bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wormholes, Time Travel, and Other Exotic Theories
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In 1935, Einstein and Rosen described what is now called the Einstein-Rosen bridge. Wheeler called this a wormhole, which could connect two distant parts of the universe. Thorne and Morris showed the wormhole cannot be traversable unless exotic matter with negative energy props it up. Using the Penrose mechanism of superradiance, one can produce rotational energy from a black hole, which could be used to detect dark matter particles. Higher dimensional objects such as branes in superstring theory have been considered as sources of gravitational waves. Black holes have even been proposed to be giant atoms, related to Hawking radiation and black hole entropy. Bekenstein and Mukhanov postulated that black holes radiated quantum radiation. Many such speculative ideas have been put forth that could potentially be verified by detecting gravitational waves. Yet, many physicists work with mathematical equations, unconcerned with whether their ideas can be verified or falsified by experiments.
The Biggest Ears in the Sky: LIGO
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
At a press conference on February 11, 2016, David Reitz, LIGO Executive Director, announced, “We did it!” They detected gravitational waves for the first time. Both LIGO sites, in Washington state and Louisiana, registered the incoming gravitational waves from two black holes colliding and merging far away. Over the following months, more mergers were detected. Gravitational waves are caused by the acceleration of a massive object, which stretches and compresses spacetime in a wave-like motion that is incredibly small and difficult to detect. Numerical relativity research over decades has produced over a quarter of a million template solutions of Einstein’s equations. The best template fit to the wave form data identifies the masses and spins of the two merging black holes. Much of this chapter describes the technology of the LIGO apparatus. On October 3, 2017, Barish, Thorne, and Weiss, the founders of LIGO, received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
LIGO/Virgo Listens to Neutron Stars
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
On August 8, 2017, LIGO/Virgo detected the merging of two neutron stars 130 million light years away. Just 1.7 seconds later, the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope received an optical signal—a short gamma ray burst (GRB). Thus began a new era of “multimessenger astronomy.” The GRBs are very energetic explosions observed in galaxies. The neutron star merger offers the first evidence that heavy metals such as gold, platinum, and uranium were created by the collision of neutron stars in a “kilonova.” The resulting gravitational waves offer a new way of measuring the Hubble constant, which determines the rate of expansion of the universe. An important result from the neutron star merger is an extremely accurate determination of the speed of gravitational waves; they move at the speed of light. This has significant ramifications for gravitational theory. It falsifies many proposed modified gravity models.
Living
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic known facts of Kilwardby’s life and career, from his time as a student and then arts master in Paris during the 30’s and 40’s of the thirteenth century to his highly successful ecclesiastic career in Canterbury and finally his promotion to the cardinalate. The picture that emerges is that of an intellectual engaged with the main theological debates and the key philosophical traditions of his time. His transformation from devoted Aristotelian to fervent Augustinian is often used to obscure his contribution to later medieval thought. A quick glimpse to his life shows that this is a gross simplification, especially when considering the number of works on philosophical matters he wrote during his life. The chapter presents a list of all the works that he wrote or that have been attributed to him and further offers a categorization of the types of works for easy consultation.
Being Logical
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of Kilwardby’s commentaries to Aristotle’s logical treatises of what was known as the Old Logic (Logica vetus), in what is commonly recognized as one of the earliest set of such commentaries. The chapter examines how Kilwardby conceives of the notions of being in the Categories and of signification (in the On Interpretation). In addition, it presents an analysis of the way thoughts are related to things and to language, in a way that is influential to later medieval authors. Among the ten categories of being identified by Aristotle and examined by Kilwardby, the category of relation has a particular significance, due to its theological and logical implications. The chapter presents Kilwardby’s thought on the nature of relation in the eponymous treatise (De natura relationis) dedicated to the topic, as well as in the Sentences commentary.
Behaving
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Kilwardby’s ethical theory, especially on the notions of happiness and virtue in the context of the Christian thought and also civil society. The key texts in which he discusses these topics—the Ethics and the Sentences commentaries—are examined in detail. Kilwardby’s commentary to the Ethics is limited to the first three books, as what is commonly known as the Ethica vetus et nova. Without access to the rest of the work, Kilwardby defends a particular understanding of what constitutes human happiness and how it can be achieved in this life. The analysis presented in this chapter brings new insight into how ethical and moral theory was discussed prior to the reception of the whole of the Aristotelian ethical treatises in the Latin West.
Believing
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the first systematic study of Kilwardby’s theological thought, as found in his commentary to Peter Lombard’s Sentences. It starts by examining the nature of the Divine Trinity, namely how the three persons are related and differentiated in one divine nature. It continues by considering the concept of creation, namely how Kilwardby justifies the relation between creatures and the Creator in a way that explains ontological dependence in a non-transitive way: the creature is dependent of the Creator for its being while God creates without changes to its nature. The chapter also examines the nature of grace and its salvific outlook, as well as the nature of faith and of sin. Lastly, Kilwardby’s analysis of sacraments as signs and the relation between their salvific force and their performance is presented.
The Self
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes research on the development of the self in relation to others and shows that the need for attachment and belonging is manifest before birth. In fact, studies have found that the fetus is sensitive to maternal stimulation. Through experience and memory, the fetus gets “familiar” with their mother’s voice. According to researchers, the findings lend support to the “epigenetic” model of the self, which presumes an interaction between fetal neural development and social experiences. In other words, pregnancy sets the stage for the mother–child attachment and emotional regulation that lie at the base of people’s social nature. Moreover, this neurobiological basis of attachment and the need to belong ensures people’s survival. While several psychologists contributed to the development of attachment theory and belongingness needs, and explored their implications and practical applications for psychotherapy and client interaction, perhaps the most significant figure in furthering this work was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow theorized that the “need to belong” was one of five human needs in a hierarchy of inborn needs, along with physiological needs, safety, self-esteem, and self-actualization.
Categorizing
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the psychological processes involved in stereotyping, or categorization. As the American psychologist Gordon Allport noted, the ability to categorize is critical to survival, helping people process information and respond in a timely way without reinventing the mental wheel. That said, such heuristics, or mental shortcuts, sometimes lead to false hypotheses and/or self-fulfilling prophecies. Moreover, in the cognitive approach to stereotyping, prejudice is a byproduct of categorical thinking—a person’s way of simplifying information, and not from pathological personality traits or conditioned behaviors. Therefore, by understanding the cognitive processes and “redirecting them,” prejudice might be eliminated. One way to accomplish this is through decategorization strategies that encourage people to see each other as distinct individuals. Personalization, that is, relaying information that expresses a person’s unique qualities, is one method researchers suggest might help people recognize that their stereotypes of another group are incorrect. This has led some researchers to use controlled psychology experiments to study “implicit” prejudice, or subconscious bias. The most common of such measures is the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which assesses strengths of associations between concepts by observing response latencies in computer-administered categorization tasks.
Judging
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the limits of the cognitive view of the mind, most significantly that it attributed the skills and processes of judging, evaluating, and meaning making to pre-assigned information. However, the mind is not a machine of mere inputs and outputs. Instead, according to postcognitive researchers, the human mind is “embodied” and reliant on unconscious judgments and knowledge about the world accumulated intuitively in interaction with the world and other people. Therefore, the post-cognitive view posits that people are active—not passive—participants in the generation of meaning by judging, evaluating, and engaging in transformational interactions: they enact a world. The chapter then considers the limitations of laboratory-controlled studies concerning prejudice and conflict reduction and introduces the concept of “action research.” Coined by the psychologist Kurt Lewin, the term “action research” refers to the triangle of research, training, and action in producing social change. To date, the relatively few studies conducted in this area have yielded no reliable, durable, observable evidence, in part because most of this research has relied on traditional cognitive theories of the mind. Personal histories, memories, and emotions were not considered. The postcognitive revolution, however, recognizes the need for a parallel “affective revolution” to help understand how the emotions are related to the biology of cognition and more specifically to judgments. Moreover, the evolutionary advantage of an affective system is initially evident as a danger signal system.
Diversity and Groups
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the way evolving models of human organization—from hunter-gatherer to megacities—have an impact on human psychology, human relations, and the development of alienation. The idyllic paradigm, according to some researchers, was the low-population-density hunter-gatherer societies based on mutual exchange and shared resources. The principal organizing mechanism in these societies was kinship, which offered a defined behavioral guide. Eventually, the discovery and development of agriculture led to the Agricultural Revolution, and village-based sedentary societies supplanted the small hunter-gatherer units. Human interaction became more complex and impersonal in the higher-density towns and villages, and the sharing society evolved into one based on private property, trade, and the development of elite social classes. The next critical turning point following the Agricultural Revolution was the Urban Revolution. Several classical and contemporary theorists developed the concept of “social alienation” to describe the impact of the rushed pace of city life and the ephemeral nature of relationships on mental attitudes and social relations. Indeed, the rise of globalization, megacities, and migration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century revived interest in the alienation theories of the 1950s and 1960s. The chapter then describes the American developmental psychologist Erik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial identity development.
Diversity and Social Justice
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the evolution of the psychological concept of injustice, for which there is broad agreement, in contrast to individual ideas about what is fair and unfair, which differ greatly across time and societies. Charles Darwin argued that people have an innate sense of what “ought” to be, an idea that the psychologist Fritz Heider expanded on. Heider defined the sense of ought as beliefs about the “requiredness” of acting in a particular way. Requiredness to act, posits Heider, is rooted in the gap or incompleteness or injustice of a situation. Bringing about needed closure, then, is tantamount to the just and right. Heider’s ideas relate to Leon Festinger’s more recent concept of “cognitive dissonance,” which suggests that individuals feel tension or discord when grappling with two incongruent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. The chapter then considers the conundrum that arises in instances when the human drive for fairness and justice cannot be rebalanced. For instance, neither the law nor individual attempts to restore justice could successfully redress the injustices of slavery and the Holocaust. In fact, research shows a neural foundation for the need for revenge and retribution. Injustice, then, becomes an intergenerational matter when injustices are not rebalanced between people. They simply extend to their descendants after the original people involved die.
Diversity and Nations
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes the nation and nationalism, placing them in context with issues of wealth and income inequality, immigration, xenophobia, and diversity. The term “nation” may be defined in several ways, but generally a nation refers to a distinct, usually geographically or regionally bound people. Likewise, depending on academic discipline, nationalism has varied definitions, though the concept generally refers to the emotions wrapped up in a shared national identity. There are two dichotomous types of nationalism: civic and ethnic. Civic nationalism was found in Western societies, where individuals are seen as belonging to a political community consisting of people with equal rights and duties. People in these societies unite around political precepts, values, and respect for institutions. Conversely, in countries where ethnic nationalism is the norm, citizens belong to an ethnic community based on blood ties. Although this dichotomous view has its share of critics, the notion that civic meanings of nationhood correlate with a positive attitude toward immigrants while ethnic-based ideas of the nation promote xenophobia still holds currency. Meanwhile, although there is little empirical research concerning factors that influence nationalist thinking, one study found poor citizens’ national pride rises as income inequality increases, especially in countries where there are many migrants in the lower class.
The Samson Complex
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As campaigns for civil rights intensified in the 1950s and 1960s, parties calling for more militant approaches in the struggle against racial injustice invoked Samson’s climactic action in the Philistine temple. At the same time, this racially charged image sparked controversy among African American intellectuals and activists as some claimed that the younger activists had a “Samson complex” that would ultimately result in nothing but self-destruction. The use of Samson imagery signaled the growing fault lines among leading African American intellectuals and activists regarding how to achieve meaningful racial justice. Some imagined Samson as a model of militant resistance even at the cost of one’s life. Others interpreted his death as a cautionary tale about the end results of imprudent reactionary strategies.
But Some of Us Are Strong Believers in the Samson Myth
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The African American women discussed in this chapter use the Black Samson tradition to focus on the complex intersections of race and gender. From the Harlem Renaissance to the Black Arts movement, the major artistic and literary movements that helped shape African American culture throughout the twentieth century involved women who found something in Samson’s story that resonated with them deeply. One might think that the story of a hyper-masculine biblical hero would not provide much material for reflections upon the intersections of race and gender in America. Yet, from the playful audacity of Christina Moody’s claim that she could defeat Jack Johnson to the painful predictions from Gaza in Lucille Clifton’s poem dedicated to Ramona Africa, the twentieth century witnessed African American women claiming a place within the Black Samson tradition.
Epilogue
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the epilogue, the authors offer brief reflections on writing this book. They discuss the historical context in which they wrote the book starting with the protests in Ferguson Missouri following the police killing of Michael Brown. They comment on their reaction to the selection of a sculpture titled “Freedman” by John Quincy Adams Ward for the cover art, and they relate this art work to Samson traditions. In addition, they reiterate the long history of Samson’s use in addressing issues of race and racism and share their thoughts on the historic and ongoing relevance of Black Samson in America.
The Arameans
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Because of their strategic proximity to major Mesopotamian empires like the Assyrians and Babylonians, the Arameans occupied an important political role in their ancient Near Eastern world. The Arameans were never, in fact, a single nation or group, but rather Aram was a region with local centers of power spread throughout contemporary Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, at major cities such as Damascus and Hamath. The Aramean language (Aramaic) was widespread in the ancient Near Eastern world, becoming the language of diplomacy and trade for the long-lasting and influential Persian Empire (c. 539–333 bce) and well beyond, even centuries into the Common Era in some regions. In one biblical text, Israel considers itself to be connected with Aram in very deep ways. Aram and the Arameans occupy an ideological place alongside Israel similar to the Edomites, in that the relationship, though adversarial at times, blurs the boundary between discrete groups and merges into familial identity.
Sounding the Ethnic, Shaping the Nation
Authors: Amico Marta 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In spite of recent critical literature about the role of French colonial anthropology in the conception of Malian ethnies, the current Malian conflict is often described as a consequence of ethnic reprisals that provoked the unsettling of national borders. In this difficult context, new musical representations of belonging are organized by local and international actors drawing upon ethnicity to heal national fractures and propose new models of “living together.” Based on long-term ethnography and analysis of musical projects in Mali (video clips, songs, bands, concerts), this chapter questions current reproductions of the colonial paradigm of African ethnicity that now model ideals of “peace” in national and international institutions. It examines how cultural differences contribute to reframing the national boundaries and reshaping peacekeeping politics. Furthermore, it considers the history of anthropological knowledge in light of contemporary power practices within the globalization of African conflicts.
Ships and Military Power on Land
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines amphibious operations and the impact of naval forces on the balance of military power on land. Ships were essential tools for overseas invasion, but navigational challenges limited their ability to operate safely, communicate effectively, and supply fighters on land. Military commanders launching seaborne raids, sieges, or invasions used their ships as weapons platforms, but the most important military function of ships was to transport soldiers, settlers, and supplies. Military commanders deployed ships to evacuate colonists from conquered territory and to remove war captives from the regions where they were taken. Military leaders in Africa supplying the slave trade adopted a similar logic to imperial and colonial commanders in the Americas by taking advantage of ocean-going transportation to banish their adversaries. Over the course of the early modern era mass evacuations and small-scale banishments cumulatively affected millions of people.
Warriors
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the shared experiences of communities in the Caribbean, North and South America, Africa, and Europe in fielding men for combat on land. After discussing the first Spanish campaigns on Hispaniola, the chapter analyzes the challenges of recruiting, training, arming, and feeding warriors, maintaining discipline, demobilizing fighting men, and coping with combat deaths. These challenges are common among all societies engaged in warfare, and they were complicated across the Atlantic world in the early modern era as long-term, long-distance military deployments placed new burdens on fighting men and their communities, straining the logistical capacities of villages and empires.
Debt Markets and Investments
Authors: baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Spieler Andrew C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by providing a brief background on debt markets and investments including basic bond terminology and market sectors. It also discusses bond risks and products including securitized products. The chapter then explains the book’s purpose, its distinguishing features, and intended audience. Next, it outlines the book’s structure consisting of eight parts: (1) background, (2) market sectors, (3) yield curves, swap curves, and interest rate models, (4) bond products, (5) securitized products, (6) bond valuation and analysis, (7) special topics, and (8) strategies, portfolio management, and future outlook. The chapter then presents an abstract of each chapter within its appropriate topic heading. The final section offers a summary and conclusions.