bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phylogenetically distinct lineage of Pyrenopeziza brassicae associated with chlorotic leaf spot of Brassicaceae in North America
Authors: Carmody Shannon M. , King Kevin M. , Ocamb Cynthia M. , Fraaije Bart A. , West Jon S. , du Toit Lindsey J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLight leaf spot, caused by the ascomycete Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is an established disease of Brassicaceae in the United Kingdom (UK), continental Europe, and Oceania (OC, including New Zealand and Australia). The disease was reported in North America (NA) for the first time in 2014 on Brassica spp. in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, followed by detection in Brassica juncea cover crops and on Brassica rapa weeds in northwestern Washington in 2016. Preliminary DNA sequence data and field observations suggest that isolates of the pathogen present in NA might be distinct from those in the UK, continental Europe, and OC. Comparisons of isolates from these regions using genetic (multilocus sequence analysis, MAT gene sequences, and rep‐PCR DNA fingerprinting), pathogenic (B. rapa inoculation studies), biological (sexual compatibility), and morphological (colony and conidial morphology) analyses demonstrated two genetically distinct evolutionary lineages. Lineage 1 comprised isolates from the UK, continental Europe, and OC, and included the P. brassicae type specimen. Lineage 2 contained the NA isolates associated with recent disease outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. Symptoms caused by isolates of the two lineages on B. rapa and B. juncea differed, and therefore “chlorotic leaf spot” is proposed for the disease caused by Lineage 2 isolates of P. brassicae. Isolates of the two lineages differed in genetic diversity as well as sensitivity to the fungicides carbendazim and prothioconazole.
Effects of cryopreservation on stallion sperm protamine messenger RNAs
Authors: Kadivar Ali , Shams Esfandabadi Naser , Dehghani Nazhvani Ehsan , Shirazi Abolfazl , Ahmadi Ebrahim 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProtamines substitute DNA‐binding histones during late spermatogenesis in sperm nucleus. Stallion sperm contains all three variants of these arginine‐rich and positively charged nuclear proteins (P1, P2 and P3). Two variants of protamine‐2, that is P2 and P3, constitute approximately 15% of the entire protamine content. Also, the ratio of protamine‐1 to protamine‐2 varies among different mammalian species, and abnormal protamine ratios and protamine content are correlated with male infertility. In this study, changes in protamine mRNA abundance for all three protamines were investigated in stallion sperm during cryopreservation. Twelve ejaculates were collected from six sexually mature stallions. Sperm samples were divided into two parts for total mRNA extraction: one as fresh and the other as cryopreserved sample. Levels of three protamine transcripts were determined by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results of relative expression showed that cryopreservation can significantly alter protamine transcripts: protamine 2 was downregulated, while protamine 3 was upregulated in cryopreserved samples relative to the control. Changes in protamine 1 were not significant after cryopreservation. This study is the first to evaluate changes in mRNA abundance of protamine genes in stallion sperm following cryopreservation. Such evaluations are important in finding transcriptomic markers for success in fertilization and assisted reproductive techniques.
Recent developments in school social control
Authors: Ramey David M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the U.S., decisions regarding social control are increasingly modeled on two dominant institutions: the criminal justice and medical/healthcare systems. Sociologists and other scholars refer to this adoption of legal and/or medical terminology and technologies as criminalization and medicalization. These models of social control are particular evident in how America defines and manages child behavior. Public schools borrow from both the criminal justice and medical systems as part of the routine educational setting. In this article, I provide the first synthesis and review of the school criminalization and medicalization literatures. In doing so, I argue that criminalized school social controls provide harsh, repressive responses to student misbehavior, while medicalized school social controls provide rehabilitative and restitutive responses. Given these fundamentally different approaches to student behavior, I argue that the disproportionate use of criminalized and medicalized social control across racial/ethnic groups and children from different socioeconomic backgrounds entrenches inequalities and functions to channel racial/ethnic minorities and poor children into the school‐to‐prison pipeline while keeping socially advantaged children in school and away from the problems associated with criminalized social control.
Attitudes Toward Immigration: Ethnicity Trumps Skills But Not Legality?
Authors: España‐Nájera Annabella , Vera David 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to parse the effect of ethnicity as a potential driver of public perception of immigrants from previous finding on the labor market competition hypothesis (e.g., Hainmueller and Hiscox, 2010; Hainmueller and Hopkins, 2015).MethodsWe rely on survey experiments to analyze the effect of ethnicity on attitude formation toward immigrants. In a first experiment, we test whether favoritism for high‐skilled immigrants diminishes when we add the Hispanic descriptor. In a second experiment, we examine whether public opinion toward undocumented immigrants is affected by region of origin.ResultsWe find that favoritism for high‐skilled immigrants drops when we add the Hispanic descriptor, but that legal status outweighs any possible anti‐Hispanic sentiment.ConclusionOur study provides a novel setup to study the interaction between economic factors and ethnicity as drivers of attitudes toward immigration among California's voters. We find some evidence that supports our hypothesis that anti‐Hispanic sentiment drives attitude formation toward immigrants and immigration.
Transcription‐mediated amplification blood donation screening for Babesia
Authors: Tonnetti Laura , Young Carolyn , Kessler Debra A. , Williamson Phillip C. , Reik Rita , Proctor Melanie C. , Brès Vanessa , Deisting Barbara , Bakkour Sonia , Schneider William , Diner Samara , Busch Michael P. , Stramer Susan L. , Linnen Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUNDTransfusion‐transmitted Babesia microti is well recognized in the Northeast and upper Midwestern United States. Blood donation screening in Babesia‐endemic states has occurred under investigational protocols prior to US Food and Drug Administration–licensed test availability. Here, we provide a prospective screening summary of nucleic acid testing (NAT) as part of a multicenter Babesia pivotal trial followed by extended investigational use.METHODSFrom June 2017 to February 2018, 176,928 donation samples were tested with Procleix Babesia Assay (Grifols Diagnostic Solutions), a blood screening NAT for Babesia species ribosomal RNA detection using whole blood samples. During the pivotal trial, donations were collected in 11 endemic states plus Washington, DC, and Florida (nonendemic). Whole blood lysate samples were either tested in pools of 16 or individually. Reactive samples were confirmed by Babesia microti antibody and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. If unconfirmed, further testing used a second PCR assay capable of detecting multiple Babesia species. Follow‐up samples were also tested. Extended investigational testing followed pivotal trial completion.RESULTSThe pivotal trial identified 61 confirmed positives (176,608 donations): 35 (57%) PCR positive, 59 (97%) antibody positive, and two (3%) NAT positive/antibody negative, for a total yield of one positive per 2895 donations, including one Florida resident; others were from seven endemic states. During extended investigational testing of 496,270 donations in endemic states through January 2019, 211 (1:2351) repeat reactive donations were identified.CONCLUSIONSBabesia was detected in donors from multiple US states, including one previously not associated with positive blood donors. This study supports the use of the Procleix Babesia Assay using individual testing or pools of up to 16.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of obstetric care providers towards maternal red‐blood‐cell immunization during pregnancy
Authors: Slootweg Yolentha M. , Walg Chawa , Koelewijn Joke M. , Van Kamp Inge L. , De Haas Masja 
Published: December 2019

Background and objectivesA successful routine RBC alloantibody screening programme should not lead to unnecessary emotional burden during pregnancy due to inadequate counselling on the risk of severe haemolytic disease of the foetus and the newborn (HDFN). Rareness of this disease may result in insufficient knowledge and subsequent inadequate information transfer to women, diagnosed with RBC antibodies. We investigated the current knowledge, views and experiences of Dutch obstetric care providers regarding RBC alloimmunization during pregnancy.Materials and methodsWe performed a quantitative cross‐sectional study, using a structured digital questionnaire to measure knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding maternal RBC alloimmunization among Dutch obstetric care providers in 2016.ResultsAbout 10% of obstetric care providers completed the questionnaire. A sufficient level of knowledge was found in 7% of all participants (N = 329). Knowledge about RhD immunisation and prophylaxis was sufficient in 60% of the responders. Knowledge gaps were found concerning the relevance of non‐RhD RBC antibodies, the indications for giving extra RhD prophylaxis and the interpretation of laboratory test results. Healthcare providers estimated their own level of knowledge ‘sufficient’ (primary/secondary care) to ‘good’ (tertiary care), and all participants considered their professional role important within the screening programme.ConclusionDutch obstetric care providers showed a lack of knowledge regarding maternal RBC immunization. Awareness of the lack of knowledge is necessary to help obstetric care providers to be careful in giving information and even to decide to contact the expert centre before counselling the patient.
Indices of Resting Metabolic Rate Accurately Reflect Energy Deficiency in Exercising Women
Authors: Strock Nicole C.A. , Koltun Kristen J. , Southmayd Emily A. , Williams Nancy I. , De Souza Mary Jane 
Published: December 2019

Energy deficiency in exercising women can lead to physiological consequences. No gold standard exists to accurately estimate energy deficiency, but measured-to-predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR) ratio has been used to categorize women as energy deficient. The purpose of the study was to (a) evaluate the accuracy of RMR prediction methods, (b) determine the relationships with physiological consequences of energy deficiency, and (c) evaluate ratio thresholds in a cross-sectional comparison of ovulatory, amenorrheic, or subclinical menstrual disturbances in exercising women (n = 217). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and indirect calorimetry provided data on anthropometrics and energy expenditure. Harris–Benedict, DXA, and Cunningham (1980 and 1991) equations were used to estimate RMR and RMR ratio. Group differences were assessed (analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests); logistic regression and Spearman correlations related ratios with consequences of energy deficiency (i.e., low total triiodothyronine; TT3). Sensitivity and specificity calculations evaluated ratio thresholds. Amenorrheic women had lower RMR (p < .05), DXA ratio (p < .01), Cunningham1980 (p < .05) and Cunningham1991 (p < .05) ratio, and TT3 (p < .01) compared with the ovulatory group. Each prediction equation overestimated measured RMR (p < .001), but predicted (p < .001) and positively correlated with TT3 (r = .329–.453). A 0.90 ratio threshold yielded highest sensitivity for Cunningham1980 (0.90) and Harris–Benedict (0.87) methods, but a higher ratio threshold was best for DXA (0.94) and Cunningham1991 (0.92) methods to yield a sensitivity of 0.80. In conclusion, each ratio predicted and correlated with TT3, supporting the use of RMR ratio as an alternative assessment of energetic status in exercising women. However, a 0.90 ratio cutoff is not universal across RMR estimation methods.
C reactive protein testing in general practice safely reduces antibiotic use for flare-ups of COPD
Authors: Cook Rob , Lyon-Maris Johnny , White Alicia 
Published: December 2019

The studyButler CC, Gillespie D, White P, et al. C-reactive protein testing to guide antibiotic prescribing for COPD exacerbations. N Engl J Med 2019;381:111-20.This research was funded by the NIHR Technology Assessment Programme (project number 12/33/12). The testing machines used in the study were loaned to researchers by the manufacturer, who also provided training on their use. The manufacturer had no other role in any part of the trial.To read the full NIHR Signal, go to https://discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/signal-000820/crp-testing-safely-reduces-antibiotic-use-for-copd-flare-ups
Partial knee replacement could be first choice for some patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Cook Rob , Davidson Peter , White Alicia 
Published: December 2019

The studyBeard D, Davies L, Cook J, et al. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of total versus partial knee replacement in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis (TOPKAT): 5-year outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:746-56.The study was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (project number 08/14/08).To read the full NIHR Signal, go to https://discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/signal-000824/partial-knee-replacement-could-be-first-choice-in-some-patients
Women’s health-related vulnerabilities in natural disasters: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Riyad Fatema Syadani , Islam Md. Shahidul , East Leah , Usher Kim 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThere is a paucity of evidence identifying both the physical and psychological health risks and underlying causes of women’s health-related vulnerabilities related to natural disasters. Therefore, this systematic review will be conducted to determine the impact of natural disasters on women’s health from a global perspective.Methods and analysisFive electronic databases of health research, including ProQuest, ProQuest Health and Medicine, PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL, will be searched to retrieve relevant literature where Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords will be used depending on the search method of each database. Google Scholar will also be searched for preliminary information on the topic and to check for further evidence that may have been missed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be developed and refined by the research team. We will restrict our search for empirical full-text articles published in the English language peer-reviewed journals between July 2008 and June 2018 to ensure contemporary evidence is retrieved. Two authors will participate in each step in the process, including title, abstract and full-text screening against inclusion criteria, data extraction and quality appraisal. The quality of selected studies will be assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. Data synthesis will follow a sequential explanatory approach. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative findings will be merged under themes and described using a narrative approach.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. The results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019123809.
Healthcare utilisation for eating disorders among patients with depression: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan
Authors: Yan Chiu-Lan , Kao Li-Ting , Yeh Ming-kung , Chien Wu-Chien , Yeh Chin-Bin 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesAlthough depressed patients may have a comorbid eating disorder (ED), to date, no study has focused on healthcare utilisation among this population. This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of healthcare service utilisation among depressed patients with ED.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThis population-based study used claims data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research database between 2001 and 2012.ParticipantsThe study involved 1270 participants. These included 254 depressed individuals with ED and 1016 propensity score-matched depressed individuals without ED.Outcome measuresWe tracked each patient for a 1 year period to evaluate their healthcare service utilisation, including outpatient visits, inpatient days, and costs for psychiatry and non-psychiatry services. We performed a Mann-Whitney U test to compare outcome variables in healthcare service utilisation between the two groups.ResultsPatients with both depression and ED had significantly more outpatient visits (32.2 vs 28.9, p=0.023), outpatient costs (US$1089 vs US$877, p<0.001) and total costs (US$1356 vs US$1296, p<0.001) than comparison patients. For psychiatric services, patients with depression and ED had more outpatient visits (11.0 vs 6.8, p<0.001), outpatient costs (US$584 vs US$320, p<0.001) and total costs (US$657 vs US$568, p<0.001) than those without ED. For non-psychiatric services, there was no significant difference for all utilisation. This indicates that the total costs were about 1.0-fold greater for depression patient with ED than those without ED.ConclusionDepression patients with ED had more outpatient visits, outpatient costs and total costs of healthcare services than those without ED.
Hospital climate actions and assessment tools: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Gan Connie Cai Ru , Banwell Nicola , Pascual Ramon San , Chu Cordia , Wang Ying Wei 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionHealth and climate change are inexorably linked through the exacerbation of health risks and the contribution of the health sector to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate action in healthcare settings is critical to reduce risks and impacts of climate change through the smarter use of energy, minimising waste and enhancing disaster preparedness. Globally, hospital climate action is growing; however, the potential for further progress and impacts remains. The literature on this topic lacks synthesis, and this poses challenges for hospital leadership in tracking the impact of climate action. This scoping review will summarise the current knowledge about hospital climate action and existing tools to measure progress in this area.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will be conducted applying the six-stage protocol proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The study includes literature of how hospitals have addressed climate change (mitigation and adaptation) since the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997. All identified studies indexed in Medline, Scopus, Embase and CINAHL will be examined. The search strategy will also include Google Scholar to capture relevant grey literature. Quantitative and thematic analysis will be used to evaluate and categorise the study results.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review is part of the climate-smart healthcare initiative which will provide a valuable synthesis to aid understanding of hospitals’ climate actions, and tools used to measure its implementation. As such it will contribute to mobilising and accelerating the implementation of climate action in hospitals. The findings will be disseminated with all members of the International Health Promoting Hospital and Health Services (HPH) and the Global Green and Healthy Hospital network. Dissemination will occur through peer-reviewed publications; and with the HPH and GGHH members through its annual conference and newsletter.
AMEND study protocol: a case–control study to assess the long-term impact of invasive meningococcal disease in Australian adolescents and young adults
Authors: Marshall Helen , McMillan Mark , Wang Bing , Booy Robert , Afzali Hossein , Buttery Jim , Blyth Christopher C , Richmond Peter , Shaw David , Gordon David , Barton Belinda 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionInvasive meningococcal disease (IMD) primarily causes disease in young children and adolescents and can cause long-term disability. Many countries are considering implementation of meningococcal B and/or meningococcal ACWY vaccines to control meningococcal disease. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of meningococcal vaccine programme is hampered due to a lack of good quality costing and burden of disease data. This study aims to address this evidence gap by assessing the clinical, physical, neurocognitive, economic and societal impact of IMD on adolescents and young adults.Methods and analysisA case–control study of 64 participants with confirmed IMD (15–24 years 11 months at time of disease) and 64 control participants (17–34 years 11 months) will be conducted in Australia from 2016 to 2020. All participants will undergo a neurocognitive assessment, full medical examination, pure tone audiometry assessment and complete quality of life and behavioural questionnaires. Meningococcal cases will be assessed 2–10 years posthospitalisation and a subset of cases will be interviewed to explore in depth their experiences of IMD and its impact on their life. Primary outcome measures include general intellectual functioning from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and overall quality of life from the Health Utilities Index. Secondary outcome measures include academic achievement, executive functioning, behaviour, hearing, psychological and physical functioning. Outcome measures will be compared between cases and controls using independent t-tests or ORs, or if any significant confounders are identified, adjusted analyses (analysis of covariance or adjusted ORs) will be conducted. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse transcribed interviews and a costing model will be used to project lifetime costs.Ethics and disseminationThe Adolescent MENingococcal Disease (AMEND) study has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Women’s and Children’s Health Network (HREC/14/WCHN/024). The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, study participants, and meningococcal and meningitis foundations.Trial registration numberNCT03798574.