bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in Spatial Accessibility of Childcare: The Role of Non-profit Providers
Authors: PENNERSTORFER ASTRID , PENNERSTORFER DIETER 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEqual access to childcare services is a key concern of childcare policy. This article analyses social inequalities in the availability of such services. We explore how observed disparities are related to the socio-economic status of neighbourhoods and investigate how different provider types contribute to such differences. To do so, we use data on all childcare centres in the city of Vienna, Austria, on the spatial distribution of children aged under six and on three measures of neighbourhood status, over a period of eight years. We find that spatial accessibility is highest in neighbourhoods with the highest socio-economic status, that such inequality has increased over time and that both effects can be attributed to the role of non-profits. The results indicate that the policy change undertaken in Vienna towards increased communitarisation – that is, a shift towards non-profit provision – has undermined the universal character of the city’s childcare system.
Physics and geochemistry of lakes in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land
Authors: Leppäranta Matti , Luttinen Arto , Arvola Lauri 
Published: January 2020

AbstractShallow Antarctic surface lakes belong to the most extreme aquatic environments on the Earth. In Vestfjella, proglacial surface lakes and ponds are characterized by a 2–5 month long period with liquid water and depths < 2 m. We give a detailed description of nine seasonal lakes and ponds situating at three nunataqs (Basen, Plogen and Fossilryggen) in western Dronning Maud Land. Their physical and geochemical properties are provided based on observations in four summers. Three main ‘lake categories‘ were found: 1) supraglacial lakes, 2) epiglacial ponds and 3) nunataq ponds. Category 3 lakes can be divided into two subgroups with regards to whether the meltwater source is glacial or just seasonal snow patches. Supraglacial lakes are ultra-oligotrophic (electrical conductivity < 10 μS cm−1, pH < 7), while in epiglacial ponds the concentrations of dissolved and suspended matter and trophic status vary over a wide range (electrical conductivity 20–110 μS cm−1, pH 6–9). In nunataq ponds, the maxima were an electrical conductivity of 1042 μS cm−1 and a pH of 10.1, and water temperature may have wide diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations (maximum 9.3°C) because snowfall, snow drift and sublimation influence the net solar irradiance.
Associations of natural language switching with executive control in early bilinguals
Authors: López-Penadés Raúl , Sanchez-Azanza Victor A. , Aguilar-Mediavilla Eva , Buil-Legaz Lucía , Adrover-Roig Daniel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study aimed at identifying linguistic factors that could contribute to understanding individual differences in executive control among bilinguals. Directionality and type of natural language switching, age of second language acquisition, and language proficiency were evaluated in a sample of 112 early bilingual adults. Participants performed several computerized tasks tapping into three dimensions of executive control: inhibition of interference, working memory updating, and shifting. Regression analyses showed that frequent switching to the second language was associated with more efficient executive processing, enhanced working memory updating processes, and better shifting ability. Moreover, higher frequency of unintended language switches was associated with lower interference control abilities. Frequency of language switching behavior was the principal predictor of executive control, beyond age of second language acquisition and language proficiency. Results suggest that frequent language switching is related to enhanced executive control, while the unintended switching of languages could be associated with low interference control.
Reading Novels at the Winter Palace under Nicholas I: From the Tsar to the Stokers
Authors: Rebecchini Damiano 
Published: January 2020

How did the reading material enjoyed by Nicholas I differ from that of one of his stokers? This article focuses on the novels enjoyed by a broad spectrum of readers at the court of Nicholas I, from the tsar himself and the members of the imperial family to their servants, shedding new light on certain mechanisms of court culture. Based on archival sources such as the loan registers and the correspondence of the tsar's and the palace staff's libraries, this paper shows how, despite social and cultural differences, these two communities of readers actually often ended up reading the same authors and novels. What distinguished them was less their consumption of different texts than the way in which they read and interpreted the same books and, more generally, the different purpose that they attributed to reading. Based on their position at court and what they experienced in the Winter Palace—a political cabinet in which state ideology was discussed, a place in which courtiers felt suffocated by hierarchies and etiquette, or a place where servants could find otherwise unobtainable books—reading novels could constitute either a form of social control, escapism, or a school of good taste and proper behavior.
Ice, Fire, or Fizzle: The Climate Footprint of Earth's Supercontinental Cycles
Authors: Jellinek A. M. , Lenardic A. , Pierrehumbert R. T. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSupercontinent assembly and breakup can influence the rate and global extent to which insulated and relatively warm subcontinental mantle is mixed globally, potentially introducing lateral oceanic‐continental mantle temperature variations that regulate volcanic and weathering controls on Earth's long‐term carbon cycle for a few hundred million years. We propose that the relatively warm and unchanging climate of the Nuna supercontinental epoch (1.8–1.3 Ga) is characteristic of thorough mantle thermal mixing. By contrast, the extreme cooling‐warming climate variability of the Neoproterozoic Rodinia episode (1–0.63 Ga) and the more modest but similar climate change during the Mesozoic Pangea cycle (0.3–0.05 Ga) are characteristic features of the effects of subcontinental mantle thermal isolation with differing longevity. A tectonically modulated carbon cycle model coupled to a one‐dimensional energy balance climate model predicts the qualitative form of Mesozoic climate evolution expressed in tropical sea‐surface temperature and ice sheet proxy data. Applied to the Neoproterozoic, this supercontinental control can drive Earth into, as well as out of, a continuous or intermittently panglacial climate, consistent with aspects of proxy data for the Cryogenian‐Ediacaran period. The timing and magnitude of this cooling‐warming climate variability depends, however, on the detailed character of mantle thermal mixing, which is incompletely constrained. We show also that the predominant modes of chemical weathering and a tectonically paced abiotic methane production at mid‐ocean ridges can modulate the intensity of this climate change. For the Nuna epoch, the model predicts a relatively warm and ice‐free climate related to mantle dynamics potentially consistent with the intense anorogenic magmatism of this period.
Upper Mantle Structure of the Southern U.S. Continental Margin From Teleseismic Traveltime Tomography
Authors: Netto Alden , Pulliam Jay 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe southern U.S. continental margin records a rich tectonic history spanning ~1.35 Ga, including two complete Wilson cycles. Due to a thick sediment cover, the paucity of local seismicity, and sparse seismic instrumentation, the tectonomagmatic evolution of this passive margin remains uncertain. The recent USArray seismic network offers an opportunity to address unresolved issues by imaging the crust and upper mantle. Direct teleseismic P and S traveltimes recorded at ~1,600 stations are mapped into 3‐D velocity perturbations. P and S tomography models, although generated independently, are broadly consistent, with a strong correlation between anomaly patterns in the sublithospheric mantle and known crustal features. Fast mantle velocities correspond to the Laurentia Craton and Llano and Grenville terranes, while intracratonic rift systems and Paleozoic arc terranes are marked by slow anomalies in the upper mantle.
Stripe Mystery in GRACE Geopotential Models Revealed
Authors: Peidou Athina , Pagiatakis Spiros 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravitational models suffer from a dominant systematic error, usually referred to as “longitudinal stripes.” These stripes contaminate useful geophysical signals and limit the spectrum of geoscience applications that can be benefited from GRACE and GRACE‐Follow On. Analyses of the spatiotemporal structure of latitudinal stripe profiles show consistent spectral characteristics throughout three years of monthly solutions. Using an elegant combination of GRACE sampling characteristics and advanced moiré theory, we show that the GRACE stripes are sub‐Nyquist (pseudo‐moiré) artifacts arising from the oversampling of the Earth's low‐frequency static disturbing potential (geoid) along the parallels. The low‐frequency geoid modulates the total sampled gravitational signal with a frequency near
, where fs is the sampling frequency of the GRACE ground track “bundles” along the parallels of latitude, and m and n are mutually prime integers, with 2m ≤ n.
Multi‐Instrument Observations of Ion‐Neutral Coupling in the Dayside Cusp
Authors: Billett D. D. , Hosokawa K. , Grocott A. , Wild J. A. , Aruliah A. L. , Ogawa Y. , Taguchi S. , Lester M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing data from the Scanning Doppler Imager, the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, the EISCAT Svalbard Radar, and an auroral all‐sky imager, we examine an instance of
region neutral winds which have been influenced by the presence of poleward moving auroral forms near the dayside cusp region. We observe a reduction in the time taken for the ion drag force to reorientate the neutrals into the direction of the convective plasma (on the order of minutes), compared to before the auroral activity began. Additionally, because the ionosphere near the cusp is influenced much more readily by changes in the solar wind via dayside reconnection, we observe the neutrals responding to an interplanetary magnetic field change within minutes of it occurring. This has implications on the rate that energy is deposited into the ionosphere via Joule heating, which we show to become dampened by the neutral winds.
Effects of Sea Salt Aerosol Emissions for Marine Cloud Brightening on Atmospheric Chemistry: Implications for Radiative Forcing
Authors: Horowitz Hannah M. , Holmes Christopher , Wright Alicia , Sherwen Tomás , Wang Xuan , Evans Mat , Huang Jiayue , Jaeglé Lyatt , Chen Qianjie , Zhai Shuting , Alexander Becky 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMarine cloud brightening (MCB) is proposed to offset global warming by emitting sea salt aerosols to the tropical marine boundary layer, which increases aerosol and cloud albedo. Sea salt aerosol is the main source of tropospheric reactive chlorine (Cly) and bromine (Bry). The effects of additional sea salt on atmospheric chemistry have not been explored. We simulate sea salt aerosol injections for MCB under two scenarios (212–569 Tg/a) in the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model, only considering their impacts as a halogen source. Globally, tropospheric Cly and Bry increase (20–40%), leading to decreased ozone (−3 to −6%). Consequently, OH decreases (−3 to −5%), which increases the methane lifetime (3–6%). Our results suggest that the chemistry of the additional sea salt leads to minor total radiative forcing compared to that of the sea salt aerosol itself (~2%) but may have potential implications for surface ozone pollution in tropical coastal regions.
Opportunities and Challenges for Paleoaltimetry in “Small” Orogens: Insights From the European Alps
Authors: Botsyun S. , Ehlers T. A. , Mutz S. G. , Methner K. , Krsnik E. , Mulch A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany stable isotope paleoaltimetry studies have focused on paleoelevation reconstructions of orogenic plateaus such as the Tibetan or Andean Plateaus. We address the opportunities and challenges of applying stable isotope paleoaltimetry to “smaller” orogens. We do this using a high‐resolution isotope tracking general circulation model (ECHAM5‐wiso) and explore the precipitation δ18O (δ18Op) signal of Cenozoic paleoclimate and topographic change in the European Alps. Results predict a maximum δ18Op change of 4–5‰ (relative to present day) during topographic development of the Alps. This signal of topographic change has the same magnitude as changes in δ18Op values resulting from Pliocene and Last Glacial Maximum global climatic change. Despite the similar magnitude of the isotopic signals resulting from topographic and paleoclimate changes, their spatial patterns across central Europe differ. Our results suggest that an integration of paleoclimate modeling, multiproxy approaches, and low‐elevation reference proxy records distal from an orogen improve topographic reconstructions.
Are Elevation and Open‐Water Conversion of Salt Marshes Connected?
Authors: Ganju Neil K. , Defne Zafer , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSalt marsh assessments focus on vertical metrics such as accretion or lateral metrics such as open‐water conversion, without exploration of how the dimensions are related. We exploited a novel geospatial data set to explore how elevation is related to the unvegetated‐vegetated marsh ratio (UVVR), a lateral metric, across individual marsh “units” within four estuarine‐marsh systems. We find that elevation scales consistently with the UVVR across systems, with lower elevation units demonstrating more open‐water conversion and higher UVVRs. A normalized elevation‐UVVR relationship converges across systems near the system‐mean elevation and a UVVR of 0.1, a critical threshold identified by prior studies. This indicates that open‐water conversion becomes a dominant lateral instability process at a relatively conservative elevation threshold. We then integrate the UVVR and elevation to yield lifespan estimates, which demonstrate that higher elevation marshes are more resilient to internal deterioration, with an order‐of‐magnitude longer lifespan than predicted for lower elevation marshes.
Fluid‐Driven Tensile Fracture and Fracture Toughness in Nash Point Shale at Elevated Pressure
Authors: Gehne S. , Forbes Inskip N. D. , Benson Philip M. , Meredith P. G. , Koor N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA number of key processes, both natural and anthropogenic, involve the fracture of rocks subjected to tensile stress, including vein growth and mineralization, and the extraction of hydrocarbons through hydraulic fracturing. In each case, the fundamental material property of mode‐I fracture toughness must be overcome in order for a tensile fracture to propagate. While measuring this parameter is relatively straightforward at ambient pressure, estimating fracture toughness of rocks at depth, where they experience confining pressure, is technically challenging. Here we report a new analysis that combines results from thick‐walled cylinder burst tests with quantitative acoustic emission to estimate the mode‐I fracture toughness (KIc) of Nash Point Shale at confining pressure simulating in situ conditions to approximately 1‐km depth. In the most favorable orientation, the pressure required to fracture the rock shell (injection pressure, Pinj) increases from 6.1 MPa at 2.2‐MPa confining pressure (Pc), to 34 MPa at 20‐MPa confining pressure. When fractures are forced to cross the shale bedding, the required injection pressures are 30.3 MPa (at Pc = 4.5 MPa) and 58 MPa (Pc = 20 MPa), respectively. Applying the model of Abou‐Sayed et al. (1978, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB083iB06p02851) to estimate the initial flaw size, we calculate that this pressure increase equates to an increase in KIc from 0.36 to 4.05 MPa·m1/2 as differential fluid pressure (Pinj − Pc) increases from 3.2 to 22.0 MPa. We conclude that the increasing pressure due to depth in the Earth will have a significant influence on fracture toughness, which is also a function of the inherent anisotropy.
The Importance of Remote Forcing for Regional Modeling of Internal Waves
Authors: Mazloff Matthew R. , Cornuelle Bruce , Gille Sarah T. , Wang Jinbo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRegional ocean general circulation models are generally forced at the boundaries by mesoscale ocean dynamics and barotropic tides. In this work we provide evidence that remotely forced internal waves can be a significant source of energy for the dynamics. We compare global and regional model solutions within the California Current System. Both models have similar inputs, forcings, and identical grids and numerics. The global model has a steric height power spectrum consistent with mooring observations at superinertial frequencies, while the regional model spectrum is weaker. The regional model also has less sea surface height variance at high wavenumber than the global model. The vertical velocity variance is significantly larger in the global model, except in the sheltered Southern California Bight. While the regional model has roughly equal high‐pass baroclinic and barotropic kinetic energy levels, the global model high‐pass baroclinic kinetic energy is 28% (0.39 PJ) greater than the barotropic energy. An internal wave energy flux analysis reveals that the regional model domain boundaries act as a sink of 183 MW, while in the global model the analysis domain boundaries act as a source of 539 MW. This 722 MW difference can account for the relative increase of 0.39 PJ high‐pass baroclinic energy in the global model, assuming a baroclinic kinetic energy dissipation time in the domain of approximately 6.3 days. The results here imply that most regional ocean models will need to account for internal wave boundary fluxes in order to reproduce the observed internal wave continuum spectrum.
Variability in the Distribution of Fast Ice and the Sub‐ice Platelet Layer Near McMurdo Ice Shelf
Authors: Brett G. M. , Irvin A. , Rack W. , Haas C. , Langhorne P. J. , Leonard G. H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVariability in the volume of supercooled Ice Shelf Water outflow in McMurdo Sound is reflected in the thickness and distribution of fast ice and the sub‐ice platelet layer beneath. Ground‐based electromagnetic induction and drill hole surveys of the distribution and thickness of ice shelf‐influenced fast ice and the sub‐ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound were carried out in late spring of 2011, 2013, 2016, and 2017. In 2011 and 2017, thicker sub‐ice platelet layers of up to 7.5 and 6 m were observed, respectively. Fast ice formation throughout the winters of 2011 and 2017 was influenced by a higher occurrence of strong southerly wind events and resultant activity of the Ross Sea Polynya. In contrast, lower wind conditions in 2016 led to largely undisturbed sea ice growth and anomalously extensive fast ice coverage. A thinner sub‐ice platelet layer of up to 4 m was observed in 2016. In 2011 and 2017, substantial and variable sub‐ice platelet layers were detected in a region of exchange of water masses between the Ross Sea and the McMurdo‐Ross ice shelf cavity, which were not observed in 2013 and 2016. We hypothesize that a higher frequency of strong southerly wind events, resultant polynya activity, and High Salinity Shelf Water production over winter accelerates circulation and increases melting in the proximal shallow McMurdo Ice Shelf and the deeper Ross Ice Shelf regions of the conjoined cavity. The outflow of supercooled Ice Shelf Water and sub‐ice platelet layer formation in McMurdo Sound are consequently promoted.
Geostationary Lightning Mapper Clustering Algorithm Stability
Authors: Mach Douglas M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe stability of the operational real‐time clustering algorithm for the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) was tested by measuring how it varied, in regard to flash rates, when the various temporal and spatial limits for the clustering algorithm changed. GLM is an instrument on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R‐series designed to map total lightning activity continuously day and night with near‐uniform storm scale spatial resolution. The results were then compared to similar variations made to the algorithms used to process the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data so that the science results of the three orbital optical lightning detectors (GLM, LIS, and OTD) can be compared. For temporal (200 to 1,000 ms) and spatial (8 to 64 km) variations and for storms with flash rates less than about 40 flashes per minute, the flash rates from the GLM clustering were not very sensitive to algorithm variations. One major difference between the GLM clustering methodology and those of OTD and LIS is that large groups and flashes are artificially terminated to maintain an operational product. The artificial termination of flashes and groups does not greatly change the flash rates for storms with flash rates less than about 40 flashes per minute.
Water Markets, Water Courts, and Transaction Costs in Colorado
Authors: Womble Philip , Hanemann W. Michael 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWater markets increasingly facilitate adaptation to water scarcity, but transaction costs can be barriers to expanded water marketing, particularly under water rights law in the western United States. However, transaction costs are rarely measured, and existing research commonly overlooks how transaction costs differ across individual water transfers and uncertainty in those costs. We collected hundreds of estimates of procedural transaction costs—costs incurred by transfer proponents for legal and hydrologic experts—by surveying 100 water professionals in the state of Colorado. There, water markets are among the most active in the United States, convey perhaps the most clearly defined private property rights of any state, and, unique to Colorado, require approval from specialized water courts. We elicited costs for water transfers with differing physical and legal characteristics, and we elicited separate assessments of (i) probabilities of legal outcomes for water transfers and (ii) transaction costs conditional on those outcomes. Then, we estimated expected transaction costs with a statistical model that combines (i) with (ii). The model reveals systematic differences in transaction costs, with scale economies and higher transaction costs for water‐scarce regions, senior water rights, and higher‐conflict legal outcomes. It also shows substantial transaction cost uncertainty, which itself can discourage trading. Our novel survey and estimation procedure develops a replicable approach for measuring transaction cost heterogeneity and uncertainty. Additionally, qualitative survey data we collected indicate transaction costs have increased over time due to growing competition for scarce water and that, despite high transaction costs, specialized water courts offer unique benefits.