bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Measurement and Reconstruction of Spectral Skin Reflectance
Authors: Gitlina Y. , Guarnera G. C. , Dhillon D. S. , Hansen J. , Lattas A. , Pai D. , Ghosh A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present two practical methods for measurement of spectral skin reflectance suited for live subjects, and drive a spectral BSSRDF model with appropriate complexity to match skin appearance in photographs, including human faces. Our primary measurement method employs illuminating a subject with two complementary uniform spectral illumination conditions using a multispectral LED sphere to estimate spatially varying parameters of chromophore concentrations including melanin and hemoglobin concentration, melanin blend‐type fraction, and epidermal hemoglobin fraction. We demonstrate that our proposed complementary measurements enable higher‐quality estimate of chromophores than those obtained using standard broadband illumination, while being suitable for integration with multiview facial capture using regular color cameras. Besides novel optimal measurements under controlled illumination, we also demonstrate how to adapt practical skin patch measurements using a hand‐held dermatological skin measurement device, a Miravex Antera 3D camera, for skin appearance reconstruction and rendering. Furthermore, we introduce a novel approach for parameter estimation given the measurements using neural networks which is significantly faster than a lookup table search and avoids parameter quantization. We demonstrate high quality matches of skin appearance with photographs for a variety of skin types with our proposed practical measurement procedures, including photorealistic spectral reproduction and renderings of facial appearance.
Photorealistic Material Editing Through Direct Image Manipulation
Authors: Zsolnai‐Fehér Károly , Wonka Peter , Wimmer Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCreating photorealistic materials for light transport algorithms requires carefully fine‐tuning a set of material properties to achieve a desired artistic effect. This is typically a lengthy process that involves a trained artist with specialized knowledge. In this work, we present a technique that aims to empower novice and intermediate‐level users to synthesize high‐quality photorealistic materials by only requiring basic image processing knowledge. In the proposed workflow, the user starts with an input image and applies a few intuitive transforms (e.g., colorization, image inpainting) within a 2D image editor of their choice, and in the next step, our technique produces a photorealistic result that approximates this target image. Our method combines the advantages of a neural network‐augmented optimizer and an encoder neural network to produce high‐quality output results within 30 seconds. We also demonstrate that it is resilient against poorly‐edited target images and propose a simple extension to predict image sequences with a strict time budget of 1–2 seconds per image.
A Comprehensive Theory and Variational Framework for Anti‐aliasing Sampling Patterns
Authors: Öztireli A. Cengiz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we provide a comprehensive theory of anti‐aliasing sampling patterns that explains and revises known results, and introduce a variational optimization framework to generate point patterns with any desired power spectra and anti‐aliasing properties. We start by deriving the exact spectral expression for expected error in reconstructing a function in terms of power spectra of sampling patterns, and analyzing how the shape of power spectra is related to anti‐aliasing properties. Based on this analysis, we then formulate the problem of generating anti‐aliasing sampling patterns as constrained variational optimization on power spectra. This allows us to not rely on any parametric form, and thus explore the whole space of realizable spectra. We show that the resulting optimized sampling patterns lead to reconstructions with less visible aliasing artifacts, while keeping low frequencies as clean as possible. Although we focus on image plane sampling, our theory and algorithms apply in any dimensions, and the variational optimization framework can be utilized in all problems where point pattern characteristics are given or optimized.
Oral focal mucinosis: A multi‐institutional study and literature review
Authors: Silva Cunha John Lennon , Leite Amanda Almeida , de Castro Abrantes Thamiris , Vervloet Lorena Passoni , de Lima Morais Thayná Melo , de Oliveira Paiva Neto Gerson , Kimura Tatiana Nayara Libório , Ferreira Sônia Maria Soares , de Albuquerque‐Júnior Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti , Abrahão Aline Corrêa , Romañach Mario José , Benevenuto de Andrade Bruno Augusto , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Soares Ciro Dantas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral focal mucinosis (OFM) is a rare benign condition of unknown etiology, considered the oral counterpart of cutaneous focal mucinosis. We report the clinicopathologic features of 21 cases of OFM in conjunction with a review of the literature.MethodsClinical data were collected from the records of five oral and maxillofacial pathology services. All cases were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry (vimentin, S‐100, α‐SMA, CD34, and mast cell).ResultsThe series comprised 14 females (66.7%) and seven males (33.3%), with a mean age of 48.2 ± 20.7 years (range: 8‐77 years) and a 2:1 female‐to‐male ratio. Most of the lesions affected the gingiva (n = 6, 28.6%) and presented clinically as asymptomatic sessile or pedunculated nodules with fibrous or hyperplasic appearance. All cases were negative for S‐100 protein, CD34, and α‐SMA and positive for Alcian blue staining. Conservative surgical excision was the treatment in all cases, and there was only one recurrence.ConclusionOFM is a rare benign disorder that is often clinically misdiagnosed as reactive lesions or benign proliferative processes. Dermatologists and pathologists should consider OFM in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue lesions in the oral cavity, mainly located in the gingiva.
Decline in adolescent drinking: Some possible explanations
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg , Pape Hilde , Torgersen Leila 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAdolescent drinking has decreased in numerous high‐income countries in the 2000s, and how to explain this downward trend is far from clear. Focussing on the decline in drinking to intoxication among youth in Norway, we examined the following potential explanatory factors: family/home‐based and peer‐oriented leisure‐time activities, perceived parental drinking, drug substitution, school conscientiousness and delinquency.Design and MethodsData stemmed from cross‐sectional surveys of adolescents aged 13–17 years in the four largest cities in Norway in 2002 (n = 1204) and in 2013/2015 (n = 31 441). We examined the extent to which the decline in intoxication prevalence was attributable to the possible explanatory variables using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe proportion reporting any past‐year intoxication episodes dropped markedly from 2002 (41%) to 2013/2015 (22%). Family/home‐oriented leisure‐time activities and school conscientiousness increased, whereas hanging out with friends in the evening and delinquent behaviours decreased. These factors together accounted for 43% of this decline. Decrease in going out with friends was the most important factor. We found no empirical support for assumptions that perceived parental drinking or drug substitution had contributed to the decrease in drinking to intoxication.Discussion and ConclusionsSince the millennium shift, urban adolescents in Norway have become more home‐, family‐ and school‐oriented, and less involved in unsupervised socialising with peers and delinquency. These changes may have contributed to some of the reduction in the prevalence of intoxication in this population group.
Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in Sumba Island, Indonesia
Authors: Jahan Israt , Al Imam Mahmudul Hassan , Karim Tasneem , Muhit Mohammad , Hardianto Denny , Das Manik Chandra , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Badawi Nadia , Khandaker Gulam 
Published: July 2020

AimTo define the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and rehabilitation status of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Sumba Island, Indonesia.MethodA community‐based key informant method survey among children (aged <18y) with CP was conducted between March and August 2017. Children with suspected CP underwent detailed neurodevelopmental assessment by a multidisciplinary medical team. Socio‐demographic characteristics, aetiology, motor type, motor severity, associated impairments, educational, and rehabilitation status were documented.ResultsThere were 130 children with clinically confirmed CP. The mean age at assessment was 8 years 11 months and 43.8% (n=57) of the children were female. The mean age at CP diagnosis was 6 years 5 months. Of these children, 46.9% (n=61) had post‐neonatally acquired CP, most frequently because of vaccine‐preventable infectious encephalopathy (73.8%, n=45). In total, 80.8% (n=105) had a predominantly spastic motor type of CP and 83.8% (n=109) were classified in Gross Motor Functional Classification System levels III to V. A total of 77.7% (n=101) had at least one associated impairment (speech 77.5%, intellectual 29.2%, visual 13.8%, hearing 20.0%, and epilepsy 13.5%). And 66.2% (n=86) had never received rehabilitation services.InterpretationPost‐neonatally acquired CP was common in this setting. Addressing preventable post‐neonatally acquired risk factors for CP should be a public health priority. Earlier identification and diagnosis of CP would also provide new opportunities for early intervention and targeted rehabilitation services.
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and mitral annular plane systolic excursion cardiac reference values in 1300 healthy children: Single‐center results
Authors: Keskin Mahmut , Kaya Özkan , Yoldaş Tamer , Karademir Selmin , Örün Utku Arman , Özgür Senem , Doğan Vehbi , Gürdal Osman 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundTricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) are two echocardiographic parameters which provide reliable information about the longitudinal myocardial functions of the right and left ventricles in both adult and pediatric population. The aim of this study was to determine the TAPSE and MAPSE reference values in healthy children aged 0‐18 years.Methods and ResultsThis prospective study included 1300 healthy children evaluated with two‐dimensional echocardiography. In addition to routine echocardiographic examination, the right and left ventricular systolic functions were assessed by TAPSE and MAPSE measurements. Statistical analyses were carried out in the groups of subjects stratified according to age and body surface area. The mean and standard deviation values and z‐scores of TAPSE and MAPSE were developed in each group.ConclusionsThe determination of reference values for TAPSE and MAPSE in healthy children will be of guidance in the evaluation of both healthy children and those with congenital or acquired heart diseases in which the right and left ventricular systolic functions are affected. The reference values obtained will contribute to the clinical practice and the future studies.
Shipping canals on the downstream migration route of European eel (Anguilla anguilla): Opportunity or bottleneck?
Authors: Vergeynst Jenna , Pauwels Ine , Baeyens Raf , Mouton Ans , De Mulder Tom , Nopens Ingmar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMigrating fish species are worldwide in decline due to several global changes and threats. Among these causes are man‐made structures blocking their freshwater migration routes. Shipping canals with navigation locks play a dual role in this. These canals can serve as an important migration route, offering a short cut between freshwater and the sea. In contrast, the navigation locks may act as barriers to migration, causing delays and migration failures. To better understand these issues for downstream migrating fish, we studied the behaviour of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the Albert Canal at two scales. The mid‐scale contained a 27‐km canal pound confined by two navigation lock complexes, in which we released and tracked 86 silver eels. The small scale was a 200 × 150 m area just in front of the most downstream complex of the canal pound, where we analysed the behaviour of 33 eels in relation to the flow field resulting from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. This paper discusses the factors influencing fish behaviour, and the relation between these behaviours on both scales. On the mid‐scale, migration efficiency resulted from a combination of intrinsic behaviour and flow in the canal pound. Also on the small scale, intrinsic behaviour influenced the success to pass the navigation lock. Increasing the flow would create more attraction and passage opportunities and hence facilitate migration through shipping canals, but only if this flow guides the fish through safe passage routes.
Degradation levels of continuous speech affect neural speech tracking and alpha power differently
Authors: Hauswald Anne , Keitel Anne , Chen Ya‐Ping , Rösch Sebastian , Weisz Nathan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMaking sense of a poor auditory signal can pose a challenge. Previous attempts to quantify speech intelligibility in neural terms have usually focused on one of two measures, namely low‐frequency speech‐brain synchronization or alpha power modulations. However, reports have been mixed concerning the modulation of these measures, an issue aggravated by the fact that they have normally been studied separately. We present two MEG studies analyzing both measures. In study 1, participants listened to unimodal auditory speech with three different levels of degradation (original, 7‐channel and 3‐channel vocoding). Intelligibility declined with declining clarity, but speech was still intelligible to some extent even for the lowest clarity level (3‐channel vocoding). Low‐frequency (1–7 Hz) speech tracking suggested a U‐shaped relationship with strongest effects for the medium‐degraded speech (7‐channel) in bilateral auditory and left frontal regions. To follow up on this finding, we implemented three additional vocoding levels (5‐channel, 2‐channel and 1‐channel) in a second MEG study. Using this wider range of degradation, the speech‐brain synchronization showed a similar pattern as in study 1, but further showed that when speech becomes unintelligible, synchronization declines again. The relationship differed for alpha power, which continued to decrease across vocoding levels reaching a floor effect for 5‐channel vocoding. Predicting subjective intelligibility based on models either combining both measures or each measure alone showed superiority of the combined model. Our findings underline that speech tracking and alpha power are modified differently by the degree of degradation of continuous speech but together contribute to the subjective speech understanding.
Monitoring soil microbial communities using molecular tools: DNA extraction methods may offset long‐term management effects
Authors: Changey Frederique , Blaud Aimeric , Pando Anne , Herrmann Anke M. , Lerch Thomas Z. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite recent technological advances in molecular ecology, DNA extraction from soil remains a crucial step when quantifying and characterizing soil microbial communities. Potential biases could hamper fundamental understanding of the dynamic relationships between soil properties and microorganisms under different agricultural practices. In this study, we compared four different DNA extraction methods for their ability to discriminate microbial communities of an arable soil subjected to different fertilization managements for more than 50 years (Ultuna, Sweden). The abundance and the diversity of bacteria, archaea and fungi were studied using qPCR and molecular fingerprints, respectively. Overall, the choice of DNA extraction method had a more pronounced effect on the fungal and archaeal communities in comparison to bacterial ones. The assessment of the microbial diversity was more sensitive to DNA extraction methods in comparison with the quantification of the abundances. The DNA extraction method clearly affects the intensity of the correlations between the abundance and/or diversity of microbial communities and environmental variables (C, N and pH) according to the targeted taxon. This study highlights that long‐term effects can be offset by biases in DNA extraction methods.Highlights
Using different DNA extraction methods may alter soil microbial survey.
Average DNA concentrations vary from 1 to 3 μg.g−1 according to the extraction method.
Gene copies numbers vary up to 2 orders of magnitude among DNA extraction methods.
Fungal communities diversity descriptors were the most affected by DNA extraction
A fracture study of slanted cracks using the stress dead‐zone hypothesis
Authors: Farahani Behzad V. , de Melo Francisco Q. , Tavares Paulo , Moreira Pedro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis manuscript investigates the effect of existing slant cracks in finite plates subjected to the mode I loading condition using the stress dead‐zone (SDZ) concept. For this purpose, standardised polymeric middle tension (MT) specimens containing slant notches with different orientations were mechanically tested under a unidirectional tensile load. The experimental data were collected and analysed using 3D digital image correlation (DIC) contributing to document the deformation field around slanted cracks and stress intensity factor (SIF) evaluation. Computationally, the fracture model was solved using the finite element method (FEM) to obtain results on the SIF, deformation field and the SDZ characterisations. The obtained SIFs were compared with a reference solution from the literature. An acceptable agreement has been accomplished amongst the results. Furthermore, the SDZ was assessed through deformation field obtained from DIC and FEM.
Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Mauritanian patients
Authors: Khiddi Fatimetou , Abdellahi Mohamed val Mohamed , Horma Mohamed Abdallah , Billoet Annick , Collobert Ghislaine , Amar Ahmed Mohamed , Nech Hachem Demine Moctar , Vadel El Heiba Mohamed , Houmeida Ahmed , Raymond Josette , Dauga Catherine , Gastli Nabil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori (H pylori) is responsible for various diseases including cancer It co‐evolved with humans, and human migrations shaped the expansion and the diversity of strains around the world. The risk of developing a disease depends on virulence factors, mainly the cytotoxin‐associated gene A protein (CagA). The aim of this study was to determine the cagA status in H pylori strains from Mauritanian patients and to search for a relationship with endoscopic and histologic findings.Material and methodsH pylori was searched in gastric biopsies taken during endoscopy in patients with gastro‐duodenal symptoms. RT‐PCR was used for the diagnosis and resistance to clarithromycin. The cagA status was determined with PCR and the EPIYA‐cagA polymorphism with sequencing.ResultsAt all, 76/78 (97.4%) biopsies were positive. The rate of clarithromycin resistance was 4/76 (5.26%) due to the A2143G mutation, with a mixed population in 2 cases. The cagA gene was present in 23/76 (30.26%) biopsies, and the EPIYA motif was ABC in 21 (91.3%). High bacterial load and inflammation were significantly associated with cagA‐positive status (P < .01). Phylogenetic analysis of the glmM and hspA genes highlighted a mixture of African and European genes in strains of H pylori isolated from patients of Moor origin.ConclusionWe report a high prevalence of H pylori infection in Mauritanian patients, a low rate of clarithromycin resistance (5.26%) and high bacterial load and inflammation associated with cagA‐positive status. The phylogenetic analysis highlights the mix of different populations leading to the Moor ethnicity.
‘As soon as you've been there, it makes it personal’: The experience of health‐care staff shadowing patients at the end of life
Authors: Goodrich Joanna , Ridge Damien , Cartwright Tina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatient shadowing is an experiential technique intended to enable those who shadow to understand care experience from the patient's point of view. It is used in quality improvement to bring about change that focuses on what is important for patients.AimTo explore the acceptability of patient shadowing for health‐care staff, the impact of the experience and subsequent motivations to make improvements.MethodA qualitative study with a diverse sample of 20 clinical and non‐clinical health‐care staff in different end‐of‐life settings. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsAnticipated anxieties about shadowing did not materialize in participant accounts, although for some it was a deeply emotional experience, intensified by being with patients who were at the end of life. Shadowing not only impacted on participants personally, but also promoted better insights into the experience of patients, thus focusing their improvement efforts. Participants reported that patients and families who were shadowed welcomed additional caring attention.ConclusionWith the right preparation and support, patient shadowing is a technique that engages and motivates health‐care staff to improve patient‐centred care.
Knowledge and confidence of junior medical doctors in discussing and documenting resuscitation plans: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Bryant Jamie , Waller Amy , Pickles Rob , Hullick Carolyn , Price Emma , White Ben , Willmott Lindy , Bowman Alison , Knight Anne , Ryall Mary‐Ann , Sanson‐Fisher Rob 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundA resuscitation plan is a medically authorised order to use or withhold resuscitation interventions. Absence of appropriate resuscitation orders exposes patients to the risk of invasive medical interventions that may be of questionable benefit depending on individual circumstances.AimsTo describe among junior doctors: (i) self‐reported confidence discussing and completing resuscitation plans; (ii) knowledge of resuscitation policy including whether resuscitation plans are legally enforceable and key triggers for completion; and (iii) the factors associated with higher knowledge of triggers for completing resuscitation plans.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted at five hospitals. Junior doctors on clinical rotation were approached at scheduled training sessions, before or after ward rounds or at change of rotation orientation days and provided with a pen‐and‐paper survey.ResultsA total of 118 junior doctors participated. Most felt confident discussing (79%; n = 92) and documenting (87%; n = 102) resuscitation plans with patients. However, only 45% (n = 52) of doctors correctly identified that resuscitation plans are legally enforceable medical orders. On average, doctors correctly identified 6.8 (standard deviation = 1.8) out of 10 triggers for completing a resuscitation plan. Doctors aged >30 years were four times more likely to have high knowledge of triggers for completing resuscitation plans (odds ratio 4.28 (95% confidence interval 1.54–11.89); P = 0.0053).ConclusionMost junior doctors feel confident discussing and documenting resuscitation plans. There is a need to improve knowledge about legal obligations to follow completed resuscitation plans, and about when resuscitation plans should be completed to ensure they are completed with patients who are most at risk.