bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole‐ecosystem oxygenation experiments reveal substantially greater hypolimnetic methane concentrations in reservoirs during anoxia
Authors: Hounshell Alexandria G. , McClure Ryan P. , Lofton Mary E. , Carey Cayelan C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLakes and reservoirs globally produce large quantities of methane and carbon dioxide in their sediments, which accumulate in the hypolimnia (bottom waters) during thermally stratified conditions. A key parameter controlling hypolimnetic greenhouse gas concentrations is dissolved oxygen. Land use and climate change have increased hypolimnetic anoxia worldwide in lakes and reservoirs, which is expected to affect their methane and carbon dioxide concentrations. We conducted whole‐ecosystem oxygenation experiments to assess the effects of oxygen concentrations on dissolved hypolimnetic greenhouse gas concentrations in comparison to a reference reservoir and calculated the maximum hypolimnetic global warming potential in both reservoirs over three summers. We observed significantly greater hypolimnetic methane under anoxic conditions but similar carbon dioxide concentrations, leading to greater hypolimnetic global warming potential of anoxic hypolimnia. Our study indicates that the global warming potential of hypolimnetic greenhouse gas concentrations may increase as the prevalence of hypolimnetic anoxia increases due to global change.
A large survey of nocturia related to sleep quality and daytime quality of life in a young Japanese population: NOCTURNE study
Authors: Torimoto Kazumasa , Uchimura Naohisa , Roitmann Eva , Marumoto Mitsuhiro , Hirakata Toshiyuki , Burtea Teodor 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsNocturia, due to nocturnal polyuria and other conditions associated with nocturnal voiding, affects sleep quality and daytime quality of life (QOL). We aimed to investigate the relationship among nocturia, sleep quality, and daytime QOL in a young Japanese population.MethodsThis epidemiological study analyzed data from a retrospective data set containing sleep data from wearable devices worn by 9446 Japanese users and a prospective data set containing answers to a 10‐item questionnaire completed by a subset of 605 users in the retrospective dataset. We recorded the first uninterrupted sleep period (FUSP), total sleep time (TST), number of nocturnal voids, sleep quality, daytime QOL, bothering nocturnal voids, and early wake‐ups in the morning.ResultsThe subjects were 18–65 years old. The mean TST was 6.7 ± 0.9 h, and the mean number of wake‐ups was 2.11 ± 1.1. FUSP and TST decreased (from 334 ± 114 to 173 ± 74 min and 5.9 ± 1.0 to 5.5 ± 1.0 h, respectively) with an increasing number of nocturnal voids, and the change was statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between nocturia and FUSP and the number of wake‐ups.ConclusionNocturia has close relationships with FUSP and the number of wake‐ups and can result in decreased daytime QOL in young Japanese people.
Childhood Obesity and Device‐Measured Sedentary Behavior: An Instrumental Variable Analysis of 3,864 Mother–Offspring Pairs
Authors: Hamer Mark , Chastin Sebastien , Viner Russell M. , Stamatakis Emmanuel 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveIntergenerational data on mother–offspring pairs were utilized in an instrumental variable analysis to examine the longitudinal association between BMI and sedentary behavior.MethodsThe sample included 3,864 mother–offspring pairs from the 1970 British Cohort Study. Height and weight were recorded in mothers (age 31 [5.4] years) and offspring (age 10 years) and repeated in offspring during adulthood. Offspring provided objective data on sedentary behavior (7‐day thigh‐worn activPAL) in adulthood at age 46 to 47 years.ResultsMaternal BMI, the instrumental variable, was associated with offspring BMI at age 10 (change per kg/m2, β = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.12), satisfying a key assumption of instrumental variable analyses. Offspring (change per kg/m2, β = 0.010; 95% CI: −0.02 to 0.03 h/d) and maternal BMI (β = 0.017; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.03 h/d) was related to offspring sedentary time, suggestive of a causal impact of BMI on sedentary behavior (two‐stage least squares analysis, β = 0.18 [SE 0.08], P = 0.015). For moderate‐vigorous physical activity, there were associations with offspring BMI (β = −0.010; 95% CI: −0.017 to −0.004) and maternal BMI (β = −0.007; 95% CI: −0.010 to −0.003), with evidence for causality (two‐stage least squares analysis, β = −0.060 [SE 0.02], P = 0.001).ConclusionsThere is strong evidence for a causal pathway linking childhood obesity to greater sedentary behavior.
Tidal breath in healthy term newborns: An analysis from the 2nd to the 30th days of life
Authors: Anık Ayşe , Öztürk Sercan , Erge Duygu , Akcan Abdullah B. , Türkmen Münevver K. , Uysal Pınar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew data are available concerning normative lung function parameters measured in unsedated neonates.AimTo evaluate lung function changes in neonates.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, tidal breath parameters were measured using the MasterScreen PAED system and standardized protocols. Measurements were performed on 60 (30 male) term, healthy, unsedated neonates on the postnatal 2nd and 30th days.ResultsExpiratory time (TE; p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.561), exhaled volume to peak tidal expiratory flow (VPTEF; p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.789), minute ventilation (p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.926), tidal volume (VT; p < .001; Cohen's d = 1.835), expiratory flow when 75%, 50%, and 25% of tidal volume remaining in the lungs (TEF75 [p < .001; Cohen's d = 1.070], TEF50 [p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.824], TEF25 [p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.568]), and inspiratory time (Ti; p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.654) were higher on Day 30 compared to Day 2, while time to reach peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time (TPTEF/TE; p = .006; Cohen's d = 0.371), the volume until peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory volume (VPTEF/VE; p = .001; Cohen's d = 0.447), and respiration rate (RR; p = .001; Cohen's d = 0.432) were lower, and Ti/TE was unchanged. Positive correlation was observed between length and VT (r = .347; p = .008) on Day 2 and (r = .338; p = .008) on Day 30.ConclusionsThe present study reveals the physiological changes occurring in lung functions in healthy term neonates during the neonatal period.
Willow‐Leaf‐Like ZnSe@N‐Doped Carbon Nanoarchitecture as a Stable and High‐Performance Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion and Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dong Caifu , Wu Leqiang , He Yanyan , Zhou Yanli , Sun Xiuping , Du Wei , Sun Xueqin , Xu Liqiang , Jiang Fuyi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractZnSe is regarded as a promising anode material for energy storage due to its high theoretical capacity and environment friendliness. Nevertheless, it is still a significant challenge to obtain superior electrode materials with stable performance owing to the serious volume change and aggregation upon cycling. Herein, a willow‐leaf‐like nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated ZnSe (ZnSe@NC) composite synthesized through facile solvothermal and subsequent selenization process is beneficial to expose more active sites and facilitate the fast electron/ion transmission. These merits significantly enhance the electrochemical performances of ZnSe@NC for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). The obtained ZnSe@NC exhibits outstanding rate performance (440.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 144.4 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and ultralong cycle stability (242.2 mAh g−1 at 8.0 A g−1 even after 3200 cycles) for SIBs. It is noted that 106.5 mAh g−1 can be retained after 550 cycles and 71.4 mAh g−1 is still remained after 1500 cycles at 200 mA g−1 when applied as anode for PIBs, indicating good cycle stability of the electrode. The possible electrochemical mechanism and the ionic diffusion kinetics of the ZnSe@NC are investigated using ex situ X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and a series of electrochemical analyses.
Mucin‐Inspired, High Molecular Weight Virus Binding Inhibitors Show Biphasic Binding Behavior to Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Wallert Matthias , Nie Chuanxiong , Anilkumar Parambath , Abbina Srinivas , Bhatia Sumati , Ludwig Kai , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N. , Haag Rainer , Block Stephan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMultivalent binding inhibitors are a promising new class of antivirals that prevent virus infections by inhibiting virus binding to cell membranes. The design of these inhibitors is challenging as many properties, for example, inhibitor size and functionalization with virus attachment factors, strongly influence the inhibition efficiency. Here, virus binding inhibitors are synthesized, the size and functionalization of which are inspired by mucins, which are naturally occurring glycosylated proteins with high molecular weight (MDa range) and interact efficiently with various viruses. Hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPGs) with molecular weights ranging between 10 and 2600 kDa are synthesized, thereby hitting the size of mucins and allowing for determining the impact of inhibitor size on the inhibition efficiency. The hPGs are functionalized with sialic acids and sulfates, as suggested from the structure of mucins, and their inhibition efficiency is determined by probing the inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) binding to membranes using various methods. The largest, mucin‐sized inhibitor shows potent inhibition at pm concentrations, while the inhibition efficiency decreases with decreasing the molecular weight. Interestingly, the concentration‐dependent IAV inhibition shows a biphasic behavior, which is attributed to differences in the binding affinity of the inhibitors to the two IAV envelope proteins, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinin.
Free‐Standing, Foldable V2O3/Multichannel Carbon Nanofibers Electrode for Flexible Li‐Ion Batteries with Ultralong Lifespan
Authors: Zhang Teng , Zhang Long , Zhao Lina , Huang Xiaoxiao , Li Wei , Li Tao , Shen Tong , Sun Shengnan , Hou Yanglong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFree‐standing electrodes with high energy density and long life are of critical importance to the development of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for flexible/wearable electronic devices. Herein, the free‐standing and foldable V2O3/multichannel carbon nanofibers (V2O3/MCCNFs) composites are prepared via electrospinning and subsequent carbonization. Such V2O3/MCCNFs electrode delivers a superior capacity of 881.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 240 cycles. More importantly, the ultralong lifespan is achieved with a high capacity of 487.8 mAh g−1 even after 5000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g−1 with only 0.00323% decay rate, which shows the best performance among the reported V2O3‐based anodes and other metal oxides based free‐standing anodes. Furthermore, this flexible electrode is further applied to the pouch cell, which exhibits prominent capacity of 348.3 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1 with 0.094% decay per cycle. The unprecedented performance can be ascribed to synergetic contributions of V2O3 and multichannel carbon nanofibers, which not only promote the penetration of electrolyte and reduce the transport length of Li+, but also increase active material/electrolyte contact area and buffer the volume change. This work paves the way to develop free‐standing electrode for flexible/wearable electronic devices with ultralong lifespan.
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams in shear using different steel reinforced grout techniques
Authors: Wakjira Tadesse G. , Ebead Usama 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, steel reinforced grout (SRG) is proposed for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using the near‐surface embedded (NSE) technique. It is believed based on several research contributions in the literature that the NSE technique precludes or delays the onset of premature debonding and achieves higher strength increase in strengthened beams compared to the externally bonded (EB) counterpart. The tests conducted in this study used 13 RC beams to determine the shear behavior of RC beams strengthened in shear using SRG. The effect of the strengthening technique (NSE versus EB), SRG fabric density, strengthening scheme (side‐bonded vs. U‐wrapped), and the strengthening configuration (continuous vs. discontinuous) on RC shear enhancement was studied. The strengthening effectiveness of the SRG system was assessed in terms of the shear capacity, failure mechanism, load‐deflection response, and strain results. The NSE‐SRG increased the beam shear strength by an average of 100%, alleviated SRG debonding, and enhanced the deformation characteristics. The average increase in the shear strength of the EB‐SRG strengthened beam was 54% and 105% for the continuous and discontinuous SRG strips, respectively. An analytical model is proposed to predict the shear capacity of both the NSE‐SRG and EB‐SRG strengthened beams and give accurate and safe predictions.
Defining Kernels
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Thus far in this book, our code examples have represented kernels using C++ lambda expressions. Lambda expressions are a concise and convenient way to represent a kernel right where it is used, but they are not the only way to represent a kernel in SYCL. In this chapter, we will explore various ways to define kernels in detail, helping us to choose a kernel form that is most natural for our C++ coding needs.
Libraries
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We have spent the entire book promoting the art of writing our own code. Now we finally acknowledge that some great programmers have already written code that we can just use. Libraries are the best way to get our work done. This is not a case of being lazy—it is a case of having better things to do than reinvent the work of others. This is a puzzle piece worth having.
Error Handling
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Agatha Christie wrote in 1969 that “human error is nothing to what a computer can do if it tries.” It is no mystery that we, as programmers, get to clean up the mess. The mechanisms for error handling could catch programmer errors that others may make. Since we do not plan on making mistakes ourselves, we can focus on using error handling to handle conditions that may occur in the real world from other causes.
Unified Shared Memory
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The next two chapters provide a deeper look into how to manage data. There are two different approaches that complement each other: Unified Shared Memory (USM) and buffers. USM exposes a different level of abstraction for memory than buffers—USM has pointers, and buffers are a higher-level interface. This chapter focuses on USM. The next chapter will focus on buffers.
Scheduling Kernels and Data Movement
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We need to discuss our role as the concert master for our parallel programs. The proper orchestration of a parallel program is a thing of beauty—code running full speed without waiting for data, because we have arranged for all data to arrive and depart at the proper times. Code well-decomposed to keep the hardware maximally busy. It is the thing that dreams are made of!
Transformative Adaptations for Health Impacts of Climate Change in Burkina Faso and Kenya
Authors: Yeboah Edmund , Bunker Aditi , Dambach Peter , Mank Isabel , Sorgho Raïssa , Sié Ali , Munga Stephen , Bärnighausen Till , Danquah Ina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClimate change strongly affects the health of sub-Saharan African populations. Effective adaptation strategies are required in order to enhance their limited adaptive capacities. The DFG-funded Research Unit (RU) “Climate change and health in sub-Saharan Africa” unites nine research institutions from Burkina Faso, Kenya, Germany, and Switzerland that will design, implement, and evaluate four different adaptation projects in these two African countries from 2020 until 2022.First, the effectiveness of an agro-biodiversification and nutrition program will be established for the reduction of child undernutrition of climate-sensitive nutrients in rural Burkina Faso and Kenya. Two respective cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCT) will be conducted, each consisting of 2 × 600 children. Second, another cRCT will be conducted among 2 × 300 households in rural Burkina Faso to investigate how sunlight-reflecting cool-roof coatings affect human health outcomes, including cardiovascular and heat-related outcomes. Further outcomes comprise indoor temperature, carbon footprint, and productivity. Third, an index-based weather insurance (IBWI) will be introduced in rural Burkina Faso. The effects of IBWI on childhood nutritional status, dietary behavior, and healthcare seeking will be determined in 2 × 20 villages. Fourth, microbial larviciding has been evaluated as a promising environmental control for malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Here, the interactions between climatic factors and the effectiveness of the intervention will be tested using spatiotemporal models.
Reflection, Transmission, and Refraction
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The behavior of one-dimensional waves propagating through media that are not homogeneous will be the focus of this chapter. We start with an examination of the behavior of planewaves impinging on a planar interface between two fluid media with different properties and then extend that analysis to multiple interfaces and to waves that impinge on such an interface from an angle that is not perpendicular to that surface. The extent of those boundaries separating regions with different acoustical properties will be much larger than the wavelength of the sound. Many cases to be examined here will assume that the extent of the boundary is infinite and the wave incident on such an interface will be both reflected back into the medium from which it originated and be transmitted into the second medium on the other side of the interface. This exploration concludes with consideration of wave propagation through a medium whose properties change slowly and continuously through space resulting in curved ray paths. If the variation of sound speed is linear with height or depth, then the ray paths are arcs of circles. Complicated sound speed profiles will be approximated by piecewise-linear segments that have constant sound speed gradients.
Three-Dimensional Enclosures
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, solutions to the wave equation that satisfies the boundary conditions within three-dimensional enclosures of different shapes are derived. This treatment is very similar to the two-dimensional solutions for waves on a membrane of Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_6. Many of the concepts introduced in Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_6#Sec1 for rectangular membranes and Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_6#Sec5 for circular membranes are repeated here with only slight modifications. These concepts include separation of variables, normal modes, modal degeneracy, and density of modes, as well as adiabatic invariance and the splitting of degenerate modes by perturbations. Throughout this chapter, familiarity with the results of Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_6 will be assumed. The similarities between the standing-wave solutions within enclosures of different shapes are stressed. At high enough frequencies, where the individual modes overlap, statistical energy analysis will be introduced to describe the diffuse (reverberant) sound field.
The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter will introduce a system that is fundamental to our understanding of more physical phenomena than any other. Although the “simple” harmonic oscillator seems to be only the combination of the most mundane components, the formalism developed to explain the behavior of a mass, spring, and damper is used to describe systems that range in size from atoms to oceans. Our investigation goes beyond the “traditional” treatments found in the elementary physics textbooks. For example, the introduction of damping will open a two-way street: a damping element (i.e., a mechanical resistance,Rm) will dissipate the oscillator’s energy, reducing the amplitudes of successive oscillations, but it will also connect the oscillator to the surrounding environment that will return thermal energy to the oscillator. The excitation of a harmonic oscillator by an externally applied force, displacement, or combination of the two will result in a response that is critically dependent upon the relationship between the frequency of excitation and the natural frequency of the oscillator and will introduce the critical concepts of mechanical impedance, resonance, and quality factor. Finally, the harmonic oscillator model will be extended to coupled oscillators that are represented by combinations of several masses and several springs.
String Theory
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The vibrating string has been employed by nearly every human culture to create musical instruments. Although the musical application has attracted the attention of mathematical and scientific analysts since the time of Pythagoras (570 BC–495 BC), we will study the string primarily because its vibrations are easy to visualize and string vibrations introduce concepts and techniques that will recur throughout our study of the vibration and the acoustics of continua. In this chapter, we will develop continuous mathematical functions of position and time that describe the shape of the entire string. The amplitude of such functions will describe the transverse displacement from equilibrium, y(x, t), at all positions along the string. The importance of boundary conditions at the ends of strings will be emphasized, and techniques to accommodate both ideal and “imperfect” boundary conditions will be introduced. Solutions that result in all parts of the string oscillating at the same frequency which satisfy the boundary conditions are called normal modes, and the calculation of those normal mode frequencies will be a focus of this chapter.
Elasticity of Solids
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIf a solid is initially at rest and equal and opposing forces are applied to that object, Newton’s Second Law guarantees that the object will remain at rest because the net force on the sample is zero. If that object is an elastic solid, then those forces will cause the solid to deform by an amount that is directly proportional to those applied forces. When the forces are removed, the sample will return to its original shape and size. That reversibility is the characteristic that is required if we say the behavior of the solid is “elastic.” This chapter will quantify the elastic behavior of solids by introducing the concepts of stress and strain and expressing their linear relationship through the definition of elastic moduli that depend only upon the material and the nature of the deformation and not upon the shape of the object. Those concepts allow us to generalize Hooke’s law. As before, the combination of a linear equation of state with Newton’s Second Law will now describe wave motion in solids. The introduction of a relaxation time, through the Maxwell model, will let these results be generalized to viscoelastic materials and then be applied to rubber vibration isolators.