bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Potential of IoT in Systems Engineering Discipline
Authors: Ramalingam Thirunavukkarasu , Tweten Daniel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInternet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more important in many industry sectors and domains. Digital transformation is at the heart of business strategies nowadays and it begins with the executive mandate. There is a strong sense of urgency among executives as the threat of digitally enabled competitors remains high on the list of concerns. From the birth of IoT in 1999 to 2003, the number of devices grew to 500 million connected devices. By 2023, the forecast is for over 50 billion connected devices serving a population of 7.6 billion people (Dave 2011)Metcalfe's Law reminds us that three interconnected components result in a maximum of three interconnections, but with four the maximum number of interconnections rises to six, and with ten components, designers must deal with 45! This law illustrates how so many connected devices will challenge the way system engineering is carried out now. IoT is NOT a distant future, it's happening now. As a system engineering professional we have to be ready for the kind of thinking and tools that will be needed to address such a level of complexity. The IoT is, in a sense, a hyper‐scale System of Systems problem with multiple environments, requirements, governance structures and millions of stakeholders. So what tools can the SE discipline provide to manage this growing technology?This exploratory research is targeted towards identifying the various IoT characteristics and their impact on System Engineering discipline. A methodology was developed to establish the relationship between the IoT characteristics and System Engineering elements (Design requirements). Matrix methodology also helped in identifying the positive and negative correlation between the IoT characteristics and its linkage with various systems engineering element. This investigative research could be used by System Engineering professional to understand the impact of IoT on the practice of Systems Engineering.
System of Systems (SoS) Analysis of the Problem of UAS Integration into Controlled Airspace
Authors: Ramamurthy Prasanna 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations are growing in numbers, type of applications, technical complexity and regulatory challenges. National aviation regulatory authorities are engaged in coming up with regulatory and policy framework for seamless integration and operation of UAS in civil airspace. Integration of UAS into civil airspace is a complex and challenging System of Systems (SoS) engineering problem involving multiple stakeholders, complex airborne and ground systems / subsystems, processes, regulatory frameworks, etc. Recent research and developments in SoS engineering provide tools for representing, modelling and analysis of complex SoSs which would help in taking design decisions and risk mitigation. In this paper, the problem of integrating UAS into controlled civil airspace is analyzed from the SoS engineering stand point. The key system elements involved in the problem and their relationship and interactions are modelled as a SoS. The relationship between the technical challenges associated with the key SoS elements and the standard SoS dimensional properties is established. An approach for developing an architecture model of the proposed SoS is discussed.
Aircraft Landing Performance Assessment through Post‐Flight Data Analytics
Authors: Ramamurthy Prasanna , Sundaramurthy Ajay 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA third of all accidents involving commercial aircraft worldwide have been determined to be due to landing performance deviations resulting in runway excursions. Landing distance, i.e. the distance needed to safely complete the landing at the destination runway, is one of the key parameters that define the landing performance of an aircraft. From an operational safety perspective, assessment of landing performance of every flight in terms of landing distance and the related aircraft system parameters, to identify the performance deviations of the Pilot and Aircraft and Aircraft systems, as well as potential system faults / failures that could have triggered these deviations, would help the Airlines to effectively plan Aircraft and Aircraft system maintenance and Pilot training. This paper proposes a systems engineering approach to assess the landing performance of a given flight. The requirements and architecture definition process for the landing performance assessment system is discussed. A method to analyze the landing performance deviations and to perform a root cause analysis to identify and isolate the key contributors towards these deviations is presented.
Implementation of ECU Specific Requirements in ODX Generation Using Variation Management
Authors: Nata Aswin , Kodati Eswar Kumar 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAs the need for diagnostic applications in the advanced technological vehicles is increasing, the need for standardized format for diagnostic data is also growing. ODX (Open Diagnostic data eXchange) file is one of the standardized XML‐based formats based on ISO 22901 used for exchanging diagnostic data in modern world vehicles. Different types of diagnostic identifiers like DIDs, RIDs and DTCs are defined in a structured way in ODX files. These diagnostic identifiers will be used throughout the life cycle of vehicle development like software development, testing, production, after‐sales and service. The new features like Autonomous and Electrification demands to have common and distinctive diagnostics requirements for different vehicle platforms. This poses architectural challenges in managing common features and specific features with in a superset architecture (eg: Defining a single DID differently for different ECUs). One of the ways to tackle this challenge is through variation management concept. Variation management enables embedding information about different flavors of controllers into the same architecture. This helps downstream software teams to optimize their software to have their specific requirements. This paper focuses on variation management solution to accommodate ECU specific diagnostic requirements in ODX generation.
Characterisation and optimisation of MEMS based pressure sensors for deep space missions
Authors: Narayan R. , Sidhick Aisha , Shekar GL , Prasad MVN 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPressure sensors are extensively used in spacecraft propulsion system for health monitoring and determining the on‐orbit functional life of the spacecrafts. This is possible by employing PVT (Pressure‐Volume‐Temperature) method wherein pressure sensors and temperature sensors mounted in the propellant tank are used for accurate measurement of pressure and temperature. Pressure sensors are also employed for control & other system health monitoring applications. For aerospace applications, they have to perform under harsh and volatile environments and demands utmost reliability and long‐term performance stability. Hence, it is essential to characterise and optimise these sensors by adopting adequate design methodologies test philosophies. A detailed study has been carried out and the performances were evaluated for establishing the usage of MEMS based pressure sensors.
Technical Measures Perspectives in Selection of Handling Qualities Criteria for Flight Control Design
Authors: Chowhan Kishan Singh , Arya Hemendra , Deodhare Girish S 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe requirements of satisfactory pilot‐vehicle interaction in high workload precision flying tasks plays a very important and dominant role in the design of flight control systems. Based on the extensive flight test experience, quantitative handling qualities specifications to aid control law design have been derived and documented in relevant MIL Standards. In this paper an attempt is made to demonstrate methodology used for validation of Handling Qualities (HQ) requirements for a HighPerformance fighter Aircraft (HPA) using technical measurements in systems engineering i.e. Measure of effectiveness (MOE), Measure of performance (MOP) and Technical performance measure (TPM) as defined by INCOSE.A mission requirement such as Air to Air Refueling (AAR) is considered as a user need in qualitative form and is mapped to MOE as an indicator of achieving the operational objective. The MOPs are arrived from the handling quality specifications from MIL standards for the flight control design. TPMs enable an assessment of the system design by estimating the values of key performance parameters of the design through engineering analyses and tests.A piloted evaluation is performed for the given mission requirement. The flight data together with pilot comments on aircraft handling qualities are assessed to identify any mismatch between predicted HQ versus piloted evaluation which leads to iteration of flight control laws. Thereby, the use of technical measures keeps track of requirements to be met while maintain desired system performance as well anticipate any risk and mitigate the same during early stage of design cycle.
ECU Inter‐processor data communication End to End verification in Autosar for achieving Functional Safety Goals
Authors: Gowda Jagadish Narayan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSafety is absence of unreasonable risk. Functional safety emphasis to handle unintended behavior of the system. ISO26262 recommends the process and development of electrical components in automotive vehicle weighing less than 3000kg. Features are assigned with Automotive safety integrate levels (ASIL) A,B,C and D by performing Hazard Analysis and Risk Assignment(HARA). ISO 26262 recommends integrity of data communicated between sender and receiver components which handles data associated with ASIL features. This is achieved by developing each software or hardware components in compliance with ISO26262 ASIL recommended process and implementation. The process requires lot of effort to develop and validate each software component as per ISO26262 recommendations. This is more challenging when data integrity needs to be maintained between sender and receiver components which resides on two different microprocessors in the ECU. Also, it is more challenging to achieve freedom from interference between QM (quality managed) and ASIL feature software with in the software or hardware components. This paper detailed the decomposition of ASIL as per ISO‐ 26262 and exploring the end to end verification methods in AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) to achieve safety goals. This paper considers achieving data integrity between two microprocessors in infotainment. This paper highlights the software components on sender and receiver that must comply to ISO26262 and recommendations, instead of developing all software and hardware components as per ISO 26262.
Timescale Ensemble Performance Enhancement through use of Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Maharana Shikha , Bhardwajan Aakanksha Avnish , Ganesh T Subramanya , Ramakrishna B N 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA timescale is the estimate of phase and frequency of the “perfect” clock derived from the phase and frequency of the clocks which participate in the ensemble. An ensemble of clocks is the first step towards the realization of a timescale. In the past, several methodologies have been developed to solve the timescale problem such as KAS‐2, Multi‐scale Ensemble Timescale (METS), ALGOS (BIPM), AT1 (NIST) and algorithm for UTC (CRL). An adaptive ensemble algorithm based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been developed which shows improvements in terms of betterment of frequency stability of the ensemble. The Neural Network in the ensemble algorithm learns differently for different sample spaces of the input phase data that is provided. The weights of the participating clocks are derived from their respective Allan deviations. The weights formulated for the ensemble undergo a regressive iteration to obtain the training data set for parameterization of weights. A single‐layer perceptron feedback Neural Network that is proposed in this paper, dynamically adapts the weights assigned to the participating clocks based on the paper clock performance.This paper dwells on the comparison of performances between the ANN‐based algorithms with that of two other algorithms, namely Reduced Kalman filter based algorithm and METS. Results of ANN‐based algorithm for different clock combinations are also presented. The behavior of this algorithm in the event of measurement data outage has also been presented in the paper.
Increased Expression of FGF-21 Negatively Affects Bone Homeostasis in Dystrophin/Utrophin Double Knockout Mice
Authors: Li Hongshuai , Sun Hui , Qian Baoli , Feng Wei , Carney Dwayne , Miller Jennifer , Hogan MaCalus V , Wang Ling 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy seen in children. In addition to skeletal muscle, DMD also has a significant impact on bone. The pathogenesis of bone abnormalities in DMD is still unknown. Recently, we have identified a novel bone-regulating cytokine, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), which is dramatically upregulated in skeletal muscles from DMD animal models. We hypothesize that muscle-derived FGF-21 negatively affects bone homeostasis in DMD. Dystrophin/utrophin double-knockout (dKO) mice were used in this study. We found that the levels of circulating FGF-21 were significantly higher in dKO mice than in age-matched WT controls. Further tests on FGF-21 expressing tissues revealed that both FGF-21 mRNA and protein expression were dramatically upregulated in dystrophic skeletal muscles, whereas FGF-21 mRNA expression was downregulated in liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to WT controls. Neutralization of circulating FGF-21 by i.p. injection of anti-FGF-21 antibody significantly alleviated progressive bone loss in weight-bearing (vertebra, femur, and tibia) and non–weight bearing bones (parietal bones) in dKO mice. We also found that FGF-21 directly promoted RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), as well as promoted adipogenesis while concomitantly inhibiting osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and co-receptor β-klotho (KLB) were expressed in bone cells (BMM-derived osteoclasts and BMMSCs) and bone tissues. KLB knockdown by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly inhibited the effects of FGF21 on osteoclast formation of BMMs and on adipogenic differentiation of BMMSCs, indicating that FGF-21 may directly affect dystrophic bone via the FGFRs-β-klotho complex. In conclusion, this study shows that dystrophic skeletal muscles express and secrete significant levels of FGF-21, which negatively regulates bone homeostasis and represents an important pathological factor for the development of bone abnormalities in DMD. The current study highlights the importance of muscle/bone cross-talk via muscle-derived factors (myokines) in the pathogenesis of bone abnormalities in DMD. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dihydrophenazine‐based double‐anchoring dye for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Kumar Dhirendra , Chen Yu‐Lin , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Wong Ken‐Tsung 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA novel dihydrophenazine‐based organic di‐anchoring dye DK‐11 was synthesized by utilizing a simple synthetic protocol. The dye was characterized by optical and electrochemical studies and used as a sensitizer for dye‐sensitized solar cell. The proposed butterfly structure was supported by IR experiments which ensured the binding of both carboxylic acid units on the semiconductor surface. Using the dye DK‐11, the device generated an efficiency of 5.07% with JSC, VOC, and FF values of 10.65 mA/cm2, 0.67 V, and 0.71, respectively.
Pre‐miR‐27a rs895819 polymorphism and risk of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Tang Weiyan , Xu Haonan , Ma Dawei , Ma Rong , Wu Jianqiu , Yu Xinnian , Feng Jifeng , Liu Qizhan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecently, several studies have investigated the relationship between Pre‐miR‐27a rs895819 polymorphism and risk of various cancers. However, the relationship between rs895819 and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been well known.MethodsIn this study, we conducted a case‐control study to explore the role of Pre‐miR‐27a rs895819 in risk of DLBCL. The PCR‐TaqMan and luciferase assays and in vitro experiments were used to evaluate polymorphism function.ResultsAs a result, we found subjects carrying with rs895819 AG/GG genotype had a significantly decreased risk when compared with those carrying the AA genotype. Further qPCR assay showed that the DLBCL patients carrying AG/GG genotypes showed a lower level of mature miR‐27a when compared with patients carrying AA genotype. Moreover, miR‐27a levels were upregulated in DLBCL tissues compared with normal lymphoid tissues. Further in vitro experiments showed that miR‐27a might function as an oncogene through target TGFBR1. In addition, TGFBR1 overexpression rescues effects of miR‐27a inhibitor on DLBCL cells phenotypes.ConclusionsIn conclusion, these findings indicate that rs895819 A > G might reduce the expression of mature miR‐27a, and leading a higher level of TGFBR1, ultimately inhibiting the development of DLBCL.
Ontological insecurity II: Relationship to attachment, childhood trauma, and subclinical psychotic‐like experiences
Authors: Marlowe Nicholas I. , Nicholson Perry Kathryn , Lee Jacob 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo examine ontological insecurity as a predictor of positive psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) relative to concepts of childhood trauma, parental bonding, and adult attachment style.MethodsA nonclinical sample (N = 298) completed the Ontological Insecurity Scale (OIS‐34), a new measure of ontological insecurity, along with measures of the above concepts.ResultsThe OIS‐34 accounted for a significantly greater proportion of unique variance in positive PLEs than any other theoretical variable. Anxious and avoidant adult attachment were also strongly associated with positive PLEs, but these relationships were mediated by the OIS‐34, ceasing to be significant once this latter variable entered the hierarchical regression equation.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with R. D. Laing's theory that ontological insecurity plays a significant role in psychosis. Moreover, the results suggest that this concept may mediate the established relationship between anxious/avoidant adult attachment and positive PLEs. Implications for psychological approaches to clinical psychosis are discussed.
The role of the red blood cell and platelet in the evolution of mammalian and avian endothermy
Authors: Soslau Gerald 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis review presents evidence to support the hypothesis that the reduced O2 during the Permian/Triassic period was the impetus for the evolutionary selection of endothermic animals. The evolution of smaller red blood cells with greater surface areas along with increased: capillary density, capillary surface area, hematocrits, blood pressure, blood flow rates, and shear rates were critical for efficient gas exchange in endothermy. The evolution of the four‐chambered mammalian/avian heart allowed for low pulmonary and high systemic blood pressure. It is proposed that hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis led to increased vascularization in endothermic animals. The increased blood pressure, flow rates, and shear forces likely required changes in hemostatic mechanisms that were met in mammals by the evolution of anucleate platelets. The evolution of mammals and birds occurred in a parallel fashion with further genetic changes to anucleate RBCs/platelets occurring in mammals. Although it is possible that the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals occurred as two independent events, it is more likely that a common ancestor developed genetic mutations that laid down the road map for parallel alterations of their cardiovascular system in response to environmental pressures. Model systems to support the proposed changes from ectotherm to endotherm were developed from published data. The evolutionary development of endothermy occurred over millions of years with a continuum of genetic alterations that involved skeletal, soft tissue, cardiovascular macrochanges along with numerous molecular alterations. Genetic signals and potential regulators for the evolutionary changes of endothermic blood cells from their bipotential stem cells are also proposed.
Proteostasis network alteration in lysosomal storage disorders: Insights from the mouse model of Krabbe disease
Authors: Landi Claudia , Luddi Alice , Bianchi Laura , Pannuzzo Giovanna , Pavone Valentina , Piomboni Paola , Bini Luca 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn Krabbe disease, a mutation in GALC gene causes widespread demyelination determining cell death by apoptosis, mainly in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Less is known on the molecular mechanisms induced by this deficiency. Here, we report an impairment in protein synthesis and degradation and in proteasomal clearance with a potential accumulation of the misfolded proteins and induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain of 6‐day‐old twitcher mice (TM) (model of Krabbe disease). In particular, an imbalance of the immunoproteasome function was highlighted, useful for shaping adaptive immune response by neurological cells. Moreover, our data show an involvement of cytoskeleton remodeling in Krabbe pathogenesis, with a lamin meshwork disaggregation in twitcher oligodendrocytes in 6‐day‐old TM. This study provides interesting protein targets and mechanistic insight on the early onset of Krabbe disease that may be promising options to be tested in combination with currently available therapies to rescue Krabbe phenotype.
PPARα serves as a new receptor of aspirin for neuroprotection
Authors: Patel Dhruv , Roy Avik , Pahan Kalipada 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAcetyl salicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, has been being widely used as an anti‐inflammatory drug for almost 100 years. However, there was no receptor known for this popular drug. Recently, we have established that peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) acts as a novel receptor of aspirin. Activation of PPARα by aspirin stimulated a series of downstream signaling pathways that could potentially ameliorate different Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related pathologies. In this mini‐review, we have discussed how aspirin–PPARα interaction plays a pivotal role in the amelioration of AD pathology via the stimulation of neurotrophic factors, upregulation of plasticity‐associated genes, and removal of plaque burden in hippocampal neurons.