bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A semi-analytical model for the scale-dependent friction of nanosized asperity
Authors: Wang Jian , Yuan Weike , Bian Jianjun , Wang Gangfeng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The friction of a nanosized spherical asperity in commensurate contact with a flat substrate is investigated by performing molecular dynamics simulations. Particular focus is on the distribution of shear stress within the contact region. It is noticed that within the slip zone, the local friction coefficient defined by the ratio of shear stress to normal pressure declines monotonically as the distance to the contact center increases. With the lateral force increasing, the slip zone expands inwards from the contact edge. At the same time, the local friction coefficient at the contact edge decreases continuously, while that at the dividing between the slip and stick zones keeps nearly invariant. These characteristics are distinctly different from the prediction of the conventional Cattaneo-Mindlin model assuming a constant local friction coefficient within the entire slip zone. An analytical model is advanced in view of such new features and generalized based on numerous atomic simulation results. This model not only accurately characterizes the interfacial shear stress, but also explains the size-dependence of static friction of single nanosized asperity.
From colony to empire to republic
Authors: Pereira Anthony W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
‘From colony to empire to republic’ details Brazil’s unique path to statehood and nationhood. Brazil is a relatively recent creation. For more than three centuries, it was a colony of Portugal, and for the first sixty-seven years of its independent history, it was a monarchy and an empire rather than a republic. It is only in the 20th century that Brazil had all three essential components of a modern nation-state. The chapter then considers the role of indigenous groups, the Portuguese, African slaves, and other immigrants—as well as the events of the gold rush in the 1690s and the Paraguay War in the 19th century—in Brazil’s history.
Dictatorship and repression
Authors: Pereira Anthony W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
‘Dictatorship and repression’ assesses the twenty-one-year dictatorship in Brazil from 1964 to 1985. A result of tensions in the second republic of 1945–64, the coup that created the Brazilian dictatorship occurred in 1964. The subsequent authoritarian regime in Brazil was also distinctive; in the first four years, the regime oversaw a process of conservative modernization of the economy. However, the repression of the military regime reached its peak from 1969 to 1974, when disappearances, executions, and torture took place amidst the clamp-down engendered by the passage of Institutional Act Number 5 (AI-5). The chapter then looks at the legacy of the Brazilian dictatorship.
Exile poetry
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 8/9 CE Ovid was sent by the emperor Augustus to the town of Tomi in modern Romania, at the time at the far edge of the Roman Empire. 'Exile poetry' focuses on the Tristia (Sad Songs) and the Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea), in total nine books of laments in which Ovid begs to be restored to Rome, or at least to be moved to a more congenial location. The main development between Tristia and ExPonto is Ovid's formal adoption in the later series of a letter format natural to poems sent over a long distance. The circumstances of this poetry, and particularly the identification of the addressee in the Ex Ponto, allows a degree of poignancy rare elsewhere is his poetry. Certainly, for all his claims to the contrary, Ovid’s poetic powers do not abandon him on the Black Sea, and what has made Ovid's exile poetry one of the most influential parts of his oeuvre is the rarity of a classical poet offering an intimately personal account of estrangement and alienation. In turn, these poems provided perhaps unexpected inspiration for modern writers exercised by themes of separation.
Philosophy
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
If philosophy is so close to us, why do many people regard it as something outlandish? ‘Philosophy: a very short introduction’ summarizes some key questions. What is philosophy for? What should we do? Philosophy is seen as a field of study, but also means simply being reflective. Our level of comfort with a school of philosophy is often related to how closely it resembles our world-view. As civilization developed and humans became more sophisticated, philosophy has become more relevant. People have often come up with compelling philosophical arguments under duress, and these arguments and solutions have changed the course of civilization.
What’s in it for whom?
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Most philosophy attempts to do something for somebody. ‘What’s in it for whom?’ looks again at Plato’s dialogues, unpacking early philosophical problems involving the individual, the state, and contract theory. Philosophy needs a large constituency to transform lives. We can see this in the example of the working classes (via Karl Marx, who was influenced by Hegel) and women (via the writings of Simone de Beauvoir). Even animals’ lives may have been affected for the better by a philosophy that promotes vegetarianism. Professional philosophers should avoid the temptation to write only puzzles for other thinkers and prioritize the issues of our time.
Clinical Characteristics and Mortality of Health-Care Workers With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Mexico City
Authors: Guerrero-Torres Lorena , Caro-Vega Yanink , Crabtree-Ramírez Brenda , Sierra-Madero Juan G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the risk of death for health-care workers (HCW) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Mexico City during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and describe the associated factors in hospitalized HCW, compared with non-HCW.

Methods
We analyzed data from laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases registered from 27 February–31 August 2020 in Mexico City’s public database. Individuals were classified as non-HCW or HCW (subcategorized as physicians, nurses, and other HCW). In hospitalized individuals, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the potential factors associated with death and compare mortality risks among groups.

Results
A total of 125 665 patients were included. Of these, 13.1% were HCW (28% physicians, 38% nurses, and 34% other HCW). Compared with non-HCW, HCW were more frequently female, were younger, and had fewer comorbidities. Overall, 25 771 (20.5%) were treated as inpatients and 11 182 (8.9%) deaths were reported. Deaths in the total population (9.9% vs 1.9%, respectively; P &lt; .001) and in hospitalized patients (39.6% vs 19.3%, respectively; P &lt; .001) were significantly higher in non-HCW than in HCW. In hospitalized patients, using a multivariate model, the risk of death was lower in HCW in general (odds ratio [OR], 0.53) than in non-HCW, and the risks were also lower by specific occupation (OR for physicians, 0.60; OR for nurses, 0.29; OR for other HCW 0.61).

Conclusions
HCW represent an important proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico City. While the mortality risk is lower in HCW compared to non-HCW, a high mortality rate in hospitalized patients was observed in this study. Among HCW, nurses had a lower risk of death compared to physicians and other HCW.
Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Public Health Measures on Detections of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children During the 2020 Australian Winter
Authors: Yeoh Daniel K , Foley David A , Minney-Smith Cara A , Martin Andrew C , Mace Ariel O , Sikazwe Chisha T , Le Huong , Levy Avram , Blyth Christopher C , Moore Hannah C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Public health measures targeting coronavirus disease 2019 have potential to impact transmission of other respiratory viruses. We found 98.0% and 99.4% reductions in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza detections, respectively, in Western Australian children through winter 2020 despite schools reopening. Border closures have likely been important in limiting external introductions.
The Role of Evidence in the US Response to the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M , Olsen Yngvild 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe National Institutes of Health is investing hundreds of millions of dollars into new research on opioids. As these studies yield insights and results, their results will have to change policy and practice before they can bend the curve of the epidemic. However, the United States does not have a strong track record of translating evidence on drug policy into action. Three reasons for the translation gap are the historical legacy of drugs in the United States, vested interests, and politics. Researchers can become engaged in policy and political processes to strengthen the US response.
Association Between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Cystatin C and Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults
Authors: Kabasawa Keiko , Nakamura Kazutoshi , Ito Yumi , Tanaka Junta , Narita Ichiei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Kidney dysfunction is associated with sarcopenia. Estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C (eGFRcys), an alternative to creatinine-based measures of kidney function eGFR, is not affected by muscle mass. Given that the association of eGFRcys with muscle weakness would be limited, we examined the association in older adults with normal or compromised kidney function.

Methods
This cross-sectional study involved 594 community-dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥40 years living in Yuzawa, Japan. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and handgrip strength were concurrently measured at a health-check examination in 2015. eGFR was calculated according to the equation developed for the Japanese population using creatinine and cystatin C. Associations of eGFRcys and eGFRcreat with low grip strength (men, &lt;26 kg and women, &lt;18 kg) were analyzed using logistic regression models adjusted to control for potential confounders.

Results
Participants (mean age, 74.9 years) included 319 women and 109 individuals with low grip strength. Mean eGFRcys was 75.2 (SD 18.6) mL/min/1.73 m2. Pearson’s correlation coefficients of handgrip strength for eGFRcys and eGFRcreat were 0.19 (p &lt; .001) and −0.04 (p = .281), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low grip strength for the highest versus lowest quartile of eGFRcys value was 2.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–5.86; p-trend = .026); whereas the comparative adjusted OR for eGFRcreat was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.34–1.32).

Conclusions
Low kidney function as assessed by eGFRcys was associated with muscle weakness in community-dwelling Japanese older adults.
Fentanyl Quality Assurance Project Prompted Change in Clinical Workflow and Test Configurations
Authors: Tacker Danyel Hermes , Adelanwa Ayodele , Pearson Nathan , Marshalek Patrick , Berry James H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Deaths attributable to fentanyl (FEN, a synthetic opioid) are high in Appalachia and highest in West Virginia. The goal of the study was to determine FEN prevalence among specimens submitted for definitive opioid testing and monitor responses to provider notifications of unexpected FEN findings during Q1 2020.

Methods
All definitive opioid test data were reviewed daily for FEN signatures in Q1 2020. Unexpected FEN results were communicated to providers and monitored for 10 days to record actions taken. Prevalence data were categorized. Behavioral Medicine (BMED) leaders analyzed January data and implemented FEN screening in the clinic. BMED Q1 clinic visits and order volumes for drug screens were reviewed after Q1.

Results
FEN positivity was 11% in Q1; &gt;60% of findings were unexpected. Actions were taken for 54% of notifications in January but only 18% in March. Notifications required 70 hours of combined laboratory effort each month. BMED providers ordered 44% of definitive opioid tests and 69% of definitive FEN tests. Data prompted the addition of FEN to routine drug screen panels in the laboratory, and a 10% random FEN screening rate in the BMED opioid use disorder clinics (COAT).

Conclusions
Prevalence of FEN positivity was higher than initially expected, even for this region in Appalachia. Expanded presence of FEN screening should assist BMED providers with clinical efforts and help identify patients in need of intervention/therapy.
Comparison of Two Automated Immunoassays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antibodies
Authors: Hubbard Jacqueline A , Geno K Aaron , Khan Jenna , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M , de Gijsel David , Ovalle Anais A , AlSalman Ahmad S , Gallagher Torrey L , Johnston Abigail A , Tibbetts Amanda R , Vital Sarah E , Cervinski Mark A , Nerenz Robert D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel member of the coronavirus family that caused the global coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The prevalence remains largely unknown because of early testing supply shortages. Although it cannot currently be used to determine level of immunity, antibody testing can contribute to epidemiological studies, identify convalescent plasma donors, or satisfy curiosity about previous exposure to the virus.

Methods
407 samples collected from hospitalized inpatients with and without a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 170 remnant clinical specimens collected and frozen prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, and paired serum and plasma samples from 23 convalescent plasma donors were used to determine performance characteristics of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG and Roche Elecsys Anti–SARS-CoV-2 assays. The sensitivity, specificity, imprecision, interferences, and sample stability were determined. These assays were then used to characterize the antibody response in serial samples from 20 SARS-CoV-2 positive inpatients.

Results
Both assays exhibited 100% specificity (95% CI; 99.05–100.00), giving no positive results in 170 specimens collected before July 2019 and 215 specimens from patients without a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differences between platforms were most notable in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. Roche offered higher sensitivity in convalescent plasma donors at 95.7% (95% CI; 78.1–99.9) versus 91.3% (95% CI; 72.0–98.9) but Abbott detected antibodies in 2 immunocompromised patients whereas Roche did not. The Roche and Abbott platforms also exhibited different trends in antibody signal for a subset of patients.

Conclusions
Both the Abbott and Roche platforms offer excellent specificity but different trends in antibody signal may reflect qualitative differences in the types of antibodies recognized by the 2 assays. Negative serologic results do not exclude previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Electrophysiological Responses to Cuelure of Raspberry Ketone-Fed Queensland Fruit Flies
Authors: Biswas Md Jamil Hossain , Mainali Bishwo , Park Soo Jean , Taylor Phillip , Rempoulakis Polychronis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) and male annihilation technique (MAT) are important tools for the control of Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. In MAT, mature Q-fly males are attracted to a toxic bait using Cuelure, a synthetic analog of raspberry ketone (RK). Substantial improvements in control could be achieved by simultaneous use of SIT and MAT, but this requires suppression of the Cuelure response in released sterile flies. Recent studies report that prerelease feeding with RK during the first 48 h after emergence can reduce the response of mature Q-fly males to Cuelure, but the mechanism underpinning this is unknown. Here, to test whether reduced sensory sensitivity to Cuelure is involved, we evaluated the effects of RK supplements, adult diet (yeast-supplemented diet throughout adult stage vs yeast-supplemented diet only for 48 h), and age on electroantennogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) responses of Q-flies to Cuelure stimuli. EAG responses did not vary with RK supplements, sex, or age of Q-flies fed yeast-supplemented diet throughout the adult stage, but the responses of Q-flies fed other diet regime decreased with age. EPG responses of both sexes of Q-flies were affected by RK supplements, age, and their interaction, but without patterns that might indicate reduced maxillary palp response of RK supplemented flies to Cuelure. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced Cuelure response of male Q-flies fed RK supplements is explained by reduced electrophysiological response in antennae or maxillary palps.
Population Genomics Reveals Incipient Speciation, Introgression, and Adaptation in the African Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona)
Authors: Ayoola Adeola Oluwakemi , Zhang Bao-Lin , Meisel Richard P , Nneji Lotanna M , Shao Yong , Morenikeji Olanrewaju B , Adeola Adeniyi C , Ng’ang’a Said I , Ogunjemite Babafemi G , Okeyoyin Agboola O , Roos Christian , Wu Dong-Dong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGuenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are the most widely distributed nonhuman primate in the tropical forest belt of Africa and show considerable phenotypic, taxonomic, and ecological diversity. However, genomic information for most species within this group is still lacking. Here, we present a high-quality de novo genome (total 2.90 Gb, contig N50 equal to 22.7 Mb) of the mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona), together with genome resequencing data of 13 individuals sampled across Nigeria. Our results showed differentiation between populations from East and West of the Niger River ∼84 ka and potential ancient introgression in the East population from other mona group species. The PTPRK, FRAS1, BNC2, and EDN3 genes related to pigmentation displayed signals of introgression in the East population. Genomic scans suggest that immunity genes such as AKT3 and IL13 (possibly involved in simian immunodeficiency virus defense), and G6PD, a gene involved in malaria resistance, are under positive natural selection. Our study gives insights into differentiation, natural selection, and introgression in guenons.
Dose escalation of osimertinib for intracranial progression in EGFR mutated non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases
Authors: Goldstein Iris M , Roisman Laila C , Keren-Rosenberg Shoshana , Dudnik Julia , Nechushtan Hovav , Shelef Ilan , Fuchs Vered , Kian Waleed , Peled Nir 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Osimertinib is a selective irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) with increased penetration across the blood–brain barrier compared with previous EGFR-TKIs, and thus, a 52% reduction in the risk of intracranial disease progression is seen when it is used as a first line of therapy compared with gefitinib and erlotinib. It is also efficient as second-line therapy for patients who developed the T790M resistance mutation following treatment with previous generation TKIs. Here, we report 11 patients who were treated by an increasing dose of osimertinib from 80 mg to 160 mg QD orally following intracranial progression in either first- or second-line setting.

Methods
This is a subcohort analysis from a larger nonrandomized, phase 2, open-label trial, evaluating the efficacy of osimertinib dose escalation from 80 mg to 160 mg in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with intracranial progression in either first- (arm A) or second-line setting (arm B for T790M+ and C for T790M−).

Results
Eleven patients, 5 in arm A, 4 in arm B, and 2 in arm C were reported in this study. The mPFS of osimertinib before dose escalation was 11.4 ± 8.9 (6.6–30.7) months for arm A, 8.7 ± 1.8 (6.3–11.2) for arm B, and 14.5 ± 7.8 (6.7–22.3) for arm C. Intracranial response rate to dose escalation was 54% (6 of 11) with 2 of 11 having intracranial stability. Median iPFS was 4.3 ± 7.4 (0.7–25.5) months; 3.8 ± 6.4 (1.8–18.9), 5.6 ± 9.7 (0.7–25.5), and 7.0 ± 2.7 (4.3–9.6) for arms A/B/C, respectively. Dose escalation was well tolerated with diarrhea and paronychia as the main dose-limiting symptoms.

Conclusions
Osimertinib 160 mg is feasible and may offer a therapeutic alternative for patients with isolated intracranial progression on osimertinib standard (80 mg) dose. Further studies on CNS osimertinib pharmacokinetics are needed to test this hypothesis.
Gender Differences in Reasons for Using Electronic Cigarettes and Product Characteristics: Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Authors: Yimsaard Pongkwan , McNeill Ann , Yong Hua-Hie , Cummings K Michael , Chung-Hall Janet , Hawkins Summer Sherburne , Quah Ann C K , Fong Geoffrey T , O’Connor Richard J , Hitchman Sara C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Little is known about why males are more likely to use electronic cigarettes (ECs) compared with females. This study examined gender differences in reasons for vaping and characteristics of EC used (device type, device capacity, e-liquid nicotine strength, and flavor).

Methods
Data were obtained from 3938 current (≥18 years) at-least-weekly EC users who participated in Wave 2 (2018) ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in Canada, the United States, England, and Australia.

Results
Of the sample, 54% were male. The most commonly cited reasons for vaping in females were “less harmful to others” (85.8%) and in males were “less harmful than cigarettes” (85.5%), with females being more likely to cite “less harmful to others” (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.64, p = .001) and “help cut down on cigarettes” (aOR = 1.60, p = .001) than males. Significant gender differences were found in EC device type used (χ  2 = 35.05, p = .043). Females were less likely to report using e-liquids containing &gt;20 mg/mL of nicotine, and tank devices with &gt;2 mL capacity (aOR = 0.41, p &lt; .001 and aOR = 0.65, p = .026, respectively) than males. There was no significant gender difference in use of flavored e-liquids, with fruit being the most common flavor for both males (54.5%) and females (50.2%).

Conclusion
There were some gender differences in reasons for vaping and characteristics of the product used. Monitoring of gender differences in patterns of EC use would be useful to inform outreach activities and interventions for EC use.

Implications
Our findings provide some evidence of gender differences in reasons for vaping and characteristics of EC used. The most common reason for vaping reported by females was “less harmful to others,” which may reflect greater concern by female vapers about the adverse effects of secondhand smoke compared with male vapers. Gender differences might be considered when designing gender-sensitive smoking cessation policies. Regarding characteristics of EC products used, we found gender differences in preferences for e-liquid nicotine strength and device capacity. Further studies should examine whether the observed gender differences in EC use reasons and product characteristics are predictive of smoking cessation. Furthermore, studies monitoring gender-based marketing of ECs may be considered.