bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling, analysis, and code/data validation of DIII-D tokamak divertor experiments on ELM and non-ELM plasma tungsten sputtering erosion
Authors: Brooks J.N. , Sizyuk T. , Elder J.D. , Abrams T. , Hassanein A. , Rudakov D.L. , Wampler W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We analyzed recent DIII-D tokamak tungsten divertor probe experiments using advanced, coupled, sputter erosion/redeposition, plasma, and surface response code packages. Modeling is done for ELMing H-mode, and L-mode plasmas, impinging on various size tungsten deposits on Divertor Material Evaluation System (DiMES) carbon probes. The simulations compute 3D, full kinetic, sub-gyromotion, impurity sputtering and transport, including changes in tungsten surface composition and response due to mixed deuterium and carbon ions irradiation. Per our analysis, ELM (edge localized mode) plasma sputtering in DIII-D mostly involves free-streaming high energy (∼500–1000 eV) D+ and C+6 ions, with high near-surface plasma density. L-Mode sputtering is due to impurity sputtering (C, W) only, with lower density. All cases show complete redeposition of tungsten on the divertor, with significant redeposition on the tungsten spots themselves, and low self-sputtering. Comparison of ELM plasma gross tungsten erosion simulation results with in-situ spectroscopic data is good, as are code/data comparisons of net erosion using post-exposure Rutherford backscattering (RBS) data for the L-mode probes. The analysis, extrapolated to a full tungsten divertor, implies low net erosion and negligible plasma contamination from sputtering. These results support the use of high-Z plasma facing surfaces in ITER and beyond.
Variations in the Ti-Ni sensor readings and rhythms of atmospheric electrical processes
Authors: Ya Erofeev V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The readings of a sensor based on a shape-memory metal and variations in atmospheric parameters were studied at the same time interval using a comparative analysis. The results obtained make it possible to identify a common external factor that simultaneously affects several dissimilar substances. The effect of the factor is the modulation of the electrical potential, including in the atmospheric environment.
Approbation of automatic allocation of thunderstorm foci in the south of Western Siberia according to WWLLN data according to the FRIS-Tax clustering algorithm
Authors: Yu Karanina S , Yu Belikova M , Kocheeva N A , Karanin A V 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe article shows the ability of the FRiS-Tax algorithm to separate lightning discharge clusters and combine them into classes. Lightning discharge clusters are a model of an individual lightning cell. Classes (groups) of clusters of lightning discharges that are close in space and in time of action can be associated with a model of a multi-cell thunderstorm or a thunderstorm focus. Clustering of lightning discharges is carried out using normalization values specifying the linear dimensions of a thunderstorm cell (ρ*) and its lifetime (τ*). The experimental sample consisted of 3934 lightning discharges registered by WWLLN in the south of Western Siberia, August 7-8, 2017. The results of lightning discharge clustering are compared for two parameterization conditions: ρ1*=50 km, τ1*=30 min and ρ2*=15 km, τ2*=20 min For the first set of parameterization conditions, the resulting lightning discharge clusters represent zones of possible activity of a thunderstorm cell for one to two hours. Classes formed from these clusters describe the behavior of long lasting and vast thunderstorm foci. The clusters obtained for the second set of parameterization conditions better correspond to the linear sizes and lifetime of individual thunderstorm cells. An adjustment of the clustering algorithm is required to combine such clusters into classes corresponding to a multi-cell thunderstorm.
Study of the features of the distribution of the intensity of lightning activity during thunderstorms in the North Caucasus
Authors: Adzhieva A A , Shapovalov V A , Tumgoeva H A , Tokbaeva A A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Operational and reliable information about thunderstorms and lightning discharge parameters allows you to solve many problems of aviation, meteorology, energy, atmospheric physics, earth electricity and even near-Earth space. This article discusses issues related to the features of the development of thunderstorm processes and the parameters of lightning activity for the territory of the North Caucasus. The features of the risks associated with intense lightning activity are discussed. Information about electrical processes in the clouds and lightning parameters for 2009-2019 was obtained using the Vaisala LS 8000 network of lightning registers. The article gives a picture of the spatial distribution of the foci of the maximum intensity of lightning discharges in the North Caucasus and the distribution of the maximum value of the total absolute current of discharges per minute to the ground. The statistical features of the distribution of the intensity values of the discharges per minute by types of discharges encountered throughout the year were investigated. The performed analysis of these distributions made it possible to select the optimal approximating expressions for practical application in lightning protection. The main factors affecting the obtained characteristics of the spatial distribution of lightning activity are identified. Conclusions are drawn on the prospects for further research in order to obtain comprehensive information about electrical processes in the atmosphere of the region.
Single particle entanglement of a massive relativistic particle: Dirac bispinors and spin 1/2 states
Authors: Bittencourt Victor A S V , Blasone Massimo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper we study the single particle entanglement induced by a Lorentz boost. We described the particle as a solution of the free Dirac equation, a Dirac bispinor, and compare the induced momentum-spin entanglement with the result obtained in the widely considered framework of relativistic spin 1/2 states. The spin linear entropy for both approaches agree in the ultra relativistic limit. We also verify that the spin-momentum entanglement differers from the spin entropy for the bispinorial case, indicating a true multipartite entanglement involving the degrees of freedom of a Dirac bispinor state: momentum, spin and intrinsic parity. The fact that Dirac bispinors belongs to an irreducible representation of the complete Lorentz group, which also included parity as a symmetry, is the ultimate reason behind such non-trivial structure.
Weak Values and Quantum Information in Scattering Physics — New Theoretical and Experimental Effects
Authors: Aris Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Weak Values (WV) and Two-State-Vector Formalism (TSVF) provide novel insights in various quantum physical and technological fields. In the first part of the paper we consider a new quantum effect of scattering accompanying an elementary collision of two quantum systems A and B, in which the latter interacts with a quantum environment. In clear contrast to a classical environment, the quantum case can exhibit counter-intuitive effects of momentum- and energy-transfer which contradict conventional expectations. Experimental evidence of a new effect—deficit of momentum transfer (equivalently: reduced effective mass) in a neutron-atom collision—is presented and theoretically interpreted. Here, non-relativistic incoherent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is applied. INS on single H2 molecules confined in multi-walled carbon nanotube channels has been experimentally investigated. Interpreted within conventional theory, the results reveal a counter-intuitive reduced effective mass of the recoiling H2 molecule, i.e. M = 0.64 a.m.u. (atomic mass units). In contrast, this finding has a simple qualitative interpretation within WV and TSVF theory. In the second part of the paper we report on current experimental and theoretical investigations in the field of X-ray diffraction (XRD), which belongs to coherent scattering. Preliminary XRD results from cubic crystalline materials show a surprising variation of the measured lattice parameter (usually called “lattice constant”) with momentum transfer. A first theoretical model of the effect in the light of the new theory is presented. These findings give further evidence for the broad character and significance of the novel WV and TSVF theory.
Aspects of Quantum Black Holes
Authors: Kiefer Claus 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Black holes play a key role for any quantum theory of gravity. The main reasons are black hole radiation and evaporation as well as black hole entropy. I review these issues and address the problem of information loss. I then discuss the status of black holes in full quantum gravity. Particular attention is focused on quantum geometrodynamics, the direct quantization of general relativity. This allows scenarios in which the black-hole singularity is avoided, in particular the collapse of a wave packet towards a black-hole like state and its re-expansion as a white hole.
Transient capture of electrons in magnetic fields, or: comets in the restricted three-body problem
Authors: Kramer Tobias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The motion of celestial bodies in astronomy is closely related to the orbits of electrons encircling an atomic nucleus. Bohr and Sommerfeld presented a quantization scheme of the classical orbits to analyze the eigenstates of the hydrogen atom. Here we discuss another close connection of classical trajectories and quantum mechanical states: the transient dynamics of objects around a nucleus. In this setup a comet (or an electron) is trapped for a while in the vicinity of an parent object (Jupiter or an atomic nucleus), but eventually escapes after many revolutions around the center of attraction.
Symmetry and Signs of Self-Organized Criticality in Living Organisms
Authors: Rivera Ana Leonor , Claudio Toledo-Roy Juan , Frank Alejandro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Symmetry methods have been of crucial importance to physics. Group theory and conservation laws have become the fundamental language of symmetries, going all the way from the realm of quantum mechanical phenomena to general relativity. However, these ideas have had less impact in the biological domain. In this paper we present a view of self-organized biological systems as characterized by and evolving towards critical points, in the language of phase transitions as seen in physical systems. Self-similar (or scale invariant) behavior seems to signal homeostatic dynamical equilibrium in living organisms. Deviations of this homeostatic balance is associated with illness and elderly.
The effect of variable stiffness of tuna-like fish body and fin on swimming performance
Authors: Luo Yang , Xiao Qing , Shi Guangyu , Pan Guang , Chen Daoyi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The work in this paper focuses on the examination of the effect of variable stiffness distributions on the kinematics and propulsion performance of a tuna-like swimmer. This is performed with the use of a recently developed fully coupled fluid-structure interaction solver. The two different scenarios considered in the present study are the stiffness varied along the fish body and the caudal fin, respectively. Our results show that it is feasible to replicate the similar kinematics and propulsive capability to that of the real fish via purely passive structural deformations. In addition, propulsion performance improvement is mainly dependent on the better orientation of the force near the posterior part of swimmers towards the thrust direction. Specifically, when a variable body stiffness scenario is considered, the bionic body stiffness profile results in better performance in most cases studied herein compared with a uniform stiffness commonly investigated in previous studies. Given the second scenario, where the stiffness is varied only in the spanwise direction of the tail, similar tail kinematics to that of the live scombrid fish only occurs in association with the heterocercal flexural rigidity profile. The resulting asymmetric tail conformation also yields performance improvement at intermediate stiffness in comparison to the cupping and uniform stiffness.
Zinc metal–organic framework with 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and trimesic acid as co-ligands for selective detection of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution
Authors: Adotey Enoch K , Amouei Torkmahalleh Mehdi , Balanay Mannix P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is an increasing need for the development of probes for the detection of hexavalent chromium since it is a known carcinogen, which can cause adverse effects on human health. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown successful detection and removal of hazardous substances from aqueous media. This work presents the use of simple organic ligands such as 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and trimesic acid with Zn(II) ion to fabricate a new MOF that exhibits sensitive and selective luminescence quenching response towards CrO4
2− and Cr2O7
2− species in aqueous solution. The MOF showed a detection limit of 0.67 μM (0.078 ppm) as CrO4
2− species and 1.91 μM (0.41 ppm) as Cr2O7
2− species. Results reveal that the as-synthesized MOF could serve as a good luminescent sensor for CrO4
2− and Cr2O7
2− species in the contaminated aqueous phase.
Observation of above-room-temperature ferromagnetism in chemically stable layered semiconductor RhI3
Authors: Che Xiangli , Zhang Zhuang , Wang Dong , Zhao Wei , Wang Teng , Zhao Pei , Mu Gang , Huang Jian , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic semiconductors with a room-temperature Curie temperature (T
c) are required for next-generation spintronic devices, but the current candidates suffer from a low T
c and poor chemical stability. Here, a new layered compound RhI3 is discovered to be an above-room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor. This compound crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system of space group C2/m, with the unit cell of a = 6.773(8) Å, b = 11.721(2) Å, c = 6.811(8) Å and β = 108.18(4) °. The structure consists of honeycomb rhodium layers separated by iodine–iodine van der Waals gap. Chemically stable RhI3 possesses an optical bandgap of 1.17 eV. Its robust ferromagnetism with a T
c of above 400 K, which is far higher than 61 K for the well-known CrI3 and the highest among the bulk 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors. The robust intrinsic ferromagnetic response is attributed to the Rh2+ and exchange interactions between I-p and Rh-d electrons induced by iodine vacancies. This work reveals that RhI3 is a prime candidate for spintronic devices above room temperature and provides a strategy to obtain high temperature 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors by introducing vacancies.
Evaluation and Comparison of Performance Parameters and Impact of Telepathology and Operator Experience on Endobronchial and Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration
Authors: Hupp Meghan M , Khan Subhan , Dincer H Erhan , Mallery J Shawn , Shyne Michael T , Mettler Tetyana , Stewart Jimmie , Amin Khalid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesEndobronchial ultrasound- and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-/EUS-FNA) are minimally invasive techniques of diagnosing and staging malignancies. The procedures are difficult to master, requiring specific feedback for optimizing yield.MethodsOver 2 years, EBUS-/EUS-FNA cases were gathered using the institutional pathology database. Patient and specimen characteristics were collected from the pathology database and electronic medical record.ResultsIn 2 years, 789 unique FNA specimens were collected (356 EBUS and 433 EUS specimens). The cohort and each subgroup had excellent performance, which was enhanced by telepathology. The discrepancy rate was satisfactorily low. Hematolymphoid neoplasms are overrepresented in discrepant EBUS cases. The malignancy rates of cytology diagnostic categories were comparable to the literature.ConclusionsUsing diagnostic yield and concordance results allow for comprehensive evaluation of the entire process of EBUS-/EUS-FNAs. This study’s findings can influence patient management, training methods, and interpretation of results, while also acting as a model for others to investigate their own sources of inadequacy, discrepancy, and training gaps.
A Clinicopathologic Study on the Role of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Their Classical and Nonclassical Receptors in Cutaneous Neurofibromas of Individuals With Neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Rozza-de-Menezes Rafaela E , Almeida Lilian M , Andrade-Losso Raquel M , de Souza Vieira Gustavo , Siqueira Orlando H K , Brum Carolina I , Riccardi Vincent M , Cunha Karin S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the expression of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), and G protein–coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) in cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) and their correlation with demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). The association of PROGINS polymorphism and PR expression in cNFs, as well as the serum steroidal hormones and the number of cNFs, was investigated.

Methods
The sample comprised 80 large and 80 small cNFs from 80 individuals with NF1. PR, ER, GPER-1, and Ki-67 expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry in tissue micro- and macroarrays and quantified using a digital computer-assisted method. The number of cNFs, the levels of serum 17β estradiol and progesterone, and the PROGINS polymorphism were identified.

Results
Twelve (8.5%) small cNFs were weakly positive for ER, 131 (92.3%) cNFs expressed PR, and all (100%) cNFs expressed GPER-1. Large cNFs showed a higher expression of PR (P &lt; .0001) and GPER-1 (P = .019) and had a higher intensity of staining for these receptors (P &lt; .0001). The cell proliferation index was positively correlated with PR (P = .001). Persons with more cNFs had higher serum levels of progesterone (P = .001).

Conclusions
These findings emphasize the role of estrogen and progesterone in cNF development and suggest that these hormones may act on cNF cells via a noncanonical pathway through GPER-1.
Estimating differential latent variable graphical models with applications to brain connectivity
Authors: Na S , Kolar M , Koyejo O 
Published: August 2020

SummaryDifferential graphical models are designed to represent the difference between the conditional dependence structures of two groups, and thus are of particular interest for scientific investigations. Motivated by modern applications, this manuscript considers an extended setting where each group is generated by a latent variable Gaussian graphical model. Due to the existence of latent factors, the differential network is decomposed into sparse and low-rank components, both of which are symmetric indefinite matrices. We estimate these two components simultaneously using a two-stage procedure: (i) an initialization stage, which computes a simple, consistent estimator, and (ii) a convergence stage, implemented using a projected alternating gradient descent algorithm applied to a nonconvex objective, initialized using the output of the first stage. We prove that given the initialization, the estimator converges linearly with a nontrivial, minimax optimal statistical error. Experiments on synthetic and real data illustrate that the proposed nonconvex procedure outperforms existing methods.
A Whole-Brain and Cross-Diagnostic Perspective on Functional Brain Network Dysfunction
Authors: Spronk Marjolein , Keane Brian P , Ito Takuya , Kulkarni Kaustubh , Ji Jie Lisa , Anticevic Alan , Cole Michael W 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A wide variety of mental disorders have been associated with resting-state functional network alterations, which are thought to contribute to the cognitive changes underlying mental illness. These observations appear to support theories postulating large-scale disruptions of brain systems in mental illness. However, existing approaches isolate differences in network organization without putting those differences in a broad, whole-brain perspective. Using a graph distance approach—connectome-wide similarity—we found that whole-brain resting-state functional network organization is highly similar across groups of individuals with and without a variety of mental diseases. This similarity was observed across autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Nonetheless, subtle differences in network graph distance were predictive of diagnosis, suggesting that while functional connectomes differ little across health and disease, those differences are informative. These results suggest a need to reevaluate neurocognitive theories of mental illness, with a role for subtle functional brain network changes in the production of an array of mental diseases. Such small network alterations suggest the possibility that small, well-targeted alterations to brain network organization may provide meaningful improvements for a variety of mental disorders.
Quantification of the Plasma Concentrations of Perampanel Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Effects of the CYP3A4*1G Polymorphism in Japanese Patients
Authors: Ohkubo Sho , Akamine Yumiko , Ohkubo Tadashi , Kikuchi Yuka , Miura Masatomo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Here, we developed a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for quantification of perampanel in clinical practice and investigated the relationships between the plasma concentrations of perampanel obtained by this HPLC method and the CYP3A4*1G polymorphism. The developed HPLC method was validated based on US Food and Drug Administration. The developed HPLC method could be performed with a plasma volume of only 200 μL and had a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.5 ng/mL. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for intra- and inter-day assays were less than 10.4 and 7.2%, respectively, and the accuracy was &lt;2.4% for both assays. A total of 12 patients who received 2 mg perampanel had C0 values ranging from 70.5 to 451 ng/mL, and the CV showed a large variation of 51.4%. No correlations were observed between the dose-adjusted C0 and the CYP3A4*1G polymorphism. This method was superior to previously reported methods in terms of plasma volume and LOQ and was clinically applicable. Perampanel showed high variations in individual plasma concentrations; however, individual differences could not be predicted from analysis of the CYP3A4*1G polymorphism before perampanel administration. Therefore, after beginning perampanel treatment, the dose should be determined based on the observed plasma concentration.