bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active coating including microorganism for indoor formaldehyde degradation
Authors: Senechal T , Castro C C , Viseur J , Ducoulembier A , Hantson A-L , Lahem D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indoor environmental contamination of residential units and workplaces is a major problem that needs efficient, durable and environmentally friendly solutions. The development of active coatings capable of entrapping and degrading selectively pollutants such as formaldehyde is herein proposed. Freeze-dried Pseudomonas putida sp. cells were introduced in sol-gel coatings. Precursor ratio, thickness and water content of the coatings were the parameters used to optimize their effectiveness on formaldehyde degradation. Although with different abilities, bacterial cells immobilized into the distinct sol-gel formulations were able to degrade formaldehyde. The presence of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and polyethylene glycol in the sol-gel promoted the enzymatic degradation of formaldehyde as they provide the stability of the humidity of the coatings and so, the well-being of the cells. Storage temperature and time proved to be important variables for keeping the enzymatic activity of degrading-microorganisms incorporated in the sol-gel coatings. Coating formulations promoting the higher abilities to degrade formaldehyde provided also good mechanical properties.
Optimizing Indoor Environmental Quality in hot arid climates
Authors: Wagdi Dalia , Tarabieh Khaled , Grant Phillipa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a key indicator of the quality of the built environment and the health of its occupants. The purpose of this study is to investigate a range of IEQ parameters in buildings located in hot, arid climates, representing some of the recurring challenges in offices. The study aims to identify the main IEQ factors and their acceptable ranges, including light, thermal comfort, air quality and noise. An IEQ index is utilized (Wagdi et. al 2017) as a tool which assesses the predefined IEQ parameters in office buildings providing a rating scheme which aggregates the obtained readings. Data collected from offices located in Dubai and Cairo is used to assess the indoor environment against defined benchmarks. The full range of parameters was monitored in a group of office spaces and the obtained readings were used to compute the IEQ index. For this investigation, all offices were completely fit out and tests were performed after at least one month of operation. The recorded results demonstrate that with careful design and informed material selection, acceptable IEQ levels can be achieved. The results and application of the index aim to provide an assessment tool to optimize design and construction practices, ultimately improving employee productivity, comfort and health.
An improved integrated comfort control algorithm with cooling and ventilation systems to maintain indoor relative humidity
Authors: Ho Kim Sun , Ran Yoon Young , Won Kim Jeong , Jun Moon Hyeun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study evaluates an improved Integrated Comfort Control (ICC) algorithm with an air conditioner and ventilator system that considers the outdoor environment to ensure appropriate indoor thermal comfort for occupants. In this investigation, the ICC algorithm has been improved to maintain acceptable indoor humidity levels within a comfortable range using a ventilation system. To evaluate this algorithm, we performed experiments and simulations in a virtual testbed. In Case 1 (mild and humid outdoor air) and Case 2 (hot and humid outdoor air), the comfort ratios increased from 0% to 52.1% and from 0% to 45.0%, respectively, with the improved ICC algorithm. The evaluation results show that the improved ICC algorithm can help indoor conditions to reach a defined comfort range quickly and maintain these conditions well.
Modelling and optimization of helical steel piles as in-ground heat exchangers for Ground-Source Heat Pumps
Authors: Nicholson Sarah R , Mwesigye Aggrey , Dworkin Seth B 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ground source heat pumps are a sustainable way to provide building heating and cooling due to their efficient use of near-constant ground temperatures as mediums for heat exchange. Conventional in-ground heat exchangers are limited by the large size of required borehole field installations and the high economic costs, therefore the pairing of in-ground structural helical piles with these heat exchangers offers a system of geothermal heating and cooling which can be more accessible and lower cost than traditional equipment. In this research, a novel helical steel pile was modelled using a 3-D numerical model and finite element analysis. This model was first validated with experimental data from a double-tube pile, with 24-hr transient operation outlet temperatures accurate within 3%. Finally, the steady state heat exchange rate per unit area was calculated, with the new helical steel pile geometry yielding an increase of 8.6 W/m, 13.2 W/m, and 16.2 W/m (for 2 L/min, 4 L/min, and 8 L/min flowrates respectively) over the validation model.
Research on the influence of coal to electric heating on regional power grid in Northern China
Authors: Ding Xingli , Ma Rongjiang , Shan Ming , Rong Xing , Wang Xianlin , Yang Xudong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
North china has been implementing large-scale coal-to-electricity action, for air pollution reduction and rural household indoor environment improvement. This cause electricity fluctuations and load increase. This paper characterizes patterns of three dominated electric heating equipment in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region (BTT), which are thermal storage electric heating radiators (TSEHRs), air-to-water heat pumps (AWHPs), and low temperature air-to-air heat pumps (AAHPs), and estimate their impact on the power grid system of BTT. Due to physical properties, TSEHRs keep operating as a direct-acting electric heating radiator during the daytime, consequently, caused a high electricity consumption up to 144.3 (kWh/m2); AWHPs had to uninterrupted operate to keep heating each currently in-use room, and electricity consumption was 65.6 (kWh/m2); electricity consumption of AAHPs fell to 29.7 (kWh/m2), benefited from separate installation and intermittent operation. Based on those patterns, the impact on power grid system of large scale adoption in BTT were estimated: daily peak-valley ratios of the typical daily load curve, which respectively turned into 42.5%, 22.4%,21.8% from original 26.5%, and the load increase rates of the original monthly maximum load throughout the year, respectively were 101.5%, 9.0%, 2%.
Simulation and analysis of load shifting and energy saving potential of CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation in a sports training center
Authors: Heidar Esfehani Hamidreza , Schäuble Jakob , Paul Elena , Bohne Dirk 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate and characterize the impact of optimizing the operation of the HVAC system through maintaining dynamic CO2-based Demand-Controlled ventilation (DCV) on the electricity load profile and energy consumption of the sports training center of Leibniz University Hannover. The actual ventilation control scheme, in which the operation of the HVAC system is operated with a two-stage volume flow controller based on indoor CO2 concentration is improved through two steps to avoid overventilation and reduce power consumption. For this purpose, a detailed multi-zone model of the sports center and energy supply system has been developed in TRNSYS. In the first step, a multi-stage control scenario is implemented considering the occupancy schedules and indoor CO2 concentration measurement data. In the second step, based on an indoor CO2 concentration model, a predictive control scenario is developed and applied. Aiming at characterizing the influence of these operation scenarios on the power consumption of the building, the annual electricity load profiles of the simulation cases will be analyzed and compared with the actual load profile of the building based on the technical planning documents and data provided by building management system (BMS). Simulation results show that utilizing predictive CO2-based DCV leads to a reduction of the peak load electricity by almost 2 kW and the base load by 5 kW as well as decreasing the annual energy consumption by 40 %.
Building-to-vehicle-to-building approach for the NZEB target at a micro-grid level: a comprehensive sensitivity and parametric post-optimality analysis
Authors: Barone Giovanni , Buonomano Annamaria , Forzano Cesare , Palombo Adolfo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper focuses on a novel energy management approach for cluster of buildings connected in micro-grids by taking advantages from plug-in electric vehicles considered as vector devices for renewable energy exchanges, besides additional high-power appliances and house electricity sources. Such approach allows accelerating the development of nearly zero energy buildings and promoting the deployment of renewable energy sources at a micro grid level. To this aim, a dynamic simulation model, implemented in MatLab was developed for the building energy demands and loads assessment. To show the potentiality of the considered concept and approach, a case study based on a micro-grid consisting of a house and an office building connected by an electric vehicle is presented. The optimization of three different layouts, where electricity is alternatively produced by tilted roof or vertical façade photovoltaic panels is conducted by means of a parametric analysis performed by varying the vehicles energy use, battery capacities and solar field size. Preliminary results show that, by considering economic criteria, by exploiting the renewable energy production on and off-site, the buildings final demands decrease to values lower than those commonly considered for NZEBs.
Experimental assessment of the combined effect of retroreflective façades and pavement in urban canyons
Authors: Castellani Beatrice , Nicolini Andrea , Gambelli Alberto Maria , Filipponi Mirko , Morini Elena , Rossi Federico 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Retro-reflective (RR) materials represent an opportunity to reduce UHI phenomenon due to their ability to reflect most of the incident energy towards the same incoming direction. The RR behaviour depends on the angular distribution of the incident energy: for small incident angle the radiation is reflected mainly backward in the incoming direction; for large angles RR materials reflect the radiation symmetrically with respect to the surface normal. To overtake the limit of RR materials of being mainly retroreflective only for small angles of incidence, the investigation is focused on the optic interaction between vertical and horizontal RR surfaces. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the synergic effect of RR pavements and façades on a physical model in which urban canyon layouts with H/W equal to 1 and 2 are represented. To evaluate the global cooling effect of RR pavements and façades, a new parameter, called equivalent albedo, is introduced and calculated over the canyon’s ceiling. The results show that a canyon with RR vertical surfaces and RR pavement reflects outward more radiation than a canyon with RR vertical surfaces and diffusive pavement due to the interaction of optical properties of the materials.
Data-driven prediction models of multi-dimensional energy consumed in public buildings
Authors: Yibo Chen , Umberto Berardi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Due to the intense pressure from energy shortage and environmental protection, an accurate prediction of building energy consumption is crucial for different energy conservation applications and policies. Besides simulation models and traditional statistical approaches, a data-driven modelling based on energy records provides new opportunities for predicting the building energy demand. This research is conducted based on the whole procedure of data mining with limited datasets, by making use of machine learning techniques and mathematical statistics. Especially, regarding the temporal and the architectural scales, models can be categorized into the short-term prediction, medium-term prediction and long-term prediction of classified energy consumptions, which also represent different modelling characteristics derived from mass data, limited data and poor data respectively. During the modelling process, the fuzzy C-means clustering and the interdisciplinary Lorenz curve were utilized to recognize different energy patterns. Afterwards, models of the nonlinear Support Vector Regression, the Grey model and the traditional polynomial regression were utilized respectively to output the predicted sequence. In summary, with datasets in current energy platforms, this paper presents a study of data-driven models based on energy records considering the nonlinear and uncertain features of different multi-dimensional models.
Simulation-supported shading design optimisation for a multi-storey building with passive cooling
Authors: Eikemeier S , Wimmer R , Mahdavi A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This contribution reports on an ongoing research effort to reduce the heating demand and overheating risk in the cold and warm seasons respectively. A simulation-supported optimisation strategy for life cycle oriented buildings was pursued, resulting also in improved ratings in terms of the concurrently calculated mandatory Austrian energy certificate. Thereby, a range of different building types was considered, including a multi-storey building that uses locally available ecological construction materials and renewable energy. Apart from the heating demand of the building, the indoor environment for selected living units was specifically examined to avoid overheating risk and to increase the thermal comfort for the occupants. To reduce the indoor temperatures for different thermal zones, the dimensions of external shading elements were investigated. Likewise, natural ventilation scenarios were explored to improve summer-time thermal comfort conditions. The results suggest that by using properly dimensioned external fixed shading devices, especially in combination with natural ventilation, the indoor temperatures and also the thermal comfort can be improved significantly, while maintaining the passive house standard according to the Austrian energy certificate.
Prediction of buildings’ cooling energy demand: A comparison of simulation-based and prescriptive approaches
Authors: Alhayek M , Wadi A , Pont U , Mahdavi A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Detailed simulation of buildings’ thermal performance can provide useful information for building designers and engineers. However, deployment of detailed simulation involves a number of challenges, including time and effort expenditures not accounted for in many typical building delivery processes. In this context, careful application of simplified methods may provide – at least for a specific class of applications – a reasonable alternative. The present contribution explores this possibility via a specific case study involving a large sample of residential buildings in Gaza, Palestine. This sample includes some fifty multi-unit apartment buildings representing the bulk of residential building stock in Gaza. These buildings were subjected to computational cooling energy demand assessment, whereby both numeric simulation and derivative simplified methods were applied. Numeric simulations were performed using EnergyPlus. For simplified calculations, a regression-based procedure was derived. Toward this end, a number of candidate independent variables (e.g., compactness, effective window-to-wall ration, LEK value, mean effective U-value) were considered and the level of their association with the computed values of the designated building performance indicators was observed. The comparison of the results of the simplified and simulation-based methods revealed a reasonable level of agreement. In other words, the application of the simplified method provides in the majority of the cases performance indicator values that are close enough to the corresponding results of the simulation-based method. This implies that simplified methods and associated prescriptive procedures may provide an attractive alternative to highly detailed simulation studies in cases were the paucity of information and/or computational resources may represent a challenge (e.g., early design stages, insufficient preparedness of the professional community, contextual constraints).
Heating demand and indoor air temperature prediction in a residential building using physical and statistical models: a comparative study
Authors: Sun Y , Joybari M M , Panchabikesan K , Moreau A , Robichaud M , Haghighat F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Canada, space heating accounts for the largest proportion of energy consumption in residential buildings. Therefore, accurately predicting the heating demand and interior temperature of a residential building plays a vital role in estimating the building’s total energy consumption with the consideration of thermal comfort. The prediction results obtained through different models could be used to develop predictive controllers to achieve peak shifting as well as to provide utility providers with valuable information for electric power distribution. Common methods to predict heating demand mainly include physical models and statistical methods. This study used two physical models (i.e. TRNSYS model and TRNSYS-CONTAM model) and one statistical model using supervised machine learning algorithm to predict the heating demand as well as the indoor temperature of a residential building, located in Quebec, Canada. Results show that TRNSYS-CONTAM model has higher accuracy than TRNSYS model no matter in terms of interior air temperature or heating demand prediction, while the statistical model shows better interior air temperature prediction result than physical models.
Control method for adaptive façades based on energy conservation and glare protection strategies
Authors: Lee Dong-Seok , Ji Kyung-Hwan , Jo Jae-Hun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study focuses on the control method of an adaptive façade based on the combination of energy conservation and glare protection strategies. Two evaluation methods are applied. The first method is to determine the appropriate range of the shading states which allow a minimum amount of solar heat gain and lighting energy requirements in the passive zone. The second method is to determine the appropriate range of the shading states which protect discomfort glare. Finally, the hourly optimal shading state can be determined through the two evaluation methods. In the application, the hourly shading state of a dynamic folding system, which can fully close and open in the two directions, is derived and evaluated. The results of the evaluation showed that the optimal control method suggested in this study can deliver effective energy performance while avoiding discomfort glare.
District household electricity consumption pattern analysis based on auto-encoder algorithm
Authors: Jin Yuan , Yan Da , Zhang Xingxing , Han Mengjie , Kang Xuyuan , An Jingjing , Sun Hongsan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The energy shortage is one key issue for sustainable development, a potential solution of which is the integration with the renewable energy resources. However, the temporal sequential characteristic of renewable resources is different from traditional power grid. For the entire power grid, it is essential to match the energy generation side with the energy consumption side, so the load characteristic at the energy use side is crucial for renewable power integration. Better understanding of energy consumption pattern in buildings contributes to matching different source of energy generation. Under the background of integration of traditional and renewable energy, this research focuses on analysis of different household electricity consumption patterns in an urban scale. The original data is from measurement of daily energy consumption with smart meter in households. To avoid the dimension explosion phenomenon, the auto-encoder algorithm is introduced during the clustering analysis of daily electricity use data, which plays the role of principal component analysis. The clustering based on auto-encoder gives a clear insight into the urban electricity use patterns in household. During the data analysis, several feature variables are proposed, which include peak value, valley value and average value. The distinction analysis is also conducted to evaluate the analysis performance. The study takes households in Nanjing city, China as a case study, to conduct the clustering analysis on electricity consumption of residential buildings. The analysis results can be further applied, such as during the capacity design of district energy storage.
Mitigation of rising urban temperatures starting from historic and modern street canyons towards zero energy settlement
Authors: Lassandro P , Di Turi S , Zaccaro S A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The necessity of restraining global warming to 1.5°C (IPCC Special Report 2018) implies many actions at global and local level in order to reduce CO2 emissions to net zero by 2050. Moreover, in urban area, the intensity of more and more frequent heatwaves is magnified by Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects and it increases the production of CO2 due to the intensification in cooling demand. Over the years, the historic settlement (medieval town) has showed to be more resilient to temperature changes than modern district. This paper compares the historic district with the modern one in Bari (southern Italy) in terms of morphology, type and construction technology through Envi-met simulations. It highlights how the fabric of the old town may have positive impact on summer regime for thermal comfort and its analysis can be useful for the definition of some guidelines for contemporary settlement. Natural solutions (e.g. vegetation, green roofs and water jects) and cool materials are proposed to reduce energy demand according to EU directive 2018/844 and complying with the constraints for consolidated urban area. The aim is also to evaluate the solutions for microclimate mitigation of urban canyons towards zero energy settlement starting from the old town features.
Analysis of monitoring data for a nZEB in Mediterranean climate
Authors: Ascione F , Borrelli M , De Masi R F , De Rossi F , Vanoli G P 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The proposed paper is focused on some of the main conceptions, design criteria and expected energy performance of a new nZEB built in Benevento, a middle-size city of South Italy with typical Mediterranean climate. It is the result of an Italian research project – SMARTCASE – promoted under the umbrella of the European Regional Development Fund. The paper discusses the results of the wintertime monitoring campaign. Measurements on building envelope are shown as well as monitoring of energy uses and indoor microclimatic conditions. The discussion about the hourly energy balance evidences the effectiveness of selected solutions to reach the zero objective also during the winter and to evaluate the incidence of PV-production.