bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural development strategies in Indonesia: Managing villages to achieve sustainable development
Authors: Tarlani  , Sirajuddin T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Rural development is an appealing phenomenon to be explored. After the Village Law was established in 2014, each village must manage its own village funds. This significantly impacts the spatial and a-spatial aspects of rural development, either creating opportunities in rural areas or even creating new problems. Currently, many villages carry out development without prudently considering spatial aspects. Villages as the main suppliers of various staple foods are unable to achieve self-sufficiency as part of sustainable development. Therefore, it is important to discuss governance aspects. This paper explains rural issues and problems and relates these to the development management framework. The paper uses a literature review and secondary data to identify issues and problems in villages. The paper found that each village can formulate strategic solutions by planning to increase information and public communication, organizing to strengthen systems and internal supervision, actuating to optimize the role of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as well as controlling to strengthen spatial control.
Studies on the stress and thermal properties of Mo/B4C and MoxC1-x/B4C multilayers
Authors: Zhu Jingtao , Ji Bin , Zhu Jie , Jiang Hui , Zhu Shengming , Li Miao , Zhang Jiayi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A comparative study of Mo/B4C and MoxC1-x/B4C multilayers deposited by DC magnetron sputtering technology was presented in this paper. Using a homemade real-time stress measure instrument, the stress of two kinds of multilayers was investigated. Characterizations of the multilayers before and after annealing were performed by grazing incident and at-wavelength near-normal incident x-ray reflectivity. Experimental results show that after replacing Mo by MoxC1-x, MoxC1-x/B4C multilayers obtain relatively smaller compressive stress compared with Mo/B4C multilayers. The corresponding stress value changes from −0.99 GPa to −0.36 Gpa. MoxC1-x/B4C multilayers have also proven to have better thermal stability up to 600 °C. After repeatedly annealing from 100 °C to 600 °C, Mo/B4C multilayers had a ∼2% decrease in near-normal incident reflectivity, while MoxC1-x/B4C multilayers had a smaller 1.4% loss of reflectivity and a higher stability temperature.
Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†
Authors: Catalini Laura , Fedder Jens 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHere we have summarized what is currently known about menstruating animal species with special emphasis on non-primate species: length of their menstrual cycle, ovulation, implantation, placentation, decidualization, and endometrial characteristics. Having an overview of all the possible animal models that can be used to study menstruation and the menstrual cycle could be useful to select the one that better matches the needs of the individual research projects. The most promising species to study menstruation seems to be the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus. It is a rodent that could be easily held in the existing laboratory facilities for rats and mice but with the great advantage of having spontaneous menstruation and several human-like menstrual cycle characteristics. Among the species of menstruating bats, the black mastiff bat Molossus ater and wild fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii are the ones presenting the most human-like characteristics. The elephant shrew seems to be the less suitable species among the ones analyzed. The induced mouse model of menstruation is also presented as an adaptable alternative to study menstruation.
Outside Options, Coercion, and Wages: Removing the Sugar Coating
Authors: Dippel Christian , Greif Avner , Trefler Daniel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn economies with a large informal sector firms can increase profits by reducing workers’ outside options in that informal sector. We formalise this idea in a simple model of an agricultural economy with plantation owners who lobby the government to enact coercive policies—e.g., the eviction and incarceration of squatting smallhold farmers—that reduce the value to working outside the formal sector. Using unique data for 14 British West Indies ‘sugar islands’ from 1838 (the year of slave emancipation) until 1913, we examine the impact of plantation owners’ power on wages and coercion-related incarceration. To gain identification, we utilise exogenous variation in the strength of the plantation system in the different islands over time. Where planter power declined we see that incarceration rates dropped, and agricultural wages rose, accompanied by a decline in formal agricultural employment.
The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction XV: Phase Space Attractors Reveal Distinct Behavioral Phenotypes
Authors: Sun Deshun , Liu Fei , Mitchell Sharon E , Ma Huanfei , Derous Davina , Wang Yingchun , Han Jackie J D , Promislow Daniel E L , Lusseau David , Douglas Alex , Speakman John R , Chen Luonan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCalorie restriction (CR) has a positive impact on health and life span. Previous work, however, does not reveal the whole underlying mechanism of behavioral phenotypes under CR. We propose a new approach based on phase space reconstruction (PSR) to analyze the behavioral responses of mice to graded CR. This involved reconstructing high-dimensional attractors which topologically represent the intrinsic dynamics of mice based on low-dimensional time series of movement counts observed during the 90-day time course of restriction. PSR together with correlation dimensions (CD), Kolmogorov entropy (KE), and multifractal spectra builds a map from internal attractors to the phenotype of mice and reveals the mice with increasing CR levels undergo significant changes from a normal to a new state. Features of the attractors (CD and KE) were significantly associated with gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus of the same individuals.
Metformin Reduces Aging-Related Leaky Gut and Improves Cognitive Function by Beneficially Modulating Gut Microbiome/Goblet Cell/Mucin Axis
Authors: Ahmadi Shokouh , Razazan Atefeh , Nagpal Ravinder , Jain Shalini , Wang Bo , Mishra Sidharth P , Wang Shaohua , Justice Jamie , Ding Jingzhong , McClain Donald A , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Kitzman Dalane , Yadav Hariom 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAging-related illnesses are increasing and effective strategies to prevent and/or treat them are lacking. This is because of a poor understanding of therapeutic targets. Low-grade inflammation is often higher in older adults and remains a key risk factor of aging-related morbidities and mortalities. Emerging evidence indicates that abnormal (dysbiotic) gut microbiome and dysfunctional gut permeability (leaky gut) are linked with increased inflammation in older adults. However, currently available drugs do not treat aging-related microbiome dysbiosis and leaky gut, and little is known about the cellular and molecular processes that can be targeted to reduce leaky gut in older adults. Here, we demonstrated that metformin, a safe Food and Drug Administration-approved antidiabetic drug, decreased leaky gut and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed older obese mice, by beneficially modulating the gut microbiota. In addition, metformin increased goblet cell mass and mucin production in the obese older gut, thereby decreasing leaky gut and inflammation. Mechanistically, metformin increased the goblet cell differentiation markers by suppressing Wnt signaling. Our results suggest that metformin can be used as a regimen to prevent and treat aging-related leaky gut and inflammation, especially in obese individuals and people with western-style high-fat dietary lifestyle, by beneficially modulating gut microbiome/goblet cell/mucin biology.
The politics of hope: privilege, despair and political theology
Authors: Gentry Caron E 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Situated within feminist Christian Realism, this article looks at what political theology is and its relevance to International Relations. Hope is a central theme to political theology, underpinning the necessity to be witness to and to work against oppressive structures. Simply put, hope is the desire to make life better. For Christians, this hope stems from a belief in resurrection of Christ and the faith that such redemption is offered to all of humanity. Hope, however, is not limited to Christianity and, therefore, Christian theology. Thus, taking an intersectional approach, the article looks for similarities in how hope is articulated in three personal narratives: theologian Jürgen Moltmann, UK Muslim advocate Asim Qureshi, and Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Khan-Cullors. Across all three personal narratives, the need for hope begins in a place of despair, signalling a need to recognize that hope and privilege are in tension with one another. Feminist Christian Realism acknowledges and embraces this tension, recognizing that hope cannot function if the pain, oppression and harm caused by privilege are erased or minimized.
T1 Top Line Results of the DETECT Enzymatic Debridement Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hickerson William L , Goverman Jeremy , Blome-Eberwein Sigrid A , Singer Adam , Wibbenmeyer Lucy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Bromelain Based Debridement (BBD) of deep burns is approved for use in Europe, Argentina, Russia, South Korea, Peru and Israel. In the United States it is an investigational product and currently there are 2 multicenter RCTs (DETECT – adults, CIDS – children). Patient enrollment in the DETECT adult trial has been completed. The aim of this abstract is to present the acute stage top line results of the DETECT trial.

Methods
175 adult patients suffering from deep burns were included in a phase III multicenter, multinational, randomized, controlled, assessor blinded trial. Patients were randomized to 3 arms – BBD, Standard of Care (SOC), or Gel vehicle (Placebo control) in a 3:3:1 ratio (75 BBD, 75 SOC, 25 Gel). The primary endpoint was the incidence of complete eschar removal (BBD vs Gel). Additional acute stage endpoints included the time to complete eschar removal, incidence of surgical eschar removal and eschar removal associated blood loss.Time to complete wound closure (BBD vs SOC) was assessed as a safety endpoint. Following the acute stage, a long-term follow up period of 2 years is being conducted.

Results
Patient demographics and wound baseline characteristics were comparable across study arms.The incidence of complete eschar removal was significantly higher for BBD vs Gel patients (93.3% vs 4%, p&lt; 0.0001). The incidence of surgical eschar removal was significantly lower for BBD vs SOC patients (4% vs 72%, p&lt; 0.0001). The median time to complete eschar removal was significantly shorter for BBD vs SOC patients (1 day vs 3.8 days, p&lt; 0.0001). Calculated eschar removal associated blood loss was significantly lower for BBD vs SOC patients (14ml vs 815ml, p&lt; 0.0001). The median time to complete wound closure was similar for BBD and SOC patients (27 and 28 days). The overall safety profile of BBD treated patients was good and consistent with the safety data known from previous studies.The results of the long term follow up period are not yet available.

Conclusions
The acute stage results of this robust phase III RCT demonstrate the safety and efficacy of BBD and are in line with previous trial results.

Applicability of Research to Practice
The results of this trial may help pave the way for US approval of BBD.
3 Early Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Following Major Burns
Authors: Ho George , Rogers Alan D , Cartotto Robert 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
AKI is increasingly recognized as a major complication of burn injury. No studies have specifically examined early AKI in burn patients. The purpose of this study was to examine AKI that develops within the first 7 days of burn injury.

Methods
Retrospective review of adults with burns &gt; 20% TBSA admitted within 24 hours of injury to an adult regional ABA-verified burn center from 24/11/15 to 1/7/19. We excluded patients that died or who received palliation in the 1st 24 hours following the burn. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) urine and serum creatinine (s-Cr)-based criteria. The day of burn was defined as day 0. The intake to output ratio in the 1st 24 hours (I:O) was defined as total fluid Intake (mL/kg/%TBSA burn) / urine output (mL/kg). Sepsis was defined using the ABA criteria. Values are presented as median (1st-3rd IQR).

Results
We included 85 patients with age 46 (31.5–57) yrs., %TBSA burn 30 (23.5–46.9), and 34% with bronchoscopy-confirmed inhalation injury. AKI developed in 53 cases (62.4%) at 0 (0–1) days (range 0–6 days) post burn. Baseline s-Cr was 0.94 mg/dL (0.78–1.24), and peaked at 1.33 mg/dL (1.08–2.24), (P&lt; 0.001). Distribution of AKI severity was 55% Stage I, 19% Stage II, 9% Stage III, and 17% Stage III requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). No AKI cases had high voltage electrical burns, while 5 (9%) had sepsis and 5 (9%) were receiving vancomycin or an aminoglycoside prior to AKI onset. Comparison of AKI patients to NO AKI patients is shown in the table. High dose vitamin C resuscitation (HDVCR) had been utilized in 78% of the Stage III cases that required RRT. Compared to resuscitation using Ringers Lactate with or without 5% albumin (N= 61), HDVCR was used in 20 (38%) of AKI cases Vs. 4 (13%) of NO AKI cases (p=0.01). The I:O was 0.25 (0.16–0.46) in AKI and 0.19 (0.1–0.33) in NO AKI (p=0.04). Mortality was significantly higher in AKI than NO AKI (38% Vs. 9%, p=0.004)

Conclusions
Early AKI is highly prevalent following a major burn injury. Patients developing early AKI had significantly greater age, need for mechanical ventilation, and admission SOFA scores. HDVCR may be implicated in the development of early AKI.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Further study is required on HDVCR’s relationship to AKI.
9 The Potential for Mitochondrial Respiration and Circulating mtDNA Levels for Early Diagnosis of Sepsis in Burn Patients
Authors: Burmeister David M , Gomez Belinda , Heard Tiffany , Chao Tony , Akers Kevin , Dubick Michael , Cancio Leopoldo C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sepsis is a common consequence of burns associated with greater morbidity. While early treatment of sepsis in burn patients improves outcomes identifying sensitive biomarkers has proven difficult. In burns, sepsis often occurs in the absence of positive blood cultures, and associated inflammation precludes the use of inflammatory markers. We hypothesized that lymphocyte mitochondrial bioenergetics and/or circulating mtDNA (a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern) may serve as novel sepsis biomarkers in burn patients.

Methods
Whole blood was obtained from adult patients (19–73 years of age) with 34–75% total body surface area burns admitted to the Burn Intensive Care Unit or healthy volunteers. Samples were categorized into one of three groups: 1) Healthy control, 2) Non-septic, or 3) Septic. The amount of mtDNA (NADH dehydrogenase 3 gene) was assessed by real-time PCR. Lymphocyte mitochondrial respiration was measured in a closed-chamber high-resolution respirometry Oxygraph-2k (Oroboros Instruments) with the addition of substrates to measure routine, leak, and maximum oxidative flux (MOF).

Results
Routine respiration was not different between non-septic and septic (27.0±30.0 and 27.2±10.8 pmol O2/mg/s) samples however, both were greater than healthy (13.1±5.00 pmol O2/mg/s; P≤0.05). Leak respiration was not different amongst groups. MOF (maximum capacity of the electron transport chain when not limited by ATP synthase/uncoupling) was different (P≤0.05) between populations with healthy (12.0±2.6 pmol O2/mg/s) having the lowest values, followed by septic (26.3±13.9 pmol O2/mg/s) and non-septic patients (34.7±23.1 pmol O2/mg/s). mtDNA levels were elevated in septic patients (70,061±65,975 copies/µL) when compared with non-septic and healthy patients (3,738±1,701 and 6,848±5,893 copies/µL, respectively; P=0.017). Levels of bacterial 16S DNA were not detected.

Conclusions
Taken together, increases in lymphocyte mitochondrial respiration may represent a compensatory response. Moreover, these data support the notion that mtDNA may trigger the onset of sepsis in burn patients in the absence of bacterial DNA. Investigating mitochondrial function/circulating DNA levels as they correlate with the onset/progression of sepsis in burn patients may beget useful biomarkers for early sepsis diagnosis.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Markers of mitochondrial function and damage in the burn patient may reveal powerful diagnostic targets to allow for interventions to stop sepsis before it occurs.
32 Major Psychiatric Illness and Drug Dependence Both Influence Burn Outcomes, but Not in the Same Way
Authors: Romanowski Kathleen S , Palmieri Tina L , Sen Soman , Greenhalgh David G 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Studies of trauma patients indicated that as many as 17% of patients have major mental illness. The prevalence of mental illness in burns is not well known, but is thought to be similar to that seen in trauma. In this study we aim to examine the effect of mental health on outcomes following burns less than 20% total body surface area (%TBSA). We hypothesize that mental illness is associated with longer length of stay (LOS), length of stay per % TBSA (LOS/TBSA), and number of readmissions.

Methods
Following IRB approval, a 2-year (2016–2018) retrospective chart review was conducted of burn patients with burns less than 20% admitted to the burn center. Data collected include: age, sex, % TBSA, LOS, LOS/TBSA, discharge disposition, mortality, presence of mental health diagnoses (Drug Dependence, and Major Psychiatric Illness). Statistical analysis with chi-square for categorical variables and student’s t-test for continuous variables was conducted. Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Results
A total of 961 patients with a mean age of 46.2±17.4 years, 717 men and 244 women, were analyzed. Mean total body surface area burn (TBSA) was 6.72±5.5%, and 6.14% had inhalation injury. In this study population 27.6% had drug dependence, and 15.4% had major psychiatric illness. The mean length of stay was 11.4±16.7 days, and 12 patients (1.25%) died. In examining the effects of major psychiatric illness, there was no difference in age (46.4 vs. 46.2 years, p=0.87), no difference in %TBSA (6.30% vs. 6.77%, p=0.328). Length of stay (LOS) (15.2 vs. 10.7 days, p=0.0009) and LOS/TBSA (4.03 vs. 2.90 days, p = 0.03) were increased in patients with major psychiatric illness. There was no difference in the rate of readmissions (8.11% vs. 6.56%, p=0.49). In examining the effects of drug dependence, patients were younger (40.4 vs. 48.4 years, p&lt; 0.0001), suffered a larger %TBSA (7.70% vs. 6.31%, p=0.0008), and had a longer length of stay (13.7 vs. 10.5 days, p=0.04). There were no differences in LOS/TBSA (2.94 vs. 3.12 days, p = 0.66), and rate of readmissions (6.04% vs. 7.09%, p=0.56).

Conclusions
In burns &lt; 20% TBSA, both major psychiatric illness and drug dependence influence patient’s outcomes. Major psychiatric illness does not affect burn size but does increase length of stay. Drug dependence leads to larger burn size which secondarily increases length of stay. Based on these increases in length of stay, it is likely that hospital costs are also higher for these patients. Further work must be done to mitigate the effects of mental illness on burn outcomes, even in small burns.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Many burn patients have mental health problems. These can influence their recovery from burn injury. We should work to minimize the effects of their mental illness on their outcomes.
35 Wound Improvement Project: Improving Skill Sustainment and Confidence
Authors: Shingleton Sarah K , Helms Alexandra J , Cancio Leopoldo C , Abbott Monica L , Miner Corey A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
New burn intensive care unit (BICU) nurses in the Burn Center complete an evidence-based preceptorship to include standardized wound care education that is reinforced throughout preceptorship. A gap in skill sustainment was identified; factors include lack of a formal sustainment program, inconsistent reinforcement of wound care skills and a perceived decrease in pride in wound care. The purposes of this project are to 1) develop and implement a wound care skill sustainment program 2) re-establish confidence in wound care and 3) improve the quality of wound care delivered in the BICU.

Methods
A Wound Improvement Project (WIP) committee was formed FEB 2018 consisting 8 BICU nurses; the BICU Nurse Manager and Wound Clinical Nurse Specialist serve as consultants. WIP developed several learning modules and is now developing a wound skill sustainment program and evaluation tool based on the Burn Nurse Competency Initiative (BNCI) standards. BICU staff complete an anonymous survey about wound care confidence every 6 months. WIP mentors and evaluates competency through direct observation during 3 assigned shifts with each BICU nurse. Wound care documentation is audited monthly and a wound care quality audit tool is being developed. Descriptive statistics, student’s T-test, and ANOVA were used.

Results
The confidence survey was given in Spring 2018 (n=52), Winter 2019 (n=33) and Summer 2019 (n=64); each question showed significant improvement. Notably “how confident would you be doing a full body wound care by yourself with some help turning” improved from 4.12 (±1.17) to 4.64 (±0.65, p=.01). 24 BICU staff have been evaluated with 40 pending completion. No significant difference was found in skill competency between the 3 WIP assigned shifts; however self-evaluation for “how comfortable/confident do you feel advocating for a different type of wound care treatment for your patient” improved from 6.1 (±2.2) to 7.5 (±1.9, p&lt; .0001). Average wound documentation scores improved from 85% in FEB 2018 to 99% in FEB 2019.

Conclusions
Wound care confidence and documentation have improved since initiation of WIP. Targeted education, bedside tools and workshops have all contributed. There is a positive trend (not significant) towards improved skill competency this is likely due to tool modifications and the small number of staff evaluated to date. Staff feedback has been positive with most staff finding WIP helpful. The long-term goal is to expand WIP to all areas of the Burn Center.

Applicability of Research to Practice
BNCI standards are a framework for skill sustainment and progression of staff from competent towards proficient and expert. Development and evaluation of nurse-led sustainment programs are needed across the burn community.