bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between interleukin-18-607C/A gene polymorphism and severity of enterovirus-71 encephalitis in Chinese children
Authors: Song Jie , Liu Yedan , Qu Zhenghai , Guo Ya , Liu Peipei , Li Fei , Zhang Na , Wu Sifei , Fan Fan , Chen Zongbo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflammatory cytokine encoded by IL-18 and known as interferon (IFN)-γ inducing factor, plays an important role in the innate immune system. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-18-607C/A have been reported to be associated with many infectious and immune-related diseases. However, there is no evidence of its association with enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infectious encephalitis. This study aimed to explore the association between the promoter region polymorphisms (-607C/A) of IL-18 and the severity of EV71 encephalitis in Chinese children.Methods: We analyzed the polymorphisms of IL-18-607C/A in 185 EV71-infected patients and 214 controls for genetic association research. Clinical features and auxiliary examination results were collected and compared in the cases. The serum concentration of IFN-γ was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: The frequency of IL-18-607 AA genotype and allele in EV71-infected patients was significantly higher than that in the controls (32.4% vs 21.5%, P=0.042, 55.1% vs 46.0%, P=0.001). Furthermore, a difference was found in severe EV71 and mild encephalitis cases (53.0% vs 20.5%, P=0.003, 67.3% vs 50%, P=0.016). The serum concentration of IFN-γ in patients with encephalitis was much lower in AA genotypes (106.0±8.9 pg/mL) than in CA and CC genotypes (120.4±8.9 and 128.1±7.5 pg/mL, respectively, P<0.001). The duration of fever and blood glucose level was obviously higher in AA than in CA and CC genotypes.Conclusions: Children with IL-18-607AA genotype were more susceptible to developing severe EV71-associated encephalitis in this study in China.
The middle-aged and elderly urban residents’ individual perceptions of PM2.5 pollution and its influencing factors in Wuxi, China
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhang Jiayao , Xu Yan , Sun Hong , Ding Zhen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background PM 2.5 pollution has become a major public health concern in urban China. Understanding the residents’ individual perceptions toward haze pollution is critical for policymaking and risk communication. However, the perceptions of middle-aged and elderly residents, who particularly vulnerable to haze pollution, are poorly understood. Methods A cross-sectional study of 400 randomly sampled individuals (aged 40 to 90 years) was conducted in Wuxi, a typical PM 2.5 -polluted city. Each participant’s demographic and health information, individual perception and pulmonary function outcomes were collected to explore the relationship between personal characteristics and pulmonary function parameters and perception factors. Results We found that the mean values for controllability (4.99 ± 2.78) and dread of self-risk (6.90 ± 2.45) were the lowest and the highest values, respectively, in our study. Education and average family income were positively related with all individual perception factors, while age was negatively associated. A history of respiratory disease was positively associated with all individual perception factors except controllability . Significant positive associations were observed between PEF (coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.22) and FEF75% (coefficients ranged from 0.18 to 0.29) with a variety of individual perception factors. Conclusions There was a lack of concern and knowledge, weak self-protection consciousness and a strong dread of PM 2.5 pollution among the middle-aged and elderly residents in Wuxi. Their individual perceptions were associated with age, education levels, average family income, history of respiratory disease and pulmonary function outcomes. Our findings may help policymakers develop effective policies and communication strategies to mitigate the hazards of haze among older residents.
Minimum acceptable diet and stunting among children aged 6-23 months in Dalit and Non-Dalit and associated factors: A cross-sectional comparative study of Dhanusha district, Nepal
Authors: Sah Anil Kumar , Paudel Rajan , Devkota Madhu Dixit , Sigdel Ramesh , Pandey Ashok 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background The complementary feeding practices are essential for development and survival of infant and young child, it reduces the risk of under-nutrition. The aim of the study was to assess the status and identify factors associated with minimum acceptable diet and stunting among children aged 6-23 months in Dalit and Non-Dalit.Methods A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Dhanusha district among mother who has 6-23 months children. Altogether 599 respondents were taken of which 299 were from Dalit and 300 from Non-Dalit and used multistage simple random sampling. Interview and anthropometry measurement were used for data collection technique and structure questionnaire as a tool. Descriptive and inferential analyses were done by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS).Results The prevalence of minimum acceptable diet (MAD) and stunting were 43.8% and 49.9% among Dalit while 44.3%, and 39% among Non-Dalit. The MAD were significantly associated with the age of child (AOR=0.25, 95 CI: 0.11-0.54), child illness in the past two weeks (AOR=4.31, 95% CI: 1.56-11.88) and child of mother who had no knowledge on child feeding (AOR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.61) among Dalit while age of child (AOR=0.37, 95 CI: 0.21-0.64), child illness in past two weeks (AOR=4.80, 95% CI: 2.23-10.32, child mother who had no knowledge on child feeding (AOR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.16-0.42) and birth interval (AOR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.56-3.19) among Non-Dalit. Stunting was significantly associated with family types (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.11-3.34) among Dalits while Ante Natal Care (ANC) visit (AOR=3.20, 95% CI: 1.15-8.90), media exposure (AOR=3.10, 95% CI: 1.11-8.64 and age of child (AOR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.10-0.57) in Non-Dalit.Conclusion This study shows that the age of child, child illness and knowledge on child feeding are the key associated factors of the MAD practices in both Dalits and Non-Dalits, while birth interval also among Non-Dalits. Similarly, family type is a key associated factors of stunting in Dalits while age of child, ANC visit and media exposure among Non-Dalits. Community based awareness raising appropriates child feeding and nutrition and related implementation program could be needed for improving the nutritional status of children.
Trends in Measures of Handgrip Strength from 2014 to 2017 Among Korean Adolescents using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Authors: Kang Yunkoo , Lim Hyunjung , Kim Do-Yeon , Kim Seung , Park Sowon , Koh Hong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: The incidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among adolescents is increasing worldwide. Adolescents are also known to have sarcopenia along with these diseases. Measuring handgrip strength is a useful method to evaluate sarcopenia. No study has shown the trends of muscle quality (handgrip-to-weight) among Korean adolescents by year. This study aimed to determine the trends of handgrip strength among Korean adolescents using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Data of 2,304 adolescents (1,227 boys; 1,077 girls; age, 10–18 years) who participated in the KNHANES between 2014 and 2017 were obtained. Muscle quality was estimated by dividing handgrip strength by body weight (handgrip-to-weight ratio). The handgrip-to-weight ratios were categorized by age, sex, and year. Results: Handgrip strength in adolescents decreased from 28.67kg in 2014 to 27kg in 2017. (P for trend<0.05) The handgrip-to-weight ratio also decreased from 51.48 in 2014 to 48.18 in 2017 (P for trend<0.05). The handgrip strength and handgrip-to-weight ratio also decreased significantly among boys and girls over the years 2014–2017 (P for trend<0.05). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that the handgrip-to-weight ratio decreased in Korean adolescents from the years 2014 to 2017, and a declining overall ratio indicates a decrease in the quality of muscles among Korean adolescents. Hence, there is a need to review the health of Korean adolescents, and measures should be taken to prevent its deterioration.
ANALISIS WACANA TEUN A. VAN DIJK TERHADAP PESAN KOMUNIKASI DAKWAH HABIB LUTHFI BIN YAHYA TENTANG BELA NEGARA
Authors: Lia Yudha 
Published: October 2019

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRA</strong><strong>CT</strong></p><p>The issue of the <em>khilafah</em> ideology will replace the Republic of Indonesia which is carried out by radical groups as a threat that can divide the nation and erode the love of the country which has long been fostered by the Indonesian nation. This concern was felt by Habib Lutfi who always preached with the theme of Indonesianness, history, nationality, tolerance, and said that <em>difa'il wathon</em> was obligatory. Discourse analysis on the dakwah message of Habib Lutfi using the theory of discourse analysis Teun A. Van Dijk outlines several things about the dakwah defense of the state. Habib Luthfi gave a renewal discourse about defending the country, namely radicalism can be resisted by studying the history of the nation, giving achievements to the state, as well as moderate and tolerant beliefs by continuing to create peace with fellow citizens.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Isu ideologi <em>khilafah</em> akan menggantikan NKRI yang dilakukan oleh kelompok radikal menjadi ancaman yang dapat memecah belah bangsa serta mengikis rasa cinta tanah air yang telah lama dibina bangsa Indonesia. Kekhawatiran tersebut dirasakan oleh Habib Luthfi yang selalu berdakwah dengan tema keindonesiaan, sejarah, kebangsaan, toleransi, hingga berfatwa bahwa <em>d</em><em>ifa’il </em><em>w</em><em>athon </em>adalah wajib. Analisis wacana terhadap pesan dakwah Habib Luthfi dengan menggunakan teori analisis wacana Teun A. Van Dijk menguraikan beberapa hal tentang dakwah bela negara. Habib Luthfi memberikan wacana pembaruan tentang bela negara, yaitu radikalisme dapat dilawan dengan cara mempelajari sejarah bangsa, memberikan prestasi kepada negara, serta berakidah moderat dan toleran dengan terus menciptakan perdamaian kepada sesama warga negara.</p>
Implementation and evaluation of the water safety plan approach for buildings
Authors: Schmidt Isabelle , Rickert Bettina , Schmoll Oliver , Rapp Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes water safety plans (WSPs) – a risk-based management approach – for premise plumbing systems in buildings to prevent deterioration of drinking-water quality. Experience with the implementation of WSPs in buildings were gathered within a pilot project in Germany. The project included an evaluation of the feasibility and advantages of WSPs by all stakeholders who share responsibility in drinking-water safety. While the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated for all buildings, benefits reported by building operators varied. The more technical standards were complied with before implementing WSP, the less pronounced were the resulting improvements. In most cases, WSPs yielded an increased system knowledge and awareness for drinking-water quality issues. WSPs also led to improved operation of the premise plumbing system and provided benefits for surveillance authorities. A survey among the European Network of Drinking-Water Regulators on the existing legal framework regarding drinking-water safety in buildings exhibited that countries are aware of the need to manage risks in buildings' installations, but experience with WSP is rare. Based on the successful implementation and the positive effects of WSPs on drinking-water quality, we recommend the establishment of legal frameworks that require WSPs for priority buildings whilst accounting for differing conditions in buildings and countries.
Stan wyższej konieczności w Kodeksie cywilnym
Authors: Nycz Maciej 
Published: October 2019

Artykuł dotyczy tematyki na pograniczu prawa rzeczowego i zobowiązań. Stan wyższej konieczności jest określony w dwóch przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego – art. 142 i 424. Pierwszy z przepisów przewiduje uprawnienie dla ratującego dobro prawne do wkroczenia w sferę własności, przez co działa on legalnie. Mimo tego, w razie powstania szkody właściciel ma roszczenie do ratującego o kompensację szkody. Drugi z przepisów stanowi kontratyp, a więc okoliczność wyłączającą bezprawność. Oba te przepisy posługują się zbliżonymi konstrukcjami, a za największą różnicę należy uznać sposób uznawania kolizji dóbr. Problematyczna jest kwestia wzajemnego stosunku przepisów. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, iż relację art. 142 do 424 k.c. można określić jako rozłączną, co wyklucza stosowanie obu przepisów naraz, a dopuszcza żądanie odszkodowania przez właściciela rzeczy na podstawie art. 142 k.c. Kwalifikacja nie zmieni się, jeśli uzna się art. 424 k.c za przepis wyłączający odpowiedzialność cywilną in genere; wtedy za lex specialis uzna się art. 142 k.c., a więc wyjątkowo dopuszczający żądanie odszkodowania w wypadku działania w stanie wyższej konieczności określonym w art. 424 k.c.
Utilization of a Single Experimental Design for the Optimization of Furosemide Modified-Release Tablet Formulations
Authors: Vlachou Marilena , Siamidi Angeliki , Dotsikas Yannis 
Published: October 2019

Background:
The loop diuretic drug furosemide is widely used for the treatment of edema in
various conditions, such as pulmonary, cardiac and hepatic edema, as well as cardiac infarction. Furosemide,
due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability after oral administration of conventional
dosage form, is categorized as class IV in the biopharmaceutical classification system.

Objective:
In the case of furosemide, this release profile is responsible for various physiological problems,
acute diuresis being the most serious. This adverse effect can be circumvented by the modified
release of furosemide from tablet formulations compared to those forms designed for immediate release.

Method:
In this report, a D-optimal combined experimental design was applied for the development of
furosemide containing bilayer and compression coated tablets, aiming at lowering the drug’s burst release
in the acidic environment of the stomach. A D-optimal combined design was selected in order to
include all requirements in one design with many levels for the factors examined. The following responses
were selected as the ones reflecting better criteria for the desired drug release: dissolution at 120
min (30-40%), 300 min (60-70%) and 480 min >95%. The new formulations, suggested by the Doptimal
combined design, incorporated different grades of Eudragit ® polymers (Eudragit® E100 and
Eudragit® L100-55), lactose monohydrate and HPMC K15M. The dissolution profile of furosemide
from these systems was probed via in vitro dissolution experiments in buffer solutions simulating the
pH of the gastrointestinal tract.

Results:
The results indicate that the use of Eudragit® E100 in conjunction with lactose monohydrate
led to 21.32-40.85 % drug release, in the gastric medium, in both compression-coated and bilayer tablets.
This is lower than the release of the mainstream drug Lasix® (t=120 min, 44.5% drug release), implying
longer gastric retention and drug waste minimization.

Conclusion:
Furosemide’s release in the intestinal environment, from compression coated tablets incorporating
Eudragit® L100-55 and HPMC K15M in the inner core or one of the two layers of the bilayer
tablets, was delayed, compared to Lasix®
Influence of Exogenous Variables on Intrusion Depth of PMMA Bone Cement: Revision of ISO 5833 Standard
Authors: Lewis Gladius , Zhang Liang 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is widely used to anchor
total joint replacements to the contiguous bone. Among the clinically-relevant properties of this material
is its intrusion depth (ID) because it indicates the potential for interdigitation of the curing cement
into the interstices of the cancellous bone. ID is determined using procedures stipulated in ISO
5833. There is only one study in which ISO 5833 was examined critically, but only one exogenous
variable was considered.

Purpose:
We carried out an extensive critical analysis of the ISO 5833 Standard with a view to making
recommendations for revising it.

Materials and Methods:
7 approved PMMA bone cement brands (covering low-, medium-, and
high-viscosity brands) were used in two series of tests. In the first series, the influence of time at
which ID was determined (relative to achievement of cement doughing time (DT)) was delineated. In
the second series, the influence of three clinically-relevant variables on ID for each of these brands
was determined and, then, response surface methodology was used to analyze the results.

Results:
ID results are given for both series of tests. Over the range of the variables used, the optimum
IDs for a low-, medium-, and high-viscosity brand were computed to be 5.7 mm, 3.1 mm, and
2.4 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:
The findings allowed us to recommend that the following revisions be made to stipulations
in ISO 5833 for determining ID: prior to running the ID test, store the cement unit at 1°C; 60
minutes after removing the cement unit from the storage medium, mix the cement powder and liquid,
in a vacuum chamber, at 120 rpm; and determine ID 3 minutes after DT is achieved.
La jurisprudencia del tribunal europeo de derechos humanos en la jurisprudencia del tribunal constitucional español.
Authors: Sanz Pérez Ángel L 
Published: October 2019

<p>A diferencia de lo que sucede en otros Estados europeos, en España, la “internacionalización” de los derechos es impuesta por el artículo 10.2 de la Constitución. Ello significa que el Tribunal Constitucional español debe tener en cuenta los documentos internacionales de derechos cuando interprete los derechos. Son tres los casos que se aluden en este trabajo: STC 64/2019, de 9 de mayo, en la que el Tribunal Constitucional, se basa en la doctrina del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos parar reconocer el derecho de las partes a conocer toda la documentación en un proceso. </p><div> </div>
Developing sustainable tax strategies in the post-BEPS era.
Authors: Sanín Gómez Juan Esteban 
Published: October 2019

<p>As never before, the concepts of tax planning, corporate governance and sustainability are having a close relation. Despite the fact that governments have tackled tax avoidance schemes, the director´s duty of care still obliges them to seek the best tax optimization for the Company they manage. In that sense, developing sustainable tax strategies that comply with transparent post-BEPS policies should could be considered as a standard of good corporate tax governance in today’s entrepreneurial world.</p><div> </div>
Perilaku Merokok Remaja Laki-laki Siswa SMP Swasta di Depok
Authors: Astuti Nurul Huriah 
Published: October 2019

Di Indonesia diperkirakan pada tahun 2013 di ada sekitar 60,4 juta orang yang merokok setiap hari. Meskipun faktor-faktor risiko perilaku merokok di kalangan remaja di Indonesia sudah banyak diteliti dalam berbagai survei, namun pengetahuan secara mendalam mengenai peranan niat, norma subyektif, dan lingkungan sosial masih belum banyak diteliti.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui informasi yang mendalam tentang gambaran faktor-faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat terjadinya perilaku merokok di kalangan remaja laki-laki di SMP Master di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan rancangan Rapid Assesment Procedure (RAP). Informan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini ada 10 orang dan 1 orang informan kunci yang diwawancarai dengan enggunakan teknik Wawancara Mendalam (WM).
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Faktor norma subyektif adalah faktor yang paling berpengaruh dalam membentuk perilaku remaja untuk merokok. Sedangkan iklan rokok adalah faktor yang paling sedikit mempengaruhi remaja untuk merokok. Norma subyektif yang terbentuk dari teman sebaya mereka adalah merokok merupakan identitas remaja ketika nongkrong atau bercengkrama dengan teman bermainnya. Nongkrong tanpa rokok adalah hal yang tabu buat remaja, sehingga dorongan merokok berasal dari teman sebaya, bukan dari dorongan internal, diri sendiri. Edukasi yang membangun keterampilan hidup (life skill) remaja belum didapatkan oleh informan
3D DRUG PRINTING- A SWING FROM LABORATORY PRODUCTION TO COMPUTERIZED PRODUCTION
Authors: Itoo Asif Mohd , Raza Syed Naiem , Khan Ahmar , Sarjohn Bashir , Ubaid Tariq , Khan Nisar Ahmad 
Published: October 2019

Three-Dimensional (3D) printing is a process where objects are made in successive layers under computer control by fusing or depositing materials. The objects can be of nearly any shape or geometry and come in a computer-aided (CAD) design from 3D model. Since 3D printing began in 1984, it has changed enormously and has been used in a wide range of fields, including medicine and architecture. 3D printing moves rapidly and in future will transform and change the way we live and work from laboratory-based organs to pharmaceutical supplies.
3D printing in pharmaceuticals has been used to produce many novel dosage forms like microcapsules, complex drug-release profiles, nanosuspensions, and multilayered drug delivery devices. It also offers important advantages from the industrial point of view such as cost-efficiency, higher productivity, democracy-making and enhanced cooperation.
Keeping in view the recent approval given by USFDA to many drug the focus has now shifted to the personalized medicine as it offers an important benefit to patients who need medications that have narrow therapeutic index or a higher predilection to be influenced by genetic polymorphisms. 3D printer is now seen as a valuable, efficient and economical tool to manufacture individualized medications, tailored to specific patients based on their needs and thereby change the future of pharmacy practice in general and pharmaceutical care in particular.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TAFLUPROST OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION
Authors: Tarun kumar Pappula Venkata , Anil Kumar A. , Srinivas Rao N. 
Published: October 2019

The aim of the present study was to formulate, develop and evaluate ophthalmic solution containing Tafluprost. The selected prostaglandin analogue belongs to BCS - II. So to increase the solubility of the Tafluprost in WFI Beta Cyclodextrin was used by performing various trials variables of the experiments procedure Stirring time and speed were optimized to enhance the solubility. From the experimental procedure with different trails 20mg/mL of Cyclodextrins was fixed for the optimized formula. The product were characterized for appearance, physical state, colour and odour of the drug characteristics. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pH, osmolality and assay and found to be in acceptable ranges. Stability study was carried out for optimized formulation at 40°C±2°C /NMT 25%RH and 30°C ±2°C/ 65%±5% RH for 3 months, were evaluated for pH ,osmolality ,assay found to be within acceptable limits. Finally it can be concluded that the in house product Tafluprost ophthalmic solution was met with in the specification.