bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Effects in Assessment of Clinical Teaching: Does Concordance Matter?
Authors: Stroud Lynfa , Freeman Risa , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Cil Tulin D. , Ginsburg Shiphra 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Gender bias is thought to exist in the assessment of clinical teachers, yet its extent in different specialties is not well-documented nor has it been studied at the individual-dyadic level.

Objective
The authors sought to determine whether gender bias exists in residents' assessments of faculty teaching in 3 clinical departments, and if present, whether this is influenced by gender concordance or discordance between the faculty and resident.

Methods
Residents' ratings of faculty in internal medicine (800 faculty, 5753 ratings), surgery (377, 2249), and family medicine (672, 3438) at the University of Toronto from 2016–2017 were analyzed using the overall global rating on a 5-point scale. A mixed-effects linear regression analysis accounted for nesting of ratings within each faculty member.

Results
Overall scores of teaching effectiveness showed a strong skew to favorable ratings for all faculty and a ceiling effect. However, gender effects differed across departments. In internal medicine (38.5% female faculty), no significant gender effects were detected. In surgery (16.2% female) and family medicine (53.0% female), male faculty received significantly higher scores than female faculty. In surgery this was driven by male residents giving male faculty higher ratings (4.46 vs 4.26, P &lt; .001). In family medicine this was driven by male faculty receiving higher ratings regardless of resident gender (4.65 to 4.57, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Although effects were very small and inconsistent, with gender concordance mattering only for one department, it suggests that gender is a meaningful source of variance in teaching assessments.
Completion of Matrix Inversions Using Elementary Matrix Inverse Multiplication Method
Authors: Cipta Hendra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract.

Given a matrix A is ordo . Elementary matrix inverse multiplication produces inverse matrix A which is where I is an identity matrix and is an inverse matrix A. The problem discussed in this research is to find a solution the ordo of matrices by using inverse elementary matrix inversion method with the steps given in solving by completing the smallest ordo matrix first up until the ordo matrix .

Keywords: Matrix, Inverse Matrix, Multiplication of Elementary Matrix.
THE MOTIVATIONAL EFFECT OF OIL EXPLORATION IN SOMALI AND THE HABITUAL AFRICAN RESOURCE CURSE
Authors: Sheik Mahad Mohamed 
Published: December 2020

Purpose: The abundance of natural resources is usually considered the blessing for the countries that own such resources. However, such wealth is often associated with poverty and a slower economic growth. This phenomenon is called the resource curse, and it shows that most countries that are rich in natural resources have markedly reduced economic growth and development, and it shows that the wealth of natural resources adversely affects their economies, although it is intuitively expected to be the opposite i.e. that such wealth would have a positive impact on the country’s economic development. The general objective of the study was to find out the motivational effect of oil exploration in Somali and the habitual African resource curse.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: The study found out that Oil resource exploration has led to progress in some developed economies such as Canada which was able to avoid the resource curse. This is because oil revenues helped Canada among other countries make investments in capital, build employment and grow. Other countries such as Russia and Japan have not been able to avoid the resource curse. African countries in general where the majority of oil producing nations are, have an inverse correlation between oil production and industrial development. Examples of African countries that have been affected by the resource curse are Nigeria, Angola, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Empirical results indicate that, Somalia motivation for oil exploration is for economic development. However, it has not been spared the resource curse because the presence of oil has led to civil wars and terrorisms as groups seek to control the areas with oil fields. In addition, Somali and Kenya have involved diplomatic warfare over oil reserves that are located in the Indian Ocean near their borders.
Recommendations: The study recommends that the government should enact laws which will govern petroleum operations, as well as empowering the Somali Petroleum Authority,(SPA) which will act as a regulatory body overseeing oil and gas activity.
Скульптура Олега Денисенка як тривимірна археологія графічних творів
Authors: Streltsova Svitlana 
Published: December 2020

У статті розглянуто творчість відомого сучасного львівського художника Олега Денисенка, яка досі висвітлювалася лише в окремих дослідженнях, але без комплексного ґрунтовного аналізу мистецької мови автора, експериментальних, новаторських методів у різних видах образотворчого мистецтва. Звернено увагу на стилістику пластичної мови, яка є і відображенням графічних творів, і виражена у скульптурі. Аналізується, з якою метою у своїй творчості митець звертається до скульптури, що є тривимірним відображенням його графічних творів зі своєю особливою сформованою індивідуальною манерою, образною мовою, наповненою знаковою системою та символічним значенням. Розглядається можливість надання семіотичної обізнаності глядачеві з метою фіксації чітких орієнтирів у трактуванні зашифрованого змісту мистецького твору. Проаналізовано теми, до яких звертається митець, інтерпретуючи архетипні сюжети та традиції класичного культурного надбання. З’ясовуються етапи розвитку та формування образної мови сучасного митця-графіка О. Денисенка, які прослідковуються у різних видах його творчості й відображають особисте світосприйняття. Розглянуто творчий доробок митця, який має свою нішу в українському образотворчому мистецтві та потребує репрезентації на теренах не тільки України, а і в європейському просторі.
Field Theory in Contemporary Gestalt Therapy, Part 1: Modulating the Therapist's Presence in Clinical Practice
Authors: Francesetti Gianni , Roubal Jan 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThis article is the first of two aimed at exploring the implications of field theory in contemporary Gestalt therapy. We present here the definition of field theory that we rely upon; in particular, we define the phenomenal field, the phenomenological field, and the psychopathological field. Then we explore the implications of these distinctions in psychopathology and clinical practice. We describe the guidelines to apply field theory in practice for therapists to modulate the way they are present in the session in order to support the process of change. We conclude with an illustrative clinical example. The theory that we present in this article is a way to address, from a Gestalt therapy perspective, the relational phenomena that psychoanalysis has called “transference and countertransference.” Our understanding, however, builds on a different epistemology, one that is radically relational and based on field theory, which considers the self and the other as incessant and unending emerging processes.
USOS, SIGNIFICADOS E CONSERVAÇÃO DA PLANTA ESPADA DE SÃO JORGE, SANSEVIERIA ZEYLANICA, NA COMUNIDADE QUILOMBOLA BENEVIDES/PA.
Authors: Borges Adão Souza 
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo fazemos considerações sobre a relação da biodiversidade com os sujeitos amazônicos que protagonizam e resistem em prol do uso coletivo dos recursos naturais, quando a linguagem e os significados se enquadram em elementos de resistência, porque transitam no campo do sagrado. Desta forma, buscamos compreender os usos, os significados e as formas de conservação da planta espada de São Jorge, Sansevieria zeylanca, pelos quilombolas da comunidade Benevides, em Aurora do Pará. O trabalho debruçou-se acerca de narrativas de quilombolas que utilizam a planta e sabem narrar sobre ela. Essas narrativas seguiram o exercício hermenêutico do filósofo francês Paul Ricouer, o qual discutiu em sua obra A simbólica do Mal, as dimensões que o símbolo nos remete: a linguagem, a imaginação poética e a compreensão de existência hermenêutica, o cogito, que neste texto nos faz pensar numa cosmologia quilombola.
Effect of replacing conventional Italian ryegrass by organic nitrogen source systems on chemical soil properties
Authors: Baizán Silvia , Vicente Fernando , Oliveira José A. , Afif-Khouri Elías , Martínez-Fernández Adela 
Published: December 2020

Aim of study: To evaluate agronomic performance and changes on soil chemical properties in two types of managements: conventional or sustainable.Area of study: Principality of Asturias, Spain.Material and methods: On a sandy-clay-loam texture soil, three winter forage legumes (faba bean, red clover and white lupin), in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass and with organic fertilization (sustainable management) versus Italian ryegrass in monoculture and inorganic fertilization (conventional management) were evaluated during three consecutive years. After the harvest in spring, the rotations were completed with maize crop with the purpose to evaluate the effect of the sustainable management on forage yield and soil chemical parameters.Main results: The results showed that faba bean and red clover in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass had better edaphic quality than Italian ryegrass in monoculture, and white lupin in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass. Faba bean in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass, both with organic fertilization, could be competitive crops since both had yields comparable to Italian ryegrass in monoculture with inorganic fertilization.Research highlights: Current agricultural practice could be changed for a more sustainable management system, including organic fertilization and legume crops.
From the economic to the social contribution of the Social Economy. Monetary assessment of the social value created for the Spanish economy
Authors: Castro Núñez Rosa Belen , Santero-Sánchez Rosa , Martínez Martín María Isabel , De Diego Olmos Paula 
Published: December 2020

The role of the Social Economy (SE) in society is increasingly acknowledged by social agents and institutions, especially in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Commitment to SE requires the support of quantitative measurement of its contribution to society from an aggregate perspective. The difficulty in specifying it in quantitative terms is related to the assessment of the contribution of SE’s differentiating and intrinsic values. These values contribute to the fight against some structural problems that persist in modern society in terms of unemployment, inequality, territorial imbalance, environmental problems and social exclusion that surpass the economic sphere and involve the contribution to social goals, social utility and social and territorial cohesion. Our objective is an assessment in quantitative terms, including an estimation, in monetary terms, of the specific contribution of Social Market Economy (SMkE) firms to society linked to their distinctive principles, and thus their behaviour, in comparison to traditional profit-oriented firms, used as a control group. We use impact analysis techniques, with a simulation exercise, by which SMkE entities “lose” their identity and behave like profit-oriented firms. The results obtained for Spain confirm the existence of differential behaviour that generates social value in several ways. In monetary terms, in 2017, SMkEs contributed 6,229 million Euros in benefits to Spanish society that would have been lost if SMkE entities had behaved like profit-oriented firms.
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanin from Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) Rinds
Authors: Ranveer R. C. , Nanadane A. S. , Ganorkar P. M. , Sahoo A. K. 
Published: December 2020

Background: The kokum rind consists of high amount of anthocyanin. The traditional methods are not capable to extract anthocyanin completely.
Aims: The present study was focused on the optimization of enzyme pretreatment for extraction of anthocyanin from Kokum rind.
Methodology: A central composite design was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction of anthocyanin from the Kokum rinds. Kokum rinds was pretreated with food-grade pectinase and cellulase enzymes separately and then subjected to acidified ethanol extraction. The factors investigated included enzyme concentration (0 – 2%), Incubation time (1-5 h) and pretreatment temperature (15–55ºC).
Results: Overall, 107.17- to 63.71 - fold increase in anthocyanin recovery when treated with pectinase and cellulase, respectively was observed compared to the untreated rinds. From a response surface analysis of the data, a second-degree polynomial equation was developed which provided the following optimal extraction conditions i.e. enzyme concentration 0.5%, Incubation time 2.0h and temperature 35ºC for pectinase pretreatment. Whereas, in case of cellulase the optimum conditions was enzyme concentration 1.42%, Incubation time 4.0h and temperature 32ºC. The obtained results strongly support the idea of using cell-wall degrading enzymes as an effective means for recovering anthocyanin from Kokum rinds.
The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) on Antioxidants and the Liver of Rabbits on High Cholesterol Diet
Authors: Abdulmalik O. , Oladapo O. O. 
Published: December 2020

Aims: To determine the effect of V. amygdalina on the levels of antioxidants and the liver of rabbits fed on a atherogenic diet.
Study Design: Prospective experimental study.
Place and Duration of study: Study lasted 14 weeks at Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methodology: Eighteen male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups comprising control, high cholesterol diet and high cholesterol diet plus 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of V. amygdalina. The animals were fed a normal animal chow, or a diet supplemented by 0.5% cholesterol and 1% methionine for twelve weeks. Subsequently, serum was obtained for liver function tests. Samples of the liver of the animals were obtained for antioxidant tests and histology.
Results: Aspartate transaminase was significantly elevated in atherogenic diet only group compared to animals on normal diet. There was also no statistically significant difference across the three groups in the alanine transaminase values. Superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced in animals that were administered extract. Malondialdehyde was not statistically different across the three groups.
The histology of the liver of the animals on high cholesterol diet (with and without extract administration) revealed similar microscopic presence of fatty infiltration of the liver.
Conclusion: The use of high cholesterol diet for a duration of twelve weeks in rabbits resulted in significant increased relative liver weight, aspartate transaminase, superoxide dismutase and hepatic microvesicular steatosis. Furthermore, the use of 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of V. amygdalina had ameliorative effect on the level of superoxide dismutase. It did not have a measurable effect on the malondialdehyde, liver enzymes and liver histology.
A Study on Socio-Economic Status of Mango Growers in Bijnor District of Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Singh Desh Pal , Prakash Satya , Malik Vikas , Singh Krishna Kumar , Singh Narendra , Gupta Shakuntala , Sharma Prerna 
Published: December 2020

Mango is a tropical and subtropical fruit crop grown in India over an area of 2258.13 thousand hectares with production of 21822.32 metric tons. The total area under mango cultivation in Uttar Pradesh is 265.62 thousand hectares with 4551.83 metric tons production 2017-18. In Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh, mango grown 5.91 thousand hectares area with 118.09 metric tons production of mango in the same period. Mango grown in diverse agro climatic conditions faces differential biotic and abiotic stress limiting the production and productivity of mango that in influenced the economic condition of mango Growers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the socio-economic status of mango growers in Bijnor district of Western Uttar Pradesh. The result of the analysis shows that 39.09 percent of respondent fall within the age range of 46 to 60 years, general caste (53.64 percent), education level-literate (50.91 percent), family type-joint family (69.09 percent), family member-4 to 6 members (67.27), land holding size-above 5 hectare (50.91 percent), irrigation facilities-own (84.55 percent), 58.18 percent of respondents were engaged in farming activities only and 25.00 percent respondent were doing farming with business. 38.18 percent respondent got more than Rs 300000.00 annual income, 36.82 percent respondent have their own pumping set and electric motor and 53.64 respondent has not participated in any technical programme.
Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Drug Utilization Study
Authors: Ali Mohammad Daud , Ahmad Ayaz , Banu Nuzhat , Kannan Latha S. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: Chief aim of the current study was to draw attention in the prescribing pattern and utilization of PPIs in one year at a single private hospital of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective drug utilization research on Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The PPI usage pattern of in- and out- patients of Al-Mana Group of Hospital (AGH) Al-Khobar between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 were investigated, including incidence, prevalence, and duration.
Results: We observed 27229 items of PPI were dispensed in the inpatient and outpatient pharmacy department of AGH-Al-khobar. Among all the PPI user more than the half {(52.98%, n = 14426), 95%CI (52.0-53.5)} were male. Nearly equal number of PPI users belongs between 18-40 years {(39.22%, n =10680), 95%CI (38.64-39.80)} and 41-60 years {(39.15%, n =10662), 95%CI (38.6-39.75)}. Among all the PPI users 61.46% (n=16736) were from community of Saudi Arabia while 38.53% (n=10493) from Non-Saudi. Among all the dispensed PPIs drugs Pantoprazole is dispensed to the highest number of patients {79% (95%CI, 78.53-79.50) (n=21515), p<0.05} while their average duration of therapy was 18.78 days. All the PPI prescribed to the AGH-Al-khobar patients adhere to the NICE guideline (p-value <0.05).
Conclusions: We also observed that PPIs was prescribed in AGH Al-khobar adhere to clinical guidelines. In our study among all the PPI Pantoprazole was prescribed to the highest number of patients, hence their safe and effective use must be warranted.
Strain‐Mediated High Conductivity in Ultrathin Antiferromagnetic Metallic Nitrides
Authors: Jin Qiao , Cheng Hu , Wang Zhiwen , Zhang Qinghua , Lin Shan , Roldan Manuel A. , Zhao Jiali , Wang Jia‐Ou , Chen Shuang , He Meng , Ge Chen , Wang Can , Lu Hui‐Bin , Guo Haizhong , Gu Lin , Tong Xin , Zhu Tao , Wang Shanmin , Yang Hongxin , Jin Kui‐juan , Guo Er‐Jia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrain engineering provides the ability to control the ground states and associated phase transition in epitaxial films. However, the systematic study of the intrinsic character and strain dependency in transition‐metal nitrides remains challenging due to the difficulty in fabricating stoichiometric and high‐quality films. Here the observation of an electronic state transition in highly crystalline antiferromagnetic CrN films with strain and reduced dimensionality is reported. By shrinking the film thickness to a critical value of ≈30 unit cells, a profound conductivity reduction accompanied by unexpected volume expansion is observed in CrN films. The electrical conductivity is observed surprisingly when the CrN layer is as thin as a single unit cell thick, which is far below the critical thickness of most metallic films. It is found that the metallicity of an ultrathin CrN film recovers from insulating behavior upon the removal of the as‐grown strain by the fabrication of freestanding nitride films. Both first‐principles calculations and linear dichroism measurements reveal that the strain‐mediated orbital splitting effectively customizes the relatively small bandgap at the Fermi level, leading to an exotic phase transition in CrN. The ability to achieve highly conductive nitride ultrathin films by harnessing strain‐control over competing phases can be used for utilizing their exceptional characteristics.
Poly(N,N′‐bis‐4‐butylphenyl‐N,N′‐bisphenyl)benzidine‐Based Interfacial Passivation Strategy Promoting Efficiency and Operational Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells in Regular Architecture
Authors: Akman Erdi , Akin Seckin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe failure of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to maintain their maximum efficiency over a prolonged time is due to the deterioration of the light harvesting material under environmental factors such as humidity, heat, and light. Systematically elucidating and eliminating such degradation pathways are critical to imminent commercial use of this technology. Here, a straightforward approach is introduced to reduce the level of defect‐states present at the perovskite and hole transporting layer interface by treating the various perovskite surfaces with poly(N,N′‐bis‐4‐butylphenyl‐N,N′‐bisphenyl)benzidine (polyTPD) molecules. This strategy significantly suppresses the defect‐mediated non‐radiative recombination in the ensuing devices and prevents the penetration of degrading agents into the inner layers by passivating the perovskite surface and grain boundaries. Suppressed non‐radiative recombination and improved interfacial hole extraction result in PSCs with stabilized efficiency exceeding 21% with negligible hysteresis (≈19.1% for control device). Moreover, ultra‐hydrophobic polyTPD passivant considerably alleviates moisture penetration, showing ≈91% retention of initial efficiencies after 300 h storage at high relative humidity of 80%. Similarly, passivated device retains 94% of its initial efficiency after 800 h under operational conditions (maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination at 60 °C). In addition to interfacial passivation function, hole‐selective role of dopant‐free polyTPD is also evaluated and discussed in this study.
Enhanced CW Lasing and Q‐Switched Pulse Generation Enabled by Tm3+‐Doped Glass Ceramic Fibers
Authors: Kang Shiliang , Qiao Tian , Huang Xiongjian , Yang Changsheng , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong , Yang Zhongmin , Dong Guoping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFiber lasers, owing to the high beam quality and super robustness, are widely used in fields from optical communications, fiber sensing, biomedicine to material processing. The use of glass fibers as the gain medium has, however, posed a strong obstacle for improving efficiency and, especially, achieving efficient lasing action in the mid‐infrared (MIR) region, because of the relatively large nonradiative energy loss. Here, the fabrication of a Tm3+‐doped tellurate glass‐ceramic (GC) fiber is demonstrated, which enables enhanced lasing action at ≈2 µm. Compared with the as‐prepared fiber, the optical conversion efficiency of GC fiber is increased from 8.8% to 14.1%. The microstructure and spectral characterization analyses suggest that the improvement of the laser performance in GC fiber is induced by the significant change of the local environment surrounding Tm3+ ions due to the formation of nanocrystals within the glass fibers. Moreover, the developed GC fiber also enables Q‐switched pulsed laser output at ≈2 µm with a pulse energy of 3.2 J and pulse width of 4.1 ns. The results demonstrated here may have strong implications in the development of MIR fiber lasers and the applications of GC fibers in MIR photonics.