bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Formation, Criminal Prosecution and the Privy Council in Restoration Scotland
Authors: Kennedy Allan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Historians have begun to think about the emergence of the early modern ‘state’ in complex and creative ways, far from the conventional focus on overweening central bureaucracies. One component of this discourse is the role of criminal law and criminal prosecution, which, it has been argued (particularly by English scholars), assisted state-forming processes by providing a universal interface between ruler and ruled, and by demarcating common patterns of behaviour. This paper attempts to apply these ideas to the case of early modern Scotland—whose decentralised legal system and reputation for judicial barbarity has tended to discourage research—through detailed analysis of the judicial activities of the Privy Council. Focusing on the reigns of Charles II and James VII & II, the paper assesses the Council’s theoretical competence as a criminal court, and also reconstructs its day-to-day activities in terms of the kinds of cases tried, the varieties of punishment imposed, and the use of alternative mechanisms such as judicial commissions. The paper argues that the Restoration Privy Council was clearly able to utilise its judicial powers as a state-building tool, despite the general diffuseness of judicial authority in Scotland. It is suggested, therefore, that the Scottish data confirms the utility of criminal prosecution in early modern projects of state formation, underlining historians’ need to conceptualise the process in broad, multi-faceted terms.
Impact of uncertainties of GOCE gravity model on crustal thickness estimates
Authors: van der Meijde M , Pail R 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARY
In the last few years many studies have applied data of satellite gravity sensors for solid Earth applications. The use of different methodologies has been shown to result in large variations in crustal thickness even when using the same data as source. It is, however, difficult to estimate what is a significant difference between such models. Up to now the impact of the inherent uncertainty of Gravity Field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) data on solid Earth applications has never been quantified. With this study we will provide uncertainty boundaries for crustal modelling based on the GOCE TIM5 covariance matrix. Different noise realizations have been calculated using a Monte Carlo-like simulation and added to the TIM5 model coefficients. The resulting differences in crustal thickness amount to maximum ±0.2 km, which is less than 1 per cent of the total thickness, and much smaller than many other uncertainties involved in the inversion process.
Assessing the Burden of Laboratory-Confirmed Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Population Cohort of Australian Children Through Record Linkage
Authors: Moore Hannah C , Lim Faye J , Fathima Parveen , Barnes Rosanne , Smith David W , de Klerk Nicholas , Blyth Christopher C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Significant progress has been made towards an effective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine. Age-stratified estimates of RSV burden are urgently needed for vaccine implementation. Current estimates are limited to small cohorts or clinical coding data only. We present estimates of laboratory-confirmed RSV across multiple severity levels.

Methods
We linked laboratory, perinatal, and hospital data of 469 589 children born in Western Australia in 1996–2012. Respiratory syncytial virus tests and detections were classified into community, emergency department (ED), and hospital levels to estimate infection rates. Clinical diagnoses given to children with RSV infection presenting to ED or hospitalized were identified.

Results
In 2000–2012, 10% (n = 45 699) of children were tested for RSV and 16% (n = 11 461) of these tested positive. Respiratory syncytial virus was detected in community, ED (both 0.3 per 1000 child-years), and hospital (2.4 per 1000 child-years) settings. Respiratory syncytial virus-confirmed rates were highest among children aged &lt;3 months (31 per 1000 child-years). At least one third of children with RSV infection presenting to ED were diagnosed as other infection, other respiratory, or other (eg, agranulocytosis).

Conclusions
Respiratory syncytial virus is pervasive across multiple severity levels and diagnoses. Vaccines targeting children &lt;3 months must be prioritized. Given that most children are never tested, estimating the under-ascertainment of RSV infection is imperative.
Tentative breakpoints and areas of technical uncertainty for early reading automated disc diffusion for Enterobacterales
Authors: Mancini Stefano , Röthlin Kim , Bodendoerfer Elias , Herren Sebastian , Kolesnik-Goldmann Natalia , Courvalin Patrice , Zbinden Reinhard , Böttger Erik C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Disc diffusion is a reliable, accurate and cost-efficient procedure for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) but requires long (18–24 h) incubation times. Reading of disc diffusion after short incubation times (6–8 h) by automated systems is feasible but should be categorized with time-adapted breakpoints to reduce errors.

Objectives
This study systematically compared early readings (6 and 8 h) of disc diffusion using an automated system with that of the standard 18 h EUCAST method. Time-adapted tentative breakpoints were proposed to discriminate susceptible from resistant isolates and areas of technical uncertainty were defined to minimize the risk of errors.

Methods
A total of 1106 Enterobacterales isolates with a wide variety of resistance mechanisms and resistance profiles were included. All isolates were analysed for susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cefepime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin using the automated WASPLabTM system. Part of the collection (515 isolates) was also analysed for susceptibility to an additional 10 antibiotics.

Results
Separation between WT and non-WT populations was poorer at early incubation times than following standard incubation. Editing of rapid automated AST results after 6 and 8 h incubation with time-adapted breakpoints resulted in 84.0% and 88.5% interpretable results with assignment to the resistant or susceptible category. Major error and very major error rates for the 6 h readings were only 0.4% and 0.3%, virtually identical to those of 18 h AST reading.

Conclusions
Time-adapted clinical breakpoints in disc diffusion testing for Enterobacterales allow for accurate automated AST interpretation after shortened incubation times for a large number of antibiotics, with the additional possibility of subsequent confirmation after 18 h incubation.
Molecular genetic analysis of an XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST664 clone carrying multiple conjugal plasmids
Authors: Li Zhenpeng , Cai Zhao , Cai Zeqiong , Zhang Yanhong , Fu Tongtong , Jin Yongxin , Cheng Zhihui , Jin Shouguang , Wu Weihui , Yang Liang , Bai Fang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesA group of ST664 XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have been isolated from a burn clinic. Here we decipher their resistomes and likely mechanisms of resistance acquisition.MethodsThe complete nucleotide sequences of representative isolates were determined, by PacBio and Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and analysed for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes as well as sequence variations. S1-PFGE was used to determine the sizes and numbers of plasmids harboured by the isolates. Purified plasmid DNA was further sequenced by PacBio technology, closed manually and annotated by RAST. The mobility of plasmids was determined by conjugation assays.ResultsThe XDR P. aeruginosa ST664 clone carries 11 AMR genes, including a blaKPC-2 gene that confers resistance to carbapenems. Most of the ST664 isolates carry three coexisting plasmids. blaKPC-2 and a cluster of three AMR genes (aadB-cmlA1-sul1) are encoded on a 475 kb megaplasmid pNK546a, which codes for an IncP-3-like replication and partitioning mechanism, but has lost the conjugative transfer system. Interestingly, however, pNK546a is mobilizable and can be transferred to P. aeruginosa PAO1 with the help of a co-residing IncP-7 conjugative plasmid. The blaKPC-2 gene is carried by an IS6100-ISKpn27-blaKPC-2-ΔISKpn6-Tn1403 mobile element, which might be brought into the ST664 clone by another co-resident IncP-1α plasmid, which is inclined to be lost. Moreover, pNK546a harbours multiple heavy metal (mercury, tellurite and silver) resistance modules.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, pNK546a is the first fully sequenced blaKPC-2-carrying megaplasmid from P. aeruginosa. These results give new insights into bacterial adaptation and evolution during nosocomial infections.
Victims' Goal Understanding, Uncertainty Reduction, and Perceptions in Cyberbullying: Theoretical Evidence From Three Experiments
Authors: Palomares Nicholas A , Wingate V Skye 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cyberbullying is repetitive and aggressive behavior transmitted through mediated channels aimed at directing malice toward a victim with a to-harm goal. Three experiments manipulated a cyberbully's identity uncertainty—each employing different stimuli and scenarios—and assessed individuals' responses to being victimized. Experiment 1 demonstrated victims' information-seeking about a bully's identity and motives, emotional valence, and social attractiveness to the bully depend on victims' uncertainties about the bully's motives and identity. Experiment 2 examined victims' particular inferences about a bully's goals, revealing victims find bullies more socially attractive when they think a bully is trying to personally attack them or gain status, but only if the bully is anonymous. Experiment 3 aimed to replicate findings with a modified method and an extended rationale explaining why inferring attack and upward-mobility goals enhances the attractiveness of an unknown bully, showing that victims' ability to cope with the bullying episode is a critical mediator.
A case report of osteochondritis dissecans of the first metatarsophalangeal joint treated with autologous cancellous bone and chondral flap reconstruction
Authors: Delniotis Ioannis , Leidinger Benedikt 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough osteochondritis dissecans (OD) is well-described in the bibliography, cases of OD in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) are rare clinical situations. We present a 25-year-old male who presented to our department for big toe pain on the left side. Clinical and radiological examination showed the typical findings of OD lesion on the 1st metatarsal head (MH), establishing the diagnosis of OD. Intraoperatively the articular cartilage of the partially detached part of the MH was intact and under it, an empty cavity with a big defect was obvious. Autogenous cancellous bone transplantation from the metatarsal metaphysis, reattachment of the cartilage surface as a chondral flap and edge sealing with fibrin glue was our treatment of choice. OD of the 1st MH should be included in the differential diagnosis of big toe pain, as early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent future osteoarthritis of the 1st MTP.
Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangioma of the mesocolon sigmoids: a rare entity in adult patient woman
Authors: Guachilema Ribadeneira Alex , Monard Ángel Raúl Tapia , Endara Maria Cristina , Garcia Cristian German , Sandoval Milton Omar , Cárdenas David Alejandro , Basantes Andrea Daniela 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The lymphangioma is a benign neoplasm, mostly connate, it occurs more often in children. It is more frequently located in the head–neck region, as well as in the armpit, and less frequently in the abdomen. The diagnosis, as well as their appearance is variant, they can be asymptomatic depending on the size. The signs on the physical exam are usually nonspecific and can look like an acute abdomen. Imaging tests used are the ultrasound and tomography, which determine the therapeutic behavior. The differential diagnosis should be made with other intra-abdominal injuries, such as cavernous hemangioma, mesotheliomas, pancreatic and ovarian tumors and even peritoneal hydatid cyst. The definitive treatment is surgical in most cases, with complete excision of the mass. The definitive diagnosis is obtained with the histopathological study of the surgical piece.
Doppler shifts and spectral line profile changes in the starlight scattered from an exoplanet
Authors: Strachan John B P , Anglada-Escudé Guillem 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Scattered starlight from an exoplanet, commonly called reflected light, can be used to characterize the planet including the determination of its albedo and inclination of orbit. The relatively low flux ratio between directly observed starlight and starlight scattered off hot Jupiters make these systems the prime candidates for detection of reflected light using high-resolution spectroscopy. The first detections have been claimed for 51 Peg b. In a first calculation, we derive the Doppler shift of reflected light measured by a remote observer for a planet modelled as a point-like particle in orbit around a star. We find that the Doppler shift of reflected light from planets have a different Doppler shift to that of light emitted directly from the planet with magnitude equivalent to the radial motion of the planet with respect to the star. This only occurs for non-circular orbits. Secondly, restricting our investigation to planets that are tidally locked and orbit in circular orbits we account for the finite size of the star and planet by integrating the contribution to a simulated spectral line across both their surfaces. Since exact analytical expressions cannot be easily derived as a function of all free parameters of the problem, we have developed a software tool called REflected STARlighT (restart) that produces the resulting line profiles. By applying it to study cases found in the literature, we explicitly show that hot Jupiters such as WASP-19b and 51 Peg b should show substantial broadening and asymmetric distortions compared to the nominal stellar line.
Impact of convective boundary mixing on the TP-AGB
Authors: Wagstaff G , Miller Bertolami M M , Weiss A 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The treatment of convective boundaries remains an important source of uncertainty within stellar evolution, with drastic implications for the thermally pulsing stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). Various sources are taken as motivation for the incorporation of convective boundary mixing (CBM) during this phase, from s-process nucleosynthesis to hydrodynamical models. In spite of the considerable evidence in favour of the existence of CBM on the pre-AGB evolution, this mixing is not universally included in models of TP-AGB stars. The aim of this investigation is to ascertain the extent of CBM, which is compatible with observations when considering full evolutionary models. Additionally, we investigate a theoretical argument that has been made that momentum-driven overshooting at the base of the pulse-driven convection zone should be negligible. We show that, while the argument holds, it would similarly limit mixing from the base of the convective envelope. On the other hand, estimations based on the picture of turbulent entrainment suggest that mixing is possible at both convective boundaries. We demonstrate that additional mixing at convective boundaries during core-burning phases prior to the thermally pulsing AGB has an impact on the later evolution, changing the mass range at which the third dredge-up and hot-bottom burning occur, and thus also the final surface composition. In addition, an effort has been made to constrain the efficiency of CBM at the different convective boundaries, using observational constraints. Our study suggests a strong tension between different constraints that makes it impossible to reproduce all observables simultaneously within the framework of an exponentially decaying overshooting. This result calls for a reassessment of both the models of CBM and the observational constraints.
Galactic Center threads as nuclear magnetohydrodynamic waves
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Propagation of fast-mode magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) compression waves is traced in the Galactic Center with a poloidal magnetic cylinder. MHD waves ejected from the nucleus are reflected and guided along the magnetic field, exhibiting vertically stretched fronts. The radio threads and non-thermal filaments are explained as due to tangential views of the waves driven by sporadic activity in Sgr A$^*$, or by multiple supernovae. In the latter case, the threads could be extremely deformed relics of old supernova remnants exploded in the nucleus.
L’importance de l’apport alimentaire en sodium chez les enfants
Authors: Gowrishankar Manjula , Blair Becky , Rieder Michael J 
Published: February 2020

Résumé
L’organisme a besoin de très petites quantités de sodium alimentaire pour soutenir le volume sanguin et la tension artérielle. Selon les données de surveillance nutritionnelle disponibles, la plupart des enfants canadiens consomment une quantité de sodium supérieure à leurs besoins nutritionnels. Environ 80 % du sodium que consomment les Canadiens proviennent d’aliments transformés et emballés. Chez les enfants, un fort apport en sodium peut être indicateur d’un régime alimentaire de piètre qualité. Les résultats d’analyses systématiques et de méta-analyses démontrent que la diminution du sodium alimentaire chez les enfants entraîne une réduction modeste, mais cliniquement non significative, de la tension artérielle. Les stratégies en population pour limiter la consommation de sodium, telles que la reformulation des produits alimentaires, la modification des processus d’approvisionnement alimentaire et les politiques fédérales de saine alimentation, sont d’importantes initiatives en santé publique qui peuvent réduire considérablement la consommation de sodium et contribuer à prévenir des maladies chroniques à l’âge adulte.
The Rise of Trump, The Fall of Prejudice? Tracking White Americans’ Racial Attitudes Via A Panel Survey, 2008–2018
Authors: Hopkins Daniel J , Washington Samantha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn his campaign and first few years in office, Donald Trump consistently defied contemporary norms by using explicit, negative rhetoric targeting ethnic/racial minorities. Did this rhetoric lead White Americans to express more or less prejudiced views of African Americans or Hispanics, whether through changing norms around racial prejudice or other mechanisms? We assess that question using a thirteen-wave panel conducted with a population-based sample of Americans between 2008 and 2018. We find that via most measures, White Americans’ expressed anti-Black and anti-Hispanic prejudice declined after Trump’s political emergence, and we can rule out even small increases in the expression of prejudice. These results suggest the limits of racially charged rhetoric’s capacity to heighten prejudice among White Americans overall. They also indicate that rather than being a fixed predisposition, prejudice can shift by reacting against changing presidential rhetoric.
Characterizing infection in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis: results from a longitudinal, matched-cohort data linkage study
Authors: Sarica Shifa H , Dhaun Neeraj , Sznajd Jan , Harvie John , McLaren John , McGeoch Lucy , Kumar Vinod , Amft Nicole , Erwig Lars , Marks Angharad , Black Corri , Basu Neil 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesInfection exerts a major burden in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), however, its precise extent and nature remains unclear. In this national study we aimed to longitudinally quantify, characterize and contextualize infection risk in AAV.MethodsWe conducted a multicentre matched cohort study of AAV. Complementary data on infections were retrieved via data linkage with the population-based Scottish microbiological laboratory, hospitalization and primary care prescribing registries.ResultsA total of 379 AAV patients and 1859 controls were followed up for a median of 3.5 years (interquartile range 1.9–5.7). During follow-up, the proportions of AAV patients with at least one laboratory-confirmed infection, severe infection and primary care antibiotic prescription were 55.4%, 35.6% and 74.6%, respectively. The risk of infection was higher in AAV than in matched controls {laboratory-confirmed infections: incidence rate ratio [IRR] 7.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.6, 9.6]; severe infections: IRR 4.4 [95% CI 3.3, 5.7]; antibiotic prescriptions: IRR 2.2 [95% CI 1.9, 2.6]}. Temporal trend analysis showed that AAV patients remained at a higher risk of infections throughout the follow-up period, especially year 1. Although the Escherichia genus was the most commonly identified pathogen (16.6% of AAV, 5.5% of controls; P &lt; 0.0001), AAV patients had the highest risk for Herpes [IRR 12.5 (95% CI 3.7, 42.6)] and Candida [IRR 11.4 (95% CI 2.4, 55.4)].ConclusionAAV patients have up to seven times higher risk of infection than the general population and the overall risk remains significant after 8 years of follow-up. The testing of enhanced short- to medium-term prophylactic antibiotic regimes should be considered.
Theory of minds: managing mental state inferences in working memory is associated with the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network and social integration
Authors: Meyer Meghan L , Collier Eleanor 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe often interact with multiple people at a time and consider their various points of view to facilitate smooth social interaction. Yet, how our brains track multiple mental states at once, and whether skill in this domain links to social integration, remains underspecified. To fill this gap, we developed a novel social working memory paradigm in which participants manage two- or four-people’s mental states in working memory, as well as control trials in which they alphabetize two- or four-people’s names in working memory. In Study 1, we found that the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network shows relative increases in activity with more mental states managed in working memory. In contrast, this subsystem shows relative decreases in activity with more non-mental state information (the number of names alphabetized) managed in working memory. In Study 2, only individual differences in managing mental states in working memory, specifically on trials that posed the greatest mental state load to working memory, correlated with social integration. Collectively, these findings add further support to the hypothesis that social working memory relies on partially distinct brain systems and may be a key ingredient to success in a social world.
The Use of Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Interprofessional Simulation: An Integrative Review
Authors: Bell Rhonda , Fredland Nina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the review was to describe and summarize the use of theoretical premises noted in published studies on the implementation of interprofessional simulation (IPE-Sim).

BACKGROUND
IPE-Sim is an educational methodology being used throughout nursing, allied health, and health science programs of study. Understanding frameworks currently used in IPE-Sim is essential in advancing the knowledge of this type of educational methodology.

METHOD
An integrative literature review on the use of theories and models guiding IPE-Sim was performed.

RESULTS
Ten studies meeting the inclusion criteria were categorized into theoretical frameworks (n = 4) or competency frameworks (n = 6) guiding the development and implementation of IPE-Sim and were included in the review. The literature review revealed a lack of consistent theoretical and competency-based frameworks guiding the development, implementation, assessment, and research of IPE-Sim.

CONCLUSION
The integrative literature review describes specific theoretical and competency frameworks currently used in the literature on IPE-Sim.