bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gender Environmentalism Gap in Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Economou Athina , Halkos George 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveThe present study attempts to shed some light on the environmental attitudes gap between the two genders in Germany and the Netherlands.MethodsThe article employs three alternative indicators of environmental attitudes, namely, “environmental values,” “environmental support,” and “environmental concern.” By using decomposition models, the underlying factors and their relative contribution in the observed gender gap in environmentalism are examined.ResultsThe empirical results indicate that females exhibit higher pro‐environmental values but less environmental support and concerns than males. The findings are quite sensitive to the sample and the indicator examined.ConclusionThe study contributes to the literature by examining not only the driving factors of gender environmental attitudes but their relative contribution as well. It seems that it is mainly differences in behavioral, psychological, and cultural responses between the two genders that shape the observed environmental attitudes gap and not differences in observed individual characteristics per se.
Sicken thy neighbour: The initial trade policy response to COVID‐19
Authors: Evenett Simon J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSince the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, many governments have limited exports of medical supplies and medicines. Pre‐pandemic barriers to imports of medical supplies and soap remain largely in place. Having characterised trade policy stance towards COVID‐19‐related goods, this study critically assesses the resort to export curbs and import taxes. Elements of an alternative, positive trade policy contribution to surmount this pandemic are presented.
Parametric Vibration of a Flexible Structure Excited by Periodic Passage of Moving Oscillators
Authors: Gao Hao , Yang Bingen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Flexible structures carrying moving subsystems are found in various engineering applications. Periodic passage of subsystems over a supporting structure can induce parametric resonance, causing vibration with ever-increasing amplitude in the structure. Instead of its engineering implications, parametric excitation of a structure with sequentially passing oscillators has not been well addressed. The dynamic stability in such a moving-oscillator problem, due to viscoelastic coupling between the supporting structure and moving oscillators, is different from that in a moving-mass problem. In this paper, parametric resonance of coupled structure-moving oscillator systems is thoroughly examined, and a new stability analysis method is proposed. In the development, a set of sequential state equations is first derived, leading to a model for structures carrying a sequence of moving oscillators. Through the introduction of a mapping matrix, a set of stability criteria on parametric resonance is then established. Being of analytical form, these criteria can accurately and efficiently predict the dynamic stability of a coupled structure-moving oscillator system. In addition, by the spectral radius of the mapping matrix, the global stability of a coupled system can be conveniently investigated in a parameter space. The system model and stability criteria are illustrated and validated in numerical examples.
Switching Cellular Swirling Upon One-Way Torsional Drive
Authors: Li Xi , Chen Bin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In understanding how a radially symmetrical actin cytoskeleton spontaneously evolves into a chiral system, here we construct a torsional clutch-filament model for one radial fiber. The model analysis indicates that when actin filaments in growth tend to actively drive the radial fiber to only rotate counter-clockwise, certain amount of passive elastic energy also builds up within the radial fiber upon filament growth, the release of which tends to drive it to rotate clockwise. The competition between these two sources would eventually determine the cellular swirling direction, which can be counter-clockwise or clockwise. The model prediction is in consistency with recent experimental findings. This work provides understanding into how the cellular chirality can be modulated by varied molecular components associated with the cytoskeleton.
A Modified Correlation for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Plate Heat Exchangers
Authors: Li Wei , Zheng Boren , Lv Tong , Ayub Zahid 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Corrugated plate heat exchangers are increasingly used in two-phase flow applications for their flexible compact size and efficient heat transfer performance. This paper presents a brief review of recent studies on the flow boiling in plate heat exchangers and creates a database containing 533 data points from previous experimental studies. The collected database covers seven working fluids, a wide range of vapor quality (both mean and local) 0.01–0.94, heat flux 0.5–46 kW m−2, mass flux 5.5–137 kg m−2 s−1, chevron angle 30–70 deg, and hydraulic diameter 1.7–4.0 mm. Based on the database a brief comparison between several previous correlations are discussed. A new prediction method for flow boiling heat transfer coefficient is developed by multiple regression analysis and modifying an existing correlation. A criterion proposed by Li and Wu about the transition from micro- to macroscale was introduced with a combined dimensionless number Bd·Rel0.5 which attempts to comprehensively consider four types of forces during flow boiling. It was observed that the modified correlation shows a better agreement and predicts 74.3% and 94.9% of total data points within ±30% and ±50% error bands, respectively.
Modeling and Simulation of Building Cooling System With Supercooling-Based Ice Energy Storage
Authors: Zhang Yili , Kissick Sean , Wang Hailei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
City’s electricity power grid is under heavy load during on-peak hours throughout summer cooling season. As the result, many utility companies implemented the time-of-use rate of electricity leading to high electricity cost for customers with significant cooling needs. On the other hand, the need for electricity and/or cooling decreases greatly at night, creating excess electricity capacity for further utilization. An innovative ice energy storage system is being developed leveraging a unique supercooling-based ice production process. During off-peak hours, the proposed system stores the low-cost electric energy in the form of ice; during on-peak hours, the system releases the stored energy to meet extensive home cooling needs. Thus, it can not only reduce energy and cost of cooling, but also increase the penetration of renewable energies (especially wind energy). In this paper, the working principles of the system is presented along with the modeling details of the overall system and several key components. The simulink model takes in hourly temperature and peak/off peak electricity cost data to dynamically simulate the amount of energy required and associated cost for cooling an average home. Both energy consumption and cost for homes using the cooling system with ice energy storage in two US cities have been compared with those using conventional HVAC cooling system. According to the model, huge reduction in energy cost (up to 3X) can be achieved over 6 months of cooling season in regions with high peak electricity rates. While only moderate reduction on energy consumption is predicted for the ice energy storage system, further energy reduction potentials have been identified for future study.
The Immediate Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Quadriceps Muscle Function in Individuals With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Rush Justin L. , Lepley Lindsey K. , Davi Steven , Lepley Adam S. 
Published: March 2020

Context: Altered quadriceps activation is common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and can persist for years after surgery. These neural deficits are due, in part, to chronic central nervous system alterations. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive modality, that is, believed to immediately increase motor neuron activity by stimulating the primary motor cortex, making it a promising modality to use improve outcomes in the ACLR population. Objective: To determine if a single treatment of tDCS would result in increased quadriceps activity and decreased levels of self-reported pain and dysfunction during exercise. Design: Randomized crossover design. Setting: Controlled laboratory. Patients: Ten participants with a history of ACLR (5 males/5 females, 22.9 [4.23] y, 176.57 [12.01] cm, 80.87 [16.86] kg, 68.1 [39.37] mo since ACLR). Interventions: Active tDCS and Sham tDCS. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of maximum electromyographic data of vastus medialis and lateralis, voluntary isometric strength, percentage of voluntary activation, and self-reported pain and symptom scores were measured. The 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance by limb were performed to explain the differences between time points (pre and post) and condition (tDCS and sham). Results: There was a significant time main effect for quadriceps percentage of maximum electromyographic of vastus medialis (F9,1 = 11.931, P = .01) and vastus lateralis (F9,1 = 9.132, P = .01), isometric strength (F9,1 = 5.343, P = .046), and subjective scores for pain (F9,1 = 15.499, P = .04) and symptoms (F9,1 = 15.499, P = .04). Quadriceps percentage of maximum electromyographic, isometric strength, and voluntary activation showed an immediate decline from pre to post regardless of tDCS condition. Subjective scores improved slightly after each condition. Conclusions: One session of active tDCS did not have an immediate effect on quadriceps activity and subjective scores of pain and symptoms. To determine if tDCS is a valid modality for this patient population, a larger scale investigation with multiple treatments of active tDCS is warranted.
Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Zoonotic and Livestock Diseases
Authors: Gebreyes Wondwossen A. , Jackwood Daral , de Oliveira Celso Jose Bruno , Lee Chang-Won , Hoet Armando E. , Thakur Siddhartha 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Zoonotic and livestock diseases are very important globally both in terms of direct impact on human and animal health and in terms of their relationship to the livelihood of farming communities, as they affect income generation and food security and have other, indirect consequences on human lives. More than two-thirds of emerging infectious diseases in humans today are known to be of animal origin. Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that originate from animals, including hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, such as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(LA-MRSA), invasive nontyphoidal
Salmonella
of animal origin, hyperviruent
Clostridium difficile
, and others, are of major significance to public health. Understanding the origin, risk factors, transmission, prevention, and control of such strains has been a challenge for various reasons, particularly due to the transdisciplinary partnership between and among human, environment, and animal health sectors. MDR bacteria greatly complicate the clinical management of human infections. Food animal farms, pets in communities, and veterinary hospital environments are major sources of such infections. However, attributing such infections and pinpointing sources requires highly discriminatory molecular methods as outlined in other parts of this curated series. Genotyping methods, such as multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and several others, have been used to decipher sources of foodborne and other zoonotic infectious diseases. In recent years, whole-genome-sequence-based approaches have been increasingly used for molecular epidemiology of diseases at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment. This part of the series highlights the major zoonotic and foodborne disease issues.

*
This article is part of a curated collection.
Environmental and Adaptive Changes Necessitate a Paradigm Shift for Indicators of Fecal Contamination
Authors: Teixeira Pedro , Salvador Daniel , Brandão João , Ahmed Warish , Sadowsky Michael J. , Valério Elisabete 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Changes in the occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of waterborne pathogens due to global climate change may increase the risk of human exposure to these microorganisms, thus heightening the need for more reliable surveillance systems. Routine monitoring of drinking water supplies and recreational waters is performed using fecal indicator microorganisms, such as
Escherichia coli
,
Enterococcus
spp., and coliphages. However, the presence and numbers of these indicators, especially
E. coli
and
Enterococcus
spp., do not correlate well with those of other pathogens, especially enteric viruses, which are a major cause of waterborne outbreaks associated with contaminated water and food, and recreational use of lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuarine waters. For that reason, there is a growing need for a surveillance system that can detect and quantify viral pathogens directly in water sources to reduce transmission of pathogens associated with fecal transmission. In this review, we present an updated overview of relevant waterborne enteric viruses that we believe should be more commonly screened to better evaluate water quality and to determine the safety of water use and reuse and of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks. We also discuss current methodologies that are available to detect and quantify these viruses in water resources. Finally, we highlight challenges associated with virus monitoring. The information presented in this review is intended to aid in the assessment of human health risks due to contact with water sources, especially since current environmental and adaptive changes may be creating the need for a paradigm shift for indicators of fecal contamination.
Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zhou QiQi , Verne Meghan L , Fields Jeremy Z , Lefante John J , Basra Sarpreet , Salameh Habeeb , Verne G Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundMore effective treatments are needed for patients with postinfectious, diarrhoea-predominant, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Accordingly, we conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week-long trial to assess the efficacy and safety of oral glutamine therapy in patients who developed IBS-D with increased intestinal permeability following an enteric infection.MethodsEligible adults were randomised to glutamine (5 g/t.i.d.) or placebo for 8 weeks. The primary end point was a reduction of ≥50 points on the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System (IBS-SS). Secondary endpoints included: raw IBS-SS scores, changes in daily bowel movement frequency, stool form (Bristol Stool Scale) and intestinal permeability.ResultsFifty-four glutamine and 52 placebo subjects completed the 8-week study. The primary endpoint occurred in 43 (79.6%) in the glutamine group and 3 (5.8%) in the placebo group (a 14-fold difference). Glutamine also reduced all secondary endpoint means: IBS-SS score at 8 weeks (301 vs 181, p<0.0001), daily bowel movement frequency (5.4 vs 2.9±1.0, p<0.0001), Bristol Stool Scale (6.5 vs 3.9, p<0.0001) and intestinal permeability (0.11 vs 0.05; p<0.0001). ‘Intestinal hyperpermeability’ (elevated urinary lactulose/mannitol ratios) was normalised in the glutamine but not the control group. Adverse events and rates of study-drug discontinuation were low and similar in the two groups. No serious adverse events were observed.ConclusionsIn patients with IBS-D with intestinal hyperpermeability following an enteric infection, oral dietary glutamine supplements dramatically and safely reduced all major IBS-related endpoints. Large randomised clinical trials (RCTs) should now be done to validate these findings, assess quality of life benefits and explore pharmacological mechanisms.Trial registration numberNCT1414244; Results.
Extensive beam test study of prototype MRPCs for the T0 detector at the CSR external-target experiment
Authors: Hu Dongdong , Lu Jiaming , Zhou Jian , Deng Peipei , Shao Ming , Sun Yongjie , Zhao Lei , Chen Hongfang , Li Cheng , Tang Zebo , Zhang Yifei , Zhou Yi , You Wenhao , Song Guofeng , Wu Yitao , Zhu Bing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) External-target Experiment (CEE) will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experimental device at the CSR of the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) in China. A new T0 detector has been proposed to measure the multiplicity, angular distribution and timing information of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions at the target region. Multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) technology was chosen as part of the construction of the T0 detector, which provides precision event collision times (T0) and collision geometry information. The prototype was tested with hadron and heavy-ion beams to study its performance. By comparing the experimental results with a Monte Carlo simulation, the time resolution of the MRPCs are found to be better than$$\sim 50$$∼50ps. The timing performance of the T0 detector, including both detector and readout electronics, is found to fulfil the requirements of the CEE.
The Casimir effect for fermionic currents in conical rings with applications to graphene ribbons
Authors: Bellucci S. , Brevik I. , Saharian A. A. , Sargsyan H. G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe investigate the combined effects of boundaries and topology on the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of the charge and current densities for a massive 2D fermionic field confined on a conical ring threaded by a magnetic flux. Different types of boundary conditions on the ring edges are considered for fields realizing two inequivalent irreducible representations of the Clifford algebra. The related bound states and zero energy fermionic modes are discussed. The edge contributions to the VEVs of the charge and azimuthal current densities are explicitly extracted and their behavior in various asymptotic limits is considered. On the ring edges the azimuthal current density is equal to the charge density or has an opposite sign. We show that the absolute values of the charge and current densities increase with increasing planar angle deficit. Depending on the boundary conditions, the VEVs are continuous or discontinuous at half-integer values of the ratio of the effective magnetic flux to the flux quantum. The discontinuity is related to the presence of the zero energy mode. By combining the results for the fields realizing the irreducible representations of the Clifford algebra, the charge and current densities are studied in parity and time-reversal symmetric fermionic models. If the boundary conditions and the phases in quasiperiodicity conditions for separate fields are the same the total charge density vanishes. Applications are given to graphitic cones with edges (conical ribbons).
A Genealogy of Inelegant Art
Authors: Jenkins Gary W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 1567 a short Hungarian treatise employing eight woodcuts attacked the doctrine of the Trinity, using the woodcuts to show the enormity of Trinitarian doctrine through the abuses these woodcuts ostensibly represented. But the tract was far more than the woodcuts and their descriptions, but as well contained several swipes at the character of the Trinity as a uniquely Christian doctrine. This essay gives a translation of the tract along with an introduction and commentary on its sources (historical, pictorial, and theological), and the significance of the tract in the history of Antitrinitarianism.
Confraternal Charity in Early Modern Malta
Authors: Ciappara Frans 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article has two main aims. It shows that the members of confraternities gained merit by dispensing the works of corporal mercy identified in Matthew 25, 42–43; their almsgiving made them pleasing to God and reduced their days in purgatory. Charity, though, is beneficial both to the donor and the receiver. The poor are helped materially in their indigence but the basic welfare, with which the brothers of companies provide them, preserves them from sin, imperiled by the ignorance that poverty brings. The article is based on several sources but especially on the archives of the confraternities. If most of them are today defunct, their records are on the whole well-kept.
Lead Us Not into Temptation, but Deliver Us from Evil
Authors: Veerman Pieter , Moehn Wim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article investigates the three earliest sermons in the Dutch language (1588–1676) on Q&A 127 of the Heidelberg Catechism (HC). It provides insight into the early reception of a catechism from which generations of believers in the Netherlands received instruction. The authors analyze how and to what extent these sermons incorporate the text, theology, and spirituality of the Palatinate textbook for believers who (only) speak the vernacular. They note that this is done in an independent and creative way. Contrary to the HC, the selected sermons thoroughly explore the concept of temptation. The intended audience clearly influences the sermons. Theological distance from the HC arises at some important points. Now and then the influence of changing times is visible.
The Politics of Foreign Aid: Impact of Superpowers’ Economic Assistance on India and Pakistan during the Cold War
Authors: Mohan Surinder , Lobo J. Susanna 
Published: March 2020

This article traces the impact of superpowers’ foreign aid on India and Pakistan during the early decades of the Cold War. It shows how the American policy-makers have drawn their initial strategies to bring India under the Western fold and later, when the Indian leadership resisted by adopting the foreign policy non-alignment, charted a new approach to keep it at an adequate distance from the Soviet influence—particularly by exploiting its food insecurity and inability to complete the five-year plans. In contrast, the Soviet Union extended project-aid to India which assisted it to build much required large industrial base and attain self-sufficiency in the long run. By adhering to the non-aligned doctrine, India not only managed a negotiable balance with the superpower politics but also extracted considerable benefits for its overall development. On the other hand, aligned Pakistan had shown least enthusiasm with regard to self-sufficiency and pursued policies imbued with militarism which ended up it as a rent-seeking dependent state.