bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Belief, Credence and Statistical Evidence
Authors: Fassio Davide , Gao Jie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccording to the Rational Threshold View, a rational agent believes p if and only if her credence in p is equal to or greater than a certain threshold. One of the most serious challenges for this view is the problem of statistical evidence: statistical evidence is often not sufficient to make an outright belief rational, no matter how probable the target proposition is given such evidence. This indicates that rational belief is not as sensitive to statistical evidence as rational credence. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we argue that, in addition to playing a decisive role in rationalizing outright belief, non‐statistical evidence also plays a preponderant role in rationalizing credence. More precisely, when both types of evidence are present in a context, non‐statistical evidence should receive a heavier weight than statistical evidence in determining rational credence. Second, based on this result, we argue that a modified version of the Rational Threshold View can avoid the problem of statistical evidence. We conclude by suggesting a possible explanation of the varying sensitivity to different types of evidence for belief and credence based on the respective aims of these attitudes.
Safety evaluation of the canine osteosarcoma vaccine, live Listeria vector
Authors: Musser Margaret L. , Berger Erika P. , Tripp Chelsea D. , Clifford Craig A. , Bergman Philip J. , Johannes Chad M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCanine osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive bone tumour in dogs. Standard‐of‐care treatment typically results in relatively short survival times; thus, alternative treatments are needed to confer a survival advantage. It has been shown that OSA is an immunogenic tumour, suggesting that immune modulation may result in superior outcomes. A cryopreserved, Listeria‐based OSA vaccine was recently developed and an initial study in dogs reported prolonged survival for patients receiving the vaccine in conjunction with standard‐of‐care. The goal of the current observational study was to report on the safety of the lyophilized formulation of this vaccine (the canine OSA vaccine, live Listeria vector [COV‐LLV]) in a group of dogs previously diagnosed with OSA. Forty‐nine (49) dogs received the COV‐LLV and were included for analysis. Adverse events (AEs) noted during and after vaccinations were recorded. The AEs observed were typically mild and self‐limiting, with nausea, lethargy and fever being most common. Four dogs (8%) cultured positive for Listeria (three infections including an amputation site abscess, septic stifle joint and bacterial cystitis; and one dog whose lungs cultured Listeria‐positive on necropsy within 24 hours of COV‐LLV administration). These cases join the previously reported Listeria‐positive thoracic abscess that developed in a canine following use of COV‐LLV. Although uncommon, it is important to realize this clinically significant AE is possible in patients treated with live therapeutic Listeria vaccines. As Listeria is zoonotic, caution is required not only for the patient receiving the vaccine, but also for the health care workers and family caring for the patient.
Extracellular metabolism of the enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) in the murine colon
Authors: Durnin Leonie , Kurahashi Masaaki , Sanders Kenton M. , Mutafova‐Yambolieva Violeta N. 
Published: July 2020

Key pointsβ‐Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) is a key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon.The neuroeffector junction in the gut consists of enteric motor neurons and SIP syncytium, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and cells expressing platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα+cells).Measuring metabolism of 1,N6‐etheno‐NAD (eNAD) in colonic tunica muscularis and in SMCs, ICC and PDGFRα+cells with HPLC‐FLD, we report that (1) in tissues, eNAD is degraded to eADP‐ribose, eAMP and e‐adenosine (eADO) by CD38, ENPP1 and NT5E, (2) with SMCs and PDGFRα+cells, eNAD is metabolized to eADO by ENPP1 and NT5E, (3) eNAD is not metabolized by ICC, (4) NT5E is expressed chiefly by SMCs and moderately by PDGFRα+cells, (5) SIP cells are not the primary location of CD38.These data argue that the duration and strength of purinergic neurotransmission can be modulated by targeting multiple enzymes with specialized cellular distribution in the colon.AbstractPrior studies suggest that β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) is an important inhibitory motor neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system. Metabolism of β‐NAD at the neuroeffector junction (NEJ) is likely to be necessary for terminating inhibitory neurotransmission and may also produce bioactive metabolites. The enteric NEJ consists of enteric neurons and postjunctional cells of the SIP syncytium, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and cells expressing platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα+cells). We examined possible specialized functions of the NEJ in β‐NAD metabolism by determining the degradation of 1,N6‐etheno‐NAD (eNAD) in colonic tunica muscularis of wild‐type,Cd38−/−,Nt5e−/−,Enpp1−/−andCd38−/−/Nt5e−/−mice and in SIP cells from mice expressing cell‐specific fluorescent reporters purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We measured eNAD and its metabolites eADP‐ribose (eADPR), eAMP and e‐adenosine (eADO) from tissues and sorted SIP cells using liquid chromatography. eNAD exposed to colonic muscularis of wild‐type mice produced eADPR, eAMP and eADO. CD38 mediated the conversion of eNAD to eADPR, whereas ENPP1 mediated degradation of eNAD and eADPR to eAMP. NT5E (aka CD73) was the primary enzyme forming eADO from eAMP. PDGFRα+cells and SMCs were involved in production of eADO from eNAD, and ICC were not involved in extracellular metabolism of eNAD. CD38 mediated the eNAD metabolism in whole tissues, but CD38 did not appear to be functionally expressed by SMCs or ICC. NT5E was expressed in SMCs > PDGFRα+cells. Our data show that extracellular metabolism of β‐NAD in the colon is mediated by multiple enzymes with cell‐specific expression.
College Athletic Trainers’ Perceptions of Rest and Physical Activity When Managing Athletes With a Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Petit Kyle M. , Covassin Tracey 
Published: July 2020

Context:Cognitive and physical rest are commonly utilized when managing a sport-related concussion (SRC); however, emerging research now suggests that excessive rest may negatively impact recovery. Despite current research recommendations, athletic trainers (ATs) may be behind in implementing this emerging research into clinical practice.Objective:To assess college ATs’ perceptions and implementation of an emerging SRC management approach (cognitive and physical rest and activity).Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Survey.Participants:A total of 122 (11.8%) ATs (53.3% female; 10.8 [9.8] y experience; 8.7 [6.9] SRCs managed annually) responded to the survey, which was randomly distributed to 1000 members of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, as well as 31 additional ATs from varying universities.Main Outcome Measures:A 5-point Likert scale assessed the ATs’ perceptions and clinical practices as they relate to specific athlete behaviors (ie, texting, sleeping). The ATs were asked about their willingness to incorporate physical activity into clinical practice.Results:Playing video games (95.9%) and practicing (93.4%) were the activities most perceived to extend SRC recovery. However, sleeping more than usual (7.4%) and increased time in a dark environment (11.5%) were viewed as less likely to extend recovery. ATs restricted practicing (98.4%) and working out (91.8%) for athletes with SRC, while sleeping more than usual (6.6%) and increased time in a dark environment (13.1%) were less restricted. About 71% of the ATs would implement light physical activity for athletes with a symptom score of 1 to 5, 31% with scores of 6 to 10, and 15% with scores of 11 to 20. About 43%, 74%, and 97% believe that light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity, while symptomatic, will extend recovery, respectively.Conclusions:The ATs were receptive to including light physical activity into their SRC management, although only in certain situations. However, most ATs’ beliefs and clinical practices did not completely align with emerging research recommendations for the management of SRCs.
Can a Conservative Rehabilitation Strategy Improve Shoulder Proprioception? A Systematic Review
Authors: Ager Amanda L. , Borms Dorien , Bernaert Magali , Brusselle Vicky , Claessens Mazarine , Roy Jean-Sébastien , Cools Ann 
Published: July 2020

Context: Proprioception deficits contribute to persistent and recurring physical disability, particularly with shoulder disorders. Proprioceptive training is thus prescribed in clinical practice. It is unclear whether nonsurgical rehabilitation can optimize shoulder proprioception. Objectives: To summarize the available evidence of conservative rehabilitation (ie, nonsurgical) on proprioception among individuals with shoulder disorders. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were systematically searched, from inception until November 24, 2019. Selected articles were systematically assessed, and the methodological quality was established using the Dutch Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were utilized for this review. The conservative treatments were categorized as follows: (1) conventional therapy, (2) proprioceptive training, (3) elastic kinesiology tape, and (4) other passive therapies. Evidence Synthesis: Twelve articles were included, yielding 58 healthy control shoulders and 362 shoulders affected by impingement syndrome, glenohumeral dislocations, nonspecific shoulder pain, rotator cuff dysfunction, or subluxation poststroke. The level of agreement between the evaluators was excellent (84.9%), and the studies were evaluated to be of fair to excellent quality (risk of bias: 28.5%–100%). This review suggests, with moderate evidence, that proprioceptive training (upper-body wobble board or flexible foil training) can improve proprioception in the midterm. No decisive evidence exists to suggest that conventional therapy is of added value to enhance shoulder proprioception. Conflicting evidence was found for the improvement of proprioception with the application of elastic kinesiology tape, while moderate evidence suggests that passive modalities, such as microcurrent electrical stimulation and bracing, are not effective for proprioceptive rehabilitation of the shoulder. Conclusions: Proprioceptive training demonstrates the strongest evidence for the effective rehabilitation of individuals with a shoulder proprioceptive deficit. Elastic kinesiology tape does not appear to affect the sense of shoulder proprioception. This review suggests a possible specificity of training effect with shoulder proprioception.
Metamorphic evolution of Proterozoic ultramafic rocks from the Oaxacan Complex (Oaxaca State, southern Mexico): Tectonic implications
Authors: Culí* Laura , Solé Jesús , Ortega-Gutiérrez Fernando 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The Oaxacan Complex represents the largest outcrop of Grenvillian basement in Mexico. Broadly, it consists of pelitic gneisses, quartzofeldspathic gneisses, metasomatic calc-silicates, orthoamphibolites, and marbles, all intruded by anorthosites, orthocharnockites, and orthogneisses. The entire assemblage underwent granulite-facies metamorphism ca. 1 Ga. We studied for the first time the ultramafic rocks of the Oaxacan Complex, represented by six different samples, all corresponding to ultramafic granulites. Their igneous equivalents are orthopyroxenites, websterites, and clinopyroxenites, and they occur as metric-scale lenses or centimetric layers in paragneisses, or in mingling textures with anatectic marbles. We studied their petrography, geochemistry, geochronology, and geothermobarometry to elucidate their genesis and tectonic implications. Our samples have enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt and oceanic-island-arc affinities, both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline. Rare earth element patterns normalized to chondritic uniform reservoir from whole rock or single minerals define two or three main groups related to their origin and metamorphic history. Based on their protoliths, these rocks can be divided into: (1) ortho-derived pyroxenites (pre–Grenvillian orogeny), the origin of which was a magmatic cumulate or mafic melt or a mantle rock that had undergone metasomatism; and (2) para-derived pyroxenites (syn- or post-Grenvillian orogeny), the origin of which was a calc-silicate rock undergoing pervasive anatectic and metasomatic processes. The geothermobarometry revealed different stages in the syn- and post-Grenvillian granulitic metamorphic history of the Oaxacan Complex. The high temperature calculated from one sample (~945 °C), in the ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic field, is probably closer to the granulitic metamorphism peak than those obtained in previous studies, although a relict igneous temperature cannot be ruled out with the present data.
Autotomy and Regeneration in Squamate Reptiles (Squamata, Reptilia): Defensive Behavior Strategies and Morphological Characteristics (Using Computer Microtomography Methods)
Authors: Gordeev D. A. , Ananjeva N. B. , Korost D. V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIt has been noted that caudal autotomy as a way of defending against predators in recent reptiles is characteristic solely of lepidosaurs and is absent in crocodiles and turtles. It was found that, in the order Rhynchocephalia and in representatives of the majority of families of lizards, intravertebral (IntraVB) autotomy is a widespread phenomenon, whereas agamid lizards and some snakes do not have a break plane, and their tails break between adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral (InterVB) autotomy). The frequencies of occurrence of InterVB autotomy and regeneration in six species of agamas of the genusParalaudakiawere analyzed. Six types of regenerate’s characteristic of the studied group and the anatomical structure of the knob -shaped jagged regenerate are described on the basis of the results of computed microtomography (micro-CT). Phenomena of autotomy and regeneration are discussed in the phylogenetic context.
Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people
Authors: Hippisley-Cox Julia , Young Duncan , Coupland Carol , Channon Keith M , Tan Pui San , Harrison David A , Rowan Kathryn , Aveyard Paul , Pavord Ian D , Watkinson Peter J 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThere is uncertainty about the associations of angiotensive enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs with COVID-19 disease. We studied whether patients prescribed these drugs had altered risks of contracting severe COVID-19 disease and receiving associated intensive care unit (ICU) admission.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study using routinely collected data from 1205 general practices in England with 8.28 million participants aged 20–99 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models to derive adjusted HRs for exposure to ACE inhibitor and ARB drugs adjusted for sociodemographic factors, concurrent medications and geographical region. The primary outcomes were: (a) COVID-19 RT-PCR diagnosed disease and (b) COVID-19 disease resulting in ICU care.FindingsOf 19 486 patients who had COVID-19 disease, 1286 received ICU care. ACE inhibitors were associated with a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 disease (adjusted HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.74) but no increased risk of ICU care (adjusted HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.06) after adjusting for a wide range of confounders. Adjusted HRs for ARBs were 0.63 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.67) for COVID-19 disease and 1.02 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.25) for ICU care.There were significant interactions between ethnicity and ACE inhibitors and ARBs for COVID-19 disease. The risk of COVID-19 disease associated with ACE inhibitors was higher in Caribbean (adjusted HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28) and Black African (adjusted HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.59) groups than the white group (adjusted HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.70). A higher risk of COVID-19 with ARBs was seen for Black African (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.58) than the white (adjusted HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.62) group.InterpretationACE inhibitors and ARBs are associated with reduced risks of COVID-19 disease after adjusting for a wide range of variables. Neither ACE inhibitors nor ARBs are associated with significantly increased risks of receiving ICU care. Variations between different ethnic groups raise the possibility of ethnic-specific effects of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on COVID-19 disease susceptibility and severity which deserves further study.
Direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery for ethylene vinyl alcohol embolization of a type 3 arteriovenous fistula with a dual lumen balloon
Authors: Clarençon Frédéric , Shotar Eimad , Pouvelle Arnaud , Mouyal Samuel , Lenck Stéphanie , Premat Kevin , Cornu Philippe , Sourour Nader-Antoine 
Published: July 2020

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) may be difficult to treat by endovascular means, especially when the arterial feeders to the fistula are tortuous. 1 The usual main feeder to intracranial dAVFs is the middle meningeal artery, which may present very tight loops that are often difficult to cross with a microcatheter. 2 Direct puncture of a subcutaneous artery feeding the fistula indirectly via transosseous branches may be a valuable strategic option to overcome this limitation. 3 4 We report here the successful embolization of a Cognard type 3 parietal dAVF by direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery under roadmap guidance. The dAVF was subsequently embolized with ethylene vinyl alcohol via a dual lumen balloon, under balloon inflation. We highlight in this technical video 1 the potential difficulties and risks of direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery. We also stress the risk of delayed scalp necrosis using this technique.Video 1.
On the ionization loss spectra of high-energy channeled negatively charged particles
Authors: Trofymenko S. V. , Kyryllin I. V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ionization loss spectra of high-energy negatively charged particles which move in the planar channeling mode in a silicon crystal are studied with the use of numerical simulation. The case when the crystal thickness is on the order of the dechanneling length $$l_d$$ld is considered. It is shown that in this case the shape of the spectrum noticeably depends on $$l_d$$ld. The evolution of various characteristic parameters of the spectrum with the change of $$l_d$$ld is investigated. A method of the experimental determination of $$l_d$$ld on the basis of the measurement of the ionization loss spectrum is proposed.
Modules with annihilation property
Authors: Mohammadi Rasul , Moussavi Ahmad , Zahiri Masoome 
Published: July 2020

Let [Formula: see text] be an associative ring with identity. A right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is said to have Property ([Formula: see text]), if each finitely generated ideal [Formula: see text] has a nonzero annihilator in [Formula: see text]. Evans [Zero divisors in Noetherian-like rings, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 155(2) (1971) 505–512.] proved that, over a commutative ring, zero-divisor modules have Property ([Formula: see text]). We study and construct various classes of modules with Property ([Formula: see text]). Following Anderson and Chun [McCoy modules and related modules over commutative rings, Comm. Algebra 45(6) (2017) 2593–2601.], we introduce [Formula: see text]-dual McCoy modules and show that, for every strictly totally ordered monoid [Formula: see text], faithful symmetric modules are [Formula: see text]-dual McCoy. We then use this notion to give a characterization for modules with Property ([Formula: see text]). For a faithful symmetric right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] and a strictly totally ordered monoid [Formula: see text], it is proved that the right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is primal if and only if [Formula: see text] is primal with Property ([Formula: see text]).
Blockade of the Short Form of Prolactin Receptor Induces FOXO3a/EIF-4EBP1–Mediated Cell Death in Uterine Cancer
Authors: Wen Yunfei , Wang Ying , Chelariu-Raicu Anca , Stur Elaine , Liu Yuan , Corvigno Sara , Bartsch Faith , Redfern Lauren , Zand Behrouz , Kang Yu , Liu Jinsong , Baggerly Keith , Sood Anil K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Abnormal activity of human prolactin (PRL) and its membrane-associated receptor (PRLR) contributes to the progression of uterine carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood, and current means of targeting the PRL/PRLR axis in uterine cancer are limited. Our integrated analyses using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases demonstrated that a short form of PRLR (PRLR_SF) is the isoform predominantly expressed in human uterine cancers; expression of this PRLR_SF was elevated in uterine cancers in comparison with cancer-free uterine tissues. We hypothesized that the overexpression of PRLR_SF in uterine cancer cells contributes, in part, to the oncogenic activity of the PRL/PRLR axis. Next, we employed G129R, an antagonist of human PRL, to block the PRL/PRLR axis in both PTENwt and PTENmut orthotopic mouse models of uterine cancer. In comparison with control groups, treatment with G129R as monotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel resulted in a significant reduction of growth and progression of orthotopic uterine tumors. Results from protein profiling of uterine cancer cells and in vivo tumors revealed a set of new downstream targets for G129R. Our results showed that G129R induced sub-G0 population arrest, decreased nascent protein synthesis, and initiated FOXO3a/EIF-4EBP1–mediated cell death in both PTENwt and PTENmut uterine cancer cells. Collectively, our results show a unique pattern of PRLR_SF expression predominantly in uterine cancer. Moreover, FOXO3a and EIF-4EBP1 are important mediators of cell death following G129R treatment in uterine cancer models.