bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic hardness of boron carbide: Influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry
Authors: Cheenady Amith Adoor , Awasthi Amnaya , Subhash Ghatu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBoron carbide comprises of polymorphs that differ in crystallographic arrangement and stoichiometry. Consequently, specimens extracted from the same batch can exhibit variability in mechanical properties depending on the constituent mixture of polymorphs. In this work, density functional theory simulations and estimates from three models (bond resistance model, bond strength model, and electronegativity model) are utilized to (i) investigate the influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry on the intrinsic hardness of boron carbide, (ii) reveal the sensitivity of the estimates to the model used, and (iii) test their conformance to experimental data. The study finds intrinsic hardness of boron carbide to be primarily a function of stoichiometry, with polymorphism having a lower influence. Furthermore, hardness estimates are shown to exhibit substantial sensitivity to the model used, differing by as much as 9 GPa for the same polymorph. Thus, the search for new superhard materials should be guided by more than just one model. Our analysis finds bond resistance model to offer the best conformance to experimental data, indicating that bond length is a much stronger influencer of intrinsic hardness in covalent crystals than coordination numbers and electronegativities of bonding atoms.
Phase equilibria studies in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system with CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.9
Authors: Wang Dongqing , Chen Mao , Jiang Yang , Wang Shuai , Zhao Zhixing , Evans Tim , Zhao Baojun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhase equilibria and liquidus temperatures in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system at a CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.9 in the liquid phase have been experimentally determined employing high‐temperature equilibration and quenching technique followed by electron probe X‐ray microanalysis. Isotherms at 1573, 1623, 1673, and 1773 K were determined and the primary phase fields of wollastonite, melilite, olivine, periclase, spinel, and corundum have been located. Compositions of the olivine and melilite solid solutions were analyzed and discussed. Comparisons between the newly constructed diagram, existing data, and FactSage predicted phase diagrams were performed and differences were discussed. The present study will be useful for guidance of industrial practices and further development of thermodynamic modeling.
The effect of cesium content on the thermodynamic stability and chemical durability of (Ba,Cs)1.33(Al,Ti)8O16 hollandite
Authors: Zhao Mingyang , Amoroso Jake W. , Fenker Kalee M. , DiPrete David P. , Misture Scott , Utlak Stephen , Besmann Theodore , Brinkman Kyle 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTitanate‐based hollandite ceramics are promising nuclear waste forms for Cs immobilization. In this work, a series of Al‐substituted hollandite (Ba,Cs)1.33(Al,Ti)8O16 was investigated across a broad compositional range with varying Cs content. Powder X‐ray diffraction showed that all samples exhibited a tetragonal hollandite phase. Enthalpies of formation determined by high‐temperature melt solution calorimetry indicated enhanced thermodynamic stability with increased Cs content, which generally agreed with sublattice‐based thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, enthalpies of formation of the samples were primarily affected by three factors: (a) relative sizes of cations on the A‐sites and B‐sites, (b) tolerance factor, and (c) optical basicity. Fractional element release revealed that Cs retention was significantly improved for the high Cs‐containing hollandite compositions, which were supported by the evolution of microstructure of the pre and postleach particles. Elution studies of Al‐substituted hollandite spiked with radioactive 137Cs indicated that transmutation of Cs to Ba in the hollandite was accompanied by an increase in the retention of the Cs decay product, suggesting long‐term stability of Al‐substituted hollandite phase.
Enhanced thermal stability of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphors by superficial carbon modification
Authors: Tian Junhang , Zhuang Weidong , Liu Ronghui , Liu Yuanhong , Chen Guantong , Jiang Ze , Zhang Xia , Gao Wei , Li Wenjin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo satisfy increasing stringent application requirements for high power wLEDs, we propose a superficial carbon modification method to enhance thermal stability of red‐emitting CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor via carbon coating by mechanical mixing and thermal post‐treatment at high temperature under N2‐H2 atmosphere. The modifications on the crystal surface include (a) elimination of amorphous phase, (b) introduction of carbon and (c) inhibition of the oxidation of Eu2+. During the whole processing, the route of carbon and its effects on the crystal structure and luminescence properties are investigated by XPS, TEM, SEM, Raman spectra and TG‐DSC analysis. After superficial carbon modification, the thermal quenching characteristic is improved by 5.7%, and the relative brightness decays more slowly during the aging test, which means that the superficial carbon modified samples still maintain good luminescence performance at high temperature and have superior performance for long‐term applications. All above indicate that the superficial carbon modification method is a promising application to enhance the thermal stability for analogous Eu2+‐activated nitride phosphors.
Choice or circumstance: When are women penalized for their success?
Authors: Toneva Yanitsa , Heilman Madeline E. , Pierre Gaëlle 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPast research shows that successful women in traditionally masculine roles often experience interpersonal penalties not sustained by similarly successful men. In two studies we, addressed the question of how the perceived motivation of women for counter‐stereotypical positions affects whether such penalties occur. Specifically, we investigated whether women who are successful in male gender‐typed roles are less likely to be penalized when their attainment of the role is due to circumstance than to focused and intentional goal pursuit. In Study 1, we compared reactions to women and men who had been successful in a leadership role on a STEM project and showed that when a woman had been arbitrarily assigned to the leadership role she incurred fewer interpersonal penalties than when she had actively pursued it. In Study 2, we replicated and extended these findings by demonstrating similar effects for a successful woman in a financial position when she had attained her position due to a series of lucky breaks rather than purposeful goal‐directed efforts. The results of these studies support the idea that the perception that women have actively chosen to pursue counter‐normative goals plays an important role in determining whether they are penalized for their success in traditionally male domains. It was not simply being in the role, but how she got there, that determined whether the derogation and dislike shown to be directed at successful women in past research occurred.
Did long‐term fire control the coniferous boreal forest composition of the northern Ural region (Komi Republic, Russia)?
Authors: Barhoumi Chéïma , Ali Adam A. , Peyron Odile , Dugerdil Lucas , Borisova Olga , Golubeva Yulia , Subetto Dmitri , Kryshen Alexander , Drobyshev Igor , Ryzhkova Nina , Joannin Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimDocumenting past vegetation dynamics and fire‐vegetation relationships at a regional scale is necessary to understand the mechanisms that control the functioning of the boreal forest, which is particularly sensitive to climate change. The objective of this study is to document these interactions in the Komi Republic during the Holocene.LocationYaksha, Vychegda river basin, Republic of Komi, Russia.TaxonPlantae, gymnosperms, angiosperms.MethodsTwo palaeoecological approaches are combined, based (1) on pollen (this study) and charcoal analysis (recomputed from our previous analysis) applied to cores from two peatlands and (2) on a REVEALS model (a part of the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm “LRA”) applied to six regional pollen cores in order to obtain a regional estimate of vegetation cover during the Holocene.ResultsThe pollen diagram produced locally from Yaksha was compared with the regional vegetation cover determined by REVEALS. Taxa such as Abies sp. and Pinus spp. showed differences between the two approaches, but vegetation signals remain qualitatively consistent. From 10,000 to 6,000 cal. yr BP, the forest was mainly a light taiga (composed of Pinus sylvestris and Betula spp.) and low fire activity was recorded. From 6,000 to 3,500 cal. yr BP, a dark taiga (composed of Picea spp., Abies sibirica and Pinus sibirica) was established due to favourable climatic conditions, despite higher fire activity. From 3,500 cal. yr BP onwards, the continuous increase in fire activity allowed for a gradual return of light taiga, Betula spp., likely reinforced by human activities. The dynamics of Picea spp. and Abies sp. were asynchronous between the sites. For Picea spp., the hypothesis of local inter‐site expansion distributed along stream corridors is supported by the data. For Abies sp., a bias in REVEALS, and in climate cooling may explain disparities between sites.Main conclusionsWe found evidence that in the early and mid‐Holocene, vegetation dynamics were probably more influenced by climate, as fire activity was low. During the late Holocene, fire activity and geomorphology, eventually augmented by human activities, increased in influence on vegetation dynamics and led to the predominance of the light taiga forest up to the present.
Deconstructing species richness–environment relationships in Neotropical lianas
Authors: Meyer Leila , Kissling W. Daniel , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Hortal Joaquín , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimStudying species richness patterns by considering all species as equivalent units may prevent a deeper understanding of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Here, we deconstructed the species richness of Neotropical lianas by specific attributes of species to study richness–environment relationships.LocationNeotropics.TaxonTribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), the largest clade of Neotropical lianas.MethodsWe used five morphological, one geographical and two evolutionary attributes of species, each with 2–7 attribute states. We compared the environmental response of species richness of each attribute state to the response of overall Bignonieae species richness. For those groups of species that differed in their environmental response to three‐dimensional habitat structure, climate and soil we assessed: (a) the magnitude and direction of the environmental response; and (b) the variation in species richness explained by environmental variables and spatial filters using variation partitioning analysis.ResultsWe identified eight attribute states whose richness–environment relationship differed from the overall richness pattern: three morphological (species with shrubby habit, lacking tendrils and with seeds bearing ellipsoid wings), three geographical (species with small, small‐to‐medium and medium‐to‐large range sizes) and two evolutionary (species of the generaAmphilophiumandCuspidaria) attribute states. Areas with high species richness of these eight attribute states did not overlap with the centres of Neotropical diversity in the tribe Bignonieae. A high fraction of the variation in species richness of these eight attribute states was accounted for by spatial filters or remained unexplained.Main conclusionsThe richness deconstruction approach revealed that richness–environment relationships of species with specific attribute states differ from the overall species richness pattern. These morphological, geographical and evolutionary attribute states are mostly related to the survival and persistence in savanna habitats, and show that ecological strategies and evolutionary histories need to be taken into account to fully understand richness–environment relationships.
Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identifies a metabolically challenged subgroup of hypertensive individuals
Authors: Vaura Felix C. , Salomaa Veikko V. , Kantola Ilkka M. , Kaaja Risto , Lahti Leo , Niiranen Teemu J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe current classification of hypertension does not reflect the heterogeneity in characteristics or cardiovascular outcomes of hypertensive individuals. Our objective was to identify distinct phenotypes of hypertensive individuals with potentially different cardiovascular risk profiles using data‐driven cluster analysis. We performed clustering, a procedure that identifies groups with similar characteristics, in 3726 individuals (mean age 59.4 years, 49% women) with grade 2 hypertension (blood pressure ≥160/100 mmHg or antihypertensive medication) selected from FINRISK 1997, 2002, and 2007 cohorts. We computed clusters based on eight factors associated with hypertension: mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, BMI, C‐reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and alcohol. After that, we used Cox regression models adjusted for age and sex to assess the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes between the clusters and a reference group of 11 020 individuals. We observed two comparable clusters in both men and women. The Metabolically Challenged (MC) cluster was characterized by high blood glucose (Z‐score 4.4 ± 1.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.8, men; 3.5 ± 1.1 vs 0.0 ± 0.6, women) and elevated BMI (30.4 ± 4.1 vs 28.9 ± 4.3, men; 32.7 ± 4.9 vs 29.3 ± 5.5, women). Over a 10‐year follow‐up (1034 CVD events), MC had 1.6‐fold (95% CI 1.1‐2.4) CVD risk compared to non‐MC and 2.5‐fold (95% CI 1.7‐3.7) CVD risk compared to the reference group (P ≤ .009 for both). Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering, we found two phenotypically distinct hypertension subgroups with different risks of CVD complications. This substratification could be used to design studies that explore the differential effects of antihypertensive therapies among subgroups of hypertensive individuals.
Point‐of‐care nerve conduction device predicts the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy: A quantitative, but easy‐to‐use, prediction model
Authors: Kamiya Hideki , Shibata Yuka , Himeno Tatsuhito , Tani Hiroya , Nakayama Takayuki , Murotani Kenta , Hirai Nobuhiro , Kawai Miyuka , Asada‐Yamada Yuriko , Asano‐Hayami Emi , Nakai‐Shimoda Hiromi , Yamada Yuichiro , Ishikawa Takahiro , Morishita Yoshiaki , Kondo Masaki , Tsunekawa Shin , Kato Yoshiro , Baba Masayuki , Nakamura Jiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionA gold standard in the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a nerve conduction study. However, as a nerve conduction study requires expensive equipment and well‐trained technicians, it is largely avoided when diagnosing DPN in clinical settings. Here, we validated a novel diagnostic method for DPN using a point‐of‐care nerve conduction device as an alternative way of diagnosis using a standard electromyography system.Materials and MethodsWe used a multiple regression analysis to examine associations of nerve conduction parameters obtained from the device, DPNCheck™, with the severity of DPN categorized by the Baba classification among 375 participants with type 2 diabetes. A nerve conduction study using a conventional electromyography system was implemented to differentiate the severity in the Baba classification. The diagnostic properties of the device were evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsA multiple regression model to predict the severity of DPN was generated using sural nerve conduction data obtained from the device as follows: the severity of DPN = 2.046 + 0.509 × ln(age [years]) − 0.033 × (nerve conduction velocity [m/s]) − 0.622 × ln(amplitude of sensory nerve action potential [µV]), r = 0.649. Using a cut‐off value of 1.3065 in the model, moderate‐to‐severe DPN was effectively diagnosed (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.871, sensitivity 70.1%, specificity 87.7%, positive predictive value 83.0%, negative predictive value 77.3%, positive likelihood ratio 5.67, negative likelihood ratio 0.34).ConclusionsNerve conduction parameters in the sural nerve acquired by the handheld device successfully predict the severity of DPN.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitors as add‐on therapy in addition to insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zou Hailan , Liu Lili , Guo Jia , Wang Hongjuan , Liu Siyun , Xing Yixuan , Deng Chao , Xiao Yang , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionSeveral clinical trials reported the effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors in type 1 diabetes patients. This meta‐analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of SGLT inhibitors in type 1 diabetes patients.Materials and MethodsRelevant studies were identified in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases through 1 April 2020. Differences were expressed as the 95% confidence interval (CI) or weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes, and risk ratio (RR) for discontinuous outcomes.ResultsA total of 13 RCTs with 7,962 cases were included. SGLT inhibitors reduced the fasting plasma glucose level (WMD −1.320 mmol/L, 95% CI −1.609 to −1.031, P < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin level (WMD −0.386%, 95% CI −0.431 to −0.342, P < 0.001) and daily total insulin dose (WMD −5.403, 95% CI −7.218 to −3.859, P < 0.001). However, higher risks of diabetic ketoacidosis (RR 5.042, 95% CI 3.160–8.046, P < 0.001), urinary tract infections (RR 1.259, 95% CI 1.034–1.533,P = 0.022) and genital infections (RR 2.995, 95% CI 1.953–4.594, P < 0.001) were associated with SGLT inhibitors, but SGLT inhibitors did not increase the hypoglycemia risk (RR 0.980, 95% CI 0.840–1.144,P = 0.799). In subgroup analysis, with a significant reduction of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin and daily insulin doses, SGLT1/2 inhibitor did not increase genitourinary tract infections compared with a placebo.ConclusionsSGLT2 and SGLT1/2 inhibitors can improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy in primary and secondary healthcare in Qatar
Authors: Ponirakis Georgios , Elhadd Tarik , Chinnaiyan Subitha , Hamza Abdul H , Sheik Sanaulla , Kalathingal Mohamed A , Anodiyil Mohamed S , Dabbous Zeinab , Siddique Mashhood A , Almuhannadi Hamad , Petropoulos Ioannis N , Khan Adnan , AE Ashawesh Khaled , Dukhan Khaled M , Mahfoud Ziyad R , Zirie Mahmoud A , Jayyousi Amin , Murgatroyd Christopher , Slevin Mark , Malik Rayaz A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionThis study determined the prevalence and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and painful DPN (pDPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary healthcare (PHC) and secondary healthcare (SHC) in Qatar.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional multicenter study. Adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly enrolled from four PHC centers and two diabetes centers in SHC in Qatar. Participants underwent assessment of clinical and metabolic parameters, DPN and pDPN.ResultsA total of 1,386 individuals with type 2 diabetes (297 from PHC and 1,089 from SHC) were recruited. The prevalence of DPN (14.8% vs 23.9%, P = 0.001) and pDPN (18.1% vs 37.5%, P < 0.0001) was significantly lower in PHC compared with SHC, whereas those with DPN at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration (31.8% vs 40.0%, P = 0.3) was comparable. The prevalence of undiagnosed DPN (79.5% vs 82.3%, P = 0.66) was comparably high, but undiagnosed pDPN (24.1% vs 71.5%, P < 0.0001) was lower in PHC compared with SHC. The odds of DPN and pDPN increased with age and diabetes duration, and DPN increased with poor glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, whereas pDPN increased with obesity and reduced physical activity.ConclusionsThe prevalence of DPN and pDPN in type 2 diabetes is lower in PHC compared with SHC, and is attributed to overall better control of risk factors and referral bias due to patients with poorly managed complications being referred to SHC. However, approximately 80% of patients had not been previously diagnosed with DPN in PHC and SHC. Furthermore, we identified a number of modifiable risk factors for PDN and pDPN.
Resource allocation is determined by both parents and offspring in a burying beetle
Authors: Mäenpää Maarit I. , Smiseth Per T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractParents and offspring have different optima for the level of parental resource allocation and the timing of nutritional independence. Theoretical models assume that either parents or offspring control the allocation of resources within a brood; however, control may also be mutual. Here, we investigate whether the resolution of parent–offspring conflict is biased towards cues from either the parents' or the offspring's behaviour, or whether the conflict is under mutual control. Importantly, we considered potential shifts in the power continuum over the entire period of juvenile dependency. The burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides parents provision food for the larvae, and the larvae solicit food from their parents with conspicuous begging displays. Both parental and larval behaviours change as larvae age. We repeatedly manipulated the age of the brood females care for, thereby creating mismatch between the age of the foster brood and expected age of the brood from the female parent's perspective, over the period of dependency in juvenile development. We found that females adjusted the total amount of provisioning based on the actual age of the brood. However, both the parent and the offspring influenced the levels of food provisioning, which followed neither the expected age of the brood from the parent's perspective nor offspring age. Our results suggest that there is mutual control over parental care, thus contradicting the dichotomous view of control over parental care. We suggest that the mutual influence of both parents and the offspring should be taken into account in development of future theory, as well as empirical studies.