bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical analysis of an improved melt-blowing slot-die
Authors: Wang Yudong , Ji Changchun , Zhou Jianping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn order to reduce the melt-blowing fiber diameter, an improved slot die with internal stabilizers was designed. The air-flow field of the improved die was measured by a hot wire anemometer. Furthermore, utilizing computational fluid dynamics software, the air flow field from the improved slot die was studied and the work was validated with the laboratory measurement data. The experimental results and numerical simulation data indicate below the die surface, the internal stabilizers play an important role in the velocity distribution of the flow field. Firstly, the improved slot die can increase the velocity and the temperature near the centerline of the flow field and reduce the maximum value of turbulent kinetic energy, compared to the common die. Secondly, the end face of the slot hole has a certain influence on the surrounding flow field and the central area exhibits two-dimensional flow field distribution.
Functional Dissociation of θ Oscillations in the Frontal and Visual Cortices and Their Long-Range Network during Sustained Attention
Authors: Han Hio-Been , Lee Ka Eun , Choi Jee Hyun 
Published: November 2019

Abstractθ-Band (4–12 Hz) activities in the frontal cortex have been thought to be a key mechanism of sustained attention and goal-related behaviors, forming a phase-coherent network with task-related sensory cortices for integrated neuronal ensembles. However, recent visual task studies found that selective attention attenuates stimulus-related θ power in the visual cortex, suggesting a functional dissociation of cortical θ oscillations. To investigate this contradictory behavior of cortical θ, a visual Go/No-Go task was performed with electroencephalogram (EEG) recording in C57BL/6J mice. During the No-Go period, transient θ oscillations were observed in both the frontal and visual cortices, but θ oscillations of the two areas were prominent in different trial epochs. By separating trial epochs based on subjects’ short-term performance, we found that frontal θ was prominent in good-performance epochs, while visual θ was prominent in bad-performance epochs, exhibiting a functional dissociation of cortical θ rhythms. Furthermore, the two θ rhythms also showed a heterogeneous pattern of phase-amplitude coupling with fast oscillations, reflecting their distinct architecture in underlying neuronal circuitry. Interestingly, in good-performance epochs, where visual θ was relatively weak, stronger fronto-visual long-range synchrony and shorter posterior-to-anterior temporal delay were found. These findings highlight a previously overlooked aspect of long-range synchrony between distinct oscillatory entities in the cerebral cortex and provide empirical evidence of a functional dissociation of cortical θ rhythms.
Sensory- and Motor-Related Responses of Layer 1 Neurons in the Mouse Visual Cortex
Authors: Mesik Lukas , Huang Junxiang J. , Zhang Li I. , Tao Huizhong W. 
Published: November 2019

Cortical layer 1 (L1) contains a sparse and molecularly distinct population of inhibitory interneurons. Their location makes them ideally suited for affecting computations involving long-range corticocortical and subcortical inputs, yet their response properties remain largely unexplored. Here we attempt to characterize some of the functional properties of these neurons in the primary visual cortex of awake mice. We find that the strongest driver of L1 neuron activity is locomotion, with at least half of L1 neurons displaying locomotion-related activity. Visual responses are present in a similar fraction of neurons, but these responses are weaker and frequently suppressive. We also find that ∼43% of L1 neurons respond to noise stimuli and at least 14% respond to whisker touch, with these two populations being statistically independent. Finally, we find that 45% of L1 neurons have generally weak responses correlated with whisking activity. Overall, the spatial distributions of modality-specific responses were more or less random. Our work helps to establish the basic sensory- and motor-related responses of L1 interneurons, revealing several previously unreported characteristics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCortical processing even in primary sensory areas is strongly influenced by nonlocal corticocortical and neuromodulatory inputs. Many of these inputs are known to converge onto layer 1 where they target not only distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons but also a sparse population of inhibitory neurons. Previous studies have suggested that layer 1 neurons may play a crucial role in mediating the effects of these long-range projections, but the different types of inputs have mostly been studied in isolation. Here, we take a closer look at the response properties of layer 1 neurons in mouse visual cortex, examining both their visual properties, likely caused by direct thalamocortical inputs, and other sensory and motor properties, likely reflecting corticocortical and neuromodulatory inputs.
Laminar Differences in Responses to Naturalistic Texture in Macaque V1 and V2
Authors: Ziemba Corey M. , Perez Richard K. , Pai Julia , Kelly Jenna G. , Hallum Luke E. , Shooner Christopher , Movshon J. Anthony 
Published: November 2019

Most single units recorded from macaque secondary visual cortex (V2) respond with higher firing rates to synthetic texture images containing “naturalistic” higher-order statistics than to spectrally matched “noise” images lacking these statistics. In contrast, few single units in V1 show this property. We explored how the strength and dynamics of response vary across the different layers of visual cortex by recording multiunit (defined as high-frequency power in the local field potential) and gamma-band activity evoked by brief presentations of naturalistic and noise images in V1 and V2 of anesthetized macaque monkeys of both sexes. As previously reported, recordings in V2 showed consistently stronger responses to naturalistic texture than to spectrally matched noise. In contrast to single-unit recordings, V1 multiunit activity showed a preference for images with naturalistic statistics, and in gamma-band activity this preference was comparable across V1 and V2. Sensitivity to naturalistic image structure was strongest in the supragranular and infragranular layers of V1, but weak in granular layers, suggesting that it might reflect feedback from V2. Response timing was consistent with this idea. Visual responses appeared first in V1, followed by V2. Sensitivity to naturalistic texture emerged first in V2, followed by the supragranular and infragranular layers of V1, and finally in the granular layers of V1. Our results demonstrate laminar differences in the encoding of higher-order statistics of natural texture, and suggest that this sensitivity first arises in V2 and is fed back to modulate activity in V1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe circuit mechanisms responsible for visual representations of intermediate complexity are largely unknown. We used a well validated set of synthetic texture stimuli to probe the temporal and laminar profile of sensitivity to the higher-order statistical structure of natural images. We found that this sensitivity emerges first and most strongly in V2 but soon after in V1. However, sensitivity in V1 is higher in the laminae (extragranular) and recording modalities (local field potential) most likely affected by V2 connections, suggesting a feedback origin. Our results show how sensitivity to naturalistic image structure emerges across time and circuitry in the early visual cortex.
Synaptic Inputs to the Mouse Dorsal Vagal Complex and Its Resident Preproglucagon Neurons
Authors: Holt Marie K. , Pomeranz Lisa E. , Beier Kevin T. , Reimann Frank , Gribble Fiona M. , Rinaman Linda 
Published: November 2019

Stress responses are coordinated by widespread neural circuits. Homeostatic and psychogenic stressors activate preproglucagon (PPG) neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) that produce glucagon-like peptide-1; published work in rodents indicates that these neurons play a crucial role in stress responses. While the axonal targets of PPG neurons are well established, their afferent inputs are unknown. Here we use retrograde tracing with cholera toxin subunit b to show that the cNTS in male and female mice receives axonal inputs similar to those reported in rats. Monosynaptic and polysynaptic inputs specific to cNTS PPG neurons were revealed using Cre-conditional pseudorabies and rabies viruses. The most prominent sources of PPG monosynaptic input include the lateral (LH) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus, parasubthalamic nucleus, lateral division of the central amygdala, and Barrington's nucleus (Bar). Additionally, PPG neurons receive monosynaptic vagal sensory input from the nodose ganglia and spinal sensory input from the dorsal horn. Sources of polysynaptic input to cNTS PPG neurons include the hippocampal formation, paraventricular thalamus, and prefrontal cortex. Finally, cNTS-projecting neurons within PVN, LH, and Bar express the activation marker cFOS in mice after restraint stress, identifying them as potential sources of neurogenic stress-induced recruitment of PPG neurons. In summary, cNTS PPG neurons in mice receive widespread monosynaptic and polysynaptic input from brain regions implicated in coordinating behavioral and physiological stress responses, as well as from vagal and spinal sensory neurons. Thus, PPG neurons are optimally positioned to integrate signals of homeostatic and psychogenic stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent research has indicated a crucial role for glucagon-like peptide-1-producing preproglucagon (PPG) neurons in regulating both appetite and behavioral and autonomic responses to acute stress. Intriguingly, the central glucagon-like peptide-1 system defined in rodents is conserved in humans, highlighting the translational importance of understanding its anatomical organization. Findings reported here indicate that PPG neurons receive significant monosynaptic and polysynaptic input from brain regions implicated in autonomic and behavioral responses to stress, as well as direct input from vagal and spinal sensory neurons. Improved understanding of the neural pathways underlying the recruitment of PPG neurons may facilitate the development of novel therapies for the treatment of stress-related disorders.
TeoNAM: A Nested Association Mapping Population for Domestication and Agronomic Trait Analysis in Maize
Authors: Chen Qiuyue , Yang Chin Jian , York Alessandra M , Xue Wei , Daskalska Lora L , DeValk Craig A , Krueger Kyle W , Lawton Samuel B , Spiegelberg Bailey G , Schnell Jack M , Neumeyer Michael A , Perry Joseph S , Peterson Aria C , Kim Brandon , Bergstrom Laura , Yang Liyan , Barber Isaac C , Tian Feng , Doebley John F 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) are an important resource for mapping genes controlling complex traits in many species. While RIL populations have been developed for maize, a maize RIL population with multiple teosinte inbred lines as parents has been lacking. Here, we report a teosinte nested association mapping (TeoNAM) population, derived from crossing five teosinte inbreds to the maize inbred line W22. The resulting 1257 BC1S4 RILs were genotyped with 51,544 SNPs, providing a high-density genetic map with a length of 1540 cM. On average, each RIL is 15% homozygous teosinte and 8% heterozygous. We performed joint linkage mapping (JLM) and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for 22 domestication and agronomic traits. A total of 255 QTL from JLM were identified, with many of these mapping near known genes or novel candidate genes. TeoNAM is a useful resource for QTL mapping for the discovery of novel allelic variation from teosinte. TeoNAM provides the first report that PROSTRATE GROWTH1, a rice domestication gene, is also a QTL associated with tillering in teosinte and maize. We detected multiple QTL for flowering time and other traits for which the teosinte allele contributes to a more maize-like phenotype. Such QTL could be valuable in maize improvement.
Irony, humour and culture in George Mikes’ How to Be a Brit: relevance-theoretical perspectives
Authors: Ruiz-Moneva María Angeles 
Published: November 2019

This paper aims to analyse the role played by humour and irony in the interpretation of George Mikes’ How to Be a Brit. It will be contended that these resources are important for the reader to understand and enjoy the meaning intended to be communicated by the author. Mikes must have sought to show the inconsistencies and incongruities of the British society and culture, under the perspective of an ‘alien’, of an outsider. Therefore, irony and humour become stylistic resources that guide the reader’s interpretation of the text. The framework applied will be relevance theory, a pragmatic approach which highlights the inferential processes involved in the understanding of a message. However, its views on culture have often been neglected or misunderstood.
This paper will therefore seek to trace whether relevance theory as a whole, and concretely, its proposals concerning humour, irony and culture can help the reader to cope with the meaning of the work under analysis. It will be contended that a proper balance between the reader’s inferential derivation of the meaning conveyed by the speaker and his freedom to reach his own conclusions (which are in any case constrained by the text) helps to a better understanding and interpretation of the text.
THE CATALOG OF THE MINERALOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE EMPEROR LEOPOLD II (1747–1792): COLLECTING AND LEARNING IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE
Authors: FRANZA ANNARITA , FABOZZI ROSANNA , VEZZOSI LETIZIA , FANTONI LUCIANA , PRATESI GIOVANNI 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The Collectio Mineralium (1765) currently preserved at the Historical Archive of the Natural History Museum of the University of Firenze, is the unpublished catalog of the mineralogical collection that belonged to Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792). The catalog is a 110-page register, with the golden emblem of the House of Habsburg at the center of the binding, containing information about 242 mineralogical samples. Each specimen is carefully described (i.e., habit, metal content, product value) and its locality given. The interpretation of the text has also returned information on most of the mining deposits in the Austro-Hungarian territories in the eighteenth century. Therefore, the interpretation of this catalog—that on the basis of the literature appears to be the first catalog of a collection belonged to a Habsburg emperor—represents an important step toward enhancing our understanding of Habsburg natural history collections and reflected the transition from wonder-rooms to commodity collecting. Leopold's private collection was no longer an ‘instrument of wonder’ but it became representative of scientific collecting characterized by the establishment of systematic mineralogy, and by a careful economic evaluation of the mineralogical samples collected as a symbol of the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
TRUE GLOBAL WARMING INFERRED FROM ALPINE RECESSIONAL MORAINES BY SCOTTISH PHYSICIST JOHN LESLIE IN 1796
Authors: HOFFMAN PAUL F. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
In 1796, Scottish physicist John Leslie visited the Swiss Alps seeking evidence in support of his theory that the entire Earth is slowly warming through the accumulation of absorbed solar radiation. He observed that parallel ridges of loose angular stones (moraines) become increasingly vegetated with distance from the margins of active glaciers, and he inferred the secular retreat of glacier margins by at least 3000 vertical feet. Leslie anticipated by four decades the discovery of a former Ice Age by geologists and, while his theory of climate change was faulty in being unaware of Earth's outgoing non-luminous (infra-red) radiation, his inference regarding glacial recession was robust. If not due to topographic lowering of the Alps, it was inexplicable to nineteenth century climate physics in the absence of an unexplained change in radiative forcing.
“GIANT BIRDS OF OLD”: AN 1837 POEM BY JAMES DWIGHT DANA (?) ON THE SUPPOSED MAKERS OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY'S FOSSIL TRACKWAYS
Authors: MARCHÉ JORDAN D. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
An 1842 letter from Benjamin Silliman, Jr., to Edward Hitchcock contains the only known text of a poem that was reportedly composed five years earlier by an anonymous ‘tutor’ at Yale College. The poem's light-hearted verses depicted how the recently-described three-toed fossil footprints (now known to have been produced by theropod dinosaurs) were supposedly made by “giant birds of old”, as Hitchcock's recent investigation had concluded. The poem's lines offered a verbal ‘reconstruction’ of that ancient scene, along with suggesting the existence of two marsupial animals which may have borne witness to the passage of the trackmakers; one of which was plausible while the other was not. These ‘witnesses’ provide evidence that the poem's author was well informed upon contemporary geology and paleontology in a manner far beyond that of the common person.
This article first reviews Hitchcock's inferences derived from the fossil evidence that the footprints had been made by multiple species of extinct birds, one of which attained enormous size, and the subsequent controversies regarding those claims that arose in America and Europe. Description by comparative anatomist Richard Owen of fossil bones of the much younger Moa or Dinornis from Recent strata in New Zealand seemingly vindicated Hitchcock's arguments and brought those disputes to a close. While the true identity of the poet remains inconclusive, internal evidence from the poem itself points to it having been composed by Yale graduate James Dwight Dana. His placement as an ‘assistant’ within the chemistry laboratory under Benjamin Silliman, Sr., at that time appears to support Silliman, Jr.'s assertion regarding the poet's identity. Probable reasons for the apparent suppression of the poem's existence and its authorship are likewise explored. The former was finally eased after Dana's return from the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1842, but the latter was not.
A VISIT TO LOUIS-ALBERT NECKER ON THE ISLE OF SKYE, 1852.
Authors: HOLLIER ANITA , HOLLIER JOHN 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
After a promising start to his career in the earth sciences, Louis-Albert Necker (grandson of Horace-Bénédict de Saussure) abandoned his hometown of Geneva, Switzerland, and spent the last twenty years of his life on the Isle of Skye, in the Scottish Hebrides. He published nothing further, and his family and friends struggled to understand the choice of so different a lifestyle. The state of his health caused him to drop out of contact for several years, and few contemporary accounts of his life on Skye remain, so little is known about how he lived during this period. The description of a visit by two of his oldest friends in 1852, translated here with explanatory background information, offers a rare glimpse into his new life.
THE ORIGIN OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: VAI GIAN BATTISTA 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Prehistoric archaeology had its first pioneers in France led by Boucher de Perthes (the Abbeville school), who excavated fossil bones and stone tools beginning in the late 1820s to early 1830. At about the same time a second group in Denmark led by Worsaae (the Copenhagen school) studied an archaeological interval prior to their historical record, based on museum collections. Though lacking stratigraphical excavation they provided a chrono-typologic basic division into the stone, bronze, and iron ages across the past 3000 years. A third group led by the Italian Scarabelli (the Imola school) introduced the name ancient (prehistoric) archaeology with a field stratigraphic, geologic, petrologic and mapping approach. The discipline of prehistoric archaeology originated almost simultaneously as a multi-vocal result of activity led by these three independent groups.
A THREE-STEP VIEW FOR THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
Authors: IANNACE ALESSANDRO 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The evolution of geology as an independent science can be envisaged as a relatively continuous process yet marked by three fundamental steps. These represented singularities which established significant advances in the epistemological and heuristic power of the discipline. This interpretation of history has to be strictly based on an evaluation of the epistemological basis of geology according to modern scholarship. The recognition of these ‘golden spikes’, albeit artificial, may help geologists to better grasp the philosophical position of geology with respect to other sciences. The first step was the publication of Steno's Prodromus in 1669, which established the methodological rules for decoding a geologic history from the geometrical arrangements of beds. The second step was the founding of the Geological Society of London in 1807, an act by which a new community recognized itself as a scientific and professional entity applying a novel methodology in the study of Earth. Their approach represented a synthesis of the Wernerian-historical and the Huttonian-causal methods. The third step was the emergence of plate tectonics in 1967, when the actualistic method (i.e. uniformity of laws and processes) could be extended to the interpretation of the whole lithosphere. At the same time, the heuristic power of historical geology was validated by independent, physico-mathematical testing.
TO EXPLORE THE UNEXPLORED—A GEOLOGIST'S PATH A MEMOIR OF JOVAN STÖCKLIN (1921–2008)
Authors: GHAVI JAMAL 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
This article provides a brief survey of the life and career of Swiss geologist Jovan Stöcklin (1921–2008) with highlights of some of his important findings and extensive references to his published works. Additionally, it includes exclusive information and photographs provided by the late geologist's family. Dr. Stöcklin belonged to a generation of geologists who believed in field geology and followed their conviction that any theories or models needed to be—above all—based on direct observation of nature. Even early in his career, he hungered to conduct large-scale reconnaissance work in areas that were geologically unknown. That is why his expeditions took him to the most remote parts of Iran, where at that time camels were the only means of transportation. He also trekked through the rugged central mountains of Nepal, accompanied by Nepalese geologists and a column of porters. Fieldwork by Dr. Stöcklin and his teams provides modern geologists with much of what we know today about an area thousands of square kilometers in size extending from Iran (Persia) all the way to the central Himalayas. In addition to his native German tongue, Dr. Stöcklin was fluent in French, English, Russian, and Persian. This allowed him to converse with geologists from many different nations, read and correlate their published research, and exposed him to many ideas he might not otherwise have known about. He published his research in many languages as well. Dr. Stöcklin also acquired a comprehensive knowledge of the geology of the Middle East and Central Asia from his extensive travelling. Today's geologists owe many thanks to Dr. Stöcklin. As the reader of this article will come to discover, we have much we can learn from him.