bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are we afraid of? Exploring risk and immigration detention
Authors: Lindley Anna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Risk assessment is a prominent feature of managed migration regimes. How risk is conceptualised and operationalised, however, is highly contested terrain. The extent to which immigration detention represents an appropriate response to specific risks posed by people with contingent or no legal status is particularly hotly debated. In the UK, an early adopter and until recently an eager developer of detention , the policy is that immigration officers carry out individualised risk assessments on each person detained, considering removal prospects, risk of flight, and offending as well as the risk of harm to the individual. Drawing on published reports, government statistics, and interviews with close observers, this article explores the premises, policy, practice, and outcomes of these processes. The analysis flags multiple issues, suggesting that risk evaluation in relation to immigration detention is far from a well-oiled and reliable machine, causes unnecessary human harm, operates in a way that generates unforeseen risks for wider society, and points to other logics shaping detention.
Atacama Compact Array observations of the pulsar-wind nebula of SNR 0540-69.3
Authors: Lundqvist P , Lundqvist N , Vlahakis C , Björnsson C-I , Dickel J R , Matsuura M , Shibanov Yu A , Zyuzin D A , Olofsson G 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present observations of the pulsar-wind nebula (PWN) region of SNR 0540-69.3. The observations were made with the Atacama Compact Array (ACA) in Bands 4 and 6. We also add radio observations from the Australia Compact Array at 3 cm. For 1.449–233.50 GHz, we obtain a synchrotron spectrum $F_{\nu } \propto \nu ^{-\alpha _{\nu }}$, with the spectral index αν = 0.17 ± 0.02. To conclude how this joins the synchrotron spectrum at higher frequencies, we include hitherto unpublished AKARI mid-infrared data, and evaluate published data in the ultraviolet (UV), optical, and infrared (IR). In particular, some broad-band filter data in the optical must be discarded from our analysis due to contamination by spectral line emission. For the UV/IR part of the synchrotron spectrum, we arrive at $\alpha _{\nu } = 0.87^{+0.08}_{-0.10}$. There is room for 2.5 × 10−3 M⊙ of dust with a temperature of ∼55 K if there are dual breaks in the synchrotron spectrum, one around ∼9 × 1010 Hz and another at ∼2 × 1013 Hz. The spectral index then changes at ∼9 × 1010 Hz from αν = 0.14 ± 0.07 in the radio to $\alpha _{\nu } = 0.35^{-0.07}_{+0.05}$ in the millimetre-to-far-IR range. The ACA Band 6 data marginally resolve the PWN. In particular, the strong emission $\text{$\sim$} 1\hbox{$.\!\!^{\prime \prime }$}5$ south-west of the pulsar, seen at other wavelengths, and resolved in the 3 cm data with its 0.″8 spatial resolution, is also strong in the millimetre range. The ACA data clearly reveal the supernova remnant shell ∼20–35 arcsec west of the pulsar, and for the shell we derive αν = 0.64 ± 0.05 for the range 8.6–145 GHz.
The chromatin landscape at the HIV-1 provirus integration site determines viral expression
Authors: Vansant Gerlinde , Chen Heng-Chang , Zorita Eduard , Trejbalová Katerina , Miklík Dalibor , Filion Guillaume , Debyser Zeger 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHIV-1 persists lifelong in memory cells of the immune system as latent provirus that rebounds upon treatment interruption. Therefore, the latent reservoir is the main target for an HIV cure. Here, we studied the direct link between integration site and transcription using LEDGINs and Barcoded HIV-ensembles (B-HIVE). LEDGINs are antivirals that inhibit the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and the chromatin-tethering factor LEDGF/p75. They were used as a tool to retarget integration, while the effect on HIV expression was measured with B-HIVE. B-HIVE tracks insert-specific HIV expression by tagging a unique barcode in the HIV genome. We confirmed that LEDGINs retarget integration out of gene-dense and actively transcribed regions. The distance to H3K36me3, the marker recognized by LEDGF/p75, clearly increased. LEDGIN treatment reduced viral RNA expression and increased the proportion of silent provirus. Finally, silent proviruses obtained after LEDGIN treatment were located further away from epigenetic marks associated with active transcription. Interestingly, proximity to enhancers stimulated transcription irrespective of LEDGIN treatment, while the distance to H3K36me3 only changed after treatment with LEDGINs. The fact that proximity to these markers are associated with RNA expression support the direct link between provirus integration site and viral expression.
Early AGEing and metabolic diseases: is perinatal exposure to glycotoxins programming for adult-life metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Francisco Flávio A , Saavedra Lucas P J , Junior Marcos D F , Barra Cátia , Matafome Paulo , Mathias Paulo C F , Gomes Rodrigo M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Perinatal early nutritional disorders are critical for the developmental origins of health and disease. Glycotoxins, or advanced glycation end-products, and their precursors such as the methylglyoxal, which are formed endogenously and commonly found in processed foods and infant formulas, may be associated with acute and long-term metabolic disorders. Besides general aspects of glycotoxins, such as their endogenous production, exogenous sources, and their role in the development of metabolic syndrome, we discuss in this review the sources of perinatal exposure to glycotoxins and their involvement in metabolic programming mechanisms. The role of perinatal glycotoxin exposure in the onset of insulin resistance, central nervous system development, cardiovascular diseases, and early aging also are discussed, as are possible interventions that may prevent or reduce such effects.
The Party Abroad, the World of Professional Electoral and Democracy Assistance, and the Way Forward
Authors: van der Staak Sam , Rashkova Ekaterina R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article presents developments around the party abroad phenomenon within the world of international democracy assistance. It provides an overview of where ‘the party abroad’ sits as a topic within the broader field of democracy assistance, and how democracy assistance providers have addressed it in the past. It argues that even though the party abroad has grown among political parties themselves, it has thus far received scant attention from democracy assistance providers. However, there are reasons to believe that the party abroad will continue to grow among political parties and that assistance providers will also include a stronger focus on the party abroad in their work in years to come.
Chronology and Causality in Africa’s HIV Pandemic: The Production of History Between the Laboratory and the Archive
Authors: Doyle Shane 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
By 2018 approximately 32 million deaths worldwide had been attributed to HIV/AIDS. Yet the impact of the AIDS pandemic has been profoundly uneven. In the Global North, HIV has been constructed as marginal; in much of Africa, it is pervasive and transformative, fundamentally reshaping local economies, civil society, state structures and the continent’s relations with the outside world. HIV is in reality a series of distinct epidemics, each with their own histories. In recent years, scientists have challenged historians’ understanding of HIV’s chronology and patterns of transmission, providing alternative histories of the virus’s origins, expansion and resilience within mature epidemic settings. Epidemiologists and geneticists have realigned the temporal focus of archival and oral research while conceptualizing change over time around moments of divergence and focusing on historical episodes rather than process, and on diffusion over intensification. This article analyses scientists’ historical understanding of sexually transmitted infections, migration and same-sex relationships, challenging narrow understandings of causality and the assumption that the contexts of the recent past can be applied backwards to more distant periods. Reconstructing HIV’s long history requires recognition of the evolving complexity of sex and marriage, morality and discretion, migrancy and displacement, ethnic and racial preconceptions, and locality and connection.
ESTIMATION OF HP(3) AMONG STAFF MEMBERS IN TWO NUCLEAR MEDICINE UNITS IN FINLAND
Authors: Lindholm C , Pekkarinen A , Sipilä O , Manninen A-L , Lehtinen M , Siiskonen T 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The eye lens exposure among 16 technicians in two nuclear medicine departments at university hospitals in Finland was investigated by measuring the operational quantity Hp(3) using EYE-D dosemeters. For all workers, the annual mean Hp(3) was estimated to be 1.1 mSv (max. 3.9 mSv). The relation between Hp(3) to routinely monitored personal dose equivalent Hp(10) was clearly correlated. Considering individual dose measurement periods (2–4 weeks), the Hp(3)/Hp(10) ratio was 0.7 (Pearson’s coefficient r = 0.90, p &lt; 0.001, variation of ratio 0.1–2.3). The variation decreased considerably with increasing Hp(10) (σ2 = 0.04 vs. 0.43 for Hp(10) &gt; 0.1 mSv vs. &lt; 0.1 mSv, respectively), i.e. higher Hp(10) predicts Hp(3) more reliably. Moreover, annual Hp(10) data from national dose register during 2009–2018 were used to derive the annual Hp(3) applying the Hp(3)/Hp(10) ratio. The data from Finnish nuclear medicine departments imply that routine measurements of Hp(3) among nuclear medicine technicians are not justified.
The relationship between machine-learning-derived sleep parameters and behavior problems in 3- and 5-year-old children: results from the CHILD Cohort study
Authors: Hammam Nevin , Sadeghi Dorna , Carson Valerie , Tamana Sukhpreet K , Ezeugwu Victor E , Chikuma Joyce , van Eeden Charmaine , Brook Jeffrey R , Lefebvre Diana L , Moraes Theo J , Subbarao Padmaja , Becker Allan B , Turvey Stuart E , Sears Malcolm R , Mandhane Piushkumar J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Machine learning (ML) may provide insights into the underlying sleep stages of accelerometer-assessed sleep duration. We examined associations between ML-sleep patterns and behavior problems among preschool children.

Methods
Children from the CHILD Cohort Edmonton site with actigraphy and behavior data at 3-years (n = 330) and 5-years (n = 304) were included. Parent-reported behavior problems were assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classification method was used for ML analysis of the accelerometer sleep period. The average time each participant spent in each HMM-derived sleep state was expressed in hours per day. We analyzed associations between sleep and behavior problems stratified by children with and without sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).

Results
Four hidden sleep states were identified at 3 years and six hidden sleep states at 5 years using HMM. The first sleep state identified for both ages (HMM-0) had zero counts (no movement). The remaining hidden states were merged together (HMM-mov). Children spent an average of 8.2 ± 1.2 h/day in HMM-0 and 2.6 ± 0.8 h/day in HMM-mov at 3 years. At age 5, children spent an average of 8.2 ± 0.9 h/day in HMM-0 and 1.9 ± 0.7 h/day in HMM-mov. Among SDB children, each hour in HMM-0 was associated with 0.79-point reduced externalizing behavior problems (95% CI −1.4, −0.12; p &lt; 0.05), and a 1.27-point lower internalizing behavior problems (95% CI −2.02, −0.53; p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
ML-sleep states were not associated with behavior problems in the general population of children. Children with SDB who had greater sleep duration without movement had lower behavioral problems. The ML-sleep states require validation with polysomnography.
Informalization of EU Bilateral Instruments: Categorization, Contestation, and Challenges
Authors: Ott Andrea 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The EU and its Member States both contribute to the informalization of international relations’ tools by concluding bilateral soft law instruments which prepare, implement, and especially replace international agreements. This contribution analyses the EU practice of applying international soft law and focuses on the institutional challenges deriving from external relations’ soft law instruments. It has the three-fold aim of explaining why the informalization or ‘softification’ of EU bilateral instruments has proliferated, categorizing them according to their function and purpose in international law and EU external relations law and finally assessing the legal implications in EU law resulting from their application. The paper will argue that while, in practice, differences between international treaty law and bilateral soft law disappear, more legal challenges arise in the EU system through bilateral soft law measures than international agreements. This is caused by the rules on EU external representation, dispersed among supranational and intergovernmental EU actors and characterized by their general wording. International soft law tools operate in a politically contested area with several actors and a variety of informal instruments. The flexibility and hybrid character of soft law form an advantage for the institutions at the expense of the rule of law, legal certainty, and legal review.
Impact of Fiber-Based Enteral Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome of ICU Patients Receiving Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: A Randomized Pilot Trial
Authors: Freedberg Daniel E. , Messina Megan , Lynch Elissa , Tess Monika , Miracle Elizabeth , Chong David H. , Wahab Romina , Abrams Julian A. , Wang Harris H. , Munck Christian 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Dietary fiber increases the abundance of bacteria that metabolize fiber into short-chain fatty acids and confers resistance against gut colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria. This pilot trial estimated the effect of fiber on gut short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria in the ICU.

Design:
Randomized, controlled, open label trial.

Setting:
Medical ICU.

Patients:
Twenty ICU adults receiving broad-spectrum IV antibiotics for sepsis.

Intervention:
1:1 randomization to enteral nutrition with mixed soy- and oat-derived fiber (14.3 g fiber/L) versus calorie- and micronutrient-identical enteral nutrition with 0 g/L fiber.

Measurements:
Rectal swabs and whole stools were collected at baseline and on study Days 3, 7, 14, and 30. The primary outcome was within-individual change in the cumulative relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing taxa from baseline to Day 3 based on 16S sequencing of rectal swabs. The secondary outcome was Day 3 cumulative short-chain fatty acid levels based on mass spectrometry of whole stools. Analyses were all intent to treat.

Main Results:
By Day 3, the fiber group received a median of 32.1 g fiber cumulatively (interquartile range, 17.6–54.6) versus 0 g fiber (interquartile range, 0–4.0) in the no fiber group. The median within-individual change in short-chain fatty acid producer relative abundance from baseline to Day 3 was +61% (interquartile range −51 to +1,688) in the fiber group versus −46% (interquartile range, −78 to +13) in the no fiber group (p = 0.28). Whole stool short-chain fatty acid levels on Day 3 were a median of 707 μg short-chain fatty acids/g stool (interquartile range, 190–7,265) in the fiber group versus 118 μg short-chain fatty acids/g stool (interquartile range, 22–1,195) in the no fiber group (p = 0.16).

Conclusions:
Enteral fiber was associated with nonsignificant trends toward increased relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria and increased short-chain fatty acid levels among ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum IV antibiotics. Larger studies should be undertaken and our results can be used for effect size estimates.
Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation: Treatment Option for Sepsis-Induced Cardiogenic Shock? A Systematic Review
Authors: Sato Ryota , Kuriyama Akira 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Clinicians often encounter adult patients with septic shock who fail to respond to fluid therapy and vasopressors. There is an increasing interest in venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation in the treatment of patients with septic shock, but its outcomes and safety remain unclear. The aim of this study is to describe in-hospital mortality and complication rate in adult patients with septic shock who underwent venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation, and to identify patients who may potentially benefit from venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.

Data Sources:
The protocol for this systematic review was registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018098848). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi for studies of any design in which patients with septic shock were treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. Our search was updated on October 6, 2019.

Study Selection:
Two independent reviewers assessed whether titles and abstracts met the eligibility criteria. Studies were included when patients met the following criteria: 1) age 18 years old or older; 2) septic shock; and 3) treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation as hemodynamic support. When there were disagreements between reviewers, the full text was reviewed, and discussion was continued until a consensus was reached.

Data Extraction:
Two authors independently extracted the selected patient and study characteristics and outcomes.

Data Synthesis:
A total of 6,457 studies were screened. Six retrospective studies were included. The in-hospital mortality rate of patients with septic shock who underwent venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was 76.7% (188/245). Four studies provided cardiac function with left ventricular ejection fraction and/or cardiac index. In two of these four studies where median left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac index were 16.0% and 1.3 L/min/m2 and median left ventricular ejection fraction and mean cardiac index were 30.0% and 2.4 L/min/m2, respectively, the in-hospital mortalities were markedly lower (14.8% and 28.6%, respectively) than the other two studies (78.1% and 91.5%, respectively) that included populations with median left ventricular ejection fraction of 25.0% and mean cardiac index of 2.1 L/min/m2. Complications were reported in five studies (39 events/174 cases), hemorrhage (22 events/174 cases) being the most common.

Conclusions:
Venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation remains a controversial treatment strategy in septic shock. The reported in-hospital mortality rates in patients with sepsis-induced cardiogenic shock who underwent venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation were quite inconsistent. There is a need for well-designed studies to assess the benefit and safety of venoarterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation in patients with sepsis-induced cardiogenic shock.
ACUTE ZONAL OCCULT OUTER RETINOPATHY: A CASE REPORT OF REGRESSION AFTER AN INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE (OZURDEX) IMPLANT
Authors: Vadboncoeur Julie , Jampol Lee M. , Goldstein Debra A. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To report the use of the dexamethasone (Ozurdex, Allergan Inc) intravitreal implant in the management of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Results:
A 63-year-old woman presented with a 10-year history of progressing bilateral, although asymmetric, visual impairment and scotomata with clinical and imaging findings compatible with acute zonal occult outer retinopathy. The right eye had recently progressed rapidly until macular involvement occurred with loss of visual acuity. Under our observation, progression toward the fovea in the left eye occurred, Ozurdex intravitreal implant treatment was offered and administered. Autofluorescence imaging documented resolution of the hyperautofluorescent borders and slight regression of the involved retina. An injection was repeated every 6 months for 3 injections, and after a follow-up period, 20 months after the first and 8 months after the last injection, no further signs of progression were observed in her left eye.

Conclusion:
The dexamethasone implant effectively achieved regression of active disease in a patient with longstanding, progressive acute zonal occult outer retinopathy.
TWO-YEAR RESULTS OF INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS OF AFLIBERCEPT IN COATS DISEASE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Georgakopoulos Constantinos D. , Tsapardoni Foteini N. , Makri Olga E. , Vavvas Demetrios 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To report long-term results of treatment with intravitreal injections of aflibercept in a newly diagnosed case of Coats disease.

Methods:
An 18-year-old man presented to the retina clinic of our hospital complaining of blurred vision in the right eye for the past 3 months. His past medical and ocular history were unremarkable. The best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Fundoscopy in the right eye revealed extensive macular edema with a circinate ring of hard exudates in the posterior pole temporally to the macula. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated macular edema with subretinal fluid. Peripheral telangiectasias and light bulb aneurysms in the inferior temporal arcade as well as in the nasal far periphery were found in the right eye in fluorescein angiography, confirming the diagnosis of stage 2B Coats disease. The left eye was normal.

Results:
The original therapeutic strategy proposed was antivascular endothelial growth factor injections in the right eye, followed by laser photocoagulation. However, the patient did not consent to laser treatment and was treated with aflibercept monotherapy with 8 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept, followed by 6 injections every 2 months for a total of 14 injections over a period of 2 years. The best-corrected visual acuity in the right eye improved to 20/25 while optical coherence tomography imaging revealed significant decrease in retinal thickness with resolution of macular edema, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated prominent regression of aneurysms and leakage.

Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case treated with aflibercept monotherapy, suggesting the significant role of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular permeability in Coats and supporting the rationale that antivascular endothelial growth factors are a valuable therapeutic option for Coats disease.
A NOVEL VITREOUS CULTURE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Khong Jennifer , Joondeph Brian C. 
Published: June 2020

Background/Purpose:
This is the first case series of a novel method of collecting and transporting a vitreous specimen after a vitreous tap and injection for infectious endophthalmitis.

Methods:
Case series.

Results:
Four consecutive cases of presumed infectious endophthalmitis underwent an in-office vitreous tap and antibiotic injection. The vitreous specimen was injected into the ESwab liquid-based collection and transport system for microbiology samples. Three of the four cases had a positive culture.

Conclusion:
The ESwab is a simple and efficacious method of collecting a vitreous specimen, increasing the probability of a positive culture, particularly when there is a delay between specimen collection and delivery to the laboratory for processing.