bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights in Chilean Social Work: Lessons from Chile to Prepare Social Work Students for Human Rights Practice
Authors: Donoso Gabriela Rubilar , Valderrama Caterine Galaz , LaBrenz Catherine A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article presents findings from two studies conducted in Chile to examine the link between human rights and social work practice. The focus of this paper was to explore the role of undergraduate education in preparing future social work practitioners for human rights practice. Data from a qualitative longitudinal study to understand the role of social workers during the dictatorship in Chile (1973–1989) were used; then, in October 2019, as civil unrest and police and military brutality erupted across the country, the authors created a commission to register and document narratives and testimonies of current human rights violations in Chile. The research team utilized a qualitative approach to analyze data from the in-depth interviews that were conducted in the longitudinal study and from the 2019 commission. Findings suggest a need to cover more in-depth human rights content in social work education and to teach students to create community collaborations in the field. Implications for social work education and practice in the current political climate are explored.
A European Research Agenda for Geriatric Emergency Medicine: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Mooijaart Simon P. , Nickel Christian H. , Conroy Simon P. , Lucke Jacinta A. , van Tol Lisa S. , Olthof Mareline , Blomaard Laura C. , Buurman Bianca M. , Dundar Zerrin D. , de Groot Bas , Gasperini Beatrice , Heeren Pieter , Karamercan Mehmet A. , McNamara Rosa , Mitchell Aine , van Oppen James D. , Martin Sanchez F. Javier , Schoon Yvonne , Singler Katrin , Spode Renan , Skúldóttir Sigrun , Thorrsteindottir Thordis , van der Velde Marije , Wallace James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Geriatric Emergency Medicine (GEM) focuses on delivering optimal care to (sub)acutely ill older people. This involves a multidisciplinary approach throughout the whole healthcare chain. However, the underpinning evidence base is weak and it is unclear which research questions have the highest priority. The aim of this study was to provide an inventory and prioritisation of research questions among GEM professionals throughout Europe.

Methods
A two-stage modified Delphi approach was used. In stage 1, an online survey was administered to various professionals working in GEM both in the Emergency Department (ED) and other healthcare settings throughout Europe to make an inventory of potential research questions. In the processing phase, research questions were screened, categorised, and validated by an expert panel. Subsequently, in stage 2, remaining research questions were ranked based on relevance using a second online survey administered to the same target population, to identify the top 10 prioritised research questions.

Results
In response to the first survey, 145 respondents submitted 233 potential research questions. A total of 61 research questions were included in the second stage, which was completed by 176 respondents. The question with the highest priority was: Is implementation of elements of CGA (comprehensive geriatric assessment), such as screening for frailty and geriatric interventions, effective in improving outcomes for older patients in the ED?

Conclusion
This study presents a top 10 of high-priority research questions for a European Research Agenda for Geriatric Emergency Medicine. The list of research questions may serve as guidance for researchers, policymakers and funding bodies in prioritising future research projects.
A Sub-100 mg Electromagnetically Driven Insect-inspired Flapping-wing Micro Robot Capable of Liftoff and Control Torques Modulation
Authors: Wang Chenyang , Zhang Weiping , Zou Yang , Meng Ran , Zhao Jiaxin , Wei Mingchen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInspired by the unique, agile and efficient flapping flight of insects, we present a novel sub-100 mg, electromagnetically driven, tailless, flapping-wing micro robot. This robot utilizes two optimized electromagnetic actuators placed back to back to drive two wings separately, then kinematics of each wing can be independently controlled, which gives the robot the ability to generate all three control torques of pitch, roll and yaw for steering. To quantify the performance of the robot, a simplified aerodynamic model is used to estimate the generated lift and torques, and two customized test platforms for lift and torque measurement are built for this robot. The mean lift generated by the robot is measured to be proportional to the square of the input voltage amplitude. The three control torques are measured to be respectively proportional to three decoupled parameters of the control voltages, therefore the modulation of three control torques for the robot is independent, which is helpful for the further controlled flight. All these measured results fit well with the calculated results of the aerodynamic model. Furthermore, with a total weight of 96 mg and a wingspan of 3.5 cm, this robot can generate sufficient lift to take off.
Evaluation of the Large EURO‐CORDEX Regional Climate Model Ensemble
Authors: Vautard Robert , Kadygrov Nikolay , Iles Carley , Boberg Fredrik , Buonomo Erasmo , Bülow Katharina , Coppola Erika , Corre Lola , van Meijgaard Erik , Nogherotto Rita , Sandstad Marit , Schwingshackl Clemens , Somot Samuel , Aalbers Emma , Christensen Ole B. , Ciarlo James M. , Demory Marie‐Estelle , Giorgi Filippo , Jacob Daniela , Jones Richard G. , Keuler Klaus , Kjellström Erik , Lenderink Geert , Levavasseur Guillaume , Nikulin Grigory , Sillmann Jana , Solidoro Cosimo , Sørland Silje Lund , Steger Christian , Teichmann Claas , Warrach‐Sagi Kirsten , Wulfmeyer Volker 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of regional climate model (RCM)‐based projections for providing regional climate information in a research and climate service contexts is currently expanding very fast. This has been possible thanks to a considerable effort in developing comprehensive ensembles of RCM projections, especially for Europe, in the EURO‐CORDEX community (Jacob et al., 2014, 2020). As of end of 2019, EURO‐CORDEX has developed a set of 55 historical and scenario projections (RCP8.5) using 8 driving global climate models (GCMs) and 11 RCMs. This article presents the ensemble including its design. We target the analysis to better characterize the quality of the RCMs by providing an evaluation of these RCM simulations over a number of classical climate variables and extreme and impact‐oriented indices for the period 1981–2010. For the main variables, the model simulations generally agree with observations and reanalyses. However, several systematic biases are found as well, with shared responsibilities among RCMs and GCMs: Simulations are overall too cold, too wet, and too windy compared to available observations or reanalyses. Some simulations show strong systematic biases on temperature, others on precipitation or dynamical variables, but none of the models/simulations can be defined as the best or the worst on all criteria. The article aims at supporting a proper use of these simulations within a climate services context.
When Two Salt Tectonics Systems Meet: Gliding Downslope the Levant Margin and Salt Out‐Squeezing From Under the Nile Delta
Authors: Ben Zeev Y. , Gvirtzman Z. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAt present, salt tectonics in the Levant Basin comprises extension along the continental slope and folding and thrusting in the deep basin. However, here we show that the shape, the age, and the amplitude of deformation in the extensional and contractional domains do not fit the paradigm of “updip extension and downdip contraction.” Deep basin shortening is not parallel to continental margin extension; it is younger and stronger. We propose that while extension of the Levant continental slope is an expression of basinward gliding, the deep basin shortening belongs to the circum‐Nile deformation belt (CNDB) propelled by out‐squeezing of salt from under the Nile delta. However, despite the independent driving forces, the two deformation systems seem to affect each other. In the southern part of the basin where the two systems meet, the NW gliding of the continental slope is restrained by the NE motion of the CNDB and vice versa. Interestingly, the beginning of folding along the CNDB (~2 Ma) coincides with the establishment of a continental shelf offshore Israel. We thus propose that these two apparently independent phenomena express maturity of the Nile delta that had reached a size and shape sufficient to trigger salt out‐squeezing and to form a continuous continental shelf from the Nile to Israel. This continuity allowed shelf alongshore sediment transport that further propagated the Israeli shelf northward and westward.
Water Use in Global Livestock Production—Opportunities and Constraints for Increasing Water Productivity
Authors: Heinke Jens , Lannerstad Mats , Gerten Dieter , Havlík Petr , Herrero Mario , Notenbaert An Maria Omer , Hoff Holger , Müller Christoph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIncreasing population, change in consumption habits, and climate change will likely increase the competition for freshwater resources in the future. Exploring ways to improve water productivity especially in food and livestock systems is important for tackling the future water challenge. Here we combine detailed data on feed use and livestock production with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) statistics and process‐based crop‐water model simulations to comprehensively assess water use and water productivity in the global livestock sector. We estimate that, annually, 4,387 km3 of blue and green water is used for the production of livestock feed, equaling about 41% of total agricultural water use. Livestock water productivity (LWP; protein produced per m3 of water) differs by several orders of magnitude between livestock types, regions, and production systems, indicating a large potential for improvements. For pigs and broilers, we identify large opportunities to increase LWP by increasing both feed water productivity (FWP; feed produced per m3 of water) and feed use efficiency (FUE; protein produced per kg of feed) through better crop and livestock management. Even larger opportunities to increase FUE exist for ruminants, while the overall potential to increase their FWP is low. Substantial improvements of FUE can be achieved for ruminants by supplementation with feed crops, but the lower FWP of these feed crops compared to grazed biomass limits possible overall improvements of LWP. Therefore, LWP of ruminants, unlike for pigs and poultry, does not always benefit from a trend toward intensification, as this is often accompanied by increasing crop supplementation.
Global Gridded Nitrogen Indicators: Influence of Crop Maps
Authors: Kaltenegger K. , Winiwarter W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDisplaying Nitrogen (N) indicators on a global grid poses unique opportunities to quantify environmental impacts from N application in different world regions under a variety of conditions. Such calculations require the use of maps showing the geo‐spatial distribution of crop production. Although there are several crop maps in the scientific literature to choose from, the consequences of this choice for the calculation of N indicators still need to be evaluated. In this study we analyze the differences in results for N Use Efficiency (NUE) and N surplus calculated on the global scale using two different crop maps (SPAM and M3). For our calculations we used publicly available statistical and literature data combined with each crop map and carefully traced the origins of the differences in the results. Our results showed that the regions most affected by discrepancies caused by differences in crop maps (yields and physical area) are Central Asia and the Russian Federation, Australia and Oceania, and North Africa. However, we also found that the inclusion or exclusion of grass crops influences the results, as does the aggregation of crops to categories. Considering all these differences, we note that M3 seems to provide the more plausible results for the calculation of N indicators. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of determining the critical parameters for N indicator calculation, but also allows key parameters connected with N use and overuse to be identified on the global scale.
Comparisons of Nutrients Exported From Greenlandic Glacial and Deglaciated Watersheds
Authors: Martin Jonathan B. , Pain Andrea J. , Martin Ellen E. , Rahman Shaily , Ackerman Philip 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent work demonstrates extensive nutrient exports from outlet glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet. In comparison, nutrient exports are poorly defined for deglaciated watersheds that were exposed during ice retreat and retain reactive comminuted glacial sediments. Nutrient exports from deglaciated watersheds may differ from glacial watersheds due to their longer exposure times, more mature chemical weathering, and ecosystem succession. To evaluate nutrient exports from glacial and deglaciated watersheds, we compare discharge and dissolved (<0.45 μm filtered) nutrient concentrations in two glacial and six non‐glacial streams in southwestern and southern Greenland. Glacial streams have orders of magnitude greater instantaneous discharge than non‐glacial streams but their specific discharges are more similar, differing by up to a factor of 10. Compared with non‐glacial streams, filtered water of glacial streams have on average (1) higher inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and PO4 concentrations, lower Si concentrations, and Fe concentrations that are not statistically different; (2) higher DIN and PO4 but lower Si specific yields; and (3) lower DIN/PO4, Si/DIN, and Fe/PO4 ratios, but indistinguishable Fe/DIN. Maximum specific yields occur in early melt season prior to maximum solar radiation for non‐glacial streams, and in mid‐melt season as solar radiation wanes for proglacial streams. Impacts to coastal ecosystems from nutrient exports depend on suspended sediment loads and processing in the estuaries, but landscape exposure during glacial terminations should decrease DIN and dissolved PO4 and increase dissolved Si exports, while increased meltwater runoff associated with future warming should increase DIN and dissolved PO4 and decrease dissolved Si exports.
Zonal Asymmetry of the QBO Temperature Signal in the Tropical Tropopause Region
Authors: Tegtmeier Susann , Anstey James , Davis Sean , Ivanciu Ioana , Jia Yue , McPhee David , Pilch Kedzierski Robin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of the equatorial zonal wind leads to zonally symmetric temperature variations in the stratosphere that descend downward. Here we investigate the QBO‐induced temperature anomalies in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and detect pronounced longitudinal variations of the signal. In addition, the QBO temperature anomalies show a strong seasonal variability. The magnitude of these seasonal and longitudinal QBO variations is comparable to the magnitude of the well‐known zonal mean QBO signal in the TTL. At the cold point tropopause, the strongest QBO variations of around ±1.6 K are found over regions of active convection such as the West Pacific and Africa during boreal winter. The weakest QBO variations of ±0.25 K are detected over the East Pacific during boreal summer, while the zonal mean signal ranges around ±0.7 K. The longitudinal variations are associated with enhanced convective activity that occurs during QBO cold phases and locally enhances the cold anomalies.
The Morphometry of Impact Craters on Bennu
Authors: Daly R. T. , Bierhaus E. B. , Barnouin O. S. , Daly M. G. , Seabrook J. A. , Roberts J. H. , Ernst C. M. , Perry M. E. , Nair H. , Espiritu R. C. , Palmer E. E. , Gaskell R. W. , Weirich J. R. , Susorney H. C. M. , Johnson C. L. , Walsh K. J. , Nolan M. C. , Jawin E. R. , Michel P. , Trang D. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBennu is an ~500‐m‐diameter rubble‐pile asteroid that is the target of detailed study by the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) mission. Here we use data from the OSIRIS‐REx Laser Altimeter to assess depth‐to‐diameter ratios (d/D) of 108 impact craters larger than 10 m in diameter. The d/D of craters on Bennu ranges from 0.02 to 0.19. The mean is 0.10 ± 0.03. The smallest craters show the broadest range in d/D, consistent with d/D measurements on other asteroids. A few craters have central mounds, which is interpreted as evidence that a more competent substrate lies a few meters beneath them. The range of d/D narrows as crater size increases, with craters larger than 80 m tending toward smaller d/D. At large scales, increases in target strength with depth, combined with target curvature, may affect crater morphometry.
The Reduction in Near‐Global Cloud Cover After Correcting for Biases Caused by Finite Resolution Measurements
Authors: Dutta Soumi , Di Girolamo Larry , Dey Sagnik , Zhan Yizhe , Moroney Catherine M. , Zhao Guangyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA solution to the common problem that sensors have in overestimating cloud fraction (CF) due to their finite resolution is implemented by the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) to produce a resolution‐corrected CF product. Here we evaluate the efficacy of this product toward the development of an improved global cloud climatology. We found a large reduction in CF across various regions of the globe due to the correction, with reductions >0.4 in regions dominated by shallow cumulus clouds. The MISR resolution‐corrected CF lies within ±0.05–0.08 of 180 randomly selected scenes of 15‐m resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data, where MISR uncorrected CF and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) CF overestimated this benchmark by 0.40–0.50. We conclude that the CF between 50°N and 50°S is much lower than that reported by the original MISR and MODIS and that the new MISR cloud product indeed provides improved estimates of CF.
Observational Evidence for the Role of Hall Conductance in Alfvén Wave Reflection
Authors: Ivarsen Magnus F. , Park Jaeheung , Kwak Young‐Sil , Jin Yaqi , Knudsen David J. , Clausen Lasse B. N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectromagnetic energy carried by magnetohydrodynamic modes is an important mechanism in the energy transfer between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Alfvén waves are known to carry field‐aligned currents and thus play an important role in the dynamics of the ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling. The role of Hall conductance in this interplay has been explored in magnetohydrodynamic models of the ionosphere but has hitherto not been observed in situ. We use 5 years of observations from the Swarm mission to shed light on this interplay. We present a high‐latitude climatology of both the measured Poynting flux and the measured Alfvén wave reflection coefficient. Our results indicate that high‐energy precipitation, which penetrates deep into the ionosphere and directly leads to strongly enhanced Hall conductance, is an important cause of positively interfering Alfvén wave reflection. We present such observational evidence and, with that, suggest that Hall conductance is substantially more important in the ionospheric wave reflection climatology than hitherto believed.
Modified Cam‐Clay Model for Large Stress Ranges and Its Predictions for Geological and Drilling Processes
Authors: Heidari Mahdi , Nikolinakou Maria A. , Flemings Peter B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe modify the Modified Cam‐Clay (MCC) model for large stress ranges encountered in geological applications. The MCC model assumes that the friction angle (ϕ) and the slope of the compression curve (λ) of a mudrock are constant and thus predicts constant values for the lateral effective stress ratio under uniaxial, vertical strain (K0) and undrained strength ratio (
). However, experimental work shows that λ, ϕ, and
decrease and K0 increases substantially with stress over large stress ranges (e.g., up to 100 MPa). We incorporate the stress dependency of λ and ϕ into the MCC model and use the new model to predict
and K0 ratios. The modified model, with only one additional parameter, successfully predicts the stress dependency of these ratios. We encode the modified model and use it for finite‐element analysis of a salt basin in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The stresses that the new model predicts around salt differ significantly from those predicted using the original model. We incorporate the stress dependency of the friction angle into the analytical models developed for critical tapers, wellbore drilling, and the stability of submarine channel levees. We show that the decrease of the friction angle with stress (1) results in a concave surface for critical wedges, (2) shifts the drilling window to higher mud weights and makes it narrower for a vertical wellbore, and (3) causes deep‐seated failure of submarine channel levees at lower angles. Our study could improve in situ stress and pore pressure estimation, wellbore drilling, and quantitative understanding of geological processes.
Origin and Properties of Hydrothermal Tremor at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, USA
Authors: Nayak Avinash , Manga Michael , Hurwitz Shaul , Namiki Atsuko , Dawson Phillip B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGeysers are rare geologic features that intermittently discharge liquid water and steam driven by heating and decompression boiling. The cause of variability in eruptive styles and the associated seismic signals are not well understood. Data collected from five broadband seismometers at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park are used to determine the properties, location, and temporal patterns of hydrothermal tremor. The tremor is harmonic at some stages of the eruption cycle and is caused by near‐periodic repetition of discrete seismic events. Using the polarization of ground motion, we identify the location of tremor sources throughout several eruption cycles. During preplay episodes (smaller eruptions preceding the more vigorous major eruption), tremor occurs at depths of 7–10 m and is laterally offset from the geyser's cone by ~5 m. At the onset of the main eruption, tremor sources migrate laterally and become shallower. As the eruption progresses, tremor sources migrate along the same path but in the opposite direction, ending where preplay tremor originates. The upward and then downward migration of tremor sources during eruptions are consistent with warming of the conduit followed by evacuation of water during the main eruption. We identify systematic relations among the two types of preplays, discharge, and the main eruption. A point‐source moment tensor fit to low‐frequency waveforms of an individual tremor event using half‐space velocity models indicates average VS ≳ 0.8 km/s, source depths ~4–20 m, and moment tensors with primarily positive isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole moments.