bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in high-throughput methods for the identification of virus receptors
Authors: Barrass Sarah V. , Butcher Sarah J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractViruses have evolved many mechanisms to invade host cells and establish successful infections. The interaction between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors is the first and decisive step in establishing such infections, initiating virus entry into the host cells. Therefore, the identification of host receptors is fundamental in understanding pathogenesis and tissue tropism. Furthermore, receptor identification can inform the development of antivirals, vaccines, and diagnostic technologies, which have a substantial impact on human health. Nevertheless, due to the complex nature of virus entry, the redundancy in receptor usage, and the limitations in current identification methods, many host receptors remain elusive. Recent advances in targeted gene perturbation, high-throughput screening, and mass spectrometry have facilitated the discovery of virus receptors in recent years. In this review, we compare the current methods used within the field to identify virus receptors, focussing on genomic- and interactome-based approaches.
International Consumer Law: What Is It All About?
Authors: Durovic M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIncreasing effort has been invested in the internationalization of consumer law. Some of the recent huge global consumer law–related scandals (e.g., Dieselgate, Facebook) demonstrate the rising relevance of and the need for international consumer law. This paper argues that the efforts towards the internationalization of consumer law should focus, first, on the establishment of globally accepted minimum standards of consumer protection (as it has been done through the United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection) and, second, on the development and facilitation of cooperation as a necessary prerequisite for the efficient protection of consumers (as it has been initiated by the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network), rather than on the harmonization of substantive consumer law. This is not only because coordination among diverse countries in the area of consumer protection is easier to achieve in practice through a policy approach rather than substantive harmonization, but also because coordination in practice is an instrument that, as it stands now, is capable of providing a higher level of protection to consumers than substantive harmonization.
Public Epistemologies and Intellectual Interventions in Contemporary Italy
Authors: Brandmayr Federico 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBuilding on recent work in the sociology of intellectual interventions, the study of cultural boundaries of science, and the role of ideas in politics, the article develops a theory of public epistemologies as argumentative tools people use to support or oppose political positions. Two prominent public epistemologies that have recently crystallized in Italian politics are taken as illustrations, with special attention paid to the role of two academics (an economist and an immunologist) turned public intellectuals. The article argues that the rise of populism in Italy has contributed to unusual alignments between political and epistemological positions, which has made questions about science and expert knowledge much more relevant in contesting and supporting political decisions.
Comparison of the gamma-Pareto convolution with conventional methods of characterising metformin pharmacokinetics in dogs
Authors: Wesolowski Carl A. , Wanasundara Surajith N. , Babyn Paul S. , Alcorn Jane 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA model was developed for long term metformin tissue retention based upon temporally inclusive models of serum/plasma concentration ($$ C $$C) having power function tails called the gamma-Pareto type I convolution (GPC) model and was contrasted with biexponential (E2) and noncompartmental (NC) metformin models. GPC models of$$ C $$Chave a peripheral venous first arrival of drug-times parameter, early$$ C $$Cpeaks and very slow washouts of$$ C $$C. The GPC, E2 and NC models were applied to a total of 148 serum samples drawn from 20 min to 72 h following bolus intravenous metformin in seven healthy mongrel dogs. The GPC model was used to calculate area under the curve (AUC), clearance ($$ CL $$CL), and functions of time,f(t), for drug mass remaining (M), apparent volume of distribution ($$V_{d}$$Vd), as well as$$t_{1/2}\ f(t)$$t1/2f(t)for$$ C $$C,$$ M $$Mand$$V_{d}$$Vd. The GPC models of$$ C $$Cyielded metformin$$ CL $$CL-values that were 84.8% of total renal plasma flow (RPF) as estimated from meta-analysis. The GPC$$ CL $$CL-values were significantly less than the corresponding NC and E2$$ CL $$CL-values of 104.7% and 123.7% of RPF, respectively. The GPC plasma/serum only model predicted 78.9% drug$$ M $$Maverage urinary recovery at 72 h; similar to prior human urine drug$$ M $$Mcollection results. The GPC model$$t_{1/2}$$t1/2of$$ M $$M,$$ C $$Cand$$V_d$$Vd, were asymptotically proportional to elapsed time, with a constant limiting$$t_{1/2}$$t1/2ratio ofM/Caveraging 7.0 times, a result in keeping with prior simultaneous$$ C $$Cand urine$$ M $$Mcollection studies and exhibiting a rate of apparent volume growth of$$V_d$$Vdthat achieved limiting constant values. A simulated constant average drug mass multidosing protocol exhibited increased$$V_d$$Vdand$$t_{1/2}$$t1/2with elapsing time, effects that have been observed experimentally during same-dose multidosing. The GPC heavy-tailed models explained multiple documented phenomena that were unexplained with lighter-tailed models.
Stroke Induces Prolonged Changes in Lipid Metabolism, the Liver and Body Composition in Mice
Authors: Haley Michael J. , White Claire S. , Roberts Daisy , O’Toole Kelly , Cunningham Catriona J. , Rivers-Auty Jack , O’Boyle Conor , Lane Conor , Heaney Oliver , Allan Stuart M. , Lawrence Catherine B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDuring recovery, stroke patients are at risk of developing long-term complications that impact quality of life, including changes in body weight and composition, depression and anxiety, as well as an increased risk of subsequent vascular events. The aetiologies and time-course of these post-stroke complications have not been extensively studied and are poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed long-term changes in body composition, metabolic markers and behaviour after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. These outcomes were also studied in the context of obesity, a common stroke co-morbidity proposed to protect against post-stroke weight loss in patients. We found that stroke induced long-term changes in body composition, characterised by a sustained loss of fat mass with a recovery of lean weight loss. These global changes in response to stroke were accompanied by an altered lipid profile (increased plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides) and increased adipokine release at 60 days. After stroke, the liver also showed histological changes indicative of liver damage and a decrease in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed. Stroke induced depression and anxiety-like behaviours in mice, illustrated by deficits in exploration, nest building and burrowing behaviours. When initial infarct volumes were matched between mice with and without comorbid obesity, these outcomes were not drastically altered. Overall, we found that stroke induced long-term changes in depressive/anxiety-like behaviours, and changes in plasma lipids, adipokines and the liver that may impact negatively on future vascular health.
Machine learning of electro-hydraulic motor dynamics
Authors: Baronti Luca , Zhang Biao , Castellani Marco , Pham Duc Truong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper we propose an innovative machine learning approach to the hydraulic motor load balancing problem involving intelligent optimisation and neural networks. Two different nonlinear artificial neural network approaches are investigated, and their accuracy is compared to that of a linearised analytical model. The first neural network approach uses a multi-layer perceptron to reproduce the load simulator dynamics. The multi-layer perceptron is trained using the Rprop algorithm. The second approach uses a hybrid scheme featuring an analytical model to represent the main system behaviour, and a multi-layer perceptron to reproduce unmodelled nonlinear terms. Four techniques are tested for the optimisation of the parameters of the analytical model: random search, an evolutionary algorithm, particle swarm optimisation, and the Bees Algorithm. Experimental tests on 4500 real data samples from an electro-hydraulic load simulator rig reveal that the accuracy of the hybrid and the neural network models is comparable, and significantly superior to the accuracy of the analytical model. The results of the optimisation procedures suggest also that the inferior performance of the analytical model is likely due to the non-negligible magnitude of the unmodelled nonlinearities, rather than suboptimal setting of the parameters. Despite its limitations, the analytical linear model performs comparably to the state-of-the-art in the literature, whilst the neural and hybrid approaches compare favourably.
SELF-DETERMINATION, THE CHAGOS ADVISORY OPINION AND THE CHAGOSSIANS
Authors: Allen Stephen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn its Chagos Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UK's detachment of the Chagos Archipelago from the colony of Mauritius on the eve of independence constituted a violation of customary international law (CIL). This article analyses the Court's approach to establishing the emergence and content of the right to self-determination in this frustrated case of decolonisation. It goes on to examine the argument that self-determination's peremptory character has decisive consequences in this specific context—a contention which found favour with several judges in their Separate Opinions. The article explores the extent to which the claims and counterclaims, made during the advisory proceedings, turned on countervailing readings of not only the key sources of custom but also of the principle of inter-temporal law. The final sections consider the significance of the Chagos Opinion for the Chagossians, both in relation to the Archipelago's resettlement and for their outstanding appeal in the UK courts (where the European Convention on Human Rights performs a pivotal role).
Comprehensive Detection of Very Low Frequency Earthquakes Off the Hokkaido and Tohoku Pacific Coasts, Northeastern Japan
Authors: Baba Satoru , Takeo Akiko , Obara Kazushige , Matsuzawa Takanori , Maeda Takuto 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVery low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs), classified as one type of slow earthquake, occur near seismogenic zones and can be a proxy for interplate slow slip. We investigated VLFE activity off the Hokkaido and Tohoku Pacific coasts, where the Pacific plate subducts under the North American plate. Comprehensive detection of VLFEs is performed for the period from January 2003 to July 2018 by a matched‐filter technique utilizing synthetic waveforms calculated based on a three‐dimensional velocity structure model. The spatiotemporal consistency between the afterslip of the 2003 Tokachi‐Oki earthquake (Mw 8.0) and VLFE distribution off the Hokkaido coast suggests that VLFE activity can reflect interplate slow slip. Inside a large coseismic slip area of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0), the VLFE activity was low thereafter, whereas outside the area, VLFE activity increased after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. These characteristics are consistent with aseismic slip distributions estimated from repeating earthquakes. VLFEs were sometimes activated by afterslips of interplate earthquakes with Mw of 6–7, such as the 2008 Fukushima‐Oki earthquake and aftershocks of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Even in the coseismic slip areas of very large earthquakes, we found the occurrence of episodic bursts every 3 months to a year during an interseismic period between very large earthquakes. Such VLFE bursts may suggest small slips during the interseismic period.
Ionospheric Sounding and Tomography Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Other Signals of Opportunity
Authors: Cushley A. C. , Noël J.‐M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNumerical modeling has demonstrated that Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals can be used not only to estimate vertical total electron content (TEC) to supplement current TEC maps and data assimilation models but also to reconstruct two‐dimensional (2‐D) electron density maps of the ionosphere using computerized tomography. A ray tracing model was used to determine the characteristics of individual linearly polarized waves transmitted by ships to satellites in circular orbits at 780‐ and 1,000‐km altitude, including the wave path and the state of polarization at the satellite receiver. The modeled Faraday rotation was computed and used to calculate the TEC along the ray paths. The resulting TEC was used as input for computerized ionospheric tomography using the algebraic reconstruction technique. This study concentrated on reconstructing mesoscale structures 25–100 km in horizontal extent. The primary scientific interest of this study was to show that AIS signals can be used as a new source of input data for computerized ionospheric tomography to image the ionosphere and to obtain a better understanding of magneto‐ionic wave propagation.
Object Identification in Radar Imaging via the Reciprocity Gap Method
Authors: Charnley Matthew , Wood Aihua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we present an experimental method for locating and identifying objects in radar imaging, specifically problems that could arise in physical situations. The data for the forward problem are generated using a discretization of the Lippmann‐Schwinger equation, and the inverse problem of object location is solved using the reciprocity gap approach to the linear sampling method. The main new development in this paper is an exploration of determining the permittivity of the object from the back‐scattered data, utilizing another discretization of the Lippmann‐Schwinger equation.
Reciprocal Formulation of the Modal Expansion Approach for Around‐the‐Corner Propagation in Street Canyons
Authors: Di Simone A. , Iodice A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn a recent paper, we have presented an efficient and simple approach to model electromagnetic propagation in urban street canyons, when both the transmitter and the receiver are below the rooftop level. The model is based on the modal expansion approach, and we have shown that it is computationally efficient and that it allows for deriving a straightforward expression of the average received signal strength. In that paper, the Line‐of‐Sight (LoS) propagation case was described and discussed in detail, and the complete derivation of results was provided. Conversely, for the Non‐Line‐of‐Sight (NLoS) around‐the‐corner case, only the final results were presented and briefly discussed. In the present paper, first of all we provide full details on the derivation of formulas for the NLoS case. In addition, we extend the discussion of results and properly analyze the obtained NLoS propagation loss expression. Last but not least, in contrast with our previous propagation model, we here propose a new formulation of the NLoS case that satisfies a key property in electromagnetics, that is, reciprocity, which was previously fulfilled only in the LoS case. The presented models are validated using empirical models, ray‐tracing algorithms, and experimental campaigns.
Flood Size Increases Nonlinearly Across the Western United States in Response to Lower Snow‐Precipitation Ratios
Authors: Davenport Frances V. , Herrera‐Estrada Julio E. , Burke Marshall , Diffenbaugh Noah S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMany mountainous and high‐latitude regions have experienced more precipitation as rain rather than snow due to warmer winter temperatures. Further decreases in the annual snow fraction are projected under continued global warming, with potential impacts on flood risk. Here, we quantify the size of streamflow peaks in response to both seasonal and event‐specific rain‐fraction using stream gage observations from watersheds across the western United States. Across the study watersheds, the largest rainfall‐driven streamflow peaks are >2.5 times the size of the largest snowmelt‐driven peaks. Using a panel regression analysis of individual precipitation and snowmelt events, we show that the empirical streamflow response grows approximately exponentially as the liquid precipitation input increases, with rain‐dominated runoff leading to proportionately larger streamflow increases than snowmelt or mixed rain‐and‐snow runoff. We find that the response to changes in rain percentage is largest in the wettest watersheds, where wet antecedent conditions are important for increasing runoff efficiency. Similarly, the effect of rain percentage is larger across watersheds in the Northwest and West regions compared to watersheds in the Northern Rockies and Southwest regions. Overall, as a higher percentage of precipitation falls as rain, increases in the size of rainfall‐driven and “rain‐on‐snow”‐driven floods have the potential to more than offset decreases in the size of snowmelt‐driven floods.
WHO-Leitlinie: Beratung von Müttern zur Verbesserung von Stillpraktiken
Authors: Nußbaumer-Streit Barbara , Gartlehner Gerald 
Published: December 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Stillen ist eine wichtige Grundlage für die Gesundheit und Entwicklung eines Kindes, in manchen Teilen der Welt auch für das Überleben eines Kindes. Trotz umfangreicher Belege dafür, dass Nicht-Stillen global mit erhöhter Mortalität und langfristigen gesundheitsschädlichen Auswirkungen assoziiert ist, werden weniger als die Hälfte aller Kinder weltweit in den ersten 6 Monaten ausschließlich gestillt. Stillberatung ist eine maßgebliche Intervention, um die Stillraten zu erhöhen.
Zielsetzung Ziel dieser Leitlinie ist es, Empfehlungen zur Umsetzung von Stillberatung zu geben, um die Stillpraktiken von Müttern zu verbessern.
Methodik Die Leitlinie wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) gemäß der im WHO-Handbuch zur Leitlinienentwicklung empfohlenen Methode umgesetzt. Die vorliegende Publikation umfasst die wichtigsten Aspekte der Leitlinie und wurde vom WHO Collaborating Centre an der Donau-Universität Krems (Österreich) auf Deutsch übersetzt.
Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerungen Diese Leitlinie berücksichtigt die aktuelle Evidenz und gibt Empfehlungen und Anmerkungen zur Umsetzung von Stillberatung, wie bspw. zur Häufigkeit, zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, oder zur Art und zu den Anbietern von Stillberatung, um Stillpraktiken zu verbessern. Der Umfang der Leitlinie ist auf diese Umsetzungs-Details beschränkt.
Análisis de las lesiones encefálicas en resonancia magnética en pacientes con señales transitorias de alta intensidad detectadas por Doppler transcraneal
Authors: Surur Alberto , Pessini Ferreira Lucas M. , Galíndez Jorge A. , Martín Juan J. 
Published: December 2019

Resumen
Objetivo Describir los hallazgos en resonancia magnética (RM) de encéfalo en pacientes menores de 65 años que fueron estudiados por Doppler transcraneal (DTC) con contraste de microburbujas, con antecedentes de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) criptogénico y sospecha de foramen oval permeable (FOP).
Materiales y métodos Este estudio transversal retrospectivo incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos, menores de 65 años.
Resultados Nuestra muestra (n = 47, 47% masculino y 53% femenino, edad media de 42 años) presentó señales transitorias de alta intensidad (HITS, por su sigla en inglés) positivo en el 61,7% y HITS-negativo en el 38,3%. En pacientes HITS-positivo, predominaron las lesiones a nivel de las fibras en U subcorticales, únicas o múltiples con distribución bilateralmente simétrica. En pacientes con HITS moderados, predominaron las lesiones en el territorio vascular de la circulación posterior.
Conclusión En pacientes menores de 65 años con ACV criptogénico y lesiones en fibras en U subcorticales, únicas o múltiples con distribución bilateral y simétrica, debe tenerse en cuenta un FOP como posible causa de dichas lesiones.
Child Abuse and Deformational Plagiocephaly in a West Texas Hospital System
Authors: D’Souza Preston , Hanson Keith A. , Pillutla Pranati , Presto Peyton , Nagy Laszlo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background The aim of this study was to assess deformational plagiocephaly’s (DP) predictive value in neglect and physical abuse (nonaccidental trauma [NAT]) within the pediatric population. In addition, we sought to characterize the prevalence of DP and NAT for our hospital’s mostly rural catchment area.

Methods Data on hospitalized patients diagnosed with NAT and/or neglect between 2012 and 2018 were collected via retrospective chart review. All enrolled children were younger than the age of 4 years at the time of diagnosis, and those without legible head computed tomographies or magnetic resonance images during their initial hospitalization were excluded. Utilizing neuroimaging, we calculated the cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) and cranial index for each patient to assess for DP. Differences between the two groups were assessed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina, United States).

Results The prevalence of DP within the combined cohort of NAT and neglect patients is 21%, similar to that reported in the literature for the general population (20–50%). There was no significance between the prevalence of DP and a history of NAT (p > 0.1) or neglect (p > 0.1). Furthermore, there was no correlation between CVAI and characteristics of initial presentation or history of trauma for either NAT (p-values: 0.359 and 0.250, respectively) or neglect groups (p-values: 0.116 and 0.770, respectively).

Conclusion While there are many limitations to this study, our results suggest that abused children are no more likely to have history of DP than the general population, and the degree of DP is not associated with severity of trauma history or initial presentation. We hope the results of this study promote future investigations for unique and subtle predictive factors of child abuse/neglect.