bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVERTANTS OF DOMINANT MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANTENNAPEDIA GENE COMPLEX OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS
Authors: Hazelrigg T , Kaufman T C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Using X-ray mutagenesis we have induced and recovered phenotypic revertants of four dominant mutations thought to be associated with the Antennapedia complex of Drosophila melanogaster. These include seven revertants of Antennapedia-73b (Antp73b), six of Extra Sex Combs of Wakimoto (Scxw), three of Deformed (Dfd) and one of Humeral (Hu). Fifteen of the 17 revertants are associated with chromosomal aberrations and localize Antp73b, Scxw and Hu to polytene chromosome bands 84B1,2. The Dfd lesion is apparently located in or adjacent to bands 84A4,5. Since all of the dominants are reverted by events that delete their respective chromosomal loci, we conclude that all four are the result of a gain-of-function lesions. Complementation analysis of the various revertant chromosomes has shown that Scxw and Hu are dominant allelic variants of the Antp locus. The Dfd lesion represents a dominant mutation at a locus just proximal to Antp and previously only occupied by recessive lethal mutations. Characterization of the revertants of Scxw and a comparison with the properties of the original mutation has revealed that the original lesion has effects on both the Antp and Sex Combs Reduced (Scr) loci and that these defects are in some cases separable by the reverting event.
ENZYME VARIATION, METABOLIC FLUX AND FITNESS: ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Middleton Richard J , Kacser Henrik 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Although there are many in vitro studies of enzyme activity of genetic variants at the Adh locus in D. melanogaster, little is known about the corresponding metabolic activity in living flies. We report here such measurements of the metabolic flux in the conversion of ethanol to the two products, CO2 and lipids, for six different active genotypes, containing the predominant naturally recurring alleles and covering a threefold range of in vitro activity. In adult flies we have found nonsignificant differences between genotypes in metabolic flux when estimates for individual genotypes had standard errors of approximately 10% of the mean value. In vitro activities are, therefore, poor predictors of the physiological consequences of enzyme variation since such determinations ignore the interactions inherent in multienzyme systems. We have no evidence that heterozygote show overdominance either at the enzyme or the flux level. Since fitness differences between genotypes must be generated by physiological differences, investigations of polymorphisms should be based on in vivo studies.
POPULATION STRUCTURE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS
Authors: Rogers Alan R , Harpending Henry C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A migration matrix model is used to investigate the behavior of neutral polygenic characters in subdivided populations. It is shown that gametic disequilibrium has a large effect on the variance among groups but none at all on its expectation. The variance of among-group variance is substantial and does not depend on the number of loci contributing to variance in the character. It is just as large for polygenic characters as for single loci with the same additive variance. This implies that one polygenic character contains exactly as much information about population relationships as one single-locus marker. The theory is compared with observed differentiation of dermatoglyphic and anthropometric characters among Bougainville islanders.
Machine learning–based outcome prediction and novel hypotheses generation for substance use disorder treatment
Authors: Nasir Murtaza , Summerfield Nichalin S , Oztekin Asil , Knight Margaret , Ackerson Leland K , Carreiro Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Substance use disorder is a critical public health issue. Discovering the synergies among factors impacting treatment program success can help governments and treatment facilities develop effective policies. In this work, we propose a novel data analytics approach using machine learning models to discover interaction effects that might be neglected by traditional hypothesis-generating approaches.

Materials and Methods
A patient-episode-level substance use treatment discharge dataset and a Federal Bureau of Investigation crime dataset were joined using core-based statistical area codes. Random forests, artificial neural networks, and extreme gradient boosting were applied with a nested cross-validation methodology. Interaction effects were identified based on the machine learning model with the best performance. These interaction effects were analyzed and tested using traditional logistic regression models on unseen data.

Results
In predicting patient completion of a treatment program, extreme gradient boosting performed the best with an area under the curve of 89.31%. Based on our procedure, 73 interaction effects were identified. Among these, 14 were tested using traditional logistic regression models where 12 were statistically significant (P&lt;.05).

Conclusions
We identified new interaction effects among the length of stay, frequency of substance use, changes in self-help group attendance frequency, and other factors. This work provides insights into the interactions between factors impacting treatment completion. Further traditional statistical analysis can be employed by practitioners and policy makers to test the effects discovered by our novel machine learning approach.
Policy Statement: Antibiotic Stewardship in Pediatrics
Authors: Gerber Jeffrey S , Jackson Mary Anne , Tamma Pranita D , Zaoutis Theoklis E ,   AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Maldonado Yvonne A , O’Leary Sean T , Banerjee Ritu , Barnett Elizabeth D , Campbell James D , Caserta Mary T , Gerber Jeffrey S , Kourtis Athena P , Lynfield Ruth , Munoz Flor M , Nolt Dawn , Nyquist Ann-Christine , O’Leary Sean T , Steinbach William J , Zangwill Ken , Zaoutis Theoklis E , Kimberlin David W , Sawyer Mark H , Bernstein Henry H , Meissner H Cody , Cohn Amanda C , Farizo Karen M , Fischer Marc , Halasa Natasha B , Le Saux Nicole , Lopez Eduardo , Moore Scot B , Silverman Neil S , Steinberg Judith , Starke Jeffrey R , Stevermer James J , Tomashek Kay M , Frantz Jennifer M , Newland Jason , Hamdy Rana , Abuali Mayssa , Adams Daniel , Banerjee Ritu , Bula-Rudas Fernando , Dharmapalan Dhanya , Dulek Daniel , Flannery Dustin , Freij Bishara , Gainey Andrew , Gerber Jeffrey , Glaser Carol , Handy Lori , Hanisch Benjamin , Healy Sara , Hersh Adam , Hyun David , Johnson Candace , Katz Sophie , Kronman Matthew , Manaloor John , Maples Holly , Morris Lee , Onankpa Ben , Oram Ronda , Palazzi Debra , Schwenk Hayden , Shapiro Craig , Singh Prachi , Spicer Kevin , Tamma Pranita , TeKippe Michael , Thorell Emily , Tribble Alison , Willis Zachary , Woods Jon , Zembles Tracy , Phillips Terri Christene 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAntibiotic overuse contributes to antibiotic resistance, which is a threat to public health. Antibiotic stewardship is a practice dedicated to prescribing antibiotics only when necessary and, when antibiotics are considered necessary, promoting the use of the appropriate agent(s), dose, duration, and route of therapy to optimize clinical outcomes while minimizing the unintended consequences of antibiotic use. Because there are differences in common infectious conditions, drug-specific considerations, and the evidence surrounding treatment recommendations (eg, first-line therapy and duration of therapy) between children and adults, this statement provides specific guidance for the pediatric population. This policy statement discusses the rationale for inpatient and outpatient antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs); essential personnel, infrastructure, and activities required; approaches to evaluating their effectiveness; and gaps in knowledge that require further investigation. Key guidance for both inpatient and outpatient ASPs are provided.
Analysis of Multiple Bands on Serum Protein Immunofixation Electrophoresis: Challenge in Interpretation of Clonality in a Patient with Light Chain–Predominant Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Nwogbo Okechukwu V , Jin Yulan , Sliker Taylor , Wilhite Dorian , Singh Gurmukh 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sera from patients with multiple myeloma usually display a single monoclonal immunoglobulin band on serum protein immunofixation electrophoresis. Multiple bands may be seen if the myeloma is bi- or triclonal or if the monoclonal immunoglobulin has rheumatoid factor activity. We describe a patient with light chain–predominant IgA lambda myeloma; the patient’s serum displayed 2 spatially distinct bands reacting for alpha heavy and lambda light chains. The methods used to establish monoclonality are addressed.
Coccidioidomycosis in patients with various inflammatory disorders treated with tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors
Authors: Delafield Nathan L , Mesbah Zhubene , Lacy Curtis R , Panicker Renni R , Pasha Shabana F , Mertz Lester E , Yiannias James A , Blair Janis E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Coccidioides fungi are found primarily in the southwestern United States and are the cause of coccidioidomycosis. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFIs) are therapies for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions; their association with coccidioidomycosis is not well characterized. We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of coccidioidomycosis among TNFI recipients with different inflammatory disorders at a tertiary care center. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of patients at our institution from April 4, 2010 to December 17, 2017, who received TNFIs (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, or golimumab) and had positive culture, pathologic, and/or serologic results for coccidioidomycosis. Among 1770 patients identified who received TNFIs, 49 (2.8%) had proven or probable coccidioidomycosis. Of these 49, 28 (57%) were men, 47 (96%) were White, and 42 (86%) had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. The most common TNFIs used were adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept. Coccidioidomycosis was identified in 25 of 794 patients with rheumatologic disorders (3.1%), 18 of 783 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (2.3%), and six of 193 patients with dermatologic disorders (3.1%) (P = .34). There was no difference in coccidioidal infections among recipients of any particular TNFI agents. A minority of patients (7/49, 14%) had an extrapulmonary infection, and the majority of these (6/7) had IBD. Our study shows a low prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in TNFI recipients, even within the Coccidioides-endemic area. Persons with IBD were disproportionately represented among those with extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Treatment with azoles was effective.

Lay Summary
Among 1770 patients who received tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors, 49 (2.8%) had newly acquired coccidioidomycosis over a 7-year period. Dissemination occurred in 14.3%, but disproportionately among those with underlying inflammatory bowel disease. All patients recovered with medical management.
Dietary approaches to managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: El Khoury Dalia , Pauley Rosemary J. , Berseth Carol Lynn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a multisystem, prevalent liver disease, can be managed with lifestyle interventions, including diet, given the lack of well-established pharmacologic therapies. This review explores the different dietary approaches that have been found effective in the management of NAFLD, offering a unique resource to healthcare professionals.
Quantitative Evaluation of Intraspinal Lumbar Disc Herniation-related Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Before and After Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Shi Yin , Zhao Feng , Dou Weiqiang , Ding Hongyuan , Zou Yuefen , Feng Yang , Wang Chuanbing , Shi Haibin , Ren Yongxin 
Published: January 2021

Study Design
A prospective study.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived parameters of compressed nerve roots at subregions and the corresponding clinical symptoms to evaluate the patients with intraspinal lumbar disc herniation (LDH)-related lumbosacral radiculopathy pre- and postoperatively.

Summary of Background Data
It is crucial to explore whether magnetic resonanve imaging (MRI) can quantitatively evaluate intraspinal LDH-related lumbosacral radiculopathy before and after surgery.

Methods
In all, 66 patients underwent MRI scans and Clinical assessment before and after percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED). Pre- and postoperative findings of the related lumbar disk and nerve tractography were compared with two-way contingency table analysis. The embedded paired t test toolbox was applied to respectively compare the fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of nerves at the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides in three subregions pre- and postoperatively. The correlation of clinical Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores and FA/ADC values of nerves at three sub-regions was analyzed by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.

Results
The postoperative FA values were significantly higher than the corresponding preoperative values (P < 0.001), while comparable ADC values were found. Using tractography, a notable improvement of compressed nerve was revealed after surgery (61 cases, 92.4%). Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis identified significant associations between JOA scores and FA values of the compressed nerves with the greatest effect at the proximal region.

Conclusion
The FA values at subarticular zone can reflect the microstructural changes of the corresponding compressed nerves and well associate with clinical symptoms. Therefore, the DTI parameter FA can be considered an effective tool in clinic to quantitatively evaluate intraspinal LDH-related lumbosacral radiculopathy before and after PTED surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
Characterization of Patients with Poor Risk for Clinical Outcomes in Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Deformity Surgery
Authors: Yagi Mitsuru , Michikawa Takehiro , Suzuki Satoshi , Okada Eijiro , Nori Satoshi , Tsuji Osahiko , Nagoshi Narihito , Asazuma Takashi , Hosogane Naobumi , Fujita Nobuyuki , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Watanabe Kota 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective review of 159 surgically treated consecutive adult symptomatic lumbar deformity (ASLD) (65 ± 9 years, female: 94%) from a multicenter database.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the risk of a poor clinical outcome in ASLD surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Poor-risk patients with ASLD remain poorly characterized.

Methods.
ASLD was defined as age >40 years with a lumbar curve ≥30° or C7SVA ≥5 cm and Scoliosis Research Society 22 (SRS22) pain or function <4. Poor outcome was defined as 2y SRS22 total <4 or pain, function or satisfaction ≤3. The outcomes of interest included age, sex, body mass index, bone mineral density, Schwab-SRS type, frailty, history of arthroplasty, upper-instrumented vertebral, lower-instrumented vertebral, levels involved, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, lumbar interbody fusion, sagittal alignment, global alignment and proportion (GAP) score, baseline SRS22r score, estimated blood loss, time of surgery, and severe adverse event (SAE). Poisson regression analyses were performed to identify the independent risks for poor clinical outcome. A patient was considered at poor risk if the number of risks was >4.

Results.
All SRS22 domains were significantly improved after surgery. In total, 21% (n = 34) reported satisfaction ≤3 and 29% (n = 46) reported pain or function ≤3. Poisson regression analysis revealed that frailty (odds ratio [OR]: 0.2 [0.1–0.8], P = .03), baseline mental-health (OR: 0.6 [0.4–0.9], P = .01) and function (OR: 1.9 [1.0–3.6], P < .01), GAP score (OR: 4.6 [1.1–18.7], P = .03), and SAE (OR: 3.0 [1.7–5.2], P < .01) were identified as independent risk for poor clinical outcome. Only 17% (n = 6) of the poor-risk patients reached SRS22 total score >4.0 at 2 years.

Conclusion.
The overall clinical outcome was favorable for ASLD surgery. Poor-risk patients continue to have inferior outcomes, and alternative treatment strategies are needed to help improve outcomes in this patient population. Recognition and optimization of modifiable risk factors, such as physical function and mental health, and reduced SAEs may improve overall clinical outcomes of ASLD surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
Triplet combination of BRAF, MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in melanoma: the more the better?
Authors: Trojaniello Claudia , Vitale Maria G. , Ascierto Paolo A. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Patients with advanced or metastatic v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF)-mutated melanoma can be treated with a BRAF inhibitor in combination with a MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, achieving high but short-lived response rates. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), in contrast, give lower response rates but more durable responses. Preclinical and translational data indicate that combining BRAF and MEK inhibitors with ICI could exceed the limitations of each class and potentially lead to longer lasting responses.

Recent findings
Vemurafenib, dabrafenib and encorafenib are designed to block mutated forms of BRAF, which cause abnormal signalling inside cancer cells leading to tumour growth. Trametinib, binimetinib and cobimetinib are designed to target and inhibit MEK1/2, proteins in a cell signalling pathway that help cell growth and survival. Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, durvalumab and atezolizumab are ICIs which can inhibit the pathway of programmed death-1/ programmed death-ligand-1 proteins, allowing tumours to avoid detection by the immune system.

Summary
Treating patients with targeted therapy would allow the release of antigens from tumour cells, which could be more easily acknowledged by the immune system. Efficacy can also be increased by combining ICIs with the aim of maintaining a longer response. The possibility to administer three drugs in combination, would allow to induce tumour regression and produce an immune response with a synergistic effect.
Brain views that benefit from three-dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Youssef Aly , Pilu Gianluigi 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Fetal central nervous system malformations are among the most common congenital anomalies. Whereas simple axial views are sufficient for basic fetal brain examination, other important views are essential for a more detailed examination, which are sometimes challenging to obtain. Three-dimensional ultrasound can be helpful in obtaining standardized and reproducible images of many difficult fetal brain views. The aim of the present review is to explore the most recent evidence on the utility and technique of three-dimensional ultrasound in the examination of the fetal brain, with particular emphasis on the brain views that benefit from three-dimensional ultrasound.

Recent findings
The article describes the various techniques of acquisition and analyses of three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal brain and their usefulness in the assessment of normal and abnormal fetal brain anatomy. Three-dimensional ultrasound has also permitted the application of many new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and deep machine learning. Recently, thanks to high-quality three-dimensional ultrasound, fetal cortical development can be assessed quantitatively and reliably.

Summary
Three dimensional ultrasound can help as a complementary tool to two-dimensional ultrasound in the assessment of the fetal brain development and malformations. In addition, it paves the way for the application of promising technologies in the evaluation of fetal brain.

Video abstract
A video summarizing the findings of the article. The video illustrates the various approaches and techniques applied for the examination of the fetal brain using three-dimensional ultrasound. Furthermore, the advantages and future perspectives of the application of three-dimensional ultrasound in the examination of the fetal brain are discussed, http://links.lww.com/COOG/A74.
Information management in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kosack Emmanuel , Stone Merlin , Sanders Karen , Aravopoulou Eleni , Biron Davide , Brodsky Sergio , Al Dhaen Esra Saleh , Mahmoud Mohammed , Usacheva Anastasia 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to review the information management aspects of the early months of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus 19 outbreak. It shows that the transition from epidemic to the pandemic was caused partly by poor management of information that was publicly available in January 2020.

Design/methodology/approach
The approach combines public domain epidemic data with economic, demographic, health, social and political data and investigates how information was managed by governments. It includes case studies of early-stage information management, from countries with high and low coronavirus disease 2019 impacts (as measured by deaths per million).

Findings
The reasons why the information was not acted upon appropriately include “dark side” information behaviours (Stone et al., 2019). Many errors and misjudgements could have been avoided by using learnings from previous epidemics, particularly the 1918-1919 flu epidemic when international travel (mainly of troops in First World War) was a prime mode of spreading. It concludes that if similar outbreaks are not to turn into pandemics, much earlier action is needed, mainly closing borders and locking-down.

Research limitations/implications
The research is based on what was known at the time of writing, when the pandemic’s exact origin was uncertain, when some statistics about actions and results were unavailable and when final results were unknown.

Practical implications
Governments faced with early warning signs or pandemics must act much faster.

Social implications
If the next virus is as infectious as SARS-CoV-2 but much more fatal, the world faces disastrous consequences if most governments act as slowly as this time.

Originality/value
This is one of the first analyses of information management practices relating to the pandemic’s early stages.
Online review helpfulness: the moderating effects of review comprehensiveness
Authors: Liu Yi , Hu Han-fen 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
Consumers’ evaluation of online review helpfulness has been widely examined. The extant literature suggests that the attributes of review content (e.g. review length and extremity) influence review helpfulness. However, review length cannot fully reflect the richness of the review content. Anchoring on information diagnosticity and extremity bias, this study aims to explore the effect of review comprehensiveness on its helpfulness.

Design/methodology/approach
Field observations were obtained from 11,812 online restaurant reviews on a popular restaurant review platform. A controlled experiment was conducted to further delineate the effect of review comprehensiveness.

Findings
Review comprehensiveness moderates the effects of review length and an extremely negative review on helpfulness. It also confirms that for reviews of the same length, one covering more aspects is perceived by consumers as more helpful.

Practical implications
Different aspects of information in a review can efficiently assist decision-making. The results suggest that review platforms can better design their interface by providing separate areas for different product aspects. The platform can then receive more comprehensive and helpful reviews and increase the diagnosticity of these.

Originality/value
The study enriches the literature by introducing review comprehensiveness and examining the joint effects of review length and comprehensiveness on helpfulness. It also contributes to the literature by indicating how to reduce the effect of review extremity.