bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DOE E3SM v1.1 Biogeochemistry Configuration: Description and Simulated Ecosystem‐Climate Responses to Historical Changes in Forcing
Authors: Burrows S. M. , Maltrud M. , Yang X. , Zhu Q. , Jeffery N. , Shi X. , Ricciuto D. , Wang S. , Bisht G. , Tang J. , Wolfe J. , Harrop B. E. , Singh B. , Brent L. , Baldwin S. , Zhou T. , Cameron‐Smith P. , Keen N. , Collier N. , Xu M. , Hunke E. C. , Elliott S. M. , Turner A. K. , Li H. , Wang H. , Golaz J.‐C. , Bond‐Lamberty B. , Hoffman F. M. , Riley W. J. , Thornton P. E. , Calvin K. , Leung L. R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper documents the biogeochemistry configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), E3SMv1.1‐BGC. The model simulates historical carbon cycle dynamics, including carbon losses predicted in response to land use and land cover change, and the responses of the carbon cycle to changes in climate. In addition, we introduce several innovations in the treatment of soil nutrient limitation mechanisms, including explicit dependence on phosphorus availability. The suite of simulations described here includes E3SM contributions to the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project and other projects, as well as simulations to explore the impacts of structural uncertainty in representations of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We describe the model spin‐up and evaluation procedures, provide an overview of results from the simulation campaign, and highlight key features of the simulations. Cumulative warming over the twentieth century is similar to observations, with a midcentury cold bias offset by stronger warming in recent decades. Ocean biomass production and carbon uptake are underpredicted, likely due to biases in ocean transport leading to widespread anoxia and undersupply of nutrients to surface waters. The inclusion of nutrient limitations in the land biogeochemistry results in weaker carbon fertilization and carbon‐climate feedbacks than exhibited by other Earth System Models that exclude those limitations. Finally, we compare with an alternative representation of terrestrial biogeochemistry, which differs in structure and in initialization of soil phosphorus. While both configurations agree well with observational benchmarks, they differ significantly in their distribution of carbon among different pools and in the strength of nutrient limitations.
Measurement‐Based Experimental Statistical Modeling of Propagation Channel in Industrial IoT Scenario
Authors: Wang Yu , Lv Yejian , Yin Xuefeng , Duan Jiawei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper presents 3–4 and 38–40 GHz wideband channel characteristics for industrial internet‐of‐things (IIoT) scenario based on measurements. The channel measurement equipment applied in the measurements consists of a programmable vector network analyzer and necessary auxiliaries. An extensive amount of data in line‐of‐sight (LoS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLoS) scenarios is collected with omnidirectional antennas in both transmitter and receiver ends. With the Space‐Alternating Generalized Expectation‐maximization (SAGE) algorithm, the multipath components (MPCs) of the received signals are extracted to calculate the channel model parameters, for example, channel gain coefficient, delay spread, and Ricean K factor. By studying the statistical characteristics of these parameters, a stochastic channel model in IIoT scenario is initially established and compared with the existing indoor channel models. Moreover, the distinctive characteristics of channel parameters in the millimeter wave band and sub‐6 GHz band in the IIoT scenario are demonstrated.
Errors From Asymmetric Emission Rate in Spaceborne, Limb Sounding Doppler Interferometry: A Correction Algorithm With Application to ICON/MIGHTI
Authors: Wu Yen‐Jung J. , Harding Brian J. , Triplett Colin C. , Makela Jonathan J. , Marr Kenneth D. , Englert Christoph R. , Harlander John M. , Immel Thomas J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission is designed to measure the neutral wind and temperature between 90 and ∼300 km altitude. Using the Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectroscopy technique, observations from MIGHTI can be used to derive thermospheric winds by measuring Doppler shifts of the atomic oxygen red line (630.0 nm) and green line (557.7 nm). Harding et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214‐017‐0359‐3) (Harding17) describe the wind retrieval algorithm in detail and point out the large uncertainties that result near the solar terminators and equatorial arcs, regions of large spatial gradients in airglow volume emission rates (VER). The uncertainties originate from the assumption of a constant VER at every given altitude, resulting in errors where the assumption is not valid when limb sounders, such as MIGHTI, observe regions with significant VER gradients. In this work, we introduce a new wind retrieval algorithm (Wu20) with the ability to account for VER that is asymmetric along the line of sight with respect to the tangent point. Using the predicted ICON orbit and simulated global VER variation, the greatest impact of the symmetric airglow assumption to the ICON vector wind product is found within 30° from the terminator when the spacecraft is in the dayside, causing an error of at least 10 m/s. The new algorithm developed in this study reduces the error near the terminator by a factor of 10. Although Wu20 improves the accuracy of the retrievals, it loses precision by 75% compared to Harding17.
Robust Longitudinally Variable Responses of the ITCZ to a Myriad of Climate Forcings
Authors: Atwood Alyssa R. , Donohoe Aaron , Battisti David S. , Liu Xiaojuan , Pausata Francesco S. R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe evaluate the longitudinal variation in meridional shifts of the tropical rainbelt in response to natural and anthropogenic forcings using a large suite of coupled climate model simulations. We find that the energetic framework of the zonal mean Hadley cell is generally not useful for characterizing shifts of the rainbelt at regional scales, regardless of the characteristics of the forcing. Forcings with large hemispheric asymmetry such as extratropical volcanic forcing, meltwater forcing, and the Last Glacial Maximum give rise to robust zonal mean shifts of the rainbelt; however, the direction and magnitude of the shift vary strongly as a function of longitude. Even the Pacific rainband does not shift uniformly under any forcing considered. Forcings with weak hemispheric asymmetry such as CO2 and mid‐Holocene forcing give rise to zonal mean shifts that are small or absent, but the rainbelt does shift regionally in coherent ways across models that may have important dynamical consequences.
Dynamics of Bioluminescence Potential and Physical, Bio‐Optical Properties on the Shelf and Shelf‐Slope of Delaware Bay
Authors: Shulman Igor , Penta Bradley , Anderson Stephanie , Moline Mark A. , Oliver Matthew J. , Cohen Jonathan H. , Hudson Katherine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe dynamics of physical and bio‐optical properties on the shelf and the shelf‐slope break areas offshore of the Delaware Bay were investigated. Compared to monthly means, there were elevated daily freshwater outflows. Glider observations demonstrated significant changes in bio‐optical properties before and after sampling fresher water masses. Prior to sampling fresher water masses, the glider observations exhibited a coincidence of high values in bioluminescence (BL) potential, chlorophyll, and optical backscattering. However, as the glider started to sample fresher water masses, there was a gradual decoupling of high values in BL potential with the high values in chlorophyll and optical backscattering. This indicates a shift from an autotrophic and mixotrophic toward a more heterotrophic bioluminescent community between water masses. During the glider survey, a high chlorophyll filament was observed by satellite ocean color imagery along the shelf‐slope break of the Delaware Bay. The high chlorophyll filament had weakened and disappeared in satellite imagery over the next 2 days when upwelling was progressing, and the glider started to sample fresher water masses. The filament was on the dense side of the shelf‐slope front, and the glider observations indicated a subduction of high chlorophyll values into subsurface (below the fresher surface water masses) with high values of BL potential deeper than high values of chlorophyll. The studies presented here are the first BL potential studies on the shelf and the shelf slope areas of the Delaware Bay, as well as the first studies of BL potential resulted from deployments of the glider with BL potential sensor on board.
An Index Intercomparison for MJO Events and Termination
Authors: Stachnik Justin P. , Chrisler Brett 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is a significant contributor to climate variability in the tropics. While many studies have examined the MJO, few have considered its termination. Multiple indices exist to track and forecast the MJO although the influence of each index on MJO decay has not been documented. This study presents an intercomparison of several MJO indices for a 34‐year period to examine the evolution of MJO events and comprises an index‐specific climatology for MJO termination. We present an analysis of common indices including the OLR‐based MJO index (OMI) and filtered OMI (FMO) in addition to the real‐time multivariate MJO (RMM) and velocity potential MJO (VPM) index. Normalized empirical orthogonal function comparisons reveal only minor shifts in longitude and time in the corresponding convection and circulation anomalies between indices. The daily rate‐of‐change (ROC) for each index is derived, and we find that the RMM and VPM indices experience twice as large of daily amplitude changes as the univariate indices. Results from the ROC analysis are implemented in an MJO event identification algorithm to study the sensitivity of MJO termination to changes in the temporary minimum amplitude and threshold used to define events. The corresponding counts of primary, continuing, and circumnavigating events are recorded with primary events being robust to changes in the temporary minimum amplitude. Finally, an MJO climatology is created that presents MJO termination as a function of phase for each index. Physical reasons behind differences in the termination climatology are proposed in addition to applications for future work.
Large‐Scale Cenozoic Wind Erosion in the Puna Plateau: The Salina del Fraile Depression
Authors: McMillan Mitchell , Schoenbohm Lindsay M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWind erosion is integral to the evolution of arid landscapes on Earth and Mars, but the nature of long‐term wind erosion of bedrock is poorly understood. Here we describe the Salina del Fraile (SdF) depression in the Puna Plateau of the Central Andes, NW Argentina, as a landform excavated by wind over several million years. New structural cross sections and a compilation of chronostratigraphic ages rule out the hypothesis that the depression was created by transtensional tectonics. Dated remnant lacustrine and alluvial deposits in the floor of the depression constrain the rate and timing of erosion. Late Oligocene‐Miocene compressional folding uplifted friable strata that were preferentially eroded, resulting in the high‐relief (900 m) depression. Up to 1.95 km and an average of 1.05 km of strata were eroded during the last 8.2 to 17 Ma, at rates of 0.06 to 0.23 mm/yr. These rates are similar to long‐term average wind erosion rates reported in other regions. Coarse‐grained eolian megaripples, yardangs, and elongated ridges indicate ongoing eolian abrasion and deflation, aided by salt weathering, of the floor of the depression. Megaripple migration across stony lag surfaces exposes fresh bedrock to continued erosion. The SdF also contains kilometer‐scale mesas and ridges that we interpret as erosional remnants. These landforms are similar to megayardangs and erosional topography identified on the lower flanks of Mount Sharp, Gale crater, Mars. In such hyperarid landscapes characterized by lithologic heterogeneities, high‐relief landforms can be generated and sustained by wind erosion, without significant fluvial or glacial incision.
Ice Cover and Extreme Events Determine Dissolved Oxygen in a Placid Mountain Lake
Authors: Flaim G. , Andreis D. , Piccolroaz S. , Obertegger U. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA decrease in hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) is a commonly seen effect of climate change. However, in oligotrophic Lake Tovel (Italy), a deep mountain lake, annual mean DO (% saturation) has increased from near anoxia to >20% in the bottom layer (35–39 m). We analyzed long‐term patterns of DO (1937–2019) using different methods (correlation and trend analysis, identification of extreme events) to link DO to drivers and indices of mixing. While spring mixing remained temporally limited, later ice‐in (5.1 days decade−1) and the positive relationship between ice‐in and DO the following year evidenced autumn mixing as the main driver for hypolimnetic DO increase. Extreme meteorological events also replenished hypolimnetic DO. Using DO and conductivity (1995–2019), we identified 14 deep mixing events with hypolimnetic DO > 40%. Density‐based indices (Schmidt stability, relative thermal resistance, Lake Number, and Wedderburn Number) only partially captured these events that were related to snowmelt, flooding, and cold spells during spring and autumn, with a carryover effect sometimes lasting >1 year. Recently, annual mean DO in the upper layer decreased beyond temperature‐dependent solubility. This decrease was not comprehensively confirmed by statistical tests but was possibly linked to atmospheric stilling. We suggest that Lake Tovel's shift from meromixis to dimixis was driven by climate warming (i.e., increasing air temperature 0.6°C decade−1) that delayed ice‐in and increased autumn mixing. Our work underlines the vulnerability of mountain lakes and their different response to climate change with respect to more studied lowland lakes.
Artificial gauge field switching using orbital angular momentum modes in optical waveguides
Authors: Jörg Christina , Queraltó Gerard , Kremer Mark , Pelegrí Gerard , Schulz Julian , Szameit Alexander , von Freymann Georg , Mompart Jordi , Ahufinger Verònica 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe discovery of artificial gauge fields controlling the dynamics of uncharged particles that otherwise elude the influence of standard electromagnetic fields has revolutionised the field of quantum simulation. Hence, developing new techniques to induce these fields is essential to boost quantum simulation of photonic structures. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of an artificial gauge field in a photonic lattice by modifying the topological charge of a light beam, overcoming the need to modify the geometry along the evolution or impose external fields. In particular, we show that an effective magnetic flux naturally appears when a light beam carrying orbital angular momentum is injected into a waveguide lattice with a diamond chain configuration. To demonstrate the existence of this flux, we measure an effect that derives solely from the presence of a magnetic flux, the Aharonov-Bohm caging effect, which is a localisation phenomenon of wavepackets due to destructive interference. Therefore, we prove the possibility of switching on and off artificial gauge fields just by changing the topological charge of the input state, paving the way to accessing different topological regimes in a single structure, which represents an important step forward for optical quantum simulation.
HyperKvasir, a comprehensive multi-class image and video dataset for gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Borgli Hanna , Thambawita Vajira , Smedsrud Pia H. , Hicks Steven , Jha Debesh , Eskeland Sigrun L. , Randel Kristin Ranheim , Pogorelov Konstantin , Lux Mathias , Nguyen Duc Tien Dang , Johansen Dag , Griwodz Carsten , Stensland Håkon K. , Garcia-Ceja Enrique , Schmidt Peter T. , Hammer Hugo L. , Riegler Michael A. , Halvorsen Pål , de Lange Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence is currently a hot topic in medicine. However, medical data is often sparse and hard to obtain due to legal restrictions and lack of medical personnel for the cumbersome and tedious process to manually label training data. These constraints make it difficult to develop systems for automatic analysis, like detecting disease or other lesions. In this respect, this article presents HyperKvasir, the largest image and video dataset of the gastrointestinal tract available today. The data is collected during real gastro- and colonoscopy examinations at Bærum Hospital in Norway and partly labeled by experienced gastrointestinal endoscopists. The dataset contains 110,079 images and 374 videos, and represents anatomical landmarks as well as pathological and normal findings. The total number of images and video frames together is around 1 million. Initial experiments demonstrate the potential benefits of artificial intelligence-based computer-assisted diagnosis systems. The HyperKvasir dataset can play a valuable role in developing better algorithms and computer-assisted examination systems not only for gastro- and colonoscopy, but also for other fields in medicine.
Elimination of the internal electrostatic field in two-dimensional GaN-based semiconductors
Authors: Jia Yuping , Shi Zhiming , Hou Wantong , Zang Hang , Jiang Ke , Chen Yang , Zhang Shanli , Qi Zhanbin , Wu Tong , Sun Xiaojuan , Li Dabing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGaN-based semiconductors are promising materials for solid-state optoelectronic applications. However, the strong internal electrostatic field (IEF) along the [0001] direction is a serious problem that harms the efficiency of lighting devices based on GaN-based semiconductors due to the quantum confined Stark effect. Here we theoretically predict a method, reducing the dimensions from bulk to two-dimensional (2D) structures, to fundamentally remove the IEF. After thinning the materials to several nanometers, the wurtzite configuration (with strong IEF) spontaneously transform to the haeckelite (4 | 8) configuration (without IEF) due to the more stable neutral surface in the 4 | 8 configuration. Meanwhile, the 4 | 8 configuration maintain optoelectronic properties comparable to or even better than those of the wurtzite configuration. By carefully analyzing the interaction between 2D GaN and different types of substrates (SiC and graphene), we not only provide clear physical insights for experimental results but also address a “thickness-controlled” vdW epitaxy scheme to experimentally realize the 4 | 8 configuration. We believe that the 4 | 8 configuration without IEF is a prospective material for diverse optoelectronic applications. In addition, we propose a point of view in engineering the properties of GaN-based semiconductors.
Artificial intelligence manages congenital cataract with individualized prediction and telehealth computing
Authors: Long Erping , Chen Jingjing , Wu Xiaohang , Liu Zhenzhen , Wang Liming , Jiang Jiewei , Li Wangting , Zhu Yi , Chen Chuan , Lin Zhuoling , Li Jing , Li Xiaoyan , Chen Hui , Guo Chong , Zhao Lanqin , Nie Daoyao , Liu Xinhua , Liu Xin , Dong Zhe , Yun Bo , Wei Wenbin , Xu Fan , Lv Jian , Li Min , Ling Shiqi , Zhong Lei , Chen Junhong , Zheng Qishan , Zhang Li , Xiang Yi , Tan Gang , Huang Kai , Xiang Yifan , Lin Duoru , Zhang Xulin , Dongye Meimei , Wang Dongni , Chen Weirong , Liu Xiyang , Lin Haotian , Liu Yizhi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA challenge of chronic diseases that remains to be solved is how to liberate patients and medical resources from the burdens of long-term monitoring and periodic visits. Precise management based on artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise; however, a clinical application that fully integrates prediction and telehealth computing has not been achieved, and further efforts are required to validate its real-world benefits. Taking congenital cataract as a representative, we used Bayesian and deep-learning algorithms to create CC-Guardian, an AI agent that incorporates individualized prediction and scheduling, and intelligent telehealth follow-up computing. Our agent exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in both internal and multi-resource validation. We integrate our agent with a web-based smartphone app and prototype a prediction-telehealth cloud platform to support our intelligent follow-up system. We then conduct a retrospective self-controlled test validating that our system not only accurately detects and addresses complications at earlier stages, but also reduces the socioeconomic burdens compared to conventional methods. This study represents a pioneering step in applying AI to achieve real medical benefits and demonstrates a novel strategy for the effective management of chronic diseases.
Maternal dietary imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids triggers the offspring’s overeating in mice
Authors: Sakayori Nobuyuki , Katakura Masanori , Hamazaki Kei , Higuchi Oki , Fujii Kazuki , Fukabori Ryoji , Iguchi Yoshio , Setogawa Susumu , Takao Keizo , Miyazawa Teruo , Arita Makoto , Kobayashi Kazuto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of obesity and its effects on our society warrant intensifying basic animal research for understanding why habitual intake of highly palatable foods has increased due to recent global environmental changes. Here, we report that pregnant mice that consume a diet high in omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low in omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs (an n-6high/n-3low diet), whose n-6/n-3 ratio is approximately 120, induces hedonic consumption in the offspring by upregulating the midbrain dopaminergic system. We found that exposure to the n-6high/n-3low diet specifically increases the consumption of palatable foods via increased mesolimbic dopamine release. In addition, neurodevelopmental analyses revealed that this induced hedonic consumption is programmed during embryogenesis, as dopaminergic neurogenesis is increased during in utero access to the n-6high/n-3low diet. Our findings reveal that maternal consumption of PUFAs can have long-lasting effects on the offspring’s pattern for consuming highly palatable foods.