bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased cerebral FDG‐PET uptake in type 1 diabetes patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia
Authors: Sampedro Frederic , Stantonyonge Nicole , Martínez‐Horta Saul , Nan Nicoleta , Camacho Valle , Chico Ana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractApproximately 20% of type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients have an impaired awareness of hypoglyceamia (IAH). IAH represents a risk factor for severe and recurrent hypoglycaemic events, which can lead to brain damage. Because no effective treatments are currently available to prevent IAH in this population, characterising the set of brain alterations associated with IAH may reveal novel preclinical diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. Using state‐of‐the art neuroimaging techniques, we compared 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) uptake at rest between 10 T1D patients with IAH and nine patients with normal awareness of hypoglycaemia (NAH). T1D‐IAH patients showed a pattern of increased FDG‐PET uptake with respect to NAH patients (P < .05 corrected). Topographically, glucose metabolism was increased in the frontal and precuneus regions. Importantly, within the IAH group, this abnormal hypermetabolism correlated with IAH severity. This hypermetabolic state appeared to be unrelated to compensatory mechanisms as a result of reduced grey matter density or a neuroinflammatory state. We observed an abnormal increase in FDG‐uptake in T1D patients with IAH in brain regions strongly related to cognition. Because this hypermetabolic state correlated with IAH severity, its biological characterisation could reveal new preventive or therapeutic strategies. A possible mechanism could be that glucose transport is increased in hypoglycaemia unawareness to compensate for recurrent hypoglycaemia, although this need to be confirmed in further research.
Antifungal Efficacy and Physical Properties of Poly(methylmethacrylate) Denture Base Material Reinforced with SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Alzayyat Sara T. , Almutiri Ghadah A. , Aljandan Jawhara K. , Algarzai Raneem M. , Khan Soban Q. , Akhtar Sultan , Matin Asif , Gad Mohammed M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of the addition of low concentration of silicon‐dioxide nanoparticles (nano‐SiO2) to poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) denture base material on Candida albicans adhesion, surface roughness, contact angle, hardness, and translucency.Materials and methodsA total of 150 acrylic disks were fabricated from heat‐polymerized acrylic resin and specimens were divided into 3 groups of 50 per test. They were further subdivided into 5 subgroups (n = 10) according to the concentration of nano‐SiO2: control (no addition) and four tested groups modified with 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% nano‐SiO2 of acrylic powder. Slide count and direct culture methods were used to measure C. albicans count (CFU/mL). The surface roughness values (Ra; μm) were determined using a profilometer. The contact angle (o) measurement was performed by a goniometer using the sessile drop method. Vickers hardness was used to analyze surface hardness. Translucency was measured using a spectrophotometer. Data analysis was conducted through analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (α = 0.05).ResultsCompared to the control group, direct culture and slide count methods illustrated a significant decrease in C. albicans count (p ˂ 0.001) with the addition of nano‐SiO2, and this decrease was correlated with the concentration of nano‐SiO2. The addition of nano‐SiO2 significantly decreased the contact angle (p ˂ 0.001), whereas hardness and surface roughness significantly increased (p ˂ 0.001). The addition of nano‐SiO2 significantly decreased translucency (p ˂ 0.001), and this decrease was concentration dependent.ConclusionAddition of low concentration of nano‐SiO2 decreased C. albicans adhesion to PMMA denture base resin. Also, low additions of nano‐SiO2 have positive effects on contact angle and hardness, whereas surface roughness and translucency were adversely affected at high concentrations.
The Unseen Picture: Issues with Health Care, Discrimination, Police and Safety, and Housing Experienced by Native American Populations in Rural America
Authors: Findling Mary T.G. , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. , Miller Carolyn 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeDespite increased national attention to improving rural health, rural Native American populations face unique problems that are often unseen in aggregate research on the rural United States. The objective of this study was to examine rural Native Americans’ experiences with serious problems across domains important to health, using rural Whites as a comparison group.MethodsUsing 2 probability‐based national telephone surveys (2017 and 2019), we examined rural Native American adults’ reported problems in health care, discrimination, police and safety, and housing. We then compared Native American‐White differences in reported problems across domains.FindingsAmong rural Native American adults, 33% reported recent problems accessing health care when they needed it, 28% reported they or family members recently experienced major problems paying for medical bills, and 28% reported recent problems with health care quality. Several Native American‐White differences were reported, including experiencing racial violence (34% vs 5%, P < .001), discrimination in health care (19% vs 3%, P = .003), unfair police treatment (27% vs 5%, P = .002), and major housing problems (48% vs 26%, P < .001).ConclusionsRural Native American adults report ongoing and widespread problems with health care, discrimination, the police, safety, and housing. These findings support many national policy recommendations to improve federal funding and oversight for programs serving Native American populations living in rural areas.
Imerslund‐Grasbeck syndrome in a cross‐breed dog
Authors: Sancho I. M. , Holmes A. , Adamantos S. 
Published: October 2020

Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease reported only in certain pure‐breed dogs. An 18‐month‐old, male neutered beagle cross‐breed was presented for evaluation of severe lethargy, progressive weakness and anorexia. Main clinicopathological findings included low body condition score (2.5/9), severe muscle atrophy, several neurological abnormalities, mild normochromic, normocytic, non‐regenerative anaemia, severe hypocobalaminemia and mild proteinuria. Extensive diagnostic tests ruled out most of differential diagnoses for the aforementioned clinicopathological abnormalities and genetic evaluation showed that the dog was heterozygous for two previously described mutations affecting the CUBN gene, the beagle and the border collie variants. The dog showed an excellent clinical response to oral cobalamin supplementation with no relapse after 4 months. In conclusion, this case creates awareness that Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome should be considered even in mixed‐breed dogs with compatible clinical signs and that two different pathogenic CUBN mutations in compound heterozygosity can lead to a typical Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome phenotype.
An explicit partial‐equilibrium model to justify the Generalized Marshall‐Lerner condition (GML)
Authors: Özçam Ahmet 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRobinson's derivation of the Marshall‐Lerner condition (ML) is more general in that she considers a situation where initially the trade balance is not in equilibrium with the incorporation of the supply curves of exporters. This paper examines a partial equilibrium analysis of a country's imports and exports markets within a theoretical model which considers both the demand and supply sides in these two internationally traded‐goods markets. The aim here is to show explicitly how the Generalized Marshall‐Lerner condition (GML) of Robinson can be obtained. We examined the two effects of the nominal depreciation of the domestic currency on the trade balance: the volume effect and the value effect and how they counterbalance each other. We found that the standard Marshall‐Lerner condition (ML) was not sufficient when the trade balance was initially in deficit and it was also not necessary if the trade balance showed an initial surplus. Moreover, this study provides a new interpretation for Robinson’ sufficiency condition where the trade balance must improve following a nominal depreciation of domestic currency when the elasticity of foreign demand exceeds the ratio of imports to exports. This paper also examines the situation of a small open economy which could not influence the world prices where the foreign demand for exports and the foreign supply of exports are infinitely large. Finally, there is a discussion on two policy implications for exchange rate regulation: the amount of devaluation that is necessary to improve a given trade imbalance as a governments intervention and additional support for the slow improvement of the trade balance in the short run after a devaluation policy known as the J‐Curve effect.
Acute interstitial nephritis and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus following treatment with sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim and temozolomide
Authors: Athavale Akshay , Morris Jack , Jardine Meg , Gallagher Martin , Sen Shaundeep , Ritchie Angus , Wang Amanda Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe report a case of acute interstitial nephritis with associated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient treated with temozolomide and sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim for glioblastoma multiforme. Kidney biopsy demonstrated focal tubulointerstitial change with tubular dilatation, epithelial change and interstitial inflammation. The patient's kidney function improved with cessation of sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim and treatment with hydrochlorothiazide for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Recommencement of temozolomide did not result in further deterioration in kidney function. In this case report, we discuss the novel association between sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim‐induced acute interstitial nephritis and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and suggest possible mechanisms involved.
Diurnal dynamics of nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis npq mutants assessed by solar‐induced fluorescence and reflectance measurements in the field
Authors: Acebron Kelvin , Matsubara Shizue , Jedmowski Christoph , Emin Dzhaner , Muller Onno , Rascher Uwe 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) is highly relevant in mapping photosynthesis from remote‐sensing platforms. This requires linking SIF to photosynthesis and understanding the role of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms under field conditions. Hence, active and passive fluorescence were measured in Arabidopsis with altered NPQ in outdoor conditions.

Plants with mutations in either violaxanthin de‐epoxidase (npq1) or PsbS protein (npq4) exhibited reduced NPQ capacity. Parallel measurements of NPQ, photosystem II efficiency, SIF and spectral reflectance (ρ) were conducted diurnally on one sunny summer day and two consecutive days during a simulated cold spell.

Results showed that both npq mutants exhibited higher levels of SIF compared to wild‐type plants. Changes in reflectance were related to changes in the violaxanthin–antheraxanthin–zeaxanthin cycle and not to PsbS‐mediated conformational changes. When plants were exposed to cold temperatures, rapid onset of photoinhibition strongly quenched SIF in all lines.

Using well‐characterized Arabidopsis npq mutants, we showed for the first time the quantitative link between SIF, photosynthetic efficiency, NPQ components and leaf reflectance. We discuss the functional potential and limitations of SIF and reflectance measurements for estimating photosynthetic efficiency and NPQ in the field.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?
Authors: Woodby Brittany , Arnold Michelle M. , Valacchi Giuseppe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19–associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID‐19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD‐19–associated immunopathology, enhancing virus‐induced tissue inflammation and damage.
Clinical outcomes and prognosis of Thai retinoblastoma patients
Authors: Prajantawanich Kaewpanpat , Sanpakit Kleebsabai , Narkbunnam Nattee , Vathana Nassawee , Takpradit Chayamon , Phuakpet Kamon , Pongtanakul Bunchoo , Atchaneeyasakul La‐ongsri , Sinlapamongkolkul Phakatip , Buaboonnam Jassada 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundRetinoblastoma (RB) outcomes in Thailand are unfavorable compared to those of developed countries. This study aims to determine whether the clinical outcomes of patients with RB significantly improved after the implementation of new therapeutic approaches and which clinical factors affect survival and globe‐saving outcomes.MethodsThe medical records of patients newly diagnosed with RB and treated at Siriraj Hospital between January 2005 and December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical data, treatments, and outcomes were collected and analyzed.ResultsIn 194 eyes (144 patients), leukocoria was the most common presenting feature (76.8%); 129 (66.5%) eyes were staged in group E of the International Classification of Intraocular Retinoblastoma. Of the 149 enucleated eyes, 35 had high‐risk histopathological features, mostly choroidal invasion; 45 eyes (23.2%) could be salvaged. The 5‐year overall survival rate was 90.3%, an improvement compared to the previous study. The 5‐year enucleation‐free survival rates of Groups A and B, C, D and E were 100%, 83.1%, 36.7% and 16.6% respectively. Factors associated with a lower survival rate were interval from symptom onset to diagnosis >3 months (hazard ratio (HR): 5.8: 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.637, 20.579) and buphthalmos (HR: 12.57: 95% CI: 3.936, 40.153). Factors associated with high‐risk features were secondary glaucoma (HR: 11.016: 95% CI: 1.24, 98.10) and pseudohypopyon (HR: 14.110: 95% CI: 2.16, 92.05).ConclusionsSurvival rates and globe‐saving rates appear to have improved; however, advanced‐stage presentation remains the major hindrance. Further studies with a larger cohort and longer follow‐up are warranted.
Remittances and rural credit markets: Evidence from Senegal
Authors: Mbaye Linguère Mously 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between remittances and credit markets in Senegal, focusing on rural areas where financial constraints are more challenging. Using a household fixed effects model, the findings show that remittances and credit markets are complements; namely, the receipt of remittances is positively associated with the likelihood of having a loan in a household. This means that migrants can increase the reliability of their family members and close relatives back home through their remittances, insuring them vis‐à‐vis lenders for their credit contracts. They are the collateral or the “element of trust” in the credit contract between the borrower and the lender, representing a potential alternative in case of non‐repayment. This result is robust to alternative models and various robustness tests mitigating the potential endogeneity of remittances. A detailed analysis also shows that the relationship between remittances and credit markets is mainly driven by loans taken for consumption and food, in particular, as well as loans provided by informal institutions.
Externalizing behaviors and attachment disorganization in children of different‐sex separated parents: The protective role of joint physical custody
Authors: Bacro Fabien , Macario de Medeiros Julio 
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between externalizing behaviors and the quality of attachment representations in preschool children, and to determine if family type and custody arrangement had a moderating effect on this relationship. The participants were 33 girls and 31 boys (n = 64) aged between three and six years (M = 4.75; SD = 0.87 years) and their mothers. Among them, 36 came from “intact” families, 13 were living mainly with their mothers and 15 were in joint physical custody. Children’s attachment representations were assessed with the Attachment Story Completion Task (Bretherton, Ridgeway & Cassidy, 1990). Mothers reported on their child’s behavior problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) and on their alliance with the father using the Parenting Alliance Inventory (Abidin & Brunner, 1995). Although children’s externalizing behaviors were found to be associated with the disorganization of their attachment representations, this relationship was significantly weaker and was non‐significant for children in joint physical custody. Thus, the results of this pilot study suggest that joint custody may protect children of separated parents from the effects of attachment disorganization on externalizing behaviors.
Emotional eating: A treatment‐worthy construct, or artifact of relations between mood and eating behaviors in younger and older women with obesity
Authors: Annesi James J. , Johnson Ping H. 
Published: October 2020

Emotional eating (EE) is considered important for controlling weight, especially in women; however, it might be affected by age. Within a recently proposed model assessing theoretical paths from physical activity to changes in psychological variables and then eating behavior and weight, it was unclear if EE was a construct requiring specific treatment attention or if attending to effects of physical activity‐induced mood changes on eating was sufficient. Women with obesity of >35 years‐of‐age (n = 100) and ≤35 years (n = 44) participated in a behavioral weight loss treatment and were assessed on psychological factors and physical activity and eating behaviors over 6 months. At baseline, the younger group demonstrated significantly higher scores on physical activity and depression, and significantly lower scores on fruit/vegetable intake. Improvements in Tension (i.e., anxiety), Overall Negative Mood, and dimensions of EE from baseline–Month 3 were significantly greater in the younger group. Similar significant improvements in physical activity and the intake of sweets and fruits/vegetables over 6 months were observed in both groups. Incorporating aggregated data, change in physical activity was significantly related to mood improvements. With the exception of EE related to Anger/Frustration, changes in dimensions of EE and Overall EE significantly mediated the prediction of sweets and fruit/vegetable intake by corresponding dimensions of mood and Overall Mood. Age group significantly moderated embedded relationships between changes in Overall EE and EE‐Anxiety and change in fruit/vegetable intake, with the older age group having stronger relations. Findings suggest that EE is a construct requiring distinct attention within behavioral obesity treatments.
The long and short of it: The temporal significance of wealth and income
Authors: Hecht Katharina , Summers Kate 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the literatures on the lived experience of poverty and richness temporal dimensions are underappreciated. Comparing qualitative interviews with those at opposite ends of the income and wealth distributions in the UK, we examine a temporal contrast: while “poor” participants experience money as flows of income which focus orientation to the present and constrain orientation to the future, “rich” participants experience money not only as flows of income, but also in the form of a stock of wealth which facilitates long‐term orientations. Highlighting the enduring nature of wealth and the comparative short‐termism of income, we argue that the way in which capital and income relates to individuals' orientations to the future is important for understanding how economic inequality is experienced. Put differently, the form which economic resources take matters for one's ability to plan and control the future. This insight contributes to our understanding of the experience of being economically advantaged or disadvantaged, with implications for (social) policy.
Comparative Performance of K, E, and J-Type Fast Response Coaxial Probes for Short-Period Transient Measurements
Authors: Manjhi Sanjeev Kumar , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In many engineering applications, the heating condition changes in a millisecond or less, thus to study such conditions, the coaxial thermocouples (CTs) are used because they have fast responding capability. The present study reveals the construction of K, E, and J-type of coaxial thermocouples and comparative investigation of performance parameters such as determination of thermal coefficient resistance, sensitivity, thermal product (TP), transient temperatures, surface heat flux, response time, and the comparative analysis are performed. These coaxial thermocouples are exposed to four different step heat loads (5 kW/m2, 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 70 kW/m2) supplied by a continuous-wave type laser source. Subsequently, the transient temperature histories have been captured for 1.5 s, as well as the thermal product and the surface heat flux are assessed through one-dimensional heat conduction modeling for a semi-infinite body. For the known wattage input heat load, the finite element and analytical study have been done to compare the experimental outcomes. The experimental results have reasonable accuracy with the numerical and analytical results. The average error calculated for transient temperatures and evaluated heat flux are ±0.25% and ±2.5%, and the response times of these coaxial thermocouples are calculated as 40 µs, 36 µs, and 46 µs for K, E, and J-type, respectively, which shows the measuring capability of these CTs for short-duration measurements.