bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in quantity and quality of organic matter in soil after application of poultry litter and poultry litter biochar—5-year field experiment
Authors: Jarosz Renata , Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika , Gondek Krzysztof , Kopeć Michał , Lošák Tomáš , Marcińska-Mazur Lidia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChanges of the addition of poultry litter (PL) and poultry litter biochar (PLB) on quantitative and qualitative humus parameters in loamy sand were estimated during the 5-year study period. The following properties were determined in soil: pH, total carbon (Ctotal), total nitrogen (Ntotal), humic and fulvic acids, extracted carbon, and non-hydrolysing carbon. Additionally, light absorbance in the solutions of humic acids was computed at the wavelength of 280, 465, and 665 nm. It was demonstrated that organic matter mineralisation was most intense in soil with the addition of PL, causing significant quantitative and qualitative changes in humus compounds in soil. A slower rate of organic matter mineralisation was observed in soil amended with PLB, especially in a dose of 5.0 t ha−1, which indicated the long-term effect of this material on improving soil properties. Spectrophotometric indexes for the solution of humic acids also showed that PLB had a more favourable effect on the structure durability and lower mobility of humic acid carbon compared with PL. The application of PL and PLB significantly increased the non-hydrolysing carbon content in soil, indicating greater stabilisation of humus compounds and, at the same time, lower CO2 emissions. It was found that the addition of organic materials to soil significantly increased the soil organic carbon contents. Our study has shown that the identification of changes that may occur in the quantitative and qualitative composition of soil humus after the application of PLB may be helpful in determining the appropriate biochar dose.
Computational modelling of TNFα related pathways regulated by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in neurodegeneration
Authors: Sasidharakurup Hemalatha , Diwakar Shyam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractComputational and mathematical modelling towards understanding the structure and dynamics of biological systems has significantly impacted on translational neuroscience to face novel approaches toward neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, a computational model of AD and PD have been modelled using biochemical systems theory, and shows how Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF훼) regulated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin pathways can dysregulate its downstream signalling cascade that lead to neurodegeneration observed in AD and PD. The experimental data for initial conditions for this model and validation of the model was based on data reported in literature. In simulations, elevations in the aggregations of major proteins involved in the pathology of AD and PD including amyloid beta, alpha synuclein, tau have been modelled. Abnormal aggregation of these proteins and hyperphosphorylation of tau were observed in the model. This aggregation may lead to developing Lewy bodies, fibrils, plaques and tangles inside neurons that trigger apoptosis. An increase in the concentrations of TNF훼 and glutamate during diseased conditions was noted in the model. Accumulation of these proteins may be related to the feedback mechanism of TNF훼 that initiates its own release and the production of excess glutamate. This could lead to the prolonged activation of microglia that result in death of surrounding neurons. With the elevation in reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress also increased. Simulations suggest insulin may be an important factor identifying neurodegeneration in AD and PD, through its action along with the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Low insulin level was noticed in the diseased condition due to abnormal protein aggregation that leads to TNFα release. Given the role towards better design of real experiments, accumulation of oligomers of mutated proteins in AD and PD activating microglia and secreting TNFα along with other cytokines map to oxidative stress that led to cell death.
From Consciousness to Brain-Sign: a Neurobiological Reconstruction
Authors: Clapson Philip 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt may seem obvious we are conscious for we are certain we see, feel and think, but there is no accepted scientific account of these mental states as a brain condition. And since most neuroscientists assume consciousness and its supposed powers without explaining it, science is brought into question. That consciousness does not exist is here explained. The alternative, the theory of brain-sign, is outlined. It eliminates the quasi-divine knowledge properties of seeing, feeling and thinking. Brain-sign is a means/mechanism enabling collective action between organisms. Brain-sign signifies the shared world of that action. Signs are intrinsically physical and biologically ubiquitous. Brain-signs are derived moment-by-moment from the causal orientation of each brain towards others and the world. Interactive behaviour which is not predetermined (as in passing a cup of coffee) is characteristic of vertebrate species. Causality lies in the electrochemical operation of the brain. But identifying the changing world by brain-signs binds the causal states of those interacting into one unified operation. Brain-signing creatures, including humans, have no ‘sense’ they function this way. The world appears as seen. The ‘sense of seeing’, however, is the brain’s communicative activity in joint behaviour. Similarly for ‘feeling’. Language causality results from the transmission of compression waves or electromagnetic radiation from one brain to another altering the other’s causal orientation. The ‘sense of understanding’ words is the communicative state. The brain understands nothing, knows nothing, believes nothing. By replacing the prescientific notion of consciousness, brain-sign can enable a scientific path for brain science.
Efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral intervention for eating disorder psychopathology delivered through a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Linardon Jake , Shatte Adrian , Rosato John , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough effective treatments exist for diagnostic and subthreshold-level eating disorders (EDs), a significant proportion of affected individuals do not receive help. Interventions translated for delivery through smartphone apps may be one solution towards reducing this treatment gap. However, evidence for the efficacy of smartphones apps for EDs is lacking. We developed a smartphone app based on the principles and techniques of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs and evaluated it through a pre-registered randomized controlled trial.MethodsSymptomatic individuals (those who reported the presence of binge eating) were randomly assigned to the app (n = 197) or waiting list (n = 195). Of the total sample, 42 and 31% exhibited diagnostic-level bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder symptoms, respectively. Assessments took place at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks post-randomization. Analyses were intention-to-treat. The primary outcome was global levels of ED psychopathology. Secondary outcomes were other ED symptoms, impairment, and distress.ResultsIntervention participants reported greater reductions in global ED psychopathology than the control group at post-test (d = −0.80). Significant effects were also observed for secondary outcomes (d's = −0.30 to −0.74), except compensatory behavior frequency. Symptom levels remained stable at follow-up. Participants were largely satisfied with the app, although the overall post-test attrition rate was 35%.ConclusionFindings highlight the potential for this app to serve as a cost-effective and easily accessible intervention for those who cannot receive standard treatment. The capacity for apps to be flexibly integrated within current models of mental health care delivery may prove vital for addressing the unmet needs of people with EDs.
Public awareness, emotional reactions and human mobility in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in China – a population-based ecological study
Authors: Li Yuchen , Zeng Yu , Liu Guangdi , Lu Donghao , Yang Huazhen , Ying Zhiye , Hu Yao , Qiu Jianqing , Zhang Chao , Fall Katja , Fang Fang , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Zhang Wei , Song Huan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe outbreak of COVID-19 generated severe emotional reactions, and restricted mobility was a crucial measure to reduce the spread of the virus. This study describes the changes in public emotional reactions and mobility patterns in the Chinese population during the COVID-19 outbreak.MethodsWe collected data on public emotional reactions in response to the outbreak through Weibo, the Chinese Twitter, between 1st January and 31st March 2020. Using anonymized location-tracking information, we analyzed the daily mobility patterns of approximately 90% of Sichuan residents.ResultsThere were three distinct phases of the emotional and behavioral reactions to the COVID-19 outbreak. The alarm phase (19th–26th January) was a restriction-free period, characterized by few new daily cases, but a large amount public negative emotions [the number of negative comments per Weibo post increased by 246.9 per day, 95% confidence interval (CI) 122.5–371.3], and a substantial increase in self-limiting mobility (from 45.6% to 54.5%, changing by 1.5% per day, 95% CI 0.7%–2.3%). The epidemic phase (27th January–15th February) exhibited rapidly increasing numbers of new daily cases, decreasing expression of negative emotions (a decrease of 27.3 negative comments per post per day, 95% CI −40.4 to −14.2), and a stabilized level of self-limiting mobility. The relief phase (16th February–31st March) had a steady decline in new daily cases and decreasing levels of negative emotion and self-limiting mobility.ConclusionsDuring the COVID-19 outbreak in China, the public's emotional reaction was strongest before the actual peak of the outbreak and declined thereafter. The change in human mobility patterns occurred before the implementation of restriction orders, suggesting a possible link between emotion and behavior.
A Comparison of AMPS Forecasts Near the Ross Sea Polynya With Controlled Meteorological Balloon Observations
Authors: Dale Ethan R. , Katurji Marwan , McDonald Adrian J. , Voss Paul , Rack Wolfgang , Seto Daisuke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study presents atmospheric boundary layer observations made over the Ross Sea using a long‐duration Controlled Meteorological (CMET) balloon and a comparison with Antarctic Mesoscale prediction System (AMPS) forecasts. The CMET balloon was launched on 22 November 2017 at 1230 UTC; this flight performed 31 repeated soundings of the atmospheric boundary layer over a period of 70 hr. During the flight the balloon made close passes of the open Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea polynyas. We use the AMPS forecast during the flight to understand the influence of the polynya on the air sampled by the CMET balloon. Balloon observations of temperature, humidity, and wind velocity generally agree with AMPS forecasts, with the largest disparities in the wind direction field during periods of light wind and when the path of the balloon was near complex topography. To understand the thermodynamic interaction between these polynyas and the atmospheric volume sampled by the balloon, a Lagrangian trajectory model forced by AMPS winds was used to calculate the total and partial derivatives of potential temperature as well as the total water mixing ratio. This allowed us to assess the thermodynamic profile of the overlying atmospheric boundary layer. Based on analysis of the AMPS forecast, we were able to identify a region of warming air with an area of 20,000 km2, centered over the Ross Sea Polynya which was providing a strong heat source at the time of the balloon flight.
Improving Time Step Convergence in an Atmosphere Model With Simplified Physics: The Impacts of Closure Assumption and Process Coupling
Authors: Wan Hui , Woodward Carol S. , Zhang Shixuan , Vogl Christopher J. , Stinis Panos , Gardner David J. , Rasch Philip J. , Zeng Xubin , Larson Vincent E. , Singh Balwinder 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConvergence testing is a common practice in the development of dynamical cores of atmospheric models but is not as often exercised for the parameterization of subgrid physics. An earlier study revealed that the stratiform cloud parameterizations in several predecessors of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) showed strong time step sensitivity and slower‐than‐expected convergence when the model's time step was systematically refined. In this work, a simplified atmosphere model is configured that consists of the spectral‐element dynamical core of the E3SM atmosphere model coupled with a large‐scale condensation parameterization based on commonly used assumptions. This simplified model also resembles E3SM and its predecessors in the numerical implementation of process coupling and shows poor time step convergence in short ensemble tests. We present a formal error analysis to reveal the expected time step convergence rate and the conditions for obtaining such convergence. Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the root causes of convergence problems. We show that revisions in the process coupling and closure assumption help to improve convergence in short simulations using the simplified model; the same revisions applied to a full atmosphere model lead to significant changes in the simulated long‐term climate. This work demonstrates that causes of convergence issues in atmospheric simulations can be understood by combining analyses from physical and mathematical perspectives. Addressing convergence issues can help to obtain a discrete model that is more consistent with the intended representation of the physical phenomena.
Establishing a Field of Collaboration for Engineers, Scientists, and Community Groups: Incentives, Barriers, and Potential
Authors: Boucher J. L. , Levenda A. M. , Morales‐Guerrero J. , Macias M. M. , Karwat D. M. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith the aim of mobilizing engineers and scientists to address environmental, climate, and energy justice challenges in the United States, this study examines how engineers and scientists view their incentives, barriers, and potential for community‐based collaborations. Through a purposive convenience sample (n = 281) and an online questionnaire, we investigate the attitudes and experiences of engineers and scientists regarding their community‐based work. Our analyses reveal dynamics of race, class, and experience, suggesting a type of socio‐demographic conditioning informing community‐based collaborations. Engineers and scientists also identify four main barriers to community‐based work: lack of time, lack of funding, lack of rapport, and knowledge deficits. In response, we introduce a field of collaboration with its own set of capitals—economic, cultural, social, and symbolic—and offer recommendations on how engineers, scientists, and community groups might collaborate with each other to address longstanding issues of energy, climate, and environmental injustice in the United States.
Statistical Analysis of Pre‐earthquake Electromagnetic Anomalies in the ULF Range
Authors: Warden Sheldon , MacLean Laura , Lemon Jim , Schneider Dan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAssessing the statistical significance of electromagnetic anomalies in the ultralow frequency (ULF) range observed prior to earthquakes is a necessary step toward determining whether these perturbations constitute actual earthquake precursors. A statistical epoch analysis (SEA) was recently performed by Han et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019789) to analyze earthquakes happening between 2001 and 2010 near the geomagnetic observatory of Kakioka, Japan; the authors found a significant number of anomalies 6 to 15 days prior to the earthquake day within 100 km from Kakioka, while no significant pre‐earthquake activity was observed for the farther region 100 to 216 km from the observatory. In this current paper, we describe the application of our independent software implementation of their method. Despite using a different outlier rejection scheme, we manage to approximate their results. Upon validation of our program, we conduct multiple sensitivity studies. First, we explore how different outlier rejection schemes impact the results. We then restrict the analysis to only mantle earthquakes, highlighting a marginally significant number of anomalies prior to the earthquake day. Next, we test a higher band‐pass filter than the one initially used but find no anomalous pre‐earthquake activity in this higher‐frequency band. We then use a different catalog to establish the list of qualifying “earthquake days” which also leads the anomalous pre‐earthquake episode to vanish, thus raising concerns about the robustness of the results. Finally, we apply the SEA to another time window, ranging from 2013 to 2018: No significant pre‐earthquake episode can be observed for this interval. We conclude our study by providing guidelines for upcoming work.
A Double Difference Tomography Study of the Washington Forearc: Does Siletzia Control Crustal Seismicity?
Authors: Merrill R. , Bostock M. G. , Peacock S. M. , Calvert A. J. , Christensen N. I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present new seismic tomography of the Washington forearc using a suite of manually picked regional earthquake phase arrivals. The recovery of similarly sampled P and S velocity permits the robust calculation of Poisson's ratio throughout the region. The seismological signature of Siletzia, an accreted oceanic plateau that crops out in Washington as the Crescent Formation, is evident in our models as a continuous high Poisson's ratio body that coincides with subsurface structures estimated from potential field maps. Relocated earthquakes preferentially locate in low Poisson's ratio regions in the forearc crust and, in particular, in a diffuse layer located at 15–25 km depth in the crust beneath relatively aseismic Siletzia. Our imaging of the Puget Sound is consistent with previous interpretations of the architecture of major faults and blocks, as evident by distinct Poisson's ratio signatures that distinguish sedimentary basins from mafic rocks of the Crescent Formation. We speculate that seismicity below the Puget Sound is promoted by slab‐derived fluids that are localized beneath Siletzia as a result of intrinsic low vertical permeability.
Simulating Erosion‐Induced Soil and Carbon Delivery From Uplands to Rivers in a Global Land Surface Model
Authors: Zhang Haicheng , Lauerwald Ronny , Regnier Pierre , Ciais Philippe , Yuan Wenping , Naipal Victoria , Guenet Bertrand , Van Oost Kristof , Camino‐Serrano Marta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlobal water erosion strongly affects the terrestrial carbon balance. However, this process is currently ignored by most global land surface models (LSMs) that are used to project the responses of terrestrial carbon storage to climate and land use changes. One of the main obstacles to implement erosion processes in LSMs is the high spatial resolution needed to accurately represent the effect of topography on soil erosion and sediment delivery to rivers. In this study, we present an upscaling scheme for including erosion‐induced lateral soil organic carbon (SOC) movements into the ORCHIDEE LSM. This upscaling scheme integrates information from high‐resolution (3″) topographic and soil erodibility data into a LSM forcing file at 0.5° spatial resolution. Evaluation of our model for the Rhine catchment indicates that it reproduces well the observed spatial and temporal (both seasonal and interannual) variations in river runoff and the sediment delivery from uplands to the river network. Although the average annual lateral SOC flux from uplands to the Rhine River network only amounts to 0.5% of the annual net primary production and 0.01% of the total SOC stock in the whole catchment, SOC loss caused by soil erosion over a long period (e.g., thousands of years) has the potential to cause a 12% reduction in the simulated equilibrium SOC stocks. Overall, this study presents a promising approach for including the erosion‐induced lateral carbon flux from the land to aquatic systems into LSMs and highlights the important role of erosion processes in the terrestrial carbon balance.
Comparison of Soil Water and Heat Transfer Modeling Over the Tibetan Plateau Using Two Community Land Surface Model (CLM) Versions
Authors: Deng Mingshan , Meng Xianhong , Lyv Yaqiong , Zhao Lin , Li Zhaoguo , Hu Zeyong , Jing Hui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSoil water and heat transfer is one of the most important parts of water and energy partition between atmosphere and land surface, and it is more complicated over the cold regions. In this study, the observed soil moisture and temperature are selected from four sites over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) to evaluate the performances two versions of Community Land Model (CLM), that is, CLM4.5 and CLM5.0. In addition, soil temperature observations from 67 sites and soil moisture observations from Maqu and Naqu monitoring network over the TP were used to evaluate the performances of regional simulations. The results indicated that the simulated soil temperature generally coincided with that of the observed, while CLM5.0 outputs are closer to the observed soil temperature in the arid and semiarid regions compared to CLM4.5. Generally, CLM5.0 tended to overestimate soil moisture at most sites at four soil depths (5, 10, 20, and 40 cm) but got some improvements at Maqu site. The overestimation of soil moisture was mainly caused by the introduction of a dry surface layer‐based (DSL) soil evaporation resistance parameterization in CLM5.0, which improves the soil evaporation simulation over the TP, especially in the semiarid region. Moreover, we tried to distinguish the factors that affect the soil water and heat transfer in the models. The results showed that soil property data play a main role in soil water and heat transfer modeling.
A toddler with phylloid-type pigmentary mosaicism and ambiguous genitalia resulting from trisomy 14 induced by a der(Y)t(Y;14)
Authors: Romero V. I. , Pozo J. C. , Saenz S. , Llamos-Paneque A. , Liehr T. , Hosomichi K. , Tajima A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA 1-year-old baby with phylloid-type pigmentary mosaicism, hypotonia, ambiguous genitalia, and a positive screening test for congenital adrenal hyperplasia was referred. Previous sonograph, cytogenetics, and metabolic profile were inconclusive, therefore we performed an additional karyotype and a molecular cytogenetics studies. A mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,der(Y)t(Y;14) was characterized in peripheral blood. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia genes were sequenced and the results were negative. The ambiguous genitalia was the result of the special gonosomal mosaicism. The low level of trisomy 14 led to minor physical characteristics and mild mental retardation; also, Turner syndrome features can be expected rather than severe trisomy 14 stigmata.