bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications the turn-taking approach for our understanding of early modern performance practices. On the one hand, Shakespearean dialogue is full of subtle effects of timing and sequence that would seem to call for careful rehearsal and a detailed knowledge of the script. On the other hand, everything we know about early modern theatre suggests it was performed with minimal rehearsal by actors who did not necessarily know when, or from where, their next cue would arrive. This apparent mismatch I call ‘the performability gap’. The question is how it can be bridged. The explanation provided by Simon Palfrey and Tiffany Stern—that Shakespeare’s plays are designed to make artistic capital from their own under-rehearsal—does not entirely solve the problem. The second half of the chapter speculates about how else we might account for the gap.
The Ethics of Algorithmic Outsourcing in Everyday Life
Authors: Danaher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one specific application of algorithmic regulation: the use of AI-based personal digital assistants. Rather than being employed as a tool for shaping the behaviour of others, these algorithmic tools are employed by individuals to assist them in their own self-regarding decision-making and goal achievement. The chapter argues that autonomy is under threat in new and interesting ways. It evaluates and disputes the claim that these new threats should not be overestimated because the technology is just an old wolf in a new sheep’s clothing. Finally, it looks at responses to these threats at both the individual and societal level, and argues that although an attitude of ‘helplessness’ should not be encouraged among users of algorithmic tools, there is an important role for legal and regulatory responses to these threats that go beyond what are currently on offer.
The Practical Challenges of Implementing Algorithmic Regulation for Public Services
Authors: Griffiths Alex 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one particularly salient application of algorithmic regulation in the public sector—for the purposes of risk assessment to inform decisions about the allocation of enforcement resources, focusing on their accuracy and effectiveness in risk prediction. Drawing on two UK case studies in health care and higher education, it highlights the limited effectiveness of algorithmic regulation in these contexts, drawing attention to the pre-requisites for algorithmic regulation to fully play to its predictive strengths. In so doing, it warns against any premature application of algorithmic regulation to ever-more regulatory domains, serving as a sober reminder that delivering on the claimed promises of algorithmic regulation is anything but simple, straightforward or ‘seamless’.
Reflecting on Public Service Regulation by Algorithm
Authors: Lodge Martin , Mennicken Andrea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the potentials and challenges posed by the utilization of machine learning algorithms in the regulation of public services, that is services supplied by or on behalf of government to a particular jurisdiction’s community, including healthcare, education, or correctional services. It argues that the widespread enthusiasm for algorithmic regulation hides much deeper differences in worldviews about regulatory approaches, and that advancing the utilization of algorithmic regulation potentially transforms existing mixes of regulatory approaches in non-anticipated ways. It also argues that regulating through algorithmic regulation presents distinct administrative problems in terms of knowledge creation, coordination, and integration, as well as ambiguity over objectives. These challenges for the use of machine learning algorithms in public service algorithmic regulation require renewed attention to questions of the ‘regulation of regulators’.
Legal Practitioners’ Approach to Regulating AI Risks
Authors: Lohr Jason D , Maxwell Winston J , Watts Peter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Many firms, including those that do not regard of themselves as traditional ‘tech’ firms, consider the prospect of artificial intelligence (AI) both an intriguing possibility and a potential new area of risk for their businesses. The application of existing AI technologies raises significant new issues in some of the most fundamental areas of law, including: ownership and property rights; the creation, allocation and sharing of value; misuse, errors, and responsibility for resulting harm; individual liberty and personal privacy; and economic collusion and monopolies. This chapter first examines how businesses are already managing some of these risks through contract. It then examines some of the considerations involved in public regulation of AI-related risks. It concludes by proposing a four-layer model for thinking about AI regulation in the broad sense.
The Definition of Effective Altruism
Authors: MacAskill William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The term “effective altruism” has no official definition, meaning that different authors will inevitably understand the term in different ways. Since this harbours the potential for considerable confusion, William MacAskill, one of the leaders of the effective altruism movement, has contributed a chapter aimed at forestalling some of these potential confusions. In this chapter, MacAskill first outlines a brief history of the effective altruism movement. He then proposes his preferred definition of “effective altruism”, aiming to capture the central activities and concerns of those most deeply involved in the movement. Finally, he replies to various common misconceptions about the movement. These include the views that effective altruism is just utilitarianism, that it is purely about poverty alleviation, that it is purely about donations, and that it in principle ignores possibilities for systemic change.
Effective Altruism and Transformative Experience
Authors: Sebo Jeff , Paul Laurie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Jeff Sebo and L.A. Paul investigate the phenomenon of experiences that transform the experiencer, either epistemically, personally, or both. The possibility of such experiences, Sebo and Paul argue, frequently complicates the practice of rational decision-making. First, in transformative cases in which your own experience is a relevant part of the outcome to be evaluated, one cannot make well-evidenced predictions of the value of the outcome at the time of decision. Second, in cases in which one foresees that one’s preferences would change following the decision, there are issues about whether rational decision-making should be based only on one’s ex ante preferences, or should also incorporate some element of deference to foreseen future preferences. While these issues arise quite generally, Paul and Sebo suggest that they are especially pressing in the context of effective altruism.
Should We Give to More Than One Charity?
Authors: Snowden James 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, James Snowden examines whether and why a donor might have good reason to split their donations among different charities, rather than give to a single charity. Snowden argues that, in simplified decision contexts, donors maximize expected utility by giving to only one charity. He engages with recent work on risk aversion in decision theory (e.g. by Lara Buchak), arguing that there is an important difference between self-regarding and other-regarding choices. When choosing between lotteries that affect the welfare of others, we should reject risk aversion, instead maximizing expected welfare. In more complex and realistic contexts, there may be various reasons to donate to multiple charities, consistent with maximizing expected utility. However, Snowden argues that the most persuasive such reasons apply to large grant-making institutions rather than typical individual donors.
On Satisfying Duties to Assist
Authors: Barry Christian , Lawford-Smith Holly 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Christian Barry and Holly Lawford-Smith take up the question of whether there comes a point at which one is no longer morally obliged to do further good, even at very low cost to oneself. More specifically, they ask: under precisely what conditions is it plausible to say that that “point” has been reached? A crude account might focus only on, say, the amount of good the agent has already done, but a moment’s reflection shows that this is indeed too crude. Barry and Lawford-Smith develop and defend a nuanced account according to which considerations of three types are all relevant to whether one has satisfied one’s duties to assist: “inputs” (types and quantities of sacrifice made), “characteristics” (the beliefs and intentions that informed the donor’s decisions), and “success” (the extent to which the donations in question succeeded in generating value).
Effective Altruism’s Underspecification Problem
Authors: Timmerman Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In attempting to do the most good, should you, at a given time, perform the act that is part of the best series of acts you can perform over the course of your life, or should you perform the act that would be best, given what you would actually do later? Possibilists say you should do the former, whereas actualists say you should do the latter. In this chapter, Travis Timmerman explores the debate between possibilism and actualism, and its implications for effective altruism. Each of these two alternatives, he argues, is implausible in its own right as well as at odds with typical effective altruist commitments. Timmerman argues that the best way out of this dilemma is to adopt a hybrid view. Timmerman’s preferred version of hybridism is possibilist at the level of criterion of right action but actualist at the level of decision procedure.
Faster-than-Light Schemes
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Developments since Einstein are summarized. Our systems of units and their relationship to the speed of light. Light propagation in vacuum—what stuff is an electric field made of? Quantum field theory ideas. The Casimir force and energy. Olbers’ paradox and the cosmic horizon. Effect of gravity on speed of light. Schemes for messaging at speeds greater than that of light. The Einstein–Rosen–Podolsky paper of 1935 and its interpretation in simple terms. The reality of the quantum world. Hidden variable theories and Bell’s theorem. Interpretation of many-body quantum wavefunctions—Bohm, Born, Schrӧdinger, Heisenberg, de Broglie, their lives and contributions to physics. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and others. The measurement problem and collapse of the wavefunction. Entangled states. The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences.
Democracy in a Time of Misery
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Misery rarely features in conversations about democracy. And yet, in the past decades, global audiences are increasingly confronted with spectacles of human pain. The world is more stressed, worried, and sad today than we have ever seen it, a Gallup poll finds. Does democracy stand a chance in a time of widespread suffering? Drawing on three years of field research among communities affected by Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, this book offers ethnographic portraits of how collective suffering, trauma, and dispossession enlivens democratic action. It argues that emotional forms of communication create publics that assert voice and visibility at a time when attention is the scarcest resource, whilst also creating hierarchies of misery among suffering communities. Democracy in a Time of Misery investigates the ethical and political value of democracy in the most trying of times and reimagines how the virtues of deliberative practice can be valued in the context of widespread suffering.
Spectacular Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Spectacles have an ambivalent role in democratic life. They can reinforce or break inequalities in voice and visibility. They can inspire or stifle reflections on the political causes of widespread misery. This chapter examines the production, mediation, and reception of the spectacle of Typhoon Haiyan. It argues that dramatic portrayals of the typhoon constructed ‘spectacular publics’ that bestowed attention to the suffering of distant others. While there are valid reasons to criticize spectacular representations of tragedy as ‘disaster pornography’ meant to respond to the demands of audiences with fleeting attention spans, this chapter demonstrates the potential of spectacles in democratizing discourses. Spectacular publics can grow moral communities and transform audiences into publics, which in turn set in motion a series of public deliberations.
Surrogate Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
What can global spectators do to give voice and visibility to the suffering of distant others? Chapter 4 introduces the concept of ‘surrogate publics’ to describe the ways in which witnesses to tragedies act as representatives to communities of misery by making claims about their recovery. The case of Haiyan demonstrates how surrogate representatives like celebrity humanitarians, public figures, and ordinary citizens assert the presence of disaster survivors by offering the voice of care and the voice of justice. While the voice of care was successful in sustaining global attention to the spectacle, the voice of justice sustains the political conversation beyond the immediate aftermath of the tragedy. The chapter concludes by examining the legacy of surrogate publics to deliberative politics.
Greatness of Spirit
Authors: Vasalou Sophia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The denouement of Part 1 might seem disappointing. Greatness of soul, that larger-than-life ancient virtue, enters the Islamic world only to fade away. Yet there was another concept belonging to the same broad family that led a more flourishing life in the Islamic world. This virtue, designated as ‘greatness of spirit’ (ʿiẓam al-himma), appears in philosophical treatises but also in other genres, including mirrors for princes and works of literature (adab). Unlike the first concept, which thematized the right attitude to the self and its merits, this second concept thematizes right desire or aspiration, and some of its architects parse it as a foundational virtue of aspiration to virtue. Part 2 first documents its development in works of a philosophical character, notably Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī’s and al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī’s, before considering its presentation in mirrors for princes. There are interesting comparisons to be drawn between the way the virtue is articulated across different genres, and also suggestive comparisons with approaches familiar from broader philosophical history. These observations invite a question about the origins of the virtue. While the Greek influence cannot be excluded, a stronger argument can be made for the influence of the Persian cultural tradition and, more compellingly, pre-Islamic Arab culture. ‘Greatness of spirit’ was an epithet applied to the Arab hero of pre-Islamic times. This heroic ideal is reconfigured in the Islamic era in important ways. This genealogy allows us to place on new footing the question about the relationship of the ‘virtues of greatness’ to Islamic religious morality.
Lekta in the Stoic Ontological Framework
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the schematic map drawn up for the logical structure of the Stoic systēma. In it, rhetoric is distinguished from dialectic and, for the first time in the history of philosophy, signifiers are distinguished from things signified. As for lekta, they are distinguished from impressions, though both belong under the heading of things signified. The position of lekta is analysed both in the light of their being a kind of thing signified and as distinct from impressions. The latter are corporeal states of the soul, whereas lekta are incorporeal and stand in a relation to impressions which both guarantees the independence of lekta from them, and determines the nature of the impressions as rational. The literature on what makes impressions rational is discussed, including the case of the reasoning dog. The verdict is that there is no such animal on the specific Stoic understanding of reasoning. The distinction between a propositional content and a proposition is broached in the analysis of impressions, laying down the foundations for an analysis of rationality as the capacity to grasp a propositional structure, in which something is attributed to something on the basis of conceptions acquired through previous experience. This propositional structure is not invented by us but is what constitutes reality.
On the Reality of Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the lekton as an independent item in ontology. It analyses the role of lekta in ordinary language, questioning the claim that lekta are separated from language. Platonic separation is distinguished from the status granted to lekta against a background of polemics and wilful simplifications from ancient critics. The place in ontology of lekta is further sharpened in a comparison with modern speech act theory, to conclude that the Stoics conceive of context and content (even for actors on a stage) in terms of ontological structure, not linguistic production. This hinders an assimilation of the Stoics to the moderns, not necessarily to the detriment of the Stoics, whose position is defended as a competing rather than an underdeveloped theory. The Stoics are shown to propose a radically different ontological framework from their rivals and predecessors. The critiques of the Peripatetics are revelatory rather than damning, their efforts at straitjacketing the Stoics laying bare fundamental incompatibilities. In comparison with the Epicureans, the status of incorporeality is fine-tuned as the differences between Epicurus’ only incorporeal, the void, and the Stoics’ four incorporeals are put in focus. Lucretius’ contribution to the debate, as also the suggestion—ultimately dismissed—of adding limits to the Stoic list of incorporeals, leads to the conclusion that lekta are foundational elements of Stoic ontology.
The Syntax of Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the internal structure of the lekton. It traces the critical development of the notion of a sentence from Plato’s ‘shortest logos’ in the Sophist with minimal parts, a mainstay in the Platonic and Peripatetic tradition, to the Stoic perspective focused on the notion of completeness: complete is all that is necessary to get one lekton said, however many words or parts of speech may be required to do so. This debate was appropriated, and its different strands merged by the ancient Grammarians. The Stoic influence in the establishment of the discipline is brought out in the discussion. Completeness leads to considerations of incompleteness. The different kinds of complete lekta (questions, commands, exclamations) are tested against a standard of completeness by stripping away different elements to discover that there is a constant axiōmatic core within each kind. A final discussion of the relation of the katēgorēma to the case-ptōsis unfolds into an analysis of the ptōsis as nothing other than forever dependent on a katēgorēma, with no status in itself, but ensconced in a web of relations between concepts in our mind, the hybrid case-bearer (tunchanon), and the external object. Problem cases such as the conundrum of the perishing lekton and the parakatēgorēma are examined in the light of previous claims.
Introduction
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An introduction to the notion of a lekton, appraising the controversy in antiquity and in modern scholarship about its nature and status. The many different contexts in which lekta are discussed are put forward as a first indication of the complexity of the question, and the danger of misunderstanding the Stoics through overhasty preference given to one or the other text and context. Are they linguistic items? Are they mental items? Are they metaphysical items? Amongst our more reliable sources, one thing seems agreed upon, that the Stoics drew the distinction between signifiers and things signified for the first time in the tradition of Western philosophy; and lekta are signified things. The force of this distinction and its implications are crucial questions which only the most unprejudiced approach to the texts can begin to answer. A first suggestion, based on the plurality of different contexts in which lekta are discussed, challenges a too immediate association of lekta with linguistic meanings. In this introduction to the volume, key methodological issues are discussed alongside an overview of the main texts and sources, and a summary of the contents of the following chapters.
‘From Civil Rights to Armalites’
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the Church’s involvement with peaceful civil rights protests in Northern Ireland from 1968 until the end of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) ceasefire in the summer of 1972. During this period the Irish Catholic Church hierarchy condemned violence but demonstrated understanding of civil rights concerns through pastoral letters, media interviews, community visits, and homilies. Irish priests and women religious began to mediate the conflict ‘on the ground’ but found quickly that a small minority who refused to back down from violence began questioning their authority. The English Catholic Church remained silent on the growing conflict, preferring the soft power approach of private dinners with British government officials rather than public statements condemning violence. Bloody Sunday, the killing of British Army soldier William Best, and the Derry Peace Women movement marked a change in Church power relations, as priests and bishops began to openly condemn the IRA.
Conclusion
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conclusion focuses on the Church’s position in mediating the conflict and ‘dealing with the past’. It examines the Church’s much altered position in Irish society after the revelations of clerical child abuse, and scandals of the Mother and Baby Homes, and the Magdalene Laundries. The conclusion interrogates the Church’s social standing today and questions its longevity as a moral arbiter in Ireland following the successful referenda on gay marriage in 2015 and repealing the eight amendment in 2018. As the Archbishop of Dublin, Diarmuid Martin, observed: ‘The Church needs to do a reality check’. In response to some in the media who claimed the marriage equality and eight amendment votes symbolised a revolution rather than a referendum, Martin remarked: ‘It’s a social revolution that didn’t begin today, it’s a social revolution that’s been going on’. For Northern Ireland, the legacy of the conflict includes few solutions for ‘dealing with the past’.