bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of computed tomography, X‐ray and Lodox® scans in assessing pediatric skull fractures using piglets
Authors: Spies Amy Joy , Steyn Maryna , Brits Desiré 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSkull fractures are common in children both due to abuse and accidental incidences. The accurate detection of these fractures may therefore be critical. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of CT, X‐ray, and Lodox® scans, the latter which has not previously been evaluated and is commonly employed in South Africa, in detecting the number, location and type of pediatric skull fractures. Blunt force trauma was inflicted with a mallet on ten piglet skulls, which were CT, X‐ray, and Lodox® scanned and then macerated. The number, location, and type of skull fractures visible using each imaging modality, and on the cleaned skulls, were recorded. Sensitivities and specificities of each method were calculated. For fracture number and location, CTs had a sensitivity of 47.3%, X‐rays 22.4% and Lodox® 23.3%. For fracture type, sensitivities were 46.1%, 16.6%, and 17.8% for CT, X‐ray, and Lodox®, respectively. Specificities were high (92.5%–100%) which reduces the risk of incorrectly diagnosing fractures. However, low sensitivities increase the risk of failing to identify fractures and possible victims of abuse. Osteological analysis should preferably be the method of choice when evaluating pediatric skull trauma, and CTs should be used when osteological analysis is not feasible. If CT scanners are not available, X‐rays and Lodox® may have to be used. In these cases, additional radiographic views of the skull are imperative and may increase the sensitivity of these methods, although they are not recommended to detect exact pediatric skull fracture number, location, and type.
Combining spawn egg counts, individual photo‐ID and genetic fingerprinting to estimate the population size and sex ratio of an endangered amphibian
Authors: REYNE Marina , HELYAR Sarah , AUBRY Aurélie , EMMERSON Mark , MARNELL Ferdia , REID Neil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccording to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, 41% of the world's amphibian species are threatened with extinction, making them more threatened than any other vertebrate group nowadays. Given the global amphibian crisis, comprehensive understanding of demographics and population trends of declining and threatened species is essential for effective management and conservation strategies. Counting egg spawns is widely used to assess population abundance in pond breeding anurans. However, it is unknown how such counts translate into robust population size estimations. We monitored the breeding activity of the Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita), combining egg string counts and individual photo‐identification with Capture‐Mark‐Recapture population size and operational sex ratio estimation. Male Natterjack toads were identified by the pattern of natural markings with repeated ID of the same individual confirmed for 10% of the samples using genetic fingerprinting. We identified 647 unique individuals within a closed study population at Caherdaniel, Co Kerry. Population estimates derived from egg string counts estimated a breeding population of 368 females (95% CI 353–384) and Capture‐Mark‐Recapture estimated a breeding population of 1698 males (95% CI 1000–2397). The female:male sex ratio was conservatively estimated at 1:5 (95% CI 1:3–1:6) where 62% ± 6% of females were assumed to spawn. These substantially departed from any priori assumption of 1:1 which could have underestimated the breeding population by up to 72%. Where amphibian absolute population size estimation is necessary, methods should include empirical survey data on operational sex ratios and not rely on assumptions or those derived from the literature which may be highly population and/or context‐dependent.
Age at menarche, ideal cardiovascular health metrics, and risk of diabetes in adulthood: Findings from the REACTION study
Authors: Hu Chunyan , Zhang Yi , Zhang Jie , Huo Yanan , Wan Qin , Li Mian , Qi Hongyan , Du Rui , Zhu Yuanyue , Qin Yingfen , Hu Ruying , Shi Lixin , Su Qing , Yu Xuefeng , Yan Li , Qin Guijun , Tang Xulei , Chen Gang , Xu Min , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Chen Yuhong , Gao Zhengnan , Wang Guixia , Shen Feixia , Luo Zuojie , Chen Li , Li Qiang , Ye Zhen , Zhang Yinfei , Liu Chao , Wang Youmin , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Deng Huacong , Chen Lulu , Zhao Jiajun , Mu Yiming , Wang Weiqing , Xu Yu , Bi Yufang , Lu Jieli , Ning Guang ,   for the REACTION Study Group
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAge at menarche was reported to be associated with the risk of diabetes. However, the impact of ideal cardiovascular health metrics (ICVHMs) on the association between age at menarche and adulthood diabetes risk was unclear.MethodsWe included 121 431 women from the nationwide, population‐based cohort of the REACTION study (Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: a Longitudinal Study). The diagnosis of diabetes was based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement. Logistic regression and multiplicative interaction analysis were conducted to investigate the potential interaction effect between age at menarche and ICVHMs on the development of diabetes.ResultsThe multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios of diabetes across categories of age at menarche (<14, 14‐17, and > 17 years) were 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17, 1.28), 1.00 (reference), and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.93), respectively. In subgroup analysis, significant interactions were detected between total cholesterol/blood pressure levels and age at menarche regarding the risk of diabetes (P for interaction = .0091 and .0019, respectively). The increased risk associated with age at menarche <14 years was observed in participants with three or fewer ICVHMs, but not in women with four or more ICVHMs (P for interaction = .0001).ConclusionsAge at menarche was inversely associated with the risk of diabetes in adulthood in Chinese women, and it appeared to be modified by the presence of ICVHMs. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise interrelationship and the generalizability of our results.
Factors influencing medical practitioner participation in population carrier screening for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Valente Giulia M. , Amor David J. , Ioannou Liane J. , Archibald Alison D. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening should be offered to people planning a pregnancy or in early pregnancy, according to current recommendations. However, research indicates rates of offering CF carrier screening are low. Health professionals (HPs) play an important role in offering population carrier screening.AimsTo determine the opinions, knowledge and practice patterns of HPs with regard to the routine offering of population carrier screening for CF.Materials and MethodsFive key informant interviews informed the development of an online questionnaire which was distributed to a select group of HPs involved in prenatal care in Victoria, Australia.ResultsOf the participants who completed the questionnaire (n = 87), 35.6% reported offering CF carrier screening to all patients attending for preconception or early pregnancy consultations. High referrers of CF carrier screening were more likely to be female, work in the private sector, in metropolitan areas and specialise as an obstetrician. High referrers demonstrated a greater level of knowledge of CF and carrier screening than low referrers (t = −3.779, P < 0.001). Low referrers perceived more barriers to offering carrier screening than high referrers (t = 2.125, P = 0.037). Low referrers were more likely to perceive lack of community awareness and HP knowledge as a barrier to offering CF carrier screening, compared to high referrers, who were more likely to perceive time constraints as a barrier.ConclusionsTo promote routine offering of population CF carrier screening, resources are needed to improve knowledge and provide clinical support thereby reducing perceived barriers.
Mortality data 2004–2019: an audit of the Royal Adelaide Hospital Adult Burn Service
Authors: Stefani Kristian , Wagstaff Marcus J. D. , Damkat Ivo , Greenwood John E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBurns are complex, multifaceted injuries that can pose significant challenges to the treating team. The Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) Burns Service has undergone a major evolution over the past two decades, with perceived improvement in outcomes. We present here a longitudinal audit of the RAH Burns Service Mortality Data between 2004 and 2019.MethodsAn audit was conducted of all index admissions to the RAH Burns Unit from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2019. Age at admission, total body surface area, burn depth, presence of inhalation injury and outcome were recorded. Baux and revised Baux Scores were calculated. Lethal Area 50% for different time points and age groups, Baux50/100 and Revised Baux50/100 values were then calculated using logistical regression.ResultsDuring 2004–2019, there were 5653 index admissions to the RAH Burns Unit. The mean total body surface area of burn injuries admitted was 5.1% and the survival rate was 99.17%. The Lethal Area 50% for the study period was 74%, with an improvement from 70% (2004–2011) to 80% (2012–2019). The Baux50 score for the time period was 120 and the Revised Baux50 was 129.ConclusionThe RAH results are comparable with other high‐income country Burn Services and demonstrated significant improvement across the study period. The data also highlight areas for ongoing focus such as the elderly burns patient.
Individual attitudes towards migration: A re‐examination of the evidence
Authors: Müller Tobias , Tai Silvio Hong Tiing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the literature about the determinants of attitudes towards immigration, some authors emphasize the role of economic factors, while others argue that attitudes are mostly determined by non‐economic factors. This paper evaluates the relative importance of the two. We estimate a structural model of individual attitudes towards immigration, accounting for unobserved individual factors, and use this model to carry out a decomposition analysis of attitudes in 20 European countries. We find that economic mechanisms are significant determinants of attitudes, but that other (non‐economic) factors play a more decisive role in the relation between individual education levels and attitudes to immigration.Résumé.Attitudes individuelles face à l’immigration : réexamen de l’évidence empirique. Dans la littérature portant sur les facteurs qui déterminent les attitudes face à l’immigration, certains auteurs soulignent le rôle des facteurs économiques tandis que d’autres affirment que ces attitudes sont principalement déterminées par d’autres facteurs. Cet article évalue l’importance relative de ces deux approches. Nous estimons un modèle structurel qui explique les attitudes individuelles face à l’immigration, et qui tient compte des facteurs individuels non observés. Nous utilisons ce modèle pour procéder à une analyse par décomposition de ces attitudes dans 20 pays européens. Nous trouvons que les mécanismes économiques influencent de manière significative les attitudes. Cependant, les facteurs non économiques jouent un rôle plus important dans la relation entre le niveau d’éducation des individus et leurs attitudes face à l’immigration.
The Children’s Health and Maintenance Program (CHAMP): An innovative community outreach oral health promotion program: A randomized trial
Authors: Seirawan Hazem , Parungao Kristine , Habibian Mina , Slusky Natalia , Edwards Christine , Artavia Margarita , Cen Steven , Chan Chan , Mulligan Roseann 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe CHAMP (Children's Oral Health Promotion Program) evaluating the impact of two motivational methods in increasing dental care access.MethodsCHAMP is a multi‐dimensional oral health promotion programme that recruited and screened underprivileged children/families from community sites in Los Angeles County between 2012 and 2018. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) enrolled children/families into one or more motivational interventions (intra‐oral camera and/or social work consultation) designed to impact subsequent scheduling of dental appointments.ResultsCHAMP served 24 535 families. RCT had 418 families with 68.5% scheduling appointments by second follow‐up (P < .001). Excluding children with scheduled appointments by first follow‐up, children experiencing both interventions were 4.1 (95% CI 1.5‐11.2) times more likely to schedule appointments by second follow‐up than were the controls (P=<.01). When experiencing both interventions and had never previously been to the dentist, 68.3% scheduled dental appointments; this was significantly higher than the controls (46.7%) (P = .04). The best predictor for families to have scheduled appointments was a dental visit within the last six months [OR = 3.8 (95% CI 2.2‐6.6), P < .001].ConclusionsOutreach health promotion programmes are important and should consider utilizing various motivational techniques to encourage enrolment and treatment at dental homes.
A blueprint for securing Brazil's marine biodiversity and supporting the achievement of global conservation goals
Authors: Magris Rafael A. , Costa Micheli D. P. , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Vilar Ciro C. , Joyeux Jean‐Christophe , Creed Joel C. , Copertino Margareth S. , Horta Paulo A. , Sumida Paulo Y. G. , Francini‐Filho Ronaldo B. , Floeter Sergio R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimAs a step towards providing support for an ecological approach to strengthening marine protected areas (MPAs) and meeting international commitments, this study combines cumulative impact assessment and conservation planning approach to undertake a large‐scale spatial prioritization.LocationExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean.MethodsWe developed a prioritization approach to protecting different habitat types, threatened species ranges and ecological connectivity, while also mitigating the impacts of multiple threats on biodiversity. When identifying priorities for conservation, we accounted for the co‐occurrence of 24 human threats and the distribution of 161 marine habitats and 143 threatened species, as well as their associated vulnerabilities. Additionally, we compared our conservation priorities with MPAs proposed by local stakeholders.ResultsWe show that impacts to habitats and species are widespread and identify hot spots of cumulative impacts on inshore and offshore areas. Industrial fisheries, climate change and land‐based activities were the most severe threats to biodiversity. The highest priorities were mostly found towards the coast due to the high cumulative impacts found in nearshore areas. As expected, our systematic approach showed a better performance on selecting priority sites when compared to the MPAs proposed by local stakeholders without a typical conservation planning exercise, increasing the existing coverage of MPAs by only 7.9%. However, we found that proposed MPAs still provide some opportunities to protect areas facing high levels of threats.Main conclusionsThe study presents a blueprint of how to embrace a comprehensive ecological approach when identifying strategic priorities for conservation. We advocate protecting these crucial areas from degradation in emerging conservation efforts is key to maintain their biodiversity value.
Mental wellbeing of equine veterinary surgeons, veterinary nurses and veterinary students during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Mair T. S. , Mountford D. R. , Radley R. , Lockett E. , Parkin T. D. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe rapid global spread of COVID‐19 necessitated changes to national behavioural patterns and working practices, including self‐isolating, maintenance of social distancing and lockdowns. These steps are likely to have had consequences for mental health and wellbeing.ObjectivesTo assess the mental wellbeing of equine veterinary surgeons, equine veterinary nurses and veterinary students during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the associated lockdown in the UK in June 2020.Study designElectronic survey.MethodsThe survey was run between 6 June 2020 and 14 June 2020, and consisted of 22 closed and open questions, including the 14‐item scale Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). The questionnaire was distributed through email via the British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA) membership database.ResultsA total of 451 responses were received. The mean scores for the WEMWBS for veterinary surgeons, veterinary nurses and veterinary students were 47.17, 39.53 and 44.29 respectively. These compare to 48.08 and 46.38 for equine veterinary surgeons and nurses respectively in the 2019 RCVS survey of the profession. The WEMWBS results indicated lower levels of mental wellbeing in equine veterinary nurses/student veterinary nurses and veterinary students, compared to equine veterinary surgeons, as well as in furloughed equine veterinary surgeons compared to working equine veterinary surgeons.Main limitationsRisk of self‐selection bias and reporting bias. Low numbers of veterinary nurse respondents.ConclusionsThere were lower levels of mental wellbeing among equine veterinary surgeons and equine veterinary nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to the situation prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Equine veterinary nurses appeared to be more likely to report lower mental wellbeing than veterinary surgeons, and furloughed veterinary surgeons reported lower levels of mental wellbeing than veterinary surgeons that continued working during the lockdown.
Evaluation of new leptospiral antigens for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis: An approach using pan‐genomic analysis, reverse vaccinology and antigenic selection
Authors: Zilch Tiago J. , Lee Jen‐Jie , Bressan Gustavo C. , McDonough Sean P. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Divers Thomas J. , Chang Yung‐Fu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe current gold standard diagnostic test for leptospirosis is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which has many drawbacks; therefore, the development of a better and easier serological test for leptospirosis is needed.ObjectivesTo apply reverse vaccinology (RV) and antigenic selection on the assortment of leptospiral targets and evaluate their potential for use as reagents for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis.Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsThe antigenic selection parameters were: proteins with antigenicity score ≥0.5 (VaxiJen), at least one B cell epitope and size between 10 and 275 KDa. New leptospiral proteins were cloned, expressed and serologically screened against equine sera (n = 128) on a single analysis and comparative combinations. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. A BLAST with nucleotide and protein sequences was used to identify the serovar or species specificity.Main limitationsThis cross‐sectional analysis had three main limitations: (a) The equine sera used in these tests were limited to sera submitted to the Animal Health Diagnosis Center and were only tested against seven serovars; (b) MAT results were considered being ‘perfect’, and the highest titre presented was considered being the infecting serovar, which may not hold true; (c) The strains used to represent the serovars and the limited number of different serovars and species included in the genetic analysis, which leads to the possibility that these proteins might be present in different species or serovars that perhaps would be seroprevalent in another geographic region.ConclusionsThe new leptospiral antigens described in this research could increase the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for detection of Leptospira exposure and the detection of leptospirosis in horses along with support from other clinical signs. Some of these new antigens might be used to improve the detection of infecting serovar.
Segmented pathways of educational mobility: English language schools, working holidays, and divergent prospects among South Korea's global youth
Authors: CHOI CAROLYN AREUM 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing participant‐observation and 58 in‐depth participant interviews, this study examines South Korean youth who undertake overseas English language acquisition across the Philippines, United States, New Zealand, and Australia. This research introduces a concept I call ‘segmented pathways of educational mobility’, which describes the multi‐dimensional and complex levels of stratification within regional educational mobility flows that reinforce existing class inequalities for many migrants. However, segmented pathways also reveal that while resource‐constrained youth understand that their migration choices are more limited, they seek to accrue alternative cultural resources across varied destinations to gain the experiences and credentials necessary to advance in the South Korean labour market. Despite increased opportunities for English study abroad via market liberalization, this research contends that it also produces more levels of stratification within and among youth migrants.
Digital humanities and East Asian studies in 2020
Authors: Vierthaler Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough East Asian studies scholars have a long history of using technology to their advantage, starting in at least the 1970s, East Asian digital humanities lags behind digital humanities in other parts of the world. This gap is rapidly closing, and a variety of new resources, tools, and communities have developed in the last few years. At the same time, this progress has produced a remarkable flowering of research. This article provides a broad overview of some of the more recent and important trends in East Asian digital humanities. I discuss a variety of important datasets that include text corpora, geographic information, biographic data, images, and more. I also introduce a number of analytical tools, discuss community building efforts, and discuss some of the research that has emerged from this. Finally, I address efforts in digital humanities education, because although East Asian scholars are rapidly adopting digital tools, the field still faces a gap in knowledge driven by a lack of easily accessible training opportunities.
Influence of pressurised cryogenic nitrogen technology on Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) preservation during storage
Authors: Maujean Elvis , Desobry Stéphane , Gillet Guillaume , Poupard Nicolas , Desjardins‐Lavisse Isabelle , Desobry‐Banon Sylvie 
Published: November 2020

SummaryIn this study, preservation of spirulina using the new pressurised cryogenic nitrogen technology (PCN) was compared to classical methods used in laboratories and industry. Spirulina morphology was better preserved by PCN compared to unpressurised cryogeny and classical freezing at −20 °C that led to cells fragmentation. A 25% loss of Phycocyanin‐C content against 60% were measured after 98 days storage for 6‐Bar PCN process and frozen samples, respectively. The Total AntiOxidant Power (PAOT Liquid Technology®) was used for determination of total antioxidant and oxidant power of spirulina extracts. PAOT value of PCN samples was 50% higher than the frozen sample. From ABTS measurements on PCN spirulina fractions sonicated or not, it was suggested that pressurisation at 6 bars allowed a better preservation of free antioxidants (outside the cells) due to replacement of oxygen by nitrogen in the frozen beads. After dehydration, phycocyanin‐C content variation during storage at 20 °C and 33% RH showed higher loss for freeze‐dried spirulina treated at 0 compared to 6 Bars.