bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Resistant Alloy Pipeline: Creating Knowledge Behind the Scenes
Authors: A Razak M. Hasbi , Mukhtar Nur Izyan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The high pressure high temperature (HPHT) with significantly high contaminants of CO2 and H2S in full well stream demands the selection of Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) pipeline for an offshore gas field. This pipeline system comprises of metallurgically bonded CRA layer produced by roll bonding called Metallurgical Cladded Pipe (MCP) and mechanically expanded and fitted CRA layer in a backing steel called Mechanical Lined Pipe (MLP). This paper outlines specific issues, mitigations and lessons learnt encountered during development phase of the CRA pipeline. Several issues arise during manufacturing and installation of the pipeline such as undulation appearance and rise indications at MLP internal surface, fit-up and girth welding constraint at the pipe end of MLP and MCP during installation phase. Thorough investigation including various inspections and testing on sample pipes were conducted to find the root causes and mitigations to ensure the integrity of the pipeline throughout the operating life. The investigation involved special tests such as pipe coating simulation and non-destructive testing (NDT) on the affected pipes. Specific procedures were developed to address the constraints based on the outcome of the investigation. Findings based on thorough investigations demonstrated that MLP and MCP are able to satisfactorily meet design requirements for the pipeline. Lessons learnt and best practices were also established for future reference in the manufacturing and installation of CRA pipeline.
Calculating the Initial Spare Parts Inventory in Petroleum Projects with Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Kusumawardhani Mayang , Markeset Tore 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The first year of operation is a crucial period after the handover of a petroleum facility from the project phase. To minimise downtime and costs, it is essential to anticipate equipment breakdown, and one of method is to have spare parts readily available. There are studies on spare parts inventory forecasting based on the amount of historical operation data or condition-monitoring data. However, determining the initial spare parts inventory of a petroleum facility with limited historical data is a challenge, and often in the project phases the information is not comprehensive enough to support the decision-making. Thus, the paper will propose a decision-making method for the initial inventory of a new petroleum facility.
The proposed method aims to simplify the spare parts assessment, defining the affecting parameters and simplifying the means to evaluate them. The result shows a means for determining the affecting parameters for various situations, as well as for ranking the criticality. Especially for the initial project condition or in events where data is not readily available, the current industry practices will be presented to mitigate the lack of information in the assessment. Finally, a case study is presented to show the application of the framework in two new petroleum projects.
Engin Engineering Added Value with Application of Stochastic Fatigue on the Offshore Floating Units
Authors: Bamdad Mehrdad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Stochastic fatigue approach has been presented for the topside process platform structure on floating units such as FPSO and FLNG. The methodology implies that the topside and hull structure are modeled in an integrated model and solved through finite element hydro-structural solver. With reference to a real project, the result compared with simplified and more conservative approach demonstrating the engineering added value with a fit for purpose methodology.
With full integrated model, the correct capture of inertia and deflection and considering wave spectra applied to the response function in full range of applicable waves, a proper fatigue damage for each probable wave calculated which in sum concludes about the total fatigue damage with neither any fatigue contribution overlooked, nor any unnecessary conservatism taken. Such approach is very effective to find out real critical fatigue spots helping for an effective engineering effort and schedule target achievement.
The full practical workflow involving naval and structural discipline is presented and with reference to a real project experience which implemented the presented methodology, the effectiveness to narrow down the fatigue concerned spots are reviewed. Meanwhile some hints about susceptible spots subject to fatigue on a floating production unit are provided.
The workflow as proposed aims to connect and integrate naval and structural expertise using synergy between offshore and shipbuilding industry. Meanwhile the results of the proposed method will provide more clarity about the effects of integrated modeling and stochastic fatigue method for the offshore floating units.
A Novel Semi-Analytical Model for Highly Deviated Wells in Fractured-Vuggy Carbonate Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Wang Kongjie , Li Zhiping , Wang Lian , Shi Hua , Adenutsi Caspar Daniel , Wu Junda , Wang Chao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study of pressure transient behavior in fractured-vuggy reservoirs has recently received considerable attention because a number of such reservoirs have been found worldwide with significant oil and gas production and reserves. In recent years, the use of highly deviated wells (HDW) is considered an effective means for developing this type of gas reservoir. However, in many fractured-vuggy reservoirs unexpected high gas production have been observed which cannot be identified with pressure transient models of horizontal well with pseudo state triple-porosity interporosity flow. This paper presents a semi-analytical model that analyzed the pressure transient behavior of HDW in triple-porosity continuum medium which consist of fractures, vugs and matrix. Introducing pseudo-pressure, Laplace transformation and Fourier transformation were employed to establish a point source and line source pseudo-pressure solutions in Laplace space. Then the pseudo-pressure transient curve was got by numerical inversion. Furthermore, the flow characteristics were analyzed thoroughly by examining the curve which is mainly affected by inclination angle of HDW and interporosity flow coefficients between different pore media. Sensitivity analysis on the pressure transient behavior was performed by varying some important parameters such as the inclination angle, fracture storativity ratio and interporosity flow coefficients. Finally, a field case was successfully used to show the application of the presented semi-analytical model. With its high efficiency, this approach will serve as a reliable tool to evaluate the pressure behavior of HDW in fractured-vuggy carbonate gas reservoirs.
Energy Recovery from Offshore Facilities Water Disposal System
Authors: Duarte Leandro , Dellinger Guilhem , Dellinger Nicolas , Vazquez José , Heme-De-Lacotte Luc , Tcherniguin Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently, most of offshore platforms are equipped with gas turbines to fulfill their power requirement and consequently produce CO2 emissions as a by-product. The energy efficiency of the asset is a key factor in reducing their carbon footprint impact. Numerous ways can be considered within the process and utility systems to improve the energy balance.
This paper will investigate the possibility to exploit the available hydraulic energy onboard offshore platforms to transform it into electrical energy. Part of the recoverable hydraulic energy is found in pressurized pipes where the flow is in charge or in other words under hydraulic pressure. The aim is to develop a novel turbine that will be optimized for water disposal energy recovery on offshore platforms. Hence the objective is to install a turbine to replace a conventional valve to maintain and regulate the pressure as well as generating electricity.
In close collaboration with TechnipFMC, ICube laboratory (Strasbourg, France) is completing a development program for such an hydraulic turbine. This paper describes some outcomes of this comprehensive study performed by experimental engineers and researchers in the hydraulic discipline with the support of engineering integration by TechnipFMC.
A New Method of Calculating Dynamic Reserves for Abnormally High-Pressured Offshore Gas Fields Early Stage Development
Authors: Wang Shuai , Zhang Jinqing , Tan Xianhong , Zhang Shaohui , Liu Yang , Li Yuwei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dynamic reserves calculation is an important basis in the process of abnormally high-pressured offshore gas fields development. Based on the early stage development experience in abnormally high-pressured gas fields, the calculated dynamic reserves will be larger than the actual value. And the number of development wells in offshore gas fields is relatively small, which makes it more difficult to accurately calculate dynamic reserves. If the gas fields development dynamic was not acquired in time, the gas fields development adjustment would not be made effectively. Therefore, how to calculate the dynamic reserves accurately in the early stage is the key for this type gas fields development.
In this paper, a new method of calculating the dynamic reserves for abnormally high-pressured offshore gas fields early stage development has been put forward. First of all, the complete dynamic reserves prediction model was established with the use of material balance method. Secondly, in the process of model solving, the calculation model of effective compressibility coefficient was modified for the first time without laboratory experiment. Moreover, in order to improve the calculating precision of the early stage development dynamic reserves, the quality control model was established and the R factor was introduced.
The accuracy of dynamic reserves calculation is determined by the production data, pressure data, R value, etc. The greater R value is, the higher the accuracy is. When the R factor is between 0.9 and 1.0, the result of dynamic reserves calculation is right. Otherwise, we need to recalculate the input data. This new method has been applied in the early stage development of X abnormally high-pressured offshore gas field, and the calculated dynamic reserve is 186.66Bcf. If using traditional method, the dynamic reserve is 293.20Bcf, which is 36% larger than the new calculated dynamic reserve. The reservoir dynamic test data and geological static data have shown that the result of using this new method is more reasonable.
This paper provides a quantitative and operational new method to accurately calculate the dynamic reserves in abnormally high-pressured gas fields, and can guide the early stage development adjustment effectively.
Unconventional Tight Sand Oil: Breaking the Evaluation Barriers
Authors: Sharma Shivam , Ali Ahmed Moge , Pandey Shashank , Sharma Lovely , Aggarwal Akshay , Jha Amay , Gondalia Ravi , Suyal Shilpa , Shah Bhavik , Joshi Parth , Satyanarayana Ambati , Shaikh Moulali , Raman Ravi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mesozoic age Golapalli sands are found in the Krishna Godavari Basin, located in the East coast of India. These sands are highly prospective for hydrocarbon exploration and development. They comprise of syn rift sediments, often, exhibiting low permeability. In general, these reservoirs do not flow naturally without hydraulic fracturing. Oil presence in Golapalli sands has already been proven in the basin from the exploratory wells. However, conventional saturation modeling using basic petrophysical logs has proved futile in establishing a definite oil water contact (OWC). This adds further complexity in the reserve evaluation and the hydraulic fracturing design. Moreover, the field is divided into multiple fault blocks with localized OWCs.
During the initial appraisal phase, wells that were hydraulically fractured produced oil with high water cut. This prompted re-evaluation of saturation modelling with 3 further appraisal wells. All new wells were selected at different fault blocks within the field and were to be drilled as slim holes of 5-7/8in diameter in reservoir section. Potential intervals with natural fractures were successfully evaluated using advanced sonic data. Zones of interest were selected integrating the fractures network identified with advance sonic measurements and high porosity values obtained from basic neutron-density logs. To constrain inversion resistivity-based saturation modelling, a new workflow was adopted to determine reservoir fluid movements prior to hydraulic fracturing in less than 0.05mD formation.
Through this approach, fluid saturations were successfully evaluated using a deterministic downhole fluid identification which helped in reducing saturation uncertainties while demarking the transition zone between oil and water in 0.05mD formation. With known oil zone identified, advanced sonic measurements were used to design effective hydraulic fracture models. A successful hydraulic fracture was initiated with excellent oil production with significantly reduced water cut compared to previous wells.
In this paper, a novel workflow will be presented that will help in characterizing fluids in tight sands (permeability less than 0.05mD). This workflow integrates the basic openhole logs and formation testing with conventional resistivity-based saturation modeling to accurately pinpoint the OWC in the tight sands. This workflow has applicability in unconventionally tight reservoirs where there is uncertainty in fluid saturations or fluid contacts. Through this methodology, the propagation of hydraulic fracture into the water zone can be prevented which will greatly help in reducing the water cut in such conditions.
Delineating Hydrocarbon Response using Robust Bulk Modulus Inversion Through Linearised AVO Approximation
Authors: Mad Sahad Salbiah , Merghani Arshin S. Boshara , Abdul Rahman Ahmad Sharif , Ghazali Ahmad Riza , Jaya Makky Sandra 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
The key to further demonstrate 4D values in Field A relies on the interpretation of the reservoir changes due to production from year 1995 to 2006. Significant rock properties change due to pressure and fluid movement showed different amplitude variation with offset (AVO) behaviour on seismic data at different vintages. Existing AVO indicators suggest ambiguous results prone to certain factors such as porosity. Fluid properties such as oil and water of density has similar range of values. Hence, differentiating oil versus water in the porous media has become a problem typically in exploration prospecting and production monitoring. This problem can be mitigated if we are able to estimate accurately the bulk modulus parameters since it differs between the properties in the pore-fluid phase and rock-solid phase of homogeneous media. Since the conventional fluid factor (f) provides ambiguous results prone to the instability of pore fluid mixture and porosity in identifying fluid prospect, we re-parameterized new AVO approximation in term of K considering bulk modulus of the rock matrix higher than the bulk modulus of the effective pore fluid (combine with porosities higher than 15%).
Then, the inverse problem is solved using conjugate gradient optimization and tested the robustness of the new method on thin channelized synthetic model and real field data. The synthetic result shows the inverted pore fluid bulk modulus is closer to the measured model and the initial model, however larger uncertainties was observed from inverted density compared to the measured model. Starting from the noise free scenario, we gradually added noise from 5% to 30% into the channelized synthetic model to ensure the quality of the inversion method. Field data example revealed that 4D inverted effective pore-fluid bulk modulus are capable to identify lateral waterflood sweeping effect in the reservoir after eleven (11) years of production, expand the ability in differentiating fluid for clastic reservoir hence increase the probability for accurate hydrocarbon prediction.
Survey Performance of Deeply-Towed Marine Seismic Vibrator with Post-Survey Processing Optimized for Deeply-Towed Survey
Authors: Ozasa Hiroaki , Asakawa Eiichi , Murakami Fumitoshi , Takekawa Junichi , Mikada Hitoshi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We have developed deeply-towed mechanical driven marine seismic vibrator (MSV) for the use in time-lapse seismic reflection survey to monitor offshore hydrocarbon reservoirs, in which interstitial fluids move with the production, for the optimization of recovery. For this objective, we evaluate the survey performance using MSV and revisited the data processing.
A downsized MSV was manufactured to conduct a sea trial to evaluate the performance as a seismic source in a real 2D seismic line survey off the coast of the Japan Sea. We compare the processed results (a) for the data acquired by a downsized MSV and (b) for that acquired by a 480 cu-inch airgun array. We then tried to improve the data processing for data acquired by the downsized MSV that was towed at a water depth which any conventional airgun could not be fired to see if the signal-to-noise ratio is improved.
We verified the survey performance using deeply-towed MSV and our data processing approach could be equivalent to it of airgun array the maximum seismic emission power of which is about 40 dB larger than that of the downsized MSV. Downsized MSV which was towed 50 m below the sea surface could acquire a conventional 2D seismic survey data with a conventional streamer cable. The superposition of long-leg surface multiples was observed in the data acquired by deeply towed MSV as anticipated. Our MSV showed the high stability in the source signature over the entire survey period, which is favorable for the use in time-lapse surveys. We also confirmed that the surface multiples could be suppressed in the processing we have introduced to exploit the utilization of multichannel signal processing to improve the SNR of acquired data. Moreover, we noticed that the surface multiples removed in the processing may also be used as signal to be superimposed with the processing data to enhance further the SNR.
Since the MSV does not sacrifice the power of signal generation against the towing depth and generated signal has high repeatability, the combination of deeply-towed MSV and our processing method could realize precise time-lapse survey which keeps the quality of survey data without large-volume amplitude.
Analysis of Offshore Dual Derrick Motion: The Impact of Accurate Modelling
Authors: Dandash Alaa , Xiao WenSheng , Liao HuaLin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The increase in demand for oil leads the petroleum industry to require more complex tools to increase production at lower prices. This complexity is reflected in the complex geometry, manufacturing, assembling, deformations, stresses, and loads acting upon the drilling tools. This paper considers the case of a dual derrick that is used in deep water conditions to reduce the time consumed during drilling operations. The derrick is in motion conditions under waves and current influence. This paper, introduces a novel methodology to simulate a dual derrick in a marine environment, where the procedure considers the derrick under compression, by means of the forces coming from drilling loads or any other vertical loads on one hand, and the loads coming from wave and current loads transferred by the platform on the other hand; i.e., putting the whole structure in equilibrium, and then imitate or simulate the derrick movement coming from wave and current effect, where the effect of this motion due to loads acting upon the derrick is the main concern of this paper. The calculations were performed in STATIC STRUCTURAL considering rotational velocity and rotational acceleration, while a separate evaluation was performed in TRANSIENT STRUCTURAL considering the influence of translation velocity in addition to the rotational velocity and rotational acceleration. The results showed that the vibration and translation of the derrick (platform), excited by waves and current, increased the stress induced by vertical loads considerably. The maximum combined stress induced in the derrick increased by 24 % because of the platform rotation, while the maximum bending stress increased by 30 % compared with the case where vertical translation was neglected and reached considerably high values in the water table and beams connected to the water table. Rather than utilizing the traditional method of using the transient analysis to employ forces changing (in direction and magnitude) with time, this paper used ANSYS WORKBENCH to simulate the movement of the structure, to watch the stress distribution that resulted from this movement.
Performance of Jack Up Rig Leg Penetration Prediction using PRSM for Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Nasri Huang Noorizal , Girsang Christian Hariady , A. Rahman Azam , Rohani Muhammad Joehan , Yusoff Norhayati 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Regional Suitability Mapping (PRSM) was initiated in 2013 with the aim of optimizing operational cost efficiency, minimizing potential incidents during jack-up emplacement and assist in planning for rig selection. This paper will highlight the performance of jack up rig leg penetration prediction using PRSM for Offshore Malaysia.
PRSM comprises data analysis and integration from various sources such as geotechnical and geophysical site investigation data and data from rig entries. These data sets are then uploaded to a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS). The jack up rig leg penetration range predicted from PRSM GIS database is then compared to the actual jack up rig leg penetration. A comparison to the calculated jack up rig leg penetration was also made and the differences between these results are postulated.
A total of 23 recent jack up entry sites has been chosen randomly, which comprises 8 locations in Offshore Peninsular Malaysia, 12 locations in Offshore Sarawak and 3 locations in Offshore Sabah. The expected leg penetration at these locations were acquired from PRSM GIS. Results show that 75.0% of the sites in Offshore Peninsular correlate with the prediction range from PRSM GIS while only 27.3% of the sites in Offshore Sarawak correlate with the prediction range. For Offshore Sabah, all the locations correlate with the prediction range obtained from PRSM GIS. Results from predicted spudcan penetration calculated based on ISO 19905-1 (2016) against the actual penetration results show that 87.5% of the sites in Offshore Peninsular falls in between the ±10% reference band while 63.6% of the sites in Offshore Sarawak falls in between the ±10% reference band. However, none of the sites in Offshore Sabah falls in between the ±10% reference band. Findings from this exercise indicates area in Offshore Sarawak consist of two different features. Firstly, there are locations with thick sand layer close to seabed associated with shallow penetration of spudcans. Secondly, locations with presence of homogeneous clays with linearly increasing strength associated with deeper penetration of spudcans. Moreover, the available data around Offshore Sarawak field are scattered between one another, which leads to bigger data gaps. The shallow leg penetrations in Offshore Sabah are associated with the presence of coral and/or sand close to seabed.
This paper aims to showcase the use of big data and GIS to help in jack up leg penetration predictions hence optimizing the operational cost efficiency, minimizing potential incidents during jack-up emplacement.