bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the partial breaking of $\mathcal{N}=2$ rigid supersymmetry with a complex hypermultiplet
Authors: El Kinani M N , Vall M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We study partial supersymmetry breaking in effective $\mathcal{N}=2$ U$ \left( 1\right) ^{n}$ gauge theory coupled to complex hypermultiplets by using the method of L. Andrianopoli et al., Phys. Lett. B 744, 116 (2015), which we refer to as the ADFT method. We derive the generalization of the symplectic invariant ADFT formula $\zeta _{a}=\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon _{abc}(\mathcal{P}^{bM}\mathcal{C}_{MN}\mathcal{P}^{cN}) $, capturing information on partial breaking. Our extension of this anomaly is expressed as $d_{a}=\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon _{abc}\mathbb{P}^{bM}\mathcal{C}_{MN}\mathbb{P}^{cN}+\mathcal{J}_{a}$. The generalized moment maps $\mathbb{P}^{aM}$ contain $\mathcal{P}^{aM}$ and also depend on electric/magnetic coupling charges $G^{M}=( \eta ^{i},g_{i}) $; the $\mathcal{J}_{a}$ is an extra contribution induced by Killing isometries in the complex hypermatter sector. Using SP$\left(2n,\mathbb{R}\right)$ symplectic symmetry, we also give the $\mathcal{N}=2$ partial breaking condition and derive the model of I. Antoniadis et al., Nucl. Phys. B 863, 471 (2012) by a particular realization of the $d_{a}$ anomaly.
Radiological Studies in Very Low Birth Weight and Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonates: ‘ALARA’ Revisited
Authors: Jeetoo Surjit Damon , Smith Johan , Pitcher Richard Denys 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundVery low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. There are limited data on radiographic practice among this population in resource-limited environments.AimTo estimate cumulative effective dose (ED) from diagnostic imaging in VLBW (1000–1500 g) and ELBW (&lt;1000 g) neonates in a resource-limited setting.MethodA retrospective analysis of all diagnostic imaging examinations performed on ELBW and VLBW neonates born in a large South African public-sector tertiary-level hospital from January through June 2015. Data were stratified by birth weight and imaging examination. The ED was estimated according to the method of Puch-Kapst. Non-parametric t-tests compared the number of radiographs and ED in VLBW and ELBW neonates, at 5% significance.ResultsThree hundred and ninety-three neonates with median birth weight 1130 (IQR: 930–1340) g were included; 265 (67%) were VLBW and 128 (33%) ELBW; 48 (12%) died at a median of 7 (IQR: 2–17) days. A median of 2 (IQR: 1–5) radiographs were performed per neonate, with median ED 28.8 (IQR: 14.4–90.8) μSv. The median radiographic exposures for VLBW and ELBW neonates were 1 (IQR: 1–4) and 4 (IQR: 2–9), respectively, (p &lt; 0.0001) with median ED 14.4 (IQR: 14.4–70.4) μSv and 71.2 (IQR: 28.8–169.3) μSv, respectively, (p &lt; 0.0001). Radiographic exposure for VLBW neonates was lower than previously documented for this population.ConclusionNeonatal radiographic practice in resource-limited settings has the potential to contribute to the discourse on international best practice.
Research on a forecasting model of tourism traffic volume in theme parks in China
Authors: Mei Zhen-yu , Qiu Hai , Feng Chi , Cheng Yang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, a model based on multiple regression analysis is developed to forecast the tourism traffic volume of theme parks. First, the macro, meso and micro factors affecting traffic passenger volume are analysed. Second, SPSS software is used for multivariate regression analysis on data for 10 theme parks from 2014. A tourism traffic volume forecasting model is then proposed. Finally, related data for 2015 is used to validate the model, with results showing a prediction error of 14.1%. All results show that the model has a high predictive ability.
Contrasting performance between physically active and sedentary older people playing exergames
Authors: Zangirolami-Raimundo Juliana , Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello , da Silva Talita Dias , de Andrade Paulo Evaristo , Benetti Fernanda Antico , da Silva Paiva Laércio , do Valle Joseane Elza Tonussi Mendes Rossette , de Abreu Luiz Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The increase in life expectancy associated with the increase in chronological age and less active people helps in the appearance of chronic and degenerative diseases. The encouragement of physical exercises contributes to older people abandoning sedentarism and preventing such diseases. Exergame is a promising alternative, for making exercise a pleasurable activity.
In this study, we compared the performance of physically active older people with sedentary older people in exergames.
Participants were 83 older adults over 65 years of age, of both sexes, divided into 2 physically active older people (AG) and sedentary older people (CG) groups. The participants performed a task through an exergame called “MoviLetrando” that uses the score, number of hits, number of omissions, and an average time of hits as an evaluation. A characterization questionnaire was applied, with information about sex, age, marital status, economic class, self-rated health, time of use of electronic games, a questionnaire on the practice of physical activity, and the Brunel Mood Scale.
There was a higher exergame score in AG than in CG (P = .003), in the number of correct answers (P = .012). The number of omissions was lower in AG than in CG (P = .023). The mean time of correct answers was lower in AG than in CG (P = .013). The regression analysis revealed a significant finding F (3, 82) = 11.06, P < .001 and showed a prediction ability of 26.9% (r
2 = .269). Three variables remained significantly associated with the score: physical activity was marginally significant (β = .19, P = .06), age (β = −.403, P < .001), depression (β = −.212, P = .028).
Physically active older people perform better when compared with the sedentary older people. Age, depression, and physical activity influence the performance in exergame.
Black holes in the quantum universe
Authors: Giddings Steven B. 
Published: November 2019

A succinct summary is given of the problem of reconciling observation of black hole-like objects with quantum mechanics. If quantum black holes behave like subsystems, and also decay, their information must be transferred to their environments. Interactions that accomplish this with ‘minimal’ departure from a standard description are parametrized. Possible sensitivity of gravitational wave or very long baseline interferometric observations to these interactions is briefly outlined.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.
Searching for long-lived particles at the Large Hadron Collider and beyond
Authors: De Roeck Albert 
Published: November 2019

We discuss the hunt for long-lived particles at the Large Hadron Collider. A motivation is given for such searches, and the experimental challenges are presented. It has become clear in the last few years that the present experiments are not optimally equipped to cover the full phase space of possibilities for such scenarios, so recently small additional experiments have been proposed for specific searches.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.
Searches for exotica and dark matter with neutrino telescopes
Authors: Margiotta A. 
Published: November 2019

Neutrino telescopes are designed to search for neutrino sources in the Universe, exploiting the Cherenkov light emitted along the path of the charged particles produced in interactions occurring close to the detector volume. Their huge size and the shield offered by large water or ice overburden make them excellent tools to search for exotic and rare particles in the cosmic radiation. In particular, they are sensitive to particles not predicted by the Standard Model that could be messenger of new physics. An overview of the experimental scenario and the relevant results obtained looking for magnetic monopoles, dark matter candidates and other exotic relic particles with neutrino telescopes is given, together with the description of possible new perspectives.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.
Monopole–antimonopole pair production by magnetic fields
Authors: Rajantie Arttu 
Published: November 2019

Quantum electrodynamics predicts that in a strong electric field, electron–positron pairs are produced by the Schwinger process, which can be interpreted as quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb potential barrier. If magnetic monopoles exist, monopole–antimonopole pairs would be similarly produced in strong magnetic fields by the electromagnetic dual of this process. The production rate can be computed using semiclassical techniques without relying on perturbation theory, and therefore it can be done reliably in spite of the monopoles' strong coupling to the electromagnetic field. This article explains this phenomenon and discusses the bounds on monopole masses arising from the strongest magnetic fields in the universe, which are in neutron stars known as magnetars and in heavy ion collision experiments such as lead–lead collisions carried out in November 2018 in the large Hadron collider at CERN. It will also discuss open theoretical questions affecting the calculation.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.
An epigenetic clock for human skeletal muscle
Authors: Voisin S , Harvey NR , Haupt LM , Griffiths LR , Ashton KJ , Coffey VG , Doering TM , Thompson JM , Benedict C , Cedernaes J , Lindholm ME , Craig JM , Rowlands DS , Sharples AP , Horvath S , Eynon N 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundAgeing is associated with DNA methylation changes in all human tissues, and epigenetic markers can estimate chronological age based on DNA methylation patterns across tissues. However, the construction of the original pan-tissue epigenetic clock did not include skeletal muscle samples, and hence exhibited a strong deviation between DNA methylation and chronological age in this tissue.MethodsTo address this, we developed a more accurate, muscle-specific epigenetic clock based on the genome-wide DNA methylation data of 682 skeletal muscle samples from 12 independent datasets (18-89 years old, 22% women, 99% Caucasian), all generated with Illumina HumanMethylation arrays (HM27, HM450 or HMEPIC). We also took advantage of the large number of samples to conduct an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of age-associated DNA methylation patterns in skeletal muscle.ResultsThe newly developed clock uses 200 CpGs to estimate chronological age in skeletal muscle, 16 of which are in common with the 353 CpGs of the pan-tissue clock. The muscle clock outperformed the pan-tissue clock, with a median error of only 4.6 years across datasets (vs13.1 years for the pan-tissue clock, p < 0.0001) and an average correlation of ρ = 0.62 between actual and predicted age across datasets (vsρ = 0.51 for the pan-tissue clock). Lastly, we identified 180 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) with age in skeletal muscle at a False Discovery Rate < 0.005. However, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis did not reveal any enrichment for Gene Ontologies.ConclusionsWe have developed a muscle-specific epigenetic clock that predicts age with better accuracy than the pan-tissue clock. We implemented the muscle clock in an R package calledMEATavailable on Bioconductor to estimate epigenetic age in skeletal muscle samples. This clock may prove valuable in assessing the impact of environmental factors, such as exercise and diet, on muscle-specific biological ageing processes.
How repair-or-dispose decisions under stress can initiate disease progression
Authors: Nold Andreas , Batulin Danylo , Birkner Katharina , Bittner Stefan , Tchumatchenko Tatjana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlia, the helper cells of the brain, are essential in maintaining neural resilience across time and varying challenges: By reacting to changes in neuronal health glia carefully balance repair or disposal of injured neurons to prevent further tissue damage. Malfunction of these interactions is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Reductionist models with a minimal number of parameters provide the opportunity to gain insight into biological functions and inform experimental designs. We introduce such a model that mimics long-term implications of repair-or-dispose decisions. Depending on the functionality of the decision-making process, the model assumes four distinct tissue states: healthy, challenged, primed tissue at risk of acute damage propagation, and chronic neurodegeneration. These states of the model correspond to the progression stages observed in the most common neurodegenerative conditions. The underlying mechanisms are in agreement with experimental observations of glia-neuron crosstalk and reproduce a homeostatic balance between repairing and damage-inducing reactions. The model suggests that the onset of neurodegeneration results from a tug-of-war between two conflicting goals: short-term resilience to stressors vs long-term prevention of tissue damage.
Exploring Survival Models Associated with MCI to AD Conversion: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Orozco-Sanchez Jorge , Trevino Victor , Martinez-Ledesma Emmanuel , Farber Joshua , Tamez-Peña Jose 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSeveral studies have documented that structural MRI findings are associated with the presence of early-stage Alzheimer Disease (AD). However, the association of each MRI feature with the rate of conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD in a multivariate setting has not been studied fully. The objective of this work is the comprehensive exploration of four different machine learning (ML) strategies to build MRI-based multivariate Cox regression models. These models evaluated the association of MRI features with the time of MCI to clinical AD conversion. We used 442 MCI subjects from the Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. Each subject was described by 346 MRI features and time to AD conversion. Cox regression models then estimated the rate of conversion. Models were built using four ML methodologies in a cross-validation (CV) setting. All the ML methods returned successful Cox models with different CV performances. The best model exhibited a concordance index of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.86). The final analysis described the hazard ratios (HR) of the top ten MRI features associated with MCI to AD conversion. Our results suggest ML exploration is a viable strategy for building and analyzing survival models that predict subjects at risk of AD conversion.
Trading Mental Effort for Confidence in the Metacognitive Control of Value-Based Decision-Making
Authors: Lee Douglas , Daunizeau Jean 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTWhy do we sometimes opt for actions or items that we do not value the most? Under current neurocomputational theories, such preference reversals are typically interpreted in terms of errors that arise from the unreliable signaling of value to brain decision systems. But, an alternative explanation is that people may change their mind because they are reassessing the value of alternative options while pondering the decision. So, why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? In this work, we derive a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions or MCD. In brief, we assume that fast and automatic processes first provide initial (and largely uncertain) representations of options’ values, yielding prior estimates of decision difficulty. These uncertain value representations are then refined by deploying cognitive (e.g., attentional, mnesic) resources, the allocation of which is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies in a decision-by-decision manner according to the prior estimate of decision difficulty. The ensuing MCD model predicts response time, subjective feeling of effort, choice confidence, changes of mind, and choice-induced preference change and certainty gain. We test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a quantitative link between mental effort, choice confidence, and preference reversals, which could inform interpretations of related neuroimaging findings.
Modulation of the promoter activation rate dictates the transcriptional response to graded BMP signaling levels in theDrosophilaembryo
Authors: Hoppe Caroline , Bowles Jonathan R. , Minchington Thomas G. , Sutcliffe Catherine , Upadhyai Priyanka , Rattray Magnus , Ashe Hilary L. 
Published: November 2019

SUMMARYMorphogen gradients specify cell fates during development, with a classic example being the BMP gradient’s conserved role in embryonic dorsal-ventral axis patterning. Here we elucidate how the BMP gradient is interpreted in theDrosophilaembryo, by combining live imaging with computational modelling to infer transcriptional burst parameters at single cell resolution. By comparing burst kinetics in cells receiving different levels of BMP signaling, we show that BMP signaling controls burst frequency by regulating the promoter activation rate. We provide evidence that the promoter activation rate is influenced by both enhancer and promoter sequences, whereas Pol II loading rate is primarily modulated by the enhancer. Consistent with BMP-dependent regulation of burst frequency, the numbers of BMP target gene transcripts per cell are graded across their expression domains. We suggest that graded mRNA output is a general feature of morphogen gradient interpretation and discuss how this can impact on cell fate decisions.
Intrinsic DNA topology as a prioritization metric in genomic fine-mapping studies
Authors: Ainsworth Hannah C. , Howard Timothy D. , Langefeld Carl D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn genomic fine-mapping studies, some approaches leverage annotation data to prioritize likely functional polymorphisms. However, existing annotation sources often present challenges as many: lack data for novel variants, offer no context for noncoding regions, and/or are confounded with linkage disequilibrium. We propose a novel annotation source – sequence-dependent DNA topology – as a prioritization metric for fine-mapping. DNA topology and function are well-intertwined, and as an intrinsic DNA property, it is readily applicable to any genomic region. Here, we constructed and applied, Minor Groove Width (MGW), as a prioritization metric. Using an established MGW-prediction method, we generated an MGW census for 199,038,197 SNPs across the human genome. Summarizing a SNP’s change in MGW (ΔMGW) as a Euclidean distance, ΔMGW exhibited a strongly right-skewed distribution, highlighting the infrequency of SNPs that generate dissimilar shape profiles. We hypothesized that phenotypically-associated SNPs can be prioritized by ΔMGW. We applied Bayesian and frequentist MGW-prioritization approaches to three non-coding regions associated with System Lupus Erythematosus in multiple ancestries. In two regions, including ΔMGW resolved the association to a single, trans-ancestral, SNP, corroborated by external functional data. Together, this study presents the first usage of sequence-dependent DNA topology as a prioritization metric in genomic association studies.Graphical AbstractWe hypothesize that SNPs imposing dissimilar minor groove width profiles (ΔMGW) are more likely to alter function. ΔMGW was interrogated genome-wide and then used as a weighting metric for fine-mapping associations.
Three dimensional particle averaging for structural imaging of macromolecular complexes by localization microscopy
Authors: Heydarian Hamidreza , Przybylski Adrian , Schueder Florian , Jungmann Ralf , van Werkhoven Ben , Keller-Findeisen Jan , Ries Jonas , Stallinga Sjoerd , Bates Mark , Rieger Bernd 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present an approach for 3D particle fusion in localization microscopy which dramatically increases signal-to-noise ratio and resolution in single particle analysis. Our method does not require a structural template, and properly handles anisotropic localization uncertainties. We demonstrate 3D particle reconstructions of the Nup107 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), cross-validated using multiple localization microscopy techniques, as well as two-color 3D reconstructions of the NPC, and reconstructions of DNA-origami tetrahedrons.
Dopamine role in learning and action inference
Authors: Bogacz Rafal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper describes a framework for modelling dopamine function in the mammalian brain. In this framework, dopaminergic neurons projecting to different parts of the striatum encode errors in predictions made by the corresponding systems within the basal ganglia. These prediction errors are equal to differences between rewards and expectations in the goal-directed system, and to differences between the chosen and habitual actions in the habit system. The prediction errors enable learning about rewards resulting from actions and habit formation. During action planning, the expectation of reward in the goal-directed system arises from formulating a plan to obtain that reward. Thus dopaminergic neurons in this system provide feedback on whether the current motor plan is sufficient to obtain the available reward, and they facilitate action planning until a suitable plan is found. Presented models account for dopaminergic responses during movements, effects of dopamine depletion on behaviour, and make several experimental predictions.
Genomic determinants of speciation
Authors: Cong Qian , Zhang Jing , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTStudies of life rely on classifying organisms into species. However, since Darwin, there is no agreement about how to separate species from varieties. Contrary to a frequent belief, quantitative standards for species delineation are lacking and overdue, and debates about species delimitation create obstacles for conservation biology, agriculture, legislation, and education. To tackle this key biological question, we have chosen butterflies as model organisms. We sequenced and analyzed transcriptomes of 188 specimens representing pairs of close but clearly distinct species, populations, and taxa that are debated among experts. We find that species are robustly separated from populations by the combination of two measures computed on Z-linked genes: fixation index that detects hiatus between species, and the extent of gene flow that quantifies reproductive isolation. These criteria suggest that all 9 butterfly pairs that caused experts’ disagreement are distinct species, not populations. When applied to Homo, our criteria agree that all modern humans are the same species distinct from Neanderthals, suggesting relevance of this study beyond butterflies. Furthermore, we found that proteins involved in interactions with DNA (including proteins encoded by trans-regulatory elements), circadian clock, pheromone sensing, development, and immune response recurrently correlate with speciation. A significant fraction of these proteins is encoded by the Z-chromosome, which appears to be resistant to introgression. Taken together, we find common speciation mechanisms in butterflies, reveal the central role of Z-chromosome in speciation, and suggest quantitative criteria for species delimitation using genomic data, which is vital for the exploration of biodiversity.