bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Trapping as a Selective Route to Renewable Phthalide from Biomass‐Derived Furfuryl Alcohol
Authors: Lancefield Christopher S. , Fölker Bart , Cioc Razvan C. , Stanciakova Katarina , Bulo Rosa E. , Lutz Martin , Crockatt Marc , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA novel route for the production of the versatile chemical building block phthalide from biorenewable furfuryl alcohol and acrylate esters is presented. Two challenges that limit sustainable aromatics production via Diels–Alder (DA) aromatisation—an unfavourable equilibrium position and undesired regioselectivity when using asymmetric addends—were addressed using a dynamic kinetic trapping strategy. Activated acrylates were used to speed up the forward and reverse DA reactions, allowing for one of the four DA adducts to undergo a selective intramolecular lactonisation reaction in the presence of a weak base. The adduct is removed from the equilibrium pool, pulling the system completely to the product with a fixed, desired regiochemistry. A single 1,2‐regioisomeric lactone product was formed in up to 86 % yield and the acrylate activating agent liberated for reuse. The lactone was aromatised to give phthalide in almost quantitative yield in the presence of Ac2O and a catalytic amount of strong acid, or in 79 % using only catalytic acid.
Swimming nets have positive effects on populations of the endangered White's seahorse Hippocampus whitei
Authors: Simpson Michael , Morris Rebecca L. , Harasti David , Coleman Ross A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Habitat degradation and destruction arising from rapidly increasing urbanization represents one of the most significant threats to biodiversity. Human populations are continuing to increase around coastal regions, and as marine habitats are displaced by artificial structures it is important to understand how marine species may be impacted by these changes in habitat availability. The endangered seahorse Hippocampus whitei has been observed inhabiting protective swimming nets in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, Australia, even in the presence of natural habitats.
This study tested whether the presence of a swimming net results in increased seahorse numbers at sites around Sydney Harbour, or whether seahorses are attracted away from natural habitats. Density surveys and mark–recapture population estimates were done at sites with pre‐existing swimming nets and compared to control sites where only natural habitat was present. A manipulative experiment was conducted in which panels of swimming net material were installed at two sites in Sydney Harbour, with comparisons to control sites over a period of 14 months (April 2018 to June 2019) to test whether the installation of swimming nets would affect seahorses on surrounding natural habitat or increase site abundance.
The pre‐existing and installed swimming nets were found to support greater densities of H. whitei as well as some increases in site‐scale abundance, with no effects on seahorse density on natural habitats. It is likely that increased seahorse production is occurring on the nets, with no evidence that seahorses are being attracted away from natural habitat; however, effects may vary across survey occasions and sites. Furthermore, swimming nets may serve as a useful replacement habitat in locations where natural habitat has become sparse or absent.
In silico studies, nitric oxide, and cholinesterases inhibition activities of pyrazole and pyrazoline analogs of diarylpentanoids
Authors: Mohd Faudzi Siti Munirah , Leong S. Wei , Auwal Faruk A. , Abas Faridah , Wai Lam K. , Ahmad Syahida , Tham Chau L. , Shaari Khozirah , Lajis Nordin H. , Yamin Bohari M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new series of pyrazole, phenylpyrazole, and pyrazoline analogs of diarylpentanoids (excluding compounds 3a, 4a, 5a, and 5b) was pan‐assay interference compounds‐filtered and synthesized via the reaction of diarylpentanoids with hydrazine monohydrate and phenylhydrazine. Each analog was evaluated for its anti‐inflammatory ability via the suppression of nitric oxide (NO) on IFN‐γ/LPS‐activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The compounds were also investigated for their inhibitory capability toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), using a modification of Ellman's spectrophotometric method. The most potent NO inhibitor was found to be phenylpyrazole analog 4c, followed by 4e, when compared with curcumin. In contrast, pyrazole 3a and pyrazoline 5a were found to be the most selective and effective BChE inhibitors over AChE. The data collected from the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of compound 5a were then applied in a docking simulation to determine the potential binding interactions that were responsible for the anti‐BChE activity. The results obtained signify the potential of these pyrazole and pyrazoline scaffolds to be developed as therapeutic agents against inflammatory conditions and Alzheimer's disease.
Bayesian regularization for flexible baseline hazard functions in Cox survival models
Authors: Lázaro Elena , Armero Carmen , Alvares Danilo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFully Bayesian methods for Cox models specify a model for the baseline hazard function. Parametric approaches generally provide monotone estimations. Semi‐parametric choices allow for more flexible patterns but they can suffer from overfitting and instability. Regularization methods through prior distributions with correlated structures usually give reasonable answers to these types of situations. We discuss Bayesian regularization for Cox survival models defined via flexible baseline hazards specified by a mixture of piecewise constant functions and by a cubic B‐spline function. For those “semi‐parametric” proposals, different prior scenarios ranging from prior independence to particular correlated structures are discussed in a real study with microvirulence data and in an extensive simulation scenario that includes different data sample and time axis partition sizes in order to capture risk variations. The posterior distribution of the parameters was approximated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Model selection was performed in accordance with the deviance information criteria and the log pseudo‐marginal likelihood. The results obtained reveal that, in general, Cox models present great robustness in covariate effects and survival estimates independent of the baseline hazard specification. In relation to the “semi‐parametric” baseline hazard specification, the B‐splines hazard function is less dependent on the regularization process than the piecewise specification because it demands a smaller time axis partition to estimate a similar behavior of the risk.
Comparative investigation of fine bubble and macrobubble aeration on gas utility and biotransformation productivity
Authors: Thomas Benjamin , Ohde Daniel , Matthes Simon , Engelmann Claudia , Bubenheim Paul , Terasaka Koichi , Schlüter Michael , Liese Andreas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe sufficient provision of oxygen is mandatory for enzymatic oxidations in aqueous solution, however, in process optimization this still is a bottleneck that cannot be overcome with the established methods of macrobubble aeration. Providing higher mass transfer performance through microbubble aerators, inefficient aeration can be overcome or improved. Investigating the mass transport performance in a model protein solution, the microbubble aeration results in higher kLa values related to the applied airstream in comparison with macrobubble aeration. Comparing the aerators at identical kLa of 160 and 60 1/h, the microbubble aeration is resulting in 25 and 44 times enhanced gas utility compared with aeration with macrobubbles. To prove the feasibility of microbubbles in biocatalysis, the productivity of a glucose oxidase catalyzed biotransformation is compared with macrobubble aeration as well as the gas‐saving potential. In contrast to the expectation that the same productivities are achieved at identically applied kLa, microbubble aeration increased the gluconic acid productivity by 32% and resulted in 41.6 times higher oxygen utilization. The observed advantages of microbubble aeration are based on the large volume‐specific interfacial area combined with a prolonged residence time, which results in a high mass transfer performance, less enzyme deactivation by foam formation, and reduced gas consumption. This makes microbubble aerators favorable for application in biocatalysis.
Climate impacts on geographical changes in the energy industry
Authors: Nam Solji , Shin Jungwoo , Ryu Jaena , Ryu Hanee 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOwing to global warming, ice in the Arctic Ocean has shrunk by 2.7% every 10 years since 1978, resulting in tremendous damage. This study uses the Cobb–Douglas production function to analyze the impact of abnormal weather on energy industry production using temperature and precipitation indicators. In particular, the government identified the impact of abnormal weather conditions on manufacturing and public works related to the Korean energy industry. The results showed that the numbers of freezing days and heavy rain days adversely affect public works, whereas hot and cold days and heavy rain days all positively affect the production of coal, petroleum, and chemical products. These results also led to regional risk assessments of the energy industry. This study can help in developing the 2030 industry climate change adaptation plan.
Suspected donepezil toxicity: A case report
Authors: Gust Carmen , Pugliese Nicholas , Stern Gretchen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDonepezil toxicity can present similarly to beta‐blocker overdose and colitis. Symptoms include confusion, diaphoresis, and bradycardia. In patients with suspected medication‐related toxicities, it is important to consider all possible causative agents in the active medication list.
Identification of dysregulated miRNAs‐genes network in ovarian cancer: An integrative approach to uncover the molecular interactions and oncomechanisms
Authors: Kadkhoda Sepideh , Darbeheshti Farzaneh , Tavakkoly‐Bazzaz Javad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundOvarian (OV) cancer is considered as one of the most deadly malignancies in women, since it is unfortunately diagnosed in advanced stages. Nowadays, the importance of bioinformatics tools and their frequent usage in tracking dysregulated cancer‐related genes and pathways have been highlighted in researches.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate dysregulated miRNAs‐genes network and its function in OV tumors based on the integration of microarray data through a system biology approach.MethodsTwo microarray data (GSE119056 and GSE4122) were analyzed to explore the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and genes among OV tumors and normal tissues. Then, through the help of TargetScan, miRmap, and miRTarBase databases, the dysregulated miRNA‐gene network in OV tumors was constructed by Cytoscape. In the next step, co‐expression and protein‐protein interaction networks were made using GEPIA and STRING databases. Moreover, the functional analysis of the hub genes was done by DAVID, KEGG, and Enrichr databases. Eventually, the regulatory network of TF‐miRNA‐gene was constructed.ResultsThe potential dysregulated miRNAs‐genes network in OV tumors has been constructed, including 109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 25 DEmiRs, and 213 interactions. Two down‐regulated microRNAs, miR‐660‐3p and hsa‐miR‐4510, have the most interactions with up‐expressed oncogenic DEGs. CDK1, PLK1, CCNB1, CCNA2, and EZH2 are involved in protein module, which show significant overexpression in OV tumors according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. EZH2 shows amplification in OV tumors with remarkable percentage. The transcription factors TFAP2C and GATA4 have the pivotal regulatory functions in oncotranscriptomic profile of OV tumors.ConclusionIn current study, we have collected and integrated different data to uncover the complex molecular interactions and oncomechanisms in OV tumors. The DEmiRs‐DEGs and TF‐miRNA‐gene networks reveal the potential interactions that could be a significant piece of the OV onco‐puzzle.
Studying the Impact of Wall Shear Stress on the Development and Performance of Electrochemically Active Biofilms
Authors: Moß Christopher , Jarmatz Niklas , Hartig Dave , Schnöing Lukas , Scholl Stephan , Schröder Uwe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA laminar flow reactor was designed that provides constant and reproducible growth conditions for the bioelectrochemical observation of electroactive bacteria (EAB). Experiments were performed using four reactors in parallel to enable the comparison of EAB growth behavior and bioelectrochemical performance under different hydrodynamic conditions while simultaneously keeping biological conditions identical. With regard to the moderate flow conditions found in wastewater treatment applications, the wall shear stress was adjusted to a range between 0.4 mPa to 2.9 mPa. Chronoamperometric data indicate that early stage current densities are improved by a moderate increase of the wall shear stress. In the same way, current onset times were increasing slightly towards higher values of the applied wall shear stress. Long‐term observations of EAB performance showed a decrease in current density and a leveling of the trend observed for the early stages of biofilm growth.
Simulated traffic on turfgrasses during drought stress: I. Performance and recovery of turf canopies
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Bremer Dale J. , Hoyle Jared A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDuring drought, golf course turf continues to receive golf cart traffic, which may compound conditions of drought stress. Our objectives in a 2‐yr field study were to evaluate responses in turf canopy variables of (a) green cover (GC) and (b) turf quality (TQ) from the impact of golf cart traffic during a 41‐d summer drought and subsequent 40‐d recovery without traffic on two cool‐season (C3) [Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)] and two warm‐season (C4) turfgrasses {buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm: syn. Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus} and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)} maintained at golf course fairway and rough mowing heights. Better drought tolerance of C4 than C3 turfgrasses resulted in higher TQ and GC of C4 turfgrasses during drought and faster recovery regardless of traffic or mowing height. Compared with nontrafficked plots at the end of drought, traffic at rough height reduced GC by 43% in C4 turfgrasses and 33% in perennial ryegrass, while traffic at fairway height reduced GC by 26% in C4 turfgrasses but had negligible effects on GC in C3 turfgrasses. Except for Kentucky bluegrass in year two, all turf species recovered from cart traffic stress during drought and returned to acceptable TQ and high GC upon rewatering in both years. Results indicate cart traffic during drought accelerates declines in TQ and GC, which vary among species and heights, and traffic will impact turf aesthetics more severely at rough than at fairway mowing heights, so golf course superintendents should monitor and manage traffic at rough heights more closely.
Does color matter? Molecular and ecological divergence in four sympatric color morphs of a coral reef fish
Authors: Gaither Michelle R. , Coker Darren J. , Greaves Samuel , Sarigol Fatih , Payet Samuel D. , Chaidez Veronica , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , DiBattista Joseph D. , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon‐sex‐linked color polymorphism is common in animals and can be maintained in populations via balancing selection or, when under diversifying selection, can promote divergence. Despite their potential importance in ecological interactions and the evolution of biodiversity, their function and the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms are maintained are still poorly understood. Here, we combine field observations with life history and molecular data to compare four sympatric color morphs of the coral reef fish Paracirrhites forsteri (family Cirrhitidae) in the central Red Sea. Our findings verify that the color morphs are not sex‐limited, inhabit the same reefs, and do not show clear signs of avoidance or aggression among them. A barcoding approach based on 1,276 bp of mitochondrial DNA could not differentiate the color morphs. However, when 36,769 SNPs were considered, we found low but significant population structure. Focusing on 1,121 FST outliers, we recovered distinct population clusters that corresponded to shifts in allele frequencies with each color morph harboring unique alleles. Genetic divergence at these outlier loci is accompanied by differences in growth and marginal variation in microhabitat preference. Together, life history and molecular analysis suggest subtle divergence between the color morphs in this population, the causes for which remain elusive.
Hare's affairs: Lessons learnt from a noninvasive genetic monitoring for tracking mountain hare individuals
Authors: Schenker Laura , Bollmann Kurt , Rehnus Maik , Brodbeck Sabine , Gugerli Felix 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSystematic monitoring of individuals and their abundance over time has become an important tool to provide information for conservation. For genetic monitoring studies, noninvasive sampling has emerged as a valuable approach, particularly so for elusive or rare animals. Here, we present the 5‐year results of an ongoing noninvasive genetic monitoring of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in a protected area in the Swiss Alps. We used nuclear microsatellites and a sex marker to identify individuals and assign species to noninvasively collected feces samples. Through including a marker for sex identification, we were able to assess sex ratio changes and sex‐specific demographic parameters over time. Male abundance in the area showed high fluctuations and apparent survival for males was lower than for females. Generally, males and females showed only little temporary migration into and out of the study area. Additionally, using genotyped tissue samples from mountain hares, European hares (Lepus europaeus) and their hybrids, we were able to provide evidence for the first occurrence of a European hare in the study area at an elevation of 2,300 m a.s.l. in spring 2016. For future monitoring studies, we suggest to include complementary analysis methods to reliably infer species identities of the individuals analyzed and, thus, not only monitor mountain hare individual abundance, but also assess the potential threats given through competitive exclusion by and hybridization with the European hare.
Requirements for the spatial storage effect are weakly evident for common species in natural annual plant assemblages
Authors: Towers Isaac R. , Bowler Catherine H. , Mayfield Margaret M. , Dwyer John M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoexistence in spatially varying environments is theorized to be promoted by a variety of mechanisms including the spatial storage effect. The spatial storage effect promotes coexistence when (1) species have unique vital rate responses to their spatial environment and, when abundant, (2) experience stronger competition in the environmental patches where they perform better. In a naturally occurring southwest Western Australian annual plant system, we conducted a neighbor removal experiment involving eleven focal species growing in high‐abundance populations. Specifically, we measured species’ fecundity across a variety of environmental gradients in both the presence and absence of neighbors. For the environmental variables that we measured, there was only limited evidence for species‐specific responses to the environment, with a composite variable describing overstory cover and leaf litter cover being the best predictor of fecundity for a subset of focal species. In addition, although we found strong evidence for intraspecific competition, positive environment–competition covariance was only detected for one species. Thus, positive environment–competition covariance may not be as common as expected in populations of species growing at high abundance, at least when tested in natural assemblages. Our findings highlight the inherent limitations of using natural assemblages to study spatial coexistence mechanisms, and we urge empirical ecologists to take these limitations into account when designing future experiments.
Takotsubo syndrome as a complication in a critically ill COVID‐19 patient
Authors: Bottiroli Maurizio , De Caria Daniele , Belli Oriana , Calini Angelo , Andreoni Patrizia , Siragusa Antonio , Moreo Antonella , Ammirati Enrico , Mondino Michele , Fumagalli Roberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with cardiac injury have an increased risk of mortality. It remains to be determined the mechanism of cardiac injury and the identification of specific conditions that affect the heart during COVID‐19. We present the case of a 76‐year‐old woman with COVID‐19 pneumonia that developed a takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Although the patient presented normal left ventricular ejection fraction and normal levels of troponin on admission, after 16 days in intensive care unit due to respiratory distress, she suddenly developed cardiogenic shock. Shock occurred few hours after a spontaneous breathing trial through her tracheostomy. Bed‐side echocardiographic revealed apical ballooning promptly supporting the diagnosis of TTS. She was successfully treated with deep sedation and low dosage of epinephrine. The relevance of this case is that TTS can occur in the late phase of COVID‐19. Awareness of late TTS and bed‐side echocardiographic evaluation can lead to prompt identification and treatment.
A novel design methodology for the compliance of single phase induction motors with recent industrial premium efficiency standards
Authors: Chasiotis Ioannis D. , Karnavas Yannis L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe single‐phase induction motors (SPIMs) are widely used in several household and industrial applications and thus millions of them are produced every year. Despite the fact that their output power is low, their efficiency enhancement could lead to significant energy savings. The SPIMs are included to the new industrial efficiency standards for commercial motors. Consequently, the minimum efficiency that the SPIMs have to present is that of IE3 (premium‐efficiency). The already conducted research efforts have not provided a robust and acceptable—from economical and manufacturing point of view—design procedure toward their efficiency improvement. For this purpose, a novel design methodology is proposed here. It is proven that the required efficiency ratings are achievable with the increment of the motor's axial length, the proper design of the rotor bar slot and the careful selection of the auxiliary to main winding turns ratio along with the value of the used capacitor. Aiming to verify its effectiveness, the presented methodology has been applied to SPIMs with different output power ratings. Moreover, the derived results are compared to the corresponding ones obtained from other design strategies. The motor's nominal performance and its behavior during the start‐up phase have been determined through finite element analysis.