bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Long Recovery Time of Metal-Oxide Gas Sensor With Certainty Factor Sensing Algorithm
Authors: Eu Kok Seng , Yap Kian Meng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gas leaking in gas production industry is a serious issue which could cause explosion or pose a high risk to human life. The searching of leaking gas can be performed by robots. It is better than using human beings because searching of leaking gas is a high risk task. Most of the gas sensors used in industries is semiconductor metal-oxide (MOX) type due to its low cost, ease of use, high sensitivity and fast response time in gas sensing, and ability to detect large number of gases. However, there is a fatal limitation i. e. long recovery time after the exposure of the target gas. It definitely causes robots to fail in gas/odour plume searching tasks due to delay of responses during the absent of gas plume. This paper proposes a sensing algorithm based on evidential theory which is using certainty factors and evidential reasoning to overcome the long recovery problem. Based on the conducted experiments, the proposed algorithm has improved the accuracy and reliability while maintaining its performance in recovery time. It performs better than other algorithms such as simple threshold methods, transient response algorithm and system modelling approach.
Reprogramming Embedded Systems at Run-Time
Authors: Oliver Richard , Wilde Adriana , Zaluska Ed 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The dynamic re-programming of embedded systems is a long-standing problem in the field. With the advent of wireless sensor networks and the ‘Internet of Things’ it has now become necessary to be able to reprogram at run-time due to the difficulty of gaining access to such systems once deployed. The issues of power consumption, flexibility, and operating system protections are examined for a range of approaches, and a critical comparison is given. A combination of approaches is recommended for the implementation of real-world systems and areas where further work is required are highlighted.
A New Scheme for Determination of Respiration Rate in Human Being using MEMS Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor: Simulation Study
Authors: Chattopadhyay Madhurima , Chakraborty Deborshi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a MEMS based capacitive nasal sensor system for measuring Respiration Rate (RR) of human being is developed. At first two identical diaphragm based MEMS capacitive nasal sensors are designed and virtually fabricated. A proposed schematic of the system consists of signal conditioning circuitry alongwith the sensors is described here. In order to measure the respiration rate the sensors are mounted below Right Nostril (RN) and Left Nostril (LN), in such a way that the nasal airflow during inspiration and expiration impinge on the sensor diaphragms. Due to nasal airflow, the designed square diaphragm of the sensor is being deflected and thus induces a corresponding change in the original capacitance value. This change in capacitance value is to be detected by a correlated- double-sampling (CDS) capacitance-to-voltage converter is designed for a precision interface with a MEMS capacitive pressure sensor, followed by an amplifier and a differential cyclic ADC to digitize the pressure information. The designed MEMS based capacitive nasal sensors is capable of identifying normal RR (18.5±1.5 bpm) of human being. The design of sensors and its characteristics analysis are performed in a FEA/BEA based virtual simulation platform.
A Method for Improving Conversion Rate and Accuracy of a Capacitance-to-Digital Converter
Authors: Vooka Prashanth , George Boby 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Capacitance-to-Digital Converter (CDC) ICs available in the market use square wave excitation signals but a sinusoidal excitation is preferred in various applications, such as ice detection, liquid level measurement, humidity measurement, proximity sensing, etc. A dual slope technique based CDC that employs a sinusoidal excitation has been reported recently, but it requires a large number of excitation cycles, to complete an accurate conversion. This paper presents an improved CDC that employs a specially designed method to achieve high accuracy even when a much smaller number of excitation cycles, than the reported scheme, are employed to complete the conversion. A prototype CDC has been developed and tested. In comparison with an existing CDC, the new CDC achieved a substantial reduction (by a factor of 4000) in the number of excitation cycles during integration period, resulting in an improved update rate. Worst case error observed from the prototype CDC was less than 0.24%.
Schottky Diode Graphene Based Sensors
Authors: Ashour A. , Saqr M. , M. AbdelKarim , Gamal A. , Sharaf A. , Serry M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we aim to demonstrate a novel scheme for integration of nanostructured semiconductor Graphene Oxide (GO) shottky diodes on flexible substrate for a wide range of sensing applications. The platform introduces a novel flexible GO/Pt/n-Si and GO/Pt/SiN composite structures which provides excellent optical and electrical properties, while maintaining an acceptable mechanical, biocompatibility, and return loss performance. The new structure was investigated for glucose, radiation, and infrared sensing. The sensors results showed ultrahigh sensitivity and high linearity in the targeted regions of interest. Moreover, the use of nanostructured materials allows for the development of a new generation of modern printed circuit antennas and will enable wide range of applications merging both technologies for a wide range of wearable and implantable sensing devices.
Organoleptic Properties Remote Sensing and Life- Time Prediction along the Perishables Goods Supply-Chain
Authors: Annese V.F. , Biccario G.E. , Cipriani S. , De Venuto D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, two of the most compelling challenges in the field of food safety and certification are the reduction of the multitude of food losses and wastes in the supply chain and the improvement of certification and monitoring procedures during each stage of production. The aim of this paper is to propose an effective solution to both problems: a wireless sensor network (WSN) combined with a further data processing for real-time monitoring and shelf life prediction.
Polymer Optical Fibre Sensor for Measuring Breathing Rate of Lying Person
Authors: Ahmed Nabeel , Scully Patricia , Vaughan John , Wilson Christine Brown , Ozanyan Krikor 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A physiological sensor enabling measurement of one of the vital signs (breathing rate) of a person without direct contact with the person is presented. Compared to current vital signs measuring devices we present a much simpler and less time consuming method of measuring vital signs with the potential for applications in hospitals and homes. A practical prototype sensor, based on polymer optical fibre (POF) sensor instrumentation was fabricated using Toray specific grade fibre exhibiting an increase in 30 % bending losses from the standard (FX 1000) commercial fibre. A 640 nm light-emitting diode was used to illuminate the fibre, with its sensitivity to bending increased by cutting transversal grooves along the fibre and then by applying plastic rods along the fibre to increase bending loss. Although both methods increased the bending loss of the fibre, grooving reduced POF durability and integrity, whereas use of the plastic rods enhanced bending losses without damaging the fibre. Signals from respiration as well as postural movements of a person lying on the POF sensor allow measurements to be taken in an unobtrusive manner. Bending losses attenuating light transmission through the fibre were related to displacement of POF during respiration (expansion and contraction of the chest cavity displace the surface in contact with the upper torso – in this case the meandering arrangement of the fibre sensor located on a TREDAIRE substrate). Bending losses were converted to voltage signals and captured by National Instruments hardware together with LabVIEW software. The sensor was found to be competent in evaluating respiration with a resolution of 100 μV and a sensitivity of 2.3 % change in light transmission for each breathing cycle of the person under study.
Method to Convert a Horizontal Furnace to Grow ZnO Nanowires for Gas Sensing by the VLS Method.
Authors: Nandhyala Sushma , Haji-Sheikh Michael , Kocanda Martin , Rajashankar Suma 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO), II-VI compound semiconductor with a wide band gap (3.4ev), has a stable wurtzite structure with lattice spacing a=0.325 nm and c=0.521nm. Its properties and potential for applications in photovoltaics, LED’s, spin electronics, ultraviolet light emitters, chemical sensors and transparent electronics has attracted intensive research. The objective of this thesis is to fabricate ZnO nanowires on gold coated silicon substrates using the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method. Under a constant flow of Argon gas (200mL/min), the substrates along with a mixture of ZnO and graphite powder are placed in a modified horizontal furnace which uses a 2.54 cm internally mounted quartz tube and are exposed to high temperature (527°C-1000°C) for different growth times. This reaction causes the formation of ZnO nanowires on the substrates. scanning electron microscopy is used to measure the size of the nanowires.
As-growth and Annealing Porous Silicon Mirrors for Optical Applications in the UV: Features for its possible use as Optical Sensor
Authors: Morales F. Morales , Salgado G. García , López J. A. Luna , Díaz T. , Rosendo E. , Juárez H. , Leyva K. Monfil , Hernández de la Luz D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This work presents a study of the evolution of the reflectance spectra of porous silicon as-growth and with thermal oxidation under controlled conditions. Porous silicon layers were prepared by electrochemical anodization of a silicon substrate p+ in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid and ethanol. Multilayer structures were formed on the basis of porous silicon, two different layers were realized by controlling the refraction index of each one of the layers using the Bruggemann model, in this case for multilayer as-growth, and subsequently a dry oxidation was performed to observe the change in refractive index and reflectance. A model that contains the refractive index of silicon, air and silicon oxide is used for predicting the behavior of the reflectance spectra. With this model is possible to control the width of the reflectance spectrum of the band pass or also called Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR), DBR were characterized and measured by SEM and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Reflectance spectra were obtained and we can see that the annealing provoked a shifted towards the ultra violet (UV). These changes on reflectance and refractive indexes indicate that oxidation processes can modify the multilayer porous silicon. The optical band gap energy (Eg) was obtained from 4.36 to 3.98 eV to the DBR. These low cost devices open the way to the development of optical sensing in UV entirely based on silicon.
Polypyrrole Based Nano-Biosensor for Sensing Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Preethichandra D.M.G. , Onoda M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper discuss about a novel technique of developing a nano-structured polypyrrole biosensor for measurement of very low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in liquid media. The proposed fabrication method is very effective in growing a nano-structured conducting polymer layer on a planar conducting substrate. In addition enzyme loading was done under a high electric field of 1000V/m. The developed sensor provides a liner range of 0-200μM of hydrogen peroxide and a measurement sensitivity of 6.5Acm-2M-1.
Proof-of-Concept Development for a Weight-to- Speed System on Heavy Goods Vehicles
Authors: Soar Sam , Cassity Adam , Tickle Andrew Jason 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Heavy Good Vehicles (HGVs) can cause several problems for road user’s world-wide. One of the main issues found in the UK is that when one HGV is trying to overtake another on a motorway (freeway), the 56mph speed limit imposed means that the time to complete this task is substantial. This forces other road users to use the overtaking lane and causes a bottleneck, increasing road rage and the risk of accidents. Presented here is a proof-of-concept system that could theoretically allow a lighter loaded HGV to travel slightly faster and reduce the overtaking time, thus helping eliminate the bottleneck. The system uses a microcontroller that can be used to take odometer measurements from the driving wheels and weight sensors in the cargo area, to be able to alter the top speed achievable. In this situation a load cell is used to simulate the measured load on the lorry and a stepper motor and variable resistor to represent the engine and accelerator. How such a system could be implemented in a real-world environment is also discussed.
Application of Microwave Spectroscopy Analysis on Determining Quality of Vegetable Oil
Authors: Osman S. B. , Korostynka O. , Mason A. , Cullen J. D. , Al-Shamma’a A. I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Recently there has been an increasing interest in the classification of edible oils as an effective means to examine authenticity and to detect possible adulteration of virgin olive oils with seed oils or low-quality olive oils. Classical methods based on gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are too expensive for widespread industrial use and require samples to be analysed in dedicated laboratories thus incurring a significant time penalty. This paper demonstrates that microwave spectrometry is able to offer realtime measurement of oils adequate for determining product authenticity. It does this by evaluating a bespoke sensor system which is used to measure the dielectric properties common-place edible oils. In particular, the capability of the system to distinguish between these oils, even when mixed, is demonstrated. This is important as it is a common technique used by fraudsters in the production of counterfeit oils.
Cost-Effective Sensors, Interoperable With International Existing Ocean Observing Systems, To Meet EU Policies Requirements
Authors: Barton John , Ni Cheallachain Cliona , Magni Paolo , Cleary John , Gamboa Javier Vilallonga , Piwowarczyk Joanna , Pizarro Carles , Moynihan Emma , Zamora Jose Alberto Sáez , Salat Jordi , Fanjul Pablo , Grozdanov Anita , Confalonieri Fabio , Lassoued Yassine , Heckmann Saskia , Challiss Mike 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
COMMON SENSE is a new project that supports the implementation of European Union marine policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The project, which was launched in November 2013, is funded by the EC Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and has been designed to directly respond to requests for integrated and effective data acquisition systems by developing innovative sensors that will contribute to our understanding of how the marine environment functions. COMMON SENSE is coordinated by the Leitat Technological Centre, Spain, and its consortium brings together 15 partners from seven different countries, encompassing a wide range of technical expertise and know-how in the marine monitoring area.
Analysis of Foot-pressure Data to Classify Mobility Pattern
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Dendou Tetsuhiro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The pressure exerted by foot, while a person is standing still for a while or moving or doing any physical activity, is a rich source of information. The continuous signal obtained throughout the day, collected by pressure-sensors on shoe sole, could be analyzed to obtain simple to complex facts about the person’s health conditions and habits. It could be used to measure body-weight and balance, while the person is standing. It could as well be used to find the total calorie burnt during movement activities throughout the day. Varied applications would need different number of sensors spread over inside or outside the shoe-sole. In this work, we restrict our investigation to simple applications like, measuring the body weight when the person is standing still, or the speed when the person is moving, or whether she/he is climbing up or down the stairs. Our aim is to use as few sensors as possible, and the algorithm simple and efficient. For measuring body-weight and movement speed, we could achieve nearly 100% accuracy. We could also classify between climbing up or down the stairs with 100% accuracy. All these could be accomplished by a single or a pair of sensors. It is also revealed that the optimum location of the sensor/s for the highest accuracy varies from person to person.
A Proposal for Classification of Multisensor Time Series Data based on Time Delay Embedding
Authors: Chakraborty Basabi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Multisensor time series data is common in many ap- plications of process industry, medical and health care, biometrics etc.Analysis of multisensor time series data requires analysis of multidimensional time series(MTS) which is challenging as they constitute a huge volume of data of dynamic nature. Traditional machine learning algorithms for classification and clustering developed for static data can not be applied directly to MTS data. Various techniques have been developed to represent MTS data in a suitable manner for analysis by popular machine learning algorithms. Though a plethora of different approaches have been developed so far, 1NN classifier based on dynamic time warping (DTW) has been found to be the most popular due to its simplicity. In this work, an approach for time series classification is proposed based on multidimensional delay vector representation of time series. Multivariate time series is considered here as a group of single time series and each time series is processed separately to be represented by a multidimensional delay vector (MDV). A simple simulation experiment with online handwritten signature data has been done with a similarity measure based on the MDV representation and classification performance is compared with DTW based classifier. The simulation results show that classification accuracy of the proposed approach is satisfactory while computational cost is lower than DTW method.
Novel Application of Kinect Sensor for Children to Learn Paleontological Environment: Learning Support System based on Body Experience and Sense of Immersion
Authors: Nakayama Tomohiro , Nakadai Takahiro , Yoshida Ryuichi , Ogitsu Takeki , Takemura Hiroshi , Mizoguchi Hiroshi , Izuishi Kaori , Kusunoki Fusako , Muratsu Keita , Inagaki Shigenori 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The authors are developing a simulation-based environmental learning support system using Kinect sensors. Obviously, it is impossible for learners to experience the actual paleontological environment, and it is therefore difficult for them to learn about the environments and lives. Then, we proposed an immersive animation display system using Kinect sensors and their human skeleton-tracking function. The system animates paleontological animals and their environment on the screen and displays information of the animals in synchronization with learners’ action. Learners are measured their location and action in real time, and then the animation is controlled based on information output from sensors. In this way, the system provides learners with a real body experience and sense of immersion that they have entered the paleontological environment. In order to evaluate the system, we conduct an experiment using the system, and interview the participants about the sense of immersion into environment in the system. The experimental results confirm that most learners feel a tangible improvement in the sense of immersion due to the enjoyment of moving their body and acquisition of body experience.
Detection of adsorbed cytochrome c on hydroxyapatite thick films using a microwave sensor
Authors: Salazar-Alvarez M. , Tofail S.A.M. , Magner E. , Korostynska O. , Mason A. , Al-Shamma’a A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interdigitated microwave sensor was used to detect the adsorption of cytochrome c on hydroxyapatite thick films. Changes in the microwave spectral response were indicative of the presence of adsorbed cytochrome c. The sensitivity of the system was also evaluated using different protein loadings on the e films. The results suggest that the microwave sensor can be utilized to detect protein.
NTC Thermistors of Y-Al-Mn-Fe-Ni-Cr-O Ceramics for Wide Temperature Range Measurement
Authors: Lee Woonyoung , Park Jinseong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
NTC thermistors of Y-Al-Mn-Fe-Ni-Cr-O systems were fabricated by using normal ceramic processing for wide temperature range measurement. Pt-Rh alloy as electrodes was inserted into the body during the forming process to increase the reliability of high temperature and to decrease the contact resistance. The properties were analyzed by XRD, SEM and resistance measurement. There are no distinct XRD patterns between Y0.2Al0.1Mn0.27Fe0.16Ni0.27Ox and Y0.2Al0.1Mn0.264Fe0.16 Ni0.264Cr0.012Ox because of too small content of Cr2O3, as a dopant, to make peak difference or new phases within the XRD resolution. SEM images and resistance behaviors show the different properties. With the addition of Cr2O3 as a dopant, the crystallinity and the grain size were decreased and increased, respectively. The resistance behaviors were similar but the values are low with Cr2O3. The specimens show the straight line relationship between the electrical resistivity and the temperature over a wide temperature range, indicating NTC thermistor characteristics.
Mechanical structures for smart-phone enabled sensing
Authors: Lawes S. , Kinnell P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The paper presents a new strategy for sensor design that is made possible by the usage of ubiquitous mobile devices for signal capture, digitization, and data processing. The approach taken is to design simple mechanical sensor elements such that they produce a sensor output that is easily acquired by a mobile smart device such as a phone or tablet computer. To illustrate this concept, two mechanical displacement transducers have been designed and tested. These sensors make use of displacement amplification structures, Moiré pattern gratings and a double-ended-tuning-fork (DETF) resonant structure. The sensors produced either an acoustic or optical signal in response to an input load or displacement, which can then be acquired using the camera or microphone of a mobile device. The computing power and connectivity of mobile devices makes a wide range of processing, visualisation and storage techniques possible at low cost. Using this technique an optical displacement transducer with a range of 150 μm, and a resolution of <5 μm; and an acoustic displacement transducer with a range of 20 μm and a standard error of 0.14 μm, are demonstrated