bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the uppermost 100 m structure of the San Jacinto fault zone southeast of Anza, California, through joint analysis of geological, topographic, seismic and resistivity data
Authors: Share Pieter-Ewald , Tábořík Petr , Štěpančíková Petra , Stemberk Jakub , Rockwell Thomas K , Wade Adam , Arrowsmith J Ramon , Donnellan Andrea , Vernon Frank L , Ben-Zion Yehuda 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYWe present results from complementary geological, topographic, seismic and electrical resistivity surveys at the Sagebrush Flat (SGB) site along the Clark fault (CF) strand of the San Jacinto fault zone trifurcation area southeast of Anza, California. Joint interpretation of these data sets, each with unique spatiotemporal sensitivities, allow us to better characterize the shallow (&lt;100 m) fault zone at this structurally complex site. Geological mapping at the surface shows the CF has three main subparallel strands within a &lt;100 m zone with varying degrees of rock damage. These strands intersect units of banded gneiss and tonalite, and various sedimentary units. Near the surface, the weathered but more intact tonalite and gneiss to the southwest have relatively high VP. The low-lying flat sedimentary basins around the two southwestern-most CF strands and elevated damaged gneiss to the northeast have lowest VP &lt;500 m s–1. The high relief of the northeast gneiss unit may in part be explained by its extensive damage and inferred increased relative rock uplift. Resistivity imaging shows the unconsolidated dry basin sediments (maximum &gt;1300 Ohm.m) contrasted against the compacted fine-grained (potentially wet) materials within the CF core and the Bautista Formation (minimum &lt;40 Ohm.m), which is slightly elevated above the flat basins. The inverse relationship between VP (increases) and resistivity (decreases) in the uppermost ∼15 m can be characterized as log–log linear with slopes of –2.6 to –4. At depths &gt;30 m, the velocity heterogeneity near the surface merges into larger-scale structures that are generally slower on the northeast side of the CF core compared to the southwest side (as much as ∼40 per cent reduction in average VP). A previous study revealed a 20–37 per cent variability in peak ground velocities across the SGB site from local earthquakes. The upper end of that range is associated with the near-surface unconsolidated sedimentary basins and northeast damaged gneiss unit. Preliminary analysis of time-dependent topography mostly shows effects of changing vegetation and anthropogenic activity.
Closing the gap between causality, prediction, emergence, and applied marine management
Authors: Griffith Gary P 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe themed article set (TS) “Science in support of a nonlinear non-equilibrium world” reflects the challenge presented by the increasing potential for complex non-linear behaviour in marine ecosystems, many of which are undergoing dramatic changes due to anthropogenic perturbations. Marine ecosystems are complex adaptive systems, yet management strategies are often guided by a linear, stable perspective that excludes non-linearities and the possibility for evolution and adaptation. Rapidly increasing amounts of observational data, the interdisciplinary development of powerful mathematical approaches from complexity theory, and the evolving complex adaptive systems approach that includes human behaviour promise to substantially advance the development of management strategies. For these reasons, the ICES Journal of Marine Science solicited contributions to a TS that would take up these issues. In this introduction, I focus on three important areas—causality, prediction, and emergence—where a “non-linear” perspective can advance our understanding and better support sustainable management of ecosystems. I briefly present the nine contributions that are included in the themed set and suggest some ways forward. We hope that these articles serve to convince managers and marine scientists of the benefits of incorporating approaches and results from research on non-linear dynamics.
Pneumocystis carinii Major Surface Glycoprotein Dampens Macrophage Inflammatory Responses to Fungal β-Glucan
Authors: Kottom Theodore J , Hebrink Deanne M , Carmona Eva M , Limper Andrew H 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPneumocystis major surface glycoprotein (Msg) is a 120-kD surface protein complex on the organism with importance in adhesion and immune recognition. In this study, we show that Msg significantly impairs tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion by macrophages induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) β-glucans.MethodsMajor surface glycoprotein was shown to greatly reduce β-glucan-induced Dectin-1 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) phosphorylation. Major surface glycoprotein also down regulated Dectin-1 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the macrophages. It is interesting that Msg incubation with macrophages resulted in significant mRNA upregulation of both C-type lectin receptors (CLR) Mincle and MCL in Msg protein presence alone but to even greater amounts in the presence of Pc β-glucan.ResultsThe silencing of MCL and Mincle resulted in TNF-α secretions similar to that of macrophages treated with Pneumocystis β-glucan alone, which is suggestive of an inhibitory role for these 2 CLRs in Msg-suppressive effects on host cell immune response.ConclusionsTaken together, these data indicate that the Pneumocystis Msg surface protein complex can act to suppress host macrophage inflammatory responses to the proinflammatory β -glucan components of the organisms.
Impaired mucociliary motility enhances antigen-specific nasal IgA immune responses to a cholera toxin-based nasal vaccine
Authors: Lan Huangwenxian , Suzuki Hidehiko , Nagatake Takahiro , Hosomi Koji , Ikegami Koji , Setou Mitsutoshi , Kunisawa Jun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Nasal mucosal tissues are equipped with physical barriers, mucus and cilia, on their surface. The mucus layer captures inhaled materials, and the cilia remove the inhaled materials from the epithelial layer by asymmetrical beating. The effect of nasal physical barriers on the vaccine efficacy remains to be investigated. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 1 (Ttll1) is an essential enzyme for appropriate movement of the cilia on respiratory epithelium, and its deficiency (Ttll1-KO) leads to mucus accumulation in the nasal cavity. Here, when mice were intra-nasally immunized with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA, as vaccine antigen) together with cholera toxin (CT, as mucosal adjuvant), Ttll1-KO mice showed higher levels of PspA-specific IgA in the nasal wash and increased numbers of PspA-specific IgA-producing plasma cells in the nasal passages when compared with Ttll1 hetero (He) mice. Mucus removal by N-acetylcysteine did not affect the enhanced immune responses in Ttll1-KO mice versus Ttll1-He mice. Immunohistological and flow cytometry analyses revealed that retention time of PspA in the nasal cavity in Ttll1-KO mice was longer than that in Ttll1-He mice. Consistently, uptake of PspA by dendritic cells was higher in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) of Ttll1-KO mice than that of Ttll1-He mice. These results indicate that the ciliary function of removing vaccine antigen from the NALT epithelial layer is a critical determinant of the efficacy of nasal vaccine.
Bread Before Guns or Butter: Introducing Surplus Domestic Product (SDP)
Authors: Anders Therese , Fariss Christopher J , Markowitz Jonathan N 
Published: April 2020

AbstractScholars systematically mismeasure power resources and military burdens by using gross domestic product (GDP) as a proxy for the income states can devote to arming. The core problem is that GDP confounds two conceptually distinct forms of income into one additive indicator. Subsistence income represents resources needed to provide the “bread” necessary to cover the basic subsistence needs of the population. Surplus income represents the remaining resources that could be allocated to “guns” or “butter.” Our new measure of surplus domestic product (SDP) corrects for this measurement error by decomposing subsistence income and surplus income from total GDP. Validation exercises demonstrate that SDP outperforms GDP at measuring the distribution of power resources. Though theoretically we expect states’ decisions to arm are influenced by the distribution of power; empirical models using GDP find mixed support for this expectation. Strikingly, using SDP reveals strong support for this proposition.
Mental Health Diagnostic Patterns in Behavioral Weight Loss Program Attendees
Authors: Hayes Jacqueline F , Hoggatt Katherine J , Breland Jessica Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Individuals with obesity have higher rates of mental health disorders, both singly and in combination, than individuals of normal weight. Mental health disorders may negatively impact weight loss treatment outcomes; however, little is known about the mental health burden of individuals using weight loss programs. The current study identifies common mental health diagnostic profiles among participants of MOVE!—the Veterans Health Administration’s behavioral weight loss program.

Material and Methods
We used national VHA administrative data from fiscal year 2014 to identify veteran primary care patients who participated in at least one MOVE! session the previous year (n = 110,830). Using latent class analysis, we identified patient types (classes) characterized by the presence or absence of mental health diagnoses, both overall and stratified by age and gender.

Results
There were several patient types (classes), including psychologically healthy, predominantly depressed, depressed with co-occurring mental disorders, and co-occurring mental disorders with no predominant psychological condition. Additional patient types were found in men of different ages. The majority of patients had at least one psychiatric disorder, particularly younger patients.

Conclusions
Efforts to improve patients’ engagement in the MOVE! program may need to address barriers to care associated with mental health disorders or incorporate care for both obesity and mental health diagnoses in MOVE! A holistic approach may be particularly important for younger patients who have a higher comorbidity burden and longer care horizons. Future work may address if patient types found in the current study extend to non-VHA obesity treatment seekers.
Constraining the astrophysics and cosmology from 21 cm tomography using deep learning with the SKA
Authors: Hassan Sultan , Andrianomena Sambatra , Doughty Caitlin 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Future Square Kilometre Array (SKA) surveys are expected to generate huge data sets of 21 cm maps on cosmological scales from the Epoch of Reionization. We assess the viability of exploiting machine learning techniques, namely, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to simultaneously estimate the astrophysical and cosmological parameters from 21 cm maps from seminumerical simulations. We further convert the simulated 21 cm maps into SKA-like mock maps using the detailed SKA antennae distribution, thermal noise, and a recipe for foreground cleaning. We successfully design two CNN architectures (VGGNet-like and ResNet-like) that are both efficiently able to extract simultaneously three astrophysical parameters, namely the photon escape fraction (fesc), the ionizing emissivity power dependence on halo mass (Cion), and the ionizing emissivity redshift evolution index (Dion), and three cosmological parameters, namely the matter density parameter (Ωm), the dimensionless Hubble constant (h), and the matter fluctuation amplitude (σ8), from 21 cm maps at several redshifts. With the presence of noise from SKA, our designed CNNs are still able to recover these astrophysical and cosmological parameters with great accuracy ($R^{2} \gt 92{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), improving to $R^{2} \gt 99{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ towards low-redshift and low neutral fraction values. Our results show that future 21 cm observations can play a key role to break degeneracy between models and tightly constrain the astrophysical and cosmological parameters, using only few frequency channels.
Drug-Coated Balloon Dilation Compared With Conventional Stenting Angioplasty for Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Jinping , Song Yun , Zheng Meimei , Sun Lili , Meng Yao , Zhao Wei , Yin Hao , Wang Wei , Han Ju 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Conventional stent-based angioplasty was challenged for the high incidence of perioperative complications and follow-up in-stent restenosis (ISR) in treating intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). Currently, the drug-coated balloon (DCB) has shown promise in preventing and treating ISR.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy and safety of DCB dilation (with or without stenting) with conventionally only stenting angioplasty for symptomatic ICAD in routine clinical practice.

METHODS
From January 2016 to January 2019, consecutive patients treated with endovascular therapy for symptomatic ICAD were identified and dichotomized by whether DCB was used. The efficacy and safety endpoints, including periprocedural complications, clinical, and imaging follow-up outcomes between the 2 groups, were compared by propensity score matching.

RESULTS
A total of 42 patients in the DCB group and 73 patients in the non-DCB group were enrolled. Propensity score matching analysis selected 76 matched patients. Angiographic follow-up was completed at 185 ± 33 d. The median stenosis degree (0 [0%-20.0%] vs 15.0 [0%-62.5%], P = .005) and total restenosis incidence (5.3% [2/38] vs 34.2% [13/38], P = .003) in the DCB group were significantly lower than those in the non-DCB group. The periprocedural complications (2.6% vs 10.5%, P = .375), recurrent ischemic events (2.6% vs 13.2%, P = .219), and symptomatic restenosis (2.6% vs 10.5%, P = .375) were not statistically different between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION
Compared with conventionally only stenting angioplasty, DCB dilation can effectively lower restenosis degree and total restenosis risk, with no superiority in symptomatic restenosis at 6-mo follow-up.
Solitons in the Peyrard–Bishop model of DNA and the Renormalization Group method
Authors: Blaschke Filip , Karpíšek Ondřej Nicolas , Beneš Petr 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We investigate solitons in the Peyrard–Bishop model of a DNA molecule using Renormalization Group methods which provide a systematic way for perturbation analysis. Small amplitude expansion is carried out in both the continuous and discrete limits. We review exact solutions for the continuous model. Further, we discuss the reliability of the solitonic solutions and argue that the envelope should propagate with a group velocity, contrary to previous proposals.
Sleep disturbances after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, and association with recovery
Authors: Luther Madison , Poppert Cordts Katrina M , Williams Cydni N 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep is vital for brain development and healing after injury, placing children with sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) at risk for worse outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to quantify SWD after pediatric TBI including prevalence, phenotypes, and risk factors. We also evaluated interventions for SWD and the association between SWD and other posttraumatic outcomes.

Methods
Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and reference lists for English language articles published from 1999 to 2019 evaluating sleep or fatigue in children hospitalized for mild complicated, moderate, or severe TBI. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle–Ottowa Score for observational studies.

Results
Among 966 articles identified in the search, 126 full-text articles were reviewed, and 24 studies were included (11 prospective, 9 cross-sectional, and 4 case studies). Marked heterogeneity was found in study populations, measures defining SWD, and time from injury to evaluation. Studies showed at least 20% of children with TBI had trouble falling or staying asleep, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and nightmares. SWD are negatively correlated with posttraumatic cognitive, behavioral, and quality of life outcomes. No comparative intervention studies were identified. The risk of bias was moderate–high for all studies often related to lack of validated or objective SWD measures and small sample size. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analyses.

Conclusions
SWD are important morbidities after pediatric TBI, though current data are limited. SWD have implications for TBI recovery and may represent a modifiable target for improving outcomes after pediatric TBI.
The impact of current and future control measures on the spread of COVID-19 in Germany
Authors: Barbarossa Maria Vittoria , Fuhrmann Jan , Meinke Jan H. , Krieg Stefan , Varma Hridya Vinod , Castelletti Noemi , Lippert Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), identified in China at the end of December 2019 and causing the disease COVID-19, has meanwhile led to outbreaks all over the globe with about 2.2 million confirmed cases and more than 150,000 deaths as of April 17, 2020 [37]. In view of most recent information on testing activity [32], we present here an update of our initial work [4]. In this work, mathematical models have been developed to study the spread of COVID-19 among the population in Germany and to asses the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Systems of differential equations of SEIR type are extended here to account for undetected infections, as well as for stages of infections and age groups. The models are calibrated on data until April 5, data from April 6 to 14 are used for model validation. We simulate different possible strategies for the mitigation of the current outbreak, slowing down the spread of the virus and thus reducing the peak in daily diagnosed cases, the demand for hospitalization or intensive care units admissions, and eventually the number of fatalities. Our results suggest that a partial (and gradual) lifting of introduced control measures could soon be possible if accompanied by further increased testing activity, strict isolation of detected cases and reduced contact to risk groups.
Isolate differences in colonization efficiency during experimental human pneumococcal challenge
Authors: Pojar Sherin , Basset Alan , Gritzfeld Jenna F. , Nikolaou Elissavet , van Selm Saskia , Eleveld Marc J. , Gladstone Rebecca A. , Solórzano Carla , Dalia Ankur B. , German Esther , Mitsi Elena , Connor Victoria , Hyder-Wright Angela D. , Hill Helen , Hales Caz , Chen Tao , Camilli Andrew , Collins Andrea M. , Rylance Jamie , Bentley Stephen D. , Jochems Simon P. , de Jonge Marien I. , Weiser Jeffrey N. , Cleary David W. , Clarke Stuart , Malley Richard , Gordon Stephen B. , Ferreira Daniela M. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryColonization efficiency varies considerably between Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) strains. The microbial characteristics that influence those differences are still largely unknown. Here, we report rates and kinetics of colonization of four pneumococcal strains upon experimental human pneumococcal challenge. Healthy adults were intranasally challenged with one of four pneumococcal strains (serotype/clonal name: 6B/BHN418, 15B/SH8286, 23F/P1121 and 23F/P833) over a range of doses. Maximum colonization achieved was 60%, 31%, 16% and 10%, respectively. Density and duration of colonization did not differ significantly between the tested strains. We further evaluated murine colonization, non-opsonic neutrophil mediated killing, epithelial cell adherence and average chain length of these four pneumococcal strains. Of these, only chain length was found to be associated with colonization efficiency in the human challenge model. Our data demonstrate that colonization rates following experimental challenge vary with the strain used and suggest that efficiency in colonization is related to pneumococcal chain length.
Variational-LSTM Autoencoder to forecast the spread of coronavirus across the globe
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed R. , Haworth James , Lipani Aldo , Aslam Nilufer , Cheng Tao , Christie Nicola 
Published: April 2020

AbstractModelling the spread of coronavirus globally while learning trends at global and country levels remains crucial for tackling the pandemic. We introduce a novel variational LSTM-Autoencoder model to predict the spread of coronavirus for each country across the globe. This deep spatio-temporal model does not only rely on historical data of the virus spread but also includes factors related to urban characteristics represented in locational and demographic data (such as population density, urban population, and fertility rate), an index that represent the governmental measures and response amid toward mitigating the outbreak (includes 13 measures such as: 1) school closing, 2) workplace closing, 3) cancelling public events, 4) close public transport, 5) public information campaigns, 6) restrictions on internal movements, 7) international travel controls, 8) fiscal measures, 9) monetary measures, 10) emergency investment in health care, 11) investment in vaccines, 12) virus testing framework, and 13) contact tracing). In addition, the introduced method learns to generate graph to adjust the spatial dependences among different countries while forecasting the spread. We trained two models for short and long-term forecasts. The first one is trained to output one step in future with three previous timestamps of all features across the globe, whereas the second model is trained to output 10 steps in future. Overall, the trained models show high validation for forecasting the spread for each country for short and long-term forecasts, which makes the introduce method a useful tool to assist decision and policymaking for the different corners of the globe.