bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood variation in unsolved homicides: a retrospective cohort study in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2007–2017
Authors: Magee Lauren A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis , Tu Wanzhu , Wiehe Sarah E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHomicide is a widely acknowledged public health problem in the United States. The majority of homicides are committed with a firearm and have long-term health consequences for family members and entire communities. When left unsolved, violence may be perpetuated due to the retaliatory nature of homicides. Improving homicide clearance rates may help prevent future violence, however, we know little about the community-level social dynamics associated with unsolved homicides.MethodsThis study examines the individual-and-community-level social processes associated with low homicide clearance rates in Indianapolis, Indiana between 2007 and 2017. Homicide clearance is the primary outcome, defined as if a perpetrator was arrested for that homicide case between 2007 and 2017. Individual-level variables include the victim’s race/ethnicity, sex, and age. Community-level (i.e., census tracts) variables include the number of resident complaints against the police, resident complains of community disorder, income inequality, number of police interactions, and proportion of African American residents.ResultsIn Indianapolis over a 11-year period, the homicide clearance rate decreased to a low of 38% in 2017, compared to a national clearance rate of 60%. Homicide case clearance was less likely for minority (OR 0.566; 95% CI, 0.407–0.787;p < 0.01) and male (OR 0.576; 95% CI, 0.411–0.807;p < 0.01) victims. Resident complaints of community disorder were associated with a decreased odds of case clearance (OR 0.687; 95% CI, 0.485–0.973;p < .01)., African American victim’s cases were less likely to be cleared in 2014–2017 (OR 0.640; 95% CI, 0.437–0.938;p < 0.05), compared to 2007.ConclusionsOur study identified differences in neighborhood social processes associated with homicide clearance, indicating existing measures on these community factors are complex. Programs aimed at improving signs of community disorder and building community engagement may improve neighborhood clearance rates, lower violence, and improve the health of these communities.
Hepatitis C: milestones from discovery to clinical cure
Authors: Hu Wei , Zhang Chao , Shi Ji-Jing , Zhang Ji-Yuan , Wang Fu-Sheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOn October 5th, 2020, Drs. Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice were rewarded with Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV)”. During the past 50 years, remarkable achievements have been made in treatment of HCV infection: it has changed from being a life-threatening chronic disease to being curable. In this commentary, we briefly summarized the milestone events in the “scientific journey” from the first report of non-A, non-B hepatitis and discovery of the pathogen (HCV) to final identification of efficacious direct-acting antivirals. Further, we address the challenges and unmet issues in this field.
Successful conversion surgery of distal pancreatectomy with celiac axis resection (DP-CAR) with double arterial reconstruction using saphenous vein grafting for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a case report
Authors: Murase Yoshiki , Ban Daisuke , Maekawa Aya , Watanabe Shuichi , Ishikawa Yoshiya , Akahoshi Keiichi , Ogawa Kosuke , Ono Hiroaki , Kudo Atsushi , Kudo Toshifumi , Tanaka Shinji , Tanabe Minoru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer is a disease with a poor prognosis, requiring multidisciplinary treatment combining chemotherapy and surgery for effective management. Distal pancreatectomy with celiac axis resection (DP-CAR) is a surgical intervention performed for locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but the benefit of arterial reconstruction in DP-CAR is unclear.

Case presentation
A 49-year-old man with pancreatic cancer was referred to our hospital. Imaging revealed a 54-mm tumor mainly in the pancreatic body, but with arterial infiltration including into the celiac, common hepatic, left gastric, splenic and gastroduodenal arteries. Distant metastases were not detected. The patient was diagnosed with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer and chemoradiotherapy was planned. Three cycles of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) plus nab-paclitaxel (125 mg/m2) every 4 weeks were followed by irradiation (2 Gy/day, total 50 Gy over 25 days) together with S-1 administration (80 mg/m2/day). A partial response (PR) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) was achieved, so surgical intervention was considered. Because the tumor had invaded the root of the gastroduodenal artery, we performed DP-CAR with resection of the gastroduodenal artery, followed by arterial reconstruction of the proper hepatic and left gastric arteries, anastomosed with the abdominal aorta using a great saphenous vein graft in the shape of a “Y”. Histopathology showed that 60% of tumor cells were destroyed by the chemoradiotherapy, defined as grade IIb in the Evans classification. No malignancy was detected at the surgical margin, including the celiac artery, gastroduodenal artery or pancreatic stump; thus R0 surgery was successful. S-1 (80 mg/day) was administered as adjuvant chemotherapy for 6 months. The patient is now doing well without recurrence for > 2 years after the initial treatment (more than 16 months after surgery).

Conclusion
For locally advanced pancreatic cancer, multidisciplinary treatment combining gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel-based chemoradiotherapy and then DP-CAR surgery with gastroduodenal artery resection and arterial reconstruction using saphenous vein grafting enabled R0 resection in this patient and led to a favorable long-term prognosis.
Lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography: a cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative programmes in the UK using a newly developed natural history-based economic model
Authors: Griffin Edward , Hyde Chris , Long Linda , Varley-Campbell Jo , Coelho Helen , Robinson Sophie , Snowsill Tristan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
A systematic review of economic evaluations for lung cancer identified no economic models of the UK setting based on disease natural history. We first sought to develop a new model of natural history for population screening, then sought to explore the cost-effectiveness of multiple alternative potential programmes.

Methods
An individual patient model (ENaBL) was constructed in MS Excel® and calibrated against data from the US National Lung Screening Trial. Costs were taken from the UK Lung Cancer Screening Trial and took the perspective of the NHS and PSS. Simulants were current or former smokers aged between 55 and 80 years and so at a higher risk of lung cancer relative to the general population. Subgroups were defined by further restricting age and risk of lung cancer as predicted by patient self-questionnaire. Programme designs were single, triple, annual and biennial arrangements of LDCT screens, thereby examining number and interval length. Forty-eight distinct screening strategies were compared to the current practice of no screening. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness of strategies (additional cost per QALY gained).

Results
LDCT screening is predicted to bring forward the stage distribution at diagnosis and reduce lung cancer mortality, with decreases versus no screening ranging from 4.2 to 7.7% depending on screen frequency. Overall healthcare costs are predicted to increase; treatment cost savings from earlier detection are outweighed by the costs of over-diagnosis. Single-screen programmes for people 55–75 or 60–75 years with ≥ 3% predicted lung cancer risk may be cost-effective at the £30,000 per QALY threshold (respective ICERs of £28,784 and £28,169 per QALY gained). Annual and biennial screening programmes were not predicted to be cost-effective at any cost-effectiveness threshold.

Limitations
LDCT performance was unaffected by lung cancer type, stage or location and the impact of a national screening programme of smoking behaviour was not included.

Conclusion
Lung cancer screening may not be cost-effective at the threshold of £20,000 per QALY commonly used in the UK but may be cost-effective at the higher threshold of £30,000 per QALY.
Involvement of the wrist and hand joints and tendons in an Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus cohort
Authors: Abdel-Moniem Omneya Mohamed-Ayman , El-Sherif Sherine , Barakat Mohamed Sami , Mohasseb Diaa Fahmy , Abdel-Fattah Yousra Hisham 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients often suffer hand function limitations even in the absence of symptoms related to joint or tendon disorders. Recent researches reported the presence of ultrasonographic (US) subclinical synovitis and tendon involvement in asymptomatic patients. We aimed to assess US patterns in SLE patients and determine their relationship with clinical assessment, disease activity and hand functional status using handheld dynamometry.ResultsWe assessed 30 SLE patients (60 hands) using US; 21 (70%) patient had synovial hypertrophy, 8 (26%) showed a power Doppler (PD) activity, 6 (20%) had erosions and 11 (36.6%) had tendon US abnormality. Both patients with hand arthralgia/arthritis (symptomatic) and patients without arthralgia/arthritis (asymptomatic) had a statistically insignificant difference regarding the global synovitis score (p= 0.2) and disease activity (p= 0.3). However, the symptomatic group had a significantly increased number of joints with effusion (p= 0.04) and tendons involved (p= 0.04). The mean grip strength had a significant negative correlation with SLEDAI-2 K score (rs = − 0.4,p= 0.02) in the total patient group. In the asymptomatic group, a negative correlation was found between both mean grip (rs = − 0.5,p= 0.04) and pinch strength (rs = − 0.6,p= 0.01) with PD index, and mean pinch strength with the Jaccoud’s arthropathy index (rs = − 0.49,p= 0.05).ConclusionsSLE patients may have higher subclinical synovitis, erosions and tendon involvement than expected, which may in turn reduce hand grip and pinch strength. Disease activity may also have a negative impact on the hand grip functional strength.
Policy Evaluation Network (PEN): Protocol for systematic literature review examining the evidence for impact of policies across seven different policy domains
Authors: Volf Kevin , Kelly Liam , García Bengoechea Enrique , Casey Blathin , Gobis Anna , Lakerveld Jeroen , Zukowska Joanna , Gelius Peter , Messing Sven , Forberger Sarah , Woods Catherine ,   Policy Evaluation Network (PEN) Consortium
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Over 40 million deaths annually are due to noncommunicable diseases, 15 million of these are premature deaths and physical inactivity contributes an estimated 9% to this figure. Global responses have included the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity (GAPPA). Both point to policy action on physical activity (PA) to address change, yet the impact of policy on PA outcomes is unknown. The protocol described outlines the methodology for systematic literature reviews that will be undertaken by the Policy Evaluation Network (PEN) to address this knowledge gap. Methods: The seven best investments for promotion of population PA identified in the Toronto Charter highlighted seven policy domains (schools, transport, urban design, primary health care systems, public education, community-wide programmes and sport) which will form the basis of these PEN reviews. Seven individual scientific literature searches across six electronic databases will be conducted. Each will use the key concepts of policy, PA, evaluation and a distinct concept for each of the seven policy domains. This will be supplemented with a search of the reference list of included articles. Methodological quality will be assessed and overall effectiveness for each included study will be described according to pre-determined criteria. Conclusions: Each review will provide policy makers with a list of policy statements and corresponding actions which the evidence has determined impact on PA directly or indirectly. By collating the evidence, and demonstrating the depth of the science base which informs these policy recommendations, each review will provide guidance to policymakers to use evidence-based or evidence-informed policies to achieve the 15% relative reduction in physical inactivity as defined by GAPPA. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020156630 (10/07/2020).
Tax Misperceptions and the Effect of Informational Tax Nudges on Retirement Savings
Authors: Blaufus Kay , Milde Michael 
Published: December 2020

Despite subjects being informed about tax rules before making saving decisions, we find—using laboratory experiments—that deferred taxation results in after-tax pensions that are approximately 25% lower compared with an economically equivalent immediate pension-tax system. This indicates substantial tax misperceptions. For subjects with low tax knowledge, tax misperceptions remain stable, even if they have gained experience. Tax misperceptions nearly disappear for all subjects only if we provide recurrent numerical informational pension-tax nudges and if subjects have gained experience. We demonstrate that replacing the tax-deductibility of retirement savings with government matching contributions increases after-tax pensions above the level under immediate taxation without the need to provide informational tax nudges. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, decision analysis.
Interferometric grazing incidence test of rough steep convex spherics: experimental data analysis
Authors: Rothau S. , Mantel K. , Lindlein N. 
Published: December 2020

Grazing incidence interferometry has been applied to plane, cylindrical, acylindrical, and general rod-like surfaces using diffractive beam splitters. Here, in a first step towards measuring aspherics, we demonstrate that also rough convex steep rotationally symmetric spherics can be measured along one meridian in a single step using diffractive beam splitters and phase shifting techniques. The measurement of rough surfaces is possible, i.e., without the need to polish the surfaces, due to the large effective wavelength (

λ

eff

≈
10

µ
m

) of the test. We include, besides the short recapitulation of the measurement principle and experimental setup, a presentation of the measured data of one small meridian region for the special case of spherical objects under test. The subsequent data analysis combined with suitable simulations focuses on elimination of the misalignment aberrations from the results caused by specimen displacements in the setup.
High-accuracy and high-repeatability measurement of the cut error of a
nonlinear uniaxial crystal
Authors: Lu Qi , Liu Shijie , Zhang Xiangchao , Xu Tianzhu , Pan Jingyu , Xu Min , Shao Jianda 
Published: December 2020

To accurately determine the optical axis cut error of a nonlinear uniaxial crystal, a measurement method based on dual-optical path second-harmonic energy (SHE) rocking curve acquisition is presented, of which the measurement uncertainty can be controlled within 3.20 µrad , 26 times higher than that of a high-precision commercial x-ray diffractometer (XRD). To meet the measurement requirements, a Type I potassium dihydrogen phosphate reference crystal (RC) is first made, and its optical axis cut error is considered as a reference. Then, the optical axis cut error of a measured crystal (MC) with an aperture of

25

m
m

×

25

m
m

and a thickness of 10 mm is determined by simultaneously recording the SHE scatter plots of the RC and the MC, where the measurement repeatability of 10 consecutive measurements is only 4.48 µrad and the measurement speed is within 20 s. During data processing, a third-order Fourier polynomial is proposed to fit the scatter plots into smooth curves, of which the regression coefficients are greater than 0.9975. The experimental method not only overcomes the shortcomings that XRDs will introduce scratches and defects to the crystal surface and are unable to measure large-aperture crystals, but can be used to guide the production of precise cutting of a nonlinear uniaxial crystal, thus ensuring the maximum conversion efficiency of a frequency multiplication system.
Interferometric method of measuring external cylindrical
surfaces
Authors: Zhou Qing , Wang Junhua , Xu Min 
Published: December 2020

A new method of measuring external cylindrical surfaces is proposed,
making use of a ring beam transform unit. The unit is composed of
three cone mirrors, with which a parallel beam can be transformed into
annular and convergent beams. The method has advantages over classic
methods: It avoids physical contact with the cylinder surface and is
fast and stitching-free. In experiments using a dynamic interferometer
to demonstrate the feasibility of the method, the RMS difference of
the axis contour from results using a Luphoscan is 0.0282 µm, while
the roundness difference of the circumferential contour is
0.0962 µm.
Intraretinal microvascular changes after ERM and ILM peeling using SSOCTA
Authors: Told Reinhard , Georgopoulos Michael , Reiter Gregor Sebastian , Wassermann Lorenz , Aliyeva Leyla , Baumann Lukas , Abela-Formanek Claudette , Pollreisz Andreas , Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula , Sacu Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Background
To prospectively investigate retinal vascular changes in patients undergoing epiretinal membrane (ERM) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SSOCTA).

Methods
Consecutive patients were grouped based on ERM severity and followed using SSOCTA up to month 3 after surgical intervention. Superficial and deep foveal avascular zone (s/dFAZ) as well as foveal and parafoveal vessel density (VD) were correlated with ERM severity and visual acuity. Differences between groups were evaluated.

Results
Significant correlations were found between ERM severity and baseline sFAZ, dFAZ and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal subfield thickness (CST) and ΔCST (r = -0.52, r = -0.43, r = -0.42, r = 0.58, r = 0.39; all p<0.05). Vascular flow parameters did not correlate with age, peeling size, pseudophakia or CST, but correlated with intraretinal cysts presence. No associations of BCVA with any of the OCTA parameters across time were found.
Significant differences between ERM severity groups 1 and 2 were found for sFAZ at baseline (p = 0.005) and at the 3-month follow-up (p = 0.014), and for dFAZ at baseline (p = 0.017). Superficial foveal and parafoveal VD were not significantly different between groups (all p>0.05).

Conclusions
This study clearly shows that ERM severity based on ERM staging has to be taken into account when undertaking studies in patients with idiopathic ERM using SSOCTA. Further, specific changes in the superficial and deep retinal vasculature in eyes undergoing ERM and ILM peeling were found. However, the clinical usefulness and prognostic value for post-surgical treatment BCVA of the SSOCTA-derived variables (sFAZ and dFAZ area, as well as foveal and parafoveal VD) used remains questionable.
Spatial distribution and associated factors of underweight in Ethiopia: An analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey, 2016
Authors: Tusa Biruk Shalmeno , Weldesenbet Adisu Birhanu , Kebede Sewnet Adem 
Published: December 2020

Background
Underweight is one form of indicators of under-nutrition, which results from the poor nutrient intake and underlying health problems. Its impact is beyond an individual and extends to a country level. It has been known from the literature that underweight has a negative effect on income and development of a country. In the context of Ethiopia, factors predicting underweight remain unknown and there is a paucity of evidence on geographical distribution of underweight among individuals aged 15–49 years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of underweight and its associated factors among individuals aged 15–49 years in Ethiopia.

Methods
Secondary data analysis was done on a data set consisting of 28,450 individuals and obtained from the Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016. The spatial distribution of underweight across the country was identified by ArcGIS software. Hotspots analysis was done using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic within ArcGIS. In SaTScan software, the Bernoulli model was fitted by Kulldorff’s methods to identify the purely spatial clusters of underweight. A binary logistic regression was applied to determine factors associated with being underweight.

Result
In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of underweight was clustered with Global Moran’s I  =  0.79 at p-value < 0.0001. The highest underweight clusters were observed in Tigray, Gambella, eastern part of Amhara, and western and central part of Afar regions. Male individuals [AOR = 1.21; 95% CI: (1.15 1.28)], never married [AOR = 1.14; 95% CI: (1.05, 1.24)], rural residents [AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: (1.18, 1.47)], rich [AOR = 0.85; 95% CI: (0.76, 0.94)], cigarette smoking [AOR = 1.25; 95% CI: (1.07, 1.46)], drinking treated water [AOR = 0.91; 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)] and open filed defecation [AOR = 1.17; 95% CI: (1.08, 1.26)] were found to have a significant association with being underweight.

Conclusions
There was a significant clustering of underweight among individuals aged 15–49 years. Gender, age, marital status, place of residence, wealth index, cigarette smoking, using untreated water and types of toilet were the significant factors of being underweight. Therefore, effective public health interventions like building safe and supportive environments for nutrition, providing socio-economic protection and nutrition-related education for poor and rural resident would be better to mitigate these situations and associated risk factors in hot spot areas. In addition, policymakers should strengthen and promote nutrition sensitive policies and activities in order to alleviate the underlying and basic causes of underweight.
THE EFFECT OF AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION TO DAIRY CATTLE FARMS PRODUCTIVITY IN SEMARANG REGENCY
Authors: Prasetyo Edy , Ekowati Titik , Harjanti Dian Wahyu 
Published: December 2020

The purposes of study were to examine the agribusiness system implementation of the dairy cattle farms; the average productions of dairy cattle and to analyse the effect of agribusiness system implementation on dairy cattle farm productivity. The study used survey methods and as elementary units were the dairy cattle farmers. The sample was determined by the Purposive quota sampling method towards 69 dairy cattle farmers. Data collected were primary and secondary data. Data were analysed using qualitative descriptive, quantitative descriptive, and inferencial statistic methods (multiple linear regression). The result showed that: (i) the agribusiness implementation system was in good category with score 3.97; (ii) the average business scale of dairy cattle farms was 3.74 head/farmer with composition of lactation dairy cattle and non-lactation dairy cattle was 42.25% and 57.75% respectively, and the milk productivity was 9.05 lt/head/day; (iii) Simultaneously, agribusiness subsystem was significant influenced to cow's milk productivity, while in partial term, the preproduction subsystem, agribusiness support access subsystem, and agribusiness planning were a significant effect on the productivity of dairy cattle farms, while the livestock business management subsystem was no significant effect.