bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders in Chile between 2005 and 2018: results from a national register of over 30 000 cases
Authors: González-Valderrama Alfonso , Jongsma Hannah E. , Mena Cristián , Castañeda Carmen Paz , Nachar Rubén , Undurraga Juan , Crossley Nicolás , Aceituno David , Iruretagoyena Barbara , Gallardo Carlos , Mondaca Pilar , Monje Matías , Irarrazaval Matías , Zavala Cynthia , Valmaggia Lucia , Kirkbride James B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundEvidence suggests the incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders (NAPDs) varies across persons and places, but data from the Global South is scarce. We aimed to estimate the treated incidence of NAPD in Chile, and variance by person, place and time.MethodsWe used national register data from Chile including all people, 10–65 years, with the first episode of NAPD (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision: F20–F29) between 1 January 2005 and 29 August 2018. Denominators were estimated from Chilean National Census data. Our main outcome was treated incidence of NAPD and age group, sex, calendar year and regional-level population density, multidimensional poverty and latitude were exposures of interest.ResultsWe identified 32 358 NAPD cases [12 136 (39.5%) women; median age-at-first-contact: 24 years (interquartile range 18–39 years)] during 171.1 million person-years [crude incidence: 18.9 per 100 000 person-years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.7–19.1]. Multilevel Poisson regression identified a strong age–sex interaction in incidence, with rates peaking in men (57.6 per 100 000 person-years; 95% CI 56.0–59.2) and women (29.5 per 100 000 person-years; 95% CI 28.4–30.7) between 15 and 19 years old. Rates also decreased (non-linearly) over time for women, but not men. We observed a non-linear association with multidimensional poverty and latitude, with the highest rates in the poorest regions and those immediately south of Santiago; no association with regional population density was observed.ConclusionOur findings inform the aetiology of NAPDs, replicating typical associations with age, sex and multidimensional poverty in a Global South context. The absence of association with population density suggests this risk may be context-dependent.
Demand for bio-based fertilizers from dairy manure in Washington State: a small-scale discrete choice experiment
Authors: Hills Karen , Yorgey Georgine , Cook Joseph 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe use of bio-based fertilizers derived from dairy manure can provide a valuable source of fertility, improve soil health and provide an outlet for manure from dairy operations. We conducted a small-scale discrete choice survey of crop farmers and crop consultants in Washington State to determine the attributes that were important to them in the potential use of a bio-based fertilizer product derived from dairy manure. Of the attributes examined, distribution channel was not statistically significant. Respondents preferred air-dried or pelletized forms to wet forms, though there was no statistically significant difference between air-dried and pelletized forms. As expected, uptake increased as price decreased. Our results imply that respondents would be willing to pay 23 and 39% more for an air-dried or pelletized product, respectively, than for a ‘semi-wet’ product. Our results indicate that there are other important attributes beyond the ones in the survey that led respondents to stay with their current fertilizer regime. Qualitative responses in the survey pointed to the need for field trial results and data on nitrogen release from the bio-based fertilizer. Greater understanding of willingness-to-pay and attributes important to potential end users is important for the development of markets for bio-based fertilizers.
Health economics and emergence from COVID-19 lockdown: the great big marginal analysis
Authors: Donaldson Cam , Mitton Craig 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDespite denials of politicians and other advisors, trade-offs have already been apparent in many policy decisions addressing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and its social and economic consequences. Here, we illustrate why it is important, from a wellbeing perspective, to recognise such trade-offs, and provide a framework, based on the economic concept of ‘marginal analysis’, for doing so. We illustrate its potential through consideration of optimising the balance between reducing the reproductive rate (R) of the virus and further opening of the economy. The framework accommodates both perspectives in the health-vs-economy debate whereby, depending on where we are within the marginal analysis framework, either health issues are allowed to dominate or, below some threshold of R and/or background level of infection, health and economic considerations can be traded off against each other. Given the inevitability of such trade-offs, the framework exposes crucial questions to be addressed, such as: the critical value of R and/or background infection, above which health considerations predominate, and which may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction; and the value of lives forgone resulting from the small increases in R and/or background infection levels that may have to be tolerated as the economy is gradually opened.
Imaging of Martian Circulation Patterns and Atmospheric Tides Through MAVEN/IUVS Nightglow Observations
Authors: Schneider N. M. , Milby Z. , Jain S. K. , González‐Galindo F. , Royer E. , Gérard J.‐C. , Stiepen A. , Deighan J. , Stewart A. I. F. , Forget F. , Lefèvre F. , Bougher S. W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe report results from a study of two consecutive Martian years of imaging observations of nitric oxide ultraviolet nightglow by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission spacecraft. The emission arises from recombination of N and O atoms in Mars' nightside mesosphere. The brightness traces the reaction rate as opposed to the abundance of constituents, revealing where circulation patterns concentrate N and O and enhance recombination. Emissions are brightest around the winter poles, with equatorial regions brightening around the equinoxes. These changes offer clear evidence of circulation patterns transitioning from a single cross‐equatorial cell operating during solstice periods to more symmetric equator‐to‐poles circulation around the equinoxes. Prominent atmospheric tides intensify the emissions at different longitudes, latitude ranges, and seasons. We find a strong eastward‐propagating diurnal tide (DE2) near the equator during the equinoxes, with a remarkably bright spot narrowly confined near (0°, 0°). Wave features at the opposite winter poles are dissimilar, reflecting different circulation patterns at perihelion versus aphelion. LMD‐MGCM simulations agree with the patterns of most observed phenomena, confirming that the model captures the dominant physical processes. At the south winter pole, however, the model fails to match a strong wave‐1 spiral feature. Observed brightnesses exceed model predictions by a factor of 1.9 globally, probably due to an underestimation of the dayside production of N and O atoms. Further study of discrepancies between the model and observations offers opportunities to improve our understanding of chemical and transport processes controlling the emission.
Laser-induced graphitization of a forest-based ink for use in flexible and printed electronics
Authors: Edberg Jesper , Brooke Robert , Hosseinaei Omid , Fall Andreas , Wijeratne Kosala , Sandberg Mats 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLaser-induced graphitization (LIG) is a method of converting a carbon-rich precursor into a highly conductive graphite-like carbon by laser scribing. This method has shown great promise as a versatile and low-cost patterning technique. Here we show for the first time how an ink based on cellulose and lignin can be patterned using screen printing followed by laser graphitization. Screen printing is one of the most commonly used manufacturing techniques of printed electronics, making this approach compatible with existing processing of various devices. The use of forest-based materials opens the possibility of producing green and sustainable electronics. Pre-patterning of the ink enables carbon patterns without residual precursor between the patterns. We investigated the effect of the ink composition, laser parameters, and additives on the conductivity and structure of the resulting carbon and could achieve low sheet resistance of 3.8 Ω sq−1 and a high degree of graphitization. We demonstrated that the process is compatible with printed electronics and finally manufactured a humidity sensor which uses lignin as the sensing layer and graphitized lignin as the electrodes.
Non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation selectively enhances speech category learning in adults
Authors: Llanos Fernando , McHaney Jacie R. , Schuerman William L. , Yi Han G. , Leonard Matthew K. , Chandrasekaran Bharath 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAdults struggle to learn non-native speech contrasts even after years of exposure. While laboratory-based training approaches yield learning, the optimal training conditions for maximizing speech learning in adulthood are currently unknown. Vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to prime adult sensory-perceptual systems towards plasticity in animal models. Precise temporal pairing with auditory stimuli can enhance auditory cortical representations with a high degree of specificity. Here, we examined whether sub-perceptual threshold transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), paired with non-native speech sounds, enhances speech category learning in adults. Twenty-four native English-speakers were trained to identify non-native Mandarin tone categories. Across two groups, tVNS was paired with the tone categories that were easier- or harder-to-learn. A control group received no stimulation but followed an identical thresholding procedure as the intervention groups. We found that tVNS robustly enhanced speech category learning and retention of correct stimulus-response associations, but only when stimulation was paired with the easier-to-learn categories. This effect emerged rapidly, generalized to new exemplars, and was qualitatively different from the normal individual variability observed in hundreds of learners who have performed in the same task without stimulation. Electroencephalography recorded before and after training indicated no evidence of tVNS-induced changes in the sensory representation of auditory stimuli. These results suggest that paired-tVNS induces a temporally precise neuromodulatory signal that selectively enhances the perception and memory consolidation of perceptually salient categories.
Dissection of α4β7 integrin regulation by Rap1 using novel conformation-specific monoclonal anti-β7 antibodies
Authors: Sato Tsuyoshi , Ishihara Sayaka , Marui Ryoya , Takagi Junichi , Katagiri Koko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntegrin activation is associated with conformational regulation. In this study, we developed a system to evaluate conformational changes in α4β7integrin. We first inserted the PA tag into the plexin-semaphorin-integrin (PSI) domain of β7chain, which reacted with an anti-PA tag antibody (NZ-1) in an Mn2+-dependent manner. The small GTPase Rap1 deficiency, as well as chemokine stimulation and the introduction of the active form of Rap1, Rap1V12, enhanced the binding of NZ-1 to the PA-tagged mutant integrin, and increased the binding affinity to mucosal addressing cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Furthermore, we generated two kinds of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognized Mn2+-dependent epitopes of β7. Both epitopes were exposed to bind to mAbs on the cells by the introduction of Rap1V12. Although one epitope in the PSI domain of β7was exposed on Rap1-deficienct cells, the other epitope in the hybrid domain of β7was not. These data indicate that the conversion of Rap1-GDP to GTP exerts two distinct effects stepwise on the conformation of α4β7. The induction of colitis by Rap1-deficient CD4+effector/memory T cells suggests that the removal of constraining effect by Rap1-GDP on α4β7is sufficient for homing of these pathogenic T cells into colon lamina propria (LP).
Callosobruchus embryo struggle to guarantee progeny production
Authors: Amiri Azam , Bandani Ali R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe conducted a series of experiments to test insect embryo capability to survive and increase reproductive investment during early development after short exposure to essential oils. We usedCallosobruchus maculatusas a model insect and eucalyptus leaf and flower essential oils. Both essential oils exhibited toxicity againstC. maculatusembryos and adults. However, flower essential oil was more toxic. A fetus exposed to essential oils tried to make the best of a bad situation and compensate essential oils harmful effects in the later life stages. Insect progeny production guarantee resulted in a trade-off between reproduction and female longevity. The insect also could alter fitness and reproductive behavior including, mating latency reduction, copulation duration increase, and copulation success rate raise in adulthood. Flower essential oil-exposed embryos were more successful in increasing copulation duration, and leaf essential oil-exposed embryos achieved more copulation success and less mating latency. These consequences persisted until F1 generation that was not directly exposed to essential oil. However, the F2 generation could concur with the harmful effects of essential oils.C. maculatusembryo might use epigenetic mechanisms to guarantee progeny production. Reproductive behavior changes and the trade-off can be evolutionary mechanisms to save species from possible extinction in deleterious situations.
Managing a suspended course of action
Authors: Wang Xiaoyun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study explores interactional functions of the connectivesuoyi‘so’ and its particular role in organizing talk and activity in Mandarin conversation. Adopting the methodologies of conversation analysis, multimodal analysis, and interactional linguistics, this study examines 14 hours of naturalistic face-to-face Mandarin conversation. An examination of the data shows that in addition to marking results and conclusions,suoyiis also used to preface an utterance as a tying device to manage suspensions, where progressivity of a course of action is halted. Specifically,suoyi-prefaced utterances can be used to return to a pre-prior course of action at the possible completion of a side sequence or frame. When performing the function of return,suoyi-prefaced utterances facilitate the development of the main course of action. This study contributes to our understanding of the interactional uses of linking adverbials from a cross-linguistic perspective.
Meaning construction in interactive academic talk
Authors: Pan Yun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMental spacesare conceptual structures for meaning representation and interpretation in discourse. They are pervasive in everyday language as an important aspect of ongoing language processing and meaning construction (Hamawand 2016). The application ofMental Space Theory(MST) to the analysis of real, attested examples of discourse (e.g. Conversation Analysis) has been undertaken through productive exchanges (seeHougaard 2004,2005,Oakley & Hougaard 2008,Oakley 2009). The integration links external, observable language behaviors to internal, conceptual mental operations (Williams 2008), revealing that the cognitive dimensions of discursive approaches are essential to the analysis of talk-in-interaction. This study focuses on the technical aspects of Conversation Analysis in interactive academic talk and shows how MST can provide a subsequent framework for making plausible accounts of the meaning construction process underlying typical conversational moves in this unique talk setting. The data analyses show that the accessibility and selectivity of cognitive mappings contribute to shaping the structurality of meaning representation, transmission, and interpretation. The findings have implications for understanding and characterizing how co-constructed meaning enters into individual and collective conceptualization in higher education communication.
Availability of Personal Protective Equipment in NHS Hospitals During COVID-19: A National Survey
Authors: Mantelakis Angelos , Spiers Harry V M , Lee Chang Woo , Chambers Alastair , Joshi Anil 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The continuous supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the National Health Service (NHS) is paramount to reduce transmission of COVID-19 to patients, public, and staff.

Methods
A 16-question survey was created to assess the availability and personal thoughts of healthcare professionals regarding PPE supply in England. The survey was distributed via social media (Facebook© and Twitter©) to UK COVID-19 healthcare professional groups, with responses collected over 3 weeks in March 2020 during the beginning of the pandemic.

Results
A total of 121 responses from physicians in 35 different hospitals were collected (105 inpatient wards, 16 from intensive care units). In inpatient wards, eye and face protection were unavailable to 19% (20/105). Fluid-resistant surgical masks were available to 97% (102/105) whereas filtering facepiece class 3 (FFP3) respirator for 53% (56/105) of respondents. Gloves were accessible for all respondents (100%). Body protection was available primarily as a plastic apron 84% (88/105). All of respondents working in intensive care had access to full-body PPE, except FFP3 respirators (available in 88%, 14/16). PPE is ‘Always’ available for 30% (36/121) of all respondents. There was a statistically significant difference between London and non-London respondents that ‘Always’ had PPE available (44 versus 19%, P = 0.003).

Conclusions
Our survey demonstrated an overall lack of PPE volume supply in the UK hospitals during March 2020, demonstrating a lack of preparedness for a pandemic. PPE was more readily available in London which was the epicentre of the outbreak. Eye and full body protection are in most lack of supply.
Cost implications of increased solar penetration and time-of-use rate interactions
Authors: Bain Dominique , Acker Tom 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Electricity-grid operators are facing new challenges in matching load and generation due to increased solar generation and peak-load growth. This paper demonstrates that time-of-use (TOU) rates are an effective method to address these challenges. TOU rates use price differences to incentivize conserving electricity during peak hours and encouraging use during off-peak hours. This strategy is being used across the USA, including in Arizona, California and Hawaii. This analysis used the production-cost model PLEXOS with an hourly resolution to explore how production costs, locational marginal prices and dispatch stacks (type of generation used to meet load) change due to changes in load shapes prompted by TOU rates and with additional solar generation. The modelling focused on implementing TOU rates at three different adoption (response) levels with and without additional solar generation in the Arizona balancing areas within a PLEXOS model. In most cases analysed, implementing TOU rates in Arizona reduced reserve shortages in the Western Interconnect and, in some cases, very substantially. This result is representative of the interactions that happen interconnection-wide, demonstrating the advantage of modelling the entire interconnection. Production costs were decreased by the additional solar generation and the load change from TOU rates, and high response levels reduced the production costs the most for high-solar-generation cases. Load change from TOU rates decreased locational marginal prices for a typical summer day but had inconsistent results on a high-load day. Additional solar generation decreased the usage of combustion turbines, combined cycles and coal-fired generation.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Features in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Positive Patients
Authors: Bellon Mathilde , Schweblin Cecilia , Lambeng Nathalie , Cherpillod Pascal , Vazquez Jessica , Lalive Patrice H , Schibler Manuel , Deffert Christine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid features of 31 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with neurological complications. We observed neither severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, nor intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis but did observe signs of blood-brain barrier disruption. These results might serve as a basis for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 related neuropathogenesis.
Sub-lethal effects of permethrin exposure on a passerine: implications for managing ectoparasites in wild bird nests
Authors: Bulgarella Mariana , Knutie Sarah A , Voss Margaret A , Cunninghame Francesca , Florence-Bennett Brittany J , Robson Gemma , Keyzers Robert A , Taylor Lauren M , Lester Philip J , Heimpel George E , Causton Charlotte E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPermethrin is increasingly used for parasite control in bird nests, including nests of threatened passerines. We present the first formal evaluation of the effects of continued permethrin exposure on the reproductive success and liver function of a passerine, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), for two generations. We experimentally treated all nest material with a 1% permethrin solution or a water control and provided the material to breeding finches for nest building. The success of two consecutive clutches produced by the parental generation and one clutch produced by first-generation birds were tracked. Finches in the first generation were able to reproduce and fledge offspring after permethrin exposure, ruling out infertility. Permethrin treatment had no statistically significant effect on the number of eggs laid, number of days from clutch initiation to hatching, egg hatch rate, fledgling mass or nestling sex ratio in either generation. However, treating nest material with permethrin significantly increased the number of hatchlings in the first generation and decreased fledgling success in the second generation. Body mass for hatchlings exposed to permethrin was lower than for control hatchlings in both generations, but only statistically significant for the second generation. For both generations, an interaction between permethrin treatment and age significantly affected nestling growth. Permethrin treatment had no effect on liver function for any generation. Permethrin was detected inside 6 of 21 exposed, non-embryonated eggs (28.5% incidence; range: 693–4781 ng of permethrin per gram of dry egg mass). Overall, results from exposing adults, eggs and nestlings across generations to permethrin-treated nest material suggest negative effects on finch breeding success, but not on liver function. For threatened bird conservation, the judicious application of this insecticide to control parasites in nests can result in lower nestling mortality compared to when no treatment is applied. Thus, permethrin treatment benefits may outweigh its sub-lethal effects.