bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Fidelity Analysis of Acoustic Streaming in Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Authors: Agarwal Tapish , Rahbari Iman , Saavedra Jorge , Paniagua Guillermo , Cukurel Beni 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The behavioral characteristics of thermal boundary layer dictate the relative efficiency of forced convection heat transfer. This research effort is related to the detailed analysis of the temporal evolution of thermal boundary layer under periodic excitations. In presence of oscillations, a distinct thin Stokes layer is formed inside the attached boundary layer, which interacts nonlinearly with the mean flow in the near wall region. This interaction leads to modification of temporally averaged flow fields, commonly known as acoustic streaming. As a result, the aero-thermal wall gradients are modified leading to significant changes in wall shear stress and heat flux. However, the small spatial scales and the inherent unsteady nature of streaming has presented challenges for prior numerical investigations, preventing the identification of optimal parameters. In order to address this void in numerical framework, the development of a three-tier numerical approach is presented. As a first layer of fidelity, a laminar model is developed for fluctuations and streaming flow calculations in laminar flows subjected to travelling wave disturbances. This technique is an extension of the Lin’s method to traveling wave disturbances of various speeds (absent of previously employed assumptions), along with inclusion of energy equation. With low computational cost, this level of abstraction is intended to identify the broad parameter space that yield desirable heat transfer alterations. At the next level of fidelity, 2D U-RANS simulations are conducted across both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. This is geared towards extending the parameter space obtained from laminar model to turbulent flow conditions. As the third level of fidelity, temporally and spatially resolved DNS simulations are conducted to simulate the application relevant compressible flow environment. The exemplary findings indicate that in certain parameter space, both enhancement and reduction in heat transfer can be obtained through acoustic streaming. Moreover, the extent of heat transfer modulations is greater than alterations in wall shear, thereby surpassing Reynolds analogy.
Association between C reactive protein and microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction in sub-Saharan Africans with and without diabetes: the RODAM study
Authors: Hayfron-Benjamin Charles Frederick , Maitland-van der Zee Anke H , van den Born Bert-Jan , Amoah Albert G B , Meeks Karlijn A C , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Schulze Matthias B , Spranger Joachim , Danquah Ina , Smeeth Liam , Beune Erik J A J , Mockenhaupt Frank , Agyemang Charles O 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionAlthough inflammation assessed by elevated C reactive protein (CRP) concentration is known to be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, its association with microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction in diabetes and non-diabetes remains unclear. We examined the association between CRP and diabetes and associated microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction in sub-Saharan Africans with and without diabetes.Research design and methodsCross-sectional analyses of baseline data from the multicenter RODAM study (Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants) including 5248 Ghanaians (583 with diabetes, 4665 without diabetes) aged 25–70 years were done. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between CRP Z-scores and diabetes and microvascular (nephropathy) and macrovascular (peripheral artery disease (PAD)) dysfunction, with adjustments for age, sex, site of residence, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ResultsIn the fully adjusted models, higher CRP concentration was significantly associated with diabetes (adjusted OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21, p=0.002). In participants with diabetes, higher CRP concentration was associated with PAD (1.19; 1.03 to 1.41, p=0.046) but not nephropathy (1.13; 0.97 to 1.31, p=0.120). Among participants without diabetes, higher CRP concentration was associated with higher odds of PAD (1.10; 1.01 to 1.21, p=0.029) and nephropathy (1.12; 1.04 to 1.22, p=0.004).ConclusionsIn this study, higher CRP concentration was associated with higher odds of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africans. Also, higher CRP concentration was associated with higher odds of nephropathy and PAD in non-diabetes and higher odds of PAD in diabetes. CRP may be an important marker for assessment of risk of diabetes and risk for PAD and nephropathy in sub-Saharan Africans with and without diabetes.
Mealtime insulin BOLUS score increases prior to clinic visits in youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: McConville Andrew , Noser Amy E , Clements Mark A , Patton Susana R 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionMultiple studies confirm the occurrence of ‘white coat adherence’ (WCA), a term describing an increase in engagement with self-care tasks just prior to a scheduled clinic appointment, across cohorts with multiple chronic conditions. In youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), research also shows an increase in self-monitoring blood glucose frequency ahead of youths’ clinic visits. While studies show preliminary evidence for the occurrence of WCA in youth with T1D, no study has examined the effect of WCA and mealtime insulin dosing behaviors in youth with T1D. The frequency of mealtime insulin bolusing score (BOLUS) is an objective measure of mealtime insulin use in youth with T1D that could be vulnerable to WCA. To fill this gap in the literature and further our understanding of WCA in pediatric diabetes, we determined whether WCA also impacts BOLUS scores in youth with T1D.Research design and methodsWe extracted insulin pump records and HbA1c levels from a clinical database for 459 youth with T1D (Mage=12.5±2.9 years). We calculated mean BOLUS scores for 6–5, 4–3, and 2–0 weeks prior to youths’ routine clinic visits. We used multilevel modeling to examine patterns of BOLUS scores prior to clinic visits and tested for age differences.ResultsMultilevel modeling showed a significant increase in BOLUS scores in the weeks prior to youths’ clinic appointments (β=0.07, p<0.001). On average, adolescents had lower BOLUS scores than school-age children (β=−0.35, p<0.001). Post hoc analyses showed that adolescents consistently had lower BOLUS scores than children across assessments (p’s<0.001).ConclusionsYouth with T1D increase their mealtime insulin use prior to clinic appointments. The BOLUS may be a viable target for intervention to drive improved glycemic control. Whether increased tendency to WCA is associated with reduced risk of diabetic complications remains to be determined.
Long-term lutein administration attenuates retinal inflammation and functional deficits in early diabetic retinopathy using the Ins2Akita/+mice
Authors: Wang Wei , Tam Ka Cheung , Ng Tsz Chung , Goit Rajesh Kumar , Chan Kate Lok San , Lo Amy Cheuk Yin 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionLutein is a carotenoid whose protective effects in the retina have been reported in various studies. The effect of lutein has not been reported in the retina of the Ins2Akita/+mouse, a well-characterized genetic model for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in which the etiology of diabetes is better defined than the chemically induced diabetes. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of long-term administration of lutein in early stages of DR using the Ins2Akita/+mouse.Research design and methodsHeterozygous male Ins2Akita/+and age-matched wild-type mice were used. Lutein was administered to the mice in drinking water starting 6 weeks old daily until analysis at 4.5, 6.5 or 9 months of age. Plain water served as non-treatment control. Microglia were immunostained with ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) in retinal flat-mounts. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in the retina was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vascular permeability was analyzed in retinal flat-mounts after fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran perfusion. Retinal occludin expression was assessed via Western blots. Retinal function was examined by electroretinography (ERG).ResultsIncreased microglial reactivity was detected in the Ins2Akita/+mouse retina and was suppressed by lutein. Lutein administration also reduced the upregulation of VEGF in the Ins2Akita/+mouse retina. Increased vascular leakage and decreased occludin expression were observed in the Ins2Akita/+mouse retina, and these alterations were attenuated by lutein treatment. ERG recordings showed reduced a-wave and b-wave amplitudes in the Ins2Akita/+mice. With lutein treatment, the ERG deficits were significantly alleviated.ConclusionsWe showed beneficial effects of long-term lutein administration in the Ins2Akita/+mouse retina, including suppression of retinal inflammation, protection of retinal vasculature and preservation of retinal function. These results point to lutein’s potential as a long-term therapeutic intervention for prevention of inflammation and retinal degeneration in patients with early DR.
Cardiovascular outcomes of pregnancy in Turner syndrome
Authors: Grewal Jasmine , Valente Anne Marie , Egbe Alexander C , Wu Fred M , Krieger Eric V , Sybert Virginia P , van Hagen Iris M , Beauchesne Luc M , Rodriguez Fred H , Broberg Craig S , John Anitha , Bradley Elisa A , Roos-Hesselink Jolien W 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesWomen with Turner syndrome (TS) are frequently counselled against pregnancy due to lack of data and unclear aortic dissection risk. However, with advances in fertility therapy, more women with TS are contemplating pregnancy. This study compared rates of adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes among: (1) pregnant and non-pregnant women with TS and (2) pregnant women with TS with/without structural heart disease.MethodsRetrospective analysis of pregnant and age-matched non-pregnant controls with TS (2005–2017) across 10 CV centres was done. Data were collected at initial evaluation in pregnancy and outcomes were assessed to 6 months postpartum. Adverse CV events were defined as CV death, aortic dissection/rupture and/or aortic intervention. Non-pregnant age-matched controls were followed over the same time period.ResultsSixty-eight pregnancies were included (60 women, mean age 33 years, 48% primigravid, 49% fertility therapy, 80% structurally normal heart, 25% XO karyotype). Based on American Society of Reproductive Medicine criteria, 10 pregnancies occurred in women stratified to high-risk category. There were no CV events in the pregnant women or in the non-pregnant women with TS. Obstetric events complicated 12 (18%) pregnancies with 9 (13%) attributed to hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Fetal events included small for gestational age neonates (18%), preterm delivery (15%) and fetal death (3%).ConclusionsThis study helps to refine the approach to pregnancy in women with TS. Among women with TS without structural heart disease, pregnancy does not impose an increased risk of CV outcomes. Among women with TS with structural heart disease, the risk of pregnancy is not as prohibitive as previously described but does require ongoing evaluation.
Prolonging fixation time of an alternative fixative to formalin for dermatological samples using standard laboratory protocols
Authors: Smith Julie , Faria Cláudia Sofia Antunes Angélica , Qvist Camilla Christine , Melchior Linea C , Lauridsen Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AimsThough formalin remains to be the gold standard fixative in pathology departments, analytical challenges persist for nucleic acid evaluations. In our laboratory, formalin fixation of skin samples in particular impairs diagnostic accuracy and demands repetition of biopsies and analytical procedures. PAXgene Tissue Systems may be an alternative; however, according to manufacturer specifications it only allows fixation for 48 hours before having to add a stabiliser. This may be a challenge in laboratories, which are closed in weekends and bank holidays. Our aim was to validate this alternative fixative for dermatological samples with prolonged fixation times using standard laboratory protocols developed for formalin-fixed specimens. We compared the results with gold standard formalin fixation.MethodsSkin specimens were formalin or PAXgene fixed for either 2 hours, 24 hours, 3 days or 7 days, paraffin-embedded, analysed and scored by observers.ResultsGenerally, formalin outperformed PAXgene fixation in H&E stains and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), but both seem usable for diagnostics. Time of PAXgene fixation did not have an impact on alcian blue-Van Gieson (ABVG), H&E (p=0.48), nor immunohistochemistry (p=0.74). There was a tendency towards best PAXgene performance at 24 hours of fixation for FISH, and for DNA integrity analysis 24 hours or 3 days.ConclusionsProlonging PAXgene fixation time to 3 days before adding stabiliser does not seem to have major impact on performance of general diagnostic analysis, but our preliminary results show optimisation of internal protocols are needed. PAXgene is an expensive alternative and may be confined to some dermatological samples.
Diurnal patterns of sedentary time in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Fenton Sally A M , Ntoumanis Nikos , Duda Joan L , Metsios George S , Rouse Peter C , Yu Chen-an , Kitas George D , Veldhuijzen van Zanten Jet J C S 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesResearch demonstrates that sedentary behaviour may contribute towards cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study explored diurnal patterns of sedentary time and physical activity (PA) in RA and examined associations with long-term CVD risk.Methods97 RA patients wore an accelerometer for 7 days to assess sedentary time, light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA. Estimated 10-year CVD risk was determined via QRISK score. Hourly estimates of sedentary time and PA (min/hour) were computed for valid-wear hours (ie, valid-wear = 60 min/hour of activity data, ≥3 days). Hourly data were averaged across time periods to represent morning (08:00–11:59), afternoon (12:00–17:59) and evening (18:00–22:59) behaviour. Participants providing data for ≥2 complete time periods/day (eg, morning/evening, or morning/afternoon) were used in the main analysis (n = 41). Mixed linear modelling explored the associations between 10-year CVD risk and within-person (time: morning, afternoon, evening) changes in sedentary time and PA.ResultsSedentary time was higher, and light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA lower in the evening, compared to morning and afternoon. Significant interactions revealed individuals with higher CVD risk were more sedentary and did less light-intensity PA during the afternoon and evening. Findings remained significant after adjustment for disease duration, functional ability and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.ConclusionResults suggest that the evening time period may offer a significant window of opportunity for interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in RA and contribute to associated improvements in CVD risk. Due to inverse patterns of engagement, replacing sedentary time with light-intensity PA may offer an effective approach for intervention.
Radiographic progression in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis: a systemic literature review of trials performed by industry
Authors: Park Yune-Jung , Gherghe Ana Maria , van der Heijde Desirée 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo summarise radiographic data in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) as part of the radiographic inhibition claim of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) approved for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA systemic literature review was performed using the Medline database from 1994 to February 2020. The results were grouped based on the scoring methods (Sharp, Genant modification, van der Heijde modification) and RA patient populations.ResultsOne hundred sixty-eight publications were selected. After detailed assessment, 52 RCTs (7 methotrexate (MTX)-naive, 23 MTX inadequate response (IR), 9 DMARDs IR and 3 tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNFi) IR studies) were finally included. Information on patient population, scoring method used, reader reliability, statistical analyses and detailed radiographic data on baseline and change scores over multiple follow-up periods are presented.ConclusionThe data gathered in this review serve as a repository for the design of future trials with radiographic damage as an outcome.
Canonical interpretation of the X(4140) state within the $$^3P_0$$ model
Authors: Hao Wei , Wang Guan-Ying , Wang En , Li Guan-Nan , Li De-Min 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecently, the LHCb Collaboration has confirmed the state X(4140), with a mass $$M=4146.5\pm 4.5^{+4.6}_{-2.8}$$M=4146.5±4.5-2.8+4.6 MeV, and a much larger width $$\Gamma =83\pm 21^{+21}_{-14}$$Γ=83±21-14+21 MeV than the previous experimental measurements, which has confused the understanding of its nature. We will investigate the possibility of the $$\chi _{c1}(3P)$$χc1(3P) interpretation for the X(4140), considering the mass spectra predicted in the quark model, and the strong decay properties within the $$^3P_0$$3P0 model. We also predict the strong decay properties of the charmonium states $$\chi _{c0}(3P)$$χc0(3P) and $$\chi _{c2}(3P)$$χc2(3P). Our results show that the X(4140) state with the small width given in PDG can be explained as the charmonium state $$\chi _{c1}(3P)$$χc1(3P) in the $$^3P_0$$3P0 model, and high precision measurement of the width of the X(4140) is crucial to understand its nature.
Time delay of photons coupled to Weyl tensor in a regular phantom black hole
Authors: Lu Xu , Xie Yi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTime delay of the photons coupled to the Weyl tensor in a regular phantom black hole is investigated in both weak and strong deflection gravitational lensing. We find that the time delay in the weak deflection lensing strongly depends on the phantom hair while the delay in the strong deflection lensing is significantly affected by the hair and the strength of the coupling. We suggest that it is necessary to measure these two kind of time signals for fully understanding and distinguishing such an interaction beyond the standard Einstein–Maxwell theory.
The mass scales of the Higgs field
Authors: Consoli Maurizio , Cosmai Leonardo 
Published: July 2020

In the first version of the theory, with a classical scalar potential, the sector inducing SSB was distinct from the Higgs field interactions induced through its gauge and Yukawa couplings. We have adopted a similar perspective but, following most recent lattice simulations, described SSB in [Formula: see text] theory as a weak first-order phase transition. In this case, the resulting effective potential has two mass scales: (i) a lower mass [Formula: see text], defined by its quadratic shape at the minima, and (ii) a larger mass [Formula: see text], defined by the zero-point energy. These refer to different momentum scales in the propagator and are related by [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the ultraviolet cutoff of the scalar sector. We have checked this two-scale structure with lattice simulations of the propagator and of the susceptibility in the 4D Ising limit of the theory. These indicate that, in a cutoff theory where both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are finite, by increasing the energy, there could be a transition from a relatively low value, e.g. [Formula: see text] GeV, to a much larger [Formula: see text]. The same lattice data give a final estimate [Formula: see text] GeV which induces to reconsider the experimental situation at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular an independent analysis of the ATLAS[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]CMS data indicating an excess in the 4-lepton channel as if there were a new scalar resonance around 700 GeV. Finally, the presence of two vastly different mass scales, requiring an interpolating form for the Higgs field propagator also in loop corrections, could reduce the discrepancy with those precise measurements which still favor large values of the Higgs particle mass.
Solar energy as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand in Iraq: A review
Authors: Al-Hamadani Sulala 
Published: July 2020

<p><span>The pivotal role of electricity is as an enabler for every other sector in any economy. Adequate electricity supply is a vital input for the economic growth and in a range of key industries. Unfortunately, the electricity sector in Iraq has been an unsustainable fiscal burden on successive Iraqi governments yet it has not been able to meet the growing demand. Iraq’s electricity sector and government’s decision makers should look for a long-term solutions and strategies to meet the current and future demand, by taking important steps towards fostering a reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity system in the years and decades to come. Also, Iraqi government and ministry of electricity in particular should understand that electricity is basic service and right of Iraqis, and many nations have overcome this kind of problem decades ago. Overcoming this problem will help refueling Iraqi economy and enable it to stand on its feet again. Renewable energy resources, and solar in particular could be part of the solution. This paper aims to highlight the importance of solar energy in Iraq as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand. Also, it discusses the solar energy opportunities with challenges facing other renewable energy sources in Iraq.</span></p>
Examining the Relationship and Prognostic Implication of Diabetic Status and Extracellular Matrix Expansion by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Khan Mohammad A. , Yang Eric Y. , Nguyen Duc T. , Nabi Faisal , Hinojosa Jeremy , Jabel Maria , Nagueh Sherif F. , Graviss Edward A. , Shah Dipan J. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Although not fully understood, diabetes mellitus is thought to be associated with cardiac fibrosis and stiffness due to alteration of myocardial extracellular matrix. Newer cardiac magnetic resonance techniques may be able to identify extracellular matrix expansion by measuring extracellular volume fraction (ECV). We used cardiac magnetic resonance to evaluate the association of alteration in the extracellular matrix with diabetic status and its implications on incident heart failure events and all-cause mortality.

Methods:
We studied 442 patients who underwent comprehensive contrast cardiac magnetic resonance to assess cardiac morphology and function, left ventricular replacement fibrosis, and pre-post contrast T1 mapping to quantify ECV. The cohort did not have coexisting pathologies associated with ECV alteration. We categorized our final cohort based on diabetic status using criteria from the American Diabetic Association. Subsequent heart failure hospitalization and all-cause death were ascertained.

Results:

Our patients were predominantly white with a median age of 57 with 48% being men. Compared with nondiabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with elevated ECV after adjusting for clinical and imaging covariates: β coefficient 1.33 (95% CI, 0.22–2.44);
P
=0.02. Over a median follow-up of 24.5 (interquartile range, 14.8–33.4) months, 52 deaths and 24 heart failure events occurred. Patients with diabetes mellitus and elevated ECV had the worst outcomes compared with patients with diabetes mellitus and normal ECV or nondiabetics. Elevated ECV remained an independent predictor of outcomes (hazard ratio, 3.31 [95% CI, 1.93–5.67];
P
<0.001) after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions:
Elevated ECV is an independent predictor of mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus and may have an additive effect with diabetes mellitus on outcomes. ECV may represent a novel noninvasive biomarker to evaluate severity of diabetic heart disease.