bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of incisal preparation design on load‐to‐failure of ceramic veneers
Authors: Chai Sy Yin , Bennani Vincent , Aarts John M. , Lyons Karl , Lowe Bronwyn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis in vitro study aims to evaluate load‐to‐failure of ceramic veneers with butt joint (BJ) and feathered edge (FE) incisal preparation designs, and to correlate these results to the failure mode of the restorations.Materials and methodsOne hundred and forty‐eight typodont teeth (customized Nissin A25A‐UL19B) were divided into two different preparation configurations BJ and FE and two different loading angulations, 0° and 20°. Lithium disilicate ceramic veneers (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were milled using computer‐aided‐design‐and‐computer‐aided‐manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. Veneers were bonded to typodont teeth with resin cement (IPS Variolink Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent). Each group was loaded at the incisal edge using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.01 mm/s till failure.ResultsPairwise comparison showed veneers from the BJ groups had a significantly higher load‐to‐failure value compared to the FE groups. Veneers with a FE preparation design loaded at 20° angulation had the lowest load‐to‐failure value.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the present study, both incisal preparation designs and loading angulations have significant effects on the load‐to‐failure values of ceramic veneers. BJ group exhibits a significantly higher load‐to‐failure value compared to the FE group.Clinical significanceBJ incisal preparation is preferred over FE preparation design.
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 5As of Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain
Authors: Weeks Ashley , Halili Lyra , Ferraro Zachary M. , Harvey Alysha LJ , Deonandan Raywat , Adamo Kristi B. 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionGestational weight gain (GWG) outside of the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines may be harmful to women and their fetuses. Prenatal health care providers (HCPs) are important sources of health information, but not all discuss GWG with their patients. The Canadian Obesity Network's 5As (ask, assess, advise, agree, and assist) of Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain (5As) is a tool developed to help HCPs counsel their patients on GWG. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the 5As tool on patient perceptions of GWG discussions with their HCP and to identify suggestions to improve the tool.MethodsA quasiexperimental study design was conducted whereby HCPs were trained in using the 5As tool (intervention). Patients were then queried at baseline and postintervention using an electronic questionnaire measuring patient‐perceived 5As counseling. Inclusion criteria for pregnant women were (1) currently attending their first appointment with participating HCPs, (2) English‐speaking, and (3) over 18 years of age.ResultsOne hundred pregnant women (50 baseline, 50 postintervention) and 15 HCPs (11 midwives, 4 obstetricians) participated. Participants receiving care from 5As‐trained HCPs reported scores twice as high (P = .047) in being asked about and were approximately 3 times more likely to be advised an exact amount of target weight gain (P = .03). HCPs suggested improving patient handouts and HCP education on GWG guidelines as well as reducing the content presented in the 5As tool.DiscussionThe 5As Tool is effective at initiating HCP‐mediated GWG counseling; further research is needed to examine the usefulness of the 5As in clinical practice throughout the length of a full pregnancy. Whether the uptake of the 5As tool contributes to prenatal behavior change remains to be established. Future steps include modifying the tool based on HCP feedback, the development of novel knowledge translation tools, and improved HCP and patient education.
Estimation of pharyngeal residue after swallowing by retronasal aroma
Authors: Okawa Jumpei , Hori Kazuhiro , Fujiwara Shigehiro , Uehara Fumiko , Shitara Satoko , Kodama Shohei , Ono Takahiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPharyngeal residue can trigger aspiration and choking after swallowing. Various studies to assess the amount of pharyngeal residue have been conducted; however, an easy and quantitative method is yet to be established. The aroma released from the pharyngeal residue is thought to be delivered from the pharynx to the nasal cavity via velopharynx by expiration, that is, retronasal pathway.ObjectiveThis study verified that the amount of pharyngeal residue could be estimated by aroma intensity.MethodsTen healthy adult subjects had tubes in from the oral cavity to the pharynx. Varying amounts of essence were dispensed into the pharynx through the tube either at rest or after swallowing the essence. Pharyngeal residue was simulated by retention essence in the pharynx without swallowing. An odour sensor was placed in the nostril, and the aroma intensity of the retained essence was measured over time.ResultsThe aroma intensity level flattened after a certain period of time had elapsed, and a significant correlation was found between the amount of essence dispensed and the flattened aroma intensity, both at rest and after swallowing. Furthermore, to estimate in a short period of time, changes in aroma intensity over time were estimated by fitting to a decay curve. The estimated intensity at convergence, calculated from the fitted curve from 80 to 120 seconds after swallowing, was significantly correlated to the measured intensity.ConclusionThe amount of pharyngeal residue can be estimated in a short period of time by measuring the aroma intensity.
Critical review of leaflets about conservative management used in uk renal services
Authors: Winterbottom Anna E. , Mooney Andrew , Russon Lynne , Hipkiss Vicki , Williams Richard , Ziegler Lucy , Bekker Hilary L. 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYBackgroundWritten information supplements nurse‐led education about treatment options. It is unclear if this information enhances patients’ reasoning about conservative management (CM) and renal replacement therapy decisions.AimThis study describes a critical review of resources U.K. renal staff use when providing CM options to people with Established Kidney Disease (EKD) during usual pre‐dialysis education.DesignA survey using mixed methods identified and critically analysed leaflets about CM.Participants & measurementsAll 72 renal units in the United Kingdom received an 11‐item questionnaire to elicit how CM education is delivered, satisfaction and/or needs with patient resources and staff training. Copies of leaflets were requested. A coding frame was utilised to produce a quality score for each leaflet.ResultsFifty‐four (75%) units participated. Patients discuss CM with a nephrologist (98%) or nurse (100%). Eighteen leaflets were reviewed, mean scores were 8.44 out of 12 (range 5–12, SD = 2.49) for information presentation; 3.50 out of 6 (range 0–6, SD = 1.58) for inclusion of information known to support shared decision‐making and 2.28 out of 6 (range 1–4, SD = 0.96) for presenting non‐biased information.ConclusionsNurses preferred communicating via face‐to‐face contact with patients and/or families because of the emotional consequences and complexity of planning treatment for the next stage of a person's worsening kidney disease. Conversations were supplemented with written information; 66% of which were produced locally. Staff perceived a need for using leaflets, and spend time and resources developing them to support their services. However, no leaflets included the components needed to help people reason about conservative care and renal replacement therapy options during EKD education consultations.
Speciation and gene flow in two sympatric small mammals from Madagascar, Microgale fotsifotsy and M. soricoides (Mammalia: Tenrecidae)
Authors: Everson Kathryn M. , Goodman Steven M. , Olson Link E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMadagascar's shrew tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae; Microgale, Nesogale) represent an excellent system for studying speciation. Most species are endemic to the island's eastern humid forests, a region renowned for high levels of biodiversity and a high rate of in situ diversification. We set out to understand the speciation dynamics in a clade of recently described taxa: Microgale fotsifotsy and M. soricoides, which have nearly identical distributions in the moist evergreen forest, and M. nasoloi, which occurs in the western dry deciduous forest. A phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA data recovered two distinct clades of M. fotsifotsy: a south clade that is sister to, and broadly sympatric with, M. soricoides, and a north clade that is sister to the dry‐forest and distantly allopatric species M. nasoloi. To better understand this result, we analysed cranioskeletal measurements and performed demographic analyses using nuclear sequence data from ultraconserved elements. Nuclear data did not support a sister relationship between M. soricoides and the south clade of M. fotsifotsy but did demonstrate introgression between these clades, which probably explains the discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies. Demographic analyses also revealed the absence of gene flow between the north and south clades of M. fotsifotsy. Morphometric data revealed several major differences between M. soricoides and M. fotsifotsy, as well as more subtle differences between the two clades of M. fotsifotsy. In light of these results, we treat the south clade of M. fotsifotsy as a new candidate species. Our findings demonstrate the utility of integrating multiple data types to understand complex speciation histories, and contribute to a growing body of evidence that species diversity on Madagascar is underestimated.
Genome editing with the CRISPR‐Cas system: an art, ethics and global regulatory perspective
Authors: Zhang Debin , Hussain Amjad , Manghwar Hakim , Xie Kabin , Xie Shengsong , Zhao Shuhong , Larkin Robert M. , Qing Ping , Jin Shuangxia , Ding Fang 
Published: April 2020

SummaryOver the last three decades, the development of new genome editing techniques, such as ODM, TALENs, ZFNs and the CRISPR‐Cas system, has led to significant progress in the field of plant and animal breeding. The CRISPR‐Cas system is the most versatile genome editing tool discovered in the history of molecular biology because it can be used to alter diverse genomes (e.g. genomes from both plants and animals) including human genomes with unprecedented ease, accuracy and high efficiency. The recent development and scope of CRISPR‐Cas system have raised new regulatory challenges around the world due to moral, ethical, safety and technical concerns associated with its applications in pre‐clinical and clinical research, biomedicine and agriculture. Here, we review the art, applications and potential risks of CRISPR‐Cas system in genome editing. We also highlight the patent and ethical issues of this technology along with regulatory frameworks established by various nations to regulate CRISPR‐Cas‐modified organisms/products.
A Bayesian Group Sequential SmallnSequential Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trial
Authors: Chao Yan-Cheng , Braun Thomas M. , Tamura Roy N. , Kidwell Kelley M. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA small n, sequential, multiple-assignment, randomized trial (called ‘snSMART’) is a small sample multistage design where participants may be rerandomized to treatment on the basis of intermediate end points. This design is motivated by the ‘A randomized multicenter study for isolated skin vasculitis’ trial (NCT02939573): an on-going snSMART design focusing on the evaluation of three drugs for isolated skin vasculitis. By formulating an interim decision rule for removing one of the treatments, we use a Bayesian model and the resulting posterior distributions to provide sufficient evidence that one treatment is inferior to the other treatments before enrolling more participants. By doing so, we can remove the worst performing treatment at an interim analysis and prevent the subsequent participants from receiving the removed treatment. On the basis of simulation results, we have evidence that the treatment response rates can still be unbiasedly and efficiently estimated in our new design, especially for the treatments with higher response rates. In addition, by adjusting the decision rule criteria for the posterior probabilities, we can control the probability of incorrectly removing an effective treatment.
What’s the meaning of the concept of caring?: a meta‐synthesis
Authors: Sebrant Lovisa , Jong Mats 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundRegistered Nurses are expected to have acquired knowledge about the fundamental concepts within nursing science throughout their training and clinical work. However, the terminology and the concept of caring are debated; therefore, there is a need for a continuous critical investigation of scientific concepts within the area of nursing.ObjectivesTo illuminate nurses’ perception about the meaning of the scientific concept of caring.DesignA qualitative systematic literature search was performed that subsequently underwent a descriptive meta‐synthesis in line with Deborah Finfgeld’s descriptive meta‐synthesis methodology.Data sources/review methodScientific articles published between 1 January 2003 and 25 January 2018 were identified and retrieved from CINAHL and PubMed. Each included study was assessed and critically appraised. Data were extracted, analysed and coded into categories resulting in four different themes in accordance with descriptive meta‐synthesis.ResultsFour themes emerged in the analysis: ‘To be’, ‘To want’, ‘To be able to’ and ‘To do’. These comprise different aspects within physical and metaphysical dimensions where simultaneously interact and influence each other.ConclusionThere are central elements to the practice of caring that are separated in their simplicity but at the same time coherent, where no part can exist without the others in the practice of caring. There are shortcomings concerning current nursing theories, nursing philosophies and organisational documents related to varied aspects based on what is included in the practice of caring.
Giant sector‐collapse structures (scalloped margins) of the Yangtze Platform and Great Bank of Guizhou, China: Implications for genesis of collapsed carbonate platform margin systems
Authors: Lehrmann Daniel J. , Minzoni Marcello , Enos Paul , Kelleher Caroline , Stepchinski Leanne , Li Xiaowei , Payne Jonathan L. , Yu Meiyi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSector‐collapse structures ranging up to 27 km wide with up to 7.7 km bankward erosion (scalloped margins) and linear escarpments occur along the east‐north‐east‐trending, south‐facing margins of the Yangtze Platform and Great Bank of Guizhou. Exposure of one of the structures on the rotated limb of a syncline displays the geometry in profile view. Declivities range from 65° to 90° in the upper wall and decrease asymptotically to the toe. Catastrophic collapses of the margins in both platforms occurred during the late Ladinian as constrained by the ages of strata truncated along the margins and the siliciclastic turbidites that onlap collapse structures. Middle Triassic Anisian and Ladinian platform‐edge reef facies and platform‐interior facies were truncated along both the Yangtze and Great Bank of Guizhou margins. Lower Triassic facies were also truncated along the Great Bank of Guizhou margin. Gravity transport during the main episodes of collapse occurred as mud‐rich debris‐flows and as mud‐free hyper‐concentrated flows. Clasts, several to tens of metres and, exceptionally, hundreds of metres across, were transported to the basin. Following collapse, talus, carbonate turbidites and periplatform‐mud accumulated at the toe of slope. Shedding of skeletal grains and carbonate mud indicates active carbonate factories at the margin. Preserved sections of the margins demonstrate that the platforms evolved high‐relief, accretionary escarpments prior to collapse. High‐relief, without buttressing by basin‐filling sediments, predisposed the margins to collapse by development of tensile strain and fracturing within the margin due to the lack of confining stress. The linear geometry of margins and active tectonics in the region supports tectonic activity triggering the collapse. Collapse is thus interpreted to have been triggered by fault movement and seismic shock. Comparison with other systems indicates that evolution from high‐relief accretion to tectonic collapse of largely lithified margins resulted in large sector‐collapse structures and deposition of a coarse, generally mud‐poor breccia apron.
A global survey of the transcriptome of allopolyploid Brassica napus based on single‐molecule long‐read isoform sequencing and Illumina‐based RNA sequencing data
Authors: Yao Shengli , Liang Fan , Gill Rafaqat Ali , Huang Junyan , Cheng Xiaohui , Liu Yueying , Tong Chaobo , Liu Shengyi 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYBrassica napus is a recent allopolyploid derived from the hybridization of Brassica rapa (ArAr) and Brassica oleracea (CoCo). Because of the high sequence similarity between the An and Cn subgenomes, it is difficult to provide an accurate landscape of the whole transcriptome of B. napus. To overcome this problem, we applied a single‐molecule long‐read isoform sequencing (Iso‐Seq) technique that can produce long reads to explore the complex transcriptome of B. napus at the isoform level. From the Iso‐Seq data, we obtained 147 698 non‐redundant isoforms, capturing 37 403 annotated genes. A total of 18.1% (14 934/82 367) of the multi‐exonic genes showed alternative splicing (AS). In addition, we identified 549 long non‐coding RNAs, the majority of which displayed tissue‐specific expression profiles, and detected 7742 annotated genes that possessed isoforms containing alternative polyadenylation sites. Moreover, 31 591 AS events located in open reading frames (ORFs) lead to potential protein isoforms by in‐frame or frameshift changes in the ORF. Illumina RNA sequencing of five tissues that were pooled for Iso‐Seq was also performed and showed that 69% of the AS events were tissue‐specific. Our data provide abundant transcriptome resources for a transcript isoform catalog of B. napus, which will facilitate genome reannotation, strengthen our understanding of the B. napus transcriptome and be applied for further functional genomic research.
World Englishes and grammatical variation
Authors: Suárez‐Gómez Cristina , Loureiro‐Porto Lucía , Fuchs Robert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLess than three decades after the launch of theInternational Corpus of Englishproject, corpus‐based research on world Englishes has enjoyed continued success. A wide variety of corpora and databases are now available to researchers, which allow for the exploration of very large datasets of varieties of English all over the globe, including historical data, as found in diachronic corpora that have recently been released for varieties other than British or American English (for example, Australian, Ghanaian, Indian, Philippine, or Singapore Englishes). Research in the field has also been enriched by the emergence of new models of analysis of world Englishes (beyond the Three Circles and the dynamic model), which take into account the social dynamics of the 21st century, such as mobility, globalization and Americanization. The papers in this special issue set out to make a contribution to our understanding of general patterns of language change, and reveal how major theoretical explanations of language variation and change are better understood through the broad lens of corpus‐based research on world Englishes.
Steady‐state sweating during exercise is determined by the evaporative requirement for heat balance independently of absolute core and skin temperatures
Authors: Ravanelli Nicholas , Imbeault Pascal , Jay Ollie 
Published: April 2020

Key points
When exercise was prescribed to elicit a fixed evaporative heat balance requirement (Ereq), no differences in steady‐state sweat rates were observed with different absolute oesophageal and/or skin temperatures, secondary to differences in time of the day (i.e. morning (AM) vs. afternoon (PM)) and ambient temperature (i.e. 23°C vs. 33°C).
Exercise at a fixed metabolic heat production (Hprod), but a different Ereq (due to differences in air temperature), yielded higher steady‐state sweat rates with a higher Ereq, irrespective of absolute oesophageal temperature.
Circadian rhythm did not alter the change in core temperature prior to the onset for sudomotor activation, nor the thermosensitivity, resulting in similar cumulative whole‐body sweat rates irrespective of time of day at a fixed Ereq.
Collectively, these data indicate that during exercise in a compensable environment, steady‐state sudomotor responses are influenced by Ereq rather than absolute core and skin temperatures, or Hprod.
AbstractThe present study sought to determine whether absolute core temperature (modified via diurnal variation) and absolute skin temperature (modified by different air temperatures (Ta)) alters the steady‐state sweating response to exercise at a fixed evaporative heat balance requirement (Ereq). Ten males exercised for 60 min on six occasions. Three Ta/heat production (Hprod) combinations (23°C/525 W, 33°C/400 W, 33˚C/525 W) were completed in the morning (08.00 h, AM) and afternoon (16.00 h, PM), to yield: (1) the same Ereq (200 or 275 W·m−2) with different absolute core temperatures (AM vs. PM); (2) the same Ereq (200 W·m−2) with different skin temperatures (Ta: 23˚C vs. 33˚C); (3) the same heat production (525 W) with different Ereq (200 vs. 275 W·m−2). Oesophageal temperature (Toes), local sweat rate (LSR) on the arm and upper‐back, and whole‐body sweat rate (WBSR) were measured. Steady‐state Toes was always higher in PM versus AM at an Ereq of 200 W·m−2 (23°C, P = 0.001; 33°C, P = 0.004) and 275 W·m−2, (33°C, P = 0.001). However steady‐state mean LSR (200 W·m−2/23°C: P = 0.25; 200 W·m−2/33°C: P = 0.86; 275 W·m−2/33°C: P = 0.53) and WBSR (200 W·m−2/23°C: P = 0.79; 200 W·m−2/33°C: P = 0.48; 275W·m−2/33°C: P = 0.32) were similar. When Ereq was matched (200 W·m−2) with different Ta (23°C vs. 33°C), steady‐state LSR (P > 0.17) and WBSR (P > 0.93) were similar despite different skin temperatures. For the same Hprod (525 W) but different Ereq (200 vs. 275 W·m−2), mean LSR (P < 0.001), and WBSR (P < 0.001) were higher with a greater Ereq. Collectively, steady‐state sweating during exercise is altered by Ereq but not Toes, skin temperature, or Hprod.
Liquid Impingement Flow and Heat Transfer of a Cone Heat Sink With Filet Profiles
Authors: Tang Zhiguo , Zhang Feng , Wang Shoucheng , Cheng Jianping 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Jet impingement is a technique for removing heat efficiently. A liquid jet impingement on a cone heat sink was investigated numerically to explore the effect of filet profiles at the top and bottom edge of conical protuberances on fluid flow and heat transfer. An adopted turbulence model was validated through an experiment as described in the literature. Numerical results of pressure coefficient and Nusselt number were obtained for cases with and without filet profiles for variable jet Reynolds numbers and conical angles. Results showed that the flow and heat transfer of conical protuberances with small tip filet profiles are similar to that of the original cone. Pressure coefficient curves are similar to that of convex surfaces, and the average heat transfer slightly increases when the radius of the tip filet profiles exceeds 1 mm. A small filet profile of a conical bottom edge can improve the average Nusselt number. A secondary jet that enhanced the overall heat transfer was demonstrated, and the heat transfers of convex surfaces, as the comparison, with small angles were enhanced in most cases.