bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misconceptions and Misrepresentation: Challenging UK Media Reports of Recent Visits of UN Special Procedures
Authors: Smith Rhona 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With headlines referencing ‘U.N.ACCEPTABLE Clueless UN official’, ‘“loopy” UN inspector’ and ‘UN meddler’, it is clear that UN special procedure mandate holders can be subjected to negative national press coverage when visiting the United Kingdom. Indeed, some media outlets border on vitriolic in their coverage of mandate holders’ visits and reports. This paper argues that a number of misconceptions and misunderstandings explain some of this media coverage. UN special procedure mandate holders are not employed by the UN, nor are they dispatched by the UN to investigate the UK. Rather they are independent and receive no payment for their time or work. Actual visits are funded from the UN general budget and the UK is not alone being examined and critiqued. In explaining some of the misconceptions and misunderstandings, the paper clarifies the role of special rapporteurs and the contribution they make to the UN.
Combining quantitative trait locus and co-expression analysis allowed identification of new candidates for oil accumulation in rapeseed
Authors: Cui Yixin , Zeng Xiao , Xiong Qing , Wei Dayong , Liao Jinghang , Xu Yang , Chen Guanqun , Zhou Yonghong , Dong Hongli , Wan Huafang , Liu Zhi , Li Jiana , Guo Liang , Jung Christian , He Yajun , Qian Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn crops there are quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in which some of the causal quantitative trait genes (QTGs) have not been functionally characterized even in the model plant Arabidopsis. We propose an approach to delineate QTGs in rapeseed by coordinating expression of genes located within QTLs and known orthologs related to traits from Arabidopsis. Using this method in developing siliques 15 d after pollination in 71 lines of rapeseed, we established an acyl-lipid metabolism co-expression network with 21 modules composed of 270 known acyl-lipid genes and 3503 new genes. The core module harbored 76 known genes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis and 671 new genes involved in sucrose transport, carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, seed storage protein processes, seed maturation, and phytohormone metabolism. Moreover, the core module closely associated with the modules of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. From the co-expression network, we selected 12 hub genes to identify their putative Arabidopsis orthologs. These putative orthologs were functionally analysed using Arabidopsis knockout and overexpression lines. Four knockout mutants exhibited lower seed oil content, while the seed oil content in 10 overexpression lines was significantly increased. Therefore, combining gene co-expression network analysis and QTL mapping, this study provides new insights into the detection of QTGs and into acyl-lipid metabolism in rapeseed.
Frame definability, canonicity and cut elimination in common sense modal predicate logics
Authors: Sawasaki Takahiro , Sano Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents semantically complete Hilbert-style systems for some variants of common sense modal predicate logic proposed by van Benthem and further developed by Seligman. The paper also investigates frame definability in the logics and shows what axiom schema is canonical in the logics. In addition to these semantic investigations on the logics, the paper provides the sequent calculi for some of the logics which enjoy cut elimination theorem.
Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
Authors: Lim Seunghwan , Scott Douglas , Babul Arif , Barnes David J , Kay Scott T , McCarthy Ian G , Rennehan Douglas , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
As progenitors of the most massive objects, protoclusters are key to tracing the evolution and star formation history of the Universe, and are responsible for ${\gtrsim }\, 20$ per cent of the cosmic star formation at $z\, {\gt }\, 2$. Using a combination of state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations and empirical models, we show that current galaxy formation models do not produce enough star formation in protoclusters to match observations. We find that the star formation rates (SFRs) predicted from the models are an order of magnitude lower than what is seen in observations, despite the relatively good agreement found for their mass-accretion histories, specifically that they lie on an evolutionary path to become Coma-like clusters at $z\, {\simeq }\, 0$. Using a well-studied protocluster core at $z\, {=}\, 4.3$ as a test case, we find that star formation efficiency of protocluster galaxies is higher than predicted by the models. We show that a large part of the discrepancy can be attributed to a dependence of SFR on the numerical resolution of the simulations, with a roughly factor of 3 drop in SFR when the spatial resolution decreases by a factor of 4. We also present predictions up to $z\, {\simeq }\, 7$. Compared to lower redshifts, we find that centrals (the most massive member galaxies) are more distinct from the other galaxies, while protocluster galaxies are less distinct from field galaxies. All these results suggest that, as a rare and extreme population at high z, protoclusters can help constrain galaxy formation models tuned to match the average population at $z\, {\simeq }\, 0$.
Evolution of the grain size distribution in Milky Way-like galaxies in post-processed IllustrisTNG simulations
Authors: Huang Yu-Hsiu , Hirashita Hiroyuki , Hsu Yun-Hsin , Lin Yen-Ting , Nelson Dylan , Cooper Andrew P 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We model dust evolution in Milky Way-like galaxies by post-processing the IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamical simulations in order to predict dust-to-gas ratios and grain size distributions. We treat grain-size-dependent dust growth and destruction processes using a 64-bin discrete grain size evolution model without spatially resolving each galaxy. Our model broadly reproduces the observed dust–metallicity scaling relation in nearby galaxies. The grain size distribution is dominated by large grains at z ≳ 3 and the small-grain abundance rapidly increases by shattering and accretion (dust growth) at z ≲ 2. The grain size distribution approaches the so-called MRN distribution at z ∼ 1, but a suppression of large-grain abundances occurs at z &lt; 1. Based on the computed grain size distributions and grain compositions, we also calculate the evolution of the extinction curve for each Milky Way analogue. Extinction curves are initially flat at z &gt; 2, and become consistent with the Milky Way extinction curve at z ≲ 1 at $1/\lambda \lt 6~\rm{\mu m}^{-1}$. However, typical extinction curves predicted by our model have a steeper slope at short wavelengths than is observed in the Milky Way. This is due to the low-redshift decline of gas-phase metallicity and the dense gas fraction in our TNG Milky Way analogues that suppresses the formation of large grains through coagulation.
WD 1856 b: a close giant planet around a white dwarf that could have survived a common envelope phase
Authors: Lagos F , Schreiber M R , Zorotovic M , Gänsicke B T , Ronco M P , Hamers Adrian S 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The discovery of a giant planet candidate orbiting the white dwarf WD 1856+534 with an orbital period of 1.4 d poses the questions of how the planet reached its current position. We here reconstruct the evolutionary history of the system assuming common envelope evolution as the main mechanism that brought the planet to its current position. We find that common envelope evolution can explain the present configuration if it was initiated when the host star was on the asymptotic giant branch, the separation of the planet at the onset of mass transfer was in the range 1.69–2.35 au, and if in addition to the orbital energy of the surviving planet either recombination energy stored in the envelope or another source of additional energy contributed to expelling the envelope. We also discuss the evolution of the planet prior to and following common envelope evolution. Finally, we find that if the system formed through common envelope evolution, its total age is in agreement with its membership to the Galactic thin disc. We therefore conclude that common envelope evolution is at least as likely as alternative formation scenarios previously suggested such as planet–planet scattering or Kozai–Lidov oscillations.
Chemical abundances of Seyfert 2 AGNs – IV. Composite models calculated by photoionization + shocks
Authors: Dors O L , Contini M , Riffel R A , Pérez-Montero E , Krabbe A C , Cardaci M V , Hägele G F 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We build detailed composite models of photoionization and shock ionization based on the suma code to reproduce emission lines emitted from the Narrow Line Regions (NLR) of Seyfert 2 nuclei. The aim of this work is to investigate diagram active galactic nucleus (AGN) positions according to shock parameters, shock effects on the gas temperature and ionization structures and derive a semi-empirical abundance calibration based on emission-line ratios little sensitive to the shock presence. The models were used to reproduce optical (3000 &lt; λ(Å) &lt; 7000) emission line intensities of 244 local ($z \: \lesssim \: 0.4$) Seyfert 2s, whose observational data were selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7. Our models suggest that shocks in Seyfert 2 nuclei have velocities in the range of 50–300 $\rm km \: s^{-1}$ and imply a narrower metallicity range ($0.6 \: \lesssim \: (Z/Z_{\odot }) \: \lesssim \: 1.6$) than those derived using pure photoionization models. Our results indicate that shock velocity in AGNs cannot be estimated using standard optical line ratio diagrams, based on integrated spectra. Our models predict a different temperature structure and $\rm O^{+}$/O and $\rm O^{2+}$/O fractional abundances throughout the NLR clouds than those derived from pure photoionization models, mainly in shock-dominated objects. This suggests that, in order to minimize the shock effects, the combination of emission-lines emitted by ions with similar intermediate ionization potential could be good metallicity indicators. Finally, we derive two calibrations between the N/O abundance ratio and the N2O2 = log([N ii]λ6584/[O ii]λ3727) and N2 = log([N ii]λ6584/H α) indexes which agree with that derived from pure photoionization models.
DNA damage alters nuclear mechanics through chromatin reorganization
Authors: dos Santos Ália , Cook Alexander W , Gough Rosemarie E , Schilling Martin , Olszok Nora A , Brown Ian , Wang Lin , Aaron Jesse , Martin-Fernandez Marisa L , Rehfeldt Florian , Toseland Christopher P 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDNA double-strand breaks drive genomic instability. However, it remains unknown how these processes may affect the biomechanical properties of the nucleus and what role nuclear mechanics play in DNA damage and repair efficiency. Here, we have used Atomic Force Microscopy to investigate nuclear mechanical changes, arising from externally induced DNA damage. We found that nuclear stiffness is significantly reduced after cisplatin treatment, as a consequence of DNA damage signalling. This softening was linked to global chromatin decondensation, which improves molecular diffusion within the organelle. We propose that this can increase recruitment for repair factors. Interestingly, we also found that reduction of nuclear tension, through cytoskeletal relaxation, has a protective role to the cell and reduces accumulation of DNA damage. Overall, these changes protect against further genomic instability and promote DNA repair. We propose that these processes may underpin the development of drug resistance.
A pathway for error-free non-homologous end joining of resected meiotic double-strand breaks
Authors: Hatkevich Talia , Miller Danny E , Turcotte Carolyn A , Miller Margaret C , Sekelsky Jeff 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProgrammed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made during meiosis are repaired by recombination with the homologous chromosome to generate, at selected sites, reciprocal crossovers that are critical for the proper separation of homologs in the first meiotic division. Backup repair processes can compensate when the normal meiotic recombination processes are non-functional. We describe a novel backup repair mechanism that occurs when the homologous chromosome is not available in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis. In the presence of a previously described mutation (Mcm5A7) that disrupts chromosome pairing, DSB repair is initiated by homologous recombination but is completed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Remarkably, this process yields precise repair products. Our results provide support for a recombination intermediate recently proposed in mouse meiosis, in which an oligonucleotide bound to the Spo11 protein that catalyzes DSB formation remains bound after resection. We propose that this oligonucleotide functions as a primer for fill-in synthesis to allow scarless repair by NHEJ. We argue that this is a conserved repair mechanism that is likely to be invoked to overcome occasional challenges in normal meiosis.
Results of the European EDITH nephrologist survey on factors influencing treatment modality choice for end-stage kidney disease
Authors: de Jong Rianne W , Jager Kitty J , Vanholder Raymond C , Couchoud Cécile , Murphy Mark , Rahmel Axel , Massy Ziad A , Stel Vianda S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Access to forms of dialysis, kidney transplantation (Tx) and comprehensive conservative management (CCM) for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) varies across European countries. Attitudes of nephrologists, information provision and decision-making may influence this access and nephrologists may experience several barriers when providing treatments for ESKD.

Methods
We surveyed European nephrologists and kidney transplant surgeons treating adults with ESKD about factors influencing modality choice. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the opinions of professionals from European countries with low–, middle– and high–gross domestic product purchasing power parity (GDP PPP).

Results
In total, 681 professionals from 33 European countries participated. Respondents from all GDP categories indicated that ∼10% of patients received no information before the start of renal replacement therapy (RRT) (P = 0.106). Early information provision and more involvement of patients in decision-making were more frequently reported in middle- and high-GDP countries (P &lt; 0.05). Professionals’ attitudes towards several treatments became more positive with increasing GDP (P &lt; 0.05). Uptake of in-centre haemodialysis was sufficient to 73% of respondents, but many wanted increased uptake of home dialysis, Tx and CCM. Respondents experienced different barriers according to availability of specific treatments in their centre. The occurrence of barriers (financial, staff shortage, lack of space/supplies and patient related) decreased with increasing GDP (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Differences in factors influencing modality choice when providing RRT or CCM to adults with ESKD were found among low-, middle- and high-GDP countries in Europe. Therefore a unique pan-European policy to improve access to treatments may be inefficient. Different policies for clusters of countries could be more useful.
Association of substance use disorders and drug overdose with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in New York City: January–October 2020
Authors: Allen Bennett , El Shahawy Omar , Rogers Erin S , Hochman Sarah , Khan Maria R , Krawczyk Noa 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Evidence suggests that individuals with history of substance use disorder (SUD) are at increased risk of COVID-19, but little is known about relationships between SUDs, overdose and COVID-19 severity and mortality. This study investigated risks of severe COVID-19 among patients with SUDs.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective review of data from a hospital system in New York City. Patient records from 1 January to 26 October 2020 were included. We assessed positive COVID-19 tests, hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and death. Descriptive statistics and bivariable analyses compared the prevalence of COVID-19 by baseline characteristics. Logistic regression estimated unadjusted and sex-, age-, race- and comorbidity-adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for associations between SUD history, overdose history and outcomes.

Results
Of patients tested for COVID-19 (n = 188 653), 2.7% (n = 5107) had any history of SUD. Associations with hospitalization [AORs (95% confidence interval)] ranged from 1.78 (0.85–3.74) for cocaine use disorder (COUD) to 6.68 (4.33–10.33) for alcohol use disorder. Associations with ICU admission ranged from 0.57 (0.17–1.93) for COUD to 5.00 (3.02–8.30) for overdose. Associations with death ranged from 0.64 (0.14–2.84) for COUD to 3.03 (1.70–5.43) for overdose.

Discussion
Patients with histories of SUD and drug overdose may be at elevated risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes.
Health in Men Study: is frailty a predictor of medication-related hospitalization?
Authors: Athuraliya N , Etherton-Beer C 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundOlder adults are at high risk of medication-related hospitalizations. Frailty is a phenotype commonly observed in older people due to declining physiological functions.AimTo examine the association of frailty with medication-related hospitalization among community dwelling older men.MethodsA prospective observational cohort study was conducted among community dwelling older men (mean age 75.6 years SD 5.9) from Western Australia (4324) who participated in the Health in Men Study. Participants were followed-up at 12 and 24 months to determine adverse drug event-related hospitalization, hospitalizations for other causes and mortality.Results and DiscussionThe prevalence of frailty was 13.2%. At baseline, frailty was associated with exposure to polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medication use and potential adverse drug–drug interactions with unadjusted odds ratios; [4.13 (3.48–4.89) P &lt; 0.001], [2.46 (1.91–3.17) P &lt; 0.001], [3.85 (3.03–4.90) P &lt; 0.001], respectively. In unadjusted models, frail men were more likely to have non-accidental falls [OR 3.16 (2.51–3.99) P &lt; 0.001], acute kidney injury [OR 3.37 (2.35–4.82) P &lt; 0.001], ADE-related hospitalizations at 12 months [OR 6.83 (4.91–9.51)] and non-ADE-related hospitalizations [OR 2.63 (2.01–3.45)], or to be dead at 12 months [OR 2.97 (1.79–4.92)] and at 24 months [OR 3.14 (2.28–4.33)] when compared with non-frail men. After adjusting for age, living alone, cognitive decline, smoking status and comorbidity, frailty remained associated with ADE-related hospitalization [OR 3.60 (2.41–5.37)], non-ADE-related hospitalizations [OR 1.74 (1.29–2.36)] and death [OR 1.67 (1.15–2.41)].ConclusionThe study suggests that frailty is a predictor of medication-related harm with poorer clinical outcomes including mortality.
Effectiveness of initial methotrexate-based treatment approaches in early rheumatoid arthritis: an elicitation of rheumatologists’ beliefs
Authors: Pokharel Gyanendra , Deardon Rob , Johnson Sindhu R , Tomlinson George , Hull Pauline M , Hazlewood Glen S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To quantify rheumatologists’ beliefs about the effectiveness of triple therapy (MTX + HCQ + SSZ) and other commonly used initial treatments for RA.

Methods
In a Bayesian belief elicitation exercise, 40 rheumatologists distributed 20 chips, each representing 5% of their total weight of belief on the probability that a typical patient with moderate–severe early RA would have an ACR50 response within 6 months with MTX (oral and s.c.), MTX + HCQ (dual therapy) and triple therapy. Parametric distributions were fit, and used to calculate pairwise median relative risks (RR), with 95% credible intervals, and estimate sample sizes for new trials to shift these beliefs.

Results
In the pooled analysis, triple therapy was perceived to be superior to MTX (RR 1.97; 1.35, 2.89) and dual therapy (RR 1.32; 1.03, 1.73). A pessimistic subgroup (n = 10) perceived all treatments to be similar, whereas an optimistic subgroup (n = 10) believed triple therapy to be most effective of all (RR 4.03; 2.22, 10.12). Similar variability was seen for the comparison between oral and s.c. MTX. Assuming triple therapy is truly more effective than MTX, a trial of 100 patients would be required to convince the pessimists; if triple therapy truly has no–modest effect (RR &lt;1.5), a non-inferiority trial of 475 patients would be required to convince the optimists.

Conclusion
Rheumatologists’ beliefs regarding the effectiveness of triple therapy vary, which may partially explain the variability in its use. Owing to the strength of beliefs, some may be reluctant to shift, even with new evidence.
Childhood trauma, brain structure and emotion recognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy participants
Authors: Rokita Karolina I , Holleran Laurena , Dauvermann Maria R , Mothersill David , Holland Jessica , Costello Laura , Kane Ruán , McKernan Declan , Morris Derek W , Kelly John P , Corvin Aiden , Hallahan Brian , McDonald Colm , Donohoe Gary 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChildhood trauma, and in particular physical neglect, has been repeatedly associated with lower performance on measures of social cognition (e.g. emotion recognition tasks) in both psychiatric and non-clinical populations. The neural mechanisms underpinning this association have remained unclear. Here, we investigated whether volumetric changes in three stress-sensitive regions—the amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—mediate the association between childhood trauma and emotion recognition in a healthy participant sample (N = 112) and a clinical sample of patients with schizophrenia (N = 46). Direct effects of childhood trauma, specifically physical neglect, on Emotion Recognition Task were observed in the whole sample. In healthy participants, reduced total and left ACC volumes were observed to fully mediate the association between both physical neglect and total childhood trauma score, and emotion recognition. No mediating effects of the hippocampus and amygdala volumes were observed for either group. These results suggest that reduced ACC volume may represent part of the mechanism by which early life adversity results in poorer social cognitive function. Confirmation of the causal basis of this association would highlight the importance of resilience-building interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of childhood trauma on brain structure and function.