bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving Peto’s paradox: Modeling the potential effects of size‐related metabolic changes, and of the evolution of immune policing and cancer suppression
Authors: Nunney Leonard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe intrinsic risk of cancer increases with body size and longevity; however, big long‐lived species do not exhibit this increase, a contradiction named Peto's paradox. Five hypotheses potentially resolving this paradox were modeled using the multistage model of carcinogenesis. The five hypotheses were based on (1) intrinsic changes in metabolic rate with body size; adaptive increase in immune policing of (2) cancer cells or (3) cells with driver mutations; or adaptive increase in cancer suppression via (4) decreased somatic mutation rate, or (5) increased genetic control. Parameter changes needed to stabilize cancer risk in three types of cancer were estimated for tissues scaled from mouse size and longevity to human and blue whale levels. The metabolic rate hypothesis alone was rejected due to a conflict between the required interspecific effect with the observed intraspecific effect of size on cancer risk, but some metabolic change was optionally incorporated in the other models. Necessary parameter changes in immune policing and somatic mutation rate far exceeded values observed; however, natural selection increasing the genetic suppression of cancer was generally consistent with data. Such adaptive increases in genetic control of cancers in large and/or long‐lived animals raise the possibility that nonmodel animals will reveal novel anticancer mechanisms.
Global ecosystems and fire: Multi‐model assessment of fire‐induced tree‐cover and carbon storage reduction
Authors: Lasslop Gitta , Hantson Stijn , Harrison Sandy P. , Bachelet Dominique , Burton Chantelle , Forkel Matthias , Forrest Matthew , Li Fang , Melton Joe R. , Yue Chao , Archibald Sally , Scheiter Simon , Arneth Almut , Hickler Thomas , Sitch Stephen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, we use simulations from seven global vegetation models to provide the first multi‐model estimate of fire impacts on global tree cover and the carbon cycle under current climate and anthropogenic land use conditions, averaged for the years 2001–2012. Fire globally reduces the tree covered area and vegetation carbon storage by 10%. Regionally, the effects are much stronger, up to 20% for certain latitudinal bands, and 17% in savanna regions. Global fire effects on total carbon storage and carbon turnover times are lower with the effect on gross primary productivity (GPP) close to 0. We find the strongest impacts of fire in savanna regions. Climatic conditions in regions with the highest burned area differ from regions with highest absolute fire impact, which are characterized by higher precipitation. Our estimates of fire‐induced vegetation change are lower than previous studies. We attribute these differences to different definitions of vegetation change and effects of anthropogenic land use, which were not considered in previous studies and decreases the impact of fire on tree cover. Accounting for fires significantly improves the spatial patterns of simulated tree cover, which demonstrates the need to represent fire in dynamic vegetation models. Based upon comparisons between models and observations, process understanding and representation in models, we assess a higher confidence in the fire impact on tree cover and vegetation carbon compared to GPP, total carbon storage and turnover times. We have higher confidence in the spatial patterns compared to the global totals of the simulated fire impact. As we used an ensemble of state‐of‐the‐art fire models, including effects of land use and the ensemble median or mean compares better to observational datasets than any individual model, we consider the here presented results to be the current best estimate of global fire effects on ecosystems.
Digital dermoscopic changes during follow‐up of de‐novo and nevus‐associated melanoma: a cohort study
Authors: Pampena Riccardo , Manfreda Valeria , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Lai Michela , Borsari Stefania , Benati Elisa , Lombardi Mara , Bianchi Luca , Zalaudek Iris , Moscarella Elvira , Lallas Aimilios , Argenziano Giuseppe , Pellacani Giovanni , Longo Caterina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundNevus‐associated melanoma (NAM) has been regarded as a distinct biological entity from de‐novo melanoma (DNM); however, static dermoscopy often fails in differentiating these entities. Digital dermoscopic monitoring allows to identify dynamic changes occurring during follow‐up; this may improve diagnostic accuracy and potentially our knowledge on NAM biology. We aimed to define main independent factors associated with NAM diagnosis and those influencing follow‐up time in a population of melanomas excised at follow‐up.MethodsA cohort of melanomas excised at follow‐up was retrospectively and consecutively selected. NAMs and DNMs were compared according to baseline features and main dermoscopic changes occurring during follow‐up. Univariate and multivariable logistic and Cox's regression analysis were performed to respectively define factors associated with NAM diagnosis and those influencing the risk for excision.ResultsEighty‐six melanomas were enrolled, of which 21 (24.4%) were nevus‐associated. During follow‐up NAMs mainly underwent atypical network modifications (47.6%), followed by inverse network (28.6%) and dermoscopic island (23.8%) worsening or appearance. DNMs were also mainly characterized by atypical network modifications (47.7%), however, a significant proportion of cases underwent irregular pigmentation/dots/globules or regression changes (29.2%), which were rarely seen among NAMs. Furthermore, both multivariable logistic and Cox's regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between NAM and a longer follow‐up.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that among melanomas excised at follow‐up, different patterns of dermoscopic changes may be found between NAMs and DNMs. This finding, together with the association of NAM with a longer follow‐up time, supports the hypothesis of different biological behavior of these two entities.
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel’s disease): our experience and review of the literature
Authors: Bortoluzzi Paolo , Cusini Marco , Veraldi Stefano , Nazzaro Gianluca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (HLP), or Flegel’s disease (FD), is a rare disorder of keratinization first described in 1958 by Flegel. HLP is characterized by asymptomatic small papules distributed symmetrically on the dorsal feet and lower part of the legs. It typically presents in the fourth or fifth decade of life. FD has been reported more commonly in women, and little is known about the pathogenesis of this rare dermatosis. Histological examination is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis, and the characteristic features are: focal compact hyperkeratosis, thinned stratum malpighii, epidermal atrophy, and a dense, band‐like lymphocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis. The treatment of FD is challenging, and a fully effective standard therapy does not exist. We report four cases of HLP that have been diagnosed at the Dermatology Unit of IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan, Italy, and a literature review is enclosed.
Brief admission for patients with emotional instability and self‐harm: A qualitative analysis of patients’ experiences during crisis
Authors: Eckerström Joachim , Flyckt Lena , Carlborg Andreas , Jayaram‐Lindström Nitya , Perseius Kent‐Inge 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrevious studies report that individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder have been met by negative attitudes from healthcare professionals and their care needs have often been neglected during hospitalizations. When symptoms of emotional instability are combined with self‐harm, the resulting crisis often becomes difficult to handle for patients and healthcare professionals. To meet their care needs during these crises, an intervention called ‘brief admission’ (BA) has been developed. The purpose of BA is to provide a timeout, in situations of increased stress and threat, in order to foster self‐management in a safe environment. In the present study, we explored the following research questions: What are patients’ experiences with BA? What do patients consider to be the key components of BA? What improvements are considered relevant by patients? A qualitative design was employed, and 15 patients (13 females, 2 males; mean age 38.5 ± 12.9, range 20–67 years) were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview guide. Thematic analyses were performed, which yielded four themes related to the patients’ experiences: ‘a timeout when life is tough’, ‘it is comforting to know that help exists’, ‘encouraged to take personal responsibility’, and ‘it is helpful to see the problems from a different perspective’. Four themes also described the key components: ‘a clear treatment plan’, ‘a smooth admission procedure’, ‘a friendly and welcoming approach from the staff’, and ‘daily conversations’. Lastly, three themes described areas for improvements: ‘feeling guilty about seeking BA’, ‘room occupancy issues’, and ‘differences in staff’s competence’. Collectively, the findings indicate that BA constructively supports patients with emotional instability and self‐harm during a period of crisis.
Are high‐risk patient and revision arthroplasty effective indications for closed‐incisional negative‐pressure wound therapy after total hip or knee arthroplasty? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Jun‐Ho , Lee Dae‐Hee 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo determine the effective indications of closed‐incisional negative‐pressure wound therapy (ciNPWT) following total hip or knee arthroplasty, this systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. The systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and 11 studies were included. The studies comparing between ciNPWT and conventional dressings were categorised into following subgroups based on patient risk and revision procedures: routine vs high‐risk patient; primary vs revision arthroplasty. Pooled estimates were calculated for wound complication and surgical site infection (SSI) rates in the subgroup analyses using Review Manager. In high‐risk patients, the overall rates of wound complication (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15‐0.93; P = .030) and SSI (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.09‐0.64; P = .005) were significantly lower in the ciNPWT; however, there were no differences in routine patients. In cases involving revision arthroplasties, the overall rates of wound complication (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.18‐0.62; P < .001) and SSI (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.11‐0.66; P = .004) were significantly lower in the ciNPWT; however, there were no differences in cases involving primary arthroplasties. In summary, ciNPWT showed a positive effect in decreasing the rates of wound complication and SSI in high‐risk patients and in revision arthroplasties.
Personalized medical information card for adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: An initiative to improve communication between patients and healthcare providers
Authors: Loo Joanne C. Y. , Boot Erik , Corral Maria , Bassett Anne S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany individuals with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers struggle to provide accurate and complete information to healthcare providers.MethodThe present authors provided personal medical information cards (PMICs) containing contact and medical information to 52 Canadian adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a genetic condition associated with intellectual disability. The authors invited them and/or their caregivers to complete a user satisfaction survey concerning usage of the card.ResultsForty‐eight (92%) patients or their caregivers completed the survey. Twenty‐two (46%) respondents used the PMIC over a median of 8 months during encounters with doctors and other professionals, and a majority of these used it more than once. Users reported finding the PMIC “very helpful” (86%) or “helpful” (14%), providing necessary information, speeding up interactions with professionals and helping avoid repeat storytelling.ConclusionProviding a PMIC to individuals with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers could help improve patient safety and assist in advocacy.
Targeting mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins for cardioprotection
Authors: Hernandez‐Resendiz Sauri , Prunier Fabrice , Girao Henrique , Dorn Gerald , Hausenloy Derek J. ,   EU‐CARDIOPROTECTION COST Action (CA16225)
Published: May 2020

AbstractNew treatments are needed to protect the myocardium against the detrimental effects of acute ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in order to limit myocardial infarct (MI) size, preserve cardiac function and prevent the onset of heart failure (HF). Given the critical role of mitochondria in energy production for cardiac contractile function, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction during acute myocardial IRI may provide novel cardioprotective strategies. In this regard, the mitochondrial fusion and fissions proteins, which regulate changes in mitochondrial morphology, are known to impact on mitochondrial quality control by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. In this article, we review how targeting these inter‐related processes may provide novel treatment targets and new therapeutic strategies for reducing MI size, preventing the onset of HF following AMI.
Pitavastatin induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma through activation of FOXO3a
Authors: Lee Naeun , Tilija Pun Nirmala , Jang Won‐Jun , Bae Jung Woo , Jeong Chul‐Ho 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStatins are a class of lipid‐lowering drugs that have recently been used in drug repositioning in the treatment of human cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of statin‐induced cancer cell death has not been clearly defined. In the present study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of pitavastatin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), SCC15 and SCC4 cells and found that FOXO3a might be a direct target in pitavastatin‐induced cancer cell death. Our data revealed that pitavastatin selectively suppressed cell viability and induced intrinsic apoptosis in a FOXO3a‐dependent manner in SCC15 cells while no effect was observed in SCC4 cells. Notably, treatment with pitavastatin in SCC15 cells induced the nuclear translocation of FOXO3a via dual regulation of two upstream kinases, AMPK and Akt, resulting in the up‐regulation of PUMA, a transcriptional target gene of FOXO3a. Furthermore, our data revealed that FOXO3a‐mediated PUMA induction plays a role in pitavastatin‐induced intrinsic apoptosis in SCC15 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that pitavastatin activates the FOXO3a/PUMA apoptotic axis by regulation of nuclear translocation of FOXO3a via Akt/FOXO3a or AMPK/FOXO3a signalling. Therefore, these findings might help to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the anticancer effects of pitavastatin on OSCC.
Frailty screening in dermato‐oncology practice: a modified Delphi study and a systematic review of the literature
Authors: van Winden M.E.C. , Garcovich S. , Peris K. , Colloca G. , de Jong E.M.G.J. , Hamaker M.E. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Lubeek S.F.K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate management and prevention of both under‐ and overtreatment in older skin cancer patients can be challenging. It could be helpful to incorporate frailty screening in dermato‐oncology care, since frailty is associated with adverse health outcomes.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and prioritize the requirements a frailty screening tool (FST) should fulfil in dermato‐oncology practice and to select the best existing FST(s) for this purpose.MethodsA modified two‐round Delphi procedure was performed among 50 Italian and Dutch specialists and patients to review and prioritize a list of potential FST requirements, using a 5‐point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as a mean score of ≥4.0. A systematic literature search was performed to identify existing multidomain FSTs, which were then assessed on the requirements resulting from the modified Delphi procedure.ResultsConsensus was achieved on evaluation of comorbidities (4.3 ± 0.7), polypharmacy (4.0 ± 0.9) and cognition (4.1 ± 0.8). The FST should have appropriate measurement properties (4.0 ± 1.0), be quickly executed (4.2 ± 0.7), clinically relevant (4.3 ± 0.7), and both easily understandable (4.1 ± 1.2) and interpretable (4.3 ± 0.7). Of the 26 identified FSTs, four evaluated the content‐related domains: the Geriatric‐8 (G8), the modified Geriatric‐8 (mG8), the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI) and the Senior Adult Oncology Program 2 (SAOP2) screening tool. Of these, the G8 was the most extensively studied FST, with the best psychometric properties and execution within 5 min.ConclusionsThe G8 appears the most suitable FST for assessing frailty in older adults with skin cancer, although clinical studies assessing its use in a dermato‐oncology population are needed to further assess whether or not frailty in this particular patient group is associated with relevant outcomes (e.g. complications and mortality), as seen in previous studies in other medical fields.
Approaches to training multiclass semantic image segmentation of damage in concrete
Authors: BAJCSY P. , FELDMAN S. , MAJURSKI M. , SNYDER K. , BRADY M. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThis paper addresses the problem of creating a large quantity of high‐quality training segmentation masks from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The images are acquired from concrete samples that exhibit progressive amounts of degradation resulting from alkali–silica reaction (ASR), a leading cause of deterioration, cracking and loss of capacity in much of the nation's infrastructure. The target damage classes in concrete SEM images are defined as paste damage, aggregate damage, air voids and no damage. We approached the SEM segmentation problem by applying convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based methods to predict the damage classes due to ASR for each image pixel. The challenges in using the CNN‐based methods lie in preparing large numbers of high‐quality training labelled images while having limited human resources. To address these challenges, we designed damage‐ and context‐assisted approaches to lower the requirements on human resources. We then evaluated the accuracy of CNN‐based segmentation methods using the datasets prepared with these two approaches.Lay DescriptionThis work is about automated segmentation of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images taken from core and prism samples of concrete. The segmentation must detect several damage classes in each image in order to understand properties of concrete‐made structures over time. The segmentation problem is approached with an artificial network (AI) based model. The training data for the AI model are created using damage‐ and context‐assisted approaches to lower the requirements on human resources. The access to all training data and to a web‐based validation system for scoring segmented images is available at https://isg.nist.gov/deepzoomweb/data/concreteScoring.
MicroRNA‐22‐3p alleviates spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating M2 macrophage polarization via IRF5
Authors: Fang Hua , Yang Miao , Pan Qin , Jin Hon‐Ling , Li Hua‐Feng , Wang Ru‐Rong , Wang Quan‐Yun , Zhang Jian‐Ping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCell death after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can occur through necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, resulting in changes to the immune environment. However, the molecular mechanism of this immune regulation is not clear. Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord I/R injury. Here, we hypothesized miR‐22‐3p may be involved in spinal cord I/R injury by interacting with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5. Rat models of spinal cord I/R injury were established by 12‐min occlusion of the aortic arch followed by 48‐hr reperfusion, with L4‐6 segments of spinal cord tissues collected. MiR‐22‐3p agomir, a lentivirus‐delivered siRNA specific for IRF5, or a lentivirus expressing wild‐type IRF5 was injected intrathecally to rats with I/R injury to evaluate the effects of miR‐22‐3p and IRF5 on hindlimb motor function. Macrophages isolated from rats were treated with miR‐22‐3p mimic or siRNA specific for IRF5 to evaluate their effects on macrophage polarization. The levels of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in spinal cord tissues were detected by ELISA. miR‐22‐3p was down‐regulated, whereas IRF5 was up‐regulated in rat spinal cord tissues following I/R. IRF5 was a target gene of miR‐22‐3p and could be negatively regulated by miR‐22‐3p. Silencing IRF5 or over‐expressing miR‐22‐3p relieved inflammation, elevated Tarlov score, and reduced the degree of severity of spinal cord I/R injury. Increased miR‐22‐3p facilitated M2 polarization of macrophages and inhibited inflammation in tissues by inhibiting IRF5, thereby attenuating spinal cord I/R injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate that increased miR‐22‐3p can inhibit the progression of spinal cord I/R injury by repressing IRF5 in macrophages, highlighting the discovery of a promising new target for spinal cord I/R injury treatment.
image
Effects of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy in People With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ni Yunxia , Ma Lin , Li Jiping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on depression, quality of life (QoL), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in people with diabetes.DesignA systematic literature review and meta‐analysis was conducted.MethodsEight databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Cochrane, PsycINFO, and three Chinese databases) were searched for relevant studies from inception to December 2019. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of MBSR and MBCT interventions for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes were included.FindingsNine studies described in 11 articles were included in the review. Meta‐analysis showed a significant effect favoring MBSR and MBCT on depression (standardized mean difference ‐0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] ‐1.16 to ‐0.51; p < .0001), the mental health composite score of QoL (mean difference [MD] 7.06; 95% CI 5.09 to 9.03; p < .00001), and HbA1c (MD ‐0.28; 95% CI ‐0.47 to ‐0.09; p = .004). However, effects on the physical health composite score of QoL have not been found.ConclusionsMBSR and MBCT are beneficial in improving depression, the mental health composite score of QoL, and HbA1c in people with diabetes. More well‐designed trials using longer follow‐up measurements are needed.Clinical RelevanceMBSR and MBCT could be considered as effective complementary treatment alternatives for people with diabetes.