bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polypharmacy is a risk factor for hospital admission due to a fall: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Zaninotto P. , Huang Y. T. , Di Gessa G. , Abell J. , Lassale C. , Steptoe A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Falls amongst older people are common; however, around 40% of falls could be preventable. Medications are known to increase the risk of falls in older adults. The debate about reducing the number of prescribed medications remains controversial, and more evidence is needed to understand the relationship between polypharmacy and fall-related hospital admissions. We examined the effect of polypharmacy on hospitalization due to a fall, using a large nationally representative sample of older adults.

Methods
Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) were used. We included 6220 participants aged 50+ with valid data collected between 2012 and 2018.The main outcome measure was hospital admission due to a fall. Polypharmacy -the number of long-term prescription drugs- was the main exposure coded as: no medications, 1–4 medications, 5–9 medications (polypharmacy) and 10+ medications (heightened polypharmacy). Competing-risk regression analysis was used (with death as a potential competing risk), adjusted for common confounders, including multi-morbidity and fall risk-increasing drugs.

Results
The prevalence of people admitted to hospital due to a fall increased according to the number of medications taken, from 1.5% of falls for people reporting no medications, to 4.7% of falls among those taking 1–4 medications, 7.9% of falls among those with polypharmacy and 14.8% among those reporting heightened polypharmacy. Fully adjusted SHRs for hospitalization due to a fall among people who reported taking 1–4 medications, polypharmacy and heightened polypharmacy were 1.79 (1.18; 2.71), 1.75 (1.04; 2.95), and 3.19 (1.61; 6.32) respectively, compared with people who were not taking medications.

Conclusions
The risk of hospitalization due to a fall increased with polypharmacy. It is suggested that prescriptions in older people should be revised on a regular basis, and that the number of medications prescribed be kept to a minimum, in order to reduce the risk of fall-related hospital admissions.
A case report of aspergillosis accompanied by saccular bronchodilation after bronchial thermoplasty in a 19-year-old woman
Authors: Sasada Shinji , Ohmura Kenshiro , Oguri Tomoyo , Fujimoto Yutaro , Murata Saori , Tsuchiya Yumi , Ishioka Kota , Takahashi Saeko , Nakamura Morio , Kaji Masahiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundFungal infections are rarely reported as a complication of bronchial thermoplasty (BT) in patients without immunosuppressive comorbidity.Case presentationA 19-year-old woman college student was admitted to our hospital owing to uncontrolled severe asthma despite using the maximum dose of steroid inhalation. She experienced asthmatic attacks more frequently while cheerleading, which is an extracurricular activity. She received BT because she wanted to continue cheerleading. After the second BT session, she developed more sputum and cough. During the third session, white secretion and saccular bronchodilation appeared in the left lower bronchus. Aspergillus fumigatus was detected in the culture of the bronchial lavage sample, and saccular bronchodilation in the affected bronchus was observed on computed tomography (CT). Five months after the start of oral itraconazole, her subjective symptoms as well as her CT findings improved. Her asthma condition improved enough for the patient to continue cheerleading without exacerbation.ConclusionsIt is necessary to consider the possibility of respiratory tract infections including fungal infections after BT. Detailed observations of the entire bronchus and sample collection for microbial culture are highly recommended.
Reversible lung fibrosis in a 6-year-old girl after long term nitrofurantoin treatment
Authors: Mikkelsen Lise Fischer , Rubak Sune 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Pulmonary side effects are well known, including lung fibrosis, in elderly patients treated with long-term nitrofurantoin to prevent urinary tract infections and secondary renal injury. However, pulmonary side effects have only been reported rarely in paediatric cases, despite nitrofurantoin being a first line prophylactic treatment of recurrent childhood urinary tract infection.

Case presentations
A 6-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, general fatigue, loss of appetite and need for nasal oxygen treatment after long-term nitrofurantoin treatment. A computed tomography scan of the chest showed lung fibrosis. A biopsy confirmed this diagnosis. We suspected the fibrosis to be caused by the nitrofurantoin treatment. Thorough examinations reveal no other explanations. Nitrofurantoin was discontinued and the girl was treated with methylprednisolone. After 17 month a new scan and lung function test showed total regression of the lung fibrosis.

Conclusions
This case underlines that risk of severe side effects should be taken in to account before initiation of long-term nitrofurantoin treatment in children.
Leaders’ perspectives on learning health systems: a qualitative study
Authors: Enticott Joanne , Braaf Sandra , Johnson Alison , Jones Angela , Teede Helena J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntegrated utilisation of digital health data has the power to transform healthcare to deliver more efficient and effective services, and the learning health system (LHS) is emerging as a model to achieve this. The LHS uses routine data from service delivery and patient care to generate knowledge to continuously improve healthcare. The aim of this project was to explore key features of a successful and sustainable LHS to inform implementation in an Academic Health Science Centre context.MethodsWe purposively identified and conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with leaders, experienced in supporting or developing data driven innovations in healthcare. A thematic analysis using NVivo was undertaken.ResultsAnalysis of 26 interviews revealed five themes thought to be integral in an effective, sustainable LHS: (1) Systematic approaches and iterative, continuous learning with implementation into healthcare contributing to new best-practice care; (2) Broad stakeholder, clinician and academic engagement, with collective vision, leadership, governance and a culture of trust, transparency and co-design; (3) Skilled workforce, capability and capacity building; (4) Resources with sustained investment over time and; (5) Data access, systems and processes being integral to a sustainable LHS.ConclusionsThis qualitative study provides insights into the elements of a sustainable LHS across a range of leaders in data-driven healthcare improvement. Fundamentally, an LHS requires continuous learning with implementation of new evidence back into frontline care to improve outcomes. Structure, governance, trust, culture, vision and leadership were all seen as important along with a skilled workforce and sustained investment. Processes and systems to optimise access to quality data were also seen as vital in an effective, sustainable LHS. These findings will inform a co-designed framework for implementing a sustainable LHS within the Australian healthcare and Academic Health Science Centre context. It is anticipated that application of these findings will assist to embed and accelerate the use of routine health data to continuously generate new knowledge and ongoing improvement in healthcare delivery and health outcomes.
Are Israelis becoming healthier? Trends in self-rated health, 2002–2018
Authors: Ziv Anat , Schellekens J. Jona 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Life expectancy at birth in Israel is steadily increasing. This raises the question whether Israelis are becoming healthier. The purpose of this study is to estimate trends in morbidity and to try to explain what causes morbidity levels to change.

Methods
We used 17 years of repeated cross-sectional data from the Social Survey to estimate trends in self-rated health. We used regression models to explain the trends in self-rated health that were observed from 2002 to 2018.

Results
Four major findings emerged. First, morbidity as measured by self-rated health has declined. Second, gains in educational attainment do not explain the decline in morbidity. Third, the rise in national expenditure on health per capita is strongly correlated with the decline in morbidity. And fourth, the effect of the national expenditure on health per capita appears to be stronger among women and among those without an academic degree.

Conclusions
Self-rated health has improved. However, it has not improved to the same extent for all Israelis. The results of this study show that the health of women has improved more than that of men and that the health of non-academics has improved more than that of academics. The latter suggests that the progressive effect of public financing has offset the regressive effect of out-of-pocket payments on self-rated health.
Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes
Authors: Kwon Hyuk Sung , Koh Seong-Ho 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNeuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is heterogeneous and traditionally categorized as neurotoxic (M1-phenotype microglia and A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype microglia and A2-phenotype astrocytes). However, this dichotomized classification may not reflect the various phenotypes of microglia and astrocytes. The relationship between these activated glial cells is also very complicated, and the phenotypic distribution can change, based on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the roles of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for developing effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the roles of inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their relationship. In addition, we discuss biomarkers to measure neuroinflammation and studies on therapeutic drugs that can modulate neuroinflammation.
Surface Wrinkles Induced on Oriented Chitosan Films via Horseradish Peroxidase-catalyzed Reaction and Drying
Authors: Izawa Hironori , Toyoshima Yuta , Morimoto Minoru , Saimoto Hiroyuki , Ifuku Shinsuke 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Oriented chitosan films, prepared by elongation, are applied to a surface wrinkling system via a horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed surface reaction of ferulic acid and drying. The wrinkle morphologies of the obtained films are strongly affected by drying compression stress inverse to the elongation direction, probably caused by an entropic spring. The most oriented chitosan film elongated until a fracture strain showed a herringbone-like pattern produced by parallel and orthogonal compression stresses to the orientation direction.
Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar: <br>Eine stochastische Bevölkerungsprognose auf Basis des Paradigmas funktionaler Daten<br>
Authors: Deschermeier Philipp 
Published: November 2020

Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels erfreuen sich stochastische Bevölkerungsprognosen wachsender Beliebtheit, denn sie liefern im Vergleich zu der für Vorausberechnungen häufig verwendeten Szenariotechnik eine wichtige Zusatzinformation: die prognostizierte Bevölkerung liegt innerhalb eines Schwankungsbereichs, dem eine Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit zugeordnet werden kann. Allerdings erfordert dieser Ansatz lange Zeitreihen und detaillierte Informationen über die Determinanten der Bevölkerungsentwicklung (Fertilität, Mortalität und Nettomigration), die auf regionaler Ebene häufig nicht in ausreichender Tiefe verfügbar, sondern in der Regel zu Altersgruppen zusammengefasst sind. Stochastische Bevölkerungsprognosen beschränken sich deshalb meist auf die nationale Ebene. Jedoch ermöglichen es Methoden der funktionalen Datenanalyse, die erforderlichen demographischen Merkmale auf Altersjahre zu disaggregieren und als Datenbasis einer stochastischen Modellierung, auch auf regionaler Ebene, zu nutzen. In diesem Aufsatz werden am Beispiel der Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar dieser Ansatz und darauf aufbauende Modelle vorgestellt.
Urban Population Development in Germany (2000-2014): The Contribution of Migration by Age and Citizenship to Reurbanisation
Authors: Gans Paul 
Published: November 2020

The increase of the population of large German cities between 2000 and 2014 indicates a reurbanisation process in line with the concept of the “growing city”. This exploratory investigation will analyse the influence of internal and external migration on the population development of the German urban system by applying descriptive and statistical methods, going beyond the mere observation of selected cities.
This paper shows that reurbanisation in Germany has resulted from various age- and citizenship-dependent combinations of spatial population movements, which in turn express different location advantages and disadvantages. The structural change towards a knowledge economy, the expansion of education, and changing living concepts on the demand versus new urbanistic planning concepts on the supply side strengthen the affinity of different population groups for urban living. This new attractiveness of cities seems to be most distinct among young adults’ motives for living in cities or not. Furthermore, the dynamics of these processes are also dependent upon conditions on the national and international levels. Thus, before the economic and financial crisis 2009 the balances of internal migration of the German as well as foreign population had a decisive influence on the dynamics, in-migration surpluses from abroad rose considerably after 2009. With the rising numbers of asylum seekers, state-controlled residence allocations as well as migrant networks are increasingly important for the population development of cities. At the same time, especially in cities with at least 500,000 inhabitants, ongoing growth is creating shortages on the housing and real estate markets, which tend to counteract the population growth.

* This article belongs to a special issue on reurbanisation.
The Same Fertility Ideals as in the Country of Origin? A Study of the Personal Ideal Family Size among Immigrant Women in Italy
Authors: Mussino Eleonora , Ortensi Livia Elisa 
Published: November 2020

The role of the personal ideal family size for international migrants has rarely been studied in the current debate on fertility and migration in the European context. It is not known to which extent the reduction of fertility observed among immigrants who settle in a country where fertility is lower than in their country of origin is the result of a change in fertility norms among those immigrants. The study of migrants’ ideals family size has the potential to shed light on fertility norms without the interference of economic conditions and migration-related disruptive phenomena. Due to the complexity of its migration context, Italy is an interesting destination country for studying changes in migrants’ ideal family sizes. This paper uses data from the survey of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on immigrant families conducted in 2011-12. We compare the personal ideal family size of women of reproductive age with the prevalent norm in their country of origin, applying a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results show that the country of origin has an important role in the determination of immigrants’ ideal family sizes. Women from countries where large families are the ideal are more likely to show a lower personal ideal family size compared to their non-migrant co-nationals, while women from countries where two children are considered ideal mostly share the same norm. The occurrence of fertility preferences expressed in a non-numeric form (e.g. “Up to God”) changes between women with different countries of origin. This study confirms that conformity with the ideal of the country of origin is more likely among women who migrated as adults. At the same time, the number of years spent in the destination country is not significantly associated with a shift away from the norms prevalent in the country of origin. Finally, female empowerment and gender equity show their effects mainly on the reduction of non-numeric responses. * This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.
Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae
Authors: Wullur Stenly , NAPITUPULU HATOPAN , GINTING ELVY LIKE , MAMANGKEY NOLDY GUSTAF FRANS , LOUISIANAWANTANIA LETHA , SMOLAK RADOSLAV , OGELLO ERICK 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Wullur S, Napitupulu H, Wantania LL, Ginting EL, Mamangkey NGF, Smolak R, Ogello E. 2020. Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae. Biodiversitas 21: 5291-5297. This study was conducted for the molecular identification of bacteria species isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima larvae. The pearl oysters were cultured using live-microalgae (Isochrysis sp) and fish waste diet (FWD) as food sources. Bacteria were isolated from the oyster larvae and identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolated bacteria were grown on agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. Representative colonies of the bacteria were selected and cultured for molecular analysis. The 16S rRNA genes of the bacteria were amplified and the sequences were matched with the NCBI GenBank database. Seven different colonies were observed based on morphological characters. Similarity test by conducting the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) in the NCBI GenBank database, using the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the seven isolates colonies possess high similarity to five bacteria species i.e. Pseudomonas pachastrellae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Bacillus filamentosus, Bacillus cereus and Idiomarina fontislapidosi belonging to four different genera i.e. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Alteromonas.
Potentials of mangrove ecosystem as storage of carbon for global warming mitigation
Authors: Dinilhuda Adilah , Akbar Aji Ali , Jumiati  , Herawaty Henny 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Dinilhuda A, Akbar AA, Jumiati, Herawati H. 2020. Potential of mangrove ecosystem as carbon storage for global warming mitigation. Biodiversitas 21: 5353-5362. The mangrove ecosystem in Karimunting Bay of West Kalimantan, Indonesia is one of the conservation areas with an area of 138.2 ha. Vegetation making up of that mangrove ecosystem is dominated by Avicennia marina. The existence of mangroves has a role in carbon storage. The ability to store carbon in mangrove forest ecosystems is four times greater than in other tropical forests around the world. Mangrove stems have the greatest ability in storing carbon by up to 55.52%. The research objective was to analyze the potential for carbon storage in the fringe mangrove ecosystem which was dominated by A. marina. This research method is based on a survey of vegetation density in the field. The survey was carried out in Karimunting Bay in three parts of the bay, north, central, and south. Each part of the bay consists of two locations, namely at the front of the breakwater towards the sea and behind the breakwater towards the land. Each location consisted of a plot of 10 x 10 with five replications. The vegetation parameters measured are the types of growth forms, the mangrove ecosystem species, and the diameter and height of the trees, as well as environmental parameters (pH, temperature, and salinity). Destructive method was used on A. marina stems for estimating analysis of mangrove carbon storage in the laboratory. A. marina stem samples were used to test the carbon content with LOI (Lost on Ignition) analysis. Analysis of changes in mangrove area is based on the 2009 and 2019 landscape images. The results show that the mangrove ecosystem of Karimunting Bay has a total density of 177,480 individuals/ha. The amount of carbon storage reached 99,231 mg/ha in 2019 and predictions of total carbon storage over the last 10 years are as much as 13,717,951 tons. Deposits of carbon in fringe mangrove illustrate the carbon dioxide absorption potential of 36,390,608 tons of CO2. The amount of CO2 absorption in fringe mangrove ecosystem type plays a role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with a conditional target according to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2030 of 834 million tons of CO2 to prevent temperature increases.
COST NATURE OF WAGE
Authors: Krishka V. I. 
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the theoretical study of the wage's nature value. Without touching upon the problem of the substance of value in the article the following questions are considered and the relevant conclusions are drawn.
The value nature of wages has nominal (monetary) and real (natural) values.
The starting and final point of the circuit of nominal (monetary) wages are money, or rather money as capital. Real (natural) wages in this movement is only a moment. The purpose of this circuit is to recover from the cash proceeds of the advanced monetary wage Fund.
On the contrary, the source and end point of reproduction of the labor commodity form is its commodity-natural form. Money, more precisely, money capital is only a passing moment. The purpose of this cycle is the reproduction of the labor force in its natural and commercial form.
The article shows that the purchase and sale of goods labor and its use has two forms of advance funds.
On the part of the employer there is an advance of cash wages (prepayment), that is employees need an advance for the normal reproduction of the labor force before the end of the reproduction cycle of finished goods. On the part of the employee can observe the advance of labor before the end of the work specified in the employment contract.
In General, the two-way advance of funds allows us to say that from the position of property rights, there is both the rent of labor and the rent of capital.
Value as a substantive basis of wage date and wage labor has three forms of existence: 1) cash existence of money; 2) non-cash existence of cash prices and 3) the estimated value of goods.