bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of land abandonment on forest disturbance regimes: a global review
Authors: Mantero Giulia , Morresi Donato , Marzano Raffaella , Motta Renzo , Mladenoff David J. , Garbarino Matteo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Context
Since the nineteenth century, rural areas have experienced progressive abandonment mostly due to socioeconomic changes, with direct and indirect effects on forest disturbance regimes occurring in these human-dominated landscapes. The role of land abandonment in modifying disturbance regimes has been highlighted for some types of disturbances, albeit being still somewhat overlooked compared to climate change.

Objectives
This literature review is aimed at highlighting the most relevant effects of land abandonment and land-use legacy on the regime of different types of forest disturbances, providing insight into land-use change/disturbances interactions.

Methods
We searched in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for relevant studies at the global scale dealing with eight major natural disturbances: avalanche, flooding, herbivory, insect outbreak, landslide, rockfall, wildfire and windthrow. We classified papers into five relevance classes, with the highest score (4) assigned to studies quantitatively measuring the interactions between abandonment dynamics and disturbance regimes.

Results
Most papers focused on wildfires in Mediterranean Europe in the twentieth century, where landscape homogenisation and fuel build-up contributed to worsening their frequency, size and severity. Dense forests developed following land abandonment instead exert inhibiting effects toward mass movements such as avalanches, rockfalls and landslides. Regarding the other investigated disturbances, we found only a few studies presenting site-specific and partly contrasting effects.

Conclusions
Land abandonment triggers ecological processes at the landscape scale, altering land cover patterns and vegetation communities, which in turn affect disturbance regimes. Implications for land and resource management mostly depend on the stage at which post-abandonment secondary succession has developed.
Illuminating single genomic loci in live cells by reducing nuclear background fluorescence
Authors: Lu Song , Wang Dianbing , Hou Yu , Guo Dongge , Deng Yulin , Zhang Xian-En 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe tagging of genomic loci in living cells provides visual evidence for the study of genomic spatial organization and gene interaction. CRISPR/dCas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/deactivated Cas9) labeling system labels genes through binding of the dCas9/sgRNA/fluorescent protein complex to repeat sequences in the target genomic loci. However, the existence of numerous fluorescent proteins in the nucleus usually causes a high background fluorescent readout. This study aims to limit the number of fluorescent modules entering the nucleus by redesigning the current CRISPR/dCas9-SunTag labeling system consisting of dCas9-SunTag-NLS (target module) and scFv-sfGFP-NLS (signal module). We removed the nuclear location sequence (NLS) of the signal module and inserted two copies of EGFP into the signal module. The ratio of the fluorescent intensity of the nucleus to that of the cytoplasm (N/C ratio) was decreased by 71%, and the ratio of the signal to the background (S/B ratio) was increased by 1.6 times. The system can stably label randomly selected genomic loci with as few as 9 repeat sequences.
Induction of Noonan syndrome-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells under serum-, feeder-, and integration-free conditions
Authors: Hamada Atsuko , Akagi Eri , Obayashi Fumitaka , Yamasaki Sachiko , Koizumi Koichi , Ohtaka Manami , Nishimura Ken , Nakanishi Mahito , Toratani Shigeaki , Okamoto Tetsuji 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNoonan syndrome is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder. Although it is relatively common, and its phenotypical variability is well documented, its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Previously, with the aim of revealing the pathogenesis of genetic disorders, we reported the induction of cleidocranial dysplasia-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patient’s dental pulp cells (DPCs) under serum-free, feeder-free, and integration-free conditions. Notably, these cells showed potential for application to genetic disorder disease models. Furthermore, using similar procedures, we reported the induction of hiPSCs derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy volunteers. These methods are beneficial, because they are carried out without invasive and painful biopsies. Using those procedures, we reprogrammed DPCs and PBMCs that were derived from a patient with Noonan syndrome (NS) to establish NS-specific hiPSCs (NS-DPC-hiPSCs and NS-PBMC-hiPSCs, respectively). The induction efficiency of NS-hiPSCs was higher than that of WT-hiPSCs. We hypothesize that this was caused by high NANOG expression. Here, we describe the experimental results and findings related to NS-hiPSCs. This is the first report on the establishment of NS-hiPSCs and their disease modeling.
Effectiveness of a Low-Calorie Diet for Liver Volume Reduction Prior to Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review
Authors: Romeijn Marleen M. , Kolen Aniek M. , Holthuijsen Daniëlle D. B. , Janssen Loes , Schep Goof , Leclercq Wouter K. G. , van Dielen François M. H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn energy-restricted diet is often prescribed before bariatric surgery to reduce weight and liver volume. While very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs, 450–800 kcal per day) have shown to be effective, the effectiveness of low-calorie diets (LCDs, 800–1500 kcal per day) is less obvious. The objective of this systematic review was to elucidate the effectiveness of LCD on liver volume reduction in patients awaiting bariatric surgery. Eight studies (n = 251) were included describing nine different diets (800–1200 kcal, 2–8 weeks). An LCD was effective in liver volume reduction (12–27%) and weight loss (4–17%), particularly during the first weeks. The LCD showed an acceptable patients’ compliance. Based on these findings, an LCD (800–1200 kcal), instead of a VLCD, for 2 to 4 weeks should be preferred.
Justifying Limitations on the Freedom of Expression
Authors: Gunatilleke Gehan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe freedom of expression is vital to our ability to convey opinions, convictions, and beliefs, and to meaningfully participate in democracy. The state may, however, ‘limit’ the freedom of expression on certain grounds, such as national security, public order, public health, and public morals. Examples from around the world show that the freedom of individuals to express their opinions, convictions, and beliefs is often imperilled when states are not required to meet a substantial justificatory burden when limiting such freedom. This article critiques one of the common justificatory approaches employed in a number of jurisdictions to frame the state’s burden to justify limitations on the freedom of expression—the proportionality test. It presents a case for an alternative approach that builds on the merits and addresses some of the weaknesses of a typical proportionality test. This alternative may be called a ‘duty-based’ justificatory approach because it requires the state to demonstrate—through the presentation of publicly justifiable reasons—that the individual concerned owes others a duty of justice to refrain from the expressive conduct in question. The article explains how this approach is more normatively compelling than a typical proportionality test. It also illustrates how such an approach can better constrain the state’s ability to advance majoritarian interests or offload its positive obligations by limiting the freedom of expression of minorities and dissenting voices.
The role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy combined with spect/ct in predicting severity of liver failure before major hepatectomy: a single-center pilot study
Authors: Serenari Matteo , Bonatti Chiara , Zanoni Lucia , Peta Giuliano , Tabacchi Elena , Cucchetti Alessandro , Ravaioli Matteo , Pettinato Cinzia , Bagni Alberto , Siniscalchi Antonio , D’Errico Antonietta , Golfieri Rita , Fanti Stefano , Cescon Matteo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) has been demonstrated to predict post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). However, existing cutoff values for future liver remnant function (FLR-F) were previously set according to the “50–50 criteria” PHLF definition. Methods of calculation and fields of application in liver surgery have changed in the meantime. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of HBS combined with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in predicting severity of PHLF, according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). All patients submitted to major hepatectomy with preoperative HBS-SPECT/CT between November 2016 and December 2019, were analyzed. Patients were resected according to hepatic volumetry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify cutoffs of FLR function for predicting PHLF according to ISGLS definition and grading. Of the 38 patients enrolled, 26 were submitted to one-stage hepatectomy (living liver donors = 4) and 12 to two-stage procedures (portal vein embolization = 4, ALPPS = 8). Overall, 18 patients developed PHLF according to ISGLS criteria: 12 of grade A (no change in the patient’s clinical management) and 6 of grade B (change in clinical management). ROC analysis established increasingly higher cutoffs of FLR-F for predicting PHLF according to the “50–50 criteria”, ISGLS grade B and ISGLS grade A/B, respectively. HBS with SPECT/CT may help to assess severity of PHLF following major hepatectomy. Prospective multicenter trials are needed to confirm the effective role of HBS-SPECT/CT in liver surgery.
Drought responses and their effects on radial stem growth of two co-occurring conifer species in the Mediterranean mountain range
Authors: Güney Aylin , Zweifel Roman , Türkan Semra , Zimmermann Reiner , Wachendorf Magnus , Güney Coşkun Okan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Key message

Patterns of stem radial variations showed thatCedrus libaniA. Rich. was less limited by summer drought than co-occurringJuniperus excelsaM. Bieb.Cedrus libanirecovered faster from tree water deficit and showed significantly higher radial growth rates and annual stem increments thanJ. excelsa. However, the ability ofJ. excelsato grow more hours per year may indicate a potential benefit in more extreme conditions.

Context
Knowledge about species-specific drought responses is needed to manage productive forests in drought prone areas. Under water shortage, trees commonly show stem shrinkage, which is assumed to inhibit growth.

Aims
We investigated whether the two co-existing conifers Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. and Cedrus libani A. Rich. (growing at the Taurus Mountains, SW-Turkey) show differences in water relations and stem growth in order to evaluate their respective drought tolerance.

Methods
Stem radius changes were hourly monitored over 2 years using high-resolution point dendrometers. Radial stem growth, tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage, and maximum daily shrinkage were extracted from stem radius change measurements, investigated for their patterns, and related to environmental conditions.

Results
Cedrus libani recovered from tree water deficit under higher temperature and vapor pressure deficit than J. excelsa. The number of hours during which stem growth occurred was higher for J. excelsa; however, growth rates and annual increments were significantly lower than in C. libani. Both species showed highest maximum daily shrinkage during the driest months indicating the ability to maintain gas exchange all year round.

Conclusion
Juniperus excelsa showed a more conservative growth strategy while C. libani was less limited by summer drought and showed more annual stem increment under the conditions investigated.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Acidic Media by N-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)Methyleneamino]-4-Hydroxy-Benzamide
Authors: Muthamma Kashmitha , Kumari Preethi , Lavanya M. , Rao Suma A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMild steel (a low carbon steel) is an affordable engineering material used for many purposes in various environments including mild acidic environment with some precautions. The corrosion behaviour of mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M H2SO4and 0.5 M HCl, in the temperature range (303–323 K) without and with the inhibitorN-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) methyleneamino]-4-hydroxy-benzamide (DMHB), was investigated using Potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques supplementing with surface characterization study using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). Experimental observations were found to be in agreement with Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in DMHB concentration and showed maximum inhibition efficiency of 86% in 0.5 M H2SO4and 81% in 0.5 M HCl, respectively, at concentration of 3 × 10─3 M at 303 K. The inhibition efficiency of DMHB obtained relatively at its lower concentration (3 × 10─3 M) compared to other reported related compounds confirms its potential towards corrosion inhibition. The variation in the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters indicated physisorption of DMHB on MS and its mixed type inhibitive action followed Langmuir’s isotherm model. DFT calculations go along with the experimental results, signifying the potential corrosion inhibition behaviour of DMHB for MS in both the acid media.
A computational intelligence enabled honeypot for chasing ghosts in the wires
Authors: Naik Nitin , Jenkins Paul , Savage Nick , Yang Longzhi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA honeypot is a concealed security system that functions as a decoy to entice cyberattackers to reveal their information. Therefore, it is essential to disguise its identity to ensure its successful operation. Nonetheless, cyberattackers frequently attempt to uncover these honeypots; one of the most effective techniques for revealing their identity is a fingerprinting attack. Once identified, a honeypot can be exploited as a zombie by an attacker to attack others. Several effective techniques are available to prevent a fingerprinting attack, however, that would be contrary to the purpose of a honeypot, which is designed to interact with attackers to attempt to discover information relating to them. A technique to discover any attempted fingerprinting attack is highly desirable, for honeypots, while interacting with cyberattackers. Unfortunately, no specific method is available to detect and predict an attempted fingerprinting attack in real-time due to the difficulty of isolating it from other attacks. This paper presents a computational intelligence enabled honeypot that is capable of discovering and predicting an attempted fingerprinting attack by using a Principal components analysis and Fuzzy inference system. This proposed system is successfully tested against the five popular fingerprinting tools Nmap, Xprobe2, NetScanTools Pro, SinFP3 and Nessus.
Multilayer network analysis of the drugs development cycle in the global pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Goto Hiromitsu , Jibu Mari , Souma Wataru , Ikeda Yuichi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drug development is a time-consuming process from the start of research to obtaining approval, and the probability of success with a candidate compound is extremely low. We aim to understand the characteristics of the flow and localization of knowledge during drug development in the global pharmaceutical industry. We analyze the multilayer network constructed with the drug pipeline layer, global supply chain layer, and global ownership layer. First, we identify the bow-tie structure and the community structure of each network layer. The obtained bow-tie structure shows the large strongly connected component and suggests that the knowledge flow in drug pipelines has similar characteristics as the supply chain network. The communities in each layer are characterized by country, category of the company, and bow tie component. We then study the multilayer network’s knowledge flow, conduct a statistical test, and verify the significance of the overlapping links between the drug pipeline and supply chain layers. Our results suggest a strong connection between open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and firms’ economic activities in the supply chain.
Creation and purpose: A conversation on art created by students at the Shingwauk Residential School
Authors: Hogan Skylee-Storm , McCracken Krista 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhat are the ethics behind caring, preserving, and displaying artwork created by Residential School Survivors? By looking at sketches and small handicrafts held by the Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre this piece examines the possibilities for caring for this unique type of Indigenous artwork in a culturally appropriate and ethical manner.
Risk Factors and Mortality in Pediatric Patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteremia
Authors: Alsuhaibani Mohammed , Aljarboua Alanoud , Althawadi Sahar , Alsweed Abdurahman , Al-Hajjar Sami 
Published: November 2020

Background:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen that can cause an invasive and fatal infection, particularly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. However, little is known about the impact of S. maltophilia bacteremia in pediatric patients. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk factors for mortality, antibiotic susceptibility of S. maltophilia, and mortality rates in pediatric patients with S. maltophilia bacteremia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study by identifying all S. maltophilia–positive blood cultures in the microbiology laboratory database between January 2007 and December 2018 from hospitalized pediatric patients (age, 1–14 years) at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After identifying patients with S. maltophilia bacteremia, medical charts were reviewed for demographics, clinical data, and outcome within 7 days of bacteremia diagnosis. Risk factors associated with mortality in S. maltophilia bacteremia patients were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Overall, 68% of pediatric patients with S. maltophilia bacteremia were identified. The most common underlying primary diagnoses were malignancy (29.4%), congenital heart diseases (16.2%), anemia (14.7%), and primary immunodeficiency (11.8%). All infections were nosocomial infections, and (88.2%) bacteremia cases were central-line–associated bloodstream infections. The risk factors associated with mortality as determined by univariate analysis were ICU admission (P < .001), intubation (P = .001), neutropenia (P = .008), prior use of carbapenem (P = .002), thrombocytopenia (P = .006), and respiratory colonization (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, ICU admission (P = .007; 95% CI, 0.003–0.406) and neutropenia (P = .009; 95% CI, 0.013–0.537) were the major risk factors associated with mortality. S. maltophilia was the most susceptible to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX, 94.1%), followed by levofloxacin (85.7%). In addition, 36 patients received TMP/SMX as monotherapy, and 11 patients received it in combination with other antibiotics (fluoroquinolone, ceftazidime, or aminoglycoside). Hence, no statistically significant difference was observed in patient mortality. The overall mortality rate within 7 days of S. maltophilia bacteremia diagnosis was 33.8%. Conclusions:S. maltophilia bacteremia is a devastating emerging infection associated with high mortality among hospitalized children. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt management based on local susceptibility data are crucial. Various risk factors, especially ICU admission and neutropenia, are associated with S. maltophilia bacteremia mortality.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
Save Carbapenem Campaign: Assessment of Antibiotic Combinations Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli
Authors: Tellis Rouchelle , Ignatius Anand 
Published: November 2020

Background: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (MDR GNB) are a therapeutic challenge to clinicians. Combination antimicrobial therapy with empirically selected antibiotics is often used to treat these infections. This approach is ill advised because the antibiotics selected may not be optimal because of different killing activity. We aimed to determine the in vitro efficacy of antibiotic combinations devoid of carbapenems to explore potential synergy between antibiotics of different chemical classes. Methods: Prospective, experimental descriptive study of 85 MDR GNB isolated from clinical samples. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime, amikacin, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin were determined by broth microdilution. The in-vitro effects of CAZ–AMK, CAZ–CIPRO, IMP–AMK and IMP–CIPRO combinations were studied by checker-board assay. Results: ESBL, AmpC, and MBL production was observed among 62.35%, 27.05%, and 44.70% of the MDR GNB, respectively. Moreover, 27.05% coproduced multiple β-lactamases. The MIC90 ranges were 16 to ≥1028 μg/mL for CAZ; 0.25 to ≥256 μg/mL for Amk, 0.25 to 12 μg/mL for CIPRO; and 0.125 to 512 μg/mL for IMP. CAZ–AMK and IMP–AMK combinations showed synergistic effects in >85% of MDR-GNB, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index ≤0.5. Higher rates of indifference and antagonism were observed with combinations including fluroquinolones. Conclusions: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of antibiotic combinations having third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin with aminoglycosides was comparable to that of imipenem alone or in combination therapy. Combinations devoid of carbapenems should be advocated to prolong the clinical usefulness of this antibiotic groupFunding: NoneDisclosures: None