bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La méritocratie « à la chinoise » : le Gaokao , concours d’entrée dans l’enseignement supérieur
Authors: Li Siyu 
Published: August 2020

En 2019, plus de dix millions de lycéens ont participé au Gaokao, le « Concours national et unifié d’entrée dans l’enseignement supérieur » en Chine. À l’issue de ce concours, en fonction de leur classement, les jeunes Chinois sont répartis dans des universités de prestige très différent. On dit de ce concours qu’il « décide de la vie de chacun ». Comment les paramètres du concours fondent-ils la justice sociale qu’il est censé assurer ? À partir d’enquêtes ethnographiques et d’entretiens au sein de deux lycées à Pékin, cet article défend la thèse selon laquelle le Gaokao incarne une idéologie méritocratique qui veut que chacun formule des attentes en proportion des efforts qu’il est prêt à fournir. Les inégalités du système scolaire, qu’elles relèvent des conditions matérielles ou symboliques offertes par chaque établissement secondaire, selon son statut, exercent un impact direct sur la motivation et la capacité de travail des élèves, et in fine sur leurs performances au concours. Elles délimitent les contours imaginaires du futur possible pour les élèves et reproduisent les inégalités sociales.
Lire ou relire La justice des mineurs d’Aaron Cicourel cinquante après sa parution : quatre angles de lecture
Authors: Bordreuil Samuel 
Published: August 2020

Cinquante ans après sa parution et récemment traduit en français, The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice mérite d’être lu pour sa valeur documentaire et de jalon, autant dans l’histoire de la sociologie que dans le parcours de l’auteur, qui bifurquera ensuite. Si, dans cet ouvrage, Aaron Cicourel faisait le pari (sous bannière ethnométhodologique) d’une saisie d’ensemble du social à travers un prisme micro-analytique, par la suite il destinera plutôt les approches micro à mieux saisir les modes d’emprise du niveau macro sur le niveau micro. Desserrant l’étau « micro-macro », cet article argumente en faveur de la pertinence de la prise en compte des consistances de l’ordre de l’interaction, tout en déchargeant celui-ci de toute vocation structurante expansive. Situer cet ordre comme « condition aux limites » (de la vie sociale) résout cette tension et donne plus de profondeur à la dimension sui generis des agencements sociaux.
La formulation du jugement de déviance. De la théorie de la désignation à la sociologie cognitive
Authors: Ogien Albert 
Published: August 2020

L’originalité du livre d’Aaron Cicourel The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice (1968) tient à ce qu’il rapporte les formes d’identification et de typification a priori qui organisent les interactions entre personnes concernées par le traitement de l’infraction d’un mineur (policiers, juges, travailleurs sociaux, éducateurs spécialisés, jeunes délinquants, avocats, parents, etc.) aux « théories ordinaires » d’après lesquelles ces multiples partenaires produisent un « jugement de déviance ». Il montre comment l’analyse des « opérations épistémiques » mises en œuvre dans cette production ouvre une nouvelle perspective à l’interactionnisme.
Violence, insécurité et fragilisation du lien civil à Caracas. Sur l’utilité sociologique des précautions cicouréliennes
Authors: José García Sánchez Pedro 
Published: August 2020

Le dialogue instauré avec Aaron Cicourel lors de la préparation de la recherche sur laquelle s’appuie cet article a marqué le rapport de son auteur à l’ethnographie urbaine et au suivi des interactions. L’étude des violences liées à l’usage des espaces publics à Caracas et à la fragilité du lien civil a servi à esquisser une écologie de l’ordre public. Attentive à la perception des troubles et aux interdépendances environnementales, cette écologie s’intéresse également aux grammaires de l’action et aux arrière-plans cognitifs participant à la résolution quotidienne des problèmes. Garder un œil rivé sur l’emboîtement problématique micro-macro dans des contextes imbibés d’implicites est une précaution utile lorsque l’on enquête sur des activités réputées dangereuses. Suivre la trame sensible et les hyperboles interprétatives fait apparaître la versatilité sémantique du prisme de l’insécurité. Comment peuvent être décelés sociologiquement différents troubles pour les mêmes violences quand le cadre de pertinence n’assurera pas d’expertise juridique, ni de suivi judiciaire ? La juste mesure du social à Caracas, dans ses épreuves civiles et urbaines, est ainsi mise en perspective.
Points de vue ethnographiques comparés sur la structure sociale : le défi d’articuler les niveaux d’analyse micro et macro
Authors: Cicourel Aaron Victor , Gonzalez Philippe 
Published: August 2020

Le concept de « microstructure sociale » est ici appréhendé comme un niveau d’énonciation nécessitant une référence explicite à des processus de connaissance et des systèmes de mémoire spécifiques. Ces processus et ces systèmes sont initiés et entretenus par des contacts conscients et inconscients avec soi-même et avec autrui : ils comprennent l’observation verbale et non verbale des contextes de la vie quotidienne. Ainsi, la vie en collectivité est rendue possible par un raisonnement au niveau micro, qui revêt des dimensions affectives, cognitives, analogiques et relationnelles ; cette vie est également permise par divers types d’événements communicationnels et par un savoir normatif et tacite considéré comme allant de soi. La « macrostructure sociale » désigne des formes complexes et étendues d’activités organisationnelles : des actions socioculturelles, politico-économiques, sociohistoriques, ainsi que des comportements et des actes communicationnels agrégés sur le plan micro. Ces activités sont essentielles pour générer des données démographiques, des sondages et des archives historiques, bien que ce matériau ignore les phénomènes se déroulant de façon tacite au niveau micro : la mémoire procédurale inconsciente et épisodique consciente se déployant en temps réel et en conditions réelles, le recours au langage familier, les événements gestuels, les procédures visant à documenter des pratiques, les formes ordinaires de la vie quotidienne d’une collectivité. Cette contribution examine des aspects négociés de la médecine clinique comportementale ambulatoire telle qu’elle émerge dans des contextes ethnographiques localisés, ces éléments étant observés et documentés instant après instant. Cette contribution vise notamment à clarifier le concept micro de « surcharge cognitive », cette surcharge étant entendue comme un obstacle cognitif/comportemental inhérent à tous les environnements communicationnels et écologiques socialement organisés. Les données issues de l’observation participante tirent parti des comparaisons temporelles et situationnelles de la méthode mise en œuvre pour étudier et expliquer la microstructure sociale. Celle-ci se révèle essentielle pour comprendre la macrostructure dans ses dimensions normative, socialement organisée et institutionnalisée – ce qui comprend les activités complexes appelées « cliniques médicales » et « milieux hospitaliers », ces instances étant intégrées dans des mésostructures abstraites, tels que les systèmes macro-économiques.
L’ontologie à Genève : de David Derodon à Jean-Robert Chouet
Authors: Ragni Alice 
Published: August 2020

L’histoire de la métaphysique à Genève pendant l’époque moderne est liée à la figure de David Derodon (c. 1600-1664), philosophe et théologien calviniste français. Il soutient que la métaphysique est la science de l’étant commun aux corps et aux esprits et que, pour cette raison, elle doit être distinguée de la pneumatique et de la somatique. Il s’agit, en d’autres termes, d’une métaphysique fortement «  ontologisée » qui traite des choses neutres. Le but de cet article est de montrer la diffusion de cette définition de la France à la Suisse jusqu’à son emploi par le cartésien Jean-Robert Chouet (1642-1731), professeur à la célèbre Académie de Genève fondée par Calvin en 1559. Chouet va encore plus loin en donnant une dénomination nouvelle à cette version de la métaphysique, qui est celle d’ontologie (ou ontosophia ), et en y introduisant le cogito cartésien.
L’ontologie comme anthropologie transcendantale : Kant et le problème de la métaphysique aux alentours de 1775
Authors: Valerio Tommasi Francesco 
Published: August 2020

Dès sa jeunesse, Kant s’occupe d’ontologie. «  Amoureux » de la métaphysique, il est toutefois insatisfait des résultats atteints par cette dernière et il lui cherche un fondement certain, jusqu’au développement de la philosophie transcendantale. Mais les confrontations variées et répétées de Kant avec la métaphysique et l’ontologie se mêlent souvent à la question de l’anthropologie. L’anthropologie est une discipline théorique et pratique ; elle est empirique, mais semble, dans certaines descriptions, être une partie de la métaphysique spéciale ; elle est une branche spécifique de la philosophie, mais la réponse à la question «  qu’est-ce que l’homme ? » constitue sa synthèse et son sommet. Dans un hapax logomenon remontant au début des années 1770, Kant parle aussi d’«  anthropologie transcendantale ». Dans ce passage et à cette période – dans la lignée des réflexions consacrées à la psychologie empirique – Kant semble s’adresser à une discipline qui serait une prémisse nécessaire à la métaphysique générale et à ce titre, remplacerait l’ontologie.
A California Hospital’s Response to COVID-19: From a Ripple to a Tsunami Warning
Authors: Bader Mary Kay , Braun Annabelle , Fox Cherie , Dwinell Lauren , Cord Jennifer , Andersen Marne , Noakes Bryan , Ponticiello Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Background
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rippled across the world from Wuhan, China, to the shores of the United States within a few months. Hospitals and intensive care units were suddenly faced with a “tsunami” warning requiring instantaneous implementation and escalation of disaster plans.

Evidence Review
An evidence-based question was developed and an extensive review of the literature was completed, resulting in a structured plan for the intensive care units to manage a surge of patients critically ill with COVID-19 in March 2020. Twenty-five sources of evidence focusing on pandemic intensive care unit and COVID-19 management laid the foundation for the team to navigate the crisis.

Implementation
The Critical Care Services task force adopted recommendations from the CHEST consensus statement on surge capacity principles and other sources, which served as the framework for the organized response. The 4 S’s became the focus: space, staff, supplies, and systems. Development of algorithms, workflows, and new processes related to treating patients, staffing shortages, and limited supplies. New intensive care unit staffing solutions were adopted.

Evaluation
Using a framework based on the literature reviewed, the Critical Care Services task force controlled the surge of patients with COVID-19 in March through May 2020. Patients received excellent care, and the mortality rate was 0.008%. The intensive care unit team had the needed respiratory and general supplies but had to continually adapt to shortages of personal protective equipment, cleaning products, and some medications.

Sustainability
The intensive care unit pandemic response plan has been established and the team is prepared for the next wave of COVID-19.
The bHLH transcription factor E protein negatively regulates endoreplication in the salivary gland cells
Authors: Ho Ching-Wei , Chung Yun-Chen , Chiu Yi-Lin , Wang Lan-Hsin 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Endoreplication is a variant cell cycle which generates massive DNA replication with no features of mitosis. In addition to abnormal occurrence of endoreplication in cancer cells, it is often found in plants and many different animal organs, such as liver, placenta, and Drosophila larval tissues. In treatment with anti-mitotic drugs, it has been shown that cancer cells may undergo endoreplication to escape apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of endoreplication in normal and pathological circumstances remain obscure.

Methods:
The regulation and function of most physiological processes are highly conserved between the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and mammals. In addition, using Drosophila as a research model can largely reduce genetic redundancy issues and provide a suitable way to observe cell autonomy. To address the aforementioned questions, we use the Drosophila as an animal model to study the function of fundamental regulators in endoreplication.

Results:
In the present study, we demonstrated that high levels of bHLH transcription factor E protein are capable of inhibiting endoreplication in larval salivary glands. The negative regulation of E protein in endoreplication depends on the dysregulation of cell cycle regulators, including E2f1 and its target genes Cyclin E and PCNA. However, the endoreplication defects caused by E protein overexpression are independent of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway.

Conclusions:
Our results reveal that endoreplication can be prevented by high levels of E protein through disrupting the oscillations of cell cycle regulators.
Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Kola Gautham , Sureshkumar Sathasivam , Mohsina Subair , Sreenath GS , Kate Vikram 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The study aimed at comparing restrictive and liberal transfusion strategy in reducing mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB).

Methods:
This was a single-center, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial conducted over two years. Patients presenting with UGIB were randomized into restrictive (hemoglobin (Hb) <7 g/dl) or liberal (Hb <8 g/dl) transfusion strategy groups. Transfusion was given till patients achieved target Hb of 9 g/dl in restrictive and 10 g/dl in the liberal arms. Patients with exsanguinating bleeding, transfusion within 90 days, recent history of trauma or surgery were excluded. Primary outcome was mortality rate and the secondary outcomes were morbidity, re-bleeding episodes and the need for intervention.

Results:
A total of 224 patients were randomized to 112 patients in each group. Demographic characteristics were comparable. 45-day mortality was similar between the two groups (restrictive vs. liberal; 10/112 vs. 12/112; P = 0.65). The number of in-hospital bleeding episodes (12 vs. 9; P = 0.25), incidence of re-bleeding during the 45-day follow-up (13 vs. 14; P = 0.84), need for endoscopic banding for varices (37/112 vs. 39/112, P = 0.99), mean hospital stay (days) (3.21 ± 2.78 vs. 2.73 ± 1.29; P = 0.10) were similar between the two groups.

Conclusion:
Restrictive transfusion strategy is non-inferior to liberal transfusion strategy in patients with UGIB.
Size of corpora and collocations: The case of Russian
Authors: Khokhlova Maria , Benko Vladimir 
Published: August 2020

With the arrival of information technologies to linguistics, compiling a large corpus of data, and of web texts in particular, has now become a mere technical matter. These new opportunities have revived the question of corpus volume that can be formulated in the following way: are larger corpora better for linguistic research or, more precisely, do lexicographers need to analyze bigger amounts of collocations? The paper deals with experiments on collocation identification in low-frequency lexis using corpora of different volumes (1 million, 10 million, 100 million and 1.2 billion words). We have selected low-frequency adjectives, nouns and verbs in the Russian Frequency Dictionary and tested the following hypotheses: 1) collocations in low-frequency lexis are better represented by larger corpora; 2) frequent collocations presented in dictionaries have low occurrences in small corpora; 3) statistical measures for collocation extraction behave differently in corpora of different volumes. The results prove the fact that corpora of under 100 M are not representative enough to study collocations, especially those with nouns and verbs. MI and Dice tend to extract less reliable collocations as the corpus volume extends, whereas t-score and Fisher’s exact test demonstrate better results for larger corpora.
Determinants of Well-being Status of Rice Farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Fatoki Phillip Oludare , Ajibola Bidemi Olayemi 
Published: August 2020

This paper examined the determinants of well-being status of rice farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty-one rice farmers from Karu, Kokona and Doma local government areas were chosen for the study by multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were analyzed using frequency, mean and logit regression model. Rice farmers were satisfied with their well-being status having satisfaction in five out of seven indicators that defined a general well-being. However, indicators of well-being status like safety and future security were not satisfactory. Age, sex, rice yield, income and extension contact had significant and positive influence on the well-being status of the rice farmers. Government and relevant agricultural stakeholders should focus on the key influencing factors in view of improving the well-being status of rice farmers in the study area.
Keywords: rice farmers, well-being, future security.
Farmers’ Willingness to Cultivate Pro-vitamin-A Cassava Variety in Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Olayinka Jelili Yusuf , Olatunji Yusuf Ambali , Ololade Latifat Abdulrahman , Oluwatosin Oluwafemi Lawal , Ayanda Ibrahim Folorunsho 
Published: August 2020

The study examined factors underlying farmers’ perception about pro-vitamin-A cassava varieties and their willingness to cultivate them in Kwara State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty-two (122) cassava farmers, selected through a multistage sampling procedure, were used for the study. Data were collected through the use of interview schedule and analysed using percentages, mean and standard deviation. Chi-square, likelihood ratio and factor (principal component) analysis were used for inferential deduction. Results showed that about half (50.8%) of the respondents had high knowledge about the improved cassava variety and a vast majority (93.4%) expressed willingness to cultivate it. Sex (χ2 = 3.542) and knowledge level (χ2 = 15.732) had significant association with willingness to cultivate at p≤0.05, with female farmers found to be about 3 times more likely willing to cultivate than male. Also, farmers with more knowledge were found to be about 6 times more likely willing to cultivate pro-vitamin-A than those with little knowledge. Three crucial factors (‘ethno-based preference’, ‘culturally induced personal preference’ and ‘colour dislike’) were found to be associated with farmers’ perception about the cassava variety. Farmers in Kwara State were willing to cultivate the pro-vitamin-A cassava variety. Women and those who had more knowledge were more willing to cultivate the variety than men and those with little knowledge, respectively. Factors underlying farmers’ perception about the variety were linked to ethno-cultural background and dislike for yellow root cassava. The need for more female integration and increased nutritional education in the drive towards popularisation of pro-vitamin-A cassava variety are thus recommended.
Key words: Pro-vitamin-A cassava, willingness to cultivate, nutritional education
Co-infection Model Formulation to Evaluate the Transmission Dynamics of Malaria and Dengue Fever Virus
Authors: Oluwafemi T.J. , Akinwande N.I. , Olayiwola R.O. , Kuta A.F. , Azuaba E. 
Published: August 2020

A mathematical model of the co-infection dynamics of malaria and dengue fever condition is formulated. In this work, the Basic reduction number is computed using the next generation method. The diseasefree equilibrium (DFE) point of the model is obtained. The local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium point of the model is established. The result show that the DFE is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than one but may not be globally asymptotically stable.
Keywords: Malaria; Dengue Fever; Co-infection; Basic reproduction number; Disease-Free equilibrium
Impacts Assessment of Coastal Activities on Water Quality of Upper Segment of Qua Iboe River, Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria
Authors: Jonah U.E. , Iwok E.S. , Hanson H.E. 
Published: August 2020

A study was carried out at the supper segment of Qua Iboe River from November, 2018 to August, 2019 in four sampling stations to assess the impacts of coastal activities on water quality. Water samples were collected monthly and analyzed using standard procedures of Associations of Official Analytical Chemist and American Public Health Association. The stations comparisons and location of significant differences were carriedout using ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, while paired sample t-test were employed to compare the seasonal difference. The mean ranged values of water temperature were (25.03 – 25.330C), pH (5.8 –6.6 mg/l), DO(3.11 - 5.45 mg/l), TDS (18.63 – 32.53mg/l), EC (8.33-13.16􀀁s/cm), Turbidity (7.61 – 18.32 NTU), TSS (90.80 - 165.63 mg/L), NO3 -1(33.02 – 78.33mg/l), P04 3-(4.44 – 7.39mg/l), Cl-(43.60 – 63.21mg/l), COD(35.96 – 113.05mg/l), NH3(0.33 – 0.62 mg/l). Mean values of TSS, EC, TSS, NO3, PO4 3-, NH3 and turbidity were higher in wet season, while water temperature, pH, DO, Cl- and COD values obtained were higher in dry season. Spatial variations in parameters were ascribed to levels of anthropogenic activities and wastes discharged within the stations; the seasonal variations were emanated from influx of wastes, and dilution as result of surface run-offs during wet season. Based on the findings, the WQI values were poor for human consumption; especially from station 2 to4.These calls for urgent attention by Federal / State Ministry Health and Environment regards to its effects on human health and consistent water quality monitoring should be put into consideration.
Keywords: Impact, Assessment, Coastal activities, Water Quality, Qua Iboe River
Keywords: Impact, Assessment, Coastal activities, Water Quality, Qua Iboe River
Substituent Effects on Absorption Spectra of 7-Amino-4-Hydroxynaphthalene-2- Sulfonic Acid Based Dyes
Authors: Iyun O.R.A. , Egbe J.O. , Kantiok G.Y. 
Published: August 2020

The synthesis of dyes derived from coupling 7-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (a diazonium salt) with different coupling agents (phenol, p-nitrophenol, vanillin and salicylic acid) respectively yielded four different dyes namely; Dye A, 4-hydroxy-7-((2- hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2-sulfonicAcid, Dye B, 4-hydroxy-7-((2-hydroxy-5- nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic Acid, Dye C, 7-((2-formyl-5-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)-4- hydroxy naphthalene-2-sulfonic Acid and Dye D, 2-hydroxy-6-((5-hydroxy-7-sulfonaphthalene-2-yl)diazenyl)benzoic Acid. The wavelengths of maximum absorption of the dyes were determined in different solvents; water, DMF, ethanol and acetone, their λmax was between 510-600nm. The synthesized dyes were characterized using IR and their melting points determined. The dyes were applied on wool and silk and the effect of pH, time, temperature on the %exhaustion for both fabrics was determined. The optimum pH for absorption of the dyes on both fabrics was 3 & 5, optimum time 50, 75 & 90 minutes and optimum temperature75 and 90oC depending on the dye and type of fabric. The Fastness (wash, rub and light) properties of the dyes were also assessed.
Keywords: Diazonium, coupling, exhaustion, fastness