bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Postemergence Control of Spotted Spurge in Container Production
Authors: Christopher Marble S. , Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Hoogmoed Albert J. Van , Palmer Cristi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate early postemergence control of spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) in nursery crops using preemergence active herbicides. In Experiment 1, spotted spurge (SS) seed were overseeded at two different dates in a commercial pine bark substrate and were grown until reaching either the cotyledon to one leaf (C–1L) stage, or the two to four leaf (2–4L) stage. Herbicides applied included: Broadstar 1604 (flumioxazin), V-10142 (imazosulfuron), and Tower (dimethenamid-P). These products were applied postemergence at their respective recommended label rate (1 ×) and twice (2 ×) this rate to SS either at the C–1L stage or at the 2–4L stage. In general, V10142 and Tower provided the greatest injury to SS in the C–1L. Tower also provided greatest SS injury in the 2–4L stage. In Experiment 2, postemergence control was tested in the C1-L and 2–4L stages with Broadstar 1604, FreeHand (dimethenamid-P 0.75% + pendimethalin 1.0%), Tower, and Pendulum 3.3 EC (pendimethalin) at the 1× and 2× the label rate. FreeHand at 2×, along with Tower and Pendulum at both rates provided the highest SS injury ratings in the C–1L. Tower at 2× and Pendulum at both rates provided greatest SS injury in the 2–4L. In Experiments 3 and 4, Broadstar (1/2×, 1×, and 2× rate), Casoron (dichlobenil) (1× and 2×), HGH-63 (oxyflurfen) (1×), Certainty (sulfosulfuron) (1× and 2×), Tower (2/3× and 1×), V-10142 (1× and 2×), Pendulum 3.3 EC (1× and 2×), FreeHand (1× and 2×) were applied to SS in either C–1L or 2–4L as described above. Results from Experiments 3 and 4 indicate that Certainty (both rates), Tower (both rates), Pendulum (both rates), and FreeHand (both rates) have postemergence activity on immature SS, especially when applied in the C–1L stage. Postemergence activity declined when herbicides were applied to SS in the 2–4L, however Pendulum (both rates), Certainty (both rates), and FreeHand (2× rate) had a marginal effect.
Comparison of Aged and Fresh WholeTree as a Substrate Component for Production of Greenhouse-Grown Annuals
Authors: Gaches Whitney G. , Fain Glenn B. , Eakes Donald J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
WholeTree (WT) is a potential renewable greenhouse substrate component created by chipping and milling all aboveground portions of a pine tree (Pinus taeda L.). While research regarding the viability of WT as an alternative substrate component is widely available to growers, the potential benefits of aging WT remain unclear. The growth of Dreams White petunia (Petunia ×hybrida ‘Dreams White’) and Little Hero Yellow marigold (Tagetes patula ‘Little Hero Yellow’) in 1:1 (by vol) fresh WT:peat (FWTP) and 1:1 (by vol) aged WT:peat (AWTP), as well as physical properties of AWTP and FWTP were evaluated. For Experiment 1, AWTP had 17.6% particles greater than 3.2 mm as opposed to 12.4% for FWTP. In Experiment 2, this trend was reversed with 8.1% of AWTP particles greater than 3.2 mm and 20.4% for FWTP. For Experiment 1, AWTP had 90.5% total porosity (TP) as compared to 94.4% with FWTP. Air Space (AS) for AWTP was less than FWTP; AWTP had 10% more container capacity (CC) than FWTP. Bulk Density (BD) was similar in Experiment 1. There was no difference in TP in Experiment 2; however, all other physical properties followed a similar trend to Experiment 1. In both experiments marigolds grown in AWTP generally had a lower leachate pH and a higher EC than those grown in FWTP; a trend which was similar in petunia although differences were not present throughout the entire study. Marigolds grown in AWTP had 33% more blooms and 44% greater dry weight than those grown in FWTP, a trend similar in petunias. Aged WT in this study provided a more suitable substrate component for greenhouse grown marigolds and petunias than fresh WT.
Survival and Growth of Callicarpa americana (American Beautyberry) of Northern and Southern Origin in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 and 6
Authors: Graves William R. , Thomas Andrew L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether provenance of origin and use of organic mulch influence survival, vegetative growth, and the number and size of fruit of Callicarpa americana L. (American beautyberry) planted north of its natural distribution in the central United States. Forty-eight plants were established in 2006 at each of four locations north of the natural distribution, two in Missouri and two in Iowa, and at one location within the natural distribution in Arkansas. Plants at each location (24 per provenance) were propagated from seeds collected from plants indigenous to southern Missouri and central Florida. Use of organic mulch increased percentage survival at two of four sites north of the natural distribution after Winter 2006–2007 and across all four northern locations after Winter 2007–2008. Survival of plants from the two origins was similar after Winter 2007–2008. Plants from Florida grew taller than plants from Missouri at the two planting locations in Missouri during the 2007 growing season. Development of fruit was poor in Iowa and was greatest on plants from Florida installed in southern Missouri and on plants from Missouri installed in central Missouri. Survival after Winter 2007–2008 was reduced to an average of 47% at the two sites in Iowa, and, across all sites, more plants from Missouri survived than plants from Florida. Plants within the natural distribution in Arkansas were 68% taller and had clusters of fruit 31% larger in late 2008 than plants at the closest site north of the natural distribution. We conclude American beautyberry can survive when planted in areas with winters colder than those where the species occurs naturally, and that plants from a northern provenance (Missouri) possess a greater capacity to survive than plants from Florida when planted north of the natural distribution in the Upper Midwest. Although the genetic potential for growth and displays of fruit is not manifest north of the species' natural limit, American beautyberry can be an attractive addition to landscapes in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones as cold as zone 5b, where plants from a northern origin that are mulched during winter should be used.
Barricade (prodiamine) Persistance in Pinebark:Sand Substrate
Authors: Briggs Jeanne A. , Whitwell Ted , Riley Melissa B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Barricade (prodiamine) herbicide is used for preemergence weed control in container-grown plants and has been shown to injure certain landscape plants. This research investigated Barricade's (prodiamne's) persistence and movement in a pine bark:sand substrate with greenhouse grown azaleas treated with Barricade (prodiamine). A bentgrass bioassay study indicated similar Barricade (prodiamine) distribution throughout the containers through 60 days after application (DAA). Barricade (prodiamine) residues extracted from the substrate were similar within specific horizons at 30 and 60 DAA indicating a downward herbicide migration within the container. Barricade (prodiamine) may be adsorbed to fine substrate particles and move in the container with the displacement of fine particles during irrigation and substrate settling.
Canna spp. Cultivar Response to the Lesser Canna Leafroller, Geshna cannalis (Quaintance), and the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman)
Authors: Kristine Braman S. , Carr Evelyn R. , Quick James C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty-two cultivars of canna lilies, Canna × generalis, were evaluated for potential resistance to the lesser canna lily leafroller, Geshna cannalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. Both of these pests cause defoliation of the plants resulting in reduced plant fitness and aesthetic injury. Cultivars sustaining the most damage by leafrollers were ‘Richard Wallace’, ‘Firebird’, and ‘Black Knight’. While Japanese beetle injury varied, cultivars most consistently damaged by beetles were ‘Lenape’, ‘Scarlet Wave’, ‘Dawn Pink’, and ‘Crimson Beauty’. While all plants sustained at least some injury, cultivars that consistently had the least amount of damage by leafrollers were ‘Maudie Malcolm’, ‘Striped Beauty’, and ‘Journey's End’. ‘Maudie Malcolm’ and ‘Striped Beauty’ were similarly avoided by Japanese beetles, while ‘Journey's End’ sustained moderate injury from this pest. Tall cultivars with red or orange flowers and some red in their foliage were especially vulnerable to infestation by the lesser canna leafroller.
Economic, Environmental, and Health/Well-Being Benefits Associated with Green Industry Products and Services: A Review
Authors: Hall Charles R. , Dickson Madeline W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Green industry firms have competed for decades on the basis of quality and service. While these competitive dimensions are still important, the industry has continued along its path of maturation and firms must incorporate other factors into their value proposition in order to be successful in this hypercompetitive market. Given the recent economic downturn of 2008–2009, consumers are more value-conscious than ever, but are still willing to consume, and pay premiums for, products and services that enhance their quality of life. This paper summarizes the peer-reviewed research regarding the economic benefits, environmental benefits (eco-systems services), and health/well-being benefits of green industry products and services that serve to enhance the quality of life for consumers.
Use of Ground Miscanthus Straw in Container Nursery Substrates
Authors: Altland James E. , Locke James C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pine bark (PB) is the primary component in nursery substrates in the United States. Availability of pine bark is decreasing and price is increasing. The objective of this research was to determine if miscanthus straw (MS) can replace all or part of the pine bark fraction in nursery container substrates. Five substrates were created that contained 15% sphagnum peatmoss, 5% municipal solid waste compost, and the remaining 80% consisted of one of the five following PB:MS ratios: 0:80, 20:60, 40:40, 60:20, and 80:0. Luna Red hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos) were grown in each substrate and evaluated for eight weeks in a greenhouse. Ground MS increased air space and decreased container capacity and bulk density as its concentration in the substrate increased. Additions of MS did not affect hibiscus chlorophyll content, and had negligible effects on hibiscus foliar nutrient levels. Increasing levels of MS caused a decrease in plant shoot dry weight, although growth reduction was most pronounced with 80% MS. Ground MS has potential to be a suitable substrate for nursery growers, however, some changes to management practices will be necessary.
Influence of Plant Age on Cold Hardiness of Three Container-Grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Kingsley-Richards S.L. , Perry L.P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Overwintering container-grown perennial plants is often necessary during their production. Rooted vegetative cuttings potted at the beginning of the growing season and rooted vegetative cuttings potted at the beginning of the previous growing season, were exposed to−2,−5,−8,−11, and−14C (28, 23, 18, 12, 7F) in January then returned to a greenhouse kept at 3 to 5C (37 to 41F). In June, plants were assessed using a visual rating scale (1 = dead, 3–5 = increasing salable quality) and dry weight of foliage regrowth. For Geranium × cantabrigiense ‘Karmina’, studied for one year, age did not affect either rating or dry weight. For Sedum ‘Matrona’, studied for two years, age had no effect on dry weight but ratings were higher for two-year-old plants than one-year-old plants in the first year and higher for one-year-old plants than two-year-old plants in the second year. For Leucanthemum × superbum ‘Becky’, studied for two years, age affected both rating and dry weight, which were higher for one-year-old plants. Of the cultivars studied, overwintering one-year-old, container-grown plants resulted in more growth and higher quality than overwintered two-year-old plants.
Disease Resistance and Adaptability of Stellar and Flowering Dogwood Cultivars at Two Alabama Sites
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. , Ducar J. , Bowen K.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stellar® dogwood (Cornus florida × kousa) cultivars Aurora®, Constellation®, Celestial™, Ruth Ellen®, and Stellar Pink® were compared with selected flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) cultivars Cherokee Brave®, ‘Cherokee Princess’, ‘Cloud 9’, and ‘Rubra’ in a simulated landscape planting at sites in southwest (USDA Hardiness Zone 8a) and northeast Alabama (USDA Hardiness Zone 7a) for their reaction to the diseases spot anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Cercospora leaf spot. Tree longevity as influenced by the occurrence of the dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) and an ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus sp.) was also assessed at both sites. All Stellar® dogwood cultivars generally proved resistant to the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose as well as powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot. While Cherokee Brave® was the only flowering dogwood with partial resistance to powdery mildew at both sites; this and the other flowering dogwood cultivars were equally susceptible to spot anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot. Insect damage levels were higher at the southwest site than the northeast Alabama site. Within 3 years of establishment at the southwest Alabama site, incidence of tunneling damage attributed to dogwood borer and an ambrosia beetle was higher on the Stellar® dogwood than flowering dogwood cultivars, which also had higher values for tree longevity. In contrast, tree longevity was equally high and insect damage equally low at the northeast Alabama site for both the Stellar® and flowering dogwood cultivars. Superb resistance to the diseases spot anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Cercospora leaf spot translated into superior aesthetics and fall color for the Stellar® compared with the flowering dogwood cultivars at the northeast Alabama site. Hardiness of Stellar® dogwood cultivars in Alabama and possibly other southern states below USDA Hardiness Zone 7a is questionable due to tree vulnerability to the dogwood borer and ambrosia beetle.
Miscanthus × giganteus Can be Propagated from Stem Cuttings
Authors: Meyer Mary Hockenberry , Hong Jeong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Giant miscanthus was successfully propagated with 1 or 2-node basal stem cuttings in July and 2-node basal stem cuttings in September. Upper single nodes, especially those 3rd and 4th most distal from the crown, rooted very poorly. There were no consistent differences among peat, perlite, peat: perlite and vermiculite media; however, in July 2007, cuttings in peat: perlite had significantly higher root dry weights than those in other media; and in July 2006, both peat and peat: perlite had significantly higher dry weights than did vermiculite or perlite. Single-node cuttings produced a higher proportion of plants, but 2-node cuttings had significantly more roots, longer roots and higher dry weights. Two-node September cuttings showed a higher percentage of rooting from the upper nodes than did July cuttings of either size. Although 2-node cuttings require larger propagation space and more materials, they produce less waste and a larger finished product than do single-node cuttings.
The Range and Response of Neonicotinoids on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Joseph Shimat V. , Kristine Braman S. , Quick Jim , Hanula James L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand is a serious pest of eastern and Carolina hemlock in the eastern United States. A series of experiments compared commercially available and experimental insecticides, rates, application methods and timing for HWA control in Georgia and North Carolina. Safari 20 SG (dinotefuran) provided an average of 79 to 87% suppression of adelgid populations within one month after spring application. Arena 50 W (clothianidin) and Merit 75 WP (imidacloprid) were slower acting but provided longer-term adelgid suppression than dinotefuran. However, 26 months after application in spring 2006 HWA re-colonized trees treated with dinotefuran while imidacloprid treatments were still effective. High volume treatments like soil drenches of dinotefuran did not improve adelgid control over low volume applications such as soil injection. Evaluation in July 2008 of a fall 2007 application of Tristar 30 SG (acetamiprid) using arborjet trunk injectors showed no reduction of nymphal populations. Treatment timing and rates did not affect HWA relative to untreated check. The Xytect 75 WSP (imidacloprid) soil injection treatments applied during May, August, or November 2007 and Xytect root-flare micro injection system treatment in November 2007 provided 99 to 100% control in all treatments.
Effect of Repeated Short Interval Flooding Events on Root and Shoot Growth of Four Landscape Shrub Taxa
Authors: Jernigan Kathryne J. , Wright Amy N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Research was conducted to screen four landscape shrub taxa for tolerance to repeated flooding events. Plants of Fothergilla × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’ (dwarf witchalder), Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ (winterberry), Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ (summersweet), and Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ (possumhaw) were flooded repeatedly over six weeks for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 days with a draining period of 6 days between each flooding event. The experiment was repeated for a total of two runs. With the exception of F. × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa showed good visual quality and no reduction in root growth in either run, and effects on shoot growth were minimal. Size index of Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ was 27% higher in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days than in plants flooded for 6 days in run 1 only. Shoot dry weight of Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ was actually 11% higher in plants flooded 6 days days than in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days in run 2. Size index of Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ increased with increasing flood length, and plants flooded for 6 days had a 9% higher SI than plants flooded for 0 days in run 1. With the exception of Fothergilla × intermedia L. ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa appeared tolerant of and even thrived during flooding and would be appropriate shrub selections for a southeastern United States rain garden.
Assessing Alternative Organic Amendments as Horticultural Substrates for Growing Trees in Containers1
Authors: Sax Miles Schwartz , Scharenbroch Bryant C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConventional substrates for nursery plant production typically are soilless media that are comprised of low bulk density material with either organic or synthetic components. These mixes aim to provide a lightweight medium that provides acceptable water holding capacity and nutrient retention and create a suitable environment for root proliferation and biomass growth. In an effort to identify alternatives to traditional container substrates, a comparative amendment study was conducted to observe changes in media qualities and plant growth response of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking' and Acer saccharum over a period of 16 months. Materials used to amend traditional medium included composted green waste, biosolids and wood chips, biochar, aerated compost tea and vermicompost. The results of this study found that all amendments performed equally as well as control (NULL) treatments for root, shoot and total biomass production for both Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking' and Acer saccharum. After a period of 16 months, significant changes in biochemical properties had occurred in mediums amended with biochar, wood chips, composts and biosolids. This study provides data on a variety of alternative materials that can be used as substitutes for traditional greenhouse medium in production of nursery tree stock.Index words: aerated compost tea, biochar, biosolids, carbon to nitrogen ratio, compost, dissolved organic carbon, electrical conductivity, fertilizer, microbial biomass carbon, control, active carbon, microbial respiration, leaf fluorescence, soil water tension, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, volumetric water content, wood chips, water holding capacity.Species used in this study: ‘Viking' black chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott]; sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall).
The Effects of Relative Humidity and Substrate Moisture on Rooting of Hybrid Hazelnuts from Hardwood Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Rusnak Tyler , Braun Lois 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus americana Walter x C. avellana L.) are currently being bred for use as a cold-hardy perennial crop that could produce profits for Midwestern farms while supporting agroecosystem sustainability. However, asexual propagation techniques for producing germplasm for breeding and dissemination purposes have proven difficult. This study was one of a series attempting to develop a protocol for hardwood stem cutting propagation. This study assessed the impact that relative humidity (RH) and substrate moisture has on rooting of hardwood stem cuttings propagated in low-cost humidity tents. Hardwood stem cuttings retrieved from 14 hybrid hazelnut genotypes were planted into enclosed humidity tents, each housing 64 cuttings. Treatments were RH thresholds of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%, which were maintained by daily monitoring and watering to saturate the substrate when a tent's RH fell below its specified RH threshold. Cuttings propagated in 50% and 70% RH tents showed the highest rates of rooting at 16% and 12% respectively, whereas only 7% of cuttings rooted at 90% RH and 3% at 30% RH. By showing that intermediate RH levels and watering regimes are optimal for rooting, these results suggest daily monitoring is not necessary for hardwood stem cutting propagation of hybrid hazelnuts.
Index words: propagation, relative humidity, substrate moisture, hardwood stem cuttings, hazelnuts, adventitious rooting.
Chemicals used in this study: IBA (indole-3-butyric acid).
Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus americana Walter x C. avellana L.).
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Ornamental Crop as Impacted by Two Best Management Practices: Irrigation Delivery and Fertilizer Placement1
Authors: Murphy Anna-Marie , Runion G. Brett , Prior Stephen A. , Torbert H. Allen , Sibley Jeff L. , Gilliam Charles H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Agriculture is one of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To date, much work on reducing GHG emissions has centered on row crops, pastures, forestry, and animal production systems, while little emphasis has been placed on specialty crop industries such as horticulture. In this horticulture container study, Japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc.) was used to evaluate the interaction of irrigation (overhead vs drip) and fertilizer placement (dibble vs incorporated) on GHG emissions (CO2, N2O, and CH4). Plants were grown in 11.4 L (#3) containers with a 6:1 pine bark:sand substrate with standard amendments. All containers received 6.35 mm (0.25 in) water three times daily. Gas samples were collected in situ using the static closed chamber method according to standard protocols and analyzed using gas chromatography. Total cumulative CO2 loss was not affected by differences in irrigation or fertilizer placement. Total cumulative N2O efflux was least for drip-irrigated plants, regardless of fertilizer placement. For overhead-irrigated plants, N2O efflux was greatest for those with incorporated fertilizer. Efflux of CH4 was generally low throughout the study. Findings suggest that utilizing drip irrigation could decrease N2O emissions, regardless of fertilizer placement. However, when limited to overhead irrigation, dibbled fertilizer placement could decrease N2O emissions.
Index words: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, trace gas
Species used in this study: Japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc.)