bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus Removal from Manure by Mechanical Separation using Salt and Polymers: Theoretical Simulations and Experimental Data
Authors: Christensen Morten Lykkegaard , Keiding Kristian , Christensen Peter Vittrup 
Published: May 2020

Abstract.Full-scale separation apparatuses were used to process mink and sow manure. Mink manure was pretreated with iron sulfate and polymer; pig manure was pretreated with only polymer. Testing was done to study how adding chemicals affected phosphorus removal. Chemical equilibrium simulations show that raw manure contains several minerals, i.e., struvite, calcium phosphate, and vivianite. The estimated mass of struvite fit well with the amount of magnesium measured in the solid material. The amount of calcium phosphate precipitation depended on the stability constant of the complexes of organic material and calcium ions, estimated at pK = 3.5–4. With polymer addition, it was possible to remove mineral-bound phosphorus but not organic-bound phosphorus and orthophosphate. With iron salt addition, it was possible to remove both phosphorus minerals and dissolved orthophosphate. The molar ratio between orthophosphate and iron ions in the precipitate was measured to be 2:3. These data fit well with the chemical equilibrium simulations, which predicted that vivianite would form when the iron ion concentration increased. The simulation also indicated that the amount of struvite decreased slightly with iron addition. Keywords: Coagulation, Flocculation, Solid-liquid separation, Vivianite, Wastewater.
Developmental Trajectories of Adaptive Behavior From Toddlerhood to Middle Childhood in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tomaszewski Brianne , Hepburn Susan , Blakeley-Smith Audrey , Rogers Sally J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLongitudinal growth modeling was utilized to examine adaptive behavior over eight years across the three time points (i.e., ages 2−10). Seventy-six parents completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales interviews of adaptive behavior. Child participants completed standardized developmental testing and an executive function task in toddlerhood and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule across all time points. Growth models were specified for communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains of adaptive behavior. Mental age in toddlerhood was a significant predictor of trajectories of communication, daily living skills, and socialization. Executive function and autism severity were significant predictors of socialization. Findings suggest executive function as a potential target for promoting the growth of adaptive behavior skills in addition to autism symptomology.
Do Functional Analyses Probe Learning Histories, Or Create Them? An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Lambert Joseph M. , Houchins-Juárez Nealetta J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
During functional analysis (FA), therapists arrange contingencies between potential reinforcers and problem behavior. It is unclear whether this fact, in and of itself, facilitates problem behavior's acquisition of new (false-positive) functions. If problem behavior can come under the control of contingencies contrived between it and known reinforcers for which there is no direct history, then outcomes of reinforcer analysis (RA) should perfectly predict FA outcomes. This study evaluated the degree to which RA outcomes corresponded with FA outcomes for eight participants referred to a university-based outpatient clinic for problem behavior. For 75% (6 of 8) of participants, correspondence was imperfect. These findings appear to support the construct validity of contemporary interpretations of FA data.
Second-harmonic generation in periodically poled silicon waveguides with lateral p-i-n junctions
Authors: Franchi Riccardo , Castellan Claudio , Ghulinyan Mher , Pavesi Lorenzo 
Published: May 2020

Electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation is demonstrated in
silicon waveguides with reverse biased lateral p-i-n junctions. Phase
matching is achieved by periodically poling the applied electric
field. Two different poling configurations are compared: in the first,
the p- and n-type doped regions of the junctions are on different
sides of the waveguide (simple
configuration), while in the second, they are alternated periodically
across the waveguide sides (interdigitated configuration). Both simulations and
experiments show that the generation efficiency is increased by 10
times comparing the interdigitated and
simple configurations. The effective
second-order susceptibility modulation obtained at a reverse bias
voltage of 3.5 V is

Δ

χ

e
f
f

,
S

(
2
)

≃
0.14

p
m

/

V

for the simple configuration and

Δ

χ

e
f
f

,
I

(
2
)

≃
0.64

p
m

/

V

for the interdigitated one.
Comparative RNAseq Analysis of the Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae Reveals Specific Transcriptome Signatures of Filamentous and Yeast-Like Development
Authors: Iwanicki Natasha Sant’Anna , Júnior Italo Delalibera , Eilenberg Jørgen , De Fine Licht Henrik H 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is a facultative insect pathogen used as biological control agent of several agricultural pests worldwide. It is a dimorphic fungus that is able to display two growth morphologies, a filamentous phase with formation of hyphae and a yeast-like phase with formation of single-celled blastospores. Blastospores play an important role for M. anisopliae pathogenicity during disease development. They are formed solely in the hemolymph of infected insects as a fungal strategy to quickly multiply and colonize the insect’s body. Here, we use comparative genome-wide transcriptome analyses to determine changes in gene expression between the filamentous and blastospore growth phases in vitro to characterize physiological changes and metabolic signatures associated with M. anisopliae dimorphism. Our results show a clear molecular distinction between the blastospore and mycelial phases. In total 6.4% (n = 696) out of 10,981 predicted genes in M. anisopliae were differentially expressed between the two phases with a fold-change &gt; 4. The main physiological processes associated with up-regulated gene content in the single-celled yeast-like blastospores during liquid fermentation were oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism (catabolism and anabolism), respiration processes, transmembrane transport and production of secondary metabolites. In contrast, the up-regulated gene content in hyphae were associated with increased growth, metabolism and cell wall re-organization, which underlines the specific functions and altered growth morphology of M. anisopliae blastospores and hyphae, respectively. Our study revealed significant transcriptomic differences between the metabolism of blastospores and hyphae. These findings illustrate important aspects of fungal morphogenesis in M. anisopliae and highlight the main metabolic activities of each propagule under in vitro growth conditions.
Actively Doing Less: Deimplementation of Unnecessary Interventions in Bronchiolitis Care Across Urgent Care, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Settings
Authors: Berg Kathleen , Nedved Amanda , Richardson Troy , Montalbano Amanda , Michael Jeffrey , Johnson Matthew 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Quality improvement (QI) initiatives have increased provider adherence to individual components of a bronchiolitis clinical practice guideline (CPG). Few have evaluated complete adherence to a guideline in multiple types of care settings. Our aim with this study was to increase complete adherence to our institutional bronchiolitis CPG in urgent care center, emergency department, and inpatient settings.METHODS:We conducted a QI study at a single pediatric institution with multiple care settings. Encounters for patients with bronchiolitis ages &gt;60 days to &lt;24 months occurring between October 1 and March 31 in 2015–2018 were included. Those in intensive or subspecialty care were excluded. Management of each encounter was considered adherent to the CPG if none of the following were ordered: respiratory pathogen panel, respiratory syncytial virus antigen, complete blood cell count, blood culture, chest radiography, bronchodilator, antibiotic, or systemic corticosteroid. Medical team education, family engagement, order set modifications, and data dissemination were employed to drive deimplementation. We used interrupted time series to assess changes in processes and outcomes both across and within seasons.RESULTS:Analysis included 13 063 patient encounters. Hospital-wide complete adherence to the CPG increased (P &lt; .001) from 40.9% (95% confidence interval 39.3%–42.5%) to 54.6% (95% confidence interval 53.2%–56.0%). Although CPG adherence improved in all 3 clinical settings, the use of individual CPG components varied by setting. Direct cost decreased in the urgent care center (P &lt; .001) and emergency department (P = .001).CONCLUSIONS:We created a strict definition of CPG adherence and used QI methodology to deimplement multiple overused tests and medications across the continuum of patient care.
Multimodal Analgesia After Posterior Fossa Decompression With and Without Duraplasty for Children With Chiari Type I
Authors: Shao Belinda , Tariq Abdul A. , Goldstein Hannah E. , Alexiades Nikita G. , Mar Krista M. , Feldstein Neil A. , Anderson Richard C.E. , Giordano Mirna 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND:
Multimodal analgesia (MMA) may reduce opioid use after surgery for Chiari malformation type I. An MMA protocol was implemented after both posterior fossa decompression without dural opening (PFD) and posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty (PFDD).

METHODS:
Scheduled nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (ketorolac or ibuprofen) and diazepam were alternated with acetaminophen, and as-needed oxycodone or intravenous morphine. The primary outcome was total opioid requirement over postoperative days 0 to 2.

RESULTS:
From 2012 to 2017, 49 PFD and 29 PFDD procedures were performed, and 46 of 78 patients used the protocol. Patients with PFD required less opioids than patients with PFDD. Among patients with PFDD, patients with MMA protocol usage had a lower mean opioid requirement than patients with no MMA protocol usage (0.53 ± 0.49 mgEq/kg versus 1.4 ± 1.0 mgEq/kg, P = .0142). In multivariable analysis, MMA protocol usage status independently predicted a mean decrease in opioid requirement of 0.146 mg equivalents/kg (P = .0497) after adjustment for procedure and surgeon. Statistically significant differences were not demonstrated in antiemetic requirements, discharge opioid prescriptions, total direct cost, and length of stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
A protocol of scheduled nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs alternating with scheduled acetaminophen and diazepam was associated with opioid use reductions.
Predictors of Potentially Unnecessary Transfers to Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Richard Kathleen R. , Glisson Kyle L. , Shah Nipam , Aban Immaculada , Pruitt Christopher M. , Samuy Nichole , Wu Chang L. 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES:With soaring US health care costs, identifying areas for reducing cost is prudent. Our objective was to identify the burden of potentially unnecessary pediatric emergency department (ED) transfers and factors associated with these transfers.METHODS:We performed a retrospective analysis of Pediatric Hospital Information Systems data. We performed a secondary analysis of all patients ≤19 years transferred to 46 Pediatric Hospital Information Systems–participating hospital EDs (January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014). The primary outcome was the proportion of potentially unnecessary transfers from any ED to a participating ED. Necessary ED-to-ED transfers were defined a priori as transfers with the disposition of death or admission &gt;24 hours or for patients who received sedation, advanced imaging, operating room, or critical care charges.RESULTS:Of 1 819 804 encounters, 1 698 882 were included. A total of 1 490 213 (87.7%) encounters met our definition for potentially unnecessary transfer. In multivariate analysis, age 1 to 4 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34–1.39), female sex (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07–1.09), African American race (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.49–1.53), urban residence (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.71–1.78), and weekend transfer (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05–1.07) were positively associated with potentially unnecessary transfer. Non-Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.756; 95% CI, 0.76–0.78), nonminor severity (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.23–0.24), and commercial insurance (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84–0.87) were negatively associated.CONCLUSIONS:There are disparities among pediatric ED-to-ED transfers; further research is needed to investigate the cause. Additional research is needed to evaluate how this knowledge could mitigate potentially unnecessary transfers, decrease resource consumption, and limit the burden of these transfers on patients and families.
A Phase Ib Study of Single-Agent Idelalisib Followed by Idelalisib in Combination with Chemotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Borazanci Erkut , Pishvaian Michael J. , Nemunaitis John , Weekes Colin , Huang Julie , Rajakumaraswamy Nishanthan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTrial InformationLessons LearnedAlthough this study of idelalisib in patients with PDAC was limited in size and duration because of early termination, idelalisib exposure resulted in an overall safety profile consistent with studies in hematological malignancies, except that the incidences of diarrhea and colitis were reduced in patients with PDAC. Preclinical studies of the PI3K pathway in PDAC and positive clinical results of PI3K inhibition in other cancers support the continued development of PI3K inhibitors in PDAC.BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal solid tumors and is often refractory to treatment. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) δ inhibition influences regulatory immune cell function and improves survival in preclinical PDAC models. Here, idelalisib, an inhibitor of PI3Kδ, was investigated as treatment for metastatic PDAC.MethodsThis was an open-label, multicenter, phase Ib, nonrandomized, dose-escalation study. Study aims were to investigate the maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of idelalisib alone and in combination with chemotherapeutics—nab-paclitaxel and modified (m)FOLFOX6.ResultsBecause of early termination, only 16 patients were enrolled in the single-agent idelalisib arm, 12 of whom received at least one dose of idelalisib. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (≥25%) related to idelalisib (n = 12) were increased aspartate aminotransferase, pyrexia, and maculopapular rash. One patient presented with diarrhea; no cases of colitis were reported. One patient discontinued treatment because of pyrexia and maculopapular rash; two patients died because of disease progression.ConclusionThis study was terminated because factors contributing to safety concerns in phase III studies of idelalisib for hematological malignancies were not fully understood. In this small sample of patients with metastatic PDAC, exposure to idelalisib resulted in safety findings consistent with previous studies, with reduced diarrhea/colitis.
Quantitative Proteomics of All 14 Renal Tubule Segments in Rat
Authors: Limbutara Kavee , Chou Chung-Lin , Knepper Mark A. 
Published: May 2020

Significance Statement
The renal tubule’s 14 distinct segments consist of epithelial cells with different transport and metabolic functions. Identifying the proteins mediating each function is crucial to gaining an overall understanding of kidney physiology and pathophysiology. New developments in protein mass spectrometry have resulted in a marked increase in sensitivity of protein detection and quantification. In this study, the authors manually microdissected kidney tubules from rat kidneys and leveraged the advances in protein mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the proteins expressed in each of the 14 tubule segments. They used these data to create an online information resource, the Kidney Tubule Expression Atlas, to allow researchers throughout the world to browse segment-specific protein expression data and download them for their own investigations.

Background
Previous research has used RNA sequencing in microdissected kidney tubules or single cells isolated from the kidney to profile gene expression in each type of kidney tubule epithelial cell. However, because proteins, not mRNA molecules, mediate most cellular functions, it is desirable to know the identity and amounts of each protein species to understand function. Recent improvements in the sensitivity of mass spectrometers offered us the ability to quantify the proteins expressed in each of 14 different renal tubule segments from rat.

Methods
We manually dissected kidney tubules from rat kidneys and subjected samples to protein mass spectrometry. We used the “proteomic ruler” technique to estimate the number of molecules of each protein per cell.

Results
Over the 44 samples analyzed, the average number of quantified proteins per segment was 4234, accounting for at least 99% of protein molecules in each cell. We have made the data publicly available online at the Kidney Tubule Expression Atlas website (https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/KTEA/). Protein abundance along the renal tubule for many commonly studied water and solute transport proteins and metabolic enzymes matched expectations from prior localization studies, demonstrating the overall reliability of the data. The site features a “correlated protein” function, which we used to identify cell type–specific transcription factors expressed along the renal tubule.

Conclusions
We identified and quantified proteins expressed in each of the 14 segments of rat kidney tubules and used the proteomic data that we obtained to create an online information resource, the Kidney Tubule Expression Atlas. This resource will allow users throughout the world to browse segment-specific protein expression data and download them for their own research.
Review of Deliberation in the Classroom: Fostering Critical Thinking, Community, and Citizenship in Schools by Stacie Molnar-Main (Kettering Foundation Press, 2017)
Authors: Reeves Monica L. 
Published: May 2020

Review of Deliberation in the Classroom: Fostering Critical Thinking, Community, and Citizenship in Schools by Stacie Molnar-Main (Kettering Foundation Press, 2017).
Indigenous People and the New England Town Meeting: Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 1730-1775
Authors: Mandell Daniel R. 
Published: May 2020

In the 1730s, Mahicans along the Housatonic River settled the mission town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts. They participated in town meetings and elected “traditional” leaders to typical New England offices. Even after a growing population of English settlers began dominating town offices, the Indians remained a strong presence in meetings, which was conducted in the Mahican as well as English language, and all voting done viva voce. In 1763, a major battle when an English faction tried to take control by introducing secret balloting; the Indians complained and mostly won their case. Stockbridge thus provides a case study comparing Indian and colonial New England decision-making, and highlighting the evolution of the town meeting during the 18th century.
Activists’ Views of Deliberation
Authors: Levine Peter , Nierras Rose Marie 
Published: May 2020

This article, based on more than 60 interviews, explores the tensions between deliberation and various forms of political activism and advocacy. It identifies more than 20 objections to deliberation that are proposed by political activists in various countries and contexts. It concludes with suggestions for combining deliberation and advocacy. ErratumIn [article title], the process referred to as a ‘Twentieth Century Town Meeting’ is actually a 21st Century Town Meeting.
Tendencias formativas en Educación Especial en Iberoamérica
Authors: Meléndez-Rodríguez Lady 
Published: May 2020

El presente artículo comprende el texto de la conferencia inaugural del II Encuentro Educación y Discapacidad. Perspectivas Investigativas y Formación Docente, que se llevó a cabo del 6 al 9 de noviembre del 2018, en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional de Bogotá, Colombia. Corresponde a una reflexión fundamentada en un análisis bibliográfico y vivencial, que asiste al propósito de preguntarse acerca del presente y futuro de la formación en Educación Especial, en tanto constituye un campo de conocimiento y acción docente en franca transición para Iberoamérica. Históricamente, la Educación Especial ha sido definida en función de la atención educativa dirigida -específicamente- a personas con discapacidad y con necesidades educativas especiales; que, desde el enfoque de la educación inclusiva, ahora reclaman su derecho a estar presentes, participar y aprender con equidad y calidad, con sus pares y en el contexto mismo de la educación ordinaria. Esto amerita docentes capaces de diseñar y aplicar apoyos educativos específicos, en atención a una lectura crítica, propositiva y flexible del contexto, sus demandas y relaciones. Entre las principales conclusiones de esta reflexión es posible decir que, en Iberoamérica, dependiendo de sus antecedentes, la Educación Especial puede entenderse como impulsora u obstáculo para la educación inclusiva, que cada país vive su propio nivel de inclusión educativa, reflejado en los procesos de formación del docente de apoyo, los que no necesariamente obedecen a perfiles profesionales unificados, prolijos ni debidamente validados.
Intentional Foreign Language Advocacy: Skills Set, Mindset, and Core Value
Authors: Stein-Smith Kathleen 
Published: May 2020

Although a nation of immigrants and although more than 60M speak a language other than English in the home, the United States suffers from a foreign language deficit, in which demand for foreign language skills exceeds supply, and where opportunity to learn another language is actually decreasing. Compared to Europe for example, a significantly smaller percentage of US students study another language, and language study typically begins later. In order to build the foreign language skills needed in the workplace, in the globalized world, and in our society, all students should have the opportunity to learn another language, and in order to increase opportunity, advocacy is needed to promote language learning and to support and defend endangered programs. Effective advocacy needs to be not only strategic, but intentional, a mindset and skills set stemming from a core value of making the world a better place through our everyday actions.
Impact of Using Blackboard on Vocabulary Acquisition: KKU Students’ Perspective
Authors: Alamer Hadeel Ali Hussain 
Published: May 2020

This research aims to investigate the impact of employing the learning management system (Blackboard) on attitudes of King Khalid University (KKU) students. The research examines the students' knowledge and skills in employing the Blackboard in their learning process, and investigates the elements, which influence the students' attitude and performance in using Blackboard in classroom instruction from their perspectives. To this end, the author has selected a sample of 34 of KKU students, where they have been requested to complete a 14-item questionnaire. Findings of the current study revealed that KKU students faced several difficulties in learning English language vocabulary. Consequently, the students have developed negative attitudes towards English vocabulary. The study found that Blackboard had a little influence on the attitude and performance of the KKU students in vocabulary learning. The study also showed that there were some limitations in the use of Blended Learning. It needs an action plan in order to make supportive learning opportunities for the university students.