bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Magnetism Logging
Authors: Brown R.J.S. , Gamson B.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 201–209.

Abstract
A new logging method has been developed, based on measurement of the nuclear magnetism of formation fluids. The nuclear magnetism log (NML) is the only log that responds solely to formation fluids. It operates equally well in both oil-base and water-base muds and in empty holes, and can be used in all kinds of formations except strongly magnetic ones. Two separate NML measurements can be made, one of which provides a continuous formation fluid curve. This fluid curve is called the free fluid log (FFL) and is believed to indicate a minimum effective porosity in most formations. The FFL not only delineates fluid-containing zones, but provides an excellent correlation curve that can be obtained under conditions where conventional correlation logs are ineffective. Preliminary tests indicate that the second kind of NML measurement may help distinguish oil and water zones and provide information concerning permeability and wettability. (The FFL itself appears to provide some information on permeability.) The second kind of NML measurement requires stopping the logging tool for a short time opposite a zone of interest and taking more extensive NML data that can be displayed as nuclear magnetic relaxation curves. In some instances, oil and water saturations for the region immediately adjacent to the borehole can be read from these relaxation curves.

Introduction
In 1946, Bloch, Hansen and Packard and Purcell, Torrey and Pound independently announced the successful demonstration of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance. During the past 13 years, there have been many applications of nuclear magnetic resonance, including applications to the study of chemical structure and to the measurement of magnetic field strengths. Preliminary experiments on the feasibility of using nuclear magnetism measurements in well logging were made independently by California Research Corp. and Varian Assoc., the Varian work being sponsored by the Byron Jackson Tools, Inc. Since then a cooperative research program on nuclear magnetism logging has been carried out by the Byron Jackson Div. and Research Center of Borg-Warner Corp., and California Research Corp., subsidiary of Standard Oil Co. of California. The use of nuclear magnetism in well logging is of special Interest because it offers a way of making direct measurements on the hydrogen in the formation fluids and not on the rock matrix. Within the past 1 1/2 years, successful measurements have been made with a research model logging tool in wells in California, Texas, Utah, Louisiana and Wyoming.
Laboratory Studies of Pilot Water Floods
Authors: Dalton R.L. , Rapoport L.A. , Carpenter C.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 24–30.

Abstract
Procedures have been developed to study the performance characteristics of unconfined pilot water floods using scaled laboratory models. The effects of operating conditions on pilot performance for various well patterns have been investigated. The limitations of the laboratory model studies are outlined. Relationships between the oil recoveries of pilots and large-scale floods have been established. The applications of model studies to the prediction of large-scale water flood performance and pilot flood design are discussed.

Introduction
Pilot water floods are undertaken to evaluate operational procedures and to gain advance information about the performance of an extensive water flood. In general, however, the performance of a pilot flood is not directly indicative of what can be expected from a large-scale pattern water flood. This difference stems from the fact that the over-all flow configurations are not the same for the two systems.
A water flood normally consists of an array of identical well patterns. In such an array, the perimeters of the well patterns are axes of symmetry and act as impermeable boundaries. Thus, an extensive, pattern water flood can be visualized as a repetition of "confined" floods. In contrast, a pilot water flood involving only one or a few well patterns is "unconfined". Here the well patterns are not balanced by other flood units; hence, the perimeter of the pilot area does not act as an effective boundary. Accordingly, only a portion of the fluids injected (and also of those originally contained within the pilot area) is captured by the producers of the pilot. The rest escapes into the surrounding reservoir. This usually causes the amounts of oil and water produced in the pilot to be different from those recovered by a producer in an extensive water flood. Moreover, the recovery observed in the pilot can be expected to be greatly influenced by operating conditions, i.e., by the bottom-hole pressures at the injection and producing wells. The above considerations show that full utilization of pilot test results and reliable prediction of large-scale water floods require a knowledge of the relationship between the recovery performance of confined and unconfined well patterns.
The Alcohol Slug Process for Increasing Oil Recovery
Authors: Gatlin Carl , Slobod R.L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 46–53.

Abstract
This study defines the basic mechanism of the miscible displacement of oil and water from porous media by various water-driven alcohol slugs. Three distinct alcohol slug processes were studied. Considerable data concerning the quantity of alcohol required for oil recovery were also obtained.
All data were obtained in a 1-in. diameter, 100-ft long, unconsolidated core. The porosity of this system was 35 per cent, and the permeability was approximately 4 darcies. Total core pore volume was 5,716 cc. All displacements were conducted at a constant injection rate of 5 to 6 cc/min, which correspond to a frontal advance of 5 to 6 ft/hr.
The first portion of this paper is concerned with the use of one alcohol-isopropyl-as the slug material. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is completely miscible with both oil and water; however, miscibility of the three-component systems, oil-water-IPA, requires a relatively high concentration of IPA. Hence, the displacement is not of the miscible type unless the IPA concentration is maintained above some critical value. A slug of IPA equal to only 13.5 per cent of the pore volume was found to be sufficient to obtain complete recovery of residual naphtha.
In later studies two distinct process variations were developed. The first of these utilized methyl alcohol (MA) and IPA as slug materials. It was shown that methyl alcohol may be substituted for IPA at the front and rear of the slug with no loss of oil recovery. A slug of 4 per cent MA–4 per cent IPA–4 per cent MA was sufficient for complete oil recovery. Because MA is considerably cheaper than IPA, this represents an important step toward economic application.
A second process variation used normal butyl alcohol (nBA) and MA as the composite slug, the nBA segment being injected first. This technique requires the smallest total slug size (approximately 10 per cent) of all processes studied. The high cost of nBA, however, precludes commercial application. It is possible that this basic process, subject to changes of alcohol type, may lead to a commercial process.
Evaluation of Formation Damage of Oil-Based Drilling Fluids Weighted with Micronized Ilmenite or Micronized Barite
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed F. , Al-Mujalhem Manayer Q. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. , Al-Bagoury Mohamed 
Published: February 2020

SummarySolids found in drilling fluids, particularly weighting materials, can cause significant formation damage by plugging of formation pores. This study investigates formation damage caused by using oil-based drilling fluid systems weighted by micronized ilmenite or micronized barite. Rheological properties of the oil-based-mud (OBM) systems were measured. High-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) static filtration experiments were conducted. A coreflood system was used to simulate dynamic conditions, allowing for drilling fluid circulation at the face of the core and measuring permeability damage. Computed-tomography (CT) scan analysis revealed formation damage and depth of solid invasion. The paper presents field applications of nondamaging micronized-ilmenite-based OBM, illustrating its advantages.
Determination and Structural Analysis of the Whole-Genome Sequence of Fusarium equiseti D25-1
Authors: LI Xueping , Li Jianhong , Qi Yonghong , Liu Yonggang , Li Minquan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
BackgroundFusarium equiseti is a plant pathogen with a wide range of hosts and diverse effects, including probiotic activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, hindering its effective control and utilization. In this study, the Illumina HiSeq 4000 and PacBio platforms were used to sequence and assemble the whole genome of Fusarium equiseti D25-1.ResultsThe assembly included 16 fragments with a GC content of 48.01%, gap number of zero, and size of 40,776,005 bp. There were 40,110 exons and 26,281 introns having a total size of 19,787,286 bp and 2,290,434 bp, respectively. The genome had an average copy number of 333, 71, 69, 31, and 108 for tRNAs, rRNAs, sRNAs, snRNAs, and miRNAs, respectively. The total repetitive sequence length was 1,713,918 bp, accounting for 4.2033% of the genome. In total, 13,134 functional genes were annotated, accounting for 94.97% of the total gene number. Toxin-related genes, including two related to zearalenone and 23 related to trichothecene, were identified. A comparative genomic analysis supported the high quality of the F. equiseti assembly, exhibiting good collinearity with the reference strains, 3,483 species-specific genes, and 1,805 core genes. A gene family analysis revealed more than 2,500 single-copy orthologs. F. equiseti was most closely related to Fusarium pseudograminearum based on a phylogenetic analysis at the whole-genome level.ConclusionsOur comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of F. equiseti provides basic data for studies of gene expression, regulatory and functional mechanisms, evolutionary processes, as well as disease prevention and control.
Altered expression of IL-18, IL-18 binding protein and IL-18 receptor in blood monocytes of patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Wang Junling , Gu Fangqiu , Li Zhi , Zhan Mengmeng , Wang Ling , Zhang Huiyun , Chen Dong , Xie Hua , Chai Ruonan , Zhao Nan , Yang Ruiming , Hu Yalin , He Shaoheng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Interleukin (IL)-18 is emerging as an attractive participant in allergic rhinitis (AR). However, correlation of IL-18 with IL-18 binding protein (BP) in plasma, and expression of IL-18, IL-18BP and IL-18 receptor (R) in AR blood monocytes remains obscure. Methods: We investigated IL-18, IL-18BP and IL-18R expression in monocytes by using flow cytometric analysis, murine AR model, and quantitative realtime PCR in the present study. Results: It was found that plasma IL-18 and IL-1β in AR patients was higher than those in healthy control subjects. Free (f)IL-18 had a high correlation with IL-18BP, IL-1β and TNF-α in AR plasma. Proportion of IL-18 + monocytes was increased, whereas IL-18BP + monocytes were decreased in blood of patients with AR. It was found that Platanus pollen allergen extract provoked the elevated expression of IL-18 and IL-18R in AR blood monocytes. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus , Artemisia sieversiana wild and Platanus pollen allergen extracts enhanced IL-18R protein and mRNA expression in primary monocytes from AR patients. Moreover, numbers of macrophages and IL-18R + macrophages in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) were increased, and levels of IL-18 in both plasma and NLF were elevated in AR mice. Conclusions: IL-18 is likely to participate in the development of AR as a causative factor, therefore it could be a therapeutic target for AR.
Discovery of potential drugs for COVID-19 based on the connectivity map
Authors: Li Zhonglin , Bai Tao , Yang Ling , Hou Xiaohua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Corona virus infective disease 19 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spreads very rapidly, which become a worldwide public healthy crisis. Until now, there is no effective antivirus drugs or vaccines specifically used for its treatment. So it is urgent to discover efficient therapeutic methods. The same as SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 also invades organism by combining with Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Recently, there are reports about SARS-CoV-2 infected host not only through the respiratory tract, but also gastrointestinal tract. However, it is proved that ACE2 plays a key role in protecting subjects from lung injury and resisting the inflammation caused by intestinal epithelial damage. Interestingly, the expression of ACE2 protein is reduced after SARS-CoV infection. Methods: According to the dataset of genes co-expressed with ACE2 in the colonic epithelial cells, we established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) Network and selected hub genes from them. The cluster analysis was performed to find out the dense region of the PPI Network. Then, gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to explore the main function of genes co-expressed with ACE2. Finally, we predicted the potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 based on the connectivity map (Cmap) . Results: We constructed a PPI network containing 125 hub genes of genes co-expressed with ACE2 in the colonic epithelial cells and obtained two modules through cluster analysis. The GO analysis and the KEGG pathway revealed these genes were aggregated in ribosome, exosomes, extracellular cellular components; structure constituent of ribosome, G-protein coupled receptor activity, MHC class I and II receptor activity biological processes; immune response, protein metabolism, signal transduction biological processes; and ribosome, graft-versus-host disease, viral myocarditis pathways. The result from Cmap indicated ikarugamycin, molsidomine had highly correlated scores with the query files. Conclusion: We found out that ikarugamycin and molsidomine were the potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
Clinical guidelines reduce unnecessary preoperative echocardiograph in elderly hip fracture patients
Authors: Chen Xuepan , Ma Yuanchen , Li Qingtian , Deng Zhantao , Liao JunXing , Zheng Qiujian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have set up guidelines for preoperative usage of transthoracic echocardiograph (TTE) in case of non-cardiac surgery. Unnecessary TTE would increase hospital cost and delay surgery. Therefore, we aimed to analyze whether the TTE before hip fracture surgery was in accordance with guidelines and what the effects were on outcome. Methods 281 elderly patients who had surgery for an isolated hip fracture were involved. The preoperative TTE test and adherence to the guideline were analyzed. TTE reports were reviewed for the presence of major cardiac abnormality with potentiality to change perioperative management, including left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction, pericardial effusion, moderate or severe valvular disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Primary outcome was time to surgery (TTS), length of hospital stay (LLS), postoperative complications. Secondary outcome was sensitivity and specificity of accordance with the guideline for identifying which patients would have TTE that demonstrated major cardiac abnormality. Results Of the 281 patients included, 174 patients (61.9%) received the TTE, whereas 107 patients did not. Only 71 of the 174 patients (40.8%) with TTE met the guidelines. Among the 202 patients who did not meet the guidelines (103 with TTE and 99 without TTE), those who received a preoperative TTE had a longer TTS (4.24 vs. 2.10 days, P = 0.000) and LOS (10.44 vs. 7.72 days, P=0.000). There were no differences in postoperative complication, the sensitivity and specificity of guidelines as the screening tool to identify patients with major cardiac abnormality was 86.7% and 68.7%. Conclusion Preoperative TTE is frequently overused out of guidelines and lead to unnecessary surgery delay while not reducing the rate of postoperative complications. Stricter adherence to guidelines should be recommended, as it would help decrease unnecessary test.
Retinal microvasculature alterations in myopic anisometropia on optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Li Xiaorong , Tan liangzhang , Chen lu , Bu shaochong , jiang yuanfeng , Ma zhiqiong , Gong xue , Tian fang , zhang hong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: In myopic anisometropia, investigation of alterations in the retinal capillary network may reveal the myopic pathophysiology and facilitate development of improved treatment and prevention strategies. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in retinal vessel density in patients with myopic anisometropia using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: Twenty-one patients with myopic anisometropia were divided into longer axial eye and contralateral eye groups, based on their axial length measurement by an IOL Master system. Automated macular and peripapillary maps and vessel density calculations were evaluated using optical coherence tomography angiography, and the findings were compared between groups. Results: The longer axial eye group had higher superficial macular vessel density (47.06±3.03% vs. 43.71±3.20%, respectively; P <0.001) and lower radial peripapillary capillary density (50.11±3.56% vs. 52.34±2.74%, respectively; P =0.013) than did the contralateral eye group. The spherical equivalent negatively correlated with the superficial macular vessel density ( P =0.021) and superficial parafoveal vessel density ( P =0.014). No significant differences were detected in the deep macular vessel density (49.12±6.32% vs. 46.73±5.30%, respectively; P >0.05), choriocapillary perfusion area (1.92±0.18 mm 2 vs.1.90±0.19 mm 2 , respectively; P >0.05), or foveal avascular zone area (0.27±0.07 mm 2 vs. 0.28±0.07 mm 2 , respectively; P >0.05) between groups. Conclusion: The superficial macular vessel density and radial peripapillary capillary density could be used as indicators to monitor myopic anisometropia development during early-stage retinopathy.
Dynamic age-associated changes and their driver microbes in healthy gut microbiota of captive crab-eating macaques
Authors: Wei Zhi-Yuan , Rao Jun-Hua , Tang Ming-Tian , Zhao Guo-An , Li Qi-Chun , Wu Li-Ming , Li Bi-Hai , Xiao Bai-Quan , Liu Xing-Yin , Chen Jian-Huan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Previous population studies have indicated age-associated changes in the gut microbiota. However, the actual age effects on microbiota are inevitably confounded by varying environmental factors such as diets and antibiotic use in the populations. Captive crab-eating macaques reared in a well-controlled environment can provide a useful model to recapitulate dynamic age-associated changes in the healthy primate gut microbiota.Results: We show evidence supporting lifelong age-associated changes in the healthy gut microbiota of captive macaques. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and beta diversity but not alpha diversity changed significantly with age. The most significantly age-associated genera were mainly composed of commensals, such as Faecalibacterium . Unexpectedly, a subset of the age-associated microbes were suspicious pathogens such as Helicobacter and Campylobacter , which were enriched in infant macaques, and possibly associated with gut mucosa development. These age-associated microbes were main contributors to the gut microbiota networks. Importantly, topology analysis showed that connectivity of these networks changed with age, and its rapid decrease in elderly macaques might indicate altered microbial interactions associated with host aging. Prevotella 9 , one of the most abundant age-associated genera, was the driver responsible for the gut microbiota maturation from infants to young adults. In adults, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Megasphaera were two key drivers that continuously played an active role in driving microbial community changes of across different stages of adulthood. We also showed evidence of age-associated changes in gut microbial phenotypes and functions, in particular pathways of immunomodulatory metabolite synthesis, and metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. The driver microbes were key players involved in these functions.Conclusions: Our current study in captive macaques demonstrate evident age-associated changes during the lifelong process of healthy gut microbiota development. The enrichment of suspicious pathogens in healthy infant macaques might indicate the importance of appropriate exposure to these microbes for the developing immune system. The current study provides new insights into the pivotal role of driver microbes and microbial interactions in gut microbiota, and further underlines the importance of network analysis in microbiome studies. Our findings also provide a baseline for better understanding of disease-related changes in the primate gut microbiota.
Markers Assessment in Triphala (Batch-I, II & III) and its Ingredients from Different Geographical Locations of India through TPC, TFC, HPLC & HPTLC
Authors: Singh Arjun , Sharma Himanshu , Srivastava Bhavana , Singh Ravindra 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Relations among markers, quality assessment and standardization of
classical preparations like Triphala an Ayurvedic potent formulation are necessary for the selectivity
as well as acceptability of genuine plant drugs and formulation.

Objective:
Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of three batches of in-house Triphala
along with its ingredients collected from three different locations of India with respect to
assess the six active markers.

Method:
Phytochemical studies, spectrophotometric estimations (TPC & TFC), chromatographic
(HPLC & HPTLC) methods were developed for the identification and quantification of
active markers in Triphala.

Result:
Chemical analysis and HPTLC profiles with respect of gallic acid at Rf 0.35 of
methanol extracts showed the presence of almost similar phytochemicals in three batches.
The highest HPLC peak % area for corrilagin, 1,3,6-Trigalloyl-beta-D-glucose, ellagic acid
and chebulinic acid was calculated to be 3.753, 5.27, 24.55 and 29.47, respectively with a majority
of markers i.e. four observed in batch-III. The percentage amount of TPC at λ max 720
for batch-III of Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Terminalia chebula Retz.
and Triphala was 393.1, 374.81, 628 & 644.5 mg of TAE/g dry weight equivalent, respectively.
Similarly, TFC at λ max 510 for the same batch and ingredients was calculated to be
60.27, 40.043, 74.84 and 59.21 QUE/g dry weight equivalent, which were also observed to be
maximum in batch-III.

Conclusion:
Batch-III of Triphala is of the highest quality and up to pharmacopoeial standards
(API). It may be used to predict the quality and efficacy of various commercial formulations
of Triphala. These outcomes may be utilized in pharmaceuticals for routine batch standardization
and quality control.