bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts and problems of political conduct, political power, statecraft, and resistance that Shakespeare treats in his dramas, discussing how they are put into relationship with other forms and kinds of conduct and power: military distinction, intimate and interpersonal connections, religious authority, economic exchanges and circulations. Diverse meanings of ‘politic’ and associated terms—in particular the question of the extent to which political conduct must be open, and the extent to which it is associated with occult or tricky strategy and secrecy—are also dramatized by Shakespeare. The book’s method—which consists of readings of Shakespeare’s dramas in a way that highlights how political power structures plots, and is articulated in texts—is set out, including discussion of the political theory context for Shakespeare’s dramatic art, and its continuing relevance in political thought.
Violence and Political Authority
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet explicitly dramatizes civil city life threatened by civil violence. These two competing forms of power—civil city life and civil violence—are further juxtaposed, in the plot, with inter-personal erotic intimacy, which is figured, in the language and in the action of the play, as potentially transcendent of material relations; with the norms and social logic of commerce and exchange; and with the aspiration to finality of sovereign authority. The play demonstrates how violence and an economy in which everything is for sale are as destructive of civic republican politics as they are of intimate love.
Sovereignty, Justice, and Political Power
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
King Lear intertwines two family stories: one of disinheritance and the consequent crisis of sovereignty that follows on the division of territory and political authority; the other of legitimacy, illegitimacy, resentment, and revenge against a father. The political plot of King Lear puts sovereign authority, patriarchal authority, political strategy, and violence into juxtaposition with the claims of social justice. The play puts into question the idea of a ‘sovereign body’, in particular in its treatment of economic and social transformations in attitudes to value and exchange, and in its meditation on the way sovereign power destroys human and social bodies. These themes can be reflected in interpretations of the drama that emphasize loneliness and meaninglessness. The drama also focuses on forms of violence which track social status, and instantiate forms of authority, including sovereignty.
Politics and Magic
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The idea that politics and magic are intertwined is both preposterous and commonsensical. Macbeth and Tempest both tell stories of the uses of magic power for political purposes—to undermine rule or to maintain dominance. The relationship between supernatural power and political power can both be seen as a metaphorical comment on an ineffable, mysterious quality of political power, and as an evaluative comment on the identification of politics with sleight of hand and trickery. The problems of discrimination between appearances and reality, between manipulation and authority, are dramatized in both these plays; and raise the question of the theatricality of political power and conduct, as well as raising evaluative questions about the evils of authoritarianism, colonial domination and exploitation.
Mechanisms of External Public Spectacle
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What others think matters for internal deliberation. Perceptions of public opinion—of the distribution of opinions across the entire community—are important for the same reason. Informal networked deliberation can give citizens only a partial view of the support any opinion or claim enjoys community-wide. This chapter discusses one important deliberative contribution mass media can make to citizens’ internal deliberations: providing information about the incidence of opinion and stakes in society at large. I discuss different ways in which the media can more accurately convey frequency information through its design of public spectacles. The selection of arguments and opinions they feature, how they feature them, as well as the selection of public speakers to voice them, all matter in this respect.
Networked Deliberation across Political Difference
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores one important obstacle to informal networked deliberation: polarization. If citizens exclude differently-minded people from their networks or refuse to deliberate with them on political matters, then informal networked deliberation cannot fulfil its full potential. Drawing extensively on empirical research, the chapter points out that citizens’ networks are heterogenous, and citizens do deliberate with differently-minded others. They may not completely change their minds in response, but in any case opinion change is not a good indicator for genuine deliberation and its reflective processes of internal deliberation. Finally, this chapter discusses how organized group deliberations can be used as ‘network interventions’ and valued instrumentally for what they can achieve at the community level. By selecting participants with the help of network mapping, organized deliberation can leverage the diffusion capacity of people’s social networks to scale up important deliberative effects across the entire community.
Instrumental Virtues
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that (non-trivial) principles of rationality cannot fully capture the nature of our instrumentally rational powers. A fully rational agent not only complies with the principle of instrumental rationality but also exhibits a number of instrumental virtues of character. An agent suffers a defect of rationality insofar as she fails to have one of these virtues, or insofar as she manifests one of its corresponding vices. However, an agent can manifest instrumental vices without violating any principle of rationality. This chapter proposes that courage is one of the instrumental virtues, and shows how one of its corresponding vices, cowardice, must be understood as a defect of our rational powers.
Understanding and Inference1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter challenges the inferentialist account of concept possession on which Boghossian relies in Chapter 2 in his account of the transmission of justification by deductive reasoning. Unorthodox speakers who reject the inferences in alleged possession condition can still have the concept by understanding a word for it. In that sense, the inferences are not analytic. Inferentialist accounts of logical constants, theoretical terms (using the method developed by Frank Ramsey, Rudolf Carnap, and David Lewis), and pejorative expressions such as ‘Boche’ are examined and rejected. It is suggested that epistemological questions cannot be reduced to questions in the theory of thought and meaning.
Reply to Williamson on Intuition, Understanding, and the A Priori1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper argues that Williamson fails to produce successful counterexamples to the existence of understanding–assent links, in particular because he fails to show that the expert in his cases has lost underived dispositions to assent. The paper gives grounds for rejecting Williamson’s argument that intuitions, supposing them to exist, cannot be the source of distinctively a priori justification. Finally, it is argued that Williamson’s argument against the existence of intuitions (understood as sui generis states of intellectual seeming) flounders because it rests on a misguided and naïve dichotomy between ‘introspectable’ and ‘postulated’ mental states.
Integration of one-dimensional equations of motion
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
If the potential energy is independent of time, the energy of the system remains constant during the motion of a closed system. A system with one degree of freedom allows for the determination of the law of motion in quadrature. In this chapter, the authors consider motion of the particles in the one-dimensional fields. They discuss also how the law and the period of a particle moving in the potential field change due to adding to the given field a small correction.
Small oscillations of systems with several degrees of freedom
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the free and forced oscillations of simple systems (with two or three degrees of freedom), the free oscillations of systems with the degenerate frequencies, and the eigen-oscillations of the electromechanical systems. This chapter also studies the oscillations of more complex systems using orthogonality of eigenoscillations and the symmetry properties of the system, the free oscillations of an anisotropic charged oscillator moving in a uniform constant magnetic field, and the perturbation theory adapted for the small oscillations. Finally, the chapter addresses oscillations of systems in which gyroscopic forces act and the eigen-oscillations of the simple molecules.
The Hamiltonian equations of motion. Poisson brackets
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses invariance of the Hamiltonian function under a given transformation and the conservation law, the Hamiltonian function for the beam of light, the motion of a charged particle in a nonuniform magnetic field, and the motion of electrons in a metal or semiconductor. The chapter also discusses the Poisson brackets and the model of the electron and nuclear paramagnetic resonances, the Poisson brackets for the components of the particle velocity, and the “hidden symmetry” of the hydrogen atom.
The Hamilton–Jacobi equation
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the motion of particles which are scattered by and fall towards the center of the dipol, the motion of a particle in the Coulomb and the constant electric fields, and a particle inside a smooth elastic ellipsoid. The chapter also addresses the trajectory of a particle moving in the field of two Coulomb centres and a beam of electrons inside a short magnetic lens.
Adiabatic invariants
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the adiabatic invariant for a mathematical pendulum, a model of a “gas” consisting of a single molecule in a piston, adiabatic approximation, and a simplified model of an ion H2+. The chapter also discusses the connection between the volume and the pressure of a gas consisting of particles inside an elastic cube, the adiabatic invariants for a charged anisotropic harmonic oscillator in a uniform magnetic field, a magnetic trap, and the action and angle variables for the simple systems.
Scattering in a given field. Collision between particles
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the differential and total cross section for the scattering of particles by central field, the scattering of particles by the fixed to ellipsoid, and the small angles scattering of particles by central field as well as a dipol. The authors also discuss the cross section for the process where a particle falls towards the centre of the field, decay of particles and the distribution of the secondary particle, and the change in intensity of a beam of particles travelling through a volume filled with absorbing centres.
Lagrangian equations of motion. Conservation laws
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the invariance of the Lagrangian equations of motion under the coordinate to transformation, the transformation of the energy and generalised momenta under the coordinate transformation. The integrals of motion for a particle moving in the field with a given symmetry to the Noether’s theorem, the Lagrangian functions, and the Lagrangian equations of motion for the electromechanical system. The authors also discuss the influence of constraints and friction on the motion of a system, the virial theorem and its generalization in the presents of a magnetic field, and an additional integral of motion for a system of three interacting particles.
Oscillations of linear chains
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses chain of particles connected by springs as the simplest models used in theory of solids, the travelling and standing waves on a chain, and the free and forced oscillations of N particles which are connected by springs and which can move either along a straight line or along a ring. The chapter also addresses the free and forced oscillations of 2N particles, alternating either with masses or with elastic constants; the free and forced oscillations of the artificial line with inductances and capacitors; and the elastic rod as the limiting case of the system of N particles connected by spring in the limit N tends to infinity.
Non-linear oscillations
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the distortion in the free and forced oscillations of a harmonic oscillator caused by the presence of the anharmonic terms in the potential energy, a simple model related to the coupling of the longitudinal and flexural oscillations inmolecules, and two oscillators with a weak non-linear coupling (the so-called Fermi resonance). The chapter also examines non-linear resonances, the parametric resonances, drift of the orbit centre for a charged particle in the weakly inhomogeneous magnetic field, and a mechanical model of phase transitions of the second kind.
Rigid-body motion. Non-inertial coordinate systems
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the inertia tensor and its relation with the mass quadrupole moment tensor, the principal axes and the principal moments of inertia, evolution of the period of the Earth’s rotation around its axis due to the action of tidal forces, and the motion of the gyrocompass at a given latitude. The chapter also addresses precession of a symmetric top, the stability of rotations of an asymmetric top, “motion” of a plane disk which rolls in the field of gravity over a smooth horizontal plane, and the displacement from the vertical of a particle which is dropped from a given height with zero initial velocity. Finally, the chapter discusses the Lagrange point in the Sun-Jupiter system.
Creating and Acquiring Interests in Land: Words and Intentions
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which interests in land can be created and transferred, in terms of the practical, physical requirements. It considers the rules about the formalities for contract and transfer, by way of writing and the use of deeds, and the law’s gradual adaptation to methods of transfer that do not involve paper and ink. The development of electronic land transactions is introduced. The chapter then discusses informal transactions and the exceptions to the formality rules. It provides an introduction to resulting and constructive trusts and proprietary estoppel, and concludes with a discussion of the difficulties associated with family property.
Leases, Licences, and Commonholds
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the nature of a lease and the distinction between leases and licences. It discusses the introduction of the commonhold as a means to improve the ownership structure for interdependent properties and control the power imbalance between landlord and tenant. The chapter describes the different types of leases, discusses the need for certainty of term, and explains how leases are created and registered. It then examines leasehold covenants, remedies for breach, and the transmission of liability. The chapter explains how leases can be brought to an end, and the statutory protection regimes for tenants, including security of tenure and leasehold enfranchisement.
Whatever Happened to Relativity of Title?
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter is about relativity of title and the law relating to adverse possession (also known as squatters’ rights), which used to be fundamental to land law but is now far less important following the enactment of the Land Registration Act 2002, where title is registered. The requirements for adverse possession are explained. The chapter examines the case law relating to the human rights implications of squatters’ title. The effect of adverse possession in registered land is explained. Finally, the chapter discusses the reasons why adverse possession continues to be a live concept and evaluates the impact and concerns of the 2002 Act.
Pluralism in European Private Law
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the further contours of an instrumental-normative approach, focusing on how the question ‘who does what, and at what level of regulation’ is answered by existing theories of legal pluralism in European private law. It has been said that most theories of legal pluralism in European private law, even if they proclaim to adopt a strong legal pluralist perspective, still fall back on an ordering of some sort. The chapter tests this assumption by analysing how the market rationality of EU law interacts with the juridical rationality of national private laws in relation to three aspects of lawmaking: actors, norms, and processes. It concludes that many theories of legal pluralism in European private law lean towards an ordering of some kind. Yet, at the same time the chapter reveals several instances in which inroads are made on the ordered conception of legal pluralism, which could provide the premises for the further development of a strong legal pluralist theory for European private law.
The Normative Side
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relations between the various sources of norms introduced in the previous chapter to assess the space for deliberation between lawmaking actors. To that end, the substance of norms developed in private regulation by platforms and through contracting is tested against the objectives and values of existing rules of EU and national contract and consumer laws to establish whether these are adhered to, or not. In terms of substance, the case study focuses in particular on transparency in contracting, that is, the question whether terms and conditions are clear and comprehensible to parties entering into contracts. Practically, two platforms are selected for the case study. One is aimed at connecting users for the exchange of services (Airbnb) and the other for the exchange of goods (Amazon).
More Normativity
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a second case study, focusing on standardisation. Standardisation is defined as a process of private regulation whereby private actors engage in the development of standardised norms for particular sectors of industry or for particular types of contract. Standards, which are widely used in European markets, can also serve as a case study for determining whether the substance of norms created through private regulation can fulfil the instrumental-normative aims of a legal pluralist theory of lawmaking in European contract and consumer law. Here, the enquiry is delimited to harmonised standards in EU law. Harmonised standards are developed by European standard-setting organisations (ESOs) at the instigation of the European legislator.
Shakespeare and the Play Scripts of Private Prayer
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Early modern private prayer shows skill in narration and drama. In manuals and sermons on how to pray, collections of model prayers, scholarly treatises about biblical petitions, and popular tracts about life crises prompting calls to God, prayer is valued as a powerful agent of change. Model prayers create stories about people in distinct ranks and jobs, with concrete details about real-life situations. These characters may act in play-lets, or appear in the middle of difficulties, or voice a suite of petitions from all sides of a conflict. Thinking of early modern private prayers as dramatic dialogues rather than as lyric monologues raises the question of whether play-going and praying were mutually reinforcing practices. Could dramatists deploying prayer on stage rely on having audience members who were already expert at making up roles for themselves in prayer, and who expected their petitions to have the power to intervene in major events? Does prayer’s focus on cause and effect structure the historiography of Shakespeare’s history plays: 2 and 3 Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II, Henry V, and Henry VIII?
Discerning a Response to Private Prayer: Richard III and Henry V
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Advice texts on praying argue that this should be a dialogue, but are uneasy about how real and live a conversation can be when talking with an omniscient God, who already knows what will be asked for, how this will be voiced, and what his reply will be, before the prayer ever starts. Pray-ers cope by imagining that God is passible (capable of being moved by their words), and then by reflecting on facts that might support this fiction. Their prayer fails if (or rather, when) it lapses into a monologue that merely apostrophizes its speakers’ projection of a subordinate god. This chapter examines the domesticated version of the theology behind prevailing in prayer, and the passibility of God. It then looks at how Shakespeare’s Henry V and Richard III dramatize the difference between invoking the Almighty and calculating on the actions of a delivery device.
The Special Case of Royal Private Prayer: Henry VIII and Richard II
Authors: Sullivan Ceri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Advice texts describe praying for, with, or as though a prince as both an act of grace and as an art of the courtier. Elizabeth I and James VI and I developed strongly differentiated profiles in private prayer. The queen published her addresses to God, addressing him as her fellow sovereign and as her superior. By contrast, the king never published what he said to God, only what God said to him, in the exclusive advisory consultations held in his conscience. Elizabeth joined her people in petitioning God to discern and do his will, James told his people what God’s will was. Prayers written for and about monarchs attempted to manage them within these approaches. Shakespeare’s Henry VIII explores political manoeuvres in prayer, and royal strategies to frustrate these; Richard II shows that grace can drain away from a royal prayer, leaving it theatrical.