bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of electron‐beam irradiation on volatile flavor compounds of salmon fillets by the molecular sensory science technique
Authors: Guo Hongxia , Feng Tao , Qi Wenyuan , Kong Qiulian , Yue Ling , Wang Haihong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVacuum‐packed salmon was treated by electron beam irradiation preservation technology, to study the effects of electron‐beam irradiation on odor active compounds of salmon by two types of methods for extraction: headspace‐solid phase micro extraction (HS‐SPME) and solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE). Volatile flavor compounds examined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O), combined with aroma extract dilution method (AEDA) and odor activity value (OAV) for identification of important odorants. In addition, the correlation between sensory attributes and volatile compounds of salmon irradiated at different doses was analyzed by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results showed that after SPME and SAFE extraction, a total of 49 and 70 volatile flavor compounds were detected in salmon before and after electron beam irradiation. AEDA and OAV were further identified, among which 10 odorants were considered as important volatile flavor compounds and played an important role in the formation of aroma contours such as meaty, fatty, and grassy in salmon. In addition, methanethiol, 3‐methyl butyraldehyde, 3‐methyl propyl aldehyde, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and 2‐pentyl furan were identified as the important volatile flavor compounds in salmon irradiated with 4 kGy, and were also the unique compounds that constituted irradiation off‐odor. In general, salmon irradiated with 1 kGy showed the best aroma profile.Practical ApplicationSPME and SAFE were used as two types of extraction methods for volatile compounds of salmon, which complemented each other. Additionally, combined with AEDA and OAV, characteristic flavor compounds were identified. Furthermore, the odor fingerprint of salmon with E‐beam irradiation was established for the first time.
The broad‐spectrum antibiofilm activity of amyloid‐forming hexapeptides
Authors: Chen Dongru , Li Jing , Pan Ting , Wu Ruixue , Tao Ye , Lin Huancai 
Published: November 2020

SummaryEvidence suggests that short amyloid‐forming peptides derived from bacterial proteomes have functional roles; however, the reported activities are diverse and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we simulated short amyloid‐forming peptides from the amyloid‐forming truncated protein C123 of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), studied their biological functions in microbial proliferation and biofilm formation, and further investigated the underlying mechanism. Fourteen hexapeptides were simulated, 13 of which were successfully synthesized. We found that the amyloid‐forming hexapeptides (AFhPs) displayed efficient broad‐spectrum antibiofilm activity against the Gram‐positive bacteria S. mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli and fungus Candida albicans, by aggregating into rigid amyloid fibres agglutinating microbes, whereas the non‐amyloid‐forming hexapeptides (non‐AFhPs) did not. The AFhPs did not kill microbes and showed little or no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, a set of AFhPs displayed broad‐spectrum antibiofilm activity, regardless of its source. The microbial cell wall carbohydrates, peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), glucan and zymosan A, mediated AFhP binding and triggered significant AFhP fibrillation. Although amyloid fibres agglutinated lipid membrane model – large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) – and LUVs facilitated AFhP fibrillation, the roles of lipid membranes in AFhP antibiofilm activities remain to be elucidated. We highlight the potential use of AFhPs as novel antibiofilm agents.
Incretins in fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes: A unique subtype of pancreatogenic diabetes
Authors: Ghosh Ipsita , Mukhopadhyay Pradip , Das Kshaunish , Anne M Beatrice , Ali Mondal Samim , Basu Madhurima , Nargis Titli , Pandit Kaushik , Chakrabarti Partha , Ghosh Sujoy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies evaluating endocrine and exocrine functions in fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) are scarce.MethodsInsulin, C‐peptide, glucagon, incretin hormones (glucagon‐like peptide 1 [GLP‐1] and gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP]), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) were estimated in patients with FCPD (n = 20), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n = 20), and controls (n = 20) in fasting and 60 minutes after 75 g glucose.ResultsFasting and post‐glucose C‐peptide and insulin in FCPD were lower than that of T2DM and controls. Plasma glucagon decreased after glucose load in controls (3.72, 2.29), but increased in T2DM (4.01, 5.73), and remained unchanged in FCPD (3.44, 3.44). Active GLP‐1 (pmol/L) after glucose load increased in FCPD (6.14 to 9.72, P = <.001), in T2DM (2.87 to 4.62, P < .001), and in controls (3.91 to 6.13, P < .001). Median active GLP‐1 in FCPD, both in fasting and post‐glucose state (6.14, 9.72), was twice that of T2DM (2.87, 4.62) and 1.5 times that of controls (3.91, 6.13) (P < .001 for all). Post‐glucose GIP (pmol/L) increased in all: FCPD (15.83 to 94.14), T2DM (21.85 to 88.29), and control (13.00 to 74.65) (P < .001 for all). GIP was not different between groups. DPP‐IV concentration (ng/mL) increased in controls (1578.54, 3012.00) and FCPD (1609.95, 1995.42), but not in T2DM (1204.50, 1939.50) (P = .131). DPP‐IV between the three groups was not different. Fecal elastase was low in FCPD compared with T2DM controls.ConclusionsIn FCPD, basal C‐peptide and glucagon are low, and glucagon does not increase after glucose load. GLP‐1, but not GIP, in FCPD increases 1.5 to 2 times as compared with T2DM and controls (fasting and post glucose) without differences in DPP‐IV.
How to choose a cost‐effective indicator to trigger conservation decisions?
Authors: Bal Payal , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Carwardine Josie , Legge Sarah , Tulloch Ayesha , Game Edward , Martin Tara G. , Possingham Hugh P. , McDonald‐Madden Eve 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Effective biodiversity conservation requires responding to threats in a timely fashion. This requires understanding the impacts of threats on biodiversity and when management needs to be implemented. However, most ecological systems face multiple threats, so monitoring to assess their impacts on biodiversity is a complex task. Indicators help simplify the challenge of monitoring but choosing the best indicator(s) to inform management is not straightforward.

We provide a decision framework that can help identify optimal indicators to trigger management in a system faced with multiple threats. The approach evaluates indicators based on criteria spanning monitoring efficiency, management outcomes and the economic constraints for decision‐making. Critical decision factors (or parameters) are identified and detailed in a six‐step process to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of alternate indicators, including threat impacts, sensitivity of indicators to detect change, and the benefits, costs and feasibility of alternative indicators and management actions.

Using the Kimberley as a case study, we evaluate 18 indicators for informing management of three key threats in the region: fire and grazing, feral cat predation, and weeds. We show that indicator selection based on our approach can help improve the expected outcome of management decisions under limited resources. By accounting for multiple factors in estimating benefit and costs of monitoring, our approach improves on common approaches that select indicators based only on whether they are sensitive to change and/or cheap to monitor. We also identify how uncertainty in decision factors influences indicator selection.

Although cost‐effectiveness analyses are gaining popularity, ours is the first study to integrate multiple selection criteria using a return on investment framework to compare indicators for monitoring multiple threats and triggering management.
Outpatient Management of Patients Following Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Westafer Lauren M. , Shieh Meng‐Shiou , Pekow Penelope S. , Stefan Mihaela S. , Lindenauer Peter K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveWhile guidelines recommend outpatient management of patients with low‐risk pulmonary embolism (PE), little is known about the disposition of patients with PE diagnosed in United States emergency departments (EDs). We sought to determine disposition practices and subsequent health care utilization in patients with acute PE in U.S. EDs.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients with a new diagnosis of acute PE treated at 740 U.S. acute care hospitals from July 1, 2016, through June 30, 2018. The primary outcome was the initial disposition following an ED visit for acute PE. Additional measures included hospital cost and 30‐day revisit rate to the ED.ResultsA total of 61,070 cases were included in the overall cohort, of which 4.1% of new cases of PE were discharged from the ED. The median hospital‐specific proportion of patients discharged was 3.1% (interquartile range = 0.8%–6.8%). The median odds ratio, representing the importance of the hospital in initial disposition decisions, was 2.21 (95% confidence interval = 2.05 to 2.37), which was greater than any patient‐level factor with the exception of concurrent ED diagnosis of hypoxemia/respiratory failure, shock, or hypotension. Within 30 days of discharge, 17.9% of discharged cases had an ED return visit to the ED only and 10.3% of patients were hospitalized. Of the 30‐day ED return visits in patients initially managed as outpatients, 1.3% had a bleeding‐associated diagnosis.ConclusionDespite guidelines promoting outpatient management, few patients are currently discharged home in the United States; however, practice varies widely across hospitals. Return visit rates were high but most did not result in hospitalization.
Effect of errorless learning on the acquisition of fine motor skills in pre‐clinical endodontics
Authors: El‐Kishawi Mohamed , Khalaf Khaled , Masters Rich , Winning Tracey 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of errorless and errorful learning, on acquisition of root canal hand‐instrumentation skills. Dental students prepared standardised canals of different diameters and curvatures. Learning involved minimising (errorless: n = 21) or maximising errors (errorful: n = 21). Students who had completed accredited pre‐clinical activities provided comparative data (n = 17). During testing, the distal canal of a plastic mandibular molar was prepared, first as a single task and then under multi‐tasking conditions. Performance was assessed by preparation accuracy and time. Differences were assessed using anova (P < 0.05). Performance in the experimental groups was similar during learning. When multi‐tasking, errorful learners showed a deterioration in preparation accuracy (P < 0.05). In contrast, preparation accuracy and completion times for the errorless and comparative groups remained stable when multi‐tasking. Errorless learning resulted in stable performance under multi‐tasking conditions. Investigation of alternative approaches to learning motor skills in dentistry is warranted as such approaches may provide better outcomes, especially under demanding conditions.
Coronaviruses in children: A review of potential mechanisms of childhood protection
Authors: Rabi Firas A. , Al Zoubi Mazhar S. , Al‐Iede Montaha Mohammed , Kasasbeh Ghena , Badran Eman Farouk 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has spread worldwide and the number of cases continues to rise exponentially. Epidemiologic reports indicate that severity of illness increases with age. However, the reasons behind the relative protection of children and infants are unclear. Whether the rationale is host‐related or virus dependent is important to determine since the latter could change with viral mutations. We review factors that could affect the susceptibility of children to the novel coronavirus.MethodsWe search publications indexed on PUBMED.ResultsDescriptions of the pathophysiology of current and previous coronavirus infections suggest several viral targets and immunomodulatory pathways affecting the severity of illness. There is limited evidence to suggest age‐variability of viral cell receptors and transmembrane co‐factors required for coronavirus entry and replication. However, the ensuing cytokine storm and the effect of higher melatonin in children are age‐dependent and could explain decreased disease variability in children.ConclusionWe believe that current evidence suggests host factors can play a role in disease severity in children and thus may remain protective despite potential virus mutation in the future. However, we recognise and discuss avenues of future research that can further illuminate the reasons children are protected from severe COVID‐19 illness.
Native plant turnover and limited exotic spread explain swamp biotic differentiation with urbanization
Authors: Paquin Léo Janne , Bourgeois Bérenger , Pellerin Stéphanie , Alard Didier , Poulin Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuestionsDoes urbanization promote biotic differentiation or homogenization of swamp plant communities? What is the contribution of natives and exotics to swamp response to urbanization?LocationQuebec City, Canada.MethodsPlant communities of 34 swamps located in low, moderately or highly urbanized landscapes were sampled, and species classified into three exclusive groups: native wetland, native upland and exotic plants. Urbanization’s influence on the richness of each plant group was assessed using mixed models. Between‐site compositional similarities were calculated to identify variations in beta diversity with urbanization level using tests for homogeneity in multivariate dispersion. Beta diversity was further partitioned into species replacement and richness difference for each plant group. Finally, the relationships of ten environmental variables representing soil water saturation and microtopography with plant assemblages were determined by redundancy analysis.ResultsAlthough the richness of exotics increased with urbanization intensity, revealing increasing propagule pressure, it remained six to 27 times lower compared to the richness of natives, which remained stable with urbanization. On the other hand, beta diversity increased with urbanization, with higher dissimilarities in species composition between highly urbanized swamps than between low‐urbanized ones. This pattern resulted from high species replacement among natives, while richness difference mainly contributed to exotic beta diversity. Changes in plant assemblages were mostly associated with bryophyte cover and soil drainage and red mottle size, suggesting that hydrological conditions likely acted as a strong driver of swamp plant community response to urbanization.ConclusionsSwamp plant communities experienced biotic differentiation with increasing urbanization. This differentiation pattern likely was linked to the unpredictable effect of urbanization on hydrological regimes, which promoted high native turnover while limiting exotic spread. Long‐term monitoring is recommended to ensure that exotics do not outcompete natives through time. Designing sustainable cities requires a greater understanding of the multifaceted effect of urbanization on biodiversity.
Model‐based meta‐analysis of the time to first acute urinary retention or benign prostatic hyperplasia‐related surgery in patients with moderate or severe symptoms
Authors: D'Agate Salvatore , Chavan Chandrashekhar , Manyak Michael , Palacios‐Moreno Juan Manuel , Oelke Matthias , Michel Martin C. , Roehrborn Claus G. , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: November 2020

AimsCombination therapy of 5α‐reductase inhibitor and α‐blocker is a guideline‐endorsed therapeutic approach for patients with moderate‐to‐severe lower urinary tract symptoms or benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) who are at risk of disease progression. We aimed to disentangle the contribution of clinical and demographic baseline characteristics affecting the risk of acute urinary retention or BPH‐related surgery (AUR/S) from the effect of treatment with drugs showing symptomatic and disease‐modifying properties.MethodsA time‐to‐event model was developed using pooled data from patients (n = 10 238) enrolled into six clinical studies receiving placebo, tamsulosin, dutasteride or tamsulosin‐dutasteride combination therapy. A parametric hazard function was used to describe the time to first AUR/S. Covariate model building included the assessment of relevant clinical and demographic factors on baseline hazard. Predictive performance was evaluated by graphical and statistical methods.ResultsAn exponential hazard model best described the time to first AUR/S in this group of patients. Baseline International Prostate Symptom Score, prostate‐specific antigen, prostate volume and maximum urine flow were identified as covariates with hazard ratio estimates of 1.04, 1.08, 1.01 and 0.91, respectively. Dutasteride monotherapy and tamsulosin‐dutasteride combination therapy resulted in a significant reduction in the baseline hazard (56.8% and 66.4%, respectively). By contrast, the effect of tamsulosin did not differ from placebo.ConclusionsOur analysis showed the implications of disease‐modifying properties of dutasteride and tamsulosin‐dutasteride combination therapy for the risk of AUR/S. It also elucidated the contribution of different baseline characteristics to the risk of these events. The use of tamsulosin monotherapy (symptomatic treatment) has no impact on individual long‐term risk.
Dental status of young adults born with very low birthweight: A national cohort study
Authors: McKelvey Victoria , Darlow Brian A. , Horwood L. John , Martin Julia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesLittle is known about the oral health of very low birthweight (<1500 g: VLBW) young adults. This study compared the oral health and self‐reported oral health in a 1986 birth cohort of VLBW young adults with that of term‐born controls.MethodsOral health interviews and dental examinations were conducted. The dental examinations were carried out in a dental clinic using the standardized examination protocols from the 2009 New Zealand Oral Health Survey. Participants were interviewed to obtain data on self‐reported oral health, oral hygiene practices, use of dental health services and oral health–related quality of life using the OHIP‐14 measure.ResultsInterviews were completed by 250 VLBW participants and 226 (90.4%) of those underwent the dental examination. All 100 controls completed both the interview and dental examination.While there were few overall differences in clinical or self‐reported oral health between the VLBW or control groups, proportionally fewer VLBW participants attended the dentist for regular check‐ups or cleaned between their teeth than controls. The VLBW and controls did not differ in the prevalence of untreated dental caries or in the number of carious tooth surfaces after adjusting for confounders. However, participants in the control group had more teeth that had been restored due to caries (4.4 teeth) than did the VLBW group (3.4 teeth, P = .045), after adjusting for confounding.ConclusionsVery low birthweight young adults showed poorer self‐care than the control group when it came to oral health; they were less likely to regularly attend dental visits, had poorer oral hygiene and were less likely to have had their dental disease treated. VLBW young adults should be encouraged to attend regular dental check‐up appointments and to carry out effective home oral hygiene care.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health and well‐being of children and young people
Authors: Cowie Helen , Myers Carrie‐Anne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has had an enormous impact across the world. In this discussion paper, we examine the effect that lockdown has had on the mental health and well‐being of children and young people. We write from a UK perspective in the light of the international evidence. Many of the discussion points raised resonate globally. We discuss how these issues can be dealt with and set out potential solutions as we emerge from this global crisis.
Long‐term urogenital assessment after elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticulitis: a comparison between central and peripheral vascular resection
Authors: Posabella Alberto , Varathan Nadshathra , Steinemann Daniel Christian , Göksu Ayçiçek Selin , Tampakis Athanasios , von Flüe Markus , Droeser Raoul André , Füglistaler Ida , Rotigliano Niccolò 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimIncreasing attention has been given to postoperative gastrointestinal functional outcome and quality of life after sigmoid resection for diverticulitis. Conversely, very little has been described about postoperative urogenital functional outcome and even less about its potential relationship to the type of vascular approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether central ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) compared with peripheral dissection could impair urinary and sexual function in the long term.MethodPatients undergoing elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticulitis from 2004 to 2017 were retrospectively analysed. They were asked to complete the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI) questionnaire. Men received the five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) questionnaire. Patients were then divided according to the type of vascular resection.ResultsA response rate of the 36.4% to the AUASI and 43.8% to the IIEF‐5 questionnaires was achieved. Three hundred and twenty four patients with a mean age of 62 ± 9.85 years were analysed for their urinary function (IMA preserved n = 217; IMA resected n = 107) in a median follow‐up of 87 months. Furthermore, 115 men with a mean age of 60 ± 8.97 years were investigated for their sexual function (IMA preserved n = 80; IMA resected n = 35) in a median follow‐up of 89 months. No difference (AUASI: 8 ± 6.32 IMA preserved vs. 7 ± 6.26 IMA resected, P = 0.204; IIEF‐5: 15 ± 7.67 IMA preserved vs. 15 ± 8.61 IMA resected, P = 0.674) was found regarding the type of vascular approach during sigmoid resection.ConclusionsNo association was found between the type of vascular approach and the long‐term urogenital functional outcome in patients undergoing sigmoid resection for diverticulitis.