bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of PD‐L1, PD‐L2, PD‐1 and cytotoxic immune response in oral lichen planus
Authors: Costa Nádia Lago , Gonçalves Julie Ane Maria , de Lima Sara Lia Gonçalves , de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Miranda Ana Carolina Campos , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas , Batista Aline Carvalho 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the expression of programmed death‐ligands 1 and 2 (PD‐L1, PD‐L2), programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), CD8 and granzyme B (GrB), as well as its correlation with the severity of oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and MethodsIn a collaborative study, 33 cases of OLP were evaluated according to the latest criteria proposed by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (AAOMP/2016) and were submitted to immunohistochemistry. Positivity was measured semiquantitatively (PD‐L1, PD‐L2) and quantitatively (PD‐1, CD8, GrB). The severity of OLP was assessed according to clinical subtype, symptomatology and response to corticosteroid therapy.ResultsMost OLPs were considered to be negative for PD‐L1 (66.6%), but high expression of PD‐L2 (96.9%) by keratinocytes and immunoinflammatory cells was observed. PD‐1+ cell density/mm2 was reduced compared to CD8+ cells. A low cytotoxic immune response (CD8:GrB ratio) was also demonstrated. Interestingly, there were fewer GrB+ cells in the intraepithelial region in reticular OLP compared to erosive/bullous OLP.ConclusionsPD‐L1/PD‐1 pathways appear to be compromised in OLP due to low PD‐L1 expression in most samples. In contrast, PD‐L2 overexpression associated with a possible regulation of the cytotoxic immune response suggests an immune tolerance that may contribute to the chronic profile of OLP.
Silica entry and accumulation in standing trees in a hot‐spring environment: cellular pathways, rapid pace and fossilization potential
Authors: Liesegang Moritz , Gee Carole T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSilicification is the most important process of fossilization resulting in the preservation of internal tissues in plants, thereby providing essential information on the anatomy, life history, and evolution of land plants. However, fundamental knowledge of silica uptake, precipitation, and contribution to in situ plant fossilization is limited. To identify the cellular pathway of aqueous silica and subsequent fluid–wood interaction processes, we investigated upright standing young trees of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in the hot‐spring environment of Cistern Spring, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Our multi‐method analytical approach using x‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyses shows that the surficial and internally co‐precipitated silica–halite–gypsum assemblage traces the flow of silica‐rich fluid and documents fluid retention after short‐term hot‐spring water immersion and evaporation. Element distribution maps reveal systematic 2D and 3D differences between silica quantities deposited in earlywood and latewood. The distribution of inorganic impurities in cell walls traces the anatomical structure of the wood and indicates rapid migration of homogeneous fluid into the waterlogged organic substrate. Our results show that the preferential pathway of silica‐rich fluid into the above‐ground wood was through the decorticated periphery which took place during a short‐term flooding, ranging from days to weeks, of hot‐spring fluid. In conclusion, the fluid retention capability in cellular pore space controls the in situ silicification process. The silicification of trees in growth position is a rapid process in which the in vivo transport of silica‐rich fluid upward through the secondary xylem plays an insignificant role.
Tofacitinib cream plus narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for segmental vitiligo in a child
Authors: Olamiju Brianna , Craiglow Brittany G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSegmental vitiligo often presents in childhood and tends to be more recalcitrant to therapy than generalized vitiligo. Recently, Janus kinase inhibitors have emerged as a promising treatment option, with some reports suggesting that concomitant ultraviolet light exposure may enhance therapeutic response. Here, we present a child with segmental vitiligo who responded rapidly and completely to treatment with tofacitinib cream plus phototherapy.
Squamous cell carcinoma development in Fanconi anemia patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Anak Sema , Yalman Nevin , Bilgen Hülya , Sepet Elif , Deviren Ayhan , Gürtekin Başak , Tunca Fatih , Başaran Bora 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examined SCC development of 24 FA patients, who received HSCT from HLA‐matched relatives. In our BMT center, we applied low‐dose CY + LFI + ATG (n:13) as conditioning regimen for FA patients between 1992 and 1999, and CY + BU + ATG (n:11) between 1999 and 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate SCC development after HSCT and examine features of the follow‐up patients. The 10‐year overall survival (OS) of the group with LFI + regimen was 43%, whereas the group without LFI regimen was 60%. There was a statistically significant relationship between infections (viral/bacterial) and overall survival (Fisher's Exact test P < .001). Five out of 13 long‐term (>1 year) surviving patients developed SCC in the HNSCC (n:4) and esophagus (n:2) region (a patient with oral SCC developed a second primary esophageal SCC). The SCC rate in our FA patients was 38%, four of the SCC patients were transplanted with irradiation used conditioning regimens, three of them had acuteGvHD (Grade II‐III), only one developed chronic GvHD. The interval between HSCT and SCC diagnosis was median 13 (range 6‐18) years, the age for the development of cancer was median 21 (range 15‐32) years. Survival after SCC was low, median 6 months (range 6‐12), due to delayed SCC diagnosis, tumor progression under therapy and treatment‐related toxicities of the usually reduced RT and/or CT.
Legal Ruralism and California Parole Hearings: Space, Place, and the Carceral Landscape*
Authors: Young Kathryne M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the important relationship between rurality and criminal justice processes, drawing on field observations and in‐depth interviews with parole commissioners to argue that California's physical carceral landscape profoundly shapes lifer parole hearings. First, commissioners report that prisons' location in rural areas affects the rehabilitative resources available, which are seen as an important aspect of their readiness for release. Location and perceived rurality of prisons shape commissioners' perception of the inmates at various institutions, creating implicitly different standards for inmates housed at different prisons. Second, spatiality and rurality influence parole commissioners' work lives, exacting a toll that includes onerous travel, early burnout, and challenges to assembling a diverse board. Together, these findings underscore the importance of legal ruralism to the relationship between spatial and carceral landscapes.
Motives for physical activity in older men and women: A twin study using accelerometer‐measured physical activity
Authors: Aaltonen Sari , Waller Katja , Vähä‐Ypyä Henri , Rinne Juha , Sievänen Harri , Silventoinen Karri , Kaprio Jaakko , Kujala Urho M. 
Published: April 2020

Motives for physical activity may vary considerably by age, sex, and the level of physical activity. We aimed to examine motives for physical activity in older men and women with different physical activity levels as well as whether genetic and/or environmental factors explain those motives. Finnish twins (mean age 72.9 years, 262 full twin pairs) self‐reported their motives for physical activity. Time spent on moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity was monitored using a hip‐worn accelerometer. Comparisons between the different physical activity groups of older twins (n = 764‐791/motive dimension) were analyzed using the Wald test, and effect sizes were calculated as Cohen's d. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to estimate genetic and environmental contributions. For both sexes, the most frequently reported motives for physical activity were physical fitness, health maintenance, and psychological well‐being. Conforming to others’ expectations was more important for men than for women (P < .001, Cohen's d = 0.38), while appearance (P = .001 Cohen's d = −0.24) and psychological well‐being (P = .02, Cohen's d = −0.17) were highlighted by women. Most of the motive dimensions differed significantly between the physically active and inactive individuals. It was estimated that 5%‐42% of the variation in motives was contributed by genetic factors and 58%‐95% by environmental factors. The result that environmental factors contribute in a great deal to motives indicates that interventions to motivate physically inactive older individuals to be physically active can be successful. However, personalized interventions are needed because sex and the level of physical activity were found to be associated with older individuals’ motives for physical activity.
Educating physician‐assistant students as agents of lifestyle medicine
Authors: Keyes Sarah‐Ann , Gardner Aimee 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYBackgroundThe burden of chronic disease in the USA necessitates a shift in medicine and medical education from disease treatment to health and wellness promotion. At the forefront of this shift is the field of lifestyle medicine – the evidence‐based use of lifestyle modification to prevent, treat and reverse disease. Health care providers, including physician assistants (PAs), can be the vehicle of behaviour change for patients, families and communities, and must receive adequate training to practice lifestyle medicine.MethodsWe describe a pilot lifestyle medicine curriculum implemented through a PA training programme run in the USA in the academic year 2016/2017. The curriculum included four taught modules on lifestyle medicine, two assessment activities and a survey of self‐perceived competency, measured before and after the programme.ResultsForty students participated in the curriculum. Results showed a significant increase in self‐perceived competencies in seven of nine lifestyle medicine areas (p < 0.001). After the curriculum, all students were successfully able to provide a written lifestyle medicine prescription for a mock patient, with the most common prescription topics including nutrition‐related prescriptions (41%), followed by physical activity (26%), addressing substance use (10%), mental health or stresses (10%) and sleep (7%). Furthermore, on average students were able to correctly identify 70% of the desired recommendations for a mock patient.ConclusionLifestyle medicine curricula can be successfully integrated into existing PA curricula, with demonstrated increases in self‐assessments of competency and practical skills.
Influence of closure technique on leakage pressures in an ex vivo canine typhlectomy model
Authors: Duffy Daniel J. , Chang Yi‐Jen , Moore George E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of three closure techniques on leakage pressures of canine typhlectomies.Study designExperimental, ex vivo.Sample populationGrossly normal cecal segments from 24 adult canine cadavers.MethodsTyphlectomies were assigned to one of three closure techniques: simple continuous closure with a Parker‐Kerr pattern with 4‐0 polydioxanone (group 1), closure with a 60‐mm gastrointestinal stapler loaded with a 3.8‐mm staple cartridge (group 2), and placement of a Cushing suture to augment the stapled closure (group 3). The median (range) of initial leakage pressure (ILP) and maximum leakage pressure (MLP) was compared between groups along with leakage location.ResultsTyphlectomies in group 3 leaked at higher ILP (310 mm Hg; 188‐310) than those in groups 1 (43 mm Hg; 31‐80) and 2 (109.5 mm Hg; 68‐173;P < .0001). Maximum leakage pressure were greater in group 3 than in other groups (P < .0001). Leakage was detected in 20 of 24 (83%) typhlectomies, located at the incisional line in 13 of 24 (54%) specimens and from suture holes in seven of 24 (29%) specimens.ConclusionPlacement of a Cushing suture pattern to augment stapled incisions improved the ability of typhlectomies to sustain pressure compared with sutured or stapled cadaveric specimens alone.Clinical significanceThese results provide evidence to support placement of a Cushing suture pattern to augment the staple line for typhlectomies in dogs, although in vivo studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these findings.
An Overview of Thermal and Mechanical Design, Control, and Testing of the World's Most Powerful and Fastest Supercomputer
Authors: Yuksel Anil , Mahaney Vic , Marroquin Chris , Tian Shurong , Hoffmeyer Mark , Schultz Mark , Takken Todd 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A new era of computing has begun with the development of high-performance computing (HPC), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and cognitive systems. Dramatic increases in the power density of the electronic components have led to the design and architecture of efficient thermal management technologies on these systems. IBM designed and delivered in 2018 the most powerful and fastest supercomputers of the world known as Summit and Sierra having 200 petaflops peak computing performance through LINPACK benchmarks. These systems which are called as IBM POWER AC922 are both air and liquid cooled, where water is employed in liquid-cooled systems to cool the high-power electronic components including IBM POWER9 processors and NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). In this paper, we highlight the overview of the thermal and mechanical design strategies applied to these systems. Testing and experimental analysis with comparison to computational modeling is provided. Thermal control strategies are investigated for the optimization of overall system efficiency. In air cooled systems, we discuss the fan and heat sink designs, as well as the preheating effect on the PCIe section. In liquid-cooled systems, which have a unique cold plate design cooling the processors and the GPUs with water, we examine the water flow path design for the central processing units (CPUs), the GPUs, and the thermal performance of the cold plate. An overview of the cooling assemblies such as TIMs and air baffles in these systems is discussed. Unit and rack manifolds and rear door heat exchanger (RDHx) are investigated. Water flow and pressure distribution at the node and rack-level are provided.
Active Control of Passive and Active Particle Distribution at the Outlet of Double Y-Microchannel Using Pulsatile Flow
Authors: Nguyen Minh Chau , Peerhossaini Hassan , Pashmi Elnaz , Salek Mohammad Mehdi , Jarrahi Mojtaba 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While a variety of active and passive techniques have been proposed for steady flows, pulsatile flow has received much less attention. Pulsation makes more control parameters available for passive methods and enables them to separate particles. The purpose of this work is to determine the effects of the phase shift between two entering flows (only one includes the particles) on particle separation inside a double Y-microchannel. Numerical simulations were carried out for both steady and pulsating flow conditions. The results showed that when the velocity amplitude ratio (β) is less than 2, the separation index increases with the phase shift (φ) and the highest efficiency occurs at φ = 180 deg. A similar trend can be observed for higher values of β only if the pulsation period is short enough. A series of experiments qualitatively validated the numerical results.
The Status of Youth Coach Training in the United States: Existing Programs and Room for Improvement
Authors: Fawver Bradley , Beatty Garrett F. , Roman John T. , Kurtz Kevin 
Published: April 2020

The United States is one of the world’s perennial sports powers, yet the pathway to that success is littered with millions of youth athletes who either are not good enough to compete at a higher level or dropout from sport completely due to various personal, social, and organizational factors. These barriers are compounded by a win-at-all-costs mentality that pervades the U.S. sport culture and ultimately disenfranchises many youths from the opportunity to enjoy sport participation throughout their life. The authors argue that principle components in this flawed system are the lack of standardized coach education at the state and national level, weaknesses in the current curricula offered, and difficulties for aspiring coaches accessing existing training programs. In the current paper, the authors (a) briefly review the history of coach education in the United States as well as existing opportunities for coach education at the university, sport-specific, and private sectors; (b) provide a description of the strengths and weaknesses of the current coaching model; and (c) provide recommendations to improve coach education and training in the United States.
Gut microbiome composition and risk factors in a large cross-sectional IBS cohort
Authors: Agnello Melissa , Carroll Lauren N , Imam Nabeel , Pino Rodolfo , Palmer Christina , Varas Ignacio , Greene Claire , Hitschfeld Maureen , Gupta Sarah , Almonacid Daniel E , Hoaglin Michael C 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is difficult to diagnose and treat due to its inherent heterogeneity and unclear aetiology. Although there is evidence suggesting the importance of the microbiome in IBS, this association remains poorly defined. In the current study, we aimed to characterise a large cross-sectional cohort of patients with self-reported IBS in terms of microbiome composition, demographics, and risk factors.DesignIndividuals who had previously submitted a stool sample for 16S microbiome sequencing were sent a comprehensive survey regarding IBS diagnosis, demographics, health history, comorbidities, family history, and symptoms. Log ratio-transformed abundances of microbial taxa were compared between individuals reporting a diagnosis of IBS without any comorbidities and individuals reporting no health conditions. Univariable testing was followed by a multivariable logistic regression model controlling for relevant confounders.ResultsOut of 6386 respondents, 1692 reported a diagnosis of IBS without comorbidities and 1124 reported no health conditions. We identified 3 phyla, 15 genera, and 19 species as significantly associated with IBS after adjustment for confounding factors. Demographic risk factors include a family history of gut disorders and reported use of antibiotics in the last year.ConclusionThe results of this study confirm important IBS risk factors in a large cohort and support a connection for microbiome compositional changes in IBS pathogenesis. The results also suggest clinical relevance in monitoring and investigating the microbiome in patients with IBS. Further, the exploratory models described here provide a foundation for future studies.
Cohort profile: the Funen Diabetes Database—a population-based cohort of patients with diabetes in Denmark
Authors: Adelborg Kasper , Szentkúti Péter , Henriksen Jan Erik , Thomsen Reimar Wernich , Pedersen Lars , Sundbøll Jens , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Hother-Nielsen Ole , Beck-Nielsen Henning 
Published: April 2020

PurposeDetailed population-based data are essential to understanding the epidemiology of diabetes and its clinical course. This article describes the Funen Diabetes Database (FDDB). The purpose of the FDDB was to serve as a shared electronic medical record system for healthcare professionals treating patients with diabetes. The cohort can also be used for research.ParticipantsThe FDDB covers a geographical area of almost 500 000 Danish inhabitants. It currently includes 3691 patients with type 1 diabetes, 19 085 patients with type 2 diabetes, 292 patients with other types of diabetes and 5992 patients with an unknown type of diabetes. Patients have been continuously enrolled from general practitioners and endocrinology departments in the Funen area in Denmark since 2003. Patients undergo a clinical work-up at their first diabetes contact and during follow-up visits. The information collected includes type of diabetes contact, blood pressure, height, weight, lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise), laboratory records (eg, haemoglobin A1c and cholesterol levels), results from foot examinations (eg, pulse, cutaneous sensitivity and ankle brachial index), results from eye examinations (eg, degree of retinopathy assessed by retinal photo and eye examination), glucose-lowering drugs and diabetic complications.Findings to dateThe FDDB cohort was followed for a total of 212 234 person-years up to 2016. A cross-sectional study described the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors. The clinical outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults have been assessed. Linkage to population-based medical registries with complete follow-up has enabled the collection of extensive continuous data on general practice contacts, diagnoses and procedures from hospital contacts, medication use and mortality.Future plansThe FDDB serves as a strong data resource that will be used in future studies of diabetes epidemiology with focus on occurrence, risk factors, treatment, complications and prognosis.
Preterm children’s developmental coordination disorder, cognition and quality of life: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Uusitalo Karoliina , Haataja Leena , Nyman Anna , Ripatti Liisi , Huhtala Mira , Rautava Päivi , Lehtonen Liisa , Parkkola Riitta , Lahti Katri , Koivisto Mari , Setänen Sirkku 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and its correlation to cognition and self-experienced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children born very preterm.DesignProspective follow-up study.SettingRegional population of children born very preterm in Turku University Hospital, Finland, in 2001–2006.PatientsA total of 170 children born very preterm were followed up until 11 years of age.Main outcome measuresMotor and cognitive outcomes were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (Movement ABC-2) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition, respectively, and HRQoL using the 17-Dimensional Illustrated Questionnaire (17D). The Touwen neurological examination was performed to exclude other neurological conditions affecting the motor outcome.ResultsEighteen children born very preterm (17 boys) (11.3%) had DCD, defined as Movement ABC-2 total test score ≤5th percentile. A positive correlation between motor and cognitive outcome (r=0.22, p=0.006) was found. Children born very preterm with DCD had lower cognitive scores than those without DCD (Full-Scale IQ mean 76.8 vs 91.6, p=0.001). Moreover, children born very preterm with DCD reported lower HRQoL than children born very preterm without motor impairment (17D mean 0.93 vs 0.96, p=0.03). However, HRQoL was higher in this group of children born very preterm compared with population-based normative test results (p<0.001).ConclusionsDCD was still common at 11 years of age in children born very preterm in 2000s. DCD associated with adverse cognitive development and lower self-experienced HRQoL. However, this group of children born very preterm reported better HRQoL in comparison with Finnish norms.