bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of fracture damage of notched granite beams under cyclic loading using DIC and AE techniques
Authors: Tang Jianhui , Chen Xudong , Dai Feng , Wei Mingdong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFracture experiments of three‐point bending notched granite beams were performed under cyclic loading using digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The damage evolution process of the specimen under cyclic loading was analysed on the basis of AE ring count and b value. The strain and displacement fields and the fracture process zone (FPZ) ahead of the crack tip were revealed by DIC. The results showed that the AE characteristics of rock fracture indicated a noticeable Kaiser effect in the stage of cyclic loading and unloading. Moreover, when the loading force reached 70% of its peak value, the AE characteristics showed the Felicity effect. The damage produced during the loading‐unloading process contributed to the development of the cracks leading to the catastrophic fracture. Besides, a relatively high loading rate was found to help to suppress the development of the FPZ at the crack tip.
Specific antigen‐guiding exosomes inhibit food allergies by inducing regulatory T cells
Authors: Yu Dian , Liu Jiang‐Qi , Mo Li‐Hua , Luo Xiang‐Qian , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Wu Gao‐Hui , Yang Li‐Teng , Liu Da‐Bo , Wang Shuai , Liu Zhi‐Gang , Yang Ping‐Chang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe therapies for food allergy (FA) need to be improved. The generation of inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs) can support immune tolerance in the body. This study aims to suppress experimental FA by inducing Tregs through the employment of modified exosomes (mExosomes). In this study, mExosomes were prepared by incubating dendritic cells with interleukin (IL)‐2 and ovalbumin (OVA, used as a specific antigen) in the culture. Exosomes were purified from culture supernatant and used as the mExosomes. A murine FA model was developed to test the effects of mExosomes on the generation of Tregs in the mouse intestinal tissues and inhibiting FA. The results showed that mExosomes, which carried IL‐2 and a complex of OVA peptide–major histocompatibility complex class II on the surface of exosomes, bound to OVA‐specific CD4+ T cells and induced CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Tregs. In the FA mouse intestinal tissues, we found low IL‐2 levels that were positively correlated with the number of Tregs. Depletion of IL‐2 in mice prevented the generation of Tregs. The levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ were increased in the FA intestinal tissues with inhibited IL‐2 production. Administration of mExosomes induced Tregs in the intestinal tissues and efficiently suppressed FA in mice. We conclude that the mExosomes can suppress FA in mice through inducing Tregs. The data suggest that the mExosomes have translational potential in the treatment of FA and other allergic disorders.
Bad Faith, Bad Behaviour, and Role Models
Authors: Howe Leslie A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractI argue that athletes should neither be taken as role models nor present themselves as such. Indeed, they should resist any attempt to take them as such on the grounds that seeing athletes (or other celebrities) as role models abrogates the existential and ethical responsibilities of both parties. Whether one takes on the role of being a model to others or whether one chooses to model one’s own behaviour on that of another, except in respect of the development of technical skill, one engages in bad faith and fails to act in an existentially ethical way. To this end, I consider the inclination to influence and admiration, as well as self‐respect, agency, motivation, and envy. I argue that while celebrity sportspersons and similar others do not have duties that others do not have just by virtue of their notoriety alone, they may have situational responsibilities commensurate with their social reach. More importantly, however, since social influence is not a transformation of inert matter, there are also responsibilities belonging to their audiences, those who merely observe and those who choose to imitate
The impact of short sleep on food reward processes in adolescents
Authors: Duraccio Kara M. , Krietsch Kendra N. , Zhang Nanhua , Whitacre Catharine , Howarth Taylor , Pfeiffer Megan , Beebe Dean W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractShort sleep has been linked to adolescent risk of obesity, but questions remain regarding the dietary mechanisms by which this occurs. We tested whether mildly shortening sleep influences how rewarding and appealing healthy adolescents find several kinds of foods. Eighty‐eight healthy adolescents completed a within‐subjects crossover sleep experiment comparing 5 days of Short Sleep (6.5 hr sleep opportunity) with 5 days of Healthy Sleep (9.5 hr sleep opportunity). Following each condition, adolescents completed measures of food appeal and reinforcing value of food across five food types: sweets/desserts, fruits/vegetables, lean meats/eggs, fast food and processed snacks. Adolescents averaged 2.2 hr/night longer sleep periods in Healthy Sleep versus Short Sleep. We observed a significant interaction of experimental order with sleep condition on three of four primary outcomes related to the appeal and reinforcing value of foods (p's < .005). When Short Sleep preceded Healthy Sleep, adolescents endorsed significantly greater appeal (p < .04) and rewarding value of food (p's ranging from <.01 to .048) during Short Sleep (compared to Healthy Sleep). However, when Healthy Sleep preceded Short Sleep, we did not observe a main effect of sleep condition on the same outcomes (p's > .05). This study provides evidence that restricting adolescents' sleep opportunity to 6.5 hr (compared to sleeping a healthy amount) increases the appeal and reinforcing value of a variety of foods, but this may occur only under protracted short sleep. Increased food reward may be one mechanism linking chronically shortened sleep with risk of obesity in adolescence.
Mesenchymal iron deposition is associated with adverse long‐term outcome in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Eder Sebastian K. , Feldman Alexandra , Strebinger Georg , Kemnitz Jana , Zandanell Stephan , Niederseer David , Strasser Michael , Haufe Heike , Sotlar Karl , Stickel Felix , Paulweber Bernhard , Datz Christian , Aigner Elmar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsApproximately one‐third of patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) show signs of mild‐to‐moderate iron overload. The impact of histological iron deposition on the clinical course of patients with NAFLD has not been established.Methods & ResultsFor this retrospective study, 299 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD and a mean follow‐up of 8.4 (±4.1; range: 0.3‐18.0) years were allocated to one of four groups according to presence of hepatic iron in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and/or hepatocytes (HC): 156 subjects (52%) showed no stainable iron (NONE), 58 (19%) exclusively reticuloendothelial (xRES), 19 (6%) exclusively hepatocellular (xHC) and 66 (22%) showed a mixed (HC/RES) pattern of iron deposition. A long‐term analysis for overall survival, hepatic, cardiovascular or extrahepatic‐malignant events was conducted. Based on multivariate Cox proportional hazards models any reticuloendothelial iron was associated with fatal and non‐fatal hepatic events. Specifically, xRES showed a cause‐specific hazard ratio (csHR) of 2.4 (95%‐CI, 1.0‐5.8; P = .048) for hepatic as well as cardiovascular fatal and non‐fatal events combined (csHR 3.2; 95%‐CI, 1.2‐8.2; P = .015). Furthermore, the mixed HC/RES iron pattern showed a higher rate of combined hepatic fatal and non‐fatal events (csHR 3.6; 95%‐CI, 1.4‐9.5; P = .010), while xHC iron deposition was not associated with any defined events.ConclusionsThe presence of reticuloendothelial‐accentuated hepatic iron distribution patterns is associated with detrimental long‐term outcomes reflected in a higher rate of both liver‐related and cardiovascular fatal and non‐fatal events.
A spotlight on the diagnostic methods of a fatal disease Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Kumar Awanish , Pandey Satish Chandra , Samant Mukesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLeishmaniadonovani(a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) poses a serious health threat to the human population which is fatal if left untreated. The life cycle ofLeishmaniaalternates between vertebrate host andPhlebotominefly as intermediate ones. Due to the difficulties linked to vector (sandfly) control and the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies mostly on chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the prevalence of parasites becoming resistant to the first‐line drug pentavalent antimonial (SbV)/sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and some other anti‐leishmanial drug is increasing in several parts of the world. With the alarming rise of drug resistance and other issues related to VL, there is an urgent need to focus on early detection and quick diagnosis of VL case. Therefore, we have reviewed most of the methods used in the diagnostic process of VL. Along with existing diagnostic methods, developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is also vital for enhancing VL identification and control programs. This review gathers the comprehensive information on diagnostics methods of VL under a single umbrella that could be the prominent tools for the development of rapid, accurate and cost‐effective diagnostic kits for VL which can be used in field conditions.
The Spread of Anti‐Islamic Sentiment: A Comparison between the United States and Western Europe
Authors: Marinov Robert , Stockemer Daniel 
Published: May 2020

Since the 1980s, anti‐Islamic sentiment has grown in both the United States and Western Europe. However, the political and electoral success of anti‐Islamic actors has been asymmetrical between these regions. In most countries in Western Europe, anti‐Islamic sentiment is still contained to the fringes. Conversely, it has become highly influential in decision‐making circles in the United States. In this article we show that the demand for anti‐Islamic sentiment and the rhetorical strategies of anti‐Islamic actors have been similar in both parts of the world, but differ in their organizational strength and opportunity structures. In Western Europe, such sentiments are contained to radical right‐wing parties, activists, and think tanks. In contrast, anti‐Islamic forces in the United States have formed a strong, well‐funded, and organized coalition capable of influencing the White House, most recently through Donald Trump's presidency. Using a supply and demand theoretical framework, we argue that these differing supply‐side organizational and opportunity structures help explain the relative differences in success between the two regions.Related ArticlesAntwi‐Boateng, Osman. 2017. “The Rise of Pan‐Islamic Terrorism in Africa: A Global Security Challenge.” Politics & Policy 45 (2): 253‐284. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12195Maggio, Jim. 2007. “The Presidential Rhetoric of Terror: The (Re)Creation of Reality Immediately after 9/11.” Politics & Policy 35 (4): 810‐835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00085.xStockemer, Daniel. 2016. “Is the Turnout Function in Democracies and Nondemocracies Alike or Different?” Politics & Policy 44 (5): 889‐915. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12174
Welfare States with Work: Government Partisanship and Policy Responsiveness in the Netherlands
Authors: Son Jung Wook 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExisting studies of welfare regime generally consider that Christian democratic countries would face severe challenges in the transition to service economy due to its conservative cling to social insurance, breadwinner‐oriented employment, and familialism. In this article, I explain how Christian democratic countries overcame these challenges by focusing on the concept of policy responsiveness. I argue that Christian democratic parties could shift from labor shedding to employment‐friendly policies in transition by implementing a series of policies targeting the preference of unemployed workers. The historical root as the cross‐class coalition party makes it politically feasible and less costly for Christian democratic parties to focus on unemployed workers' interests at the possible expense of labor market insider's interests. To substantiate my argument, I investigate the policy trajectory in the Netherlands, a country that achieved the most prominent employment expansion in Christian Democratic regime.Related ArticlesDekker, Fabian. 2010. “Self‐Employed without Employees: Managing Risks in Modern Capitalism.” Politics & Policy 38 (4): 765‐788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00257.xFlavin, Patrick, Alexander C. Pacek, and Benjamin Radcliff. 2011. “State Intervention and Subjective Well‐Being in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” Politics & Policy 29 (2): 251‐269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00290.xWagle, Udaya R. 2014. “The Heterogeneity Politics of the Welfare State: Changing Population Heterogeneity and Welfare State Policies in High‐Income OECD Countries, 1980‐2005.” Politics & Policy 41 (6): 947‐984. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12053
A proposal of standardization for histopathological lesions to characterize fish diseases
Authors: Rey Alba Lucía , Asín Javier , Ruiz Zarzuela Imanol , Luján Lluís , Iregui Carlos A. , de Blas Ignacio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe use of histopathology in fish sciences is broadly extended, although it is currently devoid of standardization across the literature. There have been initiatives to standardize every step of the histological evaluation, including description, diagnosis, interpretation, data recording and reporting, and statistical analysis, but, in general, the histopathological systems applied to date present a series of limitations that hamper the reproducibility of the derived data. On top of these limitations, an agreed, organ‐by‐organ list of lesions to be recorded is currently lacking. Therefore, this communication proposes a validated and comprehensive list of features to record in skin, head, eye, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, gonads, kidney, and other organs of farmed red and Nile tilapias (Oreochromis sp. and Oreochromis niloticus L., respectively), white cachama (Piaractus brachypomus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other species. Once this list is agreed and accepted by fish pathologists and other fish scientists, it could be the cornerstone for the development of well‐established and reproducible histopathological scoring systems. This communication highlights the importance of standardization initiatives in fish histology to produce reliable and high‐quality data.
Stratified proportional subdistribution hazards model with covariate‐adjusted censoring weight for case‐cohort studies
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Xu Yayun , Zhang Mei‐Jie , Ahn Kwang‐Woo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe case‐cohort study design is widely used to reduce cost when collecting expensive covariates in large cohort studies with survival or competing risks outcomes. A case‐cohort study dataset consists of two parts: (a) a random sample and (b) all cases or failures from a specific cause of interest. Clinicians often assess covariate effects on competing risks outcomes. The proportional subdistribution hazards model directly evaluates the effect of a covariate on the cumulative incidence function under the non‐covariate‐dependent censoring assumption for the full cohort study. However, the non‐covariate‐dependent censoring assumption is often violated in many biomedical studies. In this article, we propose a proportional subdistribution hazards model for case‐cohort studies with stratified data with covariate‐adjusted censoring weight. We further propose an efficient estimator when extra information from the other causes is available under case‐cohort studies. The proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies show (a) the proposed estimator is unbiased when the censoring distribution depends on covariates and (b) the proposed efficient estimator gains estimation efficiency when using extra information from the other causes. We analyze a bone marrow transplant dataset and a coronary heart disease dataset using the proposed method.
Challenges to Habitus: Scruffy Hedges and Weeds in the Irish Countryside
Authors: Burns Louise 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is established that, in many countries, farmers recognise displayed tidiness in farming practice as indicative of ‘good’ farming. This paper asks whether Irish farmers share this recognition, and considers how this may affect uptake of agri‐environmental schemes and the potential for alterations in farming practices associated with such schemes to become ‘culturally embedded’. Taking a Bourdieusian approach, this paper examines features which Irish farmers associate with tidy, ‘good’ farming practices and the resulting capital invested in them. It is found that the Irish participants do recognise displayed tidy practice as cultural capital, but that it is mainly male farmers who afford this capital sufficient value to recognise the display of tidiness as status‐conferring symbolic capital. This recognition results in inter‐farmer criticism and judgement, and in the questioning by many male farmers of the untidy farmer’s right to the ‘good farmer’ identity. This is not the case for female farmers, who generally dislike the culture of judgement and criticism. In light of this culture, it is suggested that tidiness is one reason why agri‐environmental schemes do not become culturally embedded, and that this issue may be exacerbated by the low representation of Irish women in farm ownership and management.
Locality Domains in Syntax: Evidence from Sentence Processing
Authors: Keine Stefan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOne of the main discoveries of generative syntax is that long‐distance extraction proceeds in a successive‐cyclic manner, in that these dependencies are comprised of a sequence of local extraction steps. This article provides support for this general picture by presenting novel parsing evidence for intermediate landing sites created by successive‐cyclic movement, and it uses this parsing evidence to investigate the distribution of intermediate gaps. The central findings of this article are that (i) there is evidence that successive‐cyclic movement targets the edge of CPs and that (ii) there is no comparable evidence for an intermediate landing site at vP edges. These findings are fully consistent with the classical view of successive cyclicity, according to which only finite‐clause edges host intermediate landing sites. In the context of phase theory, these results receive a straightforward explanation if CPs are phases but vPs are not. The processing evidence presented here thus provides a novel diagnostic for the distribution of phases and new evidence for their active role in online sentence processing.
Human brown adipose tissue: Classical brown rather than brite/beige?
Authors: Cannon Barbara , de Jong Jasper M. A. , Fischer Alexander W. , Nedergaard Jan , Petrovic Natasa 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
It has been suggested that human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is more similar to the brite/beige adipose tissue of mice than to classical BAT of mice. The basis of this is discussed in relationship to the physiological conditions of standard experimental mice.

What advances does it highlight?
We highlight that, provided mouse adipose tissues are examined under physiological conditions closer to those prevalent for most humans, the gene expression profile of mouse classical BAT is more similar to that of human BAT than is the profile of mouse brite/beige adipose tissue. Human BAT is therefore not different in nature from classical mouse BAT.

AbstractSince the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was established in adult humans some 13 years ago, its physiological significance and molecular characteristics have been discussed. In particular, it has been proposed that the mouse adipose tissue depot most closely resembling and molecularly parallel to human BAT is not classical mouse BAT. Instead, so‐called brite or beige adipose tissue, which is characteristically observed in the inguinal ‘white’ adipose tissue depot of mice, has been proposed to be the closest mouse equivalent of human BAT. We summarize here the published evidence examining this question. We emphasize the differences in tissue appearance and tissue transcriptomes from ‘standard’ mice [young, chow fed and, in effect semi‐cold exposed (20°C)] versus ‘physiologically humanized’ mice [middle‐aged, high‐fat diet‐fed mice living at thermoneutrality (30°C)]. We find that in the physiologically humanized mice, classical BAT displays molecular and cellular characteristics that are more akin to human BAT than are those of brite/beige adipose tissues from either standard or physiologically humanized mice. We suggest, therefore, that mouse BAT is the more relevant tissue for translational studies. This is an invited summary of a presentation given at Physiology 2019 (Aberdeen).
High-Frequency Ultrasonic Forceps for the In Vivo Detection of Cancer During Breast-Conserving Surgery
Authors: Doyle Timothy E. , Butler Audrey P. , Salisbury Michael J. , Bennett Michael J. , Wagner Garrett M. , Al-Ghaib Huda A. , Matsen Cindy B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA major aim in the surgical management of soft tissue cancers is to detect and remove all cancerous tissues while ensuring noncancerous tissue remains intact. Breast-conserving surgery provides a prime illustration of this aim, since remaining cancer in breast margins results in multiple surgeries, while removal of too much unaffected tissue often has undesirable cosmetic effects. Similarly, resection of benign lymph nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy can cause deleterious health outcomes. The objective of this study was to create an intraoperative, in vivo device to address these challenges. Instant diagnostic information generated by this device could allow surgeons to precisely and completely remove all malignant tissue during the first surgery. Surgical forceps based on Martin forceps were instrumented at the tips with high-frequency ultrasonic transducers composed of polyvinylidene difluoride, a thickness-sensing rotary potentiometer at the base, and a spring to provide the appropriate restoring force. Transducer wires within the forceps were connected to an external high-frequency pulser-receiver, activating the forceps' transmitting transducer at 50 MHz and amplifying through-transmission signals from the receiving transducer. The forceps were tested with tissue-mimicking agarose phantoms embedded with 58–550 μm polyethylene microspheres to simulate various stages of cancer progression and to provide a range of measurement values. Results were compared with measurements from standard 50 MHz immersion transducers. The results showed that the forceps displayed similar sensitivity for attenuation and increased accuracy for wave speed. The forceps could also be extended to endoscopes and laparoscopes.