bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the food and drink purchases of secondary school pupils in England across the school day
Authors: Spence S. , Bradley J. 
Published: December 2024

In the UK, ‘The requirements for School Food Regulations, 2014’ specify the ‘type’ and ‘frequency’ of food and drinks that can be provided across the school day.(1) For example, there should be one or more portions of fruit per day. However, there is no monitoring and pupils can choose from a daily selection. Most studies have focused on pupil’s lunch intake(2,3) and there are limited large-scale UK studies. Whilst interventions are needed in schools to improve pupil’s dietary intake, identifying solutions is challenging. This study uses pupil-level purchase data to capture food and drink choices across the school day to identify potential opportunities for intervention development. One aim was to explore the food and drink purchases of UK secondary school pupils across the school day.Ethics was obtained from Newcastle University (ref: 2482/26614). DPIA agreements were obtained from schools.Secondary schools in Northeast England participated. Non-identifiable pupil-level purchase data from a four-week menu cycle were used that included: time, date, individual food and drink item, quantity, cost, and FSM status. Data were encrypted and transferred securely. Data were cleaned and manipulated in excel and Stata V18. Food and drink items were coded to 60 preliminary food and drink groups. Excel and Stata V18 were used for analyses; current analyses are descriptive.Pupil-level purchase data (n = 3466) from five secondary schools were included. FSM pupils accounted for 29% (n = 1015), Year 7 pupils 25% (n = 848) decreasing to Year 11 pupils 17% (n = 580) of the total sample. The two meal types most pupils purchased were ‘Break & Lunch’ combined (58%, n = 2017; FSM 26% n = 524) and ‘Lunch only’ (20%, n = 659; FSM 41%, n = 268).At break, the top five purchased items were: bacon/sausage bun (n = 7871; 21%) pizza snack (n = 5714; 15%), bagel/crumpet (n = 3697; 10%), fizzy fruit juice (n = 3344; 9%) and water (n = 3459; 9%). At lunch, the top five purchased items were: meal deal (n = 12,527; 16%), fizzy fruit juice (n = 7,895; 10%), hot meal (n = 6,963; 9%), biscuit (n = 5,803; 8%), and water (n = 5001; 6%). Food and drink purchases at break and lunch were similar by FSM status.Preliminary findings show most pupils purchase at least one food and/or drink item at both break and lunch. Similar pupil purchasing was found regardless of FSM status. Future interventions need to consider the food and drink choices available at break and lunch. One school had a water only policy, therefore, school context and variation in the food and drink offer may impact findings. More detailed analyses will consider the effect of school, school year, meal type (breakfast, break, lunch) and Free School Meal Status (FSM) on pupil’s food and drink purchases using multi-level logistic regressions.
A global review of methodologies for establishing food intake recommendations in foodbased dietary guidelines
Authors: Salesse Fanny , Eldridge Alison L. , Ning Mak Tsz , Gibney Eileen R. 
Published: December 2024

Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) are valuable tools for providing dietary recommendations to different population groups across the globe(1). However, while the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have issued guidelines to support the development of FBDGs(2), a lack of consistency persists in how these are applied by individual countries in their derivation approach and monitoring efforts(3,4). This review compares the methodologies used by public health bodies to develop FBDGs.Documents describing FBDGs and their development were obtained via the FAO online repository of FBDGs, and information could be found directly from the FBDG or from their joint scientific report. A spreadsheet was created to report details on the approaches used to derive dietary guidance for the general adult population, with a focus on the type and specificities of the data used, when applicable (characteristics of the study population, food intake assessment methodology, analysed consumption patterns, and nutritional requirements inputted if diet modelling was applied). General information such as the year of issue and stakeholders involved in the elaboration of the guidelines was also retrieved.A total of 96 FBDGs were accessed and translated into English for analysis: 11 in Africa, 16 in Asia, 34 in Europe, 29 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 4 in the Near East, and 2 in North America, published on average in 2014. Of these, 60 FBDGs (63%) were developed based on scientific consensus, 43 (45%) mentioned a review of current evidence on the associations between dietary patterns and health outcomes, 26 (27%) derived the recommendations according to energy and/or nutritional requirements, and 15 (16%) used a statistical/mathematical optimisation method to develop quantitative guidance. 10 FBDGs (10%) did not provide any information on the rationale used to derive the values.The general lack of FBDG revision using up-to-date evidence as well as the low use of typical consumption resources and specifically of national intake data represents a limitation to the development of relevant guidelines for food consumption. Ultimately, although consideration of local cultural practices is necessary, this study highlights the need for harmonisation of strategies to enhance the accuracy and therefore the effectiveness of FBDGs in promoting healthier eating habits.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods based on the NOVA classification system and association with diet’s quality and clinical outcomes in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Karachaliou A. , Chari E. , Bletsa M. , Mantzaris G. J. , Tzouvala M. , Zacharopoulou E. , Bamias G. , Kontogianni M. D. 
Published: December 2024

Retrospective studies highlight the negative effect of increased consumption of ultra-processed foods on the Crohn’s disease (CD) risk(1), however studies investigating their consumption during the disease course are lacking. The aim of the present study was to assess the consumption of ultraprocessed foods and its association with diet’s quality and clinical outcomes in CD.Dietary intake and habits were assessed through two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire, respectively. Diet’s quality was assessed through the MedDietScore (range 0-55, higher values indicate higher adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern(2,3) and CVD score (range 0-11, higher values indicate higher adherence to dietary guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease(4). NOVA classification was used to estimate the intake of ultra-processed (NOVA 4) foods(5). Follow-up data were collected at 6, 12 and 24 months [need for intensification/change of biologic agent, start of biologic agent/corticosteroids, disease activity, overall adverse clinical outcome (need for surgery, change of medication, start of biologic agent, administration of corticosteroids, need for hospitalization, cancer)].250 adults [54.8% males, aged 41.2 ± 14.1 years, 26.9% obesity] were evaluated. The percentage of NOVA 4 in the daily energy intake was 25.7% (16.8, 41.8%). Higher consumption (4th quartile) of NOVA 4 was associated with higher energy (p = 0.033), protein (p = 0.023) and carbohydrates (p = 0.028) intake; lower MUFA intake (p = 0.001), fruit consumption (p = 0.007) and CVD score (p = 0.031); and higher consumption of red meat (p = 0.001), sweets (p = 0.009) and soft drinks (p<0.001), compared to the lowest consumption (1st-3rd quartile). No differences were observed between higher NOVA 4 consumption and disease outcomes, after adjustment for age, sex, disease location, disease activity and energy intake at 6, 12 and 24 months.Consumption of ultra-processed foods had a median contribution to about ¼ of total daily energy intake in this sample of people with CD, which is almost half of that reported in young adults in Greece(6) or the general population in UK, USA and various countries in Europe(7,8). Although higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with lower diet’s quality, it was not associated with adverse clinical outcomes at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up.
Three Pathways to Nonuse Agreement(s) on Solar Geoengineering
Authors: VanDeveer Stacy D. , Biermann Frank , Kim Rakhyun E. , Bardi Carol , Gupta Aarti 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRecent years have seen increasing calls by a few scientists, largely from the Global North, to explore “solar geoengineering,” a set of speculative technologies that would reflect parts of incoming sunlight back into space and, if deployed at planetary scale, have an average cooling effect. Numerous concerns about the development of such speculative technologies include the many ecological risks and uncertainties as well as unresolved questions of global governance and global justice. This essay starts with the premise that solar geoengineering at planetary scale is unlikely to be governable in a globally inclusive and just manner. Thus, the ethically sound approach is to pursue governance that leads to the nonuse of planetary solar geoengineering. Yet is such a prohibitory agreement feasible, in the face of possible opposition by a few powerful states and other interests? Drawing on social science research and a host of existing transnational and international governance arrangements, this essay offers three illustrative pathways through which a nonuse norm for solar geoengineering could emerge and become diffused and institutionalized in global politics: (1) civil society-led transnational approaches; (2) regionally led state and civil society hybrid approaches; and (3) like-minded or “Schengen-style” club initiatives led by states.
Achieving Transparency, Traceability, and Readability with Human-Coded Data
Authors: Edgell Amanda B. , Lachapelle Jean , Maerz Seraphine F. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Many important questions in political science require the use of human-coded data or information that has been systematically ordered and quantified by a human being from qualitative sources. This article discusses challenges and recent innovations in collecting and documenting human-coded data. We review five datasets produced within the past 10 years and also reflect on our experiences in collecting a quarterly dataset that tracked state responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that scholars can deliberately produce and publish theoretically grounded human-coded data in an accessible format that promotes transparency, traceability, and readability. We highlight several ways that scholars are already doing this, including narratives, source lists, and coding justifications that enhance the quality of their human-coded datasets. We also discuss common issues during coding and how technological innovation through interactive web-based platforms can improve the documentation of coding decisions.
Did Historical Storms Used in Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) Estimation Reach Maximum Efficiency? A Large Model Ensemble Approach
Authors: Tarouilly Emilie G. , Rahimi Stefan R. , Cordeira Jason M. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe flood that would result from the greatest depth of precipitation “meteorologically possible”, or Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is used in the design of dam spillways and other high‐risk structures. Historically, PMP has been estimated by scaling depth‐area‐duration relationships obtained from severe historical storms. Over the last decade, numerical weather prediction models have been used to instead simulate precipitation resulting from the addition of atmospheric moisture (called relative humidity maximization, or RHM). Despite the major improvement this represents, model‐based PMP relies on a key assumption, which this paper re‐evaluates in Oroville dam's Feather River watershed (California). Model‐based as well as earlier procedures assume that severe historical storms achieved maximum efficiency (moisture conversion to precipitation) and only maximize moisture. We examine the most severe storms found in the CESM2‐LE global climate model ensemble, which constitutes a very large artificial record (∼1,150 years) in comparison with the historical record, to understand the upper bounds of storm efficiency and precipitation. We downscale the 10 most severe CESM2‐LE storms (by precipitation totals), and identify key storm attributes (vertical motion, convection and convergence) that control precipitation efficiency. In comparison with historical storms, we find that CESM‐LE storms can have 30% higher efficiency and 32% higher precipitation, but produce only 8% higher PMP estimates, suggesting some convergence of model ensemble and historical storms in terms of PMP. The understanding of the controls on storm efficiency that our work provides leverages past work focused on moisture and supports the development of more reliable PMP storm amplification guidance.
Unclouding the Correlations: A Principal Component Analysis of Convective Environments
Authors: Schulte Richard M. , Chase Randy J. , Dolan Brenda , Marinescu Peter J. , Posselt Derek J. , Rasmussen Kristen L. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this study, we leverage 25 years of observations from spaceborne radars, along with coincident reanalysis data, to determine how the depth and width of precipitating convective storms are related to the large‐scale environments in which they are observed. We find that the deepest convective features are observed in environments markedly different from the environments of other convective features, including organized convection. Deep storms co‐occur with relatively dry, unstable conditions, while wide storms are observed in moist, relatively stable environments. We identify eight large‐scale environmental variables that serve to distinguish between storm modes, and then show that principal component analysis can be used to condense this information into just two scalar variables. The methodology presented offers a succinct way to describe a storm's environment and will allow us to better relate a storm's initial environment to its dynamical characteristics.
Accretionary Wedge, Arc Magmatism and Fluid Migration in Northern Sumatra: Insight From Seismic Attenuation Tomography
Authors: Liu Debiao , Wang Zewei , Zhao Dapeng , Hu Hao , Gao Rui 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe first three‐dimensional (3‐D) P and S wave attenuation (Qp and Qs) tomography of the crust and upper mantle of the northern Sumatra subduction zone is determined. We adopt an improved calculation scheme to precisely measure attenuation factor t* values from velocity amplitude spectral ratios among different stations that recorded the same earthquake. Our tomographic results show that the forearc accretionary wedge in Sumatra exhibits a significant high‐attenuation (low‐Q) zone along the trench. The seismic attenuation characteristics of the forearc accretionary wedge are probably influenced by variations in temperature and water content. The middle and upper crust beneath active arc volcanoes shows low‐Q and high‐Qp/Qs, while the lower crust exhibits less low‐Q and low‐Qp/Qs, probably reflecting hot volcanic roots with different water saturations from the upper to lower crust. Beneath the Toba volcano that had a super‐eruption ∼74,000 years ago, a distinct low‐Qp/Qs zone is revealed, which may reflect a transport pathway of fluids and/or local melts ascending from a slab window. The subducting Indo‐Australian slab beneath the forearc island chain exhibits a low‐Q and low‐Qp/Qs belt, reflecting a moderate water saturation probably associated with backthrust faulting. High‐Q and high‐Qp/Qs zones appear along the slab surface, reflecting large amounts of fluids releasing from the slab dehydration, which may increase pore pressure and cause intense intraslab seismicity.
Impact of Urbanization on Mesoscale Convective Systems: Insights From a Radar Wind Profiler Mesonet, Theoretical Analyses, and Model Simulations
Authors: Xian Tian , Guo Jianping , Zhao Runze , Guo Xiaoran , Li Ning , Sun Yuping , Zhang Zhen , Su Tianning , Li Zhanqing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe role of planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the urban effect on mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) remains highly uncertain. The high‐density Mesonet of radar wind profilers (RWPs) in Beijing, along with geostationary satellite data from Fengyun‐2, were used to investigate the MCS evolution and potential impact of urbanization. An MCS as observed by satellite tends to weaken over urban and downstream areas under strong precipitating conditions as opposed to an invigorated MCS over urban and downstream areas under weak precipitating conditions. The pattern of low‐level convergence and high‐level divergence from RWP Mesonet dominates the PBL of all MCS events under strong precipitating conditions, as compared with fluctuating vertical structures of convergence under weak precipitating conditions. Under strong precipitating conditions, turbulent friction weakens MCS activity over the Beijing urban area. Under weak precipitating conditions, thermal effect dominated over urban areas, favoring the formation of surface‐level convergence and invigorating MCSs. Using the large‐eddy simulation, we further investigated the influence of turbulent structural characteristics on the development of MCS. For the strong (weak) precipitating case, turbulence dissipation (buoyancy) dominated the turbulent kinetic energy over urban areas, explaining well the characteristics of MCSs propagating over these areas. Overall, the theoretical analysis and model simulation results confirm the observed impact of urbanization on MCSs. Besides the above scientific findings, our study highlights the importance of the RWP Mesonet in studying the urban effect on MCSs.
GrandQC: A comprehensive solution to quality control problem in digital pathology
Authors: Weng Zhilong , Seper Alexander , Pryalukhin Alexey , Mairinger Fabian , Wickenhauser Claudia , Bauer Marcus , Glamann Lennert , Bläker Hendrik , Lingscheidt Thomas , Hulla Wolfgang , Jonigk Danny , Schallenberg Simon , Bychkov Andrey , Fukuoka Junya , Braun Martin , Schömig-Markiefka Birgid , Klein Sebastian , Thiel Andreas , Bozek Katarzyna , Netto George J. , Quaas Alexander , Büttner Reinhard , Tolkach Yuri 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHistological slides contain numerous artifacts that can significantly deteriorate the performance of image analysis algorithms. Here we develop the GrandQC tool for tissue and multi-class artifact segmentation. GrandQC allows for high-precision tissue segmentation (Dice score 0.957) and segmentation of tissue without artifacts (Dice score 0.919–0.938 dependent on magnification). Slides from 19 international pathology departments digitized with the most common scanning systems and from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were used to establish a QC benchmark, analyzing inter-institutional, intra-institutional, temporal, and inter-scanner slide quality variations. GrandQC improves the performance of downstream image analysis algorithms. We open-source the GrandQC tool, our large manually annotated test dataset, and all QC masks for the entire TCGA cohort to address the problem of QC in digital/computational pathology. GrandQC can be used as a tool to monitor sample preparation and scanning quality in pathology departments and help to track and eliminate major artifact sources.
Integrative analysis of the 3D genome and epigenome in mouse embryonic tissues
Authors: Yu Miao , Zemke Nathan R. , Chen Ziyin , Juric Ivan , Hu Rong , Raviram Ramya , Abnousi Armen , Fang Rongxin , Zhang Yanxiao , Gorkin David U. , Li Yang E. , Zhao Yuan , Lee Lindsay , Mishra Shreya , Schmitt Anthony D. , Qiu Yunjiang , Dickel Diane E. , Visel Axel , Pennacchio Len A. , Hu Ming , Ren Bing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWhile a rich set of putative cis-regulatory sequences involved in mouse fetal development have been annotated recently on the basis of chromatin accessibility and histone modification patterns, delineating their role in developmentally regulated gene expression continues to be challenging. To fill this gap, here we mapped chromatin contacts between gene promoters and distal sequences across the genome in seven mouse fetal tissues and across six developmental stages of the forebrain. We identified 248,620 long-range chromatin interactions centered at 14,138 protein-coding genes and characterized their tissue-to-tissue variations and developmental dynamics. Integrative analysis of the interactome with previous epigenome and transcriptome datasets from the same tissues revealed a strong correlation between the chromatin contacts and chromatin state at distal enhancers, as well as gene expression patterns at predicted target genes. We predicted target genes of 15,098 candidate enhancers and used them to annotate target genes of homologous candidate enhancers in the human genome that harbor risk variants of human diseases. We present evidence that schizophrenia and other adult disease risk variants are frequently found in fetal enhancers, providing support for the hypothesis of fetal origins of adult diseases.
Renal phenotyping in a hypomorphic murine model of propionic aciduria reveals common pathomechanisms in organic acidurias
Authors: Schumann Anke , Martinez-Pizarro Ainhoa , Richard Eva , Schell Christoph , Kössinger Anna Laura , Zeyer Karina A. , Tholen Stefan , Schilling Oliver , Barry Michael , Neubauer Björn , Köttgen Michael , Hannibal Luciana , Desviat Lourdes R. , Spiekerkötter Ute 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMutations in the mitochondrial enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) cause propionic aciduria (PA). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a known long-term complication. However, good metabolic control and standard therapy fail to prevent CKD. The pathophysiological mechanisms of CKD are unclear. We investigated the renal phenotype of a hypomorphic murine PA model (Pcca-/-(A138T)) to identify CKD-driving mechanisms. Pcca-/-(A138T) mice show elevated retention parameters and express markers of kidney damage progressing with time. Morphological assessment of the Pcca-/-(A138T) mouse kidneys indicated partial flattening of tubular epithelial cells and focal tubular-cystic dilation. We observed altered renal mitochondrial ultrastructure and mechanisms acting against oxidative stress were active. LC–MS/MS analysis confirmed disease-specific metabolic signatures and revealed disturbances in mitochondrial energy generation via the TCA cycle. Our investigations revealed altered mitochondrial networks shifted towards fission and a marked reduction of mitophagy. We observed a steep reduction of PGC-1-α, the key mediator modulating mitochondrial functions and a counter actor of mitochondrial fission. Our results suggest that impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis and quality control are involved in CKD development in PA. Therapeutic targeting of the identified pathways might help to ameliorate CKD in addition to the current treatment strategies.