bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status and legal/ethical problems in the research use of the tissues of aborted human fetuses in Japan
Authors: Kawasaki Hidenori , Yamada Takahiro , Wada Takahito , Kosugi Shinji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo date, there is no law regulating the research use of human aborted fetuses in Japan. The aim was to review the current status with historical background and legal/ethical problems limiting the research use of the tissues of aborted human fetuses. We reviewed literature via PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Japana Centra Revuo Medicina and CiNii, reports from various committees and research groups from Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), and domestic books. Aborted human fetal tissues used for research purposes were first documented in the 1920s. The first guideline, the Peel Code was released in 1972. Since then, in Western countries, the research use of aborted fetuses has been less restricted compared with that of embryos, due to the following guidelines outlined by expert groups. Currently, aborted fetal tissues are commercially available for research purposes in the United States. In Japan, only four indications are presented in “a public statement permitting research use of deceased fetuses' and ‘neonates’ organs, etc.” (1987). In the 2000s, expert committees of the MHLW concluded that research use of human aborted fetuses should be discontinued, and that comprehensive rules and independent regulations should be implemented. This issue has not been discussed in the Japanese legislature since 2003. Establishment of laws and guidelines for this issue is insufficient not only in Japan but also in other countries. It is important to secure transparency for making laws and guidelines and in obtaining public understanding.
An evidence‐based assessment of the past distribution of Golden and White‐tailed Eagles across Wales
Authors: Williams Sophie‐lee , Perkins Sarah E. , Dennis Roy , Byrne James P. , Thomas Robert J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo species of eagles (Golden and White‐tailed) bred in Wales during prehistoric and historic times and became regionally extinct as breeding species in the mid‐1800s. They are iconic and charismatic, and discussions about reintroducing them back into the Welsh landscape have been ongoing for years. Reintroductions, however, can be risky, costly and/or contentious. To address these concerns, and to judge whether it is appropriate to reintroduce a regionally extinct species; the “International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)” have produced criteria by which a proposed reintroduction can be assessed. A key criterion is that the potential reintroduction location lies within the former range of the species. In this study, we addressed this criterion by assessing the past distributions of Golden and White‐tailed Eagles within Wales. Using historic observational data, fossil/archaeological records and evidence from place‐names in the Welsh language, we demonstrated strong evidence for the presence of both of these eagle species in Wales in pre‐historic and historic times. We used kernel density functions to model the likely core distributions of each species within Wales. The resulting core distributions encompassed much of central and west‐north Wales for both species, with the White‐tailed Eagle exhibiting a wider core distribution extending into south Wales. Our results fill knowledge gaps regarding the historic ranges of both species in Britain, and support the future restoration of either or both species to Wales.
Persistent hypogammaglobulinemia in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Pellett Madan Rebecca , Penkert Rhiannon R. , Surman Sherri L. , Jones Bart G. , Houston James , Lamour Jacqueline M. , Del Rio Marcela , Herold Betsy C. , Hurwitz Julia L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionHypogammaglobulinemia has not been well studied in pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We evaluated plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) and lymphocyte phenotypes among 31 pediatric heart and kidney recipients for two years post‐transplant and from 10 non‐transplanted children.MethodsPlasma IgM, IgG, and IgA were quantified by immunoturbidimetric assays, IgG subclasses were quantified by bead‐based multiplex immunoassay, and lymphocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry.ResultsMedian age at transplant for SOT recipients was similar to that of the control cohort (15 vs. 12.5 years, respectively; P = .61). Mean plasma IgG and IgM levels for SOT recipients fell significantly below the control cohort means by 1 month post‐transplant (P < .001 for both) and remained lower than control levels at 12‐18 months post‐transplant. Heart recipients had lower frequencies of a CD4+ naïve T lymphocytes relative to kidney recipients.ConclusionsHypogammaglobulinemia was prevalent and persistent among pediatric SOT recipients and may be secondary to immunosuppressive medications, as well as loss of thymus tissue and CD45RA+ CD4+ T cells in heart recipients. Limitations of our study include but are not limited to small sample size from a single center, lack of samples for all participants at every time point, and lack of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples for the non‐transplanted cohort.
Financial impact of delayed graft function in kidney transplantation
Authors: Kim Daniel W. , Tsapepas Demetra , King Kristen L. , Husain S. Ali , Corvino Frank A. , Dillon Allison , Wang Weiying , Mayne Tracy J. , Mohan Sumit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreased utilization of suboptimal organs in response to organ shortage has resulted in increased incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) after transplantation. Although presumed increased costs associated with DGF are a deterrent to the utilization of these organs, the financial burden of DGF has not been established. We used the Premier Healthcare Database to conduct a retrospective analysis of healthcare resource utilization and costs in kidney transplant patients (n = 12 097) between 1/1/2014 and 12/31/2018. We compared cost and hospital resource utilization for transplants in high‐volume (n = 8715) vs low‐volume hospitals (n = 3382), DGF (n = 3087) vs non‐DGF (n = 9010), and recipients receiving 1 dialysis (n = 1485) vs multiple dialysis (n = 1602). High‐volume hospitals costs were lower than low‐volume hospitals ($103 946 vs $123 571, P < .0001). DGF was associated with approximately $18 000 (10%) increase in mean costs ($130 492 vs $112 598, P < .0001), 6 additional days of hospitalization (14.7 vs 8.7, P < .0001), and 2 additional ICU days (4.3 vs 2.1, P < .0001). Multiple dialysis sessions were associated with an additional $10 000 compared to those with only 1. In conclusion, DGF is associated with increased costs and length of stay for index kidney transplant hospitalizations and payment schemes taking this into account may reduce clinicians’ reluctance to utilize less‐than‐ideal kidneys.
Research ethics and Indigenous Peoples: Repercussions of returning Yanomami blood samples
Authors: Guedes Cristiano , Guimarães Silvia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis work presents the case of the Yanomami indigenous people from Brazil that were the object of US ethnography initiated in the 1960s. The research brought harmful repercussions to the life of the Indigenous people of Brazil for several decades, and it took more than 40 years until the beginning of a process of reparation involving the Brazilian government and American universities.Objective: to discuss the meaning of the return of Yanomami blood samples, as well as contributions from the epistemologies of traditional Indigenous knowledge to the debate about research ethics and the structuring of means for the social control of researchers and the protection of participants in scientific studies, having as an example the Yanomami indigenous people from Brazil, subjected to noxious ethnography in the 1960s and the 1970s. This work used data reports recorded in secondary sources. In this article we argue that Bioethics needs to further diversify its epistemological foundations and to consider epistemologies and cosmologies beyond the frontiers of Western science, as the case of the abusive research involving the Yanomami indigenous people in Brazil reveals. We argue that traditional knowledge, such as those of indigenous and quilombolas, with their epistemologies and cosmologies, are fundamental for the election of less colonized and more efficient principles of research ethics, regarding the protection of the participants' rights in scientific studies. Traditional indigenous populations can teach us a great deal about doing research.
Analysis of spontaneous, user‐generated data about gestational diabetes on online forums: implications for diabetes prevention
Authors: Eades C. E. , Clarke K. M. , Cameron D. M. , Coulson N. , Evans J. M. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore the experiences and perceptions of gestational diabetes mellitus reported by women within online parental‐support forums and, specifically, to analyse what women say about a diagnosis of gestational diabetes, their future risk of type 2 diabetes, and lifestyle behaviour for management of gestational diabetes and prevention of type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe discussion boards of two parenting websites (Mumsnet and Netmums) were searched using the search term 'gestational diabetes or GD' in February 2019. Relevant posts made by users with gestational diabetes on or after 1 January 2017 were retained for analysis. Framework analysis using pre‐existing framework from a previous study was used to organize and analyse the data.ResultsA total of 646 posts generated by 282 unique users were included in the analysis. Analysis of the online content identified three important implicit messages that may be being conveyed to readers. The first is that gestational diabetes is not a serious diagnosis that warrants undue concern. Secondly, few users recognized the importance of their own behaviours or lifestyle, with others minimizing personal responsibility or attributing gestational diabetes to non‐modifiable factors. Finally, there was a lack of acknowledgment of heightened risk of type 2 diabetes. These three messages will all directly mitigate against the efforts of clinicians (and others) to encourage women with gestational diabetes to improve their lifestyle behaviours in the longer term.ConclusionsThese findings highlight messages that are being widely disseminated and that are unlikely to support prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Why do students leave university? Qualitative research at an Italian higher education institution
Authors: Romito Marco , Pilutti Silvia , Contini Dalit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the results of qualitative research carried out at an Italian university for shedding light on the transition students undergo on entry to university, and for understanding associated difficulties that lead to student drop out. We use Vincent Tinto's and Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical apparatuses for analysing drop out in higher education as a process in which inequalities are expressed and reproduced. The intertwined social and institutional mechanisms, and flawed decision‐making processes, that precede entry to university are explored. Particular attention is given to student perceptions of their experiences at university and the factors leading to progressive disengagement and drop out. The empirical material analysed shows that, although access to university is relatively easy within the Italian context, hurdles to the pursuit of a university education are largely hidden. Students who withdraw are those who are unable to embody the codes, rules and functioning of higher education: those who do not manage to internalise the type of disciplined autonomy needed for responding to academic demands. Personal characteristics and background resources are key for enabling students to fit in the academic environment. The ways in which higher education institutions regulate access and structure university life contribute to drop out processes and unequal pathways based on the social background of students. Following Coulon, we conclude by arguing that higher education institutions should develop systemic approaches that commit their structure and personnel to the goal of developing a “pedagogy of affiliation” aimed at fostering—particularly among students from underprivileged backgrounds—the cognitive, social and practical skills needed to prosper in higher education.
A population‐based study on serious inpatient bacterial infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and their impact on survival
Authors: Steingrímsson Vilhjálmur , Gíslason Gauti K. , Aspelund Thor , Turesson Ingemar , Björkholm Magnus , Landgren Ola , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveInfections in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been thoroughly investigated in the setting of clinical trials and single‐center studies. However, large cohort studies on real‐world data and studies on temporal trends are lacking. We performed a nationwide study on serious bacterial infections in CLL.MethodsUsing high‐quality Swedish government‐based registries, 13 009 CLL patients diagnosed in 1982‐2013 and their 49 380 matched controls were included.ResultsOverall, CLL patients had an increased risk of serious inpatient bacterial infections with a hazard ratio (HR) 5.32 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5.11‐5.53, and the highest risk was observed for septicemia (HR 6.91, 95% CI 6.46‐7.39) and lung infections (5.91, 5.64‐6.18). The risk of serious inpatient bacterial infections decreased overtime with HR 0.87 (0.81‐0.94) and HR 0.76 (0.70‐0.82) in 1993‐2002 and 2003‐2013, respectively, compared to 1982‐1992. CLL patients had an increased risk of death following a serious inpatient bacterial infection compared to matched CLL patients, and the risk was highest in the first 12 months after the infection (HR 5.48, 95% CI 5.11‐5.90).ConclusionWe have, in this nationwide study, characterized the risk of serious bacterial infections in CLL patients and, importantly, depicted that the risk has decreased overtime.
The use of progestins in equine medicine: A review
Authors: Fedorka C. E. , Troedsson M. H. T. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryProgesterone is in constant fluctuation throughout the lifespan of the horse. As a key regulator of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, progesterone is involved in numerous aspects of reproduction. Synthetic analogs of progesterone, deemed progestins, are widely available to industry to act as progestogenic within the reproductive tract, although few are bioactive in the horse. Utilised to suppress oestrous, delay ovulation, maintain pregnancy, and for behavioural modifications, progestins are a commonly administered class of pharmaceuticals in veterinary medicine. In this review, we discuss the progestins available to equine industry, in addition to assessing efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and potential side effects following administration of each.
Favorable outcomes of surgical resection for extrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Midorikawa Yutaka , Takayama Tadatoshi , Nakayama Hisashi , Moriguchi Masamichi , Aramaki Osamu , Yamazaki Shintaro , Teramoto Kenichi , Yoshida Nao , Kobayashi Naoya , Tsuji Shingo , Higaki Tokio 
Published: June 2020

AimRepeat resection for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is effective for the long‐term survival of patients; however, little is known about the surgical outcomes of extrahepatic nodules. The aim of this study is to investigate whether resection can contribute to the survival of patients with extrahepatic recurrent HCC.MethodsUnder the conditions that intrahepatic recurrent HCC was absent or controlled by locoregional therapies, patients who had resectable extrahepatic recurrent HCC in the lymph nodes, adrenal gland, peritoneum, lung, or brain were included in this study. The survival of patients who did (Surgical group) and did not (Non‐surgical group, underwent other therapies) undergo resection for extrahepatic recurrent HCC was compared.ResultsThirty‐eight and 26 patients were included in the Surgical and Non‐surgical groups, respectively. No patient had severe postoperative complications. After a median follow‐up of 1.2 (range, 0.2–8.8) years, the median cumulative incidence of extrahepatic recurrent HCC was 1.2 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4–3.5) in the Surgical group. The median overall survival was 5.3 (95% CI, 2.5–8.8) and 1.1 (0.8–2.3) years in the Surgical and Non‐surgical groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The 5‐year rates of survival were 60.5% and 9.1% in the Surgical and Non‐surgical groups, respectively. Surgical resection, α‐fetoprotein, disease‐free interval, and metastasis at the adrenal gland were the independent factors for overall survival.ConclusionsDue to the favorable surgical outcomes, resection should be considered as one of the therapeutic choices for patients with extrahepatic recurrent HCC if intrahepatic recurrent HCC can be controlled by locoregional therapies.
Early changes in bone turnover and inflammatory biomarkers and clinically significant bone mineral density loss over 48 weeks among HIV‐infected patients with virological failure of a standard first‐line antiretroviral therapy regimen in the SECOND‐LINE study
Authors: Mwasakifwa GE , Amin J , White CP , Center JR , Kelleher A , Boyd MA 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesWe assessed whether changes at week 12 in markers of bone turnover, inflammation, and immune activation were associated with clinically important (≥ 5%) bone mineral density (BMD) loss from baseline to week 48 at the proximal femur (hip) and lumbar spine in the SECOND‐LINE study.MethodsWe measured concentrations of procollagen type 1 pro‐peptide (P1NP), carboxyl‐terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), D‐dimer, interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), neopterin, and soluble CD14 and 163 at weeks 0, 12, and 48 in 123 SECOND‐LINE dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) substudy participants. Linear regression was used to compare changes in biomarkers. Predictors of ≥ 5% BMD loss were examined using multivariable regression.ResultsThe mean age was 38 years, the mean CD4 T‐cell count was 252 cells/µL and the mean viral load was 4.2 log HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL; 56% of participants were female and 47% were randomized to receive a nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor [N(t)RTI]‐based regimen [91% (53/58) were randomized to receive a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)‐containing regimen]. Over 48 weeks, 71% in the N(t)RTI arm experienced ≥ 5% hip BMD loss vs. 29% in the raltegravir arm (P = 0.001). Week 12 changes in P1NP and CTX were significantly greater among patients experiencing ≥ 5% hip BMD loss, patients randomized to N(t)RTI, and male patients. Predictors of ≥ 5% hip BMD loss at week 48 were P1NP increase [odds ratio (OR) 5.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–27; P < 0.043]; N(t)RTI randomization (OR 6.7; 95% CI 2.0–27.1; P < 0.003), being African, higher baseline CD4 T cell count , and smoking.ConclusionsIn a diverse cohort of viraemic HIV‐infected patients, switching to second‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with clinically significant BMD loss, which was correlated with an early increase in P1NP. Measurement of P1NP may facilitate timely interventions to reduce rapid BMD loss among at‐risk patients.
Design of sustainable lip gloss formulation with biosurfactants and silica particles
Authors: Drakontis Constantina Eleni , Amin Samiul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to design a sustainable lip gloss from water‐in‐oil emulsions by understanding the rheology of combining biosurfactants (rhamnolipids and sophorolipids) with silica particles (Aerosil powders). The different parameters consisted of the silica particle diameter size, the concentration of the particles within the formulation, alongside the different types of biosurfactant and oils used. The experimental results could provide information on the formulation design of cosmetic emulsions such as lip products and foundations.MethodsOne parameter was varied each time, while the rest were kept constant in order to determine their effect on the viscosity profile of the formulations. A traditional mechanical rheometer was used in order to measure the bulk viscosity profiles of the different formulations, over a wide range of shear stress applied.ResultsThe larger silica particle diameter size indicated an increase in the viscosity of the formulations, as yield stress was also generated for the specific diameter of 14 nm. It was also found that as the particle concentration increased, the viscosity increased as well. Rhamnolipids and sophorolipids indicated very similar behaviour, meaning that the biosurfactant acts as an emulsifier and does not impact the system’s rheological behaviour. The replacement of silicone oil with other natural oils was only successful with canola, and castor oil, since jojoba, squalene and mineral oil were not stabilized.ConclusionThe lip gloss was designed by water‐in‐oil emulsions which were stabilized by biosurfactants and the rheology of the oil phase was enhanced by silica particles. The formulation rheology gave a stable emulsion, the shear‐thinning effect ensured easy applicability, whereas the viscosity and elasticity provided nice hold on the lips.
Historying Tragedy through an Object of Empathy: Hon Xuan’s Violin
Authors: Garnet Dustin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjects with difficult histories present profound opportunities for learning and teaching alike because of their authenticity, relatability and quite often their ability to inspire empathy. The following article constructs a multivalenced account of a student’s vandalised violin by utilising a narrative framework to layer various perspectives into an educational history. Recent theory in historiography, oral history and material culture will help to navigate the ethics of telling sensitive and difficult stories from the past. The version of history I present positions the student’s violin as the central character in the lives of its caretakers. As a result, we see the instrument not a as static object, but as a piece of material culture in a constant state of becoming. This article offers its readers an opportunity to reflect on the meaning we give to classroom objects, the agency these objects possess, and the necessity to pursue new ways to teach empathy.
In‐Place and In‐Time
Authors: Macken Marian , Harrisson Fiona 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents parallel and collaborative research and teaching practices that expand approaches to encountering site through the lenses of observation and performative drawing. These drawing practices record phenomena, whilst in their presence, through a designed temporal framework. This asks the drawer to observe over a duration of time and to record the world in motion. By spending an extended period of time in the presence of the phenomenon of our study, with active receptivity, our capacity to see shifts. Rather than the drawn outcomes of this observation recording a past time, the notion of experiential time – and an expanded present – is embedded in the act of drawing. These processes of observation and performative drawing allude to Edmund Husserl’s expression of a ‘thickened present’. The outcomes of this drawing practice demonstrate that observational techniques are embodied, relational, temporal and generative and so offer an alternative approach to site analysis. How this approach sits within the larger domain of spatial temporal relationships and forms of drawing are also considered.