bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Monoarticular Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Fifth Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Zaid Hamood H G , Di Wu , Yang Rufei , Wu Di , Yang Maowei 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with monoarticular rheumatoid arthritis of the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint after Weil osteotomy.MethodsFrom July 2011 to September 2015, 18 feet of 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients who underwent Weil osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal toe with a mean age at the time of surgery of 48.8 ± 7.4 years were reviewed retrospectively. The mean disease duration was 44.6 ± 6.8 months, and the follow‐up period was 36 months. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society lesser metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale (AOFAS), 10‐item SF‐36 physical functioning and 2‐item SF‐36 bodily pain, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and satisfaction scores. In the radiologic evaluation, fifth metatarsophalangeal angle (MTP‐5), lateral deviation angle (LDA), and longitudinal axes of the fifth metatarsal were measured on anterior–posterior (AP) weight‐bearing radiographs preoperative and at the last follow‐up.ResultsClinical assessment showed that the total average of AOFAS was significantly increased from preoperative 53.6 ± 9.0 to 98.7 ± 2.0 points, and the VAS score was significantly decreased from preoperative 4.1 ± 1.5 to 1.1 ± 0.8 points at the last follow‐up (P < 0.001). The total averages of SF‐36 physical functioning and SF‐36 bodily pain were significantly increased from preoperative 48.9 ± 9.0 to 99. ± 2.1 and from 61.4 ± 12.1 to 99.4 ± 2.4 points, respectively, at the last follow‐up (P < 0.001). Subjectively, the excellent outcome of the surgery results were rated by 13 patients (81.3%) that underwent surgery and three patients (18.7%) were rated as good. Regarding radiographic parameters, the mean MTP‐5 significantly decreased from 21.5° ± 1.2° preoperatively to 10.2° ± 1.2°, the mean LDA significantly decreased from 7.1° ± 1.2° preoperatively to −2.4° ± 1.0°, and the mean length of the fifth metatarsal was significantly shortened from 71.5 ± 1.4 preoperatively to 67.8 ± 1.5 mm at the final follow‐up visit (P < 0.001). No malunion, nonunion, necrosis, pseudoarthrosis, or fracture of the fifth metatarsal was found. No exuberant bone growth, perforation of the screw, subluxation, or dislocation was observed. No indications of modification, revision or repeat surgery, or delayed wound healing were observed during follow‐up period.ConclusionSurgical management of the monoarticular rheumatoid arthritis of the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint can achieve good clinical and radiological outcomes, with pain relief and dislocation reduction, as well as high satisfaction and improvement without recurrence or progression during the follow‐up period.
Conditional Reasons and the Procreation Asymmetry
Authors: Frick Johann 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper sketches a theory of the reason‐giving force of well‐being that allows us to reconcile our intuitions about two of the most recalcitrant problem cases in population ethics: Jan Narveson's Procreation Asymmetry and Derek Parfit's Non‐Identity Problem. I show that what has prevented philosophers from developing a theory that gives a satisfactory account of both these problems is their tacit commitment to a teleological conception of well‐being, as something to be ‘promoted’. Replacing this picture with one according to which our reasons to confer well‐being on people are conditional on their existence allows me to do better. It also enables us to understand some of the deep structural parallels between seemingly disparate normative phenomena such as procreating and promising. The resulting theory charts a middle way between the familiar dichotomy of narrow person‐affecting theories and totalist or wide‐person affecting theories in population ethics.
Dexmedetomidine reduces the amount of benzodiazepines and opioids administered during moderate conscious sedation for dental treatment
Authors: Mincer Reeva C. , Lee Crystal J. , Chung Evelyn M. , Huang Brian , Sung Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the intravenous moderate sedation (IVMS) regimen, while treating patients of the special patient care (SPC) population. This study aims to incorporate DEX into the typical IVMS drug regimen in order to reduce the amount of benzodiazepines (BZD) and opioids administered and as a result reduce the amount of unwanted side effects.Method and resultsA retrospective study was performed in the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) SPC Clinic, where 42 patients were seen with and without DEX for dental treatment under IVMS. Medications administered, vital signs, and complications were recorded at 5 minute intervals over the first hour. All BZDs and opioids were converted to their IV midazolam and IV fentanyl equivalents, respectively. An opioid conversion equation was developed to summate the total amount of anesthetic agents administered. Data were analyzed by t‐test. The amount of BZDs administered was reduced, however the decrease was not statistically significant (P = .066). There was a significant reduction in opioids (P < .05) and total anesthetic agents (P < .05) administered.ConclusionThe addition of DEX to the anesthetic regimen results in a reduction of overall medications administered.
Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) among elementary school children in Finland
Authors: Kaajalaakso Katri , Lempinen Lotta , Ristkari Terja , Huttunen Jukka , Luntamo Terhi , Sourander Andre 
Published: August 2020

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in children and youth. Effective screening methods are needed to identify children in need of treatment. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire is a widely used tool to assess childhood anxiety. We aim toevaluate the psychometric properties of the SCARED questionnaire, test the SCARED factor structure, and evaluate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in a community sample of Finnish elementary school children, based on both a child and parent report. The sample included all pupils (n = 1,165) in grades 2 through 6 (ages 8–13) in four elementary schools in the city of Turku, Finland. Children completed a Finnish translation of the SCARED questionnaire at school, with one parent report questionnaire per child completed at home. In total, 663 child‐parent dyads (56.9%) completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency was high for both child and parent reports on all subscales (0.71–0.92), except for school avoidance (0.57 child, 0.63 parent report). Inter‐rater reliability ranged from poor to fair across subscales (intraclass correlation 0.27–0.47). Self‐reported anxiety scores were higher than the parent reported scores. Females had significantly higher total scores than males based on the child reports (p = 0.003), but not the parent reports. In the confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesized models did not have a good fit with the data, and modification was needed. The Finnish SCARED questionnaire has good internal consistency. Low child‐parent agreement calls for the importance of including both child and parental reports in the assessment of anxiety symptoms.
Short‐term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission, temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events
Authors: Silva Elienai Ferreira da , Moitinho Mara Regina , Teixeira Daniel De Bortoli , Bicalho Elton da Silva , Castioni Guilherme Adalberto Ferreira , Pereira Gener Tadeu , La Scala Newton 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSoil CO2 emission (FCO2) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO2, temperature (Tsoil), moisture (Msoil) and air‐filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO2, Tsoil and Msoil were carried out at each point over a 28‐day period. The greatest mean values of FCO2 (0.74 g m−2 hr−1) and Msoil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and Tsoil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO2, Tsoil, Msoil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO2 during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where Msoil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where Tsoil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO2 emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO2 emissions during the sugarcane field reform.
Tools for rapid analysis of blood usage and inventory during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Murphy Colin , Jackson Bryon , Fontaine Magali 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused downtrends in both blood collections and blood usage. Rapidly visualizing the impact of the pandemic and newly implemented hospital policies on usage could potentially inform blood ordering practices to help avoid wastage.Study Design and MethodsBlood usage data were obtained from the laboratory information system. An R‐based workflow was written in R Markdown for analysis and visualization. Reports were generated daily and shared with blood bank leadership. Selected reports were shared with institutional leadership, other departments, and collaborating blood suppliers.ResultsMean daily transfusions dropped 42% from 3/9‐13 to 3/16‐20, with a significant decrease in usage of red cells, plasma, and cryoprecipitate. The greatest decline in use was seen in the general operating rooms, whereas outpatient transfusions remained steady. Weekly total blood usage decreased through the end of March into April and returned to normal levels in May.ConclusionDuring two 5‐weekday periods of changing hospital policies, overall blood usage decreased by almost half. Visualization of usage by hospital location showed a large decrease in general operating room usage after cancellation of elective procedures. This data visualization has informed decisions to modify standing product orders during an initial period of decreased usage as well as return to normal orders in later months.
Warming blood products for transfusion to neonates: In vitro assessments
Authors: Hulse Whitley , Bahr Timothy M. , Fredrickson Lauren , Canfield Christy M. , Friddle Kim , Pysher Theodore J. , Ilstrup Sarah J. , Ohls Robin K. , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundBlood products may be transfused into neonates at temperatures at or below room temperature. The benefits and risks of warming blood to 37°C are not defined in this population or with the equipment used in neonates. Physiologic warming might enhance product effectiveness or decrease transfusion‐associated hypothermia.Study Design and MethodsWe utilized an in vitro model of neonatal transfusions, with a syringe pump, blood tubing, and 24‐gauge catheter and compared current practice (cold products) vs an inline blood warmer. Transfusions were performed rapidly (30 minutes) and slower (120 minutes) to model emergent vs routine situations. We tested red blood cells, fresh‐frozen plasma, apheresis platelets (PLTs), and cold‐stored low‐titer group O whole blood. We used infrared detectors and inline probes to measure temperatures at the origin and at the simulated patient. We assessed warmer‐induced damage by measuring plasma hemoglobin and hematocrit (seeking hemolysis), fibrinogen (seeking activation of coagulation), and PLT count and TEG‐MA (seeking PLT destruction or dysfunction).ResultsThe cold‐stored products were 4.2 ± 1.0°C (mean ± SD) at the origin and 21.5 ± 0.1°C at the patient. With the inline warmer, products were 37.8 ± 0.6°C at the warmer and 32.6 ± 1.7°C at the patient during a 30‐minute infusion, but were 34.5 ± 2.1 with a foil sheath covering the terminal tubing. We found no warmer‐induced damage using any metric.ConclusionIn simulated neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) transfusions, an inline blood warmer can deliver blood products at near‐physiologic temperatures with no detected damage. We suggest in vivo testing of warmed NICU transfusions, assessing product effectiveness and hypothermia risk reduction.
US Food and Drug Administration regulatory approaches for xenotransplantation products and xenografts
Authors: Arcidiacono Judith 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulatory approach for xenotransplantation products and xenografts encompasses regulatory considerations for biological products, medical devices, drugs, combination products, and genetically altered animals, depending on the product. This communication aims to clarify the regulatory approaches and considerations for animal‐derived products, specifically xenotransplantation and xenograft products.
Does the iontophoretic application of bretylium tosylate modulate sweating during exercise in the heat in habitually trained and untrained men?
Authors: Amano Tatsuro , Sekihara Shin , Fujii Naoto , Kenny Glen P. , Inoue Yoshimitsu , Kondo Narihiko 
Published: August 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Does the administration of the adrenergic presynaptic release inhibitor bretylium tosylate modulate sweating during exercise in the heat, and does this response differ between habitually trained and untrained men?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Iontophoretic administration of bretylium tosylate attenuates sweating during exercise in the heat in habitually trained and untrained men. However, a greater reduction occurred in trained men. The findings demonstrate a role for cutaneous adrenergic nerves in the regulation of eccrine sweating during exercise in the heat and highlight a need to advance our understanding of neural control of human eccrine sweat gland activity.

AbstractWe recently reported an influence of cutaneous adrenergic nerves on eccrine sweat production in habitually trained men performing an incremental exercise bout in non‐heat stress conditions. Based on an assumption that increasing heat stress induces cholinergic modulation of sweating, we evaluated the hypothesis that the contribution of cutaneous adrenergic nerves on sweating would be attenuated during exercise in the heat. Twenty young habitually trained and untrained men (n = 10/group) underwent three successive bouts of 15 min of light‐, moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity cycling (equivalent to 30, 50, and 70% of peak oxygen uptake () respectively), each separated by a 15 min recovery while wearing a perfusion suit perfused with warm water (43°C). Sweat rate (ventilated capsule) was measured continuously at two bilateral forearm skin sites treated with 10 mm bretylium tosylate (an inhibitor of neurotransmitter release from adrenergic nerve terminals) and saline (control) via transdermal iontophoresis. A greater sweat rate was measured during vigorous exercise only in trained as compared to untrained men (P = 0.014). In both groups, sweating was reduced at the bretylium tosylate versus control sites, albeit the magnitude of reduction was greater in the trained men (P ≤ 0.024). These results suggest that cutaneous adrenergic nerves modulate sweating during exercise performed under a whole‐body heat stress, albeit a more robust response occurs in trained men. While it is accepted that a cholinergic mechanism plays a primary role in the regulation of sweating during an exercise‐heat stress, our findings highlight the need for additional studies aimed at understanding the neural control of human eccrine sweating.
In Vitro
Activity and Potency of the Novel Oxazolidinone Contezolid (MRX-I) Tested against Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates from the United States and Europe
Authors: Carvalhaes Cecilia G. , Duncan Leonard R. , Wang Wen , Sader Helio S. 
Published: August 2020

Contezolid, a new oxazolidinone antibacterial agent currently in development for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections, was susceptibility tested against Gram-positive clinical isolates (
n
= 1,211). Contezolid demonstrated potent activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
(MIC
50/90
, 0.5/1 mg/liter), coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
(MIC
50/90
, 0.25/0.5 mg/liter),
Enterococcus
spp.
Analyzing variation of the water table level with three-dimensional numerical simulations to assess reclamation techniques for an acidic tailings impoundment
Authors: Broda Stefan , Éthier Marie-Pier , Blessent Daniela , Aubertin Michel , Maqsoud Abdelkabir , Bussière Bruno 
Published: August 2020

Tailings with sulphide minerals exposed to oxygen and water can oxidize and produce acid mine drainage (AMD). This study evaluated the impact of natural conditions and of a thin cover deposition on the water table level, with respect to selecting the reclamation technique to control AMD on the elevated portion of an abandoned tailings impoundment. The reactive tailings were partly covered with alkaline tailings transported as a pulp from a nearby mine. A three-dimensional numerical variably saturated groundwater flow model of the tailings impoundment and its surrounding area was built. The simulation results reproduced well the field observations before, during, and after the deposition of a thin layer of tailings. The calibrated model was then used to forecast the evolution of the water table position for the next 100 years under various site conditions, including a period of 5 years with dry summers. The results show that the water table levels are on average several metres below the interface between the reactive tailings and the cover, thus failing to meet the target criterion to control the production of AMD determined from previous column tests. The results are analyzed and discussed in terms of the site configuration and atmospheric recharge.
The Employment Effects of Lump-Sum and Contingent Job Insurance Policies: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Britto Diogo G. C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Lump-sum job displacement policies (e.g., severance pay) are often presented as a better alternative to contingent policies (e.g., unemployment insurance) in the context of developing countries, under the rationale that the former are less harmful to formal employment as they do not incentivize substitution from formal to informal jobs. First, this paper provides original evidence on the employment effects of lump-sum income in the context of a developing country with high labor informality. A regression discontinuity (RD) design, using Brazilian data, shows that a transfer equivalent to fifteen days of earnings (a) increases the duration out of a formal job by 1.9 weeks, (b) reduces monthly earnings in the next job by 1.6%, and (c) reduces total earnings in the formal labor market by 3.6% over a three-year period. Second, the paper studies the impact of a one-month extension in unemployment insurance (UI) on a comparable sample of displaced workers. UI is shown to have a stronger impact on the duration out of a formal job compared with a lump-sum transfer. In addition, a novel exercise matching administrative and survey data shows that 57% of the decrease in formal employment caused by UI is compensated by an increase in the incidence of informal employment. However, workers receiving the UI extension partially recover the initial employment loss over time in such a way that the adverse impact on employment over a three-year period is similar compared with the lump-sum transfer. Moreover, UI is found to be less harmful to reemployment wages, possibly because it improves workers' bargaining power as it offers insurance against the duration of joblessness. Overall, the UI extension is less detrimental to total earnings in the formal labor market over a three-year period. Hence, although these findings indicate that contingent job insurance policies have a stronger impact on the initial duration out of a formal job and indeed incentivize informal employment, they do not support the notion that lump-sum policies are less harmful to formal employment and earnings in the medium term.
Growth Expectations, Undue Optimism, and Short-Run Fluctuations
Authors: Enders Zeno , Kleemann Michael , Müller Gernot J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes a two-step procedure in order to identify belief shocks—shocks to expectations about the current state of the economy. First, we use the Survey of Professional Forecasters to measure nowcast errors about contemporaneous output growth. Second, we extract belief shocks from nowcast errors, once by regressing them on existing measures of structural shocks and once by imposing sign restrictions on a VAR model. Using both approaches, we find that belief shocks trigger similar adjustment dynamics and a high degree of co-movement across macroeconomic variables. Belief shocks account for about onethird of short-run output fluctuations.
Product Mix and Firm Productivity Responses to Trade Competition
Authors: Mayer Thierry , Melitz Marc J. , Ottaviano Gianmarco I. P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We document how demand shocks in export markets lead French multiproduct exporters to reallocate the mix of products sold in those destinations. In response to positive demand shocks, French firms skew their export sales toward their best-performing products. We develop a theoretical model of multiproduct firms and derive the specific demand conditions (with endogenous price elasticities) needed to generate these product-mix reallocations. Under those demand conditions, the increased competition from demand shocks in export markets also induces productivity changes within the firm. We empirically test for this connection between demand shocks and the productivity of multiproduct firms. We find that this connection is economically substantial.
Can Electronic Monitoring Reduce Reoffending?
Authors: Williams Jenny , Weatherburn Don 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We evaluate electronic monitoring as an alternative to prison for nonviolent offenses. Leveraging plausibly exogenous variation in sentencing outcomes generated by quasi-random assignment of judges, we find electronic monitoring reduces reoffending at both extensive and intensive margins. Compared with prison, electronic monitoring is estimated to reduce the probability of reoffending by 22 percentage points five years after sentencing and by 11 percentage points ten years after sentencing, with the cumulative number of offenses reduced by 40% ten years after sentencing. These results demonstrate that electronic monitoring has sustained crime-reducing effects.
Violence While in Utero: The Impact of Assaults during Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes
Authors: Currie Janet , Mueller-Smith Michael , Rossin-Slater Maya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe study the effects of prenatal exposure to violent crime on infant health, using New York City crime records linked to mothers' addresses in birth records data. We address endogeneity of assault exposure with three strategies and find that in utero assault exposure significantly increases the incidence of adverse birth outcomes. We calculate that the annual social cost of assault during pregnancy in the United States is more than $3.8 billion. Since infant health predicts long-term wellbeing and disadvantaged women are disproportionately likely to be domestic abuse victims, violence in utero may be an important channel for intergenerational transmission of inequality.