bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior and design of reinforced concrete frames retrofitted with steel bracing against progressive collapse
Authors: Yu Jun , Gan Yi‐Ping , Ji Jian 
Published: June 2020

SummarySteel bracing is able to improve progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, but the bracing design is typically based on seismic retrofitting or lateral stability. There is no approach for design of steel bracing against progressive collapse. To this end, a retrofitting approach with steel braces is proposed based on analysis of macro finite element (FE) models with fiber beam elements. The FE models were initially validated through the experimental results of a braced frame and then used to investigate the effects of pertinent parameters on the progressive collapse resistance of planar frames. The results suggest the braces should be placed at the top story. Thereafter, macro FE models are built to investigate the dynamic responses of the three‐dimensional prototype RC frames under different column removal scenarios (CRS) and show the necessity of retrofitting. Accordingly, the design approach of steel bracing is proposed with incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and assuming independent contribution of braces and frames to resistance. Finally, the fragility analysis of the frames under a corner‐penultimate‐exterior CRS is conducted through IDA and Monte Carlo simulation, and the results confirm the validity of the proposed design approach for retrofitting RC frames.
Explainable artificial intelligence and machine learning: A reality rooted perspective
Authors: Emmert‐Streib Frank , Yli‐Harja Olli , Dehmer Matthias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs a consequence of technological progress, nowadays, one is used to the availability of big data generated in nearly all fields of science. However, the analysis of such data possesses vast challenges. One of these challenges relates to the explainability of methods from artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning. Currently, many of such methods are nontransparent with respect to their working mechanism and for this reason are called black box models, most notably deep learning methods. However, it has been realized that this constitutes severe problems for a number of fields including the health sciences and criminal justice and arguments have been brought forward in favor of an explainable AI (XAI). In this paper, we do not assume the usual perspective presenting XAI as it should be, but rather provide a discussion what XAI can be. The difference is that we do not present wishful thinking but reality grounded properties in relation to a scientific theory beyond physics.This article is categorized under:
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Explainable AI
Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Technologies > Machine Learning
Use of semiochemicals for surveillance and control of hematophagous insects
Authors: Mweresa Collins K. , Mukabana W. R. , van Loon J. J. A. , Dicke M. , Takken W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.
Molecular karyotyping and gene expression analysis in childhood cancer patients
Authors: Danuta Galetzka , Tobias Müller , Marcus Dittrich , Miriam Endres , Nergiz Kartal , Olesja Sinizyn , Steffen Rapp , Tanja Zeller , Christian Müller , Thomas Hankeln , Peter Scholz-Kreisel , Heather Chorzempa , Johanna Mirsch , Alicia Poplawski , Heidi Rossmann , Claudia Spix , Thomas Haaf , Dirk Prawitt , Manuela Marron , Heinz Schmidberger 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The genetic etiology of sporadic childhood cancer cases remains unclear. We recruited a cohort of 20 patients who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second primary cancer (2N), and 20 carefully matched patients who survived a childhood cancer without developing a second malignancy (1N). Twenty matched cancer-free (0N) and additional 1000 (0N) GHS participants served as controls. Aiming to identify new candidate loci for cancer predisposition, we compared the genome-wide DNA copy number variations (CNV) with the RNA-expression data obtained after in vitro irradiation of primary fibroblasts. In 2N patients, we detected a total of 142 genes affected by CNV. A total of 53 genes of these were not altered in controls. Six genes (POLR3F, SEC23B, ZNF133, C16orf45, RRN3, and NTAN1) that we found to be overexpressed after irradiation were also duplicated in the genome of the 2N patients. For the 1N collective, 185 genes were affected by CNV and 38 of these genes were not altered in controls. Five genes (ZCWPW2, SYNCRIP, DHX30, DHRS4L2, and THSD1) were located in duplicated genomic regions and exhibited altered RNA expression after irradiation. One gene (ABCC6) was partially duplicated in one 1N and one 2N patient. Analysis of methylation levels of THSD1 and GSTT2 genes which were detected in duplicated regions and are frequently aberrantly methylated in cancer showed no changes in patient’s fibroblasts. In summary, we describe rare and radiation-sensitive genes affected by CNV in childhood sporadic cancer cases, which may have an impact on cancer development.

Key messages
• Rare CNV’s may have an impact on cancer development in sporadic, non-familial, non-syndromic childhood cancer cases.
• In our cohort, each patient displayed a unique pattern of cancer-related gene CNVs, and only few cases shared similar CNV.
• Genes that are transcriptionally regulated after radiation can be located in CNVs in cancer patients and controls.
• THSD1 and GSTT2 methylation is not altered by CNV.
Kostmann’s disease or severe hereditary neutropenia—the man behind the syndrome
Authors: Stenhammar Lars , Strömberg Leif , Ljunggren Carl Gustaf 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeventy years ago, the Swedish pediatrician Rolf Kostmann (1909–1982) was the first to report on a previous unknown lethal hereditary neutropenia in infants, Kostmann’s disease. This essay presents the man behind the syndrome rather than focusing on the disease itself.
The mean field Schrödinger problem: ergodic behavior, entropy estimates and functional inequalities
Authors: Backhoff Julio , Conforti Giovanni , Gentil Ivan , Léonard Christian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study the mean field Schrödinger problem (MFSP), that is the problem of finding the most likely evolution of a cloud ofinteractingBrownian particles conditionally on the observation of their initial and final configuration. Its rigorous formulation is in terms of an optimization problem with marginal constraints whose objective function is the large deviation rate function associated with a system of weakly dependent Brownian particles. We undertake a fine study of the dynamics of its solutions, including quantitative energy dissipation estimates yielding the exponential convergence to equilibrium as the time between observations grows larger and larger, as well as a novel class of functional inequalities involving the mean field entropic cost (i.e. the optimal value in (MFSP)). Our strategy unveils an interesting connection between forward backward stochastic differential equations and the Riemannian calculus on the space of probability measures introduced by Otto, which is of independent interest.
Short- and long-term memory and age in a traditional tribe (Dani of Papua) and a modern population (Poland)
Authors: Sabiniewicz Agnieszka , Karwowski Maciej , Löckenhoff Corinna E. , Borkowska Barbara , Sorokowski Piotr 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe different environmental conditions in which people live might challenge memory in different ways. Moreover, the frequency of usage can be a source of improvement of both short- and long-term memory. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of environmental differences on short- and long-term memory in a traditional versus a contemporary population (Dani of Papua,n = 62; Polish,n = 134). We found that both short- and long-term memory varied in the two populations, living in totally distinct surroundings. However, there were no age differences between Polish and Dani participants in either short- or long-term memory tasks, indicating that culture was not a significant moderator of the memory differences between populations. The differences in short- and long-term memory between the two populations are consistent with the argument that short-term memory plays a more significant role in contemporary societies because of technical developments, the electronic revolution, and reading ability. The lack of an age difference appears to support the assumption that it is age, not culture, that plays a crucial role in the memory performance.
Effects of size and position of openings on in-plane capacity of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Liu Zhen , Crewe Adam 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent earthquakes, unreinforced masonry (URM) structures built of masonry walls containing openings such as doors and windows have been shown to have poor seismic capacity. However, although different sizes and positions of openings are known to reduce the stiffness and strength of URM walls, the relationships between the size and position of openings and seismic capacity of the walls are not clear. Therefore, a series of numerical analyses has, for the first time, explored many possible opening sizes and opening positions under simulated seismic loading to identify their impact on the in-plane behaviour of URM walls. The numerical models were built using the code “3DEC” which is based on the discrete element method (DEM). The key feature of the DEM is that it allows the development of large displacements between elements with contacts being recognized automatically during the analysis. Thus, this numerical method can capture the whole degradation progress from the initial cracking of the masonry walls right through to collapse, with the bricks being modelled as rigid blocks and the mortar as Coulomb-slip joints with zero thickness. Both load-based and displacement-based quasi-static pushover analysis procedures have been studied and the modelling methodology and the calibration of numerical models is described. The results from the analyses, the crack patterns and collapse mechanisms of the masonry walls are identified and discussed, and a key output from this work is the characterization of the relationships between the sizes and positions of openings and the in-plane performance of URM walls.
A Vertical Propeller Eddy-Covariance Method and Its Application to Long-term Monitoring of Surface Turbulent Fluxes on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: van Tiggelen Maurice , Smeets Paul C. J. P. , Reijmer Carleen H. , van den Broeke Michiel R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOn the Greenland ice sheet, the sensible heat flux is the second largest source of energy for surface melt. Yet in atmospheric models, the surface turbulent heat fluxes are always indirectly estimated using a bulk turbulence parametrization, which needs to be constrained by long-term and continuous observations. Unfortunately, such observations are challenging to obtain in remote polar environments, especially over ablating ice surfaces. We therefore test a classical eddy-covariance method, based on propeller anemometers and thermocouple measurements, to estimate the momentum and sensible heat fluxes on the Greenland ice sheet. To correct for the high-frequency attenuation, we experimentally derive the sensor frequency-response characteristics and evaluate the universal turbulence spectra on the ice sheet. We show that the corrected fluxes are accurate and that the sampling interval can be reduced to 4 s to increase the system’s autonomy. To illustrate its potential, we apply the correction to one year of vertical propeller eddy-covariance measurements in the western ablation area of the ice sheet, and quantify the seasonal variability of the sensible heat flux and of the aerodynamic roughness length.
A systematic review of communication interventions to help healthcare professionals discuss genetic testing for breast cancer
Authors: Starkings Rachel , Shilling Valerie , Jenkins Valerie , Fallowfield Lesley 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This systematic review examined educational training interventions for healthcare professionals (HCPs) discussing genetic testing and risk for hereditary breast cancer. There was a particular focus on the presence, and content, of communication elements within these packages.

Methods
Searches were run via CINAHL, EMBASE, PUBMED, and PsychInfo in February 2019 to identify training interventions available to HCPs with reference to communication skills. Studies were assessed for quality, with relevant intervention and outcome data extracted and synthesized. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42019124010).

Results
Of 3,988 items, seven papers, two of which were linked, were eligible for inclusion. There was a mix of randomized and single arm studies with web-based and face-to-face interventions. Content included an overview of genetics, hereditary and familial background, and recommended practice techniques. Outcomes focused on communication, self-efficacy, knowledge, and satisfaction. Interventions were designed for genetic counselors, physicians, primary care physicians (PCPs), medical students, and nurses. None of the papers featured oncologists or surgeons.

Conclusions
This review revealed an overall lack of publications which evaluated interventions to assist HCPs discussing hereditary breast cancer risk and testing. Studies failed to operationalize which ‘communication skills’ they included, nor did they consistently report randomization, outcome measures, or analysis.
Discussing the need for, and management of, genetic testing for inherited cancer risk with individuals and their families can be challenging. As genetic testing in breast cancer becomes more common, the provision of specific communication-based training programs, with reference to genetic testing, risk assessments, and counseling skills is warranted.
Large-scale network motif analysis using compression
Authors: Bloem Peter , de Rooij Steven 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe introduce a new method for finding network motifs. Subgraphs are motifs when their frequency in the data is high compared to the expected frequency under a null model. To compute this expectation, a full or approximate count of the occurrences of a motif is normally repeated on as many as 1000 random graphs sampled from the null model; a prohibitively expensive step. We use ideas from the minimum description length literature to define a new measure of motif relevance. With our method, samples from the null model are not required. Instead we compute the probability of the data under the null model and compare this to the probability under a specially designed alternative model. With this new relevance test, we can search for motifs by random sampling, rather than requiring an accurate count of all instances of a motif. This allows motif analysis to scale to networks with billions of links.
Pseudomonas fulva HARBPS9.1: candidate anti-Fusarium agent in South Africa
Authors: Adeniji Adetomiwa A. , Aremu Oluwole S. , Loots Du Toit , Babalola Olubukola O. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhytopathogens causing mycotoxicoses in maize are a potential threat to grain quality and availability in many maize producing countries including South Africa. The use of natural biological agents for controlling maize fusariosis and many other such plant diseases, as opposed to the more traditional use of chemicals, is growing in popularity globally, as a greater emphasis gets placed on public health. In this study, nine Fusarium inhibiting isolates representing a subset of 200 native Pseudomonas isolates from the maize rhizosphere of 10 different farms in the North West Province of South Africa were further evaluated for their in vitro biocontrol potential. Although few of the isolates (PS1.1, PS1.22, PS2.2, PS6.4, PS6.8, PS7.2, PS8.3, PS8.6, and PS9.1) had impressive in vitro biosuppressive effects against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, while also producing biosurfactants, only isolate HARBPS9.1 showed consistent antifungal capacity along with maize seed bioprotection capability. The candidate antagonist HARBPS9.1 was molecularly characterized as a Pseudomonas fulva strain and was found to harbor multiple functional biosynthetic gene clusters after FTIR, NMR and ESI-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics investigation. P. fulva HARBPS9.1 bioprotective mechanism is attributed to the possible presence of hydrogen cyanide, pyrrolnitrin, and rhamnolipids.
Analysis of the final comments provided by a knowledgeable other in lesson study
Authors: Seino Tatsuhiko , Foster Colin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLesson study has been implemented in schools around the world as a method of professional development for teachers. Lesson study consists of five steps, among which the “Research Lesson” and “Post-lesson Discussion” are central. During the Post-lesson Discussion, after the teacher has commented on the lesson, all of the observers discuss the lesson, and the “knowledgeable other” (koshi), a specially invited expert, provides final comments. The quality of these final comments is critical to the learning of the lesson-study participants, and, consequently, the koshi plays an extremely important role. However, few studies have examined the nature and structure of the final comments that koshis provide. This study analyzed the final comments made in three elementary-school research lessons in Japan by a highly distinguished university mathematics educator with considerable teaching experience and an outstanding reputation as a koshi. We found that his final comments clustered into seven categories, which we named: (1) considering the didactical value of mathematical content; (2) use of representations; (3) fostering positive attitudes to learning; (4) incorporating students’ ideas into whole-class discussions; (5) giving attention to what students write down; (6) giving attention to the content of the board-work; and (7) teacher growth through reflection. These categories provide insight into the nature of final comments that are regarded as being particularly useful and may form the basis for less-experienced koshis to structure their final comments in lesson study.
Person Re-identification in Videos by Analyzing Spatio-temporal Tubes
Authors: Sekh Arif Ahmed , Dogra Debi Prosad , Choi Heeseung , Chae Seungho , Kim Ig-Jae 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTypical person re-identification frameworks search for k best matches in a gallery of images that are often collected in varying conditions. The gallery usually contains image sequences for video re-identification applications. However, such a process is time consuming as video re-identification involves carrying out the matching process multiple times. In this paper, we propose a new method that extracts spatio-temporal frame sequences or tubes of moving persons and performs the re-identification in quick time. Initially, we apply a binary classifier to remove noisy images from the input query tube. In the next step, we use a key-pose detection-based query minimization technique. Finally, a hierarchical re-identification framework is proposed and used to rank the output tubes. Experiments with publicly available video re-identification datasets reveal that our framework is better than existing methods. It ranks the tubes with an average increase in the CMC accuracy of 6-8% across multiple datasets. Also, our method significantly reduces the number of false positives. A new video re-identification dataset, named Tube-based Re-identification Video Dataset (TRiViD), has been prepared with an aim to help the re-identification research community.
Exclusivity! Wh-fronting is not optional wh-movement in Colloquial French
Authors: Faure Richard , Palasis Katerina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article revisits the long-standing issue of the alternation betweenwh-in-situandwh-ex-situquestions in French in the light of diglossia and cross-linguistic data. A careful preliminary examination of the numerouswh-structures in Metropolitan French leads us to focus on Colloquial French, which undoubtedly displays bothwh-in-situandwh-ex-situquestions. Within this dataset,wh-ex-situquestions without theest-ce que‘is it that’ marker are more permissive thanin-situregarding weak-islandhood and superiority. In a Relativized Minimality framework, we suggest thatwh-ex-situitems bear an additional feature, which permits them to bypass these constraints. Colloquial French is thus awh-in-situlanguage that allows forwh-ex-situunder specific conditions, like otherwh-in-situlanguages. Hence we argue against free variation and claim thatwh-fronting is not driven by awh-feature, but by another feature. Exploring the contexts wherewh-ex-situis licensed, we highlight a type of non-exhaustive contrast specific to questions, namely Exclusivity, and provide a formalization. The article therefore also contributes to the larger debate on information structure in questions.
An Ethical Framework for the Design, Development, Implementation, and Assessment of Drones Used in Public Healthcare
Authors: Cawthorne Dylan , Robbins-van Wynsberghe Aimee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe use of drones in public healthcare is suggested as a means to improve efficiency under constrained resources and personnel. This paper begins by framing drones in healthcare as a social experiment where ethical guidelines are needed to protect those impacted while fully realizing the benefits the technology offers. Then we propose an ethical framework to facilitate the design, development, implementation, and assessment of drones used in public healthcare. Given the healthcare context, we structure the framework according to the four bioethics principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice, plus a fifth principle from artificial intelligence ethics: explicability. These principles are abstract which makes operationalization a challenge; therefore, we suggest an approach of translation according to a values hierarchy whereby the top-level ethical principles are translated into relevant human values within the domain. The resulting framework is an applied ethics tool that facilitates awareness of relevant ethical issues during the design, development, implementation, and assessment of drones in public healthcare.