bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase evolution, structure, and up‐/down‐conversion luminescence of Li6CaLa2Nb2O12:Yb3+/RE3+ phosphors (RE = Ho, Er, Tm)
Authors: Du Panpan , Ma Jing , Zhu Qi , Li Ji‐Guang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGarnet‐type Li6Ca(La0.97Yb0.02RE0.01)2Nb2O12 (RE = Ho, Er, Tm) new phosphors were successfully synthesized via solid reaction at 900°C for 5 hours, whose course of phase evolution, macroscopic/local crystal structure and up‐/down‐conversion (UC/DC) photoluminescence were clarified. Mechanistic study and materials characterization were attained via XRD, Rietveld refinement, DTA/TG, electron microscopy (FE‐SEM/TEM), and Raman/reflectance/fluorescence spectroscopies. The phosphors were shown to exhibit UC luminescence dominated by a ~ 553 nm green band (5F4/5S2 → 5I8 transition) for Ho3+, a ~ 568 nm green band (4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) for Er3+ and a ~ 806 nm near‐infrared band (3H4 → 3H6 transition) for Tm3+ under 978 nm laser excitation, with CIE chromaticity coordinates of around (0.31, 0.68), (0.38, 0.60) and (0.17, 0.24), respectively. Analysis of the pump‐power dependence of UC intensity indicated that all the emissions involve a two‐photon mechanism except for the ~ 486 nm blue emission of Tm3+ (1G4 → 3H6), which requires a three‐photon process. The DC luminescence of these phosphors is featured by dominant bands at ~ 553 nm for Ho3+ (green, 5F4/5S2 → 5I8 transition), ~568 nm for Er3+ (green, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) and ~ 464 nm for Tm3+ (blue, 1D2 → 3F4 transition). The UC and DC properties were also comparatively discussed.
Enhanced piezoelectric properties of Mn‐modified Bi5Ti3FeO15 for high‐temperature applications
Authors: Wang Qian , Wang Chun‐Ming 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBi5Ti3FeO15 (BTF) has recently attracted considerable interest as a typical multiferroic oxide, wherein ferroelectric and magnetic orders coexist. The ferroelectric order of BTF implies its piezoelectricity, because a ferroelectric must be a piezoelectric. However, no extensive studies have been carried out on the piezoelectric properties of BTF. Considering its high ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition temperature (Tc ~ 761°C), it is necessary to analyze the piezoelectricity and thermal stabilities of BTF, a promising high‐temperature piezoelectric material. In this study, lightly manganese‐modified BTF polycrystalline oxides are fabricated by substituting manganese ions into Fe3+ sites via the conventional solid‐state reaction method. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses reveal that the resultant manganese‐modified BTF has an Aurivillius‐type structure with m = 4, and that the substitutions of Fe by Mn lead to a distortion of BO6. The temperature‐dependent dielectric properties and direct‐current (DC) resistivity measurements indicate that the Mn ions can significantly reduce the dielectric loss tanδ and increase the DC resistivity. The piezoelectricity of BTF is confirmed by piezoelectric constant d33 measurements; it exhibits a piezoelectric constant d33 of 7 pC/N. Remarkably, BTF with 4 mol% of Mn (BTF‐4Mn) exhibits a large d33 of 23 pC/N, three times that of unmodified BTF, whereas the Curie temperature Tc is almost unchanged, ~765°C. The increased piezoelectric performance can be attributed to the crystal lattice distortion, decreased dielectric loss tanδ, and increased DC resistivity. Additionally, BTF‐4Mn exhibits good thermal stabilities of the electromechanical coupling characteristics, which demonstrates that manganese‐modified BTF oxides are promising materials for the use in high‐temperature piezoelectric sensors.
Effects of TaB2 and TiB2 on the grain growth behavior and kinetics of HfB2 ceramics during pressureless sintering
Authors: Zhu Qi‐Qi , Zhang Zhan , Zhang Yan , Liu Qiu‐Yu , Song Bang‐Chao , Guo Wei‐Ming , Lin Hua‐Tay 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHfB2, Hf0.95Ta0.05B2, and Hf0.95Ti0.05B2 powders were self‐synthesized and the grain sizes were 2.04, 0.36, and 1.15 μm, respectively. The three powders were pressureless sintered from 1700℃ to 2000℃ to study and compare effects of the introduction of TaB2 and TiB2 on the grain growth behavior and kinetics of HfB2. The results revealed that HfB2 showed moderately slow grain growth in the whole process. However, significant grain growth consistently happened in Hf0.95Ti0.05B2 and Hf0.95Ta0.05B2 at 1900℃ or above. Eventually, the grain size of Hf0.95Ti0.05B2 increased to almost the same as HfB2, but Hf0.95Ta0.05B2 still possessed smaller grains due to the finest original powders. The grain growth exponent was determined to be ~3, and the dominant growth rate‐controlling mechanism was volume diffusion. The average activation energy of HfB2, Hf0.95Ta0.05B2, and Hf0.95Ti0.05B2 for grain growth at 1700℃‐2000℃ was 191 ± 34, 678 ± 73, and 321 ± 61 kJ/mol, respectively.
The experience of mothers supporting self‐determination of adult sons and daughters with intellectual disability
Authors: Curryer Bernadette , Stancliffe Roger J. , Wiese Michele Y. , Dew Angela 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe right of people with disability to be self‐determining, to live a life of their choosing, is increasingly recognized and promoted. For adults with intellectual disability, support to enable self‐determination may be required. This is often provided by family, yet little is understood about the experience of providing such support.MethodsAn interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of eight individual, semi‐structured interviews with mothers was conducted, to understand the meaning given to their experience of supporting self‐determination of their adult son or daughter with intellectual disability.ResultsThree superordinate themes were identified: (a) support context; (b) continuum of support roles; and (c) mother's personal concerns.ConclusionMothers of adults with intellectual disability experience an ongoing sense of responsibility to balance competing rights and concerns as they support self‐determination. This complex, interdependent relationship results in roles that may facilitate, guide, influence and at times restrict choice and control.
Is obesity treated like a contagious disease?
Authors: Tapp Caley , Oaten Megan , Stevenson Richard J. , Occhipinti Stefano , Thandi Ravjinder 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe behavioral avoidance of people with obesity is well documented, but its psychological basis is poorly understood. Based upon a disease avoidance account of stigmatization, we tested whether a person with obesity triggers equivalent self‐reported emotional and avoidant‐based responses as a contagious disease (i.e., influenza). Two hundred and sixty‐four participants rated images depicting real disease signs (i.e., person with influenza), false alarms (i.e., person with obesity), person with facial bruising (i.e., negative control), and a healthy control for induced emotion and willingness for contact along increasing levels of physical proximity. Consistent with our prediction, as the prospect for contact became more intimate, self‐reported avoidance was equivalent in the influenza and obese target conditions, with both significantly exceeding reactions to the negative and healthy controls. In addition, participants reported greatest levels of disgust toward the obese and influenza target conditions. These results are consistent with an evolved predisposition to avoid individuals with disease signs. Implicit avoidance occurs even when participants know explicitly that such signs—here, obese body form—result from a noncontagious condition. Our findings provide important evidence for a disease avoidance explanation of the stigmatization of people with obesity.
Serum chromogranin A level continuously rises with the progression of type 1 diabetes, and indicates the presence of both enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis
Authors: Herold Zoltan , Herold Magdolna , Nagy Peter , Patocs Attila , Doleschall Marton , Somogyi Aniko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe relationship of chromogranin A (CgA) levels above the normal range with various outcomes, such as glycated hemoglobin levels, enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis, was investigated in type 1 diabetes patients with special regard to the progression of comorbidities.Materials and MethodsA cohort study on 153 type 1 diabetes patients was carried out with a prospective branch on clinical and laboratory data, and a retrospective branch on histological data obtained by gastroscopy.ResultsPatients with CgA levels above the upper limit of the normal range (n = 28) had significantly higher glycated hemoglobin levels (P = 0.0160) than those with CgA in the normal range (n = 125). The correlation between CgA and glycated hemoglobin was significant (P < 0.0001), but weak (R = +0.32). A slight, but steady elevation (P = 0.0410) in CgA level was observed to co‐vary with the duration of type 1 diabetes. Enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis was significantly more frequent (P = 0.0087 for both) in the high CgA group. Detailed analyses on gastric tissue samples confirmed a progression of enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia (P = 0.0192) accompanied by CgA elevation (P = 0.0316).ConclusionsThe early detection and follow up of the later progression of enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis into gastric neuroendocrine tumors, which have ~100‐fold greater incidence in type 1 diabetes patients, can be achieved by assessment of CgA levels. Therefore, the use of CgA could be considered as a novel auxiliary biomarker in the care of these type 1 diabetes complications.
Microfluidization of full‐fat ice cream mixes: Effects on rheology and microstructure
Authors: Cavender George A. , Kerr William L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFull‐fat ice cream mixes with xanthan or locust bean gum (LBG) were subject to microfluidization at 220–250 MPa, then formed into ice cream. Particle size increased with average values increasing from 2.64 to 3.93 μm for xanthan mixes, and 2.51 to 4.72 μm for LBG mixes, suggesting interaction between polysaccharide and protein components that then aggregate at the lipid interface. Microfluidization marginally increased the shear‐thinning behavior of mixes while dramatically increasing consistency, with xanthan mixes increasing from K = 1.34 to 13.21 Pa s
n, and LBG mixes from 0.127 to 10.64 Pa s
n. Oscillatory tests showed the ice cream from microfluidized mixes were softer, with G′ decreasing four‐fold for microfluidized xanthan‐based ice cream. All samples showed G′ and G″ increased with frequency for samples at −10°C, with G″ generally greater than G′, and suggesting a transition‐to‐flow region over the frequency range of 0.1–100 Hz. Transmission electron microscopy showed that hair‐like structures present on casein were lost after microfludization, potentially enhancing aggregation of protein. Scanning electron microscopy also showed distinct differences between ice cream made from control and microfluidized mixes. Overall, the changes observed were more pronounced in the LBG formulation, which we believe is due to the differences in structure between the two gums.Practical ApplicationsHydrocolloid stabilizers are a common ingredient of ice cream. This work shows that high‐pressure homogenization can be used to alter the nature of protein–polysaccharide interactions in ice cream mix, ultimately increasing mix viscosity and component interactions. Previous work has shown this can improve ice cream creaminess and sensory properties. Alternately, this work suggests that desirable ice cream properties could be attained with lower levels of stabilizers by using microfluidization.
Infliximab trough levels: A comparison between the Quantum Blue Infliximab assay and the established ELISA
Authors: Lim Ming Han , Aluzaite Kristina , Schultz Michael , Casey Paul 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground and AimTherapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab (IFX) using the established laboratory‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) cannot produce results fast enough to allow IFX dose adjustments prior to each IFX infusion. We investigate the validity of IFX trough levels obtained through the Quantum Blue IFX (QB‐IFX) rapid assay compared with the established ELISA.MethodsAdult inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving maintenance IFX infusions at Middlemore Hospital and Dunedin Public Hospital were prospectively recruited from July to October 2016. Serum samples were stored at −40 °C until processed using QB‐IFX by a clinician at Middlemore Hospital and a research staff at Dunedin Public Hospital strictly following the manufacturers' instructions in an open label fashion.ResultsForty four inflammatory bowel disease patients were recruited. Median duration of IFX therapy was 21 months (interquartile range: 12–44). Overall, the correlation between ELISA and QB‐IFX trough levels was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53–0.85). The sensitivity and specificity of a QB‐IFX level < 7 in detecting an ELISA level < 7 were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.59–0.92) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.48–0.93), respectively. Conversely, the sensitivity and specificity of a QB‐IFX level < 2 detecting an ELISA level < 2 were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.52, 1.00) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.00), respectively.ConclusionThe QB‐IFX had excellent sensitivity and specificity for IFX levels < 2 obtained with the established ELISA. Therefore, QB‐IFX could be used for real time dosing decisions when the IFX level is low and dose escalation is required.
Transplantation of iPS‐derived vascular endothelial cells improves white matter ischemic damage
Authors: Xu Bin , Kurachi Masashi , Shimauchi‐Ohtaki Hiroya , Yoshimoto Yuhei , Ishizaki Yasuki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhite matter infarct induces demyelination and brain dysfunction. We previously reported that transplantation of brain microvascular endothelial cells improved the behavioral outcome and promoted remyelination by increasing the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the rat model of white matter infarct. In this study, we investigated the effects of transplantation of vascular endothelial cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) on the rat model of white matter infarct. Seven days after induction of ischemic demyelinating lesion by injection of endothelin‐1 into the internal capsule of a rat brain, iPSC‐derived vascular endothelial cells (iVECs) were transplanted into the site of demyelination. The majority of iVECs transplanted into the internal capsule survived for 14 days after transplantation when traced by immunohistochemistry for a human cytoplasmic protein. iVEC transplantation significantly recovered hind limb rotation angle as compared to human iPSC or rat meningeal cell transplantation when evaluated using footprint test. Fourteen days after iVEC transplantation, the infarct area remarkably decreased as compared to that just before the transplantation when evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging or luxol fast blue staining, and remyelination was promoted dramatically in the infarct when assessed using luxol fast blue staining. Transplantation of iVECs increased the number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and suppressed the inflammatory response and reactive astrocytogenesis. These results suggest that iVEC transplantation may prove useful in treatment for white matter infarct.
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Tuberculosis infection in under‐2‐year‐old refugees: Should we be screening? A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Ghosh Sayontonee , Dronavalli Mithilesh , Raman Shanti 
Published: December 2019

AimRefugees are at increased risk of tuberculosis infection due to time spent in crowded camps, decreased nutrition and originating from countries whose own tuberculosis control systems may have been disturbed. In Australia, tuberculosis is screened for in for all refugees aged 11–34 years old and in those aged 2–10 years arriving from high‐incidence countries. Our aims were to determine if refugee children aged under 2 years of age should also be screened.MethodsA systematic literature review and meta‐regression was carried out on studies in refugee children under 18 years old, involving screening for tuberculosis (active or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)). Studies were extracted from the last 10 years from a range of bibliographic databases using the search terms ‘tuberculosis’, ‘children’, ‘screening’ and ‘refugee’, which tested for tuberculosis using the tuberculin skin test (TST) or QuantiFERON‐Gold (Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)).ResultsOf the 15 included studies, prevalence of LTBI in < 2‐year‐olds was 5% using IGRA and 15% using TST (P < 0.05). Prevalence increased with age (odds ratio 1.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.06–1.17) cumulatively and decreased where IGRA was used for screening compared to TST (odds ratio 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.25–0.58). Prevalence of LTBI did not differ between general versus clinic refugee cohorts.ConclusionsRefugees are a particularly vulnerable group in their susceptibility to tuberculosis, and LTBI management is a critical part of tuberculosis disease control due to the lifetime risk of developing active tuberculosis. A prevalence of 5–15% for LTBI in the under 2 years age group would support them being included in screening programmes.
The depoliticized Saracen and Muslim erasure
Authors: Rajabzadeh Shokoofeh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, I follow a powerful genealogy of BIWOC feminists who practice auto‐ethnography critique, and I assert my presence in the audience of scholarship on Muslim representation in the Middle Ages and show how many of the choices we value as authoritative and academic end up yielding criticism that reproduces the racism and Islamophobia of the objects of study. I argue that with few exceptions and unless it is a direct quotation, all qualified and unqualified uses of Saracen should be replaced with the word Muslim in scholarship on European representation of Muslims in the Middle Ages. When we choose Muslim over Saracen, we make explicit the racism and Islamophobia in the primary material. By doing so, we show that we value the victims who suffer from the violence in the primary material over the material itself. And we grant these objects of study powerful roles in the history of Islamophobic violence.
Farnesoid X receptor activation induces the degradation of hepatotoxic 1‐deoxysphingolipids in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Gai Zhibo , Gui Ting , Alecu Irina , Lone Museer A. , Hornemann Thorsten , Chen Qingfa , Visentin Michele , Hiller Christian , Hausler Stephanie , Kullak‐Ublick Gerd A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsPatients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exhibit higher levels of plasma 1‐deoxysphingolipids than healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in 1‐deoxysphingolipid de novo synthesis and degradation.MethodsMice were fed with a high‐fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and NAFLD, and then treated with the FXR ligand obeticholic acid (OCA). Histology and gene expression analysis were performed on liver tissue. Sphingolipid patterns from NAFLD patients and mouse models were assessed by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The molecular mechanism underlying the effect of FXR activation on sphingolipid metabolism was studied in Huh7 cells and primary cultured hepatocytes, as well as in a 1‐deoxysphinganine‐treated mouse model.Results1‐deoxysphingolipids were increased in both NAFLD patients and mouse models. FXR activation by OCA protected the liver against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and reduced 1‐deoxysphingolipid levels, both in a HFD‐induced mouse model of obesity and in 1‐deoxysphinganine‐treated mice. In vitro, FXR activation lowered intracellular 1‐deoxysphingolipid levels by inducing Cyp4f‐mediated degradation, but not by inhibiting de novo synthesis, thereby protecting hepatocytes against doxSA‐induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. Overexpression of Cyp4f13 in cells was sufficient to ameliorate doxSA‐induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with the Cyp4f pan‐inhibitor HET0016 or FXR knock‐down fully abolished the protective effect of OCA, indicating that OCA‐mediated 1‐deoxysphingolipid degradation is FXR and Cyp4f dependent.ConclusionsOur study identifies FXR‐Cyp4f as a novel regulatory pathway for 1‐deoxysphingolipid metabolism. FXR activation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
Mature hematology in neonatal walruses supports diving alongside their mothers
Authors: Noren Shawn R. , Edwards Matthew S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAn animal's physiology limits the environmental conditions where it can persist; quantifying the physiology of the walrus is timely since they are being impacted by alterations in sea ice. We examined postnatal changes in hematology, an important attribute that supports diving, by analyzing a longitudinal data set from aquaria walruses (five males and nine females) sampled from 0.04 to 12.0 years of age (n = 795 samples). Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) did not change markedly after birth and appears to have not been influenced by sex. Estimated values at birth were RBC: 3.78 ± 0.12 × 106 mm−3, Hb: 17.62 ± 0.82 g dl−1, Hct: 45.21 ± 2.01%, MCV: 118.99 ± 3.99 fl, MCH: 47.10 ± 1.77 pg, and MCHC: 39.60 ± 0.70 g dl−1. Compared to newborns, there were only subtle decreases in RBC, Hb, and MCHC, and a slight increase in MCV in the years following birth; Hct and MCH appear not to have changed. Unlike other pinnipeds, walruses swim within days of birth and have a prolonged 2‐year nursing interval. Mature hematology early in life supports breath‐holding, as young walruses must transit under sea ice with patchily distributed breathing holes.
The nation as the cradle of nationalism and patriotism
Authors: Hroch Miroslav 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper argues against dismissing as ‘populist nationalism’ every positive view of one's nation and ignoring patriotism as its antithesis. The European nation exists in two senses: as a large ‘social group’, a community of real people, and as an abstract community of cultural values promoted by intellectual elites grounded in a humanities‐based education. The widespread prejudice that condemns every positive expression of one's relationship to the nation has proved counterproductive because it has prompted ever stronger spontaneous reactions in the form of primitive nationalistic egoism. This has weakened the commitment people feel towards their nation and the humanistic potential that the nation possesses as a cultural community of values. Consequently, anti‐national European intellectual elites bear some responsibility – along with those preaching neoliberal individualism – for the success of populist demagogues and the decline in patriotic values. Given the state of education today, a revival of humanist culture for national elites seems impossible, making the continued rise of primitive nationalism appear unstoppable.