bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter content of dwarfs in galaxy clusters
Authors: Doppel Jessica E , Sales Laura V , Navarro Julio F , Abadi Mario G , Peng Eric W , Toloba Elisa , Ramos-Almendares Felipe 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Globular clusters (GCs) are often used to estimate the dark matter content of galaxies, especially dwarf galaxies, where other kinematic tracers are lacking. These estimates typically assume spherical symmetry and dynamical equilibrium, assumptions that may not hold for the sparse GC population of dwarfs in galaxy clusters. We use a catalogue of GCs tagged on to the Illustris simulation to study the accuracy of GC-based mass estimates. We focus on galaxies in the stellar mass range 108–1011.8 M⊙ identified in nine simulated Virgo-like clusters. Our results indicate that mass estimates are, on average, accurate in systems with GC numbers NGC ≥ 10 and where the uncertainty of individual GC line-of-sight velocities is smaller than the inferred velocity dispersion, σGC. In cases where NGC ≤ 10, however, biases may result, depending on how σGC is computed. We provide calibrations that may help alleviate these biases in methods widely used in the literature. As an application, we find a number of dwarfs with $M_{*} \sim 10^{8.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ – comparable with the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 (DF2), notable for the low σGC of its 10 GCs – that have $\sigma _{\rm GC} \sim 7\!-\!15\, {\rm km \,s}^{-1}$. These DF2 analogues correspond to relatively massive systems at their infall time (M200 ∼ 1–3 × 1011 M⊙), which have retained only 3–17 GCs and have been stripped of more than 95 per cent of their dark matter. Our results suggest that extreme tidal mass loss in otherwise normal dwarf galaxies may be a possible formation channel for ultra-diffuse objects such as DF2.
“The Truth of the Origination of the World and Mankind”
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Judeo-Christian tradition maintains that humankind derives from the first couple in the Garden of Eden. St. Augustine even included the so-called monstrous races in the overall category of humanity. This consensus started to fragment in the sixteenth century with the work of Paracelsus and later Giordano Bruno, when alternative theories were put forward to account for human diversity. Their work was followed by others, including Julius Caesar Vanini, Isaac La Peyrère, John Atkins, Voltaire, François Bernier, Carl Linnaeus, Georges Cuvier, Edward Long, and Lord Kames. For most of them, the black and the Jew were the great obstacles to the unity of mankind.
Introduction
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis introduction describes how the book examines the relationships between IP rights, organizational form, and market structure, using a combination of theoretical analysis and empirical evidence drawn from almost 120 years of U.S. patent policy and associated technology markets. This analysis deploys a “dynamic” approach to IP analysis, which anticipates that the effects of changes in IP protections differ depending on firms’ ability to adopt non-IP alternative mechanisms for capturing returns on innovation. In general, larger and more integrated firms will be able to do so at a significantly lower cost than smaller and less integrated firms. The entity-specific effects of IP rights imply that stronger and weaker IP regimes will impact the range of viable organizational forms for structuring the innovation and commercialization process, which in turn impacts the structure of innovation markets and the allocation of resources across different types of innovation projects.
Slanting the News
Authors: DiMaggio Anthony 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether the consumption of Fox, MSNBC, and CNN is associated with the formation of conservative or liberal political attitudes. Through analyzing public opinion data collected by the Pew Research Center between 2004 and 2016, the chapter presents a regression analysis that finds little evidence of a liberal polarizing effect for CNN and MSNBC consumption on political attitudes, while finding both selective exposure and polarization to be at work in regard to Fox News consumption. These findings corroborate those of network analysts who have identified a structural asymmetry in political polarization within online media—with right-wing news audiences more insular and their preferred media more ideologically self-reinforcing than their counterparts on the liberal left. The chapter argues that asymmetrical polarization in general, and in conservative news in particular, has measurable effects on political attitude formation among cable television consumers.
Only Sharks in the Tank
Authors: Friedline Terri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the coordinated relationship between banks and payday lenders by examining the recent attempts of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to regulate the payday lenders in Kansas City. While payday lenders and other higher-cost alternative financial services are criticized for their predatory practices, banks often escape a similar level of scrutiny despite their punishing fee structures and risk-based calculations. Both banks and payday lenders have largely escaped federal oversight. The disproportionate harms inflicted by payday lenders on Black and Brown communities are often treated as tolerable, perhaps considered causualties of doing business to dismiss these lenders from the oversight they deserve.
Financial Education for Liberation
Authors: Friedline Terri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Financial education interventions are delivered in public schools, nonprofit organizations and workplaces in a variety of formats, such as workshops, lesson plans, and coaching sessions. Financial education, however, portends to help a person budget and learn their way out of poverty while ignoring rampant systemic oppression and discrimination. This chapter reviews the research on financial education and offers an alternative approach to this popular-yet-rarely-effective intervention. A popular education approach based on Paulo Freire’s book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has the potential to raise critical consciousness, teach about financialized racial neoliberal capitalism, engage in political activism, and prepare us for a financial system revolution.
Narrative and Cultural Humility
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This is a story of the decade-long collision of cultures as the American author teaches group therapy in China. The basic assumptions of the two cultures become visible when clashes in understanding human experience and human relationships become the focus of attention. The author learned about the need for cultural humility in trying to narrate both her own experience and the experiences of her students. The author examines deep psychological encounters between people with radically different worldviews. In China, many people thought of her as “a Good Witch” and a magical being because her approach to therapy was profoundly healing for many. Her efforts to teach her theories and techniques, not at all magical to her, revealed cultural differences both subtle and pervasive. The author discusses what it means to deeply encounter people of a different culture, what it taught her about herself and her Western mind—and also what is universally human. In closely observed, sometimes momentary, interpersonal exchanges, culture emerges from the shadows. Because psychotherapy is such an intricately relational process, it reveals taken-for-granted ways of being in the world. Only in narrative can these processes be illuminated, and this book details the micro-level of encounters with the “Other.” The author invites readers to learn from the challenges she experienced as people from different cultures try to make sense of one another. The author compares her experience with existing scholarship on East/West differences in cognition and social organization and argues that the hegemonic individualistic/collectivistic distinction is not useful.
Western Psychotherapy in an Eastern Context
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of psychotherapy in China and the gradual opening to Western ideas about psychotherapy. It details the difficulty of getting a Western mind around what Chinese therapists thought was psychotherapy and the ways in which their understandings only became accessible through working together. Translating the concepts into action, not just language, revealed the points of cultural collision. A workshop and a process group illuminated our shared humanity. A decision about how the recording of the process group was to be used, however, unearthed differing fundamental assumptions about privacy and piracy.
There Is No Sex in China—and Other Misunderstandings
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter details some of the interactions with Chinese students during the training sessions. It looks closely at the kinds of misunderstandings that occurred and the difficulties as well as possibilities of resolving them. There were differences in how sexuality and sensuality are experienced and talked about and the freedom to openly discuss these matters seemed highly unusual to them. Groups struggled with the meaning of masculinity and its relationship to vulnerability. There was also much striving for perfection and psychological work on whether one had to have had perfect parents in order to grow up. Throughout was the students effort to learn to do therapy through application of principles rather than imitation.
Translating International Law into Domestic Law, Policy, and Practice
Authors: MacNaughton Gillian , Duger Angela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the means through which international human rights law is translated into domestic law, policy, and practice. To have an influence on public health, international human rights law must be translated into domestic action. As international human rights law is largely state centered, it relies upon national and subnational governments to implement it—to promote and protect human rights and to provide remedies to victims of human rights violations. Based upon international rules on domestic implementation, there are four general approaches to translate international law into domestic action: human rights education, policymaking, judicial actions, and engagement with international human rights mechanisms. National and subnational governments use these four approaches to translate international human rights law into domestic law, policy, and practice for health, while nongovernmental organizations and international human rights mechanisms play important roles in monitoring these processes.
The Emergence of “New” Health-Related Human Rights
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Winkler Inga T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolving understanding of human rights to encompass determinants of health through the human rights to water and sanitation, which are vital to the prevention of both communicable and non-communicable disease. In 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights argued that the right to water is a distinct human right derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to health. Solidified by the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, states have provided a normative framework for efforts to realize the human rights to water and sanitation. This recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation has provided a foundation to implement these rights through national policy and international organizations. With advocates now seeking accountability for these rights, human rights advocacy, litigation, and monitoring will be crucial for meeting water, sanitation, and hygiene needs.
Chronic Illness
Authors: Lewis Oliver , Pathare Soumitra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the connection between disability and human rights, examining how persons with disabilities (including those with physical disabilities, sensory disabilities, psychosocial or mental health disabilities, and intellectual disabilities) are particularly vulnerable to exclusion and discrimination, leading to human rights violations across the world. It has been a long global struggle to recognize the rights of people with disabilities and realize the highest attainable standard of physical, mental, and social well-being, a struggle evolving across countries and culminating in the 2006 adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The provisions of the CRPD relate to three specific rights that are of particular importance to people with disabilities: legal capacity, the right to health, and the right to independent living. Yet, national implementation challenges remain, including finding space for mental health and disability in policymaking and developing models of service delivery that advance human rights.
Evolution of a Taboo
Authors: Price Max D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
From their domestication to their taboo, pigs and their shifting roles in the ancient Near East are among the most complicated topics in archaeology. Rejecting monocausal explanations, this book adopts an evolutionary approach and draws upon zooarchaeology and ancient texts to unravel the cultural significance of swine from the Paleolithic to today. Five major themes emerge: the domestication of the pig from wild boar in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, the unique functions of pigs in agricultural economies before and after the development of complex societies, the raising of swine in cities, the changing ritual roles of pigs, and the formation and evolution of the pork taboo in Judaism and, later, Islam. The development of this taboo has inspired much academic debate. I argue that the well-known taboo described in Leviticus reflects the intention of the biblical writers to craft an image of a glorious pastoral ancestry for a heroic Israelite past, something they achieved in part by tying together existing food traditions. These included a taboo on pigs, which arose early in the Iron Age during conflicts between Israelites and Philistines and was revitalized by the biblical writers. The taboo persisted and mutated, gaining strength over the next two and a half millennia. In particular, the pig taboo became a point of contention in the ethnopolitical struggles between Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures in the Levant. Ultimately, it was this continued evolution within the context of ethnic and religious politics that gave the pig taboo the strength it has today.
At What Point Does Even Sweden Get a Xenophobic Party?
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEconomic and physical insecurity encourage xenophobia, authoritarian politics, and rigid adherence to traditional norms. Throughout history human survival was usually insecure, and one successful strategy was to close ranks behind a strong leader. Recovery from the Nazi era took time, but by the 1970s a pro-democratic political culture had taken root in Germany, and by the 21st century Germany was ranked as more democratic than the U.S. In 2015, as desperate Syrian refugees poured into Europe, the German government opened the country’s borders to all asylum seekers, admitting almost a million new immigrants. But Germany’s immunity to xenophobic right-wing parties suddenly ended in the 2017 national elections, when the xenophobic Alternative for Germany became Germany’s third largest party. It seems that no country can absorb an unlimited influx of immigrants without triggering a xenophobic reaction, whose strength is shaped by the socioeconomic environment. In already diverse settings, significant inflows of newcomers may not seem threatening because people have grown up with diversity, making it seem normal.
Initiation of febuxostat for acute gout flare does not prolong the current episode: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jia Ertao , Zhang Yanying , Ma Wukai , Li Bo , Geng Hongling , Zhong Li , Yao Xueming , Xie Jingjing , Xiao Yuya , Jiang Yubao , Qiu Xia , Xiao Min , Cui Xiang , Wei Jiaxin , Zhang Jianyong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Our objective was to determine whether initiation of febuxostat during an acute gout flare prolongs the current episode.

Methods
In this randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded, multicentre trial, patients with acute gout flares within 72 h were randomized (1:1) to the placebo and febuxostat (40 mg/day) groups. All patients were administered diclofenac (150 mg/day) for 7 days and then open-labelled on the eighth day. Febuxostat 40 mg daily and diclofenac 75 mg daily were administered from day 8 through 28 for the remission period. The dose of diclofenac was 150 mg/day before remission in both arms, and the original protocol was maintained until remission. The primary outcome was ‘days to resolution’.

Results
We randomized 140 patients, 70 into each arm. The mean days to resolution was 5.98 days [median 7.00, interquartile range (IQR) 2.45 days] for the placebo and 6.50 days (median 7.00, IQR 3.67 days) for the febuxostat group (P = 0.578). The rate of resolution within 7 days was 84.38% for the placebo group and 76.92% for the febuxostat group (P = 0.284). There were no statistically significant differences in joint pain, swelling, tenderness and erythema scores at days 1, 3, 5 and 7. The mean serum uric acid levels were 507.54 and 362.62 μmol/l for the placebo and febuxostat group, respectively, on day 7 (P = 0.000). The rate of recurrent gout flares was 10.00% for the placebo group and 6.56% for the febuxostat group from day 8 through 28 (P = 0.492).

Conclusion
Initiation of febuxostat administration during an acute gout flare did not prolong the duration of acute flares.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, http://www.chictr.org.cn/, ChiCTR1800015962
An integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism through which fruit bagging alleviates exocarp semi-russeting in pear fruit
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Yi-Fan , Zhang Peng-Fei , Bian Yue-Hong , Liu Zi-Yu , Zhang Chen , Liu Xiao , Wang Chun-Lei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fruit semi-russeting is an undesirable quality trait that occurs in fruit production. It is reported that preharvest fruit bagging could effectively alleviate fruit exocarp semi-russeting, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we performed an in-depth investigation into pear fruit semi-russeting from morphologic, metabolic and transcriptomic perspectives by comparing control (semi-russeted) and bagged (non-russeted) ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits. The results showed that significant changes in cutin and suberin resulted in pear fruit semi-russeting. Compared with the skin of bagged fruits, the skin of the control fruits presented reduced cutin contents accompanied by an accumulation of suberin, which resulted in fruit semi-russeting; α, ω-dicarboxylic acids accounted for the largest proportion of typical suberin monomers. Moreover, combined transcriptomic and metabolic analysis revealed a series of genes involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis, transport and polymerization differentially expressed between the two groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in the stress response and in hormone biosynthesis and signaling were significantly altered in fruits with contrasting phenotypes. Finally, a number of transcription factors, including those of the MYB, NAC, bHLH and bZIP families, were differentially expressed. Taken together, the results suggest that the multilayered mechanism through which bagging alleviates pear fruit semi-russeting is complex, and the large number of candidate genes identified provides a good foundation for future functional studies.
Natural history of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis
Authors: Murrieta Ilse , Flores Ximena , Osorio Rocío , Kuschick Feher Jan , Carrillo-Mezo Roger , Fleury Agnès 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn patients affected by neurocysticercosis (NCC), the extraparenchymal location of the parasites generates the most severe form of the disease. Due to the difficulty in its diagnosis and management, there are still many questions; in particular, the natural history of parasites at this location is not well known.MethodsWe included 21 patients with vesicular extraparenchymal NCC who had not received treatment for at least 18 months. We collected their demographic and clinical data, compared their imaging studies at the beginning and the end of the period without treatment and classified the patients, taking into account the evolution of their parasitic burden.ResultsA total of 10 men and 11 women were included. Patients had undergone a period of 63±48 months without treatment. During this period, 8 patients (38.1%) showed an increase, 7 (33.3%) a decrease and 6 (28.6%) showed no change in parasite burden.ConclusionThe natural history of extraparenchymal cysticerci is heterogeneous. The results show the ability of parasites to survive for a long time in the extraparenchymal location and explain the chronicity of the disease in some patients. The links between these findings and the difficulties in the therapeutic management of extraparenchymal NCC patients should be studied.
Intraoperative Blood Pressure Monitoring in Obese Patients
Authors: Schumann Roman , Meidert Agnes S. , Bonney Iwona , Koutentis Christos , Wesselink Wilbert , Kouz Karim , Saugel Bernd 
Published: December 2020

Background
The optimal method for blood pressure monitoring in obese surgical patients remains unknown. Arterial catheters can cause potential complications, and noninvasive oscillometry provides only intermittent values. Finger cuff methods allow continuous noninvasive monitoring. The authors tested the hypothesis that the agreement between finger cuff and intraarterial measurements is better than the agreement between oscillometric and intraarterial measurements.

Methods
This prospective study compared intraarterial (reference method), finger cuff, and oscillometric (upper arm, forearm, and lower leg) blood pressure measurements in 90 obese patients having bariatric surgery using Bland–Altman analysis, four-quadrant plot and concordance analysis (to assess the ability of monitoring methods to follow blood pressure changes), and error grid analysis (to describe the clinical relevance of measurement differences).

Results
The difference (mean ± SD) between finger cuff and intraarterial measurements was −1 mmHg (± 11 mmHg) for mean arterial pressure, −7 mmHg (± 14 mmHg) for systolic blood pressure, and 0 mmHg (± 11 mmHg) for diastolic blood pressure. Concordance between changes in finger cuff and intraarterial measurements was 88% (mean arterial pressure), 85% (systolic blood pressure), and 81% (diastolic blood pressure). In error grid analysis comparing finger cuff and intraarterial measurements, the proportions of measurements in risk zones A to E were 77.1%, 21.6%, 0.9%, 0.4%, and 0.0% for mean arterial pressure, respectively, and 89.5%, 9.8%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.2%, respectively, for systolic blood pressure. For mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure, absolute agreement and trending agreement between finger cuff and intraarterial measurements were better than between oscillometric (at each of the three measurement sites) and intraarterial measurements. Forearm performed better than upper arm and lower leg monitoring with regard to absolute agreement and trending agreement with intraarterial monitoring.

Conclusions
The agreement between finger cuff and intraarterial measurements was better than the agreement between oscillometric and intraarterial measurements for mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure in obese patients during surgery. Forearm oscillometry exhibits better measurement performance than upper arm or lower leg oscillometry.

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