bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RACIALIZATION OF LATINX IMMIGRANTS
Authors: Estrada Emily P. , Cabaniss Emily R. , Coury Shelby A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractXenophobic narratives that describe Latinx immigrants as culturally deficient, threatening, and undeserving lawbreakers have received extensive scrutiny from the public and academics alike. However, few scholars have examined the positive narratives that surround this group, an especially important line of inquiry given the nature and prevalence of colorblind racial ideology today. In this paper, we consider how (seemingly) positive elite news media discourse contributes to the racialization of Latinx immigrants. We analyzed 1383 frames derived from newspaper articles appearing on the front page ofThe New York Timesbetween 2001 and 2019. We found that even supportive articles contribute to the racialization of this group by subtly reinforcing boundaries between “us” and “them,” especially when compared to positive articles about non-Latinx immigrants. Specifically, positive newspaper articles portrayed Latinx immigrants as economically exploitable, as vulnerable but blameworthy, and as mostly illegal. We also found that positive newspaper articles portrayed both Latinx and non-Latinx immigrants as devoted to their families and traditional gender roles. However, we argue that this depiction reinforces a hierarchy based on White notions of deservingness. Our analysis shows the flexibility of colorblind discourse to prop up existing racial hierarchies in U.S. society and to “Other” racial and ethnic minorities.
Flux Transfer Event With an Electron‐Scale Substructure Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Silveira M. V. D. , Sibeck D. G. , Lee S. H. , Koga D. , Souza V. M. , Gonzalez W. D. , Russell C. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOn 12 November 2015 the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft traversed the magnetopause from the magnetosphere to the magnetosheath encountering evidence of magnetic reconnection and a tiny flux transfer event (FTE) on the magnetosheath side of the magnetopause boundary layer. The FTE exhibited a large negative‐positive bipolar variation in the normal magnetic field component (BN), an enhanced (negative) north‐south component direction (BL), and a variation in the third component BM resembling a “W” shape with negative values close to the edges and positive values near the center. Using the tetrahedron formation, we estimate that the FTE moved southward and duskward with a speed of VFTE = 324 km/s. The FTE size in the transverse direction is 518 km, which corresponds to 4.42 ion gyroradii. We identify an internal layer where the electron bulk flow velocity exhibits different behaviors at each of the four spacecraft and the current density was more intense at two spacecraft. Within the FTE's core region, the ion bulk flow behavior was similar for all four spacecraft. Using the velocity obtained from timing analysis, we estimate a dimension of this core region to be 181.4 km, which corresponds to 1.5 ion gyroradii. It is evident that the internal region is not large enough to affect the ion behavior but can do so for electrons. We conclude that the FTE's core is an electron‐scale substructure.
The Benthic B/Ca Record at Site 806: New Constraints on the Temperature of the West Pacific Warm Pool and the “El Padre” State in the Pliocene
Authors: White S. M. , Ravelo A. Christina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP)'s response to increased pCO2 during the Pliocene is a key model validation target. Different temperature proxies show different trends: The foraminiferal Mg/Ca sea surface temperature (SST) record shows Pliocene WPWP temperatures ~1.2°C cooler than today (Wara et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112596), whereas a TEX86 study finds a cooling trend and claims the Pliocene WPWP was warmer than today (Zhang et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246172). We focus on understanding biases in Mg/Ca data as the best way to constrain the temperature of the Pliocene WPWP. The strongest nonthermal controls on foraminiferal Mg/Ca are Mg/Ca of seawater and dissolution. Dissolution, which imparts a cool bias to Mg/Ca temperatures, depends on Δ[CO32−], the difference from the carbonate ion concentration needed for calcite saturation. Thus, Pliocene proxy discrepancies might stem from varying Δ[CO32−] over time. To constrain the effect of changing dissolution on the Mg/Ca data, we collected benthic foraminiferal B/Ca data (a proxy for Δ[CO32−]) from the WPWP spanning 0–5.5 Ma. We find no long‐term trend in Δ[CO32−], but variations above and below the threshold of foraminiferal dissolution yield an ~0.4°C cold bias when averaged over the middle to early Pliocene. Changes in seawater Mg/Ca create an ~0.6°C cold bias in the Pliocene Mg/Ca data. After accounting for these biases, we find that the Pliocene WPWP was ~0.1°C cooler than the late Holocene, ranging from −0.5°C to +0.5°C including all uncertainties. Our reconstruction shows a much lower east‐west temperature gradient in the Pliocene tropical Pacific than today, supporting a permanent El Niño‐like “El Padre” state.
Quantifying the Impact of Wind and Surface Humidity‐Induced Surface Heat Exchange on the Circulation Shift in Response to Increased CO2
Authors: Tan Zhihong , Shaw Tiffany A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe extend the locking technique to separate the poleward shift of the atmospheric circulation in response to quadrupled CO2 into contributions from (1) CO2 increase, (2) cloud radiative effects, and (3) wind and surface humidity‐induced surface heat exchange. In aquaplanet simulations, wind and surface humidity‐induced surface heat exchange accounts for 30–60% of the Hadley cell edge and midlatitude eddy‐driven jet shift. The increase of surface specific humidity dominates and mostly follows global mean warming. Consistent with previous work the remaining shift is attributed to cloud radiative effects. Across CMIP5 models the intermodel variance in the austral winter circulation shift in response to quadrupled CO2 is significantly correlated with the response of the subtropical‐subpolar difference of surface heat exchange. The results highlight the dominant role of surface heat exchange for future circulation changes.
Proglacial Lakes Control Glacier Geometry and Behavior During Recession
Authors: Sutherland J. L. , Carrivick J. L. , Gandy N. , Shulmeister J. , Quincey D. J. , Cornford S. L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIce‐contact proglacial lakes are generally absent from numerical model simulations of glacier evolution, and their effects on ice dynamics and on rates of deglaciation remain poorly quantified. Using the BISICLES ice flow model, we analyzed the effects of an ice‐contact lake on the Pukaki Glacier, New Zealand, during recession from the Last Glacial Maximum. The ice‐contact lake produced a maximum effect on grounding line recession >4 times further and on ice velocities up to 8 times faster, compared to simulations of a land‐terminating glacier forced by the same climate. The lake contributed up to 82% of cumulative grounding line recession and 87% of ice velocity during the first 300 years of the simulations, but those values decreased to just 6% and 37%, respectively, after 5,000 years. Numerical models that ignore lake interactions will, therefore, misrepresent the rate of recession especially during the transition of a land‐terminating to a lake‐terminating environment.
The Transcrustal Magma Reservoir Beneath Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: Insights From 3‐D Geodetic Inversions
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Flynn M. , Hickey J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe invert intraeruptive ground displacements recorded between 2003 and 2005 on Montserrat to shed light on the magmatic plumbing system of Soufrière Hills Volcano. Incorporating 3‐dimensional crustal mechanical and topographic data in a finite‐element model, we show that the recorded displacements are best explained by a southeastward dipping (plunge angle of 9.3°) vertically extended triaxial ellipsoidal pressure source with semiaxes lengths of 1.9 and 2.0 km horizontally, and 5.0 km vertically. The source is centered at 9.35 km depth below main sea level and embedded in independently imaged anomalously weak crustal rocks. The source orientation appears to be controlled by the local stress field at the intersection of two major WNW‐ESE and NW‐SE striking tectonic lineaments. We derive an average volumetric strain rate of 8.4 × 10−12 s−1 by transcrustal pressurization which may have contributed to flank instability and mass wasting events in the southern and eastern sectors of the island.
Global Methyl Halide Emissions From Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Using Life Cycle Measurements
Authors: Jiao Yi , Acdan Jerrold , Xu Rong , Deventer Malte Julian , Zhang Wanying , Rhew Robert C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlobal budgets of methyl halides are not balanced between currently identified sources and sinks. Among biological sources, rapeseed is regarded as the second largest terrestrial source of CH3Br, extrapolated from laboratory‐based incubations and limited field measurements. This study analyzes the CH3Br budget from rapeseed (Brassica napus “Empire”), using field‐based life cycle measurements, yielding a globally scaled emission rate of 2.8 ± 0.7 Gg year−1. Though this verifies that rapeseed is a significant global source, it is just half of the previous estimation, even after accounting for the doubling of global annual rapeseed production since then. The ozone‐depleting potential of rapeseed is further sustained through CH3Cl and CH3I emissions, which were measured for the first time and scaled to 5.3 ± 1.3 and 4.0 ± 0.8 Gg year−1 globally.
SMAP Detects Soil Moisture Under Temperate Forest Canopies
Authors: Colliander Andreas , Cosh Michael H. , Kelly Vicky R. , Kraatz Simon , Bourgeau‐Chavez Laura , Siqueira Paul , Roy Alexandre , Konings Alexandra G. , Holtzman Natan , Misra Sidharth , Entekhabi Dara , O'Neill Peggy , Yueh Simon H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSoil moisture dynamics in the presence of dense vegetation canopies are determinants of ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycles, but the capability of existing spaceborne sensors to support reliable and useful estimates is not known. New results from a recently initiated field experiment in the northeast United States show that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) satellite is capable of retrieving soil moisture under temperate forest canopies. We present an analysis demonstrating that a parameterized emission model with the SMAP morning overpass brightness temperature resulted in a RMSD (root‐mean‐square difference) range of 0.047–0.057 m3/m3 and a Pearson correlation range of 0.75–0.85 depending on the experiment location and the SMAP polarization. The inversion approach included a minimal amount of ancillary data. This result demonstrates unequivocally that spaceborne L‐band radiometry is sensitive to soil moisture under temperate forest canopies, which has been uncertain because of lack of representative reference data.
Projected Increases in Monthly Midlatitude Summertime Temperature Variance Over Land Are Driven by Local Thermodynamics
Authors: Vargas Zeppetello L. R. , Battisti D. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe increasing frequency of very high temperatures driven by global warming has motivated growing interest in how the probability distribution of summertime temperatures will evolve in the future. Climate models forced by increasing CO2 simulate increasing monthly‐averaged temperature variance across the midlatitudes. In this study we present evidence that these projections are credible and driven primarily by the magnitude of local warming. A first‐principles analytic theory reproduces the increased midlatitude summertime temperature variance in climate models extremely well by considering only the warming‐induced change in the climatological vapor pressure deficit. The impacts of local warming on saturation specific and relative humidity are shown to have roughly equal contributions to increases in summertime temperature variance. The vegetation response to increasing CO2 is found to be an important contributor to the uncertainty in modeled temperature variance change, highlighting the role of plants in shaping the summertime temperature distribution.
Structure of an Atmospheric River Over Australia and the Southern Ocean: II. Microphysical Evolution
Authors: Finlon Joseph A. , Rauber Robert M. , Wu Wei , Zaremba Troy J. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Schnaiter Martin , Järvinen Emma , Waitz Fritz , Hill Thomas C. J. , DeMott Paul J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn atmospheric river affecting Australia and the Southern Ocean on 28–29 January 2018 during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) is analyzed using nadir‐pointing W‐band cloud radar measurements and in situ microphysical measurements from a Gulfstream‐V aircraft. The AR had a two‐band structure, with the westernmost band associated with a cold frontal boundary. The bands were primarily stratiform with distinct radar bright banding. The microphysical evolution of precipitation is described in the context of the tropical‐ and midlatitude‐sourced moisture zones above and below the 0°C isotherm, respectively, identified in Part I. In the tropical‐sourced moisture zone, ice particles at temperatures less than −8°C had concentrations on the order of 10 L−1, with habits characteristic of lower temperatures, while between −8°C and −4°C, an order of magnitude increase in ice particle concentrations was observed, with columnar habits consistent with Hallett‐Mossop secondary ice formation. Ice particles falling though the 0°C level into the midlatitude‐sourced moisture region and melting provided “seed” droplets from which subsequent growth by collision‐coalescence occurred. In this region, raindrops grew to sizes of 3 mm and precipitation rates averaged 16 mm hr−1.
The Rif Chain (Northern Morocco) in the Late Tortonian‐Early Messinian Tectonics of the Western Mediterranean Orogenic Belt: Evidence From the Tanger‐Al Manzla Wedge‐Top Basin
Authors: Abbassi A. , Cipollari P. , Zaghloul M. N. , Cosentino D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDuring the Neogene, the Western Mediterranean subduction‐related orogen developed under differing modes and senses of subduction, resulting in the formation of the Apennines, Maghrebides, Rif, and Betics. In this work, we present the Neogene kinematic evolution of the Rif, based on literature data and new results from structural‐stratigraphic analyses and biostratigraphic investigations carried out in the External Zone of the Rif. We analyzed three stratigraphic sections: Dar Zhirou, Saf Lahmame, and Seguedla. The results of these analyses allow us to reconstruct a wide Tortonian‐Messinian wedge‐top basin in the Tanger‐Al Manzla area, when the leading edge of the Rif was at the frontal thrust of the Prerif. The presence of this wedge‐top basin points to a Tortonian‐Messinian compressional deformation that affected a wide area of the Rif, including the Prerif, Mesorif, and Intrarif. The late Miocene compressional deformation that affected the Mesorif and Intrarif occurred as out‐of‐sequence thrusting, due to renewed compressional tectonics in the internal zone of the chain triggered by the collision of the Rif accretionary wedge with the North African Margin. In the Neogene evolution of the Western Mediterranean subduction‐related orogen, the late Miocene was a major pulse in the interplay between African and European plates, as evidenced by the increase in migration rates of some segments of the circum‐Mediterranean fold‐and‐thrust belt, the out‐of‐sequence thrusting in the Rif, as well as the occurrence of late Miocene imbricate thrust structures in oceanic fracture zones of the African Plate (Central Atlantic Ocean).
From Crustal Thickening to Orogen‐Parallel Escape: The 120‐Myr‐Long HT‐LP Evolution Recorded by Titanite in the Paleozoic Famatinian Backarc, NW Argentina
Authors: Farias Pablo , Weinberg Roberto , Sola Alfonso , Becchio Raul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExposed sections of accretionary orogens allow reconstruction of their tectonic evolution. Most commonly, orogens are characterized by two‐dimensional shortening perpendicular to the orogenic front. We describe the midcrustal section of the backarc of the early Paleozoic Famatinian accretionary orogen, exposed in the Sierra de Quilmes. Here crustal deformation evolved from a typical two‐dimensional shortening with tectonic transport toward the west, to a noncoaxial constrictional strain with a southward tectonic transport parallel to the orogen. During the early phase of deformation, high‐temperature and low‐pressure (HT‐LP) metamorphic complexes were juxtaposed by west directed thrusting on remarkably thick shear zones forming a thrust duplex. Deformation of the buried footwall complex continued after the exhumed hanging wall ceased to deform. We suggest that the thermally weakened footwall complex responded by initiating a phase of south verging thrusting, parallel to the orogen, associated with strong constriction, associated with L‐tectonites, and sheath folds. This late phase of deformation defines a noncoaxial constrictional regime characterized by simultaneous east‐west and vertical shortening and strong north‐south, orogen‐parallel stretching. Titanite ages and Zr‐in‐titanite thermometry demonstrate that this backarc remained above 700°C for 120 Myr between 500 and 380 Ma. Combined with regional geology, the new data suggest that west verging thrusting interrupted an early, back‐arc extensional phase, and lasted from ~470 to 440 Ma and that footwall constriction and south verging thrusting continued for another 40 to 60 Ma. The Famatinian backarc exposed in Sierra de Quilmes thus is an example of how shortening and orogenic growth in a hot orogen was counterbalanced by lateral flow.
The Mid‐eighth Century CE Surface Faulting Along the Dead Sea Fault at Tiberias (Sea of Galilee, Israel)
Authors: Ferrario M. F. , Katz O. , Hillman A. , Livio F. , Amit R. , Michetti A. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Dead Sea Fault (DSF) is a plate‐boundary where large earthquakes are expected, but there is a lack of such events in the instrumental era. Sequences of earthquakes along the DSF are documented by historical evidence, one of the most devastating occurred in the mid‐eighth century CE. Here we describe site‐specific archaeoseismological observations at the ancient Tiberias city, on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. We map Roman and Byzantine relics faulted in the mid‐eighth century CE by a pure normal fault. We use geophysical, geomorphological, and structural analyses integrated with published data, to assess the seismic hazard of the Jordan Valley Western Boundary Fault (JVWB). We propose that the normal JVWB can rupture the surface along its ~45 km trace running from Tiberias toward the S crossing Bet Shean, Tel Rehov, and Tel Teomim. The JVWB, parallel to the main strike‐slip Jordan Valley Fault segment, might be regarded as a major earthquake source in this region. We test the hypotheses of both single fault and multifaults rupture scenarios, which result in an expected range of Mw from 6.9 (single rupture of the JVWB) to 7.6 (multiple rupture of the JVWB and Jordan Valley Fault). Our results suggest that seismic source characterization in the Sea of Galilee region must include normal faults capable of surface rupturing, despite the absence of such events in the instrumental catalogue.
Influence of Radiation on Evaporation Rates: A Numerical Analysis
Authors: Heck K. , Coltman E. , Schneider J. , Helmig R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present a fully coupled soil‐atmosphere model that includes radiation in the energy balance of the coupling conditions between the two domains. The model is able to describe evaporation processes under the influence of turbulence, surface roughness, and soil heterogeneities and focuses specifically on the influence of radiation on the mass and energy transport across the soil‐atmosphere interface. It is shown that evaporation rates are clearly dominated by the diurnal cycle of solar irradiance. During Stage‐I evaporation maximum temperatures are regulated due to evaporative cooling, but after a transition into Stage‐II evaporation, temperatures rise tremendously. We compare two different soil types, a coarser, sandy soil and a finer, silty soil, and analyze evaporation rates, surface temperatures, and net radiation for three different wind conditions. The influence of surface undulations on radiation and evaporation is analyzed and shows that radiation can lead to different local drying patterns in the hills and the valleys of the porous medium, depending on the height of the undulations and on the direction of the Sun. At last a comparison of lysimeter measurement data to the numerical examples shows a good match for measured and calculated radiation values but evaporation rates are still overestimated in the model. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between measurement and model data are analyzed and are found to be uncertainties about the parameters close to the interface, which are decisive for determining evaporation rates.
Prenatal air pollution influences neurodevelopment and behavior in autism spectrum disorder by modulating mitochondrial physiology
Authors: Frye Richard E. , Cakir Janet , Rose Shannon , Delhey Leanna , Bennuri Sirish C. , Tippett Marie , Melnyk Stepan , James S. Jill , Palmer Raymond F. , Austin Christine , Curtin Paul , Arora Manish 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe investigate the role of the mitochondrion, an organelle highly sensitive to environmental agents, in the influence of prenatal air pollution exposure on neurodevelopment and behavior in 96 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [45 with neurodevelopmental regression (NDR); 76% Male; mean (SD) age 10 y 9 m (3 y 9 m)]. Mitochondrial function was assessed using the Seahorse XFe96 in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Second and third trimester average and maximal daily exposure to fine air particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd edition and behavior was assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Social Responsiveness Scale. Prenatal PM2.5 exposure influenced mitochondrial respiration during childhood, but this relationship was different for those with (r = 0.25–0.40) and without (r = −0.07 to −0.19) NDR. Mediation analysis found that mitochondrial respiration linked to energy production accounted for 25% (SD = 2%) and 10% (SD = 2%) of the effect of average prenatal PM2.5 exposure on neurodevelopment and behavioral symptoms, respectively. Structural equation models estimated that PM2.5 and mitochondrial respiration accounted for 34% (SD = 4%) and 36% (SD = 3%) of the effect on neurodevelopment, respectively, and that behavior was indirectly influenced by mitochondrial respiration through neurodevelopment but directly influenced by prenatal PM2.5. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to PM2.5 disrupts neurodevelopment and behavior through complex mechanisms, including long-term changes in mitochondrial respiration and that patterns of early development need to be considered when studying the influence of environmental agents on neurodevelopmental outcomes.