bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embolization of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations With Versus Without Onyx Before Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Authors: Chen Ching-Jen , Ding Dale , Lee Cheng-Chia , Kearns Kathryn N , Pomeraniec I Jonathan , Cifarelli Christopher P , Arsanious David E , Liscak Roman , Hanuska Jaromir , Williams Brian J , Yusuf Mehran B , Woo Shiao Y , Ironside Natasha , Warnick Ronald E , Trifiletti Daniel M , Mathieu David , Mureb Monica , Benjamin Carolina , Kondziolka Douglas , Feliciano Caleb E , Rodriguez-Mercado Rafael , Cockroft Kevin M , Simon Scott , Mackley Heath B , Zammar Samer G , Patel Neel T , Padmanaban Varun , Beatson Nathan , Saylany Anissa , Lee John , Sheehan Jason P ,   On behalf of the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation
Published: July 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) embolization may influence the treatment effects of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) differently than other embolysates.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the outcomes of pre-SRS AVM embolization with vs without Onyx through a multicenter, retrospective matched cohort study.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed International Radiosurgery Research Foundation AVM databases from 1987 to 2018. Embolized AVMs treated with SRS were selected and categorized based on embolysate usage into Onyx embolization (OE + SRS) or non-Onyx embolization (NOE + SRS) cohorts. The 2 cohorts were matched in a 1:1 ratio using de novo AVM features for comparative analysis of outcomes.

RESULTS
The matched cohorts each comprised 45 patients. Crude AVM obliteration rates were similar between the matched OE + SRS vs NOE + SRS cohorts (47% vs 51%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.837, P = .673). Cumulative probabilities of obliteration were also similar between the OE + SRS vs NOE + SRS cohorts (subhazard ratio = 0.992, P = .980). Rates of post-SRS hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, radiation-induced changes, cyst formation, and embolization-associated complications were similar between the matched cohorts. Sensitivity analysis for AVMs in the OE + SRS cohort embolized with Onyx alone revealed a higher rate of asymptomatic embolization-associated complications in this subgroup compared to the NOE + SRS cohort (36% vs 15%; OR = 3.297, P = .034), but the symptomatic complication rates were similar.

CONCLUSION
Nidal embolization using Onyx does not appear to differentially impact the outcomes of AVM SRS compared with non-Onyx embolysates. The embolic agent selected for pre-SRS AVM embolization should reflect both the experience of the neurointerventionalist and target of endovascular intervention.
Switching From Ceftriaxone to Cefotaxime Significantly Contributes to Reducing the Burden of Clostridioides difficile infections
Authors: Wendt Sebastian , Ranft Donald , Rodloff Arne C , Lippmann Norman , Lübbert Christoph 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We analyzed Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) rates and various antimicrobials’ application densities from 2013 to 2019 at Leipzig University Hospital, Germany, by using multivariate linear regression. Ceftriaxone application was the only independent predictor of CDI incidence. Thus, antibiotics’ specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties such as biliary excretion of ceftriaxone in its active form should be considered when determining their potential to cause CDI.
Systems Theory and Introducing Action
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goals of this chapter are to summarize systems theory, which provides an overarching theoretical basis for the current work, and to introduce action as the key concept that will be conceptualized in more detail in subsequent chapters. Systems theory is the starting point for the current work because it is based on integrative and relational assumptions and because it offers a way of understanding complex phenomena in terms of multiple processes that mutually affect each other. In this chapter, systems theory is further summarized in terms of connections among parts and wholes, multiple kinds of causality, emergence, stability, and variability. Action is then identified as the wider whole or system that represents what people do. The chapter ends by acknowledging some of the values that inform how the author is thinking about action.
Implications for Understanding Human Functioning Integratively and Actively
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents some implications and applications of the theoretical framework that is presented in Chapters 5, 6, and 7. It first focuses on how the theoretical framework provides a basis for thinking about action holistically. Thinking about action holistically provides an antidote to the fragmentation of conventional psychology, because it enables us to think about action processes as integral parts of a wider whole. The chapter then focuses on how the theoretical framework provides a basis for thinking about human functioning in terms of active processes that people do. The chapter ends with a consideration of some implications of the theoretical framework for thinking about mind–body connections holistically, rather than dualistically.
What Do Borders Divide?
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines contemporary border theories. What do borders divide? An important account holds that borders’ main function is to exclude and separate: borders divide peoples or geographical areas. However, critical border scholars have argued that borders do not in fact divide; they are not “lines in the sand.” Rather than separations, borders are zones and practices that extend within and beyond territorial limits: they are everywhere. This chapter rejects both these accounts, which rely on sovereignty and determine the unity of the state in contrast with the outside: aliens, foreign countries, and exceptional legal decisions. The chapter maintains that borders do not divide peoples, geographical spaces, or flows: insofar as they divide, they divide jurisdictions. This distinction matters theoretically, because unlike sovereign territories, jurisdictions make legal spaces through practice; they do not make claims about the people’s identity, territorial integrity, or the legitimacy of rule.
Democratic Legitimacy and the Vicious Circle of People and Territory
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReal borders are arbitrary. Could they ever be legitimate? Could they get their legitimacy through democratic means? The people could decide where the border should go, but this approach creates a problem: Who exactly are the people who should decide? This is the famous “boundary problem,” to which this chapter offers a new approach. Most democrats, even nationalists and cosmopolitans, delimit the demos by relying on territorial jurisdictions. However, territory is not explicit in their arguments. This chapter urges democrats to recognize territory’s normative importance. Acknowledging territory is a risky, yet promising strategy. Risky, because it may lead to a vicious circle: one needs well-defined territorial borders to delimit the people, yet one needs a well-defined people to establish legitimate territorial borders. Promising, because it forces democrats to find new resources for dealing with the vicious circle. The chapter describes four possible strategies: asserting, circumventing, solving, and dissolving the circularity. It chooses the last.
Natural Borders
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the historical idea of natural borders. Territories have been imagined as being naturally separated from one another by oceans, rivers, deserts, and mountains. Although most geographers today agree that natural borders are a myth, one of the central ideas in contemporary theories of border legitimacy (the concept of self-determination) still relies on the natural borders of states. This chapter makes two points. It first argues that seeking the natural borders of democracy on the basis of identity is a mistake. The chapter’s second point is more controversial: despite natural borders’ problematic history, I argue that we should endorse a specific type of natural border—a socio-ecological version of territorial politics centered on resilience—because we need it to deal with climate change, and because it can be a solution to the “boundary problem”: a logical circularity that makes democratic legitimacy impossible.
How Place-Specific Duties Make Borders Morally Relevant
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany people today hold that borders are morally arbitrary, and therefore we should seek a world without borders. This chapter challenges this view. It holds that borders matter morally because bounded jurisdictions sustain liberal rights, which are still the most effective means to resist oppression. However, the chapter argues, the value of borders does not come from grounding equal rights among the members of a group defined by identity, instead what defines the scope of right is place. The chapter examines the idea of place and place-specific duties. The chapter argues that rights cannot be upheld unless the beneficiaries participate in common institutions with others, and a necessary part of these institutions is indexed to place rather than identity. Such institutions, including the rule of law, are embodied and require specific local practices of cooperation. This explains why we need borders to coordinate action in modern societies marked by pluralism.
Sharing Ecosystems
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers a moral explanation for why bordering states should share the governance of transborder rivers on the basis of place-specific duties; the argument can also be extended to other natural resources. The chapter offers a view of water governance that mediates between a universalist view based on a human right to water and an exclusivist view grounded on the principle of self-determination. The chapter offers the example of the river Grande (Bravo) on the U.S.-Mexico border, and argues that the obligation to share the governance of transborder rivers comes from duties to the complex systems that sustain life (including human life) in the natural water basin. These obligations overlap and crisscross the current border.
Gender, Religion, Extremism
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This volume offers a feminist critique of counter- and deradicalization programs, including those under the umbrella of “preventing and countering violent extremism.” Based on insights from five countries and examples from elsewhere, the book shows how, collectively, efforts rely on particular narratives of agency, security, and human rights. Putting gender at the center of the analysis reveals significant limitations in antiradicalization work—in construction, operation, and evaluation. First, these programs fail to explore or engage with how masculinity and femininity inform the radicalization process. As a result, they cannot successfully understand the personal drivers or the sociopolitical environment of these programs. Second, within the operations of these programs male radicalization is clearly and unreflectively linked to an excessive but flawed masculinity, while ideas about women’s radicalization depend on orientalist stereotypes about passivity and subjugation. Solutions for male deradicalization therefore hinge on particular ideals of masculinity that few men can obtain, and deradicalizing women is seen as a rescue mission. Third, the impact of these programs derives from a racialized paternalist logic that justifies intervention in “ordinary lives” in the name of security, yet fails to deliver. There is a gendered differential in the impact of counter-radicalization measures. Although the rhetoric of countering terrorism is often couched in a narrative of “women’s rights” and “liberal values,” the book demonstrates that the consequences are often detrimental to these precepts. The book concludes by offering an alternative way of thinking about and implementing antiradicalization efforts, rooted in a feminist peace.
The Americanization of Mormon Apocalyptic
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of Americanization on apocalypticism. The LDS Church’s relationship with the federal government changed radically when Utah obtained statehood in 1896. Church leaders pursued national respectability since the First Presidency had publicly abandoned plural marriage six years previously. With such a drastic transition, the reining in of dissenting voices became essential. It was in this era that church leaders opposed prominent themes in vernacular apocalypticism in an effort to engender conformity to the Americanizing project within Mormonism. Apocalyptic themes that were embraced in the 1880s were now seen as a threat. Instead of disavowing the apocalyptic master narrative or their own statements from years past, church leaders criticized the same themes when they appeared in vernacular prophecy among the laity. New institutional discouragement from sharing dramatic visions, dreams, and other manifestations also limited the influence of apocalypticists.
Value Chain Analysis
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Value chain analysis (VCA) aids the strategist in understanding a firm’s potential sources of competitive advantage by decomposing the firm’s business processes into strategically important activities. Viewing the firm as an aggregate of interlinked value-adding activities and placing them in the context of a broader value chain helps to understand each activity’s impact on both cost and revenue potential. As such, VCA can be used to help the firm achieve an optimal allocation of resources. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of VCA. The chapter also continues the illustration of Netflix and applies the steps of value chain analysis to this case.
Vertical Integration
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A key strategic decision for managers is deciding on the scope of assets to be owned and controlled by a firm (i.e. what should be owned by a firm and what should be purchased or outsourced?). A vertical integration framework (sometimes also called a make-or-buy framework) provides a structured way to think about such decisions. It helps managers make decisions about which assets and elements of a value chain a firm should own and which they can buy from other firms. This chapter discusses vertical integration’s underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations. The chapter also discusses the illustration of Starbucks and applies the steps of vertical integration analysis to this case.
Business Model Canvas
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of a business model canvas is to assess how the firm’s economic activity is configured to create and deliver on a firm’s value proposition. The business model canvas provides a holistic perspective of how the major elements of a business need to be aligned to allow the firm to create and capture value. Managers can use a business model canvas when initiating a new business, or when seeking to revise the strategy of an existing business by assessing how the current configuration of activities may need to change to deliver on the new strategy. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of the business model canvas. The chapter also continues the illustration of Spotify and applies the steps of business model canvas to this case.
Worshippers of the Gods
Authors: Gassman Mattias P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Worshippers of the Gods Worshippers of the Gods tells how the Latin writers who witnessed the political and social rise of Christianity rethought the role of traditional religion in the empire and city of Rome. In parallel with the empire’s legal Christianisation, it traces changing attitudes toward paganism from the last empire-wide persecution of Christians under the Tetrarchy to the removal of state funds from the Roman cults in the early 380s. Influential recent scholarship has seen Christian polemical literature—a crucial body of evidence for late antique polytheism—as an exercise in Christian identity-making. In response, Worshippers of the Gods argues that Lactantius, Firmicus Maternus, Ambrosiaster, and Ambrose offered substantive critiques of traditional religion shaped to their political circumstances and to the preoccupations of contemporary polytheists. By bringing together this polemical literature with imperial laws, pagan inscriptions, and the letters and papers of the senator Symmachus, Worshippers of the Gods reveals the changing horizons of Roman thought on traditional religion in the fourth century. Through its five interlocking case studies, it shows how key episodes in the Empire’s religious history—the Tetrarchic persecution, Constantine’s adoption of Christianity, the altar of Victory affair, and the ‘disestablishment’ of the Roman cults—shaped contemporary conceptions of polytheism. It also argues that the idea of a unified ‘paganism’, often seen as a capricious invention by Christian polemicists, actually arose as a Christian response to the eclectic, philosophical polytheism in vogue at Rome.
Between Power and Irrelevance
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Peter Schmitz Hans , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Geopolitical shifts, increasing demands for accountability, and growing competition have been driving the need for change within the transnational nongovernmental organization (TNGO) sector. Additionally, TNGOs have been embracing more transformative strategies aimed at the root causes, not just the symptoms, of societal problems. As the world has changed and TNGOs’ ambitions have expanded, the roles of TNGOs have begun to shift and their work has become more complex. To remain effective, legitimate, and relevant in the future necessitates organizational changes and investments in new capabilities. However, many organizations have been slow to adapt. As a result, for many TNGOs’ the rhetoric of sustainable impact and transformative change has far outpaced the reality of their limited abilities to deliver on their promises. This book frankly explores why this gap between rhetoric and reality exists and what TNGOs can do individually and collectively to close it. In short, TNGOs need to change the fundamental conditions under which they themselves operate by bringing their own “forms and norms” into better alignment with their contemporary ambitions and strategies. This book offers accessible future-oriented analyses and lessons-learned to assist readers in formulating and implementing organizational changes to adapt TNGOs for the future. The book draws upon a variety of disciplines and perspectives, including hundreds of interviews with TNGO leaders, firsthand involvement in major organizational change processes in leading TNGOs, and numerous workshops, training institutes, consultancies, and research projects.
Leadership
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Schmitz Hans Peter , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 identifies specific leadership blind spots that frequently emerge as TNGOs move to adopt more ambitious mandates and implement strategic changes to secure organizational relevance and legitimacy. Traditional leadership in the sector has often lacked a culture of inquiry while also struggling to work in an environment of growing complexity and ambiguity. While organizations in crisis may be tempted to rely on charismatic leaders and their promises, new leadership models emphasize shared, distributed forms of leadership, post-heroic leadership styles, collaborative skills, humble personalities, a capacity to self-reflect and identify personal needs, and a focus on results, credit-sharing, and the building of authentic relationships. There is growing consensus around a shift in leadership needs, but sectoral norms tend to relegate leadership development to an area of underinvestment and neglect.
Change
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Schmitz Hans Peter , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 summarizes the main themes of the book, with an emphasis on how the sector’s future potential remains constrained by its normative and institutional architecture. To help ensure future success, TNGOs can invest in organizational metamorphosis and sector-wide collective action. Metamorphosis may involve a polycentric model, embracing a facilitation role, adopting a hybrid model, engaging in deeper collaborations, pursuing mergers and acquisitions, and investing in operational platforms. However, such initiatives will require significant change leadership, which introduces its own substantial challenges. Ultimately, TNGOs can best serve their missions not only by changing themselves, but by also organizing collectively to change the architecture in which they operate.
Republic Inc.
Authors: Blakely Jason 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Popular claims to a science of economics have had an enormous impact on reshaping the nature of democracy in Europe and the United States. This chapter uncovers how a popular vision of human beings as egoistic preference maximizers (known to philosophers as homo economicus) played a major role in this transformation. Drawing on the authority and technical sophistication of economic rational choice theory, this popular discourse gave birth to a “market polis” in which all human relations are reimagined as transactional. The result has been the presentation of an egoistic form of citizenship, deficient in social solidarity, as if it were simply a fundamentally scientific view of political life. This has contributed to the move away from earlier notions of the public good (both in the New Deal and the founding of the republic) as well as backsliding toward increasingly authoritarian and antidemocratic forms of politics.
Genes and Machines
Authors: Blakely Jason 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The notion that human beings are simply sophisticated robots or computing machines has spread widely across society in the last several decades. This claim has a basis in a popular theory of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence advanced by academics and bestselling authors such as Steven Pinker. Anxiety about a robot takeover of society is increasingly debated in the public square by the likes of Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg. But this view has also affected how modern people think of their experiences of depression (leading to the overprescription of antidepressants) and even their sense of political identity. Many people today believe their identities are completely determined by a machine-like coding in their genes. This can lead to both private and public forms of despair over the human ability to substantively change the world.