bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro antidermatophytic synergism of double and triple combination of clioquinol with ciclopirox and terbinafine
Authors: da Costa Bárbara , Pippi Bruna , Andrzejewski Kaminski Taís Fernanda , Andrade Saulo F. , Fuentefria Alexandre M. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundDermatophytoses are the most frequent fungal infections worldwide and there have been described clinical resistance to the commonly used antifungals. Clioquinol is an antimicrobial that had the oral formulations withdrawn from the market in the 70s due to the report of neurotoxicity and recently has been considered as an effective alternative for the treatment of dermatophytosis.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of the double and triple association between clioquinol with terbinafine and ciclopirox on clinical isolates of dermatophytes. The cytotoxicity of these associations on human leukocytes was also verified.MethodsCheckerboard method was used to evaluate the interaction between antifungal agents. Time‐kill assay was used to verify fungicidal action and evaluate the combination with greater effect for TRU47 isolate. Cell viability was assessed by loss of integrity of the leukocyte membrane in order to verify the toxicity.ResultsSynergistic interaction was observed in 42% of isolates when terbinafine was associated with clioquinol and in 50% of isolates when ciclopirox was associated with clioquinol. The triple association resulted in synergistic interaction for 75% of the isolates. Clioquinol + terbinafine and triple combination were more effective for TRU47 isolate, and the combinations exhibited a time‐dependent fungicidal effect. Furthermore, the results of cell viability demonstrated that clioquinol and terbinafine combination is not cytotoxic to human leukocytes.ConclusionsClioquinol in combination with antifungals in the treatment of dermatophytosis can be a therapeutic strategy to overcome problems related to resistance, action spectrum and toxicity of the antifungal drugs used in the clinic.
Cognitive impairment and its association with cholinergic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Baba Toru , Takeda Atsushi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCognitive impairment is an important nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, much research has focused on cholinergic dysfunction as a principal cause of early cognitive decline in PD. Cholinergic dysfunction is common and produces characteristic impairments in multiple cognitive domains; furthermore, it is associated with future dementia in PD. Recently, it has become possible to measure the volume of the human cholinergic nucleus, and this technique has been increasingly applied in PD research. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cognitive dysfunction and neuroimaging studies, with particular focus on atrophy of the cholinergic nucleus in PD.
Fruit development and epigenetic modifications
Authors: Tang Dengguo , Gallusci Philippe , Lang Zhaobo 
Published: June 2020

SummaryFruit development is a complex process that is regulated not only by plant hormones and transcription factors, but also requires epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone post‐translational modifications, chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNAs. Together, these epigenetic modifications, which are controlled during development and in response to the environment, determine the chromatin state of genes and contribute to the transcriptomes of an organism. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in fleshy fruit ripening. Dysfunction of a DNA demethylase delayed ripening in tomato, and the application of a DNA methylation inhibitor altered ripening process in the fruits of several species. These studies indicated that manipulating the epigenome of fruit crops could open new ways for breeding in the future. In this review, we highlight recent progress and address remaining questions and challenges concerning the epigenetic regulation of fruit development and ripening.
Effects of hypothermia and hypothermia combined with hypocapnia on cerebral tissue oxygenation in piglets
Authors: Ringer Simone K. , Clausen Nicola G. , Spielmann Nelly , Weiss Markus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypothermia and its combination with hypocapnia are frequently associated with anesthesia.AimsThe goal was to investigate the effects of hypothermia and hypothermia combined with hypocapnia (hypothermia‐hypocapnia) on cerebral tissue oxygenation in anesthetized piglets.MethodsTwenty anesthetized piglets were randomly allocated to hypothermia (n = 10) or hypothermia‐hypocapnia (n = 10). Cerebral monitoring comprised a tissue oxygen partial pressure (PtO2), a laser Doppler probe, and a near‐infrared spectroscopy sensor, measuring regional oxygen saturation (rSO2). After baseline recordings, hypothermia (35.5‐36.0°C) with or without hypocapnia (target PaCO2: 28‐30 mm Hg) was induced. Once treatment goals were achieved (Tr0), they were maintained for 30 minutes (Tr30).ResultsNo changes in PtO2 but a significant increase in rSO2 (Tr0 (mean difference 8.9[95% CI for difference3.99 to 13.81], P < .001); Tr30 (10.8[6.20 to 15.40], P < .001)) were detected during hypothermia. With hypothermia‐hypocapnia, a decrease in PtO2 (Tr0 (−3.2[−6.01 to −0.39], P = .021; Tr30 (−3.3[−5.8 to −0.80], P = .006)) and no significant changes in rSO2 occurred. Cerebral blood flow decreased significantly from baseline to Tr0 independently of treatment (−0.89[−0.18 to −0.002], P = .042), but this was more consistently observed with hypothermia‐hypocapnia.ConclusionsThe hypothermia‐induced reduction in oxygen delivery was compensated by lowered metabolic demand. However, hypothermia was not able to compensate for an additional reduction in oxygen delivery caused by simultaneous hypocapnia. This resulted in a PtO2 drop, which was not reflected by a downshift in rSO2.
Changes in fertilization medium viscosity using hyaluronic acid impact bull sperm motility and acrosome status
Authors: da Fonseca Junior Aldcejam Martins , Gaita Vincenzo , Argumedo Daniel Ricardo , de Castro Leticia Signori , Losano João Diego de Agostini , Ferreira Leite Roberta , Nichi Marcilio , Assumpção Mayra Elena Ortiz d’Ávila , de Araújo Daniele Ribeiro , Neves Antonio Alvaro Ranha , Milazzotto Marcella Pecora 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe female reproductive tract, in particular the composition of the uterine and oviduct fluids, is responsible, at least in part, for triggering sperm cell modifications, essential for the acquisition of fertilization ability. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan present in these fluids, and its role in the fertilization process and sperm functionality is still barely understood. This work was designed to (a) determine the rheological characteristics of the fertilization medium by the addition of HA and (b) determine the HA influence on sperm motility and functional status. To that end, the in vitro fertilization medium was supplemented with 4 doses of HA (6, 60, 600 and 6,000 µg/ml) and analysed for viscosity and adhesion strength characteristics. Then, thawed semen from 6 bulls were incubated in these media and assessed at 4 different moments for morphological and functional parameters (plasma and acrosomal membrane integrities, mitochondrial membrane potential, capacitation, acrosomal reaction, and motility). The rheological evaluation showed that the addition of HA was able to increase both the viscosity and the adhesion strength of the fertilization medium, especially in the 6,000 µg/ml group in which the effect was more pronounced. No influence of HA could be observed on mitochondrial potential, and acrosomal and plasma membrane integrities. However, HA supplementation, at lower doses, led to an increase in the number of reacted sperm, as well as changes in motility parameters, with increase in the number of motile, rapid and progressive spermatozoa. In conclusion, the addition of HA alters the rheological properties of the fertilization medium and leads to the improvement of the properties related to sperm motility and capacitation, without compromising other functional aspects of the cell.
Revisiting the sectoral Linder hypothesis: Aggregation bias or fixed costs?
Authors: Kruse Hendrik W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper reassesses and revisits the Sectoral Linder Hypothesis due to Hallak, which posits that similar tastes for quality lead to more intensive trade between similar countries at the sectoral level. First, the measure of demand similarity used in this paper is based on the distribution of income estimated from household surveys. The paper finds that a similarity measure based on the income distribution produces stronger results than the traditionally used measure based on GDP per capita. Moreover, the country/product level extensive margin is taken into account. This is important because similarity is likely to affect the fixed costs of trade and the fixed costs of alternative means of servicing a market (i.e., licensing and FDI). Fixed costs, in turn, affect the number and average productivity of firms that engage in bilateral trade and hence the overall volume of trade. This paper employs the method by Helpman et al. to control for the extensive margin. Heteroskedasticity is addressed using a feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) approach. The findings show that once controlling for the effect of similarity on the extensive margin, the Linder hypothesis holds at more aggregate levels. Other robustness checks suggest that results are not confined to products that are vertically differentiated.
Thinking of you: Relations between mind‐mindedness, theory of mind, and social anxiety traits in middle childhood and adulthood
Authors: Pequet Allison , Warnell Katherine Rice 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe mapping of developmental relations between social cognition and real‐world social behaviors has theoretical and practical importance. In the domain of social anxiety, however, studies examining links between social cognitive ability and anxiety have produced mixed results. One potential explanation is that varied facets of social cognition are differentially linked to social anxiety across development. To better understand how social cognition relates to social anxiety, we assessed multiple facets of two important social cognitive capacities—mind‐mindedness and theory of mind— in school‐aged children aged 7–12 and young adults aged 18–24. We also measured social anxiety traits. We found that, across ages, mind‐mindedness and theory of mind were not related to each other. Additionally, for children and adults, higher levels of social anxiety correlated with higher levels of mind‐mindedness toward close social partners, indicating an increased propensity to describe partners using mental state terms. By contrast, social anxiety was not correlated with theory of mind, which measured the ability to decipher or attribute mental states to photographs, videos, or story characters. These findings offer insight into how different components of social cognition are related and how more naturalistic measures of social cognition involving relationships may relate to social anxiety across development.
Economic Vulnerability and Anti‐Immigrant Attitudes: Isolated Anomaly or Emerging Trend
Authors: Hickel Flavio , Bredbenner Melissa 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveDonald Trump's sustained emphasis on the negative impact of immigration policies for personal economic conditions necessitates reevaluating the influence of the latter on the former. We assess the interaction between income and individual economic anxiety on immigration attitudes.MethodsMultivariate analysis of the 2012 and 2016 American National Election Study survey data.ResultsAfter controlling for conventional explanations and standard political covariates, those who share an income bracket with foreign‐born workers and also expressed individual economic anxiety were significantly more likely to express negative attitudes toward immigrants in 2016, but not in 2012.ConclusionThe discrepancy between the results in 2016 and 2012 is partially attributed to the different rhetorical approaches toward immigration policy adopted by Donald Trump and Mitt Romney. Whether the 2016 results represent an isolated anomaly or emerging trend may depend on the rhetorical choices of future presidential candidates.
Neoproterozoic sedimentation and tectonics of the Laurentian midcontinent: Detrital zircon provenance of the Jacobsville Sandstone, Lake Superior Basin, USA and Canada
Authors: Malone David H. , Stein Carol A. , Craddock John P. , Stein Seth , Malone John E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Neoproterozoic Jacobsville Sandstone outcrops along the south and east shores of Lake Superior, USA. It records intraplate deformation, some during its deposition and some afterwards, after the c. 1,100 Ma Midcontinent Rift (MCR) failed. Here we analyse 549 new detrital zircon ages from five sites, combined with prior data. Initially, local palaeo‐topography controlled the source material, including the MCR‐adjacent Penokean and Archaean rocks. With time the percentage of distal sources increased, including the c. 1,300–980 Ma Grenville orogeny and 1,480–1,360 Ma Granite‐Rhyolite Province. Sites near the Keweenaw fault contain a significant number of MCR‐age zircons, presumably uplifted to the surface, indicating fault motion during deposition. Only a relatively small percentage of 1,090–980 Ma Grenville‐age zircons from collisions to the east are present, suggesting that they were not efficiently transported to the Lake Superior area. This work is innovative in that it is the first to use detrital zircon geochronology to understand the internal stratigraphy of the Jacobsville Sandstone, whose provenance provides new information about the Neoproterozoic tectonic and sedimentary history of Laurentia.
Functional characterization of Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE 3 in reproductive tissues
Authors: Jullien Pauline E. , Grob Stefan , Marchais Antonin , Pumplin Nathan , Chevalier Clement , Bonnet Diane M. V. , Otto Caroline , Schott Gregory , Voinnet Olivier 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYArabidopsis encodes 10 ARGONAUTE (AGO) effectors of RNA silencing, canonically loaded with either 21–22 nucleotide (nt) long small RNAs (sRNAs) to mediate post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or 24 nt sRNAs to promote RNA‐directed DNA methylation. Using full‐locus constructs, we characterized the expression, biochemical properties and possible modes of action of AGO3. Although AGO3 arose from a recent duplication at the AGO2 locus, their expression patterns differ drastically, with AGO2 being expressed in both male and female gametes whereas AGO3 accumulates in aerial vascular terminations and specifically in chalazal seed integuments. Accordingly, AGO3 downregulation alters gene expression in siliques. Similar to AGO2, AGO3 binds sRNAs with a strong 5′ adenosine bias, but unlike Arabidopsis AGO2, it binds 24 nt sRNAs most efficiently. AGO3 immunoprecipitation experiments in siliques revealed that these sRNAs mostly correspond to genes and intergenic regions in a manner reflecting their respective accumulation from their loci of origin. AGO3 localizes to the cytoplasm and co‐fractionates with polysomes to possibly mediate PTGS via translation inhibition.
The fate of 35S rRNA genes in the allotetraploid grass Brachypodium hybridum
Authors: Borowska‐Zuchowska Natalia , Kovarik Ales , Robaszkiewicz Ewa , Tuna Metin , Tuna Gulsemin Savas , Gordon Sean , Vogel John P. , Hasterok Robert 
Published: June 2020

SummaryNucleolar dominance (ND) consists of the reversible silencing of 35S/45S rDNA loci inherited from one of the ancestors of an allopolyploid. The molecular mechanisms by which one ancestral rDNA set is selected for silencing remain unclear. We applied a combination of molecular (Southern blot hybridization and reverse‐transcription cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis), genomic (analysis of variants) and cytogenetic (fluorescence in situ hybridization) approaches to study the structure, expression and epigenetic landscape of 35S rDNA in an allotetraploid grass that exhibits ND, Brachypodium hybridum (genome composition DDSS), and its putative progenitors, Brachypodium distachyon (DD) and Brachypodium stacei (SS). In progenitor genomes, B. stacei showed a higher intragenomic heterogeneity of rDNA compared with B. distachyon. In all studied accessions of B. hybridum, there was a reduction in the copy number of S homoeologues, which was accompanied by their inactive transcriptional status. The involvement of DNA methylation in CG and CHG contexts in the silencing of the S‐genome rDNA loci was revealed. In the B. hybridum allotetraploid, ND is stabilized towards the D‐genome units, irrespective of the polyphyletic origin of the species, and does not seem to be influenced by homoeologous 35S rDNA ratios and developmental stage.
Heterogeneity in the endocytic capacity of individual macrophage in a population determines its subsequent phagocytosis, infectivity and subcellular trafficking
Authors: Sachdeva Kuldeep , Goel Manisha , Sundaramurthy Varadharajan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhagocytosis is a complex cellular uptake process involving multiple distinct steps of cargo recognition, uptake, phagosome maturation and eventual phagolysosome resolution. Emerging literature shows that heterogeneity of phagocytosis at multiple steps at a single cell level influences the population outcome. However, the determinants of phagocytic heterogeneity are not clear. Here we show that the variance in the endocytic capacity of individual cells in a macrophage population determines subsequent phagocytic uptake and trafficking. Our results document the extensive heterogeneity in the endocytic uptake of individual macrophages, and show that cells with higher endocytic capacity preferentially phagocytose diverse cargo, including pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interestingly, M. tuberculosis infected cells sustain the higher endocytic capacity following infection. Modulating endocytic capacity by inhibiting endocytosis reduces phagocytic uptake. Differential uptake of M. tuberculosis into cells with different endocytic capacities correlates with the efficiency of phagocytic delivery to lysosomes, thus contributing further to phagocytic as well as mycobacterial heterogeneity. Thus, variance in endocytic capacity is a determinant of generating heterogeneity in phagocytosis at multiple steps.
English in Iran
Authors: Goodrich Negin Hosseini 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIran, a country in the Expanding Circle of world Englishes, has not received much academic attention in international journals. The English language has faced many ups and downs in this country over the past 50 years, which makes its story even more entitled to academic investigation. The objective of this paper is to add to the existing but still limited literature of English in Iran. Having followed the model suggested by Berns (1990), this paper provides a sociolinguistic profile of English in Iran from the Qajar era (1796‐1925) through the Pahlavi dynasty (1925‐1979) and the Islamic Revolution to the present era. In addition to the status of English (and other foreign languages), political, historical, and social factors which have contributed to the rise and/or decline of this language in the country are discussed for each era.
Evidence‐based therapy in hypertrophic scars: An update of a systematic review
Authors: Nischwitz Sebastian P. , Rauch Katharina , Luze Hanna , Hofmann Elisabeth , Draschl Alexander , Kotzbeck Petra , Kamolz Lars‐Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHypertrophic scars are still a major burden for numerous patients, especially after burns. Many treatment options are available; however, no evidence‐based treatment protocol is available with recommendations mostly emerging from experience or lower quality studies. This review serves to discuss the currently available literature. A systematic review was performed and the databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for suitable publications. Only original articles in English that dealt with the treatment of hypertrophic scars in living humans were analyzed. Further, studies with a level of evidence lower than 1 as defined by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons were excluded. After duplicate exclusion, 1638 studies were screened. A qualitative assessment yielded 163 articles eligible for evidence grading. Finally nine studies were included. Four of them used intralesional injections, four topical therapeutics and one assessed the efficacy of CO2‐laser. Intralesional triamcinolone + fluorouracil injections, and topical pressure and/or silicone therapy revealed significant improvements in terms of scar height, pliability, and pigmentation. This systematic review showed that still few high‐quality studies exist to evaluate therapeutic means and their mechanisms for hypertrophic scars. Among these, most of them assessed the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone injections with the same treatment protocol. Intralesional injection appears to be the best option for hypertrophic scar treatment. Future studies should focus on a possible optimization of infiltrative therapies, consistent end‐point evaluations, adequate follow‐up periods, and possibly intraindividual treatments.
Anodal and cathodal tDCS modulate neural activity and selectively affect GABA and glutamate syntheses in the visual cortex of cats
Authors: Zhao Xiaojing , Ding Jian , Pan Huijun , Zhang Shen , Pan Deng , Yu Hao , Ye Zheng , Hua Tianmiao 
Published: June 2020

Key points
The present study showed that anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can respectively increase and decrease the amplitude of visually evoked field potentials in the stimulated visual cortex of cats, with the effect lasting for ∼60–70 min.
We directly measured tDCS‐induced changes in the concentration of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the visual cortex using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method and showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively decrease the concentration of GABA and glutamate in the stimulated cortical area.
Anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively inhibit the synthesis of GABA and glutamate by suppressing the expression of GABA‐ and glutamate‐synthesizing enzymes, respectively.
AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) evokes long‐lasting neuronal excitability in the target brain region. The underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study examined tDCS‐induced alterations in neuronal activities, as well as the concentration and synthesis of GABA and glutamate (GLU), in area 21a (A21a) of cat visual cortex. Our analysis showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS respectively enhanced and suppressed neuronal activities in A21a, as indicated by a significantly increased and decreased amplitude of visually evoked field potentials (VEPs). The tDCS‐induced effect lasted for ∼60–70 min. By contrast, sham tDCS had no significant impact on the VEPs in A21a. On the other hand, the concentration of GABA, but not that of GLU, in A21a significantly decreased after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas the concentration of GLU, but not that of GABA, in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS. Furthermore, the expression of GABA‐synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 in A21a significantly decreased in terms of both mRNA and protein concentrations after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas that of GLU‐synthesizing enzyme glutaminase (GLS) did not change significantly after anodal tDCS. By contrast, both mRNA and protein concentrations of GLS in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas those of GAD65/GAD67 showed no significant change after cathodal tDCS. Taken together, these results indicate that anodal and cathodal tDCS may selectively reduce GABA and GLU syntheses and thus respectively enhance and suppress neuronal excitability in the stimulated brain area.