bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and clinical utility of comprehensive dysphagia screening assessments in acute stroke: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Benfield Jacqueline K. , Everton Lisa F. , Bath Philip M. , England Timothy J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionNurses and other nonspecialists in dysphagia are often trained to screen swallowing poststroke. There are many basic tools that test water only, they are usually conservative, and patients that fail the test remain nil by mouth until a speech and language therapy assessment. More comprehensive tests also allow nonspecialists to recommend modified oral intake. Little is known about the accuracy, clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness of these tests.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to describe comprehensive swallowing tests that are available for use in acute stroke by nurses or other nonspecialists in dysphagia. A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate accuracy and the clinical utility of the tests was considered. Searches and analyses, conducted by two reviewers, included MEDLINE, Embase, trial registries and grey literature up to December 2018. Validated studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using QUADAS‐2.ResultsTwenty studies were included, describing five different tests, three of which had undergone validation. The tests varied in content, recommendations and use. There was no test superior in accuracy and clinical utility. Three studies validating the Gugging Swallow Screen provided sufficient data for meta‐analysis, demonstrating high sensitivity; 96% (95% CI 0.90–0.99), but low specificity, 65% (95% CI 0.47–0.79), in line with many water swallow tests. Results should be interpreted with caution as study quality and applicability to the acute stroke population was poor.ConclusionsThere is no comprehensive nurse dysphagia assessment tool that has robustly demonstrated good accuracy, clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness in acute stroke.Relevance to Clinical PracticeNurses and other clinicians can develop competencies in screening swallowing and assessing for safe oral intake in those with poststroke dysphagia. It is important to use a validated assessment tool that demonstrates good accuracy, clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness.
Can Unemployment Insurance Spur Entrepreneurial Activity? Evidence from France
Authors: HOMBERT JOHAN , SCHOAR ANTOINETTE , SRAER DAVID , THESMAR DAVID 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTWe evaluate the effect of downside insurance on self‐employment. We exploit a large‐scale reform of French unemployment benefits that insured unemployed workers starting businesses. The reform significantly increased firm creation without decreasing the quality of new entrants. Firms started postreform were initially smaller, but their employment growth, productivity, and survival rates are similar to those prereform. New entrepreneurs' characteristics and expectations are also similar. Finally, jobs created by new entrants crowd out employment in incumbent firms almost one‐for‐one, but have a higher productivity than incumbents. These results highlight the benefits of encouraging experimentation by lowering barriers to entry.
High‐Frequency Trading and Market Performance
Authors: BALDAUF MARKUS , MOLLNER JOSHUA 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTWe study the consequences of, and potential policy responses to, high‐frequency trading (HFT) via the tradeoff between liquidity and information production. Faster speeds facilitate HFT, with consequences for this tradeoff: Information production decreases because informed traders have less time to trade before HFTs react, but liquidity (measured by the bid‐ask spread) improves because informational asymmetries decline. HFT also pushes outcomes inside the frontier of this tradeoff. However, outcomes can be restored to the frontier by replacing the limit order book with one of two alternative mechanisms: delaying all orders except cancellations or implementing frequent batch auctions.
Early Second Language Learning through SparkLing™: Scaling up a Language Intervention in Infant Education Centers
Authors: Ramírez Naja Ferjan , Kuhl Patricia K. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTInfancy (0–3 years) represents a unique time for language learning. Previous research shows that infants' second language (L2) learning advances rapidly in early education centers, through a research‐based method and curriculum delivered by native‐speaking language tutors. Here we test the potential of this method for broad application, through an interactive online tool, SparkLing™, which trains and certifies language tutors to implement the program in infant education centers. Intervention infants (n = 168) from families of predominantly low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds in Madrid, Spain, experienced 18 or 36 weeks of L2 (English) exposure, through daily, 45‐min, group sessions led by SparkLing™‐trained tutors and were compared to a matched Current Practice Comparison (CPC) group of peers (n = 72). Intervention children outperformed the CPC group and showed rapid gains in English comprehension and production. SES was not a significant factor in learning. Infants' L2 skills advance quickly using this research‐to‐practice, scalable program for play‐based infant L2 instruction.
Transcriptome analysis reveals nutrition‐ and age‐related patterns of gene expression in the fat body of pre‐overwintering bumble bee queens
Authors: Costa Claudinéia P. , Duennes Michelle A. , Fisher Kaleigh , Der Joshua P. , Watrous Kristal M. , Okamoto Naoki , Yamanaka Naoki , Woodard S. Hollis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany diapausing insects undergo a nutrient storage period prior to their entry into diapause. Bumble bee queens diapause as adults in the winter preceding their spring nest initiation period. Before diapause, they sequester glycogen and lipids, which they metabolize during the overwintering period. We used RNA sequencing to examine how age and nectar diet (specifically, the concentration of sucrose in nectar) impact gene expression in the pre‐overwintering bumble bee queen fat body, the “liver‐like” organ in insects with broad functions related to nutrient storage and metabolism. We found that diet on its own, and in combination with age, impacts the expression of genes involved in detoxification. Age was also a strong driver of gene expression, especially at earlier ages (up to 3 days). In addition to these molecular correlates of diet and age, we also found a putative molecular signature of diapause entry or preparation in adult queens in the oldest age group (12 days) fed the most sucrose‐rich diet, based on comparisons between our data set and another transcriptome data set from bumble bee queens. This transcriptomic pattern suggests that preparation for (or entry into) diapause might be in part mediated by nutritional state in bumble bee queens. Collectively, these findings show that there are molecular processes in the fat body that are responsive to sucrose levels in the diet and/or associated with age‐related maturational changes. A better understanding of these processes may shed light on important aspects of bumble bee biology, such as queen responses to nutritional and other forms of stress, and the factors that regulate their entrance into diapause.
On fairness, efficiency and social structure
Authors: Chavas Jean‐Paul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of economic efficiency and fairness, with a focus on the role of social relations in fairness evaluation. Defining fairness as the absence of envy, we introduce “switching costs” among individuals in the assessment of envy. When such costs depend on social relations, our analysis stresses the importance of social structure. When fairness is inconsistent with efficiency, we propose a measure of the cost of fairness. In a market economy, we show that fairness does not affect the validity of profit maximization. But it may require non‐linear pricing. Implications of the analysis for policy are discussed.
Empirical Feasibility of the Desirable Difficulty Framework: Toward More Systematic Research on L2 Practice for Broader Pedagogical Implications
Authors: SUZUKI YUICHI , NAKATA TATSUYA , DEKEYSER ROBERT 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the coda chapter of the special issue on second language (L2) practice and cognitive psychology, we proposed a theoretical framework for optimizing and researching L2 practice (Suzuki, Nakata, & DeKeyser, 2019). Rogers and Leow's commentary (2020) raised three potential issues regarding this framework, and the present response article aims at addressing them. First, we introduce two recent studies to illustrate the importance of expounding on learning processes during L2 practice. Second, we argue that our framework can guide researchers to systematically investigate multiple key factors toward a more comprehensive picture of L2 learning. Last, we expect that L2 practice research can potentially lead to broader pedagogical implications beyond classroom teaching (material development and technology‐mediated learning).
A theory of plant function helps to explain leaf‐trait and productivity responses to elevation
Authors: Peng Yunke , Bloomfield Keith J. , Prentice Iain Colin 
Published: January 2020

Summary

Several publications have examined leaf‐trait and carbon‐cycling shifts along an Amazon–Andes transect spanning 3.5 km in elevation and 16°C in mean annual temperature. Photosynthetic capacity was previously shown to increase as temperature declines with increasing elevation, counteracting enzyme‐kinetic effects. Primary production declines, nonetheless, due to decreasing light availability. We aimed to predict leaf‐trait and production gradients from first principles, using published data to test an emerging theory whereby photosynthetic traits and primary production depend on optimal acclimation and/or adaptation to environment.

We re‐analysed published data for 210 species at 25 sites, fitting linear relationships to elevation for both predicted and observed photosynthetic traits and primary production.

Declining leaf‐internal/ambient CO2 ratio (χ) and increasing carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron‐transport (Jmax) capacities with increasing elevation were predicted. Increases in leaf nitrogen content with elevation were explained by increasing Vcmax and leaf mass‐per‐area. Leaf and soil phosphorus covaried, but after controlling for elevation, no nutrient metric accounted for any additional variance in photosynthetic traits. Primary production was predicted to decline with elevation.

This analysis unifies leaf and ecosystem observations in a common theoretical framework. The insensitivity of primary production to temperature is shown to emerge as a consequence of the optimisation of photosynthetic traits.
Online mentoring for academic practice: strategies, implications, and innovations
Authors: Dorner Helga , Misic Gorana , Rymarenko Margaryta 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOur study explores online international mentoring that supports novice faculty at geographically distant universities. Interview data with 30 mentees were analyzed using an inductive analysis method to describe how online mentoring supports young academics in their development as novice teachers, and to identify how they perceive this transformative experience in their own professional contexts and how an online setting may provide a context for the mentoring experience. Analyses showed that mentees have qualitatively different conceptualizations of the mentoring process, the role of the mentor, and the transformative potential of these professional relationships. A model of transformative experiences was thus created to describe the various cycles through which professional development in an online faculty mentoring program may evolve. Beyond generic implications, the particular dimension of how physical distance impedes mentors’ authenticity in mentoring has been identified.
Preoperative and post‐operative psychosocial interventions for bariatric surgery patients: A systematic review
Authors: David Lauren A. , Sijercic Iris , Cassin Stephanie E. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryPsychosocial interventions are increasingly being utilized to help patients prepare for, and adjust to changes following, bariatric surgery in order to optimize psychosocial adjustment and weight loss. The current systematic review examined the impact of preoperative and post‐operative psychosocial interventions with a behavioural and/or cognitive focus on weight, dietary behaviours, eating pathology, lifestyle behaviours, and psychological functioning. A PsycINFO and Medline search of publications was conducted in March 2019. Two authors assessed retrieved titles and abstracts to determine topic relevance and rated the quality of included studies using a validated checklist. Forty‐four articles (representing 36 studies) met the study inclusion criteria. The current evidence is strongest for the impact of psychosocial interventions, particularly cognitive behavioural therapy, on eating behaviours (eg, binge eating and emotional eating) and psychological functioning (eg, quality of life, depression, and anxiety). The evidence for the impact of psychosocial interventions on weight loss, dietary behaviours (eg, dietary intake), and lifestyle behaviours (eg, physical activity) is relatively weak and mixed. Psychosocial interventions can improve eating pathology and psychosocial functioning among bariatric patients, and the optimal time to initiate treatment appears to be early in the post‐operative period before significant problematic eating behaviours and weight regain occur.
An exploratory assessment of pediatric patient and parent needs after implantable cardioverter defibrillator implant
Authors: Schneider Lauren M. , Wong Jessie J. , Trela Anthony , Hanisch Debra , Shaw Richard J. , Sears Samuel F. , Motonaga Kara S. , Ceresnak Scott R. , Hood Korey K. , Dubin Anne M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPlacement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is often accompanied by psychological adjustment issues in pediatric patients and their parents. Although anxiety, depression, and lowered quality of life have been seen in these patients, no studies have investigated patient or parent reported needs. This exploratory study describes the needs of pediatric ICD patients and parents and assesses whether patient factors of age, gender, depression, and anxiety are associated with specific needs.MethodsICD patients ages 8‐21 years and their parents completed a needs analysis survey assessing various domains of functioning. Patients also completed self‐reported measures of depression and anxiety.ResultsThirty‐two patients (28% female) and their parents (72% mothers) completed the survey. Patients’ most frequently endorsed needs involved educational issues: understanding their cardiac event/diagnosis (34%), medications (34%), and how the ICD would change their lifestyle (31%). Parents’ most frequently endorsed needs involved family issues; almost half of parents (47%) were concerned about their children's frustration with their overprotectiveness and 28% were concerned with their child feeling depressed or anxious. Patients who reported feeling overprotected (12.1 ± 3.4 vs 17.4 ± 3.5 years; P = .001) were significantly younger than those who did not. Experiencing peer issues was more frequently endorsed by females than males (33% of females vs 4% of males; P = .026).ConclusionsICD patients and parents endorsed markedly different needs. Patients focused on understanding their ICD, whereas parents were more focused on their children's emotional needs. Novel ways of educating patients about their device and clinic‐based screenings of emotional functioning may serve to meet these needs.
Identifying cardiovascular severe maternal morbidity in epidemiologic studies
Authors: Malhamé Isabelle , Mehta Niharika , Raker Christina A. , Hardy Erica J. , Spalding Hannah , Bouvier Benjamin A. , Savitz David A. , Danilack Valery A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular severe maternal morbidity (CSMM) is rising and has become the leading cause of maternal mortality. Research using administrative data sets may allow for better understanding of this critical group of diseases.ObjectiveTo validate a composite variable of CSMM for use in epidemiologic studies.MethodsWe analysed delivery hospitalisations at an obstetric teaching hospital from 2007 to 2017. We utilised a subset of indicators developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on ICD codes to form the composite variable for CSMM. Two expert clinicians manually reviewed all qualifying events using a standardised tool to determine whether these represented true CSMM events. Additionally, we estimated the number of CSMM cases among delivery hospitalisations without qualifying ICD codes by manually reviewing all hospitalisations with severe preeclampsia, a population at high risk of CSMM, and a random sample of 1000 hospitalisations without severe preeclampsia. We estimated validity of the composite variable.ResultsAmong 91 355 admissions for delivery, we captured 113 potential CSMM cases using qualifying ICD codes. Of these, 65 (57.5%) were true CSMM cases. Indicators for acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and cardioversion had the highest true‐positive rates (100% for all). We found an additional 70 CSMM cases in the 2102 admissions with severe preeclampsia and a single CSMM case in the random sample. Assuming a rate of 1 CSMM case per 1000 deliveries in the remaining cohort, the composite variable had a positive predictive value of 57.5% (95% CI 47,9, 66.8), a negative predictive value of 99.8% (95% CI 99.8, 99.9), a sensitivity of 29.0% (95% CI 23.2, 35.4), and a specificity of 100% (95% CI 99.9, 100.0).ConclusionA novel composite variable for CSMM had reasonable PPV but limited sensitivity. This composite variable may enable epidemiologic studies geared towards reducing maternal morbidity and mortality.
Health Effects of Power Plant Emissions Through Ambient Air Quality
Authors: Kim Chanmin , Henneman Lucas R. F. , Choirat Christine , Zigler Corwin M. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryCoal burning power plants are a frequent target of regulatory programmes because of their emission of chemicals that are known precursors to the formation of ambient particulate air pollution. Health impact assessments of emissions from coal power plants typically rely on assumed causal relationships between emissions, ambient pollution and health, many of which have never been empirically verified. We offer a novel statistical evaluation of some of these presumed causal relationships, integrating the formality of causal inference methods with repurposed tools from atmospheric science to accommodate the central challenge of long-range pollution transport of emissions from power plants to exposed populations. The statistical approach follows recent work on Bayesian methods for deploying principal stratification and causal mediation analysis in tandem to characterize the extent to which decreased sulphur dioxide emissions from 410 power plants across the USA impact mortality and hospitalization outcomes across Medicare beneficiaries residing across 12370 locations in a manner that is mediated through reductions of ambient fine particulate pollution. The result is the first epidemiological investigation integrating causal inference methodology with direct measurements of coal emissions, pollution transport, ambient pollution and human health in a single analysis, indicating the potential for data science at the intersection of statistics, epidemiology and atmospheric science.
Postgraduate Diploma in Emergency Medicine in India
Authors: Davey Kevin , Jena Narendra Nath , Blanchard Janice , Gidwani Shweta , Smith Jeff , Douglass Kate 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundIn India, and other low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), the majority of emergency care is provided by frontline providers without specialty training in emergency medicine. In order to fill this need, we developed the Indian Postgraduate Diploma in Emergency Medicine (PGDEM), a 1‐year skills‐focused course for practicing doctors. This article describes the curriculum development and implementation as well as the follow‐up survey conducted to gauge the impact of the course.MethodsProgramme graduates were surveyed via e‐mail. All participation was voluntary and survey data remained anonymous.ResultsA total of 98.1% of graduates reported that the skills and knowledge they gained during the programme were important to their current job; 94.7% reported using their training from the course on a regular basis. Graduates reported an improvement in confidence performing all procedures taught during the course. Respondents work in a variety of medical specialties, including emergency medicine (50.0%), cardiology (5.8%), internal medicine (11.5%) and family medicine (23.1%).DiscussionPGDEM graduates overwhelmingly view the knowledge and skills they learned as essential training that they use on a regular basis and practice in a variety of medical specialties after completing the course. The PGDEM represents a unique model to provide training in emergency medicine and acute care to the frontline doctors who are frequently responsible for providing emergency care in LMICs. The PGDEM training model can be scaled up rapidly, with the potential to increase capacity in developing emergency care systems.
Weekly defoliation controls, but does not kill broad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Authors: van Evert F K , Cockburn M , Beniers J E , Latsch R 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBroad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.) is a troublesome weed that predominantly grows in pastures and grassland. We hypothesised that frequent defoliation of Rumex will, over time, result in a reduction in root weight and leaf area, to the point where the impact on grass production is negligible. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we conducted three experiments. The objective of the first experiment was to perform a preliminary test of the hypothesis, using potted plants growing in the controlled conditions of a glasshouse. This experiment showed a rapid decline in leaf growth in plants that were defoliated weekly. The objective of the second experiment was to test the hypothesis in realistic outdoor conditions while still being able to collect detailed plant growth information. This experiment confirmed the findings of the glasshouse experiment and provided evidence that leaf growth ceased as a result of a dwindling supply of carbohydrate reserves in the root. Defoliated plants did not exhibit increased mortality. Finally, the objective of the third experiment was to test the hypothesis in a commercial pasture where normal field operations, specifically grass harvesting (three times) and slurry injection (twice), were performed. The results of this experiment were consistent with the results of the other two experiments. We conclude that weekly defoliation, maintained for three or more months, is an effective method to control (reduce the impact on grass production), but not kill, R. obtusifolius in pasture.