bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operative characteristic of crimes committed by ethnic criminal community
Authors: Akhmedov Akhmed , Zhidkov Aleksander 
Published: April 2020

Description. The article is devoted to the operational-search characteristics of ethnic organized crime. The author focuses on the formation of the definition of operational-search characteristics of crimes committed by ethnic criminal communities. The relevance of the study was due to the analysis of migration registration of foreigners in the Russian Federation. Currently, scientific study, analysis and proposals for improving the legal framework for operational-search and other measures used by the operational units of the internal affairs bodies in the fight against organized ethnic crime are required. It is necessary to develop more precise regulation on the observance of constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as guarantees when using operational-search forces, means and methods. The relevance of further research and development of the concept of internal affairs agencies to combat organized groups and criminal cosocieties that have formed on an ethnic basis, including, first of all, the development of operational-search characteristics, information and analytical support, as well as interaction with other bodies, is growing. The relevance of further research and development of the concept of internal affairs agencies to combat organized groups and criminal co-societies that have formed on an ethnic basis, including, first of all, the development of operational-search characteristics, information and analytical support, as well as interaction with other bodies, is growing.
Based on the analysis of the state of ethnic criminal environment in Russia, the definitions of ethnic crime in the scientific environment, the author has given his concept of operational-search characteristics of crimes committed by ethnic criminal communities.
The first Ryazan militia courses: to the 100th anniversary of the institution
Authors: REENT YURI 
Published: April 2020

the Article contains a brief historical and legal analysis of the first steps in the organization of the training system for the Soviet police (militia). The Ryazan province was chosen as the base region for the study during the end of the Civil war and the post-war years. The issues related to the formation of educational-methodical and material base of educational organizations specializing in the training of ordinary and commanding personnel for militia institutions were discussed. In connection with the course for the implementation of the new economic policy, the militia were entrusted with numerous functions that were not previously included in its powers. This revealed not only the lack of sufficient professional training for the majority of employees, but also the moral unwillingness to perform some functions whose competencies have not yet been developed.
The article presents an assessment of a number of acute problems identified at the stage of establishment of Ryazan militia courses. It is important to take into account that they later became the basis of a number of law enforcement educational institutions, including those operating today. Thanks to the introduction into scientific circulation of a significant amount of previously unused archival material, the author’s approach in assessing the events that took place, the article may be of interest to a wide range of historians, lawyers, teachers and local historians.
JEJAK AUSTRONESIA PADA MASYARAKAT DAYAK MERATUS DI KECAMATAN HAMPANG
Authors: YAYUK RISSARI 
Published: April 2020

AbstrakAbstrak. Semua masyarakat Dayak merupakan rumpun Austronesia. Perlu dibuktikan adanya pewarisan yang ditinggalkan oleh Proto Austronesia ini. Tujuan penelitian mendeskripsikan wujud jejak budaya penutur Austronesia pada masyarakat Dayak Meratus, Kecamatan Hampang, Kabupaten Kotabaru. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitianmembuktikan akan adanya pewarisan kehidupan sosial budaya dan bahasa. Kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat Dayak Meratus Kecamatan Hampang memiliki kemiripan bentuk maupun konsep dengan Austronesia, meliputi peralatan hidup, hunian, pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup, pakaian asesoris, dan kepercayaan. Sementara itu, dari perbandingan kosakata kedua penutur menggambarkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan yang diwariskan sebesar 48%. Atau dengan kata lain bahasa Dayak Meratus Kecamatan Hampang, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan berada dalam kategori keluarga bahasa dengan Proto Austronesia. Kesimpulan wujud jejak penutur Autronesia masa silam pada masyarakat Dayak Meratus Kecamatan Hampang ini dibuktikan dengan unsur nonlinguistik dan linguistik.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM ANAK BERDASARKAN SYARI’AH DAN HUKUM POSITIF
Authors: Bahtiar Bahtiar 
Published: April 2020

Anak adalah manusia yang belum dewasa karena ia belum dewasa, seorang anak masih membutuhkan perlindungan dari orang dewasa (orang tua, keluarga, masyarakat dan pemerintah). Pertama tujuan penelitian adalah untuk perlindungan yang diberikan oleh orang dewasa di Indonesia belum optimal sehingga anak belum sepenuhnya diberikan oleh orang tua, masyarakat dan pemerintah. Kedua ruang lingkup penulisan Seringkali anak diposisikan sebagai objek kehidupannya sendiri, sehingga ia tidak dapat menikmati hal-hal yang dapat menjadi hak baginya dan bahkan sampai dengan upaya tindak kekerasan terhadap anak kerapkali terjadi. Data base dari Komnas Perlindungan Anak (Komnas PA) menunjukkan peningkatan kekerasan mental, spiritual, fisik, hingga masalah social yang terjadi terhadap anak. Ketiga metode yang digunakan adalah menggunakan analisis yuridis bermotif berdasar data sekunder, juga Al-Qur’an dan Hadist. Keempat ruang lingkup penelitian sesungguhnya ada banyak factor yang menyebabkan ketidak mengertian oarng tua dan tindak kekerasan yang terjadi, antara lain tidak maksimalnya peran dan fungsi orang tua, factor kemiskinan, tekanan hidup semakin meningkat, dan keramahan terhadap pasangan. Namun yang sangat disayangkan perhatian pemerintah pun masih minim terlihat dengan undang-undang perlindungan anak yang terhitung baru dan implementasinya masih tersendat di lapangan. Untuk itulah diperlukan kerja sama yang sinergis antara orang tua, keluarga, masyarakat dan pemerintah dalam menciptakan dan mencerdaskan anak Indonesia melalui pendekatan agama dan pendekatan yuridis formal. Kelima kesimpulan anak sesungguhnya amanah dari Allah. Karena amanah, berarti orang tua yang dititipi tersebut harus menjaga amanah tersebut dengan sebaik-baiknya. Selain sebagai bagian dari maasyarakat, orang tua berhak pula meminta kepada pemerintah untuk lebih memperhatikan hak anak sesuai dengan kebutuhan psikologi perkembangan kejiwaannya. Oleh karena itu perlindungaan hukum anak oleh suatu Negara mutlak adanya menuju realisasi perlindungan anak yang spiritual-positif.
HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN KONSUMEN MENURUT UU NO.8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN
Authors: Nawi Syahruddin 
Published: April 2020

Pembangunan perekonomian nasional pada era globalisasi harus dapat mendukung tumbuhnya dunia usaha sehingga mampu menghasilkan beraneka barang dan/ jasa yang memiliki kandungan teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat banyak dan sekaligus mendapatkan kepastian atas barang dan/jasa yang diperoleh dari perdagangan tanpa mengakibatkan kerugian konsumen. Pada sisi lain bahwa dengan semakin terbukanya pasar nasional sebagai akibat dari proses globalisasi ekonomi harus tetap menjamin peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat serta kepatian atas mutu, jumlah dan keamanan barang dan/ atau jasa yang diperolehnya di pasar. Berdasar itu untuk meningkatkan harkat dan martabat konsumen perlu meningkatkan kesadaran, pengetahuan, kepedulian, kemampuan dan kemandirian konsumen untuk melindungi dirinya serta menumbuh kembangkan sikap perilaku usaha yang bertanggung jawab. Bahwa berdasarkan berbagai hasil penelitian, masih ditemukan banyak pelaku usaha yang melanggar berbagai larangan yang tercantum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, khususnya UU No.8 Tahun 1999. Pada sisi lain konsumen pada umumnya tidak memahami haknya sehingga cenderung dirugikan oleh pelaku usaha, bahkan cenderung tidak berdaya menghadapi kekuatan financial yang dimiliki oleh pelaku usaha. Oleh karena itu berbagai hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam undang-undang perlindungan konsumen baik oleh pelaku usaha maupun para konsumen.
Rice straw biochar and irrigation effect on yield and water productivity of okra
Authors: Yakubu Adam , Danso Eric Oppong , Arthur Emmanuel , Kugblenu‐Darrah Yvonne Ohui , Sabi Edward Benjamin , Abenney‐Mickson Stephen , Ofori Kwadwo , Andersen Mathias Neumann 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDry season vegetable production is challenging due to water scarcity, a drawback on sustaining year‐round crop production. Biochar improves soil moisture and nutrient retention and may be used to improve vegetable water productivity. We examined the combined effect of rice straw biochar and irrigation on yield, water productivity, and phosphorus (P) uptake of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown on a sandy clay loam soil in the dry season. Biochar was applied at 0, 5, 10 Mg ha−1, and 10 Mg ha−1 biochar fortified with P [10 Mg ha−1(P)] under full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI) and replicated in each growing season for three years. Under DI, the 10 Mg ha−1 and 10 Mg ha−1(P) biochar treatments significantly (p < .05) increased okra fresh fruit yield (YFF) by 67 and 82% but had no impact on total aboveground biomass yield (YTBM) in the first growing season. Biochar at 5 Mg ha−1 had no impact on okra yield. Okra yield was higher under biochar fortified with P compared to the traditional method of applying P alone, e.g. 30 Mg ha−1(P) produced significantly higher YTBM than 30 Mg ha−1 under DI. Biochar had no impact on P uptake in the first growing season. Estimated okra water use was 224 and 193 mm under FI and DI. Yield reduction under DI compared to FI was only 8%. Amid water scarcity, a minimum of 10 Mg ha−1 rice straw biochar under DI is therefore recommended for farmers in the area.
Intercellular void space effects on Kentucky bluegrass traffic tolerance
Authors: Pease Benjamin , Thoms Adam , Arora Rajeev , Christians Nick 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAthletic field safety is a top concern of field managers and athletic directors across all sports. Increased field usage on fields with traffic‐sensitive cultivars results in reduced turf cover and therefore decreased field safety. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) is the most widely used cool‐season turfgrass on athletic fields due to its dense turf canopy. While most KBG cultivars have strong recuperative potential, significant cultivar differences in ability to withstand athletic field traffic exist. This study was conducted to determine whether leaf epidermal cell sizes predict differences in KBG cultivar traffic tolerance. Upper epidermal cell size, lower epidermal cell size, and intercellular void space (IVS) were measured on three traffic‐tolerant and three traffic‐sensitive KBG cultivars from the 2011 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program KBG trial, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Transverse sections of leaf tissue were fixed in an acid/alcohol solution and embedded with paraffin prior to sectioning for imaging by light microscopy. Cell size was determined by counting cells per unit area from light microscopy images. Leaf upper and lower epidermal cell size was not a predictor of traffic tolerance. Differences were measured in IVS at the cultivar level and at the traffic‐sensitive vs. traffic‐tolerant grouping contrast level. Traffic‐tolerant cultivars exhibited larger IVS (2823 μm2) than traffic‐sensitive cultivars (1112 μm2). Further investigation of these leaf anatomy size theories in relation to athletic traffic tolerance should be conducted on more cultivars, including recently released commercially available genotypes.
Metabolic infrastructure of pregnant women with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms: A metabolomic analysis
Authors: Recber Tuba , Orgul Gokcen , Aydın Emine , Tanacan Atakan , Nemutlu Emirhan , Kır Sedef , Beksac Mehmet Sinan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the altered metabolic infrastructure of pregnant women with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms at first trimester and during delivery. Eight singleton pregnant women with MTHFR polymorphisms were compared with 10 normal pregnant women. Maternal blood samples were obtained twice during their pregnancy period (between the 11th and 14th gestational weeks and during delivery). Metabolomic analysis was performed using GC–MS. The GC–MS based metabolomic profile helped identify 95 metabolites in the plasma samples. In the MTHFR group, the levels of 1‐monohexadecanoylglycerol, pyrophosphate, benzoin, and linoleic acid significantly decreased (P ˂ 0.05 for all), whereas the levels of glyceric acid, l‐tryptophan, l‐alanine, l‐proline, norvaline, l‐threonine, and myo‐inositol significantly increased (P ˂ 0.01 for the first two metabolites, P ˂ 0.05 for the others) at 11–14 gestational weeks. Conversely, the levels of benzoin, 1‐monohexadecanoylglycerol, pyruvic acid, l‐proline, phosphoric acid, epsilon‐caprolactam, and pipecolic acid significantly decreased in the MTHFR group, whereas metabolites such as hexadecanoic acid and 2‐hydroxybutyric acid increased significantly in the study group during delivery. An impaired energy metabolism pathway, vitamin B complex disorders, tendency for metabolic acidosis (oxidative stress), and the need for cell/tissue support seem prevalent in pregnancies with MTHFR polymorphisms.
Bicyclic Imidazolium Inhibitors of Gli Transcription Factor Activity
Authors: Hom Marisa E. , Ondrus Alison E. , Sakata‐Kato Tomoyo , Rack Paul G. , Chen James K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGli transcription factors within the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway direct key events in mammalian development and promote a number of human cancers. Current therapies for Gli‐driven tumors target Smoothened (SMO), a G protein‐coupled receptor‐like protein that functions upstream in the Hh pathway. Although these drugs can have remarkable clinical efficacy, mutations in SMO and downstream Hh pathway components frequently lead to chemoresistance. In principle, therapies that act at the level of Gli proteins, through direct or indirect mechanisms, would be more efficacious. We therefore screened 325 120 compounds for their ability to block the constitutive Gli activity induced by loss of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), a scaffolding protein that directly inhibits Gli function. Our studies reveal a family of bicyclic imidazolium derivatives that can inhibit Gli‐dependent transcription without affecting the ciliary trafficking or proteolytic processing of these transcription factors. We anticipate that these chemical antagonists will be valuable tools for investigating the mechanisms of Gli regulation and developing new strategies for targeting Gli‐driven cancers.
Plant‐based predictions of canopy transpiration instead of meteorological approximations
Authors: Sinclair Thomas R. , Ghanem Michel Edmond 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEstimation of plant water use is critical, both now and under future climate‐changed environments, to understanding water limitation on plant production and hydrologic cycling. Currently, such predictions are based on meteorological approaches that are inherently empirical and should not be extrapolated beyond the empirical database. An alternative approach to calculating transpiration that relies on fundamental physiological and physical descriptors of canopy water use efficiency is reviewed. Re‐arrangement of the water use efficiency expression results in a definition of transpiration based on explicitly defined and readily observed, if necessary, parameters. The key plant parameters are photosynthate conversion to plant mass, photosynthesis pathway (C4 vs. C3), and canopy radiation use efficiency. The parameters tend to be stable within a species under non‐stressed conditions, although fully defined differences exist among species. Also, the consequences of stresses such as temperature, water deficit, and nitrogen deficit can be readily accounted for by their effect on canopy carbon accumulation. The capability of this approach in predicting canopy transpiration is illustrated in a comparison between calculated and measured transpiration by turf grasses. Water use predictions by natural and managed plant canopies need not to be handicapped by empirical meteorological approaches, but rather explicit parameters associated with various species traits can be used to define transpiration rate.
Pulsed Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Reduction on Oxide‐Derived Copper Catalyst
Authors: Strain Jacob M. , Gulati Saumya , Pishgar Sahar , Spurgeon Joshua M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEfficient electroreduction of carbon dioxide has been a widely pursued goal as a sustainable method to produce value‐added chemicals while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Processes have been demonstrated for the electroreduction of CO2 to CO at nearly 100 % faradaic efficiency, and as a consequence, there has been growing interest in the further electroreduction of carbon monoxide. Oxide‐derived copper catalysts have promising performance for the reduction of CO to hydrocarbons but have still been unable to achieve high selectivity to individual products. A pulsed‐bias technique is one strategy for tuning electrochemical selectivity without changing the catalyst. Herein a pulsed‐bias electroreduction of CO was investigated on oxide‐derived copper catalyst. Increased selectivity for single‐carbon products (i.e., formate and methane) was achieved for higher pulse frequencies (<1 s pulse times), as well as an increase in the fraction of charge directed to CO reduction rather than hydrogen evolution.
Detailed modeling of the video signal and optimal readout of charge‐coupled devices
Authors: Chierchie Fernando , Fernandez Moroni Guillermo , Querejeta Simbeni Pedro , Stefanazzi Leandro , Paolini Eduardo , Sofo Haro Miguel , Cancelo Gustavo , Estrada Juan 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThis article provides a practical design methodology to calculate an optimal filter for noise reduction in the readout of charge‐coupled devices (CCDs) taking into account the charge transfer and feedthroughs due to capacitive coupling in the CCD. A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the video signal and charge transfer is presented, including the circuital modeling of the output stage of the CCD and the dynamics of the electronics in the video chain before the analog‐to‐digital (AD) converter. This model is used to compute an optimal filter that minimizes the variance of the pixel noise and uses the samples of the charge transfer, before the charge is fully settled. This is necessary to enhance the performance of previous results that also use optimal filters but do not use the transition samples, while also reducing the pixel readout time, resulting in faster readouts. As a proof of concept for the optimal filter, we present novel experimental results using a Skipper CCD, which has a floating sense node that allows to measure the charge packet an arbitrary number of times. However, this technique can be applied to any CCD that has a readout system that digitally samples the video signal.
Ecohydrological change following rewetting of a deep‐drained northern raised bog
Authors: Gaffney Paul P.J. , Hugron Sandrine , Jutras Sylvain , Marcoux Olivier , Raymond Sébastien , Rochefort Line 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRestoration of degraded peatland ecosystems (by rewetting) is undertaken to bring back key ecosystem services. However, the restoration process can have a range of ecohydrological effects, due to the associated physical and biogeochemical disturbance. In the case of northern peatlands drained by large and deep ditches, the rewetting effects are relatively unknown. The raised bog Grande plée Bleue (1,500 ha) is one of the largest pristine bogs in the St‐Lawrence lowlands in North America; however, it contained an old (>60 years), 750 m long, 3.5 m deep, and 8 m wide ditch. Rewetting of the area affected by the ditch was carried out by the construction of six dams at 40 cm elevation intervals and felling of all trees (with diameter at breast height >10 cm) within 30 m. Water table was restored to levels similar to intact bog reference sites, only at elevation differences up to 17 cm from the nearest lower dam, while rewetting did not affect pore‐water chemistry. Five to 6 years post‐rewetting, the cover of both pioneer mosses, and late successional mosses (Sphagnum) had not changed significantly compared with pre‐rewetting. This may have been due to the presence of dense shrub cover. For more effective ecohydrological restoration, dams should be spaced at smaller elevation intervals (e.g., every 20 cm of elevation or less), to allow recovery of water table along the entire length of the ditch, and vegetation introduction using the moss layer transfer technique may accelerate Sphagnum recruitment, especially in the few first metres from the ditch.
Antineoplastic Agents: Environmental Prevalence and Adverse Outcomes in Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Wormington Alexis M. , De María Maite , Kurita Hajime G. , Bisesi Joseph H. , Denslow Nancy D. , Martyniuk Christopher J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million cancer-related deaths in 2018. Cancer incidence has increased over time, and so has the prescription rate of chemotherapeutic drugs. These pharmaceuticals, known as antineoplastic agents, enter the aquatic environment via human excretion and wastewater. The objectives of the present critical review were to investigate the risk of antineoplastics to aquatic species and to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding their levels in the environment, because many antineoplastics are not adequately removed during wastewater treatment. We conducted 2 separate literature reviews to synthesize data on the global environmental prevalence and toxicity of antineoplastics. The antineoplastics most frequently detected in the environment included cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, tamoxifen, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil; all were detectable in multiple water sources, including effluent and surface waters. These antineoplastics span 3 different mechanistic classes, with cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide classified as alkylating agents, tamoxifen as a hormonal agent, and methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as antimetabolites. Studies that characterize the risk of antineoplastics released into aquatic environments are scarce. We summarize the biological impacts of the most environmentally prevalent antineoplastics on aquatic organisms and propose an adverse outcome pathway for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, 2 widely prescribed drugs with a similar immunotoxic mode of action. Acute and chronic ecotoxicity studies using aquatic models are needed for risk characterization of antineoplastics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:967–985. © 2020 SETAC
Abstract
The world population is aging and there is a higher prevalence of cancer and therefore, antineoplastic drugs. These drugs are a challenge for wastewater treatment plants and are present in the environment. The prevalence and biological impacts of antineoplastics in aquatic systems are summarized in the present review.