bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playing by the Rules
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the runup to the 2008 financial crisis, lenders were offering reckless “no doc” mortgages, consumers were making unsustainable choices, and the effects were devastating not only for those lenders and consumers but also for everyone around them. Many unsound practices that lenders engaged in were entirely legal, and Congress directed the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to write new rules to rein in irresponsible practices to safeguard consumers and the entire economy. Congress gave the bureau only eighteen months to complete major regulations reshaping the mortgage market. This chapter describes how the bureau created these rules, the data-driven approach it used, the role that economists and market analysts played in helping make key choices, and the political climate in which it all occurred.
Teaming Up for Consumers
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau partnered with other federal and state officials to increase consumer protections. It worked with the Department of Defense and the Judge Advocate General’s Corps to investigate and stop predatory lenders from targeting servicemembers. It worked with the Department of Education and state attorneys general to halt fraudulent practices at for-profit colleges and cancel hundreds of millions of dollars in debts where students were defrauded. It worked with the Education and Treasury Departments to rein in student loan servicers using sloppy and abusive practices. This chapter describes those efforts, as well as other partnerships—with the Federal Communications Commission to crack down on companies cramming bogus charges on mobile phone bills and to simplify mobile phone and internet bills, with banks to make credit scores available to customers for free, and with financial technology companies seeking to extend credit and financial services to people who lack access to them.
Under Fire from All Sides
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With the Wells Fargo case reaffirming the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s mission, its future seemed assured. But a few weeks later in October 2016, Judge (soon-to-be Justice) Kavanaugh wrote an opinion that leveled a direct blow to the bureau’s independence. His ruling for the court of appeals held that the Constitution requires the president to have the power to replace the bureau’s director anytime, for any reason. In November, Donald Trump was elected president. Inauguration Day was only two and a half months away, and the bureau would be under fire from all three branches of the government. With renewed calls from the financial industry for Cordray to be fired, the bureau was at a crossroads. This chapter chronicles the steps that the bureau and Cordray himself took to stave off and, if necessary, contest his firing.
The Last Big Fights
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
At the start of the Trump administration, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had three unfinished projects that represented years of work to protect consumers. First, the bureau had adopted a rule protecting consumers who increasingly use prepaid cards as a substitute for traditional bank accounts. Second, the bureau was finalizing a rule preventing financial companies from using arbitration clauses to strip consumers of their right to band together to sue a company in court. Third, the bureau was straining to finish its work on a rule reining in predatory payday loans that trap consumers in a ruinous and repeating cycle of high-cost borrowing. This chapter describes the urgent need for these rules and the fierce political battle that followed the bureau’s completion of each rule, with industry sometimes winning and sometimes losing its push to undo the rules.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau presents a model for how government can serve all Americans, helping remedy individual injustices and correct larger distortions in our market economy. Providing support to consumers—ranging from financial education to law enforcement to setting regulations that reform dysfunctional practices in the marketplace—contributes to individual well-being and strengthens families. As fully two-thirds of our economic output is consumer driven, shoring up consumers and imposing sensible regulations to curb excesses of corporate power make the economy sounder and more resilient. People are anxious about the future, and they feel the indignity of corporate indifference when their legitimate concerns are ignored or dismissed. If people lose faith in government’s ability to stand up to powerful special interests, their alienation threatens to destabilize a broad and empowered middle class. Promoting and safeguarding a marketplace that serves consumers—all Americans—is essential to our democracy.
Troeltsch's Eschatological Absolute
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study argues that the core of Ernst Troeltsch’s theological project is an eschatological conception of the Absolute. Troeltsch developed his idea of the Absolute from post-Kantian religious and philosophical thought and applied it to the Christian doctrine of eschatology. Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute must be understood in the context of questions being raised at the turn of the twentieth century by research on New Testament apocalypticism, as well as by modern critical methodologies in the historical sciences. The study is a revisionist response to common approaches to Troeltsch that read him as introducing problematic historicist and immanentist assumptions into Christian theology. Instead it argues that Troeltsch’s theological modernism presents a compelling account of the meaningfulness of history while retaining a commitment to divine transcendence that is unconditioned by history. As such, his theology remains relevant to theological research today, well beyond theological circles that normally take Troeltsch’s legacy to contribute in a constructive way to their work.
An Eschatology of the Absolute
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines how Troeltsch “eschatologized” the Absolute in key theological texts. Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute was a keystone to his theory of religion and was rooted in nineteenth-century idealism and romanticism. The chapter compares his notion of the Absolute with Kant’s critical project, Fichte’s post-Jena work on the Wissenschaftslehre, the work of Schelling and Hegel, and recent research on the early German romantic tradition. It then explains Troeltsch’s idea of a “chain of reasons” sought by human understanding toward a receding absolute end characterizing a uniquely modern religious mentality, as well as his idea of a “yearning” for the Absolute that is related to eschatological expectation.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In concluding this study of Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute, two possible applications of his theology are discussed. First, Troeltsch can lead the way in working out an eschatology that is adequate for engagement with scientific research on the eventual death of the universe. Work by John Polkinghorne and Kathryn Tanner is exemplary and offers a point of contact between current work and Troeltsch’s key insights. Second, the idea of the eschatological Absolute offers a promising possibility of rapprochement between the liberal theological tradition and apocalyptic theology. Although these two traditions of modern theology are probably not fully amenable to one another, there is significant room for a recognition of common ground, and for learning to occur between them.
Criminalizing Sex
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Starting in the latter part of the twentieth century, the law of sexual offenses, especially in the West, began to reflect a striking divergence. On the one hand, the law became significantly more punitive in its approach to sexual conduct that is nonconsensual, as evidenced by a major expansion in the definition of rape and sexual assault and the creation of new offenses such as sex trafficking, child grooming, and revenge porn. On the other hand, it became markedly more permissive in how it dealt with conduct that is consensual, a trend that can be seen, for example, in the legalization or decriminalization of sodomy, adultery, and adult pornography. This book explores the conceptual and normative implications of this divergence. In doing so, it assumes that the proper role of the criminal law in a liberal state is to protect individuals in their right not to be subjected to sexual contact against their will, while also safeguarding their right to engage in (private, consensual) sexual conduct in which they do wish to participate. Although consistent in the abstract, these dual aims frequently come into conflict in practice. The book develops a framework for harmonizing these goals in the context of a wide range of nonconsensual, consensual, and aconsensual sexual offenses (hence the “unified” nature of the theory)—including rape as nonconsensual sex, rape by deceit, rape by coercion, rape of a person who lacks capacity to consent, statutory rape, abuse of position, sexual harassment, voyeurism, indecent exposure, incest, sadomasochistic assault, prostitution, bestiality, and necrophilia.
Sexual Offense and Sexual Conduct
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concepts of sexual offense and sexual conduct. An offense is sexual under my account if sex plays a role in how it is defined in a statute (i.e., as a type), rather than how it is carried out in a particular case (i.e., at the level of a token). There are three overlapping means by which sex can play a role in defining a criminal offense: it can prohibit sexual conduct directly (as in rape and adult incest), prohibit conduct that is preparatory to future illicit sexual conduct (e.g., the English offense of administering an involuntary intoxicant with the intention of subjecting a person to sex), or prohibit conduct that infringes on another’s right to sexual autonomy (e.g., indecent exposure). Sexual conduct, in turn, is defined “phenomenologically,” meaning that an act will be regarded as sexual if it is the kind of act that tends to fulfill an agent’s desire for sexual pleasure and is typically accompanied by physiological indicators of sexual desire.
Criminalization and Liberalism
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the concepts of criminalization and liberalism. Criminal sanctions are just one of a range of means by which society can respond to sexual misconduct, but they are a particularly important method in light of their stigmatizing effects and potential to deprive persons of liberty. The theory developed here assumes that it is intrinsically wrong to punish criminal offenders who are blameless and also wrong to punish blameworthy offenders more harshly than they deserve. One of the most important elements of blameworthiness is wrongfulness, which is understood to involve a violation of a victim’s rights. The approach followed here is liberal in the sense that it emphasizes the freedom of the individual. It recognizes that the government has an obligation to protect individuals from being harmed by others but also that government itself can pose a threat to liberty. A key feature of this approach is liberal neutrality, the idea that the state should not reward or punish particular conceptions of the good life but should instead provide a neutral framework within which citizens can pursue their own conception of the good.
Rape Law Commonalities
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a range of issues common to all six of the rape paradigms that are described in subsequent chapters. It begins with a brief historical overview of rape law, observing a significant expansion in the definition of rape and sexual assault along two axes, namely, the kinds of sexual contact covered and the means by which nonconsent is manifested. It then considers the disparate ways in which the labels rape and sexual assault have been used, and makes an argument for retaining the term rape in the criminal law. Next, it considers how the physical act requirement in rape and sexual assault has been defined in a range of criminal codes, finally touching on some of the challenges of offense grading.
Sadomasochistic Assault
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers sadomasochistic assault. Although no offense in the criminal law is specifically labeled as such, this kind of conduct has been prosecuted under general (nonsexual) assault and battery provisions. Consent normally is allowed as a defense to charges of assault involving other kinds of (nonsexual) consensual pain infliction, such as occurs in surgery, sports, tattooing, and religious flagellation. Sadomasochistic assault prosecutions differ in that the consent or volenti defense is generally disfavored. The chapter offers an argument for why consensual sadomasochistic sex is more wrongful than these others kinds of consensual harm causing, based on the doctrine of double effect (the idea that it is permissible to cause harm as a side effect of bringing about a good result, even though it would not be permissible to cause such harm as a means to bringing about the same good end). But even if that argument is correct, it would not necessarily justify SM’s criminalization. Also considered here is the problem of how to distinguish between SM that is truly consensual and that which is not. Given the role playing it sometimes involves, there exists a possibility that without appropriate safeguards, SM might serve as a cover for what is essentially rape and sexual assault.
Introduction
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Opening with an account of the 1878 murder in Rome that gave rise to the trial on which the book is based, the introduction presents the key figures of a local emotional drama replayed on a national stage. It contextualizes these figures’ stories within Italy’s recent history, and outlines their geographical origins in the newly unified peninsula. Viewing the episodes of social life revealed by the criminal investigation through an emotions-history lens, the introduction surveys the analytical tools currently available for historians of emotion—such as regimes, communities, and practices—then proposes a new paradigm that conveys a stronger sense of boundaries and human scale: the ‘emotional arena’. These are the social spaces that can be seen to have influence over both the experience and expression of emotions—whether bedrooms, theatres and churches, or legal courtrooms. The introduction then lays out the book’s structure, outlining the way each subsequent chapter explores an example of such an emotional arena. These are the marital home, a nomadic circus based on an extended family, the imaginary arenas created by writers of secret love letters, arenas of grief and mourning, forensic investigations of death, plans for a murder, and finally, the courtroom in Rome where the story culminated.
Intimate Arenas
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Beginning with their wedding in Naples in 1871, this chapter examines the emotional relationship between Giovanni Fadda, a captain of the Italian army originally from Sardinia, and his wife Raffaella Saraceni, daughter of a well-to-do Calabrian family. Based on family correspondence and eye-witness accounts, the argument is that the couple represented an emerging model of a marital emotional arena, one that represented united Italy’s modernizing vision. Fadda’s work as a military official required postings in remote parts of the new nation, and the couple needed to be more emotionally self-sufficient than those whose lives were embedded within stable networks of extended families. The realities of modern married life were particularly difficult for Raffaella, who was repeatedly drawn back to the older style of emotional arena represented by her family of origin in Calabria. Effectively, she rarely lived with her husband, despite his efforts to create emotionally secure domestic spaces as a framework for their marriage. Sexual difficulties are also hinted at by the battle-wound which earned Fadda a medal, and local gossip. The chapter traces the eventual breakdown of the relationship, and analyses the couple’s emotional responses through their letters. Ideas of sentiments within marriage expressed by the couple, close relations (particularly Raffaella’s mother and Giovanni’s brother), as well as a range of local observers, give a sense of how Italians saw marriage and the family as an emotional arena undergoing change during a time of cultural and political transition in the nation’s early history.
Arenas of Mortality
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Grief and other reactions to death—among the most profound emotions humans ever experience—are inevitably mediated by cultural and official structures. This chapter explores responses to deaths encompassed by the book’s narrative, setting them against historical dynamics such as the Italian state’s need for public emotional ‘investment’, tension between the state and the Catholic Church, and the rise of scientific, forensic approaches to death. These dynamics led to the development of novel emotional arenas for the shaping and staging of emotions provoked by death. The chapter begins with the demise of Italy’s king, Victor Emanuel II, which gave rise to the nation’s first state funeral. Already closely analysed by historians, the event is re-examined as part of the book’s argument, with the suggestion that Rome became a distinctively secular emotional arena on the occasion of the funeral: officials made conscious use of social spaces to shift popular associations of death away from the Church and towards the state. Fadda’s presence at the funeral links the king’s death to his own, nine months later. The violence of the crime that took his life, excogitated and executed by Pietro Cardinali and others, resulted in very specific contexts for emotional responses. These include journalistic discussions, the morgue in which the autopsy on Fadda’s body took place, and the funeral, which resembled a miniature version of the king’s state funeral. In addition to grief, the funeral was also the scene of bitterness, indignation, and subtly expressed desires for judicial ‘revenge’.
Conclusion
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Opening with an instruction issued just days after the Fadda trial by Italy’s Minister of Justice about ‘emotional management’ of legal spaces, the book’s conclusion reinforces the notion of courts of law as emergent emotional arenas in Liberal Italy. Although the court is the most concrete of emotional arenas to be explored by this book, the conclusion returns to the ways in which documents brought together by the prosecution’s investigation provided the historiographical means to extend the notion outward to less exceptional elements of life, love, and death in 1870s Italy. These rich sources not only shone light on unfamiliar aspects of Italian social history, they illuminated historical processes of emotional encounter, negotiation, navigation, experiment, management, and evolution, within a range of distinctive social spaces, mostly real, but some imagined or virtual. A brief epilogue summarizes what is known of the fates of the three accused in the trial for Giovanni Fadda’s murder.
Introduction
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book. It provides some initial examples of the roles constituent power has played in justifying or limiting political action. It also examines the two main ways in which constituent power has been understood by constitutional theorists: as an extra-legal constitution-making force that always escapes constitutionalization (i.e. original constituent power), and as a substantively unlimited constitution-making authority (i.e. derived constituent power) that can be expressed through a constitution’s amendment rule. It then summarizes the content of each of the subsequent chapters.
The Juridical People
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that to the extent that a constituent assembly is not a sovereignty entity but a means for the exercise of constituent power, it can be subject to substantive limits arising from a constituent mandate. Part I of the chapter examines the place of the imperative mandate in contemporary constitutional change. Part II analyses the extent to which ‘the people’, understood as a juridical entity, could be said to engage in constituent action through an electoral exercise. It examines whether, during an episode of constitutional change, the electorate necessarily acts as a state organ (a view exemplified in the work of a number of constitutional theories as well as in some judicial decisions). In answering that question in the negative, the chapter develops a distinction between constitutional and constituent referendums. Part III explores the process that led to the convocation of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 1999. In that process, the court recognized the electorate’s right to convene an extraordinary constitution-making body through a referendum that took place outside of the established amendment rule. However, the constituent mandate contained in the referendum’s question was transgressed by the assembly, which assumed sovereign authority. The courts, relying on the theory of constituent power, later sanctioned that transgression.
Introduction
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces various essential ideas on second-order phase transitions and the theoretical challenges that accompany them. Furthermore, it focuses on important issues, for example, correlation length, correlation functions, scaling laws and behaviour, energy minimization, entropy maximization, dimensionality of space and order parameters and critical exponents, etc. It introduces and also devotes a short discussion to the Ising model and its most significant developments during the years of its study, as well as a short background about Ising himself. The chapter also contains two appendices that summarize all relevant results of ensembles of classical statistical mechanics and quantum statistical mechanics.
One-dimensional Systems
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses one-dimensional statistical models, for example, the Ising model and its generalizations (Potts model, systems with O(n) or Zn-symmetry, etc.). It discusses several methods of solution and covers the recursive method, the transfer matrix approach, and series expansion techniques. General properties of these methods, which are valid on higher-dimensional lattices, are also covered. The contents of this chapter are quite simple and pedagogical but extremely useful for understanding the following sections of the book. One of the appendices at the end of the chapter is devoted to a famous problem of topology, i.e. the four-colour problem, and its relation with the two-dimensional Potts model.
Transfer Matrix of the Two-dimensional Ising Model
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the exact solution of the two-dimensional Ising model as it is achieved through the transfer matrix formalism. It discusses the crucial role played by the commutative properties of the transfer matrices, which lead to a functional equation for their eigenvalues. The exact free energy of the Ising model and its critical point can be identified by means of the lowest eigenvalue. The chapter covers Baxter's approach, the Yang–Baxter equation and its relation to the Boltzmann weights, the R-matrix, and discusses activity away from the critical point, the six-vertex model, as well as functional equations and symmetries.