bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics at the Water's Edge: Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad
Authors: Gowa Joanne 
Published: July 2002

This article examines the effects of party politics and presidential election cycles on U.S. recourse to force abroad. I analyze a game-theoretic model to generate predictions about these effects. In the unique time-consistent equilibrium outcome of the one-shot game, policy varies across political parties. In a subgame–perfect equilibrium outcome of the repeated game, the use of force is invariant to the partisan composition of government. In neither case does policy respond to the electoral cycle.An empirical analysis supports the predictions of the repeated game. Between 1870 and 1992, U.S. recourse to force abroad responds neither to partisan politics nor to the domestic political calendar. It responds only to changes in U.S. power status and to the advent of general wars.
Neuroanatomical Substrates of Arabic Number Processing, Numerical Comparison, and Simple Addition: A PET Study
Authors: Pesenti Mauro , Thioux Marc , Seron Xavier , Volder Anne De 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Positron emission tomography was used to localize the cerebral networks specifically involved in three basic numerical processes: arabic numeral processing, numerical magnitude comparison, and retrieval of simple addition facts. Relative cerebral blood flow changes were measured while normal volunteers were resting with eyes closed, making physical judgment on nonnumerical characters or arabic digits, comparing, or adding the same digits. Processing arabic digits bilaterally produced a large nonspecific activation of occipito-parietal areas, as well as a specific activation of the right anterior insula. Comparison and simple addition fact retrieval revealed a fronto-parietal network involving mainly the left intraparietal sulcus, the superior parietal lobule and the precentral gyrus. Comparison also activated, but to a lesser extent, the right superior parietal lobe, whereas addition also activated the orbito-frontal areas and the anterior insula in the right hemisphere. Implications for current anatomo-functional models of numerical cognition are drawn.
Interconnected Large-Scale Systems for Three Fundamental Cognitive Tasks Revealed by Functional MRI
Authors: Hirsch Joy , Moreno Diana Rodriguez , Kim Karl H. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The specific brain areas required to execute each of three fundamental cognitive tasks-objects naming, same-different discrimination, and integer computation-are determined by whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a novel techinque sptimized for the isolation of neurocognitive systems. This technique (1) conjoins the activity associated with identical or nearly identical tasks performed in multiple sensory modalities (conjunction) and (2) isolates the activity conserved across multiple subjects (conservation). Cortical regions isolated by this technique are, thus, presumedassociated with cognitive functions that are both distinguished from primary sensory processes and from individual differences. The object-naming system consisted of four brain areas: left inferior frontal gyrus, Brodmann's areas (BAs) 45 and 44; left superior temporal gyrus, BA 22; and left medical frontal gyrus, BA 6. The same-different discrimination system consisted for three brain areas: right inferior parietal labule, BA 40; right precentral gyrus, BA 6; and left medial frontal gyrus, BA 6. The integer computation system consisted of five brain area: right middle frontal gyrus, BA 6; right preecentral gyrus, BA 6; left inferior parietal lobule, BA 40; left inferior frontal gyrus, BA 44; and left medial frontal gyrus, BA 6. All three neurocognitive systems shared one common cortical region, the left medial frontal gyrus, the object-naming and integer computation systems shared the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the integer computation and same-different dicrimination systems shared the right precetral gyrus. These results are consistent with connectionist models of cognitive processes where specific sets of remote brain areas are assumed to be transiently bound together as functional units to enable these functions, and further suggest a superorganization of neurocognitive systems where single brain areas serve as elemets of multiple functional systems.
Relative Shift in Activity from Medial to Lateral Frontal Cortex During Internally Versus Externally Guided Word Generation
Authors: Crosson Bruce , Sadek Joseph R. , Maron Leeza , Gökçay Didem , Mohr Cecile M. , Auerbach Edward J. , Freeman Alan J. , Leonard Christiana M. , Briggs Richard W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Goldberg (1985) hypothesized that as language output changes from internally to externally guided production, activity shifts from supplementary motor area (SMA) to lateral premotor areas, including Broca's area. To test this hypothesis, 15 right-handed native English speakers performed three word generation tasks varying in the amount of internal guidance and a repetition task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Volumes of significant activity for each task versus a resting state were derived using voxel-by-voxel repeated-measures t tests (p &lt; .001) across subjects. Changes in the size of activity volumes for left medial frontal regions (SMA and pre-SMA/BA 32) versus left lateral frontal regions (Broca's area, inferior frontal sulcus) were assessed as internal guidance of word generation decreased and external guidance increased. Comparing SMA to Broca's area, Goldberg's hypothesis was not verified. However, pre-SMA/BA 32 activity volumes decreased significantly and inferior frontal sulcus activity volumes increased significantly as word generation tasks moved from internally to externally guided.
Modulation of the Visual Word Retrieval System in Writing: A Functional MRI Study on the Japanese Orthographies
Authors: Nakamura Kimihiro , Honda Manabu , Hirano Shigeru , Oga Tatsuhide , Sawamoto Nobukatsu , Hanakawa Takashi , Inoue Hiroshi , Ito Jin , Matsuda Tetsu , Fukuyama Hidenao , Shibasaki Hiroshi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether the act of writing involves different neuro-psychological mechanisms between the two script systems of the Japanese language: kanji (ideogram) and kana (phonogram). The main experiments employed a 2 × 2 factorial design that comprised writing-to-dictation and visual mental recall for kanji and kana. For both scripts, the actual writing produced a widespread fronto-parietal activation in the left hemisphere. Especially, writing of kanji activated the left posteroinferior temporal cortex (lPITC), whereas that of kana also yielded a trend of activation in the same area. Mental recall for both scripts activated similarly the left parieto-temporal regions including the lPITC. The writing versus mental recall comparison revealed greater activations in the left sensorimotor areas and right cerebellum. The kanji versus kana comparison showed increased responses in the left prefrontal and anterior cingulate areas. Especially, the lPITC showed a significant task-by-script interaction. Two additional control tasks, repetition (REP) and semantic judgment (SJ), activated the bilateral perisylvian areas, but enhanced the lPITC response only weakly. These results suggest that writing of the ideographic and phonographic scripts, although using the largely same cortical regions, each modulates the visual word-retrieval system according to their graphic features. Furthermore, comparisons with two additional tasks indicate that the activity of the lPITC increases especially in expressive language operations regardless of sensory modalities of the input stimulus.
Conceptual Processing during the Conscious Resting State: A Functional MRI Study
Authors: Binder J. R. , Frost J. A. , Hammeke T. A. , Bellgowan P. S. F. , Rao S. M. , Cox R. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Localized, task-induced decreases in cerebral blood flow are a frequent finding in functional brain imaging research but remain poorly understood. One account of these phenomena postulates processes ongoing during conscious, resting states that are interrupted or inhibited by task performance. Psychological evidence suggests that conscious humans are engaged almost continuously in adaptive processes involving semantic knowledge retrieval, representation in awareness, and directed manipulation of represented knowledge for organization, problem-solving, and planning. If interruption of such “conceptual” processes accounts for task-induced deactivation, tasks that also engage these conceptual processes should not cause deactivation. Furthermore, comparisons between conceptual and nonconceptual tasks should show activation during conceptual tasks of the same brain areas that are “deactivated” relative to rest.
To test this model, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired during a resting state, a perceptual task, and a semantic retrieval task. A network of left-hemisphere poly-modal cortical regions showed higher signal values during the resting state than during the perceptual task but equal values during the resting and semantic conditions. This result is consistent with the proposal that perceptual tasks interrupt processes ongoing during rest that involve many of the same brain areas engaged during semantic retrieval. As further evidence for this model, the same network of brain areas was activated in two direct comparisons between semantic and perceptual processing tasks. This same “conceptual processing” network was also identified in several previous studies that contrasted semantic and perceptual tasks or resting and active states. The model proposed here offers a unified account of these findings and may help to explain several unanticipated results from prior studies of semantic processing.
HOW INTEREST RATES WERE SET, 2500 BC-1000 AD: Máš, tokos and foenus as Metaphors for Interest Accruals
Authors: Hudson Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe earliest interest rates in Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome were set not "economically" to reflect profit or productivity rates, but by the dictates of mathematical simplicity of calculation. The interest that was "born" calendrically did not take the form of young animals, but rather of the "unit fraction," the smallest unit fraction in each of the above fractional systems: 1/60th in the Mesopotamia, 1/10th in Greece, and 1/12th in Rome. The "birth" or "calf/kid" metaphor for interest thus referred to "baby fractions", not literally baby animals.
Electronically Available Surveys of Attitudes Toward Animals
Authors: Herzog Harold , Dorr Lorna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMuch of the research on attitudes toward non-human species has been conducted with non-representative samples. Largely ignored in the literature on human/animal interactions are surveys conducted by commercial polling organizations using large probability samples of Americans. Many of these surveys contain information relevant to attitudes about animals and animal welfare issues. This information is available to researchers electronically at little or no cost through organizations such as the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research and the National Opinion Research Center.
Horse Maiming in the English Countryside: Moral Panic, Human Deviance, and the Social Construction of Victimhood
Authors: Yates Roger , Powell Chris , Beirne Piers 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe societal reaction to a series of horse assaults in rural Hampshire during the 1990s was a rare example of a moral panic about crime and deviance in which animals other than humans occupy, or seemed to occupy, the central role of victim. This paper explores how the nature of the relationships between humans and animals is revealed through authoritative utterances about offenders and victims by the mass media, the police, and the humans who felt they had a stake in the horses' well-being. Analysis of how and when victimhood is ascribed to animals helps to uncover the invisible assaults routinely inflicted on them - in the name of business or pleasure, for example - and against whose human perpetrators the categories of criminalization are almost never applied.
THE MACROEVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION OF FEMALE AND MALE COMPONENTS OF THE STICKLEBACK BREEDING SYSTEM
Authors: McLennan Deborah 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMacroevolutionary analysis of three components in the stickleback breeding system, male/female nuptial colouration, male/female courtship and male lead/female follow to the nest revealed that: (i) a change in the male lead is always coupled with a change in the female follow, although there is no correlation between changes in particular components of the leadfollow system; (ii) a change in male courtship is coupled with a change in female courtship in all taxa but Gasterosteus and Hypoptychus. Once again, there is no correlation between changes in particular courtship components except for a possible coupling of 'male pummel' and 'female sink to the substrate'; and (iii) there is no correlation between the diversification of the male and female nuptial colour signals. These different patterns of macroevolutionary co-origination and co-diversification interact to produce unique and reliable species and sex-specific signals at the beginning of courtship + tightly coupled signals involved in coordination between spawning partners at the final stages of courtship. In order to explain the preceding macroevolutionary patterns, we now need to delineate the genetic basis for the traits in each behavioural system.
ENDOGENOUS BREEDING CYCLES IN MALE THREESPINE STICKLEBACKS, GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Authors: Bornestaf Cecilia , Borg Bertil 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo study how different, constant photoperiods affect endogenous breeding cycles in the threespine stickleback, adult males were kept in separate aquaria for up to two years under light:dark (LD) 12:12 hr or LD 16:8 or for eleven months under continuous light. Nests built were destroyed weekly and fish were considered breeding as long as they kept rebuilding. Under continuous light most males nested for a much longer first period than under the other photoperiods. Most fish under both LD 12:12 and LD 16:8 exhibited breeding cycles shorter than one year. After the first or second breeding cycle, many fish, especially under LD 12:12, exhibited irregular breeding patterns. There were no significant differences in cycle length or proportion of time spent in breeding condition between these two photoperiods. The lack of these differences and the surprising observation that some fish under LD 12:12 remained in breeding condition for a very long period, suggest that a circannual cycle in photosensitivity is not the whole explanation for the endogenous control of breeding in sticklebacks.
REVIEW: THE CENTRAL ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION IN DETERMINING BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Inglis Ian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn complex and stochastic environments the ability to cope with the unexpected is essential for survival. This paper describes a motivational framework founded on the need to reduce uncertainty. It is centred around a merging of classifier systems, taken from the field of artificial intelligence, with the information-primacy approach to animal motivation. It is proposed that in order to deal with uncertainty the animal constructs cognitive models of its environment that are composed of hierarchies of condition-action rules. There is parallel activation of several rules at any given time, and these rules compete to determine behaviour. The rules found to be the best predictors (and may in addition have resulted in reinforcement) gain strength, whilst the less successful rules lose strength over time. Unexpected events trigger the generation of families of new rules which are then subject to environmental selection. The efficient operation of the cognitive model requires the continual reduction of uncertainty, so that information-gathering behaviour forms a substratum upon which other, more obviously goal directed, behaviours occur. High need states can break into this ongoing behaviour and give it a special direction. The framework is related to the inherent variability of behaviour, the failure of certain reinforcement contingencies to control behaviour, and approach/avoidance behaviour towards novel stimuli.
MALE CHARACTERISTICS AND FERTILISATION SUCCESS IN BLUETHROATS
Authors: Johnsen Arild , Lifjeld Jan , Andersson Staffan , Örnborg Jonas , Amundsen Trond 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Extra-pair copulations (EPCs) can create or intensify sexual selection and, provided that fertilisation success is related to phenotypic traits, help explain sexual dimorphism in socially monogamous species. Previous experimental manipulations of the ornamental coloration in male bluethroats, Luscinia s. svecica, have shown effects on their social mating success, mate-guarding behaviour, and within-pair- and extra-pair paternity. This study investigates the relationship between male characteristics (reflectance of the blue throat feathers, width of the chestnut breast band, wing length, body condition and age) and fertilisation success under natural, non-experimental conditions. Combining three breeding seasons, 29% of 720 offspring were sired by extra-pair males and 54% of 136 nests contained one or more extra-pair offspring. The chroma (spectral purity) of the blue throat feathers and the width of the chestnut band were positively related to paternity in own nest, and for blue chroma this translated into a significantly positive relation with total fertilisation success. This suggests that differential within-pair paternity success exerts directional selection on the colour signal. None of the throat colour measures or morphological traits were significantly related to overall extra-pair fertilisation (EPF) success. However, restricting the analysis to males with one or more EPFs, there was a positive relation between amount of extra-pair paternity and blue chroma. Old males were more successful than young ones in achieving EPFs. Pairwise comparisons showed no plumage differences between cuckolded males and the males that cuckolded them. The absence of phenotypic correlates of male EPC-success agrees with our recent finding that females improve offspring quality through individual choice of EPC partners with 'compatible genes' rather than 'good genes' in an absolute sense. Our results indicate that experiments where traits are manipulated outside the natural range should be interpreted with caution, and illustrate the importance of a dual approach (experimental and correlative) in studies of sexual selection in the wild.
VOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS
Authors: Hammerschmidt Kurt , Freudenstein Tamara , Jürgens Uwe 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were studied for their vocal development over the first 20 months of life, using a multi-parametric acoustic analysis. Four of the animals were normally raised, one animal ('Kaspar Hauser') was deprived of adult species-specific calls, one animal was congenitally deaf. The study showed that in all 12 call types under investigation, age-related changes in one or the other acoustic parameter occurred. The degree to which vocal structures changed, was call type-specific, with some calls showing dramatic changes and others showing only minor changes. Most changes occurred within the first four months; some lasted up to 10 months. All call types showed a high variability throughout the 20 months study period. Only five of the 12 call types showed a reduction in variability over time. Both acoustically deprived animals remained within the variability range of the normally raised animals, suggesting that the ontogenetic changes found were mainly maturational.
NON-CLADOCERAN BRANCHIOPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM SOUTHWEST PORTUGAL. I. OCCURRENCE NOTES
Authors: Fonseca Luis Cancela Da , MaChado Margarida , Cristo Margarida 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe presence of non-cladoceran branchiopods was detected in only 16 out of 83 temporary freshwater ponds of SW Portugal, which were recently sampled by the authors and other researchers. Two anostracans, Branchipus cortesi and Chirocephalus diaphanus; two spinicaudatans, Cyzicus grubei and Maghrebestheria maroccana; and one notostracan, Triops cancriformis mauritanicus, were identified. All taxa are new records locally, and all but C. grubei and T. c. mauritanicus are reported for the first time from Portugal. La presence de Branchiopodes non Cladoceres a ete detectee dans 16 seulement des 83 mares temporaires d'eau douce du SO du Portugal, qui ont ete recemment echantillonnees par les auteurs et d'autres chercheurs. Deux Anostraces, Branchipus cortesi et Chirocephalus diaphanus, deux Spinicaudata, Cyzicus grubei et Maghrebestheria maroccana, et un Notostrace, Triops cancriformis mauritanicus, ont ete identifies. Tous les taxa sont nouveaux pour la faune locale et tous, sauf C. grubei et T. c. mauritanicus, sont signales pour la premiere fois du Portugal.
Membrane fusion as a morphogenetic force in nematode development
Authors: Podbilewicz Benjamin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Caenorhabditis elegans almost all the epithelial cells fuse to form permanent syncytia. Cells in the vulva and hypodermis fuse autonomously to produce ring shaped cells with defined structures and functions. Analysis of temporal and spatial sequence of events together with ultrastructural characterisation of cell fusion intermediates show that fusion pores in specific domains of the membranes dilate and subsequently vesicles are formed. The fusomorphogenetic hypothesis states that these vesicles are targeted to different domains of the plasma membrane where they fuse, thereby causing changes in cell shape. It is proposed that cell fusion and polarised membrane recycling are involved in the formation of ring cells. Fusomorphogenesis is a working model to investigate the forces that drive pattern formation and generate diversity of developmental mechanisms in nematodes. Chez Caenorhabditis elegans, presque toutes les cellules épithéliales fusionnent pour former des syncytia permanents. Les cellules de la vulve et de l’hypoderme fusionnent de façon autonome et produisent des cellules en forme d’anneau avec des structures et des fonctions définies. L’analyse de la séquence temporelle et spatiale des événements, alliée à la caractérisation ultrastructurale des intermédiaires de fusion cellulaire, montre que des pores de fusion se dilatent dans des domaines membranaires spécifiques et que des vésicules sont par la suite formées. L’hypothèse fusomorphogénétique suggère que ces vésicules sont ciblées vers des domaines différents de la membrane plasmique, ou elles fusionnent, provoquant ainsi des changements de forme cellulaire. Il est proposé que la fusion cellulaire et le recyclage polarisé de membranes soient considérés comme impliqués dans la formation des cellules en anneau. La fusomorphogénèse est un guide de travail pour étudier les forces qui entraînent la formation d’un modèle spatial et engendrent la diversité des mécanismes de développement chez les nématodes.