bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Root-zone Temperature on Survival, Growth, and Root Morphology of Kalmia latifolia and Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’
Authors: Wright Amy N. , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Root-zone temperature (RZT) is an important environmental factor affecting growth and performance of woody ornamental plants in the landscape. Research was conducted to compare the effects of RZT on survival, growth, and root morphology of a difficult-to-transplant species, mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and an easy to transplant species, Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.). Seedlings of mountain laurel or micropropagated liners of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Sarah’) and rooted stem cuttings of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) were grown hydroponically for 12 weeks in controlled environment conditions under long days at 9-hr days/15-hr nights of 26/22C (79/72F) with RZTs of 16, 24, or 32C (61, 75, or 90F). Compared to 16 and 24C (61 and 75F), percent survival of mountain laurel was reduced by a RZT of 32C (90F), whereas percent survival of Compacta holly was unaffected by RZT. Root dry weight of mountain laurel was reduced 72% at 32C (90F) while top dry weight was unaffected by RZT. Top and root dry weights of Compacta holly were unaffected by RZT. Root: top ratio of mountain laurel was reduced by increasing RZT, whereas root: top ratio of Compacta holly was unaffected by RZT. Root area of mountain laurel and Compacta holly were reduced 80 and 64%, respectively, at 32C (90F) compared with 16C (61F). Number of lateral roots in the apical 2 cm (0.8 in) of primary roots of both taxa increased with increasing RZT. Results of this research indicate that reducing RZT in the landscape may increase survival and root growth of transplanted mountain laurel.
Efficacy of Non-Chemical Weed Control during Plug Establishment of a Wildflower Meadow
Authors: Watkinson Jonathon I. , Pill Wallace G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of non-chemical weed control during plug establishment of a wildflower meadow on glyphosate-killed turf grass was studied. Each field sub-block (not-tilled or twice-tilled to 15 cm (6 in) depth) on killed grass received the following sub-plot soil cover treatments: no cover, woven polypropylene weed fabric, double shredded hardwood/softwood mulch at 7.5 cm (3 in) depth, or fabric covered by mulch. Each 3 × 3 m (10 × 10 ft) subplot was planted in late spring with 100 plugs on 30 cm (1 ft) centers at the following frequency: Baptisia australis (10), Coreopsis lanceolata (20), Solidago speciosa (10), Panicum virgatum (20), and Schizachyrium scoparium (40). Tillage of the killed grass not only failed to benefit wildflower establishment, but increased weed shoot biomass during the second growing season. Greater wildflower shoot dry weights at 120 days after transplanting with mulch (with or without underlying fabric) than with fabric alone or no cover was associated with greater soil moisture, reduced soil temperature range, and reduced weed cover and shoot biomass. Weed fabric compared to no cover failed to affect wildflower shoot dry weights during either growing season but decreased weed growth during the second growing season. Fabric under mulch compared to mulch alone generally failed to affect wildflower growth and had no effect on weed growth during either growing season. During the second growing season, weed shoot dry weights remained low in mulched plots and remained high in non-mulched plots. Regardless of cover, wildflower shoots underwent considerable dry weight gain, while weed shoot dry weights generally remained constant or declined during the second growing season compared to the first. We conclude that, at least under our experimental conditions, applying a 7.5 cm (3 in) layer of wood chip mulch directly over glyphosate-killed turf was the most efficaceous and cost effective method of establishing a wildflower meadow using wildflower plugs. Neither placing weed fabric under the mulch nor twice-tilling the killed turf before mulch application benefitted wildflower shoot growth.
Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Curative Application for Black Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Infesting Container-Grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Bruck Denny J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a serious pest of nursery crops. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), is registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for BVW control. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a curative drench application of M. anisopliae for controlling BVW larval infestations in container-grown nursery plants and the effect of temperature on the rate of fungal growth and speed of kill. Trials evaluating the efficacy of M. anisopliae as a curative application were performed in the spring of 2004 and 2005 as well as the fall of 2006. Laboratory studies were performed to quantify the impact of temperature (10, 15, 20, 24 and 28C) on fungal growth and speed of kill. Metarhizium anisopliae applied in the greenhouse and outdoors in 2004 were 92 and 30% effective, respectively. Fungal applications to container-grown plant material maintained outdoors in the spring of 2005 were nearly 100% effective 28 days after application. Fall applications in 2006 provided statistically significant reductions in the number of live BVW larve per pot, but were not as effective as spring applications in 2005. The mean media temperature of containers maintained outdoors in the fall of 2006 dropped considerably (10–12C) over the course of the experiment and were likely the cause for the reduced efficacy. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that temperatures below 20C (68F) significantly slowed fungal growth and the speed at which M. anisopliae infected BVW larvae. In the field, drench applications of M. anisopliae were very effective at eliminating BVW larvae in container-grown nursery plants when media temperatures were adequate (&gt; 15C (59F)). The use of M. anisopliae as a curative drench application has similar temperature-dependent limitations as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes for BVW control. Therefore, applications should occur as early in the fall as possible once egg laying has ended or in late spring just prior to pupation when media temperatures would be most conducive to fungal infection.
Synthetic and Biorational Fungicides Compared for the Control of Three Foliar Diseases of Flowering Dogwood
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The biorational fungicides Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil®, Rhapsody® were compared with the synthetic fungicides Eagle® 40W, Immunox®, Liquid Systemic Fungicide®, and 3336™ 50W for the control of spot anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew on ‘Rubra’ flowering dogwood. In 2003, 2004, and 2005, fungicide treatments were applied at label rates at 1- and/or 2-week intervals over a period that coincided with the onset spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but before the appearance of Cercospora leaf spot. With few exceptions, the synthetic fungicides gave better control of the above diseases than biorational fungicides. Eagle 40W, Immunox, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W gave equal control of the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose. Most notable was the carryover of control of the bract spot phase of spot anthracnose into the spring of the following year with the synthetic fungicides. While some control of spot anthracnose was seen in at least one year with the biorational fungicides, none was as effective as the synthetic fungicides. In 2003 and 2004, Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil, and Rhapsody, when applied weekly controlled powdery mildew as effectively as the synthetic fungicides. Efficacy of the biorational fungicides declined under severe powdery mildew pressure in 2005. While Cercospora leaf spot development was slowed by the Eagle 40W, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W, the biorational fungicides as well as the retail product Immunox also gave some control. An objectionable mottling of the leaves was noted on the flowering dogwood treated with SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil. Control of these diseases with the synthetic or biorational fungicides did not result in an increase in tree height or trunk diameter. While the biorational fungicides demonstrated sufficient efficacy for controlling powdery mildew on flowering dogwood in the landscape, they often failed to provide the level of control of this disease as well as spot anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot needed to produce quality container- and field-grown nursery stock.
Growth and Landscape Performance of Ten Herbaceous Species in Response to Saline Water Irrigation
Authors: Niu Genhua , Rodriguez Denise S. , Aguiniga Lizzie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ten herbaceous perennials and groundcovers were grown in raised beds from June to September in a dry, hot desert environment and micro-spray drip irrigated with synthesized saline solutions at electrical conductivity of 0.8 (tap water), 3.2, or 5.4 dS/m. Plant height and two perpendicular widths were recorded monthly to calculate the growth index. Landscape performance was assessed monthly by visual scores. Salinity did not affect the visual scores in Achillea millefolium L., Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Lantana x hybrida ‘New Gold’, Lonicera japonica Thunb. ‘Halliana’, and Rosmarinus officinalis L. ‘Huntington Carpet’ throughout the experiment. Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. ‘Homestead Purple’ performed better than Glandularia x hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) G. L. Nesom & Pruski. Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Brig. had lower visual scores at 5.4 dS/m compared to the control and 3.2 dS/m. Most plants of Rudbeckia hirta L. did not survive when irrigated at 3.2 dS/m or 5.4 dS/m. Shoot biomass of A. millefolium, G. aristata, L. x hybrida, L. japonica, R. officinalis, and V. macdougalii was not influenced by the salinity of irrigation water. Therefore, A. millefolium, G. aristata, L. x hybrida, L. japonica, and R. officinalis can be irrigated with non-potable water at salinity up to 5.4 dS/m with little reduction in growth and aesthetic appearance.
Cyclanilide Promotes Lateral Branching in Nursery Production of Woody Landscape Species
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
During nursery production of landscape trees and shrubs it is desirable to promote the development of well-branched plants to achieve a uniform, full appearance. Branching may be promoted with multiple prunings but this is labor-intensive and expensive. In this study, spray applications of the bioregulator, cyclanilide (CYC), were evaluated for promotion of lateral branching on several container-grown landscape species. CYC spray concentrations of 0, 54, 106, and 212 ppm resulted in a linear increase in new lateral shoots for ‘Muskogee’ crape myrtle, ‘Pinkie’ and Eleanor Taber™ Indian hawthorn, and ‘Girard Rose’ azalea, and a quadratic increase in lateral shoots for ‘Compacta’ inkberry holly. Treatments to crape myrtle also caused a delay in flowering. CYC applications to Fraser photinia caused phytotoxic symptoms of leaf yellowing, blotching and curling, and increased susceptibility to entomosporium leaf spot.
Cyclanilide Spray Increases Branching in Containerized Whip Production
Authors: Sternberg Petra , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A major goal in the production of tree whips is to produce appropriately sized, well-branched liners with a crown form similar to that of a mature tree. Pruning is used to induce lateral branching. This can result in poor tree quality, reduced growth and the practice is labor intensive. An alternative to mechanical pruning, foliar Cyclanilide® (CYC) sprays at 0, 56, 1 12 and 223 ppm were applied to container grown whips to determine its effect on branching of Amelanchier; Cercis, Malus and Tilia whips. Most species responded to CYC sprays with increased lateral branching if treated during active shoot elongation. Cyclanilide® sprays of 1 12 ppm produced the greatest number of branches. Sprays at 56 ppm resulted in reduced branching (relative to 112 ppm), while sprays of 223 ppm did not increase the number of branches, relative to sprays of 112 ppm, but reduced growth. Cyclanilide® sprays reduced height growth, relative to untreated whips, but did not alter height diameter growth. Cyclanilide® foliar applications to container -grown whips during periods of active shoot elongation increased branching in one-year-old whips that normally do not branch until the second year of production. Further, the origin of lateral branching can be controlled by timing of CYC application. The results indicate that CYC foliar sprays can be an important tool in the production of one-year-old branched whips.
Impact of Mulches on Landscape Plants and the Environment — A Review
Authors: Chalker-Scott Linda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mulches provide aesthetic, economic and environmental benefits to urban landscapes. Mulching is especially useful in the establishment of trees in landscapes that receive minimal care, such as restoration sites. In general, mulches improve soil health, creating healthy populations of plants and associated animals. These biodiverse, stable landscapes are more resistant to stress, are more aesthetically pleasing, require fewer applications of pesticides and fertilizers, and are ultimately more sustainable than those without mulch cover. All mulches are not created equally, however, and this review compares the costs and benefits of landscape mulches as reported in the scientific literature. It also presents real and perceived problems associated with various landscape mulches.
Cyclanilide Foliar Applications Induce Greater Lateral Branching than Pruning in Container-Grown Whips
Authors: Sternberg Petra , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A major goal in the production of ornamental whips is to produce small well-branched liners with a crown form similar to that of a mature tree. Pruning is used to induce lateral branching and regulate height. Pruning may result in poor tree quality, reduced whip growth and is labor intensive. This study was done to determine the effects of foliar Cyclanilide (CYC) applications with and without pruning on branching in container grown whips. Four taxa were used: Diospyros virginiana L., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Malus × ‘Prairie Fire’ and Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’. In a two factorial experiment, CYC concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 ppm were applied to Diospyros and Eucommia (2005) and 0, 56 and 112 ppm to Malus and Tilia (2006), with half of the whips of each species receiving terminal shoot pruning, the remaining whips were left intact. Pruning reduced whip height in two out of four species tested. Cyclanilide sprays significantly increased branching and reduced height in Malus and Tilia whips. An interaction between CYC sprays and terminal shoot pruning occurred with branching in Tilia. Here, the combination of CYC spray and terminal shoot pruning significantly reduced the number of new lateral branches compared to CYC sprays alone. Overall CYC was more successful in inducing branching than terminal shoot pruning, but failed to induce branching in the strongly decurrent species Eucommia. Cyclanilide sprays are a more effective method for inducing branching and reducing height than terminal shoot pruning, but the combination of both, as done in this experiment, is not recommended.
Influence of Spray Volume on Spray Deposition and Coverage within Nursery Trees
Authors: Zhu H. , Zondag R.H. , Derksen R.C. , Reding M. , Krause C.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Information on better utilizing airblast sprayers to achieve high pesticide spray application efficiency in nursery tree production is needed. Foliar spray deposition and coverage at different heights inside crabapple tree canopies were investigated for a conventional airblast sprayer operating at four different application rates ranging from 230 to 900 liters/ha [24 to 94 gallons per acre (GPA)]. Deposition on the ground at various distances from the sprayer was also measured at the 700 liters/ha (73 GPA) application rate. Foliar deposition and coverage on targets below 2.6 m (8.5 ft) inside tree canopies increased as the application rate increased, but the increase in the coverage was much lower than the deposition. For trees taller than 2.6 m (8.5 ft), the sprayer could not deliver uniform spray deposition and coverage across the tree height. The portion of trees below 2.1 m (6.9 ft) was well covered by the spray deposits with 230 liters/ha (24 GPA) application rate while higher application rates resulted in over spray application. Less than 30% of total spray volume was deposited on target trees while over 34% of the total spray volume was lost on the ground. The tree-row volume method should include foliage density and tree-row gaps to avoid excessive estimation of spray application rates for nursery tree crops.
Postharvest Longevity and Viability of Cooler-stored Lotus Propagules
Authors: Tian Daike , Tilt Ken M. , Woods Floyd M. , Raymond Kessler J. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Storage of enlarged lotus rhizomes used as a vegetable crop has been extensively studied, but little is known about the viability of lotus propagules (rhizomes with shoots) during storage. In this study, ornamental lotus, Nelumbo nucifera ‘Embolene’, was used to evaluate the effects of gum acacia, sphagnum moss and Terra-Sorb® hydrogel on the physiology and postharvest longevity or viability of stored lotus propagules. After 45 days of storage at 5C (42F) and 95% RH, there were no decayed propagules, and 94% of total propagules maintained their viability after planting. Water retention and shelf-life of rhizomes were similar among all treatments during storage. However, more water loss occurred with treatments at higher concentrations of gum acacia. After harvest, large differences in total sugar were found among individual samples, while starch content remained unchanged. A strong quadratic relationship was observed between total sugar and storage time for all treatments, but there was no significant effect of treatment on total carbohydrate change in lotus propagules after 45 days of storage.
Consumer Preferences for Native Plants in Montana Residential Landscapes and Perceptions for Naturalistic Designs
Authors: Zadegan Yousef R. , Behe Bridget K. , Gough Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a preliminary study, consumer perceptions of native plants in traditional and naturalistic settings was investigated. In Montana, 361 participants in an internet study reported their familiarity with both woody and herbaceous native plant species. Additional data were collected to determine their perceptions of native plants used in naturalistic designs through a conjoint study. Nearly half of the study participants recognized or had purchased most of the native plants shown in photographs. Results of the conjoint study showed that participants placed the greatest relative importance (62%) on landscape style as the most important factor in landscape design. They also preferred a naturalistic style over a more traditional style and mixed plant species to single species. Across all comparisons, the high relative importance of landscape style remained constant and was consistent with prior studies. Plant material (21.9%) and species diversity (16.2%) were half the relative importance of design style and remained relatively consistent through most comparisons. Even among those participants not familiar with native plants and those who had not purchased native plants, native plants were preferred in the landscapes. The demand for native plants may be reaching a critical stage for both commercial growers and the landscape profession. Although this study was limited to one state, results show that consumer interest is present and further investigation is warranted.
Paclobutrazol Effects on Bedding Plants During Production, Shipping, and the Retail Environment When Applied in Production
Authors: Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Foliar sprays of 10, 15, or 20 ppm paclobutrazol followed by a second application of 50 ppm were applied to ‘Bravo Lavender’ and ‘Celebrity Blue’ petunias and ‘Salvador Red’ and ‘Vista Red’ salvia during production to determine their effects on plant growth, flowering and market quality during production, simulated shipping, and while in a simulated retail environment. Paclobutrazol effectively suppressed shoot growth and enhanced market quality of all cultivars during production, while minimally or not affecting time to first flower. Growth suppression and enhanced market quality continued through simulated shipping and the period plants were in the retail environment. While in the simulated retail environment, plants were exposed to six or seven wilt/hydration cycles. The % wilted plants of all four cultivars previously treated with paclobutrazol during production was much less than that of the controls: ‘Bravo Lavender’ petunia, 21 vs. 67%; ‘Celebrity Blue’ petunia, 10 vs. 88%; ‘Salvador Red’ salvia, 15 vs. 69%; and ‘Vista Red’ salvia; 13 vs. 74%.
Effects of Fall Fertilization on Freeze Resistance, Flowering, and Growth of ‘Hinodegiri’ Azalea
Authors: Henning Frank P. , Smalley Timothy J. , Lindstrom Orville M. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five fertigation treatments were initiated August 1, 2002: 1) no additional fertilizer, 2) N at 75 mg·L−1 from August 1 to September 29, 3) N at 125 mg·L−1 from August 1 to September 29, 4) N at 75 mg·L−1 from August 1 to November 28, and 5) N at 125 mg·L−1 from August 1 to November 28. Freeze resistance of stems and leaves was analyzed monthly, November to February. Flower counts began prior to budbreak, and continued to flower expression. Fall fertigation increased azalea leaf and stem dry weights (DWs) compared to azaleas that received no additional fertigation after July 31. Fertigation N applied at 75 or 125 mg·L−1 from August 1 to November 28 did not increase leaf or stem DWs compared to plants fertigated at the same N rate from August 1 to September 29. High N treatments (N at 125 mg·L−1 from August 1 to September 29 or November 28) increased above ground DW, but reduced stem freeze resistance in November and March compared to plants that received N at 75 mg·L−1 from August 1 to September 29. Early flower budbreak and decreased total flower production resulted when N was applied at 125 mg·L−1 from August 1 to November 28 compared to 75 mg·L−1 from August 1 to September 29.
Nursery Container Weed Control with Pinebark Mininuggets
Authors: Richardson Ben , Gilliam Charles H. , Fain Glenn , Wehtje Glenn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The market for large plants is increasing steadily; however, weed control in large containers present new production problems for growers. Experiments were conducted to evaluate pine bark mini-nuggets for weed control in 11 and 27 liter (#3 and #7) containers. In October 2004, Gardenia jasminoides (August Beauty gardenia) were seeded with oxalis, and Lagerstroemia indica ‘Natchez’ (crapemyrtle) with bittercress in 27 liter (#7) containers. In March 2005, Hydrangea quercifolia (oakleaf hydrangea) were seeded with oxalis and Ternstroemia gymnanthera (ternstroemia) with bittercress in 11 liter (#3) containers. Treatments consisted of mulch applied at depths of 0, 3.8, and 7.6 cm (0, 1.5 and 3.0 in), with seed applied either above or below the mulch. A separate group of treatments were included similar to the above except that a granular preemergence herbicide was applied after mulch application. Growth of crapemyrtle and ternstroemia were similar regardless of mulch depth. With gardenia and oakleaf hydrangea growth differences existed but there were no consistent trends among treatments. Season long weed control was obtained in all treatments that included 7.6 cm (3.0 in) mulch depth.