bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for Predicting the Behavior of Mutually Interfering Gas Reservoirs Adjacent to a Common Aquifer
Authors: Coats K.H. , Tek M.R. , Katz D.L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 247–251.

Abstract
The performance of a gas reservoir subject to water drive is often affected by interference due to gas production or injection in neighboring reservoirs adjacent to a common aquifer. Field data available on production-pressure behavior of several reservoirs indicate that prediction of reservoir performance must include the effects due to mutual interference. A method developed to predict the performance of two or more interfering gas reservoirs, subject to specified production-injection schedules, is presented. The method involves the combination of the theory of unsteady-state water movement with appropriate material balance considerations. The procedure which extends M. Mortada's treatment for interfering oil reservoirs makes use of his dimensionless pressure drop quantities presented graphically in the literature.
In order to evaluate the predictive accuracy and practical field applicability of the theory, the method has been applied to analyze the performance of two actual gas reservoirs in mutual interference. The calculations were performed on an IBM 704 computer. The predicted performances were also calculated with the interference effects ignored. The results show that considerably better agreement between calculated and observed behavior is obtained when the interference effects are included.

Introduction
Fluid communication between any number of oil or gas reservoirs adjacent to a common aquifer results in mutual interference effects on their production-pressure behavior. The theory, application and interpretation of pressure build-up behavior of oil wells, drawdown tests on oil or gas-producing formations and behavior of several storage reservoirs indicate ample experimental evidence of mutual interference. A method developed to compute the behavior of interfering oil reservoirs was published several years ago by Mortada.
Displacement Experiments in a Consolidated Porous System
Authors: Levine J.S. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 57–66.

Abstract
A series of four displacement experiments has been run in a large alundum core. Flow potential distribution in each liquid phase was measured continuously through oil-wet and water-wet capillary barriers, using a null-point pressure balance, and saturated distribution was determined from electrical resistivity measurements. A method has been devised for calculating the effective (and relative) permeability to each phase at any time and at any point in the flow system for the transient displacement process. Relative permeability points have been calculated and average curves drawn for oil displacing water and water displacing oil. The values of dynamic capillary pressure have also been determined. Data have been substituted into the generalized Buckley-Leverett fractional flow equation and a comparison between actual and theoretical breakthrough recoveries is shown.

Introduction
Displacement experiments have been performed in the laboratory for many years in an effort to determine the effect of a number of parameters on multiphase flow in porous materials. In the literature of petroleum technology, Wyckoff and Botset were among the first to develop the relative permeability concept and to show experimentally that oil, gas, and water can flow simultaneously through a porous medium in a precise way governed by certain fluid properties, by the relative saturation of each fluid, and by characteristics of the medium itself. Somewhat later, Leverett and Hassler, Brunner, and Deahl developed some theoretical concepts of capillary behavior in porous materials.
The work of Buckley and Leverett presented a theoretical analysis of immiscible liquid displacement based on the equation of continuity and the Darcy equation for viscous flow of each fluid. Subsequent investigators attempting to verify the Buckley-Leverett equation have, in general, deliberately neglected the capillary pressure term or have performed experiments in such a manner that it could be neglected.
The Mechanics of Fracture Induction and Extension
Authors: Harrison Eugene , Kieschnick W.F. , McGuire W.J. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 252–263.

Abstract
This paper concerns the induction and extension of fractures into rock formations as involved in drilling, completing, and production stimulating operations on wells. Conclusions concerning formation breakdown are derived froma review and extension of published analyses relating to mechanical theories of rock stress and the state of stress in the earth's crust anda correlation of field data from fracturing operations.
Conclusions concerning the mechanics of fracture extension, which indicate the relationship between fracture dimensions and rock properties, depth, and volume of injected fluid, are tentative and largely establish limits of relationships. These conclusions are derived from stress calculations, limited field data, and laboratory experimental studies. The experimental work involves the study of the stresses at the fracture boundaries and the geometry of pressurized fractures by means of photo-elastic modeling methods.
Results of this investigation indicate that a large majority of pressure induced well bore fractures are vertical, particularly in deeper wells; and variations in the pressures necessary to create and extend fractures can be explained largely on a basis of established rock properties. It is also shown that variations due to tectonic forces should usually be expected to be slight. Other results indicate that during that extension of fractures rather large fracture volumes are temporarily created by the parting of the formation.

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of calculations and laboratory experiments concerning the mechanics of fracture induction and extension with a view to broadening existing knowledge relating to these phenomena. It is believed that continued progress in developing knowledge of this type is important to the further development of techniques for drilling and completing wells.
Evaluation of Acid Treatments from Pressure Build-Up Analysis
Authors: Pollard P. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 38–43.

Abstract
A method has been developed for evaluating acid treatments in fractured limestone fields by breaking down pressure drawdown into three component parts:pressure differential across "skin" near the borehole face,pressure differential due to flow resistance in the coarse communicating fissures andpressure differential between the fine voids and the coarse fissures.
It is apparent that in most successful acid treatments the first term, skin resistance, has been reduced or eliminated. Further, it is often possible to estimate the volume of coarse fissures associated with the second term, coarse fissure flow resistance. In cases where this volume is comparable with practical acid volumes it seems likely that this resistance also may be attacked with a suitably retarded acid.

Introduction
Acid treatment has been successfully applied as a general practice in the limestone wells in the Mara/ Maracaibo districts of Venezuela for some 10 years. At the same time the need has been felt for a more precise method of:evaluating the effect of an acid job andselecting wells which should benefit from an acid treatment.
The following method, based on an analysis Of build-up curves for wells producing from fractured limestone, provides a means of forecasting the effect acid will have on a well and in many cases the probable order of production rate increase which may be expected. In certain cases it is also possible to calculate the fissure volume through which the acid has to be displaced for best results.
Various approximations are introduced in the method, but within the limitations of these the analysis gives an indication of how a well, whether previously acidized or not, may be expected to respond to acid treatment.
A Life-History Perspective on Sexual Selection in a Polygamous Species
Authors: Gao Ke , Wijk Michiel van , Clement Zoe , Egas Martijn , Groot Astrid 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Ever since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have studied sexual selection driving differences in appearance and behaviour between males and females. An unchallenged paradigm in such studies is that one sex (usually the male) signals its quality as a mate to the other sex (usually the female), who is choosy in accepting a partner. Here, we hypothesize that in polygamous species these roles change dynamically with the mating status of males and females, depending on direct reproductive costs and benefits of multiple matings, and on sperm competition. We test this hypothesis by assessing fitness costs and benefits of multiple matings in both males and females in a polygamous moth species, as in moths not males but females are the signalers and males are the responders. Results: We found that multiple matings confer fitness costs and benefits for both sexes. Specifically, the number of matings did not affect the longevity of males or females, but only 67 % of the males and 14 % of the females mated successfully in all five nights. In addition, the female’s reproductive output increased with multiple matings, although when paired with a new virgin male every night, more than 3 matings decreased her reproductive output, so that the Bateman gradient for females fit a quadratic model better than a linear model. The male’s reproductive success was positively affected by the number of matings and a linear regression line best fit the data. Simulations of the effect of sperm competition showed that increasing last-male paternity increases the steepness of the male Bateman gradient and thus the male’s relative fitness gain from additional mating. Irrespective of last-male paternity value, the female Bateman gradient is steeper than the male one for up to three matings. Conclusion: Our results suggest that choosiness in moths may well change throughout the mating season, with males being more choosy early in the season and females being more choosy after having mated at least three times. This life-history perspective on the costs and benefits of multiple matings for both sexes sheds new light on sexual selection forces acting on sexual signals and responses.
Impact of chronic kidney disease and anemia on health-related quality of life and work productivity: Analysis of multinational real-world data
Authors: Haalen Heleen van , Jackson James , Spinowitz Bruce , Milligan Gary , Moon Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background

Reductions in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are thought to be exacerbated by the low hemoglobin (Hb) levels that define anemia, a common complication of CKD. The current analysis evaluated the impact of anemia on HRQoL and work productivity in patients with non-dialysis dependent and dialysis-dependent CKD using real-world data.

Methods

Data were collected in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, the USA and China in 2012–2018 in the Adelphi Real World Disease Specific Programme™ for CKD, a large, cross-sectional, survey of physicians and their patients. Patients completed three patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments: the EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-level (EQ-5D-3L), the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-36) instrument and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire. PROs were assessed by CKD stage and Hb levels, and regression analyses were performed with CKD stage and Hb level as independent variables and PROs as outcome variables, while adjusting for age, sex, CKD stage, comorbidities and cardiovascular risk.

Results

Overall, 5276 patients participated in the survey, including 28% stage 4 and 36% dialysis patients. Patients with lower Hb levels more often reported problems/issues on all EQ-5D-3L domains (p<0.0001). Regression analyses showed significant associations between lower Hb levels and the probability of low (<0.8) EQ-5D-3L utility scores (p<0.0001) and low visual analog scale scores (p<0.05), indicating poorer health status. Associations were seen even when adjusting for CKD stage and other potential confounding factors. Significant associations were observed between Hb level and the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary, SF-12 Mental Component Summary and the three KDQOL-36 subscales (all p<0.0001), and were confirmed using linear regression analyses adjusting for CKD stage and other potential confounders. Numerically greater work productivity losses and greater activity impairment were observed with lower Hb levels.

Conclusions

Lower Hb levels worsen the impact of CKD on HRQoL, and are associated with lower work productivity in patients with CKD. Assessment and treatment of anemia should be recognized as a key component of integral CKD management throughout all stages of the disease.
Cancer Associated Fibroblast (CAF) regulation of PDAC parenchymal (CPC) and CSC phenotypes is modulated by ECM composition.
Authors: Cannone Stefania , Greco Maria Rafaella , Guizouarn Hélène , Soriani Olivier , Tomasini Richard , Casavola Valeria , Zeeberg Katrine , Reshkin Stephan Joel , Cardone Rosa Angela 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest of all cancers having one of the lowest five-year survival rates. One of its hallmarks is a dense desmoplastic stroma consisting in the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, especially Collagen I. This highly fibrotic stroma embeds the bulk cancer (parenchymal) cells (CPCs), cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the main producers of the stromal reaction, the Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs). Little is known about the role of the acellular ECM in the interplay of the CAFs with the different tumor cell types in determining their phenotypic plasticity and eventual cell fate. Methods Here, we analyzed the role of ECM collagen I in modulating the effect of CAF-derived signals by incubating PDAC CPCs and CSCs grown on ECM mimicking early (low collagen I levels) and late (high collagen I levels) stage PDAC stroma with conditioned medium from primary cultured CAFs derived from patients with PDAC in a previously described three-dimensional (3D) organotypic model of PDAC. Results We found that CAFs (1) reduced CPC growth while favoring CSC growth independently of the ECM; (2) increased the invasive capacity of only CPCs on the ECM mimicking the early tumor and (3) favored vasculogenic mimicry (VM) especially of the CSCs on the ECM mimicking an early tumor. Conclusions: We conclude that the CAFs and acellular stromal components interact to modulate the tumor behaviors of the PDAC CPC and CSC cell types and drive metastatic progression by stimulating the behavior of each tumor cell type that contribute to metastasis: invasion in the CPCs and growth and angiogenesis in the CSCs.
Determinants of incomplete immunization among children age 12-23 months in Southwest, Ethiopia: Case Control Study
Authors: G/Mariam Meseret , Ayele Gistane , Shegaze Mulugeta , Wassihun biresaw 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Vaccination is recognized as an important immunization tool which is used in preventing and eradicating communicable diseases. Even though an increase in global vaccination coverage, many children in the world particularly in low resource countries still are left unvaccinated and it remains to be a public health problem. So, the main objective of this study was to identify determinants of incomplete vaccination among children 12-23 months of age in Semen Bench district, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: A community based unmatched case-control study was undertaken among randomly selected children aged 12 to 23 months and with a total sample size of 312 (104 cases and 208 controls). Simple random sampling was used to get representative cases and controls. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical software. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were done to identify independent factors for incomplete immunization status of children. P values <0.05 with 95% confidence level were used to declare statistical significance Results: From the total of selected 104 cases and 208 controls, all of the cases and controls participated in the study with a response rate of 100. Based on the multivariable analysis the incomplete immunization status of children was significantly associated with having no antenatal care visits, [AOR=8.3(95%CI; 1.87-36.91], home delivery [AOR=4.5(95%CI; 1.411-14.27], having no postnatal care visit [AOR=4.2(95%CI; 1.67-10.41], and inconvenient appointment time [AOR=3.44( 95% CI:1.65-7.16)]. Conclusion: Children of mothers having no antenatal and postnatal care, children of mothers having home delivery, children of mothers with an inconvenient appointment time, were significantly associated with incomplete immunization. To reduce the number of children with an incomplete immunization status, the district needs to consider specific planning for mothers with no ANC, and focus on promoting facility delivery and address concerns of inconvenient appointment time at a community level. This can be accomplished by integrating the immunization service to other elements of primary health care
HIV-free survival among breastfed infants born to HIV-positive women in northern Uganda: a facility-based retrospective study.
Authors: Aguti Irene , Kimbugwe Charles , Apai Patricia , Munyaga Siraji , Nyeko Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Without interventions, the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is 25% during pregnancy, labour and delivery with an additional risk of 5-20% during the breastfeeding, leading to an overall risk of 45%. The effectiveness of interventions towards prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in any setting is measured by its HIV-free survival rate. We carried out a study to determine the HIV-free survival among breastfed infants enrolled by 2 months of age in a resource-poor setting. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of early infant diagnosis registers at two tertiary facilities in northern Uganda and retrospectively reviewed records of exposed infants enrolled from 2014 to 2016. We used simple random sampling and analyzed data using SPSS v16 software package. The chi-square and Student t-tests were used to compare factors among HIV-free survivors (HIV-uninfected and alive at 18 months) and those who became HIV-infected or died. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was used to determine the factors that were independently associated with HIV-free survival. Odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were used to measure the strength of association between the outcome and predictor variables. P-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significanceResults: The mean age at enrolment of the 317 infants was 1.57 (SD 0.23), majority of whom were males 55.5% (176/317). All except two infants were initiated on Nevirapine prophylaxis. Less than one third, 29.3% (93/317) of the infants were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months, while the breastfeeding status of 30 infants could not be ascertained. The overall HIV-free survival rate in the current study was 94.6% (300/317), while 2.5% (8/317) were HIV-infected and 2.8% (9/317) died. Gender and treatment facility were the factors independently significantly associated with HIV-free survival. Conclusions: Our study estimates that the HIV-free survival rate in the study setting for breastfed infants enrolled by 2 months of age was 94.6%, below the WHO goal of >95% HIV-free rate in breastfeeding population for virtual elimination of HIV. A further prospective study would be necessary to assess a more accurate HIV-free survival rate given the limitations of retrospective data.
A unified nomenclature for vertebrate olfactory receptors
Authors: Olender Tsviya , Jones Tamsin E.M. , Bruford Elspeth , Lancet Doron 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors with a crucial role in odor detection. A typical mammalian genome harbors ~1000 OR genes and pseudogenes; however, different gene duplication/deletion events have occurred in each species, resulting in complex orthology relationships. While the human OR nomenclature is widely accepted and based on phylogenetic classification into 18 families and further into subfamilies, for other mammals different and multiple nomenclature systems are currently in use, thus concealing important evolutionary and functional insights. Results Here we describe the Mutual Maximum Similarity (MMS) algorithm, a systematic classifier for assigning a human-centric nomenclature to any OR gene based on inter-species hierarchical pairwise similarities. MMS was applied to the OR repertoires of seven mammals and zebrafish. Altogether, we assigned symbols to 10,249 ORs. This nomenclature is supported by both phylogenetic and synteny analyses. The availability of a unified nomenclature provides a framework for diverse studies, where textual symbol comparison allows immediate identification of potential ortholog groups as well as species-specific expansions/deletions; for example, Or52e5 and Or52e5b represent a rat-specific duplication of OR52E5 . Another example is the complete absence of OR subfamily OR6Z among primate OR symbols. In other mammals, OR6Z members are located in one genomic cluster, suggesting a large deletion in the great ape lineage. An additional 14 mammalian OR subfamilies are missing from the primate genomes. While in chimpanzee 87% of the symbols were identical to human symbols, this number decreased to ~50% in dog and cow and to ~30% in rodents, reflecting the adaptive changes of the OR gene superfamily across diverse ecological niches. Application of the proposed nomenclature to zebrafish revealed similarity to mammalian ORs that could not be detected from the current zebrafish olfactory receptor gene nomenclature. Conclusions We have consolidated a unified standard nomenclature system for the vertebrate OR superfamily. The new nomenclature system will be applied to cow, horse, dog and chimpanzee by the Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee and its implementation is currently under consideration by other relevant species-specific nomenclature committees.