bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
181 Enhancing the efficiency of poultry production by optimising selection objectives and breeding strategies
Authors: Wood Ben J , Emamgholi-Begli Hakimeh , Abdella Emhimad , Vanderhout Ryley J , Baes Christine F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Poultry, in general, have been the most successful farmed species in efficiently producing protein, be it egg laying chickens or meat producing chickens or turkeys. This has been the result of 60–80 years of continuous selection and improvement of traits that effect overall efficiency. The innate physiology of birds, high reproductive rates and relatively short generation intervals have helped speed these improvements. The contribution of feed to production costs has increased efforts to accurately measure feed intake, and selecting for efficient feed utilisation have been significant. Selection for feed efficiency forms an integral part of the breeding objective of the respective breeding programs, but in recent years other components of efficiency have become increasingly important within breeding objectives. Market segmentation, with greater volumes of fully deboned meat for further value added processing, has resulted in the optimisation of yield to feed for both broilers and turkeys. Allometric growth patterns, particularly late stage deposition of breast meat, gives rise to opportunities for optimisation of both slaughter age and weight. Genetic evaluations incorporating genomic information from birds with yield measurements is now implemented across both broilers and turkeys in many breeding programs. The implementation of genomic selection has benefits for not only yield, but also growth and feed efficiency, and we have shown improvements in genetic prediction of 11%, 23% and 31% for growth, breast meat and residual feed intake in turkeys, respectively. Reproductive efficiency has also been improved in broilers, turkeys and particularly layers, by improving evaluations using genomic information. Altering egg production curves to maintain production persistency for increasingly longer time periods has also been important. Layer flocks are now routinely in production for up to 500 days and similar objectives are used for selection in both broiler and turkey reproduction.
178 Continuing to enhance efficiency in swine
Authors: Plastow Graham 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Efficiency in swine production is made up of a number of traits including reproduction, health, and the conversion of feed into pork. Due to the large proportion of cost associated with feed (&gt;70% of overall costs) there has been a focus on this aspect of efficiency. Indeed, significant progress has been made in reducing the amount of feed required to reach market weight. This has been achieved at the same time as increasing growth rate (and therefore decreasing age at slaughter) whilst maintaining carcass quality to meet market needs. A significant proportion of this improvement was delivered through genetics and the application of new measurement technologies. Examples, include the use of ultrasound to measure fat content on the live animal and individual feed intake recording. At a time when sustainable production is increasingly demanded then efficiency will continue to be important through its impact on the economics of farming – productivity and profit. However, sustainability takes into account other aspects such as the impact on the environment as well as social aspects such as animal welfare. Many of these components support each other, for example, more prolific sows producing more efficient full market value pigs contribute to a smaller environmental footprint (more product and less waste). Likewise pigs that stay healthy even when responding to infection continue to eat and require less medication. When antagonisms exist they can be addressed in a balanced selection program that addresses all aspects. We are now at a point where new technologies will make it feasible to address these additional factors providing the opportunity for even greater progress in these key traits in the near future. This presentation will provide examples of the progress made and the role of genomics in utilizing “big data” to continue to improve the efficiency of swine production.
PSIII-5 Metabolic hormones, live weight, grazing behaviour and offspring distance of primiparous beef cows grazing grasslands at two herbage allowances
Authors: Claramunt Martin , Meikle Ana , Soca Pablo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbage allowance (HA; herbage mass in kg DM/ha: stocking rate in kg LW/ha ratio) during gestation and lactation on cow and calf LW, body condition score (BCS), insulin, IGF-1, and leptin concentrations, daily grazing, ruminating and idling proportion cow-calf distance in primiparous beef cows from -10 to 70 days from temporary suckling restriction (nose plates on calves during 12 days=TW; day 0=initiation of TW at 86 ± 10 postpartum) and flushing (2 kg FB/cow/day whole-rice bran for 22 days). Thirty-three cows were allocated to HA treatments during gestation and lactation (-150 to 195 days relative to calving), that annually averaged 2.5 (low HA) and 4 kg DM/kg LW (high HA). Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures and general linear mixed models. Cows LW and BCS did not differ during the -10 to 50 day period but were greater in high HA at the end of the study. Concentrations of IGF-I were greater in high HA (80 vs 70 ± 3 ng/mL), but insulin and leptin did not differ. Daily grazing proportion was lower in high HA (0.64 vs 0.68 ± 0.06; P &lt; 0.05), and the opposite occur with rumination and idling (P &lt; 0.05). Cow-calf distance was greater in low HA cows (0.57 vs 0.75 ± 0.006; P &lt; 0.05) and increased greatly in this group after flushing. Milk yield was greater (3.7 vs 3 ± 0.3; P &gt; 0.05) and calf weight did not differ between treatments from -10 to 35 day and was greater after 45 days in high HA compared to low HA. Thus, increasing HA resulted in greater IGF-1 concentrations and milk yield, and induced changes in grazing and maternal behavior that were associated with increased cow and calf LW and BCS.
PSVI-2 The effect of a recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxoid on the health and growth performance of high-risk, newly received stocker cattle metaphylactically treated with tilmicosin
Authors: Pickett Autumn T , Ball Jase , Kegley Elizabeth , Blue Ken , Hagenmaier Jacob A , Reynolds Jana , Powell Jeremy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Crossbred male beef calves (n = 259; bulls = 134, steers = 125; body weight = 250 ± 3.4 kg) approximately 6 months of age and considered high-risk for developing bovine respiratory disease arrived on 3 dates (block) and were stratified by arrival castrate status and weight to be evenly distributed across pens (8 pens/block; 9 to 12 calves/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) Nuplura PH (administration of a Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxoid at processing) or 2) Control (no M. haemolytica leukotoxoid). All cattle received tilmicosin on d 0 with a 5-d post-metaphylactic interval. Body weights were recorded on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 41 and 42. Blood was collected on d -1, 14, 28, and 42 and sera were harvested to determine serum neutralization titers for bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) type I and bovine anti-M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibodies. Calves were observed daily for signs of morbidity. Body weight and average daily gain were not affected (P ≥ 0.26) by treatment. The percentage of calves administered 1, 2, or 3 antibiotic treatments for clinical bovine respiratory disease did not differ (P ≥ 0.35). There was a tendency for mortality to be greater for Control compared to Nuplura PH (1.6 vs 0.0%; P = 0.10). Calves administered Nuplura PH possessed greater antibody response against M. haemolytica leukotoxin on d 14, 28, and 42 compared to Control calves (P &lt; 0.01). There was no treatment × day interaction for antibody titers against BVD (P = 0.98). The use of a M. haemolytica leukotoxoid had no effect on growth performance and morbidity for the 42-d following receiving in this small-pen study, but reduced the incidence of mortality and did not interfere with antibody response to BVD vaccination in high-risk, newly received calves metaphylactically treated with tilmicosin on arrival.
PSVI-3 The effect of oligodeoxynucleotides on Toll-like receptor pathway genes in goat blood
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two classes of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the expression of genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling in goat blood. Toll-like receptors play a critical role in initiating innate immune responses. Select synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing methylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have immunologic effects similar to those seen with bacterial DNA. These short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules are being explored as adjuvants to enhance animal health. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of BoerXSpanish goats (n = 3) into tubes containing an anticoagulant. Blood was treated with the 10 µg/ml CpG ODN (2216, 2006) class A and B, or 200µl of PBS which served as control. Cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 85% humidity for 30 minutes. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol and then converted to cDNA using RETROscript kit (Qiagen). The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT2 PCR Array was evaluated using real-time PCR. Fold change in gene expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The housekeeping genes GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT1, TBP, and YWHAZ was used to normalize the data. Of 84 genes tested, 74 genes were expressed in the control group. Following treatment with ODN 2006, 50 genes were expressed, 29 were up-regulated while 17 genes were down-regulated. The genes HSPD1, IFNG, MAPK8, and PTGS2 were induced by ODN 2006 treatment. Following treatment with ODN 2216, 52 genes were expressed. Treatment with ODN 2216, upregulated 26 genes and down-regulated the expression of 19 genes. The genes CLEC4E, HSPD1, IFNG, IRF1, MAPK8, PTGS2, and UBE2V1 were induced by ODN 2216. Thus specific patterns of TLR signaling may be involved in response to the immunostimulatory effect of CpG ODN in goats with implicates for their use as adjuvants to enhance animal health.
PSVI-39 Molecular breeding value prediction of vaccination response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in replacement gilts
Authors: Aguilar-Trejo Carlos Martin , Luna-Nevárez Guillermo , Romo-Rubio Javier Alonso , Thomas Milton G , Enns R Mark , Speidel Scott E , Zeng Xi , Sanchez-Castro Miguel Angel , Reyna-Granados Javier Rolando , Luna-Nevárez Pablo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that severely affects the Mexican swine industry. Vaccination of replacement gilts is mostly used to prevent PRRS; however, individual response to this protocol is highly-variable. The objective herein was to predict vaccination response against PRRS virus in gilts using molecular markers associated to rectal temperature (RT) and average daily weight gain (ADG). The study included 6-month old replacement gilts (n = 100) with a breed composition of ¾ Landrace x ¼ Yorkshire. Gilts were vaccinated with a modified live PRRS-virus (day 0) and kept inside the quarantine area on a farm where the gilts were lately exposed to PRRS. Data from RT and ADG were recorded weekly from day -7 through 35. Individual blood samples were collected at day 40, spotted onto FTA cards, and processed for genomic analyses using a 10k low-density SNP chip. Resulting genotypes were analyzed using a multi-locus mixed model, which identified 59 SNP associated with RT and ADG. These SNP were validated using a mixed-effects model which included SNP genotype and age of dam as fixed effects, and sire as random effect; then, their allele substitution effects were calculated. The additive effects for each SNP that showed a significant association (P &lt; 0.05) with either RT or ADG were summed to calculate their corresponding molecular breeding value (MBV). The mean MBV were 0.28±0.04°C and 0.21± .05kg for RT and ADG, respectively. A reduced regression model which only included MBV was used to predict both RT and ADG. Coefficients of determination were 4.26 and 3.87% for RT and ADG, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that only a small proportion of the phenotypic variance for RT and ADG was explained by SNP genotypes. We suggest additional studies to determine if the highly-variable vaccination response to PRRS is influenced by genetics.
PSVI-38 Impact of PRRSV infection during gestation on the protein levels in the blood of piglets
Authors: Rymut Haley E , Sizemore Courtni R , Rund Laurie A , Houser Alexandra K , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Costs and productivity losses associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) outbreaks impact the swine industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal immune activation (MIA) from a PRRSV challenge during gestation on the piglet serum concentrations of albumin and globulin, indicators of inflammation or organ damage. Eighteen pregnant Camborough gilts were inoculated with either PRRSV or saline on gestational day 76. After farrowing 106 piglets remained with the gilts until postnatal day (PD) 21. One group of piglets was weaned and group-housed while another group remained with the gilts until PD22. At PD 60, a group of weaned piglets was fasted for one day while the rest was fed to meet nutritional requirements. Serum concentrations of globulin and albumin were measured on PD 22 and 61 and were analyzed using a linear mixed model including the fixed effects of gilt challenge, piglet treatment and sex and the random effect of gilt. On PD 22, albumin was higher in weaned relative to suckled piglets from saline-treated gilts (P &lt; 0.0305). Globulin was higher in weaned relative to suckled piglets (P &lt; 0.0014) and in piglets from PRRSV-treated relative to saline-treated gilts (P &lt; 0.0201). The albumin/globulin ratio was higher in weaned piglets from saline relative to PRRSV-treated gilts (P &lt; 0.0367). On PD 61, albumin was higher in fasted relative to fed piglets (P &lt; 0.0072). Globulin was higher in males relative to females from PRRSV-treated gilts (P &lt; 0.0326), and the albumin/globulin ratio was higher in fasted relative to fed piglets (P &lt; 0.0043). Our results indicate a positive correlation between serum protein concentrations and MIA, weaning or fasting stress that may be indicative of inflammation, organ dysfunction or nutritional imbalance. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSVI-17 The organic feed additive Calica+ improves growth performance and shows anticoccidial effects in broilers
Authors: Martel-Kennes Yan , Decaux Caroline , Julien Carl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Development of natural alternatives to drugs is necessary for the poultry industry not only for organic production, but also for limiting drug resistance and for complying with upcoming regulations. Two pen trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of Calica+, an activated vegetal oil from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), on broiler performance and on coccidiosis in different conditions. The first trial was conducted in Eimeria vaccination conditions with commercial Coccivac-B52. The second one was realized in Eimeria challenge conditions, induced by an oral administration of 200,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species harvested from field isolates. In Eimeria vaccination conditions trial, Calica+ improved average daily gain (ADG) (+4.5%, P &lt; 0.05) during the overall growing period and decreased levels of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) (−44.1%, P &lt; 0.05), at Eimeria excretion peak (days 17–20), compared to untreated broilers. However, no significant effect of Calica+ on Eimeria intestinal lesions was observed. Overall ADG in Calica+-treated birds was not significantly different compared to nicarbazin-monensin anticoccidial medication (P = 0.8362) but showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR; +6.0%, P &lt; 0.05). In Eimeria challenge conditions trial, Calica+ feeding treatment improved ADG after infection, during the period from d20 to d36 of age (+4.4%, P &lt; 0.05) compared to untreated birds. Compared with nicarbazin-monensin medication, Calica+-treated birds showed higher FCR (+3.5%, P &lt; 0.05), but comparable ADG (P = 0.3145). Interestingly, birds fed the treatment with Calica+ showed a trend of increased plasmatic levels of IL-1ß compared to untreated broilers (+25.6%, P = 0.0676), suggesting an immune activation as a potential mechanism of action for Calica+. In summary, Calica+ showed beneficial growth performance and anticoccidial effects in these two different trial conditions. This feed additive could be involved in a strategy to reduce the use of anticoccidial medication in broiler production.
PSVI-26 Cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in the inguinal node with calval leptospirose
Authors: Plemyashov Kirill , Suleymanov Suleyman , Lobodin Konstantin , Pavlenko Olga 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this regard, the cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in calves’ inguinal lymph node with spontaneous leptospirosis was studied. The study material was taken from the inguinal lymph node of the 11 calves who died of leptospirosis during the enzootic period in Azerbaijan. The study material samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, followed by pouring in paraffin, coloring azur sections with 2-eosin and counting 13 cell types (lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, lymphocyte, free reticular cell, process sinus reticular cell, endothelium, fibroblast, histiocyte, macrophage, polyblast, plasmablast, protoplasmocyte, plasmacyte) using MOV-15. It was established that the number of lymphoblasts in the inguinal lymph node with subacute leptospirosis decreased 2.2 times, the number of prolymphocytes decreased 1.4 times, the number of lymphocytes decreased 4.4 times. The number of free reticular cells from the cells of the reticuloendothelium decreased 3.7 times. However, the number of grown sinus reticular cells and the endothelium of the sinuses fluctuated within the normal range. The number of fibroblasts increased 1.7 times, histiocytes - 6.6 times, macrophages - 11.8 times, and polyblasts - 11 times (Table 1). At the same time, there was a sharp increase in the number of cells in the plasma row. Of those, the number of plasmablasts increased 8.5 times, protoplasmocytes - 30.4 times, plasma cells - 17 times. Overall, the cytological picture in the inguinal lymph node during spontaneous leptospirosis in calves was characterized by an increase in the number of plasma cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes, macrophages, polyblasts and a decrease in the number of lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes, lymphocytes and free reticular cells.
PSVI-29 Maternal immune activation alters inflammatory cytokine profiles in response to weaning
Authors: Sizemore Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Houser Alexandra K , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can alter immune responses of offspring to many stressors including weaning. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 are anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, released during the immune response. This study assessed the effects of MIA on piglets’ serum cytokine concentrations in response to weaning. Camborough gilts were inseminated at approximately 235 days of age and were inoculated intranasally on gestational day 76 with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 11) or saline (n = 7). On postnatal day (PD) 21 approximately half of the piglets remained with sows (suckled) while the rest were weaned. Blood was collected from piglets prior to weaning on PD21 and at PD22. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Cytokine concentrations were tested for fixed effects of gilt treatment (PRRSV or Control), piglet sex (female or male), management (suckled or weaned), sampling day (PD21 or PD22), interactions, and Normality assumptions. IL-10 presented a significant interaction between sex, gilt treatment, and management at PD22 (P &lt; 0.05). Weaned males from PRRSV-treated gilts had higher IL-10 concentrations versus suckled males whereas females from PRRSV-treated gilts had comparable levels of IL-10 between management groups. Overall, IL-10 was higher in piglets from PRRSV-treated gilts relative to Control gilts and matching sex and management groups. Higher IL-6 concentrations were found in weaned males from PRRSV-treated gilts versus suckled males at PD22. This pattern between management groups was reversed in females from PRRSV-treated gilts. Among piglets from Control gilts, males possessed higher IL-6 concentrations versus females across management groups. These results suggest MIA can alter inflammatory cytokine concentrations differently between males and females in response to weaning. This altered response may reduce offspring resiliency to subsequent immune or management stressors. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, 2018-67015-27413.
PSII-36 Effect of cyclic monensin feeding on intake and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers consuming low-quality forage
Authors: Bell Natasha L , Hook Kayla , Leon Kendrah De , Hernandez Alicia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Effects of cyclic monensin feeding on utilization of low-quality forage (LQF; 4.9%CP) were evaluated using ruminally cannulated steers (12 Bos taurus; 260 kg BW). Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) CON (0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin; Rumensin® 90, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) MON (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin) or 3) CYC (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for 14 d and 0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for subsequent 14 d). Dried distillers grains (1 kg∙hd-1∙d-1) were fed for monensin inclusion. Each of the four periods were 28 days in length. Hay and ort samples were collected d 10–13 for determination of intake. Rumen fluid was collected with a suction strainer 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding on d 14 for pH analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Periods were analyzed separately for all measures because of a period effect (P ≤ 0.01). A treatment effect was not observed for forage OM intake (P ≥ 0.10) or total OM intake (P ≥ 0.10). A treatment effect was observed in period 1 for forage NDF intake (P = 0.10) and total NDF intake (P = 0.10), but these effects were not observed in periods 2, 3 or 4 (P ≥ 0.18). A treatment effect (P = 0.02) was observed for pH in period 1, but was not evident in periods 2, 3, or 4 (P ≥ 0.17). An hour effect was observed for pH during all four periods (P ≤ 0.01). In addition to measures of intake and pH, measures were taken for digestion, VFA and microbial sequencing. These measures are currently being evaluated for later reporting. Current data suggest the effects of monensin change over time. Further evaluation of digestion, VFA, and the microbiome are required to determine a clear effect of cyclic monensin feeding.