bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lethal and amanitin-resistance mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans ama-1 and ama-2 genes.
Authors: Rogalski T M , Bullerjahn A M , Riddle D L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans resistant to alpha-amanitin have been isolated at a frequency of about 1.6 x 10(-6) after EMS mutagenesis of the wild-type strain, N2. Four new dominant resistance mutations have been studied genetically. Three are alleles of a previously identified gene, ama-1 IV, encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The fourth mutation defines a new gene, ama-2 V. Unlike the ama-1 alleles, the ama-2 mutation exhibits a recessive-lethal phenotype. Growth and reproduction of N2 was inhibited at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml amanitin, whereas ama-2/+ animals were inhibited at 100 micrograms/ml, and 800 micrograms/ml was required to inhibit growth of ama-1/+ larvae. We have also determined that two reference strains used for genetic mapping, dpy-11(e224)V and sma-1(e30)V, are at least four-fold more sensitive to amanitin that the wild-type strain. Using an amanitin-resistant ama-1(m118) or ama-1(m322) strain as a parent, we have isolated amanitin-sensitive mutants that carry recessive-lethal ama-1 alleles. The frequency of EMS-induced lethal ama-1 mutations is approximately 1.7 x 10(-3), 1000-fold higher than the frequency of amanitin-resistance alleles. Nine of the lethal alleles are apparent null mutations, and they exhibit L1-lethal phenotypes at both 20 degrees and 25 degrees. Six alleles result in partial loss of RNA polymerase II function as determined by their sterile phenotypes at 20 degrees. All but one of these latter mutations exhibit a more severe phenotype at 25 degrees C. We have also selected seven EMS-induced revertants of three different ama-1 lethals. These revertants restore dominant resistance to amanitin. The selection for revertants also produced eight new dominant amanitin resistance alleles on the balancer chromosome, nT1.
Evidence for non-neutrality of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura.
Authors: MacRae A F , Anderson W W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes usually are assumed to be neutral, unselected markers of evolving female lineages. This assumption was tested by monitoring haplotype frequencies in 12 experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura which were polymorphic for mtDNA haplotypes. Populations were maintained for at least 10 generations, and in one case for 32 generations, while tests of mtDNA selective neutrality were conducted. In an initial population, formed from a mixture of two strains with different mitochondrial haplotypes, the frequency of the Bogota haplotype increased 46% in 3 generations, reaching an apparent equilibrium frequency of 82% after 32 generations. Perturbation of this equilibrium by addition of the less common haplotype resulted in a rapid, dramatic increase in frequency of the second haplotype, and a return to essentially the same equilibrium frequency as before perturbation. This behavior is not consistent with mtDNA neutrality, nor is the equilibrium consistent with a simple model of constant selection on the haploid mtDNAs. Replicate cage experiments with mtDNA haplotypes did not always generate the same result as the initial cage. Several lines of evidence, including manipulations of the nuclear genome, support the idea that both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are involved in the dramatic mtDNA frequency changes. In another experiment, strong female viability selection was implicated via mtDNA frequency changes. Although the causes of the dramatic mtDNA frequency changes in our populations are not obvious, it is clear that Drosophila mitochondrial haplotypes are not always simply neutral markers. Our findings are relevant to the introduction of a novel mtDNA variant from one species or one population into another. Such introductions could be strongly favored by selection, even if it is sporadic.
High resolution location of deep low-frequency tremors beneath the Kii Peninsula, Nankai subduction zone, Japan, using data from a dense seismic array
Authors: Sagae Kodai , Nakahara Hisashi , Nishimura Takeshi , Imanishi Kazutoshi 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARY
This study performs detection and location of deep low-frequency tremors beneath the Kii Peninsula, Nankai subduction zone, Japan, using data from a dense seismic array. We set a quantitative threshold for the tremor detection based on the Gaussian distribution of waveform coherence among stations to distinguish between tremor signal and noise. Then, we estimated slownesses and arrival azimuths by applying the Multiple Signal Classification method and performed hypocentre determination by backprojection onto the plate interface. During the analysed period of 2 yrs from July 2012 to July 2014, we detected  25155 tremor events which are approximately 2.2 times more than those in the AIST-tremor catalogue based on the conventional envelope correlation method ( 11475 events). This improvement is due to the detection of even weak amplitude tremors owing to the array analysis scheme, which uses recorded waveform’s phase information. Our high-resolution tremor catalogue leads to the following findings of the tremor activity in the Kii Peninsula. A few tremor episodes show continuous updip migration in the initial stage. The updip migration speed depends on whether the tremor migrates in the along-strike direction after the updip migration: approximately 1.0 km hr –1 for tremors that develop into the along-strike migration, and approximately 0.5 km hr–1 for those that do not. Estimated radiated energies are found to increase gradually with propagation into the updip direction. These findings suggest the depth dependence of the frictional strength on the plate interface. Furthermore, we noticed that accumulated radiated energies are positively correlated with the updip migration speed, and this relationship implies that fluid migration might play a role in the updip migration.
Adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures among American adults: the need for consistent and unified messaging
Authors: Bekalu Mesfin A , Dhawan Dhriti , McCloud Rachel , Pinnamaneni Ramya , Viswanath Kasisomayajula 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the United States, elite and media communications about the risks of, and mitigation strategies for, COVID-19 have been characterized by lack of consensus. In this study, we draw from a nationally representative sample of American adults to examine the associations between exposure to different media and platforms (mainstream, conservative, liberal or social media) and adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures such as physical distancing and mask use. We also examine the individual and social factors associated with adherence to mitigation measures. We find that exposure to conservative outlets, being republican, having low confidence in scientists and high perception of information overload are associated with low adherence. In contrast, exposure to liberal and mainstream news outlets, being democrat, having high confidence in scientists, and low perception of information overload are associated with high adherence. The findings suggest the need for consistent and unified public health messaging that cuts across partisan splits and the growing skepticism in science.
Extreme Duty Cycles in the Acoustic Signals of Tiger Moths: Sexual and Natural Selection Operating in Parallel
Authors: Fernández Y , Dowdy N J , Conner W E 
Published: January 2021

SynopsisSound production in tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) plays a role in natural selection. Some species use tymbal sounds as jamming signals avoiding bat predation. High duty cycle signals have the greatest efficacy in this regard. Tiger moth sounds can also be used for intraspecific communication. Little is known about the role of sound in the mating behavior of jamming species or the signal preferences underlying mate choice. We recorded sound production during the courtship of two high duty cycle arctiines, Bertholdia trigona and Carales arizonensis. We characterized variation in their acoustic signals, measured female preference for male signals that vary in duty cycle, and performed female choice experiments to determine the effect of male duty cycle on the acceptance of male mates. Although both species produced sound during courtship, the role of acoustic communication appears different between the species. Bertholdia trigona was acoustically active in all intraspecific interactions. Females preferred and ultimately mated with males that produced higher duty cycles. Muted males were never chosen. In C. arizonensis however, sound emissions were limited during courtship and in some successful matings no sound was detected. Muted and clicking males were equally successful in female mate-choice experiments, indicating that acoustic communication is not essential for mating in C. arizonensis. Our results suggest that in B. trigona natural and sexual selection may work in parallel, to favor higher duty cycle clicking.
Endovascular reversal of renovascular hypertension blunts cardiac dysfunction and deformation in swine
Authors: Yu Shasha , Jiang Kai , Zhu Xiang Y. , Ferguson Christopher M. , Krier James D. , Lerman Amir , Lerman Lilach O. 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
Renovascular hypertension (RVH) induces hemodynamic and humoral aberrations that may impair cardiac function, structure and mechanics, including cardiac twist and deformation. Revascularization of a stenotic renal artery can decrease blood pressure (BP), but its ability to restore cardiac mechanics in RVH remains unclear. We hypothesized that percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) would improve cardiac function and left ventricular (LV) deformation in swine RVH.

Methods:
Seventeen domestic pigs were studied for 16 weeks: RVH, RVH + PTRA and normal controls (n = 5–6 each). Global LV function was estimated by multidetector computed-tomography, and LV deformation by electrocardiographically triggered MRI tagging at the apical, mid, and basal LV levels. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial capillary density, and fibrosis were evaluated ex vivo.

Results:
BP and wall thickness were elevated in RVH and decreased by PTRA, yet remained higher than in controls. LV myocardial muscle mass increased in RVH pigs, which also developed diastolic dysfunction, whereas cardiac output increased. Furthermore, both apical rotation and peak torsion angle increased in RVH compared with controls. Ex vivo, RVH induced myocardial fibrosis and vascular rarefaction. PTRA restored cardiac function and alleviated hypertrophy, vascular rarefaction, and fibrosis. PTRA also normalized apical rotation and peak torsion angle, and elevated basal peak radial strain and apical peak radial strain compared with RVH.

Conclusion:
In addition to cardiac LV adaptive hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, short-term RVH causes cardiac deformation. Despite only partial improvement in BP, PTRA effectively restored cardiac function and reversed abnormal mechanics. Hence, renal revascularization may be a useful strategy to preserve cardiac function in RVH.
Role of arterial stiffness in the association between hand grip strength and cardiovascular events: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Authors: Kim Woohyeun , Kim Seong Hwan , Choi Cheol Ung , Lee Seung Ku , Kang Dong Oh , Choi Jah Yeon , Roh Seung-Young , Na Jin Oh , Kim Jin Won , Kim Eung Ju , Rha Seung-Woon , Park Chang Gyu , Seo Hong Seog , Shin Chol 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Hand grip strength (HGS) has been associated with cardiovascular events. However, the exact mechanism responsible for the inverse association between HGS and cardiovascular events has not been established. The aim of this study was to assess whether arterial stiffness mediates this association.

Methods:
We studied 1508 participants (age; 60 ± 5, men; 47.5%) from the Ansan cohort of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. Participants were assessed for various parameters of arterial stiffness as well as HGS. The augmentation index (AIx) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were evaluated by using an applanation tonometer and automated waveform analyzer, respectively. Carotid intima medial thickness (IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasonogram with a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer. HGS was evaluated using a Jamar dynamometer.

Results:
With increased grip strength, AIx decreased (r = 0.437, P < 0.001). baPWV (r = 0.044, P = 0.107) and carotid IMT (r = 0.005, P = 0.856) had no significant correlation with grip strength. This trend was consistently observed regardless of hypertension, but was more pronounced in participants with hypertension.

Conclusion:
HGS was significantly correlated with AIx, but not with baPWV and carotid IMT. Our findings suggest that central arterial stiffness could mediate the association between HGS and cardiovascular events.
A novel universal algorithm for filament network tracing and cytoskeleton analysis
Authors: Flormann D.A.D. , Schu M. , Terriac E. , Thalla D. , Kainka L. , Koch M. , Gad A.K.B. , Lautenschläger F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of advanced microscopy techniques over recent decades has significantly increased the quality of imaging and our understanding of subcellular structures, such as the organization of the filaments of the cytoskeleton using fluorescence and electron microscopy. However, these recent improvements in imaging techniques have not been matched by similar development of techniques for computational analysis of the images of filament networks that can now be obtained. Hence, for a wide range of applications, reliable computational analysis of such two-dimensional (2D) methods remains challenging. Here, we present a new algorithm for tracing of filament networks. This software can extract many important parameters from grayscale images of filament networks, including the Mesh Hole Size, and Filament Length and Connectivity (also known as Coordination Number. In addition, the method allows sub-networks to be distinguished in 2D images using intensity thresholding. We show that the algorithm can be used to analyze images of cytoskeleton networks obtained using different advanced microscopy methods. We have thus developed a new improved method for computational analysis of 2D images of filamentous networks that has wide applications for existing imaging techniques. The algorithm is available as open-source software.
FGF21 Normalizes Plasma Glucose in Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes and Insulin Receptor Dysfunction
Authors: Diener John L , Mowbray Sarah , Huang Waan-Jeng , Yowe David , Xu Jian , Caplan Shari , Misra Abhay , Kapur Ankur , Shapiro Jeffrey , Ke Xiaoling , Wu Xiaoping , Bose Avirup , Panza Darrell , Chen Min , Beaulieu Valerie , Gao Jiaping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. The biological activity of FGF21 was first shown to induce insulin independent glucose uptake in adipocytes through the GLUT1 transporter. Subsequently, it was shown to have effects on the liver to increase fatty acid oxidation. FGF21 treatment provides beneficial metabolic effects in both animal models and patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and/or fatty liver disease. In this paper, we revisited the original finding and found that insulin independent glucose uptake in adipocytes is preserved in the presence of an insulin receptor antagonist. Using a 40 kDa PEGylated (PEG) and half-life extended form of FGF21 (FGF21-PEG), we extended thesein vitroresults to two different mouse models of diabetes. FGF21-PEG normalized plasma glucose in streptozotocin-treated mice, a model of type 1 diabetes (T1D), without restoring pancreatic β-cell function. FGF21-PEG also normalized plasma glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in mice chronically treated with an insulin competitive insulin receptor antagonist, a model of autoimmune/Type-B insulin resistance. These data extend the pharmacological potential of FGF21 beyond the settings of T2D, fatty liver and obesity.
Fostering Team‐Level Idea Implementation: Leader's Upward Exchange Relationship as a Key Facilitator
Authors: Li Yan , Fu Fengying , Ma Lin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe innovation literature is rife with references to the importance of creativity, but idea implementation has largely been ignored. Several recent studies take an individual‐centric perspective but neglect the team‐level idea conversion process. To enhance the understanding of idea implementation as an important process of innovation, this study drew on the social capital perspective and proposed a team‐level mediated moderation model. Data was collected from 63 teams in China. The empirical analyses showed that the leader–leader exchange relationship (LLX) moderates the relationship between idea generation and implementation, and team efficacy mediates the moderating effect of LLX on the idea generation–implementation association. According to these findings, we discuss theoretical and practical implications. Finally, we put forward directions for future research.
Rapid response team nurses' attitudes and barriers to the rapid response system: A multicentre survey
Authors: Loisa Eetu , Hoppu Sanna , Hytönen Sari‐Marja , Tirkkonen Joonas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite wide implementation of rapid response teams (RRTs), no published data exist on RRT nurses' attitudes and barriers to the rapid response system (RRS).MethodsWe piloted a 5‐point Likert‐type scale questionnaire among all Finnish university hospitals' RRT nurses with optional open‐ended comments. The impact of more frequent RRT participation was further investigated.ResultsThe response rate was 46% (n = 176/379, 34%‐93% between hospitals). The respondents median experience on a RRT was three years (0.8‐5) and median participation was two (1˗5) RRT activations per month. Over 90% of the RRT nurses felt that RRS prevented cardiac arrests and improved patient safety. Nurses with five or more RRT activations/month believed their critical care skills had improved through these duties (94% vs 71%, P = .001), considered their RRT work meaningful (94% vs 76%, P = .005) and wanted to continue as RRT nurses (91% vs 74%, P = .015) more often than nurses with less than five RRT activations/month. In addition to the infrequent RRT participation, further negative experiences with RRS among the RRT nurses included feeling overworked (68%) or undercompensated (94%) for the RRT duties and conflicts between RRT and ward doctors (25%).ConclusionRRT nurses consider their work important and believe it fosters improved critical care skills; these beliefs are emphasized among those with more frequent RRT participation. Infrequent RRT participation, feeling overworked and/or undercompensated and conflicts between RRT and ward doctors may present barriers for successful RRS among RRT nurses.
What makes one feel eustress or distress in quarantine? An analysis from conservation of resources (COR) theory
Authors: Merino M. Dolores , Vallellano M. Dolores , Oliver Coral , Mateo Inmaculada 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveHealth quarantines produce serious deterioration in psychological health, which becomes more affected the longer the quarantine lasts. According to the Conservation of Resources theory from Hobfoll (1989, American Psychologist, 44, 513), those people who have a good supply of resources will be able to cope better with the adversities and will show less distress. The objective of this research is to identify what are the resources that, in a situation of confinement under the threat of COVID‐19, predict eustress or well‐being, and the loss or lack of which resources predict distress or discomfort.Design and MethodA total of 839 people complete an online questionnaire during the first week of COVID‐19 confinement in Spain. The sample is weighted to obtain a distribution that is similar to the Spanish population. Using multiple linear regression analysis, factors are identified that are associated with eustress and distress based on the Conservation of Resources theory.ResultsA model is identified that explains 55% of the variance of eustress consisting mostly of personal resources, with vitality as the recourse having the most weight. The factors that explain distress (18.9% of the variance) are those related to work (employment situation, work satisfaction, and time devoted to work) and conditions in the home (space).ConclusionsThe models that predict eustress and distress are completely different. Based on these results, a series of recommendations are proposed aimed at increasing eustress and reducing distress in a situation of confinement. Additionally, proposals are offered for future research.
Molecular effects of photon irradiation and subsequent aftercare treatment with dexpanthenol‐containing ointment or liquid in 3D models of human skin and non‐keratinized oral mucosa
Authors: Huth Sebastian , Marquardt Yvonne , Huth Laura , Schmitt Laurenz , Prescher Kirsten , Winterhalder Philipp , Steiner Timm , Hölzle Frank , Eble Michael , Malte Baron Jens 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of radiation and subsequent aftercare treatment with dexpanthenol‐containing ointment and liquid on established full‐thickness 3D skin models depicting acute radiodermatitis and mucositis. To mimic radiomucositis and radiodermatitis, non‐keratinized mucous membrane and normal human skin models were irradiated with 5 Gray. Afterwards, models were treated topically every second day with dexpanthenol‐containing ointment or liquid in comparison with placebo and untreated controls. On day 7 after irradiation, histological examination showed impairments in irradiated models. In contrast, models treated with dexpanthenol‐containing ointment or liquid showed a completely restored epidermal part. While gene expression profiling revealed an induction of genes related to a pro‐inflammatory milieu, oxidative stress and an impaired epidermal differentiation after irradiation of the models, aftercare treatment with dexpanthenol‐containing ointment or liquid revealed anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects and had a positive effect on epidermal differentiation and structures important for physical and antimicrobial barrier function. Our findings confirm the potential of our established models as in vitro tools for the replacement of pharmacological in vivo studies regarding radiation‐induced skin injuries and give indications of the positive effects of dexpanthenol‐containing externals after radiation treatments as part of supportive tumor treatment.