bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A transdisciplinary approach to a conservation crisis: A case study of the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata) in Ireland
Authors: Young Juliette C. , McCluskey Amy , Kelly Seán B. A. , O'Donoghue Barry , Donaghy Anita M. , Colhoun Kendrew , McMahon Barry J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this article, we build on a growing literature of examples of transdisciplinary approaches to illustrate the catalysts and outcomes of a stakeholder‐driven process to conservation practice. We illustrate this using the case of one of Europe's most rapidly declining bird species, the Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata). As part of the response to its continuing decline, a stakeholder‐driven workshop was held in Ireland in November 2016, bringing together over 80 stakeholders from a range of governmental, non‐governmental, and private organizations responsible for or interested in curlew conservation and management. This innovative workshop sought to formulate ideas and support the implementation of actions from stakeholders themselves on how to halt further losses of curlews, within the current legislative framework. Four years on, many of the short‐ and medium‐term actions identified during the workshop have been implemented jointly by stakeholders. However, curlew recovery will require continued communication and meaningful engagement with all relevant stakeholders together with increased government support underpinned by increased public awareness and ownership of the curlew's plight. Ultimately, many stakeholders will measure the success of curlew conservation in Ireland by the long‐term viability of the breeding population.
Adults transplanted as children as retransplant candidates: Analysis of outcomes support optimism in a population mislabeled as high risk
Authors: Reyes Jorge D. , Dick Andre A. , Hendele James B. , Perkins James D. , Hsu Evelyn K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAdult liver transplant programs have heretofore been hesitant to perform liver retransplantation in adult patients who underwent primary liver transplantation as a child (P_A). Areas of concern include: (a) potential disruption in care when transferring from a pediatric to an adult transplant center; (b) generally inferior outcomes of retransplantation; (c) reputation of young adults for non‐adherence to post‐transplant regimen; and (d) potential higher work effort for equivalent outcomes. To examine these concerns, we reviewed data on all US liver adult retransplants from 10/01/1987 to 9/30/2017. We propensity matched the P_A patients to patients who received both primary and retransplantation as adults (A_A), with ≥550 days between transplants. A mixed Cox proportional hazards model with program size and time period of transplantation as random variables revealed that retransplantation of P_A patients produced no significantly different graft survival or patient survival rates than retransplantation of the matched A_A patients. Therefore, inferior rates of liver retransplantation in these patients and concerns about continuity of care in changing transplant programs are not as believed in the wider liver transplant community. In conclusion, liver transplant centers should be optimistic about retransplanting adults who received their primary transplants as children.
Opioid‐related overdose deaths among African Americans: Implications for research, practice and policy
Authors: Stevens‐Watkins Danelle 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOpioid‐related overdose deaths among African Americans have only recently received national attention despite evidence of increase in death rates among this population spanning the past decade. Numerous authors have highlighted how the ‘opioid epidemic’ has largely been portrayed as a problem mostly affecting White America. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a synthesis spotlighting the unique structural and cultural considerations involved in research, practice and policy related to opioid use and treatment for opioid use disorders among African Americans. The commentary concludes with considerations for future research and practice intended to reduce deaths among this group.
Habitat structural complexity explains patterns of feral cat and dingo occurrence in monsoonal Australia
Authors: Stobo‐Wilson Alyson M. , Stokeld Danielle , Einoder Luke D. , Davies Hugh F. , Fisher Alaric , Hill Brydie M. , Mahney Terry , Murphy Brett P. , Stevens Alys , Woinarski John C. Z. , Rangers Bawinanga , Warddeken Rangers  , Gillespie Graeme R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimAn interaction between reduced habitat structural complexity and predation by feral cats (Felis catus) has been hypothesized as the primary driver of mammal decline in northern Australia. However, we have a limited understanding of the drivers of the distribution and abundance of feral cats at a landscape scale, including whether the occurrence of a top predator, the dingo (Canis familiaris [dingo]), limits feral cat populations. We modelled feral cat and dingo site occurrence, to provide the first broad‐scale assessment of their distributional patterns and co‐occurrence within monsoonal Australia.LocationAbout 370,000 km2 of monsoonal area in the Northern Territory.MethodsWe surveyed 376 sites using camera traps. We used single‐ and two‐species occupancy models to investigate feral cat and dingo site occurrence and the influence of dingoes on feral cat occupancy. We included predictor variables that relate to hypotheses of predator occurrence, including both environmental and disturbance‐related variables.ResultsFeral cat occurrence and dingo occurrence were best predicted by indices of habitat structural complexity; feral cat occurrence declined with increasing productivity, except in areas of relatively high fire activity (fire frequency and extent), and dingo occurrence declined with terrain ruggedness. We found no evidence that dingoes are spatially limiting feral cat occurrence.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest the protection and enhancement of habitat structural complexity at both the local and landscape scale could enable conservation managers to reduce the exposure of small‐ and medium‐sized mammals to feral cats and dingoes. This can most likely be achieved through improved fire and feral herbivore management, which is a more feasible management option than lethal predator control.
Detecting early gastric cancer: Comparison between the diagnostic ability of convolutional neural networks and endoscopists
Authors: Ikenoyama Yohei , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Ishioka Mitsuaki , Namikawa Ken , Yoshimizu Shoichi , Horiuchi Yusuke , Ishiyama Akiyoshi , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Tsuchida Tomohiro , Takeuchi Yoshinori , Shichijo Satoki , Katayama Naoyuki , Fujisaki Junko , Tada Tomohiro 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesDetecting early gastric cancer is difficult, and it may even be overlooked by experienced endoscopists. Recently, artificial intelligence based on deep learning through convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has enabled significant advancements in the field of gastroenterology. However, it remains unclear whether a CNN can outperform endoscopists. In this study, we evaluated whether the performance of a CNN in detecting early gastric cancer is better than that of endoscopists.MethodsThe CNN was constructed using 13,584 endoscopic images from 2639 lesions of gastric cancer. Subsequently, its diagnostic ability was compared to that of 67 endoscopists using an independent test dataset (2940 images from 140 cases).ResultsThe average diagnostic time for analyzing 2940 test endoscopic images by the CNN and endoscopists were 45.5 ± 1.8 s and 173.0 ± 66.0 min, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the CNN were 58.4%, 87.3%, 26.0%, and 96.5%, respectively. These values for the 67 endoscopists were 31.9%, 97.2%, 46.2%, and 94.9%, respectively. The CNN had a significantly higher sensitivity than the endoscopists (by 26.5%; 95% confidence interval, 14.9–32.5%).ConclusionThe CNN detected more early gastric cancer cases in a shorter time than the endoscopists. The CNN needs further training to achieve higher diagnostic accuracy. However, a diagnostic support tool for gastric cancer using a CNN will be realized in the near future.
Functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant cold tolerance
Authors: Acuña‐Rodríguez Ian S. , Newsham Kevin K. , Gundel Pedro E. , Torres‐Díaz Cristian , Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this review, we examine the functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant tolerance to cold and freezing stresses. The impacts of symbionts on antioxidant activity, hormonal signaling and host osmotic balance are described, including the effects of the bacterial endosymbiontsBurkholderia,PseudomonasandAzospirillumon photosynthesis and the accumulation of carbohydrates such as trehalose and raffinose that improve cell osmotic regulation and plasma membrane integrity. The influence of root fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant physiology at low temperatures, for example their effects on nutrient acquisition and the accumulation of indole‐3‐acetic acid and antioxidants in tissues, are also reviewed. Meta‐analyses are presented showing that aspects of plant performance (shoot biomass, relative water content, sugar and proline concentrations andFv/Fm) are enhanced in symbiotic plants at low (−1 to 15 °C), but not at high (20–26 °C), temperatures. We discuss the implications of microbial symbionts for plant performance at low and sub‐zero temperatures in the natural environment and propose future directions for research into the effects of symbionts on the cold and freezing tolerances of plants, concluding that further studies should routinely incorporate symbiotic microbes in their experimental designs.
Diagnostic potential of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 for Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Xu Y. , Shen Y.‐Y. , Zhang X.‐P. , Gui L. , Cai M. , Peng G.‐P. , Pan X.‐D. , Zhang J. , Gan D. , Li B. , Cheng H.‐P. , Deng J. , Li W.‐W. , Zeng G.‐H. , Shi A.‐Y. , Zhou Z.‐H. , Luo B.‐Y. , Chen X.‐C. , Wang Y.‐J. 
Published: April 2020

Background and purposeThe chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate whether urinary MCP‐1 can distinguish patients with AD, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and cognitively normal (CN) subjects.MethodsA total of 754 participants, including 97 patients with AD, 50 patients with aMCI and 84 age‐ and sex‐matched CN controls as well as a cohort of 523 CN subjects of different ages, were enrolled from five hospitals located in different areas of China. Urinary MCP‐1 levels were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The correlations between urinary MCP‐1 levels and cognition test scores or age were analysed. The optimal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsIn the cohort of CN subjects of different ages, urinary MCP‐1 levels increased with ageing and were correlated with age. The urinary MCP‐1 levels were higher in females than in males. In the cohort composed of patients with AD, aMCI and age‐ and sex‐matched CN controls, urinary MCP‐1 levels were significantly higher in patients with AD and aMCI than in CN controls. There were no differences in urine MCP‐1 levels between the AD group and the aMCI group. The urinary MCP‐1 levels were correlated with the Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and age, and were able to differentiate patients with AD and aMCI from CN subjects.ConclusionsUrinary MCP‐1 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of AD and aMCI.
Financial controls to control corruption in an African country: Insider experts within an enabling environment
Authors: Lassou Philippe J. C. , Hopper Trevor , Soobaroyen Teerooven 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study analyses an implementation of a government accounting reform in Benin directed at redressing fraudulent and corrupt practices. Although reforms to improve public administration and to mitigate corruption in Africa often have disappointing outcomes, our case study involving systems for payment of supplier invoices, payroll matters, and debt certificates had encouraging findings. The systems reduced inefficiencies and corrupt practices. An “enabling environment” (its main elements being emancipatory space, empowered participation, and ethical leadership) encouraged the deeper involvement of committed, expert, and ethical local civil servants in establishing effective financial controls. In the context of anticorruption reforms, this illustrates that public sector organizations in Africa should not invariably be regarded as monolithic bureaucratic top‐down entities, staffed by civil servants who are either passive “bystanders,” purely self‐interested “players,” or insufficiently expert, and hence in need for more training, and of imported, expensive, accounting systems implemented by foreign consultants. In contrast, the paper argues that, within a suitable environment, granting indigenous experts enough latitude to enact incremental yet substantive accounting changes at the local level may be more effective.
Hybridizing the Triple Helix: A prerequisite for managing wicked issues
Authors: Thomasson Anna , Kristoferson Caroline Wigren 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStriving to meet the challenges facing our society today, there is a growth in the number of cross‐sector collaboration. Expectations on these organizations are high in terms of their ability to deliver innovative solutions to wicked issues, but the task is challenging. This study contributes to our understanding of Triple Helix constellations and their ability to take on challenges related to complex and wicked issues. Even if research on hybrid organization is quite extensive, our understanding of how organizations hybridize is still scarce. With a holistic perspective on hybridity, as a point of departure, the purpose in this study is to analyze hybridization in order to investigate to what extent an organization recognize hybridity and adapt strategy and processes in order to exploit hybridity and use it as a source of creativity and innovation. We answer the purpose by combining research on hybrid organization with research on strategy and boundary spanning activities and by analyzing an organization's hybridizing process, using a case study approach. The study contributes to existing research on organizational hybridity theoretically as well as empirically.
The retardation effect of static torsion on fatigue crack growth in strip steel
Authors: Lu Yun‐chao , Chen Te , Yang Feng‐peng , Lan Tian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study is aimed at analysing the effect of static torsion on Mode I fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experiments have been conducted under constant torque or constant twist angle with different load ratios on SAPH440 and DP780 strip steels. The experimental results showed that the application of the static torsion or twist angle extended the fatigue life of the specimens in all cases. The fatigue life showed a positive relationship with the applied torque or twist angle until some critical value. No additional improvement in fatigue life was found after the critical value. The mechanism of the retardation due to static torsion was discussed and supported by the microscope fractography analysis. An effective stress intensity factor expression was proposed based on the fractography analysis to estimate the fatigue crack growth under constant torque in the low torque condition. The parameters introduced in the expression were found to have relationships with the dimensionless quantity related to torque, tensile load, and specimen geometry. The proposed expression achieved reliable estimates of the SAPH440 and DP780 constant torque experimental results.
Institutional trading, investor sentiment, and lottery‐like stock preferences
Authors: Alldredge Dallin M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the time‐varying institutional investor preference for lottery‐like stocks. On average, institutional investor holdings reflect an aversion to lottery‐like stocks. However, I find that an institutions’ aversion to lottery‐like stocks is reduced when investor sentiment is low. Moreover, I find that during low sentiment periods, institutional investors have abnormally high trading profits in more positively skewed stocks. These results suggest that institutions reduce their aversion toward lottery‐like stocks during low sentiment periods to profitably trade in lottery‐like stocks.
Plastic pollution in croplands threatens long‐term food security
Authors: Zhang Dan , Ng Ee Ling , Hu Wanli , Wang Hongyuan , Galaviz Pablo , Yang Hude , Sun Wentao , Li Chongxiao , Ma Xingwang , Fu Bin , Zhao Peiyi , Zhang Fulin , Jin Shuqin , Zhou Mingdong , Du Lianfeng , Peng Chang , Zhang Xuejun , Xu Zhiyu , Xi Bin , Liu Xiaoxia , Sun Shiyou , Cheng Zhenhua , Jiang Lihua , Wang Yufeng , Gong Liang , Kou Changlin , Li Yan , Ma Youhua , Huang Dongfeng , Zhu Jian , Yao Jianwu , Lin Chaowen , Qin Song , Zhou Liuqiang , He Binghui , Chen Deli , Li Huanchun , Zhai Limei , Lei Qiuliang , Wu Shuxia , Zhang Yitao , Pan Junting , Gu Baojing , Liu Hongbin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPlastic pollution is a global concern given its prevalence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Studies have been conducted on the distribution and impact of plastic pollution in marine ecosystems, but little is known on terrestrial ecosystems. Plastic mulch has been widely used to increase crop yields worldwide, yet the impact of plastic residues in cropland soils to soil health and crop production in the long term remained unclear. In this paper, using a global meta‐analysis, we found that the use of plastic mulch can indeed increase crop yields on average by 25%–42% in the immediate season due to the increase of soil temperature (+8%) and moisture (+17%). However, the unabated accumulation of film residues in the field negatively impacts its physicochemical properties linked to healthy soil and threatens food production in the long term. It has multiple negative impacts on plant growth including crop yield (at the mean rate of −3% for every additional 100 kg/ha of film residue), plant height (−2%) and root weight (−5%), and soil properties including soil water evaporation capacity (−2%), soil water infiltration rate (−8%), soil organic matter (−0.8%) and soil available phosphorus (−5%) based on meta‐regression. Using a nationwide field survey of China, the largest user of plastic mulch worldwide, we found that plastic residue accumulation in cropland soils has reached 550,800 tonnes, with an estimated 6%–10% reduction in cotton yield in some polluted sites based on current level of plastic residue content. Immediate actions should be taken to ensure the recovery of plastic film mulch and limit further increase in film residue loading to maintain the sustainability of these croplands.
Temporal lags in observed and dark diversity in the Anthropocene
Authors: Trindade Diego P. F. , Carmona Carlos P. , Pärtel Meelis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding biodiversity changes in the Anthropocene (e.g. due to climate and land‐use change) is an urgent ecological issue. This important task is challenging because global change effects and species responses are dependent on the spatial scales considered. Furthermore, responses are often not immediate. However, both scale and time delay issues can be tackled when, at each study site, we consider dynamics in both observed and dark diversity. Dark diversity includes those species in the region that can potentially establish and thrive in the local sites’ conditions but are currently locally absent. Effectively, dark diversity connects biodiversity at the study site to the regional scales and defines the site‐specific species pool (observed and dark diversity together). With dark diversity, it is possible to decompose species gains and losses into two space‐related components: one associated with local dynamics (species moving from observed to dark diversity and vice versa) and another related to gains and losses of site‐specific species pool (species moving to and from the pool after regional immigration, regional extinction or change in local ecological conditions). Extinction debt and immigration credit are useful to understand dynamics in observed diversity, but delays might happen in species pool changes as well. In this opinion piece we suggest that considering both observed and dark diversity and their temporal dynamics provides a deeper understanding of biodiversity changes. Considering both observed and dark diversity creates opportunities to improve conservation by allowing to identify species that are likely to go regionally extinct as well as foreseeing which of the species that newly arrive to the region are more likely to colonize local sites. Finally, by considering temporal lags and species gains and losses in observed and dark diversity, we combine phenomena at both spatial and temporal scales, providing a novel tool to examine biodiversity change in the Anthropocene.
Is subarctic forest advance able to keep pace with climate change?
Authors: Rees W. Gareth , Hofgaard Annika , Boudreau Stéphane , Cairns David M. , Harper Karen , Mamet Steven , Mathisen Ingrid , Swirad Zuzanna , Tutubalina Olga 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecent climate warming and scenarios for further warming have led to expectations of rapid movement of ecological boundaries. Here we focus on the circumarctic forest–tundra ecotone (FTE), which represents an important bioclimatic zone with feedbacks from forest advance and corresponding tundra disappearance (up to 50% loss predicted this century) driving widespread ecological and climatic changes. We address FTE advance and climate history relations over the 20th century, using FTE response data from 151 sites across the circumarctic area and site‐specific climate data. Specifically, we investigate spatial uniformity of FTE advance, statistical associations with 20th century climate trends, and whether advance rates match climate change velocities (CCVs). Study sites diverged into four regions (Eastern Canada; Central and Western Canada and Alaska; Siberia; and Western Eurasia) based on their climate history, although all were characterized by similar qualitative patterns of behaviour (with about half of the sites showing advancing behaviour). The main associations between climate trend variables and behaviour indicate the importance of precipitation rather than temperature for both qualitative and quantitative behaviours, and the importance of non‐growing season as well as growing season months. Poleward latitudinal advance rates differed significantly among regions, being smallest in Eastern Canada (~10 m/year) and largest in Western Eurasia (~100 m/year). These rates were 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than expected if vegetation distribution remained in equilibrium with climate. The many biotic and abiotic factors influencing FTE behaviour make poleward advance rates matching predicted 21st century CCVs (~103–104 m/year) unlikely. The lack of empirical evidence for swift forest relocation and the discrepancy between CCV and FTE response contradict equilibrium model‐based assumptions and warrant caution when assessing global‐change‐related biotic and abiotic implications, including land–atmosphere feedbacks and carbon sequestration.