bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Archaeological Ceramics Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Spilde MN , Olsen NH , Creager N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have used several techniques in the field of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine ceramic pot sherds from a number of archaeological sites in New Mexico in an effort to characterize the ceramic material and determine the origin of some of the vessels. Typical archaeological sites belonging to Pueblo Indian ancestors in New Mexico are littered with numerous fragments of vessels which served different purposes such as cooking, food/water storage, eating, and ceremonial. often different styles of painting and slipping found on these fragments relate to different temporal and cultural influences. An important question that arises during examination of the many types of sherds involves the origin of each of the vessels. Analysis of mineral content and mineral chemistry can help answer these questions.
Thin sections of pot sherds from 4 prehistoric Anasazi sites (A.D. 1150-1250) from south and central New Mexico, a prehistoric Anasazi site in northwestern New Mexico (Chaco Canyon, Pueblo Alto A.D. 1000 -1150), and an historic Pueblo site from the Spanish period (A.D. 1540-1700) were examined.
Quantitative Elemental Analysis of the Components of Pb Exposed Cells Of Plectonema Boryanum Using Regular and Overplus Cells: an Energy Disspersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Goldberg JJ , Jensen TE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The elemental composition of polyphosphate bodies (PPB’s) and other components of the cell have previously been determined by using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers(EDX). In this present study we perform a quantitative analysis or normally grown cells and cells that were grown in the overplus phenomenon.
Cells of Plectonema boryanum were grown in modified Fitzgerald's media and harvested after a logarithmic growth phase of 14 days. The overplus cells were grown as has been previously described2. The cells were exposed to l00ppm of lead, as well as other metals separately, for one hour. The cells were then fixed and embedded in EPON according to Luft's procedure.
For X-ray analysis cells were first located using the TEM mode, and then the microscope was switched to the STEM mode. Analysis of cell components were carried out using the spot mode (75Kv).
Montages Link Microscopic to Macroscopic Information in Concrete Analys
Authors: Doerr A , Badger S , Brown P , Sahu S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the limitations of microscopy is that only a relatively small area is viewed and that both microscopic and macroscopic information is needed to better understand a process or relationship. Microscopic structures that can only be seen at high magnification may appear insignificant at magnifications required to see macroscopic structures. Montages from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope allow large areas to be displayed at relatively high magnifications revealing both macroscopic and microscopic features.
The use of automated digital microscopy and image software have reduced the barriers for creation of montages and provided new display modes, thereby stimulating their use as an enhanced data acquisition, review, and interpretation technique.
The ability to create digital montages is a valuable tool in the analysis of cement and concrete. It has been used to evaluate the relationship between small scale deleterious phases and their larger scale effects.
Electrons, Ions and Cathodoluminescence in the Environmental SEM
Authors: Griffin Brendan J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
“Secondary” or ‘low energy’ electron emission in the environmental SEM is a complex summation of surface and near surface interactions of electron and ions, fields developed within the sample and conventional electron-sample interactions. Little is understood about the first two aspects and recent data has illustrated limitations on our understanding of cathodoluminescence. The recently described Charge Contrast Imaging (CCI) has drawn attention to the fact that the role of ions in the environmental SEM have been largely ignored. Generally the positive ions have been regarded to provide charge cancellation at the specimen surface but otherwise to have little effect. This view has persisted in the face of evidence that even without gas amplification effects, charge neutral conditions are obtained at the sample surface with a chamber gas pressure of 0.1 torr2, a pressure far lower than normal operating conditions for the ESEM (1 -2 0 torr).
An In Situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Study of the Adsorption of the Aurocyanide Ion Onto Highly Orientated Pyrolytic Graphite
Authors: Poinen GE , Thurgate SM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Gold is an important mineral whether for its value, properties or its natural beauty. It is expected that in a few years Australia will be the second largest producer of gold. Present gold mining practices, though able to recover minute amounts of gold, can be improved. In the current process, gold is dissolved in an alkaline cyanide solution to form Au(CN)2, which is adsorbed onto activated carbon. Activated carbon has shown a special affinity for the gold complex even in the presence of other metalcyanide complexes at much greater concentrations in the pulp. This process is efficient and is able to recover gold at a concentration of 1 part per million in the auriferous ore. The adoption of the carbon technology has contributed substantially to the increased output of Australian gold. Within 15 years, local production has increased more than ten-fold over.
The SPM Study of Surface Healing Due to Mass Transport in the Liquidlike Layer of Ice
Authors: Trickett D M , Petrenko V F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This work employed scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to study mass transport in the liquid-like layer (LLL) ice surfaces. Rapid healing of the damaged ice surface that took place only in the presence of the LLL was recently observed. This indicates that the LLL is responsible for the surface healing. Simple modeling shows that the healing rate is proportional to the LLL thickness cubed and inversely proportional to the film's viscosity. Thus an experimental study of the healing can provide valuable information on the physical parameters of the LLL.
Pure distilled deionized water, with a specific resistivity of 18.1 MΩ•cm, was used to grow ice crystals. The crystal surface was then prepared for scanning force microscopy (SFM) by either flattening using a microtome machine or flattening with the microtome machine and polishing gently using optically smooth clean quartz plates.
Computer Analysis of Electron Diffraction From thin Films
Authors: MoberlyChan Warren , Kilaas R , Chan L-H , Nolan T , Dorsey P , Cao W , Lu M , Gopal M , Yamashita T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As engineering properties are miniaturized by mo thinner films, crystallographic analyses become more appropriate by electron diffraction than XRD. Without synchrotron sources, XRD scans of such films often expose one peak at best. However, these thinner films become more suited for TEM, with less artifacts from sample preparation. XRD scans with peaks in the noise are quantitatively accepted, while vast differences in electron diffraction patterns remain unquantified. Digital recording of TEM information removes the uncertain hand waving of the darkroom; and fast, user-friendly computer processing especially removes the nonstatistical art in image analysis. This work inputs 16-bit (&gt;65,000 gray levels) images of ring diffraction patterns into Digital Micrograph and utilizes a Rotation Average subroutine (1) to plot peak intensities.
Information storage in a hard drive utilizes sputtered thin films of HCP-Co-alloys with magnetic bits tied to the crystallographic orientation of each grain. Longitudinal-recording density and signal-to-noise can be enhanced for thin films with c-axes of all grains in plane.
Spatially-Resolved X-Ray Absorption fine Structure (XAFS) Spectroscopy Using Undulator Radiation Focused by Dynamically-Bent Elliptical Mirrors
Authors: Sutton S R , Eng P E , Rivers M L , Newville M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS) applied with x-ray microprobe instrumentation (figures 1) can be used for studying the electronic structure of specific elements in complex materials in a spatially-resolved manner (figure 2). Such techniques are valuable in a wide range of studies including hydrothermal fluid processes, migration and encapsulation of toxic and radioactive wastes, and redox evolution of solar system bodies.
One of the major technical challenges in this work is the production of high flux microbeams from high power, hard x-ray synchrotron sources. Some of the microbeam technologies under development include tapered glass capillaries, zone plates, and elliptical mirrors. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages and the optimum microfocusing device depends on the particular experiment.
One of the most versatile of these devices is the dynamically bent, elliptical mirror, especially when a pair of mirrors are arranged in a Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) geometry to provide two-dimensional focusing. This versatility derives mainly from four attributes.
On the Effects of Spherical Aberration and Aperture Misalignment on the Formation of Small Electron Probes
Authors: Garratt-Reed Anthony J , Cliff Graham , Kenway Peter B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A major reason for performing microanalysis in the Field-Emission Gun Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (FEG-STEM) is the very high spatial resolution of the information obtained. It has been estimated that in ideal cases, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis in such an instrument can provide 0.1 wt.% detection sensitivity for an element in a region about 1.5nm in diameter of a foil about 30nm thick. It is obvious that such performance requires that the instrument be properly adjusted, and hence that the probe-forming characteristics be fully understood.
There are three fundamental limits on the minimum size of an electron probe, these being i) the geometrical demagnification of the source, ii) diffraction at the beam-limiting aperture, and iii) spherical aberration in the probe-forming lens. In addition, misalignment of the beam-limiting aperture will result in probe aberrations.
Development of a Philips cryo-TEM provided with a liquid helium cooled tilt stage and a vacuum transfer system
Authors: Wagner R , de Jong AF , Koster AG , Morrison R , Tothill F , Lücken U 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In order to reduce beam damage, biological TEM specimens are often observed at temperatures close to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Recently, encouraging results on single particles as well as on 2D crystals have appeared, derived from images taken near liquid helium temperature (4 K), in dedicated TEMs. At these temperatures the high resolution frequencies are much better preserved, increasing the allowable dose and thus the signal to noise ratio.4 Here we present the design of a new dedicated Philips He-TEM which combines the full functionality of a CM300 TWIN with a vacuum transfer system and a liquid helium cooled specimen holder.
A schematic overview of the Cryo-TEM is shown in figure 1. The key differences compared to a standard CM microscope are: 1) The tip of the specimen rod is cooled below 10 K and the rod itself cannot be taken out of the goniometer (CompuStage). 2) The specimen enters the column on the opposite side.
Second Harmonic Generation Imaging (SHG) in the Non-Linear Optical Microscopy of Living Cells
Authors: Campagnola PJ , Loew LM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in two and three-photon excited fluorescence in laser scanning optical microscopy. Because absorption is confined tot he focal plane of the objective, these techniques provide intrinsic optical sectioning without the use of a confocal aperture. In addition, photobleaching and phototoxicity are greatly reduced above and below the focal plane. We have adapted a two-photon microscope to utilize surface second harmonic generation (SHG) as a new contrast mechanism for nonlinear optical biological imaging.
Surface SHG was first described by Shen [1] and arises from the second order nonlinear susceptibility, χ(2). Signal will only arise from a non-centrosymmetric environment such as an interfacial region. Thus this technique has the potential to probe cellular membranes at high specificity. Further, since SHG results from an induced polarization and not absorption, photobleaching considerations are greatly reduced over fluorescence based methods.
In-Depth Imaging Using Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy
Authors: Gerritsen HC , Vroom JM , de Grauw CJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two-Photon Excitation (TPE) microscopy is a powerful tool for the imaging of biological specimen. The most important advantages compared with conventional confocal microscopy are: intrinsic optical sectioning, reduced phototoxcicity and photobleaching, and an increased penetration into the specimen. The increased penetration arises from the use of the longer wavelength excitation light, in the red or near infra-red.
Here, a quantitative in-depth TPE imaging study is presented on dental biofilm. The biofilm contains a mixed culture of a large number of oral bacteria with a typical size of ≈ 1 μm diameter. They exhibit a complex microstructure and heterogeneous physiological and biochemical properties. The high density of the biofilms limits the depth range over which confocal images can be acquired to 25-40 μm.
Using a two-photon excitation microscope fluorescence intensity images could be recorded over the whole thickness (100 μm) of the biofilm sample.
Confocal Imaging of Both Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Free Ca2+ in Cardiac Myocytes Co-Loaded with Rhod 2 and Fluo 3: Inhibition by Ruthenium Red of Mitochondrial but not Cytosolic Ca2+ Transients
Authors: Trollinger Donna R , Cascio Wayne E , Lemasters John J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Previously, we showed rapid mitochondrial Ca2+ transients in adult rabbit cardiac myocytes during the contractile cycle. Ruthenium red, an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the Ca2+ uniporter, inhibits mitochondrial Ca2+ transients in adult rabbit cardiac myocytes during electrical stimulation. Here, we extend this finding to show that ruthenium red inhibition is specific for mitochondrial Ca2+ transients and not cytosolic Ca2+ transients.
Ca 2+-tolerant adult rabbit cardiac myocytes were isolated by collagenase and hyaluronidase digestion and loaded in the cold with 2.5 μM Rhod 2-AM for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the cells were incubated in nutrient medium at 37°C for 4-6 hours during which time cytosolic but not mitochondrial Rhod 2 was lost. Subsequently, the myocytes were loaded with 10 μM Fluo 3-AM for 15 minutes at 37°C, conditions that lead to predominantly cytosolic localization of Fluo 3. In sequential scans, the red fluorescence of Rhod 2 and the green fluorescence of Fluo 3 were imaged using a Zeiss LSM 410 laser scanning confocal microscope.
Actin Filaments Decorated with Cytoskeletal Proteins
Authors: Hanein D , Goldsmith S , Lehman W , Craig R , Correia I , Matsudaira P , DeRosier DJ , Almo SC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A superfamily of actin crosslinking proteins, the calponin-homology domain (CH) family is implicated in directing the assembly and controlling the organization of the cytoskeleton through a highly conserved actin binding domain (ABD). This domain, composed of a tandem pair of CH motifs, is found in actin crosslinking proteins such as fimbrin, alpha-actinin, spectrin, and dystrophin. In addition to its role in crosslinking actin filaments, a putative homologous ABD in intermediate filament-binding proteins, plectin, dystonin, and BPAGlnl, suggests a possible role in crosslinks between desmosomal and vimentin intermediate filaments and actin. Thus, the CH domain could integrate the functions of the actin and IF cytoskeletons by physically linking these structural systems. We present an atomic model for the complex of the CH domain and actin.
In crosslinking proteins that organize actin into two and three dimensional networks or gels the ABDs lie at the ends of long, flexible molecules.
The UCF/CIRENT Materials Characterization Facility
Authors: Giannuzzi LA , Bindell JB 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
New state-of-the-art analytical equipment is becoming more specialized and more expensive. With the availability of federal funding decreasing over the years, it has become increasingly difficult for University laboratories to maintain and upgrade existing analytical equipment, or purchase new analytical equipment. There are also instances where large industrial laboratories may only need a particular piece of analytical equipment on a part-time basis, or where small companies cannot afford to purchase a particular technique. An obvious solution to these problems is to merge industry and university into a viable working collaboration whereby resources are shared among partners.
The University of Central Florida and Cirent Semiconductor (a joint venture of Lucent Technologies and Cirrus Logic) have entered into such a collaboration with the development of the UCF/Cirent Materials Characterization facility (MCF). The MCF is a shared user facility that is available to (i) UCF and other State University System (SUS) Florida University students, faculty, and staff, and (ii) MCF industrial affiliates and others requiring specialized instrumentation and expertise.
Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS): The Last Step in the Microanalysis of Particulate Matter Isolates
Authors: Maxwell RJ , Smith MA , Aldrich DS 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The SEM/EDS is a valuable tool in the pharmaceutical industry for aiding in the identification of isolated particles. It is a part of our systematic approach which proceeds from lower magnification techniques, e.g., stereomicroscope, to higher magnification techniques, eg., polarized light microscopy, and finally to the high magnification of SEM/EDS. Particles associated with pharmaceutical product rejects are due to a variety of sources, often due to the ubiquitous use of some materials, e.g., stainless steel alloys, in the manufacturing arena. Our particles of interest range in size from submicron to ≥ 50 μm (visible with the unaided eye), appearing in numerous shapes and/or colors. Any particles contained in a drug product or associated with the package are objectionable. Detection during production operations and/or during the terminal 100% inspection prior to market release will cause product rejection. In any case, foreign particles are not tolerated. Their identification leads to their source and thus proper corrective action.
Characterization o Solid-State Vortices Associated with the Friction-Stir Welding of Copper to Aluminum
Authors: Flores R D , Murr L E , Trillo E A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although friction-stir welding has been developing as a viable industrial joining process over the past decade, only little attention has been given to the elucidation of associated microstructures. We have recently produced welds of copper to 6061 aluminum alloy using the technique illustrated in Fig. 1. In this process, a steel tool rod (0.6 cm diameter) or head-pin (HP) traverses the seam of 0.64 cm thick plates of copper butted against 6061-T6 aluminum at a rate (T in Fig. 1) of 1 mm/s; and rotating at a speed (R in Fig. 1) of 650 rpm (Fig. 1). A rather remarkable welding of these two materials results at temperatures measured to be around 400°C for 6061-T6 aluminum welded to itself. Consequently, the metals are stirred into one another by extreme plastic deformation which universally seems to involve dynamic recrystallization in the actual weld zone. There is no melting.
The Microstructure of Oxidized Consolidated Nanocrystalline NiAl
Authors: Chen T , Hampikian JM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The intermetallic, stoichiometric compound NiAl is a candidate for aggressive environments such as those encountered in aircraft engines due to its excellent oxidation resistance and high melting point. However, NiAl is limited in application by its insufficient ambient temperature ductility. This may potentially be overcome via synthesis of NiAl with a nanocrystalline microstructure. Since microstructure can also affect oxidation resistance [1], the focus of this investigation is to examine the oxidation characteristics of nanocrystalline NiAl.
Nanophased NiAl specimens were prepared by mechanical alloying followed by shock wave consolidation, which yielded consolidated material with an average grain size of 11 ±8 nm [2]. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of nanosized NiAl was used to characterize the material's oxidation resistance, and performed for three different times (0.5 h, 5 h, 48 h) in compressed air at 1373 K. It was found that the thickness of the scale increased with increasing oxidation time, in accordance with parabolic oxidation kinetics.
Structure Characterization of Colossal Magnetoresistive Oxides
Authors: Berta Y , Studebaker DB , Todd M , Baum TH , Wang ZL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Magnetoresistance describes a phenomenon in which the electrical resistance of the material depends strongly on an externally applied magnetic field. Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) was observed in a new class of oxides, (La,A)MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, or Ba), and the Magnetoresistance ratio of ΔR/R(H)&gt; -100,000% has been reported in epitaxially grown La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films. The new types of intrinsic magnetoresistive oxides offer exciting possibilities for improved magnetic sensors, magnetoresistive read heads, and magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM).
The CMR magnetic oxides have a perovskite-type crystal structure with ferromagnetic ordering in the a-b planes and antiferromagnetic ordering along the c-axis (Figure 1). The ferromagnetically ordered Mn-O layers of the a-b planes are isolated by a non-magnetic La(A)-O monolayer. This spin-coupling structure is intrinsic. La1-xAxMn03 compounds having the extreme values x = 0, 1 are neither ferromagnetic nor good electrical conductors; they are semiconductors. Only compounds with intermediate values of x are ferromagnetic,
Microstructure of PbTi03/SrTi03 Superlattice Grown by MBE
Authors: W. Tian  , J. C. Jiang  , X. Q. Pan  , C.D. Theis  , D.G. Schlom  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ferroelectric superlattices have been actively and intensively studied in recent years for their great scientific and technological interest. Superlattice containing Pb-based ferroelectric layers are important among ferroelectric superlattice systems, however, it is difficult to grow such superlattice due to the high volatility of Pb. Recently, great progress has been made in fabricating superlattice structure of PbZrO3/PbTiO3 by multi-ion-beam sputtering’ and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In this paper, we report the microstructural investigations of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice films, which were epitaxially grown on the SrTi03 substrate by MBE, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
[(PbTiO3)l0/(SrTiO3)l0]15 superlattice films were stacked on (100) SrTiO3 substrate alternately by MBE. Before growing the superlattice structure, a baffle layer including the 1000Å La-doped SrTi03 and the subsequent 500 Å PbTiO3 thin films was grown on the substrate. Above the PbTi03/SrTi03 superlattices, another PbTi03 thin film (1000 Å) was grown. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared by standard methods.