bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease dispersion as a spatial interaction: The case of Flavescence Dorée
Authors: Ay Jean‐Sauveur , Gozlan Estelle 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFlavescence dorée is a serious and incurable vine disease transmitted by an insect vector. Focusing on its spatial diffusion and on its control with pesticides, this paper investigates the private strategies of wine producers and their socially optimal counterparts. The socially optimal regulation has to address two externalities regarding private treatment decisions: (a) the insufficient consideration of collective benefits from controlling the vector populations; (b) the failure to take into account environmental damage related to pesticide application. The probability of infection is estimated on French data from a spatial econometric specification. Three alternative assumptions are examined regarding producers' anticipation of the impact of their own treatment: naive, myopic, or farseeing, in increasing order of sophistication. Because of the two dimensions of externalities, no type of anticipation leads to a systematically preferable situation and optimal policy intervention requires a tax for environmental externalities and a subvention for protection externalities.Recommendations for Resource Managers:

Current policy of compulsory treatment is justified by the positive protection externalities.
This policy is particularly appropriated if producers' anticipations are naive or myopic.
Taking into account negative externalities decreases the case for compulsory treatment.
With two externalities, sophisticated anticipations are not necessary closer to the optimum.
State Politics, Race, and “Welfare” as a Funding Stream: Cash Assistance Spending Under Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Authors: Fusaro Vincent A. 
Published: April 2020

Race and racism have long been identified as influences on state cash assistance policy under Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF; “welfare” in the United States) and its predecessor programs. TANF is structured as a flexible block grant with a state contribution requirement and cash benefits now account for only about one‐quarter of all program expenditures. Both proportion of effort devoted to cash assistance and change over time since passage of the 1996 welfare reform law vary by state. In this article, I consider the relationship between prevalence of negative stereotyping of blacks among whites in a state and emphasis on cash assistance as a TANF expenditure priority from 1998 to 2013. I find that prevalence of stereotyping of blacks among whites is related to TANF cash assistance effort, while evidence that it is related to the rate of decline in cash assistance over time is ambiguous.
Direct and Stable Weight Adjustment in Non-Experimental Studies With Multivalued Treatments: Analysis of the Effect of an Earthquake on Post-Traumatic Stress
Authors: de los Angeles Resa María , Zubizarreta José R. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn February 2010, a massive earthquake struck Chile, causing devastation in certain parts of the country, affecting other areas, and leaving territories untouched. 2 months after the earthquake, Chile's Ministry of Social Development reinterviewed a representative subsample of its National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey, which had been completed 2 months before the earthquake, thereby creating a prospective longitudinal survey with detailed information of the same individuals before and after the earthquake. We use a new weighting method for non-experimental studies with multivalued treatments to estimate the effect of levels of exposure to the earthquake on post-traumatic stress. Unlike common weighting approaches for multivalued treatments, this new method does not require explicit modelling of the generalized propensity score and instead focuses on directly balancing the covariates across the multivalued treatments with weights that have minimum variance. As a result, the weighting estimator is stable and approximately unbiased. Furthermore, the weights are constrained to avoid model extrapolation. We illustrate this new method in a simulation study, with both categorical and continuous treatments. The results show that directly targeting balance instead of explicitly modelling the treatment assignment probabilities tends to provide the best results in terms of bias and root-mean-square error. Using this method, we estimate the effect of the intensity of the earthquake on post-traumatic stress. We implement this method in the new package msbw for R.
Human skeletal muscle fiber type percentage and area after reduced muscle use: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vikne Harald , Strøm Vegard , Pripp Are Hugo , Gjøvaag Terje 
Published: April 2020

The main objective of this systematic review was to examine the effect of reduced muscle activity on the relative number of type 1 muscle fibers (%) in the human vastus lateralis muscle. Other objectives were changes in type 2A and 2X percentages and muscle fiber cross‐sectional area. We conducted systematic literature searches in eight databases and included studies assessing type 1 fiber percentage visualized by ATPase or immunohistochemical staining before and after a period (≥14 days) of reduced muscle activity. The reduced muscle activity models were detraining, leg unloading, and bed rest. Forty‐two studies comprising 451 participants were included. Effect sizes were calculated as the mean difference between baseline and follow‐up and Generic Inverse Variance tests with random‐effects models were used for the weighted summary effect size. Overall, the mean type 1 muscle fiber percentage was significantly reduced after interventions (−1.94%‐points, 95% CI [−3.37, −0.51], P = .008), with no significant differences between intervention models (P = .86). Meta‐regression showed no effect of study duration on type 1 fiber percentage (P = .98). Conversely, the overall type 2X fiber percentage increased after reduced muscle activity (P < .001). The CSA of the muscle fiber types decreased after the study period (all P‐values < 0.001) with greater reductions in type 2 than type 1 fibers (P < .001). The result of this meta‐analysis display that the type 1 muscle fiber percentage decrease as a result of reduced muscle activity, although the effect size is relatively small.
High‐speed, two‐dimensional digital image correlation algorithm using heterogeneous (CPU‐GPU) framework
Authors: Thiagu Mullai , Subramanian Sankara J. , Nasre Rupesh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional digital image correlation (2D‐DIC) is an experimental technique used to measure in‐plane displacement of a test specimen. Real‐time measurement of full‐field displacement data is challenging due to enormous computational load of the algorithm. In order to improve the computational speed, the focus of recent research works has been on the approach of parallelization across subsets within image pairs using graphics processing unit (GPU). But alternate GPU‐based parallelization approaches to improve the performance of this algorithm as per the order of data processing have not been explored. To address this research gap, our method utilizes parallelism within a subset as well as across subsets for each computation step in an iteration cycle. A heterogeneous (CPU‐GPU) framework in combination with a pyramid‐based initial values estimation for subsets (in parallel) is proposed in this work. The precompute steps of the proposed framework are implemented using CPU, whereas the main iterative steps are realized using GPU. It is demonstrated that the overall computational speed of the proposed heterogeneous framework improves by
compared to a sequential CPU‐based implementation for a pair of gray‐scale images with a resolution of
pixels. As an important milestone, feasibility to measure deformations in real time (
1 s) is manifested in this study.
Malaria parasitemia among blood donors in Uganda
Authors: Murphy Kristin J. , Conroy Andrea L. , Ddungu Henry , Shrestha Ruchee , Kyeyune‐Byabazaire Dorothy , Petersen Molly R. , Musisi Ezra , Patel Eshan U. , Kasirye Ronnie , Bloch Evan M. , Lubega Irene , John Chandy C. , Hume Heather A. , Tobian Aaron A.R. 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUNDMalaria remains a leading transfusion associated infectious risk in endemic areas. However, the prevalence of malaria parasitemia has not been well characterized in blood donor populations. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium in red blood cell (RBC) and whole blood (WB) units after the rainy season in Uganda.METHODS AND MATERIALSBetween May and July 2018, blood was collected from the sample diversion pouch of 1000 WB donors in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda. The RBC pellet from ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulated blood was stored at −80°C until testing. DNA was extracted and nested PCR was used to screen samples at the genus level for Plasmodium, with positive samples further tested for species identification.RESULTSMalaria parasitemia among asymptomatic, eligible blood donors in two regions of Uganda was 15.4%; 87.7% (135/154) of infections were with P. falciparum, while P. malariae and P. ovale were also detected. There were 4.3% of blood donors who had mixed infection with multiple species. Older donors (>30 years vs. 17‐19 years; aPR = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.17‐0.58]), females (aPR = 0.60 [95% CI = 0.42‐0.87]), repeat donors (aPR = 0.44 [95% CI = 0.27‐0.72]) and those donating near the capital city of Kampala versus rural Jinja region (aPR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.34‐0.69]) had a lower prevalence of malaria parasitemia.CONCLUSIONSA high proportion of asymptomatic blood donors residing in a malaria endemic region demonstrate evidence of parasitemia at time of donation. Further research is needed to quantify the risk and associated burden of transfusion‐transmitted malaria (TTM) in order to inform strategies to prevent TTM.
Grammatical change in South African Englishes
Authors: van Rooy Bertus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article investigates whether grammatical change in South African English (SAfE) leads to convergence or divergence in the different varieties within SAfE. Contact between speakers of English and other languages potentially leads to divergence from varieties beyond SAfE, and to convergence within SAfE. Modal auxiliaries show convergence between White SAfE (WSAfE) and Afrikaans, but not between WSAfE and Black SAfE (BSAfE). No convergence is observed between the innovative use of the progressive in BSAfE and WSAfE, except for similar long‐term frequency increases. The omission of the complementiser that shows similar long‐term frequency changes between WSAfE, Afrikaans and BSAfE. The findings indicate that higher degrees of contact between speakers result in closer convergence, especially as far as constructional semantics are concerned, but convergent frequency changes seem to be possible without the same closeness of contact.
Complement activation at the interface of wound dressings and blood does not influence keratinocyte migration/proliferation in vitro
Authors: Denzinger Markus , Held Manuel , Daigeler Adrien , Krajewski Stefanie , Link Antonia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecently, we reported that some wound dressings caused complement activation at the interface of wound dressing and blood. Since complement activation is associated with impaired wound healing, we investigated whether this activation of the complement cascade at the interface of wound dressings and blood does impair reepithelialization in a scratch wound healing assay. Although some samples showed higher levels of the complement activation marker SC5b‐9 in our study, reepithelialization of the samples did not significantly differ from the control group. Further studies have to clarify if complement activation at the interface of wound dressings and blood plays a relevant role in the healing process especially in long‐time experiments.
Mitochondrial ghost lineages blur phylogeography and taxonomy of Natrix helvetica and N. natrix in Italy and Corsica
Authors: Schultze Nadine , Spitzweg Cäcilia , Corti Claudia , Delaugerre Michel , Di Nicola Matteo Riccardo , Geniez Philippe , Lapini Luca , Liuzzi Cristiano , Lunghi Enrico , Novarini Nicola , Picariello Orfeo , Razzetti Edoardo , Sperone Emilio , Stellati Luca , Vignoli Leonardo , Asztalos Marika , Kindler Carolin , Vamberger Melita , Fritz Uwe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGrass snakes are widely distributed across the Western Palearctic. Recent phylogeographic studies provided evidence that three distinct parapatric species exist. Two of these occur in Italy, Natrix helvetica and N. natrix, and a contact zone between both taxa has been suggested for north‐eastern Italy. Moreover, previous investigations revealed for the Italian Peninsula a complex phylogeographic structure. Using mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci, we examined the situation for mainland Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Our study confirmed the occurrence of N. natrix in north‐eastern Italy. Cline analyses revealed limited gene flow between N. helvetica and N. natrix across a narrow hybrid zone. Within N. helvetica, conflicting patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear genomic differentiation were revealed. Three nuclear genomic clusters were found; one of them corresponded to no fewer than five distinct and, in part, deeply divergent and ancient mitochondrial lineages from mainland Italy and Sicily. This cluster was paraphyletic with respect to the two remaining mitochondrial lineages, each of which matched with another nuclear genomic cluster (one from Corsica plus Sardinia and another one from western Europe north of the Alps). This unexpected pattern most likely results from mainly male‐mediated gene flow and female philopatry combined with population‐density‐dependent processes such as ‘high‐density blocking’. With respect to taxonomy, we propose to synonymize N. h. lanzai Kramer, 1970 with N. h. sicula (Cuvier, 1829), acknowledging their lacking nuclear genomic differentiation. The studied hybrid zone of N. h. helvetica and N. h. sicula in Italy is wide, with a smooth cline for nuclear markers, supporting their subspecies status. We found no evidence for the distinctiveness of the two subspecies from Corsica (N. h. corsa) and Sardinia (N. h. cetti), suggesting their synonymy, but refrain from taxonomic conclusions because of small sample sizes and the endangered status of the Sardinian taxon.
Performance Analysis of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Array Using Magic Square View Configuration for Shade Dispersion
Authors: El Iysaouy Lahcen , Lahbabi Mhammed , Baskys Algirdas , Oumnad Abdelmajid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The power generated by the photovoltaic (PV) array is affected by the partial shading, caused by the neighboring object shadows, dirtiness, moving clouds, bird droppings, different orientation angles of PV modules, deposition of dust in modules, and the physical location of the PV module. Therefore, the PV systems exhibit multiple peaks of generated power and do not always track the maximum power point (MPP). Thus, to overcome these problems of multiple peaks, the PV panels are reconfigured using either electrical or physical reconfiguration methods. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of magic square view (MSV) configuration of PV modules under partial shading conditions (PSCs). For validation, three kinds of PSCs patterns are considered and are then compared to the Total Cross Tied (TCT) and Sudoku (SDK) configurations: long and wide, short and narrow, and long and narrow. Overall, the obtained results show that the MSV configuration allows us to increase the power generated by the PV array by 34% and 7% under the three types of shadow studied as compared to the TCT and SDK configurations, respectively. The PV array configurations parameters are performed based on matlab/simulink software. The simulation and performance analysis of PV array configurations is performed with 81 PV modules of BP Solar Poly BP 380 modules.
The Effect of Stiff Foot Plate Length on Walking Gait Mechanics
Authors: Schmitthenner Dave , Sweeny Carolyn , Du Jing , Martin Anne E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Exoskeletons are increasingly being used to treat gait pathologies. Many of these exoskeletons use a foot plate to actuate the foot, altering the effective stiffness of the foot. Stiffness of the biological foot and ankle plays an important role in the energy modulating function of the leg, so it is important to examine how a foot plate in and of itself impacts gait. Therefore, this study quantified how foot plates themselves alter the walking gait of 16 healthy young adults. The effect of the foot plate length was also examined through the use of two foot plates, one that ended at the metatarsals and one that extended past the toes, about 20% longer. Gait parameters examined included walking speed, step frequency, joint angles for the hip, knee, ankle, forefoot, and toe, ground reaction forces (GRF), and foot–ankle power. The most significant changes were caused by the full plate, which caused an average 13% decrease in the ankle range of motion (ROM) and a 23% decrease in forward GRF at push off. The shorter plate also decreased ankle ROM to a lesser degree. This indicates that the presence of a foot plate impacted foot and ankle kinematics. However, the presence of the tested foot plate had no effect on walking speed or hip or knee kinematics. This indicates that subjects were mostly able to compensate both kinematically and energetically via their foot and ankle for the increased foot stiffness due to the tested foot plate.
A Framework for Underground Gas Storage System Reliability Assessment Considering Functional Failure of Repairable Components
Authors: He Lei , Wen Kai , Gong Jing , Wu Changchun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As one of the most important means of nature gas peak shaving and energy strategic reserving, the reliability assessment of underground gas storage (UGS) system is necessary. Although many methods have been proposed for system reliability assessment, the functional heterogeneity of components and the influence of hydrothermal parameters on system reliability are neglected. To overcome these problems, we propose and apply a framework to assess UGS system reliability. Combining two-layer Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique with hydrothermal calculation, the framework integrates dynamic functional reliability of components into system reliability evaluation. To reflect the state transition process of repairable components and their impact on system reliability, the Markov model is introduced at system level. In order to improve the calculation speed, artificial neural network (ANN) model based on off-line MCS is established to replace the on-line MCS at components level. The proposed framework is applied to the reliability assessment and operation optimization of an UGS under different operation conditions. Compared with the traditional single-layer MCS method, the proposed method can not only reflect the variation of UGS reliability with hydrothermal parameters and operation time, but also can improve evaluation efficiency significantly.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Manufacturing-Induced Material Inhomogeneity in Hydrogenation Reactor Shell
Authors: Huang Song , Li You , Song Xinyi , Hui Hu , Zhong Jiru 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Hydrogenation reactor services as key equipment in chemical and energy industries. Manufacturing processes of hydrogenation reactor changes its performance before long-term service but impact of manufacturing residual influence remains unclear. In this work, actual material strength distribution (MSD) in hydrogenation reactor shell was investigated. First, a hydrogenation reactor shell made from 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V was dissected to measure MSD in thickness. Then, a numerical model was proposed to predict actual material strength in hydrogenation reactor shell. The model employs both data-driven and finite element techniques to simulate material evolution during manufacturing. Third, the predict results were discussed with respect to accuracy based on experiment result. Results exhibit good agreement between predicted value and experiment outcomes. At last, impact of manufacturing residual influence on load capacity of hydrogenation reactor shell was investigated. Results indicate that fit for service (FFS) evaluation of hydrogenation reactor based on heat treatment material properties is not conservative. This work will contribute to the accurate description of hydrogenation reactor's performance.
TheSalmonella entericaSerovar TyphiltrRGene Encodes Two Proteins Whose Transcriptional Expression Is Upregulated by Alkaline pH and Repressed at Their Promoters and Coding Regions by H-NS and Lrp
Authors: Rebollar-Flores J. E. , Medina-Aparicio L. , Osio-Becerro V. E. , Villarreal J. M. , Mayo S. , Mendoza B. D. , Rodríguez-Gutierrez S. , Olvera L. , Dávila S. , Encarnación S. , Martínez-Batallar A. G. , Calva E. , Hernández-Lucas I. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTLtrR is a LysR-type regulator involved in the positive expression ofompRto promoteompCandompFexpression. This regulatory network is fundamental for the control of bacterial transformation and resistance to the bile salt sodium deoxycholate inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi. In this work, the transcriptional regulation ofltrRwas characterized, revealing that the use of alternative promoters results in two transcripts. The larger one, theltrR2mRNA, was repressed at promoter and coding regions by H-NS, whereas Lrp repressed its expression at the coding region. In the case of the second and shorterltrR1transcript, it was repressed only at the coding region by H-NS and Lrp. Remarkably, pH 7.5 is a positive signal involved in the transcriptional expression of bothltrRunits. Translational fusions and Western blot experiments demonstrated thatltrR2andltrR1mRNAs encode the LtrR2 and LtrR1 proteins. This study adds new data on the complex genetic and regulatory characteristics of one of the most predominant types of transcriptional factors in bacteria, the LysR-type transcriptional regulators.IMPORTANCEThe LysR-type transcriptional regulators are present in viruses, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, these proteins are the most abundant transcriptional factors in bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that two LysR-type proteins are generated from theltrRgene. These proteins are genetically induced by pH and repressed at the promoter and coding regions by the global regulators H-NS and Lrp. Thus, novel basic aspects of the complex genetic regulation of the LysR-type transcriptional regulators are described.