bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Membrane-Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Electrolytes
Authors: Navalpotro Paula , Palma Jesus , Anderson Marc Arlen , Marcilla Rebeca 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical energy storage devices are destined to be key technologies to alleviating the intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources (1). In particular, Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) have been recognized as a viable technology for the integration and balancing electricity grids due to their ability to decouple power and energy. However, wide-spread implementation of conventional RFBs is limited by some obstacles related to low abundance, toxicity and high cost of vanadium redox compounds, and the poor-performing and expensive ion exchange membranes used to separate catholyte and anolyte compartments (2).
Here, we present an innovative concept of Membrane-Free Battery which proposes to eliminate any separator or membrane in the cell by using immiscible redox electrolytes (Fig. 1). Moreover, the metal-based redox species are replaced by cheap and abundant organic redox molecules that can be specifically designed to provide high solubility and adequate redox potentials. As result, this disruptive technology is hugely versatile with respect to the nature of the electrolytes (aqueous / non-aqueous) as well as the type of organic redox species dissolved in each electrolyte (Fig. 1). To demonstrate the feasibility of this concept, we report here a spontaneous biphasic system formed by an acidic solution and an ionic liquid both containing dissolved quinoyl species that behaves as a reversible battery without any membrane or separator (3). The electrochemical performance of this Membrane-Free battery and the new challenges and future opportunities of the technology will be discussed.

Figure
1
. a) Scheme of our Membrane-Free Battery concept. b) Versatility of this concept by using different combinations of immiscible electrolytes and their corresponding characteristics.

References:

Z. Yang et al., Chem. Rev.
111, 3577–3613 (2011).

a) H. Prifti, A. Parasuraman, S. Winardi, T. M. Lim, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Membranes (Basel).
2, 275–306 (2012). b) W. Wang, V. Sprenkle, Nat. Chem.
8, 204–206 (2016). c) J. Winsberg, T. Hagemann, T. Janoschka, M. D. Hager, U. S. Schubert, Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed.
55, 2–28 (2016).

P. Navalpotro, J. Palma, M. Anderson, R. Marcilla. Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 12460 –12465. 2017

Figure 1
Impact of Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotube Incorporation to TiO2 Bronzes over Its Performance As Anode in Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ramírez Guadalupe , Díaz-Lujan Alfredo , Cabrera René , Reguera Edilso , Acevedo-Peña Prospero 
Published: February 2020

TiO2 is a welll known material for energy (batteries and supercapacitors) aplications. This have been widely used as anode in Li-ion batteries thanks to its easy processing, relatively abudance, reversibility and that storage Li-ion in a safe potential avoiding the reduction of the organic electrolyt to form the SEI. Among all the TiO2 polymorphs, the monoclininc TiO2(B) exhibit the best performance thanks to its larger interstitials to storage ions, largers ionic conductivity and the alignment of open chanels to transport the ions. Nevertheless, this polymorph have not been widely employed as anode in Na-ion batteries and its performance remain bellow to that of the TiO2 anatase. Furthermore, incorporing carbon nanoestructures to TiO2 based materials is a widely employed strategy to improve the performance of the material thanks to the increment of the conductivity of the composite and the larger surface area. For this reason, the effect of incorporing carbon nanoestructures (graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes) during the synthesis of TiO2(B) over their morphology and performance in the Na-ion storage process, is studied in the present work.
TiO2(B) was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment in 10 M NaOH followed by hydrolysis and thermal treatment at 400 °C during 4 h. Carbon nanoestructures were incorporated by previously forming a core@shell structure with amorphous TiO2 through controlled hydrolisis of Titanium isopropoxide under reflux, or by preparing a suspension of the carbon nanostructure and amorphous TiO2, and then the TiO2(B) was formed as indicated before. The materials were characterized by XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, TEM and BET. A two-electrode swagelock cell was assembled by coating a copper foil with a ink of active material:carbon black:PVDF (80:10:10) in N-methyl-Pyrrolidone, and metallic Na as counter and reference electrode. A Whatman glass-fiber separator soaked in 1 mol L− 1 NaPF6 in 1:1 dimethyl carbonate/ethylene carbonate electrolyte was used as separator. The materials were characterized by Cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impact of carbon nanostructure over the specific capacity of Na-ion storage and apparent Na-ion diffusion coeficient in the TiO2(B) willl be discussed in the presentation of the work.
Characterization of Effect of H2 Evolution in Aluminum Air Battery
Authors: Zhou Chong , Bhonge Kaustubh , Cho Kyu Taek 
Published: February 2020

The demand of electrical energy system is increasing rapidly these days for diverse applications from portable electronics and electrical vehicles to grid-scale energy storage. Lithium-ion battery has been utilized for most of those applications, but due to high cost (about $600/ kWh) and lower energy density (0.38 kWh/kg) [1], the advent of low cost and high performing battery system is required. Metal-air system, which has metal as a reactant for the anode side and oxygen for the cathode side of the battery cell, is getting intense attention due to its benefits such as high energy density and low system cost. Especially, metals such as lithium, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc whose reduction potential is substantially low are typically used for the negative electrode, while oxygen generally from air is used for the positive side.
The energy density of the metal-air battery systems is 3 to 10 times greater than that of the conventional lithium ion battery (i.e. specific energy of the metal-air system is in the range from 0.8 to 3.9 kWh/kg, while that of the conventional lithium ion battery is 0.38 kWh/kg) [2].
Especially, aluminum of which specific energy is roughly 10 times greater than lithium ion battery is abundant, low price, environmentally benign, and inertness to humid operating condition, preventing the catastrophic thermal failure which is the major safety issue of the conventional system. However those promising systems could not reach the commercialization stage due to the challenging issue associated with the redox reaction of metal electrode: self-corrosion reaction (i.e. hydrogen evolution)[3].
In this study, the effect of H2 evolution due to aluminum corrosion on the cell performance will be investigated through combined research of experiment (cell-based and component-based tests) and physics-based computational model. Especially, the coverage of H2 bubbles on the electrode surface, change of diffusion layer thickness affected by the H2 bubble rise, and change in the electrolyte conductivity will be analyzed with respect to various pH conditions, flow rate conditions, and currents. The results will be utilized to understand the underlying physics of H2 bubble issues and to define the key controlling parameters for the cell performance.

Reference

[1] P. G. Bruce, S. A. Freunberger, L. J. Hardwick, J.-M. Tarascon, Nat Mater 2012, 11, 19-29.
[2] Q. Li, N. J. Bjerrum, J. Power Sources 2002, 110, 1-10.
[3] D. R. Egan, C. Ponce de León, R. Stokes, F. C. Walsh, J. Power Sources 2013, 236, 293-310.
Highly Stable Active Materials for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Dumitrascu Adina , Guarr Thomas F. 
Published: February 2020

The commercialization of truly practical nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) requires the development of compounds that are extremely stable in at least two oxidation states. Moreover, ideal RFB catholyte materials should possess high oxidation potentials (>4 V vs. Li/Li+), while their anolyte counterparts should possess relatively low reduction potentials. A series of promising RFB anolytes based on p-phenylene-bridged bis(pyridinium) compounds has been prepared and characterized. These compounds are highly soluble in polar organic solvents and undergo a chemically reversible net two-electron reduction. Because the para orientation allows the formation of a quinoidal neutral species upon 2e- reduction, the reduction product is expected to display good stability.
The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of several RFB catholytes based on phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide will also be described. These compounds exhibit chemically and electrochemically reversible one-electron oxidation at very high potentials (4.2-4.3 V vs. Li/Li+) in polar organic solvents. By attaching suitable ether functional groups, solubilities exceeding 2 M in propylene carbonate electrolytes can be achieved. Optical spectroscopy reveals that the radical cations produced by bulk electrolysis are extremely stable, undergoing minimal loss even after 1500 hours.
Fast-Charge Aluminum Battery Module Applied to Electric Bike
Authors: Lin Cong You , Huang Jau Chyn , Tseng Feng-Shun , Kuo Shu Wei , Chiang Chien Chih , Yang Chang Chung 
Published: February 2020

The main goal of this work is to prolong the endurance and reduce charging time of electric bike (e-bike) with aluminum battery. The comparisons of aluminum battery from Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and commercial 48V1Ah lead-acid battery for e-bikes were investigated in this study. When lead-acid battery was charged at 1C, the charge capacity was 0.5Ah and the endurance performance of e-bike was 2km. As charging rate of lead-acid battery got higher to 5C, capacity decreased to 0.3Ah and the endurance performance of e-bike was 1km. From the result, it shows that the capacity of the lead-acid battery is decreased obviously with the charging rate increasing. Aluminum battery is a good candidate for e-bike with long vehicle range. At a current 100 mA/g, the capacity of 48V Al battery pack is 1Ah. When the charging rate is up to 5C, the capacity is 0.85AH (e.g., 85% capacity retention as compared to its 1C charge) and the endurance performance of e-bike achieves 3.4km. According to previous studies, Al battery shows the good performance at high C-rate application to offer the better endurance performance of electric bikes in the same charging time.
Keywords：Aluminum battery, Battery management system, Vehicle
Near Surface Structures and the Electronic States of Polar InN
Authors: Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Yang Anli , Kobayashi Keisuke 
Published: February 2020

InN has received great research attention because of the small band-gap (~ 0.7 eV) and superior electrical transport properties. As a wurtzite crystal lacks inversion symmetry along c-axis direction, In-polar and N-polar InN exhibit different properties. Therefore, investigation of near-surface structure and electronic states of polar InN films are important to fully realize their potential. Due to the element and chemical state specificity and the larger probing depth, hard X-ray photoelectron diffraction (HXPD) was used to investigate the near-surface structures of polar InN films [1].
The HXPD system consists of a monochromatic Cr Kα source (5414.7 eV), a high energy version of the VG SCIENTA R4000 10 kV analyzer with wide acceptance objective lens.The angle acceptance of the combined objective lens and the analyzer is ±35° with an angular resolution of 0.5°. The total energy resolution was 1 eV. In this study, the polar angle θ is defined to be zero for the photoemission direction normal to a sample surface. The θ-dependent sensitivity of the analyzer, was calibrated using an amorphous GeSbTe sample.
Figure 1 shows the HXPD patterns from In 3d5/2 and N 1s core levels of In-polar and N-polar InN. The patterns were different from each other and then they were compared with the simulation results using a multiple-scattering cluster model[2], which is shown in Fig.1. It was found that the near-surface structure of the In-polar InN film was close to the ideal wurtzite structure. On the other hand, on the N-polar InN film, defects-rich surface was formed. In addition, the existence of the In-polar domains was observed in the HXPD patterns.
References:
[1] A. Yang, Y. Yamashita, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 031914 (2013).
[2] T. Matsushita, et a., J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 178, 195 (2010).

Figure 1
(Keynote) Block Copolymer Electrolytes
Authors: Bouchet Renaud , Phan Trang , Gigmes Didier , Frenck Louise , Balsara Nitash P , Pavlenko Ekaterina , Lassagne Adrien , Ferrand Adele 
Published: February 2020

Today the environment is a major society concern and the polluting fossil energy consumption, more and more expensive, is a drag on our economy, thereby the development of alternative transportation such as electric or hybrid vehicles, has become a key need for a sustainable long term development[1]. The increase of energy density necessary to promote this future revolution imposes to develop “new” chemistries for both the active electrode materials and electrolyte[2],[3]. However, for high scale applications a safety issue comes from the liquid electrolytes as they embedded organic solvents that can likely leak or generate flammable reactions. The use of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) could solve most of the safety issues encounter with liquid electrolyte. However, the development of SPE has been hampered by two hurdles i/ the inability to design a SPE that has both a high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties3 and ii/ the motions of lithium ions carry only a small fraction of the overall ionic current which leads during battery operation to the formation of strong concentration gradient with highly noxious effects like favored dendritic growth[4] and limited energy density, especially when power increases. In this context, we are developing nanostructured multifunctional block copolymer electrolytes (BCE), B-A-B comprising a central A block based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) that brings ionic conductivity and a B block that brings other functionalities like mechanical properties, electrochemical stability, increase of transport number etc. We will present our approach in improving the performances of BCEs starting from neutral BCEs like PS-POE-PS[5],[6] laden with a lithium salt to the single-ion BCEs (SIEL) comprising grafted lithium trifluoromethanesulfonylimide (TFSILi)[7] on the B block. Especially, we analyse the impact of the BCEs architecture (composition (ie proportion of PEO), chemistries of the A (linear vs comb PEO) and B (nature of the anions and of the main chain) blocks) on the physical properties such as the morphology, the thermodynamic transitions, the mechanic stability and the ion transport. At last, the impact of transport properties (binary vs single-ion) and mechanical properties on the lithium dendritic growth is also analysed thanks to X-ray micro-tomography. At last, for a complete analysis, the results obtained with several prototypes of batteries will also be presented.
[1] J. Tollefson, Nature, 456, 2008, 436-440
[2] F. Cheng, J. Liang, Z. Tao, J. Chen, Advanced Materials, 23, 2011, 1695-1715
[3] M. Armand, J-M Tarascon, Nature, 451, 2008, 652-657
[4] J-N Chazalviel, Physical Review A, 42, 1990, 7355-7367
[5] E. Beaudoin, T. N. T. Phan, M. Robinet et al., Langmuir 2013, 29, 10874−10880
[6] R. Bouchet, T. N. T. Phan, E. Beaudoin et al., Macromolecules 2014, 47, PP2659-2665
[7] R. Bouchet, A. Aboulaich, S. Maria et al. Nature Materials, 12, 2013, 452–457.
(Invited) High Energy Cell Design: Challenges and Quantitative Characterization of the Role of Lean Electrolyte
Authors: Wood Sean M. , Nagpure Shrikant C. , Dufek Eric J. , Xiao Jie , Liaw Boryann , Niu Chaojiang , Fang Chengcheng , Meng Ying Shirley , Dickerson Charles C 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries have significant possibility to increase specific energy above current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. Achieving this promise is a significant undertaking that requires precise optimization of a broad set of cell components including both active material loading and the use of lean electrolytes.
While necessary to achieve high specific energy, there is limited background and quantification of how the failure modes evolve in high energy cells which have lean electrolyte. As part of multiple on-going studies it has been found that not only does the use of lean electrolyte impact the overall cycle life of cells, but also that the quantity of electrolyte has a strong impact on mechanistic failure modes.
The quantitative assessment of losses and changes within the cell over cycling presents the possibility to more rationally design cells and understand the path forward for future research activities. This presentation will highlight how this refined level of analysis can distinctly link full cell performance with the advancement of fundamental R&D.
Design of Magnetoelectrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Parr Daniel , DeBie Sidney J. , Leddy Johna 
Published: February 2020

Recent evidence highlights a magnetic effect on electron transfer processes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) [1]. To further evaluate these observations from Trasatti’s data, studies of various diamagnetic electrodes under magnetic modification were undertaken. Here, results for magnetically modified carbon black electrodes are presented. Electrodes are modified by drop casting a suspension of Nafion and carbon black onto a glassy carbon electrode. Electrodes are magnetically modified on inclusion of magnetized microparticles. HER is undertaken voltammetrically at these electrodes and evaluated for impacts on the HER rates under magnetic modification. Magnetically enhanced electron transfer rates has broad impacts on electron transfer theory and electrocatalyst design. Here, implications for design of magnetoelectrocatalysts are presented.
References
[1] Trasatti, S. Work Function, Electronegativity, and Electrochemical Behavior of Metals. III. Electrolytic Hydrogen Evolution in Acid Solution. Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 39, 163-184 (1972).
Electroless Deposition of Pb Monolayer - Surface Selective, Surface Controlled, Self-Terminating Process
Authors: Wu Dongjun , Yang Wenli , Joi Aniruddha , Dordi Yezdi , Brankovic Stanko 
Published: February 2020

The presented experimental results including insitu scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), electrochemical quartz microbalance (ECQCM) and open circuit potential (OCP) transient as well as our modelling and data analysis demonstrate the new phenomenon of the electroless (e-less) deposition of Pb monolayer (ML) on Pt(111), Ru(0001), Au(111) and Cu(111) substrates. The e-less Pb ML morphology and properties resemble its underpotentially deposited counterpart. The e-less Pb ML deposition, in its nature, represents the surface selective, surface, controlled self-terminating process, Figure 1. These attributes are consequence of the synergy between particular properties of the redox processes and substrates involved in the e-less Pb ML deposition. The e-less Pb ML deposition is enabling phenomenon for the two-step e-less atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycle where the e-less Pb ML serves as a reducing agent in the surface limiting redox replacement (SLRR)[1] reaction with noble metal ions, i.e. noble metal deposition. The full e-less ALD cycle results in an overall deposition of the controlled amount of noble metal which is the function of the areal density of deposited Pb ML and the stoichiometry of the SLRR reaction. The e-less ALD is highly selective to the metal substrates at which Pb forms an e-less ML providing an advantage when certain manufacturing and integration requirements are considered.
Figure 1. Insitu STM results demonstrating e-less Pb ML deposition on Au(111). (A) starting Au(111), (B) Au surface during nucleation and growth of e-less Pb ML, moment of addition of reducing agent is indicated, (C) Full e-less Pb ML formation on Au(111). All images recorded at OCP.

References

[1] S.R. Brankovic, J.X. Wang and R. R. Adzic, Surf. Sci., 2001, 474, L173 (2001)

Figure 1
Hydrogen Generation from Sodium Borohydride Solution Catalyzed By Cobalt-Boron-Manganese Coated on Ni Foam Substrate
Authors: Norkus Eugenijus , Ramaška Donatas , Balčiūnaitė Aldona , Vaičiūnienė Jūratė , Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė Loreta 
Published: February 2020

In this study the cobalt-boron-manganese (CoBMn) films were deposited on the nickel foam (Nifoam) substrate and used as catalysts for hydrogen generation from an alkaline sodium borohydride solution. Thin CoBMn films were deposited on the Ni foam using morpholine borane as a reducing agent. The morphology and composition of the prepared catalysts were examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Catalytic activity of the CoBMn/Ni foam catalyst was determined by measuring the amount of hydrogen generated directly from aqueous alkaline solutions of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at different solution temperatures from 40 to 70 °C and compared with that of CoB/Ni foam.
It was found that the rate of catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4 in an alkaline solution catalyzed by the CoB/Ni foam and CoBMn/Ni foam increases exponentially with increase in reaction temperature. The activation energy was determined from the kinetic data. Significantly greater hydrogen generation rate is obtained at the CoBMn/Ni foam as compared with that at CoB/Ni foam.

Acknowledgment

This research was funded by a grant (No. M-ERA.NET-1/2016) from the Research Council of Lithuania.
Novel Materials and System Architecture for Membrane Based Water Treatment Technology
Authors: Mubeen Syed 
Published: February 2020

Surging population and climate change will push society, ever more urgently, to harvest lower quality or impaired water supplies (e.g., sea water or brackish groundwater) for drinking water. For example, desalination of sea water has become a promising technique for providing additional sources of fresh water along coastal communities. However, the widespread adoption of desalination technologies (Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis) is currently limited due to its energy intensive nature and/or limited membrane lifetime and performance, especially during high operation rates.
This work focuses on developing a novel, cost-effective, electrodialysis (ED) unit. Specifically, we have replaced planar electrodes in traditional electrodialysis units with 3-D electrodes. We hypothesize that the 3-D electrode bed configuration provides large surface area per unit volume, thereby allowing high currents to be drawn at current densities short of the diffusion-limited regime. Further, iR losses due to mass transfer limitation will be minimal.