bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawing insights from pion parton distributions *
Authors: Ding Minghui , Raya Khépani , Binosi Daniele , Chang Lei , Roberts C. D. , Schmidt S. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A symmetry-preserving continuum approach to the two valence-body bound-state problem is used to calculate the valence, glue and sea distributions within the pion; unifying them with, inter alia, electromagnetic pion elastic and transition form factors. The analysis reveals the following momentum fractions at the scale

,

,

; and despite hardening induced by the emergent phenomenon of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, the valence-quark distribution function,

, exhibits the

behaviour predicted by quantum chromodynamics (QCD). After evolution to

, the prediction for

matches that obtained using lattice-regularised QCD. This confluence should both stimulate improved analyses of existing data and aid in planning efforts to obtain new data on the pion distribution functions.
Hunting potassium geoneutrinos with liquid scintillator Cherenkov neutrino detectors *
Authors: Wang Zhe , Chen Shaomin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The research on geoneutrinos is a new interdisciplinary subject involving particle experiments and geo-science. Potassium-40 (40K) decays contribute roughly to 1/3 of the radiogenic heat of the Earth, which is not yet accounted for by experimental observation. Solar neutrino experiments with liquid scintillators have observed uranium and thorium geoneutrinos and are the most promising experiments with regard to low-background neutrino detection. In this study, we present the new concept of using liquid-scintillator Cherenkov detectors to detect the neutrino-electron elastic scattering process of 40K geoneutrinos. Liquid-scintillator Cherenkov detectors using a slow liquid scintillator achieve this goal with both energy and direction measurements for charged particles. Given the directionality, we can significantly suppress the dominant intrinsic background originating from solar neutrinos in conventional liquid-scintillator detectors. We simulated the solar- and geo-neutrino scatterings in the slow liquid scintillator detector, and implemented energy and directional reconstructions for the recoiling electrons. We found that 40K geoneutrinos can be detected with three-standard-deviation accuracy in a kiloton-scale detector.
Neutron-antineutron oscillations in the deuteron studied with NN and N̄N interactions based on chiral effective field theory *
Authors: Haidenbauer Johann , Meißner Ulf-G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Neutron-antineutron (

) oscillations in the deuteron are considered. Specifically, the deuteron lifetime is calculated in terms of the free-space

oscillation time

based on

and

interactions derived within chiral effective field theory (EFT). This results in

s, which is close to the value obtained by Dover and collaborators more than three decades ago, but disagrees with recent EFT calculations that were performed within the perturbative scheme proposed by Kaplan, Savage, and Wise. Possible reasons for the difference are discussed.
Calculation of disconnected quark loops in lattice QCD *
Authors: Cheng Zhen , Zhang Jian-Bo , Xiong Guang-Yi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Calculation of disconnected quark loops in lattice QCD is very time consuming. Stochastic noise methods are generally used to estimate these loops. However, stochastic estimation gives large errors in the calculations of disconnected diagrams. We use the symmetric multi-probing source (SMP) method to estimate the disconnected quark loops, and compare the results with the

noise method and the spin-color explicit (SCE) method on a quenched lattice QCD ensemble with lattice volume

and lattice spacing

fm. The results show that the SMP method is very suitable for the calculation of pseudoscalar disconnected quark loops. However, the SMP and SCE methods do not have an obvious advantage over the

noise method in the evaluation of the scalar disconnected loops.
Applicability of 9Be global optical potential to description of 8,10,11B elastic scattering *
Authors: Xu Yong-Li , Han Yin-Lu , Liang Hai-Ying , Wu Zhen-Dong , Guo Hai-Rui , Cai Chong-Hai 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We achieved a set of 9Be global phenomenological optical model potentials by fitting a large experimental dataset of the elastic scattering observable for target mass numbers from 24 to 209. The obtained 9Be global optical model potential was applied to predict elastic-scattering angular distributions and total reaction cross-sections of 8,10,11B projectiles. The predictions are made by performing a detailed analysis comparing with the available experimental data. Furthermore, these elastic scattering observables are also predicted for some lighter targets outside of the given mass number range, and reasonable results are obtained. Possible physical explanations for the observed differences are also discussed.
Static fluid spheres admitting Karmarkar condition
Authors: Singh Ksh. Newton , Bisht Ravindra K. , Maurya S. K. , Pant Neeraj 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We explore a new relativistic anisotropic solution of the Einstein field equations for compact stars based on embedding class one condition. For this purpose, we use the embedding class one methodology by employing the Karmarkar condition. Employing this methodology, we obtain a particular differential equation that connects both the gravitational potentials

and

. We solve this particular differential equation choosing a simple form of generalized gravitational potential

to describe a complete structure of the space-time within the stellar configuration. After determining this space-time geometry for the stellar models, we discuss thermodynamical observables including radial and tangential pressures, matter density, red-shift, velocity of sound, etc., in the stellar models. We also perform a complete graphical analysis, which shows that our models satisfy all the physical and mathematical requirements of ultra-high dense collapsed structures. Further, we discuss the moment of inertia and M-R curve for rotating and non-rotating stars.
Joule-Thomson expansion of the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole *
Authors: Guo Sen , Pu Jin , Jiang Qing-Quan , Zu Xiao-Tao 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We study the Joule-Thomson expansion of the regular black hole in an anti-de Sitter background, and obtain the inversion temperature for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the extended phase space. We investigate the isenthalpic and inversion curves for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the T-P plane and find that the intersection points between them are exactly the inversion points discriminating the heating from the cooling process. The inversion curve for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is not closed and there is only a lower inversion curve, in contrast to the Van der Waals fluid. Most importantly, we find that the ratio between the minimum inversion temperature and the critical temperature for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is 0.536622, which is larger than any known ratio for the singular black hole. The large ratio for the Bardeen-AdS black hole may be due to the repulsive de Sitter core near the origin of the regular black hole.
Influence of the layered Moon and Earth’s orientation on lunar rotation
Authors: Yang Yong-Zhang , Ping Jin-Song , Yan Jian-Guo , Li Jin-Ling 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One of the most efficient ways to probe the lunar inner structure at present is through the study of its rotation. Range and range rate (Doppler) data between the Chang’E-3 lander and station on the Earth were collected from the beginning of the Chang’E-3 lunar mission in 2013. These observation data, taken together with the existing lunar laser ranging data, provide a new approach to extend research on the Earth-Moon system. The high precision of current observation data imposes exacting demands, making it necessary to include previously neglected factors. In this paper, motivated by progress of the Chinese lunar exploration project and to use its data in the near future, two lunar models: a one-layer model and a two-layer model with a fluid core, were applied to the rotational equations based on our implemented algorithm of the Moon’s motion. There was a difference of about 0.5″ in ϕ and ψ, but 0.2″ in θ between the two models. This result confirms that stratification of the inner structure of the Moon can be inferred from rotation data. We also added precise Earth rotation parameters in our model; the results show that this factor is negligible at present, due to the limited precision of the existing data. These results will help us understand the rotational process clearly and build a more realistic Earth-Moon model when we combine Lunar Laser Ranging data with high precision radio data to fit lunar motion in the near future.
Amplifying magnetic fields of a newly born neutron star by stochastic angular momentum accretion in core collapse supernovae
Authors: Soker Noam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
I present a novel mechanism to boost magnetic field amplification of newly born neutron stars in core collapse supernovae. In this mechanism, that operates in the jittering jets explosion mechanism and comes on top of the regular magnetic field amplification by turbulence, the accretion of stochastic angular momentum in core collapse supernovae forms a neutron star with strong initial magnetic fields but with a slow rotation. The varying angular momentum of the accreted gas, which is unique to the jittering jets explosion mechanism, exerts a varying azimuthal shear on the magnetic fields of the accreted mass near the surface of the neutron star. This, I argue, can form an amplifying effect which I term the stochastic omega (Sω) effect. In the common αω dynamo the rotation has constant direction and value, and hence supplies a constant azimuthal shear, while the convection has a stochastic behavior. In the Sω dynamo the stochastic angular momentum is different from turbulence in that it operates on a large scale, and it is different from a regular rotational shear in being stochastic. The basic assumption is that because of the varying direction of the angular momentum axis from one accretion episode to the next, the rotational flow of an accretion episode stretches the magnetic fields that were amplified in the previous episode. I estimate the amplification factor of the Sω dynamo alone to be ≈ 10. I speculate that the Sω effect accounts for a recent finding that many neutron stars are born with strong magnetic fields.
High throughput physiological micro-models for in vitro pre-clinical drug testing: a review of engineering systems approaches
Authors: Zhang Huagui , Whalley Richard D , Ferreira Ana Marina , Dalgarno Kenneth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To address the low success rate of new drug discovery, there has been significant growth of in vitro physiological micro-models based on human cells. These may be in the form of cell spheroids, organs-on-a-chip, or multi-cellular tissue cultures, and it is expected that the more biomimetic environment they create will be more accurate than standard cell culture in drug screening prior to clinical testing. However, commercial use of complex co-cultures is still limited. This is due to a lack of validation, low throughput rates, and a lack of compatibility with standard assessment techniques. This review paper focusses specifically on the different engineering approaches used to create, mature and analyse these micro-models, with the aim of exploring which approaches have the potential for high throughput. Active and passive pumping and nozzle based dispensing techniques are considered for fluid handling, with transwells, cell patterning, spheroid cultures and microfluidics considered for establishing and maintaining co-cultures, together with conventional analysis techniques (proteomic and genomic approaches, and immunohistochemistry) and novel sensor systems for downstream analysis are considered. It is concluded that (i) throughput is essential for validation as well as exploitation of the models, and (ii) an integrated approach to model re-design for high throughput is key, with the limitations on throughput at each stage considered in order to develop a system which can deliver and analyse at high throughput rates at all stages of the process.
One- vs Two-Burr-Hole Technique for Combined Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Region Biopsy: Volumetric Analysis of Brain at Risk
Authors: Liebelt Brandon D , Chen Fangxiang , Biroli Antonio , Zhao Xiaochun , Nakaji Peter 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Pineal region tumors are associated with the ventricular system. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is often performed at the same time as tumor biopsy.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the volume of brain possibly undergoing injury and forniceal stretching during ETV and tumor biopsy.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of preoperative magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) and computed tomography (CTs) of patients with pineal region masses and used volumetric image-guided navigation to simulate a 1-burr-hole vs a 2-burr-hole approach through the brain parenchyma. We compared the volumes of parenchyma and fornix at the risk of injury.

RESULTS
The ideal entry point for ETV using 2 burr holes was a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 25.8 ± 6 mm from the midline and 11.4 ± 9 mm behind the coronal suture. The ideal entry point using 2 burr holes for tumor biopsy was 25.7 ± 8 mm from the midline and 53.7 ± 14 mm anterior to the coronal suture. With 1 burr hole, the mean ± SD volume of brain parenchyma at risk was 852 ± 440 mm3. The volume of brain parenchyma at risk with 2 burr holes was 2159 ± 474 mm3 (P < .001; paired t-test). The use of 1 burr hole predisposed the fornix to 14 ± 3 mm of possible stretch, which was minimized with the 2-burr-hole approach.

CONCLUSION
Using 1 burr hole for both the ETV and tumor biopsy is less likely to traumatize the brain parenchyma than using 2 burr holes. However, 1 burr hole predisposes the fornix to stretch injury. We recommend tailoring the entry to each patient according to their anatomy rather than using a 1-size-fits-all approach.
Music, Exchange, and the Production of Value: A Case Study of Hindustani Music
Authors: Morcom Anna 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses Hindustani music as a case study, developing anthropology’s theoretical work on value and exchange toward the analysis of music. It focuses on the action-based theory of value devised by Nancy Munn (1986) and later developed by David Graeber (2001). Rather than something residing “in the music,” value is viewed as entirely social, and ephemeral, generated by acts and the codification of acts into distinctive patterned aesthetic forms. The chapter refines the analysis through Annette Weiner’s concept of “inalienable possessions,” that is, things which are not necessarily costly or of any objective value, but have gained immeasurable and irreplaceable value to particular groups in particular times and places through “keeping while giving,” and which inscribe lineage, heredity, and history. This enables an exploration of how history and transmission operate in value creation in the context of music and performing arts. The chapter also develops theoretical work on exchange to analyze musical performance, where what is “given” or “received” is intangible and highly subjective, making it particularly unpredictable in its value and with potential for immense excess and thereby implications for obligations, attachments, or even devotion. Thus, the chapter explores how the complex web of behaviors, discourse, knowledge, and skills variously continued, adapted, and discontinued from the past, and with new strands woven in, constantly re-create Hindustani music as an inalienable possession for middle-class audiences, for whom basic templates of value are in many ways radically opposed to those of the original patrons and performers.
The Value of Music in Melanesia: Creation, Circulation, and Transmission Under Changing Economic and Intellectual Property Conditions
Authors: Leach James , Stern Monika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article examines the principles governing the ownership and circulation of music in Melanesia. It demonstrates how musical practice is part of what connects people in kin-based, local, and regional systems of reciprocity, recognition, and social reproduction. The article outlines the principles that underlie these systems and shows how they are often starkly at odds with assumptions about value and transaction in capitalist, commodity-focused economies. The contrast is epitomized in the differences between connections forged under Melanesian political economy and those in western intellectual property law, specifically copyright. The article makes the case for understanding the value of contemporary as well as traditional forms of music in this frame, focusing on relationality and obligation in both rural and urban contexts.
Grammar and Meaning
Authors: Asudeh Ash 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses three aspects of the study of linguistic meaning—lexical semantics, compositional semantics, and pragmatics—and their relation to grammar. Lexical semantics concerns the meanings of words and relations between these meanings, and how these meanings are realized morphosyntactically. Compositional semantics concerns how the meanings of larger grammatical units—phrases, sentences, discourses—are computed from the meanings of their parts, given their grammatical arrangement. Pragmatics concerns the relation between context and meaning, given the knowledge of interlocutors. Each of these aspects of meaning is related to grammatical aspects of linguistic structure (morphology, syntax, prosody), although pragmatics displays weaker strictly grammatical effects than the other two aspects of meaning, for which the relationship with grammar is intrinsic.
Generative Approaches
Authors: Lohndal Terje , Haegeman Liliane 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to syntax from a generative perspective. Due to space constraints, the chapter zooms in on mainstream derivational (‘transformational’) approaches, essentially along the lines developed by Chomsky and many others. The chapter highlights the long-standing and constant ingredients of the mainstream theory, and it does so by emphasizing and illustrating the characteristic theory-driven deductive argumentation. After introducing and motivating hierarchical structure and the structural relation c-command, the chapter explores the concept of abstract structure by studying long-distance dependencies. In particular, it is shown how copies left by moved constituents play a role in interpretive processes. Furthermore, a case study of VP ellipsis provides arguments that although the ellipsis site is not associated with any overt material, it nevertheless has internal structure. In sum, the chapter seeks to illuminate the nature of the interplay between data and theory construction within generative approaches.
Change in Grammar
Authors: Hundt Marianne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe chapter discusses morphological and syntactic change against the backdrop of different theoretical (formal versus functional/usage-based) and methodological approaches (introspection versus corpus data). Specifically, it addresses the question whether grammatical change happens suddenly in a catastrophic resetting of parameters or whether change happens in a more piecemeal, incremental fashion. The case studies that are used to illustrate syntactic demise, innovation, and grammatical revival come from the area of mood (an inflectional category) and modality, notably the grammaticalization of modal verbs. Semi-modals such as (had) better are discussed as examples of constructionalization. Taken together, grammatical changes in mood and modality are ideally suited to exemplify more long-term typological developments in English from a synthetic to a largely analytic language.
Literary Variation
Authors: Jeffries Lesley 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates grammatical variation in literary texts. It introduces key concepts in stylistics and discusses topics that stylisticians have been concerned with at the interface between literature and grammar, such as the use in literary texts of non-standard forms of the language and the iconic use of grammar to produce literary meaning and effects. Stylistics is now very much more than the application of linguistic description to the language of literature and has developed theories and models of its own. But at the core of the discipline remains text (both spoken and written) and the notion that text producers have choices as to how they put language into texts. This chapter explains the grammatical aspects of such choices and the literary effects they can have.
Information Structure
Authors: Kaltenböck Gunther 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of central concepts in the study of information structure and their application to grammatical structures of English. The first part focuses on the notions of given and new information, more specifically presupposition, assertion, and the activation of discourse referents, as well as on the concepts of topic and focus. The second part investigates how these concepts conventionally manifest themselves in morphosyntactic structure. This includes a brief discussion of the general principles of end-focus, end-weight, and lexico-grammatical construal as well as specific information packaging constructions, viz. fronting and postponement structures, argument reversal, and clefting. The chapter ends with a brief look at the position of information structure in the study of grammar more generally.
Regional Varieties of English
Authors: Siemund Peter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses non-standard grammatical features of regional varieties of English in relation to their Standard English functional equivalents. It pursues a cross-linguistic typological approach in the classification and interpretation of these features. This approach helps to reveal the often highly systematic relationship between standard and non-standard variants as well as the universal basis of the underlying cognitive principles. Illustration is drawn from reflexive marking, pronominal gender and case, tense and aspect, negation and negative concord, subject–verb agreement, and clause structure, which here includes ditransitive constructions, embedded inversion, and the formation of relative clauses.
Mood and Modality
Authors: Ziegler Debra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMood in English and other languages has been defined as the inflectional expression of the grammatical categories of the indicative and subjunctive, categories which originally were distinguished in the need to discern fact (indicative) from non-fact (subjunctive). Modality, on the other hand, was a term used by Palmer (1986) to refer to the semantics of mood. The residue of such distinctions may still be found today in the bare subjunctive infinitive or ‘plain form’ (Huddleston and Pullum 2002), and a few idiomatic expressions (e.g., if I were you). However, the binary mood system of indicative versus subjunctive has been largely superseded over time by the modal verb system in English having a range of meanings from non-epistemic obligation and ability to various shades of epistemic possibility or probability. The categorization and diachronic development of such verbs present a perennially problematic area for the study of modality in English grammar.