bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-estimating the changes and ranges of forest biomass carbon in China during the past 40 years
Authors: Zhou Xiaolu , Lei Xiangdong , Liu Caixia , Huang Huabing , Zhou Carl , Peng Changhui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn recent decades the future of global forests has been a matter of increasing concern, particularly in relation to the threat of forest ecosystem responses under potential climate change. To the future predictions of these responses, the current forest biomass carbon storage (FCS) should first be clarified as much as possible, especially at national scales. However, few studies have introduced how to verify an FCS estimate by delimiting the reasonable ranges. This paper addresses an estimation of national FCS and its verification using two-step process to narrow the uncertainty. Our study focuses on a methodology for reducing the uncertainty resulted by converting from growing stock volume to above- and below-ground biomass (AB biomass), so as to eliminate the significant bias in national scale estimations.MethodsWe recommend splitting the estimation into two parts, one part for stem and the other part for AB biomass to preclude possible significant bias. Our method estimates the stem biomass from volume and wood density (WD), and converts the AB biomass from stem biomass by using allometric relationships.ResultsBased on the presented two-step process, the estimation of China’s FCS is performed as an example to explicate how to infer the ranges of national FCS. The experimental results demonstrate a national FCS estimation within the reasonable ranges (relative errors: + 4.46% and − 4.44%), e.g., 5.6–6.1 PgC for China’s forest ecosystem at the beginning of the 2010s. These ranges are less than 0.52 PgC for confirming each FCS estimate of different periods during the last 40 years. In addition, our results suggest the upper-limits by specifying a highly impractical value of WD (0.7 t∙m− 3) on the national scale. As a control reference, this value decides what estimate is impossible to achieve for the FCS estimates.ConclusionsPresented methodological analysis highlights the possibility to determine a range that the true value could be located in. The two-step process will help to verify national FCS and also to reduce uncertainty in related studies. While the true value of national FCS is immeasurable, our work should motivate future studies that explore new estimations to approach the true value by narrowing the uncertainty in FCS estimations on national and global scales.
The practice of climate change policy evaluations in the European Union and its member states: results from a meta-analysis
Authors: Fujiwara Noriko , van Asselt Harro , Böβner Stefan , Voigt Sebastian , Spyridaki Niki-Artemis , Flamos Alexandros , Alberola Emilie , Williges Keith , Türk Andreas , ten Donkelaar Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
This article presents the main findings from a meta-analysis of how climate change mitigation policy evaluations have been undertaken in the European Union (EU) and six of its Member States: Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece and the United Kingdom. It aims to provide insights into how policy evaluations are carried out and how those practices might be improved. As a first step, this article reviews the literature on the theory and practice of policy evaluations to guide our methodology and further analysis.

Results
Our sample of 236 policy evaluations in the EU and six Member States covers the period 2010–2016. Compared with the results of a similar meta-analysis carried out covering the period 1998–2007, formal evaluations commissioned by government bodies have been on the rise in 2010–2016. Most evaluations focus on effectiveness and goal achievement and usually forgo a deeper level of reflexivity and/or public participation in the evaluation process. The analysis also reveals the dominance of the energy sector in the sampled evaluations. The article finds that the low number of any policy evaluations in the agriculture, waste or land-use sectors is an area for further investigation.

Conclusions
The exercise of identifying, coding and categorising these evaluations for 7 years helps to provide insights into the potential use of ex-post evaluations in support of future EU legislative proposals and accompanying impact assessments. Having a good understanding on how a certain policy performed particularly according to evaluation criteria might form the basis for more ambitious climate change mitigation policies in the future. Our analysis further shows that it is crucial and urgent to allocate sufficient resources to the coverage of relatively under-represented sectors, such as land use, land-use change and forestry, and waste.
From blood development to disease: a paradigm for clinical translation
Authors: Justice Monica J. , Hmeljak Julija , Sankaran Vijay G. , Socolovsky Merav , Zon Leonard I. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Translating basic research to the clinic is a primary aim of Disease Models & Mechanisms, and the recent successes in hematopoiesis research provide a blueprint of how fundamental biological research can provide solutions to important clinical problems. These advances were the main motivation for choosing hematopoiesis disorders as the focus of our inaugural meeting, ‘Blood Disorders: Models, Mechanisms and Therapies’, which was held in early October 2019. This Editorial discusses the reasons for and the challenges of interdisciplinary research in hematopoiesis, provides examples of how research in model systems is a key translational step towards effective treatments for blood disorders and summarizes what the community believes are the key exciting developments and challenges in this field.
Understanding the uptake of a national retinopathy screening programme: An audit of people with diabetes in two large primary care centres
Authors: Tracey Marsha , Racine Emmy , Riordan Fiona , McHugh Sheena M. , Kearney Patricia M. 
Published: December 2019

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is estimated to affect 25–26% of the Irish population with diabetes and is one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults. Regular diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) can reduce the risk of sight loss. In 2013, the new national screening programme (RetinaScreen) was introduced in Ireland. Maximising DRS uptake (consent to participate in the programme and attendance once invited) is a priority, therefore it is important to identify characteristics which determine DRS uptake among those with diabetes in Ireland. We report uptake in an Irish primary care population during the initial phase of implementation of RetinaScreen and investigate factors which predict consenting to participate in the programme. Methods: In two primary care practices, data were extracted from records of people with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) aged ≥18 years who were eligible to participate in RetinaScreen between November 2013 and August 2015. Records were checked for a RetinaScreen letter. RetinaScreen were contacted to establish the status of those without a letter on file. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and consenting. Adjusted incident rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CI were generated as a measure of association. Results: Of 722 people with diabetes, one fifth (n=141) were not registered with RetinaScreen. Of 582 who were registered, 63% (n=365) had participated in screening. Most people who consented subsequently attended (n=365/382, 96%). People who had attended another retinopathy screening service were less likely to consent (IRR 0.65 [95%CI 0.5-0.8]; p<0.001). Other predictors were not significantly associated with consent. Conclusions: Over one third of eligible participants in RetinaScreen had not consented. Research is needed to understand barriers and enablers of DRS uptake in the Irish context. Implementing strategies to improve DRS uptake, barriers to consent in particular, should be a priority.
Towards Health Equity and Transformative Action on tribal health (THETA) study to describe, explain and act on tribal health inequities in India: A health systems research study protocol
Authors: Srinivas Prashanth Nuggehalli , Seshadri Tanya , Velho Nandini , Babu Giridhara R , Madegowda C , Channa Basappa Yogish , Narasimhamurthi Nityasri Sankha , Majigi Sumanth Mallikarjuna , Madhusudan Mysore Doreswamy , Marchal Bruno 
Published: December 2019

Background: In India, heterogenous tribal populations are grouped together under a common category, Scheduled Tribe, for affirmative action. Many tribal communities are closely associated with forests and difficult-to-reach areas and have worse-off health and nutrition indicators. However, poor population health outcomes cannot be explained by geography alone. Social determinants of health, especially various social disadvantages, compound the problem of access and utilisation of health services and undermine their health and nutritional status. The Towards Health Equity and Transformative Action on tribal health (THETA) study has three objectives: (1) describe and analyse extent and patterns of health inequalities, (2) generate theoretical explanations, and (3) pilot an intervention to validate the explanation. Methods: For objective 1, we will conduct household surveys in seven forest areas covering 2722 households in five states across India, along a gradient of socio-geographic disadvantage. For objective 2, we will purposefully select case studies illustrating processes through which socio-geographic disadvantages act at the individual, household/neighbourhood, village or population level, paying careful attention to the interactions across various known axes of inequity. We will use a realist evaluation approach with context-mechanism-outcome configurations generated from the wider literature on tribal health and results of objective 1. For objective 3, we will partner with willing stakeholders to design and pilot an equity-enhancing intervention, drawing on the theoretical explanation generated and evaluate it to further refine our final explanatory theory. Discussion: THETA project seeks to generate site-specific evidence to guide public health policy and programs to better contribute to equitable health in tribal populations. It fulfills the current gap in generating and testing explanatory social theories on the persistent and unfair accumulation of geographical and social disadvantage among tribal populations and finally examines if such approaches could help design equity-enhancing interventions to improve tribal health.
Anthropometric measurements associated with intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly: a case-control study
Authors: Ardiansyah Andy , Yuwana Sugeng 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND Femoral intertrochanteric fracture is an important cause of disability in the elderly. Low muscle mass, especially those of the lower limbs, has been associated with osteoporosis and higher fall incidents. This study was aimed to assess the association between the anthropometric indices and intertrochanteric fractures.
METHODS This case-control study was performed from September 2013 to July 2015. The criteria of case group were elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures admitted in Dr. Sardjito Hospital within 72 hours after a low energy injury without multiple fractures or pathological fracture. For control group, the subjects were matched according to age and gender without any fracture. Thigh and calf circumferences were done on healthy limbs. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. History of steroid use was obtained. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic regression after analyzed with student's t-test or chi-square test.
RESULTS There were 82 subjects on each group. Smaller thigh and calf circumferences and also lower BMI were risk factors of intertrochanteric fractures. Thigh circumference <39 cm (aOR 5.12; 95% CI 2.30–11.43; p < 0.001) and calf circumference <29 cm (aOR 9.42; 95% CI 4.14–21.40; p < 0.001) were independently associated with intertrochanteric fracture after adjustment of BMI and steroid use.
CONCLUSIONS Calf and thigh circumferences were independently associated with femoral intertrochanteric fractures in Indonesian elderly.
Five-year experience of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children: a single center experience in a developing country
Authors: Ambarsari Cahyani Gita , Trihono Partini Pudjiastuti , Kadaristiana Agustina , Tambunan Taralan , Mushahar Lily , Puspitasari Henny Adriani , Hidayati Eka Laksmi , Pardede Sudung Oloan 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND The pediatric peritoneal dialysis (PD) program in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia was started in 2014. However, there has been no published data on the patients’ outcome. This study was aimed to report the characteristics and outcomes of a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) program for children.
METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as a national referral hospital. Data were collected from medical records of patients aged ≤18 years with end-stage renal disease who underwent CAPD in 2014–2019. The baseline characteristics, PD-related infection rate, as well as patient and technique survivals were analyzed.
RESULTS Out of 60 patients who underwent CAPD, 36 (60%) were boys on the age range of 4 months–18 years. The mean follow-up duration was 12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.4–15.3) months. The number of PD related infections increased along with the growing number of patients on CAPD. The peritonitis rate was 0.42 episodes per year at risk, and the most common etiology was alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (5/24, [20.8%]). The 1- and 3-year technique survival rates were 60.3% (95% CI = 44.5–72.9) and 43.9% (95% CI = 23.2–62.9). The 1- and 3-year patient survival rates were 69.6% (95% CI = 52.5–81.5) and 58% (95% CI = 31.2–77.5).
CONCLUSIONS In this unit, CAPD could be performed in children as young as 4 months of age. The peritonitis rate was relatively low which was likely caused by skin-derived microorganisms. Both technique survival and patient survival were also relatively low.
Quantitative calculation of substrate bending caused by multilayer coating stresses
Authors: Sugiura Muneo , Tamura Koichi , Kobiyama Mitsunobu 
Published: December 2019

A framework to quantitatively calculate substrate bending after coating has been proposed. By introducing fitting parameters to modified Stoney’s formula, the amount of bending has been calculated to accuracies of less than

λ

/

10

at 633 nm for ion-beam sputtering and ion-beam assisted deposition processes.
Development and nonlinear optical characterization of phthalocyanine-incorporated stable natural dye with wideband absorption for solar cell applications
Authors: Sebastian Riya , Sankararaman S. 
Published: December 2019

The increasing demand for energy led to the development of the
nonconventional energy source, the solar cell, and materials capable
of harvesting light energy from the Sun. Of various types of solar
cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are low cost but have less
efficiency. The paper reports on the development of cobalt
phthalocyanine-incorporated natural dye with high broad absorption in
the 400–800 nm region that exhibits excellent stability on aging. The
nonlinear absorption coefficient and the refractive index, studied
using the open- and closed-aperture Z-scan technique, are also found
to be high, making it best suitable for DSSC applications.
Generation of terahertz radiation in dielectric–metal structure irradiated by a femtosecond laser pulse
Authors: Grishkov Vyacheslav E. , Uryupin Sergey A. 
Published: December 2019

Generation efficiency of THz radiation in the skin layer of metal increases significantly when a nanolayer of dielectric is deposited on the metal surface. Additional amplification of the generation occurs if a weakly focused femtosecond pulse affects a structure where electron collision frequency in the metal is greater than the inverse duration of the pulse.
Optimal design for spectral narrowing and fast frequency sweep of an interferometer-stabilized laser
Authors: Hilton Ashby P. , Light Philip S. , Talbot Lauris , Luiten Andre N. 
Published: December 2019

Self-heterodyne fiber interferometers have been shown to be capable of stabilizing lasers to ultra-narrow linewidths and present an excellent alternative to high-finesse cavities for frequency stabilization. In addition to suppressing frequency noise, these devices are highly tunable and can be manipulated to produce high-speed frequency sweeps over the entire range of the laser. We present an analytic approach for choosing a delay-line length for both optimal noise suppression and highest in-loop frequency sweep rate. Based on this model, we stabilize an extended cavity diode laser to a fiber Michelson interferometer and demonstrate a linewidth of 700 Hz over millisecond timescales while also allowing for a frequency scan rate of 1 THz/s. We independently measure the maximum deviation from linearity of the sweep to be only 100 kHz.
Iterative reconstruction for general linear imaging polarimetry without polarimetric calibration
Authors: Han Feng , Mu Tingkui , Bao Donghao , Tuniyazi Abudusalamu , Li Qiuxia , Gong Hang , Chen Zeyu , Zhang Chunmin 
Published: December 2019

Usually, the practical analysis states of an imaging polarimeter need to be calibrated, with a set of standard polarization states, for the accurate reconstruction of Stokes parameters. However, it is challenging to get the standard elements for the polarimetric calibration. In this Letter, an iterative reconstruction method is presented for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to recover the polarization parameters from the data acquired by linear Stokes polarimeters without polarimetric calibrations. Inspired from phase-shifting interferometry, the method employs two least squares iterative procedures and requires no extra element for assistance. Experimental results show that the iterative method is more robust to noise perturbation and gets higher precision compared with the calibration method with reference polarization states.
Generation and characterization of burst modes in passively mode-locked lasers with internal Fabry–Perot cavities
Authors: Li S. C. , Huang T. L. , Hsieh Y. H. , Liang H. C. , Huang K. F. , Chen Y. F. 
Published: December 2019

The generation of burst pulses in a multi-pass passively mode-locked laser is systematically explored. We exploit intracavity mirrors with different thicknesses to serve as reflected Fabry–Perot (RFP) cavities in laser resonators. Using a RFP cavity with the thinnest optical thickness, we can generate picosecond optical burst pulses with the highest intra-burst pulse rate of 33.12 GHz. The maximum output power of 2.6 W is obtained at an incident pump power of 11.9 W. We further develop an analytical model which considers the RFP effects to manifest the first-order autocorrelation and spectral behaviors in experiments. The agreement between theoretical analyses and experimental explorations provides the feasibility to flexibly manipulate the burst modes in practical applications.
Italian transnational masculinity: Jeeg Robot, Il ragazzo invisibile and MilzaMan
Authors: Rushing Robert A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article looks at three recent examples of superheroic masculinity in Italian film and media, arguing that it is always conceptualized transnationally, triangulated between Italy, the United States and a vague 'East'. This transnational masculinity is repeatedly coupled with fantasies and anxieties about the environment – the toxic, as Mel Chen suggests, is animate, weaving in and out of containers, bodies and borders, allowing it to threaten Italian bodies (toxic waste, garbage, the 'ecomafia' of the South), and allowing us to imagine that it might bestow on those same bodies the strength, vitality and power to resist the toxic. Ultimately, these toxic and transnational male bodies may be always from elsewhere, but strangely Italian, too – after all, Esposito argues that the hallmark of Italian thought is precisely a refusal of the idea of a stable and strong national identity.
Andy Warhol Eating a Hamburger as part of the universe of art1
Authors: Kristensen Kim 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article I will place Leth's clip of Andy Warhol in the tradition of artistic gestures, as they evolved after Duchamp's 1917 Fountain. By treating Warhol as a ready-made, Leth posed the same questions as Duchamp, Joyce, Pound and even Warhol himself and provided an elegant solution.
High Accuracy of Convolutional Neural Network for Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori Infection Based on Endoscopic Images: Preliminary Experience
Authors: Zheng Wenfang , Zhang Xu , Kim John J. , Zhu Xinjian , Ye Guoliang , Ye Bin , Wang Jianping , Luo Songlin , Li Jingjing , Yu Tao , Liu Jiquan , Hu Weiling , Si Jianmin 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES:
Application of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy is increasing. The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy of convolutional neural network (CNN) using endoscopic images for evaluating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

METHODS:
Patients who received upper endoscopy and gastric biopsies at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (January 2015–June 2015) were retrospectively searched. A novel Computer-Aided Decision Support System that incorporates CNN model (ResNet-50) based on endoscopic gastric images was developed to evaluate for H. pylori infection. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated in an independent validation cohort. H. pylori infection was defined by the presence of H. pylori on immunohistochemistry testing on gastric biopsies and/or a positive 13C-urea breath test.

RESULTS:
Of 1,959 patients, 1,507 (77%) including 847 (56%) with H. pylori infection (11,729 gastric images) were assigned to the derivation cohort, and 452 (23%) including 310 (69%) with H. pylori infection (3,755 images) were assigned to the validation cohort. The area under the curve for a single gastric image was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–0.94) with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 81.4% (95% CI 79.8%–82.9%), 90.1% (95% CI 88.4%–91.7%), and 84.5% (95% CI 83.3%–85.7%), respectively, using an optimal cutoff value of 0.3. Area under the curve for multiple gastric images (8.3 ± 3.3) per patient was 0.97 (95% CI 0.96–0.99) with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 91.6% (95% CI 88.0%–94.4%), 98.6% (95% CI 95.0%–99.8%), and 93.8% (95% CI 91.2%–95.8%), respectively, using an optimal cutoff value of 0.4.

DISCUSSION:
In this pilot study, CNN using multiple archived gastric images achieved high diagnostic accuracy for the evaluation of H. pylori infection.
Model Pendidikan Karakter Anak Usia Dini Dan Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar Di Jepang.
Authors: Mulyadi Budi 
Published: December 2019

The title of this paper is The character education of early childhood and elementery school age children in Japan. The main goal of this research is to know how to apply the character education of early childhood and elementery school age children in Japan. This research is the combination between liblary reaserach and field research. The step method used in this research is observation, interview, clasification, analysis, interpretasion and description. From the result of this paper in general can be describe there are uniqueness and differences from the application of character education of early childhood and elementery school age children in Japan. But there are similarities that both are very concerned with moral education and personality. Moral education and personality is not taught trough special subject but is applied in daily life.