bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distilling the distinct contralateral and ipsilateral attentional responses to lateral stimuli and the bilateral response to midline stimuli for upper and lower visual hemifield locations
Authors: Monnier Anne , Dell'Acqua Roberto , Jolicoeur Pierre 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA contralateral posterior negativity elicited by lateral oddballs (N2pc) and a bilateral posterior negativity elicited by vertical midline oddballs (bilateral N2) are ERP components reflecting attentional deployment that have been rarely compared. In different tasks, we explored to what extent they reflect similar underlying mechanisms of attention. We used a multiple‐frame procedure to present pop‐out color oddballs among distractors. A homogeneous condition contained only distractors (0 oddballs) and served as a control condition that was subtracted from oddball‐present conditions to isolate attention effects. The number of oddballs and the vertical hemifield containing them (upper vs. lower) were two critical factors. For the lower hemifield, the signal amplitude increased with the number of oddballs, otherwise had similar effects and scalp distributions, suggesting the bilateral N2 acted as a bilateral N2pc and likely reflected similar underlying generators. For the upper hemifield, component amplitude also increased with the number of oddballs, but the scalp distributions were positive and more centered, suggesting inverted generators across the two vertical hemifields. An ipsilateral positivity occurred about 50 ms after a contralateral positivity, similar in magnitude, producing a biphasic contra‐minus‐ipsi difference wave. Previously reported smaller negative N2pc components for upper hemifield oddballs likely reflected a negative lobe artificially created by the subtraction of a lagged positive ipsilateral response. The results compel us to argue for a systematic separation of data for upper versus lower hemifields in studies of visuo‐spatial attention, and the use of an experimental design permitting the separate estimation of contralateral and ipsilateral responses.
Participatory Transparency in Kenya: Toward an Engaged Budgeting Model of Local Governance
Authors: Muthomi Frankline , Thurmaier Kurt 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch about citizen participation in public budgeting is inconclusive regarding whether citizens actually influence budgetary priorities. In Kenya, emerging citizens’ participation models spawned by a constitutional mandate are excellent laboratories for evaluating the impact of citizens on county planning and budgeting decisions. Focus groups of citizens who have participated in planning and budgeting sessions in four Kenyan counties revealed their experiences, their perceived impact in public participation, and suggestions about how their county's participation could be improved. Analysis indicates counties vary in their performance and commitment to an engaged budgeting model whereby participating citizens are able to influence county priorities in the capital budget. Findings support the necessity of participatory transparency for citizens' influence; repeating participants in county budget forums are learning technical and legal aspects of county budgeting, and are beginning to influence the engaged budgeting processes. We argue that participatory transparency is a necessary condition for citizens to be able to affect priorities.
Hemodialysis using a low bicarbonate dialysis bath: Implications for acid‐base homeostasis
Authors: Sargent John A. , Yamamoto Tadashi , Yamakawa Tomoyuki , De Waal Desirée , Gennari F. John 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe low bath bicarbonate concentration ([]) used by a nephrology group in Japan (25.5 mEq/L), coupled with a bath [acetate] of 8 mEq/L, provided an opportunity to study the acid‐base events occurring during hemodialysis when flux is from the patient to the bath. We used an analytic tool that allows calculation of delivery during hemodialysis and the physiological response to it in 17 Japanese outpatients with an average pre‐dialysis blood [] of 25 mEq/L. Our analysis demonstrates that addition is markedly reduced and that all of it comes from acetate metabolism. The added to the extracellular fluid during treatment (19.5 mEq) was completely consumed by H+ mobilization from body buffers. In contrast to patients dialyzing with higher bath [] values in the US and Europe, organic acid production was suppressed rather than stimulated. Dietary analysis indicates that these patients are in acid balance due to the alkaline nature of their diet. In a larger group of patients using the same bath solution, pre‐dialysis blood [] was lower, 22.2 mEq/L, but still in an acceptable range. Our studies indicate that a low bath [] is well tolerated and can prevent stimulation of organic acid production.
Leisure physical exercise and creatine kinase activity. The Tromsø study
Authors: Bekkelund Svein Ivar 
Published: August 2020

Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme catalyzing energy reaction in muscle cells and has proven to modify cardiovascular risks. The influence of skeletal muscle activity on CK concentrations is a potential study confounder but is mainly reported in connection with sport activities. This study investigated the association between leisure physical exercise and CK and estimated the effect of physical exercise on the CK values. CK and leisure physical exercise defined as intensity, frequency, and duration subsets were measured in the population‐based Tromsø study. Comparisons of CK at different exercise levels, multivariate analyses, and relative differences in CK between “never exercise” and “heavy exercise” (moderate or hard exercise ≥2 hours per week) subgroups were analyzed age‐ and sex‐stratified in 12 796 men and women. CK increased significantly with higher levels of physical exercise intensity and frequency in both sexes analyzed by ANOVA. In a multivariate analysis, CK was independently associated with heavy exercise after adjusting for age, BMI, and blood pressure; OR 9.38 (95% CI 5.32‐16.53), P < .0001 in men and OR 5.20 (95% CI 2.53‐10.69), P < .0001 in women. The differences in CK between physically inactive and participants performing heavy exercise varied between 3.1% (women) and 6.4% (men) and was also larger in participants ≥50 years. In conclusion, CK was positively and independently associated with increasing leisure physical exercise in a general population. CK values associated with exercise were approximately twice as high in men than women, but exercise altered CK only modestly.
Scaling up Deliberation: Testing the Potential of Mini‐Publics to Enhance the Deliberative Capacity of Citizens
Authors: Suiter Jane , Muradova Lala , Gastil John , Farrell David M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper tests the possibility of embedding the benefits of minipublic deliberation within a wider voting public. We test whether a statement such as those derived from a Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR) can influence voters who did not participate in the pre‐referendum minipublic deliberation. This experiment was implemented in advance of the 2018 Irish referendum on blasphemy, one of a series of social‐moral referendums following the recommendations of a deliberative assembly. This is the first application of a CIR‐style voting aid in a real world minipublic and referendum outside of the US and also the first application to what is principally a moral question. We found that survey respondents exposed to information about the minipublic and its findings significantly increased their policy knowledge. Further, exposing respondents to minipublic statements in favour and against the policy measure increased their empathy for the other side of the policy debate.
Mesozoic exhumation history of the Grenvillian Oaxacan Complex, southern Mexico
Authors: Abdullin Fanis , Solari Luigi , Solé Jesús , Ortega‐Obregón Carlos 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present the first fission‐track results from the Grenvillian Oaxacan Complex, southern Mexico. Time–temperature modelling of the data indicates that two significant Mesozoic cooling episodes are recorded in the Oaxacan Complex and these are interpreted as resulting from exhumation. The older cooling event took place from the Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic and is possible linked to the break‐up of Pangea (including the initial opening of the Gulf of Mexico during the Jurassic). The younger exhumation period in the Early Cretaceous is contemporaneous with the final stages of rifting of the Gulf of Mexico. Key stratigraphic records also provide independent evidence for these exhumation episodes. In our view, both Mesozoic rapid exhumation events were controlled by the activity of the Caltepec Fault Zone and the Oaxaca Fault. Our data suggest that both these large fault systems have remained active since, at least, the Late Triassic.
Another building block in the plant cell wall: Barley xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases link covalently xyloglucan and anionic oligosaccharides derived from pectin
Authors: Stratilová Barbora , Šesták Sergej , Mravec Jozef , Garajová Soňa , Pakanová Zuzana , Vadinová Kristína , Kučerová Danica , Kozmon Stanislav , Schwerdt Julian G. , Shirley Neil , Stratilová Eva , Hrmova Maria 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYWe report on the homo‐ and hetero‐transglycosylation activities of the HvXET3 and HvXET4 xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) from barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), and the visualisation of these activities in young barley roots using Alexa Fluor 488‐labelled oligosaccharides. We discover that these isozymes catalyse the transglycosylation reactions with the chemically defined donor and acceptor substrates, specifically with the xyloglucan donor and the penta‐galacturonide [α(1‐4)GalAp]5acceptor – the homogalacturonan (pectin) fragment. This activity is supported by 3D molecular models of HvXET3 and HvXET4 with the docked XXXG donor and [α(1‐4)GalAp]5acceptor substrates at the −4 to +5 subsites in the active sites. Comparative sequence analyses of barley isoforms and seed‐localised TmXET6.3 from nasturtium (Tropaeolum majusL.) permitted the engineering of mutants of TmXET6.3 that could catalyse the hetero‐transglycosylation reaction with the xyloglucan/[α(1‐4)GalAp]5substrate pair, while wild‐type TmXET6.3 lacked this activity. Expression data obtained by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction ofHvXETtranscripts and a clustered heatmap of expression profiles of the gene family revealed thatHvXET3andHvXET6co‐expressed but did not share the monophyletic origin. Conversely,HvXET3andHvXET4shared this relationship, when we examined the evolutionary history of 419 glycoside hydrolase 16 family members, spanning monocots, eudicots and a basal Angiosperm. The discovered hetero‐transglycosylation activity in HvXET3 and HvXET4 with the xyloglucan/[α(1‐4)GalAp]5substrate pair is discussed against the background of roles of xyloglucan‐pectin heteropolymers and how they may participate in spatial patterns of cell wall formation and re‐modelling, and affect the structural features of walls.
Understanding occult hepatitis C infection
Authors: An Timothy , Dean Melinda , Flower Robert , Tatzenko Tayla , Chan Hiu Tat , Kiely Philip , Faddy Helen M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundOccult hepatitis C infection (OCI) is a type of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, defined as the presence of HCV RNA in hepatocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the absence of HCV RNA in serum.Study Design and MethodsA literature review was conducted to identify articles that characterized OCI as a disease, including its epidemiology, mode of transmission, pattern of infection, progression, and treatment.ResultsOCI patients experience a milder degree of inflammatory and cirrhotic changes than patients with chronic hepatitis C. OCI is transmissible parenterally both in vivo and in vitro, however the duration and outcome of OCI remains unclear. OCI is most consistently found in patients with previous hepatitis C disease and hemodialysis patients. Beyond the at‐risk populations, OCI has also been demonstrated among healthy individuals and blood donors.ConclusionsThis review summarises our current understanding of OCI and suggests areas for further research to improve our understanding of this phenomenon, including a better understanding of its epidemiology and full clinical course. The current understanding of OCI and its clinical implications remain limited. Further standardized detection methods, ongoing surveillance, and investigation of its potential transmissions are required.
Risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by transfusion: A literature review
Authors: Leblanc Jean‐François , Germain Marc , Delage Gilles , OʼBrien Sheila , Drews Steven J. , Lewin Antoine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a novel human coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The emergence of this virus in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and its worldwide spread to reach the pandemic stage has raised concerns about the possible risk that it might be transmissible by transfusion. This theoretical risk is further supported by reports of the detection of viral RNA in the blood of some infected individuals. To further address this risk, a thorough PubMed literature search was performed to systematically identify studies reporting data on the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in blood or its components. Complementary searches were done to identify articles reporting data on the in vitro infectivity of blood components. At least 23 articles presenting data on the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in blood, plasma, or serum were identified. Of these, three studies reported on blood donors with COVID‐19 infection identified after donation, and no cases of transfusion transmission were identified. A few studies mentioned results of in vitro infectivity assays of blood components in permissive cell lines, none of which were able to detect infectious virus in blood or its components. Complementary searches have identified reports demonstrating that the correlation between the presence of viral RNA in a biologic sample and infectivity requires a minimal RNA load, which is rarely, if ever, observed in blood components. Overall, the available evidence suggests that the risk of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by transfusion remains theoretical.
Molecular phylogeny and divergence of major clades in the Puntius complex (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)
Authors: Ren Qiu , Yang Lei , Chang Chia‐Hao , Mayden Richard L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPuntius sensu lato (s.l.) was one of the most speciose genera in the family Cyprinidae. There are around 120 valid species widely distributed in South‐East and South Asia, and South China. Puntius has long been known as an artificial assemblage and ‘catch‐all’ genus in which a large number of small, unrelated cyprinids have been placed. With new species and genera being described each year, obtaining detailed knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this complex is critically important in the assessment of a natural classification. In the present study, two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes were used to examine the inter‐specific and inter‐generic relationships of the Puntius complex and to test the monophyly of the current genera. Divergence time analysis was performed to explore the origin, evolution, and divergence of major clades in Puntius s.l. Results revealed that the genera Puntius seusu stricto (s.s.), Systomus, Pethia, Haludaria, Desmopuntius and Puntigrus were monophyletic with high support. However, monophyly of Barbodes, Striuntius and Sahyadria was not supported. Dawkinsia and Sahyadria formed a highly supported clade. Puntius semifasciolatus and P. snyderi from South China and Taiwan represent a new lineage. Inferences from divergence time analysis indicated that Puntius s.l. likely dated to early Miocene. Major clades in Puntius s.l. diverged during Miocene as well.
Incipient genetic divergence or cryptic speciation? Procamallanus (Nematoda) in freshwater fishes (Astyanax)
Authors: Santacruz Ana , Ornelas‐García Claudia Patricia , Pérez‐Ponce de León Gerardo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHosts provide the main environmental traits parasites have to deal with, resulting in covariation between both associates at both micro‐ and macro‐evolutionary scales; phylogenetic analyses of highly host‐specific parasites have shown that parasite and host phylogeny might be highly congruent, and adaptation of a host species to new environments may lead to concordant changes of their parasites. Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi is a highly host‐specific parasitic nematode of the Neotropical freshwater fish genus Astyanax in Mexico. One of the host species of the nematode is the emblematic Mexican tetra, A. mexicanus, which exhibits two contrasting phenotypes, a cave‐dwelling morph (with troglomorphic features), and the surface‐dwelling morph; other congeneric species inhabit rivers and lakes, and some of them occur in sympatry, displaying trophic specializations. Here, we explored the hypothesis that contrasting environments (surface rivers vs cave rivers), and host morphological divergence (sympatric ecomorphs in a lacustrine environment) might result in the divergence of their parasites, even though the hosts maintain a cohesive genetic structure as the same species. To test the hypothesis, several populations of Astyanax spp. were sampled to search for P. (S.) neocaballeroi. The nematode was found in 10 of the 52 sampled sites; two localities corresponded to cave populations. The phylogenetic analysis based on COI sequences yielded three major lineages for P. (S.) neocaballeroi. We found no concordance between the three lineages and the habitat where they occur in Astyanax mexicanus, even considering those living in drastic environmental conditions (caves), or between these lineages and lacustrine ecomorphs of Astyanax aeneus and A. caballeroi occurring in sympatry. Instead, genetic lineages of the nematode exhibit a clearer pattern of host species association and geographical distribution; our results showed that P. (S.) neocaballeroi is experiencing an incipient divergence although the morphological study of lineages shows no conspicuous differences.
Utilisation of pharmacy-based sexual and reproductive health services: a quantitative retrospective study
Authors: Gauly Julia , Atherton Helen , Kimani Peter K , Ross Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
To explore the utilisation of pharmacy-based sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) in order to optimise delivery and identify barriers to access.

Methods
The health provider Umbrella offers six SRHS from over 120 pharmacies in Birmingham (England). In this retrospective study, data collected between August 2015 and August 2018 were used to analyse uptake, user characteristics and attendance patterns according to day of the week.

Results
A total of 60 498 requests for a pharmacy service were included in the analysis. Emergency contraception (50.4%), condoms (33.1%) and STI self-sampling kits (9.6%) accounted for more than 90% of all requests. A lower uptake of services was observed for the contraceptive injection (0.6%), oral contraception (5.4%) and chlamydia treatment (1.0%). Services were most likely to be requested by those self-identifying as female (85.6%), and those aged 16–24 years (53.8%). Based on available ethnicity data (n=54 668), most requests for a service were made by White/White British individuals (43.4%) and Asian/Asian British people (23.1%). The largest number of services were delivered on Mondays (20.9%) and the lowest on Sundays (5.0%). A high proportion of requests for services on Saturdays (57.0%), Sundays (67.6%) and Mondays (54.4%) were made by females presenting for emergency contraception.

Conclusion
The evaluation of healthcare utilisation is important to help refine and optimise the delivery of services. However, information relating to pharmacy-based SRHS is scarce and often limited to a single type of service provision. Overall, a wide range of pharmacy-based services were accessed by a diverse range of people, suggesting that pharmacies are a suitable provider of many SRHS. However, the routinely collected data analysed in the study had several limitations restricting the analysis. Sexual health providers should ensure they collect data which are as comprehensive as is possible in order to help understand the utilisation of services.
Differences between exhausted CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with and without uremia
Authors: Xiaohong Chen , Jianzhou Zou , Bo Shen , Wenlv Lv , Xuesen Cao , Fangfang Xiang 
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences between exhausted CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with and without uremia. We enrolled 45 uremic patients who were recently diagnosed with HCC into the HCC + uremia cohort and similar patients with HCC but without uremia into the HCC-only cohort. Lymphocytes were obtained from the two cohorts, and exhausted CD8+ T cells, comprising PD-1+CD8+, TIM-3+CD8+, and LAG-3+CD8+ T cells, were sorted and expanded in vitro. After expansion, the proportions of PD-1+CD8+, TIM-3+CD8+, and LAG-3+CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the HCC-only cohort than in the HCC + uremia cohort. CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIM-3, or LAG-3 showed increased tumor reactivity and release of interferon-γ in vitro; however, these cells demonstrated weaker anti-tumor activity in HCC + uremia patients than in HCC-only patients. Among the expanded lymphocytes, only the decreased proportion of PD-1+CD8+ T cells significantly correlated with the HCC + uremia cohort (odds ratio of 2.731, p = 0.009). We concluded that peripheral CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIM-3, or LAG-3 from the HCC + uremia cohort were dysfunctional in vitro. Among these populations, PD-1+CD8+ T cells were most evident in HCC patients with uremia.
ASSESSING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN THE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN A LANDLOCKED ECONOMY: CASE STUDY OF LAO PDR
Authors: PANTHAMIT NISIT , CHAIBOONSRI CHUKIAT 
Published: August 2020

This research paper aims to investigate linkages of electricity consumption representing energy security with estimated factors — GDP, population and foreign direct investment (FDI) during 1998–2018 for Laos People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) by using ARDLbased Bayesian inference. This study provided empirical evidence on a long-run linear relationship analysis under ARDL-based Bayesian inference, which concludes that they have performed real relationships between electricity consumption, GDP, population and FDI. In addition, in the short-run, it was found that explanatory factors have both negative and positive impacts on Laos’ electricity consumption. The results confirm the hypothesis that although Lao PDR has access to domestic energy resources, only relying on one energy resource will make the energy system insecure. Thus, Lao PDR must develop substantial infrastructures and alternative renewable energies to support the campaign of Lao PDRs electricity security in the long-run.