bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
285 Supplement intake variation, weight, and body condition change in yearling heifers grazing late-summer dryland pastures with Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements
Authors: McClain Tyrell , Wyffels Samuel , Larsen Shay , Müller Luka , Davis Noah G , Carter Boone , Bowman Janice , Boss Darrin L , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements on supplement intake behavior, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) change of yearling heifers grazing dryland pastures during late summer. Fifty-nine yearling commercial Angus heifers (428 kg) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of two supplementation treatments: 1) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox protein block supplement (30% CP, 23% salt; n = 29); and 2) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox HM high magnesium protein block supplement (28.7% CP, 23% salt; n = 30). Individual supplement intake, time spent at the feeder, and intake variation were measured throughout the study. On d 0, 42, and 84 heifers were weighed and assigned a BCS following a 16-h shrink. Additionally, forage was sampled every 14 d throughout the study. Supplement intake (kg ∙ d-1) displayed a treatment × period interaction (P &lt; 0.01). However, within period, treatment differences were not observed with intakes averaging 0.15 and 0.34 kg ∙ day-1 for d 0 – 42 and 42 - 84, respectively. Heifers spent more time at the feeder in period 2 than in period 1 (P &lt; 0.01), averaging 7.67 vs 4.00 min per day, respectively. Supplement intake rate (g ∙ min-1) also displayed a treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) indicating that heifers in the Rumax BoviBox treatment had lower intake rate compared to Rumax BoviBox HM supplemented heifers. In conclusion, there were only minor differences in intake behavior and animal performance with the Rumax BoviBox and Rumax BoviBox HM supplement treatments. However, supplement intake increased and variation in intake decreased with declining forage quality and quantity.
287 Effect of corn or barley in feedlot diets, on steer performance and feeding behavior
Authors: Wyffels Hannah DelCurto , Dafoe Julia M , Parsons Cory T , Boss Darrin L , DelCurto Timothy , Wyffels Samuel , Van Emon Megan , Bowman Janice 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of barley and corn finishing rations on feedlot performance and feed intake behavior of steer calves. For 2 consecutive years, Angus-based steer calves were fed and finished at the Northern Agricultural Research Center in Havre, MT. Steers averaged 427 kg (n = 48) in year 1 and 407 kg (n = 47) in year 2. Feedlot rations used in this study were comprised of 1) corn or 2) Hockett barley. Diets were balanced to be isonitrogenous (12% CP). Steers were fitted with an electronic identification ear tag and fed in a GrowSafe system to measure individual animal intake and behavior. Initial and final unshrunk weights were obtained on two consecutive days and averaged. Weight gain, ADG, and G:F were measured for each steer. Feeding behavior including: time spent eating (min∙day-1), visits per day, time per visit (min), eating rate (g∙min-1), intake (kg∙day-1), and intake per visit (g) were also measured for each individual. Average daily gain, final live weight, DM intake, hot carcass weight, marbling, and REA all had significant year effects (P &lt; 0.05.). Corn-fed steers had heavier hot carcass weights (P = 0.01), and greater average daily gains (P = 0.04); however, corn-fed steers also had higher average daily DMI (P = 0.02) than barley-fed steers. Carcass weights were on average 15.89 kg heavier for steers fed corn compared to steers fed barley (P = 0.02) and corn-fed steers displayed higher numerical yield grade (P = 0.02). There were no treatment effects observed for final live weight, gain to feed, marbling, fat, REA, time spent eating, visits per day, time per visit, eating rate or intake per visit (P ≥ 0.05). In summary, barley-fed steers yielded comparable performance outcomes as corn-fed steers, thus, depending on cost and production year, barley could be a potential high-quality feed source in beef cattle finishing rations.
284 Influence of three times weekly alfalfa supplementation on the behavior of beef cows grazing dormant Montana rangeland
Authors: Davis Noah G , Wyffels Samuel , Sanford Carla , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this research were to determine how daily and hourly distance traveled, grazing time, and resting time of beef cows are influenced relative to the timing of supplementation. Over two winters, a herd of commercial Angus cows grazed in a 645-ha Montana foothill rangeland pasture for 56 days between December and February each year. At 1300 every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, all cows were gathered and taken to a central location in the pasture where 3.18 kg∙hd-1 of alfalfa pellets (17% CP) were immediately delivered. Each year, 18 cows were randomly assigned a global positioning system (GPS) collar. Using the GPS collar data, distance traveled, grazing time, and resting time were estimated for each hour and day for each cow. Activity was grouped into the 24-h period pre-supplementation and 24-h period post-supplementation. Cows traveled 1.7 km further and grazed for 0.7 h less per day post-supplementation (P &lt; 0.01). Daily resting time was similar pre- and post-supplementation (P = 0.07). Post-supplementation, cows traveled further in the afternoon and morning and reduced grazing in the afternoon and at night (P &lt; 0.05). Cows rested less in the morning pre-supplementation and in the afternoon post-supplementation (P &lt; 0.03). Results indicate that three times weekly supplementation alters cow activity, though differences are mostly associated with the time surrounding when supplement is delivered.
PSV-12 Impact of grain processing and undegradable fiber on chewing behavior and feed sorting of finishing beef cattle
Authors: Ran Tao , Saleem A M , Beauchemin Karen , Penner G , Yang Wenzhu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI, weight after processing/weight before processing × 100) of barley grain and dietary undegradable fiber (uNDF, 240 h of incubation in rumen) concentration on chewing behavior (3 days, video recording) and feed sorting of finishing beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW=715 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 3 PI (65, 75 and 85%; fine, medium, coarse, respectively) × 2 uNDF concentrations (low and high; 4.6 vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. Heifers were fed ad libitum a TMR consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF) or 5% silage and 5% chopped straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley grain, and 3% vitamin and mineral supplement. An interaction of PI with uNDF occurred (P &lt; 0.01) for DM intake, ruminating and total chewing time. Intake of DM (kg/d) did not differ (12.1) between low and high uNDF diets with 65 or 75% PI, whereas it was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for high (12.7) than low (12.1) uNDF diets with 85% PI. Eating time (min/d) was not affected by PI but eating time (106 vs. 95 min/d; P = 0.03) and eating index (9.3 vs. 8.0 min/kg DM; P = 0.02) were greater with high than low uNDF diets. Ruminating (305 vs. 258 min/d) and total chewing (406 vs. 357 min/d) times were greater (P &lt; 0.05) with high than low uNDF at 65% PI, with no effect of uNDF at 75 and 85% PI. Moreover, no interaction between PI and uNDF and no effect of PI on sorting index was observed. Heifers fed high vs. low uNDF diets sorted (P &lt; 0.01) against long particles (&gt;19 mm). These results suggest that when cattle are fed finely processed barley, increasing uNDF concentration of the diet may promote chewing and benefit rumen health.
PSV-19 Preliminary exploration of caretaker and manager perspectives of on-farm euthanasia on swine operations
Authors: Simpson Hailey M , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Cramer Catie , Roman-Muniz I Noa , Calaba Elaine N , Stallones Lorann , Thompson Sofia , Ennis Sari , Kim Elizabeth , Pairis-Garcia Monique 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Employees on swine operations have the critical role of ensuring animal health and well-being, which sometimes involves performing euthanasia. This study aimed to understand caretaker and manager involvement and perspectives on performing euthanasia on swine farms. Individuals were recruited through online (newsletters and emails to companies) and in-person (e.g. Pig Welfare Symposium, MN) methods in the fall of 2019. The survey consisted of 61 questions on topics related to training, methods of euthanasia, perspectives about euthanasia and knowledge of available mental health resources. Thirty-nine individuals participated in the survey (18 caretakers, 21 managers). Half of respondents (50%, n = 20) indicated that they were involved with making euthanasia decisions. The vast majority of respondents “believe that euthanasia is a humane way to end animal suffering” (95%; n = 36) and that “the euthanasia process on-farm is necessary” (97%; n = 34). A quarter of individuals (25%, n = 9) “feel emotionally upset after euthanizing a pig” and 84% (n = 26) indicated it is “easier to euthanize a pig the more they do it.” Additionally, 92% (n = 35) of respondents agreed that they have “enough experience and knowledge to know when to euthanize a pig.” Most of survey respondents (n = 34) agreed that they “feel as though I can communicate with my supervisors if I feel uncomfortable performing euthanasia” and that their “supervisors aim to promote a safe and encouraging work environment” (n = 38). Despite this, a small number of respondents (n = 6) did not feel “as though my supervisors acknowledge concerns that they may have” and did not feel that their supervisors take “an interest in my professional development and/or job performance.” Overall, data suggest that caretakers and managers understand the importance of euthanasia regarding animal well-being and generally feel they can communicate their concerns.
PSV-9 Exploring the use of sodium nitrite as a humane method for mass euthanasia of poultry
Authors: Lay Donald C , Enneking Stacey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
When disease outbreaks that threaten the poultry industry require mass euthanasia, it is imperative to ensure humane methods of euthanasia. Current methods are not practical on a large scale. Sodium nitrite ingested at high concentrations prevents the transport of oxygen in the blood and thereby renders the animal unconscious and then dead. Laying hens (n=8 per treatment, 18 wk of age) were subjected to 1 of 4 treatments: A, 75 mg/kg BW; B, 150 mg/kg BW; C, 300 mg/kg BW; or D, 600 mg/kg BW of sodium nitrite in feed. Behavior was recorded via direct observation and video recording. The D hens spent more time lying/sitting, less time standing, and more time inactive alert then C hens (P &lt; 0.03), but not A and B hens. However, A, B, and C hens spent more time standing compared to lying/sitting (P &lt; 0.01), whereas D hens spent equal time in both behaviors. The D hens spent less time eating and drinking, and had fewer drinking events compared to the A, B, and C hens (P &lt; 0.04). Only 1 hen, a D hen, died. She stopped eating 1 min after eating, was lying on her side by 2 min, had total loss of posture and feather erection at 2.5 min, and tremors and wing flapping 5 s later, with subsequent (1 s later) lack of palpebral reflex. The greatest dose of sodium nitrite caused hens to be lethargic and eat and drink less. This could be due to sedation and aversion to the taste of sodium nitrite. The hen that died did so in an apparently humane manner; however, with only 1 hen dying it is not possible to say if sodium nitrite is a humane method of euthanasia and future research should investigate feeding in an encapsulated form.
PSV-1 A prospective longitudinal study of the incidence and risk factors associated with footrot in feedlot lambs in Southern Alberta
Authors: Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Nordi Wiolene M , Gellatly Désirée , Meléndez Daniela M , Schwinghamer Timothy D , Marti Sonia , Anklam Kelly S , Dopfer Dorte , Van Donkersgoed Joyce 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lameness in sheep caused by footrot (FR) is a significant health, welfare, and economic concern worldwide. To date, no studies have documented the incidence of FR or associated risk factors in feedlot lambs in Alberta. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) FR incidence and 2) animal, managerial and environmental risk factors associated with FR in one Southern Alberta, lamb feedlot. Assessments were conducted biweekly (average of 10 pens per visit) by 2 experienced observers. A total of 73,150 lambs were assessed between October 2017 and March 2019. All lame lambs were scored according to a 3-point mobility scale (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe lameness) and physically examined to diagnose the cause of lameness. Risk factors associated with FR were documented and included gender, days on feed (DOF), diet composition, and season. Multivariable regression models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were used to determine significant risk factors. A total of 473 lambs were identified as lame, 107 of which were diagnosed with FR (incidence of 22.6%). Footrot affected lambs had greater mobility scores (≥ 2; P &lt; 0.0001) than all other lame diagnoses. Footrot was 4.40 and 0.10 times more likely (P &lt; 0.0001) in female and wether than ram lambs, and 0.60 and 0.23 times more likely (P &lt; 0.0001) in fall and summer than winter and spring seasons. The odds of being diagnosed with FR increased for each additional DOF and each unit increase of barley in the diet (P = 0.0268), while the odds decreased (P = 0.0016) for each additional unit of supplement in the diet. Based on our findings, footrot is an issue to lambs in Alberta, and further studies are still necessary to understand the risk factors associated with potential strategy for mitigating FR in feedlot lambs.
PSV-40 Effects of regrouping and administrations of meloxicam and chromium on plasma cortisol concentrations and behaviors in dairy calves
Authors: Jung Da Jin Sol , Lee Jae Sung , Kim Do Hyun , Seok-Hyeon Beak , Hong Soo Jong , Jeong In Hyuk , Yoo Seon Pil , Lee Jin Oh , Cho In Gu , Fassah Dilla Mareistia , Kim Hyun Jin , Baik Myunggi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigated effects of regrouping and oral meloxicam and chromium administration on growth performance, blood cortisol concentrations, and behaviors in dairy calves. Fifty Holstein calves (average age 196 ± 24.7 days, average body weight 198kg ± 32.7 kg) were equally divided into five groups: no regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (NL), regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (GL), regrouping with Cr administration (GC), regrouping with meloxicam administration (GM), and regrouping with both meloxicam and Cr administration (GMC). Blood was collected before regrouping and at 3h, 9h, 24h, 1w, and 2w after regrouping. Behaviors have been monitored from d1 to d7. Regrouping did not affect average daily gain (ADG), and the administrations of both meloxicam and chromium increased (P &lt; 0.02) ADG compared to NL group during 2 weeks. Regrouping increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma cortisol concentrations in GL group, and both meloxicam and chromium and its combination treatments decreased cortisol concentrations compared to GL group at 24h, but not at other times. Regrouping increased (P &lt; 0.05) fight, duration of eating time, head bunt, drinking time, and standing time behaviors in GL group at d1, d2, d2, d3, and d4 respectively. Regrouping also increased (P &lt; 0.05) displacement at eating place in GL group from d3 to d6, but this effect was not significant (P &lt; 0.05) at d7. In conclusion, regrouping caused elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations and abnormal behaviors. Meloxicam, chromium, and/or its combined administrations improved growth performance and reduced circulating cortisol concentrations in regrouped dairy calves, suggesting a feasible strategy to alleviate regrouping stress.
PSIII-12 Genetic analysis of heat tolerance in Holsteins using test-day production records and satellite-based meteorological data
Authors: Rockett Paige L , Schenkel Flavio , Baes Christine F , Miglior Filippo , Tulpan Dan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat stress in dairy cattle is an existing issue in temperate regions that can cause reduced milk production, impaired fertility, and mortality. Genetic selection for heat tolerance using test-day production records and weather station data is a potential mitigation strategy. However, weather stations can have temporal data gaps and a low spatial resolution, which reduces the number of herds that can be incorporated into an analysis. The objectives for this study include: (1) compare satellite-based meteorological data from the NASA POWER database to weather station records in Ontario and Quebec, (2) evaluate the effects of heat stress on Canadian Holsteins, and (3) assess breeding value estimates for heat tolerance in the same population. Daily estimates of ambient temperature, dewpoint temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed from 481 weather stations in Ontario and Quebec were compared to the parameters estimated by the NASA POWER project using an ordinary least squares regression. The coordinates of herds in Ontario and Quebec were estimated using their addresses and Google Maps Geocoding. The best weather data for each herd location will be incorporated into two random regression animal models to analyze three test-day production traits: milk, fat, and protein yield. The first model will be used to estimate general and specific additive genetic merits over the thermal gradient. The second model will estimate the traditional additive genetic merit. In conclusion, this study explores the use of satellite estimated meteorological parameters in addition to or alternatively to weather station data in heat tolerance studies, quantifies the sensitivity of Canadian dairy cattle to heat stress, and evaluates if genetic selection for increased heat tolerance in Canadian dairy herds is possible.
PSIII-7 Determining the requirement of puberty induction to the reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced heifers submitted to AI
Authors: Martins Thiago , da Silva Felipe A C C , Sponchiado Mariana , Soriano Gabriela A , Pinto Leonardo M F , Rocha Cecilia C , Podversich Federico , Tarnosky Federico , Lenin Yasser , Driver Joseph D , David Thomas , Rae Owen , Gonella-Diaza Angela M , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Binelli Mario 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Induction of puberty by treating heifers with progesterone (P4) inserts may favor pregnancy/AI (P/AI) to a subsequent estrus synchronization program. However, it remains to be elucidated whether induction is required when the synchronization program contains P4 supplementation. To address this question, yearling, Brahman-influenced heifers (mostly 3/8 Brahman) classified as pubertal (PUB; n = 363) or prepubertal (PRE; n = 214) based on the presence of a CL, were assigned to receive no P4 supplementation (NoCIDR) or a CIDR for 10 days, starting on D-23. On D-13, all heifers received a dose of prostaglandin analogue and CIDRs were removed. On D-9, all heifers were enrolled in a 6-day CIDR & TAI protocol. Heifers were serviced based on heat between D-2 and D0 or were TAI on D0. Reproductive tract scores (RTS, 1 to 5 scale) were evaluated on D-23 and D-3. Induction increased the proportion of PRE heifers bearing a CL on D-3 (PRE|CIDR: 60.3% vs. PRE|NoCIDR: 42.7%). Among heifers with CL on D-3, P/AI of PRE heifers (42.5%) was similar to that PUB (47.7%). Conversely, for heifers without CL on D-3, P/AI of PRE (14.7%) was lower than PUB (37.3%). RTS increased between D-23 and D-3 from 2.3 to 4.0 (CIDR) and 2.3 to 3.6 (NoCIDR). For every 1-point increase in RTS, P/AI was 6–9% greater. Despite hastened puberty, P/AI of PRE heifers were less (PRE|NoCIDR: 29.2% and PRE|CIDR: 30.4%) than that of PUB (PUB|NoCIDR: 50.7% and PUB|CIDR: 42.2%). Less PRE (42.5%) than PUB animals (69.7%) were AI at estrus, and heifers showing estrus had a higher P/AI (52.8% vs. 18.7%). In conclusion, induction is not required when the subsequent synchronization protocol for AI contains progesterone. Induction hastened puberty attainment but failed to improve estrus response and fertility to the synchronization protocol.
PSIII-9 Differences in Conception Rate across Breeding Protocols in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Lynch Colin , Oliveira Gerson , Schenkel Flavio , Baes Christine F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fertility performance success on dairy farms starts with estrus detection, especially for artificial insemination programs. Detection of estrus has become more difficult over the years due to a decrease in estrus expression in high-producing dairy cows, with up to 60% of ovulations accompanied by no standing mount. In order to alleviate the pressure of estrus detection, management technologies have been developed, including automated detectors of standing heat, activity monitors, automated in-line systems measuring milk progesterone, and hormonal synchronization protocols (FTAI). To gauge the effectiveness of such technologies, records from 647,940 cows across 1,166 herds over the past ten years (total of 3,466,593 breeding records) from herd management software were analyzed. Across all herds, there were 5,804 breeding protocols, of which 2,046 were unique. Due to the wide range of breeding protocols, records were classified as HORMONES, FTAI, HEAT DETECTION and OTHERS. Breeding protocols were classified as HORMONES if they included any hormone treatment. FTAI was a stricter subset of HORMONES, which included only clear FTAI protocols. Protocols were classified as HEAT DETECTION if they were a clear heat detection protocol, with all remaining protocols classified as OTHERS. These classifications resulted in 3,258 protocols classified as HORMONES, of which 2,002 were FTAI, while a further 1,840 were classified as HEAT DETECTION. The remaining 706 codes were classified as OTHER and removed from this study. These classifications provided an initial overview of breeding methods conception rates, with results indicating significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) between all protocol groups, as outlined in Table 1. Further analysis will be completed to indicate conception rates from the most commonly used breeding protocols across each of the protocol groups within the 1,192 herds. This work will help provide a better understanding of the expected conception rate of various management technologies on commercial farms.