bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind the Depth: The Vertical Dimension of a Small-Scale Coastal Fishery Shapes Selection on Species, Size, and Sex in Wrasses
Authors: Halvorsen Kim Tallaksen , Sørdalen Tonje Knutsen , Larsen Torkel , Browman Howard I. , Rafoss Trond , Albretsen Jon , Skiftesvik Anne Berit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) tend to target shallow waters, but the depth distributions of coastal fish can vary depending on species, size, and sex. This creates a scope for a form of fishing selectivity that has received limited attention but can have considerable implications for monitoring and management of these fisheries. We conducted a case study on the Norwegian wrasse fishery, a developing SSF in which multiple species are caught in shallow waters (mean depth = 4.5 m) to be used as cleaner fish in aquaculture. Several of these wrasses have life histories and behaviors that are sensitive to selective fishing mortality, such as sexual size dimorphism, paternal care, and sex change. An experimental fishery was undertaken over three sampling periods in 2018. Data on catch, length, and sex of wrasses across a depth gradient (0–18 m) were collected and analyzed. We found that depth distributions were species specific and the vertical overlap with the fishery was high for Corkwing Wrasse Symphodus melops and Ballan Wrasse Labrus bergylta, which were most abundant at depths less than 5 m. Three other wrasse species had invariant or increasing abundance with depth and were therefore less likely to be negatively impacted by this fishery. Body size was positively correlated with depth for these wrasses, and sex ratio became more male biased for the Corkwing Wrasse, the only species that could be visually sexed. This study demonstrates that depth can have strong effects on fishing selectivity at multiple scales and that such knowledge is necessary to develop management strategies that balance fishing mortality sustainably across species, sizes, and sexes. We recommend that management priorities be directed toward the Ballan and Corkwing wrasses—the species having the highest vertical overlap with the fishery. Furthermore, CPUE was strongly affected by seasonality and positively correlated with increasing wave exposure for one of the species. This underscores the general importance of standardizing catch data for several environmental covariates when monitoring species that are affected by SSFs.
Mesocrystal aggregation of biological apatite nanocrystals
Authors: Alrebaish Abdulelah S. , Wilson Otto C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA broader revelation of the mechanisms which contribute to the formation, growth, healing and remodelling of bone tissue is essential for advancing the design and development of biomaterials and devices which directly enhance bone health. Hydroxyapatite and associated calcium phosphate‐based minerals play an essential role in bone tissue formation. Further insights into how biomineral crystals form, grow and integrate within bone tissue will provide key information to direct efforts in more comprehensive bone tissue engineering products and therapies. While previous studies proposed the aggregation of amorphous calcium phosphate clusters as a precursor to biological hydroxyapatite, the exact formation mechanism of the plate‐like biological hydroxyapatite is still unclear. Here we report the analysis of high‐resolution electron microscopy images of bone biomineral precipitated in a biological environment. We propose that 3 nm primary biologically synthesized (biosynthesized) hydroxyapatite (BHAp) single crystal units assemble and coalesce via an oriented aggregation mechanism to form larger (approximately 46 nm × 25 nm) plate‐like biological hydroxyapatite mesocrystals. A better understanding of the biomineralization process can provide insights to improve the in vitro precipitation of bone biominerals with tailored properties and unique functionality. This will help to usher in the next generation of biobased biomaterials and devices to enhance the healing and remodelling of bone at the tissue, cell and subcellular level.
Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale Time Duration of Self-Completion Versus Assisted Completion in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Comparison
Authors: Wong Angelique , Tayjasanant Supakarn , Rodriguez-Nunez Alfredo , Park Minjeong , Liu Diane , Zapata Kresnier Perez , Allo Julio , Frisbee-Hume Susan , Williams Janet , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
To compare the time duration of self-completion (SC) of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) by patients with advanced cancer (ACPs) versus assisted completion (AC) with a health care professional.

Materials and Methods
In this randomized comparison of ACPs seen in initial consultation at the outpatient Supportive Care Center at MD Anderson, ACPs who have never completed the ESAS at MD Anderson were allocated (1:1) to either SC of the ESAS form versus AC by a nurse. Time of completion was measured by the nurse using a stopwatch. Patients completed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test prior to administration of the ESAS. In the SC group, the nurse reviewed the responses to verify that the reported ESAS scores were correct.

Results
A total of 126 ACPs were enrolled (69 patients to AC and 57 to SC). Seventy-one patients were female, median age was 60 years, and median REALM score was 65. Median (interquartile range) time (in seconds) of SC was significantly less than AC (73 [42.9–89.1] vs. 109 [79.5–136.7], p &lt; .0001). With nurse review time included, median time of SC increased to 117 seconds, which was not significantly different from AC (p = .28). Lower literacy (REALM) score and shortness of breath were significantly associated with increased completion time (p = .007).

Conclusion
Regular use of ESAS will have minimal impact on clinical time, as it can be completed in about 1 minute and provides a concise yet comprehensive and multidimensional perspective of symptoms that affect quality of life of patients with cancer.

Implications for Practice
Because the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale can be completed in less than 2 minutes, hopefully the routine use of this simple yet comprehensive and multidimensional symptom assessment tool will be used at all medical visits in all patients with cancer so that the timely management of symptoms affecting patients' lives and treatment courses can occur, further enhancing personalized cancer care.
Biometric assessments of the posterior fossa by fetal MRI: A systematic review
Authors: Mckinnon Katie , Kendall Giles S. , Tann Cally J. , Dyet Leigh , Sokolska Magdalena , Baruteau Kelly Pegoretti , Marlow Neil , Robertson Nicola J. , Peebles Donald , Srinivasan Latha 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPosterior fossa abnormalities (PFAs) are commonly identified within routine screening and are a frequent indication for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although biometric measurements of the posterior fossa (PF) are established on fetal ultrasound and MRI, qualitative visual assessments are predominantly used to differentiate PFAs.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to assess 2‐dimensional (2D) biometric measurements currently in use for assessing the PF on fetal MRI to delineate different PFAs.MethodsThe protocol was registered (PROSPERO ID CRD42019142162). Eligible studies included T2‐weighted MRI PF measurements in fetuses with and without PFAs, including measurements of the PF, or other brain areas relevant to PFAs.Results59 studies were included – 6859 fetuses had 62 2D PF and related measurements. These included linear, area and angular measurements, representing measures of PF size, cerebellum/vermis, brainstem, and supratentorial measurements. 11 measurements were used in 10 or more studies and at least 1200 fetuses. These dimensions were used to characterise normal for gestational age, diagnose a range of pathologies, and predict outcome.ConclusionA selection of validated 2D biometric measurements of the PF on fetal MRI may be useful for identification of PFA in different clinical settings. Consistent use of these measures, both clinically and for research, is recommended.
Cloud‐native seascape mapping of Mozambique’s Quirimbas National Park with Sentinel‐2
Authors: Poursanidis Dimitris , Traganos Dimosthenis , Teixeira Luisa , Shapiro Aurélie , Muaves Lara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe lack of detailed spatial information on coastal resources, notably shallow water coral reefs and associated benthic habitats, impedes our ability to protect and manage them in the face of global climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Here, we develop a semi‐automated workflow in the cloud that uses freely available Sentinel‐2 data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus programme to derive information on near‐shore coral reef habitats in the Quirimbas National Park (QNP), a recently declared biosphere reserve in northern Mozambique. We use an end‐to‐end cloud‐based framework within the Google Earth Engine cloud geospatial platform to process imagery from raw pixels to cloud‐free composites which are corrected for glint and surface artefacts, water column and derived estimated depth and then classified into four benthic habitats. Using independent training and validation data, we apply three supervised classification algorithms: random forests (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and classification and regression trees (CART). Our results show that random forests are the most accurate supervised algorithm with over 82% overall accuracy. We mapped over 105 000 ha of shallow water habitat inside the protected area, of which 18% are dominated by coral and hardbottom; 27.5% are seagrass and submerged aquatic vegetation and another 23.4% are soft and sandy substrates, and the remaining area is optically deep water. We employ satellite‐derived bathymetry to assess slope, bathymetric position, rugosity and underwater topography of these habitats. Finally, a spectral unmixing model provides further sub‐pixel–level information of habitats with the potential to monitor changes over time. This effort provides the first, consistent and repeatable and also scalable coastal information system for an east African tropical marine protected area, which hosts shallow‐water ecosystems which are of great significance to local communities and building resilience towards climate change.
Palestinian Christians in the Mandate Department of Antiquities: History and Archaeology in a Colonial Space
Authors: Irving Sarah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCultural diplomacy is often understood first and foremost as an activity of states and institutions, operationalising culture to wield power and communicate ideologies. This chapter considers the use of the concept firstly in terms of its impact on individuals affected by the activities of cultural diplomacy through education and employment by relevant institutions. Secondly, by examining the potential for such individuals also to act as cultural diplomats themselves, for their own subaltern and resistant ends, by tracking the life-histories of Na’im Shehadi Makhouly and Stephan Hanna Stephan, both Palestinian Christian employees of the British Mandate administration’s Department of Antiquities. This chapter shows how cultural diplomacy can be activated as a means of dissent within a colonial setting, but that its appeal and potential are limited.
Development Cooperation in the Context of Contested Global Governance
Authors: Chaturvedi Sachin , Janus Heiner , Klingebiel Stephan , Li Xiaoyun , Mello e Souza André de , Sidiropoulos Elizabeth , Wehrmann Dorothea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has successfully set a normative framework for global cooperation, including development cooperation. Yet, the implementation of this agenda is characterised by power struggles and unresolved contestations. Hence, it is uncertain whether the 2030 Agenda will be achieved. Therefore, a key question is how different narratives and norms in development cooperation can be reconciled to achieve the 2030 Agenda. As a response and guiding framework, this chapter explores the concept of “contested cooperation”, drawing on research on contested global governance and contested multilateralism. Applying this conceptual perspective not only yields theoretical insights but also helps in better understanding the practical challenges that development actors face in implementing the 2030 Agenda.
The Implementation of the SDGs: The Feasibility of Using the GPEDC Monitoring Framework
Authors: Bhattacharya Debapriya , Gonsior Victoria , Öhler Hannes 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAchieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires significant behavioural changes from a variety of actors, including actors in development cooperation. Within this context, this chapter discusses important political as well as technical factors that influence the contribution of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) and its monitoring framework to the implementation of the SDGs. These are, among other things, the complementarity of the GPEDC monitoring framework to the SDGs; the limited enthusiasm of development partners from the Global South, in particular China and India; the limited attention paid to the platform in general and the monitoring framework in particular by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); as well as the missing interpretative evaluations and follow-up processes in the aftermath of the respective monitoring rounds.
Failing to Share the Burden: Traditional Donors, Southern Providers, and the Twilight of the GPEDC and the Post-War Aid System
Authors: Bracho Gerardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn 2011 the International Community came together in Busan to create the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) as a common space to promote aid effectiveness. By 2014, however, the main providers of South-South cooperation (China, India, and Brazil) had left the GPEDC. This chapter seeks to understand why. Using an abstract model inspired by game theory to analyse the situation, it concludes that the main cause was that traditional donors and new Southern providers failed to agree on a consensual burden-sharing formula. The episode, meaningful in itself, illustrates the difficulties that the International Community faces to make room for the new emerging Southern powers in the post-war liberal order.
Should China Join the GPEDC? Prospects for China and the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation
Authors: Li Xiaoyun , Qi Gubo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) is regarded as being the twenty-first-century epitome of a partnership within a polycentric world in the arena of international development cooperation. The chapter argues that, among the group of emerging economies, the GPEDC is considered to be just another form of the DAC’s recent transformation. That is why the emerging powers are sceptical—they are not a part of it; hence, they are reluctant to join it. However, we also explain why the GPEDC is a valuable platform for continuing the role of development cooperation for global development and implementing the 2030 Agenda. The chapter suggests how different stakeholders—including the emerging ones, particularly China—can work together to make the GPEDC a genuine partnership.
US Multilateral Aid in Transition: Implications for Development Cooperation
Authors: Pipa Tony 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe United States, whose leadership through the Marshall Plan created the basis for modern-day development cooperation, has veered abruptly from its traditional role. An analysis of US funding trends shows that it has increasingly shifted from collective to specific interests, even as it has increased its multilateral aid. The United States is now actively shunning multilateral settings as part of its America First foreign policy, even when multilateral policies reinforce the international development priorities of the Trump administration, and its growing geopolitical competition with China is spilling into development assistance. This chapter explores the implications for development cooperation and whether these changes signal a more durable shift in US perspective.
Southern Think Tank Partnerships in the Era of the 2030 Agenda
Authors: Ordóñez-Llanos Andrea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThink tanks are important actors in global policy-making, and those from the Global South are gaining relevance. One premise of this chapter is that the 2030 Agenda’s calls for more effective partnerships and new types of knowledge. A second premise is that partnerships reflect a power distribution among partners; in some cases, these are horizontal, and in others asymmetrical. In this context, the chapter explores the relationships between think tanks from the Global South with each other, their Northern peers, and the broader international community. It concludes that think tanks can enable collaborations with a diversity of actors. To do so, however, think tanks need to adapt their business models and develop trust with other policy actors in order to remain effective.
Conclusion: Leveraging Development Cooperation Experiences for the 2030 Agenda—Key Messages and the Way Forward
Authors: Chaturvedi Sachin , Janus Heiner , Klingebiel Stephan , Li Xiaoyun , Mello e Souza André de , Sidiropoulos Elizabeth , Wehrmann Dorothea 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how different narratives and norms in development cooperation can be reconciled towards achieving the 2030 Agenda based on the overall handbook. Drawing on key insights from different handbook chapters, we recap the narratives and norms that are shaping development cooperation, highlight the existing as well as new institutional sites of contestations, and provide examples of how international governance structures can enhance collaboration and cooperation. Looking forward, we conclude that researchers should continue to explore the duality of contestation and cooperation, as it is key to understanding and shaping the policy field of development cooperation.
The Globalisation of Foreign Aid: Global Influences and the Diffusion of Aid Priorities
Authors: Swiss Liam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explains why bilateral aid donors often look and act alike, despite distinct national interests and histories—a phenomenon previously identified as “the globalisation of foreign aid”. It identifies processes that drive the similarity of aid actors and the diffusion of aid priorities, contributing to the globalisation of aid. The chapter reflects upon: (1) how the isomorphism of aid institutions and the homogenisation of aid policy represent the effects of these common processes of globalisation; (2) the implications of the globalisation of aid on the 2030 Agenda; and (3) how the globalisation of aid contributes to the “contested cooperation” framework woven through this volume.
Diffusion, Fusion, and Confusion: Development Cooperation in a Multiplex World Order
Authors: Esteves Paulo , Klingebiel Stephan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDevelopment cooperation (DC) is shaped by norms. We aim at filling a gap of research on DC by using the academic debates in international relations on norms. Contrary to interpretations that consider developed countries as norm-makers and developing countries as norm-takers, our analysis provides evidence that—and highlights how—Southern agents have influenced the processes of norm-setting and norm-diffusion for DC. The OECD was the dominant norms “entrepreneur” for a long period of time; more recently, developing countries have played a significant role in setting DC norms. We identify the diverging norms for official development assistance and South-South cooperation and the interrelationship between both norm systems. Thus, norm-making, norm-taking, and norm-diffusion of two competing norm clusters are key terms of the contribution.
Shaping Administrative Practice: The Institutional Habitus
Authors: Affolter Laura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn order to understand how regularities in administrative practice are produced, the shaping of administrative caseworkers’ discretionary practices must be studied. This chapter adopts a holistic way of doing so, arguing that regulatory frameworks, the structural conditions of bureaucratic decision-making, the ideological environments administrations are embedded in as well as professional norms and values shape administrative caseworkers’ practices. Furthermore, the chapter argues that officials develop specific dispositions through organisational socialisation. For this purpose, building on Bourdieu, the concept of the institutional habitus is introduced. The chapter argues that the institutional habitus not only shapes everyday administrative practice but also reaffirms the very regulatory constraints, norms and values that lie at its heart. With regard to the empirical focus of this book—credibility assessments in asylum procedures—the concept of the institutional habitus allows us to analytically grasp the socialised subjectivity which emerges out of caseworkers’ socialisation in the office.
The United States of America—Disruptive Governments, Social Movements and Technocrats in Transformation Processes Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe election of the populist Donald Trump to the United States is argued to be a consequence of the fluke of the electoral college, the lackluster Democratic turnout, and the anti-establishment and populist sentiments in the population. Through effective gerrymandering after the 2000 general elections, the Republican party and its presidential candidate Trump won the elections, even though he lost the popular vote by close to 3 million ballots. Another example of the flaw of the electoral system is shown by the 2018 midterm elections.
Jamaica—The Transformation Towards Sustainability of an Island Economy Under Austerity Measures
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter diverges from the previous case studies. In addition to a literature review and qualitative interviews of local stakeholders, this chapter also contextualizes sustainable, low-carbon transformation by using an innovative experiment, where participants played the role of a decision-making government official committing to decisions under specific conditions (e.g., imposed austerity measures). When applied to Jamaica, the specific parameters of a scenario are assumed and through solution-oriented role playing, the process of decision-making is analyzed.
Lessons for Theory: A Conceptual Framework of Transformative Pathways
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA major objective of this book is to provide theoretical and practical knowledge on how sustainable, low-carbon transformation can be facilitated. As a creative and a rational process, transformation can be managed. However, the management of transformation necessitates an integrative and process-oriented outlook to grasp the various issues, dynamics, causalities, associative relations, lock-ins, critical junctures, tipping points, interactions, behavior, and analytical levels that drive any transformation process.