bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estonia’s Digital Transformation
Authors: Kattel Rainer , Mergel Ines 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Estonia’s transition to free-market capitalism and liberal democracy is marked by three distinct features: economic success, digital transformation of its public sector, and a rapid increase and persistence of social inequality in Estonia. Indeed, Estonia has become one of the most unequal societies in Europe. Economic success and increasing social inequality can be explained as different sides of the same coin: a neoliberal policy mix opened markets and allowed globalization to play out its drama on a domestic stage, creating winners and losers. Yet Estonia has been highly successful in its digital agenda. Particularly interesting is how the country’s public sector led the digital transformation within this highly neoliberal policy landscape. While within economic policy, Estonia did indeed follow the famed invisible hand in rapidly liberalizing markets, in ICT, Estonia seems to have followed an entirely different principle of policymaking. In this domain, policy has followed the principle of the hiding hand, coined by Albert Hirschman: policy-makers sometimes take on tasks they think they can solve without realizing all the challenges and risks involved— and this may result in unexpected learning and creativity. The success of Estonia’s e-government has much to do with the principle of the hiding hand: naïvety and optimism propelled initial ‘crazy ideas’ in the early 1990s to become ingrained in ICT policy, enabling the creation of multiple highly cooperative and overlapping networks that span public–private boundaries.
Unleashing the Power of Mechanization
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Cossar Frances , Houssou Nazaire , Kolavalli Shashidhara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After reviewing recent developments in the uptake of agricultural mechanization in Ghana, and the factors that are driving the growth in farmers’ demand, this chapter discusses supply-side constraints to greater mechanization, and evaluates the government’s program of subsidized tractors through Agricultural Mechanization Services Centers (AMSECs). The chapter concludes that such interventions often lead to market distortions in machinery prices, encouraging rent-seeking behavior, and discouraging the development of private sector supply system. The program is also unnecessarily costly to the public sector. Instead, the government would be more effective in achieving its goals if it were to withdraw from the AMSEC program and instead play a more complementary and supporting role to the private sector. This might include funding appropriate mechanization research, technical training of young mechanics, and ensuring that financial institutions can provide the longer-term lending needed by private agents and farmers in the mechanization supply chain.
Matching FinTech Advice to Participant Needs
Authors: Deschenes Stephen L. , Hammond P. Brett 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The financial services industry is changing rapidly with the arrival of new economies of scale and networking effects attributable to FinTech, particularly via online or ‘robo’ advice. This chapter reviews the ‘robo-experience:’ how does it differ, if at all, from more traditional advice, and what is likely to happen next? After reviewing the goals and objectives of robo-advice, evolving advice models, who uses robo-advice, and investor behavior, we conclude that first adopters tend to be more affluent Millennial investors, as well as others seeking fast, mobile, and easy access to their finances. Nevertheless, though robo-advice has promised much, evidence is thin on the actual effects of using advice, such as changes in asset allocation and long-term effects on financial security.
1759 and 1794
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Adam Smith’s mid-eighteenth-century account of sympathy begins with an imagined scene of torture. After the excesses of the French Revolution, such speculative scenarios of political and juridical violence prompt more explicit articulations of sympathy. This chapter identifies an urgent clarification of sympathy’s abstract, imaginative, and potentially transgressive features in the post-Terror philosophical work of Smith’s French translator, Sophie de Grouchy, and William Godwin’s Caleb Williams. De Grouchy’s translation highlights the same aspects of Smith’s work—fraternity, abstraction, and physicality—that are fundamental features in novelistic revisions of sympathy. In its figures of the brother on the rack and a natural disaster in the Far East, Smith’s Theory initiates a transformation of visual perception into imaginative perspective that Godwin’s Caleb Williams explores in narrative form.
Letters in the Novel and the Novel in Letters
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that Henry Mackenzie’s novel in letters Julia de Roubigné marks a transition from epistolary novels that are characterized by numerous correspondents who betray a desperate need for response to nineteenth-century frame tales that unite multiple speakers and eager listeners. Predicting the continued force of epistolary affect and perspective in novels published well into the nineteenth century, Julia de Roubigné indicates the role that fictional scenes of sympathetic response play in the historical transition from the novel in letters to the letter in the novel. This function of sympathy points to the persistent significance of the emotional immediacy and multiple perspectives that are characteristic of a logic of epistolarity, which in turn guides the shifting speakers and listeners of retrospective frame tales, such as René, Frankenstein, and Wuthering Heights, discussed in later chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Key figures in Smith’s definition of sympathy clarify the ways his definition is unique and representative in Enlightenment discourse and suggest significant correlations with narrative perspective. His figures of the brother on the rack and the impartial spectator make kinship, physical pain, visual perception, and abstract perspective central to his influential account of sympathy. In the effort to overcome human difference, his conception of perspective anticipates a novelistic version of sympathy that struggles to accommodate difference through shifting narrative perspectives. “Vicarious narratives” identifies intersections between second-hand emotions, or feeling another person’s emotions as if they were one’s own, and second-hand narratives, or telling another person’s story as if it were one’s own. Details of grammar and citation posit a grammar of vicarious experience that destabilizes the meaning of the first-person singular pronoun and challenges the association between the individual and the novel as a genre.
Justice and the Division of Labor
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Teaching students to be complete citizens is a big job. However, it does not encompass everything. What do schools owe students? Plato’s Republic supposed we could learn about justice in an individual soul by looking at justice in the city—he called the latter “justice writ large.” Philosophers ever since have been skeptical, doubting that justice of the soul (doing justice to the parts of one’s soul) is akin to justice of the polis (members of a community doing justice to each other). My hypothesis here is that justice in our schools (a question of how to do justice to our students) is not like justice in the larger polis, either. Yet, our theorizing about justice has so far been largely concerned with justice writ large. Thus, when it comes to educational justice, much of our extant theorizing about justice may be no more than an analogy at best.
What’s So Good About Education?
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Here we consider twin concerns. First, when a good is a purely positional good, and thus of no particular social value, markets are likely to oversupply it. Second, if education is instead a public good, and indeed a critically valuable public good, then markets are likely to undersupply it. To the extent that it is better to have educated neighbors, education is more or less a public good, and in particular, it is not a zero-sum game. It may be positional in a particular narrow context, but even there education is not, and cannot be, merely positional.
The Ineliminable Role of Markets in Schooling
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter identifies markets that currently frame the provision of schooling. Schools and school districts compete with one another for teachers in the labor market; people respond to labor market signals in deciding whether or not to train to become teachers; people exercise school choice through the housing market; and, as long as private schools are legal, those who can afford it can exit the public sector into private schools: in the UK, 7 percent of children attend private schools, and in the US about 12 percent do. The chapter argues that no market-free approach to education policy is available.
The Case Against Markets in Education
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes the case against markets in education. It identifies four issues often raised by opponents of markets. In a pure market system, private organizations would run schools, children would be allocated to schools through parental choice, there would be no government funding, and there would be no education-specific regulation of schools. The chapter gives reasons for believing that such a system would fall far short of the goals we should have for an education system. Then the chapter reviews the research on actual choice systems in the US, and argues that the evidence suggests that, whereas some charter and voucher schools may serve some students well, the preponderance of evidence does not support the claim that markets have made significant improvements in educational provision.
Tribology on the Small Scale
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear are prevalent physical phenomena in everyday life and in many key technologies. The goal of this book is to incorporate a bottom up approach to friction, lubrication, and wear into a versatile textbook on tribology. This is done by focusing on how these tribological phenomena occur on the small scale—the atomic to the micrometer scale—a field often called nanotribology. The book covers the microscopic origins of the common tribological concepts: roughness, elasticity, plasticity, friction coefficients, and wear coefficients. Some macroscale concepts (like elasticity) scale down well to the micro- and atomic scale, while other macroscale concepts (like hydrodynamic lubrication) do not. In addition, this book also has chapters on topics not typically found in tribology texts: surface energy, surface forces, lubrication in confined spaces, and the atomistic origins of friction and wear. These chapters covered tribological concepts that become increasingly important at the small scale: capillary condensation, disjoining pressure, contact electrification, molecular slippage at interfaces, atomic scale stick-slip, and bond breaking. Numerous examples are provided throughout the book on how a nanoscale understanding of tribological phenomena is essential to the proper engineering of important new technologies such as MEMS, disk drives, and nanoimprinting. For the second edition, all the chapters have been revised and updated, with many new sections added to incorporate the most recent advancements in nanoscale tribology. Another important enhancement to the second edition is the addition of problem sets at the end of each chapter.
Surface Roughness
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When two surfaces are brought into contact, they first touch where the summits of the surface asperities make contact. Consequently, surface roughness or topography strongly influences those physical phenomena associated with contact: friction, adhesion, and wear. This chapter discusses techniques for measuring the roughness of surfaces and the parameters frequently used to characterize this roughness. As atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical interferometry are currently the predominant tools for characterizing roughness, these techniques are discussed at some length. Examples are given for determining not only the standard roughness parameters (the standard deviation of surface heights, the mean radius of curvature of asperity summits, waviness, and the average and rms of surface heights), but also for determining the surface roughness power spectrum, which has gained importance in recent tribology theories. The topography of self-affine fractal surfaces is also discussed along with the tribological importance of these surfaces.
Friction
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces friction as it manifests itself in everyday life. The chapter begins with Amontons’ law (1699) that friction is proportional to the loading force between contacting surfaces (the proportionality constant is called the coefficient of friction). The two primary mechanisms for unlubricated friction are adhesive friction and plowing friction, with the predominant mechanism generally being adhesive friction. Adhesive friction is proportional to the real area of contact; for rough surfaces, this contact area is proportional to the loading force, providing a physical underpinning for Amontons’ law. Processes like the nanoscale flow of atoms and molecules around contact points results in the force needed to induce sliding (static friction) being higher than the force needed to maintain sliding (kinetic friction). Friction decreasing with increasing velocity leads stick-slip motion of the sliding surfaces, where the slip distance can be as short as the distance between atoms.
Physical Origins of Surface Forces
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The energies and forces between contacting surfaces originate from the interaction forces between atoms and molecules. This chapter discusses how these atomic level forces lead to various types of force–separation relations as two surfaces are brought into contact. This chapter covers the interactions between atoms (repulsive atomic potentials and van der Waals interactions), the interactions within liquid and aqueous media (solvation forces, electrostatic double layer, hydration repulsion, hydrophobic attraction), and electrostatic interactions from contact electrification. Due to their ubiquitous effect on adhesion, van der Waals interactions are discussed at length, including examples for calculating adhesive forces in different geometries using Hamaker constants.
Lubrication
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFor situations where high friction is not explicitly needed, lubricants are used to reduce friction and wear to acceptable levels. Lubricants function mainly by introducing a layer of solid or liquid material with low shear strength between two sliding surfaces. This chapter covers the basic regimes of lubrication: hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, mixed, and boundary. Viscosity is the most important physical parameter describing a lubricant, and it is thoroughly discussed in this chapter. Slippage of lubricants and other liquids against solid surfaces is also discussed. The chapter also discusses the basic mechanisms and types of bearings that provide hydrodynamic and elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
Lubrication in Tight Spots
Authors: Mate C. Mathew , Carpick Robert W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the interesting phenomena that happen when the thickness of a lubricant film is reduced to nanoscale dimensions. For liquid lubricants sandwiched between two solid surfaces, the interesting phenomena associated with confined liquids include: molecules forming a layered structure, enhanced viscosity, and solidification. In boundary lubrication, an adsorbed monolayer resists penetration of contacting asperities and sliding takes place over the low shear strength surface of the boundary lubricant. The absence of boundary lubrication can lead to cold welding where adhesion at the interface leads to ultra-high friction and seizure. The last part of this chapter discusses how capillary and disjoining pressures lead to the formation of lubricant menisci around contacting asperities from a thin lubricant film on one of the surfaces and how these menisci influence adhesion and friction. The kinetics of meniscus formation from capillary condensation and its impact on friction are also discussed.
Les normes de l’évaluation diagnostique du trouble du spectre de l’autisme
Authors: Brian Jessica A , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Ip Angie 
Published: October 2019

RésuméEn raison de la prévalence croissante du trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA), il est devenu nécessaire d’accroître la capacité diagnostique des pédiatres communautaires et des autres dispensateurs de soins de première ligne à l’égard de cette affection. Même si les données probantes indiquent que certains enfants peuvent obtenir un diagnostic définitif avant l’âge de deux ans, nombreux sont ceux qui ne sont pas diagnostiqués avant l’âge de quatre ou cinq ans. La plupart des directives cliniques recommandent de faire participer une équipe multidisciplinaire au processus diagnostique de TSA. Même si trois directives récentes sur le TSA recommandent une période d’attente maximale de trois à six mois, dans bien des lieux au Canada, il faut souvent attendre plus d’un an entre la demande de consultation et la tenue de l’évaluation diagnostique du TSA par une équipe. Il faudrait former plus de dispensateurs de soins pédiatriques pour diagnostiquer les cas de TSA moins complexes. Le présent document de principes fournit aux cliniciens pédiatriques communautaires des recommandations, des outils et des ressources pour effectuer l’évaluation diagnostique du TSA ou y contribuer. Il contient également des conseils sur les consultations en vue d’une évaluation complète des besoins pour la planification des traitements et des interventions, selon une approche flexible et multiniveau.
Post-diagnostic management and follow-up care for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Ip Angie , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Brian Jessica A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPaediatricians and other primary care providers are well positioned to provide or coordinate ongoing medical and psychosocial care and support services for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This statement provides recommendations and information on a range of interventions and resources, to help paediatric care providers optimize care for children with ASD and support their families. The management of ASD includes treating medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, behavioural and developmental interventions, and providing supportive social care services to enhance quality of life for affected children and families.
s-wave quasiparticle resonance in neutron-rich drip-line nuclei
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshihiko , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We investigate unbound single-particle states in pair-correlated drip-line nuclei by describing a low-energy elastic scattering of a neutron in the $s$-wave within the framework of the coordinate space Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (Bogoliubov–de Genne) equation. A numerical study is performed for a neutron drip-line carbon isotope where the neutron $2s_{1/2}$ orbit is located close to zero energy. Analyzing the S-matrix poles of the elastic scattering, we discuss properties of the $s$-wave quasiparticle resonance and, in particular, behaviors characteristic to drip-line nuclei. It is found that the S-matrix has two pairs of poles; one pair appears as either a weakly bound state, a virtual state or a resonance while the other pair makes a contribution analogous to a bound single-particle state. The $s$-wave quasiparticle resonance emerges with a large variation depending on the pairing gap and the single-particle energy of the $s$-orbit.
EXPOSURE INHOMOGENEITY FROM 241AM AND 90SR/90Y SOURCES IN TERMS OF THE EYE LENS MONITORING IN THE NUCLEAR FACILITIES
Authors: Yoshitomi H , Kowatari M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article highlights the issues of exposure inhomogeneity that are relative to eye lens monitoring for low-energy photons from 241Am and beta-rays from 90Sr/90Y including a personal protective equipment because eye lens exposure has been concerned more than before due to the proposed reduction of relevant dose limit. These nuclides are common and concerned sources in the nuclear industry. Our previous study presented a quantitative estimation of exposure inhomogeneity, which was applied to simple but typical exposure situations. For the present study, exposure inhomogeneity of 241Am was approximately within a factor of 1.6, implying a more homogeneous situation than expected. Regarding 90Sr/90Y exposure, estimation from both Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) on trunk would lead to an over- or underestimation by a factor of more than 10. In contrast, Hp(3) measurement on trunk will improve by up to a factor of 2. With respect to the personal protective equipment, lead apron and protective glasses are effective for the 60-keV photons for both anterior-posterior and rotational irradiations, while a full-face respirator can reduce the eye lens dose by approximately 17% for 90Sr/90Y betas. As a whole, this study demonstrated that the effect of protective equipment could be effectively incorporated into the homogeneity evaluation.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans in hospital environments: still waters run deep!
Authors: Marion-Sanchez Karine , Olive Claude , Platon Marie-Georges , Cesarine Myriam , Derancourt Christian , Pailla Karine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Hospital reservoirs of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, responsible for nosocomial infections, are poorly known.

Methods
We examined the growth, survival and biofilm formation of five A. xylosoxidans strains for up to 2 y in distilled, dialysis or microfiltered water. Each strain was inoculated at 102 CFU/ml without adding nutrients.

Results
All strains grew at a level of 3x103 to 1.5x107 CFU/ml; each strain showed a preferred water type. Strains isolated from quaternary ammoniums showed the highest ability to grow and form biofilms in nutrient-poor waters.

Conclusion
Medical waters and notably sterile distilled water bottles appear to be long-lasting reservoirs of A. xylosoxidans.