bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic contrast-enhanced QSM for perfusion imaging: a systematic comparison of ΔR2*- and QSM-based contrast agent concentration time curves in blood and tissue
Authors: Lind Emelie , Knutsson Linda , Ståhlberg Freddy , Wirestam Ronnie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objective
In dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC-MRI), an arterial input function (AIF) is required to quantify perfusion. However, estimation of the concentration of contrast agent (CA) from magnitude MRI signal data is challenging. A reasonable alternative would be to quantify CA concentration using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), as the CA alters the magnetic susceptibility in proportion to its concentration.

Material and methods
AIFs with reasonable appearance, selected on the basis of conventional criteria related to timing, shape, and peak concentration, were registered from both ΔR2* and QSM images and mutually compared by visual inspection. Both ΔR2*- and QSM-based AIFs were used for perfusion calculations based on tissue concentration data from ΔR2*as well as QSM images.

Results
AIFs based on ΔR2* and QSM data showed very similar shapes and the estimated cerebral blood flow values and mean transit times were similar. Analysis of corresponding ΔR2* versus QSM-based concentration estimates yielded a transverse relaxivity estimate of 89 s−1 mM−1, for voxels identified as useful AIF candidate in ΔR2* images according to the conventional criteria.

Discussion
Interestingly, arterial concentration time curves based on ΔR2* versus QSM data, for a standard DSC-MRI experiment, were generally very similar in shape, and the relaxivity obtained in voxels representing blood was similar to tissue relaxivity obtained in previous studies.
Accumulation of germanium (Ge) in plant tissues of grasses is not solely driven by its incorporation in phytoliths
Authors: Kaiser Sabine , Wagner Stephan , Moschner Christin , Funke Claudia , Wiche Oliver 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGe/Si ratios of plant phytoliths have been widely used to trace biogeochemical cycling of Si. However, until recently, information on how much of the Ge and Si transferred from soil to plants is actually stored in phytoliths was lacking. The aim of the present study is to (i) compare the uptake of Si and Ge in three grass species, (ii) localize Ge and Si stored in above-ground plant parts and (iii) evaluate the amounts of Ge and Si sequestrated in phytoliths and plant tissues. Mays (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) were cultivated in the greenhouse on soil and sand to control element supply. Leaf phytoliths were extracted by dry ashing. Total elemental composition of leaves, phytoliths, stems and roots were measured by ICP-MS. For the localization of phytoliths and the determination of Ge and Si within leaf tissues and phytoliths scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used. The amounts of Si and Ge taken up by the species corresponded with biomass formation and decreased in the order Z. mays > P. arundinacea, A. sativa. Results from LA-ICP-MS revealed that Si was mostly localized in phytoliths, while Ge was disorderly distributed within the leaf tissue. In fact, from the total amounts of Ge accumulated in leaves only 10% was present in phytoliths highlighting the role of organic matter on biogeochemical cycling of Ge and the necessity for using bulk Ge/Si instead of Ge/Si in phytoliths to trace biogeochemical cycling of Si.
A high affinity nanobody against endothelin receptor type B: a new approach to the treatment of melanoma
Authors: Ji Lili , Dong Changsheng , Fan Reiwen , Qi Shuhui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to produce a single-domain antibody (nanobody) specific for endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) which has high expression in melanoma. Cultured human melanoma cells were used as antigens to immunize alpacas. After antibody generation was verified in alpaca serum, total RNA was extracted from alpaca lymphocytes and the target VHH fragment was amplified by two-step PCR, cloned in the pCANTAB5E phagemid vector, and used to transform Escherichia coli TG1 cells to obtain a phage-display nanobody library, which was enriched by panning. The results indicated successful construction of a phage-display anti-human melanoma A375 nanobodies library with a size of 1.2 × 108/ml and insertion rate of 80%. After screening, eight positive clones of anti-EDNRB nanobodies were used to infect E. coli HB2151 for production of soluble nanobodies, which were identified by ELISA. Finally, we obtained a high-affinity anti-EDNRB nanobody, which consisted of 119 amino acids (molecular weight: 12.97 kDa) with 22 amino acids in CDR3 and had good affinity in vitro. The results suggest that the nanobody may be potentially used for the treatment of human melanoma.
Examining the effect of life course events on modality type and the moderating influence of life stage
Authors: Janke Julia , Thigpen Calvin G. , Handy Susan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated the relevance of life events to explain changes in travel behavior. Less clear is the moderating role played by life stages on the relationship between life events and travel behavior. Our goal in this study is to explore how the influence of life events on travel behavior differs by life stage. We use data from a travel survey of faculty, staff and students at a US university. We define four life stages: millennials living in shared apartments or alone, millennials living with partners, parents (of any generation) living with their children, and non-millennial adults living without children. Four modality types were defined: active travelers, car users, transit users, and multimodal travelers. We use a Manifest Markov Model to estimate probabilities of switching modality types between two waves of the survey. Life stage does not significantly moderate effects of life events on change in travel behavior but does affect modality type: the prevalence of active travel modality types, particularly the share of women who are active travelers, decreases throughout the life stages. Millennials living with their partners and parents living with their children relocate to another town more often than those in other life stages, a life event associated with a higher probability of switching to car use only. Our results identify “windows of opportunity”, such as residential relocation, that planners can use to promote sustainable travel behavior.
Photovoltaic activity of electrodes based on intact photosystem I electrodeposited on bare conducting glass
Authors: Szewczyk Sebastian , Białek Rafał , Burdziński Gotard , Gibasiewicz Krzysztof 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe demonstrate photovoltaic activity of electrodes composed of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass and a multilayer of trimeric photosystem I (PSI) from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 yielding, at open circuit potential (OCP) of + 100 mV (vs. SHE), internal quantum efficiency of (0.37 ± 0.11)% and photocurrent density of up to (0.5 ± 0.1) µA/cm2. The photocurrent measured for OCP is of cathodic nature meaning that preferentially the electrons are injected from the conducting layer of the FTO glass to the photooxidized PSI primary electron donor, P700+, and further transferred from the photoreduced final electron acceptor of PSI, Fb−, via ascorbate electrolyte to the counter electrode. This observation is consistent with preferential donor-side orientation of PSI on FTO imposed by applied electrodeposition. However, by applying high-positive bias (+ 620 mV) to the PSI-FTO electrode, exceeding redox midpoint potential of P700 (+ 450 mV), the photocurrent reverses its orientation and becomes anodic. This is explained by “switching off” the natural photoactivity of PSI particles (by the electrochemical oxidation of P700 to P700+) and “switching on” the anodic photocurrent from PSI antenna Chls prone to photooxidation at high potentials. The efficient control of the P700 redox state (P700 or P700+) by external bias applied to the PSI-FTO electrodes was evidenced by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The advantage of the presented system is its structural simplicity together with in situ-proven high intactness of the PSI particles.
The formation of Soviet cultural theory of music (1917–1948)
Authors: Viljanen Elina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article explores the continuities and discontinuities of pre-Revolutionary intellectual traditions in 1920s Soviet culture and the Stalin-era cultural revolution. Through examination of the pre-revolutionary philosophical legacy underpinning Soviet musicological theory, I demonstrate that there are decisive features, such asSoviet Prometheanism, that characterize the musicology of the 1920s that both underline and differ from the pre-revolutionary philosophy of music and the musicology of the 1930s. I offer the basic outlines of aSoviet cultural theory of musicformulated by Russian music critic, historian, composer and musicologist Boris Asafiev (1884–1949) in the 1920s. Explaining and describing what I mean by a particular cultural theory of music in the Soviet context forms the core issue of my article.
Knowledge and non-traditional factors: prospects for doxastic accounts
Authors: Dinges Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractKnowledge ascriptions depend on so-called non-traditional factors. For instance, we become less inclined to ascribe knowledge when it’s important to be right, or once we are reminded of possible sources of error. A number of potential explanations of this data have been proposed in the literature. They include revisionary semantic explanations based on epistemic contextualism and revisionary metaphysical explanations based on anti-intellectualism. Classical invariantists reject such revisionary proposals and hence face the challenge to provide an alternative account. The most prominent strategy here appeals to Gricean pragmatics. This paper focuses on a slightly less prominent strategy, which is based on the idea that non-traditional factors affect knowledge ascriptions because they affect what the putative knower believes. I will call this strategydoxasticism. The full potential of doxasticism is rarely appreciated in the literature and numerous unwarranted concerns have been raised. The goal of this paper is to present the strongest form of doxasticism and then to point out the genuine limitations of this position. I also sketch a closely related, more promising account.
Toward a robot swarm protecting a group of migrants
Authors: Vaidis Maxime , Otis Martin J.-D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDifferent geopolitical conflicts of recent years have led to mass migration of several civilian populations. These migrations take place in militarized zones, indicating real danger contexts for the populations. Indeed, civilians are increasingly targeted during military assaults. Defense and security needs have increased; therefore, there is a need to prioritize the protection of migrants. Very few or no arrangements are available to manage the scale of displacement and the protection of civilians during migration. In order to increase their security during mass migration in an inhospitable territory, this article proposes an assistive system using a team of mobile robots, labeled a rover swarm that is able to provide safety area around the migrants. We suggest a coordination algorithm including CNN and fuzzy logic that allows the swarm to synchronize their movements and provide better sensor coverage of the environment. Implementation is carried out using on a reduced scale rover to enable evaluation of the functionalities of the suggested software architecture and algorithms. Results bring new perspectives to helping and protecting migrants with a swarm that evolves in a complex and dynamic environment.
‘It’s Really About Wellbeing’: a Canadian Investigation of Harm Reduction as a Bridge Between Mental Health and Addiction Recovery
Authors: Bartram Mary 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecovery is a key concept driving system transformation in both the addiction and mental health sectors, with shared roots in advocacy and a shared focus on hope in the face of stigma, self-determination and meaningful lives. Nevertheless, while mental health recovery is possible even with on-going symptoms, addiction recovery generally starts with or leads to abstinence. This disconnection undermines coherence at the policy level and exacerbates fragmentation between services and supports in the mental health and addiction sectors in Canada and internationally. At the same time, harm reduction, which does not require abstinence, has been gaining ground in the Canadian addiction sector. This qualitative policy study explores the potential for harm reduction to bridge the gap between mental health recovery and addiction recovery in the Canadian context, drawing on diverse experiences from the mental health and addiction sectors. The findings could be adapted internationally to address similar policy challenges.
Gibbs Energy Modeling of the Cu-S Liquid Phase: Completion of the Thermodynamic Calculation of the Cu-S System
Authors: Waldner Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A thorough review and critical evaluation of all experimental sulfur potential and phase diagram data available from the literature has been made for optimizing the Gibbs energy of the copper-sulfur liquid phase at 1 bar total pressure. The extended modified quasichemical model serves as a basis for the mathematical expression of the Gibbs energy of binary Cu-S solutions over the complete composition range. A structurally versatile molten phase ranging from highly metallic via sulfur-rich to pure sulfuric is described simultaneously by a single Gibbs energy function. In combination with the recently published Gibbs energies of all Cu-S solid phases, the complete T–x phase diagram as well as for the first time the

$$ {\text{log(}}p_{{{\text{S}}2}} /{\text{bar)}} - 1 /T $$

log(

p

S
2

/
bar)
-
1
/
T

diagram is calculated. A limited set of obtained model parameters reproduces a large body of data within experimental uncertainties.
From Da Vinci Si to Da Vinci Xi: realistic times in draping and docking the robot
Authors: van der Schans Emma M. , Hiep Marijn A. J. , Consten Esther C. J. , Broeders Ivo A. M. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRobot-assisted surgery is assumed to be time consuming partially due to extra time needed in preparing the robot. The objective of this study was to give realistic times in Da Vinci Xi draping and docking and to analyse the learning curve in the transition from the Si to the Xi in an experienced team. This prospective study was held in a hospital with a high volume of robot-assisted surgery in general surgery, urology and gynaecology. Times from the moment patients entered the operating room until the surgeon took place behind console were precisely recorded during the first 6 weeks after the implementation of the Xi. In total, 65 procedures were performed and documented. The learning curve for the process of draping and docking the robot was reached after 21 and 18 cases, respectively. Mean times after completion of the learning curve were 5 min for draping and 7 min for docking and were statistically different from mean times before completion of the learning curve (p values < 0.01). In dedicated teams netto extra time needed for preparing the Xi can even be reduced to just the time needed for docking. Thus, setting up the robot should have limited impact on overall time spent in the operation room.
On the prevalence of information inconsistency in normal linear models
Authors: Mulder Joris , Berger James O. , Peña Víctor , Bayarri M. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInformally, ‘information inconsistency’ is the property that has been observed in some Bayesian hypothesis testing and model selection scenarios whereby the Bayesian conclusion does not become definitive when the data seem to become definitive. An example is that, when performing a t test using standard conjugate priors, the Bayes factor of the alternative hypothesis to the null hypothesis remains bounded as the t statistic grows to infinity. The goal of this paper is to thoroughly investigate information inconsistency in various Bayesian testing problems. We consider precise hypothesis tests, one-sided hypothesis tests, and multiple hypothesis tests under normal linear models with dependent observations. Standard priors are considered, such as conjugate and semi-conjugate priors, as well as variations of Zellner’s g prior (e.g., fixed g priors, mixtures of g priors, and adaptive (data-based) g priors). It is shown that information inconsistency is a widespread problem using standard priors while certain theoretically recommended priors, including scale mixtures of conjugate priors and adaptive priors, are information consistent.
Welche Rolle spielt die Gefährlichkeit für die Verlegung in eine sozialtherapeutische Einrichtung?
Authors: Guéridon Marcel , Suhling Stefan 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Justizvollzugsanstalten müssen tagtäglich komplexe und mitunter folgenschwere Entscheidungen getroffen werden. Die Selektion in die sozialtherapeutische Behandlung ist ein typisches Beispiel für vollzugliche Prozesse, die auf solchen Entscheidungen beruhen. Einige jüngere Arbeiten haben die Qualität dieser Selektionsprozesse infrage gestellt, da keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich des A‑priori-Rückfallrisikos erneuter schwerer Straftaten zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Inhaftierten zu finden waren. Sowohl gemäß Risikoprinzip als auch gemäß der gesetzlichen Grundlage für die Selektion in die Sozialtherapie sollte jedoch ein höheres Risiko bei den Behandelten zu finden sein. Da diese Forschungsergebnisse allerdings lediglich auf einem Vergleich von behandelten und unbehandelten Personen beruhen, wirken einige Schlussfolgerungen voreilig, da die Selektion besser als Prozess verstanden und beschrieben werden sollte. Ein alternativer Ansatz wird vorgeschlagen, der auf Grundlage eines pragmatischen Modells ein besseres Verständnis der Selektionsprozesse verspricht. Eine Auswertung von Daten zur niedersächsischen Sozialtherapie weist entsprechend darauf hin, dass das Risiko erneuter Sexualstraftaten im Rahmen der Indikationsentscheidung eine prominente Rolle spielt und sich die Verweigerung der Behandlung nicht durch das Risiko vorhersagen lässt. Das Ausmaß der Unterschiede im mittleren Rückfallrisiko zwischen sozialtherapeutisch behandelten und nichtbehandelten Personen hängt zudem auch davon ab, ob Inhaftierte, die aufgrund bestimmter Merkmale konsistent keine Behandlung erhalten haben, in die Auswertung aufgenommen werden oder nicht.
Effect of Different Forms of Silicon on Growth of Spring Wheat Cultivated in Organic Farming System
Authors: Kowalska Jolanta , Tyburski Józef , Jakubowska Magdalena , Krzymińska Joanna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Application of silicon (Si) could greatly boost wheat growth and yield by mitigating abiotic stress, especially drought.

Aim
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon products in different forms and methods of its application on growth and yield of spring wheat cultivated under organic farming regime.

Methods
A field experiment was conducted in the period of 2017–2018 on a research farm. The impact of different methods of application of powder and liquid forms of Si products to soil, leaves and combined methods of application (to soil and leaves) on growth parameters and yielding of spring wheat was evaluated. The treatments consisted of the recommended doses of two Si products - Adesil and ZumSil at 10 kg and 0.3 l/ha, respectively. The effect of silicon was assessed by measuring emergence and height of plants, number and weight of ears, as well as the SPAD index and yield.

Results
The number of plants emergence (316–321 seedlings per 1 m2), the number of spikes and the height of plants were the highest after application of the liquid form of silicon, regardless of the method of application. The yield was statistically higher after the combined and foliar applications of liquid form of silicon (4.97 and 4.84 t/ha, respectively). The powder silicon form was similar effective when was used as the combined application (to soil and leaves) (5.35 t/ ha).

Conclusions
Si stimulates growth of wheat enhancing number of ears and plant height, increases yields of organically grown spring wheat, a liquid Si formulation (solution of monosilicic acid) is more effective than a powder Si formulation (diatomaceous earth). Soil and foliar Si application is more effective than soil or foliar application.
How to Cope with the Challenges of Medical Education? Stress, Depression, and Coping in Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Steiner-Hofbauer Verena , Holzinger Anita 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Up to 90% of medical students experience stress. Studies have observed a relationship between stress and depression. Coping strategies to deal with stress and depression are of great interest. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of stress and depression and the efficacy of coping strategies in undergraduate medical students.

Methods
This survey was conducted with 589 second-year and sixth-year students in 2017 at the Medical University of Vienna. The questionnaire included a stress and coping questionnaire, depression screening, substance use questionnaire, and questionnaire concerning leisure time activities.

Results
The coping strategies were included in a regression model to assess their predictive value for stress and depression screening scores. The most common stressor was performance pressure overload (92.1%). Overall, 52.4% of the participating students reached critical scores in the depression screening. Positive thinking and active coping were associated with lower stress scores. Positive thinking also was a protective factor against depressive symptoms. Less than 2% of all students reached high-risk values for substance use.

Conclusion
Accessible counseling for students in need of psychological care should be provided. Different interventions of positive psychology showed a positive impact on depression screening scores.
Corrosion Behaviour of Ti–34Nb–25Zr Alloy Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Mahundla M. R. , Matizamhuka W. R. , Yamamoto A. , Shongwe M. B. , Machaka R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTitanium alloys are often used in orthopaedic applications owing to their superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Passive corrosion or material degradation process such as wear has been reported due to the release of titanium and other alloying elements into the surrounding tissue. It is therefore important to study the corrosion behaviour of the alloy in biomedical environments. A sub-micron grain-structured Ti–34Nb–25Zr (TNZ) alloy was fabricated via mechanical alloying (MA) of elementary powders followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The electrochemical behaviour of TNZ alloy was investigated at 37 °C for 4 h in three different solutions; the Hank’s, the 0.9 wt% NaCl and the eagle minimum essential medium + 10% fetal bovine serum (E-MEM + 10%FBS) solutions. The results show Ecorr values for TNZ alloy in Hank’s, 0.9 wt% NaCl and E-MEM  + 10%FBS solutions were about − 202 mV, − 251 mV and − 171 mV, respectively. The measured icorr values were ~ 1.66 nA/cm2 in hank’s solution, which is lower than that in 0.9 wt% NaCl (~ 4.20 nA/cm2) and E-MEM + 10% FBS solution (~ 3.19 nA/cm2). TNZ exhibits good corrosion resistance in all the solutions.