bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravity Compressed -Air- Hydraulic- Power-Tower Energy Storage Plants
Authors: David Ioan , Stefănescu Camelia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the era of the increasing implementation of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy supply the demand for energy storage continues to grow. This is because the renewable energy sources, mainly in the form of wind and solar energy, are sustainable, but at the same time are subject to natural fluctuations. The wind does not always blow, and the sun does not always shine. Therefore, a stable and reliable power supply is more challenging than ever. It now must regulate fluctuating electricity demand and fluctuating electricity supply. At the same time decentralized energy supply systems based mainly also on PV and wind energy (e.g. as hybrid systems) storage requirement will become a key component of these local electrical energy supply networks especiallyy to balance the energy demand and supply. Among the many storage techniques an important example is the Hydro-Power-Tower an innovative hydraulic energy storage system based on pumped storage technology. Depending on the actual storage method that can be based on gravity (lifting / falling of weight in a vertical underground or above ground Tower), on air compression / decompression or on a combination of both techniques, can be distinguished the following Storage systems, Gravity Hydro Power Tower Storage (GHPTS), Compressed Air Hydro Power Tower Storage (CAHPTS) and Gravity Compressed Air Hydro Power Tower Storage (GCAHPTS).The GHPTS is the classic form of the Hydro Power Tower Storage and is widely discussed in the literature with scientific results and technical applications especially in the last decade. Besides the many advantages of (GHPTS) an important disadvantage is the very high weight and high cost of the tower piston (usually metal) which is the key component for potential energy storage. The storage based on Compressed Air is also widely applied in different storage systems but less so than Power Tower. Regarding the application of compressed air, in the PTS system, some own results are to mention, proposing a replacement possibility of the heavy overload piston of (GHPTES) using a part of the tower as a compressed air reservoir. The present study considers the combination of both storage techniques Gravity and Compressed Air integrated in a so-called Gravity-Compressed-Air-Hydro- Power- Tower - Storage (GCAHPTS). The combined influence of compressed air pressure and high of weight tower piston on the stored energy will be analysed. The obtained results allow the optimal design of such a combined power tower storage system. When the compressed air or high weight piston is missing on obtain GHPTS or CAPTS respectively.
Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Driver’s Stopping Behaviour: A Virtual Car Driving Simulator Study
Authors: Baldo Nicola , Marini Andrea , Miani Matteo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Drivers are prone to distractions while driving, due to conversations they have with passengers on board, processing their thoughts or using their mobile phones. These distractions result in a mental workload that compromises driving safety and requires the implementation of risk compensatory behaviours. This study examines the effects of hands-free mobile phone conversations on young drivers’ stopping manoeuvres when a pedestrian enters a zebra crossing. A cohort of seventy-eight university students, aged 20-30 years old, performed a driving task in a virtual urban environment, by means of a virtual car driving simulator. They formed a control and an experimental group, balanced on age and IQ level. The control group was left free to drive without any imposed cognitive task. The experimental group was asked to drive while making a phone call that was planned to diminish the amount of cognitive resources allocated to the driving experience. For both groups, the analyses focused on a specific moment, i.e., while a child suddenly entered a zebra crossing from a sidewalk. Throughout the simulation, the intensity of the participants’ actions on the brake pedal, accelerator, and steering wheel were recorded with a time step of 250 ms. Before the virtual driving experiment, each participant completed a questionnaire on his/her daily driving style, involvement in road accidents, and general mobile phone usage even while driving. A mixed two-way ANOVA with Group as a between-subject factor (1. Control Group; 2. Experimental Group) and Gender (1. Male drivers; 2. Female drivers) as a within-subject factor was performed on the driving parameters as dependent variables. The results showed the presence of a significant difference for distracted and non-distracted drivers with the absence of gender-related differences across the two groups. Participants engaged in a hands-free phone-call while driving assumed lower initial speeds as an element of risk compensation and took the first action to stop at shorter distances from the pedestrian crossing. This suggests a delayed perception of the presence of the pedestrian. In addition, the fluctuation in speed after the distracted driver had released the accelerator pedal reached a statistical significance compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the distraction induced by the use of the mobile phone through the earphones may adversely affect driving behaviour and raise significant safety concerns.
Proposal of Empirical Homogenization of Masonry Wall Made of AAC Masonry Units
Authors: Jasiński Radosław , Grzyb Krzysztof 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents an own validation procedure of numerical FEM model of masonry wall made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry units. Empirical calibration of masonry’s mechanical parameters was carried out in the standard tests of the compressed and diagonally compressed wall. In the numerical calculations, an elastic-plastic material model with degradation was used. This model in the compression phase uses the Menetrey-William (M-W-3) plasticity surface and in a tensioning state, the Rankine criterion is used. In the first stage, axially compressed walls were analysed. Fracture energy was changed, leaving the remaining parameters unchanged. The relation between the load – vertical and horizontal strains was compared. In the second stage, the calibration involved changing the tensile strength of the wall in diagonally compression test. The relationship between shear stresses and form strain angle was compared. Satisfactory convergence in the range of maximum stresses and significant differences in terms of form strains were obtained. In the third stage, the modulus of elasticity was calibrated, the results of laboratory tests and numerical calculations were compared. The best convergence in terms of maximum tangential stress and scratch morphology was obtained in the model in which the tensile strength was reduced by 80%. The reliability of the proposed validation method was additionally verified on wall models of larger dimensions. The article is a continuation of the author’s considerations regarding the author’s validation method of the FEM masonry model.
Numerical Verification of the Elastic-Plastic Menétrey-William Model (M-W-3) for Masonry Shear Walls Made of Calcium Silicate Masonry Units
Authors: Jasiński Radosław 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of the author’s papers on numerical verification of masonry structures. It describes the proposed method of validating the elastic and plastic Menétrey-Willam model (M-W-3) implemented in the ATENA software. Material parameters of the model were determined from triaxial tests on masonry units. This paper presents a practical use of the calibrated numerical model for stiffening walls. Flat, four-node finite elements (2D model) were used with two degrees of freedom for each node. Simulation covered stiffening walls of various length (l = 4.5 m and 2.25 m), height of 2.45 m, and thickness of 0.18 m. Sequential loading in two stages was performed on walls. Precompression stresses σc of 0.1; 0.75 and 1.5 N/mm2 were applied in the first stage, and walls were exposed to monotonic horizontal shearing in the second stage. Calculations were performed at the plane stress (σ1≠0, σ1≠0, σ3=0). The obtained calculations were compared with results for unreinforced walls made of calcium silicate masonry units tested under the identical initial-boundary conditions. The relationship between shear stress and non-dilatational strain angle and values of cracking and failure stresses were compared. Calculations showed that shear stresses at the time of cracking demonstrated the closest similarity. The biggest differences occurred for deformation at the moment of destruction.
Involving Citizens through Walking: Urban Walks as a Tool for Awareness Raising in Historic Built Areas
Authors: Husar Milan , Ondrejicka Vladimir , Scacchi Micaela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Public participation in decision making is a hot topic for spatial planning for many decades. Since 2001, the Aarhus Convention is granting, among others, the public rights for public participation. However, as Arnstein already in 1969 wrote, there are many levels of participation and ever since the publication of her paper scholars as well as practitioners are deliberating various levels and a multitude of tools of how to involve the public, in what stage, up to what depth to make it as effective and efficient as the situation allows. Urban walks present one of the methods of stakeholder involvement in which participants, usually local citizens, are guided through a walk in the site with experts explaining their ideas and collecting remarks from the participants. They offer an opportunity for community engagement and informal discussion on various topics in the decision-making processes, to witness successful examples and innovative tools. They are one of the most appropriate ways for awareness rising among the general public, as they offer in-situ exploration together with face-to-face discussions with professionals who are guiding the walk. The paper examines two case studies of urban walks. Firstly, a set of 8 urban walks taking place within the INTERREG-Central Europe BhENEFIT project aimed at raising awareness and building capacities in the field of sustainable management of historic built areas. Altogether, there were 148 participants in these events, and at the end of the urban walks, they filled in the feedback forms. Responsible partners also prepared detailed reports about all of these events and, together with feedback forms, these are analysed and the results are presented within this paper. Secondly, the paper uses a case study from Rome (Italy) within the Jane’s Walk International Festival presented at the III Biennial of Public Space. The method of urban walks had been selected as a proper way to involve citizens in the project, to help disseminate the project results and make the citizens a part of the decision making in historic built areas in the project pilot sites. The results from the analysed reports give evidence supporting the effectiveness of this method. The paper further on discusses different forms of public involvement for future events and ways how to include the public in the decision-making processes.
Correlation of Sacred Architecture and Painting in Western Ukraine
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Diachok Oksana , Panfilova Oleksandra , Tarasiuk Ivan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article highlights some of the results of the scientific work conducted under the direction of the Institute of Architecture and Design of the National University “Lviv Polytechnic” together with the Department of Fine Arts and Design of Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Kremenets Regional Humanities and Pedagogics Academy, Lesia Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Department of Fine Arts. Scientists are exploring sacred arts in Western Ukraine as one of the highest achievements in the work of Ukrainian architects. In particular, the article is about the Ternopil region. The aim of the article is to cover the work of architects of the Ternopil region, correlation in their creativity of architecture and painting; the introduction into the scientific circulation of data on some temples - architectural monuments and modern churches. The territory of Western Ukraine occupies a special place in the cultural and spiritual space of the state. It is located at the crossroads of European roads, has long been noted for its multinational character and wealth of faiths. Temples of different denominations are the decoration of cities and villages and enrich their architectural landscape, and in terms of potential and value of architectural heritage, it is one of the richest regions of Ukraine. One of the spiritual symbols of the city of Ternopil is a temple built in the eighteenth century - a monument of late European Baroque architecture. The building was many times on the verge of destruction; it was burned and destroyed by wars and the communist regime, but with the declaration of independence of Ukraine the shrine was revived. Modern paintings, sculptural groups, stained glass windows and other works of sacred art have transformed the sanctuary into a city beauty, attracting visitors with its grandeur and splendor. Scientists do not often turn to the creative personality of architects. Among the renowned architects of Ukraine, who have designed projects for more than 200 temple complexes, is Ternopil artist Mykhaylo Netrybyak. He combines the work of the architect with the work of the teacher, and the creative nature of the artist is reflected in the paintings. The famous painter of Ternopil with professional architectural education is Mykhaylo Kuziv, who also combines artistic work with pedagogical activity. His works are known far beyond Ukraine and are exhibited in state and public institutions, in private collections of Ukraine and in many countries of the world. Thus, as a result of the research, the data on some contemporary architects and artists of Ternopil region were put into scientific circulation; their role in the process of revival of temple construction of Ukraine is defined; it describes some of the temples – architectural monuments and modern architectural buildings.
Redefinition of prefabricated large panel building systems - face lifting or disruptive revolution
Authors: Cibis Jerzy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The notion of “a large panel system (LPS)” means a building system from prefabricated structural elements, concrete slabs, used for the construction of blocks of flats and other buildings. Despite its simple definition, the name evolved over time into an urban, architectural and sociological phenomenon of massive impact changing the character of many European cities for good. It is estimated that nowadays in Europe (excluding the countries of the former Soviet Union) around 41 million inhabitants live in housing estates built from prefabricated panels. The presented elaboration aims to determine a real scale of this issue and provoke a discussion on the basis of undertaken actions - the discussion about the possibilities of stopping the destructive spatial and social processes affecting such areas. On the basis of the above-discussed architectural, urban planning, sociological and technical aspects of the large panel system housing estates and their juxtaposition with competitive contemporary housing estates, an attempt can be made to compare the negative and positive characteristics of these areas. A division into three groups is proposed: 1. Spatial and functional parameters in urban planning, 2. Spatial and functional parameters in architecture, 3. Technical and aesthetic parameters. However, the above-described terms mainly function on the grounds of the downtown (city-centre) building development. Therefore, only by the reference to the revitalization of housing estates do we understand specific areas in degraded housing complexes. Finally, the undertaking of the revitalization actions in the context of large housing developments made with industrial technologies is called ‘the humanization of housing estates’. This term refers to a whole range of works, beginning from the survey of the technical condition, through consultations with the local community, to the selection of solutions in the field of architecture, economics or ecology. On the contrary to the typical modernization, humanization focuses its activities also on the analysis of the collective addressee, their needs and expectations. Humanization of huge housing complexes is coupled with the strive for sustainable development of cities, which has recently become a strategic term in the economies of all developing European countries.
Historical Structures and Technical Heritage on the Elbe-Vltava Waterway
Authors: Fošumpaur Pavel , Horský Martin , Kašpar Tomáš , Králík Martin , Kučerová Jitka , Chvojková Petra Nešvarová , Zukal Milan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper describes the past development of the Elbe-Vltava waterway (EVW) and focuses on the documentation and presentation of the historical structures which were built for the rivers’ continuous navigability. Modern modifications of the waterway started at the beginning of the 19th century and focused mainly on regulatory work aimed at widening, straightening and deepening the fairway and removing the narrow fairway sections. In 1896, the Commission for Channelling the Vltava and the Elbe Rivers in Bohemia was established. The commission began implementing a plan to canalise the Elbe-Vltava waterway. On the EVW, a cascade of 34 barrages have been built, which are connected by their backwaters and ensure year-round navigability of the Vltava River from the Slapy Dam to the town of Mělník (92 km) and the Elbe River from the town of Chvaletice to the city of Ústí nad Labem (172 km). The last section of the Elbe River between Ústí nad Labem and the border with the Federal Republic of Germany (41 km) has so far been made navigable only by historical regulation works. Barrages on the EVW are typically composed of a weir structure, a navigation lock, a hydroelectric power plant producing renewable energy and a fish pass or sport whitewater canal. Most of these structures were built in the first half of the 20th century and represent a huge and unique technical heritage that still serves its purpose. The development of the EVW objects was documented in detail. The result is a software designed as a computer application with a web interface, which also serves for the presentation of technical heritage using original and modern technologies. Database operations enable the sharing of more information resources by competent organizations in the area of management, operation and maintenance of objects on the EVW. The system contains detailed descriptions of individual objects including their main technical parameters. For all the barrages were also systematically documented archival historical documents, maps, drawing documentation, photo gallery and for the most important barrages a description of the architectural design. The research also focused on mapping the development of regulatory adjustments of the Elbe River based on preserved historical documentation from the 19th and 20th centuries and the first aerial photographs since 1938. The presentation for the general public is complemented by an index of prominent personalities who contributed to the development of the EVW. There is also an explanatory dictionary of technical elements and objects on the EVW, including functional diagrams. Tourist attractions around the waterway are also included in the software.
Art and Design on the Campus of the Silesian University of Technology
Authors: Fross Klaudiusz , Gumińska Anna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of the research presented in the publication is a qualitative analysis of elements of small architecture on the campus of a research university of the Silesian University of Technology. The research was carried out during the implementation of the research project entitled: “Art. and Design in Public Space.” As part of the project, further objects are created in the field of education, art and design. Made: 3 Red Cubes - Sight - Influence of geometric solids on the perception of the surrounding space, 4 numbered BenchMan benches, Le Corbusier’s Modulor with graphic information, Kinetic Sculpture. All spatial elements are to draw attention, provoke reflection, present the work of students and employees, and above all, inspire and encourage the use of the design in small architecture. Selected elements are modifiable, portable and can be further created, and the process of creative activities is open and possible to continue. The project is open and has a developmental character. Further spatial elements will be added. The main slogan of the project is: “Change the environment and inspire others.” The main goal of the project is to give “Life in Space”. During use, research is being conducted, including observation of user behavior, the impact of given objects on their users. The main research results are the effects of qualitative research on the changed space. They showed that all the presented spatial elements change the existing space, make them think, inspire, introduce a factor of interest in this space, convey information about space. The creative process in this project is an open activity and enables further transformation and modification of this space. It is also a factor that introduces an element of creativity and attractiveness of space through constant changes and other aesthetic and functional possibilities of space. The most important conclusions include the fact that introducing minor changes to small architecture in public space using art and design gives great results in the form of activating public space, improving aesthetics and functionality.
Reinforcing of Sand With 3D Printed Fibres – Review of Properties, Fabrication of Fibres and Initial Testing Programme
Authors: Chalmovsky Juraj , Koudela Pavel , Mica Lumir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fibre reinforcement is an effective method of soil improvement that presents an alternative solution to other more common methods of ground reinforcement, such as mechanical stabilization by geosynthetics (geogrids, geotextiles, geocomposites, etc.). Research activities in this area are being carried out, but the main disadvantage of currently used fibres is their uniform cross-section and usually smooth surface given by available production methods. This study presents an alternative way of fabrication of synthetic fibres – utilization of fused deposition modelling (3D printing). With the rapid development in commercially available 3D printing techniques, it is now possible to refine the shape and dimensions of the 3D printed objects to a tenth of a millimetre. The review of the basic index and mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced soils is presented in the first part of the paper. The second part is devoted to the description of the production process of fibres including the suitability analysis of materials used for 3D printing. Finally, the initial testing programme of fibre-reinforced non-cohesive soil is presented. The preformed laboratory test confirmed that the inclusion of 3D printed fibres led to a significant increase in shear strength. Examination of samples after tests did not reveal breakage of fibres, thus the fibres pull-out was the governing failure mode.