proposes laser peening (LP) as an effective way to improve the surface integrity of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by direct laser deposition (DLD). After laser peening, little difference of surface roughness is observed. Compressive residual stresses are induced on the top surface layer. The maximum value of compressive residual stress is about −520 MPa and the compressive state extends to the depth of 0.60 mm. In addition, the relative densities of specimen are measured using the Archimedes method. The average porosity is observed to decrease due to plastic deformation at the surface layer. Results of fatigue test show that the service cycle can be improved about three times.
Preliminary Study on Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Liquid-Assisted Laser Beam Machining
Authors: James Sagil , Patil Aakash 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Liquid Assisted Laser Beam Machining (LA-LBM) process is used as an alternative to existing Laser beam machining (LBM) process to provide solutions to many of the problems associated with the extreme heat of the laser. In this research, the thermal effects of laser and hydrodynamics effects of the liquid medium in the LA-LBM process are investigated using a multiscale modeling and simulation approach. This preliminary study aims to understand the interactions between pulsed and continuous laser heat flux during the LA-LBM process. The results of the study would augment our existing knowledge of the complex mechanisms involved in the LA-LBM process.
Multizone Rapid Thermal Processing to Overcome Challenges in Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Lee Jaegeun , Abdulhafez Moataz , Bedewy Mostafa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For the scalable production of commercial products based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs), referred to as CNT forests, key manufacturing challenges must be overcome. In this work, we describe some of the main challenges currently facing CNT forest manufacturing, along with how we address these challenges with our custom-built rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. First, the complexity of multistep processes and reaction pathways involved in CNT growth by CVD limits the control on CNT population growth dynamics. Importantly, gas-phase decomposition of hydrocarbons, formation of catalyst particles, and catalytic growth of CNTs are typically coupled. Here, we demonstrated a decoupled recipe with independent control of each step. Second, significant run-to-run variations plague CNT growth by CVD. To improve growth consistency, we designed various measures to remove oxygen-containing molecules from the reactor, including air baking between runs, dynamic pumping down cycles, and low-pressure baking before growth. Third, real-time measurements during growth are needed for process monitoring. We implement in situ height kinetics via videography. The combination of approaches presented here has the potential to transform lab-scale CNT synthesis to robust manufacturing processes.
Additive Manufacturing-Based Adaptive Dynamic Parameter Characterization by Using Pressure-Fed Flexure Mechanisms
Authors: Lee ChaBum , Han JaeMin , Kim Gyu Ha 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents dynamic characteristics of pressure-fed flexure mechanisms with the additively manufactured internal fluidic channels. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology makes use of the mechanical design flexibility that can effectively control the material distribution in terms of stiffness and damping of the flexures. Five different fluidic channel geometry (circular, semicircular, inverse-semicircular, triangular, and inverse-triangular) with the same cross-sectional area was designed and fabricated inside of one-dimensional cantilever beam (10 × 30 × 100 mm3). Stiffness, damping ratio and natural frequency of each cantilever according to varying air pressure condition from 14.7 psi (atmospheric pressure) to 75 psi were characterized, and at the same time dynamic behaviors of each cantilever were identified by using dynamic signal analyzer. In addition, dynamic characteristics of water-filled flexure mechanism were compared to those of air-filled cases. As a result, the internal channel geometry and filled-in media in the channel have significant influences to determine dynamic characteristics of flexure mechanisms. Such pressure-fed mechanisms can be considered in the first stage of AM flexure design and fabrication processes to adaptively control dynamic behaviors in an easy, convenient and low-cost manner.
Springback Analysis of Hybrid Materials Created Through Alternative Layup Processes
Authors: Mamros Elizabeth M. , Nikhare Chetan P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Various industry partners, particularly those in the automotive and aerospace industries, are continuing to grow their businesses and are seeking ways to improve their manufacturing processes. Some preliminary research has been conducted concerning the use of hybrid materials as a solution, but further analysis is required before these materials can be rolled out into industry universally. Two major benefits of potentially swapping out metal parts for hybrid (metal and composite) components are light weighting and cost reduction, which are currently two major objectives for these industries. It is imperative to understand the properties of the materials used in each manufacturing process as these properties will determine the result of each operation and ultimately the final product. A number of components are manufactured with sheet metal forming processes, and a commonly experienced, unwarranted effect is springback. Springback occurs when the die is removed following a forming operation, and the deformed part transforms its shape as a result of the elastic material properties. A component affected by springback may negatively affect future manufacturing processes, such as incorrect alignment during assembly. To further investigate a solution to this manufacturing defect, trilayer hybrid materials with metal and composite layers are considered. Due to complications resulting from the layup process in previous results, new techniques are required to eliminate delamination and gather additional springback measurements following channel bending tests. Trilayer sample compositions are composite metal composite or metal composite metal sandwiches. The layup techniques under consideration are resin plus hardener, a pillow method, and an enhanced adhesive mixture. The results from these experiments will support the movement to bring hybrid materials into manufacturing universally and will demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing new layup techniques in the assembly of these materials.
Robots in the Industrial Internet: A Cloud-Based Approach Based on Gateways
Authors: Wang Xi Vincent , Wang Chen , Wang Lihui 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the context of Industrial Internet, connectivity is a must during system construction as it provides the possibility of sharing the hardware data with the network, and accessing the hardware from other systems or devices. An efficient communication approach is the highest priority to deploy a successful technology like Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet, Internet of Things, etc.. Thus in this research, a system integration method is presented using industrial robots as the test scenario. Cloud and gateway technologies are utilised to achieve high-performance connectivity, integration and security. Multiple deployment models are developed for public, private and hybrid cloud scenarios. During implementation, the Universal Robot 5 is utilised as the test robot integrating to the KTH cloud system in Sweden. The results are quantifiably evaluated and discussed. The proposed approach also contributes to the Cloud Robotics research by proposing novel system structures and integration methods.
An Improvement of Physics Based Compressive Sensing With Domain Decomposition to Monitor Temperature in Fused Filament Fabrication Process
Authors: Lu Yanglong , Wang Yan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Sensors in manufacturing play an important role in monitoring and improving the quality of products. However, the rising cost of sensing subsystems and the bandwidth limitation of data transmission are challenges in modern manufacturing systems, which rely on a large number of sensors. Recently, a physics based compressive sensing (PBCS) approach was proposed to monitor manufacturing processes with reduced number of sensors and amount of collected data. PBCS significantly improves the compression ratio from classical compressed sensing by incorporating the knowledge of physical phenomena in specific applications. In this paper, a modified orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) recovery algorithm, called constrained OMP, is developed for PBCS when coherence exists between the measurement matrix and basis matrix. The efficiency of PBCS recovery is also improved by introducing a domain decomposition approach, which can reduce the size of model matrices, such as the conduction matrix and mass matrix in the transient heat transfer application. The improved PBCS with the domain decomposition method is used to monitor the temperature distribution in the cooling process and real-time printing process of fused filament fabrication.
Glues Make Gummy Metals Easy to Cut
Authors: Udupa Anirudh , Sugihara Tatsuya , Mann James B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Metals such as Cu, Al, Ni, Ta and stainless steels, despite their softness and ductility, are considered difficult to machine. This is due to large cutting forces and corresponding formation of a very thick chip during cutting and hence these metals are referred to as “gummy”. Their poor machinability of these materials arises because of an unsteady and highly redundant mode of plastic deformation referred to as sinuous flow. The prevailing plastic deformation mode during machining can be overcome by the application of certain coatings and chemical media on the un-deformed free surface of the workpiece ahead of the cutting process. Using in-situ imaging and concurrent force measurements we present two different mechanochemical routes through which these media can improve machinability. The first route, which requires chemicals that adhere to the metal surface, such as glues and inks, improves cutting by inducing a change in the local plastic deformation mode — from sinuous flow to one characterized by periodic fracture or segmented flow. The second route, which requires chemicals that can react with the workpiece to form a low-friction layer, changes the sinuous flow mode to a smooth, laminar one. Both routes decrease cutting forces by more than 50% with order of magnitude improvement in surface texture as characterized by measured roughness and defect density. The results suggest a broad range of opportunities for improving performance of machining processes for many difficult-to-cut gummy metals.
Custom Skull Cap With Precision Guides for Deep Insertion of Cellular-Scale Microwire Into Rat Brain
Authors: Chen Lei , Hartner Jeremiah , Van Dyke David , Dong Tianshu , Watson Brendon , Shih Albert 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To understand the brain functioning mechanisms, electrophysiological methods represent the most mature approach for recording brain dynamics at millisecond timescales in either local or large spatial scales. Microwire-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are a well-established tool for chronic recording of electrophysiologic signals and furthermore have the advantage of minimal brain damage if constructed from cellular-scale (4–100 μm neuron diameter) microwires. However, such cellular-scale MEAs are not widely used by neuroscientists, especially on deep insertion cases, due to the barrier of implantation. Efforts to reduce the size of microwires bring collateral difficulties due to buckling during penetration through membranes (dura/pia) and consequent inability to implant deeply into the brain or in a manner that leaves intact protective biolayers such as the dura mater. In this paper, we developed a custom skull cap with precision guide holes to stabilize the brain and dura, provide sufficient support to microwire along the insertion path, and minimize the unsupported length of microwire during dura penetration and deeper insertion. A cap matched to individual skull anatomy with offset for brain stabilization was designed based on computed tomography (CT) scan of the rat head and fabricated by stereolithography. Micro-milling and wax molding were conducted to fabricate precision insertion guide inside the cap. Animal surgical studies were conducted to test the performance of skull cap and insertion guide. Rats with skull cap attached had survived for multiple weeks until sacrificed by experimenters. Through a test cube with precision guide, a 25 μm diameter tungsten microwire penetrated through the dura mater and was manually inserted over 10 mm into the brain without buckling. In comparison, without the precision guide, insertion of the same microwire caused over 2 mm dimpling of the dura without penetration and finally led to wire buckling. Results showed that the custom skull cap with precision guide holes enabled the insertion of cellular-scale microwire electrodes deep into the brain through the dura mater without buckling.
A Decision-Level Data Fusion Approach to Surface Roughness Prediction
Authors: Wei Yupeng , Wu Dazhong , Terpenny Janis 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To improve the quality of additively manufactured parts, it is crucial to develop real-time process monitoring systems and data-driven predictive models. While various sensor- and image-based process monitoring methods have been developed to improve the quality of additively manufactured parts, very limited research has been conducted to predict surface roughness. To fill this gap, this paper presents a decision-level data fusion approach to predicting surface roughness in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The predictive models are trained by the random forests method using multiple sensor signals. A decision-level data fusion method is introduced to integrate sensor data sources. Experimental results have shown that the decision-level data fusion approach can predict surface roughness in FDM with high accuracy.
Structure and Deformation of Gradient Metal Foams Produced by Machining
Authors: Qiao H. , Murthy T. G. , Saldana C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The effects of surface structure on mechanical performance for open-cell aluminum foam specimens was investigated in the present study. A surface gradient for pore structure and diameter was introduced into open cell aluminum foams by machining-based processing. The structure changes in the strut and pore network were evaluated by computed tomography characterization. The role of structure gradients in affecting mechanical performance was determined using digital volume correlation and in situ compression within the computed tomographic scanner. These preliminary results show that the strength of these materials may be enhanced through surface structural gradients.
Additive Manufacturing Processes for Infrastructure Construction: A Review
Authors: Bhardwaj Abhinav , Jones Scott Z. , Kalantar Negar , Pei Zhijian , Vickers John , Wangler Timothy , Zavattieri Pablo , Zou Na 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has had an enormous impact in the manufacturing sector. Its role has evolved from printing prototypes to manufacturing functional parts for a variety of applications in the automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. Recently, AM processes have also been applied in the infrastructure construction industry. Applications of AM processes could bring in significant improvements in infrastructure construction, specifically in the areas of productivity and safety. It is desirable to have a review on the current state of emerging AM processes for infrastructure construction as well as existing gaps in this field. This paper reviews AM processes in infrastructure construction. It discusses the process principle, application examples, and gaps for each of the AM processes.
Forces in Deep-Hole Bone Drilling
Authors: Lee JuEun , Matsumoto Zachary , Chu Serena Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Deep-hole bone drilling is performed in many surgical implantation procedures. Unlike bone drilling of shallow holes (commonly 5 to 7 mm in depth), deep-hole bone drilling requires a larger hole depth (i.e., up to a depth of approximately 35 mm in cochlear implantation) using a high ratio of the length to diameter of the drill bit. This paper presents an experimental investigation of forces in deep-hole bone drilling. The hypothesis of this study was that the forces signals show a sudden transition with a considerable amount of increases during deep-hole bone drilling process. The objective of this study was to understand bone drilling behaviors as drilling depth increases. Drilling tests were performed on bovine cortical bones using a 2.5 mm diameter drill bit with a spindle speed of 3000 rpm and feed rates of 0.05 and 0.1 mm/rev at a drilling hole depth of 36 mm. The force signals showed two distinct states, which were referred to as normal and abnormal states in this study. After showing a constant force signals in the normal state once the drill tip became fully engaged in bone cutting, from a certain drilling depth, the force signals considerably increased, which is referred to abnormal state. This study observed that the chip morphology varies with respect to drilling depth, showing fragmented chips in the normal state and powdery chips in the abnormal state. The results of this study indicate that the abrupt increase in the force signals in the abnormal state is mainly attributed to chip clogging inside the flutes as the drilling depth increases.