bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Joanne T , Anic Gabriella M , Rostron Brian L , Tanwar Manju , Chang Cindy M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionStudies have shown the health benefits of cigarette smoking cessation. However, the literature remains unclear about the relationship between smoking reduction and health risks. This comprehensive review and meta-analysis updates previous reviews with the newest estimates.Aims and MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association between smoking reduction and some health risks in observational studies. We defined the following smoking categories: heavy smokers smoked ≥15–20 cigarettes per day (CPD), moderate smokers smoked 10–19 CPD, and light smokers smoked &lt;10 CPD. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effect models.ResultsWe identified 19 studies including four case–control and 15 cohort studies. Compared with continuing heavy smokers, we found decreased lung cancer risk for those who reduced CPD by more than 50% (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.91), from heavy to moderate (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.85), and from heavy to light (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.72). We also found lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for those who reduced from heavy to light smoking (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.89) but not those who reduced by more than 50% and reduced smoking from heavy to moderate. We did not find any significant difference in all-cause mortality, all-cancer risks, and smoking-/tobacco-related cancer risk among those who reduced.ConclusionsSubstantial smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risk but results on CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke combined) risk were mixed. The relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints examined were not significant.ImplicationsThis meta-analysis helps clarify our understanding of various smoking reduction levels on some health risks. While smoking reduction may decrease risks of lung cancer, the relationships between smoking reduction and other endpoints, including all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, remain unclear. Although smoking reduction may decrease lung cancer risks, the magnitude of lung cancer risk remain high. Among smokers, complete cessation remains the most effective approach for cancer and CVD prevention.
Immunogenicity of Inactivated Varicella Zoster Vaccine (ZVIN) in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (auto-HSCT) Recipients
Authors: Boeckh Michael , Arvin Ann , Mullane Kathleen , Winston Drew J , Brown Janice (Wes) , Pergam Steven , Hurtado Kimberly , Pang Lei , Lee Ingi , Popmihajlov Zoran ,   on behalf of the V212 Protocol 001 Study Team
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Recipients of auto-HSCT have an increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ) infection; however, live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine is contraindicated in these patients. In this pivotal Phase III study (V212-001; NCT01229267) inactivated VZV vaccine (ZVIN) reduced the rate of HZ infection compared with placebo (estimated vaccine efficacy, 63.8%) and was well tolerated. Immunogenicity of ZVINin recipients of auto-HSCT was assessed in the Phase III study as an exploratory objective.

Methods
Adults undergoing auto-HSCT were randomized to receive either ZVIN(n = 560) or placebo (n = 564), administered in a 4-dose regimen. Doses 1 through 4 were administered ~30 days before and ~30, ~60, and ~90 days following auto-HSCT. VZV-specific immune responses were measured at Day 1, ~28 days post-vaccinations 3 and 4, and annually until the end of the study. VZV-specific antibody responses were measured by glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA) in all patients; cell-mediated immune responses were measured by VZV interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISPOT) assay in a randomized subset of patients (n = 403).

Results
Geometric mean titers (GMT) were significantly higher and the ratios of the gpELISA and IFN-γ ELISPOT were significantly greater in the ZVINgroup compared with the placebo group (Tables 1 and 2).

Conclusion
ZVIN elicited higher VZV-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses in adult auto-HSCT recipients when compared with placebo ~28 days and ~1 year post-dose 4. These results indicate that ZVIN is immunogenic in these patients who are ineligible for live attenuated HZ vaccine, which is consistent with previously observed clinical efficacy.

Disclosures
M. Boeckh, Merck: Investigator, Research Contractor and Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee and Research support; GlaxoSmithKline: Research Contractor, Research support; A. Arvin, Merck: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee; K. Mullane, Merck: Scientific Advisor, Grant recipient; D. J. Winston, Merck: Grant Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee and Grant recipient; J. Brown, Merck: Clinical adjudication and site investigator and Investigator, Consulting fee; Cellerant Therapeutics: Consultant, Cellerant developing and executing clinical trials of myeloid progenitor cells in neutropenia for which I hold the patent; S. Pergam, Merck: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee; K. Hurtado, Merck: Employee and Shareholder, Salary; L. Pang, Merck: Employee and Shareholder, Salary; I. Lee, Merck: Employee, Salary; Z. Popmihajlov, Merck & Co., Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary
The Persistence of Fee Dispersion among Mutual Funds*
Authors: Cooper Michael J , Halling Michael , Yang Wenhao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Previous work shows large differences in fees for S&P 500 index funds and other funds and suggests that investors suffer wealth losses investing in high-fee funds when similar low-fee funds are available. In contrast, the neoclassical model of mutual funds (Berk and van Binsbergen, 2015, J. Financ. Econ., 118, 1–20) argues that percentage fees are irrelevant, as fund size will adjust in equilibrium such that net alphas are equal to zero. We show that fees matter from an investor perspective. We document (i) a strong negative association between net-of-fee fund performance and fees in a sample of all US and international equity funds, (ii) economically large, robust, persistent, and pervasive fee dispersion in the mutual fund industry, and (iii) important economic effects for investors. During the sample period, the mutual fund industry has generated a total value lost (i.e., a negative net value added) of 125 billion USD, coming predominantly from high-fee funds.
REM sleep-dependent short-term and long-term hourglass processes in the ultradian organization and recovery of REM sleep in the rat
Authors: Ocampo-Garcés Adrián , Bassi Alejandro , Brunetti Enzo , Estrada Jorge , Vivaldi Ennio A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
To evaluate the contribution of long-term and short-term REM sleep homeostatic processes to REM sleep recovery and the ultradian organization of the sleep wake cycle.

Methods
Fifteen rats were sleep recorded under a 12:12 LD cycle. Animals were subjected during the rest phase to two protocols (2T2I or 2R2I) performed separately in non-consecutive experimental days. 2T2I consisted of 2 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) followed immediately by 2 h of intermittent REM sleep deprivation (IRD). 2R2I consisted of 2 h of selective REM sleep deprivation (RSD) followed by 2 h of IRD. IRD was composed of four cycles of 20-min RSD intervals alternating with 10 min of sleep permission windows.

Results
REM sleep debt that accumulated during deprivation (9.0 and 10.8 min for RSD and TSD, respectively) was fully compensated regardless of cumulated NREM sleep or wakefulness during deprivation. Protocol 2T2I exhibited a delayed REM sleep rebound with respect to 2R2I due to a reduction of REM sleep transitions related to enhanced NREM sleep delta-EEG activity, without affecting REM sleep consolidation. Within IRD permission windows there was a transient and duration-dependent diminution of REM sleep transitions.

Conclusions
REM sleep recovery in the rat seems to depend on a long-term hourglass process activated by REM sleep absence. Both REM sleep transition probability and REM sleep episode consolidation depend on the long-term REM sleep hourglass. REM sleep activates a short-term REM sleep refractory period that modulates the ultradian organization of sleep states.
Children Left Unattended in Parked Vehicles in India: An Analysis of 40 Fatalities from 2011 to 2020
Authors: Fatima Siddiqui Gulnaz , Vir Singh Mukesh , Shrivastava Anubha , Maurya Manisha , Tripathi Ambuj , Akhtar Siddiqui Shahid 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Fatalities in children left unattended in parked motor vehicles are being reported frequently in the last decade but little research has been done analysing the circumstances leading to such preventable deaths in India.

Objectives
To analyse circumstances leading to fatalities in children left unattended in parked motor vehicles in India.

Methods
This study was a descriptive analysis conducted on the basis of an Internet search of published news in major Indian newspapers/channels using different combination of keywords. We extracted data from the published news using a pre-determined tool.

Results
Between 2011 and 2020, there were 23 incidents that resulted in 40 fatalities across India mostly in summer months. Majority of children were 4–6 years of age (26/40). Ninety percent of children gained access to unattended vehicles for playing and getting locked accidentally (36/40) while remaining cases involved being forgotten (3/40) or intentionally left behind (1/40).

Conclusion
Majority of hyperthermia-related deaths occurred while children gained access to unattended vehicles for playing and getting locked accidentally.
XVIII Bibliography, Textual Criticism and Reference Works
Authors: Baker William 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter has four sections: 1: Periodicals; 2. Editions and Catalogues; 3. Bibliography, Associated Books and Articles, Histories, and Companions; 4. Shakespeare and Miscellaneous, Including Reference Materials. These sections are not inviolable. With some exceptions this review of the year’s work published in 2018 in the areas of bibliography, textual criticism, and reference materials is alphabetically arranged. Within the alphabetical arrangement by author there are some exceptions where publications are grouped under the respective authors rather than under editors of, for instance, the correspondence. There is also included in this chapter work that has been missed in some of the other chapters in this volume. Readers should be aware that coverage is largely limited to those items that have been received by the contributor, who would like to thank James Fergusson, James E. May, who contributed the section on the Eighteenth-Century Intelligencer, Patrick Scott, who contributed the items on Scottish literature, and Jan Webster for their assistance.
Risk Factors of Cage Subsidence in Patients Received Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Yao Yu-Cheng , Chou Po-Hsin , Lin Hsi-Hsien , Wang Shih-Tien , Liu Chien-Lin , Chang Ming-Chau 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.A retrospective cohort study.Objective.To determine the risk factors of cage subsidence in patients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) and its correlation with patient-reported outcomes.Summary of Background Data.Cage subsidence is among the cage-related complications after TLIF and may lead to poor outcomes. Few studies have addressed the incidence of cage subsidence in MI-TLIF.Methods.This retrospective study of a prospectively collected database was conducted from October 2015 to October 2017. All patients received MI-TLIF with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. All levels were separated into the cage subsidence (CS group) and no cage subsidence (non-CS group) groups. Cage subsidence was evaluated using lateral radiographs and defined as more than 2 mm migration of the cage into the endplate of adjacent vertebral body. Patient demographics, perioperative details, and radiographic parameters were recorded. Cage-related parameters were cage height, cage insertion level, and cage position. Cage position was recorded using central point ration (CPR). Patient-reported outcome was analyzed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively.Results.Ninety-three patients (126 levels) were included. Mean age was 66.5 years with an average follow-up of 36.9 months. Overall incidence of cage subsidence was 34.1%. The CS group had significantly higher body mass index, less bone mineral density (BMD), shorter disc height, and higher CPR than the non-CS group. BMD, disc height, and CPR were significantly negatively correlated with depth of cage subsidence. ODI improvement was significantly lesser in the CS group than in the non-CS group. Fusion rate and complications were unrelated to cage subsidence.Conclusion.The BMD, disc height, and cage position were the most significant risk factors that were negatively correlated with depth of cage subsidence. Placing a TLIF cage anteriorly if possible may reduce the risk of cage subsidence.Level of Evidence:3
Undisclosed Conflict of Interest Is Prevalent in Spine Literature
Authors: Tisherman Robert T. , Wawrose Richard A. , Chen Joseph , Donaldson William F. , Lee Joon Y. , Shaw Jeremy D. 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
Cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine the rate of accurate conflict of interest (COI) disclosure within three prominent subspecialty Spine journals during a 4-year period.

Summary of Background Data.
Industry–physician relationships are crucial for technological advancement in spine surgery but serve as a source of bias in biomedical research. The Open Payments Database (OPD) was established after 2010 to increase financial transparency.

Methods.
All research articles published from 2014 to 2017 in Spine, The Spine Journal (TSJ), and the Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine (JNS) were reviewed in this study. In these articles, all author's COI statements were recorded. The OPD was queried for all author entries within the disclose period of the journal. Discrepancies between the author's self-reported COIs and the documented COIs from OPD were recorded.

Results.
A total of 6816 articles meeting inclusion criteria between 2014 and 2017 in Spine, TSJ, and JNS with 39,869 contributing authors. Overall, 15.8% of all authors were found to have an OPD financial relationship. Of 2633 authors in Spine with financial disclosures, 77.1% had accurate financial disclosures; 42.5% and 41.0% of authors with financial relationships in the OPD had accurate financial disclosures in TSJ and JNS, respectively. The total value of undisclosed conflicts of interest between 2014 and 2017 was $421 million with $1.48 billion in accurate disclosures. Of undisclosed payments, 68.7% were <$1000 and only 7.2% were >$10,000. Undisclosed payments included $180 million in research funding and $188 million in royalties.

Conclusion.
This study demonstrates that undisclosed COI is highly prevalent for authors in major Spine journals. This study indicates that there remains a need to standardize definitions and financial thresholds for significant COI as well as to shift the reporting burden for COI to journals who actively review potential COIs instead of relying on self-reporting.

Level of Evidence: 3
Facet Arthropathy Following Disc Replacement Versus Rehabilitation
Authors: Furunes Håvard , Berg Linda , Espeland Ansgar , Thoresen Hanne , Neckelmann Gesche , Brøgger Helga Maria , Småstuen Milada Cvancarova , Brox Jens Ivar , Storheim Kjersti , Hellum Christian 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
A prospective study of patients originally randomized to total disc replacement (TDR) or multidisciplinary rehabilitation.

Objective.
To assess the long-term development of facet arthropathy (FA) after TDR versus nonoperative treatment, and to analyze the association between FA and clinical outcome.

Summary of Background Data.
FA may appear or increase following TDR, but the natural course of FA is unclear, and no previous study has evaluated the long-term development of FA following TDR compared with nonoperative treatment.

Methods.
The study included 126 patients with chronic low back pain and degenerative changes in the lumbar intervertebral discs. The patients underwent pretreatment and 8-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 8-year follow-up computed tomography (CT) of the lumbar spine. The primary outcome measure was FA development (yes/no) on MRI at index level L4/L5 or L5/S1, defined as increased FA grade value from pretreatment to follow-up according to Weishaupt grading system. Secondary outcomes included the association between FA (on MRI and CT) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or back pain as well as reoperations.

Results.
Increased index level FA grade was more frequent after TDR versus nonoperative treatment (36%, 25/69 vs. 2%, 1/57 of patients, P < 0.001), but was not related to change in ODI or back pain. At follow-up, index level FA grades were higher after TDR versus nonoperative treatment (odds ratio 4.0 MRI and 5.9 CT), but were not related to ODI less than or equal to 22. Four patients (6%) treated with TDR and no patients treated nonoperatively were operated for lateral recess stenosis with posterior decompression at the index level during follow-up.

Conclusion.
Index level FA development was more likely after TDR compared with nonoperative treatment but was not associated with the 8-year clinical outcome. Index level FA may have contributed to reoperations in the TDR group.

Level of Evidence: 2
“IV+V+VI” Circumferential Decompression Technique for Thoracic Myelopathy Caused by the Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament or Hard Disc Herniation
Authors: Chen Guanghui , Chen Zhongqiang , Li Weishi , Zeng Yan , Zhong Woquan , Sun Chuiguo 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
A retrospective study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to describe a novel posterior approach, circumspinal decompression technique “IV+V+VI” for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) or hard disc herniation (HDH) in thoracic spine and assess its safety and efficacy.

Summary of Background Data.
Thoracic myelopathy caused by OPLL or HDH is a rare but intractable disorder that can only be effectively treated with surgery. Nevertheless, few studies have reported on a detailed resection of OPLL or HDH using a single posterior approach and no consistent procedures have been established.

Methods.
Fifteen consecutive patients with single-level OPLL or HDH who were treated with this novel technique at our center between January 2016 and June 2017 were recruited. The perioperative complications, operation time, blood loss, pre- and postoperative neurological statuses were recorded and analyzed. Neurological status was evaluated with a modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale and the neurological recovery rate was calculated using the Hirabayashi's Method.

Results.
All the included patients underwent one-stage posterior circumferential decompression. The average age at surgery was 43.3 ± 12.8 years. Eight cases were diagnosed with HDH, four with OPLL, and three with OPLL+OLF (ossification of the ligamentum flavum). The mean operation time was 109.9 ± 25.3 minutes with an average blood loss of 433.3 ± 221.8 mL. The mean follow-up period was 33.1 ± 7.5 months. Five patients experienced a dural tear, whereas another case experienced a transient numbness in the right lower limb. All these patients were treated conservatively and their neurological function recovered well at the final follow-up. The average JOA score increased from 5.8 ± 1.9 before surgery to 10.2 ± 1.0 postoperatively, and the average recovery rate was 87.2%.

Conclusion.
The “IV+V+VI” technique is a safe and effective method for thoracic OPLL and HDH resection. It can be used as a standard surgical procedure for thoracic spinal circumferential decompression.

Level of Evidence: 4
Influence of Hand Grip Strength on Surgical Outcomes After Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Kwon Ohsang , Kim Ho-Joong , Shen Feng , Park Sang-Min , Chang Bong-Soon , Lee Choon-Ki , Yeom Jin S. 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
A prospective observational study.

Objective.
This study was done to examine the influence of hand grip strength (HGS) on surgical outcomes of adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients.

Summary of Background Data.
No study has investigated the relation between hand grip strength and treatment outcome of adult spinal deformity correction surgery.

Methods.
A total of 78 consecutive patients who underwent adult spinal deformity correction surgery were included in this study. Patients were assigned to either the high HGS (≥ 26 kg for men and ≥ 18 kg for women, n = 26) or the low HGS (< 26 kg for men and < 18 kg for women, n = 52) based on their preoperative measurements. The Oswestry disability index (ODI), EQ-5D, and visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain were assessed preoperatively, and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was ODI scores 12 months after surgery. The secondary outcome measures included the overall ODI scores, EQ-5D, and VAS for back pain, assessed at each time point during the 12-months follow-up.

Results.
The ODI score at 12 months after surgery was significantly lower in the high HGS group than the low HGS group (P < 0.001), which was best predicted by a multivariate regression model including age, gender, BMI, HGS, and preoperative ODI scores. The overall ODI score, EQ-5D, and VAS for back pain had better outcomes in the high HGS group across each follow-up assessment (P < 0.001 for all follow-ups), while they improved significantly with time after surgery in both groups.

Conclusions.
Patients with higher preoperative HGS displayed better surgical outcomes, in terms of disability and health-related quality of life at 12 months after reconstructive spinal surgery for ASD.

Level of Evidence: 2
Identification of key genes in SARS-CoV-2 patients on bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Gu Hanming , Yuan Gongsheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people and overwhelmed many health systems globally. Our study is to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and associated biological processes of COVID-19 using a bioinformatics approach to elucidate their potential pathogenesis. The gene expression profiles of the GSE152075 datasets were originally produced by using the high-throughput Illumina NextSeq 500. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to identify functional categories and biochemical pathways. GO and KEGG results suggested that several biological pathways such as “Fatty acid metabolism” and “Cilium morphogenesis” are mostly involved in the development of COVID-19. Moreover, several genes are critical for virus invasion and adhesion including FLOC, DYNLL1, FBXL3, and FBXW11 and show significant differences in COVID-19 patients. Thus, our study provides further insights into the underlying pathogenesis of COVID-19.