bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systems, economics, and neoliberal politics: Theories to understand missed nursing care
Authors: Jones Terry , Drach‐Zahavy Anat , Amorim‐Lopes Mário , Willis Eileen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe phenomenon of missed nursing care is endemic across all sectors. Nurse leaders have drawn attention to the implications of missed care for patient outcomes, with calls to develop clear political, methodological, and theoretical approaches. As part of this call, we describe three structural theories that inform frameworks of missed care: systems theory, economic theory, and neoliberal politics. The final section provides commentary on the strengths and limitations of these three theories, in the light of structuration theory and calls to balance this research agenda by reinstating nurse agency and examining the interactions between nurses as agents and the health systems as structures. The paper argues that a better understanding of variations in structure–agency interaction across the healthcare system might lead to more effective interventions at strategic leverage points.
A novel method of sacral nerve stimulation for colonic inflammation
Authors: Zhang Nina , Zhang Han , Jiang Liuqin , Zhang Shengai , Yin Jieyun , Schramm Lawrence , Pasricha Pankaj P. , Chen Jiande D. Z. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundVagal nerve stimulation has been reported to treat inflammation with promising results. The aims of our study were to optimize sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) methodologies for colonic inflammation in a rodent model of colitis and to investigate autonomic and cytokine mechanisms.MethodsThree major efforts were made in optimizing SNS: (a) to determine the best stimulation duration: SNS‐0.5h daily, SNS‐1h daily, and SNS‐3h daily with the parameters set at 5 Hz, 10 seconds on, 90 seconds off; (b) to determine the best stimulation position: bilateral, bipolar, and unipolar stimulation; (c) to determine the best stimulation parameters: our 5 Hz intermittent stimulation vs 14 Hz‐210 μs continuous stimulation. Inflammatory responses were assessed by the disease activity index (DAI), histological analyses, and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Levels of inflammatory cytokines, norepinephrine (NE), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in both plasma and colon tissues were assessed.Key ResultsBoth SNS‐1h and SNS‐3h significantly ameliorated intestinal inflammation; SNS‐1h was superior to SNS‐3h. Bipolar but not bilateral or unipolar stimulation improved the inflammation in colitis. SNS with 5 Hz intermittent stimulation but not the 14 Hz continuous SNS was better for treating colitis in rats. SNS with the optimized stimulation parameters increased vagal activity and decreased sympathetic activity.Conclusion & InferencesBipolar stimulation for 1 hour daily using intermittent 5 Hz parameters is most effective in improving colonic inflammation in TNBS‐treated rats by inhibiting pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti‐inflammatory cytokines via the modulation of the autonomic function.
Dismantling, disintegration or continuing stealthy integration in European Union environmental policy?
Authors: Lenschow Andrea , Burns Charlotte , Zito Anthony 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis symposium assesses the trajectory of European Union (EU) environmental policy and integration in light of the rising pressure for policy dismantling and disintegration. This introductory article discusses the literature and the mixed evidence of EU environmental policy dismantling. Building on the three symposium articles, we investigate the role of the European Commission in this process, evaluating its role as a general ‘motor of integration’ and more specifically as an environmental policy entrepreneur. We find that the current political context does push the Commission to reconsider its entrepreneurial role and adopt the role of a ‘normalized bureaucracy’. Nonetheless, organizational features, such as new hierarchies and presidential leadership, and ideas that frame policy initiatives explain continued policy evolution and resistance to outright dismantling. Scholars should also pay close attention to implementing measures and patterns of enforcement to detect the more subtle policy shifts.
The molluscum contagiosum BOTE sign—Infected or inflamed?
Authors: Gross Itai , Ben Nachum Noa , Molho‐Pessach Vered , Weiser Giora , Oster Yonatan , Engelhard Dan , Megged Orli , Hashavya Saar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundMolluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common skin infection in the pediatric age group. The infection is self‐limited and manifests as discrete, umbilicated skin‐colored papules on any skin surface of the body. At times, complications such as local dermatitis and swelling, erythema, and pus formation may appear. These signs of inflammation are commonly presumed to represent bacterial infection.MethodsThis multicenter study was a retrospective analysis of data collected on all patients diagnosed with inflamed lesions secondary to MC and treated at the Hadassah Medical Centers and Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem, Israel, from 1/1/2008 to 1/07/2018. Characteristics of children with positive cultures were compared to those with negative cultures and those with contaminants.ResultsA total of 56 cases were reviewed; the mean age at presentation was 4.6 years. Fever was reported in 12.5%, and 62.5% received systemic antibiotics because of their inflamed MC prior to admission. Fifty‐five percent had sterile cultures or cultures growing only contaminants. Only seven had positive cultures with the common cutaneous pathogens. No statistical difference was observed between the patients with pathogenic isolates and patients with sterile or non‐pathogenic cultures in terms of demographics, lesion characteristics, inflammatory markers, or length of hospitalization.ConclusionThe findings suggest that most cases of suspected MC‐related secondary infection can be attributed to inflammation rather than to bacterial infection. However, in some cases, true bacterial infection should be suspected and treated accordingly.
Clinical and histologic presentation of pediatric reactive granulomatous dermatitis
Authors: Akinshemoyin Vaughn Olushola L. , Siegel Dawn H. , Chiu Yvonne E. , DeBord Logan C. , Hogeling Marcia , Hunt Raegan D. , Nguyen Cordellia , Sokumbi Olayemi , Verbsky James W. , Arkin Lisa M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the clinical and histologic presentation of reactive granulomatous dermatitis (RGD) in the pediatric population.MethodsIn this multicenter retrospective chart review, 7 pediatric patients with biopsy‐proven RGD were identified. Photographs, histology reports, and clinical course were reviewed to discover patterns in demographics, comorbid conditions, autoimmune sequelae, drug exposures, infections, morphology, and histologic features.ResultsOverall, 7 patients were included and analyzed. Most were female and Hispanic. All presented with a similar dermatologic phenotype previously described in the adult literature including macular erythema and annular, pink to violaceous, edematous papules and plaques, often involving proximal extremities and extensor joints. All biopsies demonstrated variable collagen alteration and a perivascular interstitial infiltrate of histiocytes with or without mucin. Neutrophils or karyorrhexic debris were present in 4/7 of the biopsies, and eosinophils were occasionally seen (2/7 cases). In all cases, RGD was associated with active SLE or led to a new diagnosis, and initiation of systemic treatment improved cutaneous disease.ConclusionsPediatric RGD was more common in female patients and ethnic minorities, and strongly associated with SLE. Clinical and histologic presentations were consistent across all cases with only minor variations, suggesting that recognition and confirmation might be expedited by familiarity with these dominant patterns. Diagnosis of RGD in pediatric patients should prompt screening for SLE.
Occurrence and molecular characterization of Actinidia virus C (AcVC), a novel vitivirus infecting kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) in China
Authors: Zhao Lei , Cao Mengji , Huang Qianru , Jing Mingpeng , Bao Wenwu , Zhang Yuanle , Hou Caiting , Wu Yunfeng , Wang Qiao‐Chun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractKiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is an economically important fruit crop in the world. China is the largest producer of kiwifruit in terms of both acreage and yield. In this study, a novel virus, tentatively named Actinidia virus C (AcVC), was discovered in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Xuxiang’ grown in commercial kiwifruit fields in the Shaanxi province, a major kiwifruit‐growing region in China. Sequencing of the complete genome showed that AcVC has 7,668 nucleotides (not including the poly‐(A) sequence). Complete genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that AcVC is most closely related to AcVA and then to AcVB. AcVC shares 69.2% nucleotide identity with AcVA (GenBank accession number JN427014). Based on these data, Actinidia virus C is assigned as a new tentative member of the genus Vitivirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. AcVC was found to infect A. deliciosa and A. chinesis, the two major cultivated kiwifruits. Infection frequency of AcVC varied with the kiwifruit‐growing regions and cultivars in the Shaanxi province of China.
Food insecurity among college students
Authors: Regan Erica P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany college students experience food insecurity. It is important that researchers understand this issue for students because food insecurity is a measure of material hardship more broadly, and it could have negative implications for students' success in college and their lifetime economic opportunities. This review synthesizes researchers' current understanding of food insecurity among college students from a sociological lens focused on economic insecurity and material hardship. It focuses in detail on the breadth and depth of research around food insecurity among college students, exploring how food insecurity is measured, researchers' varying methodologies for assessing it, and topic areas of interest, such as how food insecurity differs by institution type, demographic characteristics, and its associations with health and academic outcomes.
A retrospective analysis to determine if exercise training‐induced thermoregulatory adaptations are mediated by increased fitness or heat acclimation
Authors: Ravanelli Nicholas , Gagnon Daniel , Imbeault Pascal , Jay Ollie 
Published: March 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Are fitness‐related improvements in thermoregulatory responses during uncompensable heat stress mediated by aerobic capacity or is it the partial heat acclimation associated with training?

What is the main finding and its importance?

During uncompensable heat stress, individuals with high and low displayed similar sweating and core temperature responses whereas exercise training in previously untrained individuals resulted in a greater sweat rate and a smaller rise in core temperature. These observations suggest that it is training, not per se, that mediates thermoregulatory improvements during uncompensable heat stress.

AbstractIt remains unclear whether aerobic fitness, as defined by the maximum rate of oxygen consumption , independently improves heat dissipation in uncompensable environments, or whether the thermoregulatory adaptations associated with heat acclimation are due to repeated bouts of exercise‐induced heat stress during regular aerobic training. The present analysis sought to determine if independently influences thermoregulatory sweating, maximum skin wettedness (ωmax) and the change in rectal temperature (ΔTre) during 60 min of exercise in an uncompensable environment (37.0 ± 0.8°C, 4.0 ± 0.2 kPa, 64 ± 3% relative humidity) at a fixed rate of heat production per unit mass (6 W kg−1). Retrospective analyses were performed on 22 participants (3 groups), aerobically unfit (UF; n = 7; : 41.7 ± 9.4 ml kg−1 min−1), aerobically fit (F; n = 7; : 55.6 ± 4.3 ml kg−1 min−1; P < 0.01) and aerobically unfit (n = 8) individuals, before (pre; : 45.8 ± 11.6 ml kg−1 min−1) and after (post; : 52.0 ± 11.1 ml kg−1 min−1; P < 0.001) an 8‐week training intervention. ωmax was similar between UF (0.74 ± 0.09) and F (0.78 ± 0.08, P = 0.22). However, ωmax was greater post‐ (0.84 ± 0.08) compared to pre‐ (0.72 ± 0.06, P = 0.02) training. During exercise, mean local sweat rate (forearm and upper‐back) was greater post‐ (1.24 ± 0.20 mg cm−2 min−1) compared to pre‐ (1.04 ± 0.25 mg cm−2 min−1, P < 0.01) training, but similar between UF (0.94 ± 0.31 mg cm−2 min−1, P = 0.90) and F (1.02 ± 0.30 mg cm−2 min−1). The ΔTre at 60 min of exercise was greater pre‐ (1.13 ± 0.16°C, P < 0.01) compared to post‐ (0.96 ± 0.14°C) training, but similar between UF (0.85 ± 0.29°C, P = 0.22) and F (0.95 ± 0.22°C). Taken together, aerobic training, not per se, confers an increased ωmax, greater sweat rate, and smaller rise in core temperature during uncompensable heat stress in fit individuals.
Molecular and tissue mechanisms of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Wleklinski Matthew J. , Kannankeril Prince J. , Knollmann Bjӧrn C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCatecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a stress‐induced cardiac channelopathy that has a high mortality in untreated patients. Our understanding has grown tremendously since CPVT was first described as a clinical syndrome in 1995. It is now established that the deadly arrhythmias are caused by unregulated ‘pathological’ calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the major calcium storage organelle in striated muscle. Important questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the pathological calcium release, regarding the tissue origin of the arrhythmic beats that initiate ventricular tachycardia, and regarding optimal therapeutic approaches. At present, mutations in six genes involved in SR calcium release have been identified as the genetic cause of CPVT: RYR2 (encoding ryanodine receptor calcium release channel), CASQ2 (encoding cardiac calsequestrin), TRDN (encoding triadin), CALM1, CALM2 and CALM3 (encoding identical calmodulin protein). Here, we review each CPVT subtype and how CPVT mutations alter protein function, RyR2 calcium release channel regulation, and cellular calcium handling. We then discuss research and hypotheses surrounding the tissue mechanisms underlying CPVT, such as the pathophysiological role of sinus node dysfunction in CPVT, and whether the arrhythmogenic beats originate from the conduction system or the ventricular working myocardium. Finally, we review the treatments that are available for patients with CPVT, their efficacy, and how therapy could be improved in the future.
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Motor learning induces time‐dependent plasticity that is observable at the spinal cord level
Authors: Giboin Louis‐Solal , Tokuno Craig , Kramer Andreas , Henry Mélanie , Gruber Markus 
Published: March 2020

Key points
The spinal cord is an important contributor to motor learning
It remains unclear whether short‐term spinal cord adaptations are general or task‐specific
Immediately after task acquisition, neural adaptations were not specific to the trained task (i.e. were general)
Twenty‐four hours after acquisition, neural adaptations appeared to be task‐specific
The neural reorganization and generalization of spinal adaptations appears to be time‐dependent.
AbstractSpinal cord plasticity is an important contributor of motor learning in humans, although its mechanisms are still poorly documented. In particular, it remains unclear whether short‐term spinal adaptations are general or task‐specific. As a marker of neural changes that are observable at spinal level, we measured the Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) amplitude in the soleus muscle of 18 young healthy human adults before, immediately after (acquisition), and 24 h after (retention) the learning of a skilled task (i.e. one‐legged stance on a tilt board). H‐reflexes were elicited 46 ± 30 ms before touching the tilt board. Additionally, and at the same time points, we measured the H‐reflex with the subject sitting at rest and when performing an unskilled and untrained task (i.e. one‐legged stance on the floor). After task acquisition, there was a decrease of the H‐reflex amplitude measured at rest but not during the skilled or the unskilled task. At retention, there was a decrease of the H‐reflex when measured during the skilled task but not during the unskilled task or at rest. Performance increase was not associated with changes in the H‐reflex amplitude. After the acquisition of a new skilled task, spinal changes appeared to be general (i.e. observable at rest). However, 24 h after, these changes were task‐specific (i.e. observable only during performance of the trained task). These results imply that skill training induces a time‐dependent reorganization of the modulation of spinal networks, which possibly reflects a time‐dependent optimization of the feedforward motor command.
Nitric oxide metabolism in the human placenta during aberrant maternal inflammation
Authors: Mukosera George T. , Clark Tatianna C. , Ngo Larry , Liu Taiming , Schroeder Hobe , Power Gordon G. , Yellon Steven M. , Parast Mana M. , Blood Arlin B. 
Published: March 2020

Key points
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter with important physiological and pathophysiological roles in pregnancy.
There is limited information available about the sources and metabolism of NO and its bioactive metabolites (NOx) in both normal and complicated pregnancies.
The present study characterized and quantified endogenous NOx in human and mouse placenta following determination of the stability of exogenous NOx in placental homogenates.
NOx have differential stability in placental homogenates. NO and iron nitrosyl species (FeNOs), are relatively unstable in placental homogenates from normal placentas.
Exogenous NO, nitrite and nitrosothiols react with placental homogenates to form iron nitrosyl complexes. FeNOs were also detected endogenously in mouse and human placenta.
NOx levels in placental villous tissue are increased in fetal growth restriction vs. placentas from women with normal pregnancies, particularly in fetal growth restriction associated with pre‐eclampsia. Villitis was not associated, however, with an increase in NOx levels in either normotensive or pre‐eclamptic placentas.
The results call for further investigation of FeNOs in normal and complicated pregnancies.

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter with important roles in pregnancy under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Although products of NO metabolism (NOx) also have significant bioactivity, little is known about the role of NO and NOx under conditions of aberrant placental inflammation during pregnancy. An ozone‐based chemiluminescence approach was used to investigate the stability and metabolic fate of NOx in human placental homogenates from uncomplicated pregnancies in healthy mothers compared to that in placental tissue from normotensive and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies complicated with fetal growth restriction (FGR) with and without villitis of unknown aetiology. We hypothesized that placental NOx would be increased in FGR vs. normal tissue, and be further increased in villitis vs. non‐villitis placentas. Findings indicate that nitrate, nitrite and nitrosothiols, but not NO or iron nitrosyl species (FeNOs), are relatively stable in placental homogenates from normal placentas, and that NO, nitrite and nitrosothiols react with placental homogenates to form iron nitrosyl complexes. Furthermore, NOx levels in placental villous tissue are increased in FGR vs. placentas from women with normal pregnancies, particularly in FGR associated with pre‐eclampsia. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, villitis was not associated with an increase in NOx levels in either normotensive or pre‐eclamptic placentas. Our results also strongly support the involvement of FeNOs in both mouse and human placenta, and call for their further study as a critical mechanistic link between pre‐eclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
The intrinsic cell type‐specific excitatory connectivity of the developing mouse subiculum is sufficient to generate synchronous epileptiform activity
Authors: Fiske Michael Patrick , Anstötz Max , Welty Leah J , Maccaferri Gianmaria 
Published: March 2020

Key points
The activity of local excitatory circuits of the subiculum has been suggested to be involved in the initiation of pathological activity in epileptic patients and experimental animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy.
We have taken advantage of multimodal techniques to classify subicular cells in distinct subclasses and have investigated their morphofunctional properties and connectivity in vitro.
Our results indicate that local subicular excitatory circuits are connected in a cell type‐specific fashion and that synapses are preferentially established on basal vs. apical dendrites.
We show that local excitatory circuits, isolated from extrasubicular inputs and pharmacologically disinhibited, are sufficient to initiate synchronous epileptiform activity in vitro.
In conclusion, this work provides a high‐resolution description of local excitatory circuits of the subiculum and highlights their mechanistic involvement in the generation of pathological activity.AbstractThe subiculum has been suggested to be involved in the initiation of pathological discharges in human patients and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Although converging evidence has revealed the existence of functional diversity within its principal neurons, much less attention has been devoted to its intrinsic connectivity and whether its local excitatory circuits are sufficient to generate epileptiform activity. Here, we have directly addressed these two key points in mouse subicular slices. First, using multivariate techniques, we have distinguished two groups of principal cells, which we have termed type 1 and type 2. These subgroups roughly overlap with what were classically indicated as regular and bursting cells, and showed differences in the extension and complexity of their apical dendrites. Functional connectivity was found both between similar (homotypic) and different (heterotypic) types of cells, with a marked asymmetry within heterotypic pairs. Unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (uEPSPs) revealed a high degree of variability both in amplitude, failure rate, rise time and half‐width. Post hoc analysis of functionally connected pairs suggested that the observed uEPSPs were mediated by few contact sites, predominantly located on the basal dendrites. When surgically isolated from extrasubicular excitatory afferents, pharmacologically disinhibited subicular slices generated hyper‐synchronous discharges. Thus, we conclude that local subicular excitatory circuits, connected according to cell type‐specific rules, are sufficient to promote epileptiform activity. This conclusion fits well with a previous suggestion that local subicular events, purely mediated by excitatory connections, may underlie the pre‐ictal discharges that govern interictal–ictal transitions.