bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimal Structure of the Database for Storing Organisms’ Biodiversity Data
Authors: Lyakh Anton 
Published: September 2020

To date, a huge amount of data on organisms diversity has been accumulated. Databases help to store and use these data for scientific purposes. There exists several dozens of databases for storing biodiversity data that were described in publications. Each has an original structure which badly correlates with the structures of other databases. This complicates data exchange and the formation of big biodiversity data array.
The cause of this situation is the lack of the formal definitions of universal data components, which allow to build the database with any data on the diversity of organisms. The analysis of publications and author’s experience show that such universal components are present in the characteristics of any organisms. For example, it is an organism taxonomic name and a location where it was found. There are six such components and they answer to one of the six questions: what, where, when, who, where from and where to. What determines the name of an organism; where determines the location where it was found; when indicates the date of finding; who enumerates the persons, who found and analyzed an organism; where from refers to publications, where data about an organism are extracted or published; where to shows in which biological collection an organism is put in.
Each component corresponds to a separate database table. These tables are linked to the table with data about organism (individual) and they are not linked with each other. Attributes of the links between the organism table and the component tables are stored in intermediate tables. They are used, for example, to store bibliographic facts, descriptions of collection items or geographical points. They also act as docking stations to which tables with any other information are attached.
The creation of any database about the diversity of living organisms begins with the definition of the table of organism specimens. It must be used even if there is no explicit data on organisms. In that case virtual organisms should be introduced and the other components should be linked with them by means of intermediate tables. The latter are docked to other data. Minimal structures of all the tables, links between them and examples of databases construction are described in the work.
Study of Internet Structure Properties based on Metagraph Models
Authors: Ivanov Maxim , Kalashnilov Ivan , Nurullaev Mekhran 
Published: September 2020

Studying the Internet its structure is usually divided into levels: Autonomous Systems Level (AS), Point of Presence Level (PoP), Router Level, etc. The global network can be represented on each of them as a graph based on the initial data obtained from open sources. Consideration of a network within the framework of a separate level facilitates analysis, but does not allow to systematically assess its structural properties when providing the connectivity between several segments of the network related, particularly, to the objects of critical information infrastructure. To overcome this contradiction, a mathematical model of the global network in the form of a metagraph was developed at the interface between AS-level and PoP-level that takes into account the characteristics of each level and allows to find bottlenecks both in the interdomain routing system and in the topology of internal networks of Internet providers.
Based on the proposed model some structural phenomena of the global network are described: stub, multihomed and transit autonomous systems, content providers. Taking into account available data from open sources about Internet structure, a method for constructing a metagraph is proposed. A comparative analysis of tools that automate the process of analyzing a network model is carried out. The practice-oriented problems of finding a cutting subset in a metagraph were set. Certain areas of further research are software implementation of the models using module MGtoolkit in Python and the assessment of structural phenomena of Russian segments of the Internet.
Impact of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes on Overall Survival in Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Butala Anish A. , Jain Varsha , Reddy Vishruth K. , Sebro Ronnie A. , Song Yun , Karakousis Giorgos , Mitchell Tara C. , Lukens J. Nicholas , Shabason Jacob E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. As the clinical course can be variable, prognostic markers are needed to better stratify patients. Prior literature, composed of small series with limited sample size, has demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important prognostic marker in MCC. To validate these findings on a population level, we sought to analyze and report the prognostic value of TILs in a large national data set.

Materials and Methods
A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted of patients with nonmetastatic MCC from 2010 to 2015 using the National Cancer Database. Individual variables trending toward significance using a univariable analysis were included in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to assess their independent effect on overall survival (OS). TILs were subclassified into none, nonbrisk, and brisk and the survival analysis was performed. Propensity score–weighted multivariable analysis (PS MVA) was performed to adjust for additional confounding.

Results
A total of 2,182 patients met inclusion criteria: 611 (28.0%) were identified as having TILs present, and 1,571 (72.0%) had TILs absent in the tumor. On MVA, subdivision of TIL status into nonbrisk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.750; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.602–0.933) and brisk (HR, 0.499; 95% CI, 0.338–0.735) was associated with incrementally improved OS compared with no TILs. The association of nonbrisk and brisk TILs with improved OS was retained on PS MVA (Nonbrisk: HR, 0.720; 95% CI, 0.550–0.944; Brisk: HR, 0.483; 95% CI, 0.286–0.814).

Conclusion
The presence of nonbrisk and brisk TILs is associated with incrementally improved OS in patients with nonmetastatic MCC in a large national data set. This pathologic feature can aid with risk stratification, estimation of prognosis, and, importantly, decision-making with respect to treatment intensification in high-risk patients.

Implications for Practice
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine cutaneous malignancy with variable clinical course. Prognostic markers are needed to better risk stratify patients. We present the largest retrospective observational cohort study of patients with nonmetastatic MCC using the National Cancer Database. Our analysis demonstrates an association between increasing degrees of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and incrementally improved survival. These conclusions improve pathologic risk stratification, and decision-making with respect to treatment intensification. Intensification may include adjuvant radiation therapy to the primary site after wide excision despite small tumor size, to the nodal basin in sentinel lymph node-negative patients, or offering closer follow-up.
FOLFIRINOX De-Escalation in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Multicenter Real-Life Study
Authors: Chevalier Hortense , Vienot Angélique , Lièvre Astrid , Edeline Julien , El Hajbi Farid , Peugniez Charlotte , Vernerey Dewi , Meurisse Aurélia , Hammel Pascal , Neuzillet Cindy , Borg Christophe , Turpin Anthony 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Our study describes the feasibility and efficacy of a first-line FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil [5FU], folinic acid, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) induction chemotherapy (CT) followed by de-escalation as a maintenance strategy for advanced pancreatic cancer.

Materials and Methods
This multicenter retrospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2018. FOLFIRINOX de-escalation was defined as stopping oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan after at least four cycles of FOLFIRINOX, without evidence of disease progression. Maintenance schedules were fluoropyrimidine monotherapy (intravenous or oral [capecitabine]), FOLFOX (5FU, oxaliplatin), or FOLFIRI (5FU, irinotecan). Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were first progression-free survival (PFS1), second progression-free survival (PFS2), and toxicity.

Results
Among 321 patients treated with FOLFIRINOX, 147 (45.8%) were included. Median OS was 16.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.7–20.3) and median PFS1 was 9.4 months (95% CI, 8.5–10.4). The preferred maintenance regimen was FOLFIRI in 66 (45%) patients versus 5FU monotherapy in 52 (35%) and FOLFOX in 25 (17%) patients. Among 118 patients who received maintenance CT with FOLFIRI or 5FU, there was no difference in PFS1 (median, 9.0 vs. 10.1 months, respectively; p = .33) or OS (median, 16.6 vs. 18.7 months; p = .86) between the two maintenance regimens. Reintroduction of FOLFIRINOX was performed in 20.2% of patients, with a median PFS2 of 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.0–22.3). The rates of grade 3–4 toxicity were significantly higher with FOLFIRI maintenance CT than with 5FU (41% vs. 22%; p = .03), especially for neuropathy (73% vs. 9%).

Conclusion
5FU monotherapy maintenance appeared to be as effective as FOLFIRI, in a FOLFIRINOX de-escalation strategy, which is largely used in France.

Implications for Practice
FOLFIRINOX de-escalation and maintenance is a feasible strategy in advanced pancreatic cancer that decreases chemotherapy toxicity to improve both survival and quality of life. Survivals in patients with maintenance therapy are clinically meaningful. Fluoropyrimidine monotherapy maintenance seems to be as efficient as FOLFIRI and should be a reference arm in future pancreatic cancer maintenance trials.
The Impact of Bioprinting Technologies on the Development of Civil Liability
Authors: Bogdanov D. E. 
Published: September 2020

Bioprinting is a new technology that allows us to overcome the shortage of human organs and tissues in transplantation. This technology, in addition to its positive effect, creates serious risks, since the negative consequences bound to arise from its active implementation remain unknown. For example, deficiencies in digital design of a digital model of a human organ or the skeleton of this organ may harm the life or health of a patient. Therefore, civil liability has become one of the main areas of legal regulation that bioprinting will have a serious impact on. Foreign law enforcement practice indicates that there are problems in determining the model of liability for harm caused in the field of additive technologies and bioprinting. The foreign science of civil law attempts to develop a scientific response to a new technological challenge, in particular, it is proposed to use a number of approaches to compensate for the damage caused by the use of bioprinting technologies. For example, it is proposed to use a special culpable tort or to compensate for damages under the strict liability model. Positions are also expressed in favor of using contractual remedies.It is necessary to take into account not only the risks that bioprinting technology creates, but also its benefits. In order to obtain a beneficial effect, the patient can voluntarily assume the risks arising from its use. Russian law has established a rule according to which compensation for harm can be refused if the harm was caused at the request or with the consent of the victim, and the actions of the harmer do not violate the moral principles of society. This rule may become very important in the future when dealing with questions on liability for harm caused to the patient due to the use of bioprinting technologies in treatment. This will require the use of other compensatory mechanisms aimed at protecting the rights of patients, such as life and health insurance when using bioprinting technologies.
The Law of the Network Society and the Problem of Hybridity Management
Authors: Mazhorina M. V. 
Published: September 2020

The network society, which is relevant to the social landscape of the 21st century, determines the building of a new architecture of law. The current legal map of the world is extremely heterogeneous and often does not coincide with the political map of the world. It is full of a variety of normative arrays that collide with each other, layered on top of each other, while the traditional legal methodology is not always able to resolve conflicts that arise. The problem of controversy between law and not law is gaining considerable potential due to the rapid growth of non-legal matter and the emergence of legitimizing institutions. The situation is complicated by the simultaneous existence of several institutional dispute resolution systems (state, non-state, alternative, platform-based) that refer to completely different, relatively autonomous subsystems of norms as applicable law. Such material and institutional fragmentation, the emergence of hybrid regulatory and institutional regimes has provoked an active search for new principles of building a legal architecture that is adequate to such a rapidly changing society. Globalization is transforming into networking, which redefines the geography of the world, the well-known and traditional principles of affiliation of legal entities, and then exacerbates the debates about legal taxonomy. The marked evolution of the legal superstructure also generates new types of conflicts, prompting the search for a new or adaptation of the known methodology in order to overcome them.The paper attempts to explore the new normativity in the context of a new sociality, to identify key trends in the development of the law of a network society, to predict the development of individual legal and sub-legal institutions, and to model legal ways of managing hybridity.
Institutional Models of International Scientific and Technical Cooperation (Based on the Case Study of Marine Scientific Research)
Authors: Kozheurov Ya. S. , Teymurov E. S. 
Published: September 2020

The institutional model of international scientific and technical cooperation in the field of marine scientific research characterizes the status and activities of subjects. It is mainly expressed in the establishment of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. European research infrastructure consortia act as an independent institutional model.Institutional models of international scientific and technical cooperation can be divided into ecosystem-based and collaborative models. Ecosystem-based models only create the necessary legal, organizational, economic and other conditions for international cooperation and joint marine scientific research. Collaborative models are created directly for international scientific research. There is no strict border between them, but while the former are mainly focused on creating the necessary environment and conditions for simplifying and strengthening international scientific and technical cooperation, the latter mainly adapt the developed mechanisms of interaction to the needs of a particular project.As ecosystem-type models, the UNESCO IOC and SСOR make the most visible contribution to the formation of regulatory and organizational conditions for the implementation of international projects in the field of ocean research and their financing. They involve a significant number of bodies and programs of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, specialized national scientific institutions, related structures and individual scientists. Collaborative institutional models, such as the European research infrastructure consortium "The European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC)" and GRID-Arendal, carry out international research projects and act as a unifying platform for various research institutions and scientists, based largely on the organizational, financial and structural basis developed by ecosystem models.
Results of measurement of the female pelvis outlet
Authors: Massen V. N. 
Published: September 2020

Es muss unzweifelhaft vom praktischen Standpunkte aus fr die Prognose und Behandlung der Gehurt heim engen Becken als sehr wichtig angesehen werden, die Dimensionen des Beckenausganges im gegebenen Falle richtig zu beurtheilen. Breisky. (Beitrge zur Geburtshilf. Beurtheilung der Verengerung des Becken ausganges. Medicinische Jahrbcher, Bd. XIX, стр. 4).
One cannot but foresee the benefits that science and practice could derive from methodically measuring the pelvic outlet. Garfunkel. (Diss., P. 7).
Carta al editor respecto del suplemento 1, 2020 de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Loredo Abdalá Arturo , Galván-Díaz César Alejandro , Aguilar Gómez Nancy Evelyn , Cervantes Pérez Linsay Krystel , Ojeda Pérez Pablo Alfredo , Casas Muñoz Abigail 
Published: September 2020

En esta carta al editor se comentan estrategias preventivas para prevenir la infección por COVID-19, que complementan a las universalmente aceptadas (lavado de manos, aseo bucal frecuente, el manejo correcto de la tos y/o el estornudo, mantener la sana distancia, el uso constante de cubre bocas), si se está frente una población infanto-juvenil con alguna comorbilidad o ante una población aparentemente sana.
TEORES DE PROTEÍNA EM SILAGEM DE MANDIOCA ELABORADAS A PARTIR DE CULTIVARES DE MESA E FORRAGEM
Authors: Tagliapietra Bruna Lago , Da Silva Maritiele Naissinger , De Freitas Charles Patrick De Oliveira , Richards Neila Silvia Pereira dos Santos , Zanon Alencar Junior 
Published: September 2020

A mandioca tem potencial para tornar-se uma das principais alternativas forrageiras para a alimentação animal, como fonte de proteína para substituir ou complementar as rações a base de soja e milho, que apresentam custo elevado. Devido ao desperdício da parte aérea, que é rica em proteína, o trabalho objetivou comparar os teores proteicos de cultivares de mandioca de mesa e forrageiras na forma de silagem elaborada com diferentes proporções de parte aérea e raízes, a fim de fomentar seu uso e fornecer informações para os produtores rurais. Duas formulações de silagem foram elaboradas, uma com 70% de parte aérea e 30% de raízes (70/30) e outra com 80% de parte aérea e 20% de raízes (80/20). Foram determinados os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e massa seca (MS) das silagens e das partições da planta (raiz, haste, pecíolo e folha). As silagens 70/30 apresentaram uma média 24,9% de MS e 14,3% de PB, e na 80/20, 24,0% de MS e 16,2% de PB. Os maiores teores de proteína foram encontrados nas cultivares forrageiras (Fepagro RS 13 e Polly). A folha foi a partição da planta que apresentou os teores mais elevados de proteína. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Alimentação animal, Proteína, Ensilagem, Parte aérea.
O EFEITO DA APLICAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE DEJETO LÍQUIDO SUÍNO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MASSA SECA DA AVEIA PRETA
Authors: Stringari Jéssica Diandra , Sacomori Wagner , Roters Diego Fernando , Oliveira Gustavo Ferreira de , Almeida Janaira 
Published: September 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação continuada de DLS na produção de massa seca da raiz da aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido a campo (2016/2017), no município de Campos Novos, SC em SD em consorcio aveia preta/milho. O solo é um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico. Os tratamentos compreenderam as doses 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 DLS; adubação mineral solúvel e adubo mineral solúvel combinado com dejeto. Os tratamentos foram organizados em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As aplicações dos fertilizantes foram realizadas no mês de outubro de cada ano, sobre a palhada da cultura de inverno. Para avaliação da massa seca da raiz foram realizadas coletas de raízes da aveia em outubro de 2016 onde foram coletadas 2 subamostras em cada parcela, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade do solo com um trado de ferro cilíndrico com 5,5 cm de diâmetro. Posteriormente as amostras foram encaminhas para laboratório para quantificar a massa seca total de raízes. Foi utilizado o programa estatístico SAS® utilizando Tukey a 5% de significância. Não houve diferença significativa na produção de massa seca de raiz da aveia preta entre os tratamentos com aplicação de DLS e fertilizante mineral. As características físicas e químicas do solo como a densidade e acidez explicam a menor produção de massa seca das raízes da aveia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Avena strigosa, Fertilizante, Resíduo orgânico.
USO DA GEOPRÓPOLIS NA MANUTENÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO OVO EM DIFERENTES AMBIENTES
Authors: Santos Graciene Conceição dos , Castro Charlene Karollaine Batista de , Galvão Juliana Da Silva , Oliveira Suellen Pena de , Neto Raul Da Cunha Lima 
Published: September 2020

A casca do ovo é de fundamental importância para a conservação e qualidade interna, diante disso objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de ovos de galinha submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca, através da imersão em solução de geoprópolis, armazenados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerado, analisados no 5º e 20º dia de armazenamento. Foram utilizados 120 ovos marrons da linhagem COBB MX. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com esquema fatorial 3x2x2 correspondendo a três tratamentos (ovos não lavados, ovos lavados e ovos lavados e mergulhados em solução de geoprópolis a 10%) submetidos a duas temperaturas de estocagem (refrigerado e ambiente) e dois dias de avaliações (5º e 20º dia de armazenamento) com 10 repetições. A solução de geoprópolis a 10% correspondia a 90% de etanol e 10% de própolis. Foi avaliado o valor da Unidade Haugh (UH) no 5º e 20º dia de armazenamento. Na avaliação dos ovos do 5º e 20º dia de armazenamento, observou-se diferença (P <0,05) entre os tratamentos de casca para UH. Sob as condições desde experimento conclui-se que a solução de geoprópolis aplicado na casca dos ovos confere menor perda UH durante o período de armazenamento e contribui para a conservação da qualidade dos ovos estocados sob refrigeração. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Armazenamento, Qualidade interna, Tratamento da casca.
Estereotipos, prejuicios y exclusión social en un país multiétnico: el caso peruano
Authors: Espinosa Agustín , Calderón-Prada Alicia , Burga Gloria , Güímac Jessica 
Published: September 2020

A partir de una muestra de personas de clase media de la ciudad de Lima (n = 81), se analiza la dinámica de las relaciones intergrupales en el Perú. Basándonos en los estereotipos y prejuicios hacia diversos grupos étnicos encontramos la existencia de grupos de alto y bajo estatus, cuya situación es percibida en función a sus posibilidades de acceso al poder. Las implicancias de estos resultados se analizan en términos de los procesos sociales, culturales, cognitivos y afectivos que median las relaciones intergrupales y que derivan en la manifestación de la exclusión social. Finalmente, estos resultados nos llevan a considerar que la institucionalización de las prácticas de exclusión surge como una manera de preservar el poder de los grupos dominantes.
Hacia un quehacer psicológico creativo: la preparación para la atención a la diversidad
Authors: Cupertino Christina , Barbosa Cláudio de Rezende , Faleck Gustavo Nisencwajg 
Published: September 2020

Se presenta una intervención psicológica atípica realizada en un proyecto social para jóvenes, los Talleres de Creatividad, en la periferia de São Paulo, Brasil, donde la atención psicológica institucional es comprendida como la posibilidad de transformación de las personas, de los ambientes y de las relaciones. Se utilizan recursos expresivos comunes al quehacer artístico, ubicando los talleres en la interfaz entre arte, psicología y educación, así como actividades de Música Orgánica (o percusión corporal), administradas por los jóvenes de las clases de banda pop-rock de la institución. Se analiza y discute cómo la ruptura de las expectativas y la apertura a los intercambios significativos permiten el establecimiento de un espacio de cuidado psicológico fluido y transitorio, enfocado en el movimiento de la vida, creando nuevos caminos de inserción profesional.