bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corruption fights back: Localizing transparency and EITI in the Nigerian “penkelemes”
Authors: Ejiogu Amanze , Ejiogu Chibuzo , Ambituuni Ambisisi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study explores how the global transparency norm is localized in the Nigerian extractive industry. Transparency is theorized as a process which can be analyzed in terms of rules, interactions, power games, and context. Nigeria is conceptualized as a “penkelemes”—a concept which denotes how traditions, norms, and practices are intertwined with a system of corruption, kinship, and patronage networks. Three main insights emerge. First, the complex motives and ability of local actors to balance demands for transparency from the international community with participation in the corrupt local political system determines which international norms they adopt. Second, the struggle for power over the transparency process determines the local understanding of transparency. Third, the link between transparency and corruption is paradoxical. Corruption conditions the enactment of transparency but even this corrupted transparency is useful in fighting corruption. Thus, transparency becomes part of the problem as well as part of the solution.
Manipulating interfacial behaviour and emulsifying properties of myofibrillar proteins by L‐Arginine at low and high salt concentration
Authors: Guo Xiuyun , Zhang Yawei , Jamali Muneer Ahmed , Peng Zengqi 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe present work examined the impact of L‐Arginine (Arg) on the emulsifying properties, interfacial behaviour and conformational characteristics of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) at high (0.6 m) and low (0.15 m) salt concentration to maintain good emulsifying properties of MPs at low salt concentration. The data indicated that Arg increased the emulsifying activity index/emulsion stability index (EAI/ESI) and decreased the CI and droplet size of emulsions regardless of salt concentration. Raman spectra revealed that the α‐helix content decreased from 60.30% to 51.26% at high salt concentration, and from 60.20% to 54.82% at low salt concentration in the presence of Arg. In addition, MPs treated with Arg exhibited a higher interfacial pressure and more rapidly diffusion to the oil surface. Meanwhile, Arg increased the interfacial protein loading. The results demonstrated that Arg caused the unfolding of MPs, promoting the adsorption of proteins and decreasing the interfacial tension, ultimately improving the stability of emulsions at low salt concentration.
Association of killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor genes with acute myelogenous leukaemia
Authors: Alavianmehr Ali , Mansouri Marzieh , Ramzi Mani , Faghih Masoumeh , Monabati Ahmad , Arandi Nargess , Faghih Zahra , Farjadian Shirin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractKiller‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) are important because of their key roles in NK cell development and function. Some KIR genes have been associated with the incidence of haematological malignancies. This study was designed to determine whether the inheritance of specific KIR genes is associated with susceptibility to acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) in Persians living in south‐western Iran. KIR genes and KIR2DS4 variants were typed by polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) in 167 patients with AML and 169 healthy controls. Our results showed 10% of patients—mostly females—were classified as M3. Flt3 mutations were detected in 26% of patients, most of whom had internal tandem duplication (ITD). The frequency of activating KIRs (aKIRs)—mainly KIR3DS1—was higher in patients, whereas inhibitory KIRs (iKIRs)—particularly KIR3DL1 and KIR2DL1—were more common among controls. The incidence of the KIR2DS4fl allele was higher among patients with non‐M3 AML than controls. We also found a higher frequency of 4 or more iKIR genes in the controls and a higher frequency of 4 or more aKIR genes in the patients. Individuals with more iKIR than aKIR belonged predominantly to the control group. Individuals with the telomeric AA genotype who had inherited the KIR2DS4fl allele were more frequent in the patient group. According to our results, increased frequency of aKIRs in patients with AML may lead to the hyperactivation of NK cells against malignant cells with reduced or lack of HLA class I molecules followed by NK cell exhaustion which allow malignant cells to progress.
COVID‐19 in the pre‐pandemic period: a survey of the time commitment and perceptions of infectious diseases physicians in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Foley David A. , Chew Rusheng , Raby Edward , Tong Steven Y. C. , Davis Joshua S. ,   Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundInfectious diseases (ID) physicians perform a pivotal role in directing the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).AimTo assess the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on workload and the perceptions of ID physicians regarding the national response in Australia and New Zealand in the pre‐pandemic.MethodsA survey of ID physicians in Australia and New Zealand was undertaken from 3 to 10 March 2020. Respondents were asked to estimate time spent on SARS‐CoV‐2‐related activities in February and report their agreement with statements on a 5‐point Likert scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’. We also asked about the intended use of investigational agents.ResultsThere were 214 respondents (36% of 600 eligible participants). The median workload due to SARS‐CoV‐2‐related activities was 34% of one full‐time equivalent (interquartile range 18–68%). Less than a quarter (50, 23%) of respondents had experience managing cases, while 33% (70) had experience preparing during similar pandemics. Nevertheless, 88% (188/213) believed they were well informed when giving testing and management advice, and 45% (95/212) believed their national response was well coordinated. Additionally, 41% (88/214) were worried about becoming infected through occupational exposure. Over half (116, 54%) the respondents intended to use lopinavir/ritonavir in confirmed cases of COVID‐19 with severe disease.ConclusionsID physicians spent a large proportion of time on SARS‐CoV‐2‐related activities. Increased staffing is required to avoid burnout. Importantly, ID physicians feel well informed when giving advice. A national body should be established to co‐ordinate response. Treatment efficacy trials are needed to clarify the utility of unproven treatments.
A meta‐analysis of support variables and well‐being in ethnic minority populations
Authors: Vera Elizabeth , Yoon Eunju , Chander Natasha , Kim Daewon , Liu Huabing , Kolas Deanna , Norgord Rebecca , Gomez Maribeth , Daniels Rebeca , Matthews Katherine , Ahmad Mustaffa Ezza 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims: The importance of social support as a predictor of well‐being has been documented in the literature for decades. The extent to which social support may be uniquely relevant to the well‐being of ethnic minority populations has not yet been empirically supported with meta‐analytic techniques. The current meta‐analytic study attempted to clarify the nuances of the relationship between support and well‐being in ethnic minority populations and to identify what moderators may be relevant to understanding such relationships. Method: Data from 111 articles were included in the analyses that examined both the main effects and moderators of the relationship between social support and well‐being. Results: Overall findings revealed a greater effect size (ES) between support and positive well‐being (r = .38) than between support and negative well‐being (r = −.27). Significant moderators included the proportion of females in the sample, age of the participants, and nature of support. Several ES differences were found in support type and ethnic group interactions as well. Conclusions: Implications of these data include the importance of social support enhancement in efforts to increase the positive well‐being and attending to gender and other cultural modifiers in future studies of social support with racial and ethnic minorities.
Disclosure tone management and labor unions
Authors: Arslan‐Ayaydin Özgür , Thewissen James , Torsin Wouter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBy analyzing the influence of labor unions on the narrative content of corporate disclosures, we provide empirical evidence that managers deflate the tone of earnings press releases in order to convey to unions a less optimistic image of firm financial performance. We find that the tone of the qualitative information in earnings press releases is significantly less optimistic as the degree of unionization increases, and particularly when financial performance is strong. The results of quasi‐natural experiments suggest that labor unions causally affect the use of tone deflation, and the deflation is stronger during labor negotiations. Our findings also indicate that labor unions lead to a significant weakening of the signaling value of the tone of earnings press releases in predicting future performance.
Relationship between dietary sodium and sugar intake: A cross‐sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001‐2016
Authors: Gress Todd W. , Mansoor Kanaan , Rayyan Yaser M. , Khthir Rodhan A. , Tayyem Reema F. , Tzamaloukas Antonios H. , Abraham Nader G. , Shapiro Joseph I. , Khitan Zeid J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDietary sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes have a reported J‐shaped curve relationship. This study analyzes the relationship between dietary sodium and sugar intake as a potential mechanism to explain this association. The authors examined cross‐sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001‐2016 where dietary sodium, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, and sugar intakes were assessed by 24‐hour dietary recall and were standardized to a total daily intake of 2000 calories. Sodium intake was categorized into sodium quintiles (SQ) as follows: SQ1(0.06‐2.6 g/d); SQ2(2.6‐3.0 g/d); SQ3(3.0‐3.4 g/d); SQ4(3.4‐4.0 g/d); and SQ5(4.0‐29.3 g/d). Simple and multivariate linear regression using SQ3 as reference were used to assess associations between daily sodium intake and the other nutrients. Our results showed that among 38 722 participants that met our study criteria, the mean age was 43.6 years (SD 16.8 years) and sex was equally distributed (48.8% male vs 51.2% female). Sugar intake went down across increasing SQs and was significantly higher in SQ1 (141.2 g/d) and SQ2 (118.6 g/d) and significantly lower in SQ4 (97.9 g/d) and SQ5 (85.6 g/d) compared to SQ3 (108.6 g/d; all P < .01). These same trends remained unchanged and significant in the fully adjusted multivariate model. In conclusion, NHANES study participants reporting low sodium intake on 24‐hour dietary recall have a higher consumption of sugar. The negative impact of low sodium diet on cardiovascular health may be explained at least partially by the associated high sugar intake.
SLC6 transporter oligomerization
Authors: Jayaraman Kumaresan , Das Anand K. , Luethi Dino , Szöllősi Dániel , Schütz Gerhard J. , Reith Maarten E. A. , Sitte Harald H. , Stockner Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTransporters of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family mediate the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glycine. SLC6 family members are 12 transmembrane helix‐spanning proteins that operate using the transmembrane sodium gradient for transport. These transporters assume various quaternary arrangements ranging from monomers to complex stoichiometries with multiple subunits. Dopamine and serotonin transporter oligomerization has been implicated in trafficking of newly formed proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane with a pre‐fixed assembly. Once at the plasma membrane, oligomers are kept fixed in their quaternary assembly by interaction with phosphoinositides. While it remains unclear how oligomer formation precisely affects physiological transporter function, it has been shown that oligomerization supports the activity of release‐type psychostimulants. Most recently, single molecule microscopy experiments unveiled that the stoichiometry differs between individual members of the SLC6 family. The present overview summarizes our understanding of the influence of plasma membrane constituents on transporter oligomerization, describes the known interfaces between protomers and discusses open questions.
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“Good Mothers Work”: How Maternal Employment Shapes Women's Expectation of Work and Family in Contemporary Urban China
Authors: Zhou Yun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrawing on 70 in‐depth interviews, I investigated how maternal employment shapes urban young Chinese women's work–family expectation in a context of rapid social change. These interviews indicated that respondents attached strong moral meaning to mothers’ wage work, regarding it as integral to a “good” mother and an “ideal” woman. This moralization of maternal employment, in turn, led contemporary young Chinese women to view wage work as a taken‐for‐granted choice. Yet different from their own mothers, these young women were confronted with profound transformation across various domains of the postreform Chinese society. The normative expectation of women's wage work, coupled with slow‐to‐change expectations about women's roles at home and in a changing labor market, intensified young women's burden of “doing it all.” This research highlights the importance of bringing the macro‐level context back into the mother–daughter dyad to understand the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs and behavior.
Bacterial composition in brassica‐cultivated soils with low and high severity of clubroot
Authors: Saraiva Ana Luiza da R. F. , Bhering Aline da S. , do Carmo Margarida G. F. , Andreote Fernando D. , Dias Armando C.F. , Coelho Irene da S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe natural bacterial communities of the soil–plant system are relevant in the process of suppressing diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. However, little is known regarding the structure of these communities in soils cultivated with brassica vegetables and their relationship with clubroot severity, a disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In the present study, the composition of bacterial communities in soils cultivated with cauliflower with distinct levels of disease severity was compared. The bacterial composition in soils with lower and higher clubroot severity differs in phylum and genera levels. Soils associated with plants with lower disease severity showed predominance of Kaistobacter, Flavisolibacter, Sphingobacterium, Koribacter, Nitrospira, Bradyrhizobium and Bacillus. Our study reinforces the importance of management strategies that promote improving the physical–chemical characteristics of soil, which are essential to modulate bacterial populations correlated with plant disease suppression.
Health Care Quality Improvement and the Ambiguous Commodity of Care
Authors: Manelin Ethan Balgley 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuality of care has become a major concern of the U.S.’s health care system in recent decades thanks to an energetic social movement and, more recently, interest from health insurers. Ethnographic research at a primary care clinic engaged in an array of quality improvement efforts revealed that physicians navigate two incommensurable views of quality: one aligned with the metric‐oriented quality movement, and the other based on a humanistic vision of their professional role. Against the backdrop of a financialized health care system, these two views represent “differentiated ties” with respect to health care as a commodity. Furthermore, they are used to justify a broad division of labor where support staff and clinic leaders relieve physicians of responsibility for managing, implementing, and reporting quality efforts. These differentiated ties reveal the fundamental ambiguity of health care as a commodity, the resolution of which is a central—albeit implicit—motive of the quality movement.
Outcome of improved care bundle in acute respiratory failure patients
Authors: Chen Chin‐Ming , Cheng Ai‐Chin , Chou Willy , Selvam Padhmavathi , Cheng Chih Mei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundProlonged physical immobilization has negative effects on patients on mechanical ventilation (MV).AimsTo introduce a quality improvement programme with early mobilization on the outcomes of patients on MV in the intensive care unit (ICU). We particularly studied the impact of the ABCDE (daily Awakening, Breathing trial, drug Co‐ordination, Delirium survey and treatment, and Early mobilization) bundle on the outcome of MV patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU.DesignThis is a retrospective, observational, before‐and‐after outcome study.MethodAdult patients on MV (N = 173) admitted to a medical centre ICU with 19 beds in southern Taiwan were enrolled. A multidisciplinary team (critical care nurse, nursing assistant, respiratory therapist, physical therapist, patient's family) performed ABCDE with early mobilization within 72 hours of MV when patients became haemodynamically stable (twice daily [30 minutes each time], 5 days/week during family visits and in co‐operation with family members).Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measures were differences of MV duration, ICU and hospital length of stay, medical costs, and intra‐hospital mortality before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) bundle care.ResultsPhases 1 and 2 revealed several differences, including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The patients in phase 2 had a significantly lower mean ICU length of stay (8.0 vs 12.0 days) but a similar MV duration (170.2 vs 188.1 hours), hospital stays (21.1 vs 23.3 days) with reduced costs (22.1 vs 31.7 × 104 NT$), and intra‐hospital mortality (8.3 vs. 36.6%).ConclusionsThe ABCDE care bundle improved the outcome of acute renal failure patients with MV, especially shortening ICU stays and lowering medical costs and hospital mortality.Relevance to clinical practiceAn ABCDE care bundle with an inter‐professional, evidence‐based, multicomponent ICU early mobilization management strategy can reduce ICU stays, hospital expenditure, and mortality among acute respiratory failure patients with MV.
Increasing rates of long‐term nitrogen deposition consistently increased litter decomposition in a semi‐arid grassland
Authors: Hou Shuang‐Li , Hättenschwiler Stephan , Yang Jun‐Jie , Sistla Seeta , Wei Hai‐Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Hu Yan‐Yu , Wang Ru‐Zhen , Cui Shu‐Yan , Lü Xiao‐Tao , Han Xing‐Guo 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe continuing nitrogen (N) deposition observed worldwide alters ecosystem nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. Litter decomposition is a key process contributing to these changes, but the numerous mechanisms for altered decomposition remain poorly identified.We assessed these different mechanisms with a decomposition experiment using litter from four abundant species (Achnatherum sibiricum,Agropyron cristatum,Leymus chinensisandStipa grandis) and litter mixtures representing treatment‐specific community composition in a semi‐arid grassland under long‐term simulation of six different rates of N deposition.Decomposition increased consistently with increasing rates of N addition in all litter types. Higher soil manganese (Mn) availability, which apparently was a consequence of N addition‐induced lower soil pH, was the most important factor for faster decomposition. Soil C : N ratios were lower with N addition that subsequently led to markedly higher bacterial to fungal ratios, which also stimulated litter decomposition.Several factors contributed jointly to higher rates of litter decomposition in response to N deposition. Shifts in plant species composition and litter quality played a minor role compared to N‐driven reductions in soil pH and C : N, which increased soil Mn availability and altered microbial community structure. The soil‐driven effect on decomposition reported here may have long‐lasting impacts on nutrient cycling, soil organic matter dynamics and ecosystem functioning.
Getting by: The ethnomethods of everyday cycling navigation
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCycling is often carried out in public places, meaning that it is easy to both observe and video‐record cycling in action. Within sociology, ethnomethodology focuses on practical activities, often by collecting and analysing video data. Geographers have also used video data in researching cycling, but the two perspectives have little crossover. This article showcases an ethnomethodological analysis of video data on everyday cycling navigation, presenting three empirical examples. We see that cycling, accomplished by real interacting people, needs analysing in fine detail. Further knowledge of the mundane aspects of cycling mobility can usefully build upon such a videographic approach.
Antifungal agents in preventing oral candidiasis in clinical oncology: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Shen Loo Yee , Yee Wong Tse , Veettil Sajesh K. , Se Wong Pei , Gopinath Divya , Mooi Ching Siew , Kunnath Menon Rohit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis review examined the comparative efficacy and safety of antifungal agents in preventing oral candidiasis among patients on cancer treatment.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and network meta‐analysis based on randomised controlled trials that compared antifungal agents to placebo or other antifungal agents used in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Relative ranking of antifungal agents was evaluated with surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probability score. A total of 20 randomised controlled trials (3,215 participants) comparing 11 interventions were included.ResultsCompared with placebo, clotrimazole was ranked the best agent for preventing the incidence of oral candidiasis (risk ratio (RR), 0.21 [95% CI 0.08 to 0.55]; SUCRA = 0.89). Fluconazole was ranked the safest among other antifungal agents (SUCRA = 0.80), whereas clotrimazole (SUCRA = 0.36) and amphotericin B (SUCRA = 0.18) were ranked low for safety. Amphotericin B was associated with highest risk of adverse events (RR, 3.52 [95% CI 1.27 to 9.75]).ConclusionClotrimazole is the most effective in preventing oral candidiasis, whereas fluconazole has the most favourable risk‐benefit profile in patients undergoing cancer treatment. However, we are unable to recommend clotrimazole as the best choice to prevent oral candidiasis due to unavailability of studies comparing clotrimazole with other antifungal agents.
Finding distinctions between oral cancer and periodontitis using saliva metabolites and machine learning
Authors: Kouznetsova Valentina L. , Li Jeremy , Romm Eden , Tsigelny Igor F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this research is the study of metabolic pathways related to oral cancer and periodontitis along with development of machine‐learning model for elucidation of these diseases based on saliva metabolites of patients.MethodsData mining, metabolomic pathways analysis, study of metabolite–gene networks related to these diseases. Machine‐learning and deep‐learning methods for development of the model for recognition of oral cancer versus periodontitis, using patients' saliva.ResultsThe most accurate classifications between oral cancer and periodontitis were performed using neural networks, logistic regression and stochastic gradient descent confirmed by the separate 10‐fold cross‐validations. The best results were achieved by the deep‐learning neural network with the TensorFlow program. Accuracy of the resulting model was 79.54%. The other methods, which did not rely on deep learning, were able to achieve comparable, although slightly worse results with respect to accuracy.ConclusionOur results demonstrate a possibility to distinguish oral cancer from periodontal disease by analysis the saliva metabolites of a patient, using machine‐learning methods. These findings may be useful in the development of a non‐invasive method to aid care providers in determining between oral cancer and periodontitis quickly and effectively.