bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Herbicides on Suppression of Bermudagrass in Seashore Paspalum
Authors: Johnson B. Jack , Duncan Ronny R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bermudagrass encroachment into seashore paspalum continues to be a concern on golf courses, athletic fields, and other turf areas. Four field experiments were conducted in Georgia during 2000 through 2002 to determine timing, rates, and frequency of chemical treatments needed to suppress bermudagrass and determine tolerance of paspalum. Prograss applied in multiple applications during spring and summer months did not suppress bermudagrass cultivars as effectively as did tank-mixes of Prograss + Cutless. Prograss applied at the X rate [1.7 kg/ha (1.5 lb ai/A)] in four or five applications per year resulted in &lt; 70% bermudagrass suppression on 52% of the rating dates while the injury to paspalum cultivars was &gt; 40% at one-half the dates. Bermudagrass suppression was not consistent throughout the three year period when treated with Prograss + Cutless. However, the suppression was equal to or higher when Prograss + Cutless were applied initially at the ¾ X [1 X= 1.7 + 0.84 kg/ha (1.5 + 0.75 lb ai/A)] and followed by three to four additional ½ X applications during the spring and summer than other rates. By late summer in 2000 and 2001, the suppression of common bermudagrass from the tank-mixed treatments was ≤ 70% more times than either Tifway or TifSport bermudagrass. In some instances, the treatments caused &gt; 40% injury to different paspalum cultivars at sometime during the spring and summer of each year. This was true when the initial ¾ X rate was followed by multiple ½ X rates. By late summer the injury to Sea Isle I was 65% in 2001 but only 40% in 2002. The injury to Sea Isle I during spring and summer was &gt; 40% at 10 of 16 rating dates in 2001, but only once in 2002. In contrast, the injury to Sea Isle 2000 by late summer was 38% in 2001 and 15% in 2002, but did not exceed the 40% anytime either year. Injury to Excalibur also varied from the same Prograss + Cutless treatments and it was &gt; 40% at 11of 16 rating dates in 2001, but did not exceed the 40% at anytime during 2002. Even through injury to paspalum was &gt; 40% from these rates for a number of dates during spring and summer, it was within an acceptable range (≤ 40%) for all cultivars by late summer except Sea Isle I in 2001 (65%). Tank-mixes of Prograss + Primo did not improve bermudagrass suppression when compared with tank-mixes of Prograss + Cutless. The safety of paspalum cultivars to tank-mixes of Prograss + Cutless was not improved with Fe + N compared with Prograss + Cutless alone. All Envoy, Arsenal, Fusilade, and Prograss + Fusilade treatments severely injured (&gt; 70%) all paspalum cultivars and should not be applied to a mixed bermudagrass-paspalum turf for bermudagrass suppression.
Diuron: Postemergence Oxalis Control in Container-grown Plants
Authors: Simpson Carey V. , Gilliam Charles H. , Altland James E. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of postemergence applied diuron (Direx 4L) for oxalis control and crop safety in container nursery crops. The first experiment, treated on March 15, 2001, evaluated diuron at 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg ai/ha (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 lb ai/A) rates without a surfactant and provided a maximum of 74% oxalis control in liriope and 57% in camellia. Diuron caused slight to no injury on ‘Pink Icicle’ camellia, ‘Anthony Waterer’ spirea and ‘Big Blue’ liriope which dissipated completely by 60 DAT. Experiment two, treated on April 6, 2001, used higher rates and included a surfactant. Diuron provided excellent oxalis control at rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) by 21 days after treatment (DAT) and reduced oxalis shoot fresh weight (SFW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) by ≥ 95%. Unlike the first experiment, no injury was observed on either liriope or camellia. Experiment three, treated on April 15, 2001, evaluated diuron rate and oxalis size on oxalis control. At 9 DAT a significant diuron rate × oxalis size interaction occurred, but at 15 and 21 DAT only diuron rate affected oxalis control for the sizes of oxalis tested. At 21 DAT, rates of 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) and higher provided excellent oxalis control. These data indicate that diuron provides excellent oxalis control when applied postemergence in tolerant nursery crops.
Effect of Bioplex™ on Transplant Success of Non-Dormant Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.)
Authors: Sammons Jonathan D. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Biostimulants are used to reduce the stress associated with non-dormant (summer dug) harvest of field-grown nursery stock; however, the effectiveness of biostimulant treatment is uncertain. This study tested the effects of three application methods of Bioplex™ (a commonly used biostimulant) to container-grown red oak seedlings on whole plant transpirational water use and growth before and after root pruning. Root pruning was used to simulate field harvest; it removed 59% of the seedling's total root surface area. Bioplex™ application by foliar spray, soil drench or a combination of foliar spray and soil drench, significantly reduced whole plant transpirational water use by 15% for three days after application, relative to untreated control seedlings. Root pruning significantly reduced whole plant transpiration, compared to non-root-pruned seedlings, and had a greater effect on transpiration than any Bioplex™ treatment. The previous season's Bioplex treatment had no effect on the spring growth flush following fall root pruning. Root pruning in fall significantly reduced root and total plant dry weights the following spring. Although Bioplex™ applications significantly reduced transpiration for three days after application, there does not seem to be any long-term beneficial effect when used to mediate summer digging transplant stress.
Growth Regulation of Vinca minor
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Clark Josh B. , Morrison Teresa A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Multiple applications of three rates each of B-Nine/Cycocel, Sumagic, Cutless, and Atrimmec were applied to common periwinkle grown in small containers in a greenhouse to control runner growth. All plant growth regulators (PGRs) suppressed runner elongation throughout the 30-week study. However, Atrimmec at 1500 to 4500 ppm severely injured plants for up to 20 weeks, and Cutless at 30 to 90 ppm reduced the number of runners for at least 24 weeks. There were no adverse effects associated with the application of B-Nine/Cycocel or Sumagic at the rates tested, 2500/1500 to 7500/1500 ppm and 15 to 45 ppm, respectively.
Species and Cultivar Influences on Infestation by and Parasitism of a Columbine Leafminer (Phytomyza aquilegivora Spencer)
Authors: Braman S.K. , Buntin G.D. , Oetting R.D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Columbine, Aquilegia spp., are regularly attacked by agromyzid leafminers, Phytomyza spp. Effects of columbine species and cultivars on infestation by the leafminer Phytomyza aquilegivora Spencer, and subsequent parasitism by hymenopterous parasitoids was evaluated in two-year field trials at four locations in central and north Georgia. Among 20 columbine taxa planted in non-irrigated, wooded sites in central and north Georgia, two selections (A. flabellata and A. caerulea ‘Dwarf Fantasy Mix’) were comparable to the moderately resistant native species A. canadensis. In irrigated sites in central and north Georgia, all cultivars were equally infested by the leaf miner. The most heavily attacked selections among all sites were A. alpina, A. chrysantha ‘Yellow Star’, A. caerulea, A. caerulea ‘McKana mix’, A. caerulea ‘Music hybrid’, A. skinneri, and A. x hybrida ‘Ruby Port’. The variegated selection, A. vervaeneana ‘Woodside’, sustained intermediate infestation levels as did A. vulgaris ‘Winkie Blue & White’. Cultivar influences on parasitism of leafminers was quantified at two sites. Eleven species of hymenopteran parasitoids representing three families were recovered. Leafminers infesting A. chrysantha ‘Yellow Star’ were most heavily parasitized at both locations. Chrysocharis pentheus Walker was the most abundant parasitoid, representing 41% of all parasitoids collected and 48.4% of the species reared from leafminers in central Georgia. Seladerma sp. was the only parasitoid reared from leafminers collected in north Georgia and represented 22.1% of all parasitoids obtained.
Invasive Plant Species: Results of a Consumer Awareness, Knowledge, and Expectations Survey Conducted in Pennsylvania
Authors: Kelley Kathleen M. , Conklin Janine R. , Sellmer James C. , Bates Ricky M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Consumers were surveyed at the 2004 Philadelphia Flower Show in Philadelphia, PA, from March 8–10, to quantify their attitudes and behaviors towards invasive plant species and potential problems associated with purchasing and planting them. A majority of the 341 participants (81.5%) was aware that non-native plants were used in the landscape and that these plants may be invasive in natural areas. Less than half (40.1%) acknowledged owning plants considered invasive while one third (33.5%) did not know if these plants were growing in their landscapes. Less than half (41.3%) believed that laws should be passed to prevent the sale of non-native plants while 27.8% believed that laws should be passed to allow sale of only native plants in their area. Three distinct consumer segments were identified using Cluster Analysis: ‘Invasive savvy,’ participants knowledgeable about invasives and interested in alternative species; ‘Invasive neutral,’ participants neutral in their decision to purchase alternatives to invasive plants and price sensitive about paying more for plants tested for invasiveness; and ‘Invasive inactive,’ participants were not price sensitive to paying more for plants tested for invasiveness, however, they appeared to oppose the purchase of plants previously listed as invasive which would be available as seedless through breeding and natural selection or other forms of genetic modification. Survey results indicated that media sources (e.g., television and print media) would be effective for educating consumers about potential problems associated with invasive species in the landscape.
Growth and Flowering of Crapemyrtle in Response to Tree Shelters
Authors: Brooks K.M. , Keever G.J. , Altland J.E. , Sibley J.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Tree shelters were evaluated as a means of accelerating height growth of tree-form crapemyrtles. In two experiments, Dynamite™ grown in shelters were 124 and 48% taller at the end of the growing season, while shelter-grown ‘Potomac’ were 61 and 50% taller. Height of ‘Tuscarora’ was not affected by tree shelters. In the first experiment calipers of sheltered and non-sheltered ‘Tuscarora’ and Dynamite™ were similar at the end of the season, while caliper of ‘Potomac’ was 35% less when grown in shelters. In the second experiment there were no caliper differences between sheltered and unsheltered Dynamite™ or ‘Potomac’ at the end of the growing season. All plants grown in tree shelters flowered later than unsheltered plants and had visibly straighter, more upright trunks with minimal lateral shoot development.
Sales, Value Added and Employment Impacts of the United States Sod Production Industry
Authors: Haydu John J. , Hodges Alan W. , Hall Charles R. , Cisar John L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study using government secondary data in conjunction with primary data collected through a national survey was conducted to assess the importance of the sod production industry to the United States economy. Results indicate that the 2,124 sod farms contributed over $1.72B in gross output or sales impacts to the U.S. economy, $1.31B in value added, employed 13,454 people, and paid $28.6M in indirect business taxes. The top five producing states in terms of sales impacts include Florida ($344M), Texas ($183M), Alabama ($118M), Georgia ($116M) and Oklahoma ($84M), accounting for nearly 50% of total sales.
Consequences of Excessive Overhead Irrigation on Runoff during Container Production of Sweet Viburnum
Authors: Million Jeff , Yeager Tom , Albano Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of irrigation rate on volume and nutrient content of runoff were investigated. Runoff (leachate plus un-intercepted irrigation and rain) was collected weekly for 20 weeks during production of trade #1 (2.7-liter) sweet viburnum [Viburnum odoratissimum (L.) Ker-Gawl.] fertilized with a resin-coated, controlled-release fertilizer [Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12), 8–9 month 21C (70F)]. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two irrigation rates [1 (IRR1) or 2 (IRR2) cm/day (0.39 or 0.79 in)] and two fertilizer rates [15 (FRT15) or 30 (FRT30) g/container (0.53 or 1.06 oz)]. Total runoff volume was 970 liters/m2 (2380 gal/100 ft2) for IRR1 and 2220 liters/m2 (5450 gal/100 ft2) for IRR2 which was 49 and 69%, respectively, of total irrigation plus rainfall. Increasing the irrigation rate from 1 to 2 cm/day increased leaching losses of N, P, and K 34, 38, and 45%, respectively, with FRT15 and 21, 28, and 23%, respectively, with FRT30. Increasing the irrigation rate increased nutrient loads (g/m2) but decreased nutrient concentrations (mg/liter) in runoff.
Feeding Preferences of Dogwood Sawfly Larvae Indicate Resistance in Cornus
Authors: Klingeman W. E. , Chen F. , Kim H. J. , Flanagan P. C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dogwood sawfly (Macremphytus tarsatus Say) is a native, phytophagous insect that relies on Cornus sp. host plants for larval development. Feeding injury by dogwood sawflies is primarily aesthetic and seldom results in host plant death. Still, native and non-native dogwoods have not been evaluated for susceptibility to larval feeding by this aesthetically damaging wasp. Ten species or cultivars of dogwoods that are either naturalized native plants or economically significant landscape plants were assayed for host suitability to dogwood sawfly larvae in no-choice and choice experiments. Flowering, kousa and corneliancherry dogwoods were consistently ranked among the least susceptible host plants while ‘Sibirica’ tatarian, gray, and ‘Flaviramea’ golden-twig dogwoods were highly preferred hosts. Preliminary GC/MS comparisons of foliar metabolite extracts from all 10 species have identified five peaks of interest that varied between resistant and susceptible hosts. These results suggest that certain chemical constituents in foliage of dogwood species may be important predictors of host palatability. More research is needed to confirm this hypothesis before crossbreeding for sawfly resistance can proceed.
Methods of Auxin Application in Cutting Propagation: A Review of 70 Years of Scientific Discovery and Commercial Practice
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. , Tilt Ken M. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The discovery of auxins as plant growth regulating chemicals in the 1930s and their ability to stimulate adventitious rooting in stem cuttings marked a major milestone in the modern history of plant propagation. Basic and applied research conducted during the past 70 years has provided information regarding absorption and translocation of auxin in cuttings, as well as the effects of timing of auxin application, methods of auxin application, type of auxin, and concentration of auxin on the rooting response of cuttings. The basal quick-dip method, the powder application method, and the dilute soak method have been the most commonly used methods for applying auxin to cuttings in commercial horticulture over the past 7 decades, with the first two methods still in common use today. In addition, a wide variety of other auxin application methods have been reported beginning in the 1930s and continuing to the present. Some of these methods remain primarily of historical interest, several find limited use in commercial horticulture, and others show potential for greater use in the future. Opportunities exist for further development of auxin application techniques that can enhance plant quality, efficiency and productivity of the cutting propagation process, and worker safety. This review provides horticulturists, from the academic researcher to the commercial propagator, with an exploration of auxin application methods over the past 70 years, along with an examination of the physiological response of cuttings to applied auxin and an overview of issues leading to future opportunities.
Effect of Preemergence Herbicides on the Cold Hardiness of Container-grown Kurume Hybrid Azalea (Rhododendron x hybrida ‘Tradition’)
Authors: Czarnota M.A. , Lindstrom O.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Since there is considerable use of preemergence herbicides in the containerized nursery industry, a study was conducted to determine if they affect the ability of plants to cold acclimate. Six preemergence herbicides with different modes-of-action were chosen for the study, and were applied to a Kurume type azalea (Rhododendron x hybrida ‘Tradition’) on October 8, 2004. Laboratory cold hardiness evaluations were conducted at 10, 17, and 24 weeks after treatment (WAT) to both stems and leaves. None of the preemergent herbicides tested caused a significant trend in cold acclimation with either stems or leaves when compared over all sampling dates and temperatures. However, some preemergence herbicides caused a significant increase or decrease in cold acclimation of stems and leaves at selected sampling dates and temperatures.
Plant Growth Retardants Affect Growth and Flowering of Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’
Authors: Kessler J.R. , Keever G.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This investigation was conducted to determine the plant growth retardant type, application method, and rate required to produce a marketable greenhouse pot plant of Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’. Pruned plants in 10 cm (4 in) pots received growth retardant treatments in two experiments consisting of one application of ancymidol or paclobutrazol medium drenches at 0, 2, 4, or 6 ppm; daminozide spray at 0, 2550, 5100, or 7650 ppm; paclobutrazol spray at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, or 60 ppm; flurprimidol spray at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, or 200 ppm; or maleic hydrazide at 0, 360, 720, 1080, 1440, or 1800 ppm in the first experiment and sprays of daminozide at 0, 2550, 5100, or 7650 ppm; paclobutrazol at 0, 60, or 120 ppm; daminozide/paclobutrazol combinations at 0, 2550/16, 2550/32, 2550/48, or 2550/64 ppm, chloromequat at 0, 767, 1534, or 2301 ppm; or daminozide/chloromequat combinations at 0, 1275/1534, 2550/1534, 3825/1534, or 5100/1534 ppm in the second experiment. In the first experiment, there was a linear decrease in shoot height, growth index, and lateral shoot length with increasing rates of ancymidol and paclobutrazol drenches and flurprimidol sprays while daminozide decreased growth quadratically. There was a linear increase in shoot height and lateral shoot length with increasing rates of maleic hydrazide but no effect on growth index. Only daminozide and maleic hydrazide increased the number of days from treatment to flower with increasing rates. Quality ratings increased with increasing rates of ancymidol, daminozide, and flurprimidol with the highest ratings found at the two highest rates of daminozide and flurprimidol. Paclobutrazol spray did not affect the parameters measured. In the second experiment, chloromequat spray did not affect the parameters measured but when combined with increasing rates of daminozide, linearly decreased shoot height, growth index, and lateral shoot length while increasing the number of days to flower. Daminozide alone resulted in a quadratic change in growth index and lateral shoot length while linearly increasing the number of days to flower but with no effect on quality rating. The higher rates of paclobutrazol than were used in the first experiment decreased shoot height and lateral shoot length with no effect on growth index, the number of days to flower, or quality rating. Overall, the best quality ratings and the most compact plants resulted from spray applications of daminozide at 5100 ppm or 7650 ppm and flurprimidol at 150 ppm or 200 ppm, however flurprimidol is not currently registered for application to greenhouse crops but a newer product, Topflor, has the same active ingredient and greenhouse crop labeling.
Influence of Container Mulches on Irrigation and Nutrient Management
Authors: Altland James , Lanthier Mario 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in 2005 and repeated in 2006 to determine the influence of mulch products and controlled release fertilizer (CRF) placement on irrigation and nutrition requirements of container-grown crops. Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Fasan’ and ‘Endless Summer’) were grown in 2.7 liter (#1) containers with CRF placed above or below the mulch. Non-mulched controls were also maintained. Mulch products included geotextile discs, coco discs, plastic discs, hazelnut shells, sawdust, Biotop, and crumb rubber. Hydrangea growth, plant quality, foliar color, and foliar nutrition were measured, as well as water loss from containers. Controlled release fertilizer placed below mulch resulted in larger plants with higher quality ratings and foliar N levels compared to CRF placed above the mulch, and similar or superior size, quality and foliar N compared to non-mulched containers. After correcting for differences in plant size, there were few and minor differences in water loss from hydrangea between mulched and non-mulched containers.
Improving Early Field Growth of Leyland Cypress Liners by Grading and Potting
Authors: Eric Hinesley L. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Leyland cypress [Callitropsis × leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) D. P. Little; syn. × Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim. & A. B. Jacks.] were rooted beginning May 2004. In February 2005, liners were sorted into four grades [1 = firm root ball, top to bottom, 2 = good root ball, but loose in the upper one-third; 3 = no distinct root ball, but with enough roots to survive when potted and grown in irrigated containers; and 4 = roots ≤ 2 cm (0.8 in) in length (discarded)]. Liners from Grades 1 and 2 were transplanted to the field April 2005. Additional liners of Grades 1, 2, and 3 were grown in 3.8-liter (1-gal) containers in a nursery during 2005, and field planted early September 2005. Height and stem diameter were recorded after 1 and 2 years. Containerizing affected stem diameter more than height. Growth during the first 2 years was proportional to initial size, indicating the benefits of grading. After 2 years, the largest plants were Grade 1 liners that went directly to the field April 2005, with no intermediate potting.
Growth Control of ‘Taylortown Red’ and ‘Homestead Purple’ Verbena with Pistill in Nursery Production
Authors: Banko T.J. , Stefani M.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ and ‘Taylortown Red’ were treated with one or two spray applications of the plant growth regulator (PGR) Pistill (ethephon) at 0, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 ppm. Plants were in 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers under outdoor nursery conditions. Plant widths of ‘Homestead Purple’ verbena were suppressed linearly with increasing Pistill concentrations up to 24% at 2 weeks after initial treatment (WAT) and up to 18% at 4 WAT. Widths of ‘Taylortown Red’ verbena were suppressed 22% at 2 WAT with a single application at 500 to 1000 ppm, and linearly up to 33% at 4 WAT with 2 applications. Two applications of Pistill suppressed heights and widths of both cultivars at 7 WAT compared to one application.