bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA)
Authors: Abdurrachid Nuzhat , Gama Marques João 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMunchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is well-known to clinicians, but its usage is discouraged now in favor of other terms placing emphasis on the victim. This study aims to determine the most common characteristics of perpetrators but only in case reports labeled as MSBP, published in PubMed literature in the past 15 years. MSBP has been described as a rare form of abuse due to illness falsification, where the perpetrator usually receives the diagnosis of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). We extracted data from 108 articles, including 81 case reports. Almost all perpetrators were female (91% female, 1% female and male, 7% unreported). Twenty-three cases (28%) had a perpetrator with psychiatric diagnosis: factitious disorder imposed on self (10%), depression (9%), and personality disorders (7%). In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.
The Effectiveness of Item-Specific Encoding and Conservative Responding to Reduce False Memories in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia
Authors: Malone Christopher , Turk Katherine W. , Palumbo Rocco , Budson Andrew E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:Patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia are more susceptible to false memories than healthy older adults. Evidence that these patients can use cognitive strategies to reduce false memory is inconsistent.Method:In the present study, we examined the effectiveness of conservative responding and item-specific deep encoding strategies, alone and in combination, to reduce false memory in a categorized word list paradigm among participants with mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD), amnestic single-domain mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy age-matched older controls (OCs). A battery of clinical neuropsychological measures was also administered.Results:Although use of conservative responding alone tended to reduce performance in the MCI and OC groups, both deep encoding alone and deep encoding combined with conservative strategies led to improved discrimination for both gist memory and item-specific recollection for these two groups. In the AD group, only gist memory benefited from the use of strategies, boosted equally by deep encoding alone and deep encoding combined with conservative strategies; item-specific recollection was not improved. No correlation between the use of these strategies and performance on neuropsychological measures was found.Conclusions:These results suggest that further evaluation of these strategies is warranted as they have the potential to reduce related and unrelated memory errors and increase both gist memory and item-specific recollection in healthy older adults and individuals with amnestic MCI. Patients with AD were less able to benefit from such strategies, yet were still able to use them to reduce unrelated memory errors and increase gist memory.
Validation of the Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL): An Immersive Virtual Reality Neuropsychological Battery with Enhanced Ecological Validity
Authors: Kourtesis Panagiotis , Collina Simona , Doumas Leonidas A.A. , MacPherson Sarah E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:The assessment of cognitive functions such as prospective memory, episodic memory, attention, and executive functions benefits from an ecologically valid approach to better understand how performance outcomes generalize to everyday life. Immersive virtual reality (VR) is considered capable of simulating real-life situations to enhance ecological validity. The present study attempted to validate the Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive VR neuropsychological battery, against an extensive paper-and-pencil neuropsychological battery.Methods:Forty-one participants (21 females) were recruited: 18 gamers and 23 non-gamers who attended both an immersive VR and a paper-and-pencil testing session. Bayesian Pearson’s correlation analyses were conducted to assess construct and convergent validity of the VR-EAL. Bayesian t-tests were performed to compare VR and paper-and-pencil testing in terms of administration time, similarity to real-life tasks (i.e., ecological validity), and pleasantness.Results:VR-EAL scores were significantly correlated with their equivalent scores on the paper-and-pencil tests. The participants’ reports indicated that the VR-EAL tasks were significantly more ecologically valid and pleasant than the paper-and-pencil neuropsychological battery. The VR-EAL battery also had a shorter administration time.Conclusion:The VR-EAL appears as an effective neuropsychological tool for the assessment of everyday cognitive functions, which has enhanced ecological validity, a highly pleasant testing experience, and does not induce cybersickness.
A Multidimensional Assessment of Metacognition Across Domains in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mazancieux Audrey , Moulin Chris J.A. , Casez Olivier , Souchay Céline 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:In neurological diseases, metacognitive judgements have been widely used in order to assess the degree of disease awareness. However, as yet little research of this type has focused on multiple sclerosis (MS).Method:We here focused on an investigation of item-by-item metacognitive predictions (using feeling-of-knowing judgements) in episodic and semantic memory and global metacognitive predictions in standard neuropsychological tests pertinent to MS (processing speed and verbal fluency). Twenty-seven relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS) patients and 27 comparison participants took part.Results:We found that RR-MS patients were as accurate as the group of comparison participants on our episodic and semantic item-by-item judgements. However, for the global predictions, we found that the MS group initially overestimated their performance (ds= .64), but only on a task on which performance was also impaired (ds= .89; processing speed). We suggest that MS patients, under certain conditions, show inaccurate metacognitive knowledge. However, postdictions and item-by-item predictions indicate that online metacognitive processes are no different from participants without MS.Conclusion:We conclude that there is no monitoring deficit in RR-MS and as such these patients should benefit from adaptive strategies and symptom education.
Consumer confusion about wholegrain content and healthfulness in product labels: a discrete choice experiment and comprehension assessment
Authors: Wilde Parke , Pomeranz Jennifer L , Lizewski Lauren J , Zhang Fang Fang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:Using a legal standard for scrutinising the regulation of food label claims, this study assessed whether consumers are misled about wholegrain (WG) content and product healthfulness based on common product labels.Design:First, a discrete choice experiment used pairs of hypothetical products with different amounts of WG, sugar and salt to measure effects on assessment of healthfulness; and second, a WG content comprehension assessment used actual product labels to assess respondent understanding.Setting:Online national panel survey.Participants:For a representative sample of US adults (n 1030), survey responses were collected in 2018 and analysed in 2019.Results:First, 29–47 % of respondents incorrectly identified the healthier product from paired options, and respondents who self-identified as having difficulty in understanding labels were more likely to err. Second, for actual products composed primarily of refined grains, 43–51 % of respondents overstated the WG content, whereas for one product composed primarily of WG, 17 % of respondents understated the WG content.Conclusions:The frequency of consumer misunderstanding of grain product labels was high in both study components. Potential policies to address consumer confusion include requiring disclosure of WG content as a percentage of total grain content or requiring disclosure of the grams of WG v. refined grains per serving.
Maternal perspectives on infant feeding practices in Soweto, South Africa
Authors: Wrottesley Stephanie V , Prioreschi Alessandra , Slemming Wiedaad , Cohen Emmanuel , Dennis Cindy-Lee , Norris Shane A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To (i) describe the infant feeding practices of South African women living in Soweto and (ii) understand from the mothers’ perspective what influences feeding practices.Design:Semi-structured focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted, and data were analysed using thematic analysis.Setting:Soweto, South Africa.Participants:Nineteen mothers were stratified into three FGD according to their baby’s age as follows: 0–6-month-olds, 7–14-month-olds and 15–24-month-olds. Four mothers from each FGD then attended an IDI.Results:Although mothers understood that breast-feeding was beneficial, they reported short durations of exclusive breast-feeding. The diversity and quality of weaning foods were low, and ‘junk’ food items were commonly given. Infants were fed using bottles or spoons and feeding commonly occurred separately to family meal times. Feeding practices were influenced by mothers’ beliefs that what babies eat is important for their health and that an unwillingness to eat is a sign of ill health. As such, mothers often force-fed their babies. In addition, mothers believed that feeding solid food to babies before 6 months of age was necessary. Family matriarchs were highly influential to mothers’ feeding practices; however, their advice often contradicted that of health professionals.Conclusions:In South Africa, interventions aimed at establishing healthier appetites and eating behaviours in early life should focus on: (i) fostering maternal self-efficacy around exclusive breast-feeding; (ii) challenging mixed feeding practices and encouraging more responsive feeding approaches and (iii) engaging family members to promote supportive household and community structures around infant feeding.
Does Item Difficulty Affect the Magnitude of the Retrieval Practice Effect? An Evaluation of the Retrieval Effort Hypothesis
Authors: Lima Marcos Felipe Rodrigues de , Venâncio Sebastião , Feminella Júlia , Buratto Luciano Grüdtner 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRetrieving information by testing improves subsequent retention more than restudy, a phenomenon known as theretrieval practice effect.According to theretrieval effort hypothesis(REH), difficult items require more retrieval effort than easier items and, consequently, should benefit more from retrieval practice. In two experiments, we tested this prediction. Participants learned sets of easy and difficult Swahili–Portuguese word pairs (study phase) and repeatedly restudied half of these items and repeatedly retrieval practiced the other half (practice phase). Forty-eight hours later, they took a cued-recall test (final test phase). In both experiments, we replicated both the retrieval practice and the item difficulty effects. In Experiment 1 (N= 51), we found a greater retrieval practice effect for easy items,MDifference= .26,SD= .17, than for difficult items,MDifference= .19,SD= .19,t(50) = 2.01,p= .05,d= 0.28. In Experiment 2 (N= 28), we found a nonsignificant trend—F(1, 27) = 2.86,p= .10,$$ {\upeta}_{\mathrm{p}}^2 $$= .10—toward a greater retrieval practice effect for difficult items,MDifference= .28,SD= .22, than for easy items,MDifference= .18,SD= .21. This was especially true for individuals who benefit from retrieval practice (difficult:MDifference= .32,SD= .18; easy:MDifference= .20,SD= .20),t(24) = –2.08,p= .05,d= –0.42. The results provide no clear evidence for the REH and are discussed in relation to current accounts of the retrieval practice effect.
Psychometric and Classification Properties of the Peas in a Pod Questionnaire
Authors: Avery Ally R. , Turkheimer Eric , Tsang Siny , Duncan Glen E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe examined the item properties of the Two Peas Questionnaire (TPQ) among a sample of same-sex twin pairs from the Washington State Twin Registry. With the exception of the ‘two peas’ item, three of the mistakenness items showed differential item functioning. Results showed that the monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs may differ in their responses on these items, even among those with similar latent traits of similarity and confusability. Upon comparing three classification methods to determine the zygosity of same-sex twins, the overall classification accuracy rate was over 90% using the unit-weighted pair zygosity sum score, providing an efficient and sufficiently accurate zygosity classification. Given the inherent nature of twin-pair similarity, the TPQ is more accurate in the identification of MZ than DZ pairs. We conclude that the TPQ is a generally accurate, but by no means infallible, method of determining zygosity in twins who have not been genotyped.
Women Want an Answer! Field Experiments on Elected Officials and Gender Bias
Authors: Magni Gabriele , Ponce de Leon Zoila 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAre elected officials more responsive to men than women inquiring about access to government services? Women face discrimination in many realms of politics, but evidence is limited on whether such discrimination extends to interactions between women and elected officials. In recent years, several field experiments have examined public officials’ responsiveness. The majority focused on racial bias in the USA, while the few experiments outside the USA were usually single-country studies. We explore gender bias with the first large-scale audit experiment in five countries in Europe (France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Netherlands) and six in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay). A citizen alias whose gender is randomized contacts members of parliament about unemployment benefits or healthcare services. The results are surprising. Legislators respond significantly more to women (+3% points), especially in Europe (+4.3% points). In Europe, female legislators in particular reply substantially more to women (+8.4% points).
River Dynamics Control Transit Time Distributions and Biogeochemical Reactions in a Dam‐Regulated River Corridor
Authors: Song Xuehang , Chen Xingyuan , Zachara John M. , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Shuai Pin , Ren Huiying , Hammond Glenn E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTransit time distributions (TTDs) exert important controls on biogeochemical processes in watershed systems. TTDs are often assumed to follow time‐invariant exponential, lognormal, or heavy‐tailed power law distributions in headwater or low‐order streams. However, under dynamic hydrological forcing, transit time could exhibit more complex distribution patterns with strong spatial and temporal variability. In this study, we used a numerical particle tracking approach to characterize TTDs along the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River under the influences of river stage fluctuations and evaluate the associated effects on biogeochemical reaction potentials within the river corridor. Particle tracking was conducted using velocity fields simulated by high‐resolution three‐dimensional groundwater flow models that capture both the river stage fluctuations and physical heterogeneity. Our results revealed that multifrequency flow variations led to multimodal TTDs that varied in time and space. Such characteristics can only be captured by multiyear numerical simulations supported by multiyear field monitoring. Dam‐induced high‐frequency (subweekly) flow variations increased additional hydrologic exchange flows with short (subweekly) transit times, which accounted for up to 44% of reactant consumption in the river corridor along the Hanford Reach. The dam‐induced river stage fluctuations have more significant impacts on faster biogeochemical reactions because they cause a larger fraction of shorter transit times. Numerical particle tracking provides an efficient alternative for characterizing TTDs for large complex systems where in situ field experiments are not feasible. Such a numerical approach is thus essential for improving large‐scale biogeochemical modeling from watersheds to basins.
Future Warming and Intensification of Precipitation Extremes: A “Double Whammy” Leading to Increasing Flood Risk in California
Authors: Huang Xingying , Stevenson Samantha , Hall Alex D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on quantifying future anthropogenic changes in surface runoff associated with extreme precipitation in California's Sierra Nevada. The method involves driving a land surface model with output from a high resolution regional atmospheric simulation of the most extreme atmospheric rivers (ARs). AR events were selected from an ensemble of global climate model simulations of historical and late 21st century climate under the “high‐emission” RCP8.5 scenario. Average precipitation during the future ARs increases by ~25% but a much lower proportion falls as snow. The resulting future runoff increase is dramatic—nearly 50%, reflecting both the precipitation increase and simultaneous conversion of snow to rain. The “double whammy” impact on runoff is largest in the 2,000–2,500 m elevation band, where the snowfall loss and precipitation increase are both especially large. This huge increase in runoff during the most extreme AR events could present major flood control challenges for the region.
DC and Low‐Frequency Electric Field Measurements on the Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Mozer F. S. , Agapitov O. V. , Bale S. D. , Bonnell J. W. , Bowen T. A. , Vasko I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Parker Solar Probe successfully makes electric field measurements over the frequency range of DC‐100 Hz, thanks to the remarkable symmetry of the antennas with respect to sunlight and the mostly radial magnetic field. Calibration of the electric field measurement is described. Sampled electric and magnetic field data are utilized to determine wave modes of whistlers and Alfven‐ion‐cyclotron waves. In the course of such determinations, the electric field effective antenna length was found to vary with frequency from ~1 m at low frequencies to essentially the antenna half‐geometric length of 3.5 m above 20 Hz. Properties of the low‐frequency electric field power as functions of frequency and radial distance are determined. There is a plateau in the electric field power spectrum above ~10 Hz, which is due to the power in waves exceeding the turbulent cascade power above that frequency. This wave power decreases by one to two orders of magnitude from 35 to 50 solar radii.
Ocean Circulation and Variability Beneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79 North Glacier) Ice Tongue
Authors: Lindeman Margaret R. , Straneo Fiammetta , Wilson Nat J. , Toole John M. , Krishfield Richard A. , Beaird Nicholas L. , Kanzow Torsten , Schaffer Janin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe floating ice tongue of 79 North Glacier, a major outlet glacier of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, has thinned by 30% since 1999. Earlier studies have indicated that long‐term warming of Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW) is likely driving increased basal melt, causing the observed thinning. Still, limited ocean measurements in 79 North Fjord beneath the ice tongue have made it difficult to test this hypothesis. Here we use data from an Ice Tethered Mooring (ITM) deployed in a rift in the ice tongue from August 2016 to July 2017 to show that the subannual AIW temperature variability is smaller than the observed interannual variability, supporting the conclusion that AIW has warmed over the period of ice tongue thinning. In July 2017, the AIW at 500 m depth in the ice tongue cavity reached a maximum recorded temperature of 1.5°C. Velocity measurements reveal weak tides and a mean overturning circulation, which is likely seasonally enhanced by subglacial runoff discharged at the grounding line. Deep inflow of AIW and shallow export of melt‐modified water persist throughout the record, indicating year‐round basal melting of the ice tongue. Comparison with a mooring outside of the cavity suggests a rapid exchange between the cavity and continental shelf. Warming observed during 2016–2017 is estimated to drive a 33 ± 20% increase in basal melt rate near the ice tongue terminus and a 14 ± 2% increase near the grounding line if sustained.
A Breakdown in Potential Vorticity Estimation Delineates the Submesoscale‐to‐Turbulence Boundary in Large Eddy Simulations
Authors: Bodner Abigail S. , Fox‐Kemper Baylor 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost submesoscale motions—fronts, eddies, filaments, and even large internal waves—are sufficiently rapidly rotating and stratified as to be strongly influenced by potential vorticity dynamics. Below the Ozmidov scale where turbulence overturns and isotropizes, potential vorticity is not commonly considered. Here, it is shown that in Large Eddy Simulations, the velocity gradients, buoyancy gradients, and potential vorticity are strongly influenced by grid‐scale processes. Grid‐scale processes in Large Eddy Simulations, as opposed to those in Direct Numerical Simulations, imply that spuriously noisy potential vorticity variance will become increasingly dominant as resolution increases—analogous to ultraviolet catastrophe. A solution, the prefiltered potential vorticity, is shown to be effective in linking the potential vorticity dynamics of the submesoscale to the nearly‐isotropic turbulent fluxes beyond the Ozmidov scale, and a derivation is provided for a set of closed conservation equations for use in interpreting potential vorticity dynamics in Large Eddy Simulations. This diagnostic approach is exceptional in that Large Eddy Simulation analysis and hydrostatic ocean modeling with parameterized turbulence analysis are harmonized.
On the Assessment of Daily Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrence Modeling and Forecasting
Authors: Carter B. A. , Currie J. L. , Dao T. , Yizengaw E. , Retterer J. , Terkildsen M. , Groves K. , Caton R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPredicting the daily variability of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) is an ongoing scientific challenge. Various methods for predicting EPBs have been developed, however, the research community is yet to scrutinize the methods for evaluating and comparing these prediction models/techniques. In this study, 12 months of co‐located GPS and UHF scintillation observations spanning South America, Atlantic/Western Africa, Southeast Asia, and Pacific sectors are used to evaluate the Generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) growth rates calculated from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). Various assessment metrics are explored, including the use of significance testing on skill scores for threshold selection. The sensitivity of these skill scores to data set type (i.e., GPS versus UHF) and data set size (30, 50, 60, and 90 days/events) is also investigated. It is shown that between 50 and 90 days is required to achieve a statistically significant skill score. Methods for conducting model‐model comparisons are also explored, including the use of model “sufficiency.” However, it is shown that the results of model‐model comparisons must be carefully interpreted and can be heavily dependent on the data set used. It is also demonstrated that the observation data set must exhibit an appropriate level of daily EPB variability in order to assess the true strength of a given model/technique. Other limitations and considerations on assessment metrics and future challenges for EPB prediction studies are also discussed.