bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From grammatical categories to processes of categorization
Authors: Behrens Heike 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Current version of usage-based grammars propose that grammatical categories are language-specific local generalizations rather than universal building blocks of linguistic structure. This changes the perspective on what learning syntax or morphology is about. Instead of activating innate knowledge that provides the access to possible syntactic structures, children need to build the grammatical representations based on the linguistic input they receive in their communicative interactions. In doing so, they go through processes of re-representation regarding the underlying concepts and the structural generalizations. The process of conceptual integration is illustrated with the domain of space, where there is no direct connection between percepts and linguistically encoded notions. Language learning itself tunes the child’s attention to the distinctions made in the target language. Morphological categories differ in their conceptual unity and morphological regularity and provide different learning problems. Plural marking serves as an example to show how a category with conceptual unity raises learning challenges because of allomorphy (several affixes that encode the same concept). Finally, the acquisition German case marking is discussed to raise the question whether “case” as such is a useful concept in acquisition research, as case markers are polysemous in encoding different kinds of relations, and formally heterogeneous (pronomimal and nominal paradigms differ in their sub-regularities). These learning problems can only be solved with a bottom-up approach, if we assume that children learn language from language use.
Control of electron beam energy-spread by beam loading effects in a laser-plasma accelerator
Authors: Li Guangyu , Ain Quratul , Li Song , Saeed Muhammad , Papp Daniel , Kamperidis Christos , Hafz Nasr A M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We present experimental results from a laser wakefield electron accelerator driven by 70 TW ultrashort laser pulses in Helium and Helium–Nitrogen gaseous plasmas with two different Nitrogen concentrations, showing distinct electron-beam qualities. In order to get a clear view of the involved phenomenon, two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are performed which not only agreed with the experimental results but also provided an investigation on the evolution of accelerating structures. The experimental and simulation results depict that the beam loading effect can strongly modify the longitudinal accelerating electric field of the wake wave, imposing diametrically opposite effects on the final electron-beam qualities, especially the energy-spread, in the Helium–Nitrogen gas mixtures with different Nitrogen concentrations. In the Helium–Nitrogen-mixed plasma with a lower Nitrogen concentration (0.5%), if appropriately controlled, the beam loading effect can be employed to flatten the accelerating electric field for reducing the electron-beam energy spread. In contrast, in the Helium–Nitrogen-mixed plasmas with a higher Nitrogen concentration (5%), the accelerating electric field of the wake is locally reversed by the self-fields of the overloaded electron bunch, and the correspondingly generated negative-slope region of electric field increases the electron-beam energy-spread.
Channel activation of CHSH nonlocality
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Bravo Rodrigo Araiza , Lorenz Virginia O , Chitambar Eric 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Quantum channels that break CHSH nonlocality on all input states are known as CHSH-breaking channels. In quantum networks, such channels are useless for distributing correlations that can violate the CHSH Inequality. Motivated by previous work on activation of nonlocality in quantum states, here we demonstrate an analogous activation of CHSH-breaking channels. That is, we show that certain pairs of CHSH-breaking channels are no longer CHSH-breaking when used in combination. We find that this type of activation can emerge in both uni-directional and bi-directional communication scenarios.
A Validated LC–MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of 3-O-Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid (AKBA) and its Active Metabolite Acetyl-11-Hydroxy-β-Boswellic Acid (Ac-11-OH-BA) in Rat Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Sharma Tarun , Jana Snehasis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive, selective and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) and its active metabolite 3-O-Acetyl-11-hydroxy-β-boswellic acid (Ac-11-hydroxy-BA) in rat plasma. Both analytes (AKBA and Ac-11-hydroxy-BA) and the internal standard (IS, ursolic acid) were extracted from 100 μL of rat plasma by protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on PRP-H1 RP-C18 column (75 mm × 2 mm, 1.6 μm) using acetonitrile–water (95.5 v/v) as the mobile phase. Mass detection was conducted by electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. A linear dynamic range of 1–1,000 ng/mL for both AKBA and Ac-11-hydroxy-BA was established with mean correlation coefficient (r (1)) of 0.999. Intra- and inter-day precision (% CV) of analysis were found in the range of 1.9–7.4%. The accuracy determined for these analytes ranged from 92.4 to 107.2%. The extraction recoveries for both analytes ranged from 92.6 to 97.3% for spiked plasma samples and were consistent. The % change in stability samples compared to nominal concentration ranged from 0.4 to 4.2%. This method was successfully tested to a pharmacokinetic (PK) study for estimation of AKBA and acetyl-11-hydroxy-BA in rat plasma following oral administration of AKBA. This method has been validated with the advantage of shorter run time that can be used for high-throughput analysis and has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of AKBA in rats.
Financing the Belt and Road Initiative: Can Singapore Help in Securitizing It?
Authors: Tjio Hans 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is perhaps the modern equivalent of the Marshall Plan and will hopefully provide the aggregate demand lost due to the global financial crisis. At the moment, much of the financing has come from the government and financial institutions. If more private sector financing is needed for the BRI, this could involve, perhaps, having established ways of project finance that we have seen with the large infrastructural projects of the past as well as modern methods of asset securitization. Lawyers and financiers would be needed, and the West has traditionally held a comparative advantage in these entities, whereas China’s advantage is in building and making things. Singapore, perhaps, is now well placed to offer its services in a way that brings the East and the West together and that would hopefully provide a balanced approach that distributes benefits to all involved in the BRI. Its experiences are far from perfect, but it has learned painful lessons to position itself as a financial centre supporting the real economy that can now hopefully begin to rival New York, London, and Hong Kong. The areas examined in this article include Singapore’s development of property and infrastructural trusts, its bond and derivatives markets, its restructuring regime, and its legal expertise in project finance.
Genome Sequence of an Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis and Genomic Comparison with Other S. Infantis Strains
Authors: Cohen Emiliano , Rahav Galia , Gal-Mor Ohad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the dominant serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica. In recent years, the number of human infections caused by S. Infantis has been increasing in many countries, and often the emerging population harbors a unique virulence-resistant megaplasmid called plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI). Here, we report the complete gap-free genome sequence of the S. Infantis Israeli emerging clone and compare its chromosome and pESI sequences with other complete S. Infantis genomes. We show a conserved presence of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1–6, 9, 11, 12, and CS54 and a common integration of five bacteriophages in the S. Infantis chromosome. In contrast, we found variable presence of additionally three chromosomally integrated phages and eight modular regions in pESI, which contribute to the genetic and phenotypic diversity (including antimicrobial resistance) of this ubiquitous foodborne pathogen.
Consumer protection in cloud computing contracts stipulating non-monetary remuneration
Authors: Żok Krzysztof 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The convenience of cloud services rapidly increases their popularity among consumers. Although the services are often marketed as free, the consumer may be required to provide remuneration. Instead of charging a fee, however, providers usually collect assets other than money, in particular consumer’s personal data. This raises serious questions about consumer protection which until recently has mainly covered ‘paid’ contracts. Moreover, treating some forms of non-monetary remuneration as payment is controversial due to the special status of the information provided by the consumer in exchange for the service.
The article analyses the impact of non-monetary remuneration on consumer protection in cloud computing contracts, taking as reference points Directives 2011/83 (with the latest amendments) and 2019/770. The following considerations highlight the disadvantages of both Directives, concluding that they do not remove all the concerns associated with cloud computing contracts. The article also indicates possible solutions to the issue of non-monetary remuneration.
Cultivated Collaboration in Transitional Justice Practice and Research: Reflections on Tunisia’s Voices of Memory Project
Authors: Ladisch Virginie , Yakinthou Christalla 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT∞
The Voices of Memory project started with a fairly simple premise: to highlight women’s life experiences under dictatorship. What started as a one-week workshop in 2017 evolved into a collaborative process of co-creation – the Voices of Memory project – using creative means of expression to help raise awareness of the impact of repression on Tunisian women. A formative principle, and primary contribution of this project, was a fully collaborative methodology. In this article, we reflect on and make explicit an approach we adopted intuitively and experimentally, drawing also on best practice in participatory action research and methods of co-creation.
The Researcher and the Researched: Navigating the Challenges of Research in Conflict-Affected Environments
Authors: Gordon Eleanor 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEthical concerns associated with social science research are heightened in conflict-affected environments, due to increased insecurity and the vulnerability of many research participants. This article considers some of the main challenges faced by researchers in conflict-affected environments and how they can be addressed, focusing in particular on ethical and security challenges. It also considers other challenges, which are often overlooked, such as the epistemological and methodological challenges of acquiring knowledge in conflict-affected environments, where research participants may be from different cultures, may speak different languages, and may be deeply traumatized and distrustful of others. In such places, research participants may employ techniques to assuage or discourage the researcher, including projecting borrowed narratives or remaining silent. This article argues that navigating security and ethical challenges, attending to issues of power, and remaining genuinely self-reflective can help fulfill the optimal potential of research in conflict-affected environments, which is to challenge narratives that perpetuate conflict, harm, and insecurity and to contribute to a better understanding and, thus, response to the challenges of conflict and peacebuilding.
13 Macronutrient Intake and Wound Healing in Critically Ill Burn Patients
Authors: Rupert Sarah S , Shields Beth A , Bustillos Brenda D , Cancio Leopoldo C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Nutrition support is an important component of the care of the critically ill burn patient. The European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommends less than 35% of calories from fat and less than 60% from carbohydrate (CHO); however, favorable clinical outcomes have been found in randomized controlled trials when burn patients were given 12–27% fat and 46–65% CHO. These benefits include lower rates of pneumonia and mortality. The purpose of this research was to examine macronutrient intake of critically ill burn patients and the association with wound healing.

Methods
A retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and included patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit over an 11 year period who were ≥18 years of age, had ≥20% total body surface area burns. Subjects who required hospitalization for ≥8 days and required nutrition support were included in this analysis. Subjects who were admitted over a week after injury and those who underwent limb amputations were excluded. Caloric intake from CHO, fat, and protein was obtained from enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition, and oral intake for the first eight days following hospitalization. Wound healing was defined as achieving &lt; 10% TBSA open wound. Univariate analysis was used to identify factors significantly associated with wound healing. Variables found to be significant (p&lt; 0.05) were subjected to logistic regression.

Results
A total of 309 patients (89% male) were included. Patients were 37 ± 17 years old and had 46 ± 18% TBSA burns. Wound healing was achieved by 77% of patients, with 26% mortality. Those who healed were significantly younger (34 ± 15 vs. 47 ± 19 years, p&lt; 0.001), were taller (70 ± 3 vs. 68 ± 4 inches, p&lt; 0.001), with smaller burns (44 ± 16% vs. 54 ± 20% TBSA, p&lt; 0.001), predominantly male (92% vs. 77%, p&lt; 0.001), received a higher amount of CHO (1166 ± 465 vs. 902 ± 494 kcals, p&lt; 0.001), and received a higher amount of fat (455 ± 234 vs. 360 ± 220 kcals, p=0.003). After logistic regression, factors negatively associated with wound healing included increased age (p&lt; 0.001), female gender (p=0.032), and larger burn size (p&lt; 0.001); a positive association was seen with 8-day average calories from CHO (p=0.027).

Conclusions
This study identified several factors significantly associated with healing in burn patients; however, higher CHO intake was the only modifiable factor. Further research is needed to determine the optimal CHO intake to improve patient outcomes.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Consideration should be made for high-CHO enteral nutrition in critically ill burn patients.
29 Symptoms of PTSD in a Burn Outpatient Clinic: Prevalence and Engagement Challenges for the Burn Team
Authors: McAleavey Andrew , Emrich Mariel , Jick Adina R , McGuire Collette L , Difede JoAnn 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Psychological distress, including posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and depressive disorders, are common after burn injury. These conditions are major determinants of long-term quality of life and productivity loss among burn patients, yet are generally under treated. Among the many reasons for limited treatment are lack of accessible quality care, limited clinical staff expertise in assessing these conditions, and patient avoidance of effective services.

Methods
During December 2018 to September, 2019, patients awaiting outpatient visits at an urban burn center were asked to complete brief standardized self-report questionnaires assessing symptoms of posttraumatic distress, anxiety, and depression. Using pre-defined criteria, we attempted to reach individuals with greater than moderate distress using contact information provided voluntarily and engage these patients in outpatient mental health services.

Results
747 questionnaires were completed by 511 individuals in the assessment period, and of these 98 (19.2%) individuals had a likely PTSD diagnosis. Visual analog scale assessments for current anxiety, depression and stress all suggested high average distress in the overall group. Using pre-defined criteria to identify potential distress, we identified 195 people (38.2%) to whom we would proactively offer services. Only 159 provided contact information, and several more were not eligible for available clinical services so were not contacted. We called 128 individuals (81%). This led to direct communication with 48 patients (37.5% of those contacted), but only 22 individuals (17.2% of all those contacted) still endorsed distress at the time of the phone call (which was planned to occur within one week of the patients’ report) and 11 individuals were interested in seeking mental health services. Of these, 4 were referred to other services, 3 declined specific offers of service, 4 were scheduled for appointments and only 2 individuals attended appointments with the in-hospital psychological trauma group.

Conclusions
Psychological distress is highly prevalent in the burn outpatient clinic, with roughly one in five patients likely meeting criteria for PTSD. However, engaging patients in psychological and psychiatric treatment remains a major challenge for the effective care in this population. We discuss strategies tried here and systemic barriers to overcome in future research and care.

Applicability of Research to Practice
High prevalence of PTSD in outpatient burn clinics and difficulty engaging patients in separate outpatient mental health services suggest co-located and collaborative care models would be highly helpful in this population.
87 Evaluating Endothelial Dysfunction in Thermally-injured Patients with syndecan-1, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor, and Thrombomodulin as Predictors of Mortality
Authors: Keyloun John W , Nisar Saira , Brummel-Ziedins Kathleen , Bravo Maria , Gissell Matthew , McLawhorn Melissa M , Orfeo Thomas , Carney Bonnie C , Moffatt Lauren T , Pusateri Anthony , Shupp Jeffrey W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Endotheliopathy in burn patients is largely uncharacterized. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1), thrombomodulin (TM), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) are components of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx. Proteolytic cleavage of these moieties may yield biomarkers for endothelial damage. The aim of this study is to evaluate endotheliopathy after burn injury by monitoring plasma levels of these biomarkers over time to investigate potential relationship to mortality.

Methods
Burn injured patients presenting to a regional burn center from 2012 to 2017 were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours from admission. Plasma SDC-1, TM, and TFPI levels were quantified by ELISA. Demographic data and injury characteristics were obtained from the medical chart. Patients with concomitant inhalation injury, trauma, or &lt; 10% total body surface area (TBSA) burns were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed-effect models with Sidak’s correction for multiple comparisons. Significance was set at p =0.05. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Results
A cohort of 22 patients was identified with an average age of 45±14 years, TBSA of 30±15%, with 6 patients who died from their injuries. The deceased group was older (59±13 vs. 40±10 years, p = 0.01), and there was no significant difference in burn size. Mean SDC-1 levels were higher in the deceased group at all time points (p=0.0004) and this difference was significant at hour 12 (106±11 vs. 41±31 ng/mL, p = 0.0002), hour 24 (160±39 vs. 35±20 ng/mL, p = 0.04) and hour 72 (100±3 vs. 35±38 ng/mL, p = 0.01). Mean soluble TM levels were higher in the deceased group after hour 12 (p = 0.04) and there was a trend towards higher TFPI levels after hour 12 in the deceased group.

Conclusions
Biomarkers are elevated in patients following burn injury who die, when inhalation injury and trauma are excluded. Given equivalent TBSA, older patients appear more sensitive to thermally induced glycocalyx degradation. SDC-1 shows the greatest promise as a prognostic indicator as levels tend to be higher among deceased patients on admission and are significantly higher as early as hour 12.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Reliable assessment of the patient’s endothelial damage may hold predictive value for clinicians and could assist in clinical decision making. Further research must investigate endotheliopathy in burn patients.
93 Optical Coherence Tomography: A New Imaging Technique for Burn Injuries
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey H , Qiu Qian , Deegan Anthony J , Mills Brianna , Wang Ruikang , Mandell Samuel P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Accurate assessment of burn depth and healing time remains elusive. As a result, some patients may wait weeks, through painful wound care only to have surgery. Others may have early surgery on wounds that may have healed with a good outcome. Expert opinion remains the most common method of wound evaluation. We sought to evaluate if Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) with Microangiography (OMAG) can predict burn wound healing.

Methods
We prospectively enrolled a cohort of 17 burned subjects whose attending physician initially evaluated the depth of the wound as indeterminate. Burn wounds were scanned on enrollment and weekly, until healed or grafted, using a clinical prototype swept source OCT with OMAG capability. Wounds were also assessed by the attending physician for depth of injury and healing time. Wounds were photographed at the time of each scan. OCT and OMAG scans were then used to quantitatively determine blood vessel depth and density within the wound. Univariate regression with clustering and panel effects evaluated the association with healing time. Photographs and scans of each wound from all time points were evaluated by 5 blinded assessors (four surgeons and an OCT engineer) for time to wound healing. Kappa was used to measure the interrater reliability between evaluators.

Results
The mean patient age was 46 years with a mean burn size of 10% body surface area. Fourteen patients ultimately healed their wounds. Three patients underwent excision and grafting. There was no significant association between vessel depth or density and healing time (Table). Similarly, vessel depth was not predictive of the need for surgery. However, vessel density £ 0.255 perfectly predicted the need for surgery. There was no agreement between evaluators regarding predicted healing looking at OCT and OMAG scans (Kappa 0.003). There was moderate agreement between evaluators predicting healing from photos (Kappa 0.047).

Conclusions
This preliminary data demonstrates that quantitative OCT/OMAG data shows promise in predicting which patients undergo surgical therapy. Variation of healing estimates from provider image assessment support the best use of this tool as a quantitative measure. Larger studies are needed to explore these findings and the role of this technology.

Applicability of Research to Practice
OCT/OMAG is a quantitative tool that shows promise in predicting which patients undergo surgical therapy.