bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
US academic libraries' staffing and expenditure trends (1996–2016)
Authors: Hoffman Starr , Godbey Samantha 
Published: June 2020

PurposeThis paper explores trends over time in library staffing and staffing expenditures among two- and four-year colleges and universities in the United States.Design/methodology/approachResearchers merged and analyzed data from 1996 to 2016 from the National Center for Education Statistics for over 3,500 libraries at postsecondary institutions. This study is primarily descriptive in nature and addresses the research questions: How do staffing trends in academic libraries over this period of time relate to Carnegie classification and institution size? How do trends in library staffing expenditures over this period of time correspond to these same variables?FindingsAcross all institutions, on average, total library staff decreased from 1998 to 2012. Numbers of librarians declined at master’s and doctoral institutions between 1998 and 2016. Numbers of students per librarian increased over time in each Carnegie and size category. Average inflation-adjusted staffing expenditures have remained steady for master's, baccalaureate and associate's institutions. Salaries as a percent of library budget decreased only among doctoral institutions and institutions with 20,000 or more students.Originality/valueThis is a valuable study of trends over time, which has been difficult without downloading and merging separate data sets from multiple government sources. As a result, few studies have taken such an approach to this data. Consequently, institutions and libraries are making decisions about resource allocation based on only a fraction of the available data. Academic libraries can use this study and the resulting data set to benchmark key staffing characteristics.
Exploring entrepreneurial characteristics, motivations and behaviours in equity crowdfunding: some evidence from Italy
Authors: Troise Ciro , Tani Mario 
Published: June 2020

PurposeThis study explores entrepreneurial decision-making in the equity crowdfunding (ECF) context, and it aims to shed some light on the relationship among three aspects: entrepreneurial characteristics (i.e. entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial self-efficacy), entrepreneurial motivations (i.e. promotion, improvement of networking and acquisition of product and market knowledge) and entrepreneurial behaviours (i.e. campaign characteristics in terms of communication and offerings).Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses testing and analysis were conducted using the partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling, and data were collected from the overall population of Italian ECF platforms.FindingsOur results highlight that entrepreneurial characteristics may be central in ECF because of their significant impact on some motivation entrepreneurs have to adopt ECF, which in turn have an impact on meaningful campaign characteristics that can influence ECF performance.Originality/valueThe current literature is mainly focused on investors' decisions, while a neglected perspective until now has been that of entrepreneurs. This study is among the first to focus on entrepreneurs in the ECF context, and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to investigate the entrepreneurial decision-making process. The added value of this research lies in the analysis of the entrepreneurial aspects underlying entrepreneurial decisions to use ECF.
Impacts of Cittaslow philosophy on sustainable tourism development
Authors: Ince Ecem , Iscioglu Deniz , Ozturen Ali 
Published: June 2020

PurposeSustainability concept exists in the soul of the Cittaslow (slow city) philosophy. This protest movement is mainly based on the philosophy of sustainability by promoting the “slowness” perspective and the concept of sustainable development at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of Cittaslow (slow city) philosophy on support for sustainable tourism development in North Cyprus. In this context, this research study is concentrated on the influences of Cittaslow practices on support for sustainable tourism development with dimensions in terms of socio-cultural, economic and ecological aspects.Design/methodology/approachThis study was based on a quantitative research approach to observe the significant effects and meet the objectives. The data were collected randomly by self-administrated questionnaires from residents who are living in the slow cities (Yeni Bogaziçi, Mehmetçik, Lefke, Geçitkale and Tatlisu) at North Cyprus.FindingsThe partial least squares approach to the structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The research results were discussed the critical issues and consequences in the management of slow cities.Originality/valueThe slow city concept is a very significant movement that emphasizes the importance of local differences and sustainability. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of Cittaslow membership and efforts on sustainable tourism development in North Cyprus. The critical factors and implications were pinpointed for enhancing sustainable tourism development in slow cities.
Effects of metallic system components on marine electromagnetic loop data
Authors: Reeck Konstantin , Müller Hendrik , Hölz Sebastian , Haroon Amir , Schwalenberg Katrin , Jegen Marion 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic loop systems rely on the use of non‐conductive materials near the sensor to minimize bias effects superimposed on measured data. For marine sensors, rigidity, compactness and ease of platform handling are essential. Thus, commonly a compromise between rigid, cost‐effective and non‐conductive materials (e.g. stainless steel versus fibreglass composites) needs to be found. For systems dedicated to controlled‐source electromagnetic measurements, a spatial separation between critical system components and sensors may be feasible, whereas compact multi‐sensor platforms, remotely operated vehicles and autonomous unmanned vehicles require the use of electrically conductive components near the sensor. While data analysis and geological interpretations benefit vastly from each added instrument and multidisciplinary approaches, this introduces a systematic and platform‐immanent bias in the measured electromagnetic data. In this scope, we present two comparable case studies targeting loop‐source electromagnetic applications in both time and frequency domains: the time‐domain system trades the compact design for a clear separation of 15 m between an upper fibreglass frame, holding most critical titanium system components, and a lower frame with its coil and receivers. In case of the frequency‐domain profiler, the compact and rigid design is achieved by a circular fibreglass platform, carrying the transmitting and receiving coils, as well as several titanium housings and instruments. In this study, we analyse and quantify the quasi‐static influence of conductive objects on time‐ and frequency‐domain coil systems by applying an analytically and experimentally verified 3D finite element model. Moreover, we present calibration and optimization procedures to minimize bias inherent in the measured data. The numerical experiments do not only show the significance of the bias on the inversion results, but also the efficiency of a system calibration against the analytically calculated response of a known environment. The remaining bias after calibration is a time/frequency‐dependent function of seafloor conductivity, which doubles the commonly estimated noise floor from 1% to 2%, decreasing the sensitivity and resolution of the devices. By optimizing size and position of critical conductive system components (e.g. titanium housings) and/or modifying the transmitter/receiver geometry, we significantly reduce the effect of this residual bias on the inversion results as demonstrated by 3D modelling. These procedures motivate the opportunity to design dedicated, compact, low‐bias platforms and provide a solution for autonomous and remotely steered designs by minimizing their effect on the sensitivity of the controlled‐source electromagnetic sensor.
Comparing biocontrol and herbicide for managing an invasive non‐native plant species: Efficacy, non‐target effects and secondary invasion
Authors: Peterson Paul G. , Merrett Merilyn F. , Fowler Simon V. , Barrett Douglas Paul , Paynter Quentin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Globally, invasive non‐native plants are an increasing threat to indigenous biodiversity and ecosystems, but management can be compromised by poor efficacy of control methods, harmful non‐target effects or secondary invasions by other non‐native plant species.

A 5‐year field trial compared two stakeholder‐selected control methods for heather, a European plant invading native ecosystems in and adjoining Tongariro National Park in New Zealand. The control methods were a selective herbicide (Pasture Kleen®; 2,4‐D ester) and biocontrol with an introduced beetle Lochmaea suturalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Biocontrol reduced mean heather cover by 97%, slightly more than herbicide at 87%, compared with a 20% increase in heather under no management.

Cover of native dicots, the most species‐rich plant group, increased following biocontrol. In contrast, herbicide application had major non‐target effects on native dicots, reducing their percentage cover and species richness. Native monocot cover and species richness increased following both herbicide and biocontrol treatments.

A similar eightfold increase in non‐native monocots occurred following both biocontrol and herbicide treatments. Overall, secondary invasion was greatest with biocontrol because non‐native dicot cover also increased, whereas herbicide almost eliminated non‐native dicots.

Synthesis and applications. Biocontrol and herbicide treatments both controlled heather but herbicide application was associated with severe non‐target impacts on native dicots. Benefits to the native flora were consequently greatest in the biocontrol treatment, despite greater secondary invasion. Control strategies for management of widespread non‐native plants to optimize ecosystem outcomes should include more consideration of biocontrol.
Evaluation of a Novel Protocol for Assessment and Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Butterfield Michael , Thorne‐Humphrey Lucas , Suzuki Joji , Herschenhous Nicole 
Published: June 2020

Background and ObjectivesDespite the high incidence of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in psychiatric inpatients, standardized methods for assessing and treating AWS have been studied only once before in this population. We evaluated a novel AWS assessment and treatment protocol designed for psychiatric inpatients.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated outcomes before and after implementation of the protocol. We collected consecutive data on patients (N = 138) admitted to inpatient psychiatric units at a single center. Participants were patients admitted for nonsubstance‐related psychiatric reasons, who were also at risk for developing AWS. Those who developed AWS were treated with either (a) treatment as usual (TAU) or (b) a novel standardized protocol. The primary outcome was duration of benzodiazepine treatment for symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Secondary outcomes included cumulative benzodiazepine dose administered, treatment duration, and incidence of complications.ResultsOf 138 participants, 83 received TAU and 55 were assessed and treated with the novel protocol. Median duration of benzodiazepine treatment following protocol implementation was 19.7 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 0‐46) prior to implementation (TAU) and 0 hours (IQR, 0‐15) following protocol implementation (protocol group) (P < .0001). Median benzodiazepine dose (in diazepam equivalents) administered to participants was 30 mg (IQR, 0‐65) for TAU and 5 mg (IQR, 0‐30) for the protocol group (P < .001). Adverse events before and after implementation occurred in 4.8% and 0%, respectively (P = .15).Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceThis study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy and safety of a novel standardized AWS protocol for psychiatric inpatients. This is the first known study assessing an AWS assessment and treatment protocol designed for psychiatric inpatients. (Am J Addict 2020;29:500–507)
Winning Hearts and Minds in Civil Wars: Governance, Leadership Change, and Support for Violent Groups in Iraq
Authors: Mikulaschek Christoph , Pant Saurabh , Tesfaye Beza 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe “hearts and minds” model of combating rebellions holds that civilians are less likely to support violent opposition groups if the government provides public services and security. Building on this model, we argue that a political event that raises popular expectations of future public service and security provision increases support for the government and decreases sympathy for violent opposition groups. To test this argument, we leverage a unique research design opportunity that stems from the unforeseen announcement of the resignation of Iraq's divisive prime minister in August 2014 while an original survey was being administered across the country. We show that the leadership transition led Iraq's displeased Sunni Arab minority to shift support from the violent opposition to the government. In line with our argument, this realignment was due to rising optimism among Sunni Arabs that the new government would provide services and public goods—specifically security, electricity, and jobs.
Misgovernance and Human Rights: The Case of Illegal Detention without Intent
Authors: Slough Tara , Fariss Christopher 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExisting explanations of human rights abuses emphasize a strategic logic of repression. Yet certain classes of abuses may arise absent the intent to repress because of the misaligned bureaucratic incentives of state agents. To separate accounts of strategic repression from bureaucratic incentives, we study the responses of state agents working within the Haitian criminal justice system to a randomized, free legal assistance intervention for detainees held in illegal pretrial detention. Legal assistance addresses moral hazard problems of the bureaucrats responsible for processing cases. We demonstrate that legal assistance accelerates case advancement and liberation, in line with the view that large‐scale human rights abuses in the justice system can result from poor governance and not repressive intent.
Surgical cancellation rates due to peri‐operative hypertension: implementation of multidisciplinary guidelines across primary and secondary care
Authors: Soni S. , Shah S. , Chaggar R. , Saini R. , James E. , Elliot J. , Stephens J. , McCormack T. , Hartle A. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryPatients with uncontrolled hypertension are at increased risk of complications during general anaesthesia but the number of patients whose surgery is delayed or cancelled due to hypertension remains unknown. Prospective, regional multicentre service evaluations were performed on consecutive patients undergoing elective surgery before and after the publication of new guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists and the British Hypertensive Society. The aim was to quantify the number of operations cancelled due to hypertension alone and to assess impact of the guidelines on cancellation rates. In October 2013 (before the publication of the guidelines), 1.37% (95%CI 0.69–2.11%) of patients listed for elective surgery were cancelled solely due to raised blood pressure. This reduced significantly to 0.54% (95%CI 0.20–0.92%, p < 0.001) in 2018. There was a significant reduction in inappropriate cancellations for stage 1 or 2 hypertension from 2013 to 2018 (72 vs. 14, respectively, p < 0.001) in keeping with the recommendations in the guidelines. Furthermore, the number of patients being referred back to primary care for the management of hypertension reduced from 2013 to 2018 (85 vs. 30, respectively, p < 0.001). Our data suggest achievement of three major outcomes: reduced surgical cancellations due to hypertension alone; improved detection of significant hypertension before elective surgery; and reduced referral back to primary care from hospital for hypertension management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the successful implementation of guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists has been assessed on such a broad scale. Our data indicate that these guidelines have been effectively implemented in both primary and secondary care, which is likely to have made a positive psychosocial, physical and economic impact on patients and the NHS.
The incidence of symptomatic remnant gall bladder: a population study
Authors: Bradshaw Luke , Lau Lawrence , Knowles Brett , Fox Adrian , Banting Simon W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubtotal cholecystectomy is utilized in conditions of high risk to critical structures, like the common bile duct. However, the remnant gall bladder may become symptomatic and require a completion cholecystectomy for treatment. This second procedure can itself be a risk to critical structures. To establish the incidence of redo‐cholecystectomy and identify risk factors that lead to subtotal cholecystectomy and repeat operation in a review of state‐based practices for cholecystectomy.MethodsA search of state coding records relating to cholecystectomy from 1998 to 2016. Patients who were coded for cholecystectomy‐related procedures on different dates were identified. Patients who underwent the procedures within 6 months were excluded to avoid acute post‐operative complications and gall bladder malignancy.Results210 719 cholecystectomies were performed. 1133 required repeat procedure. 616 were excluded, leaving 516 (0.25%) cholecystectomy patients requiring a second cholecystectomy. The subsequent operation was more likely to be an emergency procedure; involve transcystic bile duct exploration, adhesiolysis and require intensive care unit admission post‐operatively. A repeat cholecystectomy was more likely to occur after having the primary procedure at a public hospital and when an intra‐operative cholangiogram was not performed. Over the study period, the rate of repeat cholecystectomy increased from 0.02% to 0.6%. Incidentally, the rate of intra‐operative cholangiogram during a primary cholecystectomy increased from 43% to 73%.ConclusionsRepeat cholecystectomy is an uncommon procedure. A second cholecystectomy is a more complex and likely to require intensive care unit support. Referral to a tertiary hepatobiliary unit is recommended.
Pregnancy in metabolic healthy and unhealthy obese women
Authors: Pétursdóttir Maack Heidrun , Larsson Anders , Axelsson Ove , Olovsson Matts , Wikström Anna‐Karin , Sundström Poromaa Inger 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionObesity‐associated adverse obstetric outcomes are well‐known but still relatively rare and difficult to predict. Not all obese individuals are unhealthy; some have metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and others have metabolic unhealthy obesity (MUO). Our aim was to investigate whether the MHO and MUO classification could be used for prediction of obesity‐associated complications in pregnancy.Material and methodsWe included 547 pregnant women with obesity, 2302 pregnant women with overweight and 5852 normal weight pregnant women. The women with obesity were classified as MUO (n = 181, 33.1%) or MHO (n = 366, 66.9%) based on first trimester blood pressure, lipoprotein levels and nonfasting glucose levels. The risk of obstetric outcomes was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. We compared cardiovascular risk markers in blood between obese pregnant women with MUO and MHO.ResultsOverall, 45.9% of women with MUO developed at least one adverse obesity‐associated obstetric outcome, whereas corresponding proportions in women with MHO, overweight and normal weight were 35.0%, 27.6% and 21.2%, respectively. Following adjustment, the overall risk of at least one obesity‐associated obstetric or perinatal complication in women with MUO, vs women with MHO, was increased (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.03‐2.15), but the predictive value of the model was low. Women with MUO had altered levels of cardiovascular risk markers such as cathepsin S, adiponectin, and cystatin C in comparison with women with MHO.ConclusionsWomen with MUO had an overall increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in comparison to women with MHO, but the classification had little relevance for risk prediction beyond that of body mass index.
Vegetation change over a period of 46 years in a Mediterranean mountain massif (Penyagolosa, Spain)
Authors: Merle Hugo , Garmendia Alfonso , Hernández Héctor , Ferriol María 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuestionsThe Mediterranean mountain massifs are biodiversity hotspots threatened by climate change and land use transformations, among other factors. Did vegetation composition and α‐ and β‐diversities change in mid‐ and high‐elevation Mediterranean ecosystems over the last 46 years? Can these changes be explained by climate change or land use?LocationMedium and high altitudes of the Penyagolosa Massif, Castellón, Eastern Spain.MethodsIn 2014, we resurveyed 92 vegetation plots sampled in 1968, belonging to nine plant communities distributed on basic and acid soils. We performed estimates of α‐ and β‐diversity, multidimensional ordination of species composition, ecological characterisation of species and non‐parametric tests to identify vegetation change over time.ResultsWe observed different patterns of vegetation change depending on the plant community; an increase in α‐diversity, especially in high‐altitude habitats, and a homogenisation of species composition among plant communities. Seral communities and forests increased particularly in locations on basic soils that used to be occupied by pastures and communities of degraded successional stages. Higher Ellenberg indicator values of temperature and light, and loss of temperate taxa, which are usually rare in the region, were found in the climax forest of high altitudes and some acidophilous communities. However, altitudinal shifts of species distributions were detected only in 14% of plant species, both upwards and downwards. An increase of nitrophily at medium altitudes was also observed.ConclusionsThe results suggested that land use change related with abandonment of agro‐sylvo‐pastoral systems was the major driving force of vegetation dynamics in most of the seral plant communities, while thermophilisation was more evident in the high‐altitude climax forest.