bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missing in action: Tool use is action based
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey J. , Tamis-LeMonda Catherine S. , Adolph Karen E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this commentary on Osiurak and Reynaud's target article, we argue that action is largely missing in their account of the ascendance of human technological culture. We propose that an action-based developmental account can help to bridge the cognitive-sociocultural divide in explanations of the discovery, production, and cultural transmission of human tool use.
A cognitive developmental approach is essential to understanding cumulative technological culture
Authors: Burdett Emily Rachel Reed , Ronfard Samuel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Osiurak and Reynaud argue that children are not a good methodological choice to examine cumulative technological culture (CTC). However, the paper ignores other current work that suggests that young children do display some aspects of creative problem-solving. We argue that using multiple methodologies and examining how technical-reasoning develops in children will provide crucial support for a cognitive approach to CTC.
How will we find the elephant in the room?
Authors: Houkes Wybo , Vaesen Krist 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We argue that Osirak's and Reynaud's technological-reasoning hypothesis raises conceptual and methodological challenges. Interrelations between technical potential and expertise leave it unclear exactly what the technical-reasoning hypothesis encompasses. We submit that it is compatible with a range of hypotheses that are difficult to differentiate empirically.
The elephant in the China shop: When technical reasoning meets cumulative technological culture
Authors: Osiurak François , Reynaud Emanuelle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The commentaries have both revealed the implications of and challenged our approach. In this response, we reply to these concerns, discuss why the technical-reasoning hypothesis does not minimize the role of social-learning mechanisms – nor assume that technical-reasoning skills make individuals omniscient technically – and make suggestions for overcoming the classical opposition between the cultural versus cognitive niche hypothesis of cumulative technological culture.
Metalinguistic contribution to reading comprehension: A comparison of Primary 3 students from China and Singapore
Authors: Baoqi Sun , Hu Guangwei , Curdt-Christiansen Xiao Lan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examined the within- and cross-language metalinguistic contribution of three components of metalinguistic awareness (i.e., phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness) to reading comprehension in monolingual Chinese-speaking children from Mainland China (n= 190) and English–Chinese bilingual children from Singapore (n= 390). Moreover, the effect of home language use on the relationship between metalinguistic awareness and reading performance was investigated. For monolingual children, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after partialing out the effects of age, nonverbal intelligence, and oral vocabulary, syntactic awareness uniquely predicted 7%–13% of the variance in reading comprehension measures, whereas this relationship was not observed between morphological awareness and reading comprehension. For the bilingual children, within-language regression analyses revealed that English/Chinese morphological awareness and syntactic awareness both contributed significantly to English/Chinese reading measures over and above vocabulary and phonological awareness. Cross-linguistically, structure equation modeling results demonstrated that the bilingual children’s English and Chinese metalinguistic awareness were closely related and jointly supported reading comprehension in both languages, thus lending support to Koda’s transfer facilitation model. Furthermore, home language use was found to contribute to the bilingual children’s reading proficiency via its impact on metalinguistic awareness. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy and pedagogical implications that can be drawn from these findings.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE DURING A SEMESTER ABROAD IN ARGENTINA
Authors: Pozzi Rebecca , Bayley Robert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough recent research suggests that gains are made in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad, the few studies that have been conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts have focused primarily on features characteristic of Spain. This article examines the L2 acquisition of phonological features characteristic of Buenos Aires Spanish, [ʃ] and [ʒ], known as sheísmo/zheísmo, for example the pronunciation of llave [ʝaβe] “key” as [ʃaβe] or [ʒaβe]. Participants include 23 learners of Spanish studying in Buenos Aires, Argentina. More than 4,800 tokens were gathered before, during, and at the end of the semester using sociolinguistic interviews, a reading passage, and a word list. These data were analyzed for the influence of linguistic and social factors using mixed-effects logistic regression (Rbrul; Johnson, 2009). Results suggest that participants approximate nativelike norms of use of these features and that time in country is a statistically significant predictor of patterns of phonological variation.
Effects of oxygen concentrations on developmental competence and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes
Authors: Li Ruizhe , Luo Yuzhu , Xu Jingtao , Sun Yonggang , Ma Zhijie , Chen Shengmei 
Published: August 2020

SummaryOxygen concentration influences oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development, but it remains unclear whether oxygen concentrations affect the developmental competence and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of different oxygen concentrations (5% versus 20%) on the developmental competence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glutathione (GSH) content, and transcriptomic profile of yak oocytes. The results showed that a low oxygen concentration significantly increased the maturation rate of yak oocytes (81.2 ± 2.2% vs 75.9 ± 1.3%) and the blastocyst quality of yak in vitro fertilized embryos. Analysis of ROS and GSH showed that a low oxygen concentration reduced ROS levels and increased the content of GSH (75.05 ± 7.1 ng/oocyte vs 50.63 ± 5.6 ng/oocyte). Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups of oocytes. Gene enrichment analysis of the DEGs indicated multiple cellular processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, transcription regulation, mitochondrial regulation, oestrogen signalling pathway, HIF-1 signalling pathway, TNF signalling pathway, were involved in the response to oxygen concentration alterations. Taken together, these results indicated that a low oxygen concentration improved the developmental competence of yak oocytes.
Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia associated with distinct neurobiological callosal connectivity abnormalities?
Authors: Assunção-Leme Idaiane Batista , Zugman André , de Moura Luciana Monteiro , Sato João Ricardo , Higuchi Cinthia , Ortiz Bruno Bertolucci , Noto Cristiano , Ota Vanessa Kiyomi , Belangero Sintia Iole , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Crossley Nicolas A. , Jackowski Andrea P. , Gadelha Ary 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundResistance to antipsychotic treatment affects up to 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Although the time course of development of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) varies from patient to patient, the reasons for these variations remain unknown. Growing evidence suggests brain dysconnectivity as a significant feature of schizophrenia. In this study, we compared fractional anisotropy (FA) of brain white matter between TRS and non–treatment-resistant schizophrenia (non-TRS) patients. Our central hypothesis was that TRS is associated with reduced FA values.MethodsTRS was defined as the persistence of moderate to severe symptoms after adequate treatment with at least two antipsychotics from different classes. Diffusion-tensor brain MRI obtained images from 34 TRS participants and 51 non-TRS. Whole-brain analysis of FA and axial, radial, and mean diffusivity were performed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and FMRIB’s Software Library (FSL), yielding a contrast between TRS and non-TRS patients, corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error (FWE) < 0.05.ResultsWe found a significant reduction in FA in the splenium of corpus callosum (CC) in TRS when compared to non-TRS. The antipsychotic dose did not relate to the splenium CC.ConclusionOur results suggest that the focal abnormality of CC may be a potential biomarker of TRS.
Metabolic Syndrome and Physical Performance: The Moderating Role of Cognition among Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults
Authors: Ogawa Elisa F. , Leritz Elizabeth , McGlinchey Regina , Milberg William , Bean Jonathan F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:Mobility limitation and cognitive decline are related. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the clustering of three or more cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with decline in both mobility and cognition. However, the interrelationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition is unknown. This study investigated a proposed pathway where cognition moderates the relationship between MetS and Mobility.Method:Adults ages 45–90 years were recruited. MetS risk factors and mobility performance (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and gait speed) were evaluated. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. A factor analysis of neuropsychological test scores yielded three factors: executive function, explicit memory, and semantic/contextual memory. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the relationship among MetS, mobility, and cognition.Results:Of the 74 participants (average age 61 ± 9 years; 41% female; 69% White), 27 (36%) participants manifested MetS. Mean SPPB score was 10.9 ± 1.2 out of 12 and gait speed was 1.0 ± 0.2 m/s. There were no statistically significant differences in mobility by MetS status. However, increase in any one of the MetS risk factors was associated with decreased mobility performance after adjusting for age and gender (SPPB score:β(SE) -.17 (0.08),p< .05; gait speed: -.03 (.01),p< .01). Further adjusting for cognitive factors (SPPB score: explicit memory .31 (.14),p= .03; executive function 0.45 (0.13),p< .01; gait speed: explicit memory 0.04 (0.02),p= .03; executive function 0.06 (0.02),p< .01) moderated the relationships between number of metabolic risk factors and mobility.Conclusion:The relationship between metabolic risk factors and mobility may be moderated by cognitive performance, specifically through executive function and explicit memory.
Validation of semiquantitative FFQ administered to adults: a systematic review
Authors: Sierra-Ruelas Érika , Bernal-Orozco María F , Macedo-Ojeda Gabriela , Márquez-Sandoval Yolanda F , Altamirano-Martínez Martha B , Vizmanos Barbara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To conduct a systematic review of studies for the validation of semiquantitative FFQ (SFFQ) that assess food intake in adults.Design:The authors conducted a systematic search in PubMed for articles published as late as January 2020 in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese. Individual searches (twelve in total) paired three hyphenated and non-hyphenated variations of ‘semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire’ with both ‘validity’ and ‘validation’ using the ‘all fields’ and the ‘title/abstract’ retrieval categories. Independent extraction of articles was performed by four authors using predefined data fields.Setting:We searched for original SFFQ validation studies that analysed general diet composition (nutrients with or without food groups or energy analysis) in healthy adults, in any setting, and that also reported correlation coefficients.Participants:Healthy adults.Results:Sixty articles were included. The preferred comparison standard for validation was food records (n37). The main correlation coefficients used were Pearson’s (n41), and validity coefficients varied from −0·45 to 1. Most correlation coefficients were adjusted by energy (twelve studies presented only crude values). The elements mentioned most frequently were energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, SFA, PUFA, fibre, vitamin C, Ca and Fe.Conclusions:Although all these SFFQ are reported as validated, coefficients may vary across groups of foods and nutrients. Based on our findings, we suggest researchers to consult our revision before choosing a SFFQ and to review important issues about them, such as their validation, number of items, number of participants, etc. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO number CRD42017064716. Available at:http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017064716.
Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate Concentration‐Discharge Behavior Across Scales: Land Use, Excursions, and Misclassification
Authors: Fazekas Hannah M. , Wymore Adam S. , McDowell William H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigh‐frequency in situ sensors have enabled researchers to measure solute concentrations at a time scale that captures the variability in stream discharge. We analyzed discrete samples and high‐frequency time series of solutes to characterize how nitrate (NO3−) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM; a proxy for dissolved organic carbon) respond to changes in discharge at annual and intra‐annual timescales across a stream network in New Hampshire, USA. NO3− and fDOM exhibited highly variable concentration‐discharge (c‐Q) behavior at intra‐annual scales. Transport limitation, source limitation, and chemostatic behavior were observed to occur within and among years in all our study watersheds. Annual assessment of c‐Q misclassified streams 31% of the time, as the annual time step missed seasonal and event‐induced shifts in c‐Q dynamics. In some instances, anomalous events lasting less than 5% of the year determine the annual c‐Q behavior for a site. Catchment land use appeared to drive some of the variability among watersheds in c‐Q relationships and their temporal variability. Forested streams had highly variable NO3− c‐Q behavior and streams draining watersheds with more development had greater variability in fDOM c‐Q behavior. Sample frequency impacts how hydrologic systems are characterized and extrapolating c‐Q behavior from discrete samples alone can bias interpretations of c‐Q dynamics and our understanding of solute transport.
Inner Magnetospheric ULF Waves: The Occurrence and Distribution of Broadband and Discrete Wave Activity
Authors: Murphy K. R. , Inglis A. R. , Sibeck D. G. , Watt C. E. J. , Rae I. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) waves are electromagnetic pulsations observed throughout the magnetosphere driven by processes both external and internal to the magnetosphere. Within the magnetosphere, discrete and broadband ULF wave activity can couple to the local plasma via coherent or stochastic wave‐particle interactions. These wave‐particle interactions can lead to dynamic changes in local plasma including rapid acceleration and transport of radiation belt electrons. Using observations from GOES‐15 and the Automated Flare Inference of Oscillations algorithm we investigate the distribution and occurrence of broadband and discrete ULF waves to help understand the relative importance of coherent and stochastic wave‐particle interactions. We find that intervals of discrete ULF waves are more commonly identified during slow and low‐density solar wind and when Bz is near zero. Broadband waves are more commonly identified during periods of active solar wind, including periods of high solar wind speeds and large density perturbations, and large negative Bz. We also find that under all solar wind conditions the number of intervals of broadband ULF wave power exceeds that of discrete wave power; for example, ULF wave activity is more likely to be broadband. These results suggest that radial diffusion due to incoherent broadband waves is an important driver of wave‐particle interactions, especially during active solar wind conditions. However, the presence of discrete waves during both active and quiet solar wind conditions suggests that these waves and the corresponding wave‐particle interactions cannot be ignored, especially since discrete wave‐particle interactions tend to be more efficient than radial diffusion.
Evolution of High‐m Poloidal Alfvén Waves in a Dipole Magnetic Field
Authors: Elsden Thomas , Wright Andrew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate how initially high‐m, poloidal Alfvén waves evolve using a numerical model solving the ideal, cold, linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in a 2‐D dipole coordinate system. The curved magnetic geometry provides a key difference between the poloidal and toroidal Alfvén frequencies of any one field line. A polarization rotation from poloidal toward toroidal predicted from the Cartesian box model theory still occurs but now with the waves following contours of Alfvén frequency, which moves the Alfvén wave across field lines. The structure of these contours depends on the harmonic mode along the field line and the equilibrium. We find that the amplitude peak of the poloidal mode moves significantly radially outward in time. When the typically observed azimuthal phase motion of such waves is included, hodograms show a polarization rotation from purely poloidal to a mixed poloidal/toroidal polarization at all locations. Such features could be used to help interpret satellite observations of Pc4‐5 poloidal ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in Earth's magnetosphere.
The Evaluation of the North Atlantic Climate System in UKESM1 Historical Simulations for CMIP6
Authors: Robson Jon , Aksenov Yevgeny , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Dimdore‐Miles Oscar , Griffiths Paul T. , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Hodson Daniel L. R. , Keeble James , MacIntosh Claire , Megann Alex , Osprey Scott , Povey Adam C. , Schröder David , Yang Mingxi , Archibald Alexander T. , Carslaw Ken S. , Gray Lesley , Jones Colin , Kerridge Brian , Knappett Diane , Kuhlbrodt Till , Russo Maria , Sellar Alistair , Siddans Richard , Sinha Bablu , Sutton Rowan , Walton Jeremy , Wilcox Laura J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEarth system models enable a broad range of climate interactions that physical climate models are unable to simulate. However, the extent to which adding Earth system components changes or improves the simulation of the physical climate is not well understood. Here we present a broad multivariate evaluation of the North Atlantic climate system in historical simulations of the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) performed for CMIP6. In particular, we focus on the mean state and the decadal time scale evolution of important variables that span the North Atlantic climate system. In general, UKESM1 performs well and realistically simulates many aspects of the North Atlantic climate system. Like the physical version of the model, we find that changes in external forcing, and particularly aerosol forcing, are an important driver of multidecadal change in UKESM1, especially for Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. However, many of the shortcomings identified are similar to common biases found in physical climate models, including the physical climate model that underpins UKESM1. For example, the summer jet is too weak and too far poleward; decadal variability in the winter jet is underestimated; intraseasonal stratospheric polar vortex variability is poorly represented; and Arctic sea ice is too thick. Forced shortwave changes may be also too strong in UKESM1, which, given the important role of historical aerosol forcing in shaping the evolution of the North Atlantic in UKESM1, motivates further investigation. Therefore, physical model development, alongside Earth system development, remains crucial in order to improve climate simulations.
Wind as a Main Driver of Spatial Variability of Surface Energy Balance Over a Shallow 102‐km2 Scale Lake: Lake Kasumigaura, Japan
Authors: Sugita M. , Ogawa S. , Kawade M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLakes have often been treated as one‐dimensional entities for energy balance (EB) studies mostly based on point measurements. Therefore, our knowledge of the spatial variability of lake EB is quite limited. We created EB maps of Lake Kasumigaura, a 172‐km2 shallow lake in Japan, with a 90‐m horizontal resolution at a 3‐hr interval over 5 years based on spatially interpolated meteorological variables and water surface temperature, with turbulent fluxes estimated by the bulk equations. The results indicate that turbulent fluxes and total energy flux into water body G were spatially variable while radiative fluxes were more uniform. The spatial variability of turbulent fluxes averaged over a season, a year, and 5 years was mainly caused by wind speed difference; a longer fetch in downwind areas of the lake resulted in strong winds and higher turbulent fluxes. The spatial difference of turbulent fluxes and quasi‐uniform net radiation caused a total energy flux out of the water in the downwind area and a total energy flux into the lake in an upwind area. This spatial difference of G appeared to be compensated by heat transport from the upwind to downwind area through advection due to lake current.
Intermittent Channel Systems of a Low‐Relief, Low‐Gradient Floodplain: Comparison of Automatic Extraction Methods
Authors: Xu Haiqing , van der Steeg Shailesh , Sullivan Jessica , Shelley David , Cely John E. , Viparelli Enrica , Lakshmi Venkat , Torres Raymond 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntermittent floodplain channels are low‐relief conduits etched into the floodplain surface and remain dry much of the year. These channels comprise expansive systems and are important because during low‐level inundation they facilitate lateral hydraulic connectivity throughout the floodplain. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on these floodplain channels due to uncertainty in how to identify and characterize these systems in digital elevation models (DEMs). In particular, their automatic extraction from widely available DEMs is challenging due to the characteristically low‐relief and low‐gradient topography of floodplains. We applied three channel extraction approaches to the Congaree River floodplain DEM and compared the results to a channel reference map created through numerous field excursions over the past 30 years. The methods that we tested are based on flow accumulation area, topographic curvature, and mathematical morphology, or the D8, Laplacian, and bottom‐hat transform (BHT), respectively. Of the 198 km of reference channels the BHT, Laplacian, and D8 extracted 83%, 71%, and 23%, respectively, and the BHT consistently had the highest agreement with the reference network at the local (5 m) and regional (10 km) scales. The extraction results also include commission “error”, augmenting the reference map with about 100 km of channel length. Overall, the BHT method provided the best results for channel extraction, giving over 298 km in 69 km2 with a detrended regional relief of 1.9 m. Further, these analyses allow us to shed light on the meaning and use of the term “low‐relief landscapes”.