bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zasady i reguły. Pewność prawa podatkowego a ślepa ulica konkretu
Authors: Filipczyk Hanna 
Published: March 2020

PRINCIPLES AND RULES. LEGAL CERTAINTY IN TAX LAW AND CUL-DE-SAC OF CONCRETENESSThe purpose of the article is to discuss and critically evaluate the legislative model adopted in lawmaking of the tax law. The model is premised upon the strategy of striving towards the max­imal available precision determinacy of legal norms through constructing the multitude of detailed prescriptive legal rules. In practice this legislative style is combined with, and goes hand in hand with textualism: aposition advocating adherence to the linguistic directives arguments of legal interpretation. As aresult, the communicativeness and clarity of tax law are impaired. In the article an alternative model is postulated, entailing that tax law is based not only on legal rules but also, if not primarily, on legal principles in case of conflicts prevailing over rules, and that in drafting legal provisions open-ended and general formulas expressions are used. Contrary to what is commonly believed, this legislative model and the corresponding drafting technique are not detrimental to legal certainty. It is argued that the opposite is true: they can serve the purpose of legal certainty better that the current model does, while at the same time improving the effectiveness of efforts to combat tax avoidance.
Metodologie teorii prawa a problem polityczności prawoznawstwa. Aspekt behawioralny i intensjonalny
Authors: Zirk-Sadowski Marek 
Published: March 2020

THE METHODOLOGIES OF THE THEORY OF LAW AND THE PROBLEM OF THE POLITICAL NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE. BEHAVIOURAL AND INTENSIONAL ASPECTSThe paper is devoted to the problem of the impact of theory of law methodologies on the political nature of jurisprudence. The author seeks to demonstrate that some theory of law methods are more susceptible to politicisation than other. Referring to H. Hart, he introduces a distinction between the external and internal theories of law. Among the external theories he distinguishes the so-called integrating theories and cognitive theories, while dividing the internal theories into inten­sional and extensional, drawing on the division of interpretation theories. The author demonstrates that the so-called political nature of theories is aphenomenon most often encountered in internal and intensional approaches. In particular, theories based on the agonistic discourse concept C. Mouffe politicise the legal discourse by strengthening the illocutionary force of political arguments in com­parison with legal arguments. Only consensual discourse concepts R. Alexy avoid this danger.
Charakterystyka i sens normatywnego wyróżnienia grupy umów o świadczenie usług prawniczych
Authors: Sołtys Bogusław 
Published: March 2020

PURPOSE OF NORMATIVE DISTINCTION OF THE GROUP OF LEGAL SERVICES CONTRACTSIt is necessary to be in favour of both doctrinal and normative distinction of legal services contracts. Currently the differentiation in regulations of fundamental standards of providing legal services is too large. There is no sufficient explanation for different treatment legal services providers in rudimentary and significant issues designating the essence of legal services and their safety, regardless of the regulated or deregulated market. It appears that the deregulated legal services market should be included in the provisions concerning regulated economic activity in the Freedom of Business Activity Act. The deregulated legal services market should as well constitute an exception justified by the public interest in a higher degree than by creation of qualification requirements, which are currently the base for distinguishing the regulated legal services market. It is necessary to consider formal submission of the deregulated legal services market to the deontology of legal profession. Fundamental standards of ethics and legal pragmatics should be included in all kinds of legal services, not only those provided within the regulated market. Sanctioning of above mentioned standards is undoubtedly in the public interest and for that reason their mandatory application at least in the basic range should not be dependent on the affiliation to a specific group of legal services providers.
„Походкой щеголеватого пророка…” Образы стариков в эпосе Фазиля Искандера „Сандро из Чегема”
Authors: Stukałowa Olga 
Published: March 2020

“Walking as the dapper prophet…” An old manin Fazil Iskander’s epic Sandro from ChegemThe line what was chosen for the title of the article rather closely reflects the image of old men in Fazil Iskander’s prose — especially in the epic Sandro from Chegem. In the Iskander’s old men there are revealed the universal principle “gay relativity of life” which is typical for the writer’s artistic world. Among the heroes of the epic there are many old people — with avariety of characters and lifestyle, background and attitude to life. In the images there are interwoven tragic aspects of reality and its life-affirming qualities. Writer with the force of his art creates aworld of light, accommodating and sunlit peaks and gloomy gorge of the human soul and history. In this world patriarchal being of mountain village Chegem becomes the embodiment of the moral norm. The old men images are also related to the key symbols of Iskander’s prose. The old peasants in the Iskander’s prose live in anatural and inseparable fusion with the natural world.„Походкой щеголеватого пророка…” Obrazy starców w epopei Sandro z Czegemu Fazila IskanderaZamieszczony w tytule artykułu cytat trafnie odzwierciedla specyficzne cechy starców w prozie Fazila Iskandera, zwłaszcza w epopei Sandro z Czegemu. W wykreowanych przez pisarza portretach staruszków ujawnia się typowa dla twórczości Iskandera uniwersalna zasada „wesołej względności bytu”. Bohaterami epopei są starcy o różnych charakterach, zasadach, różnym pochodzeniu i stosunku do świata. W ich obrazach przeplatają się tragiczne strony rzeczywistości i jej afirmacja. Pisarz tworzy obraz świata, złożony z oświetlonych słońcem szczytów i mrocznych zakamarków duszy ludzkiej. W świecie tym patriarchalna egzystencja górskiej wioski Czegem odzwierciedla normy moralne. Z obrazami starców związane są kluczowe symbole prozy iskanderowskiej. W ujęciu pisarza starzy chłopi żyją w pełnej symbiozie z naturą.
Obraz stáří v moralitách raného novověku
Authors: Kolářová Jana 
Published: March 2020

The representation of age in the moralising books of early modern periodThe study focuses on some literary representations of old age and old people in selected works of the early modern period. Those are moralising books written in the years before the Battle of White Mountain published at the turn of the 17th century, namely Třinácte tabulí věku lidského The Thirteen Images of Human Life, 1601 by Bartoloměj Paprocký from Hloholy, Věk člověka The Age of Human, 1604 by Tobiáš Mouřenín from Litomyšl, Theatrum Mundi Minoris 1605 by Nathanael Vodňanský from Uračov, and Kniha o starosti aneb věku sešlém a šedivém The Book of Misery or the Wretched and Dull Age, 1610 by Havel Žalanský Phaetön.Obraz starości w moralitetach okresu wczesnonowożytnegoArtykuł koncentruje się na niektórych literackich aspektach tematu związanego ze starością i starymi ludźmi w wybranych utworach wczesnego okresu nowożytnego. Chodzi o moralizatorskie spisy zokresu przedbiałogórskiego wydane na przełomie XVI i XVII wieku, mianowicie o Třinácte tabulí věku lidského 1601 Bartosza Paprockiego, Věk člověka 1604 Tobiasza Mouřenína z Litomyśla, Theatrum mundi minoris 1605 Nathanaela Vodňanskiego zUračova i Knihu o starosti aneb věku sešlém a šedivém 1610 Havla Žalanskiego Phaëtona.
Młodość i starość według Nikołaja Karamzina
Authors: Dąbrowska Magdalena 
Published: March 2020

Nikolay Karamzin about his youth and old ageThe article consists of two parts: 1. Karamzin about his youth Karamzin’s letter to J.K. Lavater dated 14 August 1786; A Knight of Our Time — polemic with J. J. Rousseau, similarities and differences between the author’s and literary hero’s youth, 2. Karamzin about his old age Karamzin’s letters to I. Dmitriev dated 1818-1826, V. Karamzin, P. Wiazemski, correspondence of the author’s daughters, tractate: Melodor to Filaret, Filaret to Melodor, A conversation about happiness..., On the happiest lifetime — polemic with Cicero’s dialogue Cato the Elder On Old Age.Николай Карамзин: его молодость и старостьСтатья состоит из двух частей: 1. Mолодость Карамзина и по Карамзину письмо Kарамзина И.К. Лафатеру, 14 августа 1786 г.; Рыцарь нашего времени — полемика с Ж.Ж. Руссо, сходства и различия между ранним периодом жизни писателя и литературного героя, 2. Старость Карамзина и по Карамзину письма Карамзина И. Дмитриеву 1818–1826 гг.,В. Карамзину, П. Вяземскому, письма дочерей писателя; трактат: Мелодор к Филалету, Филалет к Мелодору, Разговор о счастии..., О счастливейшем времени жизни — полемика с диалогом Цицерона О старости.
Między nobilitacją a deprecjacją. Ideologiczne kody postrzegania starości w dziewiętnastowiecznej literaturze czeskiej przypadek Karla Václava Raisa
Authors: Gawarecka Anna 
Published: March 2020

Between ennoblement and depreciation. Ideological codes of senility in the ninenteenth century Czech literature the case of Karel Václav Rais Interpretations of senility change in time. Successive periods of culture create codes of its description and evaluation on their own. Czech literature which from the very beginning of the nineteenth century was connected with the communication of the ideological, social and political senses of the National Revival and which was treated as the most important instrument of projecting and implementing the great collective ideas, was also directed into including these ideas in all fields of life. The glorification of senility, either as the existential category or the synonym of experience and wisdom was for the first time demonstrated in Božena Němcová’s novel Babička. The high status of this masterpiece caused the many returns of the category of senility in Czech fiction. One of them is Karel Václav Rais prose Pantáta Bezoušek which initiates the discussion on the actual function of the old men/women in contemporary Czech society.Mezi nobilitací adepreciací. Ideologické kódy vnímání stáří včeské literatuře případ Karla Václava RaiseVnímání stáří se mění v čase. Každá následující epocha vytváří vlastní kódy jeho popisu a valorizace. Česká literatura, které je od 19. století přisuzována funkce nositelky ideologických/politických/společenských obsahů ajsou jí určovány úkoly nezřídka klíčové vprogramování arealizaci velkých společenských projektů, usilovala opodřízení všech oblastí života těmto projektům. Apoteózu stáří — jako důležité existencionální kategorie azároveň synonyma zkušenosti amoudrosti — vykonala vtéto literatuře, jak známo, poprvé Božena Němcová v románu Babička. Nepochybná autorita tohoto románu způsobila, že tato kategorie byla četně aschutí využíváná, přičemž jí byly přisuzovány rozmanité funkce s využitím různých valorizačních nástrojů. Karel Václav Rais se například v románu Pantáta Bezoušek 1894 titulní postavou „moudrého venkovského starce” vrací kdiskuzi na téma nejdůležitějších identitních předpokladů Národního obrození aověřuje jejich aktuálnost vmoderní společenské realitě konce 19. století.
Старость — концепт русской стихотворной эпитафии?
Authors: Carkowa Tatiana 
Published: March 2020

Old age — aconcept of Russian epitaph?The author of the article Old age — aconcept of Russian epitaph? — Tatiana S. Tsarkova is the editor together with Sergey I. Nikolaev of the first Russian anthology of the epitaph genre and author of the monographic study Russian Verse Epitaph. Sources. Evolution. Poetics Petersburg, 1999. In the monograph she, among other things, explores such concepts as ‘life’, ‘death’, ‘memory’, ‘monument’. It might seem that such arelevant cultural notion as ‘old age’, causally in most cases associated with the concept ‘death’, would appear in epitaphs with evident frequency and acquire the significance of agenre concept. However, as quite an extensive material demonstrates, nothing of the kind happens, out of 3000 epitaphic texts only 3 times the word ‘old age’ is mentioned, and no more than 15 its derivatives or paraphrases like ‘years’, ‘grey hair’, ‘of many years’. The author offers explanation to this unpredictable phenomenon. Czy starość jest konceptem rosyjskiego epitafium wierszowanego?Autorka artykułu Czy starość jest konceptem rosyjskiego epitafium wierszowanego? jest twórcą wspólnie zS.I. Nikołajewem pierwszej rosyjskiej antologii epitafiów literackich oraz monografii Rosyjskie epitafium literackie. Źródła. Ewolucja. Poetyka Sankt Petersburg, 1999. W monografii zbadano takie koncepty, jak życie, śmierć, pamięć czy pomnik. Wydawałoby się, że starość, jako pojęcie silnie związane zkonceptem śmierci, powinna wyjątkowo często pojawiać się w epitafiach. Jednak — jak wskazują badania przeprowadzone na bardzo obszernym materiale — jest zupełnie inaczej. Wtrzech tysiącach epitafiów stwierdzić można zaledwie trzykrotne użycie słowa „starość” inie więcej niż piętnastokrotne użycie słów pochodnych iblisko związanych ze słowem „starość”, takich jak np. „lata” czy „siwe włosy”. Autorka artykułu wyjaśnia ten fenomen.
Staro sunce iliti „senilia pekiciana”
Authors: Lazarević di Đakomo Persida , Šeatović Svetlana 
Published: March 2020

The old sun, or senilia pekicianaThis paper deals with the motif of aging in the works of the Yugoslav writer Borislav Pekić 1930–1992. Pekić dedicated both an essay 1987 and the drama Five O’ Clock Tea to the theme of aging, – in both works aging is shown in a very negative light, and old people are seen in an antagonistic position towards young people. The motif of aging, however, in Pekić’s work has other connotations such as creativity “Megalos Mastoras”, uncertainty and the natural inevitability of the passage from one phase of life to another 1999, eternity The Golden Fleece, and wisdom Atlantis.Stare słońce albo Pekiciowskie seniliaProponowany tekst dotyczy motywu starości w twórczości jugosłowiańskiego pisarza Borislava Pekića 1930–1992. Zarówno w zbiorze Pisma iz tuđine, jak i dramacie Five O’ Clock Tea pisarz poświęcił tej tematyce wiele miejsca. W utworach tych starzenie się ma konotację wyraźnie negatywną, gdyż osoby sędziwe przedstawione zostały tu w sposób antagonistyczny w stosunku do osób młodych. Motyw starości w twórczości Pekicia ma jednak także inne konotacje, takie jak kreatywność „Megalos Mastoras”, niepewność i naturalną nieuniknioność przechodzenia od jednej fazy życia do drugiej 1999, wieczność Złote runo, jak również mądrość Atlantyda.
Język czarnogórski na rozdrożu. Główne kierunki polityki językowej w Czarnogórze po 1991 roku
Authors: Jaroszewicz Henryk 
Published: March 2020

Montenegrin language at a crossroads. The main directions of language policy in Montenegro after 1991Montenegrin language is the youngest Slavonic language standard. The creation of Monte­negrin language ultimately ended the process of disintegration of Serbo-Croat in the national lan­guages. The current language situation in Montenegro is characterized by heterogeneous language policy. In the country there are three groups of linguists that have radically different views on the past, present and future the speech of Montenegrins. Autonomists A. Čirgić, V. Nikcevic believe that Montenegrin language is genetically and systematically separate entity, whose standard should be radically changed. Evolutionists R. Glušica, I. Lakić treat speech of Montenegrins as a standard code that is part of a polycentric language Serbo-Croatian, which standard only should be modifica­ted. Integrationists J. Stojanović, D. Bojović recognize the Montenegrin language as political being and say that in the Montenegro operates only one standard language — standard Serbian. At the mo­ment, the greatest influence over official language policy have autonomists. Thanks to Montenegrin education authorities the autonomists are officially codifying the Montenegrin language and prepare the curriculum of Montenegrin language for primary and secondary schools.Црногорски језик на раскрсници. Главни правци језичке политике у Црној Гори после 1991. годинe Цногорски језик је најмлађи словенски стандардни језик. Његово проглашење коначно је завршило процес распада српскохрватског језика на посебне, националне стандарде. Дана­шњу језичку ситуацију у Црној Гори каратерише изразито хетерогена језичка политика. У зе­мљи постоје три неформалне скупине лингвиста, које се мећусобно разликују у погледима на прошлост, садашњост и будућност језика Црногораца. Аутономисти Аднан Чиргић, Војислав Никчевић сматрају да је црногорски језик генетски и системски посебан језик, чијег норму треба радикално променити. Еволуцијонисти Рајка Глушица, Игор Лакић сматрају да је говор Црногораца део полицентричног српскохрватског језика и истовремено посебан, стандардни језички код, чијег норму потребно је само модификовати. Интегралисти Јелена Стојановић, Драга Бојовић тврде да је црногорски језик само политичко биће, ана подручју Црне Горе још увек је у употреби само један језицки стандард – стандард српског језика. Чини се да у данашње време највећи утицај на црногорску језичку политику имају аутономисти, који су одлуком црно­горских државних институција добили могућност службене кодификације црногорског језика и припреме школских програма за црногорски језик.
Науковий дискурс ХХI ст.: нейтралізація типових cтильових ознак аналіз комунікативної ситуації в межах сучасного організаційно‑-наукового заходу
Authors: Kosmeda Tetyana 
Published: March 2020

Scientific discourse in the 21st century. Neutralization of typical features of style analysis of a communicative situation in the sphere of a modern scientific eventThe article focuses on the changes that are observed in a speech of a scientific style, a scientific communication. The research is based on the verbatim record of a Round-table discussion that took place in a leading Russian higher educational institution in 2008. A scientific speech, expressed in an oral form, was investigated. The results of the analysis prove the fact of neutralization and deforma­tion of the parameter features of a scientific style. A standard communicative situation is changed into a non-standard one. A post-modern culture probably influences the process of modelling of a post-modern linguistic culture, modern scientific speech transforming it, making it more democratic, “carnivalizing” it, making it rough and intimate, actualizing emotional and ideological evaluations. A new type of speech is formed, the discourse which is restricted of the definite parameters of a sci­entific communication. The neutralization of the style features has been traced. This neutralization causes the process of modelling of a new discourse of a syncretic type.Научный дискурс ХХI ст.: нейтрализация типичных стилевых признаков анализ коммуникативной ситуации во время проведения современного организационно-научного мероприятияВ статье речь идет об изменениях, наблюдающихся в научном стиле речи, научной ком­муникации. Материал исследования — стенограмма Круглого стола, который проводился в одном из ведущих высших учебных заведений России 2008г.. Исследованию подверглась научная речь, выраженная в устной форме. Проведенный анализ подтверждает, что парамет-ральные черты научного стиля нейтрализуются и деформируются. Стандартная коммуника­тивная ситуация превращается в нестандартную. Культура постмодернизма, очевидно, влия­ет и на моделирование посмодернистской лингвокультуры, влияет на современную научную речь, видоизменяя ее — демократизируя, «карнавализируя», делая более грубой, интимизируя ее и актуализируя эмоциональные и идеологические оценки. Формируется новый тип речи, дискурс, лишенный четких параметров научной коммуникации. Прослеживаем нейтрализа­цию стилевых признаков и, как следствие, моделирование дискурса синкретического типа.
Zdania wyrażające zdolności i talent w języku polskim i rosyjskim
Authors: Borek Małgorzata 
Published: March 2020

Sentences expressing abilities and talent in Polish and Russian languagesThe article is focused on the structural-semantic characteristics of sentences expressing abilities and talent in Polish and Russian languages. Basing on the theory of G. Zolotova the author aims to differentiate between iso-semic and non iso-semic syntactic models.The examples for the analysis were taken from Polish and Russian languages corpora and from internet websites.Предложения, выражающие способности и талантв польском и русском языкахНастоящая статья посвящена сруктурно-семантической характеристике предложений, выражающих способности и талант в польском и русском языках. Автор пытается выделить изосемические и неизосемическине синтаксические модели, опираясь на лингвистическую теорию Г. Золотовой.Примеры для анализа взяты из национальных корпусов польского и русского языков и веб-сайтов.
Polskie ekwiwalenty przekładowe chorwackiego przyimka unatoč
Authors: Daković Sybilla 
Published: March 2020

Polish equivalents of Croatian preposition unatočThis paper provides an analysis of Polish translation equivalents of Croatian preposition una­toč. Based on the corpus of modern Croatian prose translated into Polish we establish that unatoč can be translated by secondary prepositions mimo, względem, pomimo, na przekór, collocation nie zwracając uwagi na, and concessive clause introduced by the conjunction choć, chociaż. The main equivalent — mimo was established on the basis of frequency and semantic features.Poljski ekvivalenti hrvatskoga prijedloga unatoč U ovom se članku vrši analiza poljskih prijevodnih ekvivalenata hrvatskog prijedloga unatoč. Oslanajući se na korpus hrvatske suvremene proze injenih poljskih prijevoda zaključujemo da prijed­log unatoč može biti preveden četirima sekundarnim prijedlozima mimo, względem, pomimo, na prze­kór, kolokacijom nie zwracając uwagi na i adverbijalnom dopusnom rečenicom uvedenom veznicima choć, chociaż. Glavni ekvivalent: mimo je utvrđen na temelju čestoće isemantičnih osobina.
Neologizmy z formantem obcym -ing we współczesnym języku czeskim
Authors: Ptak Lenka 
Published: March 2020

Loanwords with -ing formation in the Czech languageThe text deals with problem of the new lexical borrowings used in the Czech language. We concentrate on neologisms, which are of great importance for rise and development of concurrence.Certain types of concurrence based upon suffixal process applied at the formation of new words are analyzed. The paper presents and examines -ing formations used in Czech language dabing // dabování, jogging // joggování, lobbing // lobbování. Přejatá substantiva na -ing v současné češtiněV příspěvku jsme se zaměřili na anglicismy s příponou -ing adaptovanou v češtině v podobě -ink, které jsou do češtiny přejímané v původních gerundiálních či participiálních tvarech. Soustřeďujeme se na tvoření domácích potějšků přejímek na -ing. Substantiva slovesná zakončená na -ování se hojně v současné době odvozují od sloves vzniklých z cizích základů a tvoří tak největší počet domácích protějšků přejímek na -ing. Vznikají tak dvojice synonym jako dabing // dabování, jogging // joggování, lobbing // lobbování.