bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Pemetrexed Diacid-Loaded Gelatin-Cloisite 30B (MMT) Nanocomposite for Improved Oral Efficacy Against Cancer: Characterization, In-Vitro and Ex-Vivo Assessment
Authors: Soni Kriti , Mujtaba Ali , Akhter Md. Habban , Kohli Kanchan 
Published: February 2020

Aim:
The intention of this investigation was to develop Pemetrexed Diacid (PTX)-loaded
gelatine-cloisite 30B (MMT) nanocomposite for the potential oral delivery of PTX and the in vitro, and
ex vivo assessment.

Background:
Gelatin/Cloisite 30 B (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by blending gelatin with
MMT in aqueous solution.

Methods:
PTX was incorporated into the nanocomposite preparation. The nanocomposites were
investigated by Fourier Transmission Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Confocal
Laser Microscopy (CLSM). FT-IR of nanocomposite showed the disappearance of all major peaks
which corroborated the formation of nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were found to have a
particle size of 121.9 ± 1.85 nm and zeta potential -12.1 ± 0.63 mV. DSC thermogram of drug loaded
nanocomposites indicated peak at 117.165 oC and 205.816 oC, which clearly revealed that the drug has
been incorporated into the nanocomposite because of cross-linking of cloisite 30 B and gelatin in the
presence of glutaraldehyde.

Results:
SEM images of gelatin show a network like structure which disappears in the nanocomposite.
The kinetics of the drug release was studied in order to ascertain the type of release mechanism. The
drug release from nanocomposites was in a controlled manner, followed by first-order kinetics and the
drug release mechanism was found to be of Fickian type.

Conclusion:
Ex vivo gut permeation studies revealed 4 times enhancement in the permeation of drug
present in the nanocomposite as compared to plain drug solution and were further affirmed by CLSM.
Thus, gelatin/(MMT) nanocomposite could be promising for the oral delivery of PTX in cancer therapy
and future prospects for the industrial pharmacy.
Octadecyltrichlorosilane Incorporated Alginate Micro-granules as Sustained-Release Carriers for Small Hydrophilic Molecules
Authors: Wang Qing , Newby Bi-min Zhang 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Hydrogels are excellent drug carriers, but their inability to retain hydrophilic
drugs for a prolonged period of time has greatly limited their usage. Research has mostly focused on
intricate designs and manipulations of hydrogels to expand their applications in drug delivery.

Objective:
In this study, a simple approach by incorporating a hydrophobic agent, octadecyltrichlorosilane
(OTS), to alginate hydrogel micro-granules (Alg-Ms), was investigated as an effective
technique to prolong the release of small hydrophilic drugs.

Methods:
Sodium Benzoate (SB), a highly water-soluble antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compound,
was used as a model drug. The presence of hydrophobic OTS impeded swelling of these OTS
incorporated Alg-Ms (OTS-Alg-Ms), hence sustaining the release of SB.

Results:
The release data was fitted with Ritger-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models and the results showed
that SB released from OTS-Alg-Ms with higher OTS content was mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion;
with a lower OTS content, OTS-Alg-Ms swelled more easily, the combined diffusion and swelling
led to a faster SB release.

Conclusion:
Thus, by simply tuning the OTS concentration in the solution where Alg-Ms were briefly
submerged in a predefined release period, from hours to a few days, small hydrophilic drugs from these
OTS-Alg-Ms could be successfully achieved.
Importance and Necessity of Training the Medical Team Regarding Religious-moral Doctrines Related to Abortion, A Narrative Review
Authors: Fatemeh Ghodrati 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Treatment team’s lack of knowledge about legal-religious doctrines of
abortion can put mothers’ health at great risk.

Objective:
Importance and necessity of training the medical team regarding religious-moral doctrines
related to abortion.

Data Sources:
The moral abortion studies conducted by Iranian authors between 2000 and 2018
can be found at SID, Iran Medex, PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL search engines. In this
review study, 20 out of 146 studies on legal and jurisprudence issues of various aspects of abortion
were reviewed.

Methods:
The present study is a review of published evidence about knowledge and the attitudes of
gynecologists, midwives, medical and midwifery students, and the views of senior planners on legal
and abortion laws and pertinent issues of legal and religious education.

Results:
The study population had moderate knowledge about the laws and regulations of moral
abortion (15.4-53.3%) and negative attitude towards criminal abortions (78.3%). Besides, 64.7% of
the participants agreed about abortion in unwanted pregnancies. Moreover, the majority of executive
managers considered abortion to be legal in case if mother or fetus’s life was in danger. However,
a small number of participants agreed about abortion due to sexual harassment, unwanted
pregnancy, pregnancy without proper interval between babies, unmarried pregnancies, and pregnancy
out of temporary marriage.

Conclusion:
Medical team’s lack of spiritual awareness and positive attitude towards criminal abortion
can increase the risk of hidden abortions. Thus, an increase in medical team’s knowledge about
legal, moral, and religious aspects of abortion and penalties for criminal abortion should be considered
as a health-treatment priority.
Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Authors: da Silva Filho Renato G. , Campos Ana C.A , Souza Isabel dos Santos , Saramago Carmen Soares de Meirelles , de Lima e Silva Agostinho Alves 
Published: February 2020

Background and Objective:Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a constituent of theBacillus anthraciscapsule and a potential virulence factor ofS. epidermidis. In this study, a methodology for the isolation, purification and quantification of γ-PGA in the isolates was adapted. In addition, the fate of the produced γ-PGA and its antiphagocytic activity were investigated.Methods:ThecapBgene was investigated by the PCR method in 50 isolates ofS. epidermidis. A modified methodology was used for the extraction, purification, and quantification of γ-PGA using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) solution. The fate of γ-PGA was determined in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium, as well as the effect of ethanol, NaCl and KCl on the induction of the polymer production. The ability of neutrophils to phagocyte both FITC-labeled latex particles in the presence of free γ-PGA andS. epidermidiswith and without anchored γ-PGA was evaluated by cytometry.Results:The production of γ-PGA was detected in 40 isolates; all of them werecapBgene carriers. Free γ-PGA was detected and in the strain, the amount of released γ-PGA in the supernatant was 67% greater than the cell anchored γ-PGA. Phagocytosis tests performed with one γ-PGA producer isolate showed a significant reduction in neutrophil internalization.Conclusion:The adapted methodology was able to detect γ-PGA in the isolates studied. In addition to being found attached to the cell wall, it was demonstrated in this study that γ-PGA can also be found in the culture supernatant. Free γ-PGA did not determine a reduction in the internalization of latex by neutrophils, but cells with anchored γ-PGA showed significant protection against phagocytosis.
INCREASED CAPACITY OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT AND THE ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS REALISTIC BASED ON COGNITIVE CONFLICT STUDENTS
Authors: Herawaty Dewi , Rusdi Rusdi 
Published: February 2020

This research aims at: 1) the influence of the implementation of the model of teaching mathematics realistic based on cognitive conflict students to the ability to understanding the concept and troubleshooting capabilities; 2) determine the larger capacity of the understanding of the concept through the implementation of the model of teaching mathematics realistic based on cognitive conflict junior secondary school students the City of Bengkulu. 3) determine the great improvement of the ability to solve problems through the implementation of the model of teaching mathematics realistic based on cognitive conflict SMP students Bengkulu City.To achieve the goal of this research is to apply Research Design pseudo experiments with research design Pretest-Postest Nonequivalent Control Group Design, with the test instrument the ability to understanding the concept and test the troubleshooting capabilities. The data has been analyzed using the test gains. The results of this research is 1) the ability of understanding the concept and troubleshooting class experiment the given learning with PMR is better than with the ability to understanding the concept and troubleshooting control classes assigned to conventional mathematics lesson; 2) increase the ability of the understanding of the concept through the implementation of the model of teaching mathematics based on cognitive conflict SMP students Bengkulu City is significant with the index gain of 0,755 (high-level); 3) increase the ability to solve problems through the implementation of the model of teaching mathematics based on cognitive conflict SMP students Bengkulu City is significant with the index gain of 0,500 level (is).
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GUIDED DISCOVERY LEARNING TO TEACH INTEGRAL CALCULUS FOR THE MATHEMATICS STUDENTS OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION WIDYA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Tasari Tasari , Wijayanti Septiana 
Published: February 2020

The objectives of this research are (1) to develop Guided Discovery Learning in integral calculus subject; (2) to identify the effectiveness of Guided Discovery Learning in improving the students’ understanding toward integral calculus subject. This research was quasy experimental research with the students of even semester in Mathematics Education Widya Dharma University as the sample. Cluster Random sampling was conducted to determine control group that was taught using Conventional model and experimental group that was taught using Guided Discovery Learning model. The instruments of this research included pre-test, post-test, and student’s response questionnaire. The data of post-test was analyzed using T-test. The result was H0 was rejected for the level of significance The result of this data analysis found out that Guide Discovery Learning was more effective than Conventional Model. It was supported by the result questionnaire. The result of questionnaire that more than 75% questionnaire items got 67.65% positive response. It means Guided Discovery Learning can increase students’ interest in joining integral calculus class.
When do Auditors' Professional Values Constrain the Biasing Effects of Self Interest? An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Frank Michele L. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to identify situations in which auditors' professional values are most likely to constrain the biasing effects of self-interest. I examine whether auditors' psychological distance from a situation and the degree of ambiguity inherent in a setting influence the likelihood that auditors' values exert a stronger influence on their judgments than self-interested concerns. I predict and find that in situations characterized by ambiguity, values only exert a stronger influence when auditors evaluate a situation from a psychologically distant perspective (when they are not directly involved). When auditors evaluate the same situation from a psychologically close perspective (when they are more directly involved), self-interest exerts a stronger influence. Therefore, auditors are more likely to process information in a self-serving manner the closer they are to a situation. Absent ambiguity, values exert a stronger influence, regardless of psychological distance. Public policy, practice, and research implications are discussed.
Legal fictions as ideological source of law
Authors: Abramova Elena V. 
Published: February 2020

The subject. The article studies legal fictions from the point of view of their correlation with ideological sources of law.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that legal fictions may be described as one of the ideological sources of law.The methodological basis for the study includes analysis and synthesis, interpretation of legal literature.Results, scope of application. Legal fictions are legal provisions enshrined in the text of regulatory legal acts in the form of separate regulatory regulations. They play an important role in lawmaking and in the mechanism of legal regulation. Fictions perform the function of protecting various interests and the function of procedural economy, contribute to the rapid and correct resolution of the case on the merits, have the necessary impact on the participants of the proceedings.Legal fictions have their own set of features. They are characterized by a) the deliberate falsity of the assumption; b) this assumption is legally irrefutable, the possibility of proving the opposite is excluded; c) the assumption is legal. provided for in regulatory legal acts; d) assumption, which is given the importance of legal facts.The ideological significance of legal fictions as sources of law is manifested in the fact that they are associated with legal norms, in the content of many of them; this is a special kind of legal norm, in the content of which there is a certain fiction; fictions are one of the means of formalization of normative material and simplification of the structure of actual compositions. Legal fictions are widely used in the gaps in the law, are one of the ways to effectively fill them.Legal fictions bring clarity to the legal regulation of public relations, being a necessary part of legal regulation. Fictions participate in legal regulation in two forms (types): through theoretical and practical (normative) constructions. Theoretical fictions, being a part of the legal doctrine, act as independent regulators (for example, constructions of the legal entity, the state, etc.). Legal fictions perform certain functions. They eliminate the uncertainty in the legal regulation; they help to simplify legal relations and make legal regulation stable and stable; they help to translate everyday reality into legal reality; they help to simplify legal relations and make legal regulation stable and stable.Conclusions. Legal fiction can be considered an ideological source of law, if we consider it as a legal fact, its variety. But this characteristic is not prevailing among other significant properties of legal fictions.
Prevention and resolution of constitutional conflicts: concept and methods
Authors: Tretyak Irina A. 
Published: February 2020

The subject. The article is devoted to different methods of constitutional conflicts resolution, classification of constitutional conflicts, genesis of constitutional conflict diagnostics theory as a system of different measures for constitutional conflicts prevention.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that methods of constitutional conflicts resolution and prevention may be classified by different bases.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) as well as sociological and economic approaches. The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different groups of conflict resolution methods, it’s types and system. The optimal way to resolve the constitutional conflict is systematic application of the following principles: 1) the legality of measures; 2) priority of human and civil rights and freedoms; 3) ultimo ratio (last resort); 4) proportionality of measures; 5) the effectiveness of measures, aimed at resolving the constitutional conflict. Conclusions. Constitutional conflicts are resolved by special legal methods. Depending on the enforceability of such methods for the conflicting parties, such methods can be classified into: - enforcement methods, that are based on the constitutional power of legal enforcement to be applied to one side of the conflict by the other party or by the actor of the constitutional-legal conflict (measures of constitutional enforcement, the mechanism of checks and balances); - cooperative methods, which are understood as mechanisms for resolving constitutional conflicts, enshrined in the norms of constitutional law and based on cooperation, mutual assistance of the parties to the conflict on a parity basis (various forms of coordination, such as negotiations, mediation, conciliation). Methods and mechanisms of conflicts prevention are not the part of methods of resolving constitutional conflicts, since the first methods are applied before the appearance of constitutional and legal conflicts. A constitutional conflict diagnostics as a method of constitutional conflict prevention is based on risk management system and represents a system of legal and organizational measures, aimed at identifying risks of constitutional conflicts and legal monitoring.
Perlindungan Data Personal Siber di Indonesia
Authors: Prabowo Wisnu , Wibawa Satriya , Azmi Fuad 
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh terjadinya kasus kebocoran data yang terjadi di Indonesia, dimana Indonesia dengan jumlah pengguna Internetnya yang besar telah mendorong pertumbuhan perusahaan teknologi asing untuk berpartisipasi di Indonesia. Perusahaan teknologi ini mengumpulkan dan mengolah data yang diambil dari pengguna internet di Indonesia di server data di luar negeri. Sehingga pemanfaatan data pribadi yang memengaruhi keamanan privasi individu.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perlindungan terhadap data yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dan dampaknya terhadap vital core dari human security penduduk Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah konsep human security dan keamanan siber untuk menjelaskan potensi ancaman yang ditimbulkan dari kebijakan yang telah dilakukan negara dan dampaknya terhadap vital core penduduk Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif.
Diplomasi Publik Baru Indonesia terhadap UNESCO dalam Menjadikan Kawasan Geopark Rinjani-Lombok sebagai Geopark Global UNESCO
Authors: Nurhanifa Eka , Konety Neneng , Affandi Raden 
Published: February 2020

Keindahan dan kekayaan sumber daya alam Indonesia sudah tidak asing lagi di dunia. Kekayaan alam yang dimaksud mencakup situs-situs geologi, keanekaragaman hayati, dan warisan budaya yang bersinergi di suatu kawasan. Urgenitas pelestarian kekayaan sumber daya alam tersebut terletak pada pengelolaan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Sehingga untuk menjaga keberlangsungan kekayaan alam tersebut, Indonesia mengusulkan geopark Rinjani-Lombok terhadap UNESCO untuk menjadi salah satu Geopark Global UNESCO (UGG). Dalam prosesnya, pengusulan tersebut mengalami status “tertunda” sehingga UNESCO memberikan jangka waktu dua tahun untuk menyelesaikan sejumlah permasalahan yang dirangkum dalam 10 rekomendasi UNESCO. secara teknis, kesepuluh poin tersebut melibatkan seluruh pemangku kepentingan dan peran masyarakat dalam mencapai status UGG. Dari 10 rekomendasi tersebut, praktik diplomasi publik baru Indonesia dilakukan dan relevan dalam menjadikan kawasan geopark Rinjani-Lombok sebagai UGG. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan studi lapangan, jurnal ini membahas apa saja upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia dalam menjadikan kawasan geopark Rinjani-Lombok sehingga akhirnya resmi berstatus sebagai UGG.
The importance of the intertidal area for the Mullet Liza klunzingeri
Authors: Alsaffar Adel , Bin Hassan Abdulrahman , Dashti Talal , Taqi Ali , Al-Mousawy Ali , Al-Alawi Adnan 
Published: February 2020

The mullet Liza klunzingeri, locally known as maid, is an important commercial species in Kuwait and accounts for up to 16% of the total finfish landings. To determine the seasonal and spatial distributions of juvenile maid, a small-mesh seine net was employed monthly at seven selected coastal sites during the period from November 2013 through October 2014. Semicircular sweeps of the 30 m long, two-meters high seine covered an area of approximately 1,400 m2. Juvenile maid were captured at most of the sampling sites during the entire investigation period, but mainly in spring and summer, indicating a wide coastal distribution of this species. The highest catches of juveniles occurred in May with an average of 30.2 kg per sweep, corresponding to a density of 22 g/m2. Catches of juveniles from sampling sites in or just south of the Kuwait Bay, near prime maid fishing grounds, were much higher than those from more southerly sampling sites. The captured maid ranged in total length (TL) from 18 to 179 mm, with a high peak at 41 to 50 mm. By-catch included thirty species, with hasoom (Sillago sihama), Imchawah (Diplodus sargus kotschyi), and yowaff (Nematalosa nasus) being the most common. The by-catch consisted mostly of juveniles with lengths less than100 mm TL, showing the importance of the intertidal and coastal waters for many species.
Gillnet selectivity of the Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps fished in the Sea of Oman
Authors: Govender Anesh , Al-Oufi Hamed 
Published: February 2020

The size selectivity of drift gill-nets for Sardinella longiceps was investigated in the Sea of Oman using a range of nets between 3.3 and 5.7 cm stretched mesh size. All nets had a hanging ratio of 0.5. A total of 1 211 Indian oil sardines were caught in 5 experimental nets, the majority of which were retained by the 3.3, 3.8 and 4.5 cm mesh nets. Peak selectivity was reached at 14.9 cm FL for the 3.3 cm mesh size increasing to 16.9 cm for the 3.8 cm mesh size. The estimated and observed length frequency distributions were unimodal. A log-normal selection function indicated that the highest selectivity was obtained when the length class to mesh size (l:m ) ratio was 4.4. Sardinella longiceps's relative abundance was estimated to be the highest at 16.4 cm FL, with numbers decreasing beyond this peak. This would indicate that selectivity by gilling is optimal with a mesh size of 3.8 cm with nets having a hanging ratio of 0.5. This mesh size appears to satisfy two criteria: high catch efficiency and protection of juveniles.
PENDIDIKAN SIKAP KEBANGSAAN: BENTUK ADAPTASI SOSIAL BERDAMPAK PADA LINGKUNGAN FISIK MASYARAKAT WAWONII DI BEKAS KESULTANAN BUTON
Authors: Sifatu Wa Ode 
Published: February 2020

Tujuan artikel ini adalah memberitahu pembaca mengenai cara masyarakat WawoniiÂ berinteraksi sosial yangÂ berdampak pada lingkungan sosial dan fisikÂ Â menjadiÂ pelajaranÂ terhadap sikap kebangsaan. Teori untuk membaca data adalah pemikiran Bourdieu tentang â€œform of capitalâ€ Â dengan metode etnografi. Hasil, penggunaan modal sosial, modal simbolik, modal budaya orang Wawonii dalam berinteraksi denganÂ suku bangsa lain dari bekas Kesultanan Buton, berlaku seperti bunglon yaitu Â menginternalisasinya dan mengekternalisasi sebagai bagian suku bangsa lawan interaksinya. Tujuannya adalah menghilangkan image tentang orang Wawonii memiliki kekuatan magis. Saat berinteraksi dengan pengusaha tambang yang akan masuk ke wilayahnya, mereka berlaku sopan dan baik. Namun, setelah merasakan dampak negatif dari tambang, mereka bukan menginternalisasinya melainkan mengeksternalisasinya denganÂ berlaku frontal. Kesimpulan, artikel ini memperkaya pemikiran Bourdieu Â tentang Â interaksi sosial,Â selain mengiternalisasi juga mengeksternalisasi dan berlaku frontal kepadaÂ pemerintah yang merugikan. Rekomendasi, sebaiknya pemerintah harus bersikap netral dalam menghadapi rakyat dan pengusaha agar orang Wawonii dalam berinteraksi Â Â berlaku baik kepada Â semua pihak.