bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Function Before, During, and After COVID-19
Authors: Khoo Bernard , Tan Tricia , Clarke Sophie A , Mills Edouard G , Patel Bijal , Modi Manish , Phylactou Maria , Eng Pei Chia , Thurston Layla , Alexander Emma C , Meeran Karim , Comninos Alexander N , Abbara Ali , Dhillo Waljit S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Context
The effects of COVID-19 on the thyroid axis remain uncertain. Recent evidence has been conflicting, with both thyrotoxicosis and suppression of thyroid function reported.

Objective
We aimed to detail the acute effects of COVID-19 on thyroid function and determine if these effects persisted on recovery from COVID-19.

Design
A cohort observational study was conducted.

Participants and Setting
Adult patients admitted to Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, UK, with suspected COVID-19 between March 9 to April 22, 2020, were included, excluding those with preexisting thyroid disease and those missing either free thyroxine (FT4) or thyrotropin (TSH) measurements. Of 456 patients, 334 had COVID-19 and 122 did not.

Main Outcome Measures
TSH and FT4 measurements were recorded at admission, and where available, in 2019 and at COVID-19 follow-up.

Results
Most patients (86.6%) presenting with COVID-19 were euthyroid, with none presenting with overt thyrotoxicosis. Patients with COVID-19 had a lower admission TSH and FT4 compared to those without COVID-19. In the COVID-19 patients with matching baseline thyroid function tests from 2019 (n = 185 for TSH and 104 for FT4), TSH and FT4 both were reduced at admission compared to baseline. In a complete case analysis of COVID-19 patients with TSH measurements at follow-up, admission, and baseline (n = 55), TSH was seen to recover to baseline at follow-up.

Conclusions
Most patients with COVID-19 present with euthyroidism. We observed mild reductions in TSH and FT4 in keeping with a nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Furthermore, in survivors of COVID-19, thyroid function tests at follow-up returned to baseline.
Flexibility of intraoral food processing in the salamandrid newt Triturus carnifex: effects of environment and prey type
Authors: Schwarz Daniel , Gorb Stanislav N. , Kovalev Alexander , Konow Nicolai , Heiss Egon 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Intraoral food processing mechanisms are known for all major vertebrate groups, but the form and function of systems used to crush, grind or puncture food items can differ substantially between and within groups. Most vertebrates display flexible mechanisms of intraoral food processing with respect to different environmental conditions or food types. It has recently been shown that newts use cyclical loop-motions of the tongue to rasp prey against the palatal dentition. However, it remains unknown whether newts can adjust their food processing behavior in response to different food types or environmental conditions. Newts are interesting models for studying the functional adaptation to different conditions because of their unique and flexible lifestyle: they seasonally change between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, adapt their prey-capture mode to the respective environment, and consume diverse food types with different mechanical properties. Using X-ray high-speed recordings, anatomical investigations, behavioral analyses and mechanical property measurements, we tested the effects of the medium in which feeding occurs (water/air) and the food type (maggot, earthworm, cricket) on the processing behavior in Triturus carnifex. We discovered that food processing, by contrast to prey capture, differed only slightly between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. However, newts adjusted the number of processing cycles to different prey types: while maggots were processed extensively, earthworm pieces were barely processed at all. We conclude that, in addition to food mechanical properties, sensory feedback such as smell and taste appear to induce flexible processing responses, while the medium in which feeding occurs appears to have less of an effect.
Histopathologic Validation of the Sentinel Node Technique for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer Patients
Authors: Mathevet Patrice , Guani Benedetta , Ciobanu Andrea , Lamarche Eliane Mery , Boutitie Florent , Balaya Vincent , Lecuru Fabrice 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy may be an alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy in early cervical cancer. The SLN biopsy is less morbid and has been shown to have high sensitivity for metastasis detection. However, the sensitivity of the SLN technique might be overevaluated because SLNs are examined with ultra-staging, and non-sentinel nodes usually are examined only with routine techniques. This study aimed to validate the negative predictive value (NPV) of the SLN technique by the ultra-staging of SLNs and non-sentinel nodes (NSLNs).

Methods
The SENTICOL 1 study data published in 2011 were used. All nodes (i.e., SLNs and NSLNs) were secondarily subjected to ultra-staging. The ultra-staging consisted of sectioning every 200 µm, in addition to immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the positive slides and 10% of the negative slides were reviewed.

Results
The study enrolled 139 patients, and SLNs were detected in 136 (97.8%) of these patiets. Bilateral SLNs were detected in 104 (76.5%) of the 136 patients. A total of 2056 NSLNs were identified (median, 13 NSLNs per patient; range 1–54). Of the 136 patients with SLNs, 23 were shown to have positive SLNs after serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. The NSLNs were metastatic in six patients. In the case of bilateral SLN detection, the NPV was 100%, with no false-negatives (FNs).

Conclusions
The pelvic SLN technique is safe and trustworthy for determining the nodal status of patients with early-stage cervical cancer. In the case of optimal mapping with bilateral detection, the NPV was found to be 100%.
Characteristics of and meningococcal disease prevention strategies for commercially insured persons receiving eculizumab in the United States
Authors: Bozio Catherine H. , Isenhour Cheryl , McNamara Lucy A. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
Eculizumab is a licensed treatment for several rare, complement-mediated diseases. Eculizumab use is associated with an approximately 2,000-fold increased meningococcal disease risk. In the United States, meningococcal vaccines are recommended for eculizumab recipients but there are no recommendations on use of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. We describe characteristics of and meningococcal vaccine and antibiotic receipt in U.S. eculizumab recipients to inform meningococcal disease prevention strategies.

Methods
Persons in the IBM® MarketScan® Research Databases with ≥1 claim for eculizumab injection during 2007–2017 were included. Indication for eculizumab use, meningococcal vaccine receipt, and antibiotic receipt were assessed using International Classification of Diseases-9/10 diagnosis codes, vaccine administration procedure codes, and antibiotic codes from pharmacy claims, respectively.

Results
Overall 696 persons met the inclusion criteria. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) were the most common indications for eculizumab use (41% and 37%, respectively); 20% had an undetermined indication. From June 2015 through December 2017, 28% (41/148) of continuously-enrolled patients received ≥1 serogroup B vaccine dose. For serogroup ACWY conjugate vaccine, 45% (91/201) of patients received ≥1 dose within five years of their most recent eculizumab dose, as recommended. Of eculizumab recipients with outpatient prescription data, 7% (41/579) received antibiotics for ≥50% of the period of increased risk for meningococcal disease.

Conclusion
Many eculizumab recipients had an undetermined indication for eculizumab use; few were up-to-date for recommended meningococcal vaccines or were prescribed antibiotics long-term. These findings can inform further investigation of how to best protect this population from meningococcal disease.
Synthesis and Characterization of SiO2/ZnO Nanocomposites from Zinc Waste and Mount Merapi Volcanic Ash
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Silviana Silviana 
Published: November 2020

Research on the synthesis and characterization of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites from zinc waste and Mount Merapi volcanic ash has been carried out. The semiconductor used was ZnO using a SiO2 as the host material. The use of SiO2 was due to its high efficiency and abundant raw materials. This is because the eruption of Mount Merapi occurs regularly every four years. Apart from the abundant presence of SiO2, the source of ZnO from lathe workshop waste is also easy to obtain. The research aims to reduce the volume of zinc waste from the lathe and volcanic ash, which was not optimized. Zinc waste and volcanic ash were synthesized into nanocomposites. Then the obtained nanocomposites were characterized to determine their effectiveness in degrading various wastes. The synthesis of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites was carried out using the sol-gel method as easy and highly effective. The method used is to transform zinc waste into Zn(OH)2. The volcanic ash was extracted with KOH to form potassium silicate (K2SiO3). Zn(OH)2, (K2SiO3) and HCl were reacted together when sonicated, then calcined at 550°C. The results showed that SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites made from volcanic ash and zinc waste produced composite sizes with a size range of 100-200 nm and a uniform circular shape. FTIR analysis results show that SiO has the peaks at wavenumbers of 993.34 and 1109.07 cm-1, while the ZnO peak is at wavenumbers of 443.63 cm-1. The XRD diffractogram of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites shows peaks at 2θ of 30.42°, 31.56°, and 44.40°.
Die inkerende waarneming
Authors: Du Plooy Heilna 
Published: November 2020

In this article the relation between Breyten Breytenbach’s paintings and poems is discussed focusing on images relating to vision, seeing, looking and eyes. Based on the interpretation of selected paintings, of which some are used on the covers of the volumes of poetry and a number of poems, the conclusion is reached that the same poetics and ars combinatoria underlie painting and writing in Breytenbach’s oeuvre. Seeing, writing and living are opposed to blindness, non-vision, silence and death. In die windvanger (“the wind catcher”) similar motifs are used but the emphasis is changed as the ability to see is more markedly associated with insight and an attempt to understand.
“TO LOOK LIKE AN (EARTH) SCIENTIST”: SCIENCE POPULARIZATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF A PHOTO ALBUM DEDICATED TO THE VIENNESE GEOLOGIST EDUARD SUESS (1901)
Authors: MATTES JOHANNES 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Self-visualizations and portraits of scholars play a crucial role for the identity and understanding of scientific disciplines. According to sociological thoughts on visualization, reproduction and modern governance, the new media of photography policed and controlled specific ways of self-imaging, defining and behaving as a scientist. In addition, photography can also be understood as a powerful tool for scholarly self-profiling, image cultivation and the promotion of science to the public. An impressive example of the visual representation of scholarship is a richly decorated photo album dedicated to the geologist Eduard Suess (1831–1914) on the occasion of his 70th birthday and retirement as a professor from the University of Vienna in 1901. As a collection of 332 photos of his students, colleagues and other earth scientists, the album served as a personal gift to Suess, but also as a visualization of how scholarly collaboration, hierarchy and the interdependence between students and academic teachers were practiced. Linking Suess’ photo album to theoretical concepts on scientific self-depiction and media history, the paper examines how rhetorics of display may be invoked and challenged in the context of professionalization, discipline formation and science popularization, and suggests renewed analytical attention to the role of portrait imagery in the history of science.
Enhanced Fluoride Bioavailability with Incorporation of Arginine in Child Dentifrices
Authors: Bijle Mohammed Nadeem , Tsoi James , Ekambaram Manikandan , Lo Edward C M , Carey Clifton M , Yiu Cynthia Kar Yung 
Published: November 2020

Objective(s): To: 1) examine the fluoride concentrations in commercial child formula dentifrices (CFD)s; and 2) investigate the effect of arginine incorporation in CFDs on fluoride bioavailability.
Study Design: Five commercial CFDs were examined for fluoride concentrations. Total, total soluble, and insoluble fluorides in CFDs were determined by the modified Taves acid-diffusion method (TAD). Ionic F and MFP were estimated by modified direct method with standard addition technique. L-arginine (L-Arg)/L-arginine monohydrochloride (L-Arg.HCl) were incorporated at 2% w/w in the commercial CFDs. The pH of the toothpaste slurries, buffer capacity of the added Arg, potentially available fluorides (PAF) and 1-min PAF by TAD were determined. Results: The CFDs had 4 to 32% of insoluble fluorides. Addition of L-Arg/L-Arg.HCl significantly improved the fluoride bioavailability in CFDs (p&lt;0.05). Incorporation of L-Arg significantly increased the pH of toothpaste slurries (p&lt;0.05); while L-Arg.HCl decreased the pH. Principal component analysis showed that L-Arg.HCl decreased the pH of toothpaste slurries due to the presence of Cl in the form of HCl; whereas the inherent elements/molecules (Na/P/Pi/F) remain distinct with unidentified influence on the variables. Conclusion(s): The CFDs containing NaF only have higher concentrations of bioavailable fluoride. Incorporating arginine (L-arginine or L-arginine monohydrochloride) at 2% w/w improves fluoride bioavailability of the child formula dentifrices.
Сущность культуры
Authors: Флиер Андрей Яковлевич 
Published: November 2020

Автор показывает, что культура существует как программа ценностно иерархизированного мировоззрения, она выполняет интеллектуальную упорядочивающую функцию, формируя в сознании человека системный комплекс осмысленного миропонимания и принципов осуществления жизни в коллективных формах. Она существует прежде всего в образах общественного сознания (и образах индивидуального сознания, регулируемого общественным) и воплощается в основных смыслах коллективного бытия, нравах, морали, ценностных ориентациях и т. п., принятых в том или ином обществе.
Pomorzanie w walce o powrót Pomorza Gdańskiego do Polski (1918-1920)
Authors: Ostapowicz Dariusz 
Published: November 2020

„Długi” wiek XIX (1772-1920) upłynął na Pomorzu Gdańskim pod władzą zaborcy pruskiego. Na przekór bismarckowskiej germanizacji kształtowała się nowoczesna świadomość narodowa polska, oparta o tradycje walki o niepodległość (1807, 1830, 1848, 1863) i hasła pozytywistyczne, co wpłynęło na postawy Polaków w latach 1918-1920. O połączeniu Pomorza Gdańskiego – Nadwiślańskiego – Prus Zachodnich (niem. Provinz Westpreussen) z odzyskującą niepodległość Polską zadecydowały silne powiązania z powstaniem wielkopolskim i decyzje konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu (1919). Mimo zakazu podejmowania walki na Pomorzu wydanego przez Naczelną Radę Ludową, działały tu różne grupy konspiracyjne na czele z Organizacją Wojskową Pomorza, toczące utarczki z niemieckim Grenzschutzem-Ost, przygotowujące powstanie w Gdańsku na wypadek pojawienia się „Błękitnej Armii” gen. Józefa Hallera, tworzące partyzantkę w Borach Tucholskich. Konspiratorzy wzięli udział w wojnie z Rosją Sowiecką w 1920 r., a symbolem ich zwycięstwa stały się zaślubiny Polski z morzem 10 lutego 1920 r.
Moderators and Mediators of Activity Intolerance Related to Pain
Authors: Cremers Teun , Zoulfi Khatiri Michael , van Maren Koen , Ring David , Teunis Teun , Fatehi Amirreza 
Published: November 2020

Background:
There is wide variation in activity intolerance for a given musculoskeletal pathophysiology. In other words, people often experience illness beyond what one would expect given their level of pathophysiology. Mental health (i.e., cognitive bias regarding pain [e.g., worst-case thinking] and psychological distress [symptoms of anxiety and depression]) is an important and treatable correlate of pain intensity and activity intolerance that accounts for much of this variation. This study tested the degree to which psychological distress accentuates the role of cognitive bias in the relationship between pain intensity and activity intolerance.

Methods:
We enrolled 125 adults with musculoskeletal illness in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed measures of activity intolerance related to pain (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] Pain Interference Computer Adaptive Test [CAT]) and in general (PROMIS Physical Function CAT]), measures of psychological distress (PROMIS Depression CAT and PROMIS Anxiety CAT), a numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain intensity, measures of pain-related cognitive bias (4-question versions of the Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire [NPTQ-4], Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS-4], and Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia [TSK-4]), and a survey of demographic variables. We assessed the relationships of these measures through mediation and moderation analyses using structural equation modeling.

Results:
Mediation analysis confirmed the large indirect relationship between pain intensity (NRS) and activity intolerance (PROMIS Pain Interference CAT and Physical Function CAT) through cognitive bias. Symptoms of depression and anxiety had an unconditional (consistent) relationship with cognitive bias (NPTQ), but there was no significant conditional effect/moderation (i.e., no increase in the magnitude of the relationship with increasing symptoms of depression and anxiety).

Conclusions:
Psychological distress accentuates the role of cognitive bias in the relationship between pain intensity and activity intolerance. In other words, misconceptions make humans ill, more so with greater symptoms of depression or anxiety. Orthopaedic surgeons can approach their daily work with the knowledge that addressing common misconceptions and identifying psychological distress as a health improvement opportunity are important aspects of musculoskeletal care.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Experimental Characterization for Failure Behavior of Woven Modified Carbon/Carbon Composites Under Pin-Loading
Authors: Zhang Yanfeng , Zhou Zhengong , Tan Zhiyong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experimental approach of 5-harness satin woven silicon carbide modification carbon/carbon composites arranged in various geometrical configuration is presented in this paper. Seven types of samples divided into three groups were tested under pin-loading to examine the effects of width-to-hole diameter ratio (W/D), edge distance -to- hole diameter ratio (E/D) and hole diameter-to- thickness ratio (D/t) on the failure mode. To further enhance the understanding of failure propagation, damage mechanism was observed and assessed combining acoustic emission monitoring. From the experimental results and observations, it follows that the net tension and shearing out failure respectively switch to the bearing failure with the increasing ratio of W/D and E/D, while D/t hardly affect the failure mode. Major features of damage mechanism include matrix cracking, fiber buckling and pulling-out, interface debonding, delamination and fiber fracture corresponding to different acoustic emission signal ranges.
Association Between TRPC6 Channel and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activities in Kidney Tissue of Children With Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis
Authors: Wang Xianhe , Wu Man , Liu Yan , Gao Hui , Deng Fang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDuring the development of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), the activation and overexpression of transient receptor potential cation channel protein 6 (TRPC6) and the activation of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome play a very important role. However, whether the expression of TRPC6 in children with HSPN is related to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome has not been reported.MethodsWe obtained kidney biopsy specimens of 33 children with HSPN and 6 controls with renal trauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TRPC6, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the difference between the HSPN and control group. Pearson correlation test was used to estimate the correlation between TRPC6 and NLRP3 inflammasome among HSPN children. A bootstrap approach was performed for mediation effects of NLRP3 inflammasome on the association between TRPC6 and HSPN.ResultsThe expressions of TRPC6, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18 in kidney tissues of children with HSPN were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P values <0.05). Significant correlations of TRPC6 with NLRP3, ASC, and IL-18 were observed. NLRP3 and ASC were also related to the levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Significant mediation effects (0.08, 95%CI = 0.04-0.15) of ASC on the association between TRPC6 and HSPN was revealed, with explaining 58.25% of the total effects.Conclusion﻿TRPC6 may cause the release of IL-1β and IL-18 by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, especially the expression of ASC, thereby damaging the kidneys of children with HSP.
The Effect of lumbar lordosis on the distance between preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and prevertebral large vessels
Authors: Zhao Li , Wan Chenguang , Feng Chao , Zhang Hongshi , Sun He 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: To study the effect of lumbar lordosis on the distance between preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and anterior large vessels In imaging.Methods: With the lumbar intervertebral disc plain CT scan data of 107 healthy human subjects, we had measured the lumbar lordosis angle, the distance between preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and anterior large vessels of each patient, and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (v25.0).Results: 1. No correlation was found between lumbar lordosis and the distance between preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and anterior large vessels in healthy people, but there was a weak positive correlation between lumbar lordosis and age. 2. In healthy people, the distance between L1-2 right preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and anterior large vessel was larger than that on left side, while the distance between L3-5 right preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw was smaller than that on left side.Conclusion: lumbar lordosis does not affect the distance between preemptive nail position of lumbar pedicle screw and anterior large vessels. Placing pedicle screw on the right side of L1-2 is more safe than placing it on the left side, and placing pedicle screw on the left side of L3-5 is more safe than on the right side.