bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The operating room as a learning arena: Nurse anaesthetist and student nurse anaesthetist perceptions
Authors: Averlid Gertrud , Høglund Jakob S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo examine which competencies mentors and student nurse anaesthetists perceive as important in a clinical anaesthesia education practice.BackgroundMentoring during clinical placement in the operating room can be challenging from the viewpoint of both a nurse anaesthetist and their students. The operating room is a work environment with many restrictions, and the nurse anaesthetist's work requires prompt decisions and actions. Simultaneously, the mentor is tasked with guiding and supporting the student.MethodA qualitative approach including two focus group interviews was used. The analysis was conducted using systematic text condensation. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was applied.ResultThe analysis yielded two main categories, including two sub‐categories for each. The first, “Mentoring in the operating room,” contained sub‐categories “Application of knowledge and expectations” and “Mentoring experiences,” and the second, “Creating a good climate for learning,” contained sub‐categories “Impact on mentoring: human factors” and “Impact on mentoring: obstacle factors.” The mentor's knowledge of human relationships and learning strategies emerged as an important factor with the potential to influence the students’ learning and self‐confidence. Another valuable consideration was the ability to give constructive feedback, from the perspective of both. However, production pressure was a negative factor for effective knowledge transition.ConclusionsThe ability to give constructive feedback and having an awareness of one's own attitude—which should ideally be positive and inclusive—are crucial mentoring skills. Mutual expectations must be clearly communicated before the clinical placement period, including learning assumptions, a progression plan and learning outcomes. This will facilitate the planning and help to direct the optimal course of learning.Implications for clinical practiceThis study highlights that an awareness of the student's vulnerability and the mentor's pedagogical competence and learning strategy are crucial factors to take into account.
Postwar Reconfigurations of the US Empire and Global Military Occupation: Struggles against Enclosure in Okinawa
Authors: Matsumura Wendy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article argues through an examination of an anti‐base struggle that erupted in early 1950 in Isahama, Okinawa that it is necessary to consider the ways that the so‐called new imperialism of the post‐World War II period required the transformation of social relations, even in places like Okinawa that are regarded as exceptional sites where US bases and facilities operate through the suspension of sovereignty. It asserts that a focus on the gendered dimensions of antagonisms that developed in Okinawa as the US built its military complexes there allows us to see how local communities, often led by women, fundamentally challenged the base‐related enclosures and pushed against the constant ideological work that the language of exception played in normalizing capitalist social relations in general. Finally, it claims that while Okinawa's case may not seem meaningful if taken in its singularity, if we keep in mind that the islands were just one locale within a global military empire that was comprised of hundreds of military complexes containing thousands of bases scattered throughout 64 countries at the height of the Cold War, the destabilizing force of struggles against enclosures as material and ideological sites through which capitalist social relations were naturalized should not be underestimated as valuable shapers of the post‐World War II American empire.
Respiratory health profile of Indigenous Australian children and young adults
Authors: Blake Tamara L , Chang Anne B , Marchant Julie M , McElrea Margaret S 
Published: February 2020

AimNational data report respiratory illness to be the most common chronic illness in Australian Indigenous people aged <35 years but multi‐centre data on specific diseases is sparse. Respiratory health is now known to be an independent predictor of future all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to describe the respiratory health profile (clinical and spirometry data) of randomly recruited Indigenous Australian children and young adults from several sites.MethodsAs part of the Indigenous Respiratory Reference Values study, 1278 Australian Indigenous children and young adults (aged 3–25 years) were recruited from nine communities (Queensland, n = 8; Northern Territory, n = 1). Self‐reported and medical records were used to ascertain respiratory history. Participants were classified as ‘healthy’ if there was no current/previous respiratory disease history. Spirometry was performed on all participants and assessed according to forced expiratory volume at 1 s impairment.ResultsMedical history data were available for 1245 (97.4%) and spirometry for 1106 participants (86.5%). Asthma and bronchitis were the most commonly reported respiratory conditions (city/regional 19.5% and rural/remote 16.8%, respectively). Participants with a history of any respiratory disease or those living in rural/remote communities had lower lung function compared to the ‘healthy’ group. Almost 52.0% of the entire cohort had mild–moderate forced expiratory volume at 1 s impairment (47.7% in ‘healthy’ group, 58.5% in ‘respiratory history’ group).ConclusionThe high prevalence of poor respiratory health among Indigenous Australian children/young adults places them at increased risk of future all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. Respiratory assessments including spirometry should be part of the routine evaluation of Indigenous Australians.
Taste Aversion Learning Based on Swimming and Lithium Chloride Injection in Rats: Implications From Cross‐familiarization Tests and Stimulus Selectivity1
Authors: Nakajima Sadahiko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn rats, swimming causes avoidance of the taste solution consumed immediately before the swimming. Several lines of research have shown that this taste avoidance reflects Pavlovian conditioned aversion based on correlations between the taste and swimming‐induced nausea. The present research compared swimming‐based taste aversion learning (TAL) with conventional TAL based on nausea‐inducing lithium chloride (LiCl). By exploiting cross‐familiarization techniques, Experiments 1A and 1B suggested that different physiological states are induced by swimming and LiCl. This claim was supported by Experiment 2, which reports stimulus selectivity in saccharin and sucrose aversions based on swimming and LiCl.
A peptide coating preventing the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the surfaces of dental implants
Authors: Fang Dongdong , Yuran Sivan , Reches Meital , Catunda Raisa , Levin Liran , Febbraio Maria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether a peptide‐based coating can prevent the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key human pathogen associated with periodontitis and peri‐implantitis.BackgroundNonsurgical and surgical interventions have been used for the treatment of peri‐implantitis; however, the effectiveness of these approaches is usually unsatisfactory. The main reason is that dental plaque on the surface of the implant is difficult to remove due to its rough surface and thread design. Recently, a peptide‐based coating for implant surfaces that can reject the adhesion of Escherichia coli and improve the attachment of host cells was developed.MethodsA salivary pellicle was created on the surfaces of peptide‐coated bare discs and verified with anti‐human immunoglobulin G, A and M, and anti‐fibrinogen. Early colonizers, Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus sobrinus, and the later colonizer, Porphyromonas gingivalis, were labelled with green and red fluorescent dyes, respectively, and seeded on the discs. Bacterial attachment was semi‐quantified by fluorescence intensity.ResultsThe salivary pellicle was evenly distributed on the discs, with or without the peptide coating, with an average thickness of 3.84 µm. A multi‐species dental biofilm was created on the salivary pellicle. The peptide coating resulted in an approximate 25% reduction in the attachment of Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus sobrinus, and a 50% reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis, when compared to control, uncoated implant discs.ConclusionThe novel peptide‐based coating can inhibit the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis. It may have the potential to impede the development of peri‐implantitis.
Reindeer trampling promotes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: Results from a simulation experiment
Authors: Egelkraut Dagmar , Barthelemy Hélène , Olofsson Johan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractQuestionHerbivores exert strong influences on vegetation through activities such as trampling, defoliation, and fertilization. The combined effect of these activities on plant performance may cause dramatic vegetation shifts. Because herbivore pressures and the relative importance of their different activities are not equally distributed across the landscape, it is important to understand their isolated effect. One example of an herbivore‐induced vegetation shift is the reindeer‐driven transition from a subarctic tundra vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs into a more productive, graminoid‐dominated state. Here, we asked how each of the grazing activities by reindeer separately and combined shape vegetation composition.LocationNordreisa, Norway.MethodsWe used a field experiment over six summers to study the separate and interacting effects of reindeer trampling, defoliation, addition of faeces and removal of moss on tundra heath vegetation, and to identify which of these factors were most important in driving the plant community towards a graminoid‐dominated state.ResultsThe combination of all treatments resulted in the strongest changes in vegetation, but trampling was the single most important factor altering the vegetation composition by reducing the abundance of both evergreen and deciduous dwarf shrubs. In contrast to what was expected, none of our treatments, separate or combined, resulted in an increased abundance of graminoids in 5 years, although such rapid vegetation changes have been observed in the field in similar environmental conditions.ConclusionsTrampling is the key process by which reindeer influence the abundance of functional groups, but only many processes combined result in strong changes in community composition. Moreover, additional factors not included in this experiment, such as urine, may be important in causing a state shift to a graminoid‐dominated community.
Patents for self‐replicating technologies: Game theoretic analysis of genetically modified seed
Authors: Smith Pamela J. , Tilman Andrew R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the implications of patents for farmers’ decisions to use genetically modified (GM) seed versus traditional non‐GM seed. We consider a game theoretic approach employing the replicator equation to assess the conditions for farmers’ adoption decisions. The results show that farmers may choose GM seeds even when this decision leads to lower profits than using traditional seeds. This result emerges because of the self‐replicating characteristic of the technology of seeds and their dispersion via acts of nature and/or intentional infringement. This result is robust across our baseline model and extended model that includes the option for farmers to intentionally infringe upon the GM seed technology. This result is also robust with respect to a wide range of initial conditions and parameter values representing economic conditions including the dispersal of the GM technology, monitoring effort, payoff of GM seed relative to traditional seed, cost of patent infringement, cost of contamination, and added cost of legally using GM seed.
Social structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in a variable low‐latitude environment, the Galápagos Archipelago
Authors: Denkinger Judith , Alarcon Daniela , Espinosa Bitinia , Fowler Lynn , Manning Cindy , Oña Javier , Palacios Daniel M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractKiller whales (Orcinus orca) have strong social matrilineal bonds and form groups and long‐lasting associations, but little is known about their population or social structure in an equatorial setting such as the waters around the Galápagos Islands. Using 91 encounters and identification photographs from 1991 to 2017, we identified 64 killer whales of which 18 individuals were locals with high resighting rates. Group size was small, ranging from 1 to 15 animals, with 69% of the groups containing four or fewer animals. Using social network analysis (SOCPROG 2.7) whales grouped into three distinct units and one loose association with frequent exchange between different groups. One male–male unit showed a strong association (association strength = 0.55). Overall, associations lasted over at least 3 years. Our data give first evidence of a loose social organization of Galápagos killer whales, similar to fission‐fusion societies.
Molecular epidemiology of Tinea gladiatorum in contact sports in northern Iran
Authors: Kermani Firoozeh , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Hedayati Mohammad T. , Abastabar Mahdi , Haghani Iman , Aghili Seyed Reza , Shokohi Tahereh 
Published: February 2020

SummaryBackgroundTinea gladiatorum as the major health concern among combat athletes and the most common cause of a decrease in the quality of their sports activities.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the molecular epidemiology of tinea gladiatorum in contact sports in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran.Materials/MethodsIn total, 631 suspected athletes out of 4240 ones were screened for tinea gladiatorum in this cross‐sectional study from May 2018 to February 2019. The infection was confirmed by direct microscopy and culture tests. The causative agents were identified by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method on ITS rDNA region. The indoor environmental factors were evaluated in 81 sports halls in terms of temperature (°C), humidity (%), density (m2/athletes) and the number of ventilators.ResultsTinea gladiatorum was confirmed in 6.5% (278/4240) of the athletes. Tinea corporis was the most common type of tinea (192/278; 69.0%), and 175 cases (27.7%) had more than one type of tinea. Moreover, Trichophyton tonsurans (192/203; 94.5%) was the most aetiological agent in all athletes followed by Microsporum canis (6/203; 2.9%), Trichophyton rubrum (2/203; 0.9%) and Trichophyton interdigitale (1/203; 0.4%). There was no significant association between the prevalence of tinea gladiatorum and the indoor environmental factors.ConclusionT. tonsurans is the most common agent of tinea gladiatorum in Northern Iran. Since no positive culture of dermatophyte was obtained from mats, it seems that skin‐to‐skin contact would be the most probable mode of transmission among wrestlers. Accordingly, periodical checkups should be considered by health care providers.
Gastrointestinal motility and morphology in mice: Strain‐dependent differences
Authors: Gama Loyane Almeida , Rocha Machado Mariana Pirani , Beckmann Ana Paula Simões , Miranda José Ricardo de Arruda , Corá Luciana Aparecida , Américo Madileine Francely 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundBALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are widely used in biomedical research; however, the differences between strains are still underestimated. Our aims were to develop an experimental protocol to evaluate the duodenal contractility and gastrointestinal transit in mice using the Alternating Current Biosusceptometry (ACB) technique and to compare gastrointestinal motor function and morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.MethodsMale mice were used in experiments (a) duodenal contractility: animals which had a magnetic marker surgically fixed in the duodenum to determine the frequency and amplitude of contractions and (b) gastrointestinal transit: animals which ingested a magnetically marked chow to calculate the Oro‐Anal Transit Time (OATT) and the Fecal Pellet Elimination Rate (FPER). The animals were killed after the experiments for organ collection and morphometric analysis.Key ResultsBALB/c and C57BL/6 had two different duodenal frequencies (high and low) with similar amplitudes. After 10 hours of monitoring, BALB/c eliminated around 89% of the ingested marker and C57BL/6 eliminated 33%; OATT and FPER were slower for C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c. The OATT and amplitude of low frequency had a strong positive correlation in C57BL/6. For BALB/c, the gastric muscular layer was thicker compared to that measured for C57BL/6.Conclusions and InferencesThe experimental protocol to evaluate duodenal contractility and fecal magnetic pellets output using the ACB technique in mice was successfully established. BALB/c strains had higher duodenal frequencies and a shorter time to eliminate the ingested marker. Our results showed differences in both motor function and gastrointestinal morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.
What is the optimal timing for implant placement in oral cancer patients? A scoping literature review
Authors: Alberga Jamie M. , Vosselman Nathalie , Korfage Anke , Delli Konstantina , Witjes Max J. H. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Vissink Arjan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral cancer patients can benefit from dental implant placement. Traditionally, implants are placed after completing oncologic treatment (secondary implant placement). Implant placement during ablative surgery (primary placement) in oral cancer patients seems beneficial in terms of early start of oral rehabilitation and limiting additional surgical interventions. Guidelines on the ideal timing of implant placement in oral cancer patients are missing.ObjectiveTo perform a scoping literature review on studies examining the timing of dental implant placement in oral cancer patients and propose a clinical practice recommendations guideline.MethodsA literature search for studies dealing with primary and/or secondary implant placement in MEDLINE was conducted (last search December 27, 2019). The primary outcome was 5‐year implant survival.ResultsSixteen out of 808 studies were considered eligible. Both primary and secondary implant placement showed acceptable overall implant survival ratios with a higher pooled 5‐year implant survival rate for primary implant placement 92.8% (95% CI: 87.1%–98.5%) than secondary placed implants (86.4%, 95% CI: 77.0%–95.8%). Primary implant placement is accompanied by earlier prosthetic rehabilitation after tumor surgery.ConclusionPatients with oral cancer greatly benefit from, preferably primary placed, dental implants in their prosthetic rehabilitation. The combination of tumor surgery with implant placement in native mandibular bone should be provided as standard care.
Plant responses to insect eggs are not induced by egg‐associated microbes, but by a secretion attached to the eggs
Authors: Paniagua Voirol Luis R. , Valsamakis Georgios , Lortzing Vivien , Weinhold Arne , Johnston Paul R. , Fatouros Nina E. , Kunze Reinhard , Hilker Monika 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlants can enhance their defence against herbivorous insects by responding to insect egg depositions preceding larval feeding. The similarity of plant responses to insect eggs with those to phytopathogens gave rise to the hypothesis that egg‐associated microbes might act as elicitors. We tested this hypothesis by investigating first if elimination of microbes in the butterfly Pieris brassicae changes the responses of Brassica nigra and Arabidopsis thaliana to eggs and larvae of this insect species. An antibiotic treatment of butterflies mitigated the plant transcriptional response to the eggs and the egg‐mediated enhancement of the plant's defence against larvae. However, application of cultivated microbial isolates from the eggs onto Arabidopsis thaliana did not enhance the plant's anti‐herbivore defence. Instead, application of an egg‐associated glandular secretion, which is attaching the eggs to the leaves, elicited the enhancing effect on the plant's defence against larvae. However, this effect was only achieved when the secretion was applied in similar quantities as released by control butterflies, but not when applied in the reduced quantity as released by antibiotic‐treated butterflies. We conclude that glandular secretions rather than egg‐associated microbes act in a dose‐dependent manner as elicitor of the egg‐mediated enhancement of the plant's defence against insect larvae.
Does Coproduction of Public Services Support Government's Social Equity Goals? The Case of U.S. State Parks
Authors: Gazley Beth , LaFontant Chantalle , Cheng Yuan (Daniel) 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe growing phenomenon of government‐supporting charities prompts the question of whether these institutions help or hinder public values of equity in service access. Logit and tobit regression analysis using multiple data sources from the California and Florida state parks systems compares public parks with and without supporting “friends” groups. The results suggest that while parks philanthropy has produced real benefits in rallying citizen support for improved public spaces, it also introduces some distributional consequences that policy makers should not ignore. Namely, a philanthropic failure hypothesis is supported whereby wealthier Florida counties with greater income inequality are more likely to benefit from a charity supporting a nearby state park. Finding no similar result in California, the authors conclude that the association between community wealth and park charity presence may also depend on state characteristics such as the funding structure of each state park system, not just community wealth differences.
Components of the Gs signaling cascade exhibit distinct changes in mobility and membrane domain localization upon β2‐adrenergic receptor activation
Authors: Bondar Alexey , Jang Wonjo , Sviridova Ekaterina , Lambert Nevin A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe G protein signaling cascade is a key player in cell signaling. Cascade activation leads to a redistribution of its members in various cellular compartments. These changes are likely related to the “second wave” of signaling from endosomes. Here, we set out to determine whether Gs signaling cascade members expressed at very low levels exhibit altered mobility and localize in clathrin‐coated structures (CCSs) or caveolae upon activation by β2‐adrenergic receptors (β2AR). Activated β2AR showed decreased mobility and sustained accumulation in CCSs but not in caveolae. Arrestin 3 translocated to the plasma membrane after β2AR activation and showed very low mobility and pronounced accumulation in CCSs. In contrast, Gαs and Gγ2 exhibited a modest reduction in mobility but no detectable accumulation in or exclusion from CCSs or caveolae. The effector adenylyl cyclase 5 (AC5) showed a slight mobility increase upon β2AR stimulation, no redistribution to CCSs, and weak activation‐independent accumulation in caveolae. Our findings show an overall decrease in the mobility of most activated Gs signaling cascade members and confirm that β2AR and arrestin 3 accumulate in CCSs, while Gαs, Gγ2 and AC5 can transiently enter CCSs and caveolae but do not accumulate in and are not excluded from these domains.