bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the awareness level of biomimetic materials and technologies in the construction industry
Authors: Oguntona O A , Aigbavboa C O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The continuous patronage and utilization of unsustainable construction technologies and materials have been identified as one of the major constraints to realizing the sustainability goals of the construction industry. By proliferating and saturating the construction market with materials and technologies with eco-friendly attributes, the negative environmental impacts of the industry will be grossly mitigated. Hence, the adoption of biomimetic materials known to be novel, effective and efficient in this task as a result of their sustainable credentials. This research paper is aimed at assessing the awareness level of biomimetic materials and technologies in the construction industry. A questionnaire survey was conducted on construction professionals to evaluate their level of awareness. A quantitative approach to data analysis was employed using the mean scores of the variables identified. It is established that there is a low level of awareness and familiarity with biomimetic materials and technologies among construction professionals. Raising awareness level, education and government intervention are few among the recommended ways of bridging the knowledge gap on the use of materials and technologies inspired by nature.
Sustainable pervious concrete incorporating sorghum husk ash as cement replacement
Authors: Tijani M A , Ajagbe W O , Ganiyu A A , Agbede O A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The sustainability of Pervious Concrete (PC) can be enhanced by the utilization of waste materials for its construction. Employment of Sorghum Husk Ash (SHA) in partially replacing binder to produce a more sustainable PC was carried out in this research. Preparation of various mixtures of PC was done adopting the same size of aggregate (4.75 – 9.50), the same water/cement ratio (0.4) as well as the same aggregate/cement ration (4:1) and was investigated at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % substitution levels of binder with SHA. Produced PC samples were tested for density, porosity, permeability and compressive strength. The results revealed that density decreased while permeability and porosity raised with rising percentage of SHA. Fresh density was obtained to range from 2000 to 1965 kgm−3 whereas hardened density ranged between 1981 and 1940 kgm−3, 21.5 to 24.5 % values were obtained for porosity while permeability had values of 4.8 to 10.1 mms−1 for 0 - 25 % SHA correspondingly. The compressive strengths of 8.2 Nmm−2 was achieved for 25% SHA and 11.4 Nmm−2 for 0 % at 28 days curing time. The 5% SHA was found to be 13.2 Nmm−2 which is 16 % greater than 0 % SHA PC while that of 10 – 25 % correspondingly reduced by 4.4 - 28.1 %. The research revealed that SHA can practically be utilised to substitute cement with comparable and even make a better mixture than using 100 percent cement in PC fabrication.
Effect of various types and sizes of aggregate on self-compacting concrete
Authors: Olowofoyeku A M , Ofuyatan O M , Oluwafemi J , David O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Aggregates play important role in concrete; it serves as Structural fillers which are used in concrete production. Aggregate sizes, types and gradation are the most important factor when selecting aggregate. This study examines incorporating different sizes and types of coarse aggregate. Testing rheology and strength of self-compacting concrete mixes at varying sizes and different types of coarse aggregate. The various aggregate sizes used in the Various mixes are 10, 12.5 and 20mm, the types of aggregate used are granite, gravel and ceramic tiles and superplasticizer used is Conplast SP 430 with water cement ratio of 0.45. slump flow test, T50, L-box and V-funnel test were carried out on the various mix to determine the fresh properties of the concrete mix. The mechanical properties (compressive, flexural and split tensile strength test) were conducted on the mixes at different curing age (7, 21 and 28 days). The aggregate size 10mm and granite types had the highest slump flow for the fresh test. It was observed from the mechanical test 10mm and 12.5mm granite size had a higher strength than gravel and ceramic tiles.
Effects of basalt fiber in lightweight expanded clay concrete on compressive strength and flexural strength of lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete
Authors: Chiadighikaobi P C 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The percentages, lengths and diameters of chopped basalt fiber in concrete mixture have high influence on concrete strength. On the other hand, expanded clay contributes mostly in the weight reduction of the concrete hereby, giving what is called lightweight concrete. The collapse of concrete structures can be blamed to the effect of cracks that are born in the weak concrete structures. This paper shows how expanded clay with chopped basalt fiber of length 20mm, diameter 1.5µm affected the maximum load that the concrete samples bear and how the existence expanded clay and basalt fibers affect the concrete in terms of resistance to cracks seen through the bending (flexural) and strength on compressive of the concrete samples. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the effect of chopped basalt fiber with expanded clay in strengthening the mechanical behaviour of concrete. Concrete specimens were mixed with chopped basalt fiber and casted, the strength checked on 7th, 14th and 28th day and evaluated based on flexural strength, compression strength. The addition of basalt fiber in the specimens showed significant effect where the compressive strength decreased while the flexural strength increased.
Effects of rest period on the strength performance of geopolymer concrete
Authors: Oyebisi S , Ede A , Olutoge F , Igba T , Oluwafemi J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study investigated the effects of rest period on the short-term mechanical property of geopolymer concrete (GPC) that could possibly be easy to embrace in the field to achieve an optimum strength performance. The study utilized both corncob ash (CCA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as sustainable construction binders with a view to building sustainable infrastructure. Also, sodium silicate gel (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as an alkaline activator, and prepared in 14 molar concentration of NaOH pellets using a mix ratio of grade 30 MPa and grade 40 MPa concretes. GGBFS was substituted in 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% by volume of CCA. The rest periods (RP) for the fresh concrete were selected as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days before being demoulded. Thereafter, the concrete samples were removed from the moulds and cured under ambient conditions for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The compressive strength of the hardened concrete samples was then determined. The study findings reveal an optimum strength performance at 4 days rest period for all classes of concrete produced when compared with 1, 2, 3 and 5 days. Thus, this result can be practically employed and incorporated in the design of geopolymer concrete and at the construction site.
Morphological characterization and physio-chemical properties of nanoparticle - review
Authors: Afolalu S A , Soetan S B , Ongbali S O , Abioye A A , Oni A S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The discovery by researchers that the physio-chemical properties of a substance can be influenced by size led to a realization of the importance of Nano particles. Due to its excellent characteristics, these materials have been a source of interest for researchers in multidisciplinary fields. The morphological features of nanoparticles always garner prodigious attention because of the influence morphology has over most of the Nanoparticles’ properties. This review provides insight to the morphological characterization and physio-chemical of its properties.
Housing crisis: Waste glass-stabilized clay for use as fired clay bricks
Authors: Akinwumi I I , Ajayi O O , Joshua O , Sani R , Olofinnade O M , Awoyera P O , Ogundairo T O , Ogunwole D A , Afolayan O D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Scarce and expensive housing and consumer waste disposal are global challenges in today’s world. This study investigated the engineering properties of a clay stabilized with three waste glass sizes (less than 75 μm, greater than 150 μm but less than 75 μm, and less than 300 μm but greater than 150 μm) for the production of burnt clay bricks for earth building construction. Laboratory tests (sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and compaction tests) were conducted on the clay soil sample, while firing shrinkage, water absorption, unit weight and compressive strength tests were conducted on the fired clay bricks. The unit weight, firing shrinkage and compressive strength decreased with an increasing particle size of the waste glass in the fired clay bricks, while the fired clay bricks absorbed more water as the particle size of its waste glass content decreased. The use of waste glass with particle sizes less than 75 μm for stabilizing the clay was found to produce fired clay bricks with the highest compressive strength. The compressive strength of the fired clay bricks containing less than 75 μm particle sizes of waste glass was increased by 43.9% when compared with the compressive strength of the fired clay bricks having no waste glass. Consequently, waste glass with particle sizes of less than 75 μm is recommended for use in the production of fired clay bricks. The use of waste glass, which could have been a nuisance to the environment, is a potential way of improving the strength of bricks and making them more affordable bricks and consequently, making housing more affordable.
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lateritic Soil Treated with Bacillus Coagulans for use as Liner and Cover Material in Waste Containment System
Authors: Osinubi K J , Yohanna P , Eberemu A O , Ijimdiya T S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The innovative and environmentally friendly Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technique involves the use of micro-organisms to facilitate soil improvement. Urease positive bacteria in the company of urea and calcium sources formed dissolved ammonium and inorganic carbon, carbon dioxide and subsequent formation of calcite which is a pore filling material that stiffens the soil and improve its strength. The study involved assessing the potential of Bacillus coagulans(B.coagulans) to improve the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of lateritic soil. The soil samples were treated with 1/3 pore volume B. coagulans suspension densities of 0, 1.5×108, 6 × 108, 1.2 × 109, 1.8× 109 and 2.4 × 109 cells/ml, respectively. Soil specimens were prepared at moulding water content (MWC) of -2, 0, +2 and +4 % relative to optimum moisture content (OMC) and compacted with the British Standard light (BSL) energy. Cementation reagent was allowed to percolate the compacted specimens until partial saturation was achieved. Results show that UCS values increased with rise in B.
coagulans suspension density. UCS of natural soil prepared at -2 % OMC decreased from 278.3 kN/m2 to 141.45 kN/m2 at +4 % OMC. Similar trend were recorded for specimens treated with varying B.
coagulans suspension densities when prepared at MWC of -2, 0, +2 and +4 % relative to OMC. Also, UCS values improved with rise in dry density. The UCS values of specimens prepared with B. coagulans suspension densities and compacted at MWC of -2, 0 and +2 OMC, respectively, satisfied the minimum requirement of 200 kN/m2 and can be apply as liner and cover materials in municipal solid waste containment system.
Impact of climate change on the rainfall pattern of Klip River catchment in Ladysmith, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Chabalala D T , Ndambuki J M , Salim R W , Rwanga S S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Rainfall trend analysis has been of major focus in the past century because of the attention given to climate change by the science and engineering community. According to some latest studies, rainfall is one of the main parameters in any catchment which plays a significant role in flood frequency, flood control as well as water resources planning and management. Ladysmith town in South Africa is flooded almost every year resulting in loss of lives as well as properties and businesses. Thus, this study aimed at determining the monthly and annual rainfall pattern in relation to climate change. The monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trends for the period 1985 – 2018 were analyzed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimation. Results of this study indicated a variability in seasonal rainfall, with a rainfall increase during December and January of summer months whose Mann-Kendall test results were 1.88 and 0.73, and a major decrease showed in autumn months (March, April, and May) with Mann-Kendall test values of -2.76, -3.53 and -4.09. Thus, the overall results suggest a minor significant change for both Ladysmith and upstream of the Klip river catchment. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that climate change has an impact on the rainfall spatial pattern of the study area. This correlates well with similar analysis carried out in other areas around the world.
Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater remediation using 21st century technology: Baruwa community, Lagos State Nigeria as a case study
Authors: Ola S A , Fadugba O G , Adekoya J A , Babatola J O , Ajayi O O , Ojuri O O , Akinde S B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This research focused on geo-environmental site assessment and remediation of contaminated soil/groundwater. Baruwa community is the study site and it is located at Alimosho Local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria. About 350 hand dug wells for domestic water supply are in the community, all the wells are contaminated with petroleum product from leaking underground pipeline that transverse the community. Free hydrocarbon product thickness up to 0.72m was found on top of the groundwater in the hand dug wells. The main objective of the project was to take a hectare (100m x 100m) of the most contaminated area and remediate the groundwater to permissible level using the most up-to-date equipment and technology. Integrated Remediation Approach (IRA) was utilized; this involves physical and chemical method. The physical method involves the use of skimming-off technology that draws out the pure non-aqueous phase liquid (PNAPL) from the hand-dug wells. Chemical method adopted was in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), which involves injecting oxidizing agent (KMnO4) to the groundwater in the hand dug wells. Notable deplection in the values of TPH from a maximum of 500ppm to 20, 0, 25, 6, 6, 0.7 ppm for the six monitored wells during the 30 weeks of observation.
Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal options: A case study of Olushosun landfill, Lagos State
Authors: Balogun-Adeleye R M , Longe E O , Aiyesimoju K O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Landfills are known to be one of the anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4) and this gas is an important contributor to global warming. Aside the threat posed by methane, if properly managed, it could be harnessed as a source of energy. The efficient management of landfill generated CH4 gas would require the accurate prediction, monitoring and utilization of this useful source. Therefore, this study is focused on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of Olushosun landfill in Lagos metropolis. Environmental benefits between operation of landfills with and without gas recovery systems in Olushosun landfill were determined. LCA analysis showed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the present waste disposal system was 3,029,151tons of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). The adoption of sanitary landfill with gas recovery system is a preferred management route for solid waste disposal in Lagos metropolis due to CO2 emissions reduction of 1,725,761 tons. The results obtained also corroborate the use of LCA as a decision support tool in waste management system. It is therefore recommended that LCA should be implemented in developing countries to reduce long term environmental effects of waste management activities.
Dangerous organic chemicals identified in inhalable particulate matter air pollution
Authors: Etchie T O , Etchie A T , Sivanesan S , Adewuyi G O , Krishnamurthi K , Pillarisetti A , George K V , Rao P S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Inhalable particulate matter (PM10), comprising fine and thoracic coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10-2.5, respectively), is emitted from several sources. The sources includes construction and agricultural activities, transportation, industrial processes, power plants, wildfires, household solid cookfuels and suspensions or re-suspensions from unpaved roads, mining and natural sources. Previous studies, specifically from developed countries and China have shown that PM10 may contain several dangerous organic chemicals (DOCCs). However, very little is known about PM10 in developing countries. Therefore is study seeks to identify the DOCCs in airborne PM10 in Nagpur district, India. We collected 24-hr ambient PM10 samples from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of the district during wintertime (January, 2013). The DOCCs in the PM10 were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, phthalate esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and organic acids are major DOCCs in the PM10. Quantitative analysis of thirteen individual PAHs in the PM10 revealed concentrations that greatly exceeded health-based guideline. This suggests that prolong inhalation of such PM10 may pose adverse risk to health of the population.
Health implications of economic growth: the role of air pollution
Authors: Afolabi A , Urhie E , Ogunbiyi T , Ogundiran F , Afolabi A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Economic growth comes with benefit and cost. The benefits include improved standard of living, better health care facilities and longer years of living as well as better chances of attaining higher education. There are also costs to economic growth. Economic growth entails increasing productive and consumption activities that can lead to health challenges, increase in income inequality, depletion of natural resources and increased environmental pollution, especially air pollution. Air pollution also indirectly affects income generation and savings for households. It places additional cost burden on governments. This paper thus evaluated the relationship that exists between economic growth and health performance in Nigeria vis-à-vis air pollution. The study used the PROCESS software to estimate the direct, indirect and total effects of economic growth on the health performance in Nigeria. The study found a direct and positive relationship exist between gross domestic product and life expectancy, variables used to capture both economic growth and health performance in Nigeria. It further found that the relationship could be indirectly effected with the use of a transmission mechanism, in this case-air pollution, to show that economic growth may not always lead to better health outcomes.
Pollution emission evolution from composite and metal formation in Foundry Industry
Authors: Fayomi O S I , Ayoola A A , Morounfoluwa J , Akinwumi I I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The consumption of steel is a major indicator of the rate at which a country is developing. Emerging economies such as China and India markets have developed on the back of products such as steel, aluminum, and alloys. This development have not received much fanfare because of the environmental pollution incurred by the production of this products and at that rapid scale. This paper aims at studying the environmental impact of steel production by identifying the various forms in which pollution occurs in the metal production industry. This study limits itself to understanding the impact of gases evolved from the metal foundry be it from the foundry furnace or the metal mold cast. The study indicates that there is a correlation between the quality of mold cast and the rate of gas emission.
Development of a short time model for predicting chloride ingress into normal and pozzolanic concrete
Authors: Ikumapayi C M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of the major origins of corrosion in concrete reinforcing steel is chloride ion penetration. This process deteriorates concrete structures in many parts of the world. Chloride can penetrate into concrete structures mainly through diffusion and absorption. A good percentage of research work has been carried out on diffusion mechanism and the process even though slow is a well understood one. Conversely, few research work has been reported concerning absorption mechanism of chloride ion penetration in concrete. This is a fairly rapid transport process whose mechanism needs to be understudied. For this study, concrete cube specimens containing 100%OPC, 12%BLA and 12%GSA of mix 1:2:4 were prepared. The workability of the various mixes was obtained through slump and compaction factor tests. The hardened cubes, 150 mm³, were thereafter immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for the specified durations. Compressive strength, absorption and spray tests were carried out on the designed specimens at 28, 56 and 90 days. Numerical models were developed using data obtained from the various tests to predict the depth of chloride penetration into normal and pozzolanic concrete under the condition used in this study. The developed models indicate that absorption has substantial effect on chloride ingress. The models’ outputs further propose that the thickness of concrete cover in structures exposed to chloride attack should be greater than the present recommended values in use. However, thickness of concrete cover has practical limits based on the design and analysis, consequently, partial replacement of cement with pozzolans (Bamboo Leaf Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash) should be adopted.
The need for the inclusion of entrepreneurship in our Nigerian architectural education
Authors: Nnaemeka-Okeke R C , Ugwu C C , Okafor C N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Nigeria’s emerging economy is driven by young people who have discovered opportunities in new technologies that has given rise to entrepreneurial skills and enterprises. Architecture as a discipline and profession is technology driven and there is an urgent need to bridge the gap between architectural education and practice to make our young architects more relevant with this current trend. There is a strong observation that the existing curriculum structure for teaching and practicing architecture is inadequate to address the challenges of today. The aim of this research was to establish the importance of the inclusion of entrepreneurship in the architectural curriculum in the schools of Architecture. We hypothesized that inclusion of entrepreneurship in architecture teaching curriculum will increase the development of entrepreneurial culture; promote enterprise; sensitize students in the diversification in architecture; and foster entrepreneurial mind-set through theory and practice. A survey was carried out using 150 participants made up of 100 students and 30 lecturers drawn from three universities (federal, state and private) and 20 practicing architects in Enugu Metropolis using a convenient sampling method. Using Chi-square statistics to test the hypotheses, all the hypotheses were confirmed. The results were discussed, and recommendations made.