bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Performance of Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse in Catatest Reactor System
Authors: Faraheen Kabir Ahmad Syahirah , Fazara Md Ali Umi , Md Isa Khairuddin , Rahayu Mohamed Alina , Sataimurthi Omneswary 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis is a favourable process used to enhance the quality of bio-oil. Based on reviews from previous research there are only scarce of studies on the comparison of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of biomass such as rice husk, olive husk and corncob. In this study, sugarcane bagasse was selected as it has not been explored much yet. The target of this research is to compare the impact of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in terms of the yield, properties, and also the compositions of bio-oil. Catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis was executed in catatest bed reactor at temperatures 400°C to 550°C with the aids of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. Bio-oil from catalytic and no-catalytic pyrolysis which gives the maximum yield was used to be studied further in terms of the properties and chemical compositions. The result shows that the maximum yield of bio-oil was accomplished from catalytic pyrolysis at temperature 500°C which was 21.4%. The properties and composition of bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis shows better result compare to non-catalytic pyrolysis.
Optimization of Agitation and Kinetic Studies on Proanthocyanidin Compound Extraction from Red Sorghum Grains in Agitated Vessel
Authors: Susanti D Y , Sediawan W B , Fahrurrozi M , Hidayat M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Proanthocyanidin extraction for antioxidant material from intact red sorghum grains in agitated vessel had been investigated. The optimization and the appropriate kinetic evaluation were useful to conduct the engineering design of the developed process. Concentrations of the proanthocyanidin compounds in the aqueous extract were affected by the agitation speed and extraction time. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum values of agitation speed and time for getting maximum extraction performance and to develop the appropriate kinetic model for illustrating the extraction phenomena. This research also evaluated the characteristics of the obtained extract. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined using Response Surface Methodology. The concentration of proanthocyanidin compound in the extract was predicted to be maximum at 405.05 rotations per minute (rpm) of agitation speed and 133.03 minutes of extraction time. The values of R2 of the regression equations were 99.45%. In the kinetic modeling, the mechanistic model turns to be much more accurate than the second order kinetic. The extract from the optimum process had 0.837 mg/ml of proanthocyanidin concentration and was proven to be effective in scavenging 64.02% of free radicals in the 100 μM DPPH in 30 minutes.
Modelling and optimization of the heat pump system for the usage of swimming pool
Authors: Lau M J , Zanil M F , Choong S Y , Tan J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Heat pump is a device which being used to transfer heat energy from one or more heat sources at low temperature to one or more heat sinks at high temperature simultaneously through pumping. The heat pump system used in swimming pool is an air –to-water heat pump that made up of four elements, which are evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The overall efficiency of the heat pump in recovering the heat energy with the least of work done needed is defined as Coefficient of Performance (COP). A calculation software interface is designed using programming language of Visual Basic in Microsoft Visual Studio software to model, simulate the operation of heat pump product in actual industrial application and aid the optimization of heat pump system. The calculation software interface developed generates high accuracy COP value at 4.90, which has only 0.62% difference compared to actual COP of the heat pump product at 4.87. In order to optimize the performance of heat pump, the number of turns of outer and inner coil in condenser and the water flow rate pumped into the condenser are changed to maximize the COP within allowable cost increment. The COP is improved from 4.90 to 5.52, 5.13 and 6.89 based on each respective optimizations with cost increment controlled in between 0.5 to 2%. The final COP improved is obtained at 8.06 through combined optimization.
The Effect of Clay Content in the Adsorption of Surfactant by Reservoir Rock in the Enhanced Oil Recovery Process
Authors: Nurmayanti L , Dewi S Y P , Murachman B , Purwono S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Surfactant flooding aims at lowering the interfacial tensions between the oil and water phases to improve the displacement efficiency during oil recovery. However, high adsorption of surfactant by reservoir core is undesirable since it could decrease the ability of surfactant to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and brine which makes injection ineffective. This study was done to get better understanding of the effect of clay content on oil displacement. The procedures of adsorption process are as follows: crushed core were put into flasks wich filled with surfactant and heated up at different temperature for three days operation. The clean solution was then measured its absorbance using UV spectrophotometer. The result of adsorption experiments show that the adsorption decreasedup to 25 % when temperature was increased from 25 to 70oC. The experimental for studying the effect of clay content on the adsorption also shows the right behavior. The experimental results also show that adsorption of surfactant is higher in the clean core than in the core filled with oil. This phenomenon is true since the contact area between surfactant and core is much higher when the core is clean. The oil displacement experiments show that the oil recovery also depends on type of reservoir rock used in the process.
Fabrication of ZnO-SiO2 Nanocomposite Materials Prepared by a Spray Pyrolysis for the Photocatalytic Activity under UV and Sunlight Irradiations
Authors: Kusdianto K , Widiyastuti W , Shimada M , Qomariyah L , Winardi S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
ZnO is the most widely used for photocatalytic application among various semiconductor materials. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO can be enhanced by doping with other materials. In this study, ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites have been successfully fabricated by gas-phase method via spray pyrolysis. The effect of temperature of spray tubular furnace reactor ranging from 300 to 600 °C on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated. Colloidal SiO2 with concentration at 1 %wt was used as dopant to ZnO particles. The pristine ZnO was also synthesized at temperature of 400 °C for comparable. Zinc acetate and water glass were used as the precursors for fabrication ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites. At first, the water glass was synthesized by sol-gel method to produce colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles and then mixed with zinc acetate before subjecting to the spray reactor. The produced nanocomposite materials were collected by an electrostatic precipitator. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) were used for characterization the products. While UV-Vis spectrometry was used to measure the concentration of methylene blue (MB) before and after irradiations. SEM images indicated that the morphology of particles was as sphere-like structures with interwoven nanoplate and the agglomeration of particles can be suppressed by adding SiO2. The average particle size of the produced nanocomposite decreased with increasing synthesis temperature. XRD analysis also confirmed that the crystallite size increased with increasing temperature. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites were calculated by evaluating the methylene blue degradation aqueous solution under UV and sunlight irradiations. MB degradation efficiency under UV light was much lower than that of under sunlight irradiation. It also showed that the best photocatalytic performance reached 96 % when the synthesis temperature was set as high as 400 °C with SiO2 concentration at 1 %wt under sunlight irradiation.
Biodiesel Synthesis over Biochar-based Catalyst from Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Sawdust using Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Low-Cost Feedstock
Authors: Taufiq Agus , Arista Sari , Sutrisno Bachrun , Hidayat Arif 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel is mostly made from trans-esterification reaction using homogenous catalysts. Problems related to homogenous catalysts are the difficulty to separate the final product and the toxic that the waste contains. To prevent this negative effect, it is suggested to use heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts have been considered to apply on biodiesel production associated with homogeneous catalysts limitations. Many advantages coul be provided by heterogeneous catalysts including easily separated from reaction product, can be used repeatedly, generate less waste water, and environmentally friendly operations. In this paper, the Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) esterification to form biodiesel was studied using biochar-based catalyst from sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. nielsen) sawdust as heterogeneous catalyst. Reaction parameters such as temperature, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and amount of catalyst percentage were varied to achieve the highest conversion. The highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversion of 89.71%, was obtained by using 60°C of reaction temperature at 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to PFAD and 3% catalyst amount.
Sensitivity analysis of small scale biomass gasification-based CHP system: A way forward for sustainable urban waste to energy technology
Authors: Rasid A R , Abdullah I H , Siaw C W , Zanil M F , Mohd Shadzalli Z F , Abbas A , Abdul Manaf N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A biomass gasification-based combined heat power (CHP) system emerges as a potential sustainable urban waste-to-energy (WtE) technology that can offer solutions to the excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the escalation of energy demand as well as to the incremental of domestic and agriculture wastes. In this work, a steady state flowsheet model of 25 kW APL power pallet is developed by Aspen Plus software. The developed power pallet model integrates physical and chemical processes which involves pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification processes. The developed gasification model is validated with experimental data using biomass woodchip as a feedstock. This study focuses on the gasification of biomass to produce syngas (mainly H2 and CO) which subsequently converts to electric power. As an initial study towards large scale WtE plant, a detailed parameter sensitivity analysis is performed by analysing variables effects on syngas production subjected to the manipulation of gasification temperature, pressure and air-to-biomass ratio. The results show that the elevation of air-tobiomass ratio and gasification temperature contribute to the high conversion of CO subsequently enhance the potential of electrical power load. Moreover, power pallet exhibits optimal operation at 3.9 of air-to-biomass ratio with gasification temperature approximately at 1200 K. The initial results obtained in this study are valuable in determining the feasibility of biomass gasification-based CHP system as a sustainable and robust WtE technology.
Adsorption of copper, nickel and chromium ions using silica aerogel synthesized by ambient-pressure drying and modified with EDTA
Authors: Pornchuti B , Pongpattananurak B , Sutthiard D , Singtothong P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Adsorption of heavy metal ions was studied widely since it is one of the promising methods for treating wastewater. Silica aerogel was selected as an adsorbent in this study because it was easy to modify surface. Although most of aerogels were synthesized by supercritical drying, the silica aerogel in this work was dried at atmospheric pressure which safer. It was modified further with APTES (Aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to increase adsorption capacity. The modified silica aerogels were used to adsorb copper, nickel and chromium ions from aqueous solution. It was found that efficiency of heavy metal removal in case of EDTA modified silica aerogel was better than those of APTES modified silica aerogel and unmodified adsorbent. The adsorption data agreed well with Langmuir isotherm model than Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of copper, nickel and chromium on EDTA modified silica aerogel were found to be 94.34, 84.75 and 169.49 mg/g, respectively.
The Effect of Leachate Resirculation on The Greenhouse Gases Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill in Tropical Climate Region
Authors: Ali Q H , Sugihen S R , Munawar E , Adisalamun  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Indonesia is facing serious problem with huge amount of Municipal solid waste (MSW), whilst landfilling still the main option to dealing with it. The landfilling of the MSW is associate to the environmental issue, especially due to the leachate and landfill gas emissions. The leachate produces which is containing hazardous materials, while the landfill gas which mainly containing CO2 and CH4 that categorized as greenhouse gases. The leachate and landfill gas emissions were influenced by many factors, including climatic condition. This research was aimed to determine the effect of leachate recirculation on leachate production and landfill gas emissions of MSW landfill in tropical climate region. The experiment was carried out by using 2 landfill simulator reactors (LSRs) made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe with 50 cm OD and 150 cm length. The sample used was collected from the Blang Bintang landfill, a regional landfill constructed to accept MSW from Banda Aceh municipality and Aceh Besar District. The LSRs were operated under difference operation mode, the first LSR were operate without leachate recirculation, however a certain amount of water was added to simulated the MSW landfill operated under conventional method. While the second LSR were operate with leachate recirculation to represent the MSW landfill operated under bioreactor landfill mode. Results of this study show the leachate recirculation has in significant affects on the rate of waste degradation and the landfill gas production. The highest CH4 concentration in landfill gas emission first and second LSRs were about 58% and 59%, respectively. This relatively small difference is probably due to the high rainfall in the tropics region. This results indicated that the potential of MSW landfill in tropical climate region as renewable energy, either operated under conventional or bioreactor landfills.
Life Cycle Assessment of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management: Case Study Area Around Cement Industry, Cirebon, Indonesia
Authors: Anasstasia T T , Lestianingrum E , Cahyono R B , Azis M M 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to evaluate the environmental impact of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) processing. Here, a BUMDES (village owned enterprise) converted MSW to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in the area around a cement plant in Cirebon, Indonesia. The RDF that is produced is used as a partial substitutiton fuels for the kiln in the cement industry. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of RDF production through an attributional LCA study. The results were compared with the current practice of MSW treatment system. The waste management system that will be compared includes RDF and direct combustion. LCA simulation was conducted in the OpenLCA software, which is equipped with ecoinvent database as well as primary data from the field. The company treated about 2, 259.96 kg of waste / day. The results showed that the production rate of RDF is about 966 kg / day. The analysis shows that the conversion of combustible municipal solid waste into RDF is more environmentally friendly than direct combustion with environmental impacts as follows: GWP 8.40E-01 kg CO2eq., Acidification 4.36E-04 kg SO2eq., Eutrophication 7.18E-04 kg PO4eq., ODP 3.59E-09 kg CFC-11 eq., And Human toxicity 2.27E-01 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq. The use of RDF as a substitute fuel for the cement industry is economically advantageous if: there are no restrictions on processed waste, the RDF product sales to the cement industry is ensured, and the RDF product price should be economically viable. The initial investment costs and high operating as well as the maintenance costs could be a challenging issue when dealing with MSW processing to RDF.
Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Gas Dispersion and Explosion in a Gas Processing Plant
Authors: Rismayasari D , Budhi Y W , Rizkiana J , Cahyono T , Khairunnisa  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Gas leakage is one of hazard sources in a gas processing plant, where the released gas may form vapor cloud, which is dispersed or accumulated. At certain concentration, the vapor cloud may induce fire and explosion, which could harm people, equipment and environment. The effects of the incidents can be estimated to determine the consequences and to improve the plant design. Due to several complexities including congestion of plant equipment, 3D CFD model was developed to represent real configuration. In this study, the as-built 3D plant geometry and FLACS software were utilized to run the CFD model simulation to evaluate the quantity and placement of the existing gas detectors. The recommendation given according to evaluation results was to install two additional gas detectors. Thereby, in the case of gas leak, the gas detection system may alarm personnel and preventive action may be taken into consideration. The effects of explosion result from the selected scenario were predicted to not be able to cause steel frame distortion or eardrum rupture. These demonstrated that the evaluation of release consequence using 3D CFD model gave more advantage than 2D method by representing accurately physical characteristic of gas dispersion and explosion, which could eventually improve the plant safety strategy.
Gold Leaching from Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) as one of the Urban Mine Resources using Thiosulphate: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Petrus H B T M , Putra A E , Gustiana H S A , Prasetya A , Bendiyasa I M , Astuti W 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Along with the decrease of metal resources in the natural ores, urban mine comes up as an alternative with two aspects of both resource and environmental protection due to recycle. Broken printed circuit boards (PCBs) as one of the urban mine resources contains valuable metals, such as, Au, Ag, and Ti, with high concentration, however, it has not been seriously managed in some developing countries, such as Indonesia. Focusing on gold extraction, safer leaching agent using thiosulphate has been applied in this study and scrutinized the optimum leaching conditions with respond surface methodology. Temperature and concentration of thiosulphate were varied and designed in accordance with three factorial. Leaching time was set for two hours and the shaking speed of waterbath was set at fixed value of 200 rpm. In order to quantify the final concentration of gold in the solution, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was applied for all samples. Response Surface Method (RSM) is utilized to know the optimum result of Au extracted. The result shows that the optimum result of Au extracted by using ammonium tiosulphate is 0.5114 mg/L respectively with correlative equation as follow;
Gold Concentration = 0, 127+0, 00268*T+0, 66*C-0, 000021*T2+1, 74*C2- 0, 0038*T.C.
With T = temperature (°C) and C = thiosulphate concentration (M)
The obtained R2 is 0.94 and the p-value is 0.037 showing the significance of the variable correlation in the equation.
Carbon dioxide adsorption using biomass-based activated carbon functionalized with deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Hussin F , Aroua M K , Roziki M Z A , Yusoff R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The biomass-based activated carbon can be synthesized into green solvent to mitigate disposal problems and enhance production efficiency. The green solvent known as deep eutectic solvents (DES), which exhibits unique characteristics can be used to enhance the performance of the activated carbon and results in high CO2 adsorption capacity. In this study, new approaches involving the modification of low-cost biomass-based activated carbon with green solvent functionalization agent is proposed. The DES produced will be characterized for their physical properties such as pH, density and viscosity. The modified adsorbents were studied for their surface morphology and element composition using field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Further to this, in order to evaluate the CO2 adsorption characteristic, breakthrough curve was studied in a packed-bed adsorption reactor. The effects of temperature were used as a parameter for examining the breakthrough time performance. The results revealed that, the breakthrough time decreases with increasing column temperatures. The results indicated that the breakthrough time was longer at a lower adsorption temperature (30°C) for modified activated carbon with DES, which was 5 min. Maximum high adsorption capacity of 11.05 mg/g at lower adsorption temperature was achieved using modified activated carbon with DES.
Review: A Comparison of Conditions for The Extraction of Vegetable and Essential Oils Via Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Haffizi Mohd , Sulaiman Sarina , Noraini Jimat Dzun , Amid Azura 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) has been utilized in extracting a myriad of phytochemicals, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. This extraction method essentially takes advantage of water present inside cells by exciting the molecules hence increasing the internal temperature and pressure till the cells bursts. MAE is studied extensively due to its advantages over other typical extraction methods; especially in essential oil extraction. However, there is not many researches on using MAE to extract vegetable oil. Essential and vegetable oils are both derived from plants, but the characteristics of both oils differs. Therefore, the proper conditions for MAE extraction of the oils are different. This paper reviews the MAE conditions such as extraction time, power of microwave, solvent to feed ratio, and the set-up of microwave equipment. This paper attempts to show the differences between the MAE conditions between vegetable and essential oil extraction. The challenges faced by MAE is also discussed briefly with suggestions to overcome them. The Internet of Things is also discussed for its implementation in a scaled up MAE reactor.