bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocast structures are reliable proxies for the sizes of corresponding regions of the brain in extant birds
Authors: Early Catherine M. , Iwaniuk Andrew N. , Ridgely Ryan C. , Witmer Lawrence M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEndocasts are increasingly relied upon to examine avian brain evolution because they can be used across extant and extinct species. The endocasts of birds appear to be relatively faithful representatives of the external morphology of their brains, but it is unclear how well the size of a surface feature visible on endocasts reflects the volume of the underlying brain region. The optic lobe and the Wulst are two endocast structures that are clearly visible on the external surface of avian endocasts. As they overlie two major visual regions of the brain, the optic tectum and hyperpallium, the surface areas of the optic lobe and Wulst, respectively, are often used to infer visual abilities. To determine whether the surface area of these features reflects the volume of the underlying brain regions, we compared the surface areas of the optic lobes and Wulsts from digital endocasts with the volumes of the optic tecta and hyperpallia from the literature or measured from histological series of brains of the same species. Regression analyses revealed strong, statistically significant correlations between the volumes of the brain regions and the surface areas of the overlying endocast structures. In other words, the size of the hyperpallium and optic tectum can be reliably inferred from the surface areas of the Wulst and optic lobe, respectively. This validation opens the possibility of estimating brain‐region volumes for extinct species in order to gain better insights in their visual ecology. It also emphasizes the importance of adopting a quantitative approach to the analysis of endocasts in the study of brain evolution.
The shifting preferences of patients and physicians in nonsurgical hair loss treatment
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Quinlan Emma M. , Williams Ken L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere are multiple etiologies for hair thinning and loss, including genetic, hormonal, immune, scaring, and infectious. Hair loss treatment involves both surgical intervention and nonsurgical therapies such as pharmaceuticals, haircare products, vitamins, and low‐level laser therapy (LLLT). While pharmaceuticals have been extensively researched, the efficacy of other therapies remains inconclusive. With so many available treatments, consumers often research their options using search engines such as Google and/or seek help from hair restoration physicians.AimsTo identify and analyze changing trends in international consumer and physician interest in nonsurgical hair loss therapies.MethodsWorldwide trends in Google searches of hair loss products (2004‐2020) were compared with product prescription frequency surveys from members of the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (2004‐2019, ~29% response rate).ResultsMinoxidil and finasteride were the most prescribed hair loss treatments, while “minoxidil” was the most “Googled” term. Generic products were searched more often than their brand counterparts. Nutritionals and haircare prescriptions increased over time. LLLT was also increasingly prescribed, with Internet searches increasing following government regulation announcements. The COVID‐19 pandemic initially negatively affected hair loss treatment searches, which have since returned to, and surpassed, pre‐pandemic levels.ConclusionRegulations and social media have influence on consumer interest in hair loss products. A weak economy and coronavirus fears may persuade consumers to turn to cheaper hair loss treatment alternatives. Hair restoration specialists need to keep abreast of online trends to communicate effectively with their patients. Patients should be cognizant of the safety and efficacy of hair restoration treatments.
Updates in staging and pathologic evaluation of esophageal carcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy
Authors: Zhang Xuchen , Jain Dhanpat 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEsophageal carcinoma comprises two major subtypes—squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the incidences of which vary widely across the world and also depend on the location within the esophagus. The staging of esophageal cancer (EC) also remains unique among various gastrointestinal carcinomas, as it takes into account the location, histologic type, and grade. Its management has been evolving over the years and the recent American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system has been updated to reflect the changing practice and new data. It is clear that preoperative neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly being used for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinomas, followed by surgical resection that improves survival. A variety of histologic changes can be seen after neoadjuvant therapy, which can be challenging for the pathologists. The presence of residual tumor in the surgically resected specimen and lymph node following neoadjuvant therapy is associated with poor prognosis. Hence, a thorough pathologic assessment of tumor regression grade and accurate tumor staging is required by pathologists to provide valuable prognostic information to guide further management. Tumor regression grading in ECs needs to be improved and standardized.
Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets
Authors: Achanta Satyanarayana , Jordt Sven‐Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents–induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.
Variance Decomposition Analysis for Nonlinear Economic Models1
Authors: Isakin Maksim , Ngo Phuong V. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new method called the total variance method and algorithms to compute and analyse variance decomposition for nonlinear economic models. We provide theoretical and empirical examples to compare our method with the only existing method called generalized forecast error variance decomposition (GFEVD). We find that the results from the two methods are different when shocks are multiplicative or interacted in nonlinear models. We recommend that when working with nonlinear models researchers should use the total variance method in order to see the importance of indirect variance contributions and to quantify correctly the relative variance contribution of each structural shock.
Imputing Top‐Coded Income Data in Longitudinal Surveys*
Authors: Tan Li 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe incomes of top earners are typically top‐coded in survey data. I show that the accuracy of imputed income values for top earners in longitudinal surveys can be improved significantly by incorporating information from multiple time periods into the imputation process in a simple way. Moreover, I introduce an innovative, nonparametric empirical Bayes imputation method that further improves imputation quality. I show that the empirical Bayes imputation method reduces the RMSE of imputed income values by 19–51% relative to standard approaches in the literature. I also illustrate the benefits of the empirical Bayes method for investigating multi‐year income inequality.
Hidradenitis suppurativa and Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lam Megan , Lai Charis , Almuhanna Nouf , Alhusayen Raed 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHidradenitis suppurativa (HS), characterized by inflammatory nodules, sinus tracts, and abscesses, has been linked to several factors, including immune dysfunction and obesity, which are thought to contribute to its development. Several follicular disorders have also been associated with Down syndrome (DS), a common chromosomal disorder, including HS, although studies on this topic are limited.ObjectivesTo characterize HS in Down syndrome patients and to further examine the association between HS and DS compared to HS patients without DS.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL electronic databases from their dates of conception to February 2020. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed analyzing (a) HS characteristics between DS and non‐DS participants, and (b) prevalence or association between HS and DS compared to non‐DS individuals.ResultsTwelve studies were included in this systematic review, with a total of 358 participants presenting with both HS and DS. Pooled analysis of mean differences between DS and non‐DS participants presenting with HS found a significantly younger age of HS symptom onset for DS patients (−6.24; 95% CI, −10.01‐−2.24). A meta‐analysis examining the association between HS and DS found a significantly increased likelihood of HS in DS patients (OR 9.61; 95% CI, 5.70‐16.20).ConclusionsOur findings suggest an association between HS and DS, with DS patients suffering from an earlier onset of HS symptoms compared to non‐DS patients.
A novel mutation in LMX1B gene in a newborn with nail‐patella syndrome: Clinical and dermoscopic findings
Authors: Tognetti Linda , Baldassarri Margherita , Fava Francesca , Provvidenziale Luca , Cinotti Elisa , Renieri Alessandra , Rubegni Pietro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report on a 3‐month‐old female patient presenting with bilateral anonychia of the thumbnails and hyponychia of the index nails. Clinico‐dermoscopic examination revealed triangular lunulae in all fingernails. Sequence analysis of LMX1B gene identified a novel heterozygous de novo mutation within exon 2, pathogenetic for a nail‐patella syndrome.
A unique variant of juvenile papular‐purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
Authors: Zhao Zijun , Wallace Matthew M. , Zwerner Jeffrey P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractParvovirus B19 is the most common causative agent of papular‐purpuric gloves and socks syndrome (PPGSS), an often‐underreported condition in the pediatric population. Classically, PPGSS presents with a papular‐purpuric and at times petechial eruption of the hands and feet. (Dermatology. 1994;188:85; Int J Dermatol. 1996;35:626) We report a unique variant of juvenile PPGSS with prominent involvement of the flexural and extensor elbows, wrists, and knees.
Corticosteroid wraps as monotherapy in a child with extensive idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Chateau Antoinette , Makhubele Jabulile , Dlova Ncoza 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis that may present with limited to severe disease, posing a therapeutic challenge. A 7‐year‐old African female who presented with extensive PG showed a remarkable response to corticosteroid wrap monotherapy.
Differentially expressed genes in canola (Brassica napus) during infection by virulent and avirulentPlasmodiophora brassicaepathotypes
Authors: Jiang Junye , Fredua‐Agyeman Rudolph , Hwang Sheau‐Fang , Strelkov Stephen E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGene expression profiling offers a means of understanding pathogenesis in clubroot of crucifers caused by the biotrophic pathogenPlasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, a canola (Brassica napus) cultivar 45H29 was inoculated withP.brassicaepathotypes 5I (P5I) and 5X (P5X), and the pathogen:plant DNA biomass ratio in roots was determined at 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation (dai) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. The P5X:plant biomass ratio increased across the time course, while the P5I:plant biomass ratio decreased. To investigate genes differentially expressed during the infection process, the expression of 205P.brassicaegenes encoding putative secreted proteins was analysed from the inoculated samples at 14 dai. One of the 205 genes was expressed at a higher level in P5X than in P5I, while 15 genes were expressed at a higher level in P5I than in P5X. Of these 16, 13 genes encoded proteins with high cysteine content, while three genes encoded proteins with an RXLR motif. The expression of the 16 genes was analysed further in the 7‐ and 21‐dai samples. No transcripts of the 16 genes were detected from either pathotype at 7 dai. In contrast, 11 genes were differentially expressed between the two pathotypes at 21 dai, with nine being more highly expressed in P5X and two in P5I. One gene showed homology toPbSUNK2found inP.brassicae‐infectedArabidopsis thalianaroot tissues. These 16 genes may offer important information to improve the current understanding of canola–P.brassicaeinteractions.
Early cytomegalovirus DNAemia and antiviral dose adjustment in high vs intermediate risk kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Schaenman Joanna , Phonphok Korntip , Spanuchart Ittikorn , Duong Tin , Sievers Theodore M. , Lum Erik , Reed Elaine F. , Bunnapradist Suphamai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection continues to negatively affect outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients, despite the advent of strategies for preemptive surveillance and prophylaxis. The impact is especially great for CMV seronegative recipients of donor seropositive organs, who typically lack the ability to control CMV infection at the time of transplantation.MethodsWe reviewed episodes of CMV DNAemia in a modern cohort of kidney transplant recipients over a 3‐year period at a high‐volume transplant center to investigate the frequency of DNAemia during antiviral prophylaxis.ResultsDespite receipt of antiviral prophylaxis per current guidelines, 75 cases of CMV DNAemia were observed in the first 100 days after transplantation. For high risk patients, median time to DNAemia was 75 days after transplantation, and the majority of patients had experienced dose‐reduction of valganciclovir due to renal insufficiency. Review of CMV seropositive intermediate risk patients demonstrated DNAemia occurring earlier after transplantation compared with high risk patients with a median time of 64 days (P = .029). The impact of valganciclovir dose adjustment was less notable in the intermediate risk group.ConclusionsGuidelines recommend beginning routine surveillance for CMV after the completion of antiviral prophylaxis. Our findings suggest that closer monitoring may be beneficial, especially for high risk patients at risk for DNAemia. Patients requiring dose adjustment of valganciclovir due to renal insufficiency may be at increased risk for CMV DNAemia. Improved methods for CMV prophylaxis and evaluation of immunologic risk for CMV DNAemia and disease are needed to improve patient outcomes after kidney transplantation.
Effects of the comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans‐pacific partnership
Authors: Li Chunding , Whalley John 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper uses a numerical multi‐country and multi‐sector general equilibrium model with endogenous trade imbalance and trade cost to simulate the effects of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and its future member expansion. Simulation results show that most member countries will benefit from trade integration and that most non‐member countries will lose due to the exclusion effects of the regional trade agreement, but effects for specific countries differ. The entry of the US, China, India and the EU to the CPTPP will significantly increase member countries’ benefits, and their entry will decrease the losses of non‐member countries. The US withdrawal from the CPTPP has a negative effect on the US, which will increase as more countries join. The world as a whole will gain from the trade deal.
A micro‐founded approach to exploring gains from trade integration: Evidence from 27 EU countries
Authors: Imbruno Michele 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper studies how trade integration of both final output and intermediate input markets affected aggregate efficiency and welfare in the European Union (EU) during the period 2004–2012. The results suggest that aggregate efficiency gains from trade mainly occur through input switching effects within firms and output reallocation effects across firms. Moreover, welfare gains from trade are relatively smaller than aggregate efficiency gains, due to a decrease in domestic final varieties.
The fiat money illusion: On the cost‐efficiency of modern central banking
Authors: Israel Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe traditional argument for unbacked fiat money stresses its potential benefits in terms of production costs. While there is an undeniable grain of truth in the traditional cost‐saving argument, actual fiat money regimes around the world are belying it. The Eurosystem, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve System all operate under relatively high costs. In fact, their operating expenses exceed the estimated costs of a generic fractional‐reserve gold standard. Even when the reserve ratio of the estimated gold standard is increased up to 100% on M1, the operating expenses of these modern central bank systems remain in a similar range. Hence, the cost‐saving argument is illusory in these cases. These results suggest that a return to a money that is at least partially backed by gold might be more efficient even from the vantage point of the production costs of money. The Eurosystem and the Bank of Japan are particularly expensive institutions. Their annual operating expenses as a fraction of nominal GDP are more than twice as high as those of the Federal Reserve System and the Bank of England.
Immunosuppressive and metabolic agents that influence allo‐ and xenograft survival by in vivo expansion of T regulatory cells
Authors: Zhao Yanli , Hu Wenjun , Chen Pengfei , Cao Mengtao , Zhang Yingwei , Zeng Changchun , Hara Hidetaka , Cooper David K. C. , Mou Lisha , Luan Shaodong , Gao Hanchao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe transplanted organs or cells survive if the recipient receives adequate long‐term immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy combined with cell‐based strategies (eg, regulatory T cell [Treg]‐based therapy) promotes graft survival. A combination of Treg‐based therapy and minimal or no immunosuppressive drug therapy would have the potential to minimize the risks of the complications and side effects of these drugs. Fortunately, some immunosuppressive and other agents not only impede the effector T cell response, but also help generate new CD4+ Tregs from conventional effector T cells. These agents include IL‐2, TGF‐β, agents that block the CD40/CD40L costimulation pathway, mTOR inhibitors, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Consequently, a state of relative unresponsiveness to the transplanted organ may be induced through the expansion of Tregs. We here review the effect of these various agents on expansion of CD4+ Tregs in allo‐ and xenotransplantation. The expansion of Tregs might allow a dose reduction of the standard immunosuppressive drugs.
The Difference between Placebo and Energy Drinking Consumption towards Aerobic Endurance
Authors: Zarwan Zarwan , Hardiansyah Sefri , Zalindro Ade , Maifitri Fella 
Published: September 2020

An issue of this research is the aerobic endurance of students categorized low during the formation of physical conditions so that many students consume energy drinks to improve the aerobic endurance capability. However, this is still an assumption needed to prove by giving another comparative drink (placebo). The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of placebo and energy drinks consumption to aerobic endurance capability. It was quasi-experiment research using two types of substances: placebo consumed by experimental group (X1) and energy drinks consumed by the control group (X2). The population of this study was a group of 40 students. Samples were 36 students chosen by purposive sampling technique. Division of the group in a random way, the instrument used was Cooper run test 2.4 km. Data were analyzed using the test of different independent samples. The results of this study obtained the mean of 1.03 for the placebo group and the mean of 1.10 for the energy drink group. The statistical testobtainedtobserved0.14 ttable1.69 so that it can be concluded that the effects given by the consumption of placebo and energy drinks are not significantly different.
A golden probe of nonlinear Higgs dynamics
Authors: Liu Da , Low Ian , Vega-Morales Roberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe most salient generic feature of a composite Higgs boson resides in the nonlinearity of its dynamics, which arises from degenerate vacua associated with the pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone (PNGB) nature of the Higgs boson. It has been shown that the nonlinear Higgs dynamics is universal in the IR and controlled only by a single parameter f, the decay constant of the PNGB Higgs. In this work we perform a fit, for the first time, to Wilson coefficients of $${\mathcal {O}}(p^4)$$

O
(

p
4

)

operators in the nonlinear Lagrangian using the golden H $$\rightarrow $$
→
4L decay channel. By utilizing both the “rate” information in the signal strength and the “shape” information in the fully differential spectra, we provide limits on the Goldstone decay constant f, as well as $${\mathcal {O}}(p^4)$$

O
(

p
4

)

Wilson coefficients, using Run 2 data at the LHC. In rate measurements alone, the golden channel prefers a negative $$\xi =v^2/f^2$$

ξ
=

v
2

/

f
2

corresponding to a non-compact coset structure. Including the shape information, we identify regions of parameter space where current LHC constraint on f is still weak, allowing for $$\xi \lesssim 0.5$$

ξ
≲
0.5

or $$\xi \gtrsim -0.5$$

ξ
≳
-
0.5

. We also comment on future sensitivity at the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC which could allow for simultaneous fits to multiple Wilson coefficients.