bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standard siren speeds: improving velocities in gravitational-wave measurements of H0
Authors: Howlett Cullan , Davis Tamara M 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We re-analyse data from the gravitational-wave event GW170817 and its host galaxy NGC 4993 to demonstrate the importance of accurate total and peculiar velocities when measuring the Hubble constant using this nearby standard siren. We show that a number of reasonable choices can be made to estimate the velocities for this event, but that systematic differences remain between these measurements depending on the data used. This leads to significant changes in the Hubble constant inferred from GW170817. We present Bayesian model averaging as one way to account for these differences, and obtain $H_{0}=66.8^{+13.4}_{-9.2}\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}}$. Adding additional information on the viewing angle from high-resolution imaging of the radio counterpart refines this to $H_{0}=64.8^{+7.3}_{-7.2}\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}}$. During this analysis, we also present an alternative Bayesian model for the posterior on H0 from standard sirens that works more closely with observed quantities from redshift and peculiar velocity surveys. Our results more accurately capture the true uncertainty on the total and peculiar velocities of NGC 4993 and show that exploring how well different data sets characterize galaxy groups and the velocity field in the local Universe could improve this measurement further. These considerations impact any low-redshift distance measurement, and the improvements we suggest here can also be applied to standard candles like Type Ia supernovae. GW170817 is particularly sensitive to peculiar velocity uncertainties because it is so close. For future standard siren measurements, the importance of this error will decrease as (i) we will measure more distant standard sirens and (ii) the random direction of peculiar velocities will average out with more detections.
On short GRBs similar to GRB 170817A detected by Fermi-GBM
Authors: Matsumoto Tatsuya , Piran Tsvi 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Von Kienlin et al. (2019) selected 11 short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) whose characteristics are similar to GRB 170817A. These bursts, like GRB 170817A, have a hard spike followed by a soft thermal tail. However, as their redshifts are unknown it is not clear if their luminosities are as low as that of GRB 170817A. Comparing the positions in the ϵp–Eγ,iso (spectral peak energy – isotropic-equivalent energy) plane and using compactness arguments to estimate the minimal Lorentz factor, Γ, we find that all the bursts in this sample are consistent with being regular sGRBs if they are located at $z$ ≃ 0.3–3. They are also consistent with being similar to GRB 170817A if they are located at $z$ ≲ 0.1. Even in the latter case, the events must involve at least mildly relativistic (Γ ≳ 2) motion within the sources. We, further, find that at most one or two bursts in the sample are consistent with the cocoon shock-breakout model. Finally, we calculate the event rate of off-axis emission either from a jet core or from a jet wing (surrounding the core). We find that the off-axis emission model as an origin of the sample is rejected as it predicts too small event rate. The wing model can be consistent with the observed rate but the model parameters cannot be constrained by the current observations.
Testing galaxy formation simulations with damped Lyman-α abundance and metallicity evolution
Authors: Hassan Sultan , Finlator Kristian , Davé Romeel , Churchill Christopher W , Prochaska J Xavier 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We examine the properties of damped Lyman-α absorbers (DLAs) emerging from a single set of cosmological initial conditions in two state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamic simulations: simba and technicolor dawn. The former includes star formation and black hole feedback treatments that yield a good match with low-redshift galaxy properties, while the latter uses multifrequency radiative transfer to model an inhomogeneous ultraviolet background (UVB) self-consistently and is calibrated to match the Thomson scattering optical depth, UVB amplitude, and Ly α forest mean transmission at z &gt; 5. Both simulations are in reasonable agreement with the measured stellar mass and star formation rate functions at z ≥ 3, and both reproduce the observed neutral hydrogen cosmological mass density, $\Omega _{\rm H\, \small{I}}(z)$. However, the DLA abundance and metallicity distribution are sensitive to the galactic outflows’ feedback and the UVB amplitude. Adopting a strong UVB and/or slow outflows underproduces the observed DLA abundance, but yields broad agreement with the observed DLA metallicity distribution. By contrast, faster outflows eject metals to larger distances, yielding more metal-rich DLAs whose observational selection may be more sensitive to dust bias. The DLA metallicity distribution in models adopting an H2-regulated star formation recipe includes a tail extending to [M/H] ≪ −3, lower than any DLA observed to date, owing to curtailed star formation in low-metallicity galaxies. Our results show that DLA observations play an important role in constraining key physical ingredients in galaxy formation models, complementing traditional ensemble statistics such as the stellar mass and star formation rate functions.
Missing red supergiants and carbon burning
Authors: Sukhbold Tuguldur , Adams Scott 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent studies on direct imaging of Type II core-collapse supernova progenitors indicate a possible threshold around MZAMS ∼ 16–20 M⊙, where red supergiants (RSG) with larger birth masses do not appear to result in supernova explosions and instead implode directly into a black hole. In this study, we argue that it is not a coincidence that this threshold closely matches the critical transition of central carbon burning in massive stars from the convective to radiative regime. In lighter stars, carbon burns convectively in the centre and result in compact final pre-supernova cores that are likely to result in explosions, while in heavier stars after the transition, it burns as a radiative flame and the stellar cores become significantly harder to explode. Using the $\rm {\small {kepler}}$ code we demonstrate the sensitivity of this transition to the rate of 12C(α, γ)16O reaction and the overshoot mixing efficiency, and we argue that the upper mass limit of exploding RSG could be employed to constrain uncertain input physics of massive stellar evolution calculations. The initial mass corresponding to the central carbon burning transition range from 14 to 26 M⊙ in recently published models from various groups and codes, and only a few are in agreement with the estimates inferred from direct imaging studies.
WR 72: a born-again planetary nebula with hydrogen-poor knots
Authors: Gvaramadze V V , Kniazev A Y , Gräfener G , Langer N 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a handful of optical hydrogen-poor (H-poor) knots in the central part of an extended infrared nebula centred on the [WO1] star WR 72, obtained by spectroscopic and imaging observations with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) images of the nebula show that it is composed of an extended almost circular halo (of ≈6 arcmin or ≈2.4 pc in diameter) and an elongated and apparently bipolar inner shell (of a factor of six smaller size), within which the knots are concentrated. Our findings indicate that WR 72 is a new member of the rare group of H-poor planetary nebulae, which may be explained through a very late thermal pulse of a post-AGB star or by a merger of two white dwarfs.
Self-consistent modelling of aromatic dust species and extinction curves in galaxy evolution
Authors: Hirashita Hiroyuki , Murga Maria S 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We formulate and calculate the evolution of dust in a galaxy focusing on the distinction among various dust components – silicate, aromatic carbon, and non-aromatic carbon. We treat the galaxy as a one-zone object and adopt the evolution model of grain size distribution developed in our previous work. We further include aromatization and aliphatization (inverse reaction of aromatization). We regard small aromatic grains in a radius range of 3–50 Å as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We also calculate extinction curves in a consistent manner with the abundances of silicate and aromatic and non-aromatic carbonaceous dust. Our model nicely explains the PAH abundance as a function of metallicity in nearby galaxies. The extinction curve becomes similar to the Milky Way curve at an age of ∼10 Gyr, in terms of the carbon bump strength and the far-ultraviolet slope. We also apply our model to starburst galaxies by shortening the star formation time-scale (0.5 Gyr) and increasing the dense-gas fraction (0.9), finding that the extinction curve maintains bumpless shapes (because of low aromatic fractions), which are similar to the extinction curves observed in the Small Magellanic Cloud and high-redshift quasars. Thus, our model successfully explains the variety in extinction curve shapes at low and high redshifts.
Formation of CO+ by radiative association II
Authors: Zámečníková Martina , Gustafsson Magnus , Nyman Gunnar , Soldán Pavel 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Radiative association of an oxygen atom with a carbon cation is investigated using quantal and semiclassical methods. The total rate coefficient for spontaneous radiative association of O(2s22p4, 3P) with C+(2s22p, 2P) on the doublet manifold is determined from the corresponding cross-sections. The cross-sections for the ${\rm 1}^2\, \Sigma ^-\rightarrow {\rm A}^2\Pi$, ${\rm 2}^2\, \Sigma ^-\rightarrow {\rm A}^2\Pi$, and ${\rm C}^2\, \Delta \rightarrow {\rm A}^2\Pi$ continuum-bound processes are calculated either semiclassically, in combination with the Breit–Wigner approach, or fully quantum mechanically. In the temperature range 10–10 000 K, our recommended total rate coefficient, obtained from these calculations and the data of Zámečníková et al. (2019), slowly increases from 7.5 × 10−18 cm3s−1 to 2.1 × 10−17 cm3s−1. Corresponding aspects of the CO+ and CO formations in SN 1987A are discussed.
A correlation between the number of satellites and the bulge-to-total baryonic mass ratio extending beyond the Local Group
Authors: Javanmardi Behnam , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations of the fields surrounding a few Milky Way-like galaxies in the local Universe have become deep enough to enable investigations of the predictions of the standard lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model down to small scales outside the Local Group (LG). Motivated by an observed correlation between the number of dwarf satellites (Nsat) and the bulge-to-total baryonic mass ratios (B/T) of the three main galaxies in the LG, i.e. the Milky Way, Andromeda, and Triangulum (M33), we use published data of three well-studied galaxies outside the LG, namely M81, Centaurus A, and M101, and their confirmed satellites, and we find a strong and significant correlation between Nsat and B/T. This presents itself in contradiction with the hitherto published results from cosmological simulations reporting an absence of a correlation between Nsat and B/T in the ΛCDM model. We conclude that, based on the current data, the Nsat versus B/T correlation is no longer a property confined to only the LG.
Diffuse radio emission in the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J2031−4037: a steep-spectrum intermediate radio halo?
Authors: Raja Ramij , Rahaman Majidul , Datta Abhirup , Burns Jack O , Intema H T , van Weeren R J , Hallman Eric J , Rapetti David , Paul Surajit 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The advent of sensitive low-frequency radio observations has revealed a number of diffuse radio objects with peculiar properties that are challenging our understanding of the physics of the intracluster medium. Here, we report the discovery of a steep-spectrum radio halo surrounding the central brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J2031−4037. This cluster is morphologically disturbed yet has a weak cool core, an example of a cool-core/non-cool-core transition system, which harbours a radio halo ∼0.7 Mpc in size. The halo emission detected at 1.7 GHz is less extended compared to that in the 325 MHz observation, and the spectral index of the part of the halo visible at the 325 MHz to 1.7 GHz frequencies was found to be −1.35 ± 0.07. Also, P1.4 GHz was found to be 0.77 × 1024 W Hz−1, which falls in the region where radio mini-haloes, halo upper limits and ultra-steep-spectrum (USS) haloes are found in the P1.4 GHz–LX plane. Additionally, simulations presented in the paper provide support for the scenario of the steep spectrum. The diffuse radio emission found in this cluster may be a steep-spectrum ‘intermediate’ or ‘hybrid’ radio halo that is transitioning into a mini-halo.
An integrative approach to the systematics of theBerthella californicaspecies complex (Heterobranchia: Pleurobranchidae)
Authors: Ghanimi Hessam , Goddard Jeffrey H R , Chichvarkhin Anton , Gosliner Terrence M , Jung Dae-Wui , Valdés Ángel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBerthella californica (W. H. Dall, 1900) is a widespread species of heterobranch sea slug distributed across the North Pacific Ocean, from Korea and Japan to the Galapagos Islands. Two distinct morphotypes are observed in B. californica, which differ in external coloration, egg-mass morphology and geographic distribution (with the exception of a small range overlap in Southern California). Molecular and morphological data obtained in this study reveals that these two morphotypes constitute distinct species. The name B. californica (type locality: San Pedro, California) is retained for the southern morphotype, whereas the name Berthella chacei (J. Q. Burch, 1944) (type locality: Crescent City, California) is resurrected for the northern morphotype. Moreover, molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered B. californica as sister to Berthellina, in a well-supported clade separate from Berthella, suggesting that the classification of B. californica may need additional revision.
Gene fragmentation and RNA editing without borders: eccentric mitochondrial genomes of diplonemids
Authors: Kaur Binnypreet , Záhonová Kristína , Valach Matus , Faktorová Drahomíra , Prokopchuk Galina , Burger Gertraud , Lukeš Julius 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDiplonemids are highly abundant heterotrophic marine protists. Previous studies showed that their strikingly bloated mitochondrial genome is unique because of systematic gene fragmentation and manifold RNA editing. Here we report a comparative study of mitochondrial genome architecture, gene structure and RNA editing of six recently isolated, phylogenetically diverse diplonemid species. Mitochondrial gene fragmentation and modes of RNA editing, which include cytidine-to-uridine (C-to-U) and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) substitutions and 3′ uridine additions (U-appendage), are conserved across diplonemids. Yet as we show here, all these features have been pushed to their extremes in the Hemistasiidae lineage. For example, Namystynia karyoxenos has its genes fragmented into more than twice as many modules than other diplonemids, with modules as short as four nucleotides. Furthermore, we detected in this group multiple A-appendage and guanosine-to-adenosine (G-to-A) substitution editing events not observed before in diplonemids and found very rarely elsewhere. With &gt;1,000 sites, C-to-U and A-to-I editing in Namystynia is nearly 10 times more frequent than in other diplonemids. The editing density of 12% in coding regions makes Namystynia’s the most extensively edited transcriptome described so far. Diplonemid mitochondrial genome architecture, gene structure and post-transcriptional processes display such high complexity that they challenge all other currently known systems.
Physical activity in chronic kidney disease and the EXerCise Introduction To Enhance trial
Authors: Mallamaci Francesca , Pisano Anna , Tripepi Giovanni 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It is well known from observational studies that sedentary lifestyle and reduced physical activity are common in dialysis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and associate with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Epidemiological studies indicate that CKD patients undergo physical activity ~9 days/month and 43.9% of dialysis patients report not exercising at all. On the basis of awareness about the strong link between sedentary lifestyle and adverse clinical outcomes, the National Kidney Foundation and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes have provided specific recommendations for physical activity in patients with kidney disease. Given the fact that CKD is a public health problem and it is still debated which type of exercise should be prescribed in these patients, this review focuses on the most robust evidence accumulated so far on the beneficial effect of various types of physical exercise on clinical outcomes in CKD and dialysis patients. This review does not treat this very important topic in another CKD category of patients, such as kidney-transplanted patients, for whom a special issue should be dedicated.
Drinking motivations in UK serving and ex-serving military personnel
Authors: Irizar P , Leightley D , Stevelink S , Rona R , Jones N , Gouni K , Puddephatt J-A , Fear N , Wessely S , Goodwin L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Drinking motivations within the UK military have not been studied despite the high prevalence of alcohol misuse in this group.

Aims
We aimed to characterize drinking motivations and their demographic, military and mental health associations in UK serving and ex-serving personnel.

Methods
Serving and ex-serving personnel reporting mental health, stress or emotional problems occurring in the last 3 years were selected from an existing cohort study. A semi-structured telephone interview survey examined participants’ mental health, help-seeking, alcohol use and drinking motivations.

Results
Exploratory factor analysis of drinking motivations in military personnel (n = 1279; response rate = 84.6%) yielded 2 factors, labelled ‘drinking to cope’ and ‘social pressure’. Higher drinking to cope motivations were associated with probable anxiety (rate ratio [RR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–1.5), depression (RR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.2–1.4) and post-traumatic stress disorder (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3–1.6). Higher social pressure motivations were associated with probable anxiety (odds ratio = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0–1.1). Alcohol misuse and binge drinking were associated with reporting higher drinking to cope motivations, drinking at home and drinking alone.

Conclusions
Amongst military personnel with a stress, emotional or mental health problem, those who drink to cope with mental disorder symptoms or because of social pressure, in addition to those who drink at home or drink alone, are more likely to also drink excessively.
The Legal Pluralism at the Heart of International Economic Governance
Authors: Berman Paul Schiff 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
When considering international economic governance, observers often focus on the lack of clear lines of demarcation regarding which rules apply. Businesses may complain about being subject to conflicting regulatory regimes; those concerned with labor rights, consumer protection, and the environment worry about regulatory evasion; and those focused on the philosophy of governance emphasize the possibility that norms regulating behavior may be unmoored from what is seen as a legitimate governing authority or polity. All of these concerns, however, rest on the assumption that for every dispute there should be one prevailing authority. This chapter questions that assumption, arguing that there is often no conceptually satisfying way to dictate a single set of legal norms to apply to a dispute and that the effort to do so often skews our focus. Instead, by embracing the pluralism at the heart of international economic governance, we can turn our attention to developing workable procedures, institutions, and discursive practices for managing multiple jurisdictional assertions by state and nonstate actors alike. We may even find that the existence of multiple ports of entry for normative assertions opens space for contestation, resistance, and creative possibility.
Disenchanting Heaven: Interfaith Debate, Sacral Kingship, and Conversion to Islam in the Mongol Empire, 1260–1335*
Authors: Brack Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Historians examine the Mongol practice of holding interfaith court debates either with regard to the efforts of religious representatives to convert the khans, or as emblematic of the Mongols’ religious pluralism. However, staging interfaith debates had other religious and political purposes as well. The debate was an arena for the religiously and ideologically charged performance of the Mongol khan’s own divine-like wisdom and model of sacral, deified kingship. From the Mongol perspective, the objectives of the debate were not only different from those of its religious participants, but the debate further represented an altogether different mode of religiosity. Situating the debate in the context of the Mongol religious world view, this article proceeds to examine it in the Mongol court in medieval Iran (the Ilkhanate) shortly after its conversion to Islam. Muslim interlocutors there identified and exploited the Mongols’ religious logic to reinforce the Mongol rulers’ conversion. They transformed the debate into a forum for experimenting with a new synthesis of Mongol and Muslim, divinized and righteous, kingship. The continuous role of the debate in the performance of sacral monarchy among the Mongols’ successors, especially the Mughals in early modern India, testifies to the enduring impact of Mongol religiosity on the Islamic world.
Transition to oral antibiotic therapy for pyelonephritis in children under 60 days of age: An observational retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lessard David-Alexandre , Huard-Girard Thelma , Tremblay Arnaud , Turcotte Jean-Francois 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the use of antibiotics and assess if an early transition from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy is generally safe in infants less than 60 days of age with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis.

Methods
This retrospective observational cohort study included hospitalized infants less than 60 days with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis based on fever or systemic symptoms and a positive urine culture between January 1, 2015 and July 30, 2017 at a Canadian paediatric tertiary care centre.

Results
A total of 108 infants were included. Forty-eight of them were under 1 month of age. The median intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy duration was 3.5 days, with a longer duration of 4 days in infants less than 1 month of age. The total antibiotic therapy was almost equally divided between a shorter (10 days) and longer (14 days) duration. The recurrence of pyelonephritis within the 2 months following the initial urinary infection was 9 % in the group with IV antibiotic therapy duration of &lt;4 days, compared to 11% in the group treated ≥4 days IV (P-value 0.75). There was a recurrence of pyelonephritis of 10.2% in the group treated for 10 days, compared to 11.5% of recurrence in the group treated for 14 days (P-value 1.0).

Conclusions
Our study provides limited retrospective data regarding the management of pyelonephritis in infants less than 60 days of age. Prospective research is needed to confirm those findings.