bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved MR fingerprinting for relaxation measurement in the presence of semisolid magnetization transfer
Authors: Meng Yuguang , Cheung Jesse , Sun Phillip Zhe 
Published: January 2020

PurposeTo characterize and minimize the magnetization transfer (MT) effect in MR fingerprinting (MRF) relaxation measurements with a 2‐pool (2P) MT model of multiple tissue types.Theory and MethodsSemisolid MT effect in MRF was modeled using 2P Bloch‐McConnell equations. The combinations of MT parameters of multiple tissues (white [WM] and gray matter [GM]) were used to build the MRF dictionary. Both 1‐pool (1P) and 2P models were simulated to characterize the dependence on MT. Relaxations measured using MRF with spin‐echo saturation‐recovery (SR) or inversion‐recovery preparations were compared with conventional SR‐prepared T1 and multiple spin‐echo T2 measurements. The simulations results were validated with phantoms and brain tissue samples.ResultsThe MRF signal was different from the 1P and 2P models. 1P MRF produced significantly (P < .05) underestimated T1 in WM (20‐30%) and GM (7‐10%), while 2P MRF measured consistent T1 and T2 in both WM and GM with conventional measurements (pairwise test P > .1; correlated P < .05). Simulations showed that SR‐prepared MRF measuring T1 had much less errors against the variation of the macromolecular fraction. Compared with inversion‐recovery preparation, SR‐prepared MRF produced higher relaxation correlations (R > 0.9) with conventional measurements in both WM and GM across samples, suggesting that SR‐prepared MRF was less sensitive to the compositive effect of multiple MT parameters variations.Conclusions2P MRF using a combination of MT parameters for multiple tissue types can measure consistent relaxations with conventional methods. With the 2P models, SR‐prepared MRF would provide an option for robust relaxation measurement under heterogeneous MT.
Addressing heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CLINICAL TRIALS
Authors: Goyal Namita A. , Berry James D. , Windebank Anthony , Staff Nathan P. , Maragakis Nicholas J. , van den Berg Leonard H. , Genge Angela , Miller Robert , Baloh Robert H. , Kern Ralph , Gothelf Yael , Lebovits Chaim , Cudkowicz Merit 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder with complex biology and significant clinical heterogeneity. Many preclinical and early phase ALS clinical trials have yielded promising results that could not be replicated in larger phase 3 confirmatory trials. One reason for the lack of reproducibility may be ALS biological and clinical heterogeneity. Therefore, in this review, we explore sources of ALS heterogeneity that may reduce statistical power to evaluate efficacy in ALS trials. We also review efforts to manage clinical heterogeneity, including use of validated disease outcome measures, predictive biomarkers of disease progression, and individual clinical risk stratification. We propose that personalized prognostic models with use of predictive biomarkers may identify patients with ALS for whom a specific therapeutic strategy may be expected to be more successful. Finally, the rapid application of emerging clinical and biomarker strategies may reduce heterogeneity, increase trial efficiency, and, in turn, accelerate ALS drug development.
Two‐dimensional Ti3C2Tx/poly(vinylidene fluoride) metacomposites with weakly negative permittivity
Authors: Zhang Yuliang , Yin Kuan , Sun Kai , Cao Shengjia , Tao Fujun , Wang Binbin , Li Li , Chang Xueting , Huang Liangjun , Fan Runhua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, random metacomposites with tunable negative permittivity have aroused widespread attention because of their distinctive properties and broad potential prospects. It is indicated that an enormously negative permittivity with a large value is not conducive to performance optimizing and impedance matching. In this article, the 2D Mxene Ti3C2Tx was selected as the conductive phase instead of metal and carbon materials to fabricate Ti3C2Tx/poly(vinylidene fluoride) metacomposites. The results of dielectric properties indicated that the conductive Ti3C2Tx networks were formed by Ti3C2Tx contacting with each other near the percolation threshold (ƒc). The as‐obtained metacomposites containing 75 wt% Ti3C2Tx generated percolating phenomenon. Additionally, when the fraction of Ti3C2Tx was below ƒc, the frequency dispersion behaviors of conductivity were in accordance with the Jonscher's power law, which proved that conducting mechanism was dependent on hopping conduction. While above ƒc, the conductivity conformed to the Drude model and Lorentz model, which demonstrated a conductive behavior. Furthermore, the real part of permittivity transformed to negative value at 75 wt%, which can be explained as the existence of the low‐frequency plasma oscillation and electric‐dipole‐induced resonance. The dielectric loss of the metacomposite was also analyzed by the imaginary permittivity spectra. Small negative permittivity values in the range of −550 to −400 were observed, owing to the low free carrier concentration in composites. The appearance of weakly negative permittivity opened up a new direction in negative dielectric materials by 2D layered Ti3C2Tx nanomaterials.
Der richtige Dreh ins Tor
Authors: Thaller Sigrid , Mathelitsch Leopold , Tilp Markus 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungHandball zeichnet sich durch eine Abfolge von langsamen Spielzügen und extrem schnellen Aktionen aus. Wegen der Würfe aus der Hand liegt die Ballgeschwindigkeit deutlich unter der anderer Ballsportarten wie Fußball oder Tennis. Die Wurftechnik, besonders im Sprung, ist eine Abfolge von Drehbewegungen des Oberkörpers und nachfolgenden Armbewegungen. Der Drehwurf gibt dem Ball einen Drall, der ihn nach dem Aufsetzen seitlich hinter dem Tormann ins Tor befördern soll. Würfe in das untere Drittel des Tores haben eine höhere Trefferwahrscheinlichkeit als oben. Die Spieltaktik lässt sich mit künstlichen neuronalen Netzen optimieren.
Lichtspiel mit hängenden Tropfen
Authors: Suhr Wilfried 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Rand von Wassertröpfchen, die sich durch Kondensation von Wasserdampf an der Unterseite einer Frischhaltefolie niedergeschlagen haben, wirkt wie ein Lichtleiter. Dort eintretendes Licht wird durch interne Totalreflexion umgelenkt. Von einer Punktlichtquelle ausgesandtes weißes Licht wird von den Tropfen daher auf eine Weise zurückgestrahlt, die ein farbiges Interferenzmuster entstehen lässt. Die Gründe für sein Erscheinen liefert ein strahlenoptisches Model, indem es die dafür maßgeblichen Lichtwege aufzeigt.
Micellization and Adsorption to Carbon Black of Polyisobutylene‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Holbrook Travis P. , Storey Robson F. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTIonic liquid‐terminated polyisobutylene (PIB‐IL) dispersants suitable for stabilization of carbonaceous deposits found in automotive lubricating oils were derived by the quaternization of tertiary amines (1‐methyl‐imidazole, pyridine, and isoquinoline) with primary bromide‐terminated PIB. Characterization of PIB intermediate and PIB‐IL dispersants was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel‐permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. PIB‐IL micellization in dodecane and characteristics thereof (hydrodynamic radius, aggregation number, and critical micelle concentration) were investigated by static (SLS) and dynamic light scattering; whereupon, the self‐association of PIB‐IL was found to be highly sensitive to anion hydrophobicity. Qualitative adsorption of PIB‐IL onto carbon black was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and TGA measurements. Using Langmuir adsorption studies, the affinity for and adsorption to carbon black of PIB‐IL were characterized. PIB‐IL adsorption onto carbon black occurred via cation–π interactions and was identified to be highly dependent on the molar volume of the cation and independent of the anion. From the parameters obtained by the Langmuir adsorption isotherms, the spatial arrangement of PIB‐IL on the carbon black surface was elucidated, in which all adsorbed PIB‐IL were determined to exist in the elongated brush regime. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 280–299
Poly(ethylene oxide) helical conformation and alkali metal cation selectivity studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Yin Changna , Fu Jie , Lu Xiuyang 
Published: January 2020

RationaleThe poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–alkali metal cation interaction is widely used in many areas. The conformation of the PEO–alkali metal cation complex has been studied extensively, but the conformational mechanism is still unclear. Simulations have been used to explain the mechanism, but there is a lack of experimental data from long PEO chains to verify the simulation results.MethodsThe relative peak abundance of PEO (iso‐C10H21(OC2H4)nOH (naverage = 7, where n denotes the number of ethylene oxide (EO) units) oligomers complexed to five alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) was studied using positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The ion selectivity of PEO oligomers to alkali metal cations corresponded to the peak abundance in competitive ESI‐MS.ResultsPEO formed its first helix when the number of EO units reached six and the helix played an important role in the ion selectivity of PEO. For larger PEO oligomers with a helix, the ion selectivity of PEO depended on the degree of host–guest matching of the cations and the helix. The highest selectivity of PEO to K+ was due to K+ providing the best shape matching with the helical cavity. For smaller PEO oligomers without a helix, the selectivity was mainly determined by the surface charge density of the cations.ConclusionsThe formational mechanism of the PEO–alkali metal cation complex was predicted. The results gave straightforward evidence to explain the conformational mechanism of the PEO–alkali metal cation complex and provided experimental data for further simulation studies.
Identification of S419 on human serum albumin as a novel biomarker for sarin and cyclosarin exposure
Authors: Fu Feiyan , Liu Haibo , Lu Xiaogang , Zhang Ruihua , Li Liqin , Gao Runli , Xie Jianwei , Wang Hongmei , Pei Chengxin 
Published: January 2020

RationaleOrganophosphorus nerve agents are highly toxic because they inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, thereby causing a series of symptomatic poisoning. Upon entering the body, nerve agents bind active amino acid residues to form phosphonylated adducts. A potentially beneficial method for specific verification of exposure of nerve agents is based on albumin adducts, which have a half‐life of 18 days. This appears to be more effective than the fluoride reactivation method, based on acetylcholinesterase.MethodsAfter the exposure of human serum albumin to nine nerve agents, human serum albumin was denatured, reduced, alkylated and digested with trypsin according to standard mass spectrometry‐based proteomics procedures. The phosphonylated peptides of human serum albumin were identified using positive ion electrospray ionization with a quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer.ResultsThe peptide KVPQVSTPTLVESR showed a good mass spectrometric response to the nine nerve agents. The tendency of sarin and cyclosarin was to bind to S419 on the peptide, while the other nerve agents (tabun, soman and V‐type nerve agents) were shown to bind more readily to K414 on the peptide.ConclusionsThis research revealed a new site, S419, of the tryptic peptide KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR on human albumin to be a valuable biomarker for sarin/cyclosarin exposure, helping to further distinguish sarin and cyclosarin poisoning from that of other nerve agents and providing an important tool for the identification of sarin or cyclosarin in terrorist attacks.
Efficient incorporation of fatigue damage constraints in wind turbine blade optimization
Authors: Ingersoll Bryce , Ning Andrew 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWind turbine design is a challenging multidisciplinary optimization problem, where the aerodynamic shapes, structural member sizing, and material composition must all be determined and optimized. Some previous blade design methods incorporate static loading with an added safety factor to account for dynamic effects. Others incorporate dynamic loading, but in general limit, the evaluation to a few design cases. By not fully incorporating the dynamic loading of the wind turbine, the final turbine blade design is either too conservative by overemphasizing the dynamic effects or infeasible by failing to adequately account for these effects. We propose an iterative method that estimates fatigue effects during the optimization process while quickly converging to the true solution. We also demonstrate an alternate approach where a surrogate model is trained to efficiently estimate the dynamic loading of the wind turbine in the design process. This surrogate model, once trained, was then incorporated in the optimization loop of the wind turbine blade. In contrast to the iterative method, there is significant upfront computational cost to construct the surrogate model. However, this surrogate model has been generalized to be used for different rated turbines and can predict the fatigue damage of a wind turbine with less than 5% error for baseline wind turbines of the same family. These methods can be used instead of the more computationally expensive method of calculating the dynamic loading of the turbine within the optimization routine.
Immunogenic cell death by neoadjuvant oxaliplatin and radiation protects against metastatic failure in high-risk rectal cancer
Authors: Bains Simer J. , Abrahamsson Hanna , Flatmark Kjersti , Dueland Svein , Hole Knut H. , Seierstad Therese , Redalen Kathrine Røe , Meltzer Sebastian , Ree Anne Hansen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective
High rates of systemic failure in locally advanced rectal cancer call for a rational use of conventional therapies to foster tumor-defeating immunity.

Methods
We analyzed the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, a measure of immunogenic cell death (ICD), in plasma sampled from 50 patients at the time of diagnosis and following 4 weeks of induction chemotherapy and 5 weeks of sequential chemoradiotherapy, both neoadjuvant modalities containing oxaliplatin. The patients had the residual tumor resected and were followed for long-term outcome.

Results
Patients who met the main study end point—freedom from distant recurrence—showed a significant rise in HMGB1 during the induction chemotherapy and consolidation over the chemoradiotherapy. The higher the ICD increase, the lower was the metastatic failure risk (hazard ratio 0.26, 95% confidence interval 0.11–0.62, P = 0.002). However, patients who received the full-planned oxaliplatin dose of the chemoradiotherapy regimen had poorer metastasis-free survival (P = 0.020) than those who had the oxaliplatin dose reduced to avert breach of the radiation delivery, which is critical to maintain efficient tumor cell kill and in the present case, probably also protected the ongoing radiation-dependent ICD response from systemic oxaliplatin toxicity.

Conclusion
The findings indicated that full-dose induction oxaliplatin followed by an adapted oxaliplatin dose that was compliant with full-intensity radiation caused induction and maintenance of ICD and as a result, durable disease-free outcome for a patient population prone to metastatic progression.
Single Gland, Ectopic Location: Adenomas are Common Causes of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Rampp Robert D. , Mancilla Edna E. , Adzick N. Scott , Levine Michael A. , Kelz Rachel R. , Fraker Douglas L. , Iyer Pallavi , Lindeman Brenessa M. , Mejia Vicente A. , Chen Herbert , Wachtel Heather 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in children and adolescents is uncommon. Data‐driven guidelines for management in pediatric patients are limited.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients (1997–2017) with PHPT ≤ 21 years of age who underwent parathyroidectomy at three institutions. Clinical and demographic variables were analyzed. Primary operative outcome was cure (normocalcemia > 6 months after surgery); secondary outcome was operative success (intraoperative parathyroid hormone decrease of ≥ 50%).ResultsWe identified 86 patients with a median age of 17 years (IQR: 14, 19); 64% (n = 55) were female. The mean preoperative serum calcium was 11.7 mg/dL, median parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 110 pg/mL, and median urine calcium was 4.1 mg/kg/24 h. Preoperatively, sestamibi scan localized in 41/71 patients (58%); neck ultrasound localized in 19/44 (43%). The most common pathology at surgery was a single ectopic parathyroid adenoma in 71% (n = 61). A high incidence of ectopic adenomas (25%, n = 22) was observed, most commonly intrathymic (n = 13), followed by tracheoesophageal groove (n = 5), carotid sheath (n = 2), and intrathyroidal (n = 2). Of 56 patients with retrievable data > 6 months postoperatively, cure was achieved in 55 of 56 patients (98%). One patient who presented to us with parathyromatosis require subsequent reoperation.ConclusionIn this multi‐institutional series of PHPT in children and adolescents, the majority were sporadic PHPT and were due to a single adenoma. We observed a high incidence of ectopic parathyroid adenomas, most commonly intrathymic. Given the high risk for ectopic adenoma in pediatric patients, parathyroid surgery in children and adolescents should be performed by experienced surgeons.
Optimal Extensions of Conformal Mappings from the Unit Disk to Cardioid-Type Domains
Authors: Xu Haiqing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe conformal mapping $$f(z)=(z+1)^2 $$

f

(
z
)

=

(
z
+
1
)

2

from $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
onto the standard cardioid has a homeomorphic extension of finite distortion to entire $${\mathbb {R}}^2 .$$

R

2

.

We study the optimal regularity of such extensions, in terms of the integrability degree of the distortion and of the derivatives, and these for the inverse. We generalize all outcomes to the case of conformal mappings from $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
onto cardioid-type domains.
MRI detection of endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease in 8 minutes using MIIRMR and a 20‐channel coil after targeted gadolinium delivery
Authors: Zou Jing , Wang Zhen , Chen Yukun , Zhang Guoping , Chen Luguang , Lu Jianping 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundEndolymphatic hydrops (EH) become visible in vertigo patients, particularly in those with Meniere's disease (MD), in vivo using gadolinium‐enhanced MRI. However, the image quality is not satisfying after intravenous injection of gadolinium chelate (GdC), and occasional failure in GdC uptake has been noticed after traditional intratympanic injection. In the present report, targeted delivery of GdC and using a cost‐effective MRI system to obtain high quality images of EH in only 8 min will be introduced.Methods39 MD patients were recruited in the study. First, 0.1 ml of 20‐fold diluted gadolinium‐diethylenetriamine acid (Gd‐DTPA) was delivered onto the posterior upper part of the tympanic medial wall using a soft‐tipped micro‐irrigation catheter through an artificially perforated tympanic membrane. Inner ear MRI was performed 24 h after Gd‐DTPA administration using a 3T MR machine and a 20‐channel head/neck coil with an 8 min sequence of medium inversion time inversion recovery imaging with magnitude reconstruction (MIIRMR). The parameters were as follows: TR 16000 ms, TE 663 ms, inversion time 2700 ms, flip angle 180°, slices per slab 60.ResultsEfficient inner ear uptake of Gd‐DTPA was detected 24 h after delivery and it created excellent contrast in the inner ear of all cases. High quality images demonstrating EH in the vestibule and cochlea were obtained.ConclusionTargeted delivery of minimum Gd‐DTPA (0.1 ml, 20‐fold dilution) onto the posterior upper portion of the tympanic medial wall and MRI with MIIRMR in a 3T machine and 20‐channel head/neck coil are clinically practical to obtain high quality images displaying EH.
Incidence of depression in people with newly diagnosed tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a cohort study
Authors: Ambaw Fentie , Mayston Rosie , Hanlon Charlotte , Alem Atalay 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundCross-sectional studies show that the prevalence of comorbid depression in people with tuberculosis (TB) is high. The hypothesis that TB may lead to depression has not been well studied. Our objectives were to determine the incidence and predictors of probable depression in a prospective cohort of people with TB in primary care settings in Ethiopia.MethodsWe assessed 648 people with newly diagnosed TB for probable depression using Patient Health Questionnaire, nine-item (PHQ-9) at the time of starting their anti-TB medication. We defined PHQ-9 scores 10 and above as probable depression. Participants without baseline probable depression were assessed at 2 and 6 months to measure incidence of depression. Incidence rates per 1000-person months were calculated. Predictors of incident depression were identified using Poisson regression.ResultsTwo hundred and ninety-nine (46.1%) of the participants did not have probable depression at baseline. Twenty-two (7.4%) and 26 (8.7%) developed depression at 2 and 6 months of follow up. The incidence rate of depression between baseline and 2 months was 73.6 (95% CI 42.8–104.3) and between baseline and 6 months was 24.2 (95% CI 14.9–33.5) per 1000 person-months respectively. Female sex (adjustedβ= 0.22; 95% CI 0.16–0.27) was a risk factor and perceived social support (adjustedβ= −0.14; 95% CI −0.24 to −0.03) was a protective factor for depression onset.ConclusionThere was high incidence of probable depression in people undergoing treatment for newly diagnosed TB. The persistence and incidence of depression beyond 6 months need to be studied. TB treatment guidelines should have mental health component.
Comparison of surveillance and clinical cultures to measure the impact of infection control interventions on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the hospital
Authors: Leekha Surbhi , O’Hara Lyndsay M. , Sbarra Alyssa , Li Shanshan , Harris Anthony D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate whether clinical cultures are an appropriate surrogate for surveillance cultures to measure the effect of interventions on the incidence of MRSA and VRE in the hospital.

Design:
Cross-sectional and quasi-experimental, retrospective analysis

Setting and population:
Convenience sample of patients admitted between January 1, 2002, and June 31, 2011, to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of an acute-care hospital in the United States.

Interventions:
Asynchronously in the MICU and SICU, we introduced (1) universal glove and gown use, (2) bundled intervention to prevent central-line–associated bloodstream infection, and (3) daily chlorhexidine gluconate bathing.

Results:
We observed a statistically significant correlation between surveillance and clinical culture-based incidence rates of MRSA in the MICU (0.32; P < .001) and the SICU (0.37; P < .001) but not for VRE in either the MICU (0.16, P = .11) or the SICU (0.15; P = .12). For VRE, but not for MRSA, incidence density rates based on surveillance cultures were 2- to 4-fold higher than for clinical cultures. When evaluating the impacts of the interventions, different effect estimates were noted for universal glove and gown use on MRSA acquisition in MICU, and for VRE acquisition in both the MICU and the SICU based on surveillance versus clinical cultures.

Conclusions:
For multidrug-resistant organism acquisition, surveillance cultures should be used when feasible because clinical cultures may not be an appropriate surrogate. Clinical or surveillance-based end points for infection control interventions should reflect the conceptual model from colonization to infection and where an intervention might have an effect, rather than considering them interchangeable.