bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical analysis of lymph node examination in patients undergoing curative‐intent resection for adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Deschner Benjamin W. , Stiles Zachary E. , DeLozier Olivia M. , Drake Justin A. , Tsao Miriam , Glazer Evan S. , Deneve Jeremiah L. , Yakoub Danny , Dickson Paxton V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor and the role of lymph node dissection remains ill‐defined. This study evaluates the effect of nodal examination on prognosis and survival in patients undergoing curative‐intent resection of ACC.MethodsThe National Cancer Database (2004‐2015) was queried for patients undergoing margin‐negative resection for ACC. Patients with distant metastases, neoadjuvant therapy, multivisceral resection and T4 tumors were excluded.ResultsAmong 897 patients, 147 (16.4%) had lymph nodes examined. Factors associated with lymph node examination included increasing tumor size (P < .001), extra‐adrenal extension (P < .001), open operation (P < .001), and resection at an academic facility (P = .003). Lymph node metastasis was significantly associated with extra‐adrenal tumor extension (P = .04). Lymph node harvest, regardless of the number of nodes examined, was not associated with a survival benefit. Median overall survival was incrementally worse with increasing number of positive lymph nodes (88.2 months for N0, 34.9 months for 1‐3 positive nodes, and 15.6 months for ≥4 positive nodes, P < .001).ConclusionsLymph node harvest and lymph node metastasis were associated with more advanced tumors. Although nodal harvest did not offer a survival advantage, stratifying the nodal staging classification may provide important prognostic information.
Management of A‐Frame Tracheal Deformity in Children With Endoscopic Resection Tracheoplasty
Authors: Bergeron Mathieu , Qualls Hannah , de Alarcon Alessandro , Rutter Michael J. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTracheal A‐frame deformity is a known consequence of tracheostomy that may lead to obstruction after decannulation. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and success of endoscopic carbon dioxide (CO2) laser‐assisted tracheoplasty of tracheal A‐frame deformity in children.MethodsRetrospective case series of symptomatic children with tracheal A‐frame deformity with no other site of airway obstruction (2016–2018). All patients underwent CO2‐laser assisted endoscopic resection tracheoplasty.ResultsEight patients (six male) were included with a median age of 15.4 (IQR 12.3–17.9) years. Patients had a median of two previous open airway surgeries (IQR 1–2.5) and all patients had a history of tracheostomy with successful decannulation. Tracheal A‐frame deformity presented as dyspnea on exertion for all patients (n = 8, 100%). Obstructive sleep apnea was confirmed for all patients who underwent polysomnography (4/4, 100%). Median interval from decannulation to development of symptoms was 8.7 years (IQR 5.8–9.3). All patients sized with an age‐appropriate endotracheal tube despite the deformity. Endoscopic A‐frame tracheoplasty was successful for 7/8 (87.5%) patients and was performed with overnight observation for these patients (8/8, 100%). Unilateral A‐frame tracheoplasty was performed successfully for five patients (62.5%), bilateral A‐frame tracheoplasty was performed successfully for two patients (25.0%), and one patient (12.5%) did not have complete resolution of symptoms after bilateral A‐frame tracheoplasty due to multi‐level airway obstruction.ConclusionsCO2 laser‐assisted tracheoplasty is an innovative endoscopic technique to relieve symptoms of airway obstruction for selected patients with tracheal A‐frame deformity although avoiding the morbidity and hospital stay duration associated with tracheal resection.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E719–E723, 2021
Extreme warming and regime shift toward amplified variability in a far northern lake
Authors: Bégin Paschale N. , Tanabe Yukiko , Kumagai Michio , Culley Alexander I. , Paquette Michel , Sarrazin Denis , Uchida Masaki , Vincent Warwick F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMean annual air temperatures in the High Arctic are rising rapidly, with extreme warming events becoming increasingly common. Little is known, however, about the consequences of such events on the ice‐capped lakes that occur abundantly across this region. Here, we compared 2 years of high‐frequency monitoring data in Ward Hunt Lake in the Canadian High Arctic. One of the years included a period of anomalously warm conditions that allowed us to address the question of how loss of multi‐year ice cover affects the limnological properties of polar lakes. A mooring installed at the deepest point of the lake (9.7 m) recorded temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence, and underwater irradiance from July 2016 to July 2018, and an automated camera documented changes in ice cover. The complete loss of ice cover in summer 2016 resulted in full wind exposure and complete mixing of the water column. This mixing caused ventilation of lake water heat to the atmosphere and 4°C lower water temperatures than under ice‐covered conditions. There were also high values of Chl a fluorescence, elevated turbidity levels and large oxygen fluctuations throughout fall and winter. During the subsequent summer, the lake retained its ice cover and the water column remained stratified, with lower Chl a fluorescence and anoxic bottom waters. Extreme warming events are likely to shift polar lakes that were formerly capped by continuous thick ice to a regime of irregular ice loss and unstable limnological conditions that vary greatly from year to year.
Nutritional quality of littoral macroinvertebrates and pelagic zooplankton in subarctic lakes
Authors: Vesterinen Jussi , Keva Ossi , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Strandberg Ursula , Hiltunen Minna , Kankaala Paula , Taipale Sami J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLittoral benthic primary production is considered the most important energy source of consumers in subarctic lakes. We analyzed essential fatty acid (EFA) and amino acid (EAA) content of 23 littoral benthic macroinvertebrate taxa as well as cladocerans and copepods from pelagic and littoral habitats of 8–9 subarctic lakes to compare their nutritional quality. Pelagic crustacean zooplankton had significantly higher EFA and total FA content (on average 2.6‐fold and 1.6‐fold, respectively) than littoral macroinvertebrates in all our study lakes. Specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the most important EFA for juvenile fish, was almost exclusively found in pelagic copepods. In littoral macroinvertebrates, only Lymnaea (Gastropoda), Eurycercus (Cladocera), and Gammarus (Amphipoda) contained a low amount of DHA, whereas most littoral invertebrate taxa contained moderate amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The difference in DHA content may explain why so many generalist fish shift their diet to pelagic zooplankton at their peak abundance in mid/late‐summer. Meanwhile, the differences in EAA content between pelagic zooplankton and littoral invertebrates were much lower than for EFA suggesting a wider availability of EAA in subarctic lakes, except for methionine. In the studied subarctic lakes, EFA and EAA variation in consumers was more related to taxon‐specific than lake‐specific characteristics. This indicates that climate‐induced changes in the abundance and community structure of zooplankton vs. littoral macroinvertebrates will be important parameters in determining the availability of EFA and EAA to juvenile fish, and potentially fish production.
The world should establish an early warning system for new viral infectious diseases by space‐weather monitoring
Authors: Qu Jiangwen , Wickramasinghe N.Chandra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith the emergence of several new epidemics of viral infections – SARS, MERS, EBOLA, ZIKA, Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic,Covid‐2019 ‐ over the past 3 decades we suggest that a world‐wide programme of stratospheric surveillance and space weather monitoring should be urgently put in place without further delay.
Opportunities and challenges in RCS measurement of 9‐mm bullet model with 77 GHz mmwave COTS radar systems
Authors: Ahmed Badar‐ud‐din , Kara Ali , Zencir Ertan , Benzaghta Mohamed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article indicates a thus far unexplored area of applied research and development to the application and system engineers and researchers from broad engineering backgrounds. Results of a study are presented for measurement of calibrated Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a 9‐mm bullet (projectile) model by using a commercial‐of‐the‐shelf (COTS) millimeter wave Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar system operating in 77 to 81 GHz frequency range. The calibrated RCS variation against the aspect angle is measured experimentally, analyzed, and compared with the simulation results which shows fair matching between the two. The opportunities and challenges attached with the use of such COTS systems for development of Hostile Fire Indication (HFI) systems are discussed. This bullet type and this mmwave frequency has not been thus far studied and reported in literature. This may motivate interested individuals/entities to try to measure (at acceptable accuracy before anechoic chamber measurements) RCS of similar low‐size objects by using such low‐cost COTS platforms.
B0 shimming of the human heart at 7T
Authors: Hock Michael , Terekhov Maxim , Stefanescu Maria Roxana , Lohr David , Herz Stefan , Reiter Theresa , Ankenbrand Markus , Kosmala Aleksander , Gassenmaier Tobias , Juchem Christoph , Schreiber Laura Maria 
Published: July 2020

PurposeInhomogeneities of the static magnetic B0 field are a major limiting factor in cardiac MRI at ultrahigh field (≥ 7T), as they result in signal loss and image distortions. Different magnetic susceptibilities of the myocardium and surrounding tissue in combination with cardiac motion lead to strong spatio‐temporal B0‐field inhomogeneities, and their homogenization (B0 shimming) is a prerequisite. Limitations of state‐of‐the‐art shimming are described, regional B0 variations are measured, and a methodology for spherical harmonics shimming of the B0 field within the human myocardium is proposed.MethodsThe spatial B0‐field distribution in the heart was analyzed as well as temporal B0‐field variations in the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. Different shim region‐of‐interest selections were compared, and hardware limitations of spherical harmonics B0 shimming were evaluated by calibration‐based B0‐field modeling. The role of third‐order spherical harmonics terms was analyzed as well as potential benefits from cardiac phase–specific shimming.ResultsThe strongest B0‐field inhomogeneities were observed in localized spots within the left‐ventricular and right‐ventricular myocardium and varied between systolic and diastolic cardiac phases. An anatomy‐driven shim region‐of‐interest selection allowed for improved B0‐field homogeneity compared with a standard shim region‐of‐interest cuboid. Third‐order spherical harmonics terms were demonstrated to be beneficial for shimming of these myocardial B0‐field inhomogeneities. Initial results from the in vivo implementation of a potential shim strategy were obtained. Simulated cardiac phase–specific shimming was performed, and a shim term‐by‐term analysis revealed periodic variations of required currents.ConclusionChallenges in state‐of‐the‐art B0 shimming of the human heart at 7 T were described. Cardiac phase–specific shimming strategies were found to be superior to vendor‐supplied shimming.
Paternal Strain Effects on Growth and Body Shape in Hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass ♀ × Striped Bass ♂)
Authors: Kenter Linas W , Kovach Adrienne I , Wojtusik Kristopher J , Reading Benjamin J , Berlinsky David L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The farming of hybrid Striped Bass (HSB; White Bass Morone chrysops ♀ × Striped Bass Morone saxatilis ♂) has been an established aquaculture industry in the United States for decades, but high production costs associated with performance variability remain a significant problem. To investigate the paternal effects on hybrid performance, Striped Bass males from Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Texas and a fifth-generation domestic strain selected for growth were used as sires in a half-sibling, hybrid growth study. Eggs from individual White Bass (n = 11) were divided equally and fertilized with the fresh sperm from different Striped Bass sires (n = 18) to produce 53 hybrid families. Resulting larvae were stocked communally into ponds, seined as fingerlings, and separated into large-grade, small-grade, or ungraded groups for grow out. Juvenile HSB representing the three size-grades were stocked into replicated indoor recirculating systems and grown until they attained market size (680 g [1.5 lb]). An additional group of the large graded fish was grown in outdoor tanks at a separate facility to observe genotype × environment interactions. Fin clips were collected during final measurements for genotyping and parentage assignment. The results indicated that large, small, and ungraded hybrids required 12, 14, and 17 months, respectively, to attain market size indoors. Wild-strain-sired HSB displayed a lower range in final weights compared to domestic fish and grew larger in the ungraded treatment only. Florida-strain-sired fish were the largest and had the greatest condition factor (K), Virginia-strain-sired fish generally had the lowest K, and the other strains had intermediate K-values. No differences in final weight were found in the small or large graded fish from recirculating systems, but the domestic strain produced the largest HSB grown in outdoor tanks. These results demonstrated that HSB growth is influenced by sire strain, culture environment, and grading strategies.
Dose‐response effect of eribulin in preclinical models of osteosarcoma by the pediatric preclinical testing consortium
Authors: Gill Jonathan , Zhang Wendong , Zhang Zhongting , Roth Michael , Harrison Douglas J. , Rowshan Sudie , Erickson Stephen , Gatto Gregory , Kurmasheva Raushan , Houghton Peter , Teicher Beverly , Smith Malcolm A. , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe pediatric preclinical testing program previously demonstrated activity of eribulin in osteosarcoma patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models. The phase 2 trial in patients with relapsed osteosarcoma failed to meet response endpoints. Eribulin was evaluated in the original and an expanded set of PDX models and tested at multiple dose levels and schedules to evaluate dose‐response. Maximal response was observed at the highest dose, consistent with prior results. The alternative schedule generated similar responses. We demonstrate steep dose‐response for eribulin in osteosarcoma PDX models, implying that any deviation from achievement of effective concentrations may have a significant impact on activity.
Microstructural effects on failure modes in highly aligned short carbon fiber composites
Authors: Nygren Garrett , Wang Liang , Yang Qingda , Karkkainen Ryan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAligned short carbon fiber (3‐5 mm) thermoplastic composites have potential for versatile manufacturability with little loss of mechanical properties in comparison to continuous reinforcement. Property prediction, failure behavior, and the effects of microstructural variation for these materials are not yet well explored. The finite element method was used to evaluate large domains encompassing characteristic discontinuous microstructures of thermoplastic matrix (PMMA) composites reinforced with short 3 to 5 mm carbon fibers with a high degree of alignment and conventional volume fractions. Virtual tests were performed on highly detailed microstructural simulations which included fiber‐matrix interface representation along with uniform or misaligned fiber morphologies. Stiffness, strength, and failure mechanisms were analyzed. It was shown that for ideal uniformly aligned short fiber reinforcements, the material maintains a high modulus within 95% of an equivalent continuous fiber‐reinforced polymer, along with relatively high strength at 80% of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Failure modes depended on the toughness of the fiber‐matrix interface, transitioning from fiber rupture to a weaker fiber pullout failure for low interface properties. Simulations indicated that significant fiber misalignments on the order of 15% of fibers at ±15° off‐axis could sharply reduce local strength in the misaligned region to roughly 20% of the continuous fiber strength. Although partially affected by property dropoff owing to fiber off‐axis misalignment, this weakening was largely due to local matrix pockets in regions of high misalignment, which acted as failure initiation points.
A complementary quantitative feedback theory solution to the 2 × 2 tracking error problem
Authors: Pretorius Arnold , Boje Edward 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThis article presents a solution to the 2 × 2 multivariable tracking error problem. Current quantitative feedback theory methods commonly employ plant‐inverting splittings in order to arrive at an approximately decoupled design on the feedback control elements. This results in suitable design regions in the high‐gain, low‐frequency range, but can result in conservative design at and above the gain‐crossover frequency, resulting in overdesigned feedback controllers. Our method aims to reduce this conservatism by supplementing a plant‐inverting design with a non‐plant‐inverting design, which tends to perform well at higher frequencies. Decoupling the design of the controller elements is facilitated by making use of appropriate existence conditions. The union of the two resulting design regions then describes a larger solution space, and by enlarging the admissible design regions for the feedback controller, lower gain feedback controller design at all design frequencies of interest may be possible. A benchmarking example is presented, showing the viability of the proposed method.
Cover crop impacts on soil physical properties: A review
Authors: Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Ruis Sabrina J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCover crop (CC) impacts on soil ecosystem services including erosion control, C sequestration, soil productivity, and others have been reviewed. However, CC impacts on soil physical properties, which affect the soil's ability to perform a variety of soil ecosystem services, have not been synthesized. We reviewed 98 peer‐reviewed publications up to 10 June 2020 on CCs and soil physical properties. Our review indicates that, in most studies, CCs reduce soil penetration resistance or compaction by 0–29% (average, 5%). They improve wet aggregate stability by 0–95% (average, 16%) and cumulative infiltration by 0–190% (average, 43%) but have negligible impacts on bulk density, dry aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kunsat), volumetric water content at −10 to −33 kPa matric potential (field capacity), and plant available water. Soils under CCs can be cooler in daytime and warmer at nighttime, and warmer in winter and cooler in the rest of year. Volumetric heat capacity increases and thermal diffusivity decreases, indicating that CCs could moderate heat transport rate. Soil texture, tillage system, CC‐derived soil C concentration, and CC duration affect CC impacts on physical properties. For example, the positive impacts from CCs can increase as CC management duration increases and combining CCs with no‐till can improve water infiltration more than with tilled soils. Long‐term data on hydraulic properties, thermal properties, dry aggregate stability, and pore‐size distribution are scant. In general, CCs improve most soil physical properties, but the magnitude of improvement is highly site‐ and management specific.
Insight into Temperature Dependency and Design of Experiments towards Process Development for Cysteine‐Based Antibody‐Drug Conjugates
Authors: Matsuda Yutaka , Tawfiq Zhala , Leung Monica , Mendelsohn Brian A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the synthetic organic community, antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a popular topic of interest. The field is expanding beyond cytotoxic drug synthesis, and into other bioconjugation applications to have a greater impact on drug discovery and development. Bioconjugation chemistry is a complex domain for synthetic chemists, and there are limited published reports that can serve as guidance to overcome technical gaps between small molecule synthesis and large molecule bioconjugation to make ADCs. Here, we report a thorough evaluation of the temperature dependency for the tris‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐phosphine (TCEP) reduction of antibody interchain disulfide bonds, which is a crucial step for creating cysteine‐conjugated ADCs. This investigation was conducted using three different antibodies with different isoelectric points, and under equivalent reaction conditions. Additionally, an initial stability assessment of the resulting ADCs was performed and revealed appropriate material storage conditions. The experimental data described herein can be a useful guide for synthetic organic chemists designing future ADC preparation processes.
Desulfurization Process and Kinetics of Fe/Activated Carbon Removal of H2S at Low Temperature
Authors: Zhang Yaolei , Zhang Zhihong , Liu Xuedong , Liu Lin , Peng Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFe/activated carbon desulfurizer is prepared by precipitation method using activated carbon as carrier to remove H2S. The desulfurizer before and after desulfurization was characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM and N2 adsorption–desorption. The results show that the active component of desulfurizer is Fe2O3, which reacts with H2S to form FeS, elemental sulfur and Fe2(SO4)3. The sulfide block the pores, causing the specific surface area, pore volume and fractal dimension to decrease after desulfurization. The effects of gas flow rate, particle size and temperature on the removal of H2S were investigated by solid‐bed reactor. Based on the above experimental data, an improved unreacted shrinking core model is used to study the kinetics of Fe/activated carbon desulfurization at low temperature. The improved unreacted shrinking core model is used to analyzing experimental data, in which the activation energies of surface reaction and internal diffusion were determined to be 0.8801 and 3.301 kJ/mol, respectively.
Comparative Study of CuO, Fe3O4 and CuFe2O4/CuO over Montmorillonite Clay: Green Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Atarod Monireh , Safari Javad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCuO, Fe3O4 and CuFe2O4/CuO over montmorillonite (MMT) clay were prepared with an eco‐friendly manner utilizing aqueous fruit extracts of the Terminalia chebula (T. chebula). FT‐IR and EDS spectra, XRD patterns and FE‐SEM images revealed the growth of nanoparticles on the layers of montmorillonite clay. The catalytic activity of as‐prepared nanocomposites was comparatively evaluated in the synthesis of aminotetrazole derivatives and resulted in the order of CuFe2O4/CuO/MMT>CuO/MMT>Fe3O4/MMT in their activity for the regioselective synthesis of aminotetrazoles. The combination of the acidic character of MMT clay along with the synergistic electronic effect between nanoparticles result in the superior catalytic activity of CuFe2O4/CuO/MMT which showcased the enormous potential of metallic supported nanocomposites in the catalysis field. The magnetic CuFe2O4/CuO/MMT nanocomposite was successfully reused and recovered for several times without consequential abate.