bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Freshwater Aquaculture in Supporting the Economy of Pangandaran Regency
Authors: Sundari Sri , Nurhayati Atikah , Junianto . , Handaka Asep Agus 
Published: June 2020

This research aims to determine the superior fish commodities and the contribution of freshwater aquaculture in the last five years in Pangandaran Regency. This research was in form of case study. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling or the selection of respondents deliberately (not randomly) as a sampling method. The result of the study were analyzed by Location Quotient (LQ) analysis techniques, value weighting analysis and Shift Share (SS) analysis based on income. The result showed that the superior fish commodity in Pangandaran were Barbonymus gonionotus, Osphronemus goramy and Giant freshwater prawn. The most freshwater culture fisheries contribution in Pangandaran over 5 years period analysis (2014-2018) was in 2014 reaching 0.92% to Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP).
Electrochemical Impedance of Hydrogenated Phases of ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles for Electrode Applications
Authors: Menegbo L. I. , Konne J. L. , Boisa N. 
Published: June 2020

The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of Sol-gel synthesized ZnO, CuO and their respective hydrogenated phases (ZnO:H and CuO:H) for a proton-type battery model has been reported for the first time. The XRD patterns confirmed that CuO and ZnO were phase pure with minor impurities. However, that of CuO:H showed mixed phases of CuO and Cu2O with the later appearing prominent. The estimated particle sizes of ZnO, ZnO:H, CuO and CuO:H obtained using Scherrers’ equation were 17.83, 17.75, 21.63 and 15.42 nm respectively, showing remarkable particle size reductions upon hydrogenation as oxygen vacancies were substituted with smaller hydrogen ions. Nyquist plots from the EIS experimental data recorded over a frequency range of 100 kHz – 5 mHz showed expected flat semicircles at the high frequency region and straight lines at the low frequency regions while resistance estimations from the intercepts of the Bode plots were 12.10, 7.80, 16.00 and 10.80 Ω for ZnO, ZnO:H, CuO and CuO:H respectively. It also indicated high gain margins suggesting impressive electrochemical properties for battery applications.
Antimicrobial Activity of Fractioned Components from Dacryodes edulis: Invitro Study
Authors: Hassan-Olajokun R. E. , Deji-Agboola A. M. , Olasunkanmi O. O. , Banjo T. A. , Olaniran O. 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The history of the relationship between man and plants is as old as creation and man has used plants for different purposes including food and medicines. In this dispensation, man has been able to classify plants into food and medicinal plants and has also discovered that solution to his health problem comes from nature.
Objectives: The antibacterial activities of the dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous (AQU) fractions of acetone extract of Dacryodes edulis leaf were investigated against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial organisms made up of locally isolated and standard strains.
Materials and Methods: About 1 kg of the powdered leaves of D. edulis was extracted at room temperature (25-27oC) using 75% acetone for 3 days. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was dried in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (insert the make and model). The crude extract was successfully partitioned using organic solvents in order of their polarity, that is, n-Hexane, DCM, n-Butanol, Ethylacetate. The sensitivity testing of the extracts against the organisms was determined using agar-well diffusion method as described by Irobi et al. [1].
Results: DCM and aqueous (AQU) fractions possessed closely related broad spectrum antibacterial activities and greater activity than the control standard antibiotics (Streptomycin and Ampicillin). The zones of inhibition exhibited by AQU fraction ranged between 20 and 30 mm while that of DCM fraction ranged between 22 and 32 mm. On the other hand, the zones of inhibition observed for the standard antibiotics, streptomycin ranged between 10 and 20 mm and ampicillin between 11 and 27 mm. The MIC and MBC of both fractions had range values between 0.78 and 6.25 mg/mL, evaluation of phytochemical composition of D. edulis revealed alkaloid (30.63 mg/g), terpenoid (19.72 mg/g), saponins (10.54 mg/g), tannin (9.14 mg/g), flavonoid (6.51 mg/g) and glycoside (6.29 mg/g) which are very significant antibacterial agents in medicinal plants.
Conclusion: This work indicates that the two fractions had better antibacterial potentials than the standard antibiotics used.
Effect of Storage on Sensory Acceptability and Oxidative Rancidity of Wheat Biscuits Fortified with Asparagus racemosus Root Powder
Authors: Rani Priyanka , Rani Varsha , Jandu Renuka , Lavanya A. , . Reena , John Josephine 
Published: June 2020

Aims: Asparagus racemosus is locally known as shatavari in India and possess a strong antioxidant and galactogogue activities. This study was aimed to reduce the bitterness of Asparagus racemosus root powder (ARRP) and to analyse the effect of storage on acceptability and oxidative rancidity of ARRP fortified biscuits.
Study Design: Biscuits were developed substituting whole wheat flour with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent of ARRP.
Methodology: ARR were blanched to eliminate the bitterness in developed powder. Developed biscuits were analyzed for sensory characteristics using 9-point hedonic scale by 25 semi-trained panelists. Biscuits were packed in plastic zipper bags and stored in an airtight plastic container at room temperature for 90 days. Effect of storage period on sensory acceptability, fat acidity and peroxide value of biscuits was observed.
Results: Blanching of A. racemosus roots at 80ºC temperature for 3 minutes reduced the bitterness of developed powder considerably. Results showed that biscuits were found to be ‘liked moderately’ on 9-point hedonic scale. During storage period of 90 days, the scores of sensory characteristics were decreased gradually for colour, appearance, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability, however biscuits were found acceptable by panellist. The increase in oxidative rancidity with the advancement of storage period was observed in terms of fat acidity (mg of KOH/g) and peroxide value (meq of O2/kg) in control as well as ARRP biscuits however, this increase was witnessed less in A. racemosus fortified biscuits than control.
Conclusion: ARRP upto 10 per cent can be successfully used in the development of products with increased shelf life along with galactogogue activity.
Misconceptions about Insulin and Barriers to Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes among General Physicians in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Ugwu Ejiofor , Ojobi Joseph , Ndibuagu Edmund 
Published: June 2020

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of general physicians (GPs) regarding insulin and determine the barriers to its initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Study Design: A cross-sectional, quantitative research.
Place and Duration: Enugu metropolis, Southeast Nigeria, between March and November 2018.
Methodology: We used structured self administered questionnaire to evaluate the perceptions of 64 GPs (45 males and 19 females) regarding insulin, and to elicit barriers to insulin initiation in subjects with T2DM.
Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 45.5 (11.7) years and their duration of general practice ranged from 3 – 38 years. Majority were private practitioners predominantly in the rural areas. Only 15 (23.4%) respondents had ever initiated insulin for outpatient with T2DM.
Fear of hypoglycemia, anticipated patients’ refusal of insulin, physician’s lack of confidence, and concerns about needle pains were among the commonly reported barriers to insulin initiation. Others were socio-economic factors including concerns about affordability of insulin and frequent glycemic monitoring, and availability of insulin storage facilities.
There was a general consensus among the GPs on a number of misconceptions including that patients’ adherence to oral glucose lowering drugs eliminates the need for insulin; that insulin should be reserved as a last resort; and that once initiated, insulin therapy is lifelong.
Conclusion: This study revealed that there are several physician-related barriers and misconceptions regarding insulin therapy for T2DM among GPs in Southeast Nigeria. Periodic training to improve GPs’ attitude to insulin and optimize insulin utilization in T2DM is required.
Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Kanji Shariza , Dhalla Kazim , Makupa William 
Published: June 2020

Background: Diabetic macular edema is a type of diabetic maculopathy affecting the central vision, ranging from mild blur to blindness. Laser photocoagulation has been the mainstay of treatment for the past three decades but it has a limited role in improving the central vision. Recent introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors appears to be promising in restoring vision. However, due to its short half life multiple injections are required to control edema and maintain vision. Objectives: To determine the visual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema.
Methods: A hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study was done at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center eye department from 2011- 2015. During this time, patients with diabetic macular edema who were given intravitreal bevacizumab and satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Visual acuity, central macular thickness and macular volume were recorded at baseline, six, twelve, eighteen, twenty four and thirty weeks respectively. Optical coherence tomography was used to record central macular thickness and macular volume. Univariate and multivariate binary regression analysis were done and the p-value, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated.
Results: The prevalence of Diabetic macular edema was 15.4%. Mean baseline visual acuity improved from 0.9 ± 0.57 log MAR (6/48) to 0.6±0.49 log MAR (6/24) (95% CI 0.207 - 0.389) at 30 weeks. The mean baseline central macular thickness decreased from 426.97 ± 148.358 μm to 280.98 ± 95.89 μm at 30 weeks (95% 151.531 - 187.044, P < .001). The mean baseline macular volume decreased significantly from 10.59 ± 2.55 mm3 to 8.38 ± 1.498 mm3 (95% CI 1.860 - 2.886) at 30 weeks. In multivariate analysis, patients with no hypertension were more likely to have a better visual outcome of 6/18 or better (95% CI 1.064 - 4.420, P < .033).
Conclusion: This study shows a high burden of diabetic macular edema in our setting. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection results in better visual and anatomical outcomes.
Evidence of Post Trabeculectomy Optic Nerve Reperfusion by OCT Angiography
Authors: Sahu Jigyasa 
Published: June 2020

Aim: To describe a case of glaucoma which showed increase in optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiographic vessel densities after intraocular pressure reduction suggesting reperfusion of optic nerve.
Presentation of Case: A 55 year old female with primary open angle glaucoma was taken up for trabeculectomy in view of inadequate control of intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximal medical therapy. In addition to routine glaucoma assessment by visual fields and nerve fiber layer assessment by OCT, OCT angiographic evaluation of peripapillary vessel density was done preoperatively. Three months after trabeculectomy, her intraocular pressure decreased from 35mmHg to 14mmHg. Compared with the preoperative baseline value, the vessel density increased significantly in all quadrants after three months from surgery as demonstrated by OCT angiography.
Discussion: This case report suggests that decreased optic nerve head perfusion due to high IOP can be reversed by reduction of IOP.
Conclusion: Vascular parameters like angiographic vessel density can show reversible changes as decreased blood flow reinstates and thus can be better prognostic indicators than structural parameters like OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucoma patients.
Thucydides
Authors: Kallet Lisa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis entry is about Thucydides’ work, significance, and its impact. It aims especially to bring out the innovative features of his history of the Peloponnesian War so that readers will have a sense of where he fits into the nascent genre of historical writing, in particular the attention to demonstrating his awareness that speeches (logoi) as well as events (erga) were equally part of the writing of history.
Didache
Authors: Draper Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTheDidacheis an early Jewish Christian manual for community life dating no later than the end of the first centuryceor the beginning of the second, which was rediscovered in 1873. Beginning with catechesis drawn from Jewish Two Ways tradition it provides rules for initiation, community meal, leadership, hospitality, tithing, and a concluding apocalypse which are markedly different from what became the norm in Western Christianity. It remains something of an enigma which challenges many scholarly assumptions about earliest Christianity.
Names, personal, Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Both Greeks and Egyptians identified themselves by a single name, to which could be added the name of their father. Mothers’ names are used in religious and magical contexts and become a common feature of full identification in the Roman period. Names are usually either masculine or feminine, unisex names are nonexistent in Greek and rare in Egyptian. Most names have a religious background, but family traditions also play a role. Double names are common and often reflect that their bearers belonged to both the Egyptian and the Greek world.
Ptolemy XV Caesar
Authors: Nadig Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPtolemy XV was the son of Cleopatra VII and allegedly Julius Caesar. In the literary sources he is often called Kaisarion or Caesarion (“little Caesar”). After the murder of Ptolemy XIV in 44bce, he was made king and his mother's co‐ruler. In 34 Antony acknowledged him as a true son of Caesar by Cleopatra. At the end of her reign, his mother sent Ptolemy XV away for his own safety, but he was betrayed by his tutor Rhodon to return. Octavian did not wish to have another putative son of Caesar alive, and had him executed.
Deiotaros (Deiotarus) of Galatia
Authors: Coşkun Altay 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDeiotaros (ca. 120–41/40bce) was the most important Galatian ruler and the leading ally of the Romans in Asia Minor of his time. He succeeded his father Sinorix as tetrarch of the Tolistobogii, whose territory in eastern Phrygia included Gordion. Pompey rewarded his services against Mithradates VI by granting him parts of Pontos and Armenia Minor besides the royal title. After setbacks in the Roman Civil War, he was the first to unite all Galatian territories.
Law, Roman
Authors: du Plessis Paul J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The legal history of ancient Rome is commonly divided into five epochs. These are: the Archaic period (753–250
bce
); the Preclassical period (250–27
bce
); the Classical period (27
bce
–284
ce
); the Postclassical period (284–527
ce
); and the Justinianic period (527–65
ce
). Central to this nomenclature, which corresponds broadly to more conventional historical classifications of Roman history such as Republic and Empire, are notions of growth and decline.
Khasekhemwy
Authors: Dreyer† Günter , Heagy Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Khasekhemwy (“appearance of the two powers”), who began his reign as Khasekhem (“appearance of the power”), was the last king of the 2nd Dynasty, ca. 2700
bce
. His most important monuments are the so‐called “fort” at Hierakonopolis and his funerary enclosure and tomb at Abydos.
Narmer
Authors: HEAGY THOMAS C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNarmer, the first king of the 1st Dynasty of ancient Egypt, reigned ca. 3050bce. Many scholars identify him with Menes, traditionally the first “human” (non‐god) king of Egypt. He succeeded Ka/Sekhen. Narmer's Horus name is written with a catfish and a chisel (the chisel is sometimes omitted). Its meaning is uncertain but is sometimes translated as “raging catfish.” His most important monuments are the Narmer Palette and the Narmer Macehead. He was believed to have been married to Neithhotep. He was succeeded by Hor‐Aha, probably his son.
Nekhbet
Authors: Monkhouse Wendy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

A female deity who took the form of a vulture, Nekhbet was the guardian of Upper Egypt. Originally a local deity of El‐Kab, as early as the 1st Dynasty Nekhbet had become one of the “Two Ladies” (
nbty
), the vulture and cobra goddesses closely associated with the king. Royal identity was partly configured through the king's
nbty
name, each goddess representing power over and allegiance from Upper or Lower Egypt. The vulture headdress worn by royal women from the Old Kingdom onwards is also linked to Nekhbet.
Arelate (Arles)
Authors: Heijmans Marc 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Arelate (Arles) is an important ancient city situated in southern France, on the Rhône River currently located about 40 km from the Mediterranean coast. The earliest traces of human occupation found so far date to the first half of the sixth century
bce
. Founded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar at 46/45
bce
, Arles became a wealthy city during the Roman Empire and an important political and religious centre in Late Antiquity.
Amazons
Authors: Mayor Adrienne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Amazons of myth were fierce horsewomen–archers who gloried in war, hunting, and sex. Dwelling in exotic lands east of the Mediterranean, Amazons were the equals of men in combat and bravery and the greatest Greek heroes proved their valor by defeating Amazon queens. Modern archaeological excavations of armed women's graves on the steppes now suggests that real nomadic mounted archers influenced ancient Greek ideas and images of mythic Amazons.
Carmentis and Carmentalia
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCarmentis (Carmenta at Livy 1.7.8) is an early Roman goddess, or perhaps one of a divine group, the Carmentes. Her name probably derives from Latin carmen (a special utterance, such as a spell, song, or poem), which suggests her original nature as the abstraction of the prophetic voice.Indigitamentasuch as Postvorta (“Turned Backwards”) and Porrima (“Facing Forward”) help her to see into the past and future; but she is also designated a birth goddess, with her helpers’ names referring to the position of infants at birth.
Janus
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Janus is the Roman god of the passage (Latin
ianua
), including doorways, archways, and bridges, as well as metaphorical transitions. His name is given to January, which became the gateway into the New Year (Ov.
Fast
. 1), the Janiculum hill,
ianuli
(a type of verse), and
ianual
(a sacrificial cake). In Indo‐European terms Janus seems to be “a personification of transitional spaces through which one must walk in order to begin an under‐taking” (Taylor 2000: 2).
Cornelii Scipiones, family and tomb of
Authors: Jacobs John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The Cornelii Scipiones, a branch of the famous patrician
gens Cornelia
, were one of the most powerful and influential families of the Roman Republic. Together, Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemilianus, the two most famous members of the family, led Rome to victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars and, at the same time, laid the foundation for the return of monarchy through the transition from Republic to Empire. The family tomb, located not far from the Porta Capena, fittingly commemorated both the rise and the fall of the clan, and likewise anticipated the construction of the Mausoleum of Augustus.
Birth control (abortion and contraception)
Authors: Riddle John M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Early cuneiform and hieroglyphic writings indicate that women practiced birth control by taking contraceptive or abortive herbs. Male seed had a long, indeterminate period before fertilization. Women could restore menstruation. Law protected the right of males in wedlock to have a child. Surgical abortion was available, dangerous, and rare.
Anonymus Londiniensis
Authors: Prince Susan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Anonymus Londiniensis is a medical text from the first century
ce
preserved on papyrus, apparently an autograph of the author. It preserves a doxography on the causes of disease according to twenty doctors contemporary with or earlier than Aristotle and engages in polemical discussion on the maintenance of the healthy body with four named doctors and two schools of the Hellenistic period. Peripatetic terminology suggests that the author's own tradition is Aristotelian. Scholars are divided on the purpose of the text, whether it is the draft of a scholarly treatise or notes for a contest in medical knowledge.
Pharmacology, Egyptian
Authors: David Rosalie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The origins of modern medicine are generally traced back to ancient Greece: Galen, ca. 150
ce
, advocated treatments that included herbal remedies, and Dioscorides, ca. 150
ce
, is credited with authorship of the earliest extant pharmacopeia. However, interdisciplinary research on Egyptian medical papyri and revised identification of plants available for medicinal purposes has demonstrated the Egyptians' use of effective pharmaceutical treatments at least a thousand years earlier. An independent profession of pharmacist possibly did not exist, but there were professional standards and protocols: many treatments were based on recognizable and reproducible drug formulation, preparation, administration, and dosing regimens.
Vindicianus
Authors: Cilliers Louise 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Helvius Vindicianus (ca. 340–ca. 400
ce
) was a prominent Roman physician who also held important government offices, such as Count of the Roman College of Physicians, and in later life proconsul of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis (now Tunisia). He was the first to produce his compilations in Latin, the lingua franca of the time, thus preserving the great works of Hippocrates
et al
. for posterity.
Kinship terms, used metaphorically
Authors: Harders Ann‐Cathrin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractKinship provides a terminology to establish relations between persons not only related by descent and marriage; it thus broadens social networks and creates communities. The metaphorical use of kinship in Greek and Roman societies as well as Jewish and Christian communities allowed the creation of asymmetrical relations by evoking parenthood or of more symmetrical relations by evoking siblingship.
Misogyny
Authors: Watson Patricia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere was a Greco–Roman literary tradition, going back to Hesiod, of misogyny in its literal meaning. In the broader sense of the term – prejudice against women – misogyny was more widespread. Based on a stereotypic view of women as inferior, misogyny was enshrined in law and social practice, for instance in the disenfranchisement of women and a disinclination to allow women a significant political role. Misogynistic attacks were often directed at women who failed to conform to expected behavioral norms, especially in Rome, where the comparative freedom of wealthy upper‐class women was all the more threatening from a male perspective.