bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ants adjust their tool use strategy in response to foraging risk
Authors: Zhou Aiming , Du Yuzhe , Chen Jian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Ants are among a few invertebrates that can use certain tools. For example, some ants can use debris and soil grains to transport liquid food. Although there has been evidence showing that ants can select the most efficient tools in transporting liquid food, little is known about their flexibility in using a specific tool under environmental pressure.

Black imported fire ants Solenopsis richteri Forel, can use sand grains as a tool for foraging. We hypothesized that S. richteri can adjust their strategy of tool use in response to various foraging risks. The hypothesis was tested by studying their sand use behaviour in response to sugar water with different drowning risks.

The results support our hypothesis. Solenopsis richteri indeed adjusted their strategy of tool use in response to increased drowning risks. Due to their hydrophobic cuticle, S. richteri can float on water surface to forage directly with the minimal risk of drowning. However, when the drowning risk was elevated by reducing the surface tension of sugar water in a food container by the addition of surfactant, ants used sand grains to build a structure that could effectively function as a syphon instead of directly foraging inside the container. This sand structure could draw sugar water out of the container then to be collected by the ants, which not only reduced the drowning risk of ants, but also provided a larger operational space for their collection of sugar water.

This study demonstrates that ants can not only recognize the increase in foraging risks, but also make corresponding adjustments to their strategy by using a specific tool. Our results also suggest that social insects can be highly flexible in their tool use in response to ecological challenges.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Are breast biopsy markers underused?
Authors: Frost Rosanna , Vlaskovsky Philip Stephen , Taylor Donna Blanche 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo evaluate current use of breast biopsy markers (BBM) amongst Australian and New Zealand radiologists.MethodsRadiologists attending a national breast conference were invited to complete an online survey addressing demographics, BBM use following ultrasound, stereotactic, tomosynthesis and MRI‐guided biopsy, frequency of early BBM displacement, preoperative lesion localisation (PLL) and axillary BBM use.ResultsOverall response rate was 52% (60/115). The majority (n = 45) 75% practiced in Australia. 98% had BBMs available in their practice, 40% reported BBM costs weren’t covered by insurance. 27% would use BBMs more often if they were, with some utilising smaller gauge devices for lesion sampling to minimise need for BBM use and patient out‐of‐pocket costs. Ultrasound‐guided procedures were associated with lower rates of clinically significant BBM displacement (P = 0.001). Considering PLL, 44% were able to perform US‐guided PLL in <25% of cases. Poor sonographic visibility was the commonest reason why this wasn’t possible. In the axilla, BBMs were mainly used to mark positive nodes in pre‐neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients.ConclusionThis survey is the first to provide data on BBM use amongst a sample of predominantly Australian and New Zealand radiologists, and provides compelling evidence of significantly lower incidence of BBM displacement with US‐guided procedures. Our results suggest some radiologists may hesitate to use BBMs due to cost, and this can influence their choice of biopsy technique. Provision of a Medicare item Number for BBMs may lead to increased adoption of best practice guidelines for preoperative diagnosis of breast lesions.
MetaPopGen 2.0: A multilocus genetic simulator to model populations of large size
Authors: Andrello Marco , Noirot Christelle , Débarre Florence , Manel Stéphanie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMultilocus genetic processes in subdivided populations can be complex and difficult to interpret using theoretical population genetics models. Genetic simulators offer a valid alternative to study multilocus genetic processes in arbitrarily complex scenarios. However, the use of forward‐in‐time simulators in realistic scenarios involving high numbers of individuals distributed in multiple local populations is limited by computation time and memory requirements. These limitations increase with the number of simulated individuals. We developed a genetic simulator, MetaPopGen 2.0, to model multilocus population genetic processes in subdivided populations of arbitrarily large size. It allows for spatial and temporal variation in demographic parameters, age structure, adult and propagule dispersal, variable mutation rates and selection on survival and fecundity. We developed MetaPopGen 2.0 in the R environment to facilitate its use by non‐modeler ecologists and evolutionary biologists. We illustrate the capabilities of MetaPopGen 2.0 for studying adaptation to water salinity in the striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus.
Data mining of human plasma proteins generates a multitude of highly predictive aging clocks that reflect different aspects of aging
Authors: Lehallier Benoit , Shokhirev Maxim N. , Wyss‐Coray Tony , Johnson Adiv A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTWe previously identified 529 proteins that had been reported by multiple different studies to change their expression level with age in human plasma. In the present study, we measured the q‐value and age coefficient of these proteins in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 4263 individuals. A bioinformatics enrichment analysis of proteins that significantly trend toward increased expression with age strongly implicated diverse inflammatory processes. A literature search revealed that at least 64 of these 529 proteins are capable of regulating life span in an animal model. Nine of these proteins (AKT2, GDF11, GDF15, GHR, NAMPT, PAPPA, PLAU, PTEN, and SHC1) significantly extend life span when manipulated in mice or fish. By performing machine‐learning modeling in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 3301 individuals, we discover an ultra‐predictive aging clock comprised of 491 protein entries. The Pearson correlation for this clock was 0.98 in the learning set and 0.96 in the test set while the median absolute error was 1.84 years in the learning set and 2.44 years in the test set. Using this clock, we demonstrate that aerobic‐exercised trained individuals have a younger predicted age than physically sedentary subjects. By testing clocks associated with 1565 different Reactome pathways, we also show that proteins associated with signal transduction or the immune system are especially capable of predicting human age. We additionally generate a multitude of age predictors that reflect different aspects of aging. For example, a clock comprised of proteins that regulate life span in animal models accurately predicts age.
Critically Endangered marsupial calls residential gardens home
Authors: Van Helden Bronte E. , Close Paul G. , Stewart Barbara A. , Speldewinde Peter C. , Comer Sarah J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUrbanization is one of the biggest global threats to biodiversity. However, urban areas can offer opportunities for biodiversity conservation because of the assortment of resources and numerous taxa that occur in these habitats. While the use of gardens by animals is well documented, the ability of native fauna to exclusively use (i.e. reside in) them is largely uninvestigated and therefore constrains our current understanding of their conservation ‘value’. We aimed to determine whether individuals of a threatened species can exclusively reside in gardens for several months of their life, and the frequency that novel resources (i.e. non‐natural) are used compared to natural ones. We predicted that individuals captured in gardens would use both bushland and residential habitat, and use natural resources more frequently than novel resources because of the assumption that remnant habitat is more suitable than modified gardens. Using the Critically Endangered western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) as a case study, we captured 20 individuals in gardens and radio‐tracked them for a period of 95 ± 3.3 days to determine their habitat use. Contrary to our predictions, for the duration of our study individuals exclusively resided within gardens, irrespective of proximity to bushland, and used novel resources more frequently than natural resources for all behaviours. We also found that over half (53%) of all the captured female possums had pouch young, and at the conclusion of the study, male possums were on average 43 g heavier. Our results exemplify that gardens can be of sufficient quality to support individuals, and that these modified habitats should be incorporated into conservation policy in urban landscapes. Given the extensive number of threatened species located within cities globally, our finding that a threatened species can reside exclusively within gardens further highlights the conservation opportunity that residential landscapes and cities offer wildlife.
Endodontic management of mandibular second molar fused to odontome with 12‐month follow‐up using cone beam computed tomography: A case report
Authors: Nangia Divya , Dinkar Sumit , Nawal Ruchika Roongta , Talwar Sangeeta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFusion is a developmental anomaly characterised by the union of two adjacent teeth or tooth‐like substance. Odontomes are malformation of the dental tissue which arise during normal tooth development. They are usually asymptomatic but often associated with tooth eruption disturbance. In this paper, we report a rare case of fusion involving permanent mandibular second molar with an odontome, which led to a partial eruption of the molar as well as its devitalisation. Successful endodontic management was carried out in this case with a supplementary disinfection procedure using XP Endo finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux‐de‐Fonds, Switzerland). The use of high‐end diagnostic imaging modalities such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) helped in making a confirmatory diagnosis; determining the treatment plan before undertaking the actual treatment; for better understanding of the fused tooth's complicated root morphology; and for its effective management and to follow up this unusual case for 12 months.
An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on the prevention of opioid‐related harm in adult surgical patients
Authors: Levy N. , Quinlan J. , El‐Boghdadly K. , Fawcett W. J. , Agarwal V. , Bastable R. B. , Cox F. J. , de Boer H. D. , Dowdy S. C. , Hattingh K. , Knaggs R. D. , Mariano E. R. , Pelosi P. , Scott M. J. , Lobo D. N. , Macintyre P. E. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThis international multidisciplinary consensus statement was developed to provide balanced guidance on the safe peri‐operative use of opioids in adults. An international panel of healthcare professionals evaluated the literature relating to postoperative opioid‐related harm, including persistent postoperative opioid use; opioid‐induced ventilatory impairment; non‐medical opioid use; opioid diversion and dependence; and driving under the influence of prescription opioids. Recommended strategies to reduce harm include pre‐operative assessment of the risk of persistent postoperative opioid use; use of an assessment of patient function rather than unidimensional pain scores alone to guide adequacy of analgesia; avoidance of long‐acting (modified‐release and transdermal patches) opioid formulations and combination analgesics; limiting the number of tablets prescribed at discharge; providing deprescribing advice; avoidance of automatic prescription refills; safe disposal of unused medicines; reducing the risk of opioid diversion; and better education of healthcare professionals, patients and carers. This consensus statement provides a framework for better prescribing practices that could help reduce the risk of postoperative opioid‐related harm in adults.
High‐resolution stratigraphy of Quaternary fluvial deposits in the Makó Trough and the Danube‐Tisza Interfluve, Hungary, based on magnetic susceptibility data
Authors: Püspöki Zoltán , Fogarassy‐Pummer Tímea , Thamó‐Bozsó Edit , Falus György , Cserkész‐Nagy Ágnes , Szappanos Bálint , Márton Emő , Lantos Zoltán , Szabó Szilárd , Stercel Ferenc , Tóth‐Makk Ágnes , Mcintosh Richard W. , Szőcs Teodóra , Pálóczy Péter , Fancsik Tamás 
Published: October 2020

High‐resolution stratigraphical architecture of a Quaternary fluvial succession in the Makó Trough and the Danube‐Tisza Interfluve (Pannonian Basin, Hungary) was investigated based on low field magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements of seven fully cored boreholes, interpreted on the basis of the early postglacial magnetic susceptibility episodes previously described in the Körös and Jászság Basins. To confirm the reliability of the Dévaványa and Vésztő MS records (Körös Basin), the published magnetostratigraphical data were re‐investigated revealing the consequent arrangement of the MS peaks correlated with the Jingbian section and the short‐lived polarity reversals correlated with the Geomagnetic Instability Time Scale. The Quaternary climatic regime in the Körös Basin begins in the late Pliocene at 2.7 Ma. The correlation between the Körös Basin (Dévaványa) and Makó Trough (Mindszent) was confirmed by the multi‐proxy spectral investigation of the Mindszent section, revealing ~100‐ and ~41‐ka cycles in the MS, colour, logged spontaneous potential and resistivity records. Based on MS records of the seven boreholes, the base of the Quaternary can be identified irrespective of the facies, age and climatic phase of the lowermost Quaternary strata. By performing MS and log correlation of 131 boreholes, extended unconformities were detected in the Quaternary profiles in the Danube‐Tisza Interfluve (~1070±10, ~1920±10 and ~2300±10 ka) interpreted as sequence boundaries. Sedimentological and mineralogical data reveal a significant change at ~725–606 ka likely as a response to the ‘mid‐Pleistocene transition’, leading to the multiple branching of the Danube. SEM data revealed that ilmenite is also responsible for the development of the early postglacial magnetic susceptibility episodes. This increases the stratigraphical potential of fluvial successions with catchment area that contain metamorphic rocks. A gradual retreat of permafrost zone determines long‐term temporal trends of the climatically controlled fluvial magnetic susceptibility episodes, causing upward decreasing trends in the time series.
Convergence and divergence in lizard colour polymorphisms
Authors: Stuart‐Fox Devi , Aulsebrook Anne , Rankin Katrina J. , Dong Caroline M. , McLean Claire A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTColour polymorphic species are model systems for examining the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain discrete phenotypic variation in natural populations. Lizards have repeatedly evolved strikingly similar polymorphic sexual signals in distantly related lineages, providing an opportunity to examine convergence and divergence in colour polymorphism, correlated traits and associated evolutionary processes. Herein, we synthesise the extensive literature on lizard colour polymorphisms in both sexes, including recent advances in understanding of the underlying biochemical, cellular and genetic mechanisms, and correlated behavioural, physiological and life‐history traits. Male throat, head or ventral colour morphs generally consist of red/orange, yellow and white/blue morphs, and sometimes mixed morphs with combinations of two colours. Despite these convergent phenotypes, there is marked divergence in correlated behavioural, physiological and life‐history traits. We discuss the need for coherence in morph classification, particularly in relation to ‘mixed’ morphs. We highlight future research directions such as the genetic basis of convergent phenotypes and the role of environmental variation in the maintenance of polymorphism. Research in this very active field promises to continue to provide novel insights with broad significance to evolutionary biologists.
Bird diversity and endemism along a land‐use gradient in Madagascar: The conservation value of vanilla agroforests
Authors: Martin Dominic Andreas , Andriafanomezantsoa Rouvah , Dröge Saskia , Osen Kristina , Rakotomalala Eric , Wurz Annemarie , Andrianarimisa Aristide , Kreft Holger 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLand‐use change is the most important driver of biodiversity loss worldwide and particularly so in the tropics, where natural habitats are transformed into large‐scale monocultures or heterogeneous landscape mosaics of largely unknown conservation value. Using birds as an indicator taxon, we evaluated the conservation value of a landscape mosaic in northeastern Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot and the center of global vanilla production. We assessed bird species richness and composition by conducting point counts across seven prevalent land‐use types (forest‐ and fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, woody and herbaceous fallow that are part of a shifting cultivation system, rice paddy, forest fragment and contiguous old‐growth forest). We find that old‐growth forest had the highest species richness, driven by a high share of endemics. Species richness and community composition in forest‐derived vanilla agroforest were similar to forest fragment, whereas fallow‐derived vanilla agroforest was most comparable to woody fallow. The open land‐use types herbaceous fallow and rice paddy had fewest species. Across forest fragments, vanilla agroforests, and woody fallows, endemic bird species richness was positively correlated to landscape‐scale forest cover. We conclude that both fallow‐ and forest‐derived vanilla agroforests play an important but contrasting role for bird conservation: Fallow‐derived agroforests are less valuable but take fallow land out of the shifting cultivation cycle, possibly preventing further degradation. Conversely, forest‐derived agroforests contribute to forest degradation but may avoid total loss of tree cover from forest fragments. Considering the land‐use history of agroforests may thus be a promising avenue for future research beyond the case of vanilla.Abstract in Malagasay is available with online material
Neurobiological Sensitivity to Social Rewards and Punishments Moderates Link Between Peer Norms and Adolescent Risk Taking
Authors: Telzer Eva H. , Jorgensen Nathan A. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Lindquist Kristen A. 
Published: October 2020

Although peer influence is a strong predictor of adolescents’ risk‐taking behaviors, not all adolescents are susceptible to their peer group. One hundred and thirty‐six adolescents (Mage = 12.79 years) completed an fMRI scan, measures of perceived peer group norms, and engagement in risky behavior. Ventral striatum (VS) sensitivity when anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishments significantly moderated the association between perceived peer norms and adolescents’ own risk behaviors. Perceptions of more deviant peer norms were associated with increased risky behavior, but only for adolescents with high VS sensitivity; adolescents with low VS sensitivity were resilient to deviant peer norms, showing low risk taking regardless of peer context. Findings provide a novel contribution to the study of peer influence susceptibility.
Gender differences in response to an opportunistic brief intervention for obesity in primary care: Data from the BWeL trial
Authors: Tudor Kate , Tearne Sarah , Jebb Susan A. , Lewis Amanda , Adab Peymane , Begh Rachna , Jolly Kate , Daley Amanda , Farley Amanda , Lycett Deborah , Nickless Alecia , Aveyard Paul 
Published: October 2020

SummaryWeight loss programmes appeal mainly to women, prompting calls for gender‐specific programmes. In the United Kingdom, general practitioners (GPs) refer nine times as many women as men to community weight loss programmes. GPs endorsement and offering programmes systematically could reduce this imbalance. In this trial, consecutively attending patients in primary care with obesity were invited and 1882 were enrolled and randomized to one of two opportunistic 30‐second interventions to support weight loss given by GPs in consultations unrelated to weight. In the support arm, clinicians endorsed and offered referral to a weight loss programme and, in the advice arm, advised that weight loss would improve health. Generalized linear mixed effects models examined whether gender moderated the intervention. Men took effective weight loss action less often in both arms (support: 41.6% vs 60.7%; advice: 12.1% vs 18.3%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27, 0.52, P < .001) but there was no evidence that the relative effect differed by gender (interaction P = .32). In the support arm, men accepted referral and attended referral less often, 69.3% vs 82.4%; OR = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.35, 0.66, P < .001 and 30.4% vs 47.6%; OR = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.36, 0.63, P < .001, respectively. Nevertheless, the gender balance in attending weight loss programmes closed to 1.6:1. Men and women attended the same number of sessions (9.7 vs 9.1 sessions, P = .16) and there was no evidence weight loss differed by gender (6.05 kg men vs 4.37 kg women, P = .39). Clinician‐delivered opportunistic 30‐second interventions benefits men and women equally and reduce most of the gender imbalance in attending weight loss programmes.
Re‐Examining the Effect of Top‐Down Linguistic Information on Speaker‐Voice Discrimination
Authors: Quinto Ashley , Abu El Adas Sandy , Levi Susannah V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe current study replicated and extended the results from a study conducted by Narayan, Mak, and Bialystok (2017) that found effects of top‐down linguistic information on a speaker discrimination task by examining four conditions: rhymes (day‐bay), compounds (day‐dream), reverse compounds (dream‐day), and unrelated words (day‐bee). The original study found that participants were more likely to judge two words to be spoken by the same speaker if the words cohered lexically (created lexical compounds such as day‐dream) or were phonologically related (rhymes, such as day‐bay), but their study contained two limitations: (a) Same‐ and different‐speaker trials were analyzed separately, which obscures effects of response bias, and (b) cross‐gender pairs were used in the different‐speaker trials, potentially inflating performance. The current study addresses these limitations by including only within‐gender trials and by examining sensitivity and bias using signal detection theory. Our results not only provide support of the original study but also provide clear evidence that listeners are biased to judge two words as being produced by the same person when they share either phonological information (rhymes) or lexical‐semantic coherence (compounds). Thus, the current study provides an important modified replication of previous research.