bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology Chr. M. F. Sinding-Larsen, 1866–1930
Authors: Vanhoenacker Filip M. , Pedersen Roar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis history page in the series “Leaders in MSK radiology” is dedicated to the memory and achievements of the Norwegian physician Christian Magnus Falsen Sinding-Larsen who's name is connected to the medical eponym Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease.
Iron-Promoted Decarboxylation of Arylacetic Acids for the Synthesis of Aromatic Nitriles with Sodium Nitrite as the Nitrogen Source
Authors: Shen Zhenpeng , Liu Wenbo , Tian Xinzhe , Ren Yun-Lai , Zhao Zhe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new and effective method was developed for the synthesis of aromatic nitriles from arylacetic acids by using NaNO2 as the nitrogen source and Fe(OTf)3 as the promoter at 50 °C. A series of arylacetic acids underwent this transformation to give the targeted products in yields of 51–90%. Because of the mild conditions, the reaction is compatible with a broad range of functional groups, including ester, carboxy, hydroxy, acetamido, halo, nitro, cyano, methoxy, and even highly reactive formyl groups.
Ten Commandments for the Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
Authors: Davies Mark , Lalam Radhesh , Woertler Klaus , Bloem Johan L. , Åström Gunnar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe diagnosis of tumors and tumorlike lesions of bone is a routine part of both general and specialist radiologic practices. The spectrum of disorders ranges from the small incidental lesion to the potentially life-limiting malignancies whether primary or secondary. In this review, authored by experts from several European orthopaedic oncology centers, we present a collection of pieces of advice in the form of 10 commandments. Adherence in daily practice to this guidance should help minimize adverse patient experiences and outcomes.
A Retrospective Study on Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Complications in a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Pandey Sharad , Bhakal Nitin , Shrivastava Sourabh , Gupta L. N. , Jha Ravi Prakash 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is a common technique employed to treat the second most common congenital brain malformation, “hydrocephalus.” Postshunt insertion, the consequent complications and factors contributing to shunt malfunction are much fought occurrences. The current study was planned to assess the effectiveness of the procedure, analyze the complications of VP shunt, and recognize the factors influencing shunt malfunction.
Materials and Methods The present study was a retrospective observational study, which was conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER RML Hospital, New Delhi, from August 2016 to July 2018. Patients with hydrocephalus requiring shunt intervention were included in the study. A Chhabra “slit n spring” hydrocephalus shunt system was inserted in all patients. All patients with VP shunts were followed to assess for any postshunt complications.
Results Out of 541 patients for whom VP shunt was inserted over a period of 2 years, 126 (23.3%) patients developed complications. The most common cause of hydrocephalus for which VP shunt was done was tubercular meningitis (39.3%, n = 63), followed by ventriculitis (12.38%, n = 20), congenital hydrocephalus (8.87%, n = 14) and aqueductal stenosis (5.54%, n = 03). The most common complication in our study was obstruction of proximal end of the catheter by debris, which was noted in 50 patients (39.68%). The second most common complication was poor peritoneal absorption or obstruction of lower end (21.43%, n = 27 cases). Abscess along the shunt was seen in 21 patients (16.67%). Complications were mostly documented in cases with hydrocephalus due to tubercular meningitis (TBM) (39.3%, 63 patients) and ventriculitis (12.38%, 20 patients). Other complications were hyperemia with superficial ulceration or complete exposure of skin overlying the tube (11.9%, n = 15), overdrainage of the ventricles leading to chronic subdural hematoma (n = 14, 11.11%), and infection around the distal catheter (4.76%, n = 6).
Conclusion VPS procedure led to a complication in several patients, with the most common being obstruction of proximal catheter and poor peritoneal absorption or obstruction of lower end followed by abscess and infection.
Red Cell Distribution Width and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Subsequent Thromboembolism: The Tromsø Study
Authors: Hald Erin M. , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Lappegård Jostein , Ellingsen Trygve S. , Mathiesen Ellisiv B. , Wilsgaard Tom , Njølstad Inger , Brækkan Sigrid K. , Hansen John-Bjarne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroduction Red cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with cardiovascular diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Whether RDW is a risk marker for thromboembolic events in AF patients is scarcely known. We aimed to assess the association between RDW and the risk of AF, and AF-related VTE and ischemic stroke, in a population-based cohort.Methods We measured RDW in 26,111 participants from the Tromsø Study (1994–1995), and registered incident AF cases through December 31, 2013. Among participants with AF, first-ever VTEs and ischemic strokes were registered from the date of AF diagnosis through the end of follow-up. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AF by quartiles of RDW. Furthermore, we calculated cause-specific HRs for VTE and ischemic stroke by tertiles of RDW for participants with AF.Results There were 2,081 incident AF cases during a median of 18.8 years of follow-up. Subjects with RDW in the highest quartile (RDW ≥ 13.3%) had 30% higher risk of AF than those in the lowest quartile (RDW ≤ 12.3%). Among those with AF, subjects with RDW in the upper tertile had a doubled risk of ischemic stroke (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.20–3.57). In contrast, RDW was not associated with incident VTE in subjects with AF.Conclusion RDW was significantly associated with incident AF in a general population. Among subjects with AF, high RDW was associated with ischemic stroke, but not VTE.
Reversible plasmonic switching in a graphene nanoresonator loaded with a core – shell quantum dot
Authors: Gubin M.Yu. , Shesterikov A.V. , Prokhorov A.V. , Volkov V.S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A model of an all-plasmonic switch based on a graphene waveguide integrated with a stub nanoresonator loaded with a quantum dot is considered. Using the full-wave numerical simulation, it is shown that successive on/off switching of the control surface plasmon – polariton wave at the input of the waveguide leads to a change in the phase of the signal plasmon – polariton wave in the nanoresonator by π. This causes reversible switching of the device operation regime – from almost complete blocking to stable transmission of the signal plasmon – polariton wave through the waveguide. The effect is implemented at rates of ∼0.5 THz for infrared electromagnetic waves localised in a device with a switching region of 40 × 20 nm.
Nanosecond semiconductor disk laser emitting at 496.5 nm
Authors: Butaev M.R. , Kozlovsky V.I. , Skasyrsky Ya.K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn optically pumped semiconductor disk laser based on a heterostructure containing ten CdS/ZnSe coupled quantum wells with type-II band offsets is studied. The structure was grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on a GaAs substrate. The peak power of the semiconductor disk laser achieved at room temperature under longitudinal pumping by a repetitively pulsed N2laser was 0.75 W at a wavelength of 496.5 nm, a pulse duration of 3 ns, and a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz. The slope efficiency of the disk laser was 2.7 %. The total divergence angle at a cavity length of 1.1 mm varied from 5 mrad near the lasing threshold to 15 mrad at the maximum pump power.
Hong Kong Cantonese university students’ tonal errors in Mandarin and their relation to L1 influence
Authors: Chan Yuen I , Chen Hsueh Chu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
After the change of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to People’s Republic of China, Mandarin has become increasingly
important in Hong Kong society. However, it is observed that many native Cantonese speakers have problems mastering Mandarin tones despite
the less complex tonal system. This study attempts to investigate the Mandarin tonal error patterns made by Hong Kong learners and the
possible causes for these errors. A reading aloud test and a follow-up interview were designed to collect the data. The findings of the
study show that a large number of students were confused about Mandarin tones and found them difficult to master, especially between tone 1
and tone 4 and tone 2 and tone 3. All the participants made these two mistakes in the test. This study hypothesizes that L1 negative
transfer is the key factor that helps Cantonese speaking learners’ ability to establish a new tone in the L2. However, the reason for
participants’ tonal mistakes is not due to one single cause; instead, the errors are caused by multiple factors, including lack of tonal
knowledge, incomplete tonal acquisition, and tonal errors explained by the Speech Learning Model.
The power of narrative
Authors: Turner Ariana F. , Cowan Henry R. , Otto-Meyer Rembrandt , McAdams Dan P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Much of the research on narrative identity has used the Life Story Interview (LSI) to better understand the person through the story they construct of their life. However, the effect that the LSI has on participants has not yet been examined. Study 1 looked at 163 middle-aged adults who completed a measure of self-reported positive and negative affect both immediately before and after being interviewed. Results indicated that participants experienced a significant increase in positive affect and that this mood boost was experienced regardless of background, personality, and mental health. Study 2 involved a qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts of the 20 participants who experienced the most and the least benefit from the interview, with results indicating three emerging themes (identity development, identity fulfillment, the storied self) that appear to reflect two forms of storytelling: autobiographical versus episodic.
Enhanced superdirectivity of a multi-layered cylinder using a Huygens excitation
Authors: Chen Wan , Fu Jiahui , Wu Qun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Superdirective antennae with magnetic/electric line source excitation have been studied in the past decade. The realization of superdirectivity suffers from large side-lobes because the form of the excitation of antenna is too simple. In this article, we introduce a technique for increasing the directivity of a superdirective antenna with a complicated excitation source. Huygens source is chosen as the complicated source due to its perfect zero-back-lobe characteristic and is modeled using numerical and analytical methods . A 10-layered cylinder is chosen as the superdirective antenna. Using the Huygens source, the directivity of the multi-layered cylinder was increased by 20% compared to the previous designs and an extremely small back-lobe is obtained. Other proposed designs mainly focus on the optimization of permittivities and permeabilities of the dielectric layers, which is usually time-consuming, while in our approach, the form of the excitation is considered first. Therefore, this method can be adapted for other complicated sources and provides a novel approach for improving the performance of the superdirective antenna.
Aerotaxy: gas-phase epitaxy of quasi 1D nanostructures
Authors: Sivakumar Sudhakar , Persson Axel R , Metaferia Wondwosen , Heurlin Magnus , Wallenberg Reine , Samuelson Lars , Deppert Knut , Johansson Jonas , Magnusson Martin H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cost- and resource-efficient growth is necessary for many applications of semiconductor nanowires. We here present the design, operational details and theory behind Aerotaxy, a scalable alternative technology for producing quality crystalline nanowires at a remarkably high growth rate and throughput. Using size-controlled Au seed particles and organometallic precursors, Aerotaxy can produce nanowires with perfect crystallinity and controllable dimensions, and the method is suitable to meet industrial production requirements. In this report, we explain why Aerotaxy is an efficient method for fabricating semiconductor nanowires and explain the technical aspects of our custom-built Aerotaxy system. Investigations using SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope) and other characterization methods are used to support the claim that Aerotaxy is indeed a scalable method capable of producing nanowires with reproducible properties. We have investigated both binary and ternary III–V semiconductor material systems like GaAs and GaAsP. In addition, common aspects of Aerotaxy nanowires deduced from experimental observations are used to validate the Aerotaxy growth model, based on a computational flow dynamics (CFD) approach. We compare the experimental results with the model behaviour to better understand Aerotaxy growth.
Improvement of solution-processed Zn-Sn-O active-layer thin film transistors by novel high valence Mo doping
Authors: Peng Cong , Dong Panpan , Li Xifeng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this letter, the performance of Zn-Sn-O (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs) has been greatly improved by Mo doping as an oxygen vacancy to control the residual electrons. The results show that the TFT with 3 at% Mo doping exhibits the best electrical characteristics with a high saturation mobility of 26.53 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage of 0.18 V, a subthreshold swing of 0.32 V dec−1 and a large switching ratio of 2 × 106. The saturation mobility and switching ratio of Mo-doped Zn-Sn-O (MZTO, 3 at%) TFTs improved almost five and two orders of magnitude compared with ZTO TFTs, respectively. Therefore, the MZTO TFT has much potential for future electrical applications with its excellent properties.
Profiting from Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: A Case for the Resurrection of the Crime of Enforced Prostitution
Authors: Jørgensen Nina H B , Rauxloh Regina E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article challenges the notion that the crime of enforced prostitution is subsumed by the newer characterisation of sexual slavery. Based on a fresh analysis of the historical jurisprudence, the authors argue that the blameworthy conduct at the core of enforced prostitution distinguishes the crime from sexual slavery because it focuses on the fact that the perpetrator seeks to profit from the coerced sexual acts to which the victims are subjected. Having regard to the context of modern atrocities, this article argues that enforced prostitution is closely tied to organised crime and human trafficking and therefore should be resurrected in such contexts as an appropriate category to target the profiteers of sexual violence who do more than enslave their victims by effectively systematising rape for profit. Rather than being viewed as an outdated offence, enforced prostitution should therefore be more actively considered by prosecutors as a primary or alternative charge in accordance with international principles on cumulative charges and convictions.
Birth sex ratio in the offspring of professional male soccer players: influence of exercise training load
Authors: Vaamonde D , Hackney A C , Garcia Manso J M , Arriaza Ardiles E , Vaquero M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Can the exercise training load of elite male athletes influence the sex ratio of their offspring?

SUMMARY ANSWER
This is the first study assessing the influence of exercise training load on the offspring sex ratio of children from male professional athletes, observing a bias toward more females being born as a result of both high-intensity and high-volume loads, with intensity having the greatest effect.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
There is a relatively constant population sex ratio of males to females among various species; however, certain events and circumstances may alter this population sex ratio favoring one sex over the other.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study with a duration of 3 months.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Seventy-five male professional soccer players from First Division soccer teams. Offspring variables were sex of the offspring, number of children and order of birth. Exercise training variables were volume and intensity.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Total offspring was 122 children (52 males (42.6%), 70 females (57.4%)). Analysis revealed that increase in either the volume (P &lt; 0.001) or intensity (P &lt; 0.001) of training by the players shifted the birth offspring ratio more toward females. Within the sample of females born, more births (i.e. number) were observed as a consequence of training at the highest intensity (45 out of 70; P &lt; 0.001), no such pattern occurred within males (P &gt; 0.05). When female versus male births were compared within each intensity, only the high-intensity comparison was significant (45 (75%) females vs 15 (25%) males, P &lt; 0.001).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
While this is the first study assessing differences in the sex ratio of the offspring of male athletes (i.e. soccer players), we acknowledge there are limitations and confounders within our approach; e.g. small sample size, ethnic background and variations in the timing of intercourse relative to ovulation as well as in sex hormone levels. As such, we propose that future research is needed to confirm or refute our findings. It is recommended that such work expand on the measurements obtained and conduct direct assessment of sperm characteristics.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The findings of the study support the fact that different stressors on the body may alter the sex of the offspring. While in the present study the stressor is the excessive training load of soccer players, other events may lead to similar results. The bias in offspring sex ratio may have important implications for demography and population dynamics, as well as genetic trait inheritance.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
There is no funding nor competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A
Labour Law, Capitalism and the Juridical Form: Taking a Critical Approach to Questions of Labour Law Reform
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article seeks to demonstrate the potential contribution that a closer attention to structural factors can make to our understanding of some of the practical problems, such as the problem of personal scope, facing labour law today. This means engaging closely with questions about labour law’s socio-economic function and, in turn, the socio-economic function of its juridical form. Having shown the importance of engaging with these issues, drawing on the works of Karl Korsch, Karl Renner and Evgeny Pashukanis for this purpose, the article shows how we can use this structural understanding of law, and labour law, to constructively inform our interventions in contemporary debates about labour law’s personal scope.
Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
Authors: Crawford Katharine H D , Dingens Adam S , Eguia Rachel , Wolf Caitlin R , Wilcox Naomi , Logue Jennifer K , Shuey Kiel , Casto Amanda M , Fiala Brooke , Wrenn Samuel , Pettie Deleah , King Neil P , Greninger Alexander L , Chu Helen Y , Bloom Jesse D 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMost individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop neutralizing antibodies that target the viral spike protein. In this study, we quantified how levels of these antibodies change in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection by examining longitudinal samples collected approximately 30–152 days after symptom onset from a prospective cohort of 32 recovered individuals with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate-severe disease. Neutralizing antibody titers declined an average of about 4-fold from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline in neutralizing antibody titers was accompanied by a decline in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein or its receptor-binding domain. Importantly, our data are consistent with the expected early immune response to viral infection, where an initial peak in antibody levels is followed by a decline to a lower plateau. Additional studies of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over longer time frames are necessary to determine the durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
A search for variable subdwarf B stars in TESS full frame images – I. Variable objects in the southern ecliptic hemisphere
Authors: Sahoo S K , Baran A S , Sanjayan S , Ostrowski J 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the results of our search for pulsating subdwarf B stars in full frame images, sampled at 30 min cadence and collected during Year 1 of the TESS mission. Year 1 covers most of the southern ecliptic hemisphere. The sample of objects we checked for pulsations was selected from a subdwarf B stars data base available to public. Only two positive detections have been achieved, however, as a by-product of our search we found 1807 variable objects, most of them not classified, hence their specific variability class cannot be confirmed at this stage. Our preliminary discoveries include: 2 new subdwarf B (sdB) pulsators, 26 variables with known sdB spectra, 83 non-classified pulsating stars, 83 eclipsing binaries (detached and semidetached), a mix of 1535 pulsators and non-eclipsing binaries, two novae, and 77 variables with known (non-sdB) spectral classification. Among eclipsing binaries we identified two known HW Vir systems and four new candidates. The amplitude spectra of the two sdB pulsators are not rich in modes, but we derive estimates of the modal degree for one of them. In addition, we selected five sdBV candidates for mode identification among 83 pulsators and describe our results based on this preliminary analysis. Further progress will require spectral classification of the newly discovered variable stars, which hopefully include more subdwarf B stars.
An analytic model for [O iii] fine structure emission from high redshift galaxies
Authors: Yang Shengqi , Lidz Adam 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent ALMA measurements have revealed bright [O iii] 88 micron line emission from galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) at redshifts as large as z ∼ 9. We introduce an analytic model to help interpret these and other upcoming [O iii] 88 micron measurements. Our approach sums over the emission from discrete Str$\ddot{\mathrm{o}}$mgren spheres and considers the total volume of ionized hydrogen in a galaxy of a given star-formation rate. We estimate the relative volume of doubly ionized oxygen and ionized hydrogen and its dependence on the spectrum of ionizing photons. We then calculate the level populations of O iii ions in different fine-structure states for H ii regions of specified parameters. In this simple model, a galaxy’s [O iii] 88 μm luminosity is determined by the typical number density of free electrons in H ii regions (ne), the average metallicity of these regions (Z), the rate of hydrogen ionizing photons emitted (QH i), and the shape of the ionizing spectrum. We cross-check our model by comparing it with detailed cloudy calculations, and find that it works to better than 15${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ accuracy across a broad range of parameter space. Applying our model to existing ALMA data at z ∼ 6–9, we derive lower bounds on the gas metallicity and upper bounds on the gas density in the H ii regions of these galaxies. These limits vary considerably from galaxy to galaxy, with the tightest bounds indicating Z ≳ 0.5Z⊙ and nH ≲ 50 cm−3 at 2 − σ confidence.