bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and prognostic significance of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in lung cancer
Authors: Smolle Elisabeth , Leko Petra , Stacher‐Priehse Elvira , Brcic Luka , El‐Heliebi Amin , Hofmann Lilli , Quehenberger Franz , Hrzenjak Andelko , Popper Helmut H. , Olschewski Horst , Leithner Katharina 
Published: August 2020

Inhibition of glycolysis has been considered as a therapeutic approach in aggressive cancers including lung cancer. Abbreviated gluconeogenesis, mediated by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was recently discovered to partially circumvent the need for glycolysis in lung cancer cells. However, the interplay of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in lung cancer is still poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the expression of GLUT1, the prime glucose transporter, and of PCK1 and PCK2, the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoforms of PEPCK, in 450 samples of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in 54 NSCLC metastases using tissue microarrays and whole tumor sections. Spatial distribution was assessed by automated image analysis. Additionally, glycolytic and gluconeogenic gene expression was inferred from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. We found that PCK2 was preferentially expressed in the lung adenocarcinoma subtype, while GLUT1 expression was higher in squamous cell carcinoma. GLUT1 and PCK2 were inversely correlated, GLUT1 showing elevated expression in larger tumors while PCK2 was highest in smaller tumors. However, a mixed phenotype showing the presence of both, glycolytic and gluconeogenic cancer cells was frequent. In lung adenocarcinoma, PCK2 expression was associated with significantly improved overall survival, while the opposite was found for GLUT1. The metabolic tumor microenvironment and the 3‐dimensional context play an important role in modulating both pathways, since PCK2 expression preferentially occurred at the tumor margin and hypoxia regulated both, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, in NSCLC cells in vitro, albeit in opposite directions. PCK1/2 expression was enhanced in metastases compared to primary tumors, possibly related to the different environment. The results of this study show that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are activated in NSCLC in a tumor size and oxygenation modulated manner and differentially correlate with outcome. The frequent co‐activation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in NSCLC should be considered in potential future therapeutic strategies targeting cancer cell metabolism.
Adversary effects and the tactics of violent offenders
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Hullenaar Keith L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe examine the implication of adversary effects for target choice, lethal intent, and the use of weapons and allies in violent incidents. Adversary effects refer to the tendency of offenders to make tactical decisions based on the coercive power of victims and potential victims. Using the victim's gender as a proxy for coercive power, we analyzed violent incidents from the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (2005–2014). The sample included over six million assaults, robberies, and homicides. Consistent with adversary effects, offenders who attack males (vs. females) are more likely to (a) kill victims; (b) use guns, knives, blunt objects, poison, and automobiles; (c) use male (but not female) allies; and (d) use multiple allies. The evidence for target choice is mixed: unarmed female offenders, but not unarmed male offenders, are more likely to target females than males. The evidence shows how a simple theoretical principle can parsimoniously account for basic patterns of violence in society related to gender, weapons, and group violence.
2D Materials Based on Main Group Element Compounds: Phases, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Lu Ziyang , Neupane Guru Prakash , Jia Guohua , Zhao Haitao , Qi Dongchen , Du Yaping , Lu Yuerui , Yin Zongyou 
Published: August 2020

Abstract2D materials based on main group element compounds have recently attracted significant attention because of their rich stoichiometric ratios and structure motifs. This review focuses on the phases in various 2D binary materials including III–VI, IV–VI, V–VI, III–V, IV–V, and V–V materials. Reducing 3D materials to 2D introduces confinement and surface effects as well as stabilizes unstable 3D phases in their 2D form. Their crystal structures, stability, preparation, and applications are summarized based on theoretical predictions and experimental explorations. Moreover, various properties of 2D materials, such as ferroelectric effect, anisotropic optical and electrical properties, ultralow thermal conductivity, and topological state are discussed. Finally, a few perspectives and an outlook are given to inspire readers toward exploring 2D materials with new phases and properties.
Hierarchically Divacancy Defect Building Dual‐Activated Porous Carbon Fibers for High‐Performance Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Qing , Liu Fangyan , Jin Zeyuan , Qiao Xiaoru , Huang Haichao , Chu Xiang , Xiong Da , Zhang Haitao , Liu Yan , Yang Weiqing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRenewable and environmentally friendly biomass‐based carbon electrode materials naturally possess fast ion transport, high adsorption, and excellent chemical stability for high‐performance energy‐storage devices. However, intelligently building the effectively biomass‐transferred carbon materials for the requirement of high energy density is still a big challenge to date. Here, a hierarchically divacancy defect building platform is reported for effectively biomass‐transferred and highly interconnected 3D dual‐activated porous carbon fibers (DACFs) based on the internal−external dual‐activation function of the pre‐embedded KOH and CO2 molecular. This uniquely interconnected frameworks not only fully provide the abundant active sites for ion interaction, but also efficiently guarantee the substantial accommodation for ion storage. Based on this, the as‐prepared DACFs‐based supercapacitors deliver a high energy density of 61.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 875 W kg−1 in the EMIMBF4 ionic liquid. This work not only provides a simple and efficient technique to enhance the energy density of carbon materials, but also probably promotes its additional application in environmental remediation.
Advances on Emerging Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors: Current Trends and Beyond
Authors: Benzigar Mercy R. , Dasireddy Venkata D. B. C. , Guan Xinwei , Wu Tom , Liu Guozhen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe progressive size reduction of electronic components is experiencing bottlenecks in shrinking charge storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors, limiting their development into wearable and flexible zero‐pollution technologies. The inherent long cycle life, rapid charge–discharge patterns, and power density of supercapacitors rank them superior over other energy storage devices. In the modern market of zero‐pollution energy devices, currently the lightweight formula and shape adaptability are trending to meet the current requirement of wearables. Carbon nanomaterials have the potential to meet this demand, as they are the core of active electrode materials for supercapacitors and texturally tailored to demonstrate flexible and stretchable properties. With this perspective, the latest progress in novel materials from conventional carbons to recently developed and emerging nanomaterials toward lightweight stretchable active compounds for flexi‐wearable supercapacitors is presented. In addition, the limitations and challenges in realizing wearable energy storage systems and integrating the future of nanomaterials for efficient wearable technology are provided. Moreover, future perspectives on economically viable materials for wearables are also discussed, which could motivate researchers to pursue fabrication of cheap and efficient flexible nanomaterials for energy storage and pave the way for enabling a wide‐range of material‐based applications.
Microengineering Pressure Sensor Active Layers for Improved Performance
Authors: Ruth Sara Rachel Arussy , Feig Vivian Rachel , Tran Helen , Bao Zhenan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPressure sensors play an integral role in a wide range of applications, such as soft robotics and health monitoring. In order to meet this demand, many groups microengineer the active layer—the layer that deforms under pressure and dictates changes in the output signal—of capacitive, resistive/piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric pressure sensors in order to improve sensor performance. Geometric microengineering of the active layer has been shown to improve performance parameters such as sensitivity, dynamic range, limit of detection, and response and relaxation times. There are a wide range of implemented designs, including microdomes, micropyramids, lines or microridges, papillae, microspheres, micropores, and microcylinders, each offering different advantages for a particular application. It is important to compare the techniques by which the microengineered active layers are designed and fabricated as they may provide additional insights on compatibility and sensing range limits. To evaluate each fabrication method, it is critical to take into account the active layer uniformity, ease of fabrication, shape and size versatility and tunability, and scalability of both the device and the fabrication process. By better understanding how microengineering techniques and design compares, pressure sensors can be targetedly designed and implemented.
Electroless‐Plated Gold Contacts for High‐Performance, Low Contact Resistance Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Makita Tatsuyuki , Nakamura Ryohei , Sasaki Mari , Kumagai Shohei , Okamoto Toshihiro , Watanabe Shun , Takeya Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDeposition of metallic electrodes on a semiconductor medium is an indispensable factor in governing carrier injection, and a metal/semiconductor contact that can be formed via solution process is highly desired in printed electronics. However, fine‐patterning the solution processes of metallic electrodes without damaging the excellent electronic properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is still a challenge. In this work, electroless plating, a metal coating technique that involves auto‐catalytic reaction in an aqueous solution, is used to fabricate top‐contact organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). An electroless‐plated gold pattern with a spatial resolution of 10 micrometers is transferred and laminated on a monolayer of OSCs to serve as a hole‐injection electrode. The fabricated OTFTs exhibit reasonably high field‐effect mobility of up to 13 cm2 V−1 s−1 and decent contact resistance as low as 120 Ω · cm, which implies that an ideal metal/semiconductor contact can be realized. This electroless plating technique can provide possibilities for practical mass production of organic integrated circuits because it is in principle cost‐effective, capable of covering large areas, high‐vacuum free, and environmentally friendly.
A Review of the Effects of Electrode Fabrication and Assembly Processes on the Structure and Electrochemical Performance of 2D MXenes
Authors: Orangi Jafar , Beidaghi Majid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMXenes are 2D materials with relatively high surface areas, high electrical conductivities, functional transition metal surfaces, tunable surface chemistries, and solution processability. Due to these properties, 2D MXenes have attracted widespread attention as electrode materials for energy storage devices, including electrochemical capacitors, with high power and energy densities. However, many studies have shown that the electrochemical performance of MXene electrodes is considerably affected by their structure and morphology. These properties are, for the most part, controlled by the method used for the assembly of 2D MXene flakes and the electrode fabrication methods. A successful electrode assembly and fabrication method should address several challenges, such as the restacking of 2D flakes, to achieve electrode structures and morphologies that deliver high ionic transport properties, electrical conductivity, and mechanical stability. This review aims to provide insight into the current state‐of‐the‐art assembly and fabrication methods used to design and fabricate high performance electrodes based on MXenes. The major challenges to be addressed and possible future directions in the fabrication of MXene electrodes for practical energy storage applications are highlighted.
Perovskite Films with Reduced Interfacial Strains via a Molecular‐Level Flexible Interlayer for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Zhang Cong‐Cong , Yuan Shuai , Lou Yan‐Hui , Liu Qing‐Wei , Li Meng , Okada Hiroyuki , Wang Zhao‐Kui 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInterface strains and lattice distortion are inevitable issues during perovskite crystallization. Silane as a coupling agent is a popular connector to enhance the compatibility between inorganic and organic materials in semiconductor devices. Herein, a protonated amine silane coupling agent (PASCA‐Br) interlayer between TiO2 and perovskite layers is adopted to directionally grasp both of them by forming the structural component of a lattice unit. The pillowy alkyl ammonium bromide terminals at the upper side of the interlayer provide well‐matched growth sites for the perovskite, leading to mitigated interface strain and ensuing lattice distortion; meanwhile, its superior chemical compatibility presents an ideal effect on healing the under‐coordinated Pb atoms and halogen vacancies of bare perovskite crystals. The PASCA‐Br interlayer also serves as a mechanical buffer layer, inducing less cracked perovskite film when bending. The developed molecular‐level flexible interlayer provides a promising interfacial engineering for perovskite solar cells and their flexible application.
Superhigh Uniform Magnetic Cr Substitution in a 2D Mo2C Superconductor for a Macroscopic‐Scale Kondo Effect
Authors: Xu Chuan , Liu Zhen , Zhang Zongyuan , Liu Zhibo , Li Jingyin , Pan Minghu , Kang Ning , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Ren Wencai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSubstitutional doping provides an effective strategy to tailor the properties of 2D materials, but it remains an open challenge to achieve tunable uniform doping, especially at high doping level. Here, uniform lattice substitution of a 2D Mo2C superconductor by magnetic Cr atoms with controlled concentration up to ≈46.9 at% by chemical vapor deposition and a specifically designed Cu/Cr/Mo trilayer growth substrate is reported. The concentration of Cr atoms can be easily tuned by simply changing the thickness of the Cr layer, and the samples retain the original structure of 2D Mo2C even at a very high Cr concentration. The controlled uniform Cr doping enables the tuning of the competition of the 2D superconductor and the Kondo effect across the whole sample. Transport measurements show that with increasing Cr concentration, the superconductivity of the 2D Cr‐doped Mo2C crystals disappears along with the emergence of the Kondo effect, and the Kondo temperature increases monotonously. Using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, the mechanism of the doping level effect on the interplay and evolution between superconductivity and the Kondo effect is revealed. This work paves a new way for the synthesis of 2D materials with widely tunable doping levels, and provides new understandings on the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in the 2D limit.
SI‐ATRP Polymer‐Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Water Vapor Separation
Authors: Aliyev Elvin , Shishatskiy Sergey , Abetz Clarissa , Lee Young Joo , Neumann Silvio , Emmler Thomas , Filiz Volkan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGraphene oxide is functionalized with poly(2‐diethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (PDEAEMA), and the resulting material is used as a selective layer of a thin‐film composite membrane (TFCM). The polymer synthesis is carried out by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) from bulk and also from single‐layer graphene oxide (GO). The polymer brushes synthesized by the “grafting from” method are characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and TGA‐FTIR. The TFCMs are prepared by the deposition of the selective layer from a stable polymer solution. The molecular weight of the polymer is sufficiently high to obtain a continuous defect‐free layer on a porous support. The thickness of the selective layer is ≈400 nm, as found in morphological investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained membranes are utilized for gas and water vapor transport experiments in a wide temperature range. The water vapor permeability coefficient of the investigated materials is up to 4500 Barrer; this value increases threefold upon quaterization of the amine. The high permeance and selectivity for water vapor make this type of thin‐film membranes a potential candidate for membrane distillation.
Fabrication of Multilayer Si/TiN/Sb NR Arrays as Anode for 3D Si‐Based Lithium/Sodium Ion Microbatteries
Authors: Yue Chuang , Wu Manyu , Cheng Boshi , Dang Man , Liu Gaozhan , Hu Fang , Li Jing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicro/nano lab‐on‐chip power systems with poor energy storage/conversion ability are one of the major obstacles that circumvent the further practical applications of the micro/nano smart devices. In this work, the multilayer Si/TiN/Sb nanorod (NR) arrays composites anodes are successfully fabricated and impressively display improved electrochemical properties in 3D Si‐based lithium/sodium ion microbatteries (L/SIMBs). Both the 3D Si configuration and the efficient TiN interlayer are together responsible for the obtained enhanced cyclability of the Sb nanoelectrode. Moreover, the Li/Na ion storage behaviors are also experimentally investigated from the postmorphology characterizations and further evidences the structure stability of the whole Si/TiN/Sb NRs anodes during the repeated Li/Na ions inserting/de‐inserting process. These multilayer Si/Ti/Sb NR arrays composites should be a promising anode for the 3D Si‐based L/SIMBs.
Voltage‐Controlled Dielectric Function of Bilayer Graphene
Authors: Okano Shun , Sharma Apoorva , Ortmann Frank , Nishimura Akira , Günther Christoph , Gordan Ovidiu D. , Ikushima Kenji , Dzhagan Volodymyr , Salvan Georgeta , Zahn Dietrich R. T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe refractive index and the extinction coefficient are usually inherent (noncontrollable) material characteristics. Recently, it was reported that the reflectivity of graphene in the mid‐infrared spectral range can be modified by an external bias. This report attracted much attention, but the controllable frequency/energy range is too narrow for possible applications. In this work, it is demonstrated that the potential of graphene is not limited to mid‐infrared wavelengths, but spans a much wider range including the visible spectral range. Here, back‐gated bilayer graphene is characterized in air using spectroscopic ellipsometry with a lateral resolution in the micrometer range. By applying a back‐gate voltage, the dielectric function can be modified in a broad spectral range, including the visible spectrum. To explain the change in the dielectric function, a simplified phenomenological approach which assumes that the back‐gating‐induced change in the carrier density of graphene can be described by a modified 2D Drude model is introduced. The trend of increasing values for the dielectric function with increasing sheet charge carrier density is confirmed by theoretical calculations performed in the independent particle picture.
Micro–Nano Hierarchical Structure Enhanced Strong Wet Friction Surface Inspired by Tree Frogs
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Chen Huawei , Guo Yurun , Wang Yan , Jiang Yonggang , Zhang Deyuan , Ma Liran , Luo Jianbin , Jiang Lei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuperior wet attachment and friction performance without the need of special external or preloaded normal force, similar to the tree frog's toe pad, is highly essential for biomedical engineering, wearable flexible electronics, etc. Although various pillar surfaces are proposed to enhance wet adhesion or friction, their mechanisms remain on micropillar arrays to extrude interfacial liquid via an external force. Here, two‐level micropillar arrays with nanocavities on top are discovered on the toe pads of a tree frog, and they exhibit strong boundary friction ≈20 times higher than dry and wet friction without the need of a special external or preloaded normal force. Microscale in situ observations show that the specific micro–nano hierarchical pillars in turn trigger three‐level liquid adjusting phenomena, including two‐level liquid self‐splitting and liquid self‐sucking effects. Under these effects, uniform nanometer‐thick liquid bridges form spontaneously on all pillars to generate strong boundary friction, which can be ≈2 times higher than for single‐level pillar surfaces and ≈3.5 times higher than for smooth surfaces. Finally, theoretical models of boundary friction in terms of self‐splitting and self‐sucking are built to reveal the importance of liquid behavior induced by micro–nano hierarchical structure.
Oxidative stress in elderly population: A prevention screening study
Authors: Gorni Davide , Finco Annarosa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAging is a multifactorial phenomenon, characterized by a progressive decline in the efficiency of biochemical and physiological processes and an increased susceptibility to disease. There is increasing evidence that aging and age‐related disease are correlated with an oxidative stress (OS) condition. The latter is characterized by an imbalance between reactive species (RS), in particular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant reserve.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to evaluate the two main markers of oxidative stress, plasmatic peroxide concentration (through d‐ROMs FAST test, derivates‐Reactive Oxygen Metabolites) and plasmatic antioxidant power measured by iron‐reducing power (PAT test, Plasma Antioxidant Test) in 290 apparently healthy volunteers over 60, and their possible correlation with age and gender.Materials and methodsHuman capillary blood samples from healthy volunteers were used in this observational study for the evaluation of the markers of OS.ResultsThe data obtained broadly demonstrate that the majority of elderly people display an OS condition characterized by increased levels of peroxides and a slight reduction in antioxidant reserve.ConclusionsSeniors have a greater propensity to develop a condition of oxidative stress, and therefore it is important to associate the monitoring of oxidative stress markers and, if necessary, antioxidant supplementation, with a healthy lifestyle.