bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Zimmermann Petra , Curtis Nigel 
Published: December 2020

In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for the age-related difference in severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Factors proposed to explain the difference in severity of COVID-19 in children and adults include those that put adults at higher risk and those that protect children. The former include: (1) age-related increase in endothelial damage and changes in clotting function; (2) higher density, increased affinity and different distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing coronavirus antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) and T cells; (4) immunosenescence and inflammaging, including the effects of chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a higher prevalence of comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and (6) lower levels of vitamin D. Factors that might protect children include: (1) differences in innate and adaptive immunity; (2) more frequent recurrent and concurrent infections; (3) pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses; (4) differences in microbiota; (5) higher levels of melatonin; (6) protective off-target effects of live vaccines and (7) lower intensity of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
Exploring the potential for introducing home monitoring of blood pressure during pregnancy into maternity care: current views and experiences of staff—a qualitative study
Authors: Hinton Lisa , Hodgkinson James , Tucker Katherine L , Rozmovits Linda , Chappell Lucy , Greenfield Sheila , McCourt Christine , Sandall Jane , McManus Richard J 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveOne in 20 women are affected by pre-eclampsia, a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity, death and premature birth worldwide. Diagnosis is made from monitoring blood pressure (BP) and urine and symptoms at antenatal visits after 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are no randomised data from contemporary trials to guide the efficacy of self-monitoring of BP (SMBP) in pregnancy. We explored the perspectives of maternity staff to understand the context and health system challenges to introducing and implementing SMBP in maternity care, ahead of undertaking a trial.DesignExploratory study using a qualitative approach.SettingEight hospitals, English National Health Service.ParticipantsObstetricians, community and hospital midwives, pharmacists, trainee doctors (n=147).MethodsSemi-structured interviews with site research team members and clinicians, interviews and focus group discussions. Rapid content and thematic analysis undertaken.ResultsThe main themes to emerge around SMBP include (1) different BP changes in pregnancy, (2) reliability and accuracy of BP monitoring, (3) anticipated impact of SMBP on women, (4) anticipated impact of SMBP on the antenatal care system, (5) caution, uncertainty and evidence, (6) concerns over action/inaction and patient safety.ConclusionsThe potential impact of SMBP on maternity services is profound although nuanced. While introducing SMBP does not reduce the responsibility clinicians have for women’s health, it may enhance the responsibilities and agency of pregnant women, and introduces a new set of relationships into maternity care. This is a new space for reconfiguration of roles, mutual expectations and the relationships between and responsibilities of healthcare providers and women.Trial registration numberNCT03334149.
Impacts of heart disease, depression and their combination on all-cause mortality in older people: a rural community-based cohort study in China
Authors: Zhou Weiju , Hopkins Alex , Zaman M Justin , Tao Xuguang (Grant) , Rodney Amanda , Yao Yuyou , Cao Zhongqiang , Ma Ying , Hu Zhi , Copeland John J , Chen Ruoling 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of heart disease (HD) combined with depression on all-cause mortality in older people living in the community.DesignA population-based cohort study.ParticipantsWe examined the data of 1429 participants aged ≥60 years recruited in rural areas in Anhui province, China. Using a standard method of interview, we documented all types of HD diagnosed by doctors and used the validated Geriatric Mental Status-Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy algorithm to diagnose any depression for each participant at baseline in 2003. The participants were followed up for 8 years to identify vital status.MeasurementsWe sought to examine all-cause mortality rates among participants with HD only, depression only and then their combination compared with those without these diseases using multivariate adjusted Cox regression models.Results385 deaths occurred in the cohort follow-up. Participants with baseline HD (n=91) had a significantly higher mortality (64.9 per 1000 person-years) than those without HD (42.9). In comparison to those without HD and depression, multivariate adjusted HRs for mortality in the groups of participants who had HD only, depression only and both HD and depression were 1.46 (95% CI 0.98 to 2.17), 1.79 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.48) and 2.59 (95% CI 1.12 to 5.98), respectively.ConclusionOlder people with both HD and depression in China had significantly increased all-cause mortality compared with those with HD or depression only, and without either condition. Psychological interventions should be taken into consideration for older people and those with HD living in the community to improve surviving outcome.
Association between occupational health and safety knowledge and behaviours among migrant workers: results from a cross-sectional study in China
Authors: Hu Ruwei , Hu Nan , Liu Ruqing , Shi Leiyu , Shi Jingrong , Ling Li 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between occupational health and safety (OH&S)-related behaviours of migrating workers in China and their knowledge regarding OH&S laws and regulations (L&Rs).Materials and methodsWe sampled 1282 migrant workers from 12 labour-intensive manufacturers in Guangdong, China, with a response rate of 98.6%. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by the participants. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between OH&S-related behaviours and knowledge among migrant workers adjusting for their demographic features and the survey sites.ResultsMigrant workers’ behaviour of seeking occupational disease (OD) diagnosis and treatment was found to be statistically significantly correlated with their knowledge of all three OH&S L&Rs. A higher score of knowledge regarding these OH&S L&Rs is associated with a better chance to seek OD diagnosis and treatment. The ORs of the high-score group (subjects correctly answered more than one question) versus the low-score group (subjects correctly answered less than or equal to one question) are 2.02 (95% CI: 1.33 to 3.07) for Law of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, 2.89 (95% CI: 1.65 to 5.09) for Regulations on Safe Management of Dangerous Chemicals and Regulations on Labor Protection for Using Toxic Substances in Workplace and 2.25 (95% CI: 1.34 to 3.77) for Work-Related Injury Insurance Regulations. However, knowledge about these L&Rs is not statistically significantly associated with OH&S-related protective behaviours such as wearing a mask or gloves at work.ConclusionsKnowledge of OH&S L&Rs helps migrant workers in China to seek OD diagnosis and treatment.
Unmet spiritual needs in palliative care: psychometrics of a screening checklist
Authors: Michael Natasha G , Bobevski Irene , Georgousopoulou Ekavi , O'Callaghan Clare C , Clayton Josephine M , Seah Davinia , Kissane David 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundWhile studies in palliative care use measures of spirituality and religious belief, there have been few validation studies of a screening tool that identifies unmet spiritual needs.MethodsA multidisciplinary research team developed and examined the usefulness, reliability and validity of a 17-item Spiritual Concerns Checklist (SCC) as a screening tool for unmet spiritual needs. A cohort of patients recruited from three palliative care services in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia completed anonymous questionnaires. Factor structure and item response theory were used to examine its properties; concurrent validity employed the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp-12).ResultsAmong 261 patients, while only 15% directly sought spiritual care, nearly 62% identified at least one spiritual concern. Existential needs (fear of the dying process 32%; loss of control 31%), regret (20%), need for forgiveness (17%), guilt (13%), loss of hope (13%) and meaning (15%) were prominent concerns. Eleven concerns were present for more than 10% of the participants and 25% of religiously orientated participants expressed >4 concerns. The 17-item SCC was unidimensional, with satisfactory reliability. Concurrent validity was evident in the reduced sense of meaning and peace on the FACIT-Sp-12.ConclusionThis preliminary Rasch analysis of the newly developed SCC has demonstrated its usefulness, reliability and validity. Our findings encourage refinement and ongoing development of the SCC with further investigation of its psychometric properties in varying populations.
High-affinity neoantigens correlate with better prognosis and trigger potent antihepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity by activating CD39+CD8+ T cells
Authors: Liu Ting , Tan Jizhou , Wu Minhao , Fan Wenzhe , Wei Jialiang , Zhu Bowen , Guo Jian , Wang Shutong , Zhou Penghui , Zhang Hui , Shi Liangrong , Li Jiaping 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveIt remains controversial whether tumour mutational burden (TMB) or neoantigens are prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to define the function of TMB or neoantigens in antitumour immunotherapy.DesignNeoantigens of patients (n=56) were analysed by pVAC tools with major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-I) algorithms based on whole exome sequencing and neoantigens with mutant type IC50 <50 nM were defined as high-affinity neoantigens (HANs). Patients were segregated into HAN-high/low groups by median of HAN value, and overall survival (OS) was analysed. Autologous organoid killing model was developed to clarify the antitumour activity of HANs.ResultsThe value of HAN showed a better correlation with OS (p=0.0199) than TMB (p=0.7505) or neoantigens (p=0.2297) in patients with HCC and positively correlated with the frequency of CD39+CD8+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Furthermore, HAN-specific CD8+ T cells were identified in CD39+CD8+ TILs, which showed better antitumour activity in HAN-high versus HAN-low group. In addition, more effective HAN peptides were identified in HAN-high versus HAN-low group. Besides, flow cytometry data showed that in fresh tumour, CD39+PD-1intCD8+ TILs displayed an effector phenotype and stronger antitumour activity in HAN-high versus HAN-low group. More importantly, patients in HAN-high versus HAN-low group showed a better prognosis after anti-PD-1 therapy.ConclusionsOur study first demonstrates that HAN value positively correlates with better OS in patients with HCC. HANs trigger antitumour activity by activating tumour-reactive CD39+CD8+ T cells, and patients in HAN-high group benefited more from anti-PD-1 therapy than HAN-low group. These findings may provide a novel strategy for personalised antitumour therapies for HCC.
Einstein-aether theory in Weyl integrable geometry
Authors: Paliathanasis Andronikos , Leon Genly , Barrow John D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe study the Einstein-aether theory in Weyl integrable geometry. The scalar field which defines the Weyl affine connection is introduced in the gravitational field equation. We end up with an Einstein-aether scalar field model where the interaction between the scalar field and the aether field has a geometric origin. The scalar field plays a significant role in the evolution of the gravitational field equations. We focus our study on the case of homogeneous and isotropic background spacetimes and study their dynamical evolution for various cosmological models.
Holographic subregion complexity in metal/superconductor phase transition with Born–Infeld electrodynamics
Authors: Shi Yu , Pan Qiyuan , Jing Jiliang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe investigate the holographic subregion complexity (HSC) and compare it with the holographic entanglement entropy (HEE) in the metal/superconductor phase transition for the Born–Infeld (BI) electrodynamics with full backreaction. Based on the subregion CV conjecture, we find that the universal terms of HSC remain finite during phase transitions, and the HSC is a good probe to the critical temperature in the holographic superconducting system. Furthermore, we observe that for the operator $$\mathcal {O}_{+}$$

O
+

, the HSC of the superconducting phase decreases first and then increases as the BI parameter increases, which is completely different from that of HEE, and the value of the BI parameter corresponding to the inflection point of HSC is larger than that of HEE. But for the operator $$\mathcal {O}_{-}$$

O
-

, the HSC increases monotonically as the BI parameter increases, which is similar to that of HEE.
Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+ Based on the Promotion of Oxidase-Like Catalytic Activity of Ag Nanowires
Authors: Cao Leigang , Fang Yumeng , Zhang Yue , Yang Jianzheng , He Junhui 
Published: December 2020

A portable Hg[Formula: see text]nanosensor was developed based on the colorimetric reaction by using the unmodified Ag nanowires (Ag NWs). Ag NWs were synthesized by a solvothermal method, with the length longer than 20[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m and the diameter of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm. The colorimetric assay can be affected by pH, temperature and the amount of Ag NWs, with the optimum parameters being 5, [Formula: see text]C and 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]L, respectively. The developed nanosensor presents excellent selectivity for Hg[Formula: see text]. The dynamic detection range is 25[Formula: see text]5000 ppb, and the limit of detection (LOD) for Hg[Formula: see text] is 19.9[Formula: see text]ppb. The developed Hg[Formula: see text] sensor shows great potentials in environmental monitoring and onsite analysis of Hg[Formula: see text].
Re-envisioning the Evil Eye: Magic, Optical Theory, and Modern Supernaturalism in Jewish Thought
Authors: Chajes J. H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay is a case study in the modern emergence of the “supernatural.” I argue that pre-modern understandings of the evil eye were predominantly naturalistic, based on extramissionist, haptic concepts of vision. The need to believe in the evil eye first arises when sight becomes universally understood as the result of light entering rather than emerging from the eyes. In the Jewish context, rabbis then begin to develop alternative explanations for its existence and efficacy. These novel etiologies were, for the first time, supernatural. Furthermore, an under-appreciated consequence of the emergence of the modern category of the supernatural is here revealed: rather than signifying the opprobrium of rejected knowledge, for certain religious communities, its embrace has come to represent spiritual conviction.
The Factors Affecting Overall Performance in Japanese Firms: An Analysis among Environment, Strategy, Structure and Performance
Authors: Jun In Woo 
Published: December 2020

This Study examined factors affecting overall performance in Japanese trading conglomerates by analysing the relationships among business environment, competitive strategy. organizational structure, and performance.
As in the previous literature. this research also found that a form’s performance is not determined by a single factor, bur can be achieved through a combination of all elements such as strategy and organizational structure. However, contrary to our general understanding, one notable finding is that the environmental variables are not deemed as main obstacles for Japanese trading firms that hinder their overall performance. Although in the past, environmental uncertainty and complexity were regarded as a barrier char had to be overcome, they seem to be considered an essential prerequisite for Japanese trading conglomerates to attain their goals at present.
This study also investigated the competitive strategy which Japanese trading firms are pursuing at this moment. Against Porter’s original approach, they can in some cases adopt more than one strategy at a rime from the generic strategies. This implies that Japanese trading firms may not create and sustain competitive advantage with a single specific strategy in today’s highly competitive business environment. For this reason, they mix two or more competitive strategies at once in order to respond against a highly competitive business environment.
Assessing the Quality of Regional Climate Information
Authors: Pacchetti Marina Baldissera , Dessai Suraje , Bradley Seamus , Stainforth David A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere are now a plethora of data, models, and approaches available to produce regional and local climate information intended to inform adaptation to a changing climate. There is, however, no framework to assess the quality of these data, models, and approaches that takes into account the issues that arise when this information is produced. An evaluation of the quality of regional climate information is a fundamental requirement for its appropriate application in societal decision-making. Here, an analytical framework is constructed for the quality assessment of science-based statements and estimates about future climate. This framework targets statements that project local and regional climate at decadal and longer time scales. After identifying the main issues with evaluating and presenting regional climate information, it is argued that it is helpful to consider the quality of statements about future climate in terms of 1) the type of evidence and 2) the relationship between the evidence and the statement. This distinction not only provides a more targeted framework for quality, but also shows how certain evidential standards can change as a function of the statement under consideration. The key dimensions to assess regional climate information quality are diversity, completeness, theory, adequacy for purpose, and transparency. This framework is exemplified using two research papers that provide regional climate information and the implications of the framework are explored.
Enhanced Large-Scale Validation of Satellite-Based Land Rainfall Products
Authors: Chen F. , Crow W. T. , Ciabatta L. , Filippucci P. , Panegrossi G. , Marra A. C. , Puca S. , Massari C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSatellite-based precipitation estimates (SPEs) are generally validated using ground-based rain gauge or radar observations. However, in poorly instrumented regions, uncertainty in these references can lead to biased assessments of SPE accuracy. As a result, at regional or continental scales, an objective basis to evaluate SPEs is currently lacking. Here, we evaluate the potential for large-scale, spatially continuous evaluation of SPEs over land via the application of collocation-based techniques [i.e., triple collocation (TC) and quadruple collocation (QC) analyses]. Our collocation approach leverages the Soil Moisture to Rain (SM2RAIN) rainfall product, derived from the time series analysis of satellite-based soil moisture retrievals, in combination with independent rainfall datasets acquired from ground observations and climate reanalysis to validate four years of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) H23 daily rainfall product. Large-scale maps of the H23 correlation metric are generated using both TC and QC analyses. Results demonstrate that the SM2RAIN product is a uniquely valuable independent product for collocation analyses, because other available large-scale rainfall datasets are often based on overlapping data sources and algorithms. In particular, the availability of SM2RAIN facilitates the large-scale evaluation of SPE products like H23—even in areas that lack adequate ground-based observations to apply traditional validation approaches.
Health Literacy and Media Literacy: Is There Any Relation?
Authors: Parandeh Afshar Peiman , Keshavarz Fateme , Salehi Mehdi , Fakhri Moghadam Rezvan , Khajoui Elahe , Nazari Fateme , Dehghan Mahlagha 
Published: December 2020

Background The health information is an important factor for improving people's health behaviors. On the other hand, media literacy plays an important role in the search and selection of valid information and resources about health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation between health literacy and media literacy. Method This study was a cross-sectional study. Random cluster sampling was used to select 700 citizens in Kerman, Iran. Health literacy for Iranian adults’ questionnaire and media literacy questionnaire were used to collect the data. Results Health literacy of 53.2% of the citizens was insufficient. Media literacy of 38.6% of the citizens was moderate and it was high in 61.3%. A significant positive correlation was found between health literacy and media literacy. Conclusion The media literacy was an important determinant factor for health literacy. The development and increase of media literacy can also increase health literacy.
The Effect of Educational Program on Hypertension Management Toward Knowledge and Attitude Among Uncontrolled Hypertension Patients in Rural Area of Indonesia
Authors: Kurnia Anggraini Dwi , Melizza Nur , Ruhyanudin Faqih , Masruroh Nur Lailatul , Prasetyo Yoyok Bekti , Setyowati Cici Indah , Khoirunnisa Oktika 
Published: December 2020

Background Hypertension is a major public health threat affecting adults worldwide. The low hypertension management knowledge causes uncontrolled high blood pressure and it’s a complication. It requires patients with uncontrolled hypertension to increase adherence to either pharmacological therapy or nonpharmacological therapy aimed at achieving normal blood pressure. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a short-term educational program on hypertension management related knowledge and attitude among uncontrolled hypertension patients in Malang, Indonesia. Methods The research design used a Quasi-Experimental study with the design of one group pre-post-test. The participants were 41 uncontrolled hypertension patients chosen by purposive sampling at the Ciptomulyo Public Health Center. The questionnaires were used to collect the data. The Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HK-LS) questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge of uncontrolled hypertension patients. KAP questionnaire was used to determine the attitude of the participants. The data were analyzed statistically using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results The majority of respondents were aged 55–65 (54%), female (83%), housewife (76%), graduated elementary school (71%), and long suffered from hypertension >1 year (68%). The result showed that the provision of the educational program increases knowledge (p = 0,000) and attitude (p = 0,008) of patients on the management of hypertension. Conclusion Health education could improve hypertension management knowledge and attitude among uncontrolled hypertension in the rural area. Furthermore, Health providers should consider giving the education among uncontrolled hypertension.