bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity Analysis for the Efficiency Improvement of a Light Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Power Plant
Authors: Taufiq Bin Nur , Kikuchi Yasunori , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Honda Kuniaki , Koyama Michihisa 
Published: February 2020

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is recognized as one of high efficiency plants of electricity generation for a sustainable future system with low environmental effects. In term of fuel flexibility, SOFC is suitable for direct use of syngas from a coal gasification plant. The application of integrated SOFC in coal gasification based power plant, such as a light integrated gasification fuel cell (L-IGFC) power plant, could be one of the most promising coal energy conversions system providing high electrical efficiency with low CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. The system consists of a coal gasifier and intermediate temperature SOFC module on the top of a steam turbine. The syngas produced by pressurized coal gasifier is used in SOFC module after heat recovery units and cleaning processes. To minimize exergy loses in the plant, the dry gas desulfurization (DGD) unit which can operate at elevated operating temperature and pressure are adopted. The heat generated by SOFC module can be utilized by the heat recovery steam generator providing high quality steam for a steam turbine. In this work, thermodynamic analysis is carried out to develop process integration of the L-IGFC plant. The overall plant analysis of a baseline system design is performed by identifying the major factors effecting plant performance by using the Aspen Plus simulation. The Aspen plus simulation is then used to perform parametric analysis to identify optimum values for the maximum system efficiency. Modifications to the baseline system design are made in order to determine the most viable system designs based on maximizing total system efficiency.
Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Integrated with Metal Interconnect by Joining Process
Authors: Yoo Young-Sung , Choi Mihwa , Yang Seugran , Jin Hyun-Jin , Park Min-Ah , Kim Eui-Hyun 
Published: February 2020

Metal-supported solid oxide electrolysis cell integrated with metal interconnect by joining process (so-called, with fuel electrode(cathode)-supported electrolysis cell) was fabricated and its electrical performance are investigated under both operation mode of fuel cell(hydrogen) and co-electrolysis(steam and CO2) mode at the intermediate temperature of 750 oC~850 oC. The fuel(or steam) electrode layers are prepared using NiO and YSZ(8 mol% Y2O3-doped ZrO2) at the ratio of 1:1. In order to obtain pores in the cathode, graphite powders of 24 volume % with average particle size of 44 mm are added. In the case of a metal-supported solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC) with heat-treated cathode support, 10 mol % Sm2O3-doped CeO2 (SDC) paste is screen-printed on the surface of YSZ and subsequently (La0.6Sr0.4) (Co0.2Fe0.8)O3 (LSCF) paste mixed with SDC at 1:1 weight ratio as anode(air electrode) is screen-printed on the SDC layer and heat-treated for desirable adhesion. The single electrolysis cell performances are compared by analyzing AC impedance spectra and product gas composition by GC(gas chromatography)of metal-supported electrolysis cell integrated with metal interconnect and cathode-supported electrolysis cell, and the current-voltage characteristics and cross-sectional microstructure of cathode-supported cell integrated with metal interconnect are tested. The stable long-term performance with co-electrolysis of carbon dioxide (CO2)and steam(H2O) is shown for about 800 h at 800 oC under the constant current density of 300 mA/cm2, 600 mA/cm2, 800 mA/cm2, and 1000 mA/cm2. In the fuel cell mode operation of metal-supported SOEC cell, the maximum power density of 0.8W/cm2 is indicated with hydrogen fuel. The microstructures are analyzed using optical microscope for observing a diffusion of metal ions at the cathode, adhesion layer and metal support(ferritic stainless steel, STS430) with EDAX analysis. In the present work, we have investigated the performance and microstructures of metal-supported SOEC for the co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O steam. The exemplary works with AC impedance and the composition of product gas are analyzed in the operation of metal-supported co-electrolysis cell.
Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Versa Power Systems and FuelCell Energy
Authors: Borglum Brian P , Ghezel-Ayagh Hossein 
Published: February 2020

Versa Power Systems (VPS) is a developer of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for clean power generation and is a wholly owned subsidiary of FuelCell Energy (FCE). FCE is a global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) power plants. From an economic perspective, MCFCs scale-up very well and as a result FCE’s MCFC products are in the multi-megawatt size range. SOFCs are complementary because they scale-down well and hence are well suited to sub-megawatt applications. This paper highlights the status of VPS and FCE’s SOFC technology in the areas of cell, stack and system development.
Influence of Cathode Polarization Change on Chromium Deposited on Electrolyte Surface Near Cathode Reaction Sites of SOFC
Authors: Ishibashi Daiki , Park Eunjoo , Taniguchi Shunsuke , Inoue Yuko , Chou Jyh-Tyng , Sasaki Kazunari 
Published: February 2020

It has been clarified that chromium deposition occurs significantly onthe electrolyte surface near the cathode reaction sites in consequence of cathode polarization. The deposited chromium probably remains on the surface, not diffusing into the electrolyte. Therefore, focusing on the behavior of the deposited chromium, such as crystal growth or dissipation by cathode polarization change is suitable for clarification of the deposition mechanism in detail.
In this study, we investigated influence of cathode polarization change on the deposited chromium on the electrolyte surface by using NiO/YSZ or NiO/GDC for the cathode material. We used NiO for the cathode material because of the following two reasons. 1) Effect of cathode polarization can easily be studied because the predetermined cathode polarization is generated at the cathode reaction sites with smaller current flow. 2) Lower reactivity of NiO with chromium vapor than conventional cathode materials (e.g. LSCF, LSM) can make the analysis simpler.
Although ohmic resistances of these cathodes using NiO are higher than usual, they showed enough performance to control cathode polarization. Chromium poisoning tests were conducted at 700 oC for 100 hours keeping cathode polarization constant at 200 mV. At the end of the chromium poisoning tests, several different procedures to stop the cell tests were executed concerning the timing to remove the cathode polarization
After the chromium poisoning tests at 200 mV, chromium deposition was observed on the surface of the electrolyte near the cathode/electrolyte interface as observed in LSM cathode. The deposited chromium segregated at the interface of NiO and YSZ for the NiO/YSZ cathode by decreasing cathode polarization, which suggests nucleation under cathode polarization at 200 mV and growth of chromium compounds after decreasing the cathode polarization. On the other hand, the deposited chromium decreased for the NiO/GDC cathode after decreasing cathode polarization.
Degradation of LSCF Cathode Induced by SO2 in Air
Authors: Kishimoto Haruo , Wang Fangfang , Cho Do-Hyung , Lv Peiling , Bagarinao Katherine Develos- , Yamaji Katsuhiko , Horita Teruhisa , Yokokawa Harumi 
Published: February 2020

SO2 is one of the most major impurities in air and it induces a performance degradation of SOFC cathodes. Our group has investigated the enforced degradation behaviors of LSCF cathodes by SO2 containing air. It has been clearly observed that SO2 induced degradation is affected by the SO2 concentration in air, the operating temperature, the Sr content in LSCF cathode, the flowrate of air, the humidity of air as well as cell operation. We also find out that sulfur is a tendency to preferentially exist in the vicinity of the cathode/electrolyte interface. In this presentation, we try to provide a comprehensive description of SO2 induced degradation of LSCF cathode from a thermodynamical perspective. In progress of degradation, sulfur reacts with Sr component in LSCF and forms SrSO4. As a result, both conductivity and oxygen reduction reaction activity of LSCF decrease. There seems to be a relationship between increments of ohmic resistance and reaction resistance in each degradation step
Interaction between Crofer 22 APU Current Collector and LSCF Cathode Contacting Layer under Cell Operation
Authors: Spotorno Roberto , Piccardo Paolo , Perrozzi Francesco 
Published: February 2020

The metal interconnect oxidation and interaction with the cell are issues limiting the performances and the durability of the SOFC stacks. Despite the application of additional surface treatments or protective coatings such problematic are still affecting the system reliability because of hardly avoidable interactions since the operating conditions to which such material are exposed. Beside the high temperatures and oxygen partial pressures one should consider also the presence of a current load which acts locally changing the working conditions and the kinetic aspect of the oxidation processes. In this work the current density effect has been investigated on Crofer 22 APU in air at 750°C. The same material has been pre-oxidized and coated with a state-of-the-art Co1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel coating to test the effect of such treatments on the interaction with a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 contacting layer simulating the interconnect interface at the cathode compartment. The behavior of such samples has been compared with the results on a working reproduction of a stack cathode compartment.
Development of a Tubular Solid Oxide Cell for Co-Electrolysis of H2O and CO2 for Syngas Production
Authors: Tanaka Yohei , Kato Tohru , Nagata Susumu , Negishi Akira 
Published: February 2020

A tubular Ni-8YSZ/SSZ/GDC/SSC (Strontium-doped Samarium Cobaltite) cell was prepared for high temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2. This cell enhanced a current density at750ºC and 1.28 V by two-fold compared to a previous type of our cell. Measurements of voltage-current density (V-J) curves revealed that 0.55 A/cm2 was attained at 750ºC and a thermoneutral voltage (1.33 V). The V-J curves were not influenced by change of H2/C (= 2-4) and flow-rate ratio (= 1-4) of positive electrode to negative one. In addition, V-J curve measurement at constant 80% utilization of H2O and CO2 clarified that the cell was stable at the high utilization and 0.41 A/cm2 was achieved at the thermoneutral voltage.
Addressing the Instability of High Capacity Lithium Battery Cathodes
Authors: Thackeray Michael M. , Long Brandon , Croy Jason R. , Lee Eungje , Park Joong Sun , Shin Youngho , Krumdick Gregory , Wen Jianguo , Miller Dean 
Published: February 2020

Layered lithium- and manganese-rich mixed metal oxides are receiving worldwide attention as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries because, once activated above 4.5 V, they can provide the theoretical capacity of a typical LiMO2 (M=Mn, Ni, Co) electrode (250-260 mAh/g) [1-3]. These Li- and Mn-rich materials can be represented in their initial state by the two-component formula xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2 or, in normalized layered notation, Li1+xM1-xO2.
Although xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2 electrodes maintain their capacity when repeatedly charged to high potetials (>4.5 V), structural changes result in voltage decay and hysteresis during repeated charge/discharge cycles, repressing their use in commercial battery products. The structural decay has been attributed to the irreversible migration of transition metal ions (predominantly Mn) into the lithium-depleted layers. This disadvantage is being addressed by slightly reducing the lithium content in parent xLi2MnO3·(1-x)LiMO2materials to introduce ‘pillaring’ transition metal ions in the lithium layers of the composite structure.
This presentation will discuss the background and versatility of composite electrode structures and highlight the opportunity that these materials present for overcoming voltage fade, with a specific focus on composite ‘layered-spinel’ electrode structures.

References

Z. Lu and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149,A778 (2002).

J-S. Kim, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, M. M. Thackeray, S. A. Hackney, W. Yoon and C. P. Grey, Chem Mater. 16, 1996 (2004).

M. M. Thackeray, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, N. Li and S. A. Hackney, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 2257 (2005).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Batteries
Authors: Britton Melanie , Bayley Paul , Davenport Alison J , Forsyth Maria 
Published: February 2020

The design and development of improved batteries and energy storage devices requires understanding of the electrochemical reactions, transport and concentration gradients within these devices during operation. However, there are few methods that are able to visualise and quantify these spatially, in situ and in real time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a technique typically associated with medical research and diagnosis, has proven to be an excellent tool for non-invasively studying complex, spatially heterogeneous chemical systems in materials, engineering and chemical research1. While MRI has enormous potential for in situ investigation of the spatial distribution, speciation, and mobility of molecules and ions in electrochemical devices, there are currently very few examples of MRI being used to probe such systems. This is largely due to the experimental challenges associated with setting up an electrochemical cell inside a strong magnetic field and the imaging artefacts caused by the presence of metals that lead to undesirable variations in the radiofrequency (RF) and magnetic fields across the sample2. However, recent work3 has shown that such issues can be overcome and that it is possible to collect viable, quantitative, in situ data for the electrolyte near metal electrodes.
Using MRI, the molecular transport and zinc and oxygen electrochemistry in an alkaline electrolyte have been investigated in a model Zn-air battery. Magnetic resonance relaxation maps of the electrolyte are used to visualise the chemical composition and electrochemical processes occurring during discharge. This paper will also review the challenges and opportunities MRI offers for the investigation of batteries and other energy storage devices.

References

[1] M. M. Britton, Chem. Soc. Rev.
2010, 39, 4036-4043.
[2] M. M. Britton, Chemphyschem
2015, 15, 1731-36.

[3] M. M. Britton, P. M. Bayley, P. C. Howlett, A. J. Davenport, M. Forsyth, J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
2013, 4, 3019–3023.; A. J. Davenport, M. Forsyth, M. M. Britton, Electrochem. Comm.
2010, 12, 44-47.
.

Figure 1
High-Rate Electrochemistry in Bulk (um) Particles: NMR Insights into Nb2O5
Authors: Griffith Kent J. , Forse Alexander C. , Griffin John M. , Grey Clare P 
Published: February 2020

Recent studies have shown that Nb2O5 can act as a high-rate cathode material in lithium-ion batteries; mesoporous, orthorhombic T-Nb2O5 has demonstrated reversible capacity of 130 mA∙h∙g-1 at a 10C rate and over 100 mA∙h∙g-1 even at a 100C rate.1,2 Intercalation in this material therefore occurs at noticeably higher rates than in a standard lithium-ion battery. Inspired by work3,4 on the relationship between structure and electrochemical performance in Nb2O5polymorphs, an investigation was opened into the mechanisms responsible for the rapid lithium-ion intercalation in niobium(V) oxides.
TT (pseudohexagonal), T (orthorhombic), B (monoclinic), and H (monoclinic) polymorphs of Nb2O5 were synthesised by calcining NbO2 for 24 hours over a range of temperatures. In addition to low cost and ease of synthesis, solid state preparative methods were selected in an effort to characterise inherent properties of the bulk crystal structure of the various polymorphs, as it is well known that nanostructuring can fundamentally change the kinetics and thermodynamics of intercalation reactions. Samples were prepared at every 50 °C interval from 200 °C to 1100 °C and analysed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemically, the Wadsley–Roth type shear structure of H-Nb2O5 exhibited the highest capacity, reversibly intercalating more than one electron per transition metal ion. Akin to the nanostructured mesoporous oxides, TT-Nb2O5 and T-Nb2O5 from NbO2displayed impressive intercalation kinetics and no phase change upon discharge-charge cycling; this result is somewhat unexpected considering the large (μm) scale of the particles in this investigation.
Solid state NMR was employed to examine lithiation mechanisms and energy barriers within the high-rate (T) and high-capacity (H) phases. Results will be presented from ex situ magic angle spinning (MAS) 93Nb, 17O, and 7Li solid state NMR experiments, which were performed on pristine niobia samples and cycled coin cell cathodes to examine the different local atomic environments within each structural moiety and to correlate local and long range structural changes and lithium transport with rate performance for the different polymorphs. Changes in NMR chemical shift, peak shape, intensity, and relaxation parameters were observed as a function of degree of lithiation and in variable temperature experiments.
1. Augustyn, V. et al.
Nat. Mater.
12, 518–522 (2013).
2. Brezesinski, K. et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
132, 6982–6990 (2010).
3. Kumagai, N. et al.
J. Electrochem. Soc.
146, 3203–3210 (1999).
4. Rosario, A. V. & Pereira, E. C. J. Solid State Electrochem.
9, 665–673 (2005).

Figure 1
P2- Type NaNi1/3Mn2/3-XZnxO2: As a Cathode Material for Na-Ion Cells
Authors: Venkata Rami Reddy Boddu , Gopukumar Sukumaran 
Published: February 2020

Since 1990s Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are playing a vital role in portable electronic devices (1-2) such as mobiles, laptops, tablets, and electric vehicles etc., owing to its compact size and high energy density. However, the main problem of lithium is its abundance and cost deters it from making cost-effective battery. Therefore, researchers (3 – 5) are considering alternatives like Na-ion battery chemistry as sodium is the one of most abundant element in the earth crust and its redox potential close to lithium. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of NaNi1/3Mn2/3-xZnxO2, by using citric acid assisted sol-gel method for use as cathode material in Na-ion battery. Here, citric acid acts both as a fuel and chelating agent. XRD analysis reveals that the P2 type layered structure as depicted in Fig.1 for NaNi1
/3Mn2/3O2, NaNi1
/3Mn2/3-xZnxO2. SEM studies of NaNi1
/3Mn2/3O2, NaNi1
/3Mn2/3-xZnxO2 are confirms that, particle size range is about 1-2 m with different shapes which is shown in Fig., 2 (a, b). Electro chemical studies have been performed between 2.0 - 4.3 V for a Na/ NaNi1/3Mn2/3-xZnxO2 system, here sodium is reference as well as counter electrode assembled in CR-2032 type coin cells using 1M NaClO4 EC: DEC (1:1 V/V) electrolyte medium.
References:
(1) I. Belharouak, Lithium ion batteries – new developments, p. 1. (2012).
(2) D. Linden and T. B. Reddy, Hand Book of Batteries, 3rd. ed., p34.1, (2002).
(3) Z. Lu, J. R. Dahn, J. Electroche. Soc., 148(11), A1225, (2001).
(4) H. Yoshida, N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, I. Ikeuchi, A. Garsuch, M. S. Dobrick and S. Komaba, Chem commu., 50, 3677(2014).
(5) B.V. R. Reddy and S. Gopukumar, ECS tranactions, 53(30), 499, (2013).

Figure 1
Advanced 3D Imaging, Analysis and Characterisation of Zn Dendrite Formation in a Zn-Air Battery
Authors: Biton Moshiel , Tariq Farid , Yufit Vladimir , Wu Billy , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: February 2020

Rising global demand for energy supply, storage and portability in a sustainable manner needs significant improvements to be made in the next generation of batteries, both in terms of performance and lifetime. However, despite their importance, battery electrode microstructures remain relatively poorly understood.
The performance of the battery is dependent on the nano and micro-structure achieved during manufacture. Furthermore microstructural evolution during operation may degrade electrochemical performance. The growth of dendrites represents a limiting failure mechanism in some battery systems; in particular this can be a challenge in zinc-air batteries. Tomographic techniques allow the direct 3D imaging and characterisation of complex microstructures, including the observation and quantification of dendrite growth.
Here we present results from 3D x-ray and FIB-SEM tomography of Zn dendrite formation in a zinc-air battery, down to resolutions of tens of nanometers, enabling analysis of dendrite micro-structure.
This approach is shown to be effective in understanding how dendrites grow, and demonstrates that tomography coupled with modeling can provide new insights into degradation mechanisms associated with dendrite growth.
A Study of Current Collectors for Magnesium Batteries in Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF Electrolyte Using the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique
Authors: Glover Carol Frances , Williams Geraint 
Published: February 2020

Magnesium-based secondary batteries provide a non-toxic, earth-abundant alternative to the Li-ion systems for stationary applications. The appeal of such systems has been recognised after a volumetric capacity that outperforms that of Li-ion systems was demonstrated (3833 mA h/cc compared to 2046 mA h/cc)1. In any battery system, the compatibility of the current collector and the electrolyte is of high importance and for achieving good reversibility in rechargeable systems and a long cycle life. Aurbach et al demonstrated the reversible deposition and dissolution of the Grignard reagent, a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of magnesium organohalo-aluminate salt (Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF), with a columbic efficiency of ∼100%2. This electrolyte has been vastly studied since its identification and, subsequently, increased the level of interest in reversible Mg batteries.
The instability of a range of current collectors, when exposed to Grignard reagents, with the exception of Nickel, has been highlighted previously3. In the current study the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) is used to map the current density over the surface of a selection of metals when polarised to an applied potential. The technique can then be used to spatially resolve anodic and cathodic activity. SVET has been used extensively in corrosion research where a wealth of literature is available. Figure 1 shows a typical SVET-derived current density surface map, obtained by scanning a metallic surface when fully immersed in electrolyte; the red peaks denote the anodic regions. The aim of the current study is to further understand the instability of certain metals, that are often considered as suitable current-collectors in Mg-based battery systems, when exposed to (Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF). Copper, nickel, stainless steel and silver will be studied.

Figure 1 A
typical SVET-derived current density surface map obtained by scanning a metallic surface when fully immersed in electrolyte.

References

1 P. Saha, M. K. Datta, O. I. Velikokhatnyi, A. Manivannan, D. Alman, and P. N. Kumta, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2014, 66, 1–86.
2 D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich, and E. Levi, Nature, 2000, 407, 724–7.
3 D. Lv, T. Xu, P. Saha, M. K. Datta, M. L. Gordin, a. Manivannan, P. N. Kumta, and D. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc, 2012, 160, A351–A355.

Figure 1