bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed peri‐Selective C−H Fluoroalkoxylation of Aryl Sulfoxides
Authors: Sato Tomohiko , Nogi Keisuke , Yorimitsu Hideki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSulfinyl‐directed peri‐selective C−H fluoroalkoxylation of aryl sulfoxides with fluorinated alcohols has been developed. By means of a palladium catalyst and PhI(OAc)2 as an oxidant, a range of fluoroalkoxy groups can be installed onto the peri position of aryl sulfoxides. The remaining sulfinyl groups on the fluoroalkoxylation products further promote Pummerer‐based C−H functionalizations.
Acetate Acetylacetonate Ampy Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Ketone Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Hey Daniela A. , Sauer Michael J. , Fischer Pauline J. , Esslinger Eva‐Maria H. J. , Kühn Fritz E. , Baratta Walter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe mixed acetate acetylacetonate (acac) ruthenium(II) phosphine complexes Ru(OAc)(acac)P2 [P2=(PPh3)2, Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2 (dppb)] were prepared by protonation of Ru(OAc)2(PPh3)2 with acetylacetone in dichloromethane. Reaction of the dppb derivative with 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine (ampy) affords the complex Ru(OAc)(acac)(ampy)(dppb), which converts to [Ru(acac)(ampy)(dppb)](OAc) in toluene at 90 °C. In the former derivative the ampy ligand is monodentate and coordinates through the NH2‐moiety. The isolated acac complexes are active catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones with loadings as low as 0.01 mol%, the ampy having a strong accelerating effect. Several aromatic and aliphatic ketone substrates are converted to their corresponding alcohols, and different electronic influences through substituents on acetophenone are tolerated.
Enhanced high‐order information extraction for multiphase batch process fault monitoring
Authors: Chunhao Ding , Peng Chang , Kang Olivia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractConventional independent component analysis (ICA) monitoring methods extract the feature information of process data by selecting more important independent components (ICs), which discard a small part of ICs that may contain useful information for faults, leading to unsatisfactory monitoring results. However, when the number of sampling points is greater than that of process variables, the ICA monitoring model does not work well. To address the aforementioned problems, a novel monitoring method, multiphase enhanced high‐order information extraction (MEHOIE), is proposed in this paper. The entire production process was first divided into several steady phases and transition phases by the affinity propagation (AP) phase partitioning method. The enhanced high‐order information extraction (EHOIE) model was then built in each phase for fault monitoring. Finally, the algorithm was applied in the penicillin simulation platform and industrial microbial pharmaceutical process. The flexibility and superiority of this algorithm were verified by comparing it with other conventional methods.
Real Analytic Local Well‐Posedness for the Triple Deck
Authors: Iyer Sameer , Vicol Vlad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe triple‐deck model is a classical high‐order boundary layer model that has been proposed to describe flow regimes where the Prandtl theory is expected to fail. At first sight the model appears to lose two derivatives through the pressure‐displacement relation that links pressure to the tangential slip. In order to overcome this, we split the triple‐deck system into two coupled equations: a Prandtl‐type system on ℍ and a Benjamin‐Ono‐type equation on ℝ. This splitting enables us to extract a crucial leading‐order cancellation at the top of the lower deck. We develop a functional framework to subsequently extend this cancellation into the interior of the lower deck, which enables us to prove the local well‐posedness of the model in tangentially real analytic spaces. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The course of pain intensity and frequency of adolescents treated because of temporomandibular disorders: A long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Wahlund Kerstin , Larsson Bo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the course of pain intensity and frequency related to temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 15 years (range 5–21 years) after having received TMD treatment as adolescents due to frequent (at least once a week) TMD pain in two controlled trials.Materials and MethodsIn the first trial, subjects (n = 122) were randomly allocated to either information only, received in a control condition (Co), or information and an occlusal appliance (OA) versus relaxation therapy (RT). In the second trial, including 64 subjects, nonresponders to OA or RT were subsequently allocated to the alternate treatment (ST). All study participants having completed the trials (n = 167) were invited to a long‐term follow‐up evaluations, with a response rate of 69.5% (n = 116). Patient‐reported outcomes of TMD‐related frequency and intensity were appraised relative to baseline data and short‐term outcomes as observed in the two trials by use of general linear mixed model and generalized estimation equation statistics.ResultsA significantly higher proportion of participants treated with OA and in the combined RT/Co condition than those in the ST group, reported a frequency level of TMD pain less than once week at post‐treatment and the long‐term follow‐up. Adolescents treated with OA showed significantly lower TMD pain intensity levels post‐treatment than those in the other two treatment conditions. While no difference between the OA and the RT/Co conditions was found in the long‐term follow‐up, participants in these two conditions were significantly more improved than those in the ST group.ConclusionAdolescents treated with an OA clearly showed better outcome with regard to intensity and frequency in a long‐term follow‐up of TMD pain than those treated with RT and ST for nonresponders. These latter individuals need special clinical attention and more effective supplementary treatment methods to be developed.
A three‐level time‐split MacCormack method for two‐dimensional nonlinear reaction‐diffusion equations
Authors: Ngondiep Eric , Kerdid Nabil , Abdulaziz Mohammed Abaoud Mohammed , Abdulaziz Ibrahim Aldayel Ibrahim 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA three‐level explicit time‐split MacCormack method is proposed for solving the two‐dimensional nonlinear reaction‐diffusion equations. The computational cost is reduced thank to the splitting and the explicit MacCormack scheme. Under the well‐known condition of Courant‐Friedrich‐Lewy (CFL) for stability of explicit numerical schemes applied to linear parabolic partial differential equations, we prove the stability and convergence of the method in L∞(0,T;L2)‐norm. A wide set of numerical evidences which provide the convergence rate of the new algorithm are presented and critically discussed.
Development of an inexpensive automated streamflow monitoring system
Authors: LeGrand Matthew C. L. , Luce James J. , Metcalfe Robert A. , Buttle James M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEstimating streamflow is time and labour intensive due to the necessity of developing a rating curve. The development of a rating curve involves acquiring in‐field measurements of streamflow across a wide range of flow levels, which can be costly and impractical in remote regions with limited seasonal access. Here we showcase an automated system which estimates streamflow multiple times each day, greatly facilitating the development of rating curves for remote or seasonally inaccessible sites. The system uses an emerging technique referred to as particle image velocimetry (PIV) to track the movement of objects and flow structure features on the mobile water surface to generate velocity vector grids. Velocity grids were used to calculate streamflow and facilitate the development of a rating curve. This work contributes to our field‐based knowledge for using automated PIV systems to estimate streamflow in small streams (<5 m wide) using automatically distributed particles.
Perinatal outcomes of cesarean deliveries in Sierra Leone: A prospective multicenter observational study
Authors: van Duinen Alex J. , Westendorp Josien , Kamara Michael M. , Forna Fatu , Hagander Lars , Rijken Marcus J. , Leather Andrew J.M. , Wibe Arne , Bolkan Håkon A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the indications for cesarean deliveries and factors associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in Sierra Leone.MethodsBetween October 2016 and May 2017, patients undergoing cesarean delivery performed by medical doctors and associate clinicians in nine hospitals were included in a prospective observational study. Data were collected perioperatively, at discharge, and during home visits after 30 days.ResultsIn total, 1274 cesarean deliveries were included of which 1099 (86.3%) were performed as emergency surgery. Of the 1376 babies, 261 (19.0%) were perinatal deaths (53 antepartum stillbirths, 155 intrapartum stillbirths, and 53 early neonatal deaths). Indications with the highest perinatal mortality were uterine rupture (45 of 55 [81.8%]), abruptio placentae (61 of 85 [71.8%]), and antepartum hemorrhage (8 of 15 [53.3%]). In the group with cesarean deliveries performed for obstructed and prolonged labor, a partograph was filled out for 212 of 425 (49.9%). However, when completed, babies had 1.81‐fold reduced odds for perinatal death (95% confidence interval 1.03–3.18, P‐value 0.041).ConclusionCesarean deliveries in Sierra Leone are associated with an exceptionally high perinatal mortality rate of 190 per 1000 births. Late presentation in the facilities and lack of adequate fetal monitoring may be contributing factors.
Imaging photoplethysmography and videocapillaroscopy enable noninvasive study of zebrafish cardiovascular system functioning
Authors: Machikhin Alexander S. , Burlakov Alexander B. , Volkov Mikhail V. , Khokhlov Demid D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe report on the noninvasive method for in vivo study of fish's cardiovascular system, that is, the heart and the structure of vessels that carry blood throughout the body. The proposed approach is based on combined photoplethysmographic and videocapillaroscopic microscopic imaging and enables noncontact two‐dimensional mapping of blood volume changes. We demonstrate that the obtained data allows precise measurements of heartbeat, blood flow velocity and other important parameters (see Videos S1 and S2). To validate the developed image processing technique, we have carried out multiple experiments on zebrafish—a well‐proven informative model organism widely used to understand cardiac development. The proposed approach may be effective for the study of cardiovascular system formation and functioning as well as the impact of various influencing factors on them.
Ripening of avocado fruits studied by spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Lin Xiaobo , Zhang Han , Hu Lingna , Zhao Guangyu , Svanberg Sune , Svanberg Katarina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAvocados are considered very healthy due to the high content mono‐unsaturated lipid, essential vitamins and minerals, minimal sugar and no cholesterol and are therefore sometimes referred to as “the perfect fruits”. Avocados, mainly grown in Latin‐America, are harvested unripe and sent overseas. However, the ripening process is very difficult to assess visually and tactilely. A tool for precise noninvasive judgment of the status would be valuable as the fruit is too expensive to be cut open unripe or overdue. A white‐light source and a light‐emitting diode unit with four excitation wavelengths (365, 385, 395, and 405 nm) were used for reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy in a fiber‐coupled set‐up for noninvasive monitoring. Twelve non‐ripe avocados, with approximately the same size and appearance, were studied and divided into three groups and kept at three different storage conditions; at room temperature, in a refrigerator and a combination of the two. We showed that fluorescence was useful for following the ripening process. A method, which compensates for the spatial variations in spectral properties around a fruit, is described. Remote fluorescence monitoring, intended for orchard use, was also demonstrated. A low‐cost device based on fluorescence for avocado ripeness assessment is proposed.
Observations on the oral organelle, cytopharynx, and subpellicular structure of a Dileptus sp.
Authors: Liang Wenwei , Wang Mingjie , Qiu Zijian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the oral organelle, cytopharynx, and subpellicular structure of a Dileptus sp. The main results were as follows: (a) the cytostome was located on the ventral surface of the base of the beak, surrounded by a periportal matrix that integrated 135 microtube bundles. When these microtube bundles contract, radially arranged into a disk, the cytostome was closed. When these microtube bundles were stretch, they fell into the cytostome and opens. The diameter of the cytostome was about 16 μm regardless of its closure or opening, indicating that the contraction or elongation of these microtube bundles did not change the size of the cytostome, which was only related to whether it blocked the cytostome, thus determining the opening and closing of the cytostome. There were many microtube bundles on two sides of the feeding trough, which could widen or narrow the feeding trough and facilitate beak feeding. (b) The cytopharynx was basket‐like without a bottom with a diameter of about 6 μm and was woven from two kind fibers about 0.08 and 0.19 μm. (c) There were two types of extrusomes under the pellicle. Using transmission electron microscopy，the Type I extrusomes showed narrow and long egg shape, its cross section was circular which is composed by various electronic density of concentric. Using the scanning electron microscope, they were two slightly thin clavate, the length was about 5 μm, the diameter of the middle section was about 0.75 μm, and the diameter of the two ends was about 0.32 μm, they were distributed abundantly between the microtubule fasciculi which were located on both sides of the gap on the feeding groove. Using transmission electron microscopy, the Type II extrusomes showed egg shape. Using the scanning electron microscopy, they were about 1.6 × 0.8 μm in size, they were distributed abundantly under the body pellicle while rarely the proboscis. In addition, many different of developmental stages two types of extrusomes could be also seen in the cytoplasm. (d) There were very well‐developed fibrous systems under the pellicle that were woven from fibers about 0.14 μm in diameter that attached to the pellicle and bound some organelles in the cytoplasm (e.g., mitochondria, extrusomes) and other structures to the cytoplasm and maintained cell morphology. The results of this study not only supplement and enrich the morphological contents of the Dileptus sp., but also provide the basis for the study of the taxonomy of the Dileptus sp. It also provides a new method for researchers to explore the morphology and structure of ciliate cells under the cortex by SEM.
Developing and implementing a faculty development curriculum for Japanese family medicine residency faculty
Authors: Ie Kenya , Narushima Masato , Goto Michiko , Merenstein Joel , Wilson Stephen , Takemura Yousuke 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite the increase in family medicine residency in Japan, there are only a few structured faculty development (FD) programs. The objective of this project was to construct a consensus on core competencies of faculty to develop a faculty development curriculum in a Japanese family medicine context.MethodsIn 2015, a private FD initiative in the Mie University initiated a curriculum development in collaboration with FD fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh. A literature review and subsequent Delphi process were conducted for core competency development. Based on the core competency list, we designed and implemented a 2‐year part‐time FD curriculum from 2016. A course evaluation using pre‐post confidence level was held during March 2017.ResultsTwenty‐eight objectives were defined in five core domains: 1) care management/family medicine principle, 2) leadership/professional development, 3) administrative/management, 4) teaching, and 5) research/scholarly activity. A pre‐post survey at the end of an academic year revealed a significant increase in learner confidence for “care management/family medicine principle” (P = .03), “teaching” (P < .01), and “research/scholarly activity” (P < .01), as well as the total score (P = .03).ConclusionsA family medicine FD curriculum based on a faculty core competency list was developed by consensus in a Japanese family medicine context. The core competency was strongly context‐oriented, and the relevance of the FD topics and opportunities to apply to the participants' current positions may be inevitable for learner engagement. Further curriculum refinements will be required to see whether the curriculum could be used for faculty development in other family medicine residencies.
Three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction combined with HPLC for determination of three trace acidic plant growth regulators in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl
Authors: Hong Ruixia , Wu Pingping , Lin Jin , Huang Liying , Yang Lijuan , Wu Youjia , Yao Hong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe analysis of plant growth regulators presents a challenge due to their trace quantities and complex matrices. A novel, simple, and effective analytical method for the determination of three trace acidic plant growth regulators in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl was developed to address this issue. Three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography was applied for the enrichment, purification, and determination of three acidic plant growth regulators, namely, indole‐3‐acetic‐acid, indole‐3‐butyric‐acid, and (+)‐abscisic acid. The factors affecting extraction performance, including extractant species, pH of donor and acceptor phases, salt addition dosage, extraction time, temperature, and stirring rate, were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method provided good linearity (R2, 0.9994–0.9999), low limit of detection (0.038–0.12 ng/mL), and acceptable relative recoveries (56.7–117.6%). The enrichment factors were between 153 and 328. The developed method was successfully applied to the enrichment and determination of plant growth regulators in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl and exhibited increased purification capacity, higher sensitivity, and decreased organic solvent consumption compared with conventional sample preparation methods. This method may provide a testing platform for the monitoring of plant growth regulator residues, ensuring the safe and effective use of traditional Chinese medicine.
Adjusting the chromatographic properties of poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases by substitution on the imidazolium cation
Authors: Wang Jie , Tang Yuqi , Chu Huiyuan , Shen Jiwei , Wang Chaozhan , Wei Yinmao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPoly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can have multiple interactions with solutes. However, in most stationary phases, separation selectivity is adjusted by changing the poly(ionic liquid) anions. In this work, two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified silica stationary phases were prepared by introducing the cyano or tetrazolyl group on the pendant imidazolium cation on the polymer chains. Various analytes were selected to investigate their mechanism of retention in the stationary phases using different mobile phases. Two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can provide various interactions toward solutes. Compared to the cyano‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase, the tetrazolyl‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase provides additional cation‐exchange and π‐π interactions, resulting in different separation selectivity toward analytes. Finally, applicability of the developed stationary phases was demonstrated by the efficient separation of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Calculating lateral plume spreading with surface Lagrangian drifters
Authors: Kakoulaki Georgia , MacDonald Daniel G. , Cole Kelly 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work provides a rare quantification of lateral spreading from Lagrangian measurements in a buoyant river plume by comparing four methods. Drifter motions, including along‐stream shear and rotation, can be incorrectly interpreted as lateral spreading. This work aims to improve estimates of lateral spreading by identifying additional motions in drifter trajectories. The techniques applied are first evaluated and compared using an idealized group of drifters undergoing specific types of motion, and then applied to in situ data from 27 surface Lagrangian drifters released in the Merrimack River plume (Massachusetts) under a variety of different environmental conditions. The techniques tested include two methods using the standard deviation of drifter position with respect to various interpretations of mean drifter direction and two methods using a rotating elliptical coordinate reference frame. The idealized trajectories are modeled analytically with each type of motion (i.e., spreading, rotation, and shear) separately, then in different combinations, to identify the method that best resolves and isolates lateral spreading. The idealized experiments demonstrate that three of the methods are sensitive to shear and rotational motion in various combinations. The most robust method resolving lateral spreading is the “time‐step” method, which applies a reference frame that follows the mean flow at each time step, calculated as the average direction of the drifters between two time steps. This method also successfully identifies lateral spreading in observations, which is maximized in classic bulge‐shaped plume deployments. This work is applicable to other river plume systems as well as other propagating oceanographic phenomena.
Lipase Treatment of Dietary Krill Oil, but Not Fish Oil, Enables Enrichment of Brain Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid
Authors: Yalagala Poorna C. R. , Sugasini Dhavamani , Zaldua Steve B. , Tai Leon M. , Subbaiah Papasani V. 
Published: April 2020

ScopeCurrently available omega‐3 fatty acid supplements do not enrich the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the adult brain because they are absorbed as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at the blood brain barrier requires lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)‐DHA. The hypothesis that treatment of krill oil (KO), which contains DHA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at the SN2 position of phosphatidylcholine, with SN1‐specific lipase will generate LPC‐DHA/EPA and which can be absorbed intact and transported into the brain, is tested.MethodsKO and fish oil (FO) are treated with Mucor meihei lipase, incorporated into AIN 93G diet, and fed to 2‐month‐old mice for 30 days. Fatty acid composition is analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is measured by ELISA.ResultsLipase‐treated (LT) KO increases brain DHA and EPA, respectively, 5‐and 70‐fold better than untreated (UT) KO. FO, whether lipase‐treated or not, has no effect on brain DHA/EPA. LTKO is also more efficient in enriching liver DHA/EPA, but less efficient than UTKO and FO in enriching adipose tissue and heart. Brain BDNF is significantly increased by LTKO, but only marginally by other preparations.ConclusionsPretreatment of dietary KO with lipase enables it to efficiently increase brain DHA/EPA because of the generation of LPC‐DHA/EPA.