bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Sheng Kai , Okuno Ryosuke , Imran Muhammad , Yamada Tomomi 
Published: October 2020

Summary
In this paper we present a large-scale experimental study of the compositional effect on produced bitumen properties in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). The SAGD experiment used a sandpack in the cylindrical pressure vessel that was 1.22 m in length and 0.425 m in internal diameter. The pore volume of the sandpack was 58 L, and the porosity and permeability were 0.33 and 5.5 darcy, respectively. The sandpack was initially saturated with 93% bitumen and 7% deionized water.
The SAGD experiment after preheating was operated mostly at a steam injection rate of 35 cm3/min (cold-water equivalent) at 3,600 kPa (244°C). The produced fluids (gas, oil, and water) were analyzed; for example, 10 oil samples were analyzed in terms of carbon number distribution (CND), the asphaltene content, density, and viscosity to investigate the compositional change of the produced bitumen. After the experiment, the sandpack was excavated, and samples were taken for analysis of solid, water, oil, asphaltene, and sulfur contents. Experimental data (e.g., propagation of a steam chamber and production of oil and water) were history matched using a numerical reservoir simulator.
The produced bitumen was lighter and contained 1- to 5-wt% less asphaltenes than the original bitumen. Also, the remaining oil inside the steam chamber contained 6-wt% more asphaltenes. As a result, the produced bitumen was 1- to 6-kg/m3 less dense than the original bitumen. This is an increase in API gravity from the original 7.9° to 8.6°. In the actual operations, bitumen is diluted with condensate to decrease the oil viscosity for pipeline shipping. This decrease in bitumen density corresponds to a decrease of the diluent cost by 5 to 10%. The produced bitumen became less dense with increasing steam-chamber volume.
Results were history matched with a simulation model that considers capillary pressures to properly model the mixed flow regimes of oil/water countercurrent and cocurrent flow with an expanding steam chamber. The history-matched simulation indicated that the progressively decreasing density of the produced bitumen can be attributed to the vaporization of the relatively volatile components in the remaining oil and condensation of those components near the chamber edge.
Relationship between formulaic breast volume and risk of breast cancer based on linear measurements
Authors: li xiaoxia , Zhou Chunlan , Wu Yanni , Chen Xiaohong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Whether breast volume is a risk factor for breast cancer is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate whether a significant association between breast volume and risk of breast cancer, based on linear measurements,was present by applying propensity score matching (PSM).Methods: The study was designed as a hospital-based case-control study. Between March 2018 and May 2019, 208 cases and 340 controls were retrospectively reviewed. Information on menarche, smoking, feeding mode, oral contraceptives, reproductive history and family history was obtained through a structured questionnaire. Breast volume was calculated using a formula based on linear measurements of breast parameters. Cox regression and PSM were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer using risk factors adjusted for potential confounders. Results: There was a significant difference in breast volume between the two groups before propensity score matching(P = 0.014) . Binary logistic regression showed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly higher in the case group with larger breast volumes than in the control group（P = 0.009, OR = 1.002， 95%CI：1.000~1.003). However, there was no significant statistical difference between the two groups using an independent sample Mann-Whitney U test (P = 0.438) or conditional logistic regression (P = 0.446). Conclusions: After PSM for potential confounding factors, there is no significant difference in breast volume estimated by BREAST-V formula between the case group and the control group. The risk of breast cancer may not be related to breast volume in Chinese women.
Why do they do it? A grounded theory study of the use of low-value care among primary health care physicians
Authors: Ingvarsson Sara , Augustsson Hanna , Hasson Henna , Nilsen Per , Schwarz Ulrica von Thiele , von Knorring Mia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The use of low-value care (LVC) is widespread and has an impact on both the use of resources and quality of care. However, few studies have thus far studied the factors influencing the use of LVC from the perspective of the practitioners themselves. The aim of this study is to understand why physicians within primary care use LVC. Methods: Six primary health care centers in the Stockholm Region were purposively selected. Focus group discussions were conducted with physicians (n = 31) working in the centers. The discussions were coded inductively using a grounded theory approach. Results: Three main reasons for performing LVC were identified. Uncertainty and disagreement about what not to do was related to being unaware of the LVC status of a practice, guidelines perceived as conflicting, guidelines perceived to be irrelevant for the target patient population, or a lack of trust in the guidelines. Perceived pressure from others concerned patient pressure, pressure from other physicians, or pressure from the health care system. A desire to do something for the patients was associated with the fact that the visit in itself prompts action, symptoms to relieve, or emotions to calm. The three reasons are interdependent. Uncertainty and disagreement about what not to do have made it more difficult to handle the pressure from others and to refrain from doing something for the patients. The pressure from others and the desire to do something for the patients enhanced the uncertainty and disagreement about what not to do. Furthermore, the pressure from others influenced the desire to do something for the patients. Conclusions: Three reasons work together to explain primary care physicians’ use of LVC: uncertainty and disagreement about what not to do, perceived pressure from others, and the desire to do something for the patients. The reasons may, in turn, be influenced by the health care system, but the decision nevertheless seemed to be up to the individual physician. The findings suggest that the de-implementation of LVC needs to address the three reasons from a systems perspective.
Self-medication practices and associated factors in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 virus: A population-based survey in Nigeria
Authors: Wegbom Anthony Ike , Edet Clement Kevin , Raimi Olatunde , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Kiri Victor Alangibi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The anxiety caused by the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally has made many Nigerians resort to self-medication for purported protection against the disease, amid fear of contracting it from health workers and hospital environments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the knowledge level, causes, prevalence, and determinants of self-medication practices for the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 in Nigeria.Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between June and July 2020 among the Nigerian population, using a self-reported questionnaire. Statistical analysis of descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses was done using STATA 15.Results: A total of 461 respondents participated in the survey. Almost all the respondents had sufficient knowledge about self-medication (96.7%). The overall prevalence of self-medication for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 was 41%. The contributing factors were fear of stigmatization or discrimination (79.5%), fear of being quarantine (77.3%), and fear of infection or contact with a suspected person (76.3%). The proximal reasons for self-medication were emergency illness (49.1%), delays in receiving hospital services (28.1%), distance to the health facility (23%), and proximity of the pharmacy (21%). The most commonly used drugs for self-medication were vitamin C and multivitamin (51.8%) and antimalarials (24.9%). These drugs were bought mainly from pharmacies (73.9%). From the multivariate logistic regression model, male gender (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.07–0.54), and sufficient knowledge on SM (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.19–0.77) were significantly associated with self-medication.Conclusion: Despite the high knowledge and the risks associated with self-medication among the respondents, the practice is prevalent for perceived COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Based on the findings of this study the media and the community-based should be engaged to create awareness on the dangers of self-medication and the need for positive health behaviour concerning COVID-19. Pharmacies, patent medicine vendors, and traditional medicine practitioners have a role to play since most of the drugs are bought from them. A review and activation of relevant laws on drug use are also suggested.
Monitoring Of Antimicrobial Consumption – Aim, Methodology And Use
Authors: Olczak-Pieńkowska Anna , Hryniewicz Waleria 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Monitoring of antibiotic consumption is one of the basic tools of the strategies to combat antibiotic resistance, is an integral part of the antibiotic stewardships and helps to ensure the rational antibiotic therapy. It is used to describe the structure and dynamics of antibacterials usage. The defined daily dose (DDD) methodology and ATC (anatomical, therapeutic and chemical) classification used in the monitoring programs determine the reliability of the analyzed data and enable the comparison of the antibiotic consumption between departments, centers and regions.
1. Introduction. 2. What is the monitoring and what it is used for? 3. Antimicrobial consumption methodology. 4. ATC methodology. 5. Defined daily dose (DDD). 6. Antimicrobial consumption measures. 7. Summary
Effect of grape variety, place of growth, and processing technology on the physical and chemical indicators of grape pomace
Authors: Tihonova Anastasiya , Ageyeva Natalia , Biryukova Svetlana , Globa Ekaterina , Abakumova Alla 
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Any waste can become a raw material for new products. Therefore, waste should be considered as secondary material resources. Grape pomace is the basic waste of wine industry, and research in its chemical composition may allow for a more effective recycling of food industry waste.
Study objects and methods. The research featured sweet and fermented pomace of white and red grapes, namely “Chardonnay”, “Sauvignon Blanc”, “Riesling”, “Pinot Blanc”, “Traminer Pink”, “Viognier”, “Morava” “Pinot Noir”, “Roesler”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, “Merlot”, “Saperavi”, and “Rebo”. They were obtained in the production of wines at wineries in the Krasnodar region. Mass concentrations of organic acids and cations of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements were determined in extracts by capillary electrophoresis. The data was converted to dry matter. Moisture content was calculated as a percentage of the change in the mass of grape pomace.
Results and discussion. The moisture content of sweet pomace varied from 49.33 ± 2.04 to 70.35 ± 0.60%, and in fermented pomace – from 47.49 ± 0.02 to 64.24 ± 0.60%. The varieties were studied for mass concentrations of tartaric, malic, succinic, citric, and lactic acids. Tartaric and malic acids proved to be the most abundant ones. The pomace of Riesling grapes had the greatest amount of tartaric acid (104.47 ± 4.16 g/kg). The “Chardonnay” variety proved rich in malic acid (19.40 ± 2.67 g/kg), while the “Morava” pomace had the biggest amount of citric acid (12.61 ± 1.12) and succinic acid (11.72 ± 1.23). The research also defined concentrations of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements. Their content ranged from 41.04 to 3.29 g/kg. Potassium appeared to be the main cation in the pomace samples. The share of potassium in the total mineralization of pomace was up to 94%. The “Riesling” variety grown near Novorossiysk had the largest amount of potassium (36.46 ± 4.65 g/kg). The samples demonstrated a significant correlation between the content of tartaric acid and potassium.
Conclusion. The research revealed a significant variation in the concentration of the organic acids and cations of alkaline and alkalineearth metals, depending on the grape variety, the place of its growth, and processing. The grape pomace samples differed moisture content. It depended on the volume of the liquid fraction, i.e. wort or wine material selected during pressing.
Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge hydrochar: process optimization by response surface methodology
Authors: Tasca Andrea Luca , Mannarino Gemma , Gori Riccardo , Vitolo Sandra , Puccini Monica 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization can play an innovative role in sewage sludge (SS) treatment and valorization, as well as in phosphorus recovery. In this study, leaching tests using nitric acid were performed on hydrochar from SS and the influence of pH (1–3.5), leaching time (30–240 min), and solid/liquid (S/L) ratio (5–20 wt%) was analyzed and optimized according to the Design of Experiments method, under the Response Surface Methodology approach. The highest phosphorus extraction yield (59.57%) was achieved at the lowest pH and the lowest S/L ratio, while an increase in temperature from 20 to 60 °C negatively affected the phosphorus recovery. Quadratic models, with the addition of semi-cubic terms, were found to best represent both phosphorus yield and ash content of the hydrochar after leaching. As observed by 3-dimensional surface responses, phosphorus yield increases as the pH decreases. The pH is the factor that most influences this response, while time has little influence. At pH 1, the yield increases as the S/L ratio decreases, while the S/L ratio only slightly affects the response at pH 3.5. At an S/L ratio of 12.5%, multi-objective optimization indicates that pH 1 and a leaching time of 135 min are the parameters that allow both maximum phosphorus yield and minimum ash content.
Специфика факторной структуры межкультурной компетентности студентов международного профиля в гендерном аспекте
Authors: Махмутова Елена Н. , Чуганская Анфиса А. , Воевода Елена В. 
Published: October 2020

Introduction. This study focuses on intercultural competence of students of international relations and aims to determine the characteristics of intercultural competence in the group of Russian male and female students of international relations. Methods. The ideas of the Council of Europe document on key competencies underlying the culture of democracy were the source material for the study of intercultural competence. We interviewed 54 students of international relations aged 17–23 years using the technique of M. Barrett who operationalized this conceptual model of the Council of Europe. This paper represents a first effort in comparing the factor structure of theoretical and empirical models of Russian respondents’ intercultural competence (taking into account their gender) in relation to their values, behavioral attitudes, practical skills, and knowledge necessary for intercultural interaction. Results. The study involving Russian respondents confirmed the hypothesis that there are no differences in the number of factors in the theoretical and empirical models of intercultural competence. In the group of Russian female students the rating of factors of intercultural competence was as follows: 1 – practical skills, 2 – tolerance, 3 – empathy, and 4 – civic consciousness. In the group of Russian male students the rating of factors of intercultural competence was as follows: 1 – respect and responsibility, 2 – adaptability, 3 – empathy, and 4 – tolerance. Discussion. The findings obtained from the Russian sample suggest that while maintaining the four-factor structure in the theoretical and empirical models of intercultural competence, the content of factors differs significantly from the theoretical model. In our research, the respondents showed semantic and instrumental diversity in the components of intercultural competence. Women associate the success of intercultural interaction with skills, self-education, skills for listening and understanding, willingness to cooperate, and tolerance. For men, the success of intercultural interaction depends on respect and responsibility, adaptability, knowledge and its critical understanding. The conceptual model for the development of intercultural competence should be improved taking into account gender and professional characteristics of students and should be implemented in educational programs.
Mobile App Strategy to Facilitate Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men: Pilot Intervention Study
Authors: Fontenot Holly B , White Bradley Patrick , Rosenberger Joshua G , Lacasse Hailee , Rutirasiri Chokdee , Mayer Kenneth H , Zimet Gregory 
Published: October 2020

Background
Mobile app-based interventions have been identified as potential facilitators for vaccination among young men who have sex with men (MSM).

Objective
This pilot study aimed to test the feasibility of a theoretically informed mobile health (mHealth) tool designed to reduce health disparities and facilitate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among a sample of young MSM.

Methods
The development of the mHealth tool was guided by previous research, implementation intention theory, and design thinking. We recruited MSM aged 18-26 years through a popular online dating app and linked participants to our mHealth tool, which provided HPV vaccine information and fostered access to care.

Results
A total of 42 young MSM participated in this pilot study in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants reported variable HPV knowledge (ie, high knowledge of HPV risk factors and low knowledge of HPV-related cancer risks for men) and positive vaccine beliefs and attitudes. Of those who were either unvaccinated, not up to date, or did not report vaccine status, 23% (8/35) utilized the mHealth tool to obtain HPV vaccination. Participants primarily utilized the tool’s (1) educational components and (2) capabilities facilitating concrete vaccine action plans.

Conclusions
We recruited an underserved at-risk population of youth via an online dating app for our mHealth intervention that resulted in in-person health care delivery. This study was limited by enrollment challenges, including low willingness to download the mHealth tool to mobile devices.
COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEBULIZED 3% HYPERTONIC SALINE AND NEBULIZED LEVOSALBUTAMOL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHIOLITIS
Authors: SHIREEN SARA , SULTANA SAFURA , OMER KHADIJA AKHTAR , QUTUB ATIKA BEGUM , REDDY U NARAYAN 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the effects of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline and nebulized levosalbutamol in the management of bronchiolitis.
Methods: Seventy children of age 1–24 months admitted into the hospital with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Participants were divided into two groups of 35 each. Group A was given nebulized 3% hypertonic saline and Group B was given nebulized levosalbutamol. Modified respiratory distress assessment instrument (RDAI) is used at admission, at 48 h after admission, and at the time of discharge to identify the reduction in scores between two groups.
Results: The mean age of patients in the study population was 10.1±6.4 months. The mean birth weight of patients in Group A and Group B was 3.00±0.61 and 3.12±0.75. The percentage of male patients was 57.1% and the percentage of female patients was 42.8%. The modified RDAI score in Group A and Group B at admission, 48 h of admission, and at the time of discharge was 4.34±0.87, 2.4±1.03, and 0.67±0.05 (p=0.04) and 4.11±0.58, 3.60±1.00, and 2.51±0.96 (p=0.12). The hospital stay was observed to be lowered in Group A (3.77±0.88) compared to Group B (5.43±0.92; p=0.04).
Conclusion: From the findings of our study, we conclude that nebulized 3% hypertonic saline, as it acts by hindering the pathophysiologic mechanism of bronchiolitis, is more effective in reducing the clinical severity score and length of hospital stay. Further 3% hypertonic saline also have the additional benefit of decreasing the economic burden of disease as it is safe, inexpensive, reduces the inpatient hospital charges by reducing the length of stay.
EARLY PROBIOTICS IN PREVENTING VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA AFTER MULTIPLE TRAUMA
Authors: HABIB TAMER , KASSEM AMIRA B , AHMED ISLAM 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Using probiotics in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remain controversial due to different intensive care unit (ICU) populations included in such studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of probiotics in prophylaxis of VAP after multiple trauma.
Methods: Sixty-five adult multiple trauma patients on mechanical ventilator (expected ≥48 h) after admission to the Critical Care Medicine Department, Alexandria Main University Hospital from June to November 2018. Patients were randomly assigned using computer sheet into two groups; probiotics group (32 patients received one Lacteol Forte® sachet through orogastric/nasogastric tube 3 times daily during their ICU stay) and control group (33 patients received similar regimen of placebo sachets). All patients were followed up and subjected to all possible strategies of the diagnosis of microbiologically confirmed VAP.
Results: Sixty-five patients were enrolled with a mean of age (39.48±7.692) years, 80% of them were male. Regarding the incidence of VAP, it was 18.46% of all patients without statistically significant difference between probiotics group (15.63%) and control group (21.21%) (p=0.751).
Conclusion: Routine use of early probiotics in mechanically ventilated multiple trauma patients was not associated with lower incidence of VAP, duration of MV, or ICU mortality.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN CANCER PATIENTS
Authors: Anupozu Rashmi 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The main objective of the present study is to determine the depression and anxiety using standardized rating scales in cancer patients.
Methods: This prospective observational study was performed in 120 cancer patients at a local government cancer hospital. Subjects were interviewed and data were collected using standard Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.
Results: Out of 120 patients, 75.8% were male and 24.2% were female. The maximum number of subjects (n=66, 55%) were within the age group of 41–60 years and from the urban region (54.2%). Analyzing the depression status from the PHQ-9 questionnaire, severe depression was seen high among females (31%) when compared to males (19.8%). From the scores obtained by the GAD-7 questionnaire, it was found that males with normal anxiety (26.4%) and severe anxiety (11%) were more when compared to females. On performing regression, females were 0.572 times at a higher risk of developing depression and 2.005 times likely to have GAD when compared to males.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that majority of subjects with psychiatric disorders are in the age group of 41–60 years and are from the urban region. Early screening of the cancer patients for depression and GAD using validated questionnaires such as PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and providing appropriate counseling or therapy on a timely basis helps them to manage their adverse symptoms and boosts the mental health of the subjects.