bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modular Answer Set Programming as a Formal Specification Language
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO , FANDINNO JORGE , LIERLER YULIYA 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study the problem of formal verification for Answer Set Programming (ASP), namely, obtaining a formal proof showing that the answer sets of a given (non-ground) logic program P correctly correspond to the solutions to the problem encoded by P, regardless of the problem instance. To this aim, we use a formal specification language based on ASP modules, so that each module can be proved to capture some informal aspect of the problem in an isolated way. This specification language relies on a novel definition of (possibly nested, first order) program modules that may incorporate local hidden atoms at different levels. Then, verifying the logic program P amounts to prove some kind of equivalence between P and its modular specification.
Towards Metric Temporal Answer Set Programming
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO , DIÉGUEZ MARTÍN , SCHAUB TORSTEN , SCHUHMANN ANNA 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe elaborate upon the theoretical foundations of a metric temporal extension of Answer Set Programming. In analogy to previous extensions of ASP with constructs from Linear Temporal and Dynamic Logic, we accomplish this in the setting of the logic of Here-and-There and its non-monotonic extension, called Equilibrium Logic. More precisely, we develop our logic on the same semantic underpinnings as its predecessors and thus use a simple time domain of bounded time steps. This allows us to compare all variants in a uniform framework and ultimately combine them in a common implementation.
White-box Induction From SVM Models: Explainable AI with Logic Programming
Authors: SHAKERIN FARHAD , GUPTA GOPAL 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe focus on the problem of inducing logic programs that explain models learned by the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The top-down sequential covering inductive logic programming (ILP) algorithms (e.g., FOIL) apply hill-climbing search using heuristics from information theory. A major issue with this class of algorithms is getting stuck in local optima. In our new approach, however, the data-dependent hill-climbing search is replaced with a model-dependent search where a globally optimal SVM model is trained first, then the algorithm looks into support vectors as the most influential data points in the model, and induces a clause that would cover the support vector and points that are most similar to that support vector. Instead of defining a fixed hypothesis search space, our algorithm makes use of SHAP, an example-specific interpreter in explainable AI, to determine a relevant set of features. This approach yields an algorithm that captures the SVM model’s underlying logic and outperforms other ILP algorithms in terms of the number of induced clauses and classification evaluation metrics.
China's old brands: commercial heritage and creative nostalgia
Authors: DuBois 杜博思 Thomas David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChina's commercial revival of the 1980s initiated a wave of nostalgia for old brands, which various political and commercial actors spent the subsequent four decades trying to develop, enhance, or exploit. Such attempts can be divided into two types: the heritage approach of the “old brands revitalization project” and the “creative nostalgia” of retro advertising. Both aim to nurture a sense of nostalgia for old brands, but they espouse opposing logic: the former emphasizing authenticity, while the latter mines the past for fun, novelty, and irony. These trends are expressed in the food sector, which comprises the majority of classic enterprises, and has been shaped by explosive growth. Rather than a generational rejection of the past, it is the rush to establish a presence in the crowded national market that drives China's classic food brands to repackage nostalgia from authenticity to novelty, from scarcity to replicability, and from heritage to retro.1
When the Gods Fall: Varieties of Post-Secularization in a Small, Secularized State
Authors: Fordahl Clayton , Ragnarsdóttir Berglind 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLengthy debates over the process of secularization in the West have concluded. In many ways, secularization theorists appear to have “won” the debate: traditional measures of religious vitality reveal a decline in religion. Yet, recent events, especially those involving politics and national identity, have encouraged scholars and members of the public to reconsider the ways in which something like religion might endure and influence public life in secularized Western nations. This paper uses the “exceptional-typical” case of Iceland—a modern, Western, secularized country of comparatively small population size—to observe and conceptualize a variety of processes which are here collectively named “post-secularization.” Its findings suggest that processes which may appear as unrelated or opposing forces—the emergence of new religious movements, the transformation of traditional religious symbols into profane branding, far right nationalist movements—may be part of a single, post-secularization process. Secularization, having fissured the sacred, leaves religion a pliable cultural tool.
Seeing the fetus from a DOHaD perspective: discussion paper from the advanced imaging techniques of DOHaD applications workshop held at the 2019 DOHaD World Congress
Authors: Morrison Janna L. , Ayonrinde Oyekoya T. , Care Alison S. , Clarke Geoffrey D. , Darby Jack R.T. , David Anna L. , Dean Justin M. , Hooper Stuart B. , Kitchen Marcus J. , Macgowan Christopher K. , Melbourne Andrew , McGillick Erin V , McKenzie Charles A. , Michael Navin , Mohammed Nuruddin , Sadananthan Suresh Anand , Schrauben Eric , Regnault Timothy R.H. , Velan S. Sendhil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAdvanced imaging techniques are enhancing research capacity focussed on the developmental origins of adult health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, and consequently increasing awareness of future health risks across various subareas of DOHaD research themes. Understanding how these advanced imaging techniques in animal models and human population studies can be both additively and synergistically used alongside traditional techniques in DOHaD-focussed laboratories is therefore of great interest. Global experts in advanced imaging techniques congregated at the advanced imaging workshop at the 2019 DOHaD World Congress in Melbourne, Australia. This review summarizes the presentations of new imaging modalities and novel applications to DOHaD research and discussions had by DOHaD researchers that are currently utilizing advanced imaging techniques including MRI, hyperpolarized MRI, ultrasound, and synchrotron-based techniques to aid their DOHaD research focus.
Heat Storage Effect on Evaporation Estimates of China's Largest Freshwater Lake
Authors: Gan Guojing , Liu Yuanbo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEvaporation of water bodies is significantly controlled by the available energy (net radiation Rn minus heat storage G). Compared to deep lakes or lakes in the high‐latitude or high‐altitude regions, the heat storage effects of shallow lakes in subtropical regions are less well studied. In this paper, we tested the heat storage effect on the latent heat fluxes estimation using the Priestley‐Taylor (PT) equation and numerical water temperature simulations in an ephemeral and shallow lake, Poyang Lake, in China. Results showed that the estimation bias was significantly correlated with heat storage changes (r = 0.97). Overlooking the impacts of the heat storage changes will induce an increase in the RMSE (root‐mean‐square error) of the evaporation estimation from 10.1 to 54.4 W m−2. Evaporation was overestimated in June and underestimated in August because the daytime Rn tended to be stored in water in June, whereas the heat storage during daytime tended to be released as nighttime evaporation in August, when the vapor gradient between the saturated surface and the air was generally larger than in other months. Water temperature simulations showed that the diurnal changes in the heat storage in the layer that were less than 2 m deep govern G of the total water column. PT estimation of a shallow lake can be improved if the temperature of the top 2 m of water is known. Also, from the modeling perspective, because G was linearly correlated with Rn (r = 0.77), a simple equation (a*Rn + b) that approximates the available energy can improve the evaporation estimate.
Human Vulnerability to Landslides
Authors: Pollock William , Wartman Joseph 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLandslides pose a devastating threat to human health, killing thousands of people annually. Human vulnerability is a crucial element of landslide risk reduction, yet up until now, all methods for estimating the human consequences of landslides rely on subjective, expert judgment. Furthermore, these methods do not explore the underlying causes of mortality or inform strategies to reduce landslide risk. In light of these issues, we develop a data‐driven tool to estimate an individual's probability of death based on landslide intensity, which can be used directly in landslide risk assessment. We find that between inundation depths of approximately 1–6 m, human behavior is the primary driver of mortality. Landslide vulnerability is strongly correlated with the economic development of a region, but landslide losses are not stratified by gender and age to the degree of other natural hazards. We observe that relatively simple actions, such as moving to an upper floor or a prepared refuge space, increase the odds of survival by up to a factor of 12. Additionally, community‐scale hazard awareness programs and training for citizen first responders offer a potent means to maximize survival rates in landslides.
Understanding the Epidemic Course in Order to Improve Epidemic Forecasting
Authors: Jia Peng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe epidemic course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been differently divided according to its transmission pattern and the infection and mortality status. Unfortunately, such efforts for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been lacking. Does every epidemic have a unique epidemic course? Can we coordinate two arbitrary courses into an integrated course, which could better reflect a common real‐world progression pattern of the epidemics? To what degree can such arbitrary divisions help predict future trends of the COVID‐19 pandemic and future epidemics? Spatial lifecourse epidemiology provides a new perspective to understand the course of epidemics, especially pandemics, and a new toolkit to predict the course of future epidemics on the basis of big data. In the present data‐driven era, data should be integrated to inform us how the epidemic is transmitting at the present moment, how it will transmit at the next moment, and which interventions would be most cost‐effective to curb the epidemic. Both national and international legislations are needed to facilitate the integration of relevant policies of data sharing and confidentiality protection into the current pandemic preparedness guidelines.
Extreme Pyroconvective Updrafts During a Megafire
Authors: Rodriguez B. , Lareau N. P. , Kingsmill D. E. , Clements C. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAirborne cloud radar reveals extreme wildfire updrafts (~60 m s−1) and downdrafts (~30 m s−1) rivaling those in supercell thunderstorms. These extreme vertical velocities occur through a 3‐km‐deep layer and below the base of a developing pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) cloud, which extends to the tropopause at 12 km. In situ aircraft sampling shows updrafts are linked to large temperature and moisture excesses but remain subsaturated at flight level (i.e., below cloud base). Parcel estimates using the in situ data help explain how these “hot‐moist” updrafts trigger the overlying pyroCb. The extreme vertical motions observed also pose a previously undocumented aviation hazard.
The Influence of Subsurface Conditions on the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Tropical SST and Rainfall in CFSv2 Reforecasts
Authors: Shukla Ravi P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study examines the potential impact of subsurface potential temperature and current conditions on the sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall over the tropical region using Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) ensemble seasonal reforecasts for 1958–2014. The climatological difference of earlier period (1958–78; P58‐78) and later period (1994–2014; P94‐14) in January initialized reforecasts (JIR) depicts mild‐warm SST over the equatorial eastern Pacific in January, but its magnitude becomes larger over there from May to August. The difference between JIR P58‐78 and P94‐14 depicts warm potential temperature (PT) up to 3°C over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific at depth from 155 to 70 m in January therefore 20°C isotherm of JIR P58‐78 in January tends to be deeper in the equatorial eastern Pacific than JIR P94‐14. The magnitude of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) in JIR P58‐78 is larger in the eastern Pacific at depth from 125 to 35 m from January to February than JIR P94‐14. Therefore, water upwelled to the surface through EUC was usually warm in January of JIR P58‐78. As lead months increase, the center of warm PT gradually moves upward in the eastern Pacific than its location in January, resulting in development of warm SST in the eastern Pacific in March. The difference between April initialized reforecasts P58‐78 and P94‐14 depicts warm PT up to 1.5°C in the eastern Pacific at depth from 135 to 35 m in April but as lead months increase, magnitude of warm PT gradually decreases, resulting in negligible difference SST over the eastern Pacific.
Structure of an Atmospheric River Over Australia and the Southern Ocean. Part I: Tropical and Midlatitude Water Vapor Fluxes
Authors: Rauber Robert M. , Hu Huancui , Dominguez Francina , Nesbitt Stephen W. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Zaremba Troy J. , Finlon Joseph A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn atmospheric river (AR) impacting Tasmania, Australia, and the Southern Ocean during the austral summer on 28–29 January 2018 during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study campaign is analyzed using a modeling and observational approach. Gulfstream‐V dropsonde measurements and Global Precipitation Measurement radar analyses were used in conjunction with Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with water vapor tracers to investigate the relative contributions of tropical and midlatitude moisture sources to the AR. Moisture associated with a monsoonal tropical depression became entrained into a midlatitude frontal system that extended to 60°S, reaching the associated low‐pressure system 850 km off the coast of Antarctica—effectively connecting the tropics and the polar region. Tropical moisture contributed to about 50% of the precipitable water within the AR as the flow moved over the Southern Ocean near Tasmania. The tropical contribution to precipitation decreased with latitude, from >70% over Australia, to ~50% off the Australian coast, to less than 5% poleward of 55°S. The integrated vapor transport (IVT) through the core of the AR reached above 500 kg m−1 s−1 during 1200 UTC 28 January to 0600 UTC 29 January, 1.29 times the average amount of water carried by the world's largest terrestrial river, the Amazon. The high IVT strength might be attributed to the higher water vapor content associated with the warmer temperatures across Australia and the Southern Ocean in austral summer.
Understanding Differences in California Climate Projections Produced by Dynamical and Statistical Downscaling
Authors: Walton Daniel , Berg Neil , Pierce David , Maurer Ed , Hall Alex , Lin Yen‐Heng , Rahimi Stefan , Cayan Dan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe compare historical and end‐of‐century temperature and precipitation patterns over California from one dynamically downscaled simulation using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model and two simulations statistically downscaled using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). We uniquely separate causes of differences between dynamically and statistically based future climate projections into differences in historical climate (gridded observations versus regional climate model output) and differences in how these downscaling techniques explicitly handle future climate changes (numerical modeling versus analogs). In these methods, solutions between different downscaling techniques differ more in the future compared to the historical period. Changes projected by LOCA are insensitive to the choice of driving data. Only through dynamical downscaling can we simulate physically consistent regional springtime warming patterns across the Sierra Nevada, while the statistical simulations inherit an unphysical signal from their parent Global Climate Model (GCM) or gridded data. The results of our study clarify why these different techniques produce different outcomes and may also provide guidance on which downscaled products to use for certain impact analyses in California and perhaps other Mediterranean regimes.
Multidecadal Measurements of UTLS Gravity Waves Derived From Commercial Flight Data
Authors: Wright C. J. , Banyard T. P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGravity waves (GWs) are key drivers of atmospheric dynamics, with major impacts on climate and weather processes. However, they are challenging to measure in observational data, and as a result no large‐area multidecadal GW time series yet exist. This has prevented us from quantifying the interactions between GWs and long–timescale climate processes. Here, we exploit temperatures measured by commercial aircraft since 1994 as part of the In‐Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) atmospheric chemistry research program to produce a novel 26‐year time series of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) GW measurements across most of the Northern Hemisphere. We analyze 90,342 flight hours (76.2 million flight kilometers) of data, typically at a temporal resolution of seconds and with high temperature precision. We show that GW activity in the Northern Hemisphere UTLS is consistently strongest north of and above the upper tropospheric jet. We also show that GW sources not typically observed in stratospheric data but assumed in model schemes, such as the Rocky Mountains, are visible at these altitudes, suggesting that wave momentum from these sources is deposited specifically between ∼200 and 50 hPa. Our data show no significant impact of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation, the Northern Annular Mode, or climate change. However, we do see strong evidence of links with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which modulates the measured GW signal by ∼25%, and weak evidence of links with the 11‐year solar cycle. These results have important implications for atmospheric process modeling and for understanding large‐scale climate teleconnections.
A Continental Study of Relationships Between Leaf N and P Stoichiometry and Solar Radiation Including its Direct, Diffuse, and Spectral Components
Authors: Ji Yongli , Zhou Peng , Peng Shijia , Huang Bei , Peng Shaolin , Zhou Ting 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKnowledge of the environmental factors affecting leaf element stoichiometry patterns can reveal nutrient fluxes of ecosystems and their responses to global change. However, understanding of continental patterns of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in relation to solar radiation is still insufficient. We compiled available data on leaf N and P concentrations for over 1,500 species of Chinese terrestrial plants extracted from publications and acquired surface solar radiation related indexes including global radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVB), and other related climate indexes for 173 sites to explore the relationships between leaf N and P stoichiometry and solar radiation especially including its direct, diffuse, and spectral components for the first time at a continental scale. We found that leaf N and P concentrations were positively related to global radiation and direct radiation but negatively related to diffuse radiation. Leaf N and P concentrations were positively related to PAR but negatively related to UVB. Solar radiation had both direct associations and indirect associations mediated by temperature, precipitation, and so on with leaf N and P stoichiometry; furthermore, the direct associations, when solar radiation was indicated by spectral components, were greater than the indirect associations. So when predicting the effects of global dimming on ecosystem nutrient fluxes, we must distinguish the roles of direct, diffuse, and spectral components of solar radiation. Our study has implications for all future macroecological researches involving the effects of solar radiation on ecosystems.
Assessing CLUBB PDF Closure Assumptions for a Continental Shallow‐to‐Deep Convective Transition Case Over Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: Huang Meng , Xiao Heng , Wang Minghuai , Fast Jerome D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAssumed‐PDF (probability density function) higher‐order turbulence closures (APHOCs) are now widely used for parameterizing boundary layer turbulence and shallow convection in Earth system models (ESMs). A better understanding of the resolution‐dependent behavior of APHOCs is essential for improving the performance of next‐generation ESMs with intended horizontal resolutions finer than 10 km. In this study, we evaluate the PDF family of Analytic double‐Gaussian 1 implemented in Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) over a range of spatial scales (Dx) from 2 to 100 km. A 120‐km‐wide large eddy simulation (LES) for a continental convection case during 2016 Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems (HI‐SCALE) field campaign serves as benchmark to evaluate the PDF closure using an off‐line approach. We find during the shallow convection period, the CLUBB PDF closure tends to produce positive biases of cloud properties and liquid water flux near cloud base for all scales of analysis. It produces negative biases for these variables near cloud top that are more severe for Dx larger than 25 km. Results show that replacing the CLUBB‐parameterized moisture and temperature skewnesses with LES‐derived ones can fix most of the biases if clipping of input moments is allowed to prevent the occurrence of unrealizable solutions. Overall, the performance of the PDF closure is better for smaller Dx = 2–5 km than for larger Dx = 50–100 km; for a given grid spacing, it is better when the convective clouds become deeper in the late afternoon. Likely causes for the resolution dependence and implications for improving the PDF closure are discussed.