bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global and local conductivity in percolating crosslinked carbon black/epoxy–amine composites
Authors: Alekseev A. , Wu T. H. , van der Ven L. G. J. , van Benthem R. A. T. M. , de With G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractConductive particle-filled polymer composites are promising materials for applications where both the merits of polymer and conductivity are required. The electrical properties of such composites are controlled by the particle percolation network present in the polymeric matrix. In this study, the electrical properties of crosslinked carbon black–epoxy–amine (CB-EA) composites with various CB concentrations are studied at room temperature as a function of the AC frequencyf. A transition at critical frequencyfcfrom the DC plateauσDCto a frequency-dependent part was observed. Conductivity mechanisms forf > fcandf < fcwere investigated. By considering the fractal nature, conduction forf > fcwas verified to be intra-cluster charge diffusion. Forf < fc, with the assistance of conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), the conduction behavior of individual clusters can be observed, revealing both linear and nonlinearI–Vcharacteristics. By combining microtoming and C-AFM measurements, 3D reconstructed images offer direct evidence that the percolating network of these materials consists of both a low-conductivity part, in which the charge transports through tunneling, and a high-conductivity part, which shows ohmic electrical properties. Nevertheless, for these CB-EA composites, the presence of these non-ohmic contacts still leads to Arrhenius-type behavior for the macroscopic conductivity.
Local analysis on dislocation structure and hardening during grain boundary pop-ins in tungsten
Authors: Javaid Farhan , Xu Yukun , Durst Karsten 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the present work, dislocation structures at the grain boundary (GB) pop-in events were studied around and below the Berkovich indentations using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in polycrystalline tungsten. The GB pop-in events were identified as displacement bursts in the load–displacement curve, and the indentation experiments were stopped just after the occurrence of the displacement burst. A significant hardness increase was observed before the GB pop-in event. The careful ECCI analysis on the sequential polished cross sections clearly shows the dislocation pile-up in the vicinity of the GB along with transmitted dislocations in the adjacent grain. The transmitted dislocations were also found to be influenced by the indenter orientation with respect to the GB.
Transcriptome analysis of drought-tolerant sorghum genotype SC56 in response to water stress reveals an oxidative stress defense strategy
Authors: Azzouz-Olden Farida , Hunt Arthur G. , Dinkins Randy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrought tolerance is a crucial trait for crops to curtail the yield loss inflicted by water stress, yet genetic improvement efforts are challenged by the complexity of this character. The adaptation of sorghum to abiotic stress, its genotypic variability, and relatively small genome make this species well-suited to dissect the molecular basis of drought tolerance. The use of differential transcriptome analysis provides a snapshot of the bioprocesses underlying drought response as well as genes that might be determinants of the drought tolerance trait. RNA sequencing data were analyzed via gene ontology enrichment to compare the transcriptome profiles of two sorghum lines, the drought-tolerant SC56 and the drought-sensitive Tx7000. SC56 outperformed Tx7000 in wet conditions by upregulating processes driving growth and guaranteeing homeostasis. The drought tolerance of SC56 seems to be an intrinsic trait occurring through overexpressing stress tolerance genes in wet conditions, notably genes acting in defense against oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, VTC1, MDAR1, MSRB2, and ABC1K1). Similarly to wet conditions, under drought, SC56 enhanced its transmembrane transport and maintained growth-promoting mechanisms. Under drought, SC56 also upregulated stress tolerance genes that heighten the antioxidant capacity (SOD1, RCI3, VTE1, UCP1, FD1, and FD2), regulatory factors (CIPK1 and CRK7), and repressors of premature senescence (SAUL1). The differential expression analysis uncovered biological processes which upregulation enables SC56 to be a better accumulator of biomass and connects the drought tolerance trait to key stress tolerance genes, making this genotype a judicious choice for isolation of tolerance genes.
An Itô Formula for rough partial differential equations and some applications
Authors: Hocquet Antoine , Nilssen Torstein 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe investigate existence, uniqueness and regularity for solutions of rough parabolic equations of the form $\partial _{t}u-A_{t}u-f=(\dot X_{t}(x) \cdot \nabla + \dot Y_{t}(x))u$

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To do so, we introduce a concept of “differential rough driver”, which comes with a counterpart of the usual controlled paths spaces in rough paths theory, built on the Sobolev spaces Wk,p. We also define a natural notion of geometricity in this context, and show how it relates to a product formula for controlled paths. In the case of transport noise (i.e. when Y = 0), we use this framework to prove an Itô Formula (in the sense of a chain rule) for Nemytskii operations of the form u↦F(u), where F is C2 and vanishes at the origin. Our method is based on energy estimates, and a generalization of the Moser Iteration argument to prove boundedness of a dense class of solutions of parabolic problems as above. In particular, we avoid the use of flow transformations and work directly at the level of the original equation. We also show the corresponding chain rule for F(u) = |u|p with p ≥ 2, but also when Y ≠ 0 and p ≥ 4. As an application of these results, we prove existence and uniqueness of a suitable class of Lp-solutions of parabolic equations with multiplicative noise. Another related development is the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary problem on a smooth domain, for which a weak maximum principle is shown under appropriate assumptions on the coefficients.
Physical Processes of Meso-Scale, Dynamic Auroral Forms
Authors: Forsyth C. , Sergeev V. A. , Henderson M. G. , Nishimura Y. , Gallardo-Lacourt B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMeso-scale auroral forms, such as poleward boundary intensifications, streamers, omega bands, beads and giant undulations, are manifestations of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere driven, to a large part, by plasma instabilities in the magnetotail. New observations from ground- and space-based instrumentation and theoretical treatments are giving us a clearer view of some of the physical processes behind these auroral forms. However, questions remain as to how some of these observations should be interpreted, given uncertainties in mapping auroral features to locations in the magnetotatil and due to the significant overlap in the results from a variety of models of different plasma instabilities. We provide an overview of recent results in the field and seek to clarify some of the remaining questions with regards to what drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms.
Noise and Synthetic Biology: How to Deal with Stochasticity?
Authors: Prado Casanova Miguel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the functional role of noise in synthetic biology and its relation to the concept of randomness. Ongoing developments in the field of synthetic biology are pursuing the re-organisation and control of biological components to make functional devices. This paper addresses the distinction between noise and randomness in reference to the functional relationships that each may play in the evolution of living and/or synthetic systems. The differentiation between noise and randomness in its constructive role, that is, between noise as a perturbation in routine behaviours and noise as a source of variability that cells may exploit, indicates the need for a clarification and rectification (whenever necessary) of the conflicting uses of the notion of noise in the studies of the so-called noise biology.
Functional connectivity dysfunction of insular subdivisions in cognitive impairment after acute mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Lu Liyan , Li Fengfang , Chen Huiyou , Wang Peng , Zhang Hong , Chen Yu-Chen , Yin Xindao 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the early functional connectivity alterations between insula subdivisions and other cortical regions in patients with acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and subsequently to explore the relationship between functional connectivity changes of insula subdivisions with other cortical regions and cognitive function.

Methods
Fifty-three mTBI patients and 37 age-, gender- and education level- matched healthy controls were included in this study. All participants obtained resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and clinical and neuropsychological evaluations (Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA) at the acute stage. Functional connectivity alterations of insula subdivisions and correlations with MoCA were further explored by seed-voxel functional connectivity.

Results
Compared with healthy controls, patients with acute mTBI showed significantly decreased functional connectivity between the L-vAI and the left middle temporal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus and significantly decreased functional connectivity between the R-vAI and the right middle frontal gyrus and right hippocampus. While significantly decreased functional connectivity were observed between the L-dAI and the right superior frontal gyrus. In addition, significantly increased functional connectivity was observed between the R-PI and the left inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the mTBI group demonstrated positive correlations between performances in orientation and insula and middle temporal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus functional connectivities. Abstraction scores for mTBI patients positively correlated with functional connectivity between insula and middle frontal gyrus.

Conclusions
The present study demonstrated functional connectivity dysfunction of insula subdivisions and correlations between these alterations and cognitive performance, which provide a novel insight into the neurophysiological mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with mTBI at the acute stage.
Training benchmarks based on validated composite scores for the RobotiX robot-assisted surgery simulator on basic tasks
Authors: Leijte Erik , Claassen Linda , Arts Elke , de Blaauw Ivo , Rosman Camiel , Botden Sanne M. B. I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe RobotiX robot-assisted virtual reality simulator aims to aid in the training of novice surgeons outside of the operating room. This study aimed to determine the validity evidence on multiple levels of the RobotiX simulator for basic skills. Participants were divided in either the novice, laparoscopic or robotic experienced group based on their minimally invasive surgical experience. Two basic tasks were performed: wristed manipulation (Task 1) and vessel energy dissection (Task 2). The performance scores and a questionnaire regarding the realism, didactic value, and usability were gathered (content). Composite scores (0–100), pass/fail values, and alternative benchmark scores were calculated. Twenty-seven novices, 21 laparoscopic, and 13 robotic experienced participants were recruited. Content validity evidence was scored positively overall. Statistically significant differences between novices and robotic experienced participants (construct) was found for movements left (Task 1 p = 0.009), movements right (Task 1 p = 0.009, Task 2 p = 0.021), path length left (Task 1 p = 0.020), and time (Task 1 p = 0.040, Task 2 p < 0.001). Composite scores were statistically significantly different between robotic experienced and novice participants for Task 1 (85.5 versus 77.1, p = 0.044) and Task 2 (80.6 versus 64.9, p = 0.001). The pass/fail score with false-positive/false-negative percentage resulted in a value of 75/100, 46/9.1% (Task 1) and 71/100, 39/7.0% (Task 2). Calculated benchmark scores resulted in a minority of novices passing multiple parameters. Validity evidence on multiple levels was assessed for two basic robot-assisted surgical simulation tasks. The calculated benchmark scores can be used for future surgical simulation training.
Public or perish? From founding to initial public offering
Authors: Honjo Yuji 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examine the factors affecting the time to initial public offering (IPO), using a sample of more than 10,000 start-up firms in Japan. We provide evidence that start-up firms engaging in innovative and uncertain businesses are more likely to go public earlier than other firms. The results also reveal that start-up firms that rely on equity financing at founding are more likely to go public earlier than others. Moreover, we find that start-up firms in highly valued industries are more likely to go public earlier than in other industries and that the likelihood of an IPO among start-up firms depends on market conditions.
Ground Fracturing Related to 7.8Mw Saravan Earthquake, Sistan and Baluchistan, Iran - Evidence for Brittle Deformation
Authors: Sepahi Mohammad Noor , Maskare Babaji , Boomeri Mohammad , Gadpallu Purva , Duraiswami Raymond A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The eastern parts of the Sistan and Baluchistan province, southeast Iran is a tectono-magmatically active zone that continues to witness numerous small and large earthquakes. The volcanism in this region is related to the subduction of the Oman plate below the Eurasian plate. The study of the spatial distribution of the epicenter and focus of the earthquakes suggests close association with the numerous faults related to collisional tectonics. Evidence of ground fractures and faulting related to Saravan earthquake of 16th April 2013 which is the largest (7.8 Mw) recorded earthquake in the region is documented. This earthquake occurred along a segment of the NW-SE trending Saravan normal fault and its reverberations were felt as far away as New Delhi and Dubai. En echelon, 2-km long, northwest-southeast trending surface fractures and faults are recorded in the field near Hampani village southwest of Gosht city. The epicenter is located in the remote hilly terrain east of Gosht. Many of the fractures are listric. The fault records a downthrow of about half a meter and some segments record brecciation of phyllite, liquefaction of sediments and emergence of saline springs are associated features. Despite the high magnitude only a few casualties and minor damage to civil structures were recorded in Iran due to the sparse population and its remoteness.
Underground Coal fire Mapping Using Analysis of Self-potential (SP) Data Collected from Akashkinaree Colliery, Jharia Coalfield, India
Authors: Kumar Sahadev , Pal Sanjit Kumar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Sub-surface coal mine fires burn valuable resources and give rise to great threat in the local environs and people’s health. Jharia coal field is one of utmost fire affected coal fields in India. This paper deals with the study of sub-surface coal fire using self-potential (SP) method, a cost-effective and non-invasive passive geophysical technique. SP method in coal fire mapping works based on redox potential generated by oxidation of coal and also on Thomson potential due to temperature gradient. Initially, SP anomaly map generated using electrode drift corrected field data. The SP anomalies in the present study area vary from ~95 to ~ -40mV. SP anomaly map has been continued to a height of 10m from the ground to remove the possible shallow surface noises. The upward continued anomaly map has been enhanced using first vertical derivative. Further, Euler’s depth solutions have been estimated to understand possible geometry and source depth of sub-surface coal fires. The local geological map and field photograph corroborate well with the results for the characterization of coal seam fires.
Nitrogen fixation estimates for the Baltic Sea indicate high rates for the previously overlooked Bothnian Sea
Authors: Olofsson Malin , Klawonn Isabell , Karlson Bengt 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDense blooms of diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria are formed every summer in the Baltic Sea. We estimated their contribution to nitrogen fixation by combining two decades of cyanobacterial biovolume monitoring data with recently measured genera-specific nitrogen fixation rates. In the Bothnian Sea, estimated nitrogen fixation rates were 80 kt N year−1, which has doubled during recent decades and now exceeds external loading from rivers and atmospheric deposition of 69 kt year−1. The estimated contribution to the Baltic Proper was 399 kt N year−1, which agrees well with previous estimates using other approaches and is greater than the external input of 374 kt N year−1. Our approach can potentially be applied to continuously estimate nitrogen loads via nitrogen fixation. Those estimates are crucial for ecosystem adaptive management since internal nitrogen loading may counteract the positive effects of decreased external nutrient loading.
Predicting rut depth induced by an 8-wheeled forwarder in fine-grained boreal forest soils
Authors: Uusitalo Jori , Ala-Ilomäki Jari , Lindeman Harri , Toivio Jenny , Siren Matti 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Key message

Rut depth in fine-grained boreal soils induced by an 8-wheeled forwarder is best predicted with soil moisture content, cumulative mass of machine passes, bulk density and thickness of the humus layer.

Context
Forest machines are today very heavy and will cause serious damage to soil and prevent future growth if forest operations are carried out at the wrong time of the year. Forest operations performed during the wettest season should therefore be directed at coarse-grained soils that are not as prone to soil damage.

Aims
The study aimed at investigating the significance of the most important soil characteristics on rutting and developing models that can be utilized in predicting rutting prior to forest operations.

Methods
A set of wheeling tests on two fine-grained mineral soil stands in Southern Finland were performed. The wheeling experiments were conducted in three different periods of autumn in order to get the largest possible variation in moisture content. The test drives were carried out with an 8-wheeled forwarder.

Results
Soil moisture content is the most important factor affecting rut depth. Rut depth of an 8-wheeled forwarder in fine-grained boreal soil is best predicted with soil moisture content, cumulative mass of machine passes, bulk density and thickness of the humus layer.

Conclusion
The results emphasize the importance of moisture content on the risk of rutting in fine-grained mineral soils, especially with high moisture content values when soil saturation reaches 80%. The results indicate that it is of high importance that soil type and soil wetness can be predicted prior to forest operations.
Eriocalyxin B Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Cell Cycle Arrest
Authors: Mu Rong-Fang , Niu Yan-Fen , Wang Qian , Zhou Hui-Min , Hu Jing , Qin Wan-Ying , Xiong Wen-Yong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEriocalyxin B, an ent-Kaurene diterpenoid extracted from a traditional Chinese herbIsodon eriocalyx, has been shown to possess multifunctional activities such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. However, the function and mechanism of the compound in adipocyte differentiation is still unknown. Here we reported that eriocalyxin B blunted adipogenesis remarkably by inhibiting the accumulation of lipid droplets, triglycerides and the expressions of adipogenesis-related factors, including C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, and FABP4. Moreover, we showed that the inhibition might be the consequence of cell cycle being arrested at the G2/M phase during the mitotic clonal expansion of adipocyte differentiation, most likely by suppressing mRNAs and proteins of CDK1, CDK2, Cyclin A and Cyclin B1. Overall, we conclude that eriocalyxin B is capable of inhibiting adipocyte differentiation at the early stage through downregulating the proteins involved in cell cycle progression.Graphic Abstract
Numerical study via total Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics on chip formation in micro cutting
Authors: Wang Jin-Shi , Zhang Xiao-Dong , Fang Feng-Zhou 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNumerical simulation is an effective approach in studying cutting mechanism. The widely used methods for cutting simulation include finite element analysis and molecular dynamics. However, there exist some intrinsic shortcomings when using a mesh-based formulation, and the capable scale of molecular dynamics is extremely small. In contrast, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a candidate to combine the advantages of them. It is a particle method which is suitable for simulating the large deformation process, and is formulated based on continuum mechanics so that large scale problems can be handled in principle. As a result, SPH has also become a main way for the cutting simulation. Since some issues arise while using conventional SPH to handle solid materials, the total Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (TLSPH) is developed. But instabilities would still occur during the cutting, which is a critical issue to resolve. This paper studies the effects of TLSPH settings and cutting model parameters on the numerical instability, as well as the chip formation process. Plastic deformation, stress field and cutting forces are analyzed as well. It shows that the hourglass coefficient, critical pairwise deformation and time step are three important parameters to control the stability of the simulation, and a strategy on how to adjust them is provided.
The Lens Shapes the View: on Task Dependency in ToM Research
Authors: Breil Christina , Böckler Anne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis article provides an overview of current findings on Theory of Mind (ToM) in human children and adults and highlights the relationship between task specifications and their outcome in socio-cognitive research.Recent FindingsToM, the capacity to reason about and infer others’ mental states, develops progressively throughout childhood—the exact time course is still a matter of debate. Neuroimaging studies indicate the involvement of a widespread neuronal network during mentalizing, suggesting that ToM is a multifaceted process. Accordingly, the tasks and trainings that currently exist to investigate and enhance ToM are heterogeneous, and the outcomes largely depend on the paradigm that was used.SummaryWe argue for the implementation of multiple-task batteries in the assessment of socio-cognitive abilities. Decisions for a particular paradigm need to be carefully considered and justified. We want to emphasize the importance of targeted research on the relationship between task specifications and outcomes.
Creating and Supporting a Harassment- and Assault-Free Field School
Authors: Colaninno Carol E. , Lambert Shawn P. , Beahm Emily L. , Drexler Carl G. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTGiven the hierarchical nature and structure of field schools, enrolled students are particularly susceptible to harassment and assault. In 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released recommendations to help prevent sexual harassment and assault of women in academia. Although these recommendations are specific to higher education and exclusive to women, some can be modified and applied to the context of archaeological field schools. We review the NASEM's recommendations, with particular attention to those applicable to the field school setting, and provide suggestions for making field schools safer and more inclusive learning environments for all students. Although we present recommendations for practices that can be implemented at field schools, additional research is needed to understand how sexual harassment occurs at field schools and how the implementation of these recommendations can make learning safer.