bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0271 Effects of Experimentally Shortened Sleep on Dietary Outcomes in Adolescents
Authors: Duraccio K M , Krietsch K N , Beebe D W 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Adolescents who sleep less may consume more calories during the day; however, shortened sleep may have greater impact on the dietary quality of foods, particularly foods high in sugar content. This study examined the impact of shortened sleep on total caloric intake, macronutrients of food (fats, proteins, carbohydrates), added sugars consumed, and glycemic load/index of foods consumed.

Methods
110 adolescents (ages 14–17, M = 15.73(1.80); 63.6% female) underwent a within-subject counterbalanced experimental sleep manipulation, spending either 6.5 or 9.5 hours/night in bed for five nights. During each sleep period, adolescents completed three dietary recalls (reporting amounts and types of foods consumed over a 24-hour period) administered by dietary core study staff. We conducted a series of repeated-measure general linear models comparing averaged weekly dietary outcomes of interest by sleep condition. We also explored whether experimental order of the sleep conditions, family income, or adolescent gender, body mass index (BMI), or race moderated the main effects of sleep condition on dietary outcomes. Alpha was set at .05 for primary analyses and .01 for exploratory analyses.

Results
We observed a main effect of sleep on carbohydrates (p=.038) and added sugars (p=.009) consumed, as well as the glycemic index (p=.013) and glycemic load (p=.009) of foods consumed. We did not observe a main effect of sleep on total calories or total grams of fat or protein consumed. Exploratory analysis found no significant interactions of the moderators with sleep condition on dietary outcomes.

Conclusion
Adolescents are consuming more carbohydrates, added sugars, and foods higher in glycemic index and load when sleep restricted, compared to well-rested, despite eating comparable amounts of calories. Sleep restricted adolescents may be drawn to foods that provide quick releases of energy to counteract sleepiness experienced during the day.

Support
R01 HL120879
0291 Recovery Sleep Alleviates Mood Disturbance Following Chronic Sleep Restriction, Albeit Transiently and in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Authors: Mange A , Jones C W , Kaizi-Lutu M , Basner M , Dinges D F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Fatigue is one contributor to mood disturbance observed following sleep restriction; however, the contribution of other factors remains unclear. This study examined contributions to mood disturbance resulting from sleep restriction beyond that of fatigue, evaluated the benefit of recovery sleep, and assessed whether recovery sleep buffered the re-emergence of mood disturbance upon re-exposure to sleep restriction.

Methods
N=223 healthy participants (48% female; n=108) approximately 30-years-old (SD=6.89, range=22–45 years) completed two baseline nights of 8h time in bed (TIB), followed by five nights of 4h TIB, and were then then randomized to one of 7 sleep recovery opportunities (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 hours TIB). Following the sleep period, a subset of participants (n=72) were re-exposed to five consecutive nights of 4h TIB. The profile of mood states (POMS) was completed every 2h during wakefulness and daily averages were calculated. The POMS total mood disturbance (TMD) score without the fatigue subscale (i.e., mood disturbance = TMD - fatigue) was the primary outcome to isolate changes in mood disturbance beyond fatigue. Individual growth curve models were applied to the trajectory of mood disturbance. General linear models were used to evaluate the dose-response function of mood disturbance after recovery sleep.

Results
Mood disturbance (absent the POMS fatigue scale) increased with each day of sleep restriction (β=1.550 per day; P&lt;0.0001), and decreased with longer recovery sleep durations in a dose-dependent manner (β=-1.614 for every 2h increase; P&lt;0.0001). The benefits of recovery sleep were abated by the second night of 4h sleep during re-exposure, where mood disturbance was slightly higher than that observed before recovery, but this difference was not statistically significant (β=0.046; P=0.85).

Conclusion
The study findings suggest that fatigue is not the only contributor to mood disturbance following sleep restriction. Recovery sleep attenuates mood disturbance in a dose-dependent manner, albeit transiently. Candidate pathways linking sleep restriction and mood include the immune system and the dynamics of sleep physiology.

Support
This work was funded by National Institute of Health NIH R01NR004281 and National Space and Biomedical Research Institute NSRBI NCC 5–98.
0303 Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure Increase During Experimental Sleep Restriction
Authors: Reichenberger D A , Strayer S M , Mathew G M , Buxton O M , Chang A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Experimental sleep restriction is associated with elevated daytime cardiac activity, including heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). However, some studies have found changes in systolic (SBP) but not diastolic blood pressure (DBP) or found changes in neither. Although findings are mixed, there may be a dose-response effect of cumulative sleep loss on daytime cardiac activity, such that HR and BP increase above basal levels with additional nights of insufficient sleep. This study examined changes in cardiac activity during experimental sleep restriction.

Methods
We used multilevel models with random effects for individuals to analyze data from 15 healthy males (M=22.3 years old, SD=2.8) in an 11-day inpatient protocol consisting of three nights of 10-hour/night baseline sleep opportunity, five nights of sleep restriction (5-hour/night sleep opportunity), and then two recovery nights (10-hour/night sleep opportunity). HR and BP were measured approximately every two hours during wake.

Results
HR increased 0.75 beats/minute with each successive night of sleep restriction (SE=0.18, p&lt;0.001). HR was 5.13 beats/minute higher during the recovery condition than during baseline or sleep restriction (SE=1.05, p&lt;0.001). During sleep restriction only, HR was lower in the later morning and evening compared to the earliest morning timepoint of the day, F(10, 743)=10.44, p&lt;0.001. SBP increased 0.33 mmHg following each successive night of sleep restriction (SE=0.16, p=0.041); however, SBP was only marginally higher during the sleep restriction condition than during baseline (b=1.90, SE=1.09, p=0.082).

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that HR and SBP increase with each additional day of experimental sleep restriction, even after accounting for diurnal effects on HR and SBP. HR did not recover to baseline levels following a night of recovery sleep, suggesting that longer recovery sleep may be necessary to recover from a week of sleep restriction.

Support
Grant UL1TR000127 (Chang PI), Clinical and Translational Science Institute; College of Health and Human Development at Pennsylvania State University.
0304 Greater Slow-Wave Activity is Associated with Deteriorating Mood Across Sleep Restriction
Authors: Larson O R , Jones C W , Basner M , Dinges D F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Mood progressively deteriorates over consecutive days of sleep restriction. The neurobiological processes active during sleep that influence the risk of mood disturbance are unknown. This study investigated the relationships between physiological sleep parameters (i.e., slow-wave activity (SWA), slow-wave energy (SWE), rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep duration and latency), and self-reported measures of mood across sleep restriction.

Methods
N=181 healthy participants (48.1% female; 30±6.8 yrs) had valid polysomnography (PSG) and mood data. The study design included two baseline nights (8h time in bed [TIB]) followed by five nights of 4h TIB. PSG (EEG derivations C3-A2, Fz-A1, O2-A1) was collected on the second baseline night (B2), first night of 4h TIB (SR1), and the fifth night of 4h TIB (SR5). The Profile of Mood States was assayed on days following PSG. Power spectral analysis for SWE and SWA was conducted (delta power; band: 0.5-4.5 Hz). General linear regression models were used to independently assess the slope of SWE, SWA, percent REM of total sleep time (TST), and REM latency on mood disturbance across sleep restriction.

Results
At baseline, higher SWE (unadjusted; r=0.21; P=0.004) and SWA (unadjusted; r=0.19; P=0.007) were associated with greater mood disturbance; these relations were attenuated when adjusted for age and sex. No relation was found between mood and REM latency or REM percent of TST. The slope of mood disturbance from B2 to SR5 was associated with greater percentage increases in C3 SWA on SR5 relative to B2 (β=0.039; P=0.008); this association was not observed for SWE (β=-0.016; P=0.48). The slope of REM latency and REM percent of TST were not associated with the slope of mood disturbance.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that greater SWA due to sleep restriction was associated with greater mood disturbance, suggesting that less SWA may confer resilience to mood disturbances resulting from sleep restriction.

Support
This work was supported by National Institute of Health NIH R01NR004281 and National Space and Biomedical Research Institute NSRBI NCC 5-98.
0316 Emotion Regulation During Sleep Deprivation and Repeated Physiological Stress: Implications for Motor Skill Learning and Production
Authors: LaFollette K , Satterfield B C , Esbit S , Lazar M , Grandner M A , Killgore W D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The ability to perform learned motor procedures under stress is a critical skill for many high-risk occupations. Explicit motor skills require top-down cognitive control, which both sleep loss and stress have been found to produce significant degradations, whereas implicit skills rely less on cognitive control and are more resilient to physiological stress. We investigated whether differences in emotion regulation attenuated the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) and acute stress on discrete motor learning.

Methods
45 adults (21 F; 22 ± 3.4 years) participated in 28-hours of in-lab SD. Participants completed repeated batteries that included the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), and Discrete Sequence Production Task (DSP). Stress response was quantified by salivary cortisol. We quantified DSP motor performance by total accurate sequences, and average movement time on accurate trials. Ability emotional intelligence (EI) was measured with the MSCEIT, while trait EI was measured with the Bar-On EQI. The CD-RISC was included as a measure of resilience.

Results
Using linear mixed effects models of motor performance indices, we found subjective, trait-based emotional intelligence (EQI) to be associated with worse motor performance over time, and objective, ability-based emotional intelligence (MSCEIT) to be associated with greater movement speed. We further found that greater psychological resilience (CD-RISC) but not emotional intelligence was predictive of stronger and less variable chunking structures during SD.

Conclusion
Emotional intelligence can influence motor learning under stressful SD, whereas psychological resilience can safeguard learning. Future work should further investigate how trait and ability metrics of EI have opposing effects on responses to stress under SD. Work in this direction could serve to identify difference factors that bolster motor skill production in operational environments where stress and SD are unavoidable.

Support
US Army Medical Research and Development Command: W81XWH-17-C-0088
0322 Napping, Inhibitory Control, and Self-Regulation in 2-Year-Old Children
Authors: Shalowitz E L , Miller A M , Harsh J R , LeBourgeois M K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Poor sleep in early childhood is linked to reduced school readiness. This study examined the role of acute sleep loss in behavioral self-regulation using a delay of gratification task. We hypothesized that after acute nap deprivation, toddlers would have worse inhibitory control and resort to more maladaptive self-regulation strategies than after a nap.

Methods
25 healthy children (11 males, 34.1±2.3 months-old) followed a strict sleep schedule for ≥5 days before a baseline (nap) and an acute nap deprivation condition (no-nap). After being introduced to an age-appropriate toy, children were instructed not to touch the toy and left alone for 3-minutes. To assess inhibitory control, videos of the waiting period were behaviorally coded for latency to touch and 11 self-regulation strategies. We combined strategies into adaptive and maladaptive composites; higher scores on each composite indicated greater use.

Results
During the nap condition, 19 children touched the toy (latency to touch=70.0±60.7 sec); during the no-nap condition, 18 children touched the toy (latency to touch=65.4±71.6 sec). The adaptive composite score was 1.58±0.25 for the nap condition and 1.17±0.27 for the no-nap condition. The maladaptive score was 0.92±0.17 for the nap condition and 0.83±0.19 for the no-nap condition. We found no differences between conditions in the number of children who touched the toy (X2=0, p=0.50), mean latency to touch (t=0.27, p=0.39), or the composite scores of adaptive (z=0.35, p=0.12) and maladaptive strategies (z=0.09, p=0.69).

Conclusion
Findings indicate that acute nap deprivation may not have an immediate impact on inhibitory control and self-regulation in toddlers. 30-36 months old children may not have sufficient cognitive resources to exert inhibitory control and self-regulate whether or not they have obtained adequate daytime sleep. Future research should examine developmental changes in the effects of acute sleep restriction on behavioral self-regulation.

Support
Research support from NIH R01-MH086566 to MKL.
0323 Associations Between Sleep and Activity Patterns in the Mother-Child Dyad
Authors: Driscoll B J , Quattrucci J , Sharkey K M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Animal studies show links between light-dark patterns in gestating dams and offsprings’ sleep and circadian rhythms. Activity patterns between mothers and infants show synchrony as early as 12 weeks postpartum. Our goal was to investigate maternal sleep/activity patterns at two points in the perinatal period and assess associations with activity in their young children.

Methods
Participants were 20 mother-child dyads recruited from previous studies. Mothers (age±SD = 31.7±5.5 years, range 21-40 years) wore wrist actigraphs during their 33rd week of pregnancy and 2nd week postpartum. Children (age±SD = 2.13±1.36 years, range 8 months-4.6 years) were assessed for 5 days and nights. Circadian patterns were analyzed using Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) to estimate best-fitting circadian period, tau. We used cosinor analysis to calculate rhythm amplitude, Midline Statistic of Rhythm (MESOR, representing mean activity), and acrophase (time of peak amplitude). We used circadian quotient (CQ; amplitude÷MESOR) to assess rhythm strength while normalizing for intersubject variation in activity levels. Autocorrelation, or degree to which data is consistent for a particular period, was calculated to analyze regularity of activity patterns.

Results
Mothers’ activity pattern autocorrelation was significantly correlated at the two time points (r=.530, p=.016), such that women with inconsistent activity patterns in pregnancy also demonstrated more irregularity at postpartum week 2. Child CQ correlated with age, with older children showing greater rhythm strength (r=.530, p=0.016). We observed a moderate correlation between mothers’ CQs during pregnancy and children’s CQs (r=.413,p=.07). In mother-child dyads, longer tau in mothers during pregnancy predicted lower autocorrelation of the child’s rhythm to a 24-hr period (r=-.520, p=.019). Finally, later maternal acrophase at postpartum week 2 was associated with longer tau in children (r=.504, p=.024).

Conclusion
These data show that associations between mother-child sleep/activity patterns may begin during pregnancy and support the notion that mothers’ perinatal sleep patterns could affect the health of both mothers and their children.

Support
Supported by R34MH104377, K23MH086689, the Seleni Institute, the Depression and Bipolar Disorder Alternative Treatment Foundation, and a Karen T. Romer Undergraduate Teaching and Research Award from Brown University.
0338 Interactions Between Sleep, Stress Reactivity and Cognition in Early Childhood
Authors: Jablin T , LeBourgeois M K , Harsh J , Brown S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
During early childhood, sleep impacts the development of the cognitive, behavioral and stress systems. Specifically, acute sleep restriction reduces the subsequent cortisol awakening response, predicts self-regulation strategies and moderates correlations between self-regulation strategies and response inhibition. However, little is known about the interaction between sleep, stress reactivity and cognition in early childhood. This preliminary cross over study aimed to determine how acute sleep restriction moderates the relationship between stress reactivity and cognition in 4-year-olds.

Methods
Healthy children (N=17; 57.4 months +/- 2.1; 10 female) participated in a sleep restriction protocol that included counterbalanced cognitive and behavioral assessments during baseline and sleep restriction conditions. An age appropriate inhibitory control task was administered and salivary cortisol samples (N=6) were collected during the task. Mean processing speed was measured, and stress reactivity was computed as area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg).

Results
Two tailed correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between AUCg and mean processing speed. Under baseline conditions, AUCg and mean processing speed were positively associated (r=0.45; p=0.05). When children were sleep restricted, there was no association between AUCg and mean processing speed (r=0.05; p=0.83). Although not statistically significant, AUCg was predicted by an interaciton between sleep condition and mean processing speed B=-1.92; p=0.06).

Conclusion
These results suggest that healthy sleep may promote the coupling of stress and cognitive systems, which is likely adaptive when facing life’s challenges in early childhood. Examining the developmental trajectory of these interactions and incorporating individual difference factors will build upon this model that may eventually be applied in intervention approaches to sleep, stress and behavioral problems in preschool-aged children.

Support
NIH R01-MH086566 to Dr. Monique LeBourgeois
0346 Metabolic Aging and Sleep Loss: Metabolite Signatures Link Sleep Deprivation and Aging Across Tissues
Authors: Sengupta A , Tudor J C , Cusmano D , Baur J A , Abel T , Weljie A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Insufficient sleep is a hallmark of modern society, and sleep deprivation (SD) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disorders. The interactions of aging with systemic and local metabolic alterations induced by sleep deprivation are essentially unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate a shared metabolic imprint of SD and aging in plasma, liver, and hippocampus.

Methods
Young (2 - 4 months) and aged (22 - 24 months) mice were sleep deprived (N = 10/group) for 5 hours followed by collection of blood plasma, liver and hippocampus. The samples were extracted and subjected to UPLC-MS/MS based targeted metabolomics analysis.

Results
Young animals displayed greater sensitivity to SD induced metabolic changes with &gt;40% more metabolites perturbed in each sample type measured compared to aged animals. Enrichment analysis based on known disease-associated metabolites suggests that plasma change in young animals are of pathological relevance, but not in aged animals. A common hepatic signature of sleep-loss across the two age groups consisted of ketosis and urea cycle perturbation. Approximately 20-30% of measured metabolites exhibit similar changes when the sleep deprivation induced signature is compared with the aging metabolic imprint in a tissue-dependent manner. Central energetics, urea cycle and aromatic amino acid metabolism highlight the common pathways altered by sleep and aging in the periphery. In the hippocampus, choline and acetylcholine pools were depleted, potentially providing insight into the changes in metabolism that accompany analogous defects in memory consolidation.

Conclusion
These results support the notion that SD makes the ‘young seem old’. The results further connect neurobehavioral observations tying together aging and sleep loss, by implicating molecular mechanisms at the level of metabolism.

Support
This work was supported by NIH grant R21AG052905 (AMW, AS), P50AG017628 (TA; A.I. Pack, PI) and R01AG062398 (TA, JT). TA was supported by the Brush Family Chair in Biology at Penn and is currently supported by the Roy J. Carver Chair of Neuroscience at Iowa.
0347 Aging and Retirement are Independently Associated with Reduced Social Jetlag
Authors: Sprecher K E , Hagen E W , Ravelo L A , Barnet J H , Peppard P E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Social jetlag (SJL; difference in sleep timing on freedays versus workdays) is a measure of chronic circadian misalignment due to a mismatch between preferred biological sleep timing and societal scheduling demands. Cross-sectionally, greater SJL is associated with poorer health and younger age. We assessed longitudinal changes in SJL across aging and retirement.

Methods
In 1137 participants of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort (WSC), sleep timing was collected via sleep diaries every 4 years (2802 data points, 47% female, mean age 51 years at baseline (+/-8 SD, range 31 - 74)). In 829 participants of the Retirement and Sleep Trajectories study (REST, an ancillary study of the WSC), sleep timing and retirement status were collected in 4 annual mailed surveys (1700 data points, 55% female, mean age 59 years at baseline (range 46-81)). Midsleep was defined as the time midway between bedtime and waketime. SJL was defined as the absolute difference between midsleep on workdays/weekdays and freedays/weekends. Mixed models were used to test associations of change in sleep timing with change in age, retirement status and self-reported health.

Results
In the WSC, aging 10 years was associated with 16 minutes reduction in SJL (p&lt;.001), driven by a shift of midsleep to 7 minutes later on weekdays and 10 minutes earlier on weekends. The effect of age on SJL remained significant when tested only in employed people. In the REST study, the transition from full time employment to full time retirement was associated with ~ 1 hour shorter SJL, maintained 1, 2 and 3 years post-transition (p&lt;.001, controlling for age). Greater SJL was associated with worse self-rated health (p=.02).

Conclusion
Aging and the transition from employment to retirement are independently associated with reduced social jetlag. Greater social jetlag is associated with poorer self-reported health.

Support
This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH): R01HL62252, R01AG036838, R01AG058680, and 1UL1RR02501.