bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subtly encouraging more deliberate decisions: using a forcing technique and population stereotype to investigate free will
Authors: Pailhès Alice , Kuhn Gustav 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMagicians’ forcing techniques allow them to covertly influence spectators’ choices. We used a type of force (Position Force) to investigate whether explicitly informing people that they are making a decision results in more deliberate decisions. The magician placed four face-down cards on the table in a horizontal row, after which the spectator was asked to select a card by pushing it forward. According to magicians and position effects literature, people should be more likely to choose a card in the third position from their left, because it can be easily reached. We manipulated whether participants were reminded that they were making a decision (explicit choice) or not (implicit choice) when asked to select one of the cards. Two experiments confirmed the efficiency of the Position Force—52% of participants chose the target card. Explicitly informing participants of the decision impairs the success of the force, leading to a more deliberate choice. A range of awareness measures illustrates that participants were unaware of their stereotypical behaviours. Participants who chose the target card significantly underestimated the number of people who would have chosen the same card, and felt as free as the participants who chose another card. Finally, we tested an embodied-cognition idea, but our data suggest that different ways of holding an object do not affect the level of self-control they have over their actions. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications regarding free will, Wegner’s apparent mental causation, choice blindness and reachability effects.
The Effect of Cranial Nerve Stimulation on Swallowing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Florie Michelle G. M. H. , Pilz Walmari , Dijkman Remco H. , Kremer Bernd , Wiersma Anke , Winkens Bjorn , Baijens Laura W. J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis systematic review summarizes published studies on the effect of cranial nerve stimulation (CNS) on swallowing and determines the level of evidence of the included studies to guide the development of future research on new treatment strategies for oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using CNS. Studies published between January 1990 and October 2019 were found via a systematic comprehensive electronic database search using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Two independent reviewers screened all articles based on the title and abstract using strict inclusion criteria. They independently screened the full text of this initial set of articles. The level of evidence of the included studies was assessed independently by the two reviewers using the A–B–C rating scale. In total, 3267 articles were found in the databases. In the majority of these studies, CNS was used for treatment-resistant depression or intractable epilepsy. Finally, twenty-eight studies were included; seven studies on treatment of depression, thirteen on epilepsy, and eight on heterogeneous indications. Of these, eight studies reported the effects of CNS on swallowing and in 20 studies the swallowing outcome was described as an adverse reaction. A meta-analysis could not be carried out due to the poor methodological quality and heterogeneity of study designs of the included studies. These preliminary data suggest that specific well-indicated CNS might be effective in reducing OD symptoms in selective patient groups. But it is much too early for conclusive statements on this topic. In conclusion, the results of these studies are encouraging for future research on CNS for OD. However, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trials with sufficiently large sample sizes are necessary.
Ethical triage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a toolkit for neurosurgical resource allocation
Authors: Hulsbergen Alexander F. C. , Eijkholt Marleen M. , Balak Naci , Brennum Jannick , Bolger Ciarán , Bohrer Anna-Margarete , Feldman Zeev , Holsgrove Daniel , Kitchen Neil , Mathiesen Tiit I. , Moojen Wouter A. , Samprón Nicolás , Sames Martin , Sandvik Ulrika , Tisell Magnus , Broekman Marike L. D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic confronts healthcare workers, including neurosurgeons, with difficult choices regarding which patients to treat.

Methods
In order to assist ethical triage, this article gives an overview of the main considerations and ethical principles relevant when allocating resources in times of scarcity.

Results
We discuss a framework employing four principles: prioritizing the worst off, maximizing benefits, treating patients equally, and promoting instrumental value. We furthermore discuss the role of age and comorbidity in triage and highlight some principles that may seem intuitive but should not form a basis for triage.

Conclusions
This overview is presented on behalf of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and can be used as a toolkit for neurosurgeons faced with ethical dilemmas when triaging patients in times of scarcity.
Molecular and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotype 2 isolates from Korean travelers in 2015
Authors: Hwang Eun-Ha , Kim Green , Oh Hanseul , An You Jung , Kim Jiyeon , Kim Jung Heon , Hwang Eung-Soo , Park Jong-Hwan , Hong JungJoo , Koo Bon-Sang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn Korea, dengue infection has been frequently reported in travelers to tropical and subtropical countries. Global warming increases the probability of autochthonous dengue outbreaks in Korea. In this report, the molecular and evolutionary properties of four dengue virus (DENV) type 2 isolates from Korean overseas travelers were examined. Three of these isolates were classified as Cosmopolitan genotypes and further divided into sublineages 1 (43,253, 43,254) and 2 (43,248), while the other isolate (KBPV-VR29) was related to American genotypes. The variable amino acid motifs related to virulence and replication were identified in the structural and non-structural proteins. A negative selection mechanism was clearly verified in all of the DENV proteins. Potential recombination events were identified in the NS5 protein of the XSBN10 strain. The substitution rate (5.32 × 10−4 substitutions per site) and the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for each evolutionary group were determined by the Bayesian skyline coalescent method. This study shows that DENV type 2 strains with distinct phylogenetic, evolutionary, and virulence characteristics have been introduced into Korea by overseas travelers and have the potential to trigger autochthonous dengue outbreaks.
Floodplain Preconditioning of Leaf Litter Modulates the Subsidy of Terrestrial C and Nutrients in Fluvial Ecosystems
Authors: del Campo Rubén , Martí Eugènia , Bastias Elliot , Barberá Gonzalo G. , Sánchez-Montoya María del Mar , Gómez Rosa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLeaf litter can be retained in floodplains for several months before it enters rivers as lateral inputs. During this period, the environmental conditions on the floodplain can alter leaf litter chemistry and, consequently, affect its subsequent processing in the river. We analysed the effect of contrasting floodplain conditions on the chemical composition of leaf litter and its leachates, and how this affected their biodegradability and processing in rivers. To do so, we placed reed leaf litter (Phragmites australis) in open- and closed-canopy habitats of three floodplain sites with contrasting climates (semiarid Mediterranean, humid Mediterranean and continental) for 105 days. We then used litterbags in a river to examine the decomposition of preconditioned leaf litter in comparison with a control (non-preconditioned litter), and laboratory assays to examine the biodegradation of their leachates. Contrasting conditions on the floodplain prompted differences in the nutrient content of leaf litter among floodplain sites. Preconditioning caused a generalized decline in the C content and an increase in the lignin content of leaf litter. Even so, preconditioning did not affect litter decomposition rates in the river, although it did reduce decomposition efficiency and biodegradability of leachates. Shredder colonization of litter was variable and generally higher on preconditioned litter, but not significantly so. Different floodplain conditions had no influence on the aquatic processing of preconditioned litter. Our results demonstrate that the retention of leaf litter in terrestrial environments can affect C budgets of fluvial ecosystems and the recipient food web by reducing the input and the biodegradability of C and nutrients.
Near-Wall Flame and Flow Measurements in an Optically Accessible SI Engine
Authors: Schmidt Marius , Ding Carl-Philipp , Peterson Brian , Dreizler Andreas , Böhm Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNear-wall processes in internal combustion engines strongly affect heat transfer and pollutant emissions. With continuously improving capabilities to model near-wall processes, the demand for corresponding measurements increases. To obtain an in-depth understanding of the near-wall processes within spark-ignition engines, flame distributions and flow fields were measured simultaneously near the piston surface of an optically accessible engine operating with homogeneous, stoichiometric isooctane–air mixtures. The engine was operated at two engine speeds (800 rpm and 1500 rpm) and two different intake pressures (0.95 bar and 0.4 bar). Flame distributions were obtained at high spatial resolution using high-speed planar laser induced fluorescence of sulfur dioxide ($$\hbox {SO}_{{2}}$$

SO
2

). Particle tracking velocimetry was utilized to measure the flow field above the piston at high spatial resolution, which enabled the determination of hydrodynamic boundary layer profiles. Flame contours were extracted and statistical distributions of the burnt gas area determined. The burnt gas distributions were compared with the simultaneously recorded high-speed flow field measurements in the unburnt gas. A direct comparison with motored engine operation showed comparable boundary layer profiles until the flame approaches the wall. Flow acceleration due to flame expansion rapidly increases velocity gradients and the boundary layer development becomes highly transient. The interaction of flame and flow depends on the operating conditions, which results in a different evolution of burnt gas positions within the field-of-view. This has additional implications on the development of the velocity boundary layer. Depending on the operating conditions, the flame strongly affects the velocity boundary layer profiles resulting in boundary layer thicknesses (defined by 50% maximum velocity) in the order of $$80{-}180\, \upmu \hbox {m}$$

80
-
180

μ
m

.
A multi-perspective lens on web assurance seals: contrasting vendors’ intended and consumers’ perceived effects
Authors: Löbbers Julian , Lins Sebastian , Kromat Theresa , Benlian Alexander , Sunyaev Ali 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWeb assurance seals are actions taken by e-commerce vendors to increase their trustworthiness and alleviate consumers’ concerns. In their essence, web assurance seals are a product of negotiations, adoptions, and settlements among various groups of interests (e.g., seal authorities, vendors, consumers, or governmental institutions). However, previous research has hitherto used a unilateral research perspective when studying web assurance seals (i.e., either consumer- or vendor-centric), which has acted as a gridlock for web assurance seal literature development. Drawing on signaling theory, we use a ranking-type Delphi study with three distinct, yet mutually supportive expert panels (N = 60) to compare vendors’ intentions to acquire web assurance seals and perceived effects by consumers. Our results uncover a mismatch between consumers’ perceptions and vendors’ intentions of web assurance seals, unintended side effects as well as vendors targeting other stakeholders than consumers, ultimately providing starting points for research to move forward.
Exploring the prevalence of gambling harm among active duty military personnel: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Paterson Marisa , Whitty Megan , Leslie Patrick 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe prevalence of gambling harm among active duty military personnel is a largely unexplored topic. With different forms of social gambling often found within (or in close proximity to) military bases around the world, understanding the extent of gambling activities and consequent harms occurring within military contexts warrants further attention. This review aims to identify, describe and thematically synthesise published literature on gambling harm and related issues among active duty military personnel. Scoping review methods were applied in order to understand this relatively under-researched population and understand appropriate avenues for future research. A systematic multi-database text word search, incorporating search results from Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, PsychInfo, and the Journal Military Medicine, was conducted. A total of 11 sources met inclusion criteria, all originating from the United States of America. The results suggest a distinct gap in the current international literature on this topic. Despite gambling’s long and colourful association with defence downtime, research into gambling harm prevalence rates in relation to what could be considered a high-risk group is limited. Findings reveal that strategies to identify and address gambling harm within this population are severely lacking from the published literature and non-existent outside North America. Implications for understanding and addressing gambling harm among active duty personnel and directions for future research are discussed.
Impact of Socio-economic Status on Low Birthweight: Decomposing the Differences Between Natives and Immigrants in Spain
Authors: Stanek Mikolaj , Requena Miguel , del Rey Alberto 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this population-based study, we explored the relationships between immigration, socio-economic status (SES), and perinatal outcomes. We quantified the effects of SES on birthweight disparities between native and immigrant mothers in Spain. We obtained birth and SES data from the 2011 census and administrative registers for years 2011–2015. The associations between origin, statuses, and the likelihood of low birthweight were estimated using logistic regressions. Fairlie’s nonlinear extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method was applied to identify the extent to which the differences in birthweight between groups corresponded to socio-economic composition or to rates. Our results showed that African and Latin American mothers exhibited advantage in the perinatal outcomes over native mothers [odds ratio (OR) 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–0.90 and OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.65–0.82, respectively]. Decomposition analyses revealed that such advantage was not affected by the lower positions within the socio-economic structure that African and Latin American populations occupied.
Methodologies of Rule of Law Research: Why Legal Philosophy Needs Empirical and Doctrinal Scholarship
Authors: Taekema Sanne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRule of law is a concept that is regularly debated by legal philosophers, often in connection to discussion of the concept of law. In this article, the focus is not on the substance of the conceptual claims, but on the methodologies employed by legal philosophers, investigating seminal articles on the rule of law by Joseph Raz and Jeremy Waldron. I argue that their philosophical argumentations often crucially depend on empirical or legal doctrinal arguments. However, these arguments remain underdeveloped. I explore how these arguments could be linked to approaches related to rule of law in different fields of legal scholarship and investigate how the methodologies of these fields may complement each other. Thus, the article aims to provide an argument for a specific form of triangulation of three kinds of approaches to the rule of law: philosophical, social-scientific and legal doctrinal. This method of triangulation is illustrated by a discussion of the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index.
Evidence for improved survival with bevacizumab treatment in recurrent high-grade gliomas: a retrospective study with (“pseudo-randomized”) treatment allocation by the health insurance provider
Authors: Hofmann Susanne , Schmidt Manuel Alexander , Weissmann Thomas , Eyüpoglu Ilker , Strnad Annedore , Semrau Sabine , Fietkau Rainer , Putz Florian , Lettmaier Sebastian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Despite a large number of trials, the role of bevacizumab (BEV) in the treatment of recurrent high-grade gliomas is still controversial. Evidence regarding an effect on overall survival in this context is ultimately inconclusive. At the Department of Radiation Oncology at Erlangen, Germany we treated a large cohort of patients with recurrent gliomas where bevacizumab use was determined exclusively by the health care provider’s approval of reimbursement.

Methods
61 patients (between 06/2008 and 01/2014) with recurrent high-grade gliomas had reimbursement requests for BEV sent to their health insurance. 37 patients out of 61 (60.7%) had their requests approved and therefore received bevacizumab (BEV-arm) as part of their treatment. The remaining 24 (39.3%) patients received standard therapy without bevacizumab (non-BEV-arm). Survival endpoints were defined with reference to the first BEV request to the health insurance provider.

Results
Median overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort was 7.0 months. OS was significantly better for BEV vs. Non-BEV patients (median, 10.3 vs. 4.2 months, logrank p = 0.023). There was an increased BEV benefit in cases of higher-order recurrences (first order recurrence BEV vs. Non-BEV, 12.5 vs. 10.2 months, p = 0.578) (second or higher order of recurrence, 9.9 vs. 2.6 months, p = 0.010). On multivariate analysis for overall survival the prognostic impact of bevacizumab (HR = 0.43, p = 0.034) remained significant.

Conclusion
Our results suggest an influence of BEV on overall survival in a heavily pretreated patient population suffering from high-grade gliomas with BEV benefit being greatest in case of second or later recurrence.
Novel application of synchrotron x-ray computed tomography for ex-vivo imaging of subcutaneously injected polymeric microsphere suspension formulations
Authors: Patterson Claire , Murphy Dean , Irvine Sarah , Connor Leigh , Rattray Zahra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Subcutaneously or intramuscularly administered biodegradable microsphere formulations have been successfully exploited in the management of chronic conditions for over two decades, yet mechanistic understanding of the impact of formulation attributes on in vivo absorption rate from such systems is still in its infancy.

Methods
Suspension formulation physicochemical attributes may impact particulate deposition in subcutaneous (s.c.) tissue. Hence, the utility of synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) for assessment of spatial distribution of suspension formulation components (PLG microspheres and vehicle) was evaluated in a porcine s.c. tissue model. Optical imaging of dyed vehicle and subsequent microscopic assessment of microsphere deposition was performed in parallel to compare the two approaches.

Results
Our findings demonstrate that synchrotron μCT can be applied to the assessment of microsphere and vehicle distribution in s.c. tissue, and that microspheres can also be visualised in the absence of contrast agent using this approach. The technique was deemed superior to optical imaging of macrotomy for the characterisation of microsphere deposition owing to its non-invasive nature and relatively rapid data acquisition time.

Conclusions
The method outlined in this study provides a proof of concept feasibility for μCT application to determining the vehicle and suspended PLG microspheres fate following s.c. injection. A potential application for our findings is understanding the impact of injection, device and formulation variables on initial and temporal depot geometry in pre-clinical or ex-vivo models that can inform product design.
An Integrated Dialysis Pharmacometric (IDP) Model to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics in Patients Undergoing Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Broeker Astrid , Vossen Matthias G. , Thalhammer Florian , Wallis Steven C. , Lipman Jeffrey , Roberts Jason A. , Wicha Sebastian G. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Clearance via renal replacement therapy (RRT) can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. The aim of this study was (i) to improve the use of clinical trial data and (ii) to provide a model that allows quantification of all aspects of drug elimination via RRT including adsorption to dialysis membranes and/or degradation of the drug in the dialysate.

Methods
An integrated dialysis pharmacometric (IDP) model was developed to simultaneously incorporate all available RRT information. The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the IDP model was compared to conventional approaches in clinical trial simulations and applied to clinical datasets of teicoplanin and doripenem.

Results
The IDP model was more accurate, precise and sensitive than conventional plasma-concentration-based approaches when estimating the clearanceRRT (relative bias <1%). In contrast to conventional approaches, adsorption and degradation were quantifiable using the IDP model (relative bias: −1.1% and − 1.9%, respectively). Applied to clinical data, clearanceRRT, drug degradation (effluent-half-lifedoripenem: 13.5 h−1) and adsorption (polysulphone adsorption capacityteicoplanin: 31.2 mg) were assessed.

Conclusion
The IDP model allows accurate, precise and sensitive characterization of clearanceRRT, adsorption and degradation. Successful quantification of all aspects of clearanceRRT in clinical data demonstrated the benefit of the IDP model as compared to conventional approaches.
Gender Differences in Remembering about Things to Do Depend on Partnership Status
Authors: Niedźwieńska Agnieszka , Zielińska Monika 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProspective memory, which is the ability to remember to do something in the future, is strongly linked to gender stereotypes. Women are expected to play a mnemonic role in romantic heterosexual couples and be successful in prospective memory tasks. Our purpose was to test whether stereotypical expectations manifest in gender differences in remembering to perform intended actions. Furthermore, we investigated whether these differences manifest only when participants are in a relationship with an other-gender partner which puts women under higher social pressure to be effective in prospective remembering. Forty Polish women (20 in relationship, 20 out of relationship) and 40 Polish men (18 in relationship, 22 out of relationship) were asked to send a SMS text to the experimenter every day for 7 consecutive days. As predicted, a female advantage in performance was found only for participants who were in a relationship, with no gender differences among those who were not. Of particular interest was that women who were in a relationship performed better compared to women without partners. In contrast, men performed worse if they were in a relationship compared to when they did not have a partner. Implications are discussed for how gender inequalities in prospective remembering can be tackled by educators in secondary schools and psychologists who conduct premarital workshops, as well as how they can be used by couple psychotherapists to deal with crises related to the division of labor in a couple.