bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depassivation and repassivation of stainless steels by stepwise pH change
Authors: Mujanović Emir , Zajec Bojan , Legat Andraž , Kosec Tadeja , Kovač Janez , Mori Gregor , Hönig Stefan , Zehethofer Gerald 
Published: October 2020

AbstractImmersion tests with different stainless steels have been performed, while the pH was stepwise decreased and then increased again. During 8.5‐day exposure, the depassivation and repassivation pH values as a function of pitting resistance equivalent number were determined. There is always a gap between both pH values (depassivation and repassivation), indicating that for every steel, there are conditions where an existing passive layer can be maintained but cannot be rebuilt after depassivation. In such environments, the passive layer is thicker, consisting mainly of molybdenum and iron rich oxides, while chromium is dissolved. Usually, depending on conditions, the passive layer is more chromium‐rich, especially the inner layer. This is relevant, for example, for acidizing jobs in oil and gas industry, proving that repassivation after acidizing will happen promptly, when the pH is increased again.
Kinetic Study and Nonlinear Phenomenon during the Copolymerization of CO2 with meso‐Epoxides Catalyzed by Various Bimetallic CoIII Complexes
Authors: Liu Ye , Yu Yan , Bao Yuan‐Ye , Lu Xiao‐Bing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe privileged salen ligands coordinated with a metal center have demonstrated their successful applications in many challenging reactions. Moreover, their relatively straightforward preparations and an ease of structural modifications are also very attractive. The CoIII–salen complex has demonstrated to be one of the most efficient catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides. Especially, the elaborate combination of two or more CoIII–salen units into one single molecule may enforce an intramolecular, cooperative reaction pathway, resulting in enhanced reaction rates or/and higher selectivities. Otherwise, the reactivity and/or selectivity will be reduced, or some side reactions may occur. Herein, various bimetallic CoIII complexes based on different linking groups are reported to bridge two salen planes, including flexible and rigid structures, together with their reactivities and selectivities toward copolymerization of CO2 with meso‐epoxides. The asymmetric depletion in copolymerization CO2 with cyclohexene oxide mediated by monometallic CoIII complex 2 is first observed, demonstrating the bimetallic mechanism; especially, the comparative kinetic measurements are performed as a function of reaction temperature to assess the activation barrier for production of copolymers for bi‐ and monometallic CoIII complexes. This study is expected to be instructive and meaningful to design more efficient bimetallic catalyst and to improve the copolymerization selectivity.
The Hantzsch Reaction in Polymer Chemistry: From Synthetic Methods to Applications
Authors: Liu Guoqiang , Pan Ruihao , Wei Yen , Tao Lei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Hantzcsh reaction is a robust four‐component reaction for the efficient generation of 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1,4‐DHP) derivatives. Recently, this reaction has been introduced into polymer chemistry in order to develop polymers having 1,4‐DHP structures in the main and/or side chains. The 1,4‐DHP groups confer new properties/functions to the polymers. This mini‐review summarizes the recent studies on the development of new functional polymers by using the Hantzsch reaction. Several synthetic approaches, including polycondensation, post‐polymerization modification (PPM), monomer to polymer strategy, and one‐pot strategy are introduced; different applications (protein conjugation, formaldehyde detection, drug carrier, and anti‐bacterial adhesion) of the resulting polymers are emphasized. Meanwhile, the future development of the Hantzsch reaction in exploring new functional polymers is also discussed.
Risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A regional United States case‐control study
Authors: Andrew Angeline S. , Bradley Walter G. , Peipert Daniel , Butt Tanya , Amoako Kwadwo , Pioro Erik P. , Tandan Rup , Novak John , Quick Adam , Pugar K. Doug , Sawlani Komal , Katirji Bashar , Hayes Todd A. , Cazzolli Pamela , Gui Jiang , Mehta Paul , Horton D. Kevin , Stommel Elijah W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMost amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are considered sporadic, without a known genetic basis, and environmental exposures are thought to play a causal role. To learn more about sporadic ALS etiology, we recruited n = 188 ALS patients from northern New England and Ohio and matched controls 2:1 from the general population of the same regions. Questionnaires evaluated the association between a variety of lifestyle, behavioral (ie, hobbies and activities), and occupational factors and the risk of ALS, including the duration of time between exposure and ALS onset, and exposure frequency. Head trauma was associated with increased ALS risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.60 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04‐2.45), with significantly greater effects for injuries occurring 10 or more years prior to symptom onset (P = .037). ALS risk was increased for those reporting severe electrical burns (adjusted OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.37‐6.03), with odds ratios highest for burns after age 30 (OR 3.14), and for burns 10 or more years prior to symptom onset (OR 3.09). Hobbies involving lead were the most strongly associated with ALS risk (adjusted OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.45‐5.91). Exposures to lead 20 or more years prior to diagnosis had larger effect sizes compared to those occurring more recently. Holding a job in mechanics, painting, or construction was associated with ALS. The identification of these specific environmental factors associated with ALS highlight the need for future prospective and laboratory studies to assess causality, biological mechanisms, and find prevention or treatment opportunities.
Practices following the death of a loved one reported by adults from 14 countries or cultural/ethnic group
Authors: Hidalgo Ivette , Brooten Dorothy , Youngblut JoAnne M. , Roche Rosa , Li Juanjuan , Hinds Ann Marie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsThe purpose of this study was to examine the reported ritual practices (dealing with the deceased's remains, wake, funeral, burial and celebration) of White non‐Hispanic, Black non‐Hispanic and Hispanic/Latino adults in their country of origin or ethnic or cultural group in the United States following the death of a loved one.DesignThis descriptive study is a secondary analysis from a longitudinal mixed‐methods study that examined parents' health and functioning following the death of a child.MethodsAdult parents whose child died in neonatal intensive care units or paediatric intensive care units were recruited from four hospitals and from death records. Data were collected from 61 adult parents at 7 and 13 months postinfant/child death using semi‐structured interviews about the child's death. Only those parents who responded to questions about usual death practices in their country of origin or cultural group were included in the data analysis.ResultsThirty‐two adults from 14 countries reported practices in their country or cultural group after a loved one's death including keeping the front door closed, walking funeral processions with a band playing, the deceased in a car accompanied by family and friends, fireworks, making home altars for deceased spirits with food and water for adults, toys and candy for children and no TV or radio for sometime.Relevance to clinical practiceFor community health nurses, understanding these practices is important in being sensitive and appropriate around the death. Asking the family about specific practices they hope to carry out and noting this in the family's record will help alert providers to the family's wishes at this challenging time.
A Time‐Resolved Cryo‐EM Study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 80S Ribosome Protein Composition in Response to a Change in Carbon Source
Authors: Sun Ming , Shen Bingxin , Li Wen , Samir Parimal , Browne Christopher M. , Link Andrew J. , Frank Joachim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe role of the ribosome in the regulation of gene expression has come into increased focus. It is proposed that ribosomes are catalytic engines capable of changing their protein composition in response to environmental stimuli. Time‐resolved cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) techniques are employed to identify quantitative changes in the protein composition and structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 80S ribosomes after shifting the carbon source from glucose to glycerol. Using cryo‐EM combined with the computational classification approach, it is found that a fraction of the yeast cells’ 80S ribosomes lack ribosomal proteins at the entrance and exit sites for tRNAs, including uL16(RPL10), eS1(RPS1), uS11(RPS14A/B), and eS26(RPS26A/B). This fraction increased after a change from glucose to glycerol medium. The quantitative structural analysis supports the hypothesis that ribosomes are dynamic complexes that alter their composition in response to changes in growth or environmental conditions.
Overview and critical survey of polyamide6 structural habits: Misconceptions and controversies
Authors: Seguela Roland 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVarious aspects of the structural habits and associated thermodynamic properties of polyamide6 are critically examined with regard to controversies that appeared in literature mainly due to misconceptions or erroneous/ambiguous interpretations of experimental findings. The structural habits under concern are the crystallization capabilities and chain topology, hydrogen bonds and sheet‐like structure, crystalline polymorphism together with thermodynamic stability. Thermo‐mechanical properties are also discussed for the sake of complementary argumentation. Comparisons are made with polycaprolactone, that is, the polyester homolog of polyamide6 regarding chain structure, in order to evaluate the actual role of the H‐bonds on the structural habits. Additional comparisons with polyethylene and polypropylene are also made at several occasions for the sake of supporting argumentation on the structural behavior of polyamide6. A temperature–time–transformation diagram of polyamide6 is finally proposed from the gathering of plentiful literature data.
Thermally stimulated depolarization current spectra of cross‐linked polyethylene and the influence of cross‐linking byproducts
Authors: Walker Roger C , Hamedi Hossein , Woodward William Hunter , Lanagan Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) is notable for its use as power cable insulation. Its longevity is limited by space charge buildup linked to impurities such as the byproducts left behind by the cross‐linking agent dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The goal of this work is to determine the impacts of these byproducts on charge trapping and detrapping in XLPE using the thermally stimulated depolarization current technique. XLPE with byproducts has one source of trapped charge, which originates from the byproducts. XLPE that was thermally treated via degassing exhibits two other sources of trapped charge, which are charge injection and dipolar relaxations. Oxidation from degassing was shown to control the trapping from these sources, which is useful knowledge for processing this material prior to its use. Reintroducing acetophenone, one of the major byproducts of DCP, suppresses those two peaks once more, showing that it controls the overall space charge buildup characteristics in XLPE.
Selective uptake of different proteins by annealed and quenched cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
Authors: Ye Zhishuang , Li Li , Dai Liheng , Wang Yunwei , Yang Qingsong , von Klitzing Regine , Guo Xuhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe selective uptake of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β‐glucosidase (β‐G) by annealed and quenched cationic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) was systematically studied by combining turbidimetric titration, dynamic light scattering and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). These two kinds of SPB consist of a same polystyrene core and a dense shell of poly (2‐aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) (PAEMH) and poly [2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (PMAETA), respectively. Results reveal that the adsorption/desorption of proteins on SPB can be easily controlled by changing external conditions (pH and ionic strength). For a particular annealed or quenched SPB, there is a significant difference of the interaction pH regions between the brush and the two proteins, and this difference can be tuned by ionic strength. At low ionic strength, quenched brushes were more suitable for selective adsorption of BSA and β‐G, while annealed brushes performed better at high ionic strength. SAXS analysis demonstrated that volume exclusion effect played a remarkable role in protein uptake by both SPB, and larger proteins were more likely to be adsorbed on the outer layer of the brush. The unique core‐shell structure and controllable chain types make SPB an excellent candidate in selective adsorption/separation of proteins of different sizes.
Finding the five‐year window: A qualitative study examining young women's decision‐making and experience of using tamoxifen to reduce BRCA1/2 breast cancer risk
Authors: Forrest Laura E. , Forbes Shepherd Rowan , Young Mary‐Anne , Keogh Louise A. , James Paul A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTamoxifen has been demonstrated to reduce breast cancer risk in high‐risk, premenopausal women. Yet, very few young women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in Australia use tamoxifen, despite this being a less‐invasive option compared to risk‐reducing mastectomy. This study aims to examine young women's decision‐making about and experience of taking tamoxifen to reduce their breast cancer risk.MethodsYoung women with a BRCA1/2 mutation participated in semi‐structured qualitative interviews, recruited mainly from a metropolitan clinical genetics service. Data were analysed using an inductive, team‐based approach to thematic analysis.ResultsForty interviews with women aged 20–40 years with a BRCA1/2 mutation were conducted. Eleven women could not recall discussing tamoxifen with their healthcare provider or were too young to commence cancer risk management. Twenty‐three women chose not to use tamoxifen because it is contraindicated for pregnancy or because it did not offer immediate and great enough risk reduction compared to bilateral risk‐reducing mastectomy. Six women who were definite about not wanting to have children during the following 5‐year period chose to use tamoxifen, and most experienced none or transient side effects.ConclusionsDecision‐making about tamoxifen was nuanced and informed by considerations characteristic of young adulthood, especially childbearing. Therefore, clinical discussions about tamoxifen with young women with a BRCA1/2 mutation must include consideration of their reproductive plans.
Pancreatic Tissue Proteomics Unveils Key Proteins, Pathways, and Networks Associated with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Woo Jongmin , Sudhir Putty‐Reddy , Zhang Qibin 
Published: October 2020

PurposeType 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune mediated self‐destruction of the pancreatic islet beta cells and the resultant insulin deficiency. However, little is known about the underlying molecular pathogenesis at the pancreatic tissue level given the limited availability of clinical specimens.Experimental DesignQuantitative proteomic studies is performed on age‐matched T1D and healthy cadaveric pancreatic tissues (n= 18 each) using TMT 10plex‐based isobaric labeling and BoxCar‐based label‐free LC‐MS/MS approaches. ELISA is used to validate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs).ResultsOverall, the two quantitative proteomics approaches identified 8824 proteins, of which 261 are DEPs. KEGG pathway and functional network analyses of the DEPs reveal dysregulations to pancreatic exocrine function, complement coagulation cascades, and extracellular matrix receptor interaction pathways in T1D. A selected list of the DEPs associated with pathways, subnetworks, and plasma proteome of T1D are validated using ELISA.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceIntegrating labeling and label‐free approaches improve the confidence in quantitative profiling of pancreatic tissue proteome, which furthers the understanding of the dysregulated pathways and functional subnetworks associated with T1D pathogenesis and may aid to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for T1D.
Influence of circular permutations on the structure and stability of a six‐fold circular symmetric designer protein
Authors: Mylemans Bram , Noguchi Hiroki , Deridder Els , Lescrinier Eveline , Tame Jeremy R. H. , Voet Arnout R. D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe β‐propeller fold is adopted by a sequentially diverse family of repeat proteins with apparent rotational symmetry. While the structure is mostly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, an additional stabilization is provided by hydrogen bonds between the N‐and C‐termini, which are almost invariably part of the same β‐sheet. This feature is often referred to as the “Velcro” closure. The positioning of the termini within a blade is variable and depends on the protein family. In order to investigate the influence of this location on protein structure, folding and stability, we created different circular permutants, and a circularized version, of the designer propeller protein named Pizza. This protein is perfectly symmetrical, possessing six identical repeats. While all mutants adopt the same structure, the proteins lacking the “Velcro” closure were found to be significantly less resistant to thermal and chemical denaturation. This could explain why such proteins are rarely observed in nature. Interestingly the most common “Velcro” configuration for this protein family was not the most stable among the Pizza variants tested. The circularized version shows dramatically improved stability, which could have implications for future applications.
Recurrent time‐to‐event models with ordinal outcomes
Authors: Gebski Val , Byth Karen , Asher Rebecca , Marschner Ian 
Published: October 2020

SummaryA model to accommodate time‐to‐event ordinal outcomes was proposed by Berridge and Whitehead. Very few studies have adopted this approach, despite its appeal in incorporating several ordered categories of event outcome. More recently, there has been increased interest in utilizing recurrent events to analyze practical endpoints in the study of disease history and to help quantify the changing pattern of disease over time. For example, in studies of heart failure, the analysis of a single fatal event no longer provides sufficient clinical information to manage the disease. Similarly, the grade/frequency/severity of adverse events may be more important than simply prolonged survival in studies of toxic therapies in oncology. We propose an extension of the ordinal time‐to‐event model to allow for multiple/recurrent events in the case of marginal models (where all subjects are at risk for each recurrence, irrespective of whether they have experienced previous recurrences) and conditional models (subjects are at risk of a recurrence only if they have experienced a previous recurrence). These models rely on marginal and conditional estimates of the instantaneous baseline hazard and provide estimates of the probabilities of an event of each severity for each recurrence over time. We outline how confidence intervals for these probabilities can be constructed and illustrate how to fit these models and provide examples of the methods, together with an interpretation of the results.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbonized Polymer Dots: A Potent Scavenger and Detector Targeting Alzheimer's β‐Amyloid Plaques
Authors: Gao Weiqun , Wang Wenjuan , Dong Xiaoyan , Sun Yan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe fibrillization and deposition of β‐amyloid protein (Aβ) are recognized to be the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which signify the need for the effective detection and inhibition of Aβ accumulation. Development of multifunctional agents that can inhibit Aβ aggregation, rapidly disaggregate fibrils, and image aggregates is one of the effective strategies to treat and diagnose AD. Herein, the multifunctionality of nitrogen‐doped carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) targeting Aβ aggregation is reported. CPDs inhibit the fibrillization of Aβ monomers and rapidly disintegrate Aβ fibrils by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen‐bonding and hydrophobic interactions with Aβ in a time scale of seconds to minutes. Moreover, the interactions make CPDs label Aβ fibrils and emit enhanced red fluorescence by the binding, so CPDs can be used for in vivo imaging of the amyloids in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans CL2006 as an AD model. Importantly, CPDs are demonstrated to scavenge the in vivo amyloid plaques and to promote the lifespan extension of CL2006 strain by alleviating the Aβ‐triggered toxicity. Taken together, the multifunctional CPDs show an exciting prospect for further investigations in Aβ‐targeted AD treatment and diagnosis, and this study provides new insight into the development of carbon materials in AD theranostics.
Metallic 1T Phase Enabling MoS2 Nanodots as an Efficient Agent for Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy in the Near‐Infrared‐II Window
Authors: Zhou Zhan , Li Bowen , Shen Chuang , Wu Di , Fan Huacheng , Zhao Jiangqi , Li Hai , Zeng Zhiyuan , Luo Zhimin , Ma Lufang , Tan Chaoliang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanomaterials, specially MoS2, are proven to be appealing nanoagents for photothermal cancer therapies. However, the impact of the crystal phase of TMDs on their performance in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) remains unclear. Herein, the preparation of ultrasmall single‐layer MoS2 nanodots with different phases (1T and 2H phase) is reported to explore their phase‐dependent performances as nanoagents for PAI guided PTT in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window. Significantly, the 1T‐MoS2 nanodots give a much higher extinction coefficient (25.6 L g−1 cm−1) at 1064 nm and subsequent photothermal power conversion efficiency (PCE: 43.3%) than that of the 2H‐MoS2 nanodots (extinction coefficient: 5.3 L g−1 cm−1, PCE: 21.3%). Moreover, the 1T‐MoS2 nanodots also give strong PAI signals as compared to negligible signals of 2H‐MoS2 nanodots in the NIR‐II window. After modification with polyvinylpyrrolidone, the 1T‐MoS2 nanodots can be used as a highly efficient agent for PAI guided PTT to effectively ablate cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo under 1064 nm laser irradiation. This work proves that the crystal phase plays a key role in determining the performance of nanoagents based on TMD nanomaterials for PAI guided PTT.