bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investment and asset securitization with an option‐for‐guarantee swap
Authors: Yang Zhaojun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article addresses the investment and financing decisions of entrepreneurs entering into option‐for‐guarantee swaps (OGSs). OGSs increase investment option value significantly. Entrepreneurs initially accelerate their investments and then postpone them as funding gaps grow. Guarantee costs increase with project risks when the funding gap is sufficiently small or large, but the opposite holds true otherwise. Investments are postponed when project risks, effective tax rates, or bankruptcy costs increase. Surprisingly, the higher the project risk, the more the entrepreneur will borrow, with a much higher leverage than predicted by classic models. Entrepreneurs can use OGSs to securitize their assets.
Assessing the capacity of endemic alpine water beetles to face climate change
Authors: Pallarés Susana , Millán Andrés , Mirón Juana M. , Velasco Josefa , Sánchez‐Fernández David , Botella‐Cruz María , Abellán Pedro 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Accurate assessments of species' vulnerability to climate change require integrated measurements of its different drivers, including extrinsic (the magnitude and rate of climate change) and intrinsic factors (organisms' sensitivity and adaptive capacity). According to these factors, aquatic insects restricted to alpine ponds may be especially threatened by climate change. However, vulnerability predictions based on such an integrative approach are scarce for alpine pond taxa.
We combined distributional, climatic data and experimental measurements of heat tolerance and acclimation capacity of two water beetles endemic to Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain) to evaluate different components of their vulnerability to climate change. We estimated: (i) changes in climatically suitable habitat under different scenarios of climate change and (ii) thermal safety margins (the difference between species upper thermal limits and the maximum temperatures in their current localities), for current and future conditions, and acclimation capacity, as measures of the physiological capacity to persist in situ.
Species distribution models predicted a virtual loss of climatically suitable area under different climate change scenarios. Nonetheless, both taxa showed heat tolerance limits above the predicted maximum temperatures in their current localities (but no capacity to adjust such limits through acclimation). Therefore, these beetles could have the physiological capacity to deal with warming conditions in situ.
We recommend concentrating conservation efforts in current localities as the most efficient management strategy for both taxa. Our results stress the importance of accounting for physiological tolerances when predicting the vulnerability to climate change in alpine freshwater biota.
Hydrolytic degree and antioxidant activity of purified casein characterised by different haplotypes (αs1‐, β‐ and k‐casein) after enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and enzymatic extract from Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: Perna Annamaria , Simonetti Amalia , Acquaviva Vita , Rossano Rocco , Grassi Giulia , Gambacorta Emilio 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate the hydrolytic degree and antioxidant activity of purified casein characterised by different haplotypes (αs1‐, β‐ and k‐casein) after in vitro digestion with two different enzymatic systems: pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (EP) and a crude enzymatic extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. The used enzymes showed a different mode of casein catalysis with a consequent production of peptides of different antioxidant activity. The CN haplotype significantly influenced peptides production; in fact, the amino acid substitutions caused by genetic polymorphisms at the αs1‐, β‐ and k‐CN loci influenced the sites of enzymatic cleavage and therefore the produced peptides. The above is evidenced by the different antioxidant activity found in the hydrolysates depending on the used enzymatic system, the CN haplotype, and the CN haplotype × enzymatic treatment interaction. The findings of this study are a perspective for the production of specific foods that exert a biological effect in addition to the nutritional one.
Being effective at the top table: developing nurses' policy leadership competencies
Authors: Salvage Jane , Montayre Jed , Gunn Michelle 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNurse leaders at all levels, from ward to board to international stage, need to be savvy about politics, policy and power. They should be at the top table in every health‐related organization, and they should know how to make an impact in these challenging environments. Yet top nurses worldwide have few opportunities to develop their policy leadership competencies. The ICN Global Nursing Leadership Institute is a rare and successful example. For 10 years it has prepared top nurses from round the world to drive policy that improves population health, enhances health care, and advances the profession ‐ a major theme at ICN Congress, Singapore, June 2019. Jane Salvage, programme director, introduced GNLI at a packed session in the main hall, and two alumnae, Jed Montayre (New Zealand) and Michelle Gunn (Australia), described their transformational experiences of it.
Seasonal shifts of biodiversity patterns and species’ elevation ranges of butterflies and moths along a complete rainforest elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon
Authors: Maicher Vincent , Sáfián Szabolcs , Murkwe Mercy , Delabye Sylvain , Przybyłowicz Łukasz , Potocký Pavel , Kobe Ishmeal N. , Janeček Štěpán , Mertens Jan E. J. , Fokam Eric B. , Pyrcz Tomasz , Doležal Jiří , Altman Jan , Hořák David , Fiedler Konrad , Tropek Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTemporal dynamics of biodiversity along tropical elevational gradients are unknown. We studied seasonal changes of Lepidoptera biodiversity along the only complete forest elevational gradient in the Afrotropics. We focused on shifts of species richness patterns, seasonal turnover of communities and seasonal shifts of species’ elevational ranges, the latter often serving as an indicator of the global change effects on mountain ecosystems.LocationMount Cameroon, Cameroon.TaxonButterflies and moths (Lepidoptera).MethodsWe quantitatively sampled nine groups of Lepidoptera by bait‐trapping (16,800 trap‐days) and light‐catching (126 nights) at seven elevations evenly distributed along the elevational gradient from sea level (30 m a.s.l.) to timberline (2,200 m a.s.l.). Sampling was repeated in three seasons.ResultsAltogether, 42,936 specimens of 1,099 species were recorded. A mid‐elevation peak of species richness was detected for all groups but Eupterotidae. This peak shifted seasonally for five groups, most of them ascending during the dry season. Seasonal shifts of species’ elevational ranges were mostly responsible for these diversity pattern shifts along elevation: we found general upward shifts in fruit‐feeding butterflies, fruit‐feeding moths and Lymantriinae from beginning to end of the dry season. Contrarily, Arctiinae shifted upwards during the wet season. The average seasonal shifts of elevational ranges often exceeded 100 m and were even several times higher for numerous species.Main conclusionsWe report seasonal uphill and downhill shifts of several lepidopteran groups. The reported shifts can be driven by both delay in weather seasonality and shifts in resource availability, causing phenological delay of adult hatching and/or adult migrations. Such shifts may lead to misinterpretations of diversity patterns along elevation if seasonality is ignored. More importantly, considering the surprising extent of seasonal elevational shifts of species, we encourage taking account of such natural temporal dynamics while investigating the global climate change impact on communities of Lepidoptera in tropical mountains.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of mirogabalin in Asian patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Baba Masayuki , Matsui Norimitsu , Kuroha Masanori , Wasaki Yosuke , Ohwada Shoichi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) affects the functionality, mood and sleep patterns of patients with diabetes. Mirogabalin, an α2δ ligand with a slower dissociation for α2δ‐1 versus α2δ‐2 subunits, showed efficacy and safety in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 14‐week study in Asian patients with DPNP. This open‐label extension study evaluated the long‐term safety and efficacy of mirogabalin in Asian patients with DPNP.Material and MethodsThis 52‐week open‐label extension study was carried out in Japan, Korea and Taiwan in patients with DPNP. Patients received mirogabalin, initiated at 5 mg twice daily and increased to a flexible maintenance dosage of 10 or 15 mg twice daily. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. Patients provided a self‐assessment of pain using the Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire.ResultsOf the 214 patients who entered the study, 172 (80.4%) completed the extension study. Of 172 patients who completed the study, 149 received the highest dosage of mirogabalin (15 mg twice daily). The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events were nasopharyngitis, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral edema, somnolence, diarrhea, increased weight and dizziness. Most treatment‐emergent adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. The incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation was 13.1%. The visual analog scale and all other Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire subscales (sensory score, affective score, total score and present pain intensity) generally decreased over time from baseline until week 52.ConclusionsThis extension study showed the safety and efficacy of a long‐term flexible dosing regimen of mirogabalin 10 or 15 mg twice daily in patients with DPNP.
Effects of dapagliflozin on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and myokines and muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Yamakage Hajime , Tanaka Masashi , Inoue Takayuki , Odori Shinji , Kusakabe Toru , Satoh‐Asahara Noriko 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionOur aims were to examine the add‐on effects of a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, compared with existing antidiabetes treatments, on anthropometric/metabolic parameters, the levels of an endocrine regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); a skeletal muscle mass (SMM) negative regulator, myostatin; and a metabolic regulator, irisin, in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsA total of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into dapagliflozin and control groups. The dapagliflozin group received dapagliflozin 5 mg/day in addition to conventional therapy for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the level of serum FGF21 from baseline. The secondary outcomes included changes from baseline in anthropometric/metabolic parameters and serum levels of myostatin and irisin.ResultsBodyweight decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), but the changes in SMM were not significant between the groups (P = 0.611), thereby elevating the ratio of SMM‐to‐bodyweight in the dapagliflozin group (P = 0.028). Myostatin levels were significantly decreased (P = 0.010), and irisin levels showed a nearly significant reduction (P = 0.052) in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group, whereas FGF21 levels did not change significantly from baseline to the end of the intervention in both the dapagliflozin (P = 0.673) and the control (P = 0.823) groups.ConclusionsDapagliflozin add‐on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced myostatin levels significantly and maintained SMM, without significant changes in FGF21 levels.
Frequency of circulating subpopulations of T‐regulatory cells in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Hessam S. , Gambichler T. , Höxtermann S. , Skrygan M. , Sand M. , Garcovich S. , Meyer T. , Stockfleth E. , Bechara F.G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundDecreased number of T‐regulatory cells (Tregs) and/or their loss of function potentially lead to uncontrolled immune‐mediated inflammatory responses. There are only few data available on Tregs in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) – a disease in which it has been suggested that host immune factors and an overactive immune system of the follicular epithelium play a pathogenetic role.ObjectivesTo analyse frequencies of Tregs subpopulations in blood of HS patients in comparison with a healthy control group.Materials & methodsBlood samples obtained from HS patients and healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe frequency of natural Tregs among CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly reduced in the HS group compared to the healthy controls. The proportion of activated Tregs, non‐suppressive Tregs and proliferating Tregs showed no significant difference when compared to controls. Regarding Tregs frequencies, there was no significant difference between the three Hurley stages. Serum concentrations of IL‐10, TGF‐ß1 and IL‐17A did not show significant differences between the HS and control group.ConclusionThe reduction of natural Tregs observed in blood of HS patients could be the result of Tregs homing to sites of inflammatory hot spots in HS skin. Further studies are justified evaluating the role of circulating Tregs during the evolution of HS lesions and as a biomarker for treatment response.
Adverse events with IL‐17 and IL‐23 inhibitors for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of phase III studies
Authors: Loft N.D. , Vaengebjerg S. , Halling A.‐S. , Skov L. , Egeberg A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBiologics targeting interleukin (IL)‐17 and IL‐23 are generally well‐tolerated and considered safe, though adverse events are seen more often compared with placebo. The objectives of this systematic review and meta‐analysis were to assess the prevalence of adverse events in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis with any adverse events after 12, 16, 24 and 52 weeks of treatment with IL‐17 or IL‐23 inhibitors. Two independent authors searched the databases PubMed and EMBASE for studies reporting on adverse events in phase 3 trials of IL‐17 and IL‐23 inhibitors for patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The study was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data synthesis was performed using a random‐effects model. In total, 44 publications (43 studies) were included in the analyses. The proportion of patients with any adverse events for all treatments pooled were 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.59] after 12 weeks, 0.52 (95% CI: 0.49–0.55) after 16 weeks, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66–0.78) after 24 weeks and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76–0.86) after 52 weeks. Across therapies, the most prevalent AEs were infections, nasopharyngitis and headache. For ixekizumab one of the most prevalent AEs was injection site reactions, reported in 15.7% of the patients after 52 weeks. Overall, IL‐17 and IL‐23 inhibitors appear to be well‐tolerated with good safety profiles. Our findings may aid the clinical decision making when choosing the most appropriate therapy for patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.
Enriching the quality of cross‐cultural instrument development through cognitive interviewing: Implications for nursing research
Authors: Jang Min Kyeong , Kim Sue , Collins Eileen G. , Quinn Lauretta T. , Park Chang G. , Ferrans Carol E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimDuring cross‐cultural instrument development, a gap commonly exists between the intended meaning of questionnaire items and the extent to which the participant understands that meaning. Because cognitive interviewing can provide such a powerful means for ensuring an accurate interpretation of items, the purpose of this report is to provide a practical guide to encourage its use in nursing research.MethodsThis report provides in‐depth information describing: (a) advantages of cognitive interviewing, particularly for cross‐cultural instrument development; (b) specific problems it can identify and solve; (c) strategies for performing cognitive interviews, including the four‐step model of the question‐and‐answer process; (d) practical guidance for conducting successful cognitive interviews.ResultsTo achieve linguistic validity as well as cultural relevance, a variety of factors need to be considered in addition to language, such as cultural interpretations, attitudes, and values. Examples of health‐related studies are presented, demonstrating the advantages of cognitive interviewing for instrument development and cross‐cultural research. These examples show how cognitive interviewing can be productively used to verify question clarity, patient comprehension, and patients' ease of response and judgment while also helping to establish content validity based on patients' perspectives.ConclusionsCognitive interviewing can help nurse researchers discover potential instrument flaws and correct them in advance, subsequently avoiding collection of inaccurate data. Thus, cognitive interviewing should be considered an effective pretesting method for development of accurate instruments, particularly in cross‐cultural nursing research.
In situ heating TEM observations of evolving nanoscale Al–Mg–Si–Cu precipitates
Authors: SUNDE JONAS KRISTOFFER , WENNER SIGURD , HOLMESTAD RANDI 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThis research concerns the precipitation and subsequent dissolution of precipitate phases in an Al–0.86Mg–0.62Si–0.1Cu (at.%) alloy subjected to varying thermal exposure during an in situ heating transmission electron microscope (TEM) experiment. The distribution and crystal structure of precipitates were determined by a scanning diffraction approach at multiple stages, pinpointing the precipitates that underwent phase transformations during heating. Obtained results were compared with TEM studies of the material heated ex situ. This revealed differences in the transformation kinetics of precipitates in an electron transparent lamella (thickness ) to that of macroscopic bulk specimens.Lay DescriptionThe precipitate phases that are formed in age‐hardenable Al alloys are conventionally studied using the TEM, with electron transparent specimens prepared from bulk materials heat treated for various times. We demonstrate here that the growth, phase transformation and subsequent dissolution of precipitate phases in the Al–Mg–Si–Cu system can be studied successfully by in situ heating TEM. Imaging and scanning diffraction combined with data postprocessing were used to study the distribution and structure of transforming precipitates. This enabled us to track the precipitates that underwent phase transformations during heating, hence offering a direct quantitative assessment of the precipitation occurring in these materials. The narrow thickness of the electron transparent specimen (≈90 nm) may potentially have affected the resulting precipitation. Therefore, thickness effects were assessed by comparing obtained results with TEM studies of ex situ heated bulk specimens.
Co‐administration of ethanol and nicotine heightens sensitivity to ethanol reward within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and increasing NAc shell BDNF is sufficient to enhance ethanol reward in naïve Wistar rats
Authors: Waeiss Robert A. , Knight Christopher P. , Engleman Eric A. , Hauser Sheketha R. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlcohol use disorder most commonly presents as a polydrug disorder where greater than 85% are estimated to smoke. EtOH and nicotine (NIC) co‐abuse or exposure results in unique neuroadaptations that are linked to behaviors that promote drug use. The current experiments aimed to identify neuroadaptations within the mesolimbic pathway produced by concurrent EtOH and NIC exposure. The experiments used four overall groups of male Wistar rats consisting of vehicle, EtOH or NIC alone, and EtOH+NIC. Drug exposure through direct infusion into the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) stimulated release of glutamate and dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, which was quantified through high‐performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels were measured via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A second experiment investigated the effects of drug pretreatment within the pVTA on the reinforcing properties of EtOH within the NAc shell through intracranial self‐administration (ICSA). The concluding experiment evaluated the effect of NAc shell pretreatment with BDNF on EtOH reward utilizing ICSA within that region. The data indicated that only EtOH+NIC administration into the pVTA simultaneously increased glutamate, dopamine, and BDNF in the NAc shell. Moreover, only pVTA pretreatment with EtOH+NIC enhanced the reinforcing properties of EtOH in the NAc shell. BDNF pretreatment in the NAc shell was also sufficient to enhance the reinforcing properties of EtOH in the NAc shell. The collected data suggest that concurrent EtOH+NIC exposure results in a distinct neurochemical response and neuroadaptations within the mesolimbic pathway that alter EtOH reward.
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Differential Subsampling with Cartesian Ordering for Ultrafast High‐Resolution MRA in the Assessment of Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Nael Kambiz , Drummond James , Costa Anthony B. , De Leacy Reade A. , Fung Maggie M. , Mocco J 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWe aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an ultrafast whole head contrast‐enhanced MRA (CE‐MRA) in morphometric assessment of intracranial aneurysms in comparison to routinely used time‐of‐flight (TOF)‐MRA.METHODSIn this prospective single institutional study, patients with known untreated intracranial aneurysm underwent MRA. Routine multislab TOF‐MRA was obtained with a 3D voxel sizes of .6 × .6 × 1 (6‐minute acquisition time). CE‐MRA of whole head was obtained using Differential Subsampling with Cartesian Ordering (DISCO) and 2D Auto‐calibrating Reconstruction for Cartesian imaging with a 3D voxel‐sizes of .75 × .75 × 1 mm3 during a 6‐second temporal resolution. Morphometric features of intracranial aneurysms, including size, aneurysm sac morphology, and the presence of intraluminal thrombosis, were assessed on both techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using a combination of Kappa test, Bland‐Altman, and correlation coefficient analysis.RESULTSA total of 34 aneurysms in 28 patients were included. Aneurysm size measurements (mean ± SD) were similar between DISCO‐MRA (4.1 ± 2.3 mm) and TOF‐MRA (4.3 ± 2.8 mm) (P = .27). Bland‐Altman analysis showed a mean difference of .4 mm and there was excellent correlation r = .91 (95% CI: .87‐.96). In six aneurysms (17.6%), TOF‐MRA was nonconfidant to exclude intraluminal thrombosis. In seven aneurysms (20%), TOF‐MRA was unable or nonconfidant in depicting aneurysm sac morphology.CONCLUSIONSDescribed ultrafast high spatial‐resolution MRA is superior to routinely used TOF‐MRA in assessment of morphometric features of intracranial aneurysms, such as intraluminal thrombosis and aneurysm morphology, and is obtained in a fraction of the time (6 seconds).