bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Quantitation of Alpha-Pinene in Rodent Blood and Mammary Gland by Headspace GC--MS
Authors: Silinski Melanie A Rehder , Licause Joseph , Uenoyama Teruyo , Blake James C , Fernando Reshan A , Robinson Veronica G , Waidyanatha Suramya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Alpha-pinene (AP), produced by pine trees and other plants, is the main component of turpentine and is used as a fragrance and flavor ingredient. Exposure occurs via the use of personal care and household cleaning products and in the lumber industry. Despite widespread exposure, toxicity data for AP are limited. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a method to quantitate AP in rodent blood and mammary glands, in support of toxicokinetic and toxicology studies of AP. The method uses 100 µL of blood or $\sim$100 mg of mammary gland with analysis by headspace (HS) gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The samples are diluted with internal standard (2H3-AP, IS) and sealed in HS vials; mammary glands are homogenized within the vial. The vials are equilibrated briefly at 60°C before a HS sample is analyzed. The method was validated in Sprague Dawley rat blood over the range 5–500 ng/mL and mammary gland over the range 100–5,000 ng/g. The method was linear (r ≥ 0.99), accurate (mean relative error (RE) ≤ ±13.4%) and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 7.1%) in both matrices. Recoveries incorporating IS were ≥88.7% at all concentrations in both tissues. Standards as high as 1,500 ng/mL in blood and 20,000 ng/g in mammary gland could be analyzed using lower injection volume or extrapolating the calibration curve beyond the upper limit of quantitation (mean %RE ≤ ±18.7; %RSD ≤ 2.2). Loss of AP occurred during overnight autosampler storage as well as frozen storage in as few as 15 days, but incorporation of IS prior to storage corrected for the loss such that calculated concentrations were within 84.7–117% of day 0 concentrations following frozen storage up to ≥32 days in both matrices. Matrix evaluation was performed in Hsd:Sprague Dawley®SD® rat and B6C3F1 mouse blood and mammary glands (mean %RE ≤ ±9.2; %RSD ≤ 4.3). These data demonstrate that the method is suitable for determination of AP in rodent blood and mammary glands.
The one that didn’t get away
Authors: Howard Jeremy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The sale of Holbein’s ‘Portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan’ to Henry Clay Frick in 1909 – a painting that had been on long-term loan to the National Gallery in London from the Duke of Norfolk – and the painting’s eleventh-hour rescue, following a campaign by the National Art Collections Fund, became a national cause célèbre. Coming at a time of heightened sensitivities about the loss of Britain’s heritage and her declining importance as a world superpower, the threatened export of the painting provoked a huge outcry in the press, in which Frick, the Duke of Norfolk and the art dealers Colnaghi were cast in the role of villains in an Edwardian melodrama. However, new evidence presented in this article shows that the truth was considerably more complicated and prompts an examination of Edwardian debates about the protection of the national heritage.
Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection in Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Single-Center Study of Incidence, Outcomes, and Management
Authors: Mysore Krupa R , Phan Tuan L , Himes Ryan W , Schady Deborah , Eldin Karen W , Prusty Bhupesh K , Munoz Flor M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Distinctions between HHV-6 primary infection in seronegative patients and HHV-6 reactivation in seropositive patients remains largely undescribed in pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients.

Methods
We implemented pretransplant serology testing of HHV-6 in a large pediatric hospital and retrospectively assessed the incidence, manifestations and outcomes of HHV-6 infections over a 3-year period.

Results
Among 101 pediatric LT recipients, 96 had pretransplant HHV-6 serologies; 34 (35.4%) were seronegative and 62 (64.6%) seropositive. Posttransplantation, 8/25 (32%) seronegative patients had HHV-6 DNAemia (primary infection) compared to 2/48 (4%) seropositive patients (p=0.002). Compared to seropositive patients, seronegative patients with HHV-6 DNAemia were younger, and had symptoms of fever and/or elevated aminotransferases in association with higher viral loads, in the first month post-transplant. More than 90% of seronegative patients and 77.8% of seropositive patients had HHV-6 detected by PCR in liver biopsy obtained for concerns of allograft rejection, but most had no detectable concomitant DNAemia. Active replication of virus in the liver was confirmed by in situ hybridization in select cases. While HHV-6 infection occurred among patients on prophylaxis doses of antivirals for CMV, HHV-6 DNAemia and presenting symptoms resolved on treatment doses.

Conclusions
HHV-6 DNA-emia occurred more frequently in seronegative pediatric LT recipients, usually in the early posttransplant period, and was subsequently detected in allograft biopsies. HHV-6 cannot be ruled out as a cause of hepatitis in the absence of allograft tissue testing and specialized virological assays, as HHV-6 may disrupt local allograft immune homeostasis while evading traditional screening methods using blood or plasma. The assessment of pre-transplant HHV-6 serological status may be important for risk stratification and post-transplant management of pediatric LT recipients
Successful one-stage laparoscopic procedure for de Garengeot hernia: a totally extraperitoneal repair-first approach
Authors: Sakon Ryota , Hara Yoshiaki , Tomizawa Yuki , Ishiyama Yasuhiro , Ito Shingo , Oneyama Masataka , Amiki Manabu , Narita Kazuhiro , Tachimori Yuji , Goto Manabu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The de Garengeot hernia is a femoral hernia in which the appendix migrates into the hernia sac. It is usually diagnosed intraoperatively due to its rarity and lack of clinical presentation typical to acute appendicitis. Although most cases need emergency operation due to incarceration, no standard procedure exists. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman who was diagnosed with a de Garangeot hernia preoperatively by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. She underwent one-stage laparoscopic surgery via a totally extraperitoneal approach followed by laparoscopic appendectomy. She recovered uneventfully and was discharged on postoperative Day 3. Generally, hernioplasty and appendectomy are required for the de Garengeot hernia treatment. Avoiding a peritoneal incision around the herniation and performing a mesh repair prior to appendectomy is expected to carry a lower infectious risk than other laparoscopic procedures. With accurate diagnosis, this procedure could be a useful modality for de Garengeot hernia.
Direct Amplification of Whole Blood and Amniotic Fluid Specimens for Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnosis of Hb E-β 0-Thalassemia Diseases
Authors: Wichian Phongsathorn , Yamsri Supawadee , Sanchaisuriya Kanokwan , Fucharoen Supan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivePrenatal and postnatal diagnosis of hemoglobin E-β 0-thalassemia can be made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis mostly on purified DNA. We have establihed a direct amplification method without DNA extraction on whole blood (WB) and amniotic fluid (AF) specimens to diagnose the disease.MethodsThree reactions of WB PCR assays and 7 reactions of AF PCR tests were developed for postnatal and prenatal diagnosis, respectively. Assays were validated against routine tests in a blinded trial.ResultsThe results showed 100% concordance with routine DNA PCR assays. Among 309 β-thalassemia carriers, 191 patients (61.8%) carried common β-thalassemia mutations. Among 448 AF specimens, 116 (25.9%) fetuses were found to be affected, 247 (55.1%) fetuses were carriers, and 85 (19%) fetuses were unaffected.ConclusionWe found that WB and AF PCR assays are simple, rapid, and reliable. The developed techniques could be applicable in routine settings.
Mass ratio, the hills mechanism, and the Galactic Centre S-stars
Authors: Generozov Aleksey 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The Galactic Centre contains several young populations within its central parsec: a disc between ∼0.05 and 0.5 pc from the centre, and the isotropic S-star cluster extending an order of magnitude further inwards in radius. Recent observations (i.e. spectroscopy and hypervelocity stars) suggest that some S-stars originate in the disc. In particular, the S-stars may be remnants of tidally disrupted disc binaries. However, there is an apparent inconsistency in this scenario: the disc contains massive O and Wolf–Rayet stars while the S-stars are lower mass, B stars. We explore two different explanations for this apparent discrepancy: (i) a built-in bias in binary disruptions, where the primary star remains closer in energy to the centre-of-mass orbit than the secondary and (ii) selective tidal disruption of massive stars within the S-star cluster. The first explanation is plausible. On the other hand, tidal disruptions have not strongly affected the mass distribution of the S-stars over the last several Myr.
Testing the effect of H0 on fσ8 tension using a Gaussian process method
Authors: Li En-Kun , Du Minghui , Zhou Zhi-Huan , Zhang Hongchao , Xu Lixin 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the fσ8(z) redshift space distortion (RSD) data, the $\sigma _8^0\!-\!\Omega _\mathrm{ m}^0$ tension is studied utilizing a parametrization of growth rate f(z) = Ωm(z)γ. Here, f(z) is derived from the expansion history H(z) which is reconstructed from the observational Hubble data applying the Gaussian process method. It is found that different priors of H0 have great influences on the evolution curve of H(z) and the constraint of $\sigma _8^0\!-\!\Omega _\mathrm{ m}^0$. When using a larger H0 prior, the low redshifts H(z) deviate significantly from that of the ΛCDM model, which indicates that a dark energy model different from the cosmological constant can help to relax the H0 tension problem. The tension between our best-fitting values of $\sigma _8^0\!-\!\Omega _\mathrm{ m}^0$ and that of the Planck 2018 ΛCDM (PLA) will disappear (less than 1σ) when taking a prior for H0 obtained from PLA. Moreover, the tension exceeds 2σ level when applying the prior H0 = 73.52 ± 1.62 km s−1 Mpc−1 resulted from the Hubble Space Telescope photometry. By comparing the $S_8\!-\!\Omega _\mathrm{ m}^0$ planes of our method with the results from KV450+DES-Y1, we find that using our method and applying the RSD data may be helpful to break the parameter degeneracies.
Mildly relativistic magnetized shocks in electron–ion plasmas – I. Electromagnetic shock structure
Authors: Ligorini Arianna , Niemiec Jacek , Kobzar Oleh , Iwamoto Masanori , Bohdan Artem , Pohl Martin , Matsumoto Yosuke , Amano Takanobu , Matsukiyo Shuichi , Esaki Yodai , Hoshino Masahiro 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Mildly relativistic shocks in magnetized electron–ion plasmas are investigated with 2D kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of unprecedentedly high resolution and large scale for conditions that may be found at internal shocks in blazar cores. Ion-scale effects cause corrugations along the shock surface whose properties somewhat depend on the configuration of the mean perpendicular magnetic field, that is either in or out of the simulation plane. We show that the synchrotron maser instability persists to operate in mildly relativistic shocks in agreement with theoretical predictions and produces coherent emission of upstream-propagating electromagnetic waves. Shock front ripples are excited in both mean-field configurations and they engender effective wave amplification. The interaction of these waves with upstream plasma generates electrostatic wakefields.
Gibbs point process model for young star clusters in M33
Authors: Li Dayi , Barmby Pauline 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate the power of Gibbs point process models from the spatial statistics literature when applied to studies of resolved galaxies. We conduct a rigorous analysis of the spatial distributions of objects in the star formation complexes of M33, including giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and young stellar cluster candidates (YSCCs). We choose a hierarchical model structure from GMCs to YSCCs based on the natural formation hierarchy between them. This approach circumvents the limitations of the empirical two-point correlation function analysis by naturally accounting for the inhomogeneity present in the distribution of YSCCs. We also investigate the effects of GMCs’ properties on their spatial distributions. We confirm that the distribution of GMCs and YSCCs are highly correlated. We found that the spatial distributions of YSCCs reaches a peak of clustering pattern at ∼250 pc scale compared to a Poisson process. This clustering mainly occurs in regions where the galactocentric distance ≳4.5 kpc. Furthermore, the galactocentric distance of GMCs and their mass have strong positive effects on the correlation strength between GMCs and YSCCs. We outline some possible implications of these findings for our understanding of the cluster formation process.
Flux density variability of 286 radio pulsars from a decade of monitoring
Authors: Kumamoto H , Dai S , Johnston S , Kerr M , Shannon R M , Weltevrede P , Sobey C , Manchester R N , Hobbs G , Takahashi K 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The Parkes telescope has been monitoring 286 radio pulsars approximately monthly since 2007 at an observing frequency of 1.4 GHz. The wide dispersion measure (DM) range of the pulsar sample and the uniformity of the observing procedure make the data set extremely valuable for studies of flux density variability and the interstellar medium (ISM). Here, we present flux density measurements and modulation indices of these pulsars over this period. We derive the structure function from the light curves and discuss the contributions to it from measurement noise, intrinsic variability, and interstellar scintillation. Despite a large scatter, we show that the modulation index is inversely correlated with DM, and can be generally described by a power law with an index of ∼−0.7 covering DMs from ∼10 to 1000 cm−3 pc. We present refractive time-scales and/or lower limits for a group of 42 pulsars. These often have values significantly different from theoretical expectations, indicating the complex nature of the ISM along individual lines of sight. In particular, local structures and non-Kolmogorov density fluctuations are likely playing important roles in the observed flux density variation of many of these pulsars.
Changing Results to Change Results: Nudging Antimicrobial Prescribing for Clostridium difficile
Authors: Herman Dakoda J , Sarabia Alicia , Chan Helen , Graham Christopher 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients who test positive for Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a negative toxin enzyme immunoassay (EIA), are commonly colonized and do not require treatment. However, clinicians often treat based on a positive PCR result regardless of the toxin EIA result. We evaluated the clinical impact of a microbiology reporting nudge, changing from a report that included both assay results along with treatment recommendations to one that suggested clinicians consider C difficile colonization or early infection.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients admitted to a large multisite community hospital with a positive C difficile PCR result and negative toxin EIA from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2018. We examined total days of therapy (DOT) and impacts on clinical outcomes.

Results
One hundred ninety-nine episodes occurred preintervention and 165 episodes occurred postintervention. The mean DOTs per episode decreased from 13.6 to 7.9 days (difference −5.8 days; 95% confidence interval, −3.9 to −7.6) postintervention, with statistical process control charts suggesting special cause variation. Patients receiving no treatment increased from 6.5% to 23.6% postintervention (P &lt; .0001). No significant changes in subsequent toxin positive disease (9.0% vs 6.7%), colectomy (0% vs 0.6%), mortality (7.5% vs 12.1%), or length of stay (18.5 vs 16 days) were observed.

Conclusions
Microbiology reporting nudges raising the possibility of C difficile colonization were associated with altered prescribing, reinforcing a postanalytic strategy for invoking change. Decreases in antimicrobial prescribing occurred without increasing subsequent disease or other adverse outcomes, suggesting a safe strategy for decreasing unnecessary treatment of C difficile colonization.
Few Illusions Left
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For decades, Germany accepted a trade-off of technology for market access when its multinational corporations invested in China. What has changed in recent years is that China’s model of political authoritarianism and state capitalism is reaching out to the world. Increasingly competitive in China, Chinese multinationals have busied themselves with entering overseas markets and buying foreign corporations. China’s aim is to climb the global competitiveness ladder through its “Made in China 2025” policy and lead production in higher-value goods and services in the automotive, aviation, machinery, robotics, and other industries. Standing in direct competition with German industry, this set off alarm bells in Berlin. China’s investment restrictions and controls at home, coupled with its targeted investment abroad, antagonized relations in Berlin and other European capitals. New policies to protect German and European corporations from foreign takeover, and efforts to reform the World Trade Organization, have grown as this lack of reciprocity has been exposed.
Preferences and Production under Uncertainty
Authors: Chambers Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Arrow-Savage-Debreu formalism (state space, consequence space, acts) for modelling a stochastic decision is introduced. Preferences over stochastic outcomes framed as maps (acts) from the state space to the consequence space are studied and related to nonstochastic preference structures. Distance function representations of preferences are developed and their superdifferential correspondences are shown to define subjective probability measures. Structural restrictions including uncertainty aversion, constant absolute uncertainty aversion, and constant relative uncertainty aversion are examined and related to parallel restrictions for nonstochastic preference or production structures. A model of a stochastic technology that has the nonstochastic production model as a special case is introduced, and distance function representations of it are discussed. Structural assumptions on the stochastic technology are discussed.
The Integration Myth
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
When Polish elites utilized the language of state integration during the early-to-mid-1920s, they highlighted their own centrality in competitive civilizing projects in Volhynia. At the moment when the post-imperial state was itself being constituted, these actors crafted myths about who was foreign, based on civilizational hierarchies between—and even within—the zones of the former partitions. If the right-wing Endecja relied on the antisemitic trope that Jews were eternal foreigners in Volhynia, Polish military settlers also faced accusations of national and social foreignness from Volhynia’s Ukrainian-speaking peasants and Polish-speaking landowners alike. Moreover, in locations beyond Warsaw, notably Poznań and Lublin, urban elites fashioned their cities as civilizational leaders by offering to usher Volhynia’s Poles, particularly those in the provincial capital of Łuck, toward modernity.
How Media Shapes the Public Discourse and Influences Health
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the multiple roles of modern media in determining not only what consumers know, but also how and what they think. The exponential growth of ideologically driven cable channels and social media, dovetailing with cutbacks in newspaper staffing and coverage, point to the many ways that the power and reach of media are shifting even as they continue to reshape American society and norms. In this environment, multiple media compete for viewers, readers, and listeners who will click on their websites, buy their products, sign their petitions, and often accept their spin, especially if it reinforces personal perspectives. Thoughtful information about complex public health issues is easily lost in that context, leading too many people to base their decision-making on incomplete, biased, and even inaccurate information. For the news media to help build a Culture of Health, people need to understand how it works, what it does, and how it can be used for widespread benefit.
Linking Education and Health to Support the Whole Child
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the bidirectional connection between education and health. The complex, bidirectional connection between education and health can foster opportunity, making it a key component of the mantra, “Health starts where we live, learn, work, and play.” Yet access to quality education and the knowledge and foundation it provides are not distributed equitably. Schools located in areas of concentrated poverty often lack resources to fully provide even the basic academic materials and supports needed for an adequate educational experience, let alone the complete range of associated services that can help ensure a child's educational and developmental success. By making the commitments needed to support the whole child, schools, families, health care providers, and communities can help ensure that children across all population groups and geographic regions can succeed. The chapter then looks at the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model, and considers a research program designed to advance the broad implementation of that model, especially in under-resourced environments. It also highlights a school-based initiative to encourage healthy eating and active living and to build resilience and foster wellness for school staff and students.
Creating a Government Commitment to Well-Being
Authors: Ng Tim 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how the New Zealand Government in 2019 demonstrated its commitment to well-being as a public policy with the release of its Wellbeing Budget. It details how the New Zealand Treasury’s Living Standards Framework (LSF) has guided the Treasury’s policy advice to governments in New Zealand, using the Wellbeing Budget as a key example of the application of the LSF in practice. The LSF is a population-level economic framework with a multidimensional well-being outcomes focus and associated measurement, analysis, and assessment tools. It helps the government to express, analyze, and implement its well-being objectives in the form of concrete policy action. As well as government budget management, the LSF has been applied to strategic fiscal and economic policy development. Priority policy areas for funding and other interventions addressed in the Wellbeing Budget included mental health, family and sexual violence, and sustainable land use. The chapter then looks at the experience of applying LSF tools to various stages of the policy process, including examples of cross-agency collaboration and the resulting policy packages informed by the LSF.