bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear optical properties of anisotropic two-dimensional layered materials for ultrafast photonics
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Li Zilong , Yu Ye , Lin Jincan , Liu Shuaishuai , Pang Fufei , Wang Tingyun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The discovery of graphene has intrigued the significant interest in exploring and developing the two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) for the photonics application in recent years. Unlike the isotropic graphene, a number of 2DLMs possess the in-plane anisotropic crystal structure with low symmetry, enabling a new degree of freedom for achieving the novel polarization-dependent and versatile ultrafast photonic devices. In this review article, we focus on the typical anisotropic 2DLMs including BP, ReS2, ReSe2, SnS, and SnSe and summarize the recent development of these anisotropic 2DLMs in the pulsed laser and the optical switch applications. First, we introduce the fabrication methods as well as the material characterization of the anisotropic 2DLMs by analyzing the polarized Raman configuration. Second, we discuss the anisotropic nonlinear optical properties of the anisotropic 2DLMs and concentrate on the anisotropic nonlinear absorption response. Next, we sum up state of the art of the anisotropic 2DLMs in the application of pulse lasers and optical switches. This review ends with perspectives on the challenge and outlook of the anisotropic 2DLMs for ultrafast photonics applications.
Allylic hydrocarbon polymers complexed with Fe(II)(salen) as a ultrahigh oxygen-scavenging and active packaging film
Authors: Wang Yu , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Macromolecular metal complexes provide a molecular-based synergy function of organic polymers and combined metal complexes. A new category of macromolecular complexes includes catalytically active metal complexes immobilized by organic polymers containing reactive substrate moieties in their repeating units. Here, we describe the extremely efficient oxidation of allylic hydrocarbon polymers with the attached iron complex catalyst, as well as the efficient oxygen-consumption or oxygen-scavenging function of the matrix polymer film. The less toxic N,N´-di(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediiminatoiron(II) complex was combined with or fixed onto a series of allylic hydrocarbon polymers as both the oxidative substrate and the film matrix, i.e. poly(1,2-butadiene), polynorbornene, poly(5-vinyl-2-norbornene), poly(2,5-norboenadiene), poly(dicyclopentadiene), and poly(5-ethylidene-2-norbornene). Ultra-high oxygen-scavenging capacity up to 300 mL (oxygen gas at STP)/g(film) was achieved, based on the oxidative consumption of the allylic bond (particularly of poly(5-ethylidene-2-norbornene)), which was more than three times that of the previously reported highest oxygen-scavenging polymers. These oxygen-scavenging films are based on the high reactivity of polymer-metal complexes that provides an innovative development in the area of active packaging polymer films that facilitate cost-effective performance, safety, and sustainability.
Common well cements and the mechanism of cement-formation bonding
Authors: Lupyana Samwel Daud , Maagi Mtaki Thomas , Gu Jun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article reviews the common well cements and describes the basic nature of the cement-formation bond in zonal isolation and its effects on the mechanical and hydraulic performance. The cements are Classes G and H Portland well cements. The cement-formation interface bonding mechanism is a combination of the mechanical indentation of the cement hydrates that interlock to the formation surface and the chemical reactions that occur between the cement slurry and constituents of the rock grains. Mechanical indentation occurs as the hydration products epitaxially grow at the formation surface. The degree to which each of these processes accounts for the formation of the bond is unknown. Here we provide a review of well cement and cement-formation bonds and a discussion of the possible factors that are proposed to influence the microstructural, chemical, and mineralogical properties at the cement-formation interface. In addition, we present some findings about how these factors affect the mechanical and hydraulic performance of the cement-formation bond in zonal isolation.
Size-Dependent Ultrasonic and Thermophysical Properties of Indium Phosphide Nanowires
Authors: Tripathi Sudhanshu , Agarwal Rekha , Singh Devraj 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The present work explores the diameter- and temperature-dependent ultrasonic characterization of wurtzite indium phosphide nanowires (WZ-InP-NWs) using a theoretical model based on the ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique. Initially, the second- and third-order elastic constants (SOECs and TOECs) were computed using the Lennard-Jones potential model, considering the interactions up to the second nearest neighbours. Simultaneously, the mechanical parameters (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, elastic anisotropy factor, bulk modulus, Pugh’s ratio and Poisson’s ratio) were also estimated. Finally, the thermophysical properties and ultrasonic parameters (velocity and attenuation) of the InP-NWs were determined using the computed quantities. The obtained elastic/mechnical properties of the InP-NWs were also analyzed to explore the mechanical behaviors. The correlations between temperature-/size-dependent ultrasonic attenuation and the thermophysical properties were established. The ultrasonic attenuation was observed to be the third-order polynomial function of the diameter/temperature for the InP nanowire.
Determination of energy gain time dependent in D+T mixture with calculating total energy deposited of deuteron beam in hot spot
Authors: Hoseinimotlagh S. N. , Jahedi M. 
Published: March 2020

The fast ignition (FI) mechanism, in which a pellet containing the thermonuclear fuel is first compressed by a nanosecond laser pulse, and then irradiated by an intense "ignition" beam, initiated by a high power picosecond laser pulse, is one of the promising approaches to the realization of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF). If the ignition beam is composed of deuterons, an additional energy is delivered to the target, coming from fusion reactions of the beam-target type, directly initiated by particles from the ignition beam .In this work, we choose the D+T fuel and at first step we compute the average reactivity in terms of temperature for first time at second step we use the obtained results of step one and calculate the total deposited energy of deuteron beam inside the target fuel at available physical condition then in third step we introduced the dynamical balance equation of D+T mixture and solve these nonlinear differential coupled equations versus time .In forth step we compute the power density and energy gain under physical optimum conditions and at final step we concluded that maximum energy deposited in the target from D+T and D+D reaction are equal to to19269.39061 keV and 39198.58043 keV respectively.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Leaf Extract of Lippia adoensis
Authors: Wasihun Yared , Adraro Tesfalem , Ali Solomon 
Published: March 2020

There are quite large numbers of traditionally used medicinal plants that are used to treat skin disorder in the ethno medical system of Ethiopia. Medicinal plants namely L. adoensis, was screened for antibacterial activity against different strains of bacteria which are known to cause various types of skin infections and food poisoning
Anti bacterial effect of the plant species was evaluated against different bacterial strains. The leaves of plant species were extracted by maceration and soxhelt extraction technique for preparation of crude and fractional extract respectively. And anti bacterial screening of different concentration of both crude and fractional extract of the plant species were determined using agar well diffusion method. The test organisms were one gram positive (S.aures) and three gram negative (Salmonella typhi, E.coli and P.aeruginosa) standard organisms.
The results of the initial antibacterial screening test indicated the potential of these herbal drugs in treating bacterial infections of the skin and food poisoning. Among the different fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and methanol) tested for antibacterial activity, the non-polar fractions were found to be more active than the polar fractions. The Phytochemical screening tests carried out on L. adoensis indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids and saponins.
Different extracts L.adoensis were showed significant antibacterial activity against the S.aueres, P.aeroginosa, E.coli and S.typhi. Hence further study is recommended to identify the specific active ingredient and potential formulation of effective antibiotic.
Willingness to pay for Rainfall based Insurance by Smallholder Farmers in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia: The Case of Dugda and Mieso Woredas
Authors: Abebe Hiwot Teshome , Bogale Ayalneh 
Published: March 2020

Current climate variability is already imposing significant challenge to Ethiopia. Therefore, farmers have faced income variability in almost every production season. Problems associated with dependence on rain fed agriculture are common in Ethiopia. Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability from such income variability is also common. Over the years, a range of risk management strategies have been used to reduce, or to assist farmers to absorb, some of these risks. Since insurance is potentially an important instrument to transfer part of the risk, this study try to describe the nature of weather related risks faced by smallholder farmers, assess small holder farmers willingness to pay for the rainfall risk insurance and examine factors that affect the maximum farmers are willing to pay for the rainfall risk insurance. The data was collected from 161 sample households from the two woredas of the study area using closed ended value elicitation format followed by open ended follow up questions. The study uses Logit model to estimate the mean willingness to pay in the close ended format in addition with Tobit model to examine factors that affecting small holder farmer willingness to pay as well as intensity of payment. The mean willingness to pay values are found to be 129.98 and 183.41 birr per hectare for the open and close ended formats respectively. The total willingness to pay for the study area was found to be birr 5,740,244 per year. The tobit model shows six potential explanatory variables affect the willingness to pay value. Income of household and ownership of radio have positive and significant effect on the value of willingness to pay, whereas off-farm income, age of household head, number of livestock owning and availability of public and private gifts have negative and significant effect on willingness to pay value. If the rainfall risk insurance premium is affordable and households have enough information about the service they are willing to pay for the service. Eventually policy makers need to be aware that socio-economic and institutional characteristics of households influence the willingness to pay for rainfall risk insurance services.
Computation of time energy gain in D-3He mixture: Energy deposited through deuterium ignition beam
Authors: Hosseinimotlagh S. N. 
Published: March 2020

The fast ignition approach to ICF consists in ﬁrst compressing the fuel to high density by a suitable driver and then creating the hot spot required for ignition by means of a second external pulse. If the ignition beam is composed of deuterons, an additional energy is delivered to the target with increased energy gain. Therefore ,in this innovative suggestion ,we consider deuterium beams for fast ignition in D+3Hemixture and solve the dynamical balance equations under the available physical conditions by considering a new average reactivity formula ,then we compute the energy gain in this mixture .Our computational results show that we can get energy gain value larger than 4 at resonant temperature (200keV)of D+3Hemixture. We select D+3Hefuel, because D+3Hereaction is very attractive from a theoretical point of view since it does not produced neutrons. The D+3Hebenefits include full-lifetime materials, reduced radiation damage, less activation ,absence of tritium breeding blankets ,highly efficient direct energy conversion, easier maintenance, proliferation resistance.
An Economic Evaluation of Electromechanical Components for Microhydro in Borneo – Case Study
Authors: Ismail Mohd Azlan , Othman Al Khalid , Zen Hushairi 
Published: March 2020

This paper presents an economic evaluation using Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Rate of Return to compare Pump as Turbine and Multi Jet Pelton Turbine as an electromechanical component in a microhydro project for Kampung Longkongungan, Sabah. The aim of this paper is to support microhydro project managers in rural areas to evaluate economic advantages between two type of turbines, taking into account relevant cost components, covering a wider perspective beyond capital cost. The analysis is set in view of 15 years product lifespan with discount rate set at 5% per annum. The goal of this study is to determine which system produced the best return on investment. All relevant data have been collected through product manuals, product suppliers, and academic literature. The study reveals that Pump as Turbine and Multi Jet Pelton Turbine cumulative profit are recorded at MYR 10,065.11 and MYR 14,863.82 respectively. The Rate of Return for Pump as Turbine is at 4.34 while Multi Jet Pelton at 6.11 years. The result shows that Pump as Turbine has a low capital cost and shorter Rate of Return. However, due to low efficiency, the total return of investment is lower than Multi Jet Pelton Turbine.
Wind Power potential in Kigali and Western provinces of Rwanda
Authors: Onyango Otieno Fredrick , Gaston Sibomana , Kabende Elie , Nkunda Felix , Ndeda Jared Hera 
Published: March 2020

Wind speed and wind direction are the most important characteristics for assessing wind energy potential of a location using suitable probability density functions. In this investigation, a hybrid-Weibull probability density function was used to analyze data from Kigali, Gisenyi, and Kamembe stations. Kigali is located in the Eastern side of Rwanda while Gisenyi and Kamembe are to the West. On-site hourly wind speed and wind direction data for the year 2007 were analyzed using Matlab programmes. The annual mean wind speed for Kigali, Gisenyi, and Kamembe sites were determined as 2.36m/s, 2.95m/s and 2.97m/s respectively, while corresponding dominant wind directions for the stations were , and respectively. The annual wind power density of Kigali was found to be while the power densities for Gisenyi and Kamembe were determined as and . It is clear, the investigated regions are dominated by low wind speeds thus are suitable for small-scale wind power generation especially at Kamembe site.
Comparison of postoperative analgesia between greater palatine nerve block with local infiltration and local infiltration alone in septoplasty surgeries
Authors: Madesh R. Karthik , Sahu Pankaj Kumar , A. P. Arjun , Vallur Srujan , Pyadala Nagababu 
Published: March 2020

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Post-operative pain (POP) management is an important factor for the satisfaction after any surgery to patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect in the post op pain levels by addition of greater palatine nerve block (GPNB) to the local mucosal infiltrative anaesthesia during septoplasty surgery.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective study of 108 patients undergoing septoplasty surgery were divided into 2 groups. Group A with 52 patients and B with 56 patients. Group A received GPNB along with local infiltrative anaesthesia while group B received only the local infiltrative anaesthesia. The POP was studied in them using visual analogue score (VAS) at the 2nd, 5th and 8th post-operative hour. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The median VAS of group A at the 2nd, 5th and 8th hour were 2, 2 and 1 respectively while of the group B were 6, 6 and 5 during the same timeline assessment. The decreased POP in group A over B was statistically significant during all the assessments with (p&lt;0.001). The post-operative pain was significantly lesser with no increase in time of surgery, with negligible expenditure and no complications.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Greater palatine nerve block can be utilized as an effective addition to septoplasty surgery utilizing the same drug along with local infiltration and give a simple, cost effective and safe addition for a comfortable pain free post op period for a prolonged duration.</p>
Performance Indicators of Hospitals Affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Comparing them with Performance Indicators of Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Authors: Tavakoli Nader , Rezapour Aziz , Gholami Somarin Arsalan , Ameri Hossein , Mohammadi Reza , Bagheri Faradonbeh Saeed 
Published: March 2020

Background: Hospital indicators are among the most important factors in hospital performance. The aim of this study was to measure the performance of hospitals covered by Iran University of Medical Sciences and to compare them with the national indicators.
Methods: In the present cross-sectional descriptive study, performance indicators of all hospitals covered by Iran University of Medical Sciences were compared descriptively in 2018-2019. Data were collected from the Medical Record of treatment deputy of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The collected information was analyzed using descriptive tools, Excel software, and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education standard index tables.
Results: The average bed occupancy index, average hospital stay index, and patient registration ratio per bed were 69.17, 4.30, and 75.18 in the hospitals covered by Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018-2019, respectively. These rates show average, undesirable, and desirable status by national standards, respectively.
Conclusion: Given that the average length of stay indicator was at an inappropriate level in this study, hospital authorities are recommended to take the necessary measures to identify the reasons and improve the hospital performance in this regard.
The Role of Emotional Control, Psychological Well-Being and Self-Care Behaviors in the Quality of Life of Cardiovascular Patients
Authors: Jan Nesari Somaye , Dioulagh Ali Shaker 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of emotional control, psychological well-being and self-care behaviorson the quality of life of cardiovascular patients in Urmia City.
Methods: This descriptive study was a correlational one. The statistical population of this study was all the cardiovascular patients referred to the hospitals and medical centers of Urmia City in the semester of 2018. The number of 135 participants were selected as a sample. Data were collected by ECS questionnaire, Reef psychological well-being (1995), European self-care behavior questionnaire for the patients with heart failure and quality of life (QOL). Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis with SPSS software Chicago IL Version 16 .
Results: The results showed that emotional control, psychological well-being and self-care behaviors were related to the quality of life of heart patients. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the present research model could explain 32% of the quality of life in the heart disease.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that psychological well-being and self-care behaviors play an important role in the quality of life of heart patients, so these findings can have important implications for tracking psychological problems in these patients.
Proportional assist ventilation
Authors: Mazurok V. A. 
Published: March 2020

The idea of proportional assist ventilation, in which the patient himself sets the respiratory pattern — the frequency and depth of breathing — was suggested in 1992, but has not yet found widespread practical application. One of the possible reasons for this is the complex algorithm of regime adjustment on first-generation respiratory devices. Over time, the accumulated body of information on the early damage of the diaphragm because of its atrophy in patients on respiratory support formed the basis of the awareness of the importance of maintaining the physiological state of the diaphragm during artificial lung ventilation and led to the emergence of the term “myotrauma”.At the turn the 21st century, the idea of the maximum possible preservation of spontaneous breathing of the patient during mechanical lung ventilation realized in the formation of the concept of “diaphragm-protective ventilation”. The need for further development of assisted lung ventilation technologies designed to reduce the risk of diaphragm damage, the frequency of asynchrony in the pair “respirator-patient”, and to facilitate the process of weaning of the patient from the artificial lung ventilation became apparent. This article, based on scientific literature and own clinical experience of using proportional ventilation, describes the peculiarities of regime adjustment on different respirators, places the accents necessary for successful practical use of proportional lung ventilation. Describes key conditions for its use, advantages and limitations.
Quantification of [18F]afatinib using PET/CT in NSCLC patients, a feasibility study
Authors: Stadt Eveline Annette van de , Yaqub Maqsood , Lammertsma Adriaan , Poot Alex , Schober Patrick , Schuit Robert , Smit Egbert , Bahce Idris , Hendrikse Harry 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Only a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients benefit from treatment using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as afatinib. Tumour uptake of [18F]afatinib using positron emission tomography (PET) may identify those patients that respond to afatinib therapy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find the optimal tracer kinetic model for quantification of [18F]afatinib uptake in NSCLC tumours.Methods: [18F]afatinib PET scans were performed in 10 NSCLC patients. The first patient was scanned for the purpose of dosimetry. Subsequent patients underwent a 20 minutes dynamic [15O]H2O PET-scan (370 MBq) followed by a dynamic [18F]afatinib PET-scan (342 ± 24 MBq) of 60 or 90 minutes. Using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), three pharmacokinetic plasma input models were evaluated with both metabolite corrected plasma sampler input and image-derived (IDIF) input functions in combination with discrete blood samples. Correlation analysis of arterial on-line sampling versus IDIF was performed. In addition, perfusion dependency and simplified measures were assessed.Results: Ten patients were included. The injected dose of [18F]afatinib was 341 ± 37 MBq. 15 tumours could be identified in the field of view of the scanner. Based on AIC, tumour kinetics were best described using an irreversible two-tissue compartment model and a metabolite corrected arterial plasma input function (Akaike 37%). Correlation of plasma-based input functions with metabolite-corrected IDIF was very good (r2=0.93). The preferred simplified uptake parameter was the tumour-to-blood ratio over the 60 to 90 minutes time interval (TBR60-90). Tumour uptake of [18F]afatinib was independent of perfusion.Conclusion: The preferred pharmacokinetic model for quantifying [18F]afatinib uptake in NSCLC tumours was the 2T3K_vb model. TBR60-90 showed excellent correlation with this model and is the best candidate simplified method.