bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent or obedient?
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Jeopardy! is a popular game show that, in various incarnations, has been on television for more than 50 years. The show is a test of general knowledge with the twist that the clues are answers and the contestants respond with questions that fit the answers. For example, the clue, “16th President of the United States,” would be answered correctly with “Who is Abraham Lincoln?” There are three contestants, and the first person to push his or her button is given the first chance to answer the question orally (with the exception of the Final Jeopardy clue, when all three contestants are given 30 seconds to write down their answers). In many ways, the show is ideally suited for computers because computers can store and retrieve vast amounts of information without error. (At a teen Jeopardy tournament, a boy lost the championship because he wrote “Who Is Annie Frank?” instead of “Who is Anne Frank.”A computer would not make such an error.) On the other hand, the clues are not always straightforward, and sometimes obscure. One clue was “Sink it and you’ve scratched.” It is difficult for a computer that is nothing more than an encyclopedia of facts to come up with the correct answer: “What is the cue ball?” Another challenging clue was, “When translated, the full name of this major league baseball team gets you a double redundancy.” (Answer: “What is the Los Angeles Angels?”) In 2005 a team of 15 IBM engineers set out to design a computer that could compete with the best Jeopardy players. They named it Watson, after IBM’s first CEO, Thomas J. Watson, who expanded IBM from 1,300 employees and less than $5 million in revenue in 1914 to 72,500 employees and $900 million in revenue when he died in 1956. The Watson program stored the equivalent of 200 million pages of information and could process the equivalent of a million books per second. Beyond its massive memory and processing speed, Watson can understand natural spoken language and use synthesized speech to communicate. Unlike search engines that provide a list of relevant documents or web sites, Watson was programmed to find specific answers to clues. Watson used hundreds of software programs to identify the keywords and phrases in a clue, match these to keywords and phrases in its massive data base, and then formulate possible responses.
We’re watching You
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Humans often anthropomorphize by assuming that animals, trees, trains, and other non-human objects have human traits. In children’s stories and fairy tales, for example, pigs build houses that wolves blow down and foxes talk to gingerbread men. Think about these stories for a minute. The three little pigs have human characteristics reflected in the houses they build of straw, sticks, or bricks. The wolf uses various ruses to try to lure the pigs out of the brick house, but they outwit him and then put a cauldron of boiling water in the fireplace when they realize that the wolf is climbing up the roof in order to come down the chimney. The gingerbread man is baked by a childless woman, but then runs away from the woman, her husband, and others, taunting his pursuers by shouting, “Run, run as fast as you can! You can’t catch me. I’m the Gingerbread Man!” In some versions, a fox tricks the gingerbread man into riding on his head in order to cross a river and then eats him. In the version read to me when I was a child, a wily bobcat tries to lure the gingerbread man into his house for dinner, but birds in a nearby tree warn the gingerbread man that he is the dinner. The gingerbread man flees while the bobcat snarls, “Botheration!” The gingerbread man runs back home, where he is welcomed by his family and promises never to run away again. These are enduring fairy tales because we are so willing, indeed eager, to assume that animals (and even cookies) have human emotions, ideas, and motives. In the same way, we assume that computers have emotions, ideas, and motives. They don’t. Nonetheless, we are fascinated and terrified by apocalyptic science-fiction scenarios in which robots have become smarter than us—so smart that they decide they must eliminate the one thing that might disable them: humans. The success of movies such as Terminator and Matrix has convinced many that this is our future and it will be here soon. Even luminaries such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk have warned of robotic rebellions.
Civil Partnerships: Lewis Acid–Base Reactions
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One of the most remarkable chemists of the twentieth century, Gilbert Lewis (1875–1946), who died in a rather peculiar event involving cyanide (which will figure further in this account) took the story of acids and bases that I described in Reaction 2, extended its reach, and thereby captured a further huge swathe of chemical countryside. As I remarked in that section, chemists seek patterns of behaviour, partly because it systematizes their subject but also because it gives insight into the molecular events accompanying a reaction. Lewis contributed greatly to this enlargement of chemistry’s vision, as I shall unfold in this section. I explained in Reaction 2 how Lowry and Brønsted had extended Arrhenius’s vision of acids and bases by proposing that all reactions between acids and bases involve the transfer of a proton (a hydrogen ion, H+) from the acid, the proton donor, to the base, the proton acceptor. For instance, hydrochloric acid, HCl, can provide a proton that sticks to an ammonia molecule, NH3, 1, converting it into NH4+, 2. The Lowry–Brønsted account of an acid–base reaction involves a proton as an essential part of the definition: if protons aren’t around, then Lowry and Brønsted are silent on whether a substance is an acid or a base. There are, however, many reactions that resemble acid–base reactions but in which no protons are transferred. I will give what might seem to be a rather esoteric example, but it makes the point in a simple and direct way, so please bear with me; you will soon see the relevance of this presentation to everyday life. The esoteric example I have in mind is a reaction in which a boron trifluoride molecule, BF3, 3, sticks to an ammonia molecule to form NH3BF3, 4. This reaction clearly resembles the proton transfer reaction in which H+ attaches to NH3 to form NH4+, but with BF3 playing the role of H+. Lewis brought these aspects together in a very simple idea in 1923, at about the same time as Lowry and Brønsted made their proposals. A base, he proposed, is any species that can use two of its electrons to attach to an incoming species.
The Policymaking Process in Japan
Authors: Shinoda Tomohito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Long into the postwar period, the policymaking power of the Japanese prime minister was limited. The cabinet’s collective responsibility did not allow him to control the executive branch independently from the cabinet. The Cabinet Law divided the executive power among cabinet ministers, allowing the sectionalism that developed among different ministries. As a result, a bureaucratic supremacy developed in the policymaking process. The long-time governing party, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), also developed a decentralized, bottom-up policymaking structure. As a result, the prime minister had difficulty exercising strong leadership in government decision-making. This situation changed after the 1994 electoral reform, which encouraged Diet members to become policy generalists and weakened the influence of the LDP policy subcommittees. Further, the administrative reform efforts under the Ryūtarō Hashimoto cabinet strengthened the authority of the prime minister and his cabinet. Benefiting from these institutional changes, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi introduced a top-down policymaking process. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) governments in 2009–2012 tried to further strengthen political leadership in policymaking. However, instead of political leadership, they created a weak bureaucracy with lowered moral. During the second Shinzō Abe government, the prime minister successfully established the cabinet-led policymaking system.
Constructivism and Peaceful Change
Authors: Burai Erna , Hofmann Stephanie C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the constructivist paradigm can help us understand why and how peaceful change occurs. The paradigm rose to prominence with the end of the Cold War, which led to constructivist scholars initially exhibiting a bias toward analyzing peaceful relations and change. The metatheoretical foundations of constructivism, however, make it equally well equipped to analyze violent transformations. The chapter therefore argues that a gap in constructivist theorizing is the lack of exploring the conditions under which transformations are violent or peaceful. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the constructivist paradigm identifies factors, actors, and mechanisms of peaceful change, but scholars have paid less attention to defining the scope of one theory over the other.
Peaceful Change in English School Theory
Authors: Navari Cornelia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The English School has made three contributions to the science of peaceful change: the inevitable conflict of order and justice; the necessity of Great Power management of peaceful change; and regional orders as the locus of peaceful change. The first refers to a structural conflict between state sovereignty and human rights and also serves as the parameters of a discourse on ethical possibilities among sovereign states. The second—the requirement of Great Power management—is both an observation on the course of history and a structural determinant, arising from the gross inequalities among states. The third—the notion that regional international societies can be peacemakers—is not unique to the English School. Its contribution is that any region can be a form of international society with its own distinctive rules and adjudicative procedures, and that accordingly, any region is potentially able to become a “security community.”
Civilization, Religion, AND Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Change in Asia
Authors: Tin-bor Hui Victoria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to reconcile the seemingly pacifist nature of Eastern religions and civilizations and the reality of terrorism, communal violence, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Asia. All religions promote peaceful change but justify violent change. All civilizations have Gandhi-like advocates for peaceful change but also leaders who agitate for violent change. Civilizational plurality and canonical ambiguity have paradoxically provided a fertile ground for the reduction of complex identities, which are more amenable to peaceful change, into singular ones, which are more prone to civilizational clashes. The weakness of inclusive institutions has further incentivized the politicization of religion. While singular ethnonational identities are constructed and can theoretically be deconstructed, they have tended to become hardened. The chapter anchors the analysis with Islam in Afghanistan and Indonesia; Hinduism in India; Buddhism in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tibet; and Confucianism in China. It concludes that the rise of self-proclaimed civilization-states in recent years does not bode well for peaceful change.
Peaceful Change in Southeast Asia
Authors: Emmers Ralf , Caballero-Anthony Mely 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the 1960s and 1970s, Southeast Asia was referred to as the Balkans of Asia. The region has, however, gone through significant transformations and seen peaceful change since the end of the Cold War despite ongoing great-power interference, the rise of China as a military and economic power, and a series of territorial disputes including the South China Sea issue. This chapter explores the historical and institutional bases that have contributed to the process of peaceful change in Southeast Asia. It argues that peaceful change has evolved and been maintained by the Southeast Asian states by adopting strategies that combine the realist, liberalist, and constructivist approaches. The chapter concludes by discussing the changing nature of security challenges and how the region has been responding to these threats.
Peaceful Change
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of thinking about peaceful change at the systemic (or global) and regional levels during the post–Cold War era. Unipolarity, US liberal hegemony, and the acceleration of economic globalization were just some of the independent variables that scholars argued might facilitate such peaceful change. Each has yielded unintended consequences, including, but not limited to, the overreach of the United States during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and its subsequent retreat from global leadership, the emergence of China as a peer competitor, Russia’s efforts to undermine the United States and its allies through hybrid interference, and the uneven impact of globalization on the security strategies of different types of states across several regions. In sum, the effects on peaceful change at the systemic and regional levels are decidedly mixed.
South Asia’s Limited Progress toward Peaceful Change
Authors: Basrur Rajesh , Sullivan de Estrada Kate 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that there has been some positive movement toward peaceful change in post–Cold War South Asia in comparison with the Cold War era. During the Cold War, India’s material preponderance in the region and its neighbors’ response were exacerbated by identity-driven conflict and problems of state survival. In the post–Cold War period, mutual insecurity has subsided somewhat, partly as a result of India’s transformation into more of an opportunity than a threat. Democracy, economic interdependence, and institutions are yet to deliver significant levels of peaceful cooperation in the region, however. Most often, the region’s states have seen ongoing democratization marked by instability; vastly more trade with extraregional than intraregional economies; and a regional institutional architecture—the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)—whose already modest aspirations are circumscribed by India–Pakistan tensions and structural economic barriers. Peaceful change in South Asia will depend significantly on an uptick in India–Pakistan relations, or, given low levels of trade complementarity and China’s growing encroachment into the region, an acknowledgment that “South Asia” is unlikely to function as the central regional container for the pursuit of peaceful change.
Explaining Peaceful Change in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Tabachnik Alexander , Miller Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the process of peaceful change in Central and Eastern Europe following the demise of the Soviet system. It also explains the failure of peaceful change in the Balkans and some post-Soviet countries, such as the Ukrainian conflict in 2014. The chapter accounts for the conditions for peaceful change and for the variation between peaceful and violent change by the state-to-nation theory. The two independent variables suggested by the theory are the level of state capacity and congruence—namely the compatibility between state borders and the national identities of the countries at stake. Moreover, according to the theory, great-power engagement serves as an intervening variable and in some conditions, as explained in the chapter, may help with peaceful change.
Homophobia and the Media: A Sample Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Ellece Sibonile E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses homophobia as a global phenomenon by offering a comprehensive literature review of its construction across geographical and cultural boundaries. The chapter presents a critical discourse analysis of journalistic reports and online commentary regarding a gay wedding in the Botswana media. Labeling and rationalization strategies are approached as analytical tools that reveal how authors and readers ideologically position themselves in relation to homosexuality. It is argued that sexual identities are constructed in complex ways that simultaneously challenge and reinforce heteronormativity. In particular, homophobic discourses are interwoven with racism and nationalism in ways that attempt to separate so-called global and destructive cultures from “more acceptable” local ones.
Sexual Harassment, Speech Acts, and Public Secrets in U.S. Higher Education
Authors: Debenport Erin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on data from U.S. higher education to analyze the ways that the language used to describe sexual harassment secures its continued power. Focusing on two features viewed as definitional to sexual harassment, frequency and severity, the discussion analyzes three sets of online conversations about the disclosure of abuse in academia (a series of tweets, survey responses, and posts on a philosophy blog) from grammatical, pragmatic, and semiotic perspectives. Unlike most prior research, this chapter focuses on the language of victims rather than the intentions of harassers. The results suggest that speech act theory is unable to account fully for sexual harassment without accepting the relevance of perlocutionary effects. Using Gal and Irvine’s (2019) model of axes of differentiation, the chapter demonstrates how opposing discursive representations (of professors, sexual harassers, victims, and accusers) create a discursive space in which it becomes difficult for victims to report their harassers.
New Perspectives on the Exile in Light of Cuneiform Texts
Authors: Pearce Laurie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExtrabiblical evidence from the cuneiform record contributes to contextualizing the Judean deportees in the historical, socio-economic, and intellectual narratives of Mesopotamia and the Bible. Assessment of the Exile has flourished for more than three decades in the scholarly literature, with important developments emanating from the archaeological record in Judah. Against recent Exile historiography, new additions to the known relevant cuneiform evidence offer opportunities to refine the models of understanding. Here, the contributions of the contemporaneous Babylonian sources are considered for their impact on understanding chronology and historiography, economic and political history, identity formation, and intellectual contact of the Exile.
The Distinctive Roles of the Prophets in the Deuteronomistic History and the Chronicler’s History
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article examines the distinctive roles of the prophets in the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua; Judges; Samuel; Kings) and the Chronicler’s History (Chronicles). It posits that the prophets are especially associated with leadership in the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), beginning with prophetic figures such as Joshua, Deborah, and Samuel, who functioned as leaders in Israel, and continuing with the prophetic figures who played major roles in establishing and critiquing the various dynasties that came to power and ruled both Israel and Judah. It further posits that prophets play a key role in establishing and critiquing the house of David in the Chronicler’s History (ChrH). But the prophets function primarily in the ChrH to explain the significance of their subjects and the reasons why they so frequently suffered either blessing or judgment for their conduct in relation to YHWH and the Jerusalem temple.
The Various Roles of Women in the Historical Books
Authors: García Bachmann Mercedes L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The historical books let us grasp a complex world in which women made contributions beyond their sexuality as workers and leaders, even though many are presented as wives or mothers. We meet slaves, prostitutes, midwives, messengers, queens, ad hoc murderers of enemies, builders of cities and walls, cooks, diviners, prophetesses, and judges among others, with various degrees of support or disapproval. While in Joshua, Chronicles, and Ezra-Nehemiah they are mostly absent, in the other books their number is considerable. Considerable is also the degree of violence many of them suffered, whether with or without a king. The historical books not only limit recognition of female participation in diverse areas of public life, but also contribute to a biased ideology in which women are dangerous—especially religiously and sexually—to men. On the other hand, affirmation of strong women by feminist scholars has provided role models for new communities and contexts.
Feminist and Postcolonial Readings of the Historical Books
Authors: Howard Cameron B. R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Feminist and postcolonial readings of the Hebrew Bible share overlapping concerns, including amplifying voices of the marginalized—particularly women and indigenous or colonized peoples—in the biblical texts. This essay outlines some of the major concepts within feminist and postcolonial approaches, as well as the ways those approaches challenge each other. The essay then wrestles with the ways the Historical Books testify to ancient Israel’s experiences as both a colonizer and as the colonized. Finally, the essay examines the notion of the reviled “foreign woman” in the Historical Books, with particular attention to Rahab in Joshua and Jezebel in Kings. In its attempts to construct Israelite identity over and against that of foreign women, the text necessarily inscribes its own destabilization of that identity.
Solomon in Reception History
Authors: Koenig Sara M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
King Solomon is presented in the Historical Books as a multivalent character. Known for his wisdom, he makes foolish choices about multiplying his wives. Though he built and dedicated the temple for the LORD, his heart turned away from the LORD, after which the kingdom of Israel was divided into two. The multivalent biblical Solomon becomes even more multifaceted in reception history: communicating with birds and animals, controlling demons with a magic ring, fathering the Ethiopian dynasty, and working with water and planets to practice divination. Opinions are split on whether or not he repented or was forgiven for his wrongdoings; others see him as a type of Christ. Solomon’s rich reception history demonstrates how there is no single perspective on any biblical text or character, but, rather, always a variety of interpretive possibilities.
The Role of Orality and Textuality, Folklore and Scribalism in the Historical Books
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The border shared by oral-compositional sensibilities and written libretto is beautifully exemplified by the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Some of the pieces in this corpus such as Judges 5 are characterized by formulaic language, a mark of oral composition, and imagine settings for extemporaneous performance. The Historical Books offer numerous examples of narrative variants, alternate versions of comparable content, another indication of oral traditional style. On the other hand, the Historical Books frequently allude to written documents and seem to valorize letters, decrees, chronicles, and examples of monumental writing. These books are thus especially informative about attitudes to writing even while preserving and showing appreciation for oral style material. Reflecting upon scribal elites, their relationship to writing, and their attitudes to oral and written media relates to the recollection and creation of history itself and to the processes of cultural construction.