bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patients’ decision to contribute to a biobank in the light of the patient-recruiter relationship—a qualitative study of broad consent in a hospital setting
Authors: Bosisio Francesca , Barazzetti Gaia , Koutaissoff Daria , Spencer Brenda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFindings from recent studies show that the relationship developed with the particular researcher asking for broad consent plays an important role in the participant’s willingness to give consent. Interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to present a description and analysis of meetings in which broad consent took place and to examine the role of recruiters in the patients’ decision-making and in building trust in the Lausanne University Hospital Institutional Biobank (BIL). Our findings suggest that patient broad consent to biobanking is strongly related to its setting. BIL recruiters’ were aware of their role as ambassadors of the BIL and their responsibility towards patients. Patient interviewees were sensitive to the quality of the information delivered, the timing of the consent request and the recruiters’ attitudes and behaviours, including the presence of the white coat. Participating in the BIL also seemed to reinforce the patient’s self-esteem and perceived efficacy, particularly since they are themselves ill and inactive when requested to participate. Recruiters and participants report that participation may be motivated by fundamental (existential) goals. Organisational factors also affected recruiters’ activity and the broad consent procedure raising several ethical issues. This qualitative study suggests that biobanking based on information-based models of decision-making might need to be re-evaluated in order to improve broad consent. Our findings have implications for the practice of broad consent and patient autonomy, as well as for the recruiters’ role and training.
Innovative Approaches, Tools and Visualization Techniques for Analysing Land Use Structures and Dynamics of Cities and Regions (Editorial)
Authors: Hecht Robert , Behnisch Martin , Herold Hendrik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGeospatial analysis and visualisation can be used to gain knowledge about land use structure and its changes on different spatial scales, which in turn is key to unlock the potential for sustainable land use development. This editorial provides a frame to a set of papers of the topical collection “Innovative approaches, tools and visualization techniques for analyzing land use structures and dynamics of cities and regions”, which was initiated in conjunction with the 2017 International Land Use Symposium taken place in Dresden, Germany. It first introduces current, urging land use, development and management challenges. Further on, the editorial presents the individual contributions and reflects their affiliation to the themes “Mapping and Monitoring Approaches” and “Planning, Decision Support and Participation”. Although the objectives, methods and underlying data used in the papers of this topical collection greatly vary, as pieces of a puzzle they contribute to a better analysis and understanding of current and future land use structures and dynamics of cities and regions.
Investigation of the BOLD-Based MRI Signal Time Course During Short Breath-Hold Periods for Estimation of the Cerebrovascular Reactivity
Authors: Zerweck Leonie , Hauser Till-Karsten , Roder Constantin , Klose Uwe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFor the prognosis of stroke, patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) require the estimation of remaining cerebrovascular reactivity. For this purpose, CO2-triggered BOLD fMRI by use of short breath-hold periods seems to be a highly available alternative to nuclear medicine methods. Too long breath-hold periods are difficult to perform, too short breath-hold periods do not lead to sufficient BOLD signal changes. We aimed to investigate the required minimum breath-hold duration to detect distinct BOLD signals in the tissue of healthy subjects to find out how long the minimum breath-hold duration in clinical diagnostics of MMD should be. A prospective study was performed. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent fMRI during end-expiration breath-hold periods of different duration (3, 6, 9, and 12 s). Additionally, we compared the influence of paced and self-paced breathing altering the breath-hold periods. Data of a patient with MMD was evaluated to investigate whether the tested procedure is suitable for clinical use. Significant global BOLD signal increases were detected after breath-hold periods of 6, 9, and 12 s. The signals were significantly higher after breath-hold periods of 9 s than after 6 s, while not when the duration was extended from 9 to 12 s. Furthermore, we found additional BOLD signal changes before the expected signal increases, which could be avoided by paced respiratory instructions. This investigation indicates that end-expiration breath-hold period of at least 9 s might be used to measure the cerebrovascular reactivity. This time period resulted in distinct BOLD signal changes and could be performed easily.
Comparative genetic diversity ofCryptosporidiumspecies causing human infections
Authors: Garcia-R Juan C. , Cox Murray P. , Hayman David T. S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractParasites sometimes expand their host range and cause new disease aetiologies. Genetic changes can then occur due to host-specific adaptive alterations, particularly when parasites cross between evolutionarily distant hosts. Characterizing genetic variation inCryptosporidiumfrom humans and other animals may have important implications for understanding disease dynamics and transmission. We analyse sequences from four loci (gp60, HSP-70, COWP and actin) representing multipleCryptosporidiumspecies reported in humans. We predicted low genetic diversity in species that present unusual human infections due to founder events and bottlenecks. High genetic diversity was observed in isolates from humans ofCryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvum. A deviation of expected values of neutrality using Tajima'sDwas observed inC. cuniculusandC. meleagridis. The high genetic diversity inC. meleagridisandC. cuniculusdid not match our expectations but deviations from neutrality indicate a recent decrease in genetic variability through a population bottleneck after an expansion event.Cryptosporidium hominiswas also found with a significant Tajima's D positive value likely caused by recent population expansion of unusual genotypes in humans. These insights indicate that changes in genetic diversity can help us to understand host-parasite adaptation and evolution.
Asphyxia at birth affects brain structure in patients on the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder spectrum and healthy participants
Authors: Wortinger Laura Anne , Engen Kristine , Barth Claudia , Andreassen Ole A. , Nordbø Jørgensen Kjetil , Agartz Ingrid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundUncertainty exists about what causes brain structure alterations associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Whether a history of asphyxia-related obstetric complication (ASP) – a common but harmful condition for neural tissue – contributes to variations in adult brain structure is unclear. We investigated ASP and its relationship to intracranial (ICV), global brain volumes and regional cortical and subcortical structures.MethodsA total of 311 patients on the SZ – BD spectrum and 218 healthy control (HC) participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. They were evaluated for ASP using prospective information obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.ResultsIn all groups, ASP was related to smaller ICV, total brain, white and gray matter volumes and total surface area, but not to cortical thickness. Smaller cortical surface areas were found across frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insular regions. Smaller hippocampal, amygdala, thalamus, caudate and putamen volumes were reported for all ASP subgroups. ASP effects did not survive ICV correction, except in the caudate, which remained significantly smaller in both patient ASP subgroups, but not in the HC.ConclusionsSince ASP was associated with smaller brain volumes in all groups, the genetic risk of developing a severe mental illness, alone, cannot easily explain the smaller ICV. Only the smaller caudate volumes of ASP patients specifically suggest that injury from ASP can be related to disease development. Our findings give support for the ICV as a marker of aberrant neurodevelopment and ASP in the etiology of brain development in BD and SZ.
The crow in the room: New Caledonian crows offer insight into the necessary and sufficient conditions for cumulative cultural evolution
Authors: Taylor Alex H. , Jelbert Sarah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
New Caledonian (NC) crow populations have developed complex tools that show suggestive evidence of cumulative change. These tool designs, therefore, appear to be the product of cumulative technological culture (CTC). We suggest that tool-using NC crows offer highly useful data for current debates over the necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of CTC.
A cognitive approach to cumulative technological culture is useful and necessary but only if it also applies to other species
Authors: Gruber Thibaud 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The debate on cumulative technological culture (CTC) is dominated by social-learning discussions, at the expense of other cognitive processes, leading to flawed circular arguments. I welcome the authors' approach to decouple CTC from social-learning processes without minimizing their impact. Yet, this model will only be informative to understand the evolution of CTC if tested in other cultural species.
Causal learning in CTC: Adaptive and collaborative
Authors: Weinstein Netanel , Baldwin Dare 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Osiurak and Reynaud highlight the critical role of technical-reasoning skills in the emergence of human cumulative technological culture (CTC), in contrast to previous accounts foregrounding social-reasoning skills as key to CTC. We question their analysis of the available evidence, yet for other reasons applaud the emphasis on causal understanding as central to the adaptive and collaborative dynamics of CTC.
Tools as “petrified memes”: A duality
Authors: Korth Carsten 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Tools are generated by defined steps, fulfill distinct uses, and elicit affordances or mental representations. When the latter are recombined, they are perceived as “technical reasoning,” resulting in novel tools when executed. They can be exchanged, varied, and selected between individuals in a cumulative social process. Tools are materialized, “petrified” memes forming a duality within the framework of active externalism.
The social side of innovation
Authors: Rawlings Bruce , Legare Cristine H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Innovation is fundamental to cumulative culture, allowing progressive modification of existing technology. The authors define innovation as an asocial process, uninfluenced by social information. We argue that innovation is inherently social – innovation is frequently the product of modifying others' outputs, and successful innovations are acquired by others. Research should target examination of the cognitive underpinnings of socially-mediated innovations.
Chimpanzees' technical reasoning: Taking fieldwork and ontogeny seriously
Authors: Boesch Christophe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFollowing the tradition of comparing humans with chimpanzees placed under unfavorable conditions, the authors suggest many uniquely human technological abilities. However, chimpanzees use spontaneously tools in nature to achieve many different goals demonstrating technological skills and reasoning contradicting the authors contrast. Chimpanzees and humans develop skills through the experiences faced during their upbringing and neglecting this leads to fake conclusions.
Alternating-color words facilitate reading and eye movements among second-language learners of Chinese
Authors: Zhou Wei , Ye Wanwen , Yan Ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present study investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) in a Chinese sentence would facilitate the reading of second-language (L2) learners. Thirty-three Korean students were recruited in the eye-movement experiment. Relative to a baseline (i.e., mono-colors) condition, incorrect word segmentation produced closer fixation location toward the beginning of words, longer fixation duration, higher refixation rate, and slower reading speed. In contrast, word segmentation with alternating colors produced further fixation location toward the center of words, shorter fixation duration, lower refixation rate, and faster reading speed. These results indicate that L2 readers are capable of making use of word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, which can result in a facilitation of reading efficiency.
Benchmarks and goals
Authors: Church Kenneth Ward 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBenchmarks can be a useful step toward the goals of the field (when the benchmark is on the critical path), as demonstrated by the GLUE benchmark, and deep nets such as BERT and ERNIE. The case for other benchmarks such as MUSE and WN18RR is less well established. Hopefully, these benchmarks are on a critical path toward progress on bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) and knowledge graph completion (KGC). Many KGC algorithms have been proposed such as Trans[DEHRM], but it remains to be seen how this work improves WordNet coverage. Given how much work is based on these benchmarks, the literature should have more to say than it does about the connection between benchmarks and goals. Is optimizing P@10 on WN18RR likely to produce more complete knowledge graphs? Is MUSE likely to improve Machine Translation?
Aggregation of Abnormal Memory Scores and Risk of Incident Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Measure of Objective Memory Impairment in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Bradfield Nicholas I. , Ellis Kathryn A. , Savage Greg , Maruff Paul , Burnham Samantha , Darby David , Lautenschlager Nicola T. , Martins Ralph N. , Masters Colin L. , Rainey-Smith Stephanie R. , Robertson Joanne , Rowe Christopher , Woodward Michael , Ames David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectives:The criteria for objective memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are vaguely defined. Aggregating the number of abnormal memory scores (NAMS) is one way to operationalise memory impairment, which we hypothesised would predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia.Methods:As part of the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing, 896 older adults who did not have dementia were administered a psychometric battery including three neuropsychological tests of memory, yielding 10 indices of memory. We calculated the number of memory scores corresponding to z ≤ −1.5 (i.e., NAMS) for each participant. Incident diagnosis of AD dementia was established by consensus of an expert panel after 3 years.Results:Of the 722 (80.6%) participants who were followed up, 54 (7.5%) developed AD dementia. There was a strong correlation between NAMS and probability of developing AD dementia (r = .91, p = .0003). Each abnormal memory score conferred an additional 9.8% risk of progressing to AD dementia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for NAMS was 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) .81–.93, p < .01]. The odds ratio for NAMS was 1.67 (95% CI 1.40–2.01, p < .01) after correcting for age, sex, education, estimated intelligence quotient, subjective memory complaint, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score and apolipoprotein E ϵ4 status.Conclusions:Aggregation of abnormal memory scores may be a useful way of operationalising objective memory impairment, predicting incident AD dementia and providing prognostic stratification for individuals with MCI.
Is late bedtime an overlooked sleep behaviour? Investigating associations between sleep timing, sleep duration and eating behaviours in adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Grummon Anna H , Sokol Rebeccah L , Lytle Leslie A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine whether bedtime is associated with usual sleep duration and eating behaviour among adolescents, emerging adults and young adults.Design:Cross-sectional multivariable regression models, stratified by developmental stage, to examine: (1) association between bedtime and sleep duration and (2) associations between bedtime and specific eating behaviours at each developmental period, controlling for sleep duration. All models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms and screen time behaviours.Setting:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, waves I–IV, USA.Participants:A national probability sample surveyed in adolescence (aged 12–18 years, wave I: 1994–1995, n 13 048 and wave II: 1996, n 9438), emerging adulthood (aged 18–24 years, wave III: 2001–2002, n 9424) and young adulthood (aged 24–34 years, wave IV: 2008, n 10 410).Results:Later bedtime was associated with shorter sleep duration in all developmental stages, such that a 1-h delay in bedtime was associated with 14–33 fewer minutes of sleep per night (Ps < 0·001). Later bedtime was also associated with lower odds of consuming healthier foods (i.e. fruits, vegetables; range of adjusted OR (AOR), 0·82–0·93, Ps < 0·05) and higher odds of consuming less healthy foods and beverages (i.e. soda, pizza, desserts and sweets; range of AOR, 1·07–1·09, Ps < 0·05). Later bedtime was also associated with more frequent fast-food consumption and higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (Ps < 0·05).Conclusions:Later bedtime was associated with shorter sleep duration and less healthy eating behaviours. Bedtime may be a novel behaviour to address in interventions aiming to improve sleep duration and dietary intake.
A review of the stem amnioteEldeceeon rolfeifrom the Viséan of East Kirkton, Scotland
Authors: RUTA Marcello , CLACK Jennifer A. , SMITHSON Timothy R. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe late Viséan anthracosauroidEldeceeon rolfeifrom the East Kirkton Limestone of Scotland is re-described. Information from two originally described and two newly identified specimens broadens our knowledge of this tetrapod. A detailed account of individual skull bones and a revision of key axial and appendicular features are provided, alongside the first complete reconstructions of the skull and lower jaw and a revised reconstruction of the postcranial skeleton. In comparison toSilvanerpeton, the only other anthracosauroid from East Kirkton,Eldeceeonis characterised by a proportionally wider semi-elliptical skull, comparatively smaller nostrils set farther apart, smaller and more rounded orbits, a shorter skull table with gently convex lateral margins, and a deeper suspensorium with a straight posterior margin and a small dorsal embayment. The remarkably large hind feet and elongate toes ofEldeceeonpresumably represent an adaptation for attaining high locomotory speed through increased stride length and reduced stride frequency. This would necessitate great muscle force but few muscle contractions. At the beginning of a new stride cycle, repositioning the pes anteriorly and lifting the toes off the ground would require a strong and large muscle to pull the femur upward and rotate it inward and forward. It is hypothesised that such muscle might correspond to thepuboischiofemoralis internus 2, which would extend along the posterior half of the vertebral column, consistent with the occurrence of long, curved ribs in the anterior half of the trunk. Using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, cladistic analyses of all major groups of stem amniotes retrieve a sister group relationship betweenEldeceeonandSilvanerpeton, either as the most plesiomorphic stem amniote clade or as a clade immediately crownward of anthracosauroids.
Multifluids for Representing Subgrid‐Scale Convection
Authors: Weller Hilary , McIntyre William , Shipley Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTraditional parameterizations of convection are a large source of error in weather and climate prediction models, and the assumptions behind them become worse as resolution increases. Multifluid modeling is a promising new method of representing subgrid‐scale and near‐grid‐scale convection allowing for net mass transport by convection and nonequilibrium dynamics. The air is partitioned into two or more fluids, which may represent, for example, updrafts and the nonupdraft environment. Each fluid has its own velocity, temperature, and constituents with separate equations of motion. This paper presents two‐fluid Boussinesq equations for representing subgrid‐scale dry convection with sinking and w = 0 air in Fluid 0 and rising air in Fluid 1. Two vertical slice test cases are developed to tune parameters and to evaluate the two‐fluid equations: a buoyant rising bubble and radiative convective equilibrium. These are first simulated at high resolution with a single‐fluid model and conditionally averaged based on the sign of the vertical velocity. The test cases are next simulated with the two‐fluid model in one column. A model for entrainment and detrainment based on divergence leads to excellent representation of the convective area fraction. Previous multifluid modeling of convection has used the same pressure for both fluids. This is shown to be a bad approximation, and a model for the pressure difference between the fluids based on divergence is presented.
The Value of Initial Condition Large Ensembles to Robust Adaptation Decision‐Making
Authors: Mankin Justin S. , Lehner Flavio , Coats Sloan , McKinnon Karen A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe origins of uncertainty in climate projections have major consequences for the scientific and policy decisions made in response to climate change. Internal climate variability, for example, is an inherent uncertainty in the climate system that is undersampled by the multimodel ensembles used in most climate impacts research. Because of this, decision makers are left with the question of whether the range of climate projections across models is due to structural model choices, thus requiring more scientific investment to constrain, or instead is a set of equally plausible outcomes consistent with the same warming world. Similarly, many questions faced by scientists require a clear separation of model uncertainty and that arising from internal variability. With this as motivation and the renewed attention to large ensembles given planning for Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), we illustrate the scientific and policy value of the attribution and quantification of uncertainty from initial condition large ensembles, particularly when analyzed in conjunction with multimodel ensembles. We focus on how large ensembles can support regional‐scale robust adaptation decision‐making in ways multimodel ensembles alone cannot. We also acknowledge several recently identified problems associated with large ensembles, namely, that they are (1) resource intensive, (2) redundant, and (3) biased. Despite these challenges, we show, using examples from hydroclimate, how large ensembles provide unique information for the scientific and policy communities and can be analyzed appropriately for regional‐scale climate impacts research to help inform risk management in a warming world.