bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Writing Systems: All East-Asian but Different Scripts
Authors: Pae Hye K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe three East-Asian scripts—Chinese (characters and Pinyin), Japanese (multi-scripts), and Korean (alphabetic Hangul)—are discussed. Under each script, a brief historical account of the given writing system, the key features of the script, and the strengths and weaknesses as a script are described. The commonalities and differences among the three scripts are next discussed. Since it is claimed that Asian orthography, particularly Chinese characters, curbs Asians’ creativity (Hannas, 1997, 2003), East-Asian students’ performance in international comparison tests is reviewed in comparison to that of American counterparts. Finally discussed are the implications of script differences among the three writing systems for script relativity.
The East and the West
Authors: Pae Hye K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the cultural aspects of the East and the West. A wide range of differences between the East and the West is discussed in terms of the extrinsic and intrinsic differences. The extrinsic differences comprise architecture, the mode of clothing, everyday practices, and language and script, while the intrinsic differences consist of culture and value systems, attention and perception (holistic vs. analytic), problem solving (relation vs. categorization), and rhetorical structure (linear vs. roundabout). The locus of these differences is identified with respect to philosophical foundations and the characteristics of Eastern and Western cultures. The prevalent interpretations of the differences between the East and the West center on Diamond’s (1999) guns, germs, and steel, Nisbett’s (2003) geography of thought, and Logan’s (2004) alphabet effects. However, these interpretations cannot explain differences in ideologies, religious practices, and societal values among Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. Therefore, script relativity becomes a new interpretation of the engine behind the differences among the three East-Asian nations and between the East and the West.
Overlengthening of the radial column in radial head replacement: a review of the literature and presentation of a classification system
Authors: Wegmann K. , Hackl M. , Leschinger T. , Burkhart K. J. , Müller L. P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Radial head arthroplasty is a common procedure in elbow surgery. It has been shown to be of benefit for the patients, but there also are relevant complications that should be prevented if possible. One significant complication is overlengthening of the radial head prosthesis. In overlengthening, the head of the prosthesis overextends the physiological level of the native radial head and leads to overcompression in the radiohumeral joint. Rapid erosion and arthritic changes may then impede the clinical outcome. The incidence of overlengthening is not precisely known, but estimations range to up to 20% of all implanted prostheses.

Methods
The present review discusses the available body of literature on overlengthening and lines out a classification system that may be used to guide treatment algorithms. The classification is based on the personal experiences of the author during their clinical practice.

Results
In low-grade overlengthening (type I) conservative treatment can be an option. In Types II–IV usually revision surgery is needed. Depending on the state of the capitulum and joint stability, it is possible re-implant a prosthesis, or rely on implant removal alone.

Discussion
The present review aimed at shedding light into overlengthening as a complication radial head replacement and to help identify and treat it.
Effects of artificial ultraviolet B radiation on the macrophyte Lemna minor: a conceptual study for toxicity pathway characterization
Authors: Xie Li , Solhaug Knut Asbjørn , Song You , Johnsen Bjørn , Olsen Jorunn Elisabeth , Tollefsen Knut Erik 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Main conclusion
UVB radiation caused irradiance-dependent and target-specific responses in non-UVB acclimated Lemna minor. Conceptual toxicity pathways were developed to propose causal relationships between UVB-mediated effects at multiple levels of biological organisation.

Abstract
Macrophytes inhabit waterways around the world and are used in hydroponics or aquaponics for different purposes such as feed and wastewater treatment and are thus exposed to elevated levels of UVB from natural and artificial sources. Although high UVB levels are harmful to macrophytes, mechanistic understanding of irradiance-dependent effects and associated modes of action in non-UVB acclimated plants still remains low. The present study was conducted to characterise the irradiance-dependent mechanisms of UVB leading to growth inhibition in Lemna minor as an aquatic macrophyte model. The L. minor were continuously exposed to UVB (0.008–4.2 W m−2) and constant UVA (4 W m−2) and photosynthetically active radiation, PAR (80 µmol m−2 s−1) for 7 days. A suite of bioassays was deployed to assess effects on oxidative stress, photosynthesis, DNA damage, and transcription of antioxidant biosynthesis, DNA repair, programmed cell death, pigment metabolism and respiration. The results showed that UVB triggered both irradiance-dependent and target-specific effects at multiple levels of biological organization, whereas exposure to UVA alone did not cause any effects. Inhibition of photosystem II and induction of carotenoids were observed at 0.23 W m−2, whereas growth inhibition, excessive reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and chlorophyll depletion were observed at 0.5–1 W m−2. Relationships between responses at different levels of biological organization were used to establish a putative network of toxicity pathways to improve our understanding of UVB effects in aquatic macrophytes under continuous UVB exposures. Additional studies under natural illuminations were proposed to assess whether these putative toxicity pathways may also be relevant for more ecologically relevant exposure scenarios.
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using cinnamon bark extract, characterization, and fluorescence activity in Au/eosin Y assemblies
Authors: ElMitwalli Omar S. , Barakat Omar A. , Daoud Rabbani M. , Akhtar Sultan , Henari Fryad Z. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study reports the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using an unconventional, eco-friendly method that utilizes cinnamon bark extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–Vis spectrum shows the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak around 535 nm. TEM shows the spherical shape of AuNPs and the particle size distribution at around 35 nm. The ability of the synthesized AuNPs as a quencher of eosin Y dye was monitored using a fluorometer. It was found that in the presence of AuNPs, the fluorescence peak of eosin is quenched. The fluorescence of the mixture of eosin and AuNPs is enhanced in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. TEM shows that the average size of the AuNPs is reduced from 35 to 5 nm with the addition of eosin, and the size of AuNPs then increased to 26 nm upon adding BSA to the mixture of ANPs and eosin. These fluorescence fluctuations may be used for trace identification and biosensing.
Pyrosequenzierung zur molekularen Altersschätzung in der DNA-Spurenanalyse
Authors: Fleckhaus Jan , Schneider Peter M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe estimation of the chronological age based on DNA methylation markers by bisulfite sequencing is a promising new method in forensic molecular genetics. The application of the method to forensic trace samples from crime scenes was recently legalized following a change of the German law. Biological traces display a challenging sample source since they are usually of small amount. To increase sensitivity, we have developed an optimized pyrosequencing protocol for quantitative methylation analysis.
Guided Wave Propagation in Functionally Graded One-Dimensional Hexagonal Quasi-Crystal Plates
Authors: Zhang B. , Yu J.G. , Zhang X.M. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTDue to the high brittleness, cracks, holes, and other defects that are easily generated in quasi-crystal structures can affect safe applications in serious cases. For guided wave non-destructive testing, the propagation of Lamb and SH waves in functionally graded one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal plates are investigated. Governing equations of wave motion in the context of Bak’s model are deduced and solved by the Legendre orthogonal polynomial method. Dispersion curves, phonon and phason displacement, and stress distributions are illustrated. The convergence of the present method applied to functionally graded quasi-crystal plates is verified. Moreover, the influences of the phonon-phason coupling effect and graded fields on wave characteristics are analyzed. Some new results are obtained: angular frequencies of phason modes always decrease as phonon-phason coupling coefficients, Ri, increase; and phonon and phason displacements of Lamb and SH waves at high frequencies are mainly distributed in the region that contains more quasi-crystal material with a smaller elasticity modulus and less rigidity. The obtained results establish the theoretical foundation of guided wave non-destructive testing for functionally graded quasi-crystal plates.
Load Ratios Carried by Each Constituent for Some Problems of a Particulate Composite Modeled as a Mixture of Two Linear Elastic Solids
Authors: Kurt E. , Dokuz M. S. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThe basic constitutive equations of theory of mixtures obtained for a mixture of two linear elastic solids can be used as an alternative way to describe the mechanical behavior of binary composite materials. Determining the load ratios carried by each constituent solid of a binary composite is one of challenges of this theory. In this study, the results of directly calculating the ratios of external load carried by each constituent solid for the case of perfectly bonded interface between binary mixture constituents are discussed. Thus, the effects of loading type and volume fraction of the constituent solids to the load ratios carried by each constituent solid are investigated by using three different loading cases and three different volume fractions. Finally, displacement, stress and diffusive force results of two constituent solids using the calculated load ratios are given.
Incorporation is Not Enough: The Agenda Influence of Black Lawmakers in Congressional Committees
Authors: Peay Periloux C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTraditionally, scholars argue that the committee structure is central to the policymaking process in congress, and that those that wield the gavel in committees enjoy a great deal of influence over the legislative agenda. The most recent iterations of Congress are more diverse than ever before. With 55 members—of whom, five chair full committees and 28 sit atop subcommittees—the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) is in a place to wield a significant leverage over the legislative agenda in the 116th Congress. However, noticeable proportional gains in minority membership in Congress have yet to produce sizable policy gains for the communities they represent. An examination of bill sponsorship from the 103rd–112th congresses reveals underlying institutional forces—i.e., marginalization and negative agenda setting—leave Black lawmakers at a distinct disadvantage compared to their non-black counterparts. Bills in policy areas targeted by the CBC are subject to disproportionate winnowing in congressional committees. Unfortunately, a number of institutional resources often found to increase a bill's prospects—including placements and leadership on committees with jurisdiction over policy areas of interest—are relatively ineffective for CBC members looking to forward those key issues onto the legislative agenda.
Development of an algorithm for optimizing nitrogen fertilization in wheat using GreenSeeker proximal optical sensor
Authors: Ali Ali M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProximal plant sensing with active canopy sensors offers a leap in the non-destructive assessment of crop agronomic information. For managing fertilizer nitrogen (N), sensor readings must be translated using functional models or algorithms to fertilizer amounts. Six field experiments were conducted in three wheat seasons in the West Nile Delta in Egypt to develop and validate an algorithm based on GreenSeeker canopy reflectance sensor for field-specific fertilizer N management in wheat, which takes into account both spatial and temporal variability of N during the crop growth season. The proposed algorithm is based on the prediction of total N uptake and response index of N uptake determined from normalized difference vegetation index measured by the sensor from plots differing in yield potential as established by applying a range of fertilizer N levels in the four experiments conducted in the first two wheat seasons. The treatments in the two experiments conducted in the third wheat season were designed to define appropriate fertilizer N management prior to applying a sensor-based dose at Feekes 6 stage (jointing stage). The application of 40 and 60 kg N ha−1at 10 and 30 days after sowing of wheat and a sensor-guided dose of N estimated by using the algorithm developed in this study resulted in yields similar to those obtained by following the general recommendation, but with an average of 66 kg N ha−1less fertilizer N. These results were also reflected in a substantial increase in N recovery (21.9%) and agronomic (7.7 kg grain kg−1N) efficiencies compared with the general recommendation, thereby proving the usefulness of the sensor-based algorithm in optimizing fertilizer N management in wheat.
First camera-trap record of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal
Authors: Koju Narayan Prasad , Bashyal Bijay , Pandey Bishnu Prasad , Shah Satya Narayan , Thami Shankar , Bleisch William V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe snow leopard Panthera uncia is the flagship species of the high mountains of the Himalayas. There is potentially continuous habitat for the snow leopard along the northern border of Nepal, but there is a gap in information about the snow leopard in Gaurishankar Conservation Area. Previous spatial analysis has suggested that the Lamabagar area in this Conservation Area could serve as a transboundary corridor for snow leopards, and that the area may connect local populations, creating a metapopulation. However, there has been no visual confirmation of the species in Lamabagar. We set 11 infrared camera traps for 7 months in Lapchi Village of Gaurishankar Conservation Area, where blue sheep Pseudois nayaur, musk deer Moschus leucogaster and Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus, all snow leopard prey species, had been observed. In November 2018 at 4,100 m, 5 km south-west of Lapchi Village, one camera recorded three images of a snow leopard, the first photographic evidence of the species in the Conservation Area. Sixteen other species of mammals were also recorded. Camera-trap records and sightings indicated a high abundance of Himalayan tahr, blue sheep and musk deer. Lapchi Village may be a potentially important corridor for snow leopard movement between the east and west of Nepal and northwards to Quomolongma National Park in China. However, plans for development in the region present increasing threats to this corridor. We recommend development of a transboundary conservation strategy for snow leopard conservation in this region, with participation of Nepal, China and international agencies.
Observations of the Electrodynamical Ties Between Sporadic E and the Plasmasphere
Authors: Helmboldt J. F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA joint investigation was conducted of coherent backscatter radar observations of irregularities within the E and F regions and tomographic mapping of corotating plasmaspheric irregularities (CPIs) near Japan and the American northwest from June 2018. Within both areas, the amplitudes/detection rates for CPIs associated with ionospheric phase fronts aligned northwest‐to‐southeast peaked at night, predominantly premidnight. Likewise, the line‐of‐sight velocity dispersion measured within the E region from coherent backscatter in both areas peaked during the same time periods. Additionally, there were several instances of southwest propagating phase fronts within the E region backscatter data, with speeds ∼100 m s−1 and wavelengths ∼300 km. Both the CPI amplitudes and E region velocity dispersions were typically larger near Japan. In both geographic areas, detections of sporadic E (ES) were prevalent during all times, as is typical at midlatitudes in northern summer. Such southwestward propagating phase fronts have often been observed within summer nighttime ES layers and have been tied to electrobuoyancy waves in the F region. Simulations of plane wave electric field disturbances within ES layers with amplitudes constrained by the backscatter velocity dispersion measurements were able to reproduce the observed CPI properties. These simulated disturbances had smaller wavelengths (50 km) and speeds (20 m s−1) than those observed within the backscatter data but had similar oscillation periods. This may imply a population of smaller‐scale wave‐like disturbances that contribute significantly to the observed velocity dispersion but are too small to be resolved within the radar data.
Radiocarbon in Marine Methane Reveals Patchy Impact of Seeps on Surface Waters
Authors: Joung DongJoo , Leonte Mihai , Valentine David L. , Sparrow Katy J. , Weber Thomas , Kessler John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGeological sources of methane (CH4), such as hydrocarbon seeps, are significant yet poorly constrained sources of CH4 to seawater and the overlying atmosphere. We investigate the radiocarbon content (14C) and concentrations of dissolved CH4 in surface waters from the Coal Oil Point seep field to test the hypothesis that geological sources can dominate the regional background signal of CH4. We find that surface waters with elevated CH4 concentration were populated with seep‐CH4 and that lower concentrations of CH4 were well explained by mixing with the regional background of nongeological CH4. Substantial differences in concentration and 14C‐CH4 were observed over distances <5 km, demonstrating that surface currents mix background‐CH4 into the seep field. These results indicate that even a prolific seep region like the Santa Barbara Basin exerts limited influence on the regional background of CH4 in the surface layer but is a significant driver of patchiness in oceanic CH4 biogeochemistry.
A Quantitative Model‐Based Assessment of Stony Desert Landscape Evolution in the Hami Basin, China: Implications for Plio‐Pleistocene Dust Production in Eastern Asia
Authors: Abell Jordan T. , Rahimi Stefan R. , Pullen Alex , Lebo Zachary J. , Zhang Dehai , Kapp Paul , Gloege Lucas , Ridge Sean , Nie Junsheng , Winckler Gisela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDust plays an important role in climate, and while our current representation of dust production includes shifts in vegetation, soil moisture, and ice cover, it does not account for the role of landscape evolution. Here, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to an aerosol chemistry model to quantify the effects of arid landscape evolution on boundary layer conditions, dust production, and radiative properties in the Hami Basin, China, a dynamic stony desert in eastern Asia. Relative to today, altered surface roughness, sediment erodibility, and albedo combine to produce up to a ~44% increase in wind speeds (mean ≈ 15%), up to a ~59% increase in dust loading (mean ≈ 30%), and up to a ~4.4 W m−2 increase in downwelling radiation (mean ≈ 2.4 W m−2) over the Hami Basin. Our modeling results, along with geomorphological data for the western Gobi Desert, provide evidence that stony deserts acted as important Plio‐Pleistocene dust sources.
Southern Ocean Upwelling and the Marine Iron Cycle
Authors: Weber Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe iron (Fe) supply to phytoplankton communities in the Southern Ocean surface exerts a strong control on oceanic carbon storage and global climate. Hydrothermal vents are one potential Fe source to this region, but it is not known whether hydrothermal Fe persists in seawater long enough to reach the surface before it is removed by particle scavenging. A new study (Jenkins, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087266) fills an important gap in this puzzle: a helium‐3 mass balance model is used to show that it takes ~100 yr for deep hydrothermally influenced waters to upwell to the surface around Antarctica. However, estimates of Fe scavenging time scales range from tens to hundreds of years and must be more narrowly constrained to fully resolve the role of hydrothermal Fe in the ocean's biological pump.
Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Particle‐in‐Cell Simulations of Magnetosonic Waves in the Dipole Magnetic Field: On a Constant L‐Shell
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun , Denton Richard E. , Němec František , Boardsen Scott A. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional hybrid particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations are carried out on a constant L‐shell (or drift shell) surface of the dipole magnetic field to investigate the generation process of near‐equatorial fast magnetosonic waves (a.k.a equatorial noise; MSWs hereafter) in the inner magnetosphere. The simulation domain on a constant L‐shell surface adopted here allows wave propagation and growth in the azimuthal direction (as well as along the field line) and is motivated by the observations that MSWs propagate preferentially in the azimuthal direction in the source region. Furthermore, the equatorial ring‐like proton distribution used to drive MSWs in the present study is (realistically) weakly anisotropic. Consequently, the ring‐like velocity distribution projected along the field line by Liouville's theorem extends to rather high latitude, and linear instability analysis using the local plasma conditions predicts substantial MSW growth up to ±27° latitude. In the simulations, however, the MSW intensity maximizes near the equator and decreases quasi‐exponentially with latitude. Further analysis reveals that the stronger equatorward refraction at higher latitude due to the larger gradient of the dipole magnetic field strength prevents off‐equatorial MSWs from growing continuously, whereas MSWs of equatorial origin experience little refraction and can fully grow. Furthermore, the simulated MSWs exhibit a rather complex wave field structure varying with latitude, and the scattering of energetic ring‐like protons in response to MSW excitation occurs faster than the bounce period of those protons so that they do not necessarily follow Liouville's theorem during MSW excitation.