bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Functional Brain Network of Motor Reserve in Early Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Chung Seok Jong , Kim Hang‐Rai , Jung Jin Ho , Lee Phil Hyu , Jeong Yong , Sohn Young H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) does not always correlate with the degree of nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss. Individuals with greater motor reserve may have milder motor signs than their striatal dopamine loss. In this study, we explored the functional brain network associated with motor reserve in early‐stage PD.MethodsWe analyzed 134 patients with de novo PD who underwent dopamine transporter scans and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We estimated individual motor reserve based on initial motor deficits and striatal dopamine depletion using a residual model. We applied network‐based statistic analysis to identify the functional brain network associated with the measure of motor reserve (ie, motor reserve network). We also assessed the effect of motor reserve network connectivity strength on the longitudinal increase in levodopa‐equivalent dose during the 2‐year follow‐up period.ResultsNetwork‐based statistic analysis identified the motor reserve network composed of the basal ganglia, inferior frontal cortex, insula, and cerebellar vermis at a primary threshold of P value 0.001. Patients with an increased degree of functional connectivity within the motor reserve network had greater motor reserve. There was a significant interaction between the motor reserve network strength and time in the linear mixed model, indicating that higher motor reserve network strength was associated with slower longitudinal increase in levodopa‐equivalent dose.ConclusionsThe present study revealed the functional brain network associated with motor reserve in patients with early‐stage PD. Functional connections within the motor reserve network are associated with the individual's capacity to cope with PD‐related pathologies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
18q12.3‐q21.1 microdeletion detected in the prenatally alcohol‐exposed dizygotic twin with discordant fetal alcohol syndrome phenotype
Authors: Kahila Hanna , Marjonen Heidi , Auvinen Pauliina , Avela Kristiina , Riikonen Raili , Kaminen‐Ahola Nina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundA pair of dizygotic twins discordantly affected by heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was reported previously by Riikonen, suggesting the role of genetic risk or protective factors in the etiology of alcohol‐induced developmental disorders. Now, we have re‐examined these 25‐year‐old twins and explored genetic origin of the phenotypic discordancy reminiscent with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Furthermore, we explored alterations in DNA methylation profile of imprinting control region at growth‐related insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2)/H19 locus in twins' white blood cells (WBC), which have been associated earlier with alcohol‐induced genotype‐specific changes in placental tissue.MethodsMicroarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used to detect potential submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities, and developmental as well as phenotypic information about twins were collected. Traditional bisulfite sequencing was used for DNA methylation analysis.ResultsMicroarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization revealed a microdeletion 18q12.3‐q21.1. in affected twin, residing in a known 18q deletion syndrome region. This syndrome has been associated with growth restriction, developmental delay or intellectual deficiency, and abnormal facial features in previous studies, and thus likely explains the phenotypic discordancy between the twins. We did not observe association between WBCs’ DNA methylation profile and PAE, but interestingly, a trend of decreased DNA methylation at the imprinting control region was seen in the twin with prenatal growth retardation at birth.ConclusionsThe microdeletion emphasizes the importance of adequate chromosomal testing in examining the etiology of complex alcohol‐induced developmental disorders. Furthermore, the genotype‐specific decreased DNA methylation at the IGF2/H19 locus cannot be considered as a biological mark for PAE in adult WBCs.
On approximating the nearest Ω‐stable matrix
Authors: Choudhary Neelam , Gillis Nicolas , Sharma Punit 
Published: February 2020

SummaryIn this paper, we consider the problem of approximating a given matrix with a matrix whose eigenvalues lie in some specific region Ω of the complex plane. More precisely, we consider three types of regions and their intersections: conic sectors, vertical strips, and disks. We refer to this problem as the nearest Ω‐stable matrix problem. This includes as special cases the stable matrices for continuous and discrete time linear time‐invariant systems. In order to achieve this goal, we parameterize this problem using dissipative Hamiltonian matrices and linear matrix inequalities. This leads to a reformulation of the problem with a convex feasible set. By applying a block coordinate descent method on this reformulation, we are able to compute solutions to the approximation problem, which is illustrated on some examples.
On algorithms for and computing with the tensor ring decomposition
Authors: Mickelin Oscar , Karaman Sertac 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTensor decompositions such as the canonical format and the tensor train format have been widely utilized to reduce storage costs and operational complexities for high‐dimensional data, achieving linear scaling with the input dimension instead of exponential scaling. In this paper, we investigate even lower storage‐cost representations in the tensor ring format, which is an extension of the tensor train format with variable end‐ranks. Firstly, we introduce two algorithms for converting a tensor in full format to tensor ring format with low storage cost. Secondly, we detail a rounding operation for tensor rings and show how this requires new definitions of common linear algebra operations in the format to obtain storage‐cost savings. Lastly, we introduce algorithms for transforming the graph structure of graph‐based tensor formats, with orders of magnitude lower complexity than existing literature. The efficiency of all algorithms is demonstrated on a number of numerical examples, and in certain cases, we demonstrate significantly higher compression ratios when compared to previous approaches to using the tensor ring format.
Maternity health care professionals' views and experiences of fetal genomic uncertainty: A review
Authors: Hui Lisa , Szepe Emma , Halliday Jane , Lewis Celine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe field of prenatal screening and diagnosis for fetal anomalies has been marked by a rapid succession of technological advances, including most notably, chromosomal microarray analysis, and next generation sequencing. Despite the diagnostic advantages of these technologies, their incorporation into prenatal testing has created additional challenges of revealing genomic variants of unknown or uncertain significance, and secondary findings. While detailed posttest counseling about uncertain variants is best performed by medical geneticists, many of the screening and diagnostic tests that lead to this information are actually ordered by general maternity health care professionals (HCPs), such as obstetricians, midwives, and family physicians. Maternity HCPs support pregnant women through to the conclusion of their pregnancy and the postpartum period, and thus are close observers of the psychosocial impart of fetal genomic uncertainty on women and their families. While there have been many studies exploring the handling of genomic uncertainty by genetics HCPs, there has been relatively less attention paid to maternity HCPs without speciality training in genetics. This review explores the current literature surrounding nongenetic maternity HCPs' views and experiences of genomic uncertainty and returning uncertain results in the prenatal setting.
Reactivity of 5‐aminouracil derivatives towards peroxyl radicals
Authors: Grabovskii Stanislav A. , Andriyashina Nadezhda M. , Grabovskaya Yulia S. , Antipin Arkadii V. , Kabal'nova Natalia N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe reactivity of 5‐aminouracil derivatives in the model reaction of autoxidation of styrene initiated by 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionitrile) was studied. Alkyl substituents at the 6‐position of the uracil ring have a significant effect on the kinetic parameters of inhibition. The N‐H bond dissociation energy calculated at the M06‐2X/MG3S and G4 levels of the theory does not agree with the experimental values of the rate constants. The transition state was calculated at the M05/MG3S level of theory for 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐aminouracil, 1,3,6‐trimethyl‐5‐aminouracil, 1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐ethyl‐5‐aminouracil, 1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐isopropyl‐5‐aminouracil and 3‐butyl‐6‐methyl‐5‐aminouracil. The enthalpy of the transition state is in agreement with the experimental data and it can be used to evaluate the reactivity of the 5‐aminouracil derivatives with peroxyl radicals.
A note on MOST and HOST for turbulence parametrization
Authors: Grisogono Branko , Sun Jielun , Belušić Danijel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn extended expression of the (u*, U) relationship (u* is the square root of turbulent momentum fluxes and U is the mean wind speed) based on Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST) is compared qualitatively with an observed (u*, U) relationship for its variation between near neutral and stably stratified regimes. MOST, in its standard or classic form, cannot capture the observed characteristics of the increasing u* with U from its gradual change in the statically (strongly) stable regime to the sharp change toward the near neutral regime, the so‐called HOckey‐Stick Transition (HOST). A heuristic formulation based on a drag coefficient is proposed for describing the observed relationship; it is found to be able to capture the tendency of the regime change even though the formulated transition is not as dramatic as the observations imply. For this purpose, almost like in some previous studies, a background flux is assumed. It accounts for cumulative non‐traditional effects on turbulence; thus, it renders an extended MOST and HOST, arguably speaking, compatible.
Durvalumab induced sarcoid‐like pulmonary lymphadenopathy
Authors: Sanderson Emma , Wimaleswaran Hari , Senko Clare , White Shane , McDonald Christine F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become pivotal in the treatment of lung cancer. An increasing number of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) have been recognized with their use. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of sarcoid‐like pulmonary lymphadenopathy associated with durvalumab, a monoclonal antibody against programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1). A 76‐year‐old woman received adjuvant durvalumab for Stage IIA pT2aN1M0 (American Joint Committee on Cancer, Seventh edition) poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. After three cycles, a sarcoid‐like granulomatous reaction was identified in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Although the lymphadenopathy remained stable in size with the ongoing treatment, progressive intracranial metastases were identified after a further three cycles of durvalumab. Sarcoid‐like inflammation with the formation of non‐caseating granulomas in the absence of systemic sarcoidosis is an irAE which may mimic disease progression. Although a subset of patients who experience this reaction may have a favourable response to checkpoint inhibition, progression of disease may occur contemporaneously.
Hybrid modelling of low velocity zones in an asymmetrical channel with sidewall longitudinal rib to assist fish passage
Authors: Sanchez Pedro X. , Leng Xinqian , Von Brandis‐Martini Johann , Chanson Hubert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChannels with longitudinal beams have been studied for decades in chemical engineering, environmental and sanitary engineering, aeronautics, astronautics, biology and geology. In the current study, a combination of physical and numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was undertaken to test whether an asymmetrical channel equipped with a sidewall longitudinal rib could provide flow conditions conducive to upstream fish passage. The study focused on small‐bodied fish and juveniles of larger fish, typically less than 100 mm in total length. A detailed hydrodynamic study was conducted in an asymmetrical rectangular channel equipped with a sidewall square rib in a culvert barrel channel. Both free‐surface velocity and boundary shear stress measurements showed strong secondary currents of Prandtl's second kind. The channel asymmetry contributed to intense secondary motion, associated with turbulent dissipation. The channel design provided a small well‐defined highly turbulent low‐velocity zone beneath the rib. In the context of hydraulic structure designs, uttermost care must be considered because of manufacturing, installation and operational practices. In many instances, alternative engineering designs with small baffles and asymmetrical appurtenance should be preferred to assist with fish passage in hydraulic structures.
Deep learning for coastal resource conservation: automating detection of shellfish reefs
Authors: Ridge Justin T. , Gray Patrick C. , Windle Anna E. , Johnston David W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is increasingly important to understand the extent and health of coastal natural resources in the face of anthropogenic and climate‐driven changes. Coastal ecosystems are difficult to efficiently monitor due to the inability of existing remotely sensed data to capture complex spatial habitat patterns. To help managers and researchers avoid inefficient traditional mapping efforts, we developed a deep learning tool (OysterNet) that uses unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) imagery to automatically detect and delineate oyster reefs, an ecosystem that has proven problematic to monitor remotely. OysterNet is a convolutional neural network (CNN) that assesses intertidal oyster reef extent, yielding a difference in total area between manual and automated delineations of just 8%, attributable in part to OysterNet's ability to detect oysters overlooked during manual demarcation. Further training of OysterNet could enable assessments of oyster reef heights and densities, and incorporation of more coastal habitat types. Future iterations will be applied to high‐resolution satellite data for effective management at larger scales.
An integrated economy‐demography model reframed in a system dynamics setting
Authors: Dural‐Selcuk Gozdem , Tunc Huseyin , Tarim S. Armagan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn recent history, there has been an increasing concern about population aging and the associated increased economic burden in terms of high health‐care expenses and pension payments. The need for decision support tools that can explore population dynamics has become a prominent issue. This study presents a comprehensive framework where one can scrutinize the key demographic drives of fertility (Total Fertility Rate/Age‐Specific Fertility Rate) over macroeconomic indicators (technology, education, human capital) under exogenous mortality. The integrated model in this article is developed based on a reformulation of the unified growth theory. In the reformulated model, namely the “economy‐demography model,” the population age/sex structure is preserved, age‐specific mortality is included, and fertility is measured in conventional demographic terms. The model is then presented in system dynamics framework, and its practical use is showcased with data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute.Copyright © 2020 System Dynamics Society
Preparation and Characterization of Modified Starches Obtained in Acetic Anhydride/Tartaric Acid Medium
Authors: Tupa Maribel Victoria , Altuna Luz , Herrera María Lidia , Foresti María Laura 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the current contribution chemically modified starches are prepared by reaction of corn starch in hot acetic anhydride, containing tartaric acid. Characterization of the starch products shows evidence that the incorporation of acetyl groups increases with reaction time. Moreover, the modified starches show properties typical of cross‐linked starches, such as reduced solubility in common starch solvents, increased resistance to amylolytic enzymes action, and significantly altered gelatinization behavior. Characterization results also give clear evidence of the evolution of derivatization within the granules volume, illustrating how cross‐linking and acetyl group incorporation proceeds. The modified starches obtained may be of interest for different food and non‐food uses in which singular characteristics resulting from the acetyl groups introduction and starch cross‐linking by a non‐toxic, naturally occurring organic acid such as tartaric acid may be of use to effectively meet products properties demands.
Lens space index and global properties for 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 models
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Marcassoli Andrea 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The additional data necessary to univocally fix the gauge group for a given algebra are represented by the same charge lattices of mutually local Wilson and ’t Hooft lines for both 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 elliptic models. Motivated by this equivalence in this paper we study the Lens space index of these $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 elliptic models. The index is indeed sensitive to the global properties and in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 case it is expected to coincide among S-dual models with different global properties, while it gives different results for models that lie in other S-duality orbits. Here by an explicit calculation we show that the same results hold for the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 elliptic models as well.
Tensor hierarchy algebras and extended geometry. Part II. Gauge structure and dynamics
Authors: Cederwall Martin , Palmkvist Jakob 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The recent investigation of the gauge structure of extended geometry is generalised to situations when ancillary transformations appear in the commutator of two generalised diffeomorphisms. The relevant underlying algebraic structure turns out to be a tensor hierarchy algebra rather than a Borcherds superalgebra. This tensor hierarchy algebra is a non-contragredient superalgebra, generically infinite-dimensional, which is a double extension of the structure algebra of the extended geometry. We use it to perform a (partial) analysis of the gauge structure in terms of an L∞ algebra for extended geometries based on finite-dimensional structure groups. An invariant pseudo-action is also given in these cases. We comment on the continuation to infinite-dimensional structure groups. An accompanying paper [1] deals with the mathematical construction of the tensor hierarchy algebras.
Gesundheit und Fitness von deutschen Schulkindern
Authors: Memaran N. , Schwalba M. , Borchert-Mörlins B. , von der Born J. , Markefke S. , Bauer E. , von Wick A. , Epping J. , von Maltzahn N. , Heyn-Schmidt I. , Grams L. , Homeyer D. , Kerling A. , Stiesch M. , Tegtbur U. , Haverich A. , Melk A. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Übergewicht und Bewegungsmangel stellen bei Kindern ein Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen dar. Das Ziel der Studie war, den kardiovaskulären Gesundheitsstatus und die Fitness deutscher Grund- und Gesamtschülerinnen und -schüler sowie mögliche Einflussfaktoren zu erfassen.

Methodik
In einer prospektiven Querschnittsstudie wurden 357 Kinder (9,6 ± 1,7 Jahre) auf kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren untersucht. Die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit (PWV) als Maß für die arterielle Gefäßelastizität sowie die Fahrradergometrie zur Einschätzung der Fitness wurden bestimmt.

Ergebnisse
24 % der Kinder waren übergewichtig (Body-Mass-Index, BMI >90. Perzentile) oder adipös (BMI >97. Perzentile). Nahezu alle diese Kinder litten an einer viszeralen Adipositas (99 %). Bei Kindern mit Übergewicht/Adipositas war häufiger eine geringere Gefäßelastizität nachweisbar (PWV „standard deviation score“, SDS 0,8 ± 1,0 vs. 0,2 ± 0,9 bei Kindern ohne Übergewicht, p < 0,001; PWV-Werte >95. Perzentile 24 % vs. 3 %). Das Vorliegen von Übergewicht/Adipositas, Grundschulalter, höherer Blutdruck und niedrigeres „High Density Lipoprotein“(HDL)-Cholesterin waren unabhängige Prädiktoren für geringere Gefäßelastizität. Zudem zeigten Kinder mit Übergewicht/Adipositas einen höheren systolischen Blutdruck, ein nachteiligeres Fettstoffwechselprofil, höhere Harnsäure- und Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase(GPT)-Werte sowie schlechtere körperliche Fitness und einen höheren Medienkonsum. Es bestand eine signifikante Assoziation von BMI und glomerulärer Filtrationsrate.

Diskussion
Das mit erhöhtem BMI und reduzierter Fitness einhergehende kardiovaskuläre Risiko wird durch weitere Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines metabolischen Syndroms verstärkt. Zusätzlich finden sich Hinweise, dass bereits strukturelle Veränderungen an den Gefäßen vorliegen. Unsere Daten legen eine umfassende Beurteilung des individuellen kardiovaskulären Risikos bei Kindern mit Übergewicht nahe und unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Präventionsmaßnahmen früh in den Alltag von Kindern zu implementieren, um die kardiovaskuläre Morbidität im Erwachsenenalter zu verringern.
Cutting of Al/Si bilayer systems: molecular dynamics study of twinning, phase transformation, and cracking
Authors: Vardanyan Vardan Hoviki , Zhang Zhibo , Alhafez Iyad Alabd , Urbassek Herbert M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing the molecular dynamics simulation, we study the cutting of Al/Si bilayer systems. While the plasticity of metals is dominated by dislocation activity, the deformation behavior of Si crystals is governed by phase transformations—here to the amorphous phase. We find that twinning adds as a major deformation mechanism in the cutting of Al crystals. Cutting of Si crystals requires thrust forces that are larger than the cutting forces in order to induce amorphization; in metals, the thrust forces are relatively smaller than the cutting forces. When putting an Al top layer on a Si substrate, the thrust force is reduced; the opposite effect is observed if a Si top layer is put on an Al substrate. Covering an Al substrate with a thin Si top layer has the detrimental effect that the hard Si requires high pressures for cutting; as a consequence, twinning planes with intersecting directions are generated that ultimately lead to cracks in the ductile Al substrate. The crystallinity of the Si chip is strongly changed if an Al substrate is put under the Si top layer: With decreasing thickness of the Si top layer, the Si chip retains a higher degree of crystallinity.