bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gordon-Smith E.C. , Morris Emma C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to the blood cell lineages and the cells of the immune system, and their transplantation may be an appropriate part of the management of conditions including (1) malignant haematological disorders (e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma); (2) bone marrow failure syndromes (e.g. aplastic anaemia); and (3) congenital disorders—(a) haematological (e.g. Fanconi’s anaemia); (b) immunological—inherited immunodeficiency syndromes; and (c) metabolic (e.g. lysosomal storage diseases). Transplantation of HSCs uses either autologous HSCs (patient’s own stem cells) or allogeneic HSCs (harvested from an appropriately matched sibling or unrelated healthy donor). Successful engraftment of allogeneic HSCs depends upon (1) overcoming immune rejection by the recipient; (2) preventing or suppressing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), in which donor cells mount an immune attack against recipient tissues; and (3) supporting the patient through periods of profound cytopenias and immune deficiency with susceptibility to infection. Identification and sources of HSCs—HSCs are principally identified by expression of the surface antigen CD34. Sources include (1) bone marrow; (2) peripheral blood—following stimulation by cytokines (e.g. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor); and (3) umbilical cord blood.
Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease
Authors: Venning Vanessa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As in most medical specialties, the diagnosis of skin disease relies on careful history taking, and a thorough examination, supported in some cases by appropriate investigation. Astute physicians will also be aware that management outcomes are improved by taking account of the impact of skin disease on patients’ lives, whether through discomfort, disfigurement, or disability. This section, however, is chiefly concerned with aspects of history taking and examination that inform the diagnostic process. There are certain key points in the history of skin disease that should be specifically elicited. These should include a description of the events surrounding the onset of skin disease: when and where it started, and how it progressed.
Lumbar puncture
Authors: Davies R. Rhys , Larner Andrew J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Lumbar puncture for examination of the cerebrospinal fluid has been an integral part of neurological practice since the pioneering work of Quincke at the end of the 19th century. The proximity of nervous tissue and cerebrospinal fluid may afford insights into pathological processes within the nervous system through examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, which may not easily be accessed by other investigational modalities. Because of this importance, guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis have been published. The related procedure of cervical or cisternal puncture may also be used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid, but is far less frequently performed. Cerebrospinal fluid samples should always be regarded as precious, and hence every effort made to ensure correct analysis and interpretation; suboptimal performance is not infrequently encountered in day-to-day clinical practice.
Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system
Authors: Coles Alasdair , Chandran Siddharthan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The common feature of all of the demyelinating diseases is that, initially at least, the oligodendrocyte-myelin unit is the primary target, with the axon comparatively spared. There are a range of causes, both acquired and inherited, which this chapter explores. Multiple sclerosis, the prototypic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, is the leading causing of neurological disability among young adults in many industrialized nations. In the last two decades therapies have been licensed with increasing capacity to suppress the inflammation which underlies the condition, leading to durable benefits to patients. The next most prevalent demyelinating disease is neuromyelitis optica. Originally thought to be a variant of multiple sclerosis, it is now recognized to be a distinct disease whose treatment is radically different from multiple sclerosis.
Intracranial tumours
Authors: Rees Jeremy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Intracranial tumours represent about 2% of all cancers. There are no known risk factors apart from prior irradiation to the skull and brain and a few rare neurogenetic syndromes (e.g. neurofibromatosis, von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome). They may be intrinsic or extrinsic, which determines potential resectability. Neuroepithelial tumours (predominantly gliomas) account for 50–60% of all primary tumours. Molecular analysis has now been added to the histological grade and subtype to provide an integrated diagnosis which provides more accurate information for treatment and prognosis. As systemic anti-cancer treatments evolve and produce long-term control of visceral and bone disease, brain metastases are becoming increasingly common and are best treated with feither stereotactic radiosurgery or neurosurgery to avoid the cognitive decline associated with whole brain radiotherapy.
Psychopharmacology in medical practice
Authors: Cowen Philip J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Drugs intended to treat psychiatric disorders are referred to as psychotropic drugs. The main categories are antidepressants, mood stabilizing drugs, antipsychotic drugs, and antianxiety drugs. These drugs are widely used in medical practice and most clinicians are likely to have under their care several patients receiving treatment with them. Practitioners therefore need to have an understanding of both the uses and unwanted effects of psychotropic drugs, and particularly of (1) their interactions with drugs used to treat other medical conditions, (2) characteristic abstinence syndromes that can occur with sudden discontinuation of antidepressants (particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine) and anxiolytics.
Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine
Authors: Sharpe Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Psychiatry first developed as a separate medical specialty about 150 years ago when physicians were recruited to staff the new lunatic asylums. It later embraced psychotherapy and more recently has adopted community rather than hospital-based working. The fact that psychiatry remains largely separate from other areas of medicine, together with the increasing focus on technical procedures in medicine, has led to sometimes inadequate psychiatric care for medical patients. Measures to address this shortcoming began 50 years ago with the ad hoc development of liaison psychiatry teams, providing in-reach psychiatric services from mental hospitals to general hospitals. A more recent innovation is to reintegrate psychiatrists into medical teams as specialists in psychological medicine to provide joined up medical and psychiatric care.
Properties of simulated galaxies and supermassive black holes in cosmic voids
Authors: Habouzit Mélanie , Pisani Alice , Goulding Andy , Dubois Yohan , Somerville Rachel S , Greene Jenny E 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Cosmic voids, the underdense regions of the cosmic web, are widely used to constrain cosmology. Voids contain few, isolated galaxies, presumably expected to be less evolved and preserving memory of the pristine Universe. We use the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon-AGN coupled to the void finder vide to investigate properties of galaxies in voids at z = 0. We find that, closer to void centres, low-mass galaxies are more common than their massive counterparts. At a fixed dark matter halo mass, they have smaller stellar masses than in denser regions. The star formation rate of void galaxies diminishes when approaching void centres, but their specific star formation rate slightly increases, suggesting that void galaxies form stars more efficiently with respect to their stellar mass. We find that this cannot only be attributed to the prevalence of low-mass galaxies. The inner region of voids also predominantly hosts low-mass black holes (BHs). However, the BH mass-to-galaxy mass ratios resemble those of the whole simulation at z = 0. Our results suggest that even if the growth channels in cosmic voids are different from those in denser environments, voids grow their galaxies and BHs in a similar way. While a large fraction of the BHs have low Eddington ratios, we find that $\text{$\sim$} 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ could be observed as active galactic nuclei with $\log _{10} L_{\rm 2\!-\!10 \, keV}=41.5\!-\!42.5 \, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$. These results pave the way to future work with larger next-generation hydro-simulations, aiming to confirm our findings and prepare the application on data from upcoming large surveys such as Prime Focus Spectrograph, Euclid, and Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope.
Site-specific proteolytic cleavage prevents ubiquitination and degradation of human REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ
Authors: Wang Fengting , Li Pan , Shao Yuan , Li Yanyan , Zhang Kai , Li Miaomiao , Wang Rong , Zheng Shuo , Wang Yingying , Song Sen , Feng Shiguo , Liu Fei , Xiao Wei , Li Xialu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractREV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), is indispensable for translesion DNA synthesis, which protects cells from deleterious DNA lesions resulting from various intrinsic and environmental sources. However, REV3L lacks a proofreading exonuclease activity and consequently bypasses DNA lesions at the expense of increased mutations, which poses a severe threat to genome stability. Here we report a site-specific proteolytic event of human REV3L. We show that REV3L is cleaved by a threonine aspartase, Taspase1 (TASP1), to generate an N-terminal 70-kDa fragment (N70) and a polypeptide carrying the C-terminal polymerase catalytic domain in human cells. Strikingly, such a post-translational cleavage event plays a vital role in controlling REV3L stability by preventing ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of REV3L. Indicative of the biological importance of the above REV3L post-translational processing, cellular responses to UV and cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are markedly impaired in human HCT116 cell derivatives bearing defined point mutations in the endogenous REV3L gene that compromise REV3L cleavage. These findings establish a new paradigm in modulating the abundance of REV3L through site-specific proteolysis in human cells.
Imaging growth as a predictor of grade of malignancy and aggressiveness of IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas in adults
Authors: Roux Alexandre , Tauziede-Espariat Arnault , Zanello Marc , Peeters Sophie , Zah-Bi Gilles , Parraga Eduardo , Edjlali Myriam , Lechapt Emmanuèle , Shor Natalia , Bellu Luisa , Berzero Giulia , Dormont Didier , Dezamis Edouard , Chretien Fabrice , Oppenheim Catherine , Sanson Marc , Varlet Pascale , Capelle Laurent , Dhermain Frédéric , Pallud Johan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe quantified the spontaneous imaging growth rate of oligodendrogliomas. We assessed whether (i) it discriminates between World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and grade III oligodendrogliomas, and (ii) grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis are associated with more fast growth rates (≥8 mm/y).MethodsThis work employed a retrospective bicentric cohort study (2010–2016) of adult patients harboring a newly diagnosed supratentorial oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q codeleted (WHO 2016 classification), with a minimum of 2 available MRIs before any treatment (minimum 6-week interval) to measure the spontaneous tumor growth rate.ResultsWe included 108 patients (age 44.7 ± 14.1 y, 60 males). The tumor growth rate was higher in grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis (n = 37, median 10.4 mm/y, mean 10.0 ± 6.9) than in grade III oligodendrogliomas with increased mitosis count only (cutoff ≥6 mitoses, n = 18, median 3.9 mm/y, mean 4.5 ± 3.2; P = 0.004), and higher than in grade II oligodendrogliomas (n = 53, median 2.3 mm/y, mean 2.8 ± 2.2; P &lt; 0.001). There was increased prevalence of fast tumor growth rates in grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis (54.1%) compared with grade III oligodendrogliomas with increased mitosis count only (11.1%; P &lt; 0.001), and in grade II oligodendrogliomas (0.0%; P &lt; 0.001). The tumor growth rate trends did not differ between centers (P = 0.121). Neo-angiogenesis (P &lt; 0.001) and mitosis count at ≥9 (P = 0.013) were independently associated with tumor growth rates ≥8 mm/year. A tumor growth rate ≥8 mm/year was the only predictor independently associated with shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.041).ConclusionsThe spontaneous tumor growth rate recapitulates oligodendroglioma aggressiveness, permits identification of grade III oligodendrogliomas preoperatively when ≥8 mm/year, and questions the grading by mitosis count.
Interhemispheric Transfalcine Approach for Resection of Contralateral Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The high versatility and efficacy of the contralateral interhemispheric approach is demonstrated in this resection of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). This patient had a large AVM along the medial frontal lobe amenable to approach via the contralateral interhemispheric approach. The head was rotated to permit gravity retraction of the ipsilateral hemisphere to the AVM, avoiding the use of rigid retractors. Under the guidance of neuronavigation, the falx was opened to permit visualization of the AVM. Circumdissection with a disconnection of the nidus was performed in a standard fashion. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete removal of the AVM. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
The Effects of Time in Negotiations
Authors: Terris Lesley G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Political scientists have traditionally approached international negotiations from a rational perspective, focusing on states as unitary actors driven by cost–benefit considerations. In this literature, the element of passing time is largely treated within the contexts of changing circumstances, discounting utility, and learning processes under conditions of incomplete information. More recent research, drawing on a behavioral political science approach, has brought attention to additional factors, such as the influence of previous decisions made by actors on their mind-sets and, consequently, on their subsequent negotiation decisions. Two behavioral effects, which focus on this impact that have successfully been integrated into the international negotiations literature, are the sunk cost effect and more recently, inaction inertia. Whereas sunk costs lead decision-makers to stick to sub-optimal conflict policies, inaction inertia drives them to continue rejecting settlement opportunities after an attractive opportunity has been forgone. Both phenomena carry important implications for ongoing negotiation processes and provide explanations for negotiation failures that are not captured by classic rational models of negotiation. This chapter discusses the concept of time in negotiations as it is treated in the negotiation research and how behavioral political science has contributed to this body of knowledge by highlighting the influence of the shadow of the past on actors’ psychological states and negotiation decisions. The chapter expands on inaction inertia in negotiations, which has more recently been introduced into the literature, presenting latest findings and methodological developments.
Religion in the Schools
Authors: Taylor John E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Starting in the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court understood the Establishment Clause to strictly limit government’s ability to promote religion in the schools: The state could not lead prayers, it could not fund private religious education, and it could not teach religion as true in the public school curriculum. During the same period, the Court construed free exercise rights (in schools and elsewhere) in a fairly modest fashion by balancing religious rights against government interests. Beginning in 1990, the Court weakened the Free Exercise Clause still further. Today, however, the Court is moving to reshape the general law of the Religion Clauses, and the trend points (clearly) toward a greatly weakened Establishment Clause and (less clearly) toward a Free Exercise Clause that is at least somewhat more robust. The Court has also made clear that the Free Speech Clause grants religious speakers equal rights to speak on school property. These speech protections are powerful guarantors of religious liberty, even if no revolution in free exercise law materializes. This chapter surveys the constitutional law involving religion in the K–12 public schools, summarizing that law as it currently stands and offering tentative predictions about where it is headed. The chapter begins with the Establishment Clause limits on government religious expression in the public schools, then continues by discussing the free exercise rights of students and teachers, religion in the public school curriculum, and the rights of religious groups to speak on school property.
Parental Choice and the Future of Faith-based Schools
Authors: Garnett Nicole Stelle 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the thirty years since Wisconsin enacted the nation’s first private school choice program, the footprint of private school choice has expanded to cover over half of states and the District of Columbia. During the same time, the closure of faith-based schools serving disadvantaged children has continued apace. These schools likely will continue to disappear, especially from our urban communities, unless the scope of, and participation in, private school choice increases rather dramatically in years to come. The effects of increasing the public funds available to attend private and faith-based schools likely will be shaped by myriad factors, including the mechanisms employed to distribute the funds, amount of money distributed, the programmatic and regulatory details, the preferences of parents, and the participation rates of different kinds of schools. That said, choice mechanisms and program regulations also will shape participation rates in private school choice and other alternatives to public schools, such as homeschooling. Not all support such an expansion, but those who do—and who value the pluralism provided by faith-based schools—must come to terms with the issues discussed in this chapter.
Humanism and Sport
Authors: Bain-Selbo Eric 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Play is a fundamental characteristic of the human condition, one that manifests itself prominently in the practice of sport. In this chapter, readers are introduced to the concepts of play, sport, and humanism—in particular, an understanding of humanism informed significantly by the work of philosopher Richard Rorty. Why should sport matter to the humanist? Because sport draws upon our fundamental nature as beings who play. It teaches us that we can passionately and meaningfully engage in play while also recognizing the fundamental contingency of the very activities that manifest play. Sport, when viewed through a humanist lens, can play an important role in a humanist vision of the future.
Humanism and Environmentalism
Authors: McKanan Dan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Humanists, affirming that humanity is a “part of nature,” have urged responsible action on such problems as overpopulation and global warming since humanist organizations were created in the middle of the twentieth century. Many leading environmentalists, including Worldwatch founder Lester Brown, biologist E. O. Wilson, and animal rights advocate Peter Singer, have been publicly associated with the humanist movement. Yet some environmentalists, including Singer himself, fault humanism for deifying humanity and ignoring the dignity of other species. In the face of this criticism, some humanists seek to distance humanism from humanocentrism, while others insist that an optimistic confidence in human potential is preferable to ecological pessimism.
Romantic Love for a Reason
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In contemporary and historical contributions to the philosophy of love there has been considerable resistance to three claims concerning romantic love: (1) Romantic love is assessable for rationality, (2) romantic love is love for a reason, and (3) romantic love is reason-responsive. This chapter argues that these three ideas are intimately tied together. It offers justification for all three claims on the basis of more general considerations of the nature of emotions and evidence in support of the claim that romantic love is best rendered a complex emotion that when felt is truly multimodal. It attributes the property of causing certain internal qualities (e.g., a quickening of the heartbeat) that are experienced through interoception to a person identified through some perceptual or cognitive faculty (e.g., a sight of the beloved). Along the way it identifies some of the main ways in which romantic love differs from other kinds of love, such as friendship love and parental love.
Slave Trade, Manumission, and Citizenship in Ancient Rome and Brazil: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Joly Fábio Duarte , Marquese Rafael de Bivar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter analyses in a comparative way the interconnectedness between slave trade, manumission, and the granting of citizenship to former slaves in Roman and Brazilian slave societies. Due to the absence of a strict line of continuity between the Roman and modern worlds, the comparison is made mainly in formal terms. While Brazilian slavery was part of a capitalist world economy where slave trade and anti-slavery ideologies coexisted, Roman slavery developed in the Mediterranean area where slavery and other forms of compulsory labour were never subjected to anything but occasional criticism. Although placed in different material, political, and ideological contexts, both slave societies followed similar paths that show the necessity of an examination of the long-term interconnection of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic world systems and its multiple layers of time.
Against Roman Rule
Authors: Goldhill Simon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article examines certain types of narrative from rabbinical sources and how they relate both to forms of social life and to expectations of Greco-Roman narrative, genre, and normativity. It situates them within the context of the writings of Hellenistic Judaism and to the adoption of Greco-Roman models by what becomes the dominant religious authority of the Christians. It also explores the particularity of the textual world of the Talmud as an issue of the construction and performance of subjectivity and concludes by highlighting the importance of the connection between narrative and lived experience for rabbinical writing and for the construction of the subject’s positionality within it. It argues that the Talmud reveals a defeated national group reforming its community in interaction with—and often in fierce and fearful contention with and gestures of separation from—dominant Greco-Roman culture, and from other Jews, more assimilated to that dominant culture.