bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular evolution of tomato black ring virus and de novo generation of a new type of defective RNAs during long‐term passaging in different hosts
Authors: Budzyńska Daria , Minicka Julia , Hasiów‐Jaroszewska Beata , Elena Santiago F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTomato black ring virus (TBRV) is a worldwide‐distributed RNA virus infecting a wide range of different host plants, including crop species, trees, shrubs, and weeds. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of TBRV and its adaptability to different plant species. The TBRV‐Pi isolate was used to generate five independent evolution lineages serially passaged in either quinoa, tobacco, or tomato plants. After 15 passages, the genetic variability present in all the lineages was characterized for the movement (MP) and coat (CP) coding cistrons. We addressed two main questions: to what extent does the amount of genetic variability in the TBRV genome depend on the host species, and are there host species‐specific adaptive mutations? Overall, 201 different nucleotide substitutions emerged during the evolution experiment, with some of them appearing multiple times in different lineages; two of them (one in CP and one in MP) were unique for a particular host plant. We have shown that the degree of genetic differentiation depends on the host species in which the virus evolved, and that positive selection is operating upon certain residues, particularly in CP. Moreover, we have characterized new types of defective RNAs that arose during the TBRV‐Pi evolution in tobacco. Furthermore, this is the first report of a defective RNA from the RNA2 of TBRV.
I expect what you expect: An electrophysiological study on social expectation of pain
Authors: Piedimonte Alessandro , Benedetti Fabrizio , Guerra Giulia , Zamfira Denisa Adina , Vighetti Sergio , Carlino Elisa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExpectations and motor reactions related to pain are mainly acquired through personal experiences. Contingent negative variation (CNV) has been shown to be an informative electrophysiological measure of this pain anticipation. Expectations can also arise while observing others in painful conditions. However, it still remains unclear what are the neural correlates of this phenomenon and how the observation of others in pain can subsequently change our personal pain perception as well as our motor reaction to pain. Using CNV as a measure of expectation, this study aims to assess whether expectations formed through observation change the observer's own experience of pain and reaction to pain. A new cooperative task was designed where one participant, the model, received an electrical stimulation while another, the observer, watched the experiment and both were asked to stop the stimulation as fast as possible. Crucially, in a successive session, participants inverted their roles so that models became observers and vice versa. CNV was recorded in both participants simultaneously by means of two synchronized electroencephalograms. Results showed that CNV area did not differ between models and observers and reaction times were significantly faster in observers compared to models. Moreover, observers’ pain perception was correlated to models’ pain perception as well as to observers’ empathy scores. These data show how expectations, perceptions as well as reactions related to pain are crucially affected not only by observation but by personal attitudes toward others and all these changes can be clearly described through CNV.
Relationship of regular physical activity with neuroelectric indices of interference processing in young adults
Authors: Aly Mohamed , Kojima Haruyuki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe relationship of physical activity with interference processing was examined using behavioral and neuroelectrical measures in young adults divided into more active and less active groups. The participants completed Stroop (i.e., color‐naming) and reverse Stroop (i.e., word‐meaning) tasks that differed in the level of difficulty while event‐related potentials were assessed. In the low interference Stroop task, participants were asked to respond to the ink color of the word, while the meaning was either congruent or incongruent with the color. In the high interference reverse Stroop task, participants had to indicate the meaning of colored words while ignoring the color of the font. The results indicated that young adults in the more active group exhibited a shorter response time (RT) and a lower intra‐individual variability of RT than did those in the less active group. These behavioral differences were associated with larger P2 and P3 and smaller N450 amplitudes in the Stroop task and with larger P2 and N2 and smaller N450 amplitudes in the reverse Stroop task. No differences were observed in the contingent negative variation (CNV) between the groups. These findings suggest that, for young adults, regular physical activity is positively associated with a better neural efficiency in resource allocation for tasks that require the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and provide evidence for the potential neural mechanisms underlying the improved Stroop performance.
Healthy microbiome: a key to successful and sustainable shrimp aquaculture
Authors: Rajeev Riya , Adithya K.K. , Kiran G. Seghal , Selvin Joseph 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe microbiome of the host and its surroundings play a vital role in its health and well‐being. Unlike the terrestrial organisms that maternally acquire its microbiome, the aquatic species mainly get colonized by the microorganisms in its aquatic surrounding and are exposed to a wide variety of microbial community based on the type of aquatic environment the host inhabits. This review is focused on the aquaculture and shrimp microbiome and factors that influence its microbiome such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, diet, stress conditions, frequency and type of antibiotics used, host physiological conditions and developmental stages. This review also casts light on the role of the microbiome in enhancing the shrimp health, immune response, microbial colonization, and the effects of the biofloc system on shrimp and aquaculture microbiome. Moreover, beneficial microbes can be a safer alternative to harmful antibiotics used in aquaculture, which can thereby prevent the emergence of superbugs and also enhance the production rate. A proper understanding of the interactions between the host and its microbiome can help us to modulate and manipulate the aquaculture microbiome to enhance the health of aquatic organisms, which ensures the growth of the aquaculture industry. Therefore, the treatment strategies should be targeted towards the modulation of shrimp and aquaculture microbiome, which acts as beneficial partners to overcome the challenges confronted by the aquaculture sector.
Hydrothermal activity in the Obiro deposit embedded in the Tagawa acidic rocks, Uetsu region,NEJapan
Authors: Nakajima Yuki , Izumino Yuya , Kagashima Shin‐ichi , Nakashima Kazuo 
Published: August 2020

ABstractThe Obiro deposit is located in the Tagawa Acidic Rocks (AR), Uetsu region, NE Japan. The Tagawa AR is composed of a volcanic phase of dacitic welded tuff and a plutonic phase of porphyritic granodiorite. Drill core and ore samples were collected from the deposit and examined by XRD, EPMA, and microthermometry. The drill core samples have suffered pervasively from sericite (illite) alteration, whereas pinkish K‐feldspar alteration halo occur close to veins. The results of EPMA and microthermometry is interpreted as that the magnatic‐hydrothermal fluids has changed as follows; the granodioritic magma intruded at about 1.0 kb and 700°C near the water‐saturated granite solidus; after cooling to about 500°C the fluids boiled according to a change in the pressure regime from lithostatic to hydrostatic; mixing with meteoric water led to sulfide mineralization at around 400°C or less. The main reasons for the mineralization in the Obiro deposit are as follows; the oxidized magma intruded at a shallower level, and thereafter hydrothermal fluids were boiled, resulting in a saline fluid. The saline fluid then dissolved metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, and Bi, and these metals precipitated during cooling accompanied by dilution of the meteoric water and increasing pH, resulting in decreasing solubility.
The 2020 Presidential election: A race against mortality
Authors: Wilson Linus 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA year from the inauguration, four of the top five Democratic 2020 U.S. Presidential election candidates in the polls are in their seventies. Using actuarial data and the history of Presidential assassinations, the top two contenders, Former Vice President Joe Biden and Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, have a 24–29% chance of not surviving to the end of a hypothetical first term. The 77 and 78‐year‐old men's chances of dying before the end of a second term as President of the United States are between 46 and 56%.
Fertility decisions of families in an intergenerational exchange model
Authors: Yakita Akira 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe analyze fertility decisions of families using an intergenerational exchange model that might be applicable to less‐developed economies. When the probability of becoming dependent increases for parents who have children for elderly support, the parents increase their number of children. Increases in the children’s wage rates decrease the fertility rate when the elasticity of marginal utility of family care is low. In such cases, children’s care might be replaced eventually by market care insurance along with economic development. Decreasing fertility might not derive from a quantity–quality trade‐off of children for parents but might instead derive from a decreased need by children for bequests when wages are increasing.
Emotional distress in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cechetti Joane Viecili , Puñales Márcia , da Cunha Luiza Zamprogna Vieira , Rigo Lilian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to analyze the association between emotional distress and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), with respect to dental anxiety, microvascular diabetes chronic complications, demographic conditions.MethodThe cross‐sectional study design included 100 adolescents and young adults with T1DM, from regional diabetes reference center. The clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Distress and dental anxiety scales were produced from questionnaires that were validated for emotional distress (DDS) and dental anxiety (Corah Scale). Multiple analyses estimated odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals using a binary logistic regression model (P < .05).ResultsThe mean participants age was 20.7 ± 5.5 years, and 52% were female. Of the patients, 19% presented with chronic microvascular diabetes complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy). Regarding the distress scale, 53% of the patients presented with high DDS and 83% had little to slight anxiety with dental procedures. There were statistically significant differences when variables were adjusted in the model, such as that of microvascular diabetes chronic complications and female gender with emotional distress.ConclusionsOur results showed that female sex and microvascular diabetes chronic complications are associated with greater emotional distress in patients with T1DM.
OsLFR is essential for early endosperm and embryo development by interacting with SWI/SNF complex members in Oryza sativa
Authors: Qi Dongmei , Wen Qingqing , Meng Ze , Yuan Shan , Guo Hong , Zhao Hongtao , Cui Sujuan 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm provides the developing embryo with nutrients and provides human beings with a staple food. The embryo eventually develops into a new sporophyte generation. Despite their important roles, the molecular mechanisms underlying early‐stage endosperm and embryo development remain elusive. Here, we established the fundamental functions of rice OsLFR, an ortholog of the Arabidopsis SWI/SNF chromatin‐remodeling complex (CRC) component LFR. OsLFR was expressed primarily in the rice spikelets and seeds, and the OsLFR protein was localized to the nucleus. We conducted genetic, cellular and molecular analyses of loss‐of‐function mutants and transgenic rescue lines. OsLFR depletion resulted in homozygous lethality in the early seed stage through endosperm and embryo defects, which could be successfully recovered by the OsLFR genomic sequence. Cytological observations revealed that the oslfr endosperm had relatively fewer free nuclei, had abnormal and arrested cellularization, and demonstrated premature programed cell death: the embryo was reduced in size and failed to differentiate. Transcriptome profiling showed that many genes, involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, cell wall assembly and cell death, were differentially expressed in a knockout mutant of OsLFR (oslfr‐1), which was consistent with the observed seed defects. Protein–protein interaction analysis showed that OsLFR physically interacts with several putative rice SWI/SNF CRC components. Our findings demonstrate that OsLFR, possibly as one component of the SWI/SNF CRC, is an essential regulator of rice seed development, and provide further insights into the regulatory mechanism of early‐stage rice endosperm and embryo development.
Nanofiltration as a robust method contributing to viral safety of plasma‐derived therapeutics: 20 yearsʼ experience of the plasma protein manufacturers
Authors: Roth Nathan J. , Dichtelmüller Herbert O. , Fabbrizzi Fabrizio , Flechsig Eckhard , Gröner Albrecht , Gustafson Mary , Jorquera Juan I. , Kreil Thomas R. , Misztela Dominika , Moretti Elisa , Moscardini Mila , Poelsler Gerhard , More John , Roberts Peter , Wieser Andreas , Gajardo Rodrigo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundNanofiltration entails the filtering of protein solutions through membranes with pores of nanometric sizes that have the capability to effectively retain a wide range of viruses.Study Design and MethodsData were collected from 754 virus validation studies (individual data points) by Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association member companies and analyzed for the capacity of a range of nanofilters to remove viruses with different physicochemical properties and sizes. Different plasma product intermediates were spiked with viruses and filtered through nanofilters with different pore sizes using either tangential or dead‐end mode under constant pressure or constant flow. Filtration was performed according to validated scaled‐down laboratory conditions reflecting manufacturing processes. Effectiveness of viral removal was assessed using cell culture infectivity assays or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe nanofiltration process demonstrated a high efficacy and robustness for virus removal. The main factors affecting nanofiltration efficacy are nanofilter pore size and virus size. The capacity of nanofilters to remove smaller, nonenveloped viruses was dependent on filter pore size and whether the nanofiltration process was integrated and designed with the intention to provide effective parvovirus retention. Volume filtered, operating pressure, and total protein concentration did not have a significant impact on the effectiveness of virus removal capacity within the investigated ranges.ConclusionsThe largest and most diverse nanofiltration data collection to date substantiates the effectiveness and robustness of nanofiltration in virus removal under manufacturing conditions of different plasma‐derived proteins. Nanofiltration can enhance product safety by providing very high removal capacity of viruses including small non‐enveloped viruses.
Pharmacologic ciliary body ablation for chronic glaucoma in dogs: A retrospective review of 108 eyes from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Julien Martha E. , Schechtmann Simone A. , Michau Tammy M. , Welihozkiy Anja , Baldwin Terri L. , Stine Jessica M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term outcome and efficacy of intravitreal injection of gentamicin and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (IVGD) or triamcinolone in end‐stage glaucoma patients and determine pre‐procedure prognostic indicators of success and post‐operative complications.ProcedureMedical records were reviewed for 108 dogs (108 eyes) treated with intravitreal gentamicin with or without dexamethasone sodium phosphate or triamcinolone for glaucoma between 2013 and 2018 with 3 months of minimum follow‐up. Signalment and clinical findings, including type of glaucoma, pre‐procedure intraocular pressure (IOP), chronicity, procedure protocol, and outcome were recorded. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure of ≤25 mm Hg at the time of last re‐examination or no ocular hypotensive medications at 3 months or longer post‐injection.ResultsThe overall success rate for pharmacologic ablation was 95%. The success rate for dogs receiving no ocular hypotensive medications was 86%. Seventy‐six eyes (70.4%) had primary glaucoma, and 32 eyes (29.6%) had secondary glaucoma. Age at the time of injection had no effect on initial success but did in final success (P =‐.03) for dogs requiring repeat injections. Cocker Spaniels required the most repeat 2nd and 3rd injections (3/12 dogs) and (2/4 dogs), respectively. No preoperative variable significantly affected the success rate. The most common complications were phthisis bulbi (59.2%), corneal edema (25.9%), and ulcerative keratitis (22.3%). Uncontrolled IOP resulted in enucleation in two dogs (1.8%).ConclusionsPharmacologic ablation has a high overall success rate in lowering IOP to ≤25 mm Hg short‐term in blind, glaucomatous canine eyes. Type of glaucoma, pre‐procedure IOP, chronicity, and protocol did not affect success.
Risk factors for reluxation after toggle rod stabilization for treatment of coxofemoral luxation in 128 dogs
Authors: Mathews Megan E. , Barnhart Matthew D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveEvaluate the risk factors for reluxation and outcomes for dogs with a toggle rod construct.Study designRetrospective case series.AnimalsOne hundred twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs.MethodsMedical records from 2007 to 2018 were reviewed for signalment, history, surgery, and outcome for dogs with a coxofemoral luxation repaired with a commercial toggle rod and nylon monofilament suture construct. Univariate and multiple logistics regression analysis were performed to assess risk factors associated with postoperative luxation. Primary veterinarians and owners were contacted for follow‐up via telephone or electronic communication.ResultsThe overall complication rate was 24.2%, and the reluxation rate was 14.8%. There was a decreased risk of reluxation when the cause was traumatic in origin (odds ratio [OR] 0.10) or when the lameness was severe at presentation (OR 0.42). Fifteen of 58 (25.9%) owners contacted completed a follow‐up survey.ConclusionDogs with nontraumatic, low impact luxations were at a higher risk for reluxation.Clinical significanceDogs of any body condition with a traumatic coxofemoral luxation are at lowest risk for reluxation.
LEGITIMACY AND THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: Jordan Peter N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPrompted by the concerns about legitimacy that Josh Reeves expresses in his book Against Methodology in Science and Religion: Recent Debates on Rationality and Theology, this article considers how the field of science and religion, and the disciplines and scholars that comprise it, should think about the pursuit of legitimacy today. It begins by examining four features of any conferral of legitimacy on an object. It then looks more closely at distance and its effects on judgments of legitimacy. It first notes how longer distances can enable a wide range of factors other than the internal features or inherent merits of the object to influence judgments of its legitimacy. It then explores the factors that persons who have significant expertise in or experience with the object may consider when judging its legitimacy. It closes by posing three questions that anyone designing a strategy to increase the perceived legitimacy of an object might ask.
I WALK THE LINE: COMMENT ON MIKAEL LEIDENHAG ON THEISTIC EVOLUTION AND INTELLIGENT DESIGN
Authors: Skogholt Christoffer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIs theistic evolution (TE) a philosophically tenable position? Leidenhag argues in his article “The Blurred Line between Theistic Evolution and Intelligent Design” that it is not, since it, Leidenhag claims, espouses a view of divine action that he labels “natural divine causation” (NDC), which makes God explanatory redundant. That is, in so far as TE does not invoke God as an additional cause alongside natural causes, it is untenable. Theistic evolutionists should therefore “reject NDC and affirm a more robust notion of divine agency.” However, this will, Leidenhag claims, have the effect that theistic evolutionists “will move their position significantly closer to Intelligent Design,” and so the line between TE and intelligent design is (or ought to be?) blurred. If successful, the criticism by Leidenhag would be bad news for theists who want to take science seriously and good news for those scientistic atheists according to whom there simply is no scientifically respectable way of combining theism and modern natural science in an overarching worldview. So, is TE stuck between a rock (of redundancy) and a hard place (of pseudo‐science)? No, at least not due to the criticism offered by Leidenhag—but maybe religious naturalism is?
THE PROBLEM OF NATURAL DIVINE CAUSATION AND THE BENEFITS OF PARTIAL CAUSATION: A RESPONSE TO SKOGHOLT
Authors: Leidenhag Mikael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, I defend my previous argument that natural divine causation suffers under the problem of causal overdetermination and that it cannot serve as a line of demarcation between theistic evolution (TE) and intelligent design (ID). I do this in light of Christoffer Skogholt's critique of my article. I argue that Skogholt underestimates the naturalistic ambitions of some current thinkers in TE and fails, therefore, to adequately respond to my main argument. I also outline how partial causation better serves as a model for the relationship between God's providence and evolution.
IN ALGORITHMS WE TRUST: MAGICAL THINKING, SUPERINTELLIGENT AI AND QUANTUM COMPUTING
Authors: Schradle Nathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article analyzes current attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing and argues that they represent a modern‐day form of magical thinking. It proposes that AI and quantum computing are thus excellent examples of the ways that traditional distinctions between religion, science, and magic fail to account for the vibrancy and energy that surround modern technologies.