bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge About Nutritional Intake In Pregnant Women With Anemia
Authors: Saepul Saepul , Hermayanti Yanti , Platini Hesti 
Published: January 2020

Anemia or a lack of blood cells during pregnancy and childbirth is very dangerous. It may cause pregnant women to be at risk for bleeding during childbirth and hinder infant growth and development. This study aims to determine the knowledge of pregnant women with anemia about nutrition during pregnancy. The research design used in this study was quantitative descriptive, with 137 pregnant women with anemia as the population and a total sample of 58 respondents taken with random sampling technique. The variable in this study is the knowledge of pregnant women with anemia about nutritional intake. This study shows that the majority of the pregnant women had poor knowledge (84.48%) of nutritional intake, and only a small number had good knowledge (15.52%). With almost all pregnant women with anemia in the study having a lack of knowledge about nutritional intake, there is a concern that the baby will be negatively affected. The implication of the results highlights the important role of health workers to provide information about good nutrition during pregnancy, particularly the impact of tea-drinking habit.
Affine Function: An Analysis from the Perspective of the Epistemic and Cognitive Suitability of the Onto-semiotic Approach
Authors: Ninow Valmir , Kaiber Carmen Teresa 
Published: January 2020

This article presents the analysis of a series of activities involving Affine Function, taking as reference the components and indicators of Epistemic and Cognitive Suitability, dimensions of Didactic Suitability, the Onto-semiotic Approach to Mathematical Knowledge and Instruction. This analysis is part of a research that aims to investigate the development of an educational project for High School, focused on the study of functions and which takes as theoretical and methodological support the Onto-semiotic Approach assumptions. From the analysis carried out in a series of activities related to Affine Function, it was possible to realize the presence, in a more representative way, of components and indicators of cognitive and epistemic suitability related to Problem Situations, Rules (concepts and procedures), Languages, Logical Reasoning, Reading and Interpretation. Regarding the Arguments, Relations and Analysis/Synthesis components, the analysis indicated the need to develop a wider range of activities that would allow students to expand and deepen their ability to produce justified argumentation and establish relations, which could contribute to the development of analyses and syntheses.
VALIDITY OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS BASED ON ACR-BIRADS SCORES TO DIAGNOSIS BREAST DISEASES IN SULAIMANI BREAST DISEASE TREATMENT CENTER
Authors: Karim Kwestan , Rashaan Mezjda , Ali Kalthwm , Mustafa Shad 
Published: January 2020

Background
Breast diseases are common in females all over the world. Breast cancer is the second common causes of concept mortality; early detection of breast cancer promotes outcomes.
Objectives
To evaluate the validity of ultrasonographic findings based on American College of Radiology Breast-Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR-BIRADS) in diagnosis of breast diseases, and determine sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic finding in breast and axillary lesions in Sulaimani breast disease treatment centre.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective descriptive study was performed on 427 patients with different breast and axillary lesions at Sulaimani breast disease treatment center, from January 2014 till December of 2018. Ethical consideration by the regulatory bodies was followed. Information was recorded according to inclusion criteria by using a questionnaire paper. Finding of ultrasonography by using ACR-BIRADS system was compared with histopathology reports, The Chi-square test was used and the obtained results were judged statistically significant at P≤0.05, P-value < 0.001 is regarded as highly significant. statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social science SPSS (version 21).
Results
Age range was 22-84 years old, average age of participants with the standard deviation was 45.32(±11.763). 128 (30.0%) and 125 (29.3%) of all breast lesions were in the range of BIRADS 5 and 3 respectively. Among 427 cases, most of the breast lesions 222 (52.2%) were malignant on histopathology, while 205 (47.8%) were benign on histopathology. Sensitivity; Specificity of ultrasound for breast was 87.38%, 85.85%, respectively. Also Sensitivity, Specificity of ultrasound for axilla was 78.16%, 10%, respectively. In finding correlation between ACR-BIRADS system and histopathology results using chi square P-value was < 0.001 which is highly significant for both breast and axilla.
Conclusions
Sensitivity and specificity of using ultrasound based on ACR-BIRADS scores in diagnosis of breast pathology were high; it makes a good way for diagnosis of breast diseases. But using BIRADS ultrasound system as sole investigation in diagnosis of breast pathology is the matter of debate. Using ultrasound based on Sensitivity and specificity for axilla didn’t make it an ideal way for diagnosis of pathological lymph nodes.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION AND IMPRINT CYTOLOGY OF HEAD AND NECK LESIONS (COMPARATIVE STUDY)
Authors: Ibraheem Ban , Garib Balkees , Khudier Hassanain 
Published: January 2020

Background
Fine needle aspiration cytology has been considered as the first-step procedure for microscopic evaluation of any mass or swelling in the head and neck area and the entire body following taking a full history and physical examination. It is considered as an alternative procedure to open surgical biopsy. On the other hand, imprint cytology is a well-recognized simple technique. Imprint cytology can be used as an adjunct to or as a substitute for frozen section method; since it has been proven to be more efficient than frozen section, and has higher concordance with histological results
Objectives
To improve clinical and diagnostic cytological experiences among oral pathologists, compare the results of cytological techniques with that of routine histopathological findings, and specify the merits and pitfalls of the above techniques.
Materials and Methods
A prospective study is conducted on 66 patients indicated for FNA. In 27 cases, histological examinations were available for comparison with cytological diagnosis, among which 20 cases had imprint cytology. All samples were stained with H&E and Pap stain, while salivary gland lesions were additionally stained with Diff-quick. Cytological specimens were compared with the histopathological examination to find diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV).
Results
Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed on 62 patients, 25 males, and 37 females. The total benign lesions were the commonest (46.7%), followed by inflammatory lesions (38.7%), then malignant lesions (14.5%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was 88.8%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75%, 94.7%, 85.7%, and 90% respectively. Whereas in imprint cytology 4 cases were diagnosed as malignant, 11 cases as benign and 5 cases as inflammatory. The diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology was 90%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 66.6%, 100%, 100%, 87.5%, and 90% respectively.
Conclusion
Fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC showed 88.8% diagnostic accuracy, while imprint cytology has a slightly higher diagnostic accuracy of 90% for head and neck lesion.
EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT SURFACE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS ON MICROMORPHOLOGY AND BOND STRENGTH OF TWO TYPES OF REPAIRED COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS (IN VITRO STUDY)
Authors: HamaXareeb Azheen , Faraj Bestoon 
Published: January 2020

Background
Repair bond strength of different composite resins has been assessed in the literature. Clinical findings on the efficacy of available surface treatment protocols are debated.
Objectives
This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three different surface treatment protocols on the bond strength of microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins.
Materials and Methods
Sixty cured composite specimens divided equally into 2 groups, microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins. Each group divided equally into 3 subgroups specific to surface treatment protocols; Group A-(Application by erbium YAG Laser), Group B-(Diamond bur abrading followed by 35% phosphoric acid etching), and Group C-(9.5% Hydrofluoric acid etching and primer bonding). All the specimens were stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37°C using an incubator. After this period they were subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5°C and 55°C, with 30s dwell time. Surface micromorphology of the above composite resins was evaluated after surface treatment by using a scanning electron microscope. Composite blocks were repaired with the same composite type but of a different color. Then micro shear bond strength findings analyzed statistically.
Results
Microhybrid composite showed significantly higher bond strength. Hydrofluoric acid etching combined with primer bonding was significantly superior to the other two methods.
Conclusions
Microhybrid composite showed a better repair bond strength compared with nanohybrid composite. Among the assessed preparation protocols, group C showed the higher bond strength, followed by group B and group A showed the lowest repair bond strength.
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Mahwi Taha , Mahmood Neveen 
Published: January 2020

Background
Vitamin D has a major role in autoimmune diseases, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in a variety of body tissues including thyrocytes, it’s suggested that there is a potential role of vitamin D in the development of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and its progression to hypothyroidism. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem that has health consequences.
Objectives
To evaluate the association of vitamin D deficiency in hypothyroid patients in Sulaimani Governorate.
Methods
In this study 200 participants were included; consisted of 100 diagnosed hypothyroid patients and 100 healthy controls; age range was matched. All subjects (n = 200) were evaluated for 25(OH) vitamin D. Thyroid autoantibody [anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG)] levels with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4) were measured in group 1.
Results
Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was significantly lower in hypothyroid patients (13.6 ± 11.4ng/ml) than in controls (24.1 ± 20.7ng/ml), (P < 0.001). 83% of hypothyroid cases were vitamin D deficient, which is significantly more than control 54% (P< 0.001). (100) hypothyroid cases were correlated to anti-TPO and anti-Tg; (83) case had vitamin D deficiency, (66) and (46) cases of vitamin D deficient group were anti-TPO, anti-Tg positive respectively (P-value =0.42, P-value =0.13).
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that patients with hypothyroidism present with lower vitamin D levels than healthy controls; deficiency of vitamin D was linked to the presence of antithyroid antibodies.
HIGH RATE WEIGHT GAIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Authors: Khalil Rozhan , Shamdeen Maida , Omer Raz 
Published: January 2020

Background
Excessive gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) significantly increase morbidity and mortality for both the mother and the fetus.
Objectives
To assess maternal weight gain at 28 weeks of gestation in women developing GDM compared with pregnant women without GDM.
Patients and Methods
This study is a case-control study of weight gain in pregnant women at 28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis of weight gain was obtained in 225 pregnant women (75 cases of GDM and 150 pregnant women without GDM-controls).
Results
Two hundred twenty-five women (GDM group of 75 women and 150 control pregnant women) were evaluated. Demographics characteristics of both groups (case-controls) were compatible. There was a significant difference between mean weight gain among GDM groups (17.36 ±2.89) in comparison to mean weight gain in controls groups (15.67± 2.34) giving a P-value =0.001. Furthermore, we subdivided the rate of weight gain into three categories: pregnant women who gained weight 0-10kg, 10-20, and above 20kg. There was a significant difference according to these categories, 25.3% of women with GDM had an increase of weight of more than 20 kg while only 7.3% of women without GDM increased their weight more than 20kg making P-value=0.001.
Conclusion
Weight gain is higher in women diagnosed with GDM at 28 weeks of gestation in comparison to women without GDM.
RADIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS REGISTERED AT DOTS CENTERS IN SULAIMANI, IRAQ 2010-2011
Authors: Karadakhy Kamaran 
Published: January 2020

Background
The radiological findings of pulmonary tuberculosis show considerable variations but, in most cases, they are characteristic enough to suggest the diagnosis. Chest X-Ray remains an important tool of screening and diagnosis of the disease.
Objectives
The current study aims to describe the radiological findings in patients treated for tuberculosis in DOTS centers in Sulaimani city.
Methods
A CXR of a total of 179 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis during 2010-2011 were checked for findings in this analysis.
Results
The most common finding was infiltration in 127 (71%) cases followed by pleural effusion (18%), opacity (6%) and a cavity in 3% of the patients. Types of lesions were not statistically associated with age or sex. The right lung alone was the most affected side in 47% of cases, left lung in 33% and both lungs in 20% of cases. The lesions involved the upper zone in 69% of cases followed by the lower zone (16%) and the middle zone (15%). The overall mortality of these patients was 4.5%. Older age was a significant factor of death as mortality was 10.6 % in patients aged 65 and over while it was 5.8% in patients aged between 35-65 and zero in younger patients. The middle zone lesions were associated with a statistically higher mortality rate compared to the other zones.
Conclusion
The study showed that the infiltration was the most common radiological finding, the right lung was most affected, and mortality was higher in older age and middle zone lesions. Evaluation of CXR findings of tuberculosis patients remains important both for diagnosis and follow-up.
EFFECT OF SUBLINGUAL MISOPROSTOL VERSUS INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN ON REDUCING BLOOD LOSS AT CESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Khalil Rozhan 
Published: January 2020

Background
Oxytocics are routinely used in an attempt to prevent excessive blood loss during cesarean section. Misoprostol, a potent uterotonic agent, has been reported to be useful in the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage by several investigators but its use during cesarean section has not been described.
Objectives
To compare the effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol administered immediately after delivery of the neonate at cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, with intravenous oxytocin infusion in prevention of uterine atony and thereby reducing blood loss at cesarean section and prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
Patients and Methods
This study is a prospective, comparative randomized study. One hundred women with singleton term pregnancy undergoing elective lower segment cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were included in this study, divided into two groups each group contains 50 cases, they were randomly allocated to receive either misoprostol 400 g sublingually or intravenous infusion of 20 units of oxytocin soon after delivery of the neonate. The main outcome measures were change in PCV percentage, the need for additional oxytocic and drug-related side effects are compared in both groups in this study.
Results
The PCV percentage which estimated was non significantly lower in the oxytocin group compared to the misoprostol group (32.3± 2.9 ml versus 33.1±3.2 ml; p-value = 0.23). There was a non-significant difference in mean of time of operation between two groups (33.7±5.2 in oxytocin group versus 33.8 ±3.9 in the misoprostol group, p-value=0.91). There was a need for additional oxytocic therapy in 4 cases (8%) in the oxytocin group which is lower than the misoprostol group which was 6 cases (12%). The incidence of side effects such as nausea lower in oxytocin group 2 cases (4%) vs 8 cases (16%) in misoprostol group, shivering and hyperthermia was lower in oxytocin group 1 case (2%) compared to misoprostol group 8 cases (16%) while hypotension was more in oxytocin group 6 cases (12%) vs 3 cases (6%) in misoprostol group.
Conclusions
Sublingual misoprostol was as effective as i.v. oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss at cesarean section, and prevent postpartum hemorrhage, it offers several advantages over oxytocin, including long half-life, stability at room temperature, and oral administration, which make it a suitable uterotonic agent in low-resource areas The drug side effects were mild, transient, not life-threatening and self-limiting.
COMMON CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL FINDING OF BREAST CANCER PATIENT PERFORMING BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
Authors: Amin Niyaz , Hamawandi Nizar , Shalli Alla 
Published: January 2020

Background
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and the second cause of cancer mortality in women.
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the surgical management of patients with breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
This is an observational descriptive (retrospective and prospective) study, carried out in magnetic resonance imaging department of radiological center in Shahid Hemn teaching hospital and breast disease treatment center, Sulaymaniyah. One hundred sixty one patients screened with different breast complaint during (January of 2014- March of 2019). We focused on cases of breast cancer only were included 32 patients, also we analyzed the findings of the magnetic resonance imaging; Review was performed to determine lesion type (mass or non-mass), lesion descriptors, patient age, and biopsy. Histological findings were reviewed.
Results
Magnetic resonance imaging detected all cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 13(40.6%), in which Sensitivity (100.0%), Specificity (54.5%), (PPV) Positive Predictive Value (27.1%), (NPV) Negative Predictive Value (100.0%), and accuracy (61.1%). While invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) was 10 (31.25%), 9 cases were defined as malignant lesion. It is Sensitivity (90.0%), Specificity (58.8%), Positive Predictive Value (21.4%), Negative Predictive Value (97.9%), and Accuracy (62.2%). Magnetic resonance imaging sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between benign and malignant lesion were (84.8%) and (64.9%) but, Positive Predictive value, Negative Predictive Value, and Accuracy were (58.3%), (88.1%), (72.2%) respectively. False positive were 20 (41.7%), while false negative were 5 (11.9%).
Conclusion
Magnetic resonance imaging is important in the management of breast cancer and accurate in assessing carcinoma extension and multiplicity. It is seen as being too sensitive, less specific.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRITICAL VIEW OF SAFETY AND INFUNDIBULAR TECHNIQUE IN LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Authors: Ismaeil Deari , Salih Barham , Abdulla Karzan , Ezzaddin Shahow , Arif Sarmad , Saeed Dlshad 
Published: January 2020

Background
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a one of main surgical procedures that used widely for the treatment of symptomatic gallstones throughout the world. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy has its own advantages, but bile duct injuries occur more frequently compared to the open cholecystectomy. In this study, critical view of safety (CVS) technique is compared to conventional infundibular technique (IT).
Objectives
The aim is to compare critical view of safety with infundibular technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in term of duration of the surgery and bile duct injuries (BDI).
Methods
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed for 245 patients at Sulaimani city within a period from April 13th 2015 to April 13th 2016. The patients were divided into two groups; critical view of safety was used for the first group and infundibular technique for the second. Comparison performed between the both groups for operation time and bile duct injury.
Results
The operative time was significantly reduced in CVS technique as the mean time of the operations was (33.04 min) for CVS, and (38.58 min) for IT, with significant P-value (0.013). Seventeen cases (6.93%) converted to open cholecystectomy; the conversion found more in IT group, with significant P-value (< 0.001).
Conclusion
The “critical view of safety” although needs more patience in dissections with comparison to infundibular technique, but it is found to be faster and regard as a safe technique in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The concept of student cognitive culture: Definition and conditions for development
Authors: Astakhova L. V. 
Published: January 2020

Introduction. Nowadays, knowledge is the main resource for the innovative economy. In the information society, there is the contradiction between the gradually increasing flow of new information and the inability of users to understand it. Education, including higher vocational training, should play a key role in bridging that cognitive gap. However, the current educational standards and programmes of universities, as well as the lower level of cognitive skills and students’ competencies, do not meet the requirement to solve the global problem related to the processes for changing the knowledge structure and total informatisation of human activities. In particular, against the background of the achievements of modern epistemology, there is still no scientific-based interpretation of the student cognitive culture, which formative factors have not been also identified yet.The aim of the present article is to define the concept of cognitive culture of a university student and the conditions for its development.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the research is based on cognitive, informative and cultural approaches to the discussed problem. The analytical-synthetic method and the method of comparative analysis were applied in the course of the research.Results and scientific novelty. The definition of a student cognitive culture is defined on the basis of the modern principles of cognitive functioning and its subjects (unity of consciousness, unconscious and activity; co-evolution of individual, collective and social, etc.), as well as the classical model of knowledge transformation. Student involvement in all types of information activities is substantiated as the main criterion for assessing cognitive culture maturity. A technocognitive environment with integrative character is considered as the condition for development and achievement of a high level of student cognitive culture. The version of structural technocognitive environment is proposed and the content of each of the components is described.Practical significance. The present research material is primarily addressed to the specialists involved in improving the quality of higher education. The main provisions of the article and the author’s conclusions can be employed as a theoretical basis to organise the cognitive environment at the university. To further the present research, the author intends to identify the specifics of the development of student cognitive culture in various educational fields, as well as to investigate the computer component of the student internal thinking as a part of his or her cognitive culture.