bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Assembling the Biodiversity Knowledge Graph
Authors: Page Roderic 
Published: September 2020

This talk explores different strategies for assembling the “biodiversity knowledge graph” (Page 2016). The first is a centralised, crowd-sourced approach using Wikidata as the foundation. Wikidata is becoming increasingly attractive as a knowledge graph for the life sciences (Waagmeester et al. 2020), and I will discuss some of its strengths and limitations, particularly as a source of bibliographic and taxonomic information. For example, Wikidata’s handling of taxonomy is somewhat problematic given the lack of clear separation of taxa and their names.
A second approach is to build biodiversity knowledge graphs from scratch, such as OpenBioDiv (Penev et al. 2019) and my own Ozymandias (Page 2019). These approaches use either generalised vocabularies such as schema.org, or domain specific ones such as TaxPub (Catapano 2010) and the Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies (SPAR) (Peroni and Shotton 2018), and to date tend to have restricted focus, whether geographic (e.g., Australian animals in Ozymandias) or temporal (recent taxonomic literature, OpenBioDiv). A growing number of data sources are now using schema.org to describe their data, including ORCID and Zenodo, and efforts to extend schema.org into biology (Bioschemas) suggest we may soon be able to build comprehensive knowledge graphs using just schema.org and its derivatives.
A third approach is not to build an entire knowledge graph, but instead focus on constructing small pieces of the graph tightly linked to supporting evidence, for example via annotations. Annotations are increasingly used to mark up both the biomedical literature (e.g., Kim et al. 2015, Venkatesan et al. 2017) and the biodiversity literature (Batista-Navarro et al. 2017). One could argue that taxonomic databases are essentially lists of annotations (“this name appears in this publication on this page”), which suggests we could link literature projects such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) to taxonomic databases via annotations. Given that the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) provides a framework for treating publications themselves as a set of annotations (e.g., page images) upon which other annotations can be added (Zundert 2018), this suggests ways that knowledge graphs could lead directly to visualising the links between taxonomy and the taxonomic literature.
All three approaches will be discussed, accompanied by working examples.
Application of Contemporary Magnifying Methods in the Diagnostics of Occlusal Carious Lesions on First Permanent Molars in Children
Authors: Rashkova Maya , Bogovska-Gigova Ralitsa , Tankova Hristina , Gateva Natalia , Mitova Nadezhda , Hristov Krasimir 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Dental operating microscopes (DOM) enable dentists to examine, with the aid of magnification and photodocumentation in clinical conditions, the occlusal anatomy of newly erupted permanent molars and to detect any early carious lesions more precisely.
Aim: To determine the advantages of magnifying technology in detecting early occlusal carious lesions in newly erupted permanent first molars.
Materials and methods: We examined 176 first molars of 44 children divided into two age groups: 7-8 and 9-10 years. The surfaces of each of the teeth were examined after they were cleaned with a brush without paste. The diagnoses were first made using only illumination and a clinical examination. These were followed by a visual examination of the occlusal surface using a DOM at &times;8 magnification. A photo of the occlusal surface was then taken with a camera at the respective magnification for the purposes of photodocumentation.
Results: This study demonstrated that dental operating microscopes increased by 7% the rate of successful detection of early caries lesions on the occlusal surfaces. There was also a significant increase of the number of diagnosed cavitated caries in the dentine in comparison with those detected with naked eye. Using DOMs in pediatric dentistry facilitates the more detailed and precise diagnosing of early stage carious lesions and/or cavitations in the fissures.
Conclusion: The use of a DOM facilitates differential diagnosing between deep fissures and early carious lesions, which is a key point in the assessment of occlusal surfaces of newly erupted permanent molars, necessary for their preventative sealing and micro-invasive treatment.
Impact of a Newly Synthesized Molecule (2-chloro-N-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) propan-2-yl)-2-phenylacetamide) on the Bioelectrogenesis and the Contractile Activity of Isolated Smooth Muscles
Authors: Gledacheva Vera N. , Stefanova Iliyana D. , Slavchev Valeri I. , Ardasheva Rayna G. , Kristev Atanas D. , Nikolova Stoyanka A. , Saracheva Kremena E. , Dimitrova Darinka S. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Examination of the potential possibilities of 2-chloro-N-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl)-2-phenylacetamide (IQP) to affect bioelectrogenesis and the contractile activity of isolated smooth muscles (SM) from stomach.
Aim: Having in mind the structural similarities between the molecules of papaverine and IQP, the aim of the present study was to examine such features of the newly synthesized molecule that may potentially affect the muscle tonus, spontaneous bioelectrical and contractile activities of smooth muscles isolated from the stomach, basing on specific mechanisms of papaverine.
Materials and methods: The synthesis of IQP is based on the initially formed aziridine ring by principles of Gilbert&rsquo;s reaction. Impact of IQP on the bioelectrogenesis and the contractile activity of isolated smooth muscles from male Wistar rats was measured by the single sucrose-gap method and isometrically recorded.
Results: IQP (1&times;10-5 &ndash; 2.5&times;10-4 mol/l) causes muscle relaxation, producing changes in two processes that have influence on the mechanical activity of smooth muscles:1.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Blocked Ca2+ influx through the potential-dependent membrane Ca2+ channels, followed in turn by lowering the Ca2+ intracellular levels. This effect is proved by the changes in the frequency and amplitude of spike-potentials in sucrose-bridge experiments when IQP is applied.2.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Activation of a cAMP-dependent signal cascade. The relaxing effect of IQP was significantly reduced in the presence of KT5720(5&times;10-6 mol/l), an inhibitor of protein kinase A.
Conclusion: We assume that there might be interconnections between these two IQP-dependent processes, because PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the L-type Ca2+ channels in smooth muscles provokes a reaction of inactivation.
Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes in Spontaneously-Conceived Twin Pregnancies&nbsp;According to Mode of Delivery
Authors: Mc Kenzie Stancu Samantha , Cristina Russu Manuela 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Appropriate intrapartum conduct in a twin delivery remains a challenging aspect of obstetric practice. The objective of this study was to compare neonatal and maternal outcomes in twin pregnancies according to mode of delivery.&nbsp;
Materials and methods: This is a single centre retrospective cohort study of all consecutive spontaneously-conceived twin deliver-ies (&ge; 24 weeks, estimated fetal weight &ge; 500 grams) over a nine-year period between 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2016 at a tertiary-level centre. Neonatal outcomes included survival, APGAR score, prematurity-associated pathology (PAP), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and length of stay (LOS). Maternal outcomes included postpartum complications and LOS. Statistical analysis comprised Chi-square test with subsequent p-value and odds-ratio with 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: A total of 173 consecutive women with spontaneously-conceived twin deliveries were enrolled in this study, 129 (74.6%) women delivered by caesarean section (CS). The success rate of vaginal delivery (VD) was 93.6% (44/47). A strong statistical correlation was identified between CS and NICU admission; 53.2% vs. 1.5% (p=0.0001). Neonatal LOS in the NICU was significantly longer in the CS group. Prematurity-associated pathology (PAP) was noted in 75 pairs of twins (75/173); 61 pairs were delivered by CS, bearing strong statistical significance (p<0.0001). Postpartum complications occurred in 14.7% of CS compared to 13.6% of VDs.&nbsp;
Conclusion: Neonates delivered by CS had a higher rate of PAP, NICU admission, lower birth weight and longer LOS. This study showed that VD is safe, especially when the first twin is in cephalic presentation
A Comparative In Vitro Study Evaluating the Marginal Adaptation of Zirconium Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacture and Press-ceramic Veneers
Authors: Pecheva Aleksandra , Georgiev Kostadin , Tsanova Snezhana , Raycheva Ralitsa 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: One method to evaluate the clinical success of cemented restorations is measuring the marginal adaptation. There is a correlation between the fitting of the restoration and problems caused by clinically undetectable passage of bacteria between the tooth structure and the veneer.
Aim: To evaluate in comparison the marginal adaptation of veneers produced via CAD/CAM and press technique.
Materials and methods: 32 extracted incisors are divided into two equal-number groups (n=16) according to the production technique &ndash; CAD/CAM zirconium veneers and press-ceramic veneers. Cut sections are examined under a SEM magnification. Marginal accuracy is measured as the distance between the finish line of the tooth and the margin of the veneer at eight fixed locations.
Results: The mean values of marginal gap of group 1 are: external adaptation &ndash; 79.88&plusmn;3.71 &micro;m; internal adaptation &ndash; 79.14&plusmn;15.70 &micro;m; cervical adaptation &ndash; 82.39&plusmn;28.55 &micro;m; incisal adaptation &ndash; 86.85&plusmn;21.72 &micro;m. The mean values of marginal gap of group 2 are: external adaptation &ndash; 100.31&plusmn;2.16 &micro;m; for internal adaptation &ndash; 101.01&plusmn;12.51 &micro;m; cervical adaptation &ndash; 91.55&plusmn;3.31 &micro;m; incisal adaptation &ndash; 93.76&plusmn;2.54 &micro;m.
Conclusions: Veneers produced via CAD/CAM technology have better fit at the external and internal marginal wall. There is no statistically significant difference between the gaps at the cervical and the incisal areas.
Vaginal Mucosal Melanoma: a Complete Remission after Immunotherapy and &#39;0-7-21&#39; Radiotherapy Regimen (24 Gy/3 fractions/21 days)
Authors: Parisi Silvana , Lillo Sara , Cacciola Alberto , Santacaterina Anna , Palazzolo Carmela , Platania Angelo , Settineri Nicola , Franchina Tindara , Tamburella Consuelo , Pergolizzi Stefano 
Published: September 2020

We present the case of a patient with vaginal mucosal melanoma who underwent complete remission after immunotherapy and &lsquo;0-7-21&rsquo; radiotherapy regimen (24 Gy/3 fractions/21 days). An 80-year-old woman had a biopsy of a voluminous vaginal lesion and received a histological diagnosis of melanoma with angiomatoid aspects. The patient underwent immunotherapy with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks and was sent to our attention for planning radiotherapy as the extent of the lesion did not make it susceptible to surgery.
Considering the concomitant administration of pembrolizumab, we chose to treat this patient with a modulated intensity radiation therapy technique delivering a hypofractionated dose of 24 Gy in 3 fractions delivered on days 0, 7, and 21. We observed a complete clinical remission of the melanoma 12 months after radiotherapy and she has been alive for 18 months with no clinical signs of local recurrence.
Formation of the Reproductive Behavior of Healthcare Students Depending on Their&nbsp;Mothers&rsquo; Realized Plans
Authors: Taneva Daniela , Kirkova Angelina 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: A socio-demographic analysis of marriage and family requires conducting deep studies penetrating the essence of the processes among the population. The issue of birth-rate, as a basic factor that determines the reproduction of the population, takes a central position in the demographic studies. The study of the influence of the mothers&rsquo; reproductive behaviour on their daughters&rsquo; repro-ductive attitude is of an undisputed interest. This study deals with mothers&rsquo; realized plans as a factor in their daughters&rsquo; family planning.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2018 through a direct group anonymous inquiry among 395 female students. The statistical processing of the data was made with descriptive, alternative, correlation and variance analyses.
Results: The students&rsquo; reproductive behaviour is statistically significantly dependent on their mothers&rsquo; realized family plans. Moth-ers&rsquo; education and the real number of children are statistically significant factors for their daughters&rsquo; views about the ideal and planned number of children.&nbsp;
Conclusion: This study of the reproductive behaviour of the students advances the knowledge in the field by revealing that it is statisti-cally significantly dependent on their mothers&rsquo; realized plans.&nbsp;
« Ça fait quarante ans qu’on est des “gilets jaunes”, nous ! »
Authors: Marlière Éric 
Published: September 2020

Cet article a pour objectif la restitution d’une enquête effectuée dans un quartier populaire urbain sur les liens qui peuvent unir les « gilets jaunes » et les « cités » à la fin de l’année 2018. Dans nos précédents travaux, nous avions constaté l’isolement des habitants des quartiers populaires urbains sur le plan politique depuis plusieurs décennies. Il en résulte une méfiance envers les mouvements contestataires émanant d’autres groupes sociaux. Si le mouvement des « gilets jaunes » bénéficie d’une certaine sympathie envers les habitants, nous avons relevé dans les propos de certaines personnes des réticences à participer directement au mouvement. Des militants du quartier étudié ont certes participé aux marches du samedi après-midi en tenant compte de leurs intérêts communs autour de la question sociale avec les autres classes populaires en faisant abstraction des différences en matière de représentations sociales et culturelles. Cette enquête de terrain peut-elle nous laisser entrevoir une possibilité de convergences de luttes entre les classes populaires évoluant dans les grands ensembles et les classes populaires de manière générale ? Ou bien, au contraire, révèle-t-elle au contraire une fragmentation réelle au sein des mondes populaires ? Questions que pose au final cet article en conclusion.
Les dynamiques contemporaines du processus d’urbanisation au Paraguay
Authors: Goetz Kevin 
Published: September 2020

Le processus d’urbanisation qu’expérimente le Paraguay depuis plusieurs décennies présente un certain décalage temporel vis-à-vis des autres pays d’Amérique Latine. En effet, dans ce pays, le nombre d’habitants des « villes » n’a dépassé celui des « aires rurales » qu’en 1992, alors que ce même basculement avait eu lieu au milieu du siècle dernier en Argentine, au Brésil ou au Chili. D’après la Commission Économique pour l’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes (CEPAL), le Paraguay constitue un pays en voie d’urbanisation « tardive mais accélérée », tout comme la Bolivie, l’Équateur, le Panamá, ou le Salvador. Ainsi, « l’urbanisation tardive mais accélérée » du Paraguay fait de ce pays un terrain d’observation particulièrement intéressant : la généralisation actuelle du fait urbain provoque un véritable renversement sociétal qui installe de nouvelles logiques économiques, sociales et spatiales. Or, paradoxalement, les conditions contemporaines de l’urbanisation paraguayenne ne font pas encore l’objet d’analyses suffisamment poussées : par conséquent, il semblerait que l’on mesure encore mal les nouveaux problèmes et défis en cours et à venir. Le présent article propose une remise en perspective des trajectoires récentes de l’urbanisation du pays tout en identifiant les principaux facteurs qui interviennent dans ce processus, parmi lesquels se trouvent les mutations socio-culturelles, la tertiarisation des activités économiques, la diversification et la complexification de la structure sociale, l’émergence contrastée d’une classe moyenne, ainsi que la poursuite et spécialisation d’un modèle de développement économique tourné vers l’exportation de matières premières agricoles.
The Role of Sleep and Impact on Brain and Learning
Authors: Kapsi Sevasti , Katsantoni Spyridoula , Drigas Athanasios 
Published: September 2020

<p>There are many interventions which may enhance learning. Many techniques are used in education to empower memory, which is a basic cognitive ability to ensure learning. A question arises: if learning is a natural process, is there a natural mechanism which supports learning? In this review, it is supported that sleep is such a mechanism. Research results on sleep and learning are presented and support different effects on the brain and learning, according to the age of the population. Sleep is a fundamental process for brain function and cognition. More studies should follow to make good use of this information, so as to design new interventions for the field of education.</p>
Zbtb20 Restrains CD8 T Cell Immunometabolism and Restricts Memory Differentiation and Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Sun Yanbo , Preiss Nicholas K. , Valenteros Kristine B. , Kamal Yasmin , Usherwood Young-Kwang , Frost H. Robert , Usherwood Edward J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
CD8 T cell differentiation is orchestrated by dynamic metabolic changes that direct activation, proliferation, cytotoxic function, and epigenetic changes. We report that the BTB-ZF family transcriptional repressor Zbtb20 negatively regulates CD8 T cell metabolism and memory differentiation in mice. Effector and memory CD8 T cells with conditional Zbtb20 deficiency displayed enhanced mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism, and memory CD8 T cells had enhanced spare respiratory capacity. Furthermore, Zbtb20-deficient CD8 T cells displayed increased flexibility in the use of mitochondrial fuel sources. Phenotypic and transcriptional skewing toward the memory fate was observed during the CD8 T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes. Memory cells mounted larger secondary responses and conferred better protection following tumor challenge. These data suggest that inactivation of Zbtb20 may offer an approach to enhance metabolic activity and flexibility and improve memory CD8 T cell differentiation, useful attributes for T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy.
The Presence of Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity–Mediating Antibodies in Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus–Seropositive Individuals Does Not Correlate with Disease Pathogenesis or Progression
Authors: Poppe Lisa K. , Wood Charles , West John T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although the immune response is likely to play a pivotal role in controlling Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and preventing disease development, the exact factors responsible for that control remain ill defined. T cell responses are weak and variable, and neutralizing Abs are more frequently detected in individuals with KS. This suggests a potential role for nonneutralizing Abs, which to date have been largely uninvestigated. Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a common effector function for nonneutralizing Abs and is known to play a protective role in other herpesvirus infections; yet, ADCC has never been investigated in the context of KSHV infection. In this study, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that anti-KSHV Abs are capable of mediating ADCC responses against infected human cells undergoing lytic reactivation. ADCC activity significantly higher than seronegative controls was detected in 24 of 68 KSHV-seropositive individuals tested. However, ADCC responses were not associated with KS development or progression. ADCC activity was also found to be independent of HIV status, sex, age, KSHV Ab titer, and KSHV-neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, additional investigations into effector cell function between KS and asymptomatic individuals are needed to determine whether ADCC has a role in preventing KS.
Airway Macrophages Mediate Mucosal Vaccine–Induced Trained Innate Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Early Stages of Infection
Authors: D’Agostino Michael R. , Lai Rocky , Afkhami Sam , Khera Amandeep , Yao Yushi , Vaseghi-Shanjani Maryam , Zganiacz Anna , Jeyanathan Mangalakumari , Xing Zhou 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), is responsible for millions of infections and deaths annually. Decades of TB vaccine development have focused on adaptive T cell immunity, whereas the importance of innate immune contributions toward vaccine efficacy has only recently been recognized. Airway macrophages (AwM) are the predominant host cell during early pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection and, therefore, represent attractive targets for vaccine-mediated immunity. We have demonstrated that respiratory mucosal immunization with a viral-vectored vaccine imprints AwM, conferring enhanced protection against heterologous bacterial challenge. However, it is unknown if innate immune memory also protects against M. tuberculosis. In this study, by using a murine model, we detail whether respiratory mucosal TB vaccination profoundly alters the airway innate immune landscape associated with AwM prior to M. tuberculosis exposure and whether such AwM play a critical role in host defense against M. tuberculosis infection. Our study reveals an important role of AwM in innate immune protection in early stages of M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
I-PASS Illness Severity Identifies Patients at Risk for Overnight Clinical Deterioration
Authors: Shah Chirayu , Sanber Khaled , Jacobson Rachael , Kaul Bhavika , Tuthill Sarah , Hemmige Vagish , Guy Elizabeth , Greenberg Stephen 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
The I-PASS framework is increasingly being adopted for patient handoffs after a recent study reported a decrease in medical errors and preventable adverse events. A key component of the I-PASS handoff included assignment of illness severity.

Objective
We evaluated whether illness severity categories can identify patients at higher risk of overnight clinical deterioration as defined by activation of the rapid response team (RRT).

Methods
The I-PASS handoff documentation created by internal medicine residents and patient charts with overnight RRT activations from April 2016 through March 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. The RRT activations, illness severity categories, vital signs prior to resident handoff, and patient outcomes were evaluated.

Results
Of the 28 235 written patient handoffs reviewed, 1.3% were categorized as star (sickest patients at risk for higher level of care), 18.8% as watcher (unsure of illness trajectory), and 79.9% as stable (improving clinical status). Of the 98 RRT activations meeting the inclusion criteria, 5.1% were labeled as star, 35.7% as watcher, and 59.2% as stable. Patients listed as watcher had an odds ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.7–3.9), and patients listed as star had an odds ratio of 5.2 (95% confidence interval 2.1–13.1) of an overnight RRT activation compared with patients listed as stable. The overall in-hospital mortality of patients with an overnight RRT was 29.6%.

Conclusions
The illness severity component of the I-PASS handoff can identify patients at higher risk of overnight clinical deterioration and has the potential to help the overnight residents prioritize patient care.