bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Bias in the Prediction of Warm‐Rain Hydrometeors in the WDM6 Microphysics Scheme and Modifications
Authors: Lei Hengchi , Guo Jiaxu , Chen Di , Yang Jiefan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractModifications are made to the calculation of warm‐rain hydrometeor number concentrations of the Weather Research and Forecasting double‐moment six‐class (WDM6) microphysics scheme. These modifications are related with cloud condensation nuclei activation, cloud droplet evaporation, and snow and graupel melting. The effects of the modifications are tested in a North China heavy rain event (Case01) as well as a short‐duration rain event in Hebei Province of China (Case02). The results show that the WDM6 scheme underestimates the cloud mixing ratios (Qc) and number concentrations (Nc), while it overestimates the rain mixing ratios (Qr) and number concentrations (Nr). Meanwhile, the WDM6 scheme overestimates the mass mean diameter of cloud droplets (Dmc) and underestimates that of raindrops (Dmr). Through microphysical budget analysis, it is found that the inappropriate calculations of cloud condensation nuclei activation and cloud evaporation are responsible for the underestimation of Nc and larger Dmc. The overestimation of the autoconversion rate resulting from larger Dmc plays a decisive role in the overestimation of Qr and Nr, as well as in the underestimation of Qc. The overestimation of raindrops produced by the melting of snow and graupel is another reason for higher Qr and Nr. By comparing with the airborne observations in Case02, it is found that the Nc and Dmc simulation are notably improved with the direct modifications of Nc. The Nr simulation is closer to the observation after the melting of snow and graupel are modified.
The Sources and Atmospheric Pathway of Phosphorus to a High Alpine Forest in Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Meng Ya , Li Rui , Fu Hongbo , Bing Haijian , Huang Kan , Wu Yanhong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAtmospheric deposition is considered as an important source of phosphorus (P) to P‐limited ecosystems. The PM2.5 samples were collected from a high alpine P‐limited forest of Gongga Mountain (Mt. Gongga), eastern Tibetan Plateau from May 2015 to May 2016. Total P (TP) exhibited a higher concentration in the dry season (November to April, 96 ± 30 ng/m3) than that in the wet season (May to October, 77 ± 21 ng/m3). Source apportionment exhibited that 22% and 44% of TP in the dry season were contributed by soil dust and biomass burning, respectively. During the wet season, soil dust, biomass burning, and anthropogenic sources were estimated to contribute to 19%, 26%, and 41% of TP, respectively. Dissolved organic P (DOP) was found to be the significant fraction of total dissolved P (TDP), accounting for 65% and 53% of TDP in the dry and wet season, respectively. The significant correlations between DOP and KBB+ suggested that the soluble P originating from biomass burning was possible mainly in the form of DOP. In addition, the acidification of apatite during the transport could explain the dissolved inorganic P level in the wet season. Supposing that all the soluble P was bioavailable, the atmospheric deposition of TDP was estimated to result in a fixation of 0.1394 kg C/m2/yr, accounting for 23% of net primary productivity in a forest of Mt. Gongga. The data showed herein highlighted the importance of atmospheric dry deposition of P to the long‐term fertility of high‐elevation soils.
A Unified Data‐Driven Method to Derive Hydrologic Dynamics From Global SMAP Surface Soil Moisture and GPM Precipitation Data
Authors: Mao Yixin , Crow Wade T. , Nijssen Bart 
Published: January 2020

AbstractData sets provided by the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite missions contain rich information about land surface hydrologic processes.In this study, a unified regression method is proposed and applied to these global data sets to investigate surface soil moisture (SSM) dynamics. Two forms of regressors are implemented: 1) the linear regressors of SSM and precipitation flux and 2) the linear regressors of SSM and precipitation flux with an additional interaction term. Regression results based on 3 years of global SMAP and GPM data show that the unified regression method can identify the SSM characteristics found by several recent studies, including the SSM exponential decay rate, the fraction of precipitation retained in the surface soil layer, and the effective depth of hydrologic storage. Additionally, including the interaction regressor provides a novel way to derive the sensitivity of infiltration/runoff partitioning to antecedent SSM without the need for streamflow observations. These SMAP/GPM regression results are compared with those derived from a global SSM data set simulated by the variable infiltration capacity model. Relative to the satellite data, variable infiltration capacity retains moisture longer in the top layer, retains too much precipitation input in that layer, and exhibits levels of sensitivity of runoff/infiltration partitioning to top‐layer soil moisture that generally match SMAP especially in humid regions. This study demonstrates that the regression‐based method can recover useful process‐level insight from SMAP SSM retrievals and is a viable tool for evaluating the representation of surface processes in hydrologic models.
A Universal Model of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity With Complementary Adsorptive and Diffusive Process Components
Authors: Modaresi Rad Arash , Ghahraman Bijan , Mosaedi Abolfazl , Sadegh Mojtaba 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAccurate estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) is one of the most challenging problems in soil science. Here, we propose a novel approach to model HC using percolation theory. Transient behavior of water transport phenomena at low moisture contents requires additional physical process representation, beside capillary conductivity, to ensure accurate prediction of unsaturated HC. We augment the capillary model from percolation theory with two additional components, namely, (1) film flow, which is the product of volumetric flow rate per perimeter by specific perimeter of solid particles, and (2) isothermal vapor HC, derived from the Fick's law of vapor diffusion and relative humidity. The fractal characteristics of last fractal regime are used to model tortuosity and ultimately HC of vapor flow. Since the typical pressure head range of universal scaling from percolation theory is analogous to the range of vapor flow, we demonstrate that the universal scaling presented in previous studies is not sufficient to model HC for water contents below a crossover point. We also, by analyzing the scaled water retention properties, demonstrate that most studied soils exhibit three fractal regimes. Therefore, a piecewise HC function of capillary flow is developed to account for three fractal regimes, providing more flexibility for soils with multimodal characteristics. The proposed joint HC function is more accurate compared to the model of Peters‐Durner‐Iden and predecessor percolation theory models.
The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype
Authors: Ling Fei , Steinel Natalie , Weber Jesse , Ma Lei , Smith Chris , Correa Decio , Zhu Bin , Bolnick Daniel , Wang Gaoxue 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Vertebrates’ gut microbial communities can be altered by the hosts’ parasites. Helminths inhabiting the gut lumen can interact directly with their host’s microbiota via physical contact, chemical products, or competition for nutrients. Indirect interactions can also occur, for instance when helminths induce or suppress host immunity in ways that have collateral effects on the microbiota. If there is genetic variation in host immune responses to parasites, we would expect such indirect effects to be conditional on host genotype. To test for such genotype by infection interactions, we experimentally exposed Gasterosteus aculeatus to their naturally co-evolved parasite, Schistocephalus solidus. The host microbiota differed in response to parasite exposure, and between infected and uninfected fish. The magnitude and direction of microbial responses to infection differed between host sexes, and also differed between variants at autosomal quantitative trait loci. These results indicate that host genotype and sex regulate the effect of helminth infection on a vertebrate gut microbiota. If this result holds in other taxa, especially humans, then helminth-based therapeutics for dysbiosis might need to be tailored to host genotype and sex.
Endogenous FGF21-signaling controls paradoxical obesity resistance of UCP1-deficient mice
Authors: Keipert Susanne , Lutter Dominik , Schroeder Bjoern O. , Brandt Daniel , Ståhlman Marcus , Schwarzmayr Thomas , Graf Elisabeth , Fuchs Helmut , de Angelis Martin Hrabe , Tschöp Matthias H. , Rozman Jan , Jastroch Martin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) executes thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, which is a major focus of human obesity research. Although the UCP1-knockout (UCP1 KO) mouse represents the most frequently applied animal model to judge the anti-obesity effects of UCP1, the assessment is confounded by unknown anti-obesity factors causing paradoxical obesity resistance below thermoneutral temperatures. Here we identify the enigmatic factor as endogenous FGF21, which is primarily mediating obesity resistance. The generation of UCP1/FGF21 double-knockout mice (dKO) fully reverses obesity resistance. Within mild differences in energy metabolism, urine metabolomics uncover increased secretion of acyl-carnitines in UCP1 KOs, suggesting metabolic reprogramming. Strikingly, transcriptomics of metabolically important organs reveal enhanced lipid and oxidative metabolism in specifically white adipose tissue that is fully reversed in dKO mice. Collectively, this study characterizes the effects of endogenous FGF21 that acts as master regulator to protect from diet-induced obesity in the absence of UCP1.
Millimeters long super flexible Mn5Si3@SiO2 electrical nanocables applicable in harsh environments
Authors: Sun Yong , Sun Bo , He Jingbo , Yang Guowei , Wang Chengxin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractProviding high performance electrical nano-interconnects for micro-nano electronics that are robust in harsh environments is highly demanded. Today, electrical nano-interconnects based on metallic nanowires, e.g. Ag and Cu, are limited by their positive physicochemical reactivity and ductility under large strain (i.e. irreversible dislocations and local necking-down elongation) at high temperatures or in strong oxidizing and acidic environments. Herein, to overcome these limitations, high-quality millimetre-sized soft manganese-based silicide (Mn5Si3@SiO2) nanowire nanocables are designed via a glassy Si–Mn–O matrix assisted growth. The proposed nanocables exhibit good electrical performance (resistivity of 1.28 to 3.84×10-6 Ωm and maximum current density 1.22 to 3.54×107 A cm−2) at temperatures higher than 317°C in air atmosphere, strongly acidic (HCl, PH=1.0) and oxidizing (H2O2, 10%) ambient, and under complex electric field. The proposed Mn5Si3@SiO2 nanocables, which withstand a strain of 16.7% free of failure, could be exploited for diverse applications in flexible electronics and complex wiring configurations.
Insight into dynamic and steady-state active sites for nitrogen activation to ammonia by cobalt-based catalyst
Authors: Wang Xiuyun , Peng Xuanbei , Chen Wei , Liu Guangyong , Zheng Anmin , Zheng Lirong , Ni Jun , Au Chak-tong , Jiang Lilong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe industrial synthesis of ammonia (NH3) using iron-based Haber-Bosch catalyst requires harsh reaction conditions. Developing advanced catalysts that perform well at mild conditions (<400 °C, <2 MPa) for industrial application is a long-term goal. Here we report a Co-N-C catalyst with high NH3 synthesis rate that simultaneously exhibits dynamic and steady-state active sites. Our studies demonstrate that the atomically dispersed cobalt weakly coordinated with pyridine N reacts with surface H2 to produce NH3 via a chemical looping pathway. Pyrrolic N serves as an anchor to stabilize the single cobalt atom in the form of Co1-N3.5 that facilitates N2 adsorption and step-by-step hydrogenation of N2 to *HNNH, *NH-NH3 and *NH2-NH4. Finally, NH3 is facilely generated via the breaking of the *NH2-NH4 bond. With the co-existence of dynamic and steady-state single atom active sites, the Co-N-C catalyst circumvents the bottleneck of N2 dissociation, making the synthesis of NH3 at mild conditions possible.
Decoding quantum errors with subspace expansions
Authors: McClean Jarrod R. , Jiang Zhang , Rubin Nicholas C. , Babbush Ryan , Neven Hartmut 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith rapid developments in quantum hardware comes a push towards the first practical applications. While fully fault-tolerant quantum computers are not yet realized, there may exist intermediate forms of error correction that enable practical applications. In this work, we consider the idea of post-processing error decoders using existing quantum codes, which mitigate errors on logical qubits using post-processing without explicit syndrome measurements or additional qubits beyond the encoding overhead. This greatly simplifies the experimental exploration of quantum codes on real, near-term devices, removing the need for locality of syndromes or fast feed-forward. We develop the theory of the method and demonstrate it on an example with the perfect [[5, 1, 3]] code, which exhibits a pseudo-threshold of p ≈ 0.50 under a single qubit depolarizing channel applied to all qubits. We also provide a demonstration of improved performance on an unencoded hydrogen molecule.
Understanding the structural basis of HIV-1 restriction by the full length double-domain APOBEC3G
Authors: Yang Hanjing , Ito Fumiaki , Wolfe Aaron D. , Li Shuxing , Mohammadzadeh Nazanin , Love Robin P. , Yan Maocai , Zirkle Brett , Gaba Amit , Chelico Linda , Chen Xiaojiang S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAPOBEC3G, a member of the double-domain cytidine deaminase (CD) APOBEC, binds RNA to package into virions and restrict HIV-1 through deamination-dependent or deamination-independent inhibition. Mainly due to lack of a full-length double-domain APOBEC structure, it is unknown how CD1/CD2 domains connect and how dimerization/multimerization is linked to RNA binding and virion packaging for HIV-1 restriction. We report rhesus macaque A3G structures that show different inter-domain packing through a short linker and refolding of CD2. The A3G dimer structure has a hydrophobic dimer-interface matching with that of the previously reported CD1 structure. A3G dimerization generates a surface with intensified positive electrostatic potentials (PEP) for RNA binding and dimer stabilization. Unexpectedly, mutating the PEP surface and the hydrophobic interface of A3G does not abolish virion packaging and HIV-1 restriction. The data support a model in which only one RNA-binding mode is critical for virion packaging and restriction of HIV-1 by A3G.
Possible Luttinger liquid behavior of edge transport in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide crystals
Authors: Yang Guanhua , Shao Yan , Niu Jiebin , Ma Xiaolei , Lu Congyan , Wei Wei , Chuai Xichen , Wang Jiawei , Cao Jingchen , Huang Hao , Xu Guangwei , Shi Xuewen , Ji Zhuoyu , Lu Nianduan , Geng Di , Qi Jing , Cao Yun , Liu Zhongliu , Liu Liwei , Huang Yuan , Liao Lei , Dang Weiqi , Zhang Zhengwei , Liu Yuan , Duan Xidong , Chen Jiezhi , Fan Zhiqiang , Jiang Xiangwei , Wang Yeliang , Li Ling , Gao Hong-Jun , Duan Xiangfeng , Liu Ming 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn atomically-thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, the nonuniformity in current flow due to its edge states may alter and even dictate the charge transport properties of the entire device. However, the influence of the edge states on electrical transport in 2D materials has not been sufficiently explored to date. Here, we systematically quantify the edge state contribution to electrical transport in monolayer MoS2/WSe2 field-effect transistors, revealing that the charge transport at low temperature is dominated by the edge conduction with the nonlinear behavior. The metallic edge states are revealed by scanning probe microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and first-principle calculations. Further analyses demonstrate that the edge-state dominated nonlinear transport shows a universal power-law scaling relationship with both temperature and bias voltage, which can be well explained by the 1D Luttinger liquid theory. These findings demonstrate the Luttinger liquid behavior in 2D materials and offer important insights into designing 2D electronics.
Tissue mechanics drives regeneration of a mucociliated epidermis on the surface of Xenopus embryonic aggregates
Authors: Kim Hye Young , Jackson Timothy R. , Stuckenholz Carsten , Davidson Lance A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInjury, surgery, and disease often disrupt tissues and it is the process of regeneration that aids the restoration of architecture and function. Regeneration can occur through multiple strategies including stem cell expansion, transdifferentiation, or proliferation of differentiated cells. We have identified a case of regeneration in Xenopus embryonic aggregates that restores a mucociliated epithelium from mesenchymal cells. Following disruption of embryonic tissue architecture and assembly of a compact mesenchymal aggregate, regeneration first restores an epithelium, transitioning from mesenchymal cells at the surface of the aggregate. Cells establish apico-basal polarity within 5 hours and a mucociliated epithelium within 24 hours. Regeneration coincides with nuclear translocation of the putative mechanotransducer YAP1 and a sharp increase in aggregate stiffness, and regeneration can be controlled by altering stiffness. We propose that regeneration of a mucociliated epithelium occurs in response to biophysical cues sensed by newly exposed cells on the surface of a disrupted mesenchymal tissue.
Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex
Authors: Schrouff Jessica , Raccah Omri , Baek Sori , Rangarajan Vinitha , Salehi Sina , Mourão-Miranda Janaina , Helili Zeinab , Daitch Amy L. , Parvizi Josef 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe measured the fast temporal dynamics of face processing simultaneously across the human temporal cortex (TC) using intracranial recordings in eight participants. We found sites with selective responses to faces clustered in the ventral TC, which responded increasingly strongly to marine animal, bird, mammal, and human faces. Both face-selective and face-active but non-selective sites showed a posterior to anterior gradient in response time and selectivity. A sparse model focusing on information from the human face-selective sites performed as well as, or better than, anatomically distributed models when discriminating faces from non-faces stimuli. Additionally, we identified the posterior fusiform site (pFUS) as causally the most relevant node for inducing distortion of conscious face processing by direct electrical stimulation. These findings support anatomically discrete but temporally distributed response profiles in the human brain and provide a new common ground for unifying the seemingly contradictory modular and distributed modes of face processing.
Expanding the genome-targeting scope and the site selectivity of high-precision base editors
Authors: Tan Junjie , Zhang Fei , Karcher Daniel , Bock Ralph 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBase editors (BEs) are RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas-derived genome editing tools that induce single-nucleotide changes. The limitations of current BEs lie in their low precision (especially when multiple target nucleotides of the deaminase are present within the activity window) and their restriction to targets that are in proper distance from the PAM sequence. We have recently developed high-precision cytidine BEs by engineering CDA1 truncations and nCas9 fusions that predominantly edit nucleotide C−18 relative to the PAM sequence NGG. Here, by testing fusions with Cas9 variants that recognize alternative PAMs, we provide a series of high-precision BEs that greatly expand the versatility of base editing. In addition, we obtained BEs that selectively edit C−15 or C−16. We also show that our high-precision BEs can substantially reduce off-target effect. These improved base editing tools will be widely applicable in basic research, biotechnology and gene therapy.
Spatial quantification of dynamic inter and intra particle crystallographic heterogeneities within lithium ion electrodes
Authors: Finegan Donal P. , Vamvakeros Antonis , Tan Chun , Heenan Thomas M. M. , Daemi Sohrab R. , Seitzman Natalie , Di Michiel Marco , Jacques Simon , Beale Andrew M. , Brett Dan J. L. , Shearing Paul R. , Smith Kandler 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe performance of lithium ion electrodes is hindered by unfavorable chemical heterogeneities that pre-exist or develop during operation. Time-resolved spatial descriptions are needed to understand the link between such heterogeneities and a cell’s performance. Here, operando high-resolution X-ray diffraction-computed tomography is used to spatially and temporally quantify crystallographic heterogeneities within and between particles throughout both fresh and degraded LixMn2O4 electrodes. This imaging technique facilitates identification of stoichiometric differences between particles and stoichiometric gradients and phase heterogeneities within particles. Through radial quantification of phase fractions, the response of distinct particles to lithiation is found to vary; most particles contain localized regions that transition to rock salt LiMnO2 within the first cycle. Other particles contain monoclinic Li2MnO3 near the surface and almost pure spinel LixMn2O4 near the core. Following 150 cycles, concentrations of LiMnO2 and Li2MnO3 significantly increase and widely vary between particles.
Bempegaldesleukin selectively depletes intratumoral Tregs and potentiates T cell-mediated cancer therapy
Authors: Sharma Meenu , Khong Hiep , Fa’ak Faisal , Bentebibel Salah-Eddine , Janssen Louise M. E. , Chesson Brent C. , Creasy Caitlin A. , Forget Marie-Andrée , Kahn Laura Maria S. , Pazdrak Barbara , Karki Binisha , Hailemichael Yared , Singh Manisha , Vianden Christina , Vennam Srinivas , Bharadwaj Uddalak , Tweardy David J. , Haymaker Cara , Bernatchez Chantale , Huang Shixia , Rajapakshe Kimal , Coarfa Cristian , Hurwitz Michael E. , Sznol Mario , Hwu Patrick , Hoch Ute , Addepalli Murali , Charych Deborah H. , Zalevsky Jonathan , Diab Adi , Overwijk Willem W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) is active against metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but treatment-associated toxicity and expansion of suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) limit its use in patients with cancer. Bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214) is an engineered IL-2 cytokine prodrug that provides sustained activation of the IL-2 pathway with a bias to the IL-2 receptor CD122 (IL-2Rβ). Here we assess the therapeutic impact and mechanism of action of NKTR-214 in combination with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade therapy or peptide-based vaccination in mice. NKTR-214 shows superior anti-tumor activity over native IL-2 and systemically expands anti-tumor CD8+T cells while inducing Treg depletion in tumor tissue but not in the periphery. Similar trends of intratumoral Treg dynamics are observed in a small cohort of patients treated with NKTR-214. Mechanistically, intratumoral Treg depletion is mediated by CD8+Teff-associated cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. These findings demonstrate that NKTR-214 synergizes with T cell-mediated anti-cancer therapies.