bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the L∞ convergence of a conservative Fourier pseudo‐spectral method for the space fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Xu Zhuangzhi , Cai Wenjun , Jiang Chaolong , Wang Yushun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we take the space fractional nonlinear Schrödinger as an example to establish the L∞ convergence error analysis for the conservative Fourier pseudo‐spectral method, which has not been studied. We introduce a new fractional Sobolev norm to construct the discrete fractional Sobolev space, and also prove some important lemmas for the new fractional Sobolev norm. Based on these lemmas and energy method, a priori error estimate for the method can be established. Then, we are able to prove that the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method is unconditionally convergent with order O(τ2 + Nα/2 − r) in the discrete L∞ norm, where τ is the time step and N is the number of collocation points used in the spectral method. Numerical examples are presented to verify the theoretical analysis.
BMI as a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID‐19 in New York
Authors: Kim Tara S. , Roslin Mitchell , Wang Jason J. , Kane Jamie , Hirsch Jamie S. , Kim Eun Ji ,   for the Northwell Health COVID‐19 Research Consortium
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveThis study examined the association between BMI and clinical outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection.MethodsA total of 10,861 patients with COVID‐19 infection who were admitted to the Northwell Health system hospitals between March 1, 2020, and April 27, 2020, were included in this study. BMI was classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity classes I, II, and III. Primary outcomes were invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and death.ResultsA total of 243 (2.2%) patients were underweight, 2,507 (23.1%) were normal weight, 4,021 (37.0%) had overweight, 2,345 (21.6%) had obesity class I, 990 (9.1%) had obesity class II, and 755 (7.0%) had obesity class III. Patients who had overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27 [95% CI: 1.11‐1.46]), obesity class I (OR = 1.48 [95% CI: 1.27‐1.72]), obesity class II (OR = 1.89 [95% CI: 1.56‐2.28]), and obesity class III (OR = 2.31 [95% CI: 1.88‐2.85]) had an increased risk of requiring IMV. Underweight and obesity classes II and III were statistically associated with death (OR = 1.44 [95% CI: 1.08‐1.92]; OR = 1.25 [95% CI: 1.03‐1.52]; OR = 1.61 [95% CI: 1.30‐2.00], respectively). Among patients who were on IMV, BMI was not associated with inpatient deaths.ConclusionsPatients who are underweight or who have obesity are at risk for mechanical ventilation and death, suggesting that pulmonary complications (indicated by IMV) are a significant contributor for poor outcomes in COVID‐19 infection.
A review of the clinical applications of ketamine in pediatric oncology
Authors: Prakash Satya , Gupta Aditya Kumar , Meena Jagdish Prasad , Seth Rachna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKetamine is a dissociative anesthetic agent with excellent analgesic properties and a favorable safety profile. The feasibility and efficacy of various routes of administration have been established, including intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), oral, intranasal, rectal, and transdermal routes. The advent of newer anesthetic agents has led to a decline in the use of ketamine as an anesthetic, but its utility in short‐term sedation and analgesia has expanded. Its value for chronic pain management in children with cancer is being increasingly recognized but requires more evidence. The use of topical ketamine is largely in investigational stages. Medical use of ketamine is, to a great extent, free from significant long‐term neurological side effects. The objective of this review is to provide a brief account of the pharmacology of ketamine and primarily focus on the clinical applications of ketamine in pediatric oncology.
Quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) methods for accurate purity determination of glucosinolates isolated from Isatis indigotica roots
Authors: Guo Qihui , Li Zeyun , Shen Lulu , Xiao Ying , Cheng Zhihong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionGlucosinolates (1–5) are important secondary metabolites found in Isatis indigotica roots. Due to their high hydrophilic and ionic nature, purified glucosinolates often contain salt impurities and moisture. Accurate assessment of their purities is important for glucosinolates being utilised as chemical markers.ObjectiveTo develop and validate quantitative proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) methods for purity assessments of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates (1–5).MethodSeveral NMR parameters such as pulse program, relaxation time, and delay time were optimised. Three qHNMR methods were developed using gluconapin (3), neoglucobrassicin (4), and sinigrin (5) for method validation and with maleic acid as internal standard.ResultsThe quantification was based on the integrated area ratios of an olefinic proton (H‐4 for 1–3; H‐6 for 4; and H‐3 for 5) of the side chain from glucosinolates relative to the olefinic proton from the internal standard using deuterated water (D2O) as the solvent. The qHNMR methods were successfully applied for purity assessments of four aliphatic glucosinolates (1–3 and 5: progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, gluconapin, and sinigrin), and an indole glucosinolate (4: neoglucobrassicin).ConclusionThe purity of glucosinolates isolated from I. indigotica and commercial sinigrin was accurately assessed using the developed qHNMR method. The qHNMR provides a reliable and superior means to determine the purity of glucosinolates.
Performance of first trimester screening for Trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies
Authors: Bergstrand Eva , Borregaard Miltoft Caroline , Tabor Ann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the performance of the Danish first trimester screening program in twin pregnancies.MethodRetrospective, nation‐wide, cohort study with data collected from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database (DFMD) and The Danish Central Cytogenetic Registry (DCCR). The cohort included all women with twin pregnancies participating in the national first trimester screening program for Trisomy 21. Risk assessment was based on maternal age, nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and, if available, biochemical markers (β‐hCG and PAPP‐A). Results: 8812 twin pregnancies including 42 pregnancies with Trisomy 21 had a risk assessment between 2009 and 2017. The detection rate (DR) for pregnancies with a risk assessment based on maternal age and NT only (missing data on biochemical markers, n = 4693) was 69.6% (95% CI: 50.8%‐88.4%) for a 6.3% false positive rate (FPR) (95% CI: 5.6%‐7.0%), whereas for pregnancies with a risk assessment based on all three parameters (n = 4119) the DR was 89.5% (95% CI: 76.7%‐100.0%) for a 7.2% FPR (95% CI: 6.4%‐8.0%).ConclusionThe DR of Trisomy 21 in twin pregnancies, seems as high as for singleton pregnancies, when using optimal screening techniques, but the FPR is nearly twice as high.
Exploring the predicted yield of prenatal testing by evaluating a postnatal population with structural abnormalities using a novel mathematical model
Authors: Nunley Peyton B. , Hashmi Syed S. , Johnson Anthony , Ashfaq Myla , Farach Laura S. , Singletary Claire N. , Stevens Blair K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the yield of prenatal testing and screening options after identification of fetal structural abnormalities using a novel mathematical model.MethodA retrospective chart review was conducted to collect structural abnormality and genetic testing data on infants who were evaluated postnatally by a medical geneticist. A novel mathematical model was used to determine and compare the predicted diagnostic yields of prenatal testing and screening options.ResultsOver a quarter of patients with at least one structural abnormality (28.1%, n = 222) had a genetic aberration identified that explained their phenotype. Chromosomal microarray (CMA) had the highest predicted diagnostic yield (26.8%, P < .001). Karyotype (20.8%) had similar yields as genome wide NIPT (21.2%, P = .859) and NIPT with select copy number variants (CNVs) (17.9%, P = .184). Among individuals with an isolated structural abnormality, whole exome sequencing (25.9%) and CMA (14.9%) had the highest predicted yields.ConclusionThis study introduces a novel mathematical model for predicting the potential yield of prenatal testing and screening options. This study provides further evidence that CMA has the highest predicted diagnostic yield in cases with structural abnormalities. Screening with expanded NIPT options shows potential for patients who decline invasive testing, but only in the setting of adequate pre‐test counseling.
Contact repellency by l‐menthol is mediated by TRPM channels in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Shimomura Kenji , Oikawa Hinoki , Hasobe Maaya , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Yajima Shunsuke , Tomizawa Motohiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmong insects, beetles are one of the most destructive pests of agricultural and stored products. Researchers have been investigating alternatives to pesticides for more sustainable pest management. Here, we focused on insect transient receptor potential (TRP) channel‐targeted repellency. Among transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channels, mammalian TRPM8 is activated by menthol and its derivatives, but few previous studies have reported on whether the insect TRPM channel is activated by chemical compounds. Here, we investigated whether the TRPM channel (TcTRPM) of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a major stored‐products pest, mediated the repellent behavior of l‐menthol and its derivatives.RESULTSWe initially investigated the repellent activity of l‐menthol and menthoxypropanediol (MPD) against T. castaneum. The laboratory bioassay revealed that the repellent activities of l‐menthol and MPD were dose dependent. RNA interference was used for transcriptional knockdown of TcTRPM and revealed that a reduced transcript level resulted in a significant decrease in l‐menthol and MPD repellent activities. However, no significant decrease was observed for N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (DEET) repellency. The most abundant TcTRPM transcripts were observed in the antennae. However, antennae‐plucked beetles maintained their repellent behavior with l‐menthol.CONCLUSIONThe repellent activities of l‐menthol and MPD for T. castaneum are mediated by TcTRPM, and it was suggested that the olfactory response is not adequate for avoidance, but that contact repellency might be a more important repellant method. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Unusual substituent effects in the Tr···Te triel bond
Authors: Wang Ruijing , Luo Canlin , Li Qingzhong , Scheiner Steve 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe triel bond between the π‐hole on the triel atom of TrR3 (Tr = B, Al, Ga; R = H, F, Cl, Br) and a lone pair on the Te atom of H2Te is examined using ab initio methods. For Tr = B, the triel bond is weakened as the R substituent becomes more electronegative, while the opposite pattern is noted for Al and Ga. The weakest triel bond of all occurs in H2Te‐BF3 (2.9 kcal/mol) but is much stronger for all the other complexes (>11 kcal/mol). The placement of electron‐releasing OH, NH2, and CH3 R′ substituents on the R′2Te base strengthens the triel bond, whereas the opposite occurs for the electron‐withdrawing CN. Despite its high electronegativity, the F substituent causes a strengthening of the interaction, which is due in large part to the formation of secondary chalcogen bonds that involve the σ‐holes on Te in F2Te. However, the F atom on TrF3 is unable to act as an electron donor in these chalcogen bonds, leading to weakened F2Te··TrF3 interactions.
Phylogenomics supported by geometric morphometrics reveals delimitation of sexual species within the polyploid apomictic Ranunculus auricomus complex (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Karbstein Kevin , Tomasello Salvatore , Hodač Ladislav , Dunkel Franz G. , Daubert Mareike , Hörandl Elvira 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpecies are the basic units of biodiversity and evolution. Nowadays, they are widely considered as ancestor‐descendant lineages. Their definition remains a persistent challenge for taxonomists due to lineage evolutionary role and circumscription, i.e., persistence in time and space, ecological niche, or a shared phenotype. Recognizing and delimiting species is particularly methodically challenging in fast‐evolving, evolutionary young species complexes often characterized by low genetic divergence, hybrid origin, introgression, and incomplete lineage sorting. Ranunculus auricomus is a large Eurasian apomictic polyploid complex that probably has arisen from the hybridization of a few sexual progenitor species. However, even delimitation of and relationships among diploid sexual progenitors are unclear, ranging from 2 to 12 species. Here, we present an innovative workflow combining phylogenomic methods based on 86,782 parameter‐optimized RADseq loci and target enrichment of 663 nuclear genes accompanied by geometric morphometrics to delimit sexual species in this evolutionary young complex (<1 Mya). For the first time, we revealed a fully resolved and well‐supported maximum likelihood tree phylogeny congruent to neighbor‐net network and STRUCTURE results based on RADseq data. In a few clades, we found evidence of discordant patterns indicated by quartet sampling, and reticulation events in the neighbor‐net network probably caused by introgression and incomplete lineage sorting. Together with coalescent‐based species delimitation approaches based on target enrichment data, we found five main genetic lineages, with an allopatric distribution in central and southern Europe. A concatenated geometric morphometric dataset including data from basal and stem leaves, as well as receptacles, revealed the same five main clusters. We accept those five morphologically differentiated, geographically isolated, genetic main lineages as species: R. cassubicifolius s.l. (incl. R. carpaticola), R. envalirensis s.l. (incl. R. cebennensis), R. flabellifolius, R. marsicus, and R. notabilis s.l. (incl. R. austroslovenicus, R. calapius, R. mediocompositus, R. peracris, and R. subcarniolicus). Our comprehensive workflow combing phylogenomic methods supported by geometric morphometrics proved to be successful in delimiting closely related sexual taxa and applying an evolutionary species concept. This workflow is also applicable to other evolutionarily young complexes.
Attitude toward informal science in the early years and development of Leisure Time in Science (LeTiS), a pictographic scale
Authors: Paños Esther , Ruiz‐Gallardo José‐Reyes 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAttitude toward science has been recognized as highly influential in students' engagement with science and future career choices. Science is important in our everyday lives as well, in a society demanding more scientific vocations and higher levels of scientific literacy. There is little research on how attitudes develop and evolve at early ages, which may be due to a lack of appropriate measurement tools. The objective of this study is to design and validate a tool to measure attitude toward informal science in 5 to 6‐year‐old children, who are not yet familiarized with “formal science.” Rather, these children are constantly interacting and learning about their surrounding world. These early experiences are important for future science engagement. The Leisure Time in Science (LeTiS) scale consists of eight pictures representing science learning activities in informal environments. Children's intentions of performing the activities shown in the LeTiS pictures are measured by comparing them with other leisure nonscientific activities. We also analyze parents' views on their children's leisure interests for comparison. The relationship among attitudes, intentions, and interests is also analyzed as part of this study involving 387 children and 188 parents. LeTiS is a pictographic scale, which is easy to interpret, with reliable psychometric properties, Oω = .88, and a unidimensional factorial structure. The results show that participants, aged 5–6, have a very positive attitude, with no gender‐based differences. Nevertheless, their intentions to perform the activities are less promising, as nonscientific activities are consistently the first choice. Although parents' views report considerable science interest in their children, there is a low correlation with attitudes and intentions. The findings may offer clues on the relationship between children's attitudes toward science and their actual behavior. The study may also contribute to planning science curriculum in the early educational years.
Contributions of an environmental management system for sustainable development at a Brazilian university
Authors: Beuron Thiago Antônio , Madruga Lúcia Rejane da Rosa Gama , Garlet Valéria , Avila Lucas Veiga , Guarda Fernando Guilherme Kaehler , Terra Camila Castilhos de Freitas , Balsan Laércio André Gassen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn addressing quality education, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), one of them translates the responsibility of universities into context to ensure that all students acquire the theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to promote sustainability through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, respect for human rights, gender equality, the promotion of a culture of peace and nonviolence, global citizenship, and the enhancement of cultural diversity. There is some consensus in the area about the alignment between SDGs and education for sustainable development, and, in this study, we sought to develop a tool that has helped universities to contribute to an environment that is capable of strengthening a culture of ethos of sustainability. The present work has an objective to examine the environmental management system of a Brazilian university. In order to carry out this research, the design of a single study case was chosen. Multiple sources of evidence were considered, such as interviews, nonparticipant observation, and documents; all were analyzed qualitatively. For constructing the case, different data collection units were contemplated, together with management personnel, technicians, and professors. The categories of analysis arose from theoretical models already existing in the theory. The university in question is one of the largest private educational institutions in the country, and it has approximately 31 thousand students in the categories of presential and distance education. The main campus consists of a preserved area of more than 90 hectares, with lakes and green areas interconnected, which meets the criteria of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14001) since 2004. The case presents contributions in relation to the progress of sustainable universities in the national context, making it possible to qualify the necessary discussions for changes in infrastructures, curricula, teaching practices, and research that still do not address all problems that are global in scale and require more holistic approaches.
Membranes, Plates, and Microphones
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe restoring forces on membranes are due to the applied tension, while the restoring forces for plates are due to the flexural rigidity of the plate’s material. The transition to two dimensions introduces some features that did not show up in our analysis of one-dimensional vibrating systems. Instead of applying boundary conditions at one or two points, those constraints will have to be applied along a line or a curve. In this way, incorporation of the boundary condition is linked inexorably to the choice of coordinate systems used to describe the resultant normal mode shape functions. For two-dimensional vibrators, two indices are required to specify the frequency of a normal mode,fm,n, with the number of modes in a given frequency interval increasing in proportion to the center frequency of the interval, even though that interval remains a fixed frequency span. It is also possible that modes with different mode numbers might correspond to the same frequency of vibration, a situation that is designated as “modal degeneracy.” A membrane’s response to sound pressures provides the basis for broadband condenser microphone technology that produces signals related to the electrical properties of that capacitor and the charge stored on its plates.
Nondissipative Lumped Elements
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to start applying the laws of hydrodynamics to acoustics. By applying these laws to some simple acoustical networks, we can begin to develop our understanding of their meaning, as well as exploit their broad utility. We start by ignoring dissipation and by choosing acoustical elements that are small compared to the wavelength of sound. In this nondissipative lumped-element approximation, the continuity equation leads us to the definition of an acoustical compliance (or gas stiffness) that plays the same role as a capacitor in alternating current (AC) electrical circuit theory or a spring in the theory of mechanical vibrations. Under those same approximations, the Euler equation leads to the definition of an acoustical inertance, which is equivalent to an inductor in the electrical analogy, or a mass in the theory of mechanical vibrations. The combination of an acoustical inertance and acoustical compliance is called a Helmholtz resonator. The DeltaEC software is introduced to model such acoustical networks. Because DeltaEC includes dissipation, it provides benchmark results that can be compared to the calculations based on dissipative hydrodynamics in the following chapter.
Dissipative Hydrodynamics
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the previous chapter, the resonance frequency, ωo, of a Helmholtz resonator was calculated. When driven at that frequency, the predicted pressure amplitude inside the resonator’s volume (compliance) became infinite. This was because the theory used to model that inertance and compliance network in Figs. 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_8#Fig11 and 10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_8#Fig15, and in Eq. (10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_8#Equ50), did not include any dissipation. By introducing DeltaEC, we were able to calculate the amount of power dissipated in the neck (inertance) and volume (compliance) of a 500 ml boiling flask. In this chapter, those losses will be calculated from hydrodynamic “first principles.”
The Changing Nature of Elections in Africa: Impact on Peacebuilding
Authors: Oduro Franklin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Elections, particularly ones which transition societies from autocracy to democracy, are one of the central pillars of peacebuilding in Africa. How regular, inclusive, and credible they are will determine if they contribute to or undermine peace. This chapter probes the complicated nexus between elections and peacebuilding, as well as recent trends in election practice and technology that have impacted the way Africans perceive this vital element of democratic consolidation. It provides some provisional ideas on minimizing the “winner-take-all” ethos and other potential triggers for election-related violence in Africa.