bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune dysregulation among students exposed to exam stress and its mitigation by mindfulness training: findings from an exploratory randomised trial
Authors: Turner Lorinda , Galante Julieta , Vainre Maris , Stochl Jan , Dufour Géraldine , Jones Peter B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPsychological distress persisting for weeks or more promotes pro-inflammatory immune dysregulation, a risk factor for a range of chronic diseases. We have recently shown that mindfulness training reduces distress among university students. Here we present an exploratory trial to study immune dysregulation in a cohort of students who were exposed to progressively greater stress as the exam period approached, and to explore whether mindfulness training mitigated this dysregulation. Healthy University of Cambridge students were randomised to join an 8-week mindfulness course (N = 27), or to mental health support as usual (N = 27). Psychological distress, immune cell proportions, cytokines, CRP and serum cortisol were measured at baseline and during the exam period. Increased distress was associated with statistically significant increases in the proportion of B cells, regardless of trial arm (*p = 0.027). There were no other associations between any of the measured parameters, distress or mindfulness. Our finding that the proportion of B cells increases with psychological distress supports the findings of other studies. However, we found no evidence that mindfulness training is able to buffer the effects of psychological distress on healthy participants’ immune system. In order to detect these effects, should they exist, larger randomised trials will be required.
Evidence for functional selectivity in TUDC- and norUDCA-induced signal transduction via α5β1 integrin towards choleresis
Authors: Bonus Michele , Sommerfeld Annika , Qvartskhava Natalia , Görg Boris , Ludwig Beatrice Stefanie , Kessler Horst , Gohlke Holger , Häussinger Dieter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFunctional selectivity is the ligand-specific activation of certain signal transduction pathways at a receptor and has been described for G protein-coupled receptors. However, it has not yet been described for ligands interacting with integrins without αI domain. Here, we show by molecular dynamics simulations that four side chain-modified derivatives of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDC), an agonist of α5β1 integrin, differentially shift the conformational equilibrium of α5β1 integrin towards the active state, in line with the extent of β1 integrin activation from immunostaining. Unlike TUDC, 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA)-induced β1 integrin activation triggered only transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and, consequently, only transient insertion of the bile acid transporter Bsep into the canalicular membrane, and did not involve activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. These results provide evidence that TUDC and norUDCA exert a functional selectivity at α5β1 integrin and may provide a rationale for differential therapeutic use of UDCA and norUDCA.
Increasing fragmentation of forest cover in Brazil’s Legal Amazon from 2001 to 2017
Authors: Montibeller Bruno , Kmoch Alexander , Virro Holger , Mander Ülo , Uuemaa Evelyn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPersistent forest loss in the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA) is responsible for carbon emission, reduction of ecosystem services, and loss of biodiversity. Combining spatial data analysis with high spatial resolution data for forest cover and forest loss, we quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of forest dynamics in the BLA. We identified an alarming trend of increasing deforestation, with especially high rates in 2016 and 2017. Moreover, the creation of forest cover fragments is faster than ever due to decreasing size and dispersion of forest loss patches. From 2001 to 2017, the number of large forest loss patches decreased significantly, accompanied by a reduction in the size of these patches. Enforcement of field inspections and of initiatives to promote forest conservation will be required to stop this trend.
Cell body shape and directional movement stability in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Arioka Yuko , Shishido Emiko , Kushima Itaru , Mori Daisuke , Ozaki Norio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNeuronal migration is necessary in the process of the formation of brain architecture. Recently, we demonstrated that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons exhibit directional migration in vitro. However, it remains unclear how the cell shape is involved in their migration. In this study, we performed live imaging analyses using human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Our automated method, which can automatically identify the cell body shape and the cell position at specific time points, revealed that healthy iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons migrate according to their shape. This migration behavior was out of accord in neurons derived from iPSCs carrying an RELN deletion. Our findings provide a novel theory that cell body orientation is related to the stability of movement direction for human dopaminergic neurons, under the regulation of RELN.
Integrated Optofluidic Chip for Oscillatory Microrheology
Authors: Vitali Valerio , Nava Giovanni , Zanchetta Giuliano , Bragheri Francesca , Crespi Andrea , Osellame Roberto , Bellini Tommaso , Cristiani Ilaria , Minzioni Paolo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe propose and demonstrate an on-chip optofluidic device allowing active oscillatory microrheological measurements with sub-μL sample volume, low cost and high flexibility. Thanks to the use of this optofluidic microrheometer it is possible to measure the viscoelastic properties of complex fluids in the frequency range 0.01–10 Hz at different temperatures. The system is based on the optical forces exerted on a microbead by two counterpropagating infrared laser beams. The core elements of the optical part, integrated waveguides and an optical modulator, are fabricated by fs-laser writing on a glass substrate. The system performance is validated by measuring viscoelastic solutions of aqueous worm-like micelles composed by Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPyCl) and Sodium Salicylate (NaSal).
Real-time Burn Classification using Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Lee Sangrock , Rahul  , Ye Hanglin , Chittajallu Deepak , Kruger Uwe , Boyko Tatiana , Lukan James K. , Enquobahrie Andinet , Norfleet Jack , De Suvranu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article presents a real-time approach for classification of burn depth based on B-mode ultrasound imaging. A grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) computed from the ultrasound images of the tissue is employed to construct the textural feature set and the classification is performed using nonlinear support vector machine and kernel Fisher discriminant analysis. A leave-one-out cross-validation is used for the independent assessment of the classifiers. The model is tested for pair-wise binary classification of four burn conditions in ex vivo porcine skin tissue: (i) 200 °F for 10 s, (ii) 200 °F for 30 s, (iii) 450 °F for 10 s, and (iv) 450 °F for 30 s. The average classification accuracy for pairwise separation is 99% with just over 30 samples in each burn group and the average multiclass classification accuracy is 93%. The results highlight that the ultrasound imaging-based burn classification approach in conjunction with the GLCM texture features provide an accurate assessment of altered tissue characteristics with relatively moderate sample sizes, which is often the case with experimental and clinical datasets. The proposed method is shown to have the potential to assist with the real-time clinical assessment of burn degrees, particularly for discriminating between superficial and deep second degree burns, which is challenging in clinical practice.
Shear Stress in Schlemm’s Canal as a Sensor of Intraocular Pressure
Authors: McDonnell Fiona , Perkumas Kristin M. , Ashpole Nicole E. , Kalnitsky Joan , Sherwood Joseph M. , Overby Darryl R. , Stamer W. Daniel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElevated intraocular pressure (IOP) narrows Schlemm’s canal (SC), theoretically increasing luminal shear stress. Using engineered adenoviruses containing a functional fragment of the shear-responsive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) promoter, we tested effects of shear stress and elevated flow rate on reporter expression in vitro and ex vivo. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and SC cells were transduced with adenovirus containing eNOS promoter driving secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and subjected to shear stress. In parallel, human anterior segments were perfused under controlled flow. After delivering adenoviruses to the SC lumen by retroperfusion, the flow rate in one anterior segment of pair was increased to double pressure. In response to high shear stress, HUVECs and SC cells expressed more SEAP and GFP than control. Similarly, human anterior segments perfused at higher flow rates released significantly more nitrites and SEAP into perfusion effluent, and SC cells expressed increased GFP near collector channel ostia compared to control. These data establish that engineered adenoviruses have the capacity to quantify and localize shear stress experienced by endothelial cells. This is the first in situ demonstration of shear-mediated SC mechanobiology as a key IOP-sensing mechanism necessary for IOP homeostasis.
Global Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): Systematic Review with Meta-analysis
Authors: Nirwan Jorabar Singh , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din , Conway Barbara R. , Ghori Muhammad Usman 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a common medical complaint, there is currently no consensus on the global prevalence of GORD. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on GORD prevalence and risk factors at a global level. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were systematically searched, without language restrictions, for studies on the prevalence and risk factors of GORD. Data were pooled using a random effects model (95% confidence interval), and the odds ratio and relative risk for each risk factor were calculated. Out of 34,355 search results, 96 records reporting the results from 102 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, representing 37 countries and all regions of the UN geoscheme. The global pooled prevalence of GORD was 13.98% and varied greatly according to region (12.88% in Latin America and the Caribbean to 19.55% in North America) and country (4.16% in China to 22.40% in Turkey). Using the United Nations 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects, the estimated number of individuals suffering from GORD globally is 1.03 billion. Multiple risk factors associated with a significant increase in the risk of GORD were also identified. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that although a substantial proportion (13.98%) of the global population suffers from GORD, there are significant variations between regions and countries. Risk factors for GORD were also identified which may allow clinicians to recognise individuals most at risk.
The gut microbiome but not the resistome is associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children
Authors: Osakunor Derick N. M. , Munk Patrick , Mduluza Takafira , Petersen Thomas N. , Brinch Christian , Ivens Alasdair , Chimponda Theresa , Amanfo Seth A. , Murray Janice , Woolhouse Mark E. J. , Aarestrup Frank M. , Mutapi Francisca 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHelminth parasites have been shown to have systemic effects in the host. Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we characterise the gut microbiome and resistome of 113 Zimbabwean preschool-aged children (1–5 years). We test the hypothesis that infection with the human helminth parasite,Schistosoma haematobium, is associated with changes in gut microbial and antimicrobial resistance gene abundance/diversity. Here, we show that bacteria phylaBacteroidetes,Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and fungi phylaAscomycota, Microsporidia, Zoopagomycotadominate the microbiome. The abundance ofProteobacteria,Ascomycota, andBasidiomycotadiffer between schistosome-infected versus uninfected children. Specifically, infection is associated with increases inPseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Derxia, Thalassospira,Aspergillus, Tricholoma, andPeriglandula, with a decrease inAzospirillum. We find 262 AMR genes, from 12 functional drug classes, but no association with individual-specific data. To our knowledge, we describe a novel metagenomic dataset of Zimbabwean preschool-aged children, indicating an association between urogenital schistosome infection and changes in the gut microbiome.
Metallomic and lipidomic analysis of S. cerevisiae response to cellulosic copper nanoparticles uncovers drivers of toxicity
Authors: Winans Matthew J , Gallagher Jennifer E G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Nanotechnology is a promising new technology, of which antimicrobial metal nanocomposites are predicted to become valuable in medical and food packaging applications. Copper is a redox-active antimicrobial metal that can become increasingly toxic depending on the target biomolecule’s donor atom selectivity and the chemical species of copper present. Mass is the traditional measurement of the intrinsic elemental chemistry, but this practice fails to reflect the morphology and surface area reactivity of nanotechnology. The carboxymethyl cellulose copper nanoparticles (CMC-Cu) investigated in this study have unique and undefined toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is different from CuSO4. Cellular surface damage was found in scanning electron micrographs upon CMC-Cu exposure. Further investigation into the lipids revealed altered phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine membrane composition, as well as depleted triacylglycerols, suggesting an impact on the Kennedy lipid pathway. High levels of reactive oxygen species were measured which likely played a role in the lipid peroxidation detected with CMC-Cu treatment. Metal homeostasis was affected by CMC-Cu treatment. The copper sensitive yeast strain, YJM789, significantly decreased cellular zinc concentrations while the copper concentrations increased, suggesting a possible ionic mimicry relationship. In contrast to other compounds that generate ROS, no evidence of genotoxicity was found. As commonplace objects become more integrated with nanotechnology, humanity must look forward past traditional measurements of toxicity.
High antisite defect concentrations in hard-sphere colloidal Laves phases
Authors: van der Meer Berend , Smallenburg Frank , Dijkstra Marjolein , Filion Laura 
Published: April 2020

We show that the equilibrium Laves phase in binary hard-sphere mixtures contains an extraordinarily high concentration of antisite defects: we find stable regions where up to 2% of the large-particle lattice sites are occupied by a small particle.
Experimental constraints on the ordinary chondrite shock darkening caused by asteroid collisions
Authors: Kohout T. , Petrova E. V. , Yakovlev G. A. , Grokhovsky V. I. , Penttilä A. , Maturilli A. , Moreau J.-G. , Berzin S. V. , Wasiljeff J. , Danilenko I. A. , Zamyatin D. A. , Muftakhetdinova R. F. , Heikkilä M. 
Published: April 2020

Context.Shock-induced changes in ordinary chondrite meteorites related to impacts or planetary collisions are known to be capable of altering their optical properties. Thus, one can hypothesize that a significant portion of the ordinary chondrite material may be hidden within the observed dark C/X asteroid population.Aims.The exact pressure-temperature conditions of the shock-induced darkening are not well constrained. Thus, we experimentally investigate the gradual changes in the chondrite material optical properties as a function of the shock pressure.Methods.A spherical shock experiment with Chelyabinsk LL5 was performed in order to study the changes in its optical properties. The spherical shock experiment geometry allows for a gradual increase of shock pressure from ~15 GPa at a rim toward hundreds of gigapascals in the center.Results.Four distinct zones were observed with an increasing shock load. The optical changes are minimal up to ~50 GPa. In the region of ~50–60 GPa, shock darkening occurs due to the troilite melt infusion into silicates. This process abruptly ceases at pressures of ~60 GPa due to an onset of silicate melting. At pressures higher than ~150 GPa, recrystallization occurs and is associated with a second-stage shock darkening due to fine troilite-metal eutectic grains. The shock darkening affects the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region while changes to the MIR spectrum are minimal.Conclusions.Shock darkening is caused by two distinct mechanisms with characteristic pressure regions, which are separated by an interval where the darkening ceases. This implies a reduced amount of shock-darkened material produced during the asteroid collisions.
Lipid-Management 2020 – medikamentöse Therapie und Lipidapherese im Kontext
Authors: Rogacev Kyrill S. , Laufs Ulrich 
Published: April 2020

Was ist neu?
Medikamentöse Therapie Die aktualisierte Dyslipidämie-Leitlinie der European Society of Cardiology senkt nochmals die LDL-Cholesterinzielwerte. Zur Erreichung dieser Zielwerte werden hochpotente Statine und vermehrt Kombinationspartner wie Ezetimib und PCSK9-Hemmer nötig werden.
Lipidapherese Die Bestimmung von Lipoprotein(a) zur kardiovaskulären Risikostratifizierung ist nun eine Klasse-II(a)-Empfehlung. Momentan steht lediglich die Lipidapherese zur Senkung von Lipoprotein(a) zur Verfügung, neue medikamentöse Therapieansätze sind allerdings in der klinischen Erprobung.
Das Refeeding-Syndrom beim älteren Patienten
Authors: Wirth Rainer , Pourhassan Maryam , Janssen Gregor 
Published: April 2020

Was ist neu?
Pathophysiologie Trotz mangelnder Aufnahme werden die Serumspiegel von Kalium, Magnesium und Phosphat durch homöostatische Mechanismen lange Zeit zulasten der intrazellulären Konzentrationen aufrechterhalten. Die okkulte intrazelluläre Verarmung dieser Elektrolyte führt bei abrupter Wiederaufnahme der Ernährung und der damit verbundenen Insulinausschüttung zu einem raschen Einstrom dieser Elektrolyte in die Zelle und damit zu sinkenden extrazellulären Spiegeln und einer entsprechenden Symptomatik.
Risikofaktoren Mangelernährung, Gewichtsverlust, Chemotherapie, Diuretika und Alkoholismus sind die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren. Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz von Mangelernährung bei alten Patienten tritt das Refeeding-Syndrom in dieser Patientengruppe besonders häufig auf.
Epidemiologie Insgesamt ist die Datenlage zur Prävalenz des Refeeding-Syndroms bruchstückhaft. Etwa 8 % der älteren Krankenhauspatienten scheinen unter Ernährungstherapie bzw. gesteigerter Nahrungszufuhr ein Refeeding-Syndrom zu entwickeln.
Die Bedeutung einzelner Nährstoffe In der Refeeding-Phase steigen der Phosphat- und auch Thiaminbedarf sprunghaft an. Hypokaliämie und Hypomagnesiämie entstehen häufig parallel.
Symptomatik Die Symptomatik des Refeeding-Syndroms ist sehr variabel und oft unspezifisch. Bei geriatrischen Patienten entspricht das klinische Erscheinungsbild oft dem eines Delirs. Relativ spezifisch ist der zeitliche Verlauf. Ein Refeeding-Syndrom führt typischerweise zu einer klinischen Verschlechterung innerhalb weniger Tage nach Beginn einer Ernährungstherapie.
Prophylaxe und Therapie Die initiale Bestimmung der Serum-Elektrolyte, inklusive Magnesium und Phosphat, sowie ggf. deren Supplementierung, die Bestimmung und die Gabe von Thiamin, ein langsamer Kostaufbau und die Überwachung der Serum-Elektrolyte spielen die zentrale Rolle.
Effekte eines sensomotorischen Trainings in der Rehabilitation von
Brustkrebspatientinnen
Authors: Schmidt Raja , Heckel Alexandra , König Stefan 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Analyse der Wirkungen sensomotorischen Trainings in Kombination mit
einem gerätegestützten Krafttraining auf das Gleichgewicht, die
Kraft der unteren Extremitäten sowie polyneuropathische Beschwerden bei
Brustkrebspatientinnen in der Rehabilitation.
Methoden Brustkrebspatientinnen (n=52) wurden während
einer dreiwöchigen stationären Anschlussheilbehandlung in der
medizinischen Trainingstherapie (3 TE/Woche) in zwei Gruppen
randomisiert. Die Untersuchungsgruppe (n=27) absolvierte ein
sensomotorisches Training mit einem anschließenden
gerätegestützten Krafttraining, die Kontrollgruppe
(n=25) nur ein gerätegestütztes Krafttraining. Vor
Beginn und nach Beendigung des Trainingszeitraums wurden das dynamische und
funktionelle Gleichgewicht sowie die isokinetische Maximalkraft gemessen. Zudem
wurden anhand einer Skala die polyneuropathischen Beschwerden der Patientinnen
(n=31 mit diagnostizierter Polyneuropathie; davon: SMT=19;
KG=12) erhoben.
Ergebnisse Im Trainingsexperiment zeigte sich ein signifikanter
Haupteffekt, d. h., dass sowohl die Trainings- als auch die
Kontrollgruppe signifikante Verbesserungen bezüglich der Gleichgewichts-
und Kraftleistung sowie der polyneuropathischen Beschwerden erreichten.
Allerdings konnte kein Interaktionseffekt nachgewiesen werden, die Kombination
aus sensomotorischem und gerätegestütztem Training zeigte
folglich keine Vorteile. Demgegenüber erwiesen sich Alter,
Körpergröße und teilweise der BMI als relevante
Kovariate. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass einerseits in der
Trainingstherapie Methodenvielfalt möglich, andererseits aber das
jeweils ausgewählte Trainingsprogramm individuell anzupassen ist.
Schlussfolgerung Bei einem geringen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand entsteht
durch sensomotorisches Training ein erkennbarer Effekt auf das Wohlbefinden von
Krebskranken, speziell bei Polyneuropathie. Insofern ist es erstrebenswert, dass
sporttherapeutisches Personal Krebskranke über die Vorteile
sensomotorischen Trainings aufklärt und sie in entsprechenden
Übungen unterweist.
Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed (4+3)-Cycloadditions
Authors: Lautens Mark , Lam Heather 
Published: April 2020

A (4+3)-cycloaddition combines a four-atom synthon and three-atom synthon to form seven-membered rings. In the past decade, many improvements have been made to this class of cycloaddition, including excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities, both intra- and intermolecularly. Through the strategic use of transition-metal catalysts, acids, bases, and organocatalysts, it is possible to perform the cycloaddition on a variety of substrates, generating novel seven-membered rings. With these advances, (4+3)-cycloaddition has also been applied to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds and natural products. We exclude the cycloadditions of cyclic dienes such as furan, pyrrole, cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene as Chiu, Harmata, Mascareñas­ and others have recently published thorough reviews on that topic. We will however discuss the recent additions (2009–2020) to the literature for the (4+3)-cycloadditions involving other types of four-atom synthons.1	Introduction2	Rhodium2.1	Cyclopropanation/Cope Rearrangement2.2	C–H activation3	Gold, Silver4	Copper5	Palladium, Platinum, Iridium6	Dual-Activation7	Conclusion
Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Aryl–Aryl Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kramer Søren 
Published: April 2020

Synthesis of biaryl motifs are crucial for the development and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and functional materials. During the last decade, gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions have evolved from a curiosity to a well-established research field. This review summarizes the field from early examples up to the latest developments. Facile C–H functionalization and orthogonal reactivity compared to many other types of transition metal catalysis, for example, palladium catalysis, makes gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions highly appealing and valuable.1	Introduction2	Early Examples3	Cross-Coupling with External Oxidants4	Cross-Coupling without External Oxidants5	Conclusions