bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Fertilizer and Night Interruption on Overwinter Survival of Rooted Cuttings of Quercus L.
Authors: Drew John J. , Dirr Michael A. , Armitage Allan M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of night interruption (NI) and fertilizer (F) on the overwinter survival of rooted cuttings, collected on May 15 and June 18, of Quercus lyrata Walter, Q. phellos L., Q. robur L., Q. rubra L., and Q. virginiana Mill., were determined. Ideally, after Quercus cuttings root, a growth flush must be induced in order to insure overwinter survival (OS). For the May 15 cuttings that produced at least one flush of growth prior to dormancy, OS was 100%, regardless of species or treatment. Quercus lyrata survived 100% regardless of treatment or cutting date. Quercus phellos survived best under a night interruption-no fertilizer (NI-NF) treatment. When no growth flush occurred prior to overwintering, cuttings of Q. robur under short day-no fertilizer (SD-NF) and NI-NF survived in the highest percentages.
Cuttings from the June 18 sample data generally overwintered best under NI-NF treatment. Quercus lyrata OS was 100% under the SD-NF and NI-NF treatments. NI-NF produced the greatest OS of Q. phellos, Q. rubra and Q. virginiana. With the exception of Q. lyrata, all rooted cuttings that broke bud prior to overwintering survived 100%.
Shoot growth produced by the rooted cuttings was greatest under NI-F for all species except Q. rubra. The amount of growth varied according to species.
Suitability of Juniper Cultivars for Survival and Growth of the Bagworm
Authors: Johnson Monte P. , Potter Daniel A. , Gilmore Geoffrey S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Relative suitability of 23 cultivars of juniper (Juniperus spp.) for growth and survival of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) was evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. Weight gain, developmental rate, and survival of bagworms differed significantly among groups of larvae fed foliage from different cultivars. By these criteria, cultivars ‘Expansa’ and ‘Hibemica’ were most unsuitable for survival and development of bagworms, whereas ‘Broadmoor’ and ‘Emerald Isle’ were consistently among the most suitable cultivars. This study suggests that use of certain juniper cultivars may be useful in managing this perennial insect pest in urban landscapes.
Herbicide Levels in Nursery Containment Pond Water and Sediments
Authors: Camper N. D. , Whitwell T. , Keese R. J. , Riley M. B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Herbicide movement from broadcast granular applications via runoff waters into containment ponds was monitored over a two-year period. The nursery site was approximately 20 ha (50 A) and contained all runoff waters and recycled it for irrigation. Levels of pendimethalin, oryzalin and oxyfluorfen applied as either OH-2 or Rout herbicides were determined in containment pond water and sediment. Herbicides were extracted by a solid-phase column method and analyzed by HPLC with confirmation by GC-MS. Generally, low herbicide levels (highest level detected was 0.013 μg/ml in water and 12 μg/g in sediment) were detected compared to quantities applied [12 to 50 kg (26 to 110 lb) ai per year]. Results showed that herbicide levels did not accumulate in containment ponds following repeated applications and there was no correlation of herbicide levels detected with amount or timing of herbicide applications.
Development of a Computer Database for Vegetative Propagation of Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Burger David W. , Lee Choong I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooting data from more than 40 different publications for the last 60 years were collected and organized into a computer database. The database contains 1400 records representing 300 genera, 700 species and 750 cultivars. Information can be retrieved from the database using keywords common to rooting literature including genus, type of cutting, time of year, rooting medium, time to root and location. The information in the database details specific propagation techniques which is retrieved using the MS-DOS software askSam™.
Evaluation of Three Imidazolinone Herbicides for Control of Yellow and Purple Nutsedge in Woody and Herbaceous Landscape Plants
Authors: Hurt R.T. , Vencill W.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Foliar-applications of Pursuit applied at 280 and 560 g/ha (4 and 8 oz/A) provided 97% purple nutsedge and 86% yellow nutsedge control at 560 g/ha (8 oz/A). Foliar-applications of Cadre applied at 70 g/ha(1 oz/A) provided 95% purple nutsedge and 61% yellow nutsedge control. Image provided 70 and 77% yellow nutsedge and 56 and 59% purple nutsedge control applied at 430 g/ha (6 oz/A) and 560 g/ha (8 oz/A), respectively. Azalea ‘Macrantha Orange’ was not tolerant to any of the imidazolinone herbicides tested. Likewise, shore juniper exhibited 17 to 35% growth reduction from the imidazolinone herbicides 4 WAT. Juniper growth reductions increased to between 25 and 37% 8 WAT. Redtip photinia was tolerant to Image at 430 and 560 g/ha (6 and 8 oz/A) and Cadre applied at 35 g/ha (0.5 oz/A). Pursuit-treated photinia exhibited 26 to 33% growth reductions 4 WAT. Green liriope was tolerant of all herbicide treatments 4 WAT. Of the 13 bedding plant taxa tested only French marigolds were found tolerant of Pursuit.
Cold Storage Method Affects Root and Shoot Water Potential of Bare-root Hawthorn and Maple Trees
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alexander X. , Seiler John R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Desiccation of bare-root tree seedlings during storage can result in reduced growth and poor quality after transplanting. For 12 weeks, shoot and root water potentials of bare-root Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Medic.) seedlings were measured in response to four cold storage treatments: whole plant exposed, roots exposed, shoots exposed, whole plant covered. In another experiment, water loss was measured from stem sections of both species during four weeks of cold storage. Shoot and root water potentials decreased during storage regardless of treatment or species. For maple, shoot and root water potentials of the exposed shoot treatment were the same as the whole plant covered treatment. In contrast, hawthorn shoot and root water potentials of the exposed shoot treatment were lower (more negative) than for the whole plant covered treatment. Most of the water stress experienced by roots and shoots of both species accumulated during the first six weeks of storage. Water loss was greater for hawthorn stem sections than for maple during the first two weeks of storage. Results indicated that while protection of roots of all bare-root stock reduces water loss, sensitive species such as Washington hawthorn require both root and shoot protection to minimize water loss.
A Germination Protocol for Small Seed Lots
Authors: Munson Richard H. , Nicholson Robert G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The nursery industry depends on public gardens to supply propagation material for newly introduced plant species grown from seed. Most seed obtained by public gardens is received in small quantities and must be handled efficiently to assure at least minimal germination. A seed germination protocol is proposed which leads the propagator through a series of steps including a systematic search of the literature, a comparison of species about which little or nothing is known to related species with known propagation methods, a study of the climatic conditions present in the seeds' native area, a study of ecological factors that may affect germination, and finally to the propagation process itself. Examples are provided which illustrate how the protocol is used.
Landscape Installation Firms: I. Business Characteristics and Trends Affecting Industry Performance
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey of landscape installers in Georgia gathered information that would help segments of the green industry work together more effectively. We received 80 completed questionnaires for a 42.3% response rate. Approximately 76% of the firms surveyed were in the metro Atlanta area with 79% of all landscape projects located in Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia firms conducted approximately 98% of their business in Georgia. Three size classes of firms were established based on the 1993 wholesale value of plant material purchased, small (≤ $50K), medium ($50K-$200K), and large (&gt; $200K). Approximately 20% of the firms accounted for 80% of the plants purchased. Large firms had a higher percentage of their projects designed by a landscape architect as compared to small or medium sized firms. Industry trends most frequently identified as having a potential positive impact on the industry over the next five years were: (1) an improving economy due to low interest rates (25.4%), (2) growing consumer interest in the quality of the environment (13.8%), (3) better consumer understanding of the value and benefits of landscaping (12.3%), (4) population growth in Atlanta area (12.3%), and (5) increased industry professionalism and establishment of minimum standards (9.4%). The five trends with the greatest potential for negative impact on the industry were identified as: (1) government mandated employee benefits (23.0%), (2) competitors that bid below the reasonable cost for a job (21.6%), (3) government regulations and taxes (15.8%), (4) increased interest rates (10.8%), and (5) more start-up companies and out-of-state competition (9.4%).
Cyclic Microirrigation in Container-grown Landscape Plants Improves Plant Growth and Water Conservation
Authors: Beeson R. C. , Haydu J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four tree (Acer rubrum L., Ulmus alata Michx., Quercus virginiana Mill, and Lagerstroemia indica L.) and two landscape shrub species (Rhododendron indicum L. ‘Formosa’ and Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.) were grown in 10-liter (#3) polyethylene containers. Plants were irrigated with overhead impact sprinklers (control) or with individual low volume spray stakes. Microirrigated treatments consisted of same or double volume per day per container as controls applied as one to three cyclic subvolumes. Shrub growth was seldom influenced by irrigation treatment. Xeric tree species (U. alata and Q. virginiana) grew as well with single volumes applied in 2 cycles as double volumes applied in 3 cycles; both produced significantly larger trees than the control. Mesic species (A. rubrum and L. indica) irrigated with double volumes in 3 cycles produced the largest trees that were significantly larger than single volume microirrigated or control trees. Growth of single cycle, single volume trees (overhead and microirrigation) was equivalent; thus, growth effects were due to cycling, not microirrigation. With commercially representative container spacings used, superior trees were produced with cycled microirrigation using 25% (xeric) or 50% (mesic) of the water volume per area applied through the overhead sprinkler. Further aspects of irrigation requirements and water efficiency are discussed.
Effects of Four Compaction Remediation Methods for Landscape Trees on Soil Aeration, Mechanical Impedance and Tree Establishment
Authors: Day S. D. , Bassuk N. L. , van Es H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Landscape trees are often planted in heavily compacted soils around newly constructed buildings or in urban areas. Under such conditions, trees frequently die, or decline prematurely. Four techniques for improving tree establishment on such sites were studied: peat-amended backfill; vertical drainage mat panels; radiating trenches filled with sandy loam soil; and vertical, gravel-filled sump drains. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum ‘Seneca Chief’), a species sensitive to soil compaction, and the less sensitive Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Redspire’) were planted bare root into treatments in a compacted silty clay loam soil. Controls were backfilled with native soil. Shoot and root growth were measured over three growing seasons. Soil air oxygen content was monitored for one year. Effects of treatments on soil compaction were characterized using measurements of both soil strength and bulk density. Shoot growth of pears was greatest for treatments that alleviated mechanical impedance (soil trenches and amended backfill) and least for treatments that did not (controls and vertical drains). Drainage mats, which may alleviate mechanical impedance to a lesser degree, showed intermediate growth. Root growth was well correlated with shoot growth. Length of 2 to 5-mm diameter roots was greater for pears in soil trench treatments than for those with no treatment (controls) at the end of 3 growing seasons. Vertical drainage mats and vertical gravel-filled sump drains were shown to increase O2 percent in surrounding soil. Regardless of treatment, all oxygen levels were usually close to atmospheric levels and never lower than 10%. Maple mortality was high and no treatment effects were shown.
Chopped Newspaper for Weed Control in Nursery Crops
Authors: Pellett Norman E. , Heleba David A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chopped newspaper was evaluated as a weed control mulch for nursery row crops. Newspaper mulch at 2.3 and 3.6 kg/m2 [4.2 lb/yd2 (≈ 10 cm or 4 in depth) and 6.3 lb/yd2 (≈ 15 cm or 6 in depth), resp.] suppressed weed germination for two seasons without a negative effect on Daphne burkwoodii ‘Carol Mackie’, Physostegia virginiana, and Salix caprea. Gaillardia grandiflora had less growth when mulched with newspaper during one experiment, but not in another. The authors observed that wetting the newspaper mulch after application followed by compression with a lawn roller pressed the paper into a mat which resisted blowing and weathering. Further reduction in blowing of paper mulch was achieved by applying a tackifier after rolling. Bark mulch at 19.4 dm3/m2 (988 in3/yd2 ≈ 10 cm or 4 in depth) resulted in weed suppression comparable to either of the two rates of newspaper mulch and better than bark at 9.7 dm3/m2 (494 in3/yd2 ≈ 5 cm or 2 in depth). All mulch treatments moderated maximum soil temperatures on July 5, 1993 at 7.5 cm (3 in) depth by more than 10C (18F) when non-mulched soil increased to 36C (96.8F). The rate or type of mulch applied resulted in similar summer soil temperatures at 2.5 and 7.5 cm (1 and 3 in) soil depth.
Proving the Economic Importance of the Greenhouse, Nursery and Sod Industry: A New Jersey Case Study
Authors: Tavernier Edmund M. , Li Farong , Thatch Daymon W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The economic contribution of the greenhouse, nursery and sod (GNS) sector to the economy of New Jersey was analyzed using Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN). The results were analyzed in terms of employment, employee compensation, and total industry output, and were disaggregated into direct, indirect and induced effects of GNS activity. The analysis shows that the direct contribution of the GNS sector generated substantial indirect and induced economic effects in the real estate sector. The indirect effects were also great for the wholesale, agricultural services and agricultural chemicals sector, while the general merchandise, and the apparel and accessories sectors experienced major gains from the induced effects of GNS activity.
Granular Preemergence Applied Herbicides Influence Annual Bedding Plant Growth
Authors: Thetford Mack , Gilliam Charles H. , Williams J. David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of preemergence applied herbicides on annual bedding plants. In experiment 1, five preemergence applied herbicides were evaluated for control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) and prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistata Engelm. ex Gray) and phytotoxicity to spring planted herbaceous bedding plants. Dimension 0.5G (dithiopyr) applied at 1.1, 2.2 or 3.4 kg ai/ha (1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 lb ai/A), Southern Weedgrass Control (SWGC) (pendimethalin) 2.68G and Rout 3G (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) each applied at 1.7, 3.4 or 6.7 kg ai/ha (1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 lb ai/A), Snapshot 2.5TG (trifluralin + isoxaben) applied at 3.4 or 6.7 kg ai/ha (3.0 or 6.0 lb ai/A) and Ronstar 2G (oxadiazon) applied at 4.5 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A) controlled both weeds up to 60 days after treatment (DAT). Bedding plant tolerance varied with herbicide and application rate. Basil and salvia were sensitive to Snapshot (trifluralin + isoxaben) [6.7 kg ai/ha (6.0 lb ai/A)], while Ronstar (oxadiazon) [4.5 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A)] injured begonia and impatiens. Species sensitive to Dimension (dithiopyr) at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha (2.0 and 3.0 lb ai/A) 60 DAT were begonia, salvia, and nicotiana. Bedding plants sensitive to SWGC (pendimethalin) were celosia and salvia. Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) was injurious to most species evaluated at 6.7 kg ai/ha (6.0 lb ai/A) and in some cases at 3.4 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A). In experiments 2 and 3, shoot growth of impatiens, geranium, basil, and ageratum was not affected by any herbicide treatment. However, impatiens root growth was suppressed (30 DAT) with Dimension (dithiopyr), Snapshot (trifluralin + isoxaben), SWGC (pendimethalin) (high rate only), and Ronstar (oxadiazon). Basil root growth was suppressed 15 DAT with Dimension (dithiopyr), Snapshot (trifluralin + isoxaben), and SWGC (pendimethalin); however, all root dry weights were similar to control root dry weights at 30 DAT.
Variation in Response of Selected American Elm Clones to Ophiostoma ulmi
Authors: Townsend A.M. , Bentz S.E. , Johnson G.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ramets of nine American elm (Ulmus americana L.) clones or cultivars were planted with ramets of Ulmus ‘Frontier’, Ulmus ‘Prospector’, and American elm seedlings in a randomized block, split-plot design. When they were three years old, the trees were inoculated in the main trunk on either one of two selected dates in May with a spore suspension of Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal fungus for Dutch elm disease (DED). Analyses of variance showed significant variation among clones and between inoculation dates in disease symptoms four weeks and one year after inoculation. Inoculations made on May 18 generally created significantly more symptoms than inoculations made only nine days later. Four-week symptom expression was influenced also by a significant interaction between clonal or seedling group and inoculation date. When data from both inoculation dates were combined, six American elm clones (‘American Liberty’, ‘Princeton’, 680, R18–2, 180, and 3) showed significantly fewer foliar symptoms after four weeks than the American elm seedlings and three other American elm clones. Five of these same six more tolerant American clones averaged significantly less crown dieback after one year than the other American clones or seedlings tested. One of the American elm clones (clone 3) showed a level of disease tolerance equal statistically to ‘Frontier’ and ‘Prospector’, two cultivars which have shown a high degree of tolerance to DED in other studies.
Cyclic Irrigation and Media Affect Container Leachate and Ageratum Growth
Authors: Fare Donna C. , Gilliam Charles H. , Keever Gary J. , Reed R. Bruce 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted with container-grown Ageratum houstonianum Mill. ‘Blue Puffs’ to compare cyclic and continuous irrigations. In experiment 1, leachate volumes were reduced about 54% with 0.4 cm (0.16 in) cyclic irrigation treatments applied with either a 30 min or 2 hr resting phase compared to continuous inigation of 0.4 cm (0.15 in). Total N leached was about 47% less with the cyclic treatments compared to continuous irrigation. In experiment 2, container leachate volumes and N leached were higher from a pine bark:sand medium, while plants were smaller compared to a pine bark:peat medium. Growth index and root distribution weresimilar with cyclic and continuous irrigation.
Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) Control in a Kentucky Bluegrass Turfgrass with Borax
Authors: Hatterman-Valenti Harlene , Owen Micheal D. K. , Christians Nick E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) control and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) tolerance to Twenty Mule Team Borax, Super Trimec, and Sharpshooter applications. Ground ivy control improved with time in 1991 whereas the inverse was true in 1992. Liquid borax at 610 g/100m2 and Super Trimec at 560 ml/100m2 controlled ground ivy consistently (≥85%) during 1991 and 1992. Ground ivy control with dry borax was not as good as liquid borax when each application was applied at 305 g/100m2. Unacceptable ground ivy control occurred with Sharpshooter. All treatments caused turfgrass injury in 1991. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), injury increased to 30 and 40% for the 305 and 610 g/100 m2 (10 and 20 oz/1000 ft2) liquid borax treatments, respectively. No turfgrass injury however was observed the following spring. In 1992, only Sharpshooter caused injury 2 WAT. Weather differences after the applications contributed to the variability in ground ivy control and turfgrass injury between years. These results indicate that boron can be used to selectively control ground ivy in a Kentucky bluegrass turf with a 610 g/100 m2 (20 oz/1000 ft2) liquid borax application with only temporary turfgrass injury.
Landscape Maintenance Firms: III. Opportunities for Cooperation in the Landscape/Nursery Industry
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Landscape maintenance firms in Georgia identified opportunities for landscape architects, landscape installers, growers, and university personnel to better serve their industry. The primary opportunities for landscape architects were to consider plant maintenance in the design stage (32.9%) and to specify plants with proven performance (27.6%). Landscape installers were asked to improve planting techniques (39.2%) and perform their own installation activities to ensure quality (27.5%). The top 2 opportunities for growers were improved quality and size standards for plant material (22.4%) and to supply new and different plants (16.4%). University personnel were asked to provide training and certification courses (37.9%) and landscape maintenance publications with information on pest management (19.7%). Landscape maintenance firms also identified the most common complaints received from their customers and the sources of information that influenced which plants to purchase. This information provides valuable insight into the needs of landscape maintenance firms and establishes a basis for more effective cooperation and marketing in the nursery/landscape industry.
Nursery Production Method Affects Root Growth
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Beeson Richard C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study compared growth and biomass distribution on two commonly grown trees produced in plastic containers with those in fabric containers and in the field. Shoot: root ratio on field-grown and fabric container-grown laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia Michx.) was higher than on holly (Ilex × attenuata Ashe. ‘East Palatka’). Ratios were similar for trees grown in plastic containers. Compared to oaks, a larger portion of holly root balls was comprised of small diameter roots. Root spread of field-grown laurel oak was similar to those produced in fabric containers. Trees of both species growing in plastic containers had several times more fine root mass (roots 2 mm or less diameter) within the root ball than those dug from the field or fabric containers. Total root ball root weight in plastic containers was less than in field-and fabric container grown trees. Root weight inside the root balls for field-grown and fabric container-grown trees was similar but field-grown root balls were twice the volume. Only 17% (field) and 26% (fabric containers) of holly root weight within the root ball was from roots 10 mm or less in diameter. However, 48% percent of root weight on trees grown in plastic containers was in this diameter class. Between 68 and 84%, depending on species and production method, of total-tree root weight was inside the root ball. Between 10% and 18.1%, depending on species and production method, of roots 2 mm or less in diameter was inside the root ball.