bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current density effects on plasma emission during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on AZ91D-magnesium alloy
Authors: Girase Krunal , Wang Zhenzhen , Kamimoto Takahiro , Deguchi Yoshihiro , Jeon Mingyu , Cui Minchao , Chou Chen-Chia , Huang Eddy 
Published: March 2020

The effect of bipolar pulse mode current ratio (anodic to cathodic) on plasma emission behavior was investigated in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) on AZ91D Mg-Alloy. Two cases of current ratio as 1.20 and 0.88 were applied to the sample. Plasma emission behavior was studied using plasma images and plasma emission measured by photodetector and Intensified Charged-Couple Device (ICCD) camera. The current ratio of greater than 1 shows the continuous increase and then stabilization in emission intensity with a gradual increase in voltage throughout the PEO process. In contrast, the current ratio of less than 1, a sudden drop in plasma emission intensity with voltage was found after 786 s. Therefore, PEO process can be divided into two regimes, arc regime and soft regime, before and after voltage drop, respectively. Results of measured spectra show that a soft regime does not have atomic or ionic excitation during PEO process. It is demonstrated that the growth of porous layer during PEO can be controlled, which is benefit for the protective oxide coating of sample.
Geometrical scale dependency of thin film solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Lee Yeageun , Zeng Jianhuang , Zheng Chunhua , Yu Wonjong , Cha Suk Won , Baek Jong Dae , Chang Ikwhang 
Published: March 2020

To study the geometrical scale dependency of thin film solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), we fabricated three thin films SOFCs which have the same cross-sectional structure but different electrode areas of 1 mm2, 4 mm2 and 9 mm2. Since the activation and ohmic losses of SOFCs depend on their active region, we examined the variations of the power density of the cells with a Pt/YSZ/Pt structure and simulated the power density variations using the COMSOL software package.
Screening for Cancer Using a Learning Internet Advertising System
Authors: Yom-Tov Elad 
Published: March 2020

Studies have shown that search engine queries are indicative of future diagnosis of several types of cancer. These studies were based on self-identification of illness and were limited in that diagnostic information could not be shared with screened individuals. Here I report on two studies that overcome these limitations.
Advertisements were displayed on the Bing and Google ads systems to people who sought to self-diagnose one of three types of cancer. People who clicked on these ads were provided with clinically verified questionnaires and the outcomes of these questionnaires.
A classifier trained to predict suspected cancer, inferred from questionnaire responses, from past Bing queries reached an area under the curve of 0.64. People who received information that their symptoms were consistent with suspected cancer increased searches for healthcare utilization.
In a second study, questionnaire responses provided to the conversion optimization mechanism of the Google advertisement system enabled it to learn to identify people who were likely to have suspected cancer. Following a training period of approximately 10 days, 11% of people selected for showing of targeted campaign ads were found to have suspected cancer.
These results demonstrate the utility of using modern advertising systems to identify people who are likely suffering from serious medical conditions.
Subsequent Agreement and Subsequent Practice
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article is devoted to the analysis of the 13 Draft Conclusions on Subsequent Agreement and Subsequent Practice in relation to the Interpretation of Treaties (with commentaries) (the ‘Draft Conclusions’) adopted in 2018 by the International Law Commission (the ‘ILC’), as well as presenting some reactions to the Draft Conclusions. It provides some reflections on the monumental contribution that the ICL and the Special Rapporteur’s have made on this project, and the importance of this achievement for practitioners.
The Japan-South Korea Claims Agreement: Identification of Subsequent Agreement and Practice
Authors: Tamada Dai 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Japan and the Republic of Korea have been confronted with a series of disputes arising from the interpretation and application of the 1965 Claims Settlement Agreement – a pivotal treaty underpinning their post-war relationship. Their disputes have become further compounded by complex treaty practices on the part of both parties ever since. Two States, including their respective executive and judicial branches, have not only adopted diverging interpretations, but have also slightly modified their own interpretations over the ensuing years. Even at the domestic level, several organs adopt diverging interpretations. Against the backdrop of such a confusing situation, a number of discussions, including those on the part of scholars and the judiciary, tend to rely on a variety of subsequent conducts in relation to the 1965 Agreement. Faced with the need to explore the role of subsequent conduct on the part of States parties in relation to treaty interpretation, this article attempts to identify whatever may be pertinent subsequent agreement and subsequent practice on the part of Japan and Korea concerning the 1965 Claims Agreement within the meaning of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and in the light of the ILC’s 2018 draft conclusions on subsequent agreement and practice. Conversely, the 1965 Claims Agreement is expected to function as a litmus test as to whether the ILC’s draft conclusions can provide any meaningful guidance as to how to approach such a complex situation.
Carbon Emissions Embodied in India–United Kingdom Trade: A Case Study on North–South Debate
Authors: Banerjee Suvajit 
Published: March 2020

This study is an appraisal of North–South trade and environmental debate on the context of ‘carbon leakage hypothesis’. This article attempts to quantify the CO2 emissions embodied in the bilateral trade between India and the United Kingdom (hereafter mentioned as the UK) using an input–output model-based analysis for the year 2015. It further proposes a hypothetical situation of no trade between India and UK in order to calculate and analyse the contribution of this bilateral trade in global CO2 emissions. The results from this study confirm the possibility of ‘carbon leakage’ from Indian commodity production sectors and find that among two trade partners, the UK is able to avoid more carbon emissions than India through trade which helps the UK to reach their carbon emission mitigation targets. On the average, manufacturing of commodities in India those are to be exported to the UK generates 1.053 kilo-tonnes of CO2 emission per million dollars of export annually and manufacturing of commodities in the UK which are imported to India generates only 0.141 kilo-tonnes of CO2 emission per million dollars of import from the UK annually for the years 2011, 2013 and 2015. This is because of the proportionately higher consumption of more emission-intensive energy items, like coal, and coal products by India in industrial production than the UK. At the end of the article, this study proposes a few suggestions to ensure a decent level of emission imbalance in the trade flows for the anticipation of increasing India–UK bilateral trade in coming days due to post-BREXIT eventualities to reduce the pressure on the global environment. JEL Codes: C67, F64, Q37, Q42
The role of endoscopy as non-invasive procedure to manage gastrointestinal complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Amata Michele , Martucci Gennaro , Granata Antonino , Tuzzolino Fabio , Panarello Giovanna , Bianco Claudia , Lorusso Roberto , Traina Mario , Arcadipane Antonio 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Gastrointestinal bleeding is a life-threatening complication in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Despite data on increased mortality due to gastrointestinal bleeding, there is little data on the treatment of such conditions under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and on the possibilities of advanced endoscopic therapy to non-invasively solve these bleeding complications. No clear treatment in the case of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support is recommended in the guidelines. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study including 134 veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients for acute respiratory failure from 2009 to 2018 at IRCCS-ISMETT (Italy). Patients were divided into two groups according to gastrointestinal bleeding episodes and reviewed for type of endoscopic therapy. Gastrointestinal bleeding group was characterized for pre–extracorporeal membrane oxygenation characteristics, management variables—including amount of transfusions and clinical outcomes. Results: Fourteen (14) patients (10.4%) experienced upper (n = 13) or lower (n = 1) gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointestinal bleeding and no-gastrointestinal bleeding group had similar characteristics apart from higher creatinine in the gastrointestinal bleeding group (1.9 mg/dL (1.3-4.9) vs 1.2 mg/dL (0.7-1.8), p = 0.03). In 3 of the 14 patients (21%), endoscopy showed no signs of active bleeding (nasogastric or feeding tube decubitus), and no specific intervention was performed. Active bleeding was recognized in 11 of the 14 patients (79 %). No patients died of fatal bleeding in the gastrointestinal bleeding group. Endoscopic therapy was feasible, with a complete bleeding control in all the cases: five Hemospray®, two fibrin glue, two metallic clips, one combined approach metallic clips with epinephrine, and one cyanoacrylate. The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course was significantly longer in the gastrointestinal bleeding group: 19.5 (15-36) days vs 13.5 (8-25) days, p = 0.01. No significant differences in mortality were found between the two groups (all p values > 0.05). Conclusion: Advanced endoscopic therapy during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may contribute to reducing the negative effects on mortality for gastrointestinal bleeding episodes.
Clinical Characteristics and Electrodiagnostic Features of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Among the Pediatric Population
Authors: Ashrafi Mahmoud Reza , Mohammadalipoor Ariadokht , Naeini Alireza Ranjbar , Amanat Man , Tavasoli Ali Reza , Heidari Morteza , Badv Reza Shervin , Mohammadi Mahmoud , Zamani Gholam Reza , Rahimi-Dehgolan Shahram , Rahimi Rosa , Akbari Masood Ghahvechi 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Guillain-Barré syndrome is an immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy characterized by different clinical manifestations. We aimed to describe the clinical features, seasonal distribution, subtypes, and electrodiagnostic characteristics of Iranian children with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 30 children with Guillain-Barré syndrome were evaluated. All demographic features were collected and electrodiagnostic study was assessed. Results: Twelve participants were diagnosed with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and 18 patients were identified with acute motor axonal neuropathy. The initial findings showed that a significant number of patients (23 cases, P = .003) resided in rural areas. Our results showed a higher incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome in summer and autumn months. No significant difference was observed between the seasonal distribution of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and acute motor axonal neuropathy subtypes. Antecedent history of pulmonary infections was recorded in 14 children with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Electrophysiological findings revealed a pattern of prolonged F wave latency with reduced persistency, absence of sensory nerve action potential, reduced compound muscle action potential amplitude, prolonged distal motor latency, reduced nerve conduction velocity, and abnormal temporal dispersion or conduction block in most patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. However, reduced compound muscle action potential amplitude, F wave with normal latency and reduced persistency, normal sensory nerve action potential amplitude, normal distal latency, normal sensory nerve conduction velocity, and conduction block or temporal dispersion were observed in most acute motor axonal neuropathy patients. Conclusion: The data support a correlation between Guillain-Barré syndrome incidence with seasonal variation and living area. Further studies should assess the Guillain-Barré syndrome features in pediatric population.
Correlation of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Results With Clinical and Intraoperative Findings in Painful Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Gurbani Ajay , Demetracopoulos Constantine , O’Malley Martin , Deland Jonathan , Cody Elizabeth , Sofka Carolyn , Scharf Stephen , Ellis Scott 
Published: March 2020

Background: Evaluating pain after total ankle replacement (TAR) is often difficult, and traditional imaging modalities do not always adequately assess potential etiologies of failure. Our study adds to the current understanding of single-photon emission computed tomography combined with conventional computed tomography (SPECT-CT) as a diagnostic tool for painful TAR. We hypothesized that SPECT-CT would be predictive of clinical and intraoperative findings and would be more useful than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in our cohort. Methods: A retrospective review of SPECT-CT imaging performed at our institution in patients with painful TAR from January 2014 to November 2018 was conducted. A total of 37 patients were identified, and 28 of them underwent revision surgery. Additionally, 19 patients had an MRI during the same time frame. Imaging results were compared to the documented clinical findings and intraoperative findings during revision surgery. Results: Of the 37 patients included, 89.2% (33/37) had SPECT-CT results that were consistent with the ultimate diagnosis documented in the medical record. Aseptic loosening (12/33) and impingement (11/33) were the most common diagnoses. Among patients who underwent revision surgery, SPECT-CT results were consistent with intraoperative findings in 26 of the 28 (92.9%) cases. In the 19 patients who also underwent MRI, the findings were consistent with clinical findings 36.8% (7/19) of the time. Conclusion: In our cohort, there was high consistency between SPECT-CT results and documented clinical diagnoses. SPECT-CT also demonstrated high consistency with intraoperative findings during revision surgery. Compared with MRI, SPECT-CT proved more useful in establishing a diagnosis of pain after TAR. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative series.
Outcome of revision surgery in recurrent dislocation of primary total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Mehta Nisarg , Selvaratnam Veenesh , Alsousou Joseph , Donnachie Nigel , Carroll Fintan Adrian 
Published: March 2020

Background: The cause of recurrent dislocation following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is multifactorial. A re-dislocation rate of up-to 34% following revision is reported. The aim of this study was to determine the re-dislocation rates following revision for recurrent THR dislocation. Methodology: Patients who underwent revision for recurrent dislocation between January 2008 and January 2015 were identified. We identified the date and type of primary implant, overall number and reasons for dislocation, revision implant details and complication data. Results: Over an 8-year period, 24 patients underwent revision. The median age was 77 (68–85) years, median time to first dislocation was 78 (23–160) months and median number of dislocations was 3 (2–4) with a mean follow-up of 18 months. Socket Mal-Orientation (10) and Abductor deficiency (5) were the main causes of recurrent dislocation. 21 patients (88%) underwent revision of both components, 1 patient underwent isolated cup revision and 2 patients had revision of acetabular component with insertion of a BioBall. There were no dislocations within 90 days of revision surgery. 4 patients had late dislocations (3 recurrent, 1 isolated). There was no significant increase risk of dislocation after revision surgery in the neck of femur group ( p  = 0.467). Conclusions: We report favourable outcomes for revision of both components for recurrent dislocation with no dislocations within 90 days. The overall late dislocation rate was 16.7%, however, these patients have settled following closed reduction. Due to its multifactorial aetiology, both component revision can be considered in this patient population.
The small Ca2+-binding protein CSE links Ca2+ signalling with nitrogen metabolism and filament integrity in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Walter Julia , Leganés Francisco , Aro Eva-Mari , Gollan Peter J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundFilamentous cyanobacteria represent model organisms for investigating multicellularity. For many species, nitrogen-fixing heterocysts are formed from photosynthetic vegetative cells under nitrogen limitation. Intracellular Ca2+has been implicated in the highly regulated process of heterocyst differentiation but its role remains unclear. Ca2+is known to operate more broadly in metabolic signalling in cyanobacteria, although the signalling mechanisms are virtually unknown. A Ca2+-binding protein called the Ca2+Sensor EF-hand (CSE) is found almost exclusively in filamentous cyanobacteria. Expression ofasr1131encoding the CSE protein inAnabaenasp. PCC 7120 was strongly induced by low CO2conditions, and rapidly downregulated during nitrogen step-down. A previous study suggests a role for CSE and Ca2+in regulation of photosynthetic activity in response to changes in carbon and nitrogen availability.ResultsIn the current study, a mutantAnabaenasp. PCC 7120 strain lackingasr1131(Δcse) was highly prone to filament fragmentation, leading to a striking phenotype of very short filaments and poor growth under nitrogen-depleted conditions. Transcriptomics analysis under nitrogen-replete conditions revealed that genes involved in heterocyst differentiation and function were downregulated inΔcse, while heterocyst inhibitors were upregulated, compared to the wild-type.ConclusionsThese results indicate that CSE is required for filament integrity and for proper differentiation and function of heterocysts upon changes in the cellular carbon/nitrogen balance. A role for CSE in transmitting Ca2+signals during the first response to changes in metabolic homeostasis is discussed.
The role of MTHFR C677T and ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism in acute coronary syndrome in a Hakka population in southern China
Authors: Hou Jingyuan , Zhong Zhixiong , Deng Qiaoting , Lin Lifang , Zeng Xing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most serious type of coronary heart disease and is a global medical burden. The pathogenesis of ACS is very complex and still poorly understood. Epidemiologic studies have revealed that the manifestation of ACS are the results of the interactions between multiple environmental and genetic factors. The present study aimed to investigate the role of polymorphisms ofMTHFRC677T andALDH2Glu504Lys as risk factors for ACS in a Hakka population in southern China.MethodsBetween September 1, 2015 and October 31, 2017, a total of 1957 individuals, including 860 ACS patients and 1097 controls were recruited. Blood samples were collected and genotypes were determined by DNA microarray chip method and direct sequencing method.ResultsFor theMTHFRC677T polymorphism, frequencies ofCC,CT, andTTgenotypes were 53.60% versus 55.33, 39.53% versus 38.65 and 6.86% versus 6.02% in patients with ACS versus controls, respectively(p > 0.05). The differences in genotype frequencies between the ACS patients and controls in the three genetic model were not statistically significant. For theALDH2Glu504Lys polymorphism, the frequencies ofALDH2*1*1,ALDH2*1*2, andALDH2*2*2genotypes were 48.72, 42.67 and 8.6% in the ACS patients, respectively, while these were 53.33, 39.11 and 7.57% in the controls, respectively, showing no significant difference in the distribution of theALDH2genotype between the groups. Using the wild genotypeALDH2*1*1as reference, relative risk analysis revealed a slightly increased risk for ACS in individuals with theALDH2*1*2plusALDH2*2*2genotypes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.203, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.006–1.438,p = 0.043). In a multivariate logistic regression model, even after adjusting for potential covariates, the association betweenALDH2 *2allele and ACS remained significant (OR = 1.242, 95% CI = 1.045–1.561,p = 0.038).ConclusionsWe present findings regarding the possible clinical impact of theALDH2*2variant on ACS patients in a Hakka population in southern China and our findings might help to stratify the high-risk ACS patients and implement appropriate strategies for this genetic subpopulation to ultimately guide the precision preventive procedures in the future.
The informal curriculum of family medicine – what does it entail and how is it taught to residents? A systematic review
Authors: Rothlind Erica , Fors Uno , Salminen Helena , Wändell Per , Ekblad Solvig 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
The informal curriculum is a seemingly well-explored concept in the realm of medical education. However, it is a concept with multiple definitions and the term “the hidden curriculum” is often used interchangeably. In short, they both refer to the implicit learning taking place outside the formal curriculum, encompassing both a trickling down effect of organizational values and attitudes passed on by a mentor or colleague. While the informal curriculum is a recurrent theme in medical education literature; it is seldom discussed in Family Medicine. As the informal curriculum is likely to be highly influential in the forming of future family practitioners, our aim was to explore the area further, with respect to the following: which elements of the informal curriculum are applicable in a Family Medicine context and what educational interventions for Family Medicine residents, visualizing the various educational elements of it, have been performed?

Methods
We conducted a systematic review comprising iterative literature searches and a narrative synthesis of the results.

Results
Twenty articles, published between 2000 and 2019, were included in the analysis which resulted in three partly interrelated themes comprising the informal curriculum in Family Medicine: gaining cultural competence, achieving medical professionalism and dealing with uncertainty. The themes on cultural competence and uncertainty seemed to be more contextual than professionalism, the latter being discussed in relation to the informal curriculum across other medical disciplines as well. Formalized training for Family Medicine residents in aspects of the informal curriculum appeared to be lacking, and in general, the quality of the few interventional studies found was low.

Conclusions
Important aspects of being a family practitioner, such as cultural competence and dealing with uncertainty, are learned through a context-dependent informal curriculum. In order to ensure a more uniform base for all residents and to reduce the impact of the individual supervisor’s preferences, complementary formalized training would be beneficial. However, to date there are too few studies published to conclude how to best teach the informal curriculum.

Trial registration
The systematic review was registered with Prospero; registration number CRD42018104819.