bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Implications of Understanding That PISA Is Simply Another Standardized Achievement Test
Authors: Berliner David C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt occurred to me one day that despite all the excitement, and both the satisfaction and handwringing engaged in by some nations after scores are released, that the Program for International Student Assessment, PISA, is merely another Standardized Achievement Test. Almost all Standardized Achievement Tests (SATs) try to adhere to certain principles of design, have similar correlates, and have similar limits on the interpretations of the results obtained. Neither the popular press nor most politicians ordinarily understand these realities and their implications. Opinion makers are unaware that many of the Standardized Achievement Tests we commonly use do not have the powers attributed to them. It is not far from the truth to call the scores derived from some of these assessments “talismanic” (Haney et al. 1987). That is, for many people, test scores have special powers, particularly of prophesy, a bit like the Kabbalah of the middle ages. Scores from SATs are a part of the metrification associated with the modern world, no doubt aided by a global market place in which business leaders and technologists, instead of humanists and educators, have garnered political power. Contributing to this trend toward metrification has been the ascendance of economics as an influential discipline throughout the world (Lingard et al. 2015). But in my opinion, economists, journalists, and politicians too often seek in metrics powers that are more illusionary than they are real.
International Assessments of Student Performance: The Paradoxes of Benchmarks and Empirical Evidence for National Policy
Authors: Popkewitz Thomas S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is a “commonsense” in the contemporary policy that moves across Europe and North America. That commonsense is the use of benchmarks in welfare state reform to assure the proper articulation of goals that enable their measurement and attainment. The corollary of the benchmark statements is that research identifies the empirical evidence that testifies about what works to secure the desired changes. The putting together of benchmarks and the call for “scientific evident” entails the faith that the correct mixture of research and policy will provide the pathways for effective social and educational improvement.
Dangers of “Making Diversity Visible”: Historicizing Metrics of Science Achievement in U.S. Education Policy
Authors: Kirchgasler Kathryn L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractScience achievement is often taken for granted as itself the inequality that must be remediated to permit greater social equality, access, and inclusion. Where prior critiques of Science-for-All reforms invoke a divide between policy rhetoric and classroom reality, I argue that policy is not mere rhetoric. Education policy actively produces typologies of students and science curricula as authorized by inherited metrics of science achievement. This chapter historically examines how science achievement emerged as a psychological category and calculable attribute in the early twentieth century. The design and calibration of these early tests drew upon sociological taxonomies, religious hierarchies, and cultural distinctions to stabilize science achievement as both a criterion of the ideal American citizen and a universalized standard of comparison. Juxtaposing this history with current U.S. and international policy reports, I argue that today’s efforts to include “diverse groups” by closing science achievement gaps retain expectations about the desired future citizen that inadvertently marginalize those projected as outside these norms.
Teacher Education Policies in China Since the Mid-1990s
Authors: Rao Congman 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSince the mid-1990s, teacher education in China has entered a new period of transformation, mirroring larger rapid societal development. Although quality improvement has been the theme of teacher education development in China since the mid-1990s, this period of more than 20 years can still be divided into three periods: the phase of system restructuring (from the mid-1990s to 2005), the phase of capacity building (from 2005 to 2016), and the phase of revitalization (since 2017). This chapter reviews the changes to the background, goals, content, and impacts in teacher education policies since the 1990s and then discusses its future development.
The Impact of the Expansion of Higher Education on the Rate of Return to Higher Education in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Cheng-Ta , Tang Chia-Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOn April 10, 1994, 200 civic groups including over 30,000 people marched in the streets of Taipei, and in October of the same year, the “League for Educational Reform 4/10” was established. The protesters submitted petitions outlining four main demands: smaller schools and classes, the establishment of more high schools and universities, modernization of the education system, and the formulation of a new body of law pertaining to education. These efforts led to a dramatic increase in the number of higher education institutions, which grew in number from 60 in 1994 to 144 in 2017. During the same period, however, the rate of unemployment among college graduates rose from 2.52% in 1994 to 5.19% in 2017.
Whom Is the National Curriculum for? Politics in the National Curriculum System of South Korea
Authors: So Kyunghee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecently, many countries have tried to control the overall quality of national education by employing national standards, striving to provide higher-quality education for all. By introducing a national curriculum, those countries suggest goals, that is, standards that students are expected to reach by certain ages and that teachers are required to meet while teaching. However, one might question whether an education system based on national standards can realize the dream of better education for all. As South Korea introduced a national curriculum in the 1950s and has gone through multiple revisions ever since, it has engaged in abundant discourse on national curriculum system. Hence, a review of South Korea’s national curriculum system can help us understand how tension and controversy work around the national curriculum and how the system can influence schools. This study aims to provide insight into the complicated and sometimes contradictory role of the national curriculum and its impact on actual school settings by reviewing South Korea’s national curriculum reform process over the last 60 years. To this end, the present study focuses on the following two topics. First, it reveals the politics of national curriculum reform by providing historical-sociological explanations of South Korea’s national curriculum reform. Second, it explores how the national curriculum system influences school education.
Precipitation Changes in India
Authors: Kulkarni Ashwini , Sabin T. P. , Chowdary Jasti S. , Rao K. Koteswara , Priya P. , Gandhi Naveen , Bhaskar Preethi , Buri Vinodh K. , Sabade S. S. , Pai D. S. , Ashok K. , Mitra A. K. , Niyogi Dev , Rajeevan M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrecipitation is an important component of the global water cycle, and the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on precipitation have significant implications on agricultural activities (Porter et al. 2014).
Lower bound of decay rate for higher-order derivatives of solution to the compressible fluid models of Korteweg type
Authors: Gao Jincheng , Lyu Zeyu , Yao Zheng-an 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper concerns the lower bound decay rate of global solution for compressible Navier–Stokes–Korteweg system in three-dimensional whole space under the$$H^{4}\times H^{3}$$H4×H3framework. At first, the lower bound of decay rate for the global solution converging to constant equilibrium state (1, 0) in$$L^2$$L2-norm is$$(1+t)^{-\frac{3}{4}}$$(1+t)-34if the initial data satisfy some low-frequency assumption additionally. Furthermore, we also show that the lower bound of the$$k(k\in [1, 3])$$k(k∈[1,3])th-order spatial derivatives of solution converging to zero in$$L^2$$L2-norm is$$(1+t)^{-\frac{3+2k}{4}}$$(1+t)-3+2k4. Finally, it is proved that the lower bound of decay rate for the time derivatives of density and velocity converging to zero in$$L^2$$L2-norm is$$(1+t)^{-\frac{5}{4}}$$(1+t)-54.
Ocrelizumab zur Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose
Authors: Graf Jonas , Albrecht Philipp , Goebels Norbert , Aktas Orhan , Hartung Hans-Peter 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungOcrelizumab ist ein monoklonaler Antikörper, der sich gegen das Differenzierungsantigen CD20 richtet und zu einer effektiven längerfristigen Depletion von Lymphozyten, insbesondere von B‑Zellen, führt. Unlängst publizierte Phase-3-Studien belegen, dass Ocrelizumab sowohl bei der Behandlung der schubförmigen als auch der primär progressiven Multiplen Sklerose (MS) wirksam ist. Darauf basierend wurde Ocrelizumab als erstes Medikament zur Behandlung der primär chronisch-progredienten MS zugelassen. Um diesen Durchbruch besser in den Kontext des heutigen MS-Therapiekanons einordnen zu können, lohnt sowohl ein Blick zurück auf die Entwicklung der antikörpervermittelten CD20-Depletion als auch auf die der Zulassung zugrunde liegenden Studien sowie deren Extensionsphasen. Diese Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert die verfügbaren Daten zur Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der langfristigen B‑Zell-Depletion bei MS-Patienten und erörtert den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zur Rolle von B‑Lymphozyten in der Immunpathogenese der MS.
Zero-one Schubert polynomials
Authors: Fink Alex , Mészáros Karola , Dizier Avery St. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe prove that if $$\sigma \in S_m$$

σ
∈

S
m

is a pattern of $$w \in S_n$$

w
∈

S
n

, then we can express the Schubert polynomial $$\mathfrak {S}_w$$

S
w

as a monomial times $$\mathfrak {S}_\sigma $$

S
σ

(in reindexed variables) plus a polynomial with nonnegative coefficients. This implies that the set of permutations whose Schubert polynomials have all their coefficients equal to either 0 or 1 is closed under pattern containment. Using Magyar’s orthodontia, we characterize this class by a list of twelve avoided patterns. We also give other equivalent conditions on $$\mathfrak {S}_w$$

S
w

being zero-one. In this case, the Schubert polynomial $$\mathfrak {S}_w$$

S
w

is equal to the integer point transform of a generalized permutahedron.
Euler semigroup, Hardy–Sobolev and Gagliardo–Nirenberg type inequalities on homogeneous groups
Authors: Ruzhansky Michael , Suragan Durvudkhan , Yessirkegenov Nurgissa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper we describe the Euler semigroup$$\{e^{-t\mathbb {E}^{*}\mathbb {E}}\}_{t>0}$${e-tE∗E}t>0on homogeneous Lie groups, which allows us to obtain various types of the Hardy–Sobolev and Gagliardo–Nirenberg type inequalities for the Euler operator$$\mathbb {E}$$E. Moreover, the sharp remainder terms of the Sobolev type inequality, maximal Hardy inequality and$$|\cdot |$$|·|-radial weighted Hardy–Sobolev type inequality are established.
Microorganisms populating the water-related indoor biome
Authors: Novak Babič Monika , Gostinčar Cene , Gunde-Cimerman Nina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Modernisation of our households created novel opportunities for microbial growth and thus changed the array of microorganisms we come in contact with. While many studies have investigated microorganisms in the air and dust, tap water, another major input of microbial propagules, has received far less attention. The quality of drinking water in developed world is strictly regulated to prevent immediate danger to human health. However, fungi, algae, protists and bacteria of less immediate concern are usually not screened for. These organisms can thus use water as a vector of transmission into the households, especially if they are resistant to various water treatment procedures. Good tolerance of unfavourable abiotic conditions is also important for survival once microbes enter the household. Limitation of water availability, high or low temperatures, application of antimicrobial chemicals and other measures are taken to prevent indoor microbial overgrowth. These conditions, together with a large number of novel chemicals in our homes, shape the diversity and abundance of indoor microbiota through constant selection of the most resilient species, resulting in a substantial overlap in diversity of indoor and natural extreme environments. At least in fungi, extremotolerance has been linked to human pathogenicity, explaining why many species found in novel indoor habitats (such as dishwasher) are notable opportunistic pathogens. As a result, microorganisms that often enter our households with water and are then enriched in novel indoor habitats might have a hitherto underestimated impact on the well-being of the increasingly indoor-bound human population.

Key points

Domestic environment harbours a large diversity of microorganisms.

Microbiota of water-related indoor habitats mainly originates from tap water.

Bathrooms, kitchens and household appliances select for polyextremotolerant species.

Many household-related microorganisms are human opportunistic pathogens.
Volume, outcomes, and quality standards in thyroid surgery: an evidence-based analysis—European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) positional statement
Authors: Lorenz Kerstin , Raffaeli Marco , Barczyński Marcin , Lorente-Poch Leyre , Sancho Joan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Continuous efforts in surgical speciality aim to improve outcome. Therefore, correlation of volume and outcome, developing subspecialization, and identification of reliable parameters to identify and measure quality in surgery gain increasing attention in the surgical community as well as in public health care systems, and by health care providers. The need to investigate these correlations in the area of endocrine surgery was identified by ESES, and thyroid surgery was chosen for this analysis of the prevalent literature with regard to outcome and volume.

Materials and methods
A literature search that is detailed below about correlation between volume and outcome in thyroid surgery was performed and assessed from an evidence-based perspective. Following presentation and live data discussion, a revised final positional statement was presented and consented by the ESES assembly.

Results
There is a lack of prospective randomized controlled studies for all items representing quality parameters of thyroid surgery using uniform definitions. Therefore, evidence levels are low and recommendation grades are based mainly on expert and peer evaluation of the prevalent data.

Conclusion
In thyroid surgery a volume and outcome relationship exists with respect to the prevalence of complications. Besides volume, cumulative experience is expected to improve outcomes. In accordance with global data, a case load of < 25 thyroidectomies per surgeon per year appears to identify a low-volume surgeon, while > 50 thyroidectomies per surgeon per year identify a high-volume surgeon. A center with a case load of > 100 thyroidectomies per year is considered high-volume. Thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroid disease predict an increased risk of surgical morbidity and should be operated by high-volume surgeons. Oncological results of thyroid cancer surgery are significantly better when performed by high-volume surgeons.
Editing of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine by acyl-CoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferases in developing Camelina sativa seeds
Authors: Klińska Sylwia , Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz Katarzyna , Demski Kamil , Banaś Antoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Main conclusions
The main source of polyunsaturated acyl-CoA in cytoplasmic acyl-CoA pool of Camelina sativa seeds are fatty acids derived from phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidic acid. Contribution of phosphatidylethanolamine is negligible.

Abstract
While phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant phospholipid, phosphatidic acid (PA) only constitutes a small fraction of C. sativa seeds’ polar lipids. In spite of this, the relative contribution of PA in providing fatty acids for the synthesis of acyl-CoA, supplying cytosolic acyl-CoA pool seems to be much higher than the contribution of PE. Our data indicate that up to 5% of fatty acids present in mature C. sativa seeds are first esterified with PA, in comparison to 2% first esterified with PE, before being transferred into acyl-CoA pool via backward reactions of either acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (CsLPAATs) or acyl-CoA:lysophoshatidylethanolamine acyltransferases (CsLPEATs). Those acyl-CoAs are later reused for lipid biosynthesis or remodelling. In the forward reactions both aforementioned acyltransferases display the highest activity at 30 °C. The spectrum of optimal pH differs for both enzymes with CsLPAATs most active between pH 7.5–9.0 and CsLPEATs between pH 9.0 to 10.0. Whereas addition of magnesium ions stimulates CsLPAATs, calcium and potassium ions inhibit them in concentrations of 0.05–2.0 mM. All three types of ions inhibit CsLPEATs activity. Both tested acyltransferases present the highest preferences towards 16:0-CoA and unsaturated 18-carbon acyl-CoAs in forward reactions. However, CsLPAATs preferentially utilise 18:1-CoA and CsLPEATs preferentially utilise 18:2-CoA while catalysing fatty acid remodelling of PA and PE, respectively.
Death domain-associated protein (DAXX) expression is associated with poor survival in metastatic high-grade serous carcinoma
Authors: Davidson Ben , McFadden Erin , Holth Arild , Brunetti Marta , Flørenes Vivi Ann 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the expression and clinical role of mitosis regulators α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) and death-domain-associated protein (DAXX) in metastatic high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). ATRX and DAXX protein expression by immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 400 HGSC effusions. DAXX expression was additionally studied in 15 cancer cell lines, including 4 ovarian carcinoma lines, and in 81 of the 400 HGSC effusions using Western blotting. ATRX and DAXX were expressed in HGSC cells in 386/400 (96%) and 348/400 (87%) effusions, respectively. Western blotting showed DAXX expression in all 15 cell lines and in 70/81 (86%) HGSC effusions. DAXX expression by immunohistochemistry was higher in pleural compared to peritoneal effusions (p = 0.006) and in post-chemotherapy compared to pre-chemotherapy effusions (p = 0.004), and its expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in univariate of the entire cohort (p = 0.014), as well as analysis limited to chemo-naïve effusions tapped at diagnosis (p = 0.038). The former association retained its prognostic role in Cox multivariate survival analysis (p = 0.011). ATRX expression was unrelated to clinicopathologic parameters or survival. In conclusion, DAXX is associated with disease progression and could be a prognostic marker in metastatic HGSC. Silencing this molecule may have therapeutic relevance in this cancer.
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Aspiration Pneumonia Following Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report
Authors: Aoyagi Yoichiro , Ohashi Miho , Funahashi Reisuke , Otaka Yohei , Saitoh Eiichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCranial nerve involvement is a finding often observed in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To our knowledge, this is the first report of oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with COVID-19. A 70-year-old male developed dysphagia and consequent aspiration pneumonia during recovery from severe COVID-19. He had altered sense of taste and absent gag reflex. Videoendoscopy, videofluorography, and high-resolution manometry revealed impaired pharyngolaryngeal sensation, silent aspiration, and mesopharyngeal contractile dysfunction. These findings suggested that glossopharyngeal and vagal neuropathy might have elicited dysphagia following COVID-19. The current case emphasizes the importance of presuming neurologic involvement and concurrent dysphagia, and that subsequent aspiration pneumonia might be overlooked in severe respiratory infection during COVID-19.
Chronic subdural hematoma—incidence, complications, and financial impact
Authors: Rauhala Minna , Helén Pauli , Huhtala Heini , Heikkilä Paula , Iverson Grant L. , Niskakangas Tero , Öhman Juha , Luoto Teemu M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
To examine the population-based incidence, complications, and total, direct hospital costs of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) treatment in a neurosurgical clinic during a 26-year period. The aim was also to estimate the necessity of planned postoperative follow-up computed tomography (CT).

Methods
A retrospective cohort (1990–2015) of adult patients living in Pirkanmaa, Finland, with a CSDH was identified using ICD codes and verified by medical records (n = 1148, median age = 76 years, men = 65%). Data collection was performed from medical records. To estimate the total, direct hospital costs, all costs from hospital admission until the last neurosurgical follow-up visit were calculated. All patients were followed until death or the end of 2017. The annual number of inhabitants in the Pirkanmaa Region was obtained from the Statistics Finland (Helsinki, Finland).

Results
The incidence of CSDH among the population 80 years or older has increased among both operatively (from 36.6 to 91/100,000/year) and non-operatively (from 4.7 to 36.9/100,000/year) treated cases. Eighty-five percent (n = 978) underwent surgery. Routine 4–6 weeks’ postoperative follow-up CT increased the number of re-operations by 18% (n = 49). Most of the re-operations (92%) took place within 2 months from the primary operation. Patients undergoing re-operations suffered more often from seizures (10%, n = 28 vs 3.9%, n = 27; p < 0.001), empyema (4.3%, n = 12 vs 1.1%, n = 8; p = 0.002), and pneumonia (4.7%, n = 13 vs 1.4%, n = 12; p = 0.008) compared with patients with no recurrence. The treatment cost for recurrent CSDHs was 132% higher than the treatment cost of non-recurrent CSDHs, most likely because of longer hospital stay for re-admissions and more frequent outpatient follow-up with CT. The oldest group of patients, 80 years or older, was not more expensive than the others, nor did this group have more frequent complications, besides pneumonia.

Conclusions
Based on our population-based study, the number of CSDH patients has increased markedly during the study period (1990–2015). Reducing recurrences is crucial for reducing both complications and costs. Greater age was not associated with greater hospital costs related to CSDH. A 2-month follow-up period after CSDH seems sufficient for most, and CT controls are advocated only for symptomatic patients.