bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information-Theoretic Perspective on Human Ability
Authors: Choi Hwan-sik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter proposes an information-theoretic perspective on the role of human ability in decision making. I define personality as a response system of a person that maps a situation to a behavior. The person-specific response system is characterized by various constraints. Based on the principle of maximum entropy, I treat these constraints as information since they reduce the entropy of the system. Physical laws and the human genome provide rudimentary constraints on the response system. Human ability constitutes an important set of advanced constraints. Therefore, human ability is entropy-reducing information. In particular, I define the information capacity of a person as the amount of entropy reduced by person-specific ability, which includes the ability to acquire information, to process information, and to discern incorrect information. I provide a heuristic discussion that relates information capacity with broad domains of noncognitive ability. I also highlight the connection between information capacity and three traits of noncognitive ability: Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness.
Maximum Entropy
Authors: Harte John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A major goal of ecology is to predict patterns and changes in the abundance, distribution, and energetics of individuals and species in ecosystems. The maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE) predicts the functional forms and parameter values describing the central metrics of macroecology, including the distribution of abundances over all the species, metabolic rates over all individuals, spatial aggregation of individuals within species, and the dependence of species diversity on areas of habitat. In METE, the maximum entropy inference procedure is implemented using the constraints imposed by a few macroscopic state variables, including the number of species, total abundance, and total metabolic rate in an ecological community. Although the theory adequately predicts pervasive empirical patterns in relatively static ecosystems, there is mounting evidence that in ecosystems in which the state variables are changing rapidly, many of the predictions of METE systematically fail. Here we discuss the underlying logic and predictions of the static theory and then describe progress toward achieving a dynamic theory (DynaMETE) of macroecology capable of describing ecosystems undergoing rapid change as a result of disturbance. An emphasis throughout is on the tension between, and reconciliation of, two legitimate perspectives on ecology: that of the natural historian who studies the uniqueness of every ecosystem and the theorist seeking unification and generality.
Performance and Risk Aversion of Funds with Benchmarks
Authors: Foster F. Douglas , Stutzer Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a simple method of ranking mutual funds’ probabilities of outperforming a benchmark portfolio. We show that ranking fund performance in this way is identical to ranking each fund’s portfolio with a generalized entropy, equivalent to an expected generalized power utility index that uses a risk-aversion coefficient specific to that fund. When the return differential between fund and benchmark portfolio (log gross) returns follows a Gaussian process, this ranking is equivalent to using a simple modification of the Information Ratio (1998). We develop and apply feasible parametric and nonparametric estimators to rank the performance of the small fraction of mutual funds that (from the results of an hypothesis test) could outperform the S&P 500 Index in the long run, and to estimate the fund-specific risk-aversion coefficients required for the ranking. We also argue that an auxiliary hypothesis that fund managers attempt to maximize the outperformance probability is no less plausible than an extant alternative behavioral hypothesis and is more parsimoneously parametrized.
Information-Theoretic Estimation of Econometric Functions
Authors: Mao Millie Yi , Ullah Aman 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces an information-theoretic approach to specify econometric functions as an alternative to avoid parametric assumptions. We investigate the performances of the information-theoretic method in estimating the regression (conditional mean) and response (derivative) functions. We have demonstrated that they are easy to implement and are advantageous over parametric models and nonparametric kernel techniques. For the implementation of our estimation method, a recursive integration procedure is introduced. An empirical illustration is also presented to study the Canadian earning function. The asymptotic properties of the regression and derivative functions are established. In addition, a test for normality is also proposed.
Poetry in Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter reads Milhaud’s setting of “L’Aurore” from Lucile de Chateaubriand’s Trois Poèmes en prose as a musical poem—one that supplies the “poetic” structure missing from Chateaubriand’s prose poem. This new poem’s rhythm and rhyme are created by the counterpointing of descending lines moving at different rates of speed, the surface and deeper-level rhythms they articulate, their interactions with textual stresses, and the resulting metric and hypermetric structure. The chapter begins with a brief description of the role of text in Milhaud’s oeuvre, followed by discussion of the French prose poem, Lucile de Chateaubriand, and Chateaubriand’s “Aurore.” It analyzes the song’s contrapuntal motion, describes the authors’ performative conception, and presents practical considerations, closing with the authors’ performance on video.
Organizational Perspectives on Intellectual-Property Reform
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a novel organizational perspective on “patent reform” in the U.S. Supreme Court, Congress, and the federal courts during 2006–2020. Debates between proponents of strong and weaker patents can be understood as a conflict between entities that rely on integrated business models for monetizing R&D, which deploy non-IP complementary assets to capture returns on innovation, and entities that rely on non-integrated business models, which monetize R&D through licensing and other IP-dependent contractual relationships. Weak-IP regimes induce an organizational bias that favors integrated and platform-based firms that capture returns on innovation within internal capital and information markets while impeding entry by smaller, R&D-specialized entities that capture returns on innovation through external capital and informational markets. By contrast, strong-IP regimes enable firms and other entities to select from the full range of more and less integrated structures for executing the innovation and commercialization process.
Containing “Country Music Marxism”
Authors: Peck Reece 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter tracks the populist stylistic resonances between country western music and Fox News Channel programming. Using country musician John Rich’s 2009 song “Detroit” as a case study, it demonstrates how Fox News employed a unique mix of tabloid aesthetics and populist epistemic appeals to conscribe potentially progressive interpretations of Rich’s song. In doing so, the chapter illuminates how Fox endows its conservative political news brand with affective power and social meaning. Tracking the migration of country style from the music sector to the news sector, it elucidates how political-taste alignments factor into conservative news cultures. The chapter concludes with a call for greater scholarly attention to the way conservative news actively partisanizes national taste divisions while relying on those very divisions in framing news coverage.
Making Media Safe for Corporate Power
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter contends that a corporate libertarian vision of media policy established the discursive terrain in which conservative media thrived in the United States after World War II. The corporate libertarian approach conceives of news media as a commodity—as opposed to a public resource—best left under private control and ownership. This vision became a hegemonic common sense that came to dominate US media policy discourses beginning in the late 1940s—thanks in part to a propagandistic influence campaign executed by corporate interests. This led to insufficient resources invested in a democratic news system. Such a policy orientation created conditions for a commercial media system driven by a competition to meet consumer demand. It also created a space for right-wing media activists to mobilize and cultivate conservative publics through outlets propped up by patronage networks and ideologically motivated venture capital.
Great Oboists on Music and Musicianship
Authors: Fiala Michele L. , Schuring Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This volume contains interviews with twenty-six of the most prominent oboists from around the world. The chapters are in prose format and highlight different aspects of each musician’s career, focusing on musicianship and pedagogy in ways that are applicable to all musicians. The interviews contain topics such as creating musical interpretations and shaping phrases, the relationship of vocal to instrumental music, taking orchestral auditions, and being a good ensemble player/colleague. The subjects describe their pedagogy and their thoughts on breathing and support on wind instruments, developing finger technique, and creating a useful warm-up routine. The oboists discuss their ideals in reed making, articulation, and vibrato. They also share stories from their lives and careers. The oboists and English hornists profiled from North America are Pedro Diaz, Elaine Douvas, and Nathan Hughes (Metropolitan Opera Orchestra); John Ferrillo (Boston Symphony Orchestra); Carolyn Hove (Los Angeles Philharmonic); Richard Killmer (Eastman School); Nancy Ambrose King (University of Michigan); Frank Rosenwein and Robert Walters (Cleveland Orchestra); Humbert Lucarelli (soloist); Grover Schiltz (formerly Chicago Symphony); Eugene Izotov (San Francisco Symphony, originally from Russia); Allan Vogel (Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra retired); David Weiss (formerly Los Angeles Philharmonic); Randall Wolfgang (New York City Ballet and formerly Orpheus Chamber Orchestra); Alex Klein (Brazil, formerly Chicago Symphony and currently Calgary, Canada); and Sarah Jeffrey, Toronto Symphony Orchestra. The performers based in Europe are Neil Black, Nicholas Daniel, and Gordon Hunt (England); Maurice Bourgue and David Walter (France); Thomas Indermühle (Switzerland); László Hadady (Hungary and France); and Omar Zoboli (Italy). From Australia is Diana Doherty of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Financialization and the Tyranny of Bootstraps
Authors: Friedline Terri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores recent trends in student loan debt, particularly the for-profit educational corporation Corinthian Colleges’ scandal, in order to define the key terms financialization and neoliberalism. Finance is playing an expanded role in higher education and securitization is being employed to capitalize off of students’ loan debt. Students are increasingly taking on debt and bearing responsibility for a capitalist economy that is stacked against them. Banks and lenders bundle and sell this debt to wealthy, white investors as securities. Given that Black and Brown borrowers take out more student loans, repay their debts plus interest over longer periods of time, and experience higher default rates compared to their white counterparts, these securities are racialized just like the individual lines of debt from which they were created.
Subversion
Authors: Spencer Danielle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the second stage of the metagnostic narrative arc: subversion. Following the conception of a metagnostic revelation as both recognition and misrecognition, it examines the ways in which the revelation may unsettle labels and categories. First, central concepts of disability studies are introduced and explored, and it is suggested that terms such as disability and impairment are illuminated and interrogated by a metagnostic revelation, as it breaches the expected mapping between body and classification. Indeed, situating a given revelation requires a sudden renegotiation of the ontological balance between biological impairment and socially constructed disability, and also subverts customary narrative strategies for situating disability. Second, the individual’s relationship with a given disease is seen anew and challenged in light of metagnosis, as are concepts of disease, illness, and sickness. This chapter also serves as an introduction to key concepts in disability studies and philosophy of medicine.
What’s Causing Secularization? Insecurity
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEvolutionary modernization theory holds that both religiosity and pro-fertility norms are linked with existential insecurity, and a massive body of empirical evidence confirms this: secure people and secure countries show the lowest levels of religiosity. Existential security reflects not only a society’s per capita GDP but how evenly it is distributed, making income inequality a strong predictor of religiosity. Similarly, high levels of social welfare expenditures have a strong negative impact on religious attendance. Historic vulnerability to disease also has a persisting impact on religiosity: countries that were vulnerable to disease tend to be relatively poor and have low life expectancy and high infant mortality and high religiosity today. Overall, various indicators of existential security have a strong impact on religiosity, but this impact has a generational delay: the strongest predictor of religiosity around 2018 is the society’s level of infant mortality, not at the time of the survey but almost 40 years earlier, in 1980.
War Work
Authors: Coffman Elesha J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Around the time of World War II, Mead’s personal and professional lives changed dramatically. She divorced Reo Fortune to marry her third husband, Gregory Bateson. She gave birth to a daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson. She turned her anthropological lens on her own culture for the book And Keep Your Powder Dry, part of a larger effort to galvanize Americans for the war effort. Mead’s religiosity was attenuated in this period, for two reasons. One, Bateson, an atheist, did not want their daughter to be indoctrinated, and Mead complied. Two, Mead believed that the challenge of fascism called for a broadly ethical, humanistic response, in which religious narrowness—especially, the alliance of religion and nationalism—could be dangerous.
Positive Regulation and Success
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
What is regulatory success and how is it to be achieved across the core tasks of regulation? There are familiar examples of regulatory systems that seem to have failed—the financial crash of 2009 offers an instance of a hugely costly failure of regulation and government. What, though, does successful regulation look like? This chapter looks at the challenges involved in producing regulatory systems that achieve success for affected parties. It outlines the jobs that regulators have to do and the difference made by doing these well or badly. It examines why regulation can fail and describes the qualities associated with the excellent regulators. It sets down how businesses can respond to regulatory systems in an effective manner and looks at the conditions under which ‘win-win’ outcomes are possible for firms and regulators.
Strategies for Success
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Governments can set up a host of regulatory frameworks. They can pass laws, name and shame, impose taxes, create civil law rights, and so on. They can hand over regulation to independent agencies, and even allow firms to regulate themselves and monitor performance. This chapter looks at strategic choices and the conditions for using different devices successfully. It also reviews the potential of new-style and ‘non-regulatory’ controls such as ‘nudges’. The chapter emphasizes that positive regulation is predisposed to operate by harnessing self-regulatory capacities. Controls within firms, meta-regulatory systems, and schemes of industry self-regulation all provide means of passing the task of front-line control to firms or their associations. These approaches, like collaborative processes, bring a variety of advantages, but there are challenges in deploying such arrangements so as to produce desired results at lowest cost and in a manner that sustains public confidence.
Impacts on the Ground
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Regulators have to ensure their activities will actually influence behaviour on the ground. This chapter looks at the possible enforcement methods and the impacts these tend to have on interested parties. It outlines how to choose the least intrusive intervention styles that are acceptable. Positive regulatory enforcement demands attention to the stage at which interventions are made and to opportunities to encourage firms’ capacities to comply voluntarily with regulations. Enforcement actions revolve around two key issues—who to go after and what to do to change behaviour. Risk-based regulation offers a way of prioritizing targets for attention but is infused with qualitative judgements and does not assist greatly on choices of intervention strategy. Collectively, ‘compliance’, ‘deterrence’, and ‘responsive’ approaches do not go so far as the GRID approach in combining attention to two needs: matching intervention tools to firm-types and taking on board both the levels of risks and their volatility.
Introduction
Authors: Muldoon James 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets out the overall aim of the book and provides a brief historical snapshot of the German council movements. In addition to sketching some of the key debates that occurred within the council movements and outlining their political programmes, the introduction also presents my interpretive approach. The study has a particular focus on forgotten political alternatives that may not have achieved their full realization in the final institutions of the new republics founded at the end of the war. I attempt to uncover political programmes that were raised during this revolutionary period, particularly those that expressed the democratic and socialist ambitions of rank-and-file council delegates.
The Politics of Bad Options
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Why did the Eurozone crisis prove to be so difficult to resolve? Why was it resolved in a manner in which some countries bore a much larger share of the pain than other countries? Why did no country leave the Eurozone rather than implement unprecedented austerity? Who supported and who opposed the different policy options in the crisis domestically, and how did the distributive struggles among these groups shape crisis politics? Building on macro-level statistical data, original survey data from interest groups, and qualitative comparative case studies, this book argues and shows that the answers to these questions revolve around distributive struggles about how the costs of the Eurozone crisis should be divided among countries, and among different socioeconomic groups within countries. Together with divergent but strongly held ideas about the “right way” to conduct economic policy and asymmetries in the distribution of power among actors, severe distributive concerns of important actors lie at the root of the difficulties of resolving the Eurozone crisis as well as the difficulties to substantially reform European Monetary Union (EMU). The book provides new insights into the politics of the Eurozone crisis by emphasizing three perspectives that have received scant attention in existing research: A comparative perspective on the Eurozone crisis by systematically comparing it to previous financial crises, an analysis of the whole range of policy options, including the ones not chosen, and a unified framework that examines crisis politics not just in deficit-debtor, but also in surplus-creditor countries.
Putting the Eurozone Crisis Experience in Perspective
Authors: Reinke Raphael , Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Much research has treated the Eurozone crisis as a sui generis event. Yet we can only examine exactly how the Eurozone crisis is distinct from other crises if we compare it to other, similar crises. This chapter therefore develops a comparative framework that allows for us to study the distributional trade-offs inherent in crisis management of a large set of crises, including the Eurozone crisis. It argues the relative costs of external vs. internal adjustment will shape crisis politics, including the willingness of these countries to accept harsh conditionality in return for external financial support. The chapter develops measures to compare national vulnerabilities to internal and external adjustment and analyzes the crisis responses for a sample of 142 crisis episodes that occurred in a sample of 122 countries between 1990 and 2014. Our analysis shows that the vulnerability profile is a useful tool for analyzing crisis responses across a wide variety of balance-of-payments (BOP) crises. It also demonstrates that the Eurozone crisis is unusual because all crisis countries were located in the “misery corner”: Deficit country vulnerabilities to both internal and external adjustments were exceptionally high, and vulnerabilities frequently increased over the course of the crisis. In such a setting, quick and decisive crisis solutions are hard to find.
Crisis Politics in Deficit Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
How did the preferences of interest groups shape the design and contentiousness of crisis policies in deficit countries? And how did external actors influence their crisis responses? This chapter investigates these questions by drawing on a wealth of primary and secondary sources including newspaper coverage, voter public opinion data, interest group position papers, sovereign bailout documentation, and original qualitative evidence from seventeen in-depth interviews with national interest group representatives in Ireland, Spain, and Greece. There was a large consensus among both interest groups and voters across all three countries that external adjustment—that is, unilateral euro exit—should be avoided at all cost. This left financing and internal adjustment as the only options, and significant conflicts flared up in all three countries about how the costs associated with internal adjustment (and to a lesser extent financing) should be distributed. Within the confines set by the Troika, which effectively narrowed down the range of options available to deficit countries, interest groups pushed for reforms to which they were least vulnerable. Business interests, for example, generally supported adopting comprehensive spending-based consolidation measures and labor market reform. Conversely, labor unions and social policy groups actively supported policies that would entail stronger burden-sharing between firms and workers. Overall, internal adjustment policies adopted across all three cases generally reflected the preferences of employer associations more than those of workers, but especially in Spain and Greece, this was associated with considerable political upheaval.