bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
دور وسائل الإعلام في الكشف عن قضايا الفقر في المجتمع العراقي (دراسة ميدانيّة)
Authors: كيطان م. رباب كريم 
Published: October 2019

إن وسائل الإعلام بكافة وسائطها تقدم قسماً كبيراً من المعلومات التي تساعدنا في عملية فهم المجتمع او المجتمعات من حولنا ، وهي كذلك تؤثر في الطريقة التي نبني بها معلوماتنا عن أمور ليس لدينا سبل كافية لاطلاع عليها بشكل مباشر ، ومن بين هذه الأمور قضايا مجتمعية مهمة خصوصا في المجتمع العراقي ومنها قضايا الفقر بكافة جوانبها، لذا تحددت مشكلة البحث بتساؤل رئيس وهو ( ما دور الإعلام في الكشف عن قضايا الفقر في المجتمع العراقي). وقد قسم البحث على ثلاثة مباحث ، تناول الاول منها الإطار المنهجي للدراسة ، وخصص المبحث الثاني للإطار النظري، و جاء المبحث الثالث لعرض نتائج الدراسة الميدانية ، كما تضمن البحث النتائج العامة والاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها البحث ومن أهمها:

بينت النتائج ان السبب الرئيس لمتابعة أغلب نماذج البحث لوسائل الإعلام التي تتناول قضايا الفقر ، هو لأثراء معلوماتهم حول المجتمع العراقي وقضاياه . وترى الباحثة في هذه النتيجة خشية الفرد العراقي مما سوف تأول اليه الامر لذلك هو دائما في ترقب للأحداث .
تصدرت القنوات الفضائية الوسيلة الأكثر تفضيل لاستقاء المعلومات عن الفقر ، وإن سبب تفضيلهم لها لأنهم يثقون بمعلوماتها . وترى الباحثة في ذلك نتيجة منطقية لما للفضائيات من أساليب جذب ، فضلاً عن أن متابعتها لا تحتاج لمهارات لتأثير الصوت والصورة .
أحرزت موضوعات الأسر المحتاجة المرتبة الاولى من بين الموضوعات التي يتابعها نماذج البحث .

كشفت النتائج ان اغلب نماذج البحث يرون أن وسائل الإعلام ساهمت ونجحت في الكشف عن قضايا الفقر
Kitap İnceleme: Kuramdan Uygulamaya Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi Öğretimi
Authors: UZDU YILDIZ Funda 
Published: October 2019

ÖZ: Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde öğreticilerin
yararlanabileceği kaynakların sayısı her geçen gün hem nicelik açısından hem de
nitelik açısından artmaktadır. Dilbilgisi öğretimi konusunda özellikle
öğretmenlere kaynaklık etmeyi amaçlayan bir kitap olan Kuramdan Uygulamaya
Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi Öğretimi, dilbilgisi konularının öğretiminde
izlenebilecek yolları uygulama örnekleriyle birlikte sunan bir çalışmadır.
Kitabın önsözünde belirtilen bazı açıklamalar okuyucular için kitabın hedef
kitlesini ve amacını açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.
Farklı lisans alanlarında eğitimlerini tamamlamış yabancı dil olarak
Türkçe öğretmenleri kitlesine hitap eden kitap Türkçenin dilbilgisi konularının
yabancılara öğretimi için sunum ve uygulama örneklerini biçim/anlam/kullanım
bakış açısıyla ele almış bağlam içinde öğretim etkinlikleriyle açıklamıştır.
How Do Men and Women Refuse? A Study on Refusal Speech Acts
Authors: GÜÇLÜ Ruhan 
Published: October 2019

Gender and speech behavior are considered to be two interrelated variables. Abarghoui (2012) suggests that gender is one of the social variables which influences the refusing behavior of people. This study is an attempt to investigate refusal speech acts of 20 male and 20 female enactors participated in TV dating programs such as "Esra Erol’da" and “Zuhal Topal’la” in regard to the way how they use refusing strategies. Based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) Politeness Theory and face threatening acts, data is analyzed as direct and indirect speech acts and discussed from the perspective of gender difference. Brown and Levinson (1978-1987), Leech (1983), and Searle (1976) agree upon that the indirectness is a feature of politeness. This study shows that women use more euphemistic language while men are more direct in refusal behavior and concludes that gender influences the choices of expressions of refusals.
STUDI ISOLASI DAN RENDEMEN LIGNIN DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)
Authors: Harmaja Simatupang  , Andi Nata  , Netti Herlina  
Published: October 2019

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is one of the solid waste generated by the palm oil industry that contain lots of fiber. Based from its chemical composition, TKKS has the potential to be used as a source of chemicals that lignin. Lignin can be used commercially as binders, adhesives, fillers, surfactants, polymer products, dispersants and other chemicals. This study used fiber powder TKKS cleared of extractive substances to extract them using benzene: 96% ethanol (2:1, v / v) for 6 hours. Fiber powder is then cooked with a variety of cooking 1,2,3 hours with the addition of NaOH variation of 10%, 15%, and 20% to obtain the black liquor, black liquor and dilution variations during lignin isolation. The results showed that the optimum yield of lignin obtained is 16.42% with 84.21% purity lignin in cooking 2 hour treatment with the addition of 20% NaOH and diluting the black liquor 1:2. The test results showed FT-IR has wavelengths lignin constituent functional groups in according with the standard lignin.
KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK DAN PENGARUH NISBAH PEREAKSI, pH AWAL REAKSI DAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP BERAT RENDEMEN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT
Authors: Michael Lim  , Eric Wirtanto  , Zuhrina Masyithah  
Published: October 2019

Indonesia as one of the biggest producer of crude palm oil in the world for sure will have some problems on handling their wastes such as palm shell. Palm shell is one of industrial wastes that having low commercial value with contain about 29,4 % lignin component which very potential for use as new raw material for Sodium LignoSulfonat production. Sodium lignosulphonate (SLS) is a product of isolated lignin sulphonation process using NaHSO3 as sulphonation agent.The research begins with isolated lignin from palm shell amd continued with sulphonation with mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3(b/b) of 1:0.2, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5 and initial pH of 6,7 and 8 at temperature 85 oC and 95 oC. Studies on the efeect of various ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 and initial pH and temperature for the sulphonation raction showed an increasing yield of (SLS) yield. The highest SLS yield of 51,2 % was obtained under condition mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 1:0.3, pH 7 and at temperature 95 oC. The resulted SLS was dark brown, purity 66,1782, pH level between 6-7, water soluble.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEMATANGAN DAN KEKERASAN VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI KAOLIN
Authors: Indah M.S. Sitorus  , Yudha Widyanata  , Indra Surya  
Published: October 2019

By using a semi-efficient sulphur accelerated vulcanization system, an investigation of the effect of alkanolamide on cure characteristics and hardness properties of kaolin-filled natural rubber compounds was carried out. Alkanolamide was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine. Alkanolamide was incorporated into the kaolin filled-natural rubber compound at 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 7.0 Parts per-Hundred RubbeR (phr). It was found that alkanolamide gave shorter scorch time and cure time. Alkanolamide also exhibited higher torque different, crosslink density, and hardnessup to 5.0 phr and then decreased with further increasing the loading of alkanolamide.
EKSTRAKSI KATEKIN DARI DAUN GAMBIR (Uncaria gambir roxb) DENGAN METODE MASERASI
Authors: Desta Donna Putri Damanik  , Nurhayati Surbakti  , Rosdanelli Hasibuan  
Published: October 2019

Catechins are a major components in the plant gambier. Beside catechins, there are several other components such as acid catechu tannat, quersetin, red catechu, gambier flouresin, fats and waxes. More than 80% of gambier production in Indonesia comes from the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatra, mainly in Limapuluh and Pakpak Bharat. Extraction of catechins from gambir leaf was performed by means of maceration that is soaking with a solvent polar. Maceration is carried out by temperature variations, 30°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C; maceration of time that is 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours; and the type of solvent is aquadest, 96% ethanol, 95% ethyl acetate, and a mixture of 96% ethanol and 95% ethyl acetate (1:1). The results were filtered to obtain the filtrate which is then concentrated by rotary vacuum evaporator to test the levels of catechins, moisture content, and ash content. Based on this research the highest levels of catechins obtained the maceration temperature operating conditions of 60 ° C with a time of 6 hours maceration and used 95 % ethyl acetate as solvents in the amount of 87.14 % to 0.925 % moisture content and ash content of 0.04 % .
STUDY OF EICHORNIA CRASSIPES POWDER FROM PANTE RIEK FOR PB2+ ION ADSORPTION
Authors: Mirna Rahmah Lubis  
Published: October 2019

Adsorption capacity was calculated in Eichornia crassipes adsorbent. In several areas of Aceh province such as Meulaboh, Takengon, and Tamiang, people extirpate Eichornia crassipes because it is considered disturbing water flow. Therefore, this research tries to investigate the utilization of Eichornia crassipes so that it could be used as bioadsorbent in order to reduce heavy metal from waste water. The main obejctive of this research is to reduce lead content, and to determine the best condition of lead adsorption in solution by using Eichornia crassipes powder. The analysis is conducted by using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer. Research result indicates that optimum adsorption occurs at solution with pH of 4.4, lead concentration of 40 mg/L, and contact time of 75 minutes. Lead adsorption by Eichornia crassipes biomass follows adsorption isotherm of Langmuir and pseudo-second order with capacity of adsorption (am) of 27,78 mg/g, and adsorption constant (K) is 12 L/mg.
EFISIENSI PENYERAPAN PHOSPAT LIMBAH LAUNDRY MENGGUNAKAN KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea aquatic forsk) DAN JERINGAU (Acorus calamus)
Authors: Fitri Dewi  , M. Faisal  , Mariana  
Published: October 2019

Laundry waste contains high phosphate concentrations that exceeding levels in Regulation No. 82 of 2001 about Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution. When the waste is directly discharged into the sewers or river without treatment, it can cause water pollution and lead to eutrophication. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) and Jeringau (Acorus Calamus l) might be use to absorb phosphate in laundry waste. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of phosphate absorption by using water spinach and Jeringau. The experiments were carried out in a batch system. The results showed that the reduction efficiency of phosphate by Water spinach and Jeringau was 41.61% and 53.75%, respectively.
PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DALAM PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI KULIT SALAK (SALACCA SUMATRANA) DENGAN AKTIFATOR SENG KLORIDA (ZnCl2)
Authors: Muhammad Turmuzi  , Ardiano Oktavianus Sahat Tua  , Fatimah  
Published: October 2019

Activated carbon can be made of organic or anorganic materials. Salak peel is a potential organic material as activated carbon. This research aimed to understand the effect of temperature in activated carbon with chemical activation ZnCl2 production from salak peel. The method included preparation of raw material, chemical activation, pyrolysis and iodine value test. The ratio of ZnCl2 is1:1 g/g, the activation time is 2 hours and the acivation temperature variation is 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 oC. Results showed that the iodine value increased and yield decreased as the increasing of activation temperature. The highest iodine value and yield were achieved at 600°C and 400°C, the values were 694 mg/g and 30,93%.
PENGARUH AKTIVASI ADSORBEN BIOMASSA TERHADAP GUGUS HIDROKSIL PADA PROSES ADSORPSI ION LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb)
Authors: Abdurrahman  , Suhendrayatna  , Syahiddin DS  
Published: October 2019

Lead (Pb) is a very popular and widely metal known by public caused by high use in industries and toxid to living organisms. This research was conducted to investigate the absorption process of Pb ion in synthetic wastewater. The observations focused on the absorption performance by an adsorbent from mixture biomass of palm bunches and rice husk activated with citric acid in various concentrations and observed an increase in the wave number bonding hydroxyl group (OH) after activated with citric acid. Kinetics of adsorption occured at wave number 3200-3600 cm-1 which founded very good performance of hydroxyl groups in the absorption process in that IR spectra area. Pb ion absorption was found the best place on the ratio of biomass (palm bunches: rice husk) 1: 1, which occured 56.70% absorption with initial concentration of 80 ppm. Furthermore, it was found that contact time between adsorbent and metal ions Pb affect to the absorption.
PENGARUH WAKTU FERMENTASI DAN KOMPOSISI LIMBAH ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes) UNTUK MENGHASILKAN GAS BIO DENGAN METODE HIDROLISA BASA MENGGUNAKAN NATRIUM HIDROKSIDA (NaOH)
Authors: Setiaty Pandia  , Pri Hartini  
Published: October 2019

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a plant that become aquatic waste and its existence has not yet widelyused. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin inside it can be used into biogas through fermentation process.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of alkali pretreatment methods on the yield biogas volume and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) revomal percentage. The study was did by fermentation process the water hyacinth with NaOH concentration of 2,86; 3;4; and 6,67 (M) with water in ratio hyacinth:water 70:30; 50:50; 30:70 and 100:0 (v/v) mixed with cow dug starter in an anaerobic digester batch system of 2,5 L capacity. In this study the highest biogas production at NaOH concentration 6,67 M was in ratio of 70:30 (v/v) with yield biogas volume 506 mL and TSS revomal percentage of 93,23%. Minimum value of gasbio production concentration of NaOH 3M withwater hyacinth:water ratio 30:70 (v/v) generate yield biogas volume 158 mL and TSS revomal percentage of 81,48%.
EKSTRAKSI KUERSETIN DARI KULIT TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceum Cav.) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL DENGAN METODE MASERASI DAN SOKLETASI
Authors: Siswarni MZ  , Yusrina Ika Putri  , Rizka Rinda P  
Published: October 2019

The tamarillo peels (Solanum betaceum Cav.) contain flavonoid compounds, quercetin that can serve as antioxidant. This research aims to determine the best condition of operation in tamarillo peels extraction process to obtain the high yield value, and to prove the presence of antioxidant activity quantitatively. The materials used this research are tamarillo peels and ethanol. The independent variables in this research were the concentration of etanol which were 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% for maceration, and 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% for soxhletation. The extraction time are 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days for maceration and 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours for soxhletation. Extraction is done by maceration and soxhletation. The results of the qualitative analysis using FTIR represent the presence of functional groups such as keton, arylether, hydroxyl and aromatic rings which indicates quercetin compound’s presence. In quantitative analysis used Spectrofotometry UV-Vis, with the variation of 99% solvent concentration and 5 hours of extraction time for soxhletation, the highest yield value obtained 0,0877 mg/g. The variation of 80% solvent concentration and 5 days of extraction time for maceration, the highest yield value obtained 0,0705 mg/g
OPTIMASI SINTESIS BIOSURFAKTAN KARBOHIDRAT ESTER DARI ASAM PALMITAT DAN FRUKTOSA MENGGUNAKAN ENZIM LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI
Authors: Hiskia Arapenta Ginting  , Zuhrina Masyithah  , Tjahjono Herawan  , Denny Samuel Silaen  
Published: October 2019

Carbohydrate ester is one of many needed nonionic surfactant groups and has the potential to be an environmental friendly surfactant. The principal problem in the synthesis of carbohydrate ester is to obtain the optimum conversion of palmitic acid from temperature influence, the amount of biocatalyst and reaction time. The optimization of carbohydrate ester synthesis is carried out on three variables that influence the esterification reaction. Therefore, the esterification process is carried out by reacting directly the palmitic acid and fructose using a Novozyme®435 an immobilized lipase enzyme catalyst with a free variable of reaction temperature of 41,5 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, 58,4 oC, the amount of biocatalyst is 6,63%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 13,36% mass based palmitic acid also reaction time of 7,6 hours; 24 hours; 48 hours; 72 hours; 88,3 hours and reacted with fixed variable in 500 rpm; 3:1 substrate ratio (fructose:palmitic acid) and solvent amount 10 ml. The mixture is then separated from the catalyst by filtration. The product was analyzed with determination of acid number to obtain conversion percent of fructose ester, determination of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) an surface tension determination. The optimum conversion rate obtained is 61,80% at 55 oC of reaction temperature, Novozyme®435 enzyme count is 12% and 72 hours of reaction time. From the result of fructose ester surfactant analysis obtained HLB 10,592 value which showed fructose ester surfactant can be used as emulsifier of oil in water.
PEMBUATAN BRIKET DARI KULIT KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT KULIT UBI KAYU
Authors: Rosta Natalia Sinaga  , Rosdanelli Hasibuan  
Published: October 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation carbonization, carbonization time and adhesive variation to charcoal characteristics of cocoa skin using cassava skin adhesive. Briquette is usually made using binder. Binder can embed charcoal each other to form strong and compact briquettes. Some other variables beside binder that influence the quality of briquettes include raw material, compacting presseure and carbonization process. This research used cocoa leather as raw material with cassava skin leaves as binder. All variables affect the content of fixed carbon of the briquettes that influence the caloricvalue of the briquettes. The caloricvalue is the most important factor for determining the quality of the briquettes. In this research, the highest caloricvalue of the briquettes was 4.375 cal/g. It was achieved when cocoa leather were carbonized by method 1 with compaction pressure of 85 kg/cm2 and binderconcentration of 15% where as raw material with particle size of 100 mesh. The caloricvalue of the briquettes was still very low and did not meet the qualification of Indonesian standard for briquettes. Based on the strength test, cassava skin leaves couldn’t be used as briquette’s binder. The produced briquettes that used cassava skin leaves as binder had soft structure and easily destroyed.
PEMANFAATAN ADSORBEN DARI KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao l.) UNTUK MENURUNKAN CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PADA PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT
Authors: Setiaty Pandia  , Astri Devi Yunita Siahaan  , Anita Tiurmaida Hutagalung  
Published: October 2019

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cocoa peel as adsorbents to reduce the content of COD in POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent). The study was initiated by modifying the adsorbent, where the cleansed and crushed cocoa peels with a size variation of 70-100 mesh, 100-120 mesh, dan ≥120 mesh were activated with 0.6 M HNO3 solution at 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 of adsorbent : HNO3 ratio while heated at 80 ᵒC for 2 hours. The adsorption process was carried out using variation of adsorbent mass of 1 g, 1,5 g, and 2 g in 50 mL of Palm Oil Mill Effluent at pH 2 and 200 rpm stirring rate, and variation of contact time of 1, 2, 3, 4 , and 5 hours. The study results showed that particle size ≥120 mesh with adsorbent : HNO3 ratio 1:4 produced the highest iodine number of 596,684 mg/g. The best adsorbent mass was 1 g at 2 hours contact time with 56.79% removal percentage for COD. The appropriate kinetics model of the adsorption of COD was the pseudo-second order model with the correlation coefficient of 0.732.
SINTESIS STEARAMIDA DARI ASAM STEARAT DAN UREA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI
Authors: Muhammad Syukri  , Zuhrina Masyithah  
Published: October 2019

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Stearamide is one kind of surfactant non-ionic which has used on any aplication. This study aims to know about optimum of temperature and time on synthesis of stearamide from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride in mixed solvent. This study will be observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of stearamide surfactant from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted at temperature of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C, reaction time of 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7 hr and 8 hr, substrate molar ratio at 1:6 (w/w), solvent ratio at 2:1 (v/v), weight of catalyst 3% (%w), and stirring speed at 250 rpm. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis stearamide surfactant was obtained at 85 oC and reaction time at 3 hours.
BIOBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION FROM PALM FRONDS AND SHELLS: EFFECT OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE
Authors: Okta Bani  , Iriany  , Taslim  , Cici Novita Sari  , Cindy Carnella  
Published: October 2019

Briquettes are solid fuels from organic materials with high calorific values ​​and burn duration. The composition and particle size of the raw material may affect briquette quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of composition and particle size on calorific value and characteristics of the resulting briquettes. In this study, briquettes were made using palm oil fronds and shells at mass ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and particle size of not-dertemined, 50, 70, and 100 mesh. First, raw material was carbonized at 450°C for 30 minutes then added to 20%wt. starch glue and waste oil (1:1 ratio). Resulting briquettes were analyzed for its water content, ash content, density, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, combustion rate, calorific value, and compressive strength. Satisfying results were obtained for briquettes with a front to shell ratio of 1:8, and a particle size of 100 mesh. At this condition, the resulting briquettes have water content of 5.5%; ash content of 2.54%; density of 0.51 g/cm3; 19.58% vapor content; fixed carbon content of 72.38%; combustion rate of 0.2 g/min (3.4×10-3 g/sec); calorific value of 15.3 kcal/g; and compressive strength of 0.06 N/mm2. These results have complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Japanese, American, and English standards, except for briquette compressive strength, which have not met the industrial standard.
HIDROLISIS SELULOSA MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KARBON TERSULFONASI BERBASIS CANGKANG KEMIRI
Authors: Dian Halimah Batubara  , Taslim  , Seri Maulina  , Iriany  
Published: October 2019

Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) contains cellulose which is convertible to glucose through hydrolysis by using inorganic liquid acid catalyst. However, the use of such catalyst leads to corrosion problem, environment pollution, and complex separation. To overcome this problem, a sulfonated carbon catalyst was proposed. This study aimed to evaluate candlenut shell as carbon source for catalyst support in sulfonated carbon catalyst, and its application in cellulose hydrolysis. Candlenut shell was carbonized at 300-550oC for 4 h. Resulting carbon was sulfonated at 120-150oC for 6 h. Sulfonated carbon was assessed for its H+ capacity/acidity. The carbon with highest acidity was applied as solid acid catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis. Resulting glucose was analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Results suggest that sulfonated carbon from candlenut shell can be utilized as heterogeneous catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis.