bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between mean transit time of retina and various hemodynamic factors using automatic image analysis technique and high speed fluorescein angiography
Authors: Hee Kim So , Eun Lee Ji , Kwon Hanjo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeMean transit time (MTT) is defined as the volume/flow ratio of a capillary bed and reflects tissue perfusion delay. Using high speed fluorescein angiography (FA), image registration algorithm and deconvolution method, MTT of retina was automatically calculated and analyzed with other perfusion factors.MethodsA camera type FA capable of recording an image of 1920 square pixels at 20 frames per second was constructed. Sodium fluorescein (4.0 mL of a 10%) was injected into the antecubital vein to all 6 normal subjects. Automatic image registration was performed to correct saccadic eye movements with the nonlinear diffusion feature extraction (KAZE) method. After selection of the specific major arteries and veins, MTT was calculated by deconvolution method using time series of the fluorescein intensity of each vessel. The relationship between arteriovenous passage time (AVP), arteriovenous transit time (AVT), peak arterial time (PA), peak venous time (PV) and MTT was investigated using correlation analysis.ResultsThe mean age of subjects was 35.2 ± 6.1 years and 24 major arteries and veins were selected. The mean MTT was 1.970 ± 0.898 s. The mean AVP, AVT, PA, and PV were 1.450 ± 0.454, 11.227 ± 1.339, 5.400 ± 1.113, and 7.280 ± 1.368 s. MTT showed a strong correlation with AVP (r = 0.736, p = 0.006), PA (r = 0.637, p = 0.026), and PV (r = 0.769, p = 0.003), but no significant correlation with AVT. AVT was only correlated with PV (r = 0.666, p = 0.018).ConclusionsIn normal subjects, MTT of retina correlated with retinal arterial, venous, and tissue transit times. MTT seems to reflect the perfusion status of all vascular components compared with AVT. A comparative study of patients expected to delay retinal MTT need to be conducted to investigate the clinical significance of MTT.
Risk of corneal transplantation after phacoemulsification in patients with cornea guttata
Authors: Viberg Andreas , Samolov Branka , Armitage Margareta Claesson , Behndig Anders , Byström Berit 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the risk of corneal transplantation after phacoemulsification related to cornea guttata.MethodsIn this retrospective registry‐based cohort study, patient data from the Swedish National Cataract Register for years 2010‐2012 were linked with data from the Swedish Cornea Transplant Register for years 2010‐2017. Altogether, data from 276,354 cataract patients was linked with data from 2,091 patients with primary and secondary endothelial failure as indication for corneal transplantation. Other surgical methods for cataract extraction than phacoemulsification were excluded. If both eyes had surgery, one eye was randomly selected to obtain unrelated samples. A Kaplan‐Meier curve and Cox regression analysis were used to investigate the risk for corneal transplantation due to endothelial failure after phacoemulsification.ResultsOut of the 3,346 phacoemulsification patients with cornea guttata, 153 underwent corneal transplantation within 6.2 years in median. The cumulative transplantation rate, 6 years after the phacoemulsification was 4.8% in the group with cornea guttata and 0.08% in the group without. The annual transplantation rate among the cornea guttata patients during the first year was 1.64% and diminished the following 5 years to 0.55% in average. The annual transplantation rate among the patients without cornea guttata was 0.01% in average after phacoemulsification during the same period of time. The transplantation hazard ratio for cornea guttata present at the phacoemulsification was 67.6 (95% CI: 53.6.0‐85.3, p < 0.001), when adjusting for potential confounders.ConclusionsThe hazard of corneal transplantation after phacoemulsification was 67.6 times higher with cornea guttata than without. Still, the great majority of the patients with cornea guttata did not undergo corneal transplantation during the study period.
Hydrophilic polymers: interactions with lipid layers and ferning patterns
Authors: Eftimov Petar , Daull Philippe , Georgiev Georgi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate (i) the mucomimeticity of pharmaceutically applicable hydrophilic polymers (HP) as well as (ii) their interactions with human meibum films.MethodsFour HP were used‐hyaluronic acid (HA), cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (CHA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gellan gum (GG)‐ at the concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001,0.01,0.05, 0.1%. HP mucomimeticity was probed by the formation of tear‐like ferning patterns (TFP) after HP solution drop evaporation. The interactions between HP and meibum at the air/water interface were examined in vitro at blink‐like compression/expansion of the film area by Langmuir surface balance. Surface pressure (π)‐area (A) isocycles and stress relaxations were used to assess the sample’s lateral elasticity and reorganization during area cycling. Films morphology was monitored by Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM).ResultsSignificant differences were observed in the capability of HP to form ferning patterns: CHA (≥0.001%) > HA (≥0.01%) = CMC (≥0.01%) > GG (≥0.05%). CHA, HA, CMC and GG enhanced the uniform spreading of meibomian layers as well as their elasticity and rapid reorganization at blink like area cycling in concentration dependent manner. BAM micrographs revealed considerable thickening of the meibomian films in the presence of HP.ConclusionsThe combination of tear ferning and Langmuir surface balance studies allows to simultaneously evaluate the mucomimetic and the lipid interaction properties of HP. TFP forming polymers enhanced both (i) the uniform spreading and structure of meibomian layers and (ii) their dynamic surface properties. Cross‐linking HA was particularly efficient both in ferning pattern and meibomian film systems.
Identifying risk factors for severity & activity of Graves Orbitopathy – a multi‐centre analysis of the characteristics and treatment of patients with Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Farag Soma , Feeney Claire , Lee Vickie , Akishar Rashmi , Nagendran Sonali , Jain Rajni , Aziz Ahmad , Robinson Stephen , Meeran Karim , Bravis Vassiliki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeEarly diagnosis and treatment of Graves Orbitopathy (GO) is essential to prevent sight‐threatening complications and long‐term disability and therefore establishing a standard of care is highly desirable. Establishing predictors of a severe disease course are also vital to allow for early intervention.MethodsA retrospective patient‐cohort study of 236 patients referred to three GO multidisciplinary (MDT) clinics between 2012–2019. Derived from this cohort, audit standards were compared against TEAMeD‐5 guidelines, looking in particular at; (i) time between referral and specialist review (ii) offering of smoking cessation and selenium supplementation where appropriate (iii) time from referral to treatment for moderate‐severe active disease. Patient characteristics were also analysed to investigate for any groupwise differences and correlations between variables collected at baseline to help predict subsequent disease activity.ResultsMedian patient age was 48.0 years, 77.5% female, 30.1% White Caucasian. Median initial clinical activity score (CAS) was 1 (range 0–7). Additionally, 80.5% had positive TSH antibody titre. The median time between referral and first MDT clinic was 50.0 days. Of the 254 patients, 80/236 received IVMP for active moderate‐severe GO and the mean time to treatment was 9.3 days. All patients with sight‐threatening GO were seen and treated within 2 weeks. There were 52/236 (22.0%) current smokers, all of whom received documented smoking cessation advice. A positive correlation was found between TSH antibody titre (R = −0.2902, p = 0.0545).ConclusionThe increasing recognition that an MDT approach is optimal for the management of GO requires a strong clinical governance framework. This work will further define the TEAMeD guidelines before the national implementation. Novel findings relating to the association of disease activtiy with biomarkers of diabetes and antibody titres are worth further investigation.
Expression of factors related with lymph‐/hem‐angiogenesis in the cornea and conjunctiva during dry eye induction
Authors: Lee Sang‐Mok , Hyun Jo Dong , Oh Jun hyoung , Joo Lee Byung , Jae Lee Seok , Sik Cho Chang , Jeung Kim Mi , Kong Mingui , Hun Kim Jeong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeCorneal lymphangiogenesis is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED). And the low‐grade inflammation associated with DED is known as an inducer of lymphangiogenesis without accompanying hemangiogenesis. This study is to evaluate the expression of known factors related with lymph‐/hem‐angiogenesis in the cornea and conjunctiva in the murine DED model.MethodsDED was induced by housing 8‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice in a controlled environmental chamber that allowed for the relative low humidity (< 25%), continuous regulation of airflow, and temperature (21 to 23ºC) for 3 weeks. Corneal fluorescein score was evaluated to confirm the efficacy of DED induction. Fluorescence images from the corneal whole mounts after immunohistochemical stain for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (lyve)‐1 were used for analysis. The expression of m‐RNA of the VEGF‐A, VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D (Figf), Angiopoietin‐2 (Angpt2), and VEGFR3 (flt4) were evaluated by real‐time PCR in the cornea and conjunctiva.ResultsPercentage of the area of lyve‐1+ area of the whole corneal area increased significantly in DED group (5.55 ± 1.45% in DED group versus 3.88 ± 0.74% in control, P=0.015, Mann‐Whitney U test). The expression of Angiopoietin‐2 increased significantly in the cornea (1.38 folds, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03~1.84) and in the conjunctiva (1.36 folds, 95% CI: 1.04~1.77). And the expression of VEGF‐C increased significantly only in the conjunctiva (1.64 folds, 95% CI: 1.21~2.21). However, the expression of VEGF‐D significantly decreased both in the cornea (0.40 folds, 95% CI: 0.32~0.49) and in the conjunctiva (0.44 folds, 95% CI: 0.37~0.52).ConclusionsUnique lymphangiogenesis without hemangiogenesis in DED may be associated with increased expression of Angiopoietin‐2 and VEGF‐C and decreased expression of VEGF‐D. However, the exact interaction of these key factors should be studied further.
The inhibitory effect of D2 dopaminergic agonists on VEGF and VEGF‐R genes expression and blood vessels formation
Authors: Oseka Maciej , Swiech‐Zubilewicz Anna , Danieluk Katarzyna , Mackiewicz Jerzy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeVEGF and its receptor VEGF‐R play an important role in high vascular permeability and new blood vessels formation in various retinal diseases as wet Age‐related Macular Degeneration (wAMD), Diabetic Macular Oedema (DMO) or Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of selected D2 dopaminergic agonists: bromocriptine, cabergoline and pergolide on VEGF‐A and VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) genes expression and blood vessels formation in Danio rerio (Zebrafish) larvae.MethodsVEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 genes expression was measured in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (rt‐PCR) 5 days post fertilization (dpf) after blood vessels formation stimulated by cobalt chloride (CoCl2). The inhibitory effect of bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide on VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 genes expression were compared with the inhibitory effect of bevacizumab (VEGF inhibitor). The inhibitory effect of bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide and bevacizumab on angiogenesis of Sub‐Intestinal Vessels Plexus (SIVP), Retinal Vessels (RV) and Tail Vessels (TV) was assessed in 72, 96 and 120 hours post fertilization (hpf).ResultsBromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide and bevacizumab decreased VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 genes expression 5 dpf. Bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide and bevacizumab inhibited stimulated angiogenesis of SIVP, RV and TV.ConclusionsD2 dopaminergic agonists inhibit VEGF and VEGFR‐2 genes expression and stimulated angiogenesis in larvae of Danio rerio. This effect is comparable with bevacizumab – clinically used VEGF inhibitor. D2 dopaminergic agonists can be a potential group of drugs with anty‐VEGF effect.
An unusual case of intradural haemangioma of the optic nerve mimicking optic neuritis
Authors: Hopkins Abigail , Airody Archana , Gale Richard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeVascular malformations of the anterior optic pathways are very rare. We report an unusual case of intradural haemangioma involving the optic nerve mimicking optic neuritis.MethodsA 31 year old male patient presented with a 6 day history of dizziness, reduced vision in the left eye and pain on eye movements. He had a left relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) along with dyschromatopsia. Dilated fundoscopy revealed a swollen left optic disc. An initial diagnosis of optic neuritis was made. A couple of months later, he represented with deteriorating vision. An MRI head revealed enlargement but not enhancement of the intracranial optic nerve on the left side and no other abnormality. Two weeks later the patient was seen again with deterioration in his vision, he was treated with steroids with no improvement in vision.ResultsFurther MRI imaging showed a left optic nerve sheath tumour with progression in serial scans, which did not involve the cavernous sinus or extend intracranially, making the most likely diagnosis optic nerve sheath meningioma. The patient successfully underwent surgical excision of the optic nerve. Histology revealed a very unusual intradural haemangioma of the left optic nerve which was causing pain and repeated episodes of intradural bleeding.ConclusionThis case highlights the diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing between neoplastic and inflammatory optic nerve processes leading to a delay in initiation of appropriate treatment. Histopathologic examination is recommended and remains gold standard in establishing a diagnosis, especially when the course of treatment or surgical management may differ.
Progressive impairment of visual function in fibromyalgia
Authors: Ordunahospital Elvira , Viladés Palomar Elisa , Cordón Ciordía Beatriz , Pérez Velilla Javier , José Vicente Altabás María , Satué Palacián María , García Campayo Javier , Jesús Rodrigo Sanjuán María , García Martín Elena 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate visual fuction affectation in patients with fibromyalgia during 5 years of follow‐up.MethodsOne hundred and eighteen eyes of 118 patients (96.7% women) with fibromyalgia were analysed at a baseline visit and another at 5 years of follow‐up. They underwent visual acuity (VA) measurement with the best correction and with the ETDRS test at 100% and 2.5% of saturation, contrast sensitivity evaluation with Pelli Robson and CSV1000E tests, chromatic vision analysis with the Farnsworth test 15D and Lanthony 15D (using the Color Vision Recorder software), intraocular pressure (IOPmeasurement, visual field with the Easyfield perimeter, stereopsis with TNO test and macular ganglion cell thickness with optica coherence tomography (OCT) of Fourie Domain (Cirrus, Zeiss). All measurements were made by the same observer. In addition, epidemiological and clinical variables such as age at diagnosis, duration of the disease, and quality of life scale (with EQ‐5D test), were recorded.ResultsThe average age at the baseline visit was 52.01 ± 8.81 years with an average duration of fibromyalgia of 7.88 ± 4.25 years, and an average of quality of life EQ‐5D of 45.08 ± 18.84 out of 100. When comparing the baseline visit with the 5‐year visit, no significant differences were found in VA measurements, butsignificant differences were found (p value <0.05) in constrast sensitivity (with Pelli Robson and CSV1000E tests, in A, B, C and D frequencies), in stereopsis, in color vision (with AC CCi indext of the Farnsworth and the Lanthony tests), in visual field (MS and MD indexes). There were no significant differences during the 5 years follow‐up in the ganglion cell layer thickness measured with OCT.ConclusionsThe patients with fibromyalgia present an visual function reduction during the progression of the pathology, but without retinal or ganglion cell layer thinning in OCT.
Conjunctival lymphoma a case report
Authors: Boned Ana , Diaz Maria Dolores , del Buey Maria Angeles , Marco Sara , López Isabel , Karlsruher Gisela , Montes Paula , Ascaso Francisco Javier 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeOrbital lymphomas are not frequent within orbital pathologies; they are commonly found associated to systemic diseases. Lymphomas affecting only the conjunctiva are even less frequent and their bilateral manifestation are uncommon. The characteristic lesion of conjunctival lymphomas is an orange‐pink mass at the bottom of the bag, without adhesion to deep planes. Patients are often asymptomatic but they may also complain of irritation of the eye. Painful proptosis or ptosis may appear if the affectation extends to the orbit. The average age of presentation is 60–70 years and it is more common in women. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy of the lesion.MethodsWe report the case of a 55‐year‐old woman with a conjunctival bilateral mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, not associated to systemic disease. The patient came to the service complaining of one month of epifora and itching in both eyes, with a salmon patch conjunctival mass in the temporal tarsal conjunctiva of the left eye, without any inflammatory signs or decreased visual acuity.ResultsA partial exeresis and biopsy of the left eye subconjunctival mass was performed. An extranodal lymphoma of the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa was diagnosed (MALT lymphoma), CD20: positive, BCL2: positive and Ki67: 5%. Ocular ECO and MRI demonstrated infiltration of the external rectus muscle, being in contact with the superior rectus muscle, and PET CT confirmed a normal metabolic pattern. The patient was followed up for several months in the departments of Ophthalmology and Oncology, treatment was initiated with radical radiotherapy 30 Gy, fractionation cGy 200 in the left conjunctiva, which started on January 30 2017 and ended on February 18 2017.ConclusionBiopsy offers an early diagnosis for conjunctival lymphoma, being its prognosis very good. Because of this, ophthalmologists should be aware of this pathology, its characteristics and diagnosis.
A step towards pigmentation independent retinal vessel oximetry
Authors: Hirsch Katrin , Heitmar Rebekka , Cubbidge Robert P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeRetinal vessel oximetry is a promising tool to gain information on the microcirculation of the retina. Due to the ratio of reflectance’s of the vessel plane and the neighbouring tissue, computation of oxygen saturation values (SO2) varies between individuals. The aim of this study was to develop a data transformation approach to overcome pigmentation‐ dependency, allowing for inter‐subject comparison of SO2 values.MethodsArterial and venous SO2 results of 67 healthy subjects (mixed ethnicities) were related to the pigmentation value (RP) provided by the Vesselmap software (RVA Imedos, Jena). After normalization of the axis values, a regression line was rotated around the intercept with the y‐axis applying a rotation matrix (clockwise rotation).ResultsRegression lines before rotation were aSO2=0.808*RP+84.61 (R2 = 0.74) and vSO2 = 0.358*RP+39.17 (R2 = 0.56) for arteries and veins, respectively. Transformed arterial and venous regression lines were aSO2 = 0.066*RP+84.57 (R2 = 0.05) and vSO2 = 0.028*RP+39.09 (R2 = 0.01), respectively.ConclusionClockwise rotation of the regression lines for arteries and veins was able to reduce R2 from 0.74 to 0.05 for arteries and from 0.56 to 0.01 for veins, confirming that the data transformation resulted in retinal pigmentation independent SO2 results. The proposed approach might improve comparability of inter‐subject results and allow for determination of normative data.
Review of endogenous endophthalmitis in a tertiary eye centre; can we spot the trends?
Authors: Mathews Namita , Barry Robery J. , Butt Gibran F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeEndogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but sight‐threatening infection due to haematogenous spread of pathogens. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduces morbidity. This study aimed to identify pathogenic similarities and visual outcomes.MethodA retrospective audit of all endogenous endophthalmitis cases between January 2010 and December 2016 at the Birmingham and Midlands Eye Centre (BMEC) was undertaken. All patients coded as having a diagnosis of endophthalmitis in the electronic patient records system, were identified and the case notes reviewed. Details of each case (microbiology, source of infection and outcome) were recorded. Cross‐tabulations were performed to identify trends and prognostic factors.ResultsTen males and six females (range 38–96 years) were identified. This constituted 6% of all endophthalmitis cases at BMEC in the study period. Eyes affected: six left, four bilateral and six right. Twelve cases (75%) had identifiable risk factors (e.g. bacterial endocarditis, malignancy, immunodeficiency). Seven (44%) cases were culture positive from vitreous or aqueous samples: four bacterial and three fungal. Initial broad‐spectrum therapy covered for six of these of these cases (86%) from sensitivity data. Six patients were found to be culture positive from a non‐ocular sample. A source of infection was identified in 13 patients (76%). After treatment, four patients (25%) achieved driving‐standard vision or better, eight patients (50%) had no perception of light, of whom 3 (38%) underwent evisceration.ConclusionPatients with risk factors and clinical suspicion of endogenous endophthalmitis should be reviewed and treated promptly. Our results demonstrate that less than half of cases are culture positive from vitrectomy samples therefore it is important to assess thoroughly for the source and send all available ocular and non‐ocular microbiology samples. Visual outcome remains poor for this condition and patients should be forewarned of the prognosis.