bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient Perspectives of IBD Care and Services: An Integral Part of a Pan-Canadian Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Vutcovici Maria , Sewitch Maida , Kachan Natasha , Stone Marlene , Morin Isabelle , Bouchard Shelley , Heatherington Joan , Devitt Katharine S , Nguyen Geoffrey C , Bitton Alain 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
As beneficiaries of health service improvement initiatives, patients should have their perspectives of and gaps in care elicited to inform and guide the development of quality indicators to assess health care services. The purpose of this study was to identify patient perspectives amenable for conversion into measurable inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care quality indicators.

Methods
Crohn’s and Colitis Canada’s Promoting Access and Care through Centres of Excellence (PACE) program organized four patient focus groups in three Canadian provinces in 2016 to capture the perspective of patients on IBD care services. The RQDA package in R was used for transcript analysis, theme identification and for building a theme hierarchy based on the number of citations. The main themes were converted into patient-derived quality indicators.

Results
Several perceived unmet needs were elicited from participants that could be converted into measurable quality indicators. These unmet needs addressed the need for information, access to multidisciplinary services and specialized care, and access to psychological support. Patient unmet needs informed the selection of nine quality indicators that were included in the final list of PACE indicators to assess IBD care services across Canada.

Conclusions
Our study provides a detailed description of patient perspectives on IBD care services that were an integral part of the development of measurable indicators of the quality of care in the context of a universal health care system.
Single-Center Experience With Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Infectious Complications in Civilian Cranial Gunshot Wounds
Authors: Johnson Mark D , Carroll Christopher P , Cass Daryn , Andaluz Norberto , Foreman Brandon , Goodman Michael D , Ngwenya Laura B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Despite the widespread adoption of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in civilian cranial gunshot wounds (cGSWs), there remains a lack of consensus on microbial coverage and duration of therapy.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze a 6-yr experience with prophylactic antibiotics in civilian cGSWs with a focus on infectious complications.

METHODS
Records were reviewed for demographic and injury characteristics that could influence the risk of intracranial infection. Patients over 16 yr of age with cGSWs who survived more than 48 h were included. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was initiated at the discretion of the treating neurosurgeon, with eligible patients divided into 3 groups: no prophylaxis, single agent, and multiagent. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine variables contributing to the development of intracranial infection.

RESULTS
Of 75 eligible patients, prophylactic antibiotics were utilized in 61 (81.3%) with a 5 d median duration. Injury Severity Score (ISS) was significantly higher and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was significantly lower in those who received prophylaxis. Eight intracranial infections were documented (10.7%) over a range of 1 wk to 3 yr from injury. Antibiotic prophylaxis did not contribute to infection, but the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was associated with intracranial infection risk in multivariable regression (odds ratio [OR] = 11.8, P = .013).

CONCLUSION
In a cohort of cGSW patients, those with a more severe injury profile were more likely to receive multiagent antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, we found that multiagent antimicrobial prophylaxis did not confer an advantage, and that the presence of CSF leak may be a more important contributing variable to the development of intracranial infection.
Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis Averts Stroke in Atherosclerotic Patients With Border-Zone Infarct: Post Hoc Analysis From a Performance Criterion Phase II Trial
Authors: Quintero-Consuegra Miguel D , Toscano Juan F , Babadjouni Robin , Nisson Peyton , Kayyali Mohammad N , Chang Daniel , Almallouhi Eyad , Saver Jeffrey L , Gonzalez Nestor R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is one of the leading causes of stroke worldwide. Patients with ICAD who initially present with ischemia in border-zone areas and undergo intensive medical management (IMM) have the highest recurrence rates (37% at 1 yr) because of association with hemodynamic failure and poor collaterals.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of encephaloduroarteriosynagiosis (EDAS) on stroke recurrence in patients with ICAD and border-zone stroke (BDZS) at presentation.

METHODS
A phase II clinical trial of EDAS revascularization for symptomatic ICAD failing medical management (EDAS Revascularization for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis Steno-occlusive [ERSIAS]) was recently concluded. We analyze the outcomes of the subgroup of patients with BDZS at presentation treated with EDAS vs the previously reported Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) IMM subgroup with BDZS at presentation.

RESULTS
Of 52 patients included in the ERSIAS trial, 35 presented with strokes at baseline, and 28 had a BDZ pattern, including 15 (54%) with exclusive BDZS and 13 (46%) with mixed patterns (BDZ plus other distribution). Three of the 28 (10.7%) had recurrent strokes up to a median follow-up of 24 months. The rate of recurrent stroke in ICAD patients with BDZS at presentation after EDAS was significantly lower than the rate reported in the SAMMPRIS IMM subgroup with BDZS at presentation (10.7% vs 37% P = .004, 95% CI = 0.037-0.27).

CONCLUSION
ICAD patients with BDZS at presentation have lower rates of recurrent stroke after EDAS surgery than those reported with medical management in the SAMMPRIS trial. These results support further investigation of EDAS in a randomized clinical trial.
Prediction Models in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Forecasting Clinical Outcome With Artificial Intelligence
Authors: de Jong Guido , Aquarius René , Sanaan Barof , Bartels Ronald H M A , Grotenhuis J André , Henssen Dylan J H A , Boogaarts Hieronymus D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Predicting outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is known to be challenging and complex. Machine learning approaches, of which feedforward artificial neural networks (ffANNs) are the most widely used, could contribute to the patient-specific outcome prediction.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prediction capacity of an ffANN for the patient-specific clinical outcome and the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and compare those results with the predictions of 2 internationally used scoring systems.

METHODS
A prospective database was used to predict (1) death during hospitalization (ie, mortality) (n = 451), (2) unfavorable modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 mo (n = 413), and (3) the occurrence of DCI (n = 362). Additionally, the predictive capacities of the ffANN were compared to those of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) and VASOGRADE to predict clinical outcome and occurrence of DCI.

RESULTS
The area under the curve (AUC) of the ffANN showed to be 88%, 85%, and 72% for predicting mortality, an unfavorable mRS, and the occurrence of DCI, respectively. Sensitivity/specificity rates of the ffANN for mortality, unfavorable mRS, and the occurrence of DCI were 82%/80%, 94%/80%, and 74%/68%. The ffANN and SAHIT calculator showed similar AUCs for predicting personalized outcome. The presented ffANN and VASOGRADE were found to perform equally with regard to personalized prediction of occurrence of DCI.

CONCLUSION
The presented ffANN showed equal performance when compared with VASOGRADE and SAHIT scoring systems while using less individual cases. The web interface launched simultaneously with the publication of this manuscript allows for usage of the ffANN-based prediction tool for individual data (https://nutshell-tool.com/).
In situgrowth of large-area and self-aligned graphene nanoribbon arrays on liquid metal
Authors: Cai Le , He Wanzhen , Xue Xudong , Huang Jianyao , Zhou Ke , Zhou Xiahong , Xu Zhiping , Yu Gui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntrinsic graphene features semi-metallic characteristics that limit its applications in electronic devices, whereas graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising semiconductors because of their bandgap-opening feature. However, the controllable mass-fabrication of high-quality GNR arrays remains a major challenge. In particular, the in situ growth of GNR arrays through template-free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has not been realized. Herein, we report a template-free CVD strategy to grow large-area, high-quality and self-aligned GNR arrays on liquid copper surface. The width of as-grown GNR could be optimized to sub-10 nm with aspect ratio up to 387, which is higher than those of reported CVD-GNRs. The study of the growth mechanism indicates that a unique comb-like etching-regulated growth process caused by a trace hydrogen flow guides the formation of the mass-produced self-aligned GNR arrays. Our approach is operationally simple and efficient, offering an assurance for the use of GNR arrays in integrated circuits.
Real-World Inpatient Use of Medications Repurposed for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in United States Hospitals, March–May 2020
Authors: Kadri Sameer S , Demirkale Cumhur Y , Sun Junfeng , Busch Lindsay M , Strich Jeffrey R , Rosenthal Ning , Warner Sarah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We report off-label use patterns for medications repurposed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 318 US hospitals. Inpatient hydroxychloroquine use declined by 80%, whereas corticosteroids and tocilizumab were initiated 2 days earlier in May versus March 2020. Two thirds of ventilated COVID-19 patients were already receiving corticosteroids during March–May 2020, resembling pre-COVID use in mechanically ventilated influenza patients.
Candida aurisColonization After Discharge to a Community Setting: New York City, 2017–2019
Authors: Bergeron Genevieve , Bloch Danielle , Murray Kenya , Kratz Molly , Parton Hilary , Ackelsberg Joel , Antwi Mike , Del Rosso Paula , Dorsinville Marie , Kubinson Hannah , Lash Maura , Rand Sophie , Adams Eleanor , Zhu Yanchun , Erazo Richard , Chaturvedi Sudha , Weiss Don 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatients colonized with multidrug-resistant Candida auris and discharged to a community setting can subsequently seek care in a different healthcare facility and might be a source of nosocomial transmission of C auris.MethodsWe designed a case management pilot program for a cohort of New York City residents who had a history of positive C auris culture identified during clinical or screening activities in healthcare settings and discharged to a community setting during 2017–2019. Approximately every 3 months, case managers coordinated C auris colonization assessments, which included swabs of groin, axilla, and body sites yielding C auris previously. Patients eligible to become serially negative were those with ≥2 C auris colonization assessments after initial C auris identification. Clinical characteristics of serially negative and positive patients were compared.ResultsThe cohort included 75 patients. Overall, 45 patients were eligible to become serially negative and had 552 person-months of follow-up. Of these 45 patients, 28 patients were serially negative (62%; rate 5.1/100 person-months), 8 were serially positive, and 9 could not be classified as either. There were no clinical characteristics that were significantly different between serially negative and positive patients. The median time from initial C auris identification to being serially negative at assessments was 8.6 months (interquartile range, 5.7–10.8 months).ConclusionsA majority of patients, assessed at least twice after C auris identification, no longer had C auris detectable on serial colonization assessments.
Artificial Intelligence in the Supply Chain
Authors: Brintrup Alexandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While artificial intelligence (AI) in supply chains (SC) has become a popular topic, there is a distinct lack of conceptual frameworks with which to categorize and review how various subtopics of AI can help in subfields of supply chain management. To address this gap, this chapter conceptualizes the new topic of SC AI through a human-mimicking intelligent agent that exhibits “smart” SC behavior. It then develops several SC AI capability blocks for the intelligent agent and reviews and synthesizes studies to date within these capability blocks. The chapter concludes by highlighting several industrial use cases and extant challenges reported in the literature that need to be tackled to move this exciting new field forward.
Supplier Development at LG Electronics
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Hur Daesik , Schoenherr Tobias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Supplier development has been a critical supply management practice since the 1990s. In many instances, it has even become imperative for buyer firms to support and prepare their supply bases for uncertain economic and market environments, socially and environmentally conscious customers, advances in digital technologies, and increasing competition. Yet, research that approaches supplier development with the objective to advance all these dimensions in an integrated fashion is scarce. This study fills this void by exploring how a buyer firm may address these emerging challenges in its supply base. Specifically, an in-depth case study of LG Electronics explores how the firm designs and operates multidimensional supplier development activities to foster the stability and sustainability of its supply base while enhancing its core suppliers’ competitive capabilities. This chapter illustrates how supplier development can be taken to the next level, presents implications for managerial practice, and outlines promising future research avenues.
Natural Language Processing for Innovating Behavioral Political Science Research
Authors: Li Quan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the invention of Word2Vec by a Google team in 2013, natural language processing (NLP) techniques have been increasingly applied in the private sector, by government agencies across countries, and in the social sciences. This chapter explains NLP’s basic analytical procedure from preprocessing of raw text data to statistical modeling, reviews the most recent advances in NLP applications in political science, and proposes a new scaling approach for measuring political actors’ spatial preferences along with potential application in decision-making research. It argues that with a greater focus on explaining behavioral mechanisms and processes, which is a goal shared by artificial intelligence/computational modeling and cognitive science, NLP can help improve behavioral political science by its ability to integrate micro-, meso-, and macro-level analyses. Critical and reflexive use of NLP techniques, combined with big data, will lead to obtain better insights on political behavior in general.
Healthcare Fraud and Abuse in Europe
Authors: Elliott Tracey A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the significant problem of healthcare fraud in Europe, which in the UK alone is estimated at £1.27 billion a year or more than 30% of the European Union healthcare budgets. It emphasizes the difficulties of identifying the predominant “European approach” on the ethical, definitional, and operational challenges that make healthcare fraud difficult to define, identify, police, and prevent. It also describes different healthcare fraud problems in European countries that vary in historical, cultural, and political circumstances. This chapter discusses the significance of how European states manage the financing of their healthcare systems and payment of healthcare professionals as it affects the forms of abusive conduct that might occur. It also mentions the UK, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the Nordic Countries as states vulnerable to procurement corruption as stated by Transparency International.
Fluid Multilingual Practices among Youth in Cameroon and Mozambique
Authors: Reite Torun , Oloko Francis Badiang , Guissemo Manuel Armando 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Inspired by recent epistemological and ontological debates aimed at unsettling and reshaping conceptions of language, this essay discusses how mainstream sociolinguistics offers notions meaningful for studying contexts of the South. Based on empirical studies of youth in two African cities, Yaoundé in Cameroon and Maputo in Mozambique, the essay engages with “fluid modernity” and “enregisterment” to unravel the role that fluid multilingual practices play in the social lives of urban youth. The empirically grounded theoretical discussion shows how recent epistemologies and ontologies offer inroads to more pluriversal knowledge production. The essay foregrounds: i) the role of language in the sociopolitical battles of control over resources, and ii) speakers’ reflexivity and metapragmatic awareness of register formations of fluid multilingual practices. Moreover, it shows how bundles of localized meanings construct belongings and counterhegemonic discourses, as well as demonstrating speakers’ differential valuations and perceptions of boundaries and transgressions across social space.
Research on Emerging Biotechnologies
Authors: King Nancy M. P. , Coughlin Christine Nero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores ethical and policy issues common to research on emerging biotechnologies, focusing in particular on two broad categories: gene addition and gene editing research and stem cell–based intervention and regenerative medicine research. The issues addressed include the relationship between science and ethics in trial design, informed consent, and the therapeutic misconception in early-stage research with patient-subjects; treatment versus enhancement; questions of cost, access, and justice; and governance challenges. The chapter considers some ethical questions that only novel biotechnologies may raise, such as germline effects and enhancement, but the primary focus is on key research ethics issues common to most contemporary human research and how these issues manifest in all the novel biotechnologies considered herein. The chapter concludes with observations calculated to assist researchers, clinicians, and the public in understanding and discussing both the potential and the realities involved in rapidly developing areas of biotechnology research, in order to achieve a reasonable balance between fostering research progress and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of new biotechnological treatments.
Inequality, Victimhood, and Redress
Authors: Kesselring Rita 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn relation to inequality, the law is ambivalent. Legal norms can be used to create or formalize differences in a society, but social groups can also use legal norms in their attempts to attenuate inequality. This contribution differentiates three ways in which law can affect structures of inequality: legislation, case law, and law enforcement, and law’s discursive forms and legal practices. It focuses on the latter, or what Bourdieu calls ‘the force of law’, at the level of lived reality. To do so, it examines the apartheid litigations where South African victims of human rights violations turned to U.S. federal courts to seek redress, and shows how, in that pursuit, new forms of inequalities were produced. As the law needs to valuate life, the evaluation of human life poses the danger of producing new disparities. Recourse to the law can, however, also be emancipatory for the injured. Both effects—emancipation from and cementation of inequalities—have societal rather than mere technical causes.
New International Human Resource Management Approaches and Multinational Enterprise Strategies
Authors: Conroy Kieran M. , Minbaeva Dana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe effective implementation of international strategies (ISs) is dependent on the mobilization and management of human resources (HR) across borders. It is widely recognized that the multinational enterprise (MNE) serves as an important organizational context to explore how the design and diffusion of human resource management (HRM) policies and practices contribute to the effective development of international business (IB) strategy. Yet, to date, we know very little about how the HR function helps or hinders the implementation of an MNE’s international strategies. This chapter specifically discusses the challenges associated with MNEs managing their increasingly diverse workforces. This, we propose, will change the manner in which we think about the relationship between the HR role and the implementation of MNE strategies.
Theory and Practice in Newton’s Alchemical Experimentation
Authors: Newman William R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Isaac Newton’s laboratory notebooks describe decades of experimentation in alchemy, extending from the late 1660s or early 1670s up until his departure for the Royal Mint in the 1690s. As they stand, however, the highly detailed experiments are extremely hard to decipher. Newton gives few clues about their purpose and the idiosyncratic character of the experiments when compared to those of other alchemists makes it difficult to interpret them in terms of protocols from contemporary chymistry. At other places in his extensive chymical corpus, however, Newton presents theoretical ruminations that may provide the key to his experimentation. This is the first article to attempt a detailed comparison of Newton’s alchemical theory with his laboratory practice.
Participatory Arts-Based Pedagogy in Baccalaureate Nursing Education
Authors: Raber Anjanette M. , Vermeesch Amber 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Arts-based pedagogy (ABP) is an innovative teaching method combining art and learning in an existing curriculum. To understand the impact of students’ perceptions of the effects of ABP on critical thinking, communication, and observational skills, 89 students completed an online survey. The results indicate that students enjoyed ABP and that it positively affected critical thinking, enhancing their future clinical practice and preparing them for increasingly complex health care environments.