bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book uses extensive original archival and elite interview research to examine the attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as a means of disciplining democracy and the market through a new rule-based economic and political order. This rebirth took the form of conservative liberalism and, in its most developed form, Ordo-liberalism. It occurred against the historical background of the great transformational crisis of liberalism in the first part of the twentieth century. Conservative liberalism evolved as a cross-national phenomenon. It included such eminent and cultured liberal economists as James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Ralph Hawtrey, Jacques Rueff, Luigi Einaudi, Walter Eucken, Friedrich Hayek, Alfred Müller-Armack, Wilhelm Röpke, Alexander Rüstow, and Paul van Zeeland, as well as leading lawyers like Louis Brandeis, Franz Böhm, and Maurice Hauriou. It also played a formative role in establishing new international networks, notably the Mont Pèlerin Society. The book investigates the rich intellectual inheritance of this variant of new liberalism from aristocratic liberalism, ethical philosophy, and religious thought. It also locates the social basis of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia. The book goes on to examine the attempts to embed this new disciplinary form of liberalism in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, and to consider the determinants of its varying significance across space and over time. It concludes by assessing the historical significance and contemporary relevance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism as liberalism confronts a new transformational crisis at the beginning of the new millennium. Is their promise of disciplining democracy and the market a hollow one?
The Core Galilean Idea and Some Crucial Data
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Traditional social conceptions of language, which focus on surface speech performance, are contrasted with Chomskyan “Galilean” conceptions, which seek to understand the underlying computational system that constitutes speakers’ linguistic competence. Only in conjunction with many other systems (e.g., decision making) is competence responsible for observed performance. Consequently, the concern of a Chomskyan theory is not with explaining the ordinary data of speech, but with crucial data that are revelatory of that system in a way that rival theories are not. Striking examples of such data are “WhyNots,” or strings of words that speakers find “unacceptable” but could nevertheless easily guess what they mean. I discuss half a dozen such cases, as well as other crucial data, e.g., the productivity, creativity, and apparent universality of grammar, its independence of general intelligence, and the stability and speed of its acquisition based upon impoverished stimuli, in what appears to be a critical period.
Competence/Performance
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the distinction between Conventional E(xternal)-languages and non-conventional I(nternal, intensional)-languages. The problems with traditional external, extensionalist, especially Quinean behavioristic, and more generally what I call “Superficialist”approaches are discussed, specifically the problems Quineans have raised about how to distinguish between extensionally equivalent grammars, and between explicit from implemented (or “implicit”) rules and structures. The chapter will also consider less purely behaviorstic, but still superficalist objections to a Chomskyan internal realism associated with the work ofWittgenstein, Ryle, Baker and Hacker, Chater, and “Kripkenstein” (or Saul Kripke’s well-known interpretation of Wittgenstein), according to which there can be no factual basis for claiming speakers are following one set of grammatical rules rather than another.
Knowledge and the Explanatory Project
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chomskyans distinctively require that a linguistic theory be “explanatorily adequate,” accounting for the possibility of children’s acquisition of grammar. They characterize that acquisition in terms of “knowledge,” a fraught term inessential to the core theory. It suggests that a child is a “little linguist,” an absurdity that is avoided by presuming the knowledge involves “non-conceptual” representations of the sort required for states not integrated into general cognition. Related misunderstandings can be avoided by noting that the kind of epistemological project that concerns Chomskyans is not the “working” epistemology that traditionally concerns philosophers replying to sceptics, but rather an “explanatory” one concerned with explaining cognitive capacities, an interest that may not coincide with the working project. The concluding section briefly sets out a “computational-representational” explanatory strategy on which Chomskyans are relying, and how it might afford a principled basis for what ascriptions of “knowledge” are worth preserving.
Resistance of Even Mental Realists and the Need for Representational Pretense
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many non-behaviorists have also opposed the Chomskyan psychological conception of linguists. Some of this opposition is concerned with issues orthogonal to Chomskyan ones, for example issues about prescriptive grammars, conscious phenomena or abstract Platonistic systems. The most persistent opposition has been from Michael Devitt, who insists that linguistics be concerned with a largely conventional “linguistic reality” of words entokened in the air and on paper. His arguments occasion noting that a Chomskyan theory is about computations on representations of words, not on words themselves. However, to avoid an awkward and prolix literal statement of their theory, they conveniently drop the term “representation” and engage in what I call a “representational pretense,” speaking as if the computations were on the words and other SLEs themselves, a convenient and innocuous pretense that I argue is implicit in almost any “internalist” psychology.With this distinction in mind, it is easier to see that there need not in the end be a conflict between the psychological and more external conceptions of linguistics so long as each does not insist on excluding the other.
Linguistic Intuitions and the Voice of Competence
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter defends a “voice of competence” (“VoC”) view of the speaker intuitions on which Chomskyans rely, whereby they are a relatively direct causal consequence of (non-conceptual) representations generated by a speaker’s I-language. Devitt has argued against this view, defending instead the view that, although speakers’ intuitions are ultimately based upon items produced by an internal grammar for central cognition, these items merely “have” and do not represent syntactic properties. Moreover, what speakers ordinarily hear are not those linguistic properties, but only “the message” the items convey. Speaker’s intuitions are therefore just part of their empirical knowledge of items in the world generally, no different in principle from their knowledge of typing. The chapter argues that internal items “having” properties cannot explain the way that syntactic properties are integrated into perception; only representations of properties can do that, which, when they do, also inform speakers’ intuitions. The conclusion looks at the considerable empirical evidence that exists for phonological and syntactic perception often trumping understanding of whatever likely message was intended.
Chomsky and Intentionality
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Intentionality, or the property of minds and representations whereby they are “about” things real or unreal, such as chairs, ghosts, colors, or words. Although intentionality seems to play a crucial role in psychology and in Chomskyan linguistics, its reality has been contested by philosophers such as Quine and, surprisingly, by Chomsky himself. On behalf of Chomsky, John Collins has defended a “Scientific Eliminativism,” endorsing what I call a “Platonist-algebraic” reading of Chomsky’s core theory. I argue that this reading will fall short of satisfying “explanatory adequacy,” failing to provide an account of how a child could be perceptually sensitive to linguistic phenomena. As argued in Chapter 7, this latter requires intentionalist representations, even of phenomena such as words (and colors) that do not exist, what Brentano called “intentional inexistents,” a category this chapter argues is not as problematic as naturalistic philosophers have feared.
Analytic Elements from Singular Integral Equations
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSolutions to interface problems may be developed using analytic elements with mathematical solutions to the Laplace equation developed by singular integral equations. This formulation leads to solutions with discontinuities occurring across line segments, where the potential or stream function is discontinuous across double layer elements in Section 5.2, and the normal or tangential component of the vector field is discontinuous across single layer elements in Section 5.3. Examples illustrate a broad range of solutions to interface conditions possible with these elements. Series expansions are used to represent the far-field at larger distances from elements in Section 5.4, which leads to higher-order elements with nearly exact solutions and also provides a simpler representation for contiguous strings of adjacent elements. Such strings of elements are used with polygon elements in 5.5 to solve conditions along the interfaces of heterogeneities, and to provide a common series expansion to represent the far-field for a group of neighboring elements. Methods are extended to analytic elements with curvilinear geometry using conformal mappings (Section 5.6) and to three-dimensional fields in Section 5.7.
Introduction
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Bhāgavata and this book. The Bhāgavata’s philosophical content is solidly grounded in the classical understandings of both Vedānta and Sāṁkhya, and its overarching theological aim is to promote unalloyed devotion to Kṛṣṇa (or God) as the highest and most satisfying human occupation. This having been said, this chapter also argues that the Bhāgavata is not a systematic work in the manner of the Sāṅkhya-kārikā or Yoga-sutras, nor is it structured and linear in fashion as are these works. Rather it weaves its theological discourse through its narratives, often discussing various themes at the same time. The Bhāgavata’s discourse sometimes moves like a spiral, discussing a theological topic repeatedly, but each time with a bit more depth or in a different context. At other times, it moves like a neural network, in which one theological idea leads to another with no apparent framework other than the connections between the ideas themselves. All these matters and more are touched upon in this chapter.
Māyā’s Role in the Absolute Realm
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores māyā’s role in the absolute realm that is said to be a transformation of yoga-māyā, Kṛṣṇa’s internal energy, meaning the realm in which Kṛṣṇa personally resides along with his loving associates: those souls that want to live in full knowledge and remembrance of Kṛṣṇa (sambandha), that have chosen loving devotional service (bhakti) as the means (abhidheya), and that have found complete fulfillment and unlimited joy in unconditionally dedicating themselves to Kṛṣṇa’s happiness (prayojana). However, before journeying into that divine realm, this chapter first develops a nuanced understanding of the term bhakti. The chapter concludes that in the context of Kṛṣṇa’s līlā, māyā serves not as the potency of delusion, but rather as the energy that reconnects finite souls with the divine play of Kṛṣṇa. Instead of forgetting God, the souls now forget that he is God, so that they may play their role in relationship with him. Indeed, Kṛṣṇa himself voluntarily submits to the power of yoga-māyā, losing himself in this divine drama, thus increasing the intensity and intimacy of his devotees’ love for him.
The Bhāgavata Speaks of Human Suffering
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the Bhāgavata’s overall response to the problem of suffering, namely to celebrate “devotional heroism”: the facing and conquering of unavoidable suffering through intensified devotion. The Bhāgavata does not see karma as an adequate solution to the problem of suffering. It admits that just as it is difficult or sometimes impossible to ascertain the cause of a forest fire, which may be due to lightning or the rubbing of sticks, so also the cause of living beings’ suffering is difficult to understand. Implicit in the narratives of devotional heroism throughout the Bhāgavata is the notion that the ultimate purpose of all temporary sufferings is eternal freedom and never-ending spiritual joy in intimate association with Kṛṣṇa. Suffering, in other words, is a means by which devotees—bhāgavatas—are understood to be elevated from already-existing greatness to eternal glory. As models for ordinary human beings, saintly devotees in such conditions of adversity underscore the Bhāgavata’s message of hope, that all human beings, and indeed ultimately all living beings, may become exalted, overcome the bonds of māyā, and attain Kṛṣṇa-prema (love of God) by imbibing the Bhāgavata vision.
Origins, Bondage, Liberation, and Grace
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Bhāgavata is primarily concerned with how the jīva (self’s) bondage is perpetuated and how it is brought to an end. While the text more or less takes bondage for granted, there are several passages that discuss the important but vexing question of how we became bound in the first place. In some of these passages, the self’s bondage is described as having a beginning, and that beginning is described as a type of “fall” from an original spiritual state. As for freedom from bondage (or liberation), this is basically described as a return to that original state. Standing against this portrayal, however, are a handful of Bhāgavata passages which seem to suggest that the self’s bondage is beginningless (anādi), with no starting point in time. This chapter explores the question of whether the Bhāgavata views the bound jīva as having existed eternally in the cycle of birth and death or as having previously existed in an unbound state of eternal being, from which it fell into temporal cyclical existence.
Epilogue
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter concludes by examining how the Bhāgavata figures into the intellectual history of India. As has been shown throughout this work, rather than being a naive, irrelevant book of fabled tales and irrational beliefs, the Bhāgavata provides a sophisticated alternate view of Vedānta to that which is presented by Śaṅkara and his followers, up to and including Vivekānanada. The Bhāgavata claims that Kṛṣṇa is endowed with unlimited potency (māyā), for which nothing is impossible or contradictory. It is through the transformation of Kṛṣṇa’s māyā that the categories of existence are said to arise, and never through a transformation of Kṛṣṇa himself.
Interlude
Authors: Stewart Dustin D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The book as a whole emphasizes a productive discontinuity between various eighteenth-century poets and both their Miltonic sources and their Romantic successors. Two interludes, however, qualify this picture by showing how a mortalist poetics, shared by the late Milton and some early Romantic writers, persisted in between the two in certain quarters of Enlightenment England. The first interlude focuses on the poet James Thomson. It identifies and discusses a few of the theological implications of his Poem Sacred to the Memory of Isaac Newton (1727) and his revisions to The Seasons (1730).
The Place for Gloom
Authors: Stewart Dustin D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beginning the final section of the book, which shows how early Romanticism tames the spiritualist impulse, this chapter considers poetic re-embodiment in relation to psychological depression, called “gloom” by the poet and critic Anna Letitia Barbauld. She faulted Edward Young for having popularized a dangerously gloomy sublimity that, by separating souls from bodies, desensitized readers to subtle and modest everyday feelings. As a remedy, her writing praises the enlightened “chearfulness” of Mark Akenside, a healthy middle register of embodied emotion that is neither too dark nor too bright. Yet Barbauld eventually came to agree, the chapter argues, with medical experts who had decided that melancholy is an affliction more of matter than mind. Late poems, crowned by Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (1812), both accept that gloom belongs in the physical body and identify the poet’s own voice with that body. De-souled and dispirited, Barbauld at last domesticates Young’s otherworldly passion. She makes depression political by making it ordinary.
The Victorian Baby in Print
Authors: Wagner Tamara S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Victorian Baby in Print: Infancy, Infant Care, and Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture explores the representation of babyhood in Victorian Britain. The first study to focus exclusively on the baby in nineteenth-century literature and culture, this critical analysis discusses the changing roles of an iconic figure. A close look at the wide-ranging portrayal of infants and infant care not only reveals how divergent and often contradictory Victorian attitudes to infancy really were, but also prompts us to revise persistent clichés surrounding the literary baby that emerged or were consolidated at the time, and which are largely still with us. Drawing on a variety of texts, including novels by Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Mrs Henry Wood, and Charlotte Yonge, as well as parenting magazines of the time, childrearing manuals, and advertisements, this study analyses how their representations of infancy and infant care utilised and shaped an iconography that has become definitional of the Victorian age itself. The familiar clichés surrounding the Victorian baby have had a lasting impact on the way we see both the Victorians and babies, and a close analysis might also prompt a self-critical reconsideration of the still burgeoning market for infant care advice today.
Conclusion
Authors: Wagner Tamara S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conclusion puts the continued commodification of Victorian babyhood into a different perspective by re-examining nineteenth-century discourse on an expanding baby industry that included baby care products as well as contradictory advice on their purchase, right usage, and ongoing innovation. It explores this industry as a product of and an additional force in the contestations surrounding competing forms of infant care that sharpened the paradoxical relationship between the sentimentalization of the baby and the commercial possibilities of anxious parenting, the increasing professionalization of infant care, and altogether the growing contestations surrounding the right way to look after your baby in print media. The ongoing commodification of the baby does more than attest to the lasting power and the distorting appropriation of Victorian baby-worship. A critical discussion of the growing culture of baby products at the time also prompts us to examine the significance of this culture today. In understanding and discussing its continued influence, we might become enabled to regard contradictory parenting advice and baby care products as presented in the media with more critical self-awareness as well.
Imaging Inscriptions
Authors: Masséglia Jane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe granite obelisk with inscriptions in Hieroglyphic and Greek which was transported by W. J. Bankes from Philae in Egypt to his home at Kingston Lacy in Dorset in 1829 played an important role in the story of the decipherment of hieroglyphs by Young and Champollion. Coinciding with the launch of the Rosetta Spacecraft mission in 2014, new digital images of the inscriptions on the base of the obelisk were made by a team from the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, University of Oxford, using the technique of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and allowed improved versions of the texts to be corrected and verified.
Beyond Rosetta
Authors: Mairs Rachel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe discovery and collection of multilingual inscriptions through excavation and the antiquities trade in the nineteenth century played a crucial role in the decipherment of Egyptian scripts. The history of the modern ownership of inscriptions now located in Egypt, Europe, and North America and their role in the development of Egyptology are closely linked. The chapter traces the history of scholarship on several Greek-Egyptian texts, including an unpublished inscription from the Delta, a decree in honour of a member of a prominent family from Upper Egypt, foundation plaques from a temple of Hathor-Aphrodite, and a sphinx from Koptos. The reassembly of stones which were often dispersed and broken into separate pieces through circumstances of excavation or the antiquities market allows us to establish equivalences between Egyptian and Greek concepts, people, and places, and sheds light on the sociolinguistic situation in individual communities, and in Egypt as a whole.
Religious Life in Ptolemaic Alexandria under the Royal Aegis
Authors: Savvopoulos Kyriakos 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA large proportion of the inscriptional evidence from Alexandria illustrates the key role of religious institutions and activities, under direct or indirect royal patronage, in the formation of a diverse and flexible cultural environment affording multiple permutations. As part of this environment, religion became the vehicle for the promotion of an ideological programme, appropriate for communicating the dual (i.e. Macedonian and Egyptian) character of the Ptolemaic monarchy in which the individual rulers have both human and divine characteristics. This chapter provides an updated chronological overview of the relevant epigraphic evidence, focusing on the roles and relationships of the Ptolemies and their courtiers as well as of other prominent individuals involved in the Alexandrian cults and temples. The discussion takes into account other types of material evidence for comparison, where possible, in order to provide as ‘panoramic’ a view as possible of the religious landscape.
Epigraphic Habits of Private Associations in the PtolemaicChora
Authors: Mario C. D. Paganini 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the ways in which Greek epigraphic habits developed in, or were adapted to, the local communities of Egypt, focusing in particular on the habits of associations in Ptolemaic Egypt, groups of private individuals who gathered—more or less of their own accord—for a variety of purposes and communal activities. The epigraphy of associations provides a wide range of text typologies and formats, illustrating the full potential of epigraphic practices. The discussion focuses on habits of associations in the chora of Ptolemaic Egypt, particularly the villages—that is to say, in places other than the three cities of Alexandria, Naukratis, and Ptolemais in the Thebaid. Consideration of the typology and format of inscriptions by associations in the chora will raise the question of socio-geographical differentiation and local variation, as well as the possible models (civic or not) for rural epigraphy. Furthermore, the impact that associations had on their local communities through their epigraphic habits, in particular on the visual landscape, is highlighted.