bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term changes in polysaccharide utilization mechanisms of marine bacterioplankton during a spring phytoplankton bloom
Authors: Reintjes Greta , Fuchs Bernhard M. , Scharfe Mirco , Wiltshire Karen H. , Amann Rudolf , Arnosti Carol 
Published: March 2020

SummarySpring phytoplankton blooms in temperate environments contribute disproportionately to global marine productivity. Bloom‐derived organic matter, much of it occurring as polysaccharides, fuels biogeochemical cycles driven by interacting autotrophic and heterotrophic communities. We tracked changes in the mode of polysaccharide utilization by heterotrophic bacteria during the course of a diatom‐dominated bloom in the German Bight, North Sea. Polysaccharides can be taken up in a ‘selfish’ mode, where initial hydrolysis is coupled to transport into the periplasm, such that little to no low‐molecular weight (LMW) products are externally released to the environment. Alternatively, polysaccharides hydrolyzed by cell‐surface attached or free extracellular enzymes (external hydrolysis) yield LMW products available to the wider bacterioplankton community. In the early bloom phase, selfish activity was accompanied by low extracellular hydrolysis rates of a few polysaccharides. As the bloom progressed, selfish uptake increased markedly, and external hydrolysis rates increased, but only for a limited range of substrates. The late bloom phase was characterized by high external hydrolysis rates of a broad range of polysaccharides and reduced selfish uptake of polysaccharides, except for laminarin. Substrate utilization mode is related both to substrate structural complexity and to the bloom‐stage dependent composition of the heterotrophic bacterial community.
Background‐dependentWolbachia‐mediated insecticide resistance inLaodelphax striatellus
Authors: Li Yongteng , Liu Xiangdong , Wang Na , Zhang Yueliang , Hoffmann Ary A. , Guo Huifang 
Published: March 2020

SummaryAlthough facultative endosymbionts are now known to protect insect hosts against pathogens and parasitoids, the effects of endosymbionts on insecticide resistance are still unclear. Here we show thatWolbachiaare associated with increased resistance to the commonly used insecticide, buprofezin, in the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) in some genetic backgrounds while having no effect in other backgrounds. In threeWolbachia‐infected lines from experimental buprofezin‐resistant strains and one line from a buprofezin‐susceptible line established from Chuxiong, Yunnan province, China, susceptibility to buprofezin increased after removal ofWolbachia. An increase in susceptibility was also evident in aWolbachia‐infected line established from a field population in Rugao, Jiangsu province. However, no increase was evident in two field populations from Nanjing and Fengxian, Jiangsu province, China. WhenWolbachiawas introgressed into different genetic backgrounds, followed byWolbachiaremoval, the data pointed toWolbachiaeffects that depend on the nuclear background as well as on theWolbachiastrain. However, there was no relationship betweenWolbachiadensity and the component of buprofezin resistance associated with the symbiont. The results suggest thatWolbachiaeffects associated with chemical resistance are complex and unpredictable, but also that they can be substantial.
Learning to manage uncertainty: supervision, trust and autonomy in residency training
Authors: Bochatay Naike , Bajwa Nadia M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSociologists have debated whether and how medical trainees are socialised to deal with uncertainty for decades. Recent changes in the structure of medical education, however, have likely affected the ways that resident physicians learn to manage uncertainty. Through ethnographic case studies of academic medical centres in Switzerland and the United States, this article provides new insights into the processes through which residents learnt to manage uncertainty. These processes included working under supervision, developing relationships of trust with supervisors and gaining autonomy to practise independently. As a result, residents developed different attitudes towards uncertainty. Residents at the Swiss medical centre tended to develop a more pragmatic attitude and viewed uncertainty as something to be addressed and controlled. On the other hand, residents at the American medical centre tended to develop an acceptive attitude towards uncertainty. More broadly, residents learnt to reproduce their supervisors’ attitudes towards uncertainty. This article therefore provides new perspectives on continuity and the reproduction of social phenomena in medical education.
Evidence on the Use and Efficacy of Internal Whistleblowing Systems
Authors: STUBBEN STEPHEN R. , WELCH KYLE T. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTUsing a proprietary data set from a provider of internal whistleblowing (WB) systems, we analyze nearly two million internal WB reports submitted to over 1,000 publicly traded U.S. firms. We provide descriptive statistics, over time and across report types, on the amount and summary details of information provided, how extensively management reviews reports, the amount of time until reviews were completed, and the outcome of these reviews. Further, we examine the characteristics of firms with more actively used systems (i.e., a higher volume of reports, more information provided in reports, and reports that are more frequently reviewed by management). Finally, we show that internal WB report volume is associated with fewer and lower amounts of government fines and material lawsuits.
Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal‐based food
Authors: Wan Jing , Chen Bingcan , Rao Jiajia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMycotoxins contamination in cereal‐based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal‐based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.
Bioavailability of nutraceuticals: Role of the food matrix, processing conditions, the gastrointestinal tract, and nanodelivery systems
Authors: Dima Cristian , Assadpour Elham , Dima Stefan , Jafari Seid Mahdi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNowadays, many consumers prefer foods with a high content of nutraceuticals that contribute to the prevention or healing of chronic diseases. Therefore, in recent years, more and more researchers have studied the bioefficiency, safety, and toxicity of nutraceutical‐enriched foods. The key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the following processes: the release of nutraceuticals from food matrices or nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. These processes are endogenous factors that greatly influence the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. In addition to endogenous factors, the bioavailability of nutraceuticals is also affected by exogenous factors, such as: physicochemical properties of nutraceuticals, food matrix, food processing and storage, and so forth. Both the endogenous and exogenous factors are comprehensively analyzed in this review. Thus, the physicochemical and enzymatic processes involved in food digestion are described, highlighting the role of each stage of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach, and intestine) in nutraceuticals bioaccessibility. The structure and functions of the mucus and epithelial layers, the mechanisms involved in the active and passive transport of nutraceuticals through the cell membrane, and phase I and phase II metabolism reactions are also discussed. Finally, this review focuses on several types of bioactive‐loaded nanocarriers such as lipid‐based, surfactant‐based, and biopolymeric nanocarriers that improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals.
Chitinase 10 controls chitin amounts and organization in the wing cuticle of Drosophila
Authors: Dong Wei , Gao Ying‐Hao , Zhang Xu‐Bo , Moussian Bernard , Zhang Jian‐Zhen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWings are essential for insect fitness. A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation, which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle. Here, we addressed the question whether chitinase 10 (Cht10) may play an important role in chitin organization in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Initially, we first found that Cht10 expression coincides with the expression of the chitin synthase coding gene kkv. This suggests that the respective proteins may cooperate during wing differentiation. In tissue‐specific RNA interference experiments, we demonstrate that suppression of Cht10 causes an excess in chitin amounts in the wing cuticle. Chitin organization is severely disrupted in these wings. Based on these data, we hypothesize that Cht10 restricts chitin amounts produced by Kkv in order to ensure normal chitin organization and wing cuticle formation. In addition, we found by scanning electron microscopy that Cht10 suppression also affects the cuticle surface. In turn, cuticle inward permeability is enhanced in Cht10‐less wings. Moreover, flies with reduced Cht10 function are unable to fly. In conclusion, Cht10 is essential for wing terminal differentiation and function.
The efficacy of axitinib as a first‐line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kameda Tomohiro , Takayama Tatsuya , Sugihara Toru , Takeshima Saki , Yamazaki Masahiro , Komatsubara Maiko , Kamei Jun , Fujisaki Akira , Ando Satoshi , Kurokawa Shinsuke , Fujimura Tetsuya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate predictive factors which associated with oncological outcomes to first‐line axitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted patients who had been treated with axitinib as first‐line therapy for the treatment of mRCC from September 2013 to February 2018. Axitinib was given by single daily oral administration at a dose of 10 mg, which was reduced according to adverse events (AEs). We investigated progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) and AEs.ResultsThirty‐eight mRCC patients were enrolled. The median follow‐up duration of axitinib treatment was 11.3 months (range = 1.0–56.9). ORR was 28.9%. Median PFS and OS was 12.8, and 17.9 months, respectively. In univariate analysis, baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil, corrected calcium (Ca), platelets (Plt) and time from diagnosis were selected as potential predictive factors. Multivariate Cox's proportional hazards model analysis showed that the number of risk factors were associated with PFS (P = 0.03) and OS (P = 0.02).ConclusionBaseline LDH, neutrophil, Ca, Plt and time from diagnosis are predictive factors for both PFS and OS in first‐line treatment with axitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Neutrophil count kinetics during the first cycle of chemotherapy predicts the outcome of patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer
Authors: Colloca Giuseppe Antonio , Venturino Antonella , Guarneri Domenico 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeutrophil count reduction after chemotherapy has been related with longer survival of patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but there is not a standardized measurement for this phenomenon.MethodsSome parameters related to the change in neutrophil count between the first and the second cycle of chemotherapy or between the baseline count and the nadir have been evaluated among patients with advanced pancreatic cancer at a single institution. A Cox regression model was built which included, in addition to the common prognostic variables, some variables related to the change of the neutrophil count after chemotherapy.ResultsOne hundred patients were selected. Two neutrophil kinetics related variables predicted overall survival independently, such as the neutrophil count growth rate (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.245; confidence intervals [CIs], 1.077–1.440) and the chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia after one cycle (HR = 0.499; CIs, 0.269–0.927).ConclusionThe kinetics of neutrophil count after chemotherapy is an early and independent prognostic factor, which appears to be simple to measure at the start of the second cycle of chemotherapy by means of the neutrophil count growth rate.
The rationale and toxicity of combined cranial radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Yi , Zhuang Hongqing , Wang Junjie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCranial radiation therapy (CRT) remains to be the foundation stone of the management of brain metastases in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, the care of NSCLC, recently, has been remarkably reshaped by the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed death protein‐1 and programmed death ligand‐1 inhibitors, which even showed some efficacy in brain metastases. Furthermore, radiotherapy, traditionally regarded as a therapy via localized cytotoxicity, recently was reported to trigger a systemic immune response, thus probably enhancing the antitumor effect of ICIs. Preliminary datasets confirmed that the combination of these two therapies seemed superior to either monotherapy in NSCLC patients with brain metastases with improved efficacy and comparable toxicity. In this review, we started with discussing the rationale for the combination of CRT and ICIs, then outlined the clinical evidence supporting the high safety of this combined therapy, and finally made a preliminary conclusion on the safety of the combination of CRT and ICIs.
Sydney Facial Nerve Clinic: experience of a multidisciplinary team
Authors: Hayler Raymond , Clark Jonathan , Croxson Glen , Coulson Susan , Hussain Gazi , Ngo Quan , Ch'ng Sydney , Low Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Sydney Facial Nerve Clinic (SFNC) is a multidisciplinary clinic established in 2015, consisting of surgeons (otolaryngologists, head and neck and plastics/reconstructive), physiotherapists and speech pathologists.MethodsWe reviewed patients who attended the SFNC in the first 3 years and who had their symptoms recorded using the Facial Disability Index, and clinical staging recorded utilising the House–Brackmann (HB) score, Sydney Facial Nerve Score and Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS).ResultsBetween May 2015 and June 2018, 145 patients attended the clinic. Mean age was 44.6 ± 17.3 years with 94 (64.8%) females. Most referrals came from general practitioners (n = 75, 54.5%). The most common aetiology was iatrogenic injury (n = 55, 37.9%), followed by Bell's palsy (n = 48, 33.1%), congenital (n = 11, 7.6%), herpes zoster oticus (n = 9, 6.2%), trauma (n = 9, 6.2%) and other (n = 13, 9.0%). The median HB was 4, the mean Sydney score 7.3/15 and the mean SFGS was 45/100. Patients with iatrogenic causes had the worse facial nerve scoring in HB, Sydney and SFGS. Patients with congenital aetiology reported the least symptoms on Facial Disability Index (P < 0.001). Most patients were recommended non‐surgical management (n = 92, 64.3%); 51 (35.7%) were referred for botulinum toxin + facial physiotherapy, 25 (17.2%) for physiotherapy alone, seven (4.9%) for botulinum toxin alone and nine (6.3%) for conservative management. Fifty‐one patients (35.7%) were recommended surgery, generating 75 procedures; 24 oculoprotective, 22 static, 12 gracilis transfers, 10 temporalis myoplasties and seven nerve transfers.ConclusionIatrogenic injuries are the most common presentation for this clinic and have a more severe clinical presentation. Most patients presenting to the SFNC were managed non‐surgically.
Influence of obesity on the risk of recurrent acute diverticulitis
Authors: Turner Greg A. , O'Grady Michael , Frizelle Frank A. , Eglinton Tim W. , Sharma Prashant V. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute diverticulitis (AD) is a common surgical problem with increasing incidence. Obesity has become epidemic in western countries. Obesity has been shown to increase the risk of developing AD; however, little is known about its influence on the risk of recurrence. The decision to perform elective surgical resection to reduce the risk of recurrent AD is made on an individual basis considering perceived risk of recurrence weighed against patient comorbidity. The aim of this study is to assess whether obesity affects the likelihood of developing recurrent AD.MethodsA retrospective audit was conducted of all admissions with AD to a tertiary centre between 1998 and 2010. Medical records were reviewed and patients with an index presentation with AD included in the analysis. Imaging was used to calculate body mass index (BMI) for assessment of obesity. Follow‐up was for a minimum of 3 years from admission.ResultsA total of 1299 patients were admitted with an index presentation of AD in the study period. 18.3% overall had recurrent AD, all of whom had confirmation on imaging. Computed tomography was used to calculate BMI in 849 patients, of whom 470 (55.4%) were considered obese (BMI >30). The likelihood of recurrent AD was not significantly different in obese patients compared to their non‐obese counterparts (P = 0.2473).ConclusionWhile obesity increases the risk of developing AD overall, it does not appear to increase the likelihood of developing recurrent AD. This has implications for risk stratification when considering surgical resection to prevent recurrent AD.
The duration of gestation at previous induced abortion and its impacts on subsequent births: A nationwide registry‐based study
Authors: KC Situ , Gissler Mika , Klemetti Reija 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionPrevious induced abortions have been associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, only a few studies have considered the possible influence of gestational age at induced abortion. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the impacts of gestational age during prior induced abortion(s) on subsequent births among first‐time mothers in Finland.Material and methodsFirst‐time mothers (n = 418 690) with singleton births between 1996 and 2013 were identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register and linked to the Abortion Register. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) of birth outcomes such as prematurity, low birthweight, perinatal death and small for gestational age (SGA).ResultsHigher risk was determined for extremely preterm birth (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.53‐3.39) and very low birthweight (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.22‐2.16) in women having had late‐induced abortion(s) (≥12 gestational weeks) compared with women having had early‐induced abortion(s) (<12 gestational weeks); after adjusting for women’s background characteristics, abortion method and interval between the pregnancies. When the analysis was limited to a single abortion, an increased risk was found for extremely preterm birth (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.02‐2.81). Higher risks were found for extremely preterm (OR 4.09; 95% CI 2.05‐8.18) and very low birthweight (OR 2.65; 95% CI 1.61‐4.35) among women with two or more late‐induced abortions compared with those with two or more early‐induced abortions. Worse outcomes were seen after a late‐induced abortion compared to an early‐induced abortion for both medically and surgically induced abortion.ConclusionsThe risk of subsequent adverse birth outcomes is very small if any, but the risk is higher with increasing gestational age at the time of induced abortion. Our study supports reduction of unintended pregnancy and offering abortion services without delay and as early in gestation as possible.
Adolescent abuse victims displayed physical health complaints and trauma symptoms during post disclosure interviews
Authors: Rueness Janne , Augusti Else‐Marie , Strøm Ida Frugård , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Myhre Mia C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimWe investigated whether adolescents who had recently disclosed sexual abuse or family violence displayed more psychological trauma symptoms and physical health complaints than unaffected controls. We also investigated to what degree physical health complaints were associated with trauma symptoms in these abuse victims.MethodsAbuse, trauma symptoms and physical health complaints were assessed during face‐to‐face interviews with 40 sexual abuse victims and 35 family violence victims aged 10‐18 years. They had all attended forensic interviews at the Barnehus in Oslo, a specialised Norwegian police unit where evidence is gathered in adolescent‐friendly surroundings, from October 2016 to November 2018. Their symptoms were compared with 41 controls from the general population. Linear regression analyses investigated associations between trauma symptoms and physical health complaints.ResultsSexually abused adolescents displayed higher levels of post‐traumatic stress reactions, depression, dissociation and physical health complaints than unaffected controls. Family violence victims displayed higher levels of post‐traumatic stress reactions. Trauma symptoms were associated with physical health complaints, and these were most prominent in the adolescents with the highest burden of symptoms.ConclusionBased on the high burden of symptoms revealed, clinical examinations of abused adolescents should include a systematic assessment of trauma symptoms and physical health complaints.
Micro‐invasive method for studying lead isotopes in paintings*
Authors: D'Imporzano P. , Keune K. , Koornneef J. M. , Hermens E. , Noble P. , van Zuilen K. , Davies G. R. 
Published: March 2020

A micro‐invasive technique is presented that enables pigment sampling from individual layers of a painting cross‐section by obtaining a furrow 10–50 μm wide of chosen length. Combined with increased sensitivity of lead (Pb) isotope analysis using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICPMS) equipped with a 1013 Ω resistor or a Pb double‐spike technique, the amount of Pb needed for isotopic analysis is drastically reduced, while maintaining a relative 2 SD precision for 206Pb/204Pb of < 0.02%. The methodology proved able to characterize Pb isotope differences within paint layers.