bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical and Observational Research on Solar Flare EUV Spectra and Geometrical Features
Authors: Nishimoto Shohei , Watanabe Kyoko , Imada Shinsuke , Kawate Tomoko , Lee Kyoung-Sun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We performed statistical analysis on the flare emission data to examine parameters related to the flare extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectra. This study used the data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite X-ray Sensors to determine the fundamental flare parameters. The relationship between soft X-ray data and EUV emission data observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) MEGS-A was investigated for 50 events. The results showed the hotter Fe line emissions have strong correlation with soft X-ray data in many cases. However, our statistical study revealed that EUV flare peak flux of Fe xv, Fe xvi and He ii lines have weak correlation with soft X-ray peak flux. In EUV line light curves, there was time difference in peak time, however the tendency to reach the peak in order from the hotter line to cooler line was not so clear. These results indicate that the temporal evolution of EUV emission can be roughly explained by soft X-ray data. However, the time changes of temperature and density distributions in the flare loop must be needed for accurate reproduction. Moreover, we compared the geometrical features of solar flares observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the SDO with the fundamental flare parameters for 32 events. The ribbon distance strongly correlated with both soft X-ray flare rise and decay times. This results indicate that the geometrical feature is essential parameter for predicting flare emission duration.
JWST Transit Spectra. II. Constraining Aerosol Species, Particle-size Distributions, Temperature, and Metallicity for Cloudy Exoplanets
Authors: Lacy Brianna I. , Burrows Adam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will provide moderate-resolution transit spectra with continuous wavelength coverage from the optical to the mid-infrared for the first time. In this paper, we illustrate how different aerosol species, size distributions, and spatial distributions encode information in the JWST transit spectra of warm exoplanets. We use the transit spectral modeling code METIS, along with Mie theory and several flexible treatments of aerosol size and spatial distributions to perform parameter sensitivity studies, calculate transit contribution functions, compute Jacobians, and retrieve parameters from simulated data. The broader wavelength coverage of the JWST can encompass enough non-gray aerosol behavior to recover information about the species and size distribution of particles under many feasible aerosol scenarios. Within the JWST wavelength range, the optical and mid-infrared typically provide information about 0.1–1 μm sized aerosols, while the near-infrared to mid-infrared wavelengths usually provide information about gaseous absorption. Strong gaseous absorption features in the infrared can remain visible, even when clouds and hazes are flattening the optical and near-infrared portion of the spectrum that is currently observable. For some combinations of aerosol properties, temperature, and surface gravity, one can make a precise measure of metallicity despite the presence of aerosols, but more often the retrieved metallicity of a cloudy or hazy atmosphere has significantly lower precision than for a clear atmosphere with otherwise similar properties. Future efforts to securely link aerosol properties to atmospheric metallicity and temperature in a physically motivated manner will ultimately enable a robust physical understanding of the processes at play in cloudy, hazy exoplanet atmospheres.
On the Reliability of Photometric and Spectroscopic Tracers of Halo Relaxation
Authors: Zhoolideh Haghighi Mohammad H. , Raouf Mojtaba , Khosroshahi Habib. G. , Farhang Amin , Gozaliasl Ghassem 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We characterize the relaxation state of galaxy systems by providing an assessment of the reliability of the photometric and spectroscopic probe via the semianalytic galaxy evolution model. We quantify the correlations between the dynamical age of simuglated galaxy groups and popular proxies of halo relaxation in observation, which are mainly either spectroscopic or photometric. We find the photometric indicators demonstrate a stronger correlation with the dynamical relaxation of galaxy groups compared to the spectroscopic probes. We take advantage of the Anderson Darling statistic (A
2) and the velocity segregation (

) as our spectroscopic indicators, and use the luminosity gap (Δm
12) and the luminosity decentering (D
offset) as photometric ones. First, we find that a combination of Δm
12 and D
offset evaluated by a bivariant relation (

) shows a good correlation with the dynamical age compared to all other indicators. Second, by using the observational X-ray surface brightness map, we show that the bivariant relation brings about some acceptable correlations with X-ray proxies. These correlations are as well as the correlations between A
2 and X-ray proxies, offering a reliable yet fast and economical method of quantifying the relaxation of galaxy systems. This study demonstrates that using photometric data to determine the relaxation status of a group will lead to some promising results that are comparable with the more expensive spectroscopic counterpart.
Stars Stripped in Binaries: The Living Gravitational-wave Sources
Authors: Götberg Y. , Korol V. , Lamberts A. , Kupfer T. , Breivik K. , Ludwig B. , Drout M. R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Binary interaction can cause stellar envelopes to be stripped, which significantly reduces the radius of the star. The orbit of a binary composed of a stripped star and a compact object can therefore be so tight that the gravitational radiation the system produces reaches frequencies accessible to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Two such stripped stars in tight orbits with white dwarfs are known so far (ZTF J2130+4420 and CD−30°11223), but many more are expected to exist. These binaries provide important constraints for binary evolution models and may be used as LISA verification sources. We develop a Monte Carlo code that uses detailed evolutionary models to simulate the Galactic population of stripped stars in tight orbits with either neutron star or white dwarf companions. We predict 0–100 stripped star + white dwarf binaries and 0–4 stripped star + neutron star binaries with a signal-to-noise ratio >5 after 10 yr of observations with LISA. More than 90% of these binaries are expected to show large radial velocity shifts of ≳200

km

s

−
1

, which are spectroscopically detectable. Photometric variability due to tidal deformation of the stripped star is also expected and has been observed in ZTF J2130+4420 and CD−30°11223. In addition, the stripped star + neutron star binaries are expected to be X-ray bright with L
X ≳ 1033–1036

erg

s

−
1

. Our results show that stripped star binaries are promising multimessenger sources for the upcoming electromagnetic and gravitational wave facilities.
The Lifetimes of Star Clusters Born with a Top-heavy IMF
Authors: Haghi H. , Safaei G. , Zonoozi A. H. , Kroupa P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Several observational and theoretical indications suggest that the initial mass function (IMF) becomes increasingly top-heavy (i.e., overabundant in high-mass stars with mass

) with decreasing metallicity and increasing gas density of the forming object. This affects the evolution of globular clusters (GCs) owing to the different mass-loss rates and the number of black holes formed. Previous numerical modeling of GCs usually assumed an invariant canonical IMF. Using the state-of-the-art nbody6 code, we perform a comprehensive series of direct N-body simulations to study the evolution of star clusters, starting with a top-heavy IMF and undergoing early gas expulsion. Utilizing the embedded cluster mass–radius relation of Marks & Kroupa for initializing the models, and by varying the degree of top-heaviness, we calculate the minimum cluster mass needed for the cluster to survive longer than 12 Gyr. We document how the evolution of different characteristics of star clusters such as the total mass, the final size, the density, the mass-to-light ratio, the population of stellar remnants, and the survival of GCs is influenced by the degree of top-heaviness. We find that the lifetimes of clusters with different IMFs moving on the same orbit are proportional to the relaxation time to a power of x that is in the range of 0.8–1. The observed correlation between concentration and the mass function slope in Galactic GCs can be accounted for excellently in models starting with a top-heavy IMF and undergoing an early phase of rapid gas expulsion.
Near-infrared Opacity of Late M Dwarfs and Hot Jupiters: The E3Π–X3Δ Transition of TiO
Authors: Bernath Peter , Cameron W. Doug 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The TiO E
3Π–X
3Δ transition is an important opacity source in the near-infrared spectra of late M dwarfs. The 0–0 band of the 48Ti16O E
3Π–X
3Δ electronic transition has been reanalyzed using a recently published set of high-resolution, high temperature absorption cross sections. The analysis has been extended to higher J values and an improved set of spectroscopic constants were determined. Calculated high-precision line lists for the 0–0 and 0–1 bands are provided with line strengths based on a previously measured experimental lifetime.
Kozai Migration Naturally Explains the White Dwarf Planet WD1856 b
Authors: Muñoz Diego J. , Petrovich Cristobal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Jovian-sized object WD 1856 b transits a white dwarf (WD) in a compact 1.4 day orbit. Unlikely to have endured stellar evolution in its current orbit, WD 1856 b is thought to have migrated from much wider separations. Because the WD is old, and a member of a well-characterized hierarchical multiple, the well-known Kozai mechanism provides an effective migration channel for WD 1856 b. The tidal dissipation that makes this mechanism possible is sensitive to the mass of WD 1856 b, which remains unconstrained by observations. Moreover, the lack of tides in the star allows us to directly connect the current semimajor axis to the pre-migration one, from which we can infer the initial conditions of the system. By further requiring that planets must survive all previous phases of stellar evolution before migrating, we are able to constrain the main-sequence semimajor axis of WD 1856 b to have been ∼2.5 au, and its mass to be ≃0.7–3M
J. These mass limits put WD 1856 b firmly within the planet category. Furthermore, our inferred values imply that WD 1856 b was born a typical gas giant. We further estimate the occurrence rate of Kozai-migrated planets around WDs to be


(

10

−
3

−

10

−
4

)

, suggesting that WD 1856 b is the only one in the TESS sample, but implying


(

10

2

)

future detections by the LSST survey. In a sense, WD 1856 b was an ordinary Jovian planet that underwent an extraordinary dynamical history.
Testing Progenitor Models using the Late-time Light Curve of Supernova 1992A
Authors: Roche Cian , Garnavich Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The dominant radioactive energy source powering SN Ia light curves is expected to switch from the decay of 56Co to 57Co at very late epochs. We use archival Hubble Space Telescope images of SN1992A obtained more than 900 days after explosion to constrain its cobalt isotopic abundance ratio and compare it to the well-studied event SN2011fe. We confirm the 57Co/56Co ratio for SN2011fe of 0.026 ± 0.004 found by Shappee et al., consistent with a “double degenerate” progenitor scenario. For SN1992A, we find a ratio of 0.034 ± 0.010, but the large uncertainty does not allow us to differentiate between progenitor models.
Coronal Transacromial Osteotomy Surgical Approach for Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Kuz Julian E , Pierce Troy D , Braunohler Walter M 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Thirty-one shoulder arthroplasties in 24 patients were reviewed in which a coronal transacromial osteotomy surgical approach was used. Three total shoulder and 28 hemiarthroplasty procedures were performed. The average follow up was 5 years, 2 months. All patients underwent examination, interview, functional scoring, and radiographic studies. Twenty-seven shoulders (87%) were rated as excellent or good, and four were rated as fair or poor. Average postoperative active forward flexion and abduction measured 112° and 103°, respectively. Radiographs showed 87% of the osteotomies went on to union. The radiographic nonunions were stable, fibrous unions that were asymptomatic and did not have lower scores than the remainder of the group. The approach appears to be a viable option for shoulder arthroplasty.
Southern African guidelines on the safe, easy and effective use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: 2020
Authors: Bekker Linda-Gail , Brown Benjamin , Joseph-Davey Dvora , Gill Kathrine , Moorhouse Michelle , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Myer Landon , Orrell Catherine , Rebe Kevin , Venter W.D. Francois , Wallis Carole L. 
Published: November 2020

No abstract available.
Responsibilities of the Board of Directors in the Bankruptcy of the Limited Liability Company
Authors: Wiharjokusumo Padriadi , Saragih Novita Romauli 
Published: November 2020

Article 97 paragraph (1) of the Company Law requires each member of the Board of Directors to be required in good faith and full responsibility to undertake the supervision of the company for the interests and business of the company. This implies the Board of Directors is liablefor each management and representation of the company in the company’s framework in pursuing its purposes and objectives.This researchexaminesthe responsibilities of the board of Directors in the bankruptcy of the Limited Liability Company based on Law No. 40 of 2007. This research was conducted through a normative juridical approach.The data source of this research was gained from the library study. Then it was analyzed using the qualitative analysis which depicts and dissects the significant information.The conclusion of this research is thatthe responsibilities of the Board of Directors in Bankruptcy Limited Liability Company based on Law No. 40 of 2007 comprises 2 (two) aspects, in particular; civil liability and criminal liability.
Comparison of 3% saline and 0.9% normal saline nebulization as diluent in children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Shobha Sapkota  , Ammara Kaleem  , Suffura Huma  , Muhammad Aleem Ud-Din  , Shabbir Ahmad  , Sobia Shah Alam  , Admin  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: To compare the outcome in terms of mean time to disappearance of cough, wheezing, crackles and length of hospital stay in patients treated with sodium chloride 3% with sodium chloride 0.9% as nebulisation diluent in children for suffering from bronchiolitis.
Methods: The prospective study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Medicine Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2014 to April 2015, and comprised children aged between 6 weeks and 24 months having bronchiolitis. Group A received 3% sodium chloride and Group B received 0.9% of the same solution. Duration of cough, wheezing, crackles and duration of stay at hospital were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.
Results: Of the 100 patients, there were 50(50%) in Group A with a mean age of 7.17±4.46, and as many in Group B with a mean age of 6.6±3.74. Overall, there were 55(55%) boys and 45(45%) girls. Mean cough and wheezing remission time as well as length of hospital stay was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In children having bronchiolitis, 3% saline as nebuliser solution was found to be more effective than 0.9% saline solution.
Key Words: 3% saline solution, Bronchiolitis, Wheezing, Crepitations, Hospital stay.
The Effectiveness of Varied Forms of Education in Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Veganism
Authors: Seiffer Ava , Large Maura 
Published: November 2020

In today’s society, the number of people who are socially conscious is rising as information becomes increasingly available. Veganism is one expression of social consciousness and while a diet that abstains from animal products dates back to the days of Native Americans, a poll conducted by Gallup found that only three percent of the United States population is vegan (McCarthy).
Many studies previously conducted have synthesized the reasons why people choose to be vegan, but none of them have touched on how to best shift attitudes and behaviors of non-practitioners. According to a Vomad study, 68% of vegans were abstaining from consuming animals due to the ill-treatment of animals by society. This means that a large population of practitioners adopted veganism through becoming educated about the treatment of animals.
The origins of veganism are rooted in Native Americans’ notions of duality with nature. Modern philosophical theories regarding the treatment of animals which are intended to educate society includes Ecological Animalism, focused on dualism between humans and nature, and Ontological Veganism, focused on the equality of all living beings and the morality of inflicting pain on others. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), a pro-vegan organization, has chosen to educate through polarizing marketing and social media campaigns.
This poses my research question: How effective is education on the philosophies of veganism in influencing non-vegans’ attitudes and behaviors as compared to education through polarizing marketing and social media campaigns?
Filial Piety in a Modern Age
Authors: Entwistle Kayla , Mabie Douglas , Bond David 
Published: November 2020

With an increasing number of Alzheimer’s disease patients in Singapore, complications related to the degenerative disease have become highly relevant. Standing out among these complications are inflated caregiver burden resulting from the cultural expectations associated with filial piety. Filial piety, a value ingrained in Chinese culture, requires adult-children to display love, obedience, and respect towards their parents as well as provide physical care when required (Bedford, 2019). Expectations associated with filial piety, however, have been associated with severe caregiver burdens that persist even after patient institutionalisation (Whitlatch, 2001). Expectations to provide care presents numerous challenges for adult-children of patients: economic instability, psychological exhaustion, and social isolation (Lai, 2009; Langda, 2011; Win, 2017). These implications associated with caregiving are heightened when the patient being cared for is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, as the disease has a unique cognitive-degeneration component that inhibits an individual from conducting independent actions after a certain point (Pratt, 1985). This article aims to shed light on the relationship between the level of involvement and the severity of caregiver burden among familial caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients in an effort to identify how to better support familial caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients. Through the use of a quantitative correlational analysis, a relationship between the two data points of involvement level and burden level was established. This research serves to identify a potential problem, not propose methods of reconciliation. While the data collection process for this study was inhibited by the COVID-19 pandemic, theoretical data is provided in an effort to develop new understandings and draw hypothetical conclusions.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s, Filial Piety, Familial Caregiver, Institutionalisation, Caregiving Burden, Correlation, Adult-Child Caregiver
Economic Forces and their Effect on Civic Participation Throughout United States History
Authors: Gupta Anant , Coe James 
Published: November 2020

Throughout U.S. history, Economic events and legislation have led to civic activism in the form of protesting and political disruption and have had long term social effects that are seen in the present.
The economic history of the United States has been one of unprecedented success and unparalleled growth. At the founding of our country, Alexander Hamilton envisioned a financial structure that would prioritize the well-being of the populace and ensure the stability of the United States economy. However, he could have never envisioned the effect that economic events and fiscal legislation would have on the common people in terms of civic activism. The economy is so interwoven into the fabric of society that any change in it has the potential to create a social revolution, and it has. The nature of economics and its pervasiveness throughout society makes it a potent catalyzer for change.
In this paper, two major events were explored. First, the causes of The Panic of 1873, the United States' transition to the Gold Standard, and their implications. Additionally, The social effect which manifested itself through the Free Silver Movement and William Jennings Bryan is dissected. Second, the 2008 Financial Crisis is explained, including the systematic failures that allowed it to occur, and the creation of the Occupy Wall Street Movement.
Lastly, an intriguing take on 21st-century civic activism is explored, with Social media and digital presence illustrated as champions for modern social cum political change
Metode Tafsir al-Qur'an untuk Anak Didik
Authors: Adib Shohibul 
Published: November 2020

The exegeticalmethods of the Quran has been aimed more and consumed by adults both from students, students, lecturers, and intellectuals, rather than to children. But actually, the case of adults is clearly different from the nature of children who have a tendency to play. How to present a exegeticalmethod of the Quran that can be consumed by children is a developmental idea in the scientificexegesis of the Quran in general and particularlyin the Islamic Religious Education (PAI), especially in the study of the exegesis of the Quran. Therefore, Tafsir Qur'an untuk Anakanak (The Exegesis of the Quran for Children) by Afif Muhammad comes to respond to the problem when it is now very rarely the literature that deals with the interpretation for children today. Therefore, this paper will discuss how the exegeticalmethod offered by Afif Muhammad in his work, and most importantly is, how to present the characteristics of the exegesis of the Holy Quran that is ideal for children in the perspective of Islamic Religious Education (PAI).The result of this research reveals that the ijmāli method with dialogical language in Tafsir Qur'an untuk Anak-anak can be used as a solution to improve the lecture method in PAI so as to create dynamic and effective interrelations between educators and learners in the learning process. The comic method in the Tafsir Qur'an untuk Anak-anak is a prominent characteristic of the study of the Qur'an for children so that it can be utilized by educators in the process of teaching and learning in the classroom, and the scholars who are concerned about the world education of children.