bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolved Lyman-α properties of a luminous Lyman-break galaxy in a large ionized bubble at z = 6.53
Authors: Matthee Jorryt , Sobral David , Gronke Max , Pezzulli Gabriele , Cantalupo Sebastiano , Röttgering Huub , Darvish Behnam , Santos Sérgio 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The observed properties of the Lyman-α (Ly α) emission line are a powerful probe of neutral gas in and around galaxies. We present spatially resolved Ly α spectroscopy with VLT/MUSE targeting VR7, a UV-luminous galaxy at z = 6.532 with moderate Ly α equivalent width (EW0 ≈ 38 Å). These data are combined with deep resolved [CII]158μm spectroscopy obtained with ALMA and UV imaging from HST and we also detect UV continuum with MUSE. Ly α emission is clearly detected with S/N ≈ 40 and FWHM of 374 km s−1. Ly α and [C ii] are similarly extended beyond the UV, with effective radius reff = 2.1 ± 0.2 kpc for a single exponential model or r$_{\rm eff, Ly\alpha , halo} = 3.45^{+1.08}_{-0.87}$ kpc when measured jointly with the UV continuum. The Ly α profile is broader and redshifted with respect to the [C ii] line (by 213 km s−1), but there are spatial variations that are qualitatively similar in both lines and coincide with resolved UV components. This suggests that the emission originates from two components with plausibly different H i column densities. We place VR7 in the context of other galaxies at similar and lower redshift. The Ly α halo scale length is similar at different redshifts and velocity shifts with respect to the systemic are typically smaller. Overall, we find little indications of a more neutral vicinity at higher redshift. This means that the local (∼10 kpc) neutral gas conditions that determine the observed Ly α properties in VR7 resemble the conditions in post-reionization galaxies.
Sensitivity analysis of a galaxy formation model
Authors: Oleśkiewicz Piotr , Baugh Carlton M 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We present the first application of a variance-based sensitivity analysis (SA) to a model that aims to predict the evolution and properties of the whole galaxy population. SA is a well-established technique in other quantitative sciences, but is a relatively novel tool for the evaluation of astrophysical models. We perform a multiparameter exploration of the GALFORM semi-analytic galaxy formation model, to compute how sensitive the present-day K-band luminosity function is to varying different model parameters. The parameter space is scanned using a low-discrepancy sampling technique proposed by Saltelli. We first demonstrate the usefulness of the SA approach by varying just two model parameters, one that controls supernova feedback and the other the heating of gas by active galactic nucleus. The SA analysis matches our physical intuition regarding how these parameters affect the predictions for different parts of the galaxy luminosity function. We then use SA to compute Sobol’ sensitivity indices varying seven model parameters, connecting the variance in the model output to the variance in the input parameters. The sensitivity is computed in luminosity bins, allowing us to probe the origin of the model predictions in detail. We discover that the SA correctly identifies the least important and most important parameters. Moreover, the SA also captures the combined responses of varying multiple parameters at the same time. Our study marks a much needed step away from the traditional 'one-at-a-time' parameter variation often used in this area and improves the transparency of multiparameter models of galaxy formation.
Post-main-sequence debris from rotation-induced YORP break-up of small bodies – II. Multiple fissions, internal strengths, and binary production
Authors: Veras Dimitri , Scheeres Daniel J 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Over one-quarter of white dwarfs contain observable metallic debris from the break-up of exo-asteroids. Understanding the physical and orbital history of this debris would enable us to self-consistently link planetary system formation and fate. One major debris reservoir is generated by YORP-induced rotational fission during the giant branch phases of stellar evolution, where the stellar luminosity can exceed the Sun’s by four orders of magnitude. Here, we determine the efficacy of the giant branch YORP effect for asteroids with non-zero internal strength, and model post-fission evolution by imposing simple analytic fragmentation prescriptions. We find that even the highest realistic internal strengths cannot prevent the widespread fragmentation of asteroids and the production of a debris field over 100 au in size. We compute the number of successive fission events as they occur in progressively smaller time intervals as the star ascends the giant branches, providing a way to generate size distributions of asteroid fragments. The results are highly insensitive to progenitor stellar mass. We also conclude that the ease with which giant branch YORP break-up can generate binary asteroid subsystems is strongly dependent on internal strength. Formed binary subsystems in turn could be short-lived due to the resulting luminosity-enhanced binary YORP (BYORP) effect.
The performance of photometric reverberation mapping at high redshift and the reliability of damped random walk models
Authors: Read S C , Smith D J B , Jarvis M J , Gürkan G 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Accurate methods for reverberation mapping using photometry are highly sought after since they are inherently less resource intensive than spectroscopic techniques. However, the effectiveness of photometric reverberation mapping for estimating black hole masses is sparsely investigated at redshifts higher than z ≈ 0.04. Furthermore, photometric methods frequently assume a damped random walk (DRW) model, which may not be universally applicable. We perform photometric reverberation mapping using the javelin photometric DRW model for the QSO SDSS-J144645.44+625304.0 at z = 0.351 and estimate the Hβ lag of $65^{+6}_{-1}$ d and black hole mass of $10^{8.22^{+0.13}_{-0.15}}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$. An analysis of the reliability of photometric reverberation mapping, conducted using many thousands of simulated CARMA process light curves, shows that we can recover the input lag to within 6 per cent on average given our target’s observed signal-to-noise of &gt;20 and average cadence of 14 d (even when DRW is not applicable). Furthermore, we use our suite of simulated light curves to deconvolve aliases and artefacts from our QSO’s posterior probability distribution, increasing the signal-to-noise on the lag by a factor of ∼2.2. We exceed the signal-to-noise of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project (SDSS-RM) campaign with a quarter of the observing time per object, resulting in a ∼200 per cent increase in signal-to-noise efficiency over SDSS-RM.
Deep Residual Neural Networks Resolve Quartet Molecular Phylogenies
Authors: Zou Zhengting , Zhang Hongjiu , Guan Yuanfang , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Phylogenetic inference is of fundamental importance to evolutionary as well as other fields of biology, and molecular sequences have emerged as the primary data for this task. Although many phylogenetic methods have been developed to explicitly take into account substitution models of sequence evolution, such methods could fail due to model misspecification or insufficiency, especially in the face of heterogeneities in substitution processes across sites and among lineages. In this study, we propose to infer topologies of four-taxon trees using deep residual neural networks, a machine learning approach needing no explicit modeling of the subject system and having a record of success in solving complex nonlinear inference problems. We train residual networks on simulated protein sequence data with extensive amino acid substitution heterogeneities. We show that the well-trained residual network predictors can outperform existing state-of-the-art inference methods such as the maximum likelihood method on diverse simulated test data, especially under extensive substitution heterogeneities. Reassuringly, residual network predictors generally agree with existing methods in the trees inferred from real phylogenetic data with known or widely believed topologies. Furthermore, when combined with the quartet puzzling algorithm, residual network predictors can be used to reconstruct trees with more than four taxa. We conclude that deep learning represents a powerful new approach to phylogenetic reconstruction, especially when sequences evolve via heterogeneous substitution processes. We present our best trained predictor in a freely available program named Phylogenetics by Deep Learning (PhyDL, https://gitlab.com/ztzou/phydl; last accessed January 3, 2020).
Tat IRES modulator of tat mRNA (TIM-TAM): a conserved RNA structure that controls Tat expression and acts as a switch for HIV productive and latent infection
Authors: Khoury Georges , Mackenzie Charlene , Ayadi Lilia , Lewin Sharon R , Branlant Christiane , Purcell Damian F J 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTat protein is essential to fully activate HIV transcription and processing of viral mRNA, and therefore determines virus expression in productive replication and the establishment and maintenance of latent infection. Here, we used thermodynamic and structure analyses to define a highly conserved sequence-structure in tat mRNA that functions as Tat IRES modulator of tat mRNA (TIM-TAM). By impeding cap-dependent ribosome progression during authentic spliced tat mRNA translation, TIM-TAM stable structure impacts on timing and level of Tat protein hence controlling HIV production and infectivity along with promoting latency. TIM-TAM also adopts a conformation that mediates Tat internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation during the early phases of infection before provirus integration. Our results document the critical role of TIM-TAM in Tat expression to facilitate virus reactivation from latency, with implications for HIV treatment and drug development.
A N7-guanine RNA cap methyltransferase signature-sequence as a genetic marker of large genome, non-mammalian Tobaniviridae
Authors: Ferron François , Debat Humberto J , Shannon Ashleigh , Decroly Etienne , Canard Bruno 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The order Nidovirales is a diverse group of (+)RNA viruses, classified together based on their common genome organisation and conserved replicative enzymes, despite drastic differences in size and complexity. One such difference pertains to the mechanisms and enzymes responsible for generation of the proposed viral 5′ RNA cap. Within the Coronaviridae family, two separate methytransferases (MTase), nsp14 and nsp16, perform the RNA-cap N7-guanine and 2′-OH methylation respectively for generation of the proposed m7GpppNm type I cap structure. For the majority of other families within the Nidovirales order, the presence, structure and key enzymes involved in 5′ capping are far less clear. These viruses either lack completely an RNA MTase signature sequence, or lack an N7-guanine methyltransferase signature sequence, obscuring our understanding about how RNA-caps are N7-methylated for these families. Here, we report the discovery of a putative Rossmann fold RNA methyltransferase in 10 Tobaniviridae members in Orf1a, an unusual genome locus for this gene. Multiple sequence alignments and structural analyses lead us to propose this novel gene as a typical RNA-cap N7-guanine MTase with substrate specificity and active-site organization similar to the canonical eukaryotic RNA-cap N7-guanine MTase.
Focused Ultrasound Strategies for Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Bunevicius Adomas , McDannold Nathan Judson , Golby Alexandra J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A key challenge in the medical treatment of brain tumors is the limited penetration of most chemotherapeutic agents across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the tumor and the infiltrative margin around the tumor. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a promising tool to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into brain tumors.

OBJECTIVE
To review the mechanism of FUS, preclinical evidence, and clinical studies that used low-frequency FUS for a BBB opening in gliomas.

METHODS
Literature review.

RESULTS
The potential of externally delivered low-intensity ultrasound for a temporally and spatially precise and predictable disruption of the BBB has been investigated for over a decade, yielding extensive preclinical literature demonstrating that FUS can disrupt the BBB in a spatially targeted and temporally reversible manner. Studies in animal models documented that FUS enhanced the delivery of numerous chemotherapeutic and investigational agents across the BBB and into brain tumors, including temozolomide, bevacizumab, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, doxorubicin, viral vectors, and cells. Chemotherapeutic interventions combined with FUS slowed tumor progression and improved animal survival. Recent advances of MRgFUS systems allow precise, temporally and spatially controllable, and safe transcranial delivery of ultrasound energy. Initial clinical evidence in glioma patients has shown the efficacy of MRgFUS in disrupting the BBB, as demonstrated by an enhanced gadolinium penetration.

CONCLUSION
Thus far, a temporary disruption of the BBB followed by the administration of chemotherapy has been both feasible and safe. Further studies are needed to determine the actual drug delivery, including the drug distribution at a tissue-level scale, as well as effects on tumor growth and patient prognosis.
Touching Figures
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 further situates queer approaches to history and temporality as a way forward and out of persistent debates about whether and how the past is different from the present. These debates have been of particular interest in the study of gender and sexuality in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This project charts and performs a third way of approaching figures from the past, presenting options beyond a stress on identity or alterity, as positioned by scholars of ancient materials like Bernadette Brooten and David Halperin. Queer thinkers focused on other premodern periods provide insights for this approach, particularly Carolyn Dinshaw’s conceptualization of “touches across time.” Inspired by this approach, each of the following chapters is structured by a specific anachronistic juxtaposition that provides an alternative angle on those who have been marginalized and vilified in both the past and the present.
The Color Spectrum Exercise
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This exercise was taught by George Adie. It is almost certainly an otherwise unknown example of Gurdjieff’s Transformed-contemplation. The theoretical basis for it is evident in Gurdjieff’s writings, especially in the final chapter of his Life Is Real, Only Then, When “I Am.” There it was said that the vibrations given off by one’s presence in a state of relaxation form a sort of atmosphere which was “analogous to the spectrum of colors.” That atmosphere is said to alter as soon as a person starts to think, feel or move. The exercise as taught to Adie was given as a practice for strengthening one’s sense of being, reality, and presence, by sensing the body with the aid of the visualization of colors suffusing different parts of the body in a given sequence, and finally adding consciousness of the breath. At the very least, it aims to strengthen one’s sense of the vibrations of one’s presence.
Material Monism and Bodily Parts
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of whether Spinoza’s reference to finite bodies as “parts” that compose an infinite material nature is compatible with the implication of his monism that extended substance is indivisible. There is particular emphasis on the distinctively Spinozistic notion of a “modal part.” It is argued that though Spinoza requires that substantial quantity is indivisible, he holds that quantity can also be conceived to be a modal whole that is divisible into modal parts. The account of this latter sort of quantity is related to Spinoza’s view that nature as a whole can be considered to be an infinite mode that is itself an “individual” that comprises all finite bodily individuals as its parts. The chapter closes with a consideration of the implication of Spinoza’s mereology that the relation of parts to the wholes they compose is weaker than the relation of modes to what they modify.
Emotions as Axiological Information
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that because emotions symptomatically represent changes in power, emotions carry information about the status of an individual’s power. Emotions, in Spinoza’s view, carry axiological information. Emotive information is “axiological” in the sense that it is information about the goodness and badness of the state of an individual’s power of acting. Increases in power and decreases in power are not psychologically and ethically equal. It is not the case that an increase in an individual’s power is psychologically and ethically no better and no worse than a decrease in power. On the contrary, an increase in power in part of an individual is, other things equal, better than a decrease in power, and an increase in power as a whole is invariably better than a decrease in power. The author also argues that, for Spinoza, increases and decreases in power are not psychologically and ethically neutral or indifferent. An increase in an individual’s power as a whole is a genuine enhancement of his nature, whereas a decrease in power as a whole is a genuine impairment of his nature.
Underivative Goodness and Underivative Badness
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Having examined the foundation of Spinoza’s moral philosophy in the previous four chapters, in this chapter the author begins to flesh out Spinoza’s moral philosophy. He argues that Spinoza is committed to the underivative goodness of human wellness and the underivative badness of human illness. He shows that such goodness is naturalistic in a sense that makes it a precursor to contemporary sciences that deal with physical and mental health. And he elaborates the specific type of axiological ambiguity and complexity to which Spinoza’s naturalism leads by outlining his hierarchical system of classification of emotions, a hierarchy based on whether a type of emotion is indefeasibly good, defeasibly good, indefeasibly bad, or defeasibly bad. This system of classification, in turn, undergirds the classification of desires as indefeasibly good, defeasibly good, indefeasibly bad, or defeasibly bad.
The Empowered Life: Nobility
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The person of Spinozistic fortitudo takes intelligent care of himself, which is to possess the virtue of tenacity, and he takes intelligent care of others, which is to possess the virtue of nobility. The person of fortitudo is a friend to himself and he is a friend to others. This chapter examines Spinoza’s theory of nobility and the central role of friendship in his conception of the empowered life. The author argues that nobility is a distinct type of love. Nobility is empowered love. Essential to empowered love is the desire to help and befriend others, and he shows that helping others is about empowering others to live joyously and lovingly. The most important way to help others to live in this way is through education. Moreover, education, in Spinoza’s view, is a social project, and the author highlights three ways that it is social. Finally, the chapter shows how Spinozistic friendship and the virtue of courtesy (modestia) prepare us for a life of learning.
The Brussels Effect in Context
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 places the EU’s unilateral regulatory influence in the context of the EU’s broader external influence. The Brussels Effect is not the sole manifestation of the EU’s global regulatory power. Instead, the EU wields norm-setting power through a number of different channels such as trade agreements and participation in international institutions and transnational government networks. This chapter reviews these alternative channels of the EU’s regulatory influence in an attempt to provide context for the Brussels Effect within the broader set of tools that the EU has at its disposal. It then compares the relative advantages and disadvantages of those alternative methods when contrasted with the Brussels Effect, and discusses when these other channels of influence are likely to complement or, alternatively, substitute the Brussels Effect.
Digital Economy
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on two areas of regulation that have been central to the EU’s efforts to regulate the digital economy: data protection and the regulation of hate speech online. The chapter first reviews the EU legislation governing data protection and explains the economic and political drivers behind it. It then discusses some examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect on data protection. Then, the focus turns to online hate speech, again reviewing the regulation, the underlying economic and political motivations, as well as examples of how the EU has drawn the line between acceptable and unacceptable speech in the internet era—not just in Europe but around the world.
Consumer Health and Safety
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The first part of chapter 6 examines the Brussels Effect through the global impact of the EU’s food safety regulation, while the second part of the chapter examines the Brussels Effect through the lens of chemical safety. The discussion first introduces the EU’s key food safety regulations, and examines the underlying interest group dynamics that explain the emergence of such stringent regulations from the EU’s legislative process. It then offers some examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect on food safety. Next, the chapter turns to chemical safety, again reviewing the relevant regulation, together with the politics behind that regulation. It then illustrates the pervasiveness of the Brussels Effect—both de facto and de jure—demonstrating the EU’s entrenched regulatory influence across the global marketplace.
The Future of the Brussels Effect
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 concludes this book by looking into the future. It addresses both external and internal challenges to EU’s regulatory hegemony and examines whether and how the Brussels Effect will persist, given these challenges. The impending departure of the United Kingdom from the EU may appear to weaken the EU’s regulatory power. The growing concerns over the future of multilateral institutions and international cooperation may also challenge the EU’s ability to shape the global regulatory environment. Additional challenges loom on the horizon. These include the rise of China and other emerging powers that will gradually erode the relative market power of the EU. Technological change may revolutionize industrial processes, allowing for greater customization and thereby reducing the need to produce to a single global (often European) standard. Finally, the EU’s internal political struggles may compromise its ability to engage in effective rule making as the anti-EU sentiment grows. This chapter will consider each of these challenges in turn, offering an account of not just the EU’s regulatory power but the persistence of that power.