bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of surface photovoltage spectrum in p+-GaAs/p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs structures
Authors: Liu Jian , Chen Xinlong , Wang Honggang , Guo Yiliang , Qian Yunsheng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Surface photovoltage (SPV) in p+-GaAs/p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs has been studied by establishing a multilayer model and measuring the SPV at room temperature. The model mainly considers surface recombination velocity, interface recombination velocity and the space charge region (SCR) at the surface of p+-GaAs. The SPV of the multilayer structure is shown to originate predominantly from the minority carrier diffusion, which caused photovoltage between the surface and bottom. Subsequently, the minority carrier diffusion lengths in p+-GaAs and in p-GaAs are obtained from fitting experimental data to the theoretical model. At the same time, the minority carrier diffusion length in p-GaAs is obtained by illuminating the backside (illuminating on p-GaAs) of the p+-GaAs/p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs. The p+-GaAs in p+-GaAs/p-GaAlAs/p-GaAs structure with different thickness are measured to show the variation of SPS with different thickness, but the experimental parameters are not affected. In multi-layer structure, the SPV contributed by different layers has a great difference with different dark saturation current density.
Optimal sequencing strategies in the treatment of EGFR mutation–positive non–small cell lung cancer: Clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness
Authors: Hirsh Vera , Singh Jaspal 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To summarize current understanding of the efficacy, role, and cost-effectiveness of the available epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and to evaluate sequencing strategies based on the available evidence.
Summary. EGFR TKIs are the current standard of care for patients with EGFR mutation–positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Five EGFR TKIs are currently approved in the United States for use in a first-line setting; these TKIs differ in mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and cost. Most patients develop resistance to first-line EGFR TKIs and require subsequent therapy with additional EGFR TKIs, chemotherapy, and/or other targeted agents. A major consideration when selecting EGFR TKIs, both as first-line or subsequent treatment options, is cost-effectiveness. Although clinical trials have shown that the second- and third-generation EGFR TKIs are superior in efficacy to the first-generation agents, pharmacoeconomic studies suggest that the first-generation agents are the most cost-effective, with the second-generation TKI afatinib also considered cost-effective in some studies. Despite its impressive efficacy, osimertinib appears to be less cost-effective due to substantially higher acquisition costs.

Conclusion
Preliminary data suggest that first-line afatinib followed by osimertinib may offer promising survival outcomes and, on the basis of efficacy alone, may represent an optimal sequencing strategy in the majority of patients with EGFR mutation–positive NSCLC, in particular Asian patients and those with Del19-positive tumors. However, considerably more research into outcomes and costs associated with consecutive sequencing of EGFR TKIs is needed before any conclusions can be reached.
Life-history implications of migratory Lesser Sandhill Cranes replacing adjacent blocks of primaries synchronously
Authors: Rohwer Sievert , Rohwer Vanya G , Sethi Meera Lee , HilleRisLambers Janneke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUsing the patterns of fault bars in their primaries, we studied the mode of primary replacement in non-molting Lesser Sandhill Cranes (Antigone c. canadensis) salvaged from hunters in southwestern Saskatchewan. About 80% of their primaries are used for 2 yr and 20% for 3 yr. Primaries are replaced during the breeding season and are lost in synchronous blocks representing about half the primaries, suggesting that most adults probably can fly weakly during flight feather replacement. Cranes are large, aggressive birds, and this interesting, and undescribed mode of flight feather replacement seems adapted to the ability of adult cranes to defend their precocial chicks from predators. Strikingly, juvenile Sandhill Cranes showed no fault marks in their primaries, suggesting that their parents’ ability to protect them shields them from the fright of predator attacks, which, in most birds, causes fault bars to be more prevalent and strongly expressed in juveniles than adults. Adults show interesting variation in the number of primaries replaced annually, which seems likely related to whether or not they are caring for chicks. Further, single primaries may or may not be replaced preferentially, suggesting sensitivity to feather function. Evaluating these observations must await field studies of molting adults.
FGF9 is a downstream target of SRY and sufficient to determine male sex fate in ex vivo XX gonad culture
Authors: Li Yi-Han , Chen Tsung-Ming , Huang Bu-Miin , Yang Shang-Hsun , Wu Chia-Ching , Lin Yung-Ming , Chuang Jih-Ing , Tsai Shaw-Jenq , Sun H Sunny 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is an autocrine/paracrine growth factor that plays critical roles in embryonic and organ developments and is involved in diverse physiological events. Loss of function of FGF9 exhibits male-to-female sex reversal in the transgenic mouse model and gain of FGF9 copy number was found in human 46, XX sex reversal patient with disorders of sex development. These results suggested that FGF9 plays a vital role in male sex development. Nevertheless, how FGF9/Fgf9 expression is regulated during testis determination remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that human and mouse SRY bind to −833 to −821 of human FGF9 and −1010 to −998 of mouse Fgf9, respectively, and control FGF9/Fgf9 mRNA expression. Interestingly, we showed that mouse SRY cooperates with SF1 to regulate Fgf9 expression, whereas human SRY-mediated FGF9 expression is SF1 independent. Furthermore, using an ex vivo gonadal culture system, we showed that FGF9 expression is sufficient to switch cell fate from female to male sex development in 12–16 tail somite XX mouse gonads. Taken together, our findings provide evidence to support the SRY-dependent, fate-determining role of FGF9 in male sex development.
Corridors of Clarity: Four Principles to Overcome Uncertainty Paralysis in the Anthropocene
Authors: Polasky Stephen , Crépin Anne-Sophie , Biggs Reinette (Oonsie) , Carpenter Stephen R , Folke Carl , Peterson Garry , Scheffer Marten , Barrett Scott , Daily Gretchen , Ehrlich Paul , Howarth Richard B , Hughes Terry , Levin Simon A , Shogren Jason F , Troell Max , Walker Brian , Xepapadeas Anastasios 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlobal environmental change challenges humanity because of its broad scale, long-lasting, and potentially irreversible consequences. Key to an effective response is to use an appropriate scientific lens to peer through the mist of uncertainty that threatens timely and appropriate decisions surrounding these complex issues. Identifying such corridors of clarity could help understanding critical phenomena or causal pathways sufficiently well to justify taking policy action. To this end, we suggest four principles: Follow the strongest and most direct path between policy decisions on outcomes, focus on finding sufficient evidence for policy purpose, prioritize no-regrets policies by avoiding options with controversial, uncertain, or immeasurable benefits, aim for getting the big picture roughly right rather than focusing on details.
Transparency in Social Work: A Critical Exploration and Reflection
Authors: Devlieghere Jochen , Gillingham Philip 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Social work is a mostly discursive practice, comprised of the verbal and written interactions between service users, social workers, social work managers and supervisors and numerous external agencies. The words used to describe service users and service delivery are therefore important. These words change over time, and new words come into use. With the introduction of New Public Management, new concepts and ideas were introduced to social work service delivery and practice and new words became embedded in the social work lexicon. One of the new words that emerge in both the authors’ research with social work agencies is ‘transparency’. In this article, a critical thematic analysis of the meanings of transparency as it is used in recent social work research literature and commentary is presented. Transparency is explored in relation to how it is used, when it is used, by whom and in relation to what (and who), from the macro-level of social work agencies and governments to the micro-level of individuals as practitioners and service users. In problematising transparency, a rationale for future research is proposed about what transparency means, and could mean, in the context of social services provision and, in particular, for service users.
ELF and teacher education: attitudes and beliefs
Authors: Dewey Martin , Pineda Inmaculada 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe growing relevance of research in English as a lingua franca (ELF) for ELT has led to a need to rethink the way we approach English in the language classroom and to reassess how we configure knowledge about language in teacher education. This article reports on a joint project initiated in 2017 at King’s College London (UK) and the University of Malaga (Spain), exploring the value of perceptions towards language and ELF among language teachers. Our goal was to promote reflective attitudes towards linguistic diversity, language change and the potential impact of ELF on developments in ELT. We present here the results of an online survey that participants took after only two sessions into their training. Our findings link ELT practitioners’ teaching priorities to an ELF orientation because there was a higher number of participants who aligned with statements about pedagogic approaches where successful communication is emphasized above accuracy (42/72), and statements that favour fostering experimentation with linguistic forms (53/72) and promoting students’ L1 sociocultural identity (54/72).
Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess Unaccompanied Migrant Minors’ needs (AEGIS-Q)
Authors: Di Pietro Maria Luisa , Zaçe Drieda , Sisti Leuconoe Grazia , Frisicale Emanuela Maria , Corsaro Alice , Gentili Andrea , Giraldi Luca , Bruno Stefania , Boccia Stefania 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
While many studies focus on specific aspects of Unaccompanied Migrant Minors’ (UMMs) health, especially mental well-being, there is a lack of tools comprehensively assessing their needs. To fill this gap, we developed and validated a questionnaire to thoroughly assess unAccompaniEd miGrant mInorS’ physical, psychological, legal, spiritual, social and educational needs (AEGIS-Q).

Methods
This work consisted of three stages. The first one involved an extensive literature review. Given the results of the review, a first draft of the questionnaire was developed and submitted to a panel of experts for validation (Delphi method-second stage). During the third stage, the final version of the questionnaire was pilot-tested in a sample of 18 UMMs.

Results
The questionnaire, drafted based on the results of the review, consisted of sections covering personal data, migration profile, physical health needs and access to healthcare, psychological needs, legal needs, spiritual needs and educational and social needs of UMMs. After two Delphi rounds, the final version of the questionnaire, consisting of 83 questions, was structured. The pilot study had a response rate of 89–100%. We found substantial reliability for most of the sections in the questionnaire, including physical health (α=0.652), legal (α=0.781), and educational and social (α=0.614) needs. The questions regarding psychological needs had very high reliability (α=0.860).

Conclusions
The questionnaire offers a useful sharable tool to assess and monitor UMMs’ needs, helping the reception system to better know and meet their needs and implement the taking in charge.
Psychological Well-Being Among Informal Caregivers in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: Why the Location of Care Matters
Authors: Lee Yeonjung , Bierman Alex , Penning Margaret 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
A caregiving stress perspective suggests that caregiving harms psychological well-being in informal caregivers, whereas a caregiving rewards perspective suggests that provision of care benefits psychological well-being. This research examines whether both perspectives apply to caregiving experiences, but differently by the primary location of caregiving (i.e., in-home, other residence, and institution), as well as by gender.

Methods
We analyzed depression and life satisfaction in the nationally representative Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (N = 48,648), first comparing noncaregivers (N = 27,699) to a combined caregiver group (N = 20,949) and then stratifying caregivers by the primary location of care.

Results
When considered as a single group, caregivers suffered relative to noncaregivers in terms of life satisfaction and depression. When stratified by the location of care, only in-home caregivers reported both greater depression and lower life satisfaction. Nonresidential caregivers did not differ significantly in levels of depression from noncaregivers and reported higher life satisfaction. Institutional caregivers reported greater depression than noncaregivers, but did not differ significantly in life satisfaction. These patterns were stronger among women than men.

Discussion
Both the caregiving stress and caregiving rewards perspectives are applicable to the caregiving experience, with the stress perspective more applicable to in-home caregivers and the rewards perspective more relevant to nonresidential caregivers. Recommendations include targeted practice focused on the location of care as well as the gender of the caregiver. Given that nonresidential caregivers actually benefit from providing care, interventions need to focus on identifying and bolstering positive aspects of the caregiving experience.
A positive deviance-based qualitative study of stress, coping, and feeding practices among low-income, Hispanic mothers whose children do versus do not meet guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake
Authors: Shonkoff Eleanor , Folta Sara C , Fitopoulos Theodore , Ramirez Cynthia N , Bluthenthal Ricky , Pentz Mary Ann , Chou Chih-Ping , Dunton Genevieve F 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Less than 1% of children in the United States concurrently meet guidelines for fruit/vegetable intake, physical activity, screen time, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Prior evidence suggests that parents of this 1% potentially cope with stress differently. This qualitative study used a positive deviance-based approach to locate mothers whose children avoided negative feeding outcomes despite being ‘high-risk’ for obesity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Spanish for two groups: low-income, Hispanic mothers whose children were normal weight and met recommendations for fruits/vegetables and physical activity (n = 5); and a comparison group whose children had obesity and did not meet guidelines (n = 8). Topics included weight-related parenting practices, attitudes toward health, and stress management. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and coded using NVivo for theoretically driven thematic analysis. Results suggested that mothers viewed stress differently. Mothers of healthy weight children believed stress could be prevented, such as by paying children more attention or directing one’s attention away from stressors; comparison group mothers tended to report stress about managing their child’s eating and about financial worries. Future research is needed to understand the underlying sources of these differences (e.g. personality traits, coping practices) and test whether stress prevention interventions can promote healthy parental feeding practices.
Software Application Profile: Bayesian estimation of inverse variance weighted and MR-Egger models for two-sample Mendelian randomization studies—mrbayes
Authors: Uche-Ikonne Okezie , Dondelinger Frank , Palmer Tom 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Motivation
We present our package, mrbayes, for the open source software environment R. The package implements Bayesian estimation for inverse variance weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger models, including the radial MR-Egger model, for summary-level data in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

Implementation
We have implemented a choice of prior distributions for the model parameters, namely; weakly informative, non-informative, a joint prior for the MR-Egger model slope and intercept, and an informative prior (pseudo-horseshoe prior), or the user can specify their own prior distribution.

General features
Users have the option of fitting the models using either JAGS or Stan software packages with similar prior distributions; the option for the user-defined prior distribution is only in our JAGS functions. We show how to use the package through an applied example investigating the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on acute ischaemic stroke.

Availability
The package is freely available, under the GNU General Public License v3.0, on GitHub [https://github.com/okezie94/mrbayes] or CRAN [https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mrbayes].
Review of Methods to Monitor House Fly (Musca domestica) Abundance and Activity
Authors: Gerry Alec C 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe house fly is a ubiquitous pest commonly associated with animal facilities and urban waste. When present in large numbers, house flies can negatively impact humans and animals through nuisance and the transmission of pathogens. Since the development of fly traps and sticky papers to capture flies in the late 1800s, these and other methods have been used as a means to monitor change in house fly density or fly activity over time. Methods include substrate sampling to record density of immature flies, visual observations of adult fly activity, instantaneous counts of landing or resting flies, accumulation of adult flies on/in traps, or accumulation of fly fecal and regurgitation spots deposited by flies onto white cards. These methods do not estimate true house fly density, but rather provide an index of house fly activity that is related to both fly density and the frequency of individual fly behavior (e.g., frequency of flight, landing events) and which is likely more predictive of negative impacts such as nuisance and pathogen transmission. Routine monitoring of house fly activity is a critical component of a house fly management program. Fly activity should be held to a level below a predetermined activity threshold ('action threshold') above which negative impacts are anticipated to occur. This article is a review of methods utilized for monitoring house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) activity.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in COVID-19 infected pregnancies: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Pirjani Reihaneh , Hosseini Reihaneh , Soori Tahereh , Rabiei Maryam , Hosseini Ladan , Abiri Ameneh , Moini Ashraf , Shizarpour Arshia , Razani Ghazal , Sepidarkish Mahdi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite the large number of pregnant women with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is not enough analytical study to compare maternal and fetal consequences of COVID-19 infected with non-infected pregnancies. This cohort study aimed to compare maternal and fetal consequences of COVID-19 infected with non-infected pregnancies.

Methods
We included pregnant women with and without COVID-19 who were admitted to Arash Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 1 March to 1 September 2020. Clinical features, treatments, and maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed.

Results
A total of 199 women enrolled, including 66 COVID-19 infected and 133 non-infected pregnant women prospectively. Caesarean section was carried out in total 105 women (52.76%). A significant difference was found in term of delivery type between COVID-19 infected and non-infected pregnant women [adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.65, P = 0.024]. No significant association was found between COVID-19 infection and preterm birth (aRR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.54, 2.48, P = 0.689), low birth weight (aRR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.55, 2.31, P = 0.723), gestational diabetes (aRR: 1.67, 95% CI: 0.81, 3.42, P = 0.160), pre-eclampsia (aRR: 2.02, 95% CI: 0.42, 6.78, P = 0.315), intrauterine growth restriction (aRR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.86, P = 0.145), preterm rupture of membrane (aRR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.02, 2.20, P = 0.186), stillbirth (aRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 0.08, 18.37, P = 0.614), postpartum haemorrhage (aRR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.39, 8.63, P = 0.185), neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) admission (aRR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.77, 4.39, P = 0.168) and neonatal sepsis (aRR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.48, 1.48, P = 0.568). The percentage of patients (4/66, 6.06%) being admitted to the ICU was significantly higher than the control group (0%) (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Basically, although pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were not significantly different, the need for ICU care for pregnant women with COVID-19 was significantly higher compared with those without COVID-19.
DGINN, an automated and highly-flexible pipeline for the detection of genetic innovations on protein-coding genes
Authors: Picard Lea , Ganivet Quentin , Allatif Omran , Cimarelli Andrea , Guéguen Laurent , Etienne Lucie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAdaptive evolution has shaped major biological processes. Finding the protein-coding genes and the sites that have been subjected to adaptation during evolutionary time is a major endeavor. However, very few methods fully automate the identification of positively selected genes, and widespread sources of genetic innovations such as gene duplication and recombination are absent from most pipelines. Here, we developed DGINN, a highly-flexible and public pipeline to Detect Genetic INNovations and adaptive evolution in protein-coding genes. DGINN automates, from a gene's sequence, all steps of the evolutionary analyses necessary to detect the aforementioned innovations, including the search for homologs in databases, assignation of orthology groups, identification of duplication and recombination events, as well as detection of positive selection using five methods to increase precision and ranking of genes when a large panel is analyzed. DGINN was validated on nineteen genes with previously-characterized evolutionary histories in primates, including some engaged in host-pathogen arms-races. Our results confirm and also expand results from the literature, including novel findings on the Guanylate-binding protein family, GBPs. This establishes DGINN as an efficient tool to automatically detect genetic innovations and adaptive evolution in diverse datasets, from the user's gene of interest to a large gene list in any species range.
Hedgehog signaling enables repair of ribosomal DNA double-strand breaks
Authors: Lama-Sherpa Tshering D , Lin Victor T G , Metge Brandon J , Weeks Shannon E , Chen Dongquan , Samant Rajeev S , Shevde Lalita A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRibosomal DNA (rDNA) consists of highly repeated sequences that are prone to incurring damage. Delays or failure of rDNA double-strand break (DSB) repair are deleterious, and can lead to rDNA transcriptional arrest, chromosomal translocations, genomic losses, and cell death. Here, we show that the zinc-finger transcription factor GLI1, a terminal effector of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, is required for the repair of rDNA DSBs. We found that GLI1 is activated in triple-negative breast cancer cells in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and localizes to rDNA sequences in response to both global DSBs generated by IR and site-specific DSBs in rDNA. Inhibiting GLI1 interferes with rDNA DSB repair and impacts RNA polymerase I activity and cell viability. Our findings tie Hh signaling to rDNA repair and this heretofore unknown function may be critically important in proliferating cancer cells.