bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in modelling gold nanoparticle radiosensitization using new Geant4-DNA physics models
Authors: Engels Elette , Bakr Samer , Bolst David , Sakata Dousatsu , Li Nan , Lazarakis Peter , McMahon Stephen J , Ivanchenko Vladimir , Rosenfeld Anatoly B , Incerti Sébastien , Kyriakou Ioanna , Emfietzoglou Dimitris , Lerch Michael L F , Tehei Moeava , Corde Stéphanie , Guatelli Susanna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have demonstrated significant radiosensitization of cancer treatment with x-ray radiotherapy. To understand the mechanisms at the basis of nanoparticle radiosensitization, Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the dose enhancement, given a certain nanoparticle concentration and distribution in the biological medium. Earlier studies have ordinarily used condensed history physics models to predict nanoscale dose enhancement with nanoparticles. This study uses Geant4-DNA complemented with novel track structure physics models to accurately describe electron interactions in gold and to calculate the dose surrounding gold nanoparticle structures at nanoscale level. The computed dose in silico due to a clinical kilovoltage beam and the presence of gold nanoparticles was related to in vitro brain cancer cell survival using the local effect model. The comparison of the simulation results with radiobiological experimental measurements shows that Geant4-DNA and local effect model can be used to predict cell survival in silico in the case of x-ray kilovoltage beams.
Physics and technology of magnetron sputtering discharges
Authors: Gudmundsson J T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Magnetron sputtering deposition has become the most widely used technique for deposition of both metallic and compound thin films and is utilized in numerous industrial applications. There has been a continuous development of the magnetron sputtering technology to improve target utilization, increase ionization of the sputtered species, increase deposition rates, and to minimize electrical instabilities such as arcs, as well as to reduce operating cost. The development from the direct current (dc) diode sputter tool to the magnetron sputtering discharge is discussed as well as the various magnetron sputtering discharge configurations. The magnetron sputtering discharge is either operated as a dc or radio frequency discharge, or it is driven by some other periodic waveforms depending on the application. This includes reactive magnetron sputtering which exhibits hysteresis and is often operated with an asymmetric bipolar mid-frequency pulsed waveform. Due to target poisoning the reactive sputter process is inherently unstable and exhibits a strongly non-linear response to variations in operating parameters. Ionized physical vapor deposition was initially achieved by adding a secondary discharge between the cathode target and the substrate and later by applying high power pulses to the cathode target. An overview is given of the operating parameters, the discharge properties and the plasma parameters including particle densities, discharge current composition, electron and ion energy distributions, deposition rate, and ionized flux fraction. The discharge maintenance is discussed including the electron heating processes, the creation and role of secondary electrons and Ohmic heating, and the sputter processes. Furthermore, the role and appearance of instabilities in the discharge operation is discussed.
P-doping with beryllium of long-wavelength InAsSb
Authors: Svensson Stefan P , Sarney Wendy L , Beck William A , Liu Jinghe , Donetsky Dmitri , Suchalkin Sergey , Belenky Gregory , Kyrtsos Alexandros , Bellotti Enrico 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The properties of low concentrations of Be as a p-dopant in InAsSb with a composition corresponding to absorption in the long wavelength infrared band were studied. Temperature- and magnetic field-dependent Hall effect data were analyzed with a multi-carrier model allowing extraction of the bulk hole concentration and mobility. The hole density exhibits a weak freeze-out with an activation energy of 3.2 meV. Density functional theory calculations indicate that Be favor the In sites as BeIn with an acceptor binding energy near the valence band maximum. The hole mobility increases monotonically as the temperature is lowered, showing an alloy scattering-limited value of about 1000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 77 K and plateauing at around 3200 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 20 K. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence was measured up to 200 K and did not indicate any deleterious effects induced by the acceptors. A superlinear bandgap vs temperature behavior is tentatively interpreted as a band-filling effect, which is reduced with added concentrations of acceptors.
Recent progress on nanostructured bimetallic electrocatalysts for water splitting and electroreduction of carbon dioxide
Authors: Cui Can , Hu Xiaosong , Wen Liaoyong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The exploitation of renewable energy as well as the elimination of the harmful impact of excessive carbon emission are worldwide concerns for sustainable development of the ecological environment on earth. To address that, the technologies regarding energy conversion systems, such as water splitting and electroreduction of carbon dioxide, have attracted significant attention for a few decades. Yet, to date, the production of green fuels and/or high energy density chemicals like hydrogen, methane, and ethanol, are still suffering from many drawbacks including high energy consumption, low selectivity, and sluggish reaction rate. In this regard, nanostructured bimetallic materials that is capable of taking the full benefits of the coupling effects between different elements/components with structure modification in nanoscale are considered as a promising strategy for high-performance electrocatalysts. Herein, this review aims to outline the important progress of these nanostructured bimetallic electrocatalysts. It starts with the introduction of some important fundamental background knowledge about the reaction mechanism to understand how these reactions happen. Subsequently, we summarize the most recent progress regarding how the nanostructured bimetallic electrocatalysts manipulate the activity and selectivity of catalytic reactions in the order of bimetallic alloying effect, interface/substrate effect of bi-component electrocatalyst, and nanostructuring effect.
Metal-organic framework composites for energy conversion and storage
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhang Na , Li Shumin , Ke Qinfei , Li Zhengquan , Zhou Min 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with orderly porous structure, large surface area, high electrochemical response and chemical tunability have been widely studied for energy conversion and storage. However, most reported MOFs still suffer from poor stability, insufficient conductivity, and low utilization of active sites. One strategy to circumvent these issues is to optimize MOFs via designing composites. Here, the design principle from the viewpoint of the intrinsic relationships among various components will be illuminated to acquire the synergistic effects, including two working modes: (1) MOFs with assistant components, (2) MOFs with other function components. This review introduces recent research progress of MOF-based composites with their typical applications in energy conversion (catalysis) and storage (supercapacitor and ion battery). Finally, the challenges and future prospects of MOF-based composites will be discussed in terms of maximizing composite properties.
Typical strategies to facilitate charge transfer for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction: Case studies on hematite
Authors: Liao Aizhen , He Huichao , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Hydrogen can be sustainably produced through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The process of PEC water splitting is composed of two vital half-reactions: water oxidation to O2 on photoanode, and proton reduction to H2 on photocathode. Both in thermodynamics and kinetics, the oxidation of water on photoanode is much more challenging, because the formation of O2 involves the four-holes reaction process that is more difficult than the two-protons reduction. Accordingly, the oxidation of water into O2 is the rate-determining reaction for PEC water splitting, which is closely affected by the light harvesting, charge separation and transfer, as well as surface activity of photoanode. In principle, water oxidation is initiated by the photo-excited charge of photoanode. In this review, we took hematite photoanode as a typical example to illustrate the progress in modifying the charge separation and migration property of metal-oxide photoanodes for water oxidation. The typical strategies adopted to facilitate the charge transfer and separation of hematite photoanode were specifically summarized. In addition, the views designing and developing hematite photoanode with high-performance for water oxidation were presented. This review provides comprehensive information about the state-of-the-art progress of hematite-based photoanodes and forecast the developing directions of photoanode materials for solar water splitting.
Jumping archer fish exhibit multiple modes of fin–fin interaction
Authors: Mendelson Leah , Techet Alexandra H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Aquatic organisms jumping for aerial prey require high-performance propulsion, accurate aim, and trajectory control to succeed. Archer fish, capable of jumping up to twice their body length out of the water, address these considerations through multifaceted fin and body kinematics. In this study, we utilized 3D synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry to visualize the wakes of archer fish throughout the jumping process. We found that multiple modes of interaction between the anal and caudal fins occur during jump behaviors. Time-resolved volumetric measurements presented herein illustrate the hydrodynamics of each interaction mode in detail. Additionally, regardless of which fin uses and interactions were exhibited during a jump, we found similar relationships between the cumulative impulse of multiple propulsive vortices in the wake and the instantaneous ballistic momentum of the fish. Our results suggests that fin use may compensate for variations in individual kinematic events and in the aiming posture assumed prior to jumping and highlight how interactions between tailbeats and other fins help the archer fish reach necessary prey heights in a spatially- and visually-constrained environment. In the broader context of bioinspired propulsion, the archer fish exemplifies that multiple beneficial hydrodynamic interactions can be generated in a high-performance scenario using a single set of actuators.
Hazardous air pollutant exposure as a contributing factor to COVID-19 mortality in the United States
Authors: Petroni Michael , Hill Dustin , Younes Lylla , Barkman Liesl , Howard Sarah , Howell I Brielle , Mirowsky Jaime , Collins Mary B 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To date, COVID-19 has claimed more than 100 000 American lives. Early inquiry suggests preexisting conditions are key risk factors contributing to COVID-19 mortality and air pollution exposure could exacerbate this relationship. Building on prior research linking deaths from respiratory viruses to air pollution exposures, we investigate how 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) respiratory hazard quotient and respiratory hazard index are related to COVID-19 mortality. Our focus on HAPs builds upon the knowledge base linking poor air quality to COVID-19 mortality, since most (if not all) earlier studies only include criteria pollutants. Herein, we examine the relationship between HAP exposure and US-based COVID-19 mortality, while controlling for socioeconomic status, population health indicators, and exposure to PM2.5 and ozone. We fit county-level negative binomial mixed models, predicting COVID-19 mortality as a function of HAP respiratory toxicity levels and relevant covariates. We include models for combined exposure to HAPs, as well as for specific pollutants. We find that an increase in the respiratory hazard index is associated with a 9% increase in COVID-19 mortality. Although differing in magnitude, this association holds for individual HAPs acetaldehyde, and diesel PM. These findings help us to understand variation in US-based COVID-19 mortality rates, reinforce existing research linking air pollution to mortality, and emphasize the importance of regulatory efforts to limit air pollution exposure risk.
Extensive aircraft activity impacts subsistence areas: acoustic evidence from Arctic Alaska
Authors: Stinchcomb Taylor R , Brinkman Todd J , Betchkal Davyd 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Aircraft activity is expanding across Arctic Alaska, potentially changing social-ecological systems. Arctic communities report that aircraft disturb wildlife and negatively influence harvest practices and experiences. Limited data have restricted knowledge about the extent of aircraft activity over traditional harvest areas. Our objective was to use soundscape monitoring methods to document aircraft overflights around the rural subsistence-based community of Nuiqsut to inform impact mitigation processes. This study provides the first quantitative estimates of aircraft activity in rural Arctic Alaska. We deployed 20 acoustic monitoring systems in summer 2016 along travel corridors used to harvest caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Sound recordings captured 7465 aircraft events during peak caribou harvest season. Aircraft activity reached a median of 12 overflights per day near human development, approximately six times greater than undeveloped areas. Aircraft noise decreased incrementally with distance from human development. Given that subsistence harvesters report that aircraft startle caribou and prefer to avoid aircraft themselves, this result implies that they will need to travel farther for a successful harvest, incurring higher costs of fuel, equipment, and effort. Such costs could be prohibitive for many harvesters. Our research demonstrates that acoustic data can aid in understanding how human-to-human interactions impact social-ecological dynamics in the Arctic.
Why escape is faster than expected
Authors: Attarchi Hassan , Bunimovich Leonid A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We consider chaotic (hyperbolic) dynamical systems which have a generating Markov partition. Then, open dynamical systems are built by making one element of a Markov partition a ‘hole’ through which orbits escape. We compare various estimates of the escape rate which correspond to a physical picture of leaking in the entire phase space. Moreover, we uncover a reason why the escape rate is faster than expected, which is the convexity of the function defining escape rate. Exact computations are present for the skewed tent map and Arnold’s cat map.
Application studies of organomineral fertilizer for restoration under the conditions of the Far North of disturbed illuvious-ferruginous podbur
Authors: Yu Aladin D , Sevostyanov S M , Deeva N F , Demin D V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The work is devoted to the use of organomineral fertilizer (OMF) based on food waste for sowing three mixtures of perennial cereals and the reclamation of an illuvial-ferruginous podbur in the Far North. Under the conditions of a model experiment, it was found that when OMF is introduced in fractions of 25 and 50%, the physicochemical properties of the soil improve. There is an increase in the green mass of plants relative to the control by 2.3 times. Adding 50% of the presented fertilizer leads to inhibition of cereals. The mass of plantings at this dose of fertilizer approaches the figures appearing in the experiment with 25% OMF. The presented organic-mineral fertilizer based on food waste can be used for the rehabilitation of disturbed soils of the illuvial-ferruginous podbur as fertilizer.
Polymeric stabilization of drilling drills with low content of solid phase
Authors: Lukanina Yu K , Belenko E V , Sakharov P A , Khvatov A V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article is devoted to identifying the relationship between the structure-forming properties of polymer stabilizers of clay suspensions (drilling fluids) and the structure of their macromolecules based on thermodynamic representations of the stability of polymer-dispersed systems. New types of polymer-micellar gels combining high structural and pseudo-plastic properties and optimal surface-active characteristics characteristic of concentrated micellar systems of the “surfactant-solubilizate” type are presented.
Evaluation of organomineral fertilizer for restoration under the conditions of the Far North of disturbed illuvious-ferruginous podzol
Authors: Sevostyanov S M , Deeva N F , Yu Aladin D , Demin D V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The results of a model experiment on the use of organomineral fertilizer (OMF) based on food waste for the sowing of three mixtures of perennial cereals on a sample of the soil type of the Far North: an illuvial -ferruginous podzol with the aim of developing a technology for the restoration of disturbed soil cover are presented. It was revealed that when OMF is added in the amount of 25 and 50%, the physicochemical properties of the soil improve; there is an increase in the green mass of plants relative to control by an average of 3.3 times. When 50% of this fertilizer is applied, signs of plant inhibition are observed on day 18, which indicates an overabundance of nutrients in the soil. The mass of plants at this concentration is close to the values obtained at 25% OMF content. Organomineral fertilizer based on food waste with the obtained characteristics can be used in the restoration of the illuvial-ferruginous podzol as a reclamation fertilizer. Keywords: organic-mineral fertilizer, perennial cereals, physicochemical properties of soils.
Impact of environmental factors on agrofibers based on “green” polymers
Authors: Tertyshnaya Yu V , Olkhov A A , Levina N S , Bidey I A , Moskovskiy M N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Influence of different environmental factors on the degradation of fibrous samples based on polylactic acid and poly-3-hydroxybuturate was studied in this work. The article presents data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrolytic degradation of nonwoven fibers, degradation in soil and under UV light were investigated. It was found that the degree of degradation of the material obtained from the 5% PHB solution was higher than from 7 and 9 %. It was shown that after 60 days of soil exposure, the samples of nonwoven fibers PLA and PLA-PHB collapsed into fragments and melting temperature of both samples was reduced by 11-12 °C. The degree of crystallinity also significantly decreased.
Distress and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Care: Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Hoogendoorn Claire J , Schechter Clyde B , Llabre Maria M , Walker Elizabeth A , Gonzalez Jeffrey S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Conflicting research emphasizes depression, diabetes distress, or well-being in relation to diabetes self-care and risk for poor health outcomes.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to test whether a latent variable for general psychological distress derived from shared variance of depression symptoms, diabetes distress, and well-being predicts a latent variable of diabetes self-care and to examine evidence for unique effects once shared effects are adjusted for.

Methods
Adults with suboptimally controlled diabetes were recruited from the South Bronx, NY, for a telephonic diabetes self-management support trial. Baseline diabetes self-care, medication adherence, depression symptoms, diabetes distress, and well-being were measured by validated self-report. Structural equation modeling specified a latent variable for general psychological distress derived from shared variance of depression symptoms, diabetes distress, and well-being. Diabetes self-care was a latent variable indicated by diet, glucose self-monitoring, and medication adherence.

Results
Participants (N = 627, 65% female) were predominantly ethnic minority (70% Hispanic; 45% Black) and 77% reported household income &lt;$20K/year. Mean (standard deviation) age = 56 (12) years; A1c = 9.1% (1.9%); body mass index = 32 (8) kg/m2. The latent variable for psychological distress was a robust predictor of poorer diabetes self-care (coefficient = −0.59 [confidence interval = −0.71, −0.46], p &lt; .001) with good model fit. Unique paths from depression symptoms, diabetes distress, and well-being (all ps &gt; .99) to self-care were not observed.

Conclusions
In this population of disadvantaged adults with suboptimally controlled diabetes, general psychological distress was strongly associated with poorer diabetes self-care and fully accounted for the effects of depression, diabetes distress, and positive well-being. This suggests that general distress may underlie previously reported associations between these constructs and diabetes self-care.
Bronchiolar Adenoma/Pulmonary Ciliated Muconodular Papillary Tumor
Authors: Shirsat Hemlata , Zhou Fang , Chang Jason C , Rekhtman Natasha , Saqi Anjali , Argyropoulos Kimon , Azour Lea , Simms Anthony , Melamed Jonathan , Hung Yin P , Roden Anja C , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Moreira Andre L , Narula Navneet 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the histologic features that are helpful in the diagnosis of the rare bronchiolar adenomas/ciliated muconodular papillary tumors (BAs/CMPTs) during intraoperative consultation.

Methods
Multi-institutional retrospective review of frozen sections of 18 BAs/CMPTs.

Results
In 14 of 18 cases, BA/CMPT was the primary reason for sublobar lung resection, and in 4 cases, BA/CMPT was an incidental finding intraoperatively for resections performed for carcinoma in other lobes. There were 11 proximal-type/classic BAs/CMPTs and 7 distal-type/nonclassic BAs/CMPTs. Only 3 (16.7%) of 18 were correctly diagnosed at the time of frozen section, all of which were proximal type/classic. The remainder were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma (n = 7); invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (n = 1); non–small cell lung carcinoma (n = 1); cystic mucinous neoplasm, favor adenocarcinoma (either mucinous or colloid type) (n = 1); favor adenocarcinoma, cannot exclude CMPT (n = 1); atypical proliferation (n = 2); mucinous epithelial proliferation (n = 1); and mucous gland adenoma (n = 1).

Conclusions
BA/CMPT can potentially be misdiagnosed as carcinoma during intraoperative consultation. On retrospective review of the frozen sections, the presence of the following may help to avoid misdiagnosis: a mixture of bland ciliated columnar cells, mucinous cells, and, most important, a basal cell layer, as well as a lack of necrosis, significant atypia, and mitoses.