bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
James Joule
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Joule’s journey to his energy conservation law began with his unsuccessful evaluation of the electric motor as a means to achieve perpetual motion. A series of subsequent experiments eventually led him to a definitive experiment in which he demonstrated the transformation of work (a falling weight) into heat (a spinning paddle that heated water) occurs at a precise ratio called the mechanical equivalent of heat (MEH). This and other of his experiments proved that heat is not a conserved quantity and that heat and work are simply two forms of a conserved quantity later to be called energy. He shared his findings with William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) who then went on to establish the field of thermodynamics.
Entropy: science (and some history)
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Entropy is a natural consequence of our discrete world involving large systems of colliding particles, atoms, and molecules. Entropy is quantified based on the number of different ways that such systems can be created. The discovery of entropy, however, occurred not in this mathematical exercise but instead inside Clausius’ theoretical analysis of the steam engine as inspired by Carnot. Clausius’ discovery of entropy enabled completion of thermodynamics.
Sadi Carnot
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Carnot sought to better understand the performance of the Cornish engine for the benefit of France. His ground-breaking analysis involved new theories on thermal efficiency, maximum work, and closed-cycle operation. Carnot proposed an ideal heat engine that achieved the best possible efficiency, regardless (surprisingly) of the nature of the working substance. Unfortunately, embedded deep inside Carnot’s powerful analysis was a single major flawed assumption: the caloric theory of heat in which heat is treated as a conserved quantity.
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Being raised on the caloric theory in which heat is a conserved quantity, Thomson faced challenges in accepting Clausius’ analysis of Carnot’s heat engine. Once he finally overcame these challenges, helped by collaborating with his brother James, Thomson accepted and then furthered Clausius’ work by proposing a different perspective of Clausius’ 2nd Principle and the 2nd Law of Tthermodynamics: energy dissipation. This chapter concludes with the role Hermann von Helmholtz played in bringing a rational approach to a thermodynamic science based on cause–effect.
The 2nd Law, entropy, and the chemists
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Thomsen–Berthelot principle together with the thermal theory of affinity theorized that the change in enthalpy of a reaction (dHrxn) is the sole determiner of reaction spontaneity. Exothermic reactions are spontaneous. This theory worked well except for the fact that some endothermic reations are also spontaneous. Gibbs’ work incorporating entropy showed that the true determiner of reaction spontaneity, as well demonstrated in the electrochemical cell, is the change in Gibbs free energy (dGrxn) as quantified by dHrxn − TdSrxn. Included is a discussion of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, which quantifies the the impact of temperature on dGrxn and thus on equilibrium.
Boltzmann: the probabilistic interpretation of entropy
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Boltzmann’s collective work was a mathemetical tour de force. Building on Clausius and Maxwell, he demonstrated that the distribution of gas phase atoms and molecules follows from probability theory. Atoms and molecules distribute themselves in space and momentum to the most probable distribution. Boltzmann used probability theory to quantify the most probable state and then demonstrated the connection between this state and its entropy. This novel approach, later validated by Sackur–Tetrode, led to the creation of statistical mechanics.
Born to Write
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Scratch the surface of literary production from the late fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth century in France, and a large number of the authors, translators, and editors turn out to be relatives of other authors, translators, and editors. Why was this? Why did some 200 families contain more than one literary producer and so exercise disproportionate influence over what people read in the period? The phenomenon ranged from poetry (the Marots, the Des Roches) to scholarship (the Scaligers), from history-writing (the Godefroys) to engineering (the Errards). It included not just fathers and sons but also mothers, daughters, siblings, uncles, cousins, grandchildren. One family, the Sainte-Marthes, took this so far that sixteen of its own became literary producers, rising to twenty-seven if one broadens the chronological parameters. The phenomenon was European rather than just French, as the Sidneys or the Tassos show. But it took distinctive forms in France, where it was often connected to royal office-holding, and where it eventually faltered only with the French Revolution. Literary production was for many families a way of representing, and so claiming, their own place in the world; a way, alongside others, of clutching at distinctiveness and social status; a way of generating sociocultural legacy within the family. Not that everything went to plan or that the plan was always precise. Family literature, as defined by this study, was orientated towards the future but was sometimes even rejected or parodied by descendants rather than imitated or venerated. Whether harmonious or disunited, families were central to the hierarchical social fabric out of which much literature and learning emerged. Restoring that centrality changes our understanding of the works produced.
Inheritance under the Law
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Works of literature and learning that emanated from families were not only similar in some respects to inheritable assets but were often legacies themselves. Birth-based social hierarchy was underpinned by inheritance practices, which varied across France and affected men and women differently. These practices were aimed, amongst other things, at ensuring that children maintained or increased the social status enjoyed by parents or collateral relatives. Among the milieu of royal office holders who were heavily involved in producing works of literature and learning, the patrimonialization of such offices was important to the social status of many families.
Family Literature
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The production of works within families took two main, interconnected forms. First, collaborative production occurred between family members, most often between ones related by blood. Secondly, some families spawned more than one literary producer (in the sense of author, editor, or translator). Although in a few cases this continued over many generations (the Sainte-Marthe family being the extreme case), in most instances the literary producers belonged to the same generation as each other or to immediately successive ones. In practice, those two forms of the production of works within families were often entwined: subsequent literary producers in a family often edited a parent’s works as well as writing new works. I call both forms ‘family literature’. In other words, I use the phrase for works that emanated from a family that spawned more than one literary producer, including, but not limited to, works that were co-produced by family members.
Family Literature
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Many works of literature and learning were produced by authors, editors, or translators who were not the only author, editor, or translator in their family, but who were joined by one or more others, whether predecessors, contemporaries, or descendants. Of 2,239 literary producers identified as being born in ‘France’ between 1450 and 1600 (or as being born elsewhere but spending much of their life in ‘France’), at least 503 were from families of literary producers. A high proportion of the 503, probably about two in five, belonged at some point in their lives to the nobility. About 7 per cent of the 503 were female. But that quantitative picture does not capture the whole of literary production within families, particularly by women. The present survey is of the production of literary and/or learned works and should not be taken as a proxy for levels of literary and learned activity.
Works Shaped by Family
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Family literature ranged from works of humanist scholarship to history, to poetry, to engineering. There was considerable imitation by relatives of the practices, disciplines, and genres that preceding relatives had adopted. More generally in family literature, certain preoccupations recurred, for example with history, time, nobility, genealogy, and transmission. Certain structural elements of printed-book objects were fostered by family dynamics: large size; paratexts; bricolage. This chapter surveys some ways in which the preoccupation with propelling families into the future shaped printed books. The survey is of a spectrum of overlapping possibilities: it runs from volumes that were largely presented as being by a single literary producer to ones that were largely presented as being by a family collective.
From Professor’s Son to ‘François Beroalde, escuyer, sieur de Verville, docteur en medicine’
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
François Béroalde de Verville used self-representation, including in print, more extensively than his father, Matthieu Beroald, in order to carve out his own social status. Literature and learning were for François the passport to social ascent, one of the media in which it was achieved, and a sign that it had been achieved. But his is a less clear-cut story of social ascent than his father’s. It is in this insecurity, and in the fragility of the social effects of François’s own intellectual inheritance from his father, that the very dynamism of François’s representations of social status lies. The chapter first considers what Matthieu bequeathed to his son François, formally and informally. It then considers how François constructed his own social status. What role, if any, did family, learning, and literature play in that constructing? And how did the latter affect his communicating to readers through texts?
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Brouart–Vatable–Beroald–Verville family’s story is not one of smooth upward social ascent from artisanal origins. Both Matthieu and François, like numerous contemporaries, sought social status not only by producing learned and literary discourse but by writing themselves publicly into it. However, in François’s case the reliance of those representations on finding audience approbation in order to be socially effective made them fragile guarantors of status in comparison with the lower but more solid institutional kind that his father enjoyed and that François professed to despise. Also, as with the Marots, the men’s ascent through literature and learning did not pull the women up to the same extent. This case also illustrates that social hierarchy, experienced through the lens of family, was a complex imbrication of different factors, such as learning, literature, institutions, the book trade, vestigial family habits, self-fashioning, personality, and sheer accident or contingency.
Conclusion
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The systemic role of families in the production of much literature and learning in the early modern period needs greater recognition. Countless works were shaped by families’ practice of hunting in packs to maximize their place in society. This production of works was just one of many planks within the broader transgenerational strategies of families, commoner as well as noble. Works were woven into the wider webs of families’ inheritance and legacy practices. They helped families imagine their own futures and steer a course into it, even if that course subsequently swerved, forked, or faded. These families did not, however, represent society as a whole. They belonged overwhelmingly to social elites, whether noble or commoner. However, family literature was often rooted in anxiety, disappointment, and conflict as well as in hope and a sense of vocation, mission, or entitlement to power.
Learning in Time
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter tracks a question raised in multiple different versions of the Griselda story: how do educational narratives fit into other kinds of time? In Boccaccio’s Decameron, learning, especially learning associated with women, occurs in and through the passage of time. This dynamic becomes a problem in Petrarch’s Historia Griseldis and Letter to Posterity, which strive to disentangle intentional learning from involuntary changes wrought by the years. In Chaucer’s Clerk’s Tale, meanwhile, the Griselda story provides insight into how the time taken up by learning can, in and of itself, be a source of suffering. This embeddedness of learning in time has implications for critics, for we often assess the Clerk’s Tale as the outcome of a learning experience (Chaucer reading Petrarch). Such assessments might be incomplete without accounting for the time of reading and learning—both Chaucer’s and our own.
The Progresses, Processions, and Royal Entries of King Charles I, 1625-1642
Authors: Keenan Siobhan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Progresses, Processions, and Royal Entries of King Charles I, 1625–1642 is the first book-length study of the history, and the political and cultural significance, of the progresses, public processions, and royal entries of Charles I. As well as offering a much fuller account of the king’s progresses and progress entertainments than currently exists, this study throws new light on one of the most vexed topics in early Stuart historiography—the question of Charles I’s accessibility to his subjects and their concerns, and the part that this may, or may not, have played in the conflicts which culminated in the English civil wars and Charles’s overthrow. Drawing on extensive archival research, the book opens with an introduction to the early modern culture of royal progresses and public ceremonial as inherited and practised by Charles I. Part I explores the question of the king’s accessibility and engagement with his subjects further through case studies of Charles’s ‘great’ progresses in 1633, 1634, and 1636. Part II turns attention to royal public ceremonial culture in Caroline London, focusing on Charles’s royal entry on 25 November 1641. More widely travelled than his ancestors, Progresses reveals a monarch who was only too well aware of the value of public ceremonial and who did not eschew it, even if he was not always willing to engage in ceremonial dialogue with his people or able to deploy the power of public display to curry support for his policies as successfully as his Tudor and Stuart predecessors.
Charles I, London, and the 1641 Royal Entry
Authors: Keenan Siobhan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns attention to royal public ceremonial culture in Caroline London, where Charles has been accused of almost disappearing from public view. The cancellation of the expected royal entry to London after Charles’s 1626 coronation is often cited as an example of the king’s avoidance of public display in the capital. But Charles did participate in a number of public processions and displays of his royalty in the city. These included the funeral procession for his father, James I (1625), formal receptions for visiting ambassadors and royal guests, processions to parliament (before 1629 and after 1640), and, on 25 November 1641, a formal royal entry. As this chapter explores, the 1641 royal entry drew a large audience and prompted a series of celebratory printed accounts and reports, indicating that the king could charm a crowd and still enjoyed some popularity in the capital, despite growing criticism of his reign.
Competence over Control
Authors: Thompson Alexander 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The UN Security Council increasingly authorizes weapons inspections to enforce nonproliferation. These are cases of indirect governance, where the Council (the governor) relies on separate bodies (intermediaries) to conduct inspections in states of concern (targets). Despite the risks, the Council often seems willing to forego control in return for gaining the benefits of a competent intermediary that can address its ambitious policy goals and capability deficits. These cases point to important differences between preexisting intermediaries (such as the IAEA and OPCW) and ad hoc intermediaries created for specific tasks (such as the inspection commissions that operated in Iraq). The latter are far more amendable to control, both ex ante and ex post. Over time, we see increasing goal divergence between the governor and intermediaries, driven mainly by the shifting interests of Security Council members, but we also see the competence of intermediaries increase as they gain on-the-ground experience, making control more difficult. The collective nature of the Security Council further complicates control efforts, creating a temptation for individual members to interfere unilaterally with intermediaries and targets. The analysis suggests that the role of sovereign, strategic targets deserves more attention in the study of indirect governance at the international level.
Managing the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Moschella Manuela 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the wake of the sovereign debt crisis, some of the most advanced economies in the world turned to the IMF for financial assistance. Not only did the Eurozone countries ask for the Fund’s help; they also incorporated the IMF into the institutional architecture for handling crises in the European Monetary Union. This chapter uses competence–control theory to shed light on the puzzles raised by the decision to enlist the IMF in Eurozone crisis management. Firstly, the chapter argues that the Eurozone’s motivation for enlisting the IMF can be found in the competence deficit its governors confronted in managing the crisis. In particular, Eurozone countries lacked sufficient competence (including expertise, money, and credibility) to formulate and enforce adjustment in crisis-hit countries. By enlisting the IMF, Eurozone countries acquired the necessary competence but had to share control. Secondly, the chapter shows that the tradeoff between competence and control shifted over time: even after creating their own crisis management competencies, member states continued to enlist the IMF as a way to reduce the control problems that creditor states confronted in enforcing adjustment in debtor countries.
Governing Markets in Autocratic Regimes
Authors: Gerschewski Johannes 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter applies competence–control theory to the analysis of autocratic regimes, a regime type that is particularly prone to opaqueness and hidden agendas in its use of intermediaries. Governance in autocracies goes beyond a hierarchical delegation mode to encompass complex cooptation arrangements as well. This chapter uses the two pathway cases of China after 1976 and North Korea after 1994 to highlight the differences between delegation and cooptation for the political economy of socialist autocracies. Both cases share similar starting conditions. The state founders, Mao Zedong and Kim Il Sung respectively, had died, leaving behind a power vacuum and a defunct central planning economy that lacked sufficient expertise and operational capacities for reform. In this crisis moment, China embarked on a cooptation pathway that reformed the economy successfully, while North Korea maintained its delegation mode, which not only led to policy failure but also spilled over to help shape the political architecture of the country.
Trump’s Dilemma
Authors: Pollack Mark A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the most striking characteristics of the Trump administration in the United States is the frequency and vehemence with which the President has sought to undermine the competence of his own intermediaries: federal departments and agencies. In some cases, such as the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of State, Trump has sought to undermine the civil service through cuts in staff and budget and a depletion of morale that drove long-time professionals out of government. In other cases, such as the intelligence agencies and Department of Justice, the President has publicly attacked the credibility and legitimacy of intermediaries whose actions might endanger the President. “Trump’s Dilemma,” this chapter argues, derives from the fact that the President came to office with views far outside the mainstream of American public policy. Trump thus feared that “Deep State” departments and agencies would, in the normal and lawful conduct of their duties, threaten not only the President’s policy goals but also the President himself. Faced with a stark control–competence tradeoff, Trump moved forcefully to undermine the competence of many of his own departments and agencies.
Poetic Voice: Evanescence and Animation in Early Victorian Verse
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the mechanization of print and the changes to literary publishing in the commercial market of the 1820s and 1830s. It investigates mechanical reproduction as a formal phenomenon and argues that the mechanized production of poetry produces a rupture within poetic voice. The dialogue identified across the poems and the reviews focuses on the relation of sound and meaning. Two key concerns are the material nature of poetic voice when it is commodified and copied for a mass market and the traversing of voice from poet to reader. Landon, Hemans, and Tennyson are compared to Wordsworth to establish the difference between early Romantic and late Romantic/early Victorian verse. The three case studies are Landon’s periodical poetry for The Literary Gazette, poetry from Tennyson’s early 1830s and 1842 volumes, and Browning’s Pauline.
Poetic Style: Jewellery and Value in Victorian Poetry
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines evaluations of poetic style from the 1830s to the 1860s and argues for the existence of a jewelled style which crosses over the genres of the album-book or anthology, the single-author volume and the periodical review. The intersection of raw economic value with fashionable display and artistic craft that coalesces around the jewel overlaps with the commodification of poetry as it circulates in the literary market. Jewellery becomes an important trope in both reviews and poetry, serving as a metaphor to express and calculate the kind of value that literature could offer. As a material commodity newly subject to mechanical reproduction, jewellery offered an analogy for the material changes to literary production. The chapter analyses poetry from gift annuals which exemplify the jewelled style, followed by a reading of Robert Browning’s The Ring and the Book and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s A Drama of Exile.
Poetic Address: ‘Poet’s Public’ and ‘Public’s Poet’
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 delineates the theoretical context for the employment of address by Victorian poets. It identifies three kinds of poetic address as most significant for poetry in the 1850s, a solitary, lyric ‘I’, a dramatic ‘I’–‘you’ address, and the collective pronouns ‘we’ or ‘us’. Poets were called upon to address a national audience, but those addresses were mediated by reviewers, who evaluated whether or not a poem would appeal to the public. The chapter examines how address is integral to the review’s mediation of the relationship between the poet and the mass public. It analyses the Spasmodic school of poetry through Philip Bailey’s Festus and Alexander Smith’s A Life-Drama, followed by analysis of Matthew Arnold’s poems, ‘Resignation’ and Empedocles on Etna.