bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel inhibitory brainstem neurons with selective projections to spinal lamina I reduce both pain and itch
Authors: Agostinelli Lindsay J. , Bassuk Alexander G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSensory information is transmitted from peripheral nerves, through the spinal cord, and up to the brain (“bottom up” pathway). Some of this information may be modulated by “top‐down” projections from the brain to the spinal cord. Discovering endogenous mechanisms for reducing pain and itch holds enormous potential for developing new treatments. However, neurons mediating the top‐down inhibition of pain are not well understood, nor has any such pathway been identified for itch sensation. Here, we identify a novel population of GABAergic neurons in the ventral brainstem, distinguished by prodynorphin expression, which we named LJA5. LJA5 neurons provide the only known inhibitory projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which contains sensory neurons that transmit pain and itch information up to the brain. Chemogenetically activating LJA5 neurons in male mice reduces capsaicin‐induced pain and histamine‐induced itch. Identifying this new pathway opens new treatment opportunities for chronic, refractory pain, and pruritis.
Preclinical Models for Studying the Impact of Macrophages on Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Markov Spas Dimitrov , Gonzalez Daisy , Mehla Kamiya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCancer‐associated cachexia is defined by loss of weight and muscle mass, and by the potential loss of adipose tissue accompanied by insulin resistance and increased resting energy expenditure. Cachexia is most prevalent in pancreatic cancer, the third leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. While various factors interact to induce cachexia, the precise mechanisms underlying this clinical condition are not fully understood. Clinically relevant animal models of cachexia are needed given the lack of standard diagnostic methods or treatments for this condition. Described in this article are in vitro and in vivo models used to study the role of macrophages in the induction of cachexia in pancreatic cancer. Included are procedures for isolating and culturing bone marrow−derived macrophages, harvesting tumor‐ and macrophage‐derived conditioned medium, and studying the effect of conditioned medium on C2C12 myotubes. Also described are procedures involving the use of an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, including a method for examining skeletal muscle atrophy in this model. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: In vitro model of pancreatic tumor‐induced cachexia using C2C12 cell lines (myotube model)Support Protocol 1: Molecular evaluation of cachectic markers in C2C12 myotubes using real‐time PCR and immunoblottingBasic Protocol 2: In vivo model to study cachectic phenotype in pancreatic tumor‐bearing miceSupport Protocol 2: Evaluation of cachectic markers in the skeletal muscle of tumor‐bearing mice
Encapsulation of Cobalt Oxide into Metal‐Organic Frameworks for an Improved Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Ma Yiwen , Du Juan , Fang Yuanxing , Wang Xinchen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe increased emission of CO2 has negative impacts on the environment. Among the strategies, photocatalytic reduction is promising to convert the CO2 into chemicals. In this report, CoOx nanoparticles were loaded in the channels of MIL‐101(Cr), a kind of metal‐organic frameworks (MOF), to construct a novel CoOx/MIL‐101(Cr) system to facilitate CO2 photoreduction. Under the optimal conditions, the CoOx/MIL‐101(Cr) showed a significantly enhanced performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction compared with bare CoOx and MIL‐101(Cr). Our findings provide a pathway for a rational design of efficient MOF systems for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2.
Voltage‐gated sodium channel‐dependent retroaxonal modulation of photoreceptor function during post‐natal development in mice
Authors: Smith Benjamin J. , Côté Patrice D. , Tremblay François 
Published: November 2020

AbstractJuvenile (postnatal day 16) mice lacking Nav1.6 channels (null‐mutant Scn8admu) have reduced photoreceptor function, which is unexpected given that Nav channels have not been detected in mouse photoreceptors and do not contribute appreciably to photoreceptor function in adults. We demonstrate that acute block of Nav channels with intravitreal TTX in juvenile (P16) wild‐type mice has no effect on photoreceptor function. However, reduced light activity by prolonged dark adaptation from P8 caused significant reduction in photoreceptor function at P16. Injecting TTX into the retrobulbar space at P16 to specifically block Nav channels in the optic nerve also caused a reduction in photoreceptor function comparable to that seen at P16 in null‐mutant Scn8a mice. In both P16 null‐mutant Scn8admu and retrobulbar TTX‐injected wild‐type mice, photoreceptor function was restored following intravitreal injection of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8‐dihydroxyflavone, linking Nav‐dependent retrograde transport to TrkB‐dependent neurotrophic factor production pathways as a modulatory influence of photoreceptor function at P16. We also found that in Scn8admu mice, photoreceptor function recovers by P22‐25 despite more precarious general health of the animal. Retrobulbar injection of TTX in the wild type still reduced the photoreceptor response at this age but to a lesser extent, suggesting that Nav‐dependent modulation of photoreceptor function is largely transient, peaking soon after eye opening. Together, these results suggest that the general photosensitivity of the retina is modulated following eye opening by retrograde transport through activity‐dependent retinal ganglion cell axonal signaling targeting TrkB receptors.
Anorexia nervosa restricting type has increased in severity over three decades: Japanese clinical samples from 1988 to 2018
Authors: Harada Tomoko , Yamauchi Tsuneo , Miyawaki Dai , Miyamoto Saori , Yoshida Hisako , Nishimoto Kazuya , Matsuzuka Takumi , Honda Mihoko , Inoue Koki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveAlthough eating disorders (EDs) surged in the late 1900s and are now recognized worldwide, the time trend of ED characteristics remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify changes in characteristics of anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN‐R) over 30 years.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study and examined 996 female treatment‐seeking patients with AN‐R in Japan from 1988 to 2018. Demographics, body mass index (BMI), and Eating Disorder Inventory scores were compared among three groups in accordance with the time of initial consultation: Group 1 (1988–1998), Group 2 (1998–2008), Group 3 (2008–2018).ResultsThe mean BMI at the initial consultation significantly decreased by 0.6 kg/m2 (from 14.0 kg/m2 in Group 1 to 13.4 kg/m2 in Group 3). Groups 2 and 3 scored significantly higher in drive for thinness, interpersonal distrust, and interoceptive awareness than those in Group 1. The range of onset age is wider and the number of late‐onset AN‐R with prolonged delay in treatment has increased over time.DiscussionThis study shows that AN‐R has increased in physical and psychopathological severity over the past 30 years in Japan. Interdisciplinary research is needed to clarify the relationship between AN‐R and time trend.
Intrapopulation genetic variation in the level and rhythm of daily activity in Drosophila immigrans
Authors: Ueno Takahisa , Takahashi Yuma 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGenetic diversity within a population, such as polymorphisms and personality, is considered to improve population performance because such intraspecific variations have the potential to alleviate the competition for a limited resource or the risk of predation and sexual harassment at a population level. Variation in the level and rhythm of daily activity in a population could also affect population performance by directly altering ecological, social, and sexual interactions among individuals. However, it remains to be elucidated whether such intra‐population variation in the level and rhythms of daily activity exists in a natural population. Here, we investigated the genetic variation in daily activity within a single natural population of Drosophila immigrans. We established 21 isofemale lines from a single natural population and measured larval activity level and the level and daily pattern of adult activity over a 24 hr period. Larval activity level significantly varied among isofemale lines. Likewise, the activity level in the adult stage significantly varied among lines. The significant variation was also found in the daily pattern of adult activity; some lines showed greater activity level in the daytime, and others showed greater activity level in the night. Our results consistently suggest that there is a genetic variation in behavioral activity in a natural population, probably contributing to shaping the population performance.
Optimization of simultaneous reduction of NO and soot by using simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (CO2 + N2) in compression ignition engine under early combustion conditions
Authors: Min Se Hun , Suh Hyun Kyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the effect of CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the simultaneous reduction of exhaust emission in CI engine, and to find the optimal operating conditions.For the better expression of the actual EGR, the different CO2 mole fractions from 0% to 20% were applied for the simulated‐EGR. The CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR was changed in the initial air in steps of 5% from 0% to 20% in the cylinder. The N2 mole fraction in the initial air was also changed according to the CO2 mole fraction, and the O2 mole fraction was fixed by 16.2% due to the same overall equivalence ratio.When the CO2 mole fraction by simulated‐EGR increased by 5%, the peak cylinder pressure was decreased by about −1.5% and the indicated specific nitrogen oxide value was also reduced from −4.9% to −48.8% because the ignition delay was longer by the higher specific heat of CO2 than N2, it induced to suppress the rise of cylinder temperature. In addition, when the start of energizing timing was advanced until BTDC 23 deg, the ISSoot value was decreased because the proportion of premixed combustion was increased.
Retrospective analysis of hypophosphatemia rates and other clinical parameters in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Richardson Candice , Huniewicz Paulina , Paslakis Georgios 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo retrospectively assess medical services of a specialist inpatient eating disorders (EDs) unit.MethodWe retrospectively evaluated clinical parameters of 288 inpatients classified as ‘moderately’ or ‘significantly’ medically compromised between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2019.ResultsWe analysed 288 patients (mean age 32.5 [SD = 11.4] years, 96% women, 76% with anorexia nervosa). Average length of stay was 38.4 (SD = 28.4) days. Average admission body mass index (BMI) was 14.8 (SD = 1.8) kg/m2, and 16.1 (SD = 1.9) kg/m2 at 4 weeks. At admission, 82% of patients were considered significantly medically compromised, while 6% were deemed moderately compromised. Only 5% of patients required transfer to intensive care unit. Prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 17.7%; rates did not increase significantly between years despite more assertive re‐feeding processes. There was no association between risk classification at admission and change in BMI at 4 weeks (F(2,166) = 0.588, p = 0.557). BMI at admission was found to be significantly associated with clinical outcome (β = 0.92, p < 0.001).DiscussionHypophosphatemia rates did not increase despite more assertive re‐feeding over 3 years. Our results provide support for a model of treatment that simultaneously addresses the medical and psychiatric sequelae of patients with severe EDs.
Observations on decadal sandbar behaviour along a large‐scale curved shoreline
Authors: Gijsman R. , Ruessink B.G. , Visscher J. , Schlurmann T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNearshore sandbars are characteristic features of sandy surf zones and have been observed with a variety of geometries in cross‐shore (e.g. location) and longshore direction (e.g. planform). Although the behaviour of sandbars has been studied extensively on spatial scales up to kilometres and timescales up to years, it remains challenging to observe and explain their behaviour on larger spatial and temporal scales, especially in locations where coastline curvature can be prominent. In this paper, we study a data set with 38 years of coastal profiles, collected with alongshore intervals of 50 m, along the 34 km‐long curved sandy shoreline of Sylt island, Germany. Sylt's shoreline has an orientation difference of ~20° between the northern and southern half of the island. We found that the decadal coastal profiles on the southern half show features of a low‐tide terrace and a sandbar located further from the shoreline (~441 m). On the nothern half, the sandbar was located closer to the shoreline (~267 m) and was less pronounced, while the profiles show transverse bar and rip features. The alongshore planform also differed systematically and significantly along the two island sides. The sandbar on the southern island half, with alongshore periodicity on a larger length scale (~2240 m), was coupled out‐of‐phase to the shoreline, while no phase coupling was observed for the sandbar with periodicity on a shorter length scale (~670 m) on the northern half. We related the observed geometric differences of the sandbars to the difference in the local wave climate along Sylt, imposed by the shoreline shape. Our observations imply that small alongshore variations in wave climate, due to the increasing shoreline curvature on larger spatial scales, can lead to significant alongshore differences in the decadal evolution of coastal profiles, sandbars and shorelines. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis
Authors: das Neves Sofia Pereira , Sousa João Carlos , Sousa Nuno , Cerqueira João José , Marques Fernanda 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients’ immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later‐disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low‐grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
Upshot of radiative rotating Prandtl fluid flow over a slippery surface embedded with variable species diffusivity and multiple convective boundary conditions
Authors: Sajid Tanveer , Sabir Zulqurnain , Tanveer Sumbul , Arbi Adnène , Altamirano Gilder Cieza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHere, modeling and computations are performed to explore the impact of variable molecular diffusivity, nonlinear thermal radiation, convective boundary conditions, momentum slip, and variable molecular diffusivity on Prandtl fluid past a stretching sheet. By using the compatible transformation, the partial differential equations regarding momentum, energy, and concentration are reformed into ordinary differential equations and furthermore, these equations are handled numerically via the shooting method. The behavior of intricate parameters that emerge during numerical simulation is displayed in the form of tables and graphs. These outcomes are supplemented with the information for the heat transfer rate and surface drag coefficients. It is perceived that an uplift in the temperature profile occurs by virtue of augmentation in the temperature convection parameter, and furthermore, mass fraction field escalates owing to an amplification in the chemical reaction coefficient.
Natural convection heat transfer from two horizontal cylinders using a large lateral shearing interferometer
Authors: Zhu Jinrong , Wang Lingyue , Lv Hui , Cheng Chunfu , Zhang Jinye 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNatural convection heat transfer from two horizontal cylinders in the air was investigated experimentally and numerically. Two cylinders were spaced at 1.3, 1.8, and 2.7 cylinder diameters horizontally. The experiments were carried out by large lateral shear interferometry (LSI) for various Rayleigh numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Large LSI is common path interferometry with the advantages of simple structure, strong antivibration, and fewer required optical components. It is not necessary for LSI to perform a complex algorithm to restore wavefront with a large shear amount. Simple and infinite fringe interferograms of the cylinders heated from ambient temperature 282.15 to 723.15 K were obtained. A numerical simulation was carried out with ANSYS‐Fluent 18.0. The influence of two factors, the distance between the cylinders, and the Rayleigh number, on the heat transfer of two horizontal cylinders was examined. The average Nusselt number and local Nusselt number were determined from the experimental results and numerical results, respectively, and the two results were in good agreement. The rising direction for the plume flow pattern of each horizontal cylinder was no longer simply vertically upward but was inclined toward the central symmetry axis of the two cylinders. In addition, the heat transfer from a cylinder increased with the cylinder spacing at any Rayleigh number.
Environmental disaster and women self‐sustainability—A survey study on microfinance female clientele in Pakistan
Authors: Hameed Waseem Ul , Haseeb Muhammad , Iqbal Jawad , Mihardjo Leonardus W. W. , Jermsittiparsert Kittisak 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe prime objective of this study is to investigate the role of microfinance institutions towards women's self‐sustainability in Pakistan because women are the most vulnerable community in Pakistan and in the world, too. Due to various issues like gender discrimination, women's self‐sustainability is quite low, and this accounts for the negligible contribution of women in Pakistan's economy (up to 20 to 25%). In addressing this issue, the current study adopted a quantitative research approach and cross‐sectional research design. By using a survey questionnaire, data were collected from female clients of microfinance institutions during May 1, 2018 to August 30, 2018. SmartPLS 3 was utilized to analyse the data. The results of the inquiry revealed that microfinance institutions have an essential role to play in promoting women's self‐reliance. With the help of micro‐enterprises for women, services offered by microfinance institution such as micro‐credit, micro‐savings, micro‐insurance, micro‐training and social capital have a major role in developing women's self‐sustainability. However, an environmental disaster is one of the crucial factors, which limits the positive contribution of microfinance institutions towards women's self‐sustainability. Our thorough research and knowledge on the subject indicates that the current study is the pioneer study that has investigated microfinance institutions as major facilitators of women's self‐reliance but which has been limited by many factors such as environmental disasters. Hence, the current study appears salient for microfinance institutions, the government of Pakistan and other practitioners that desire to boost women's self‐sustainability.
A Statistical Approach Regarding the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia From DXA: Are We Underdiagnosing Osteoporosis?
Authors: Sebro Ronnie , Ashok S Sharon 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTOsteoporosis and osteopenia are diagnosed most commonly by evaluating the lowest T‐score of BMD measurements, typically taken at three sites: the L1‐L4 lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using all three BMD measurements and multivariate statistical theory to evaluate how the diagnoses of osteoporosis and osteopenia change in simulation studies and in real data. First, it was found that the T‐scores from these three BMD measurements rarely give concordant diagnoses using the same World Health Organization (WHO) and International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) guidelines, so that the diagnosis strongly depends on the BMD sites measured. Next, strong correlations were found between the BMD measurements at different sites within the same person, which resulted in increased congruence/concordance between the diagnoses obtained from the BMD T‐scores. Multivariate statistical theory was used to show that the joint distribution of the BMD T‐scores at different sites follows a multivariate t distribution and found that the marginal distribution of any BMD T‐score follows a univariate t distribution. Confidence ellipsoids were derived that are equivalent to the univariate WHO/ISCD thresholds for osteoporosis (T‐score ≤−2.5) and osteopenia (−2.5 < T‐score <−1). The study found that more patients are diagnosed with osteoporosis using the multivariate version of the WHO/ISCD guidelines rather than the current WHO/ISCD guidelines in both real data and simulation studies. Diagnoses of osteoporosis using the statistics derived method were also associated with higher FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool) probabilities of major osteoporotic (p = 0.001) and hip fractures (p = 2.2 × 10−6). In conclusion, this study shows that considering all three BMD T‐scores is potentially more informative than using the single lowest BMD T‐score. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.