bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Scientists: A Profile of Congressional Candidates with STEM Backgrounds
Authors: Motta Matthew 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTCandidates with STEM backgrounds ran for Congress in record numbers in 2018. Understanding who participates in this form of “mobilized science,” and whether they are successful, is important because these candidates may campaign—and ultimately take action—to advance science-informed policies. However, whereas there is ample journalistic coverage of individual candidates, few scholars have studied them collectively. I constructed a novel dataset that allowed me to descriptively profile almost 200 STEM candidates who ran in 2018 and to explore correlates of their electoral success. I find that three quarters of the candidates were first-time congressional candidates, most of whom were Democrats and men. Democratic incumbents and candidates endorsed by the 314 PAC were significantly more likely to advance to the general election. I also find that women Democrats with STEM backgrounds are as likely (and perhaps more likely) to advance to the general election. I conclude by discussing how these findings advance the study of mobilized science in an increasingly partisan era.
An investigation of consumers’ use of ‘dessert-only’ food retail outlets: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Randall Tennessee , Wright Poppy J , Wilkinson Laura L 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To understand how consumers use ‘dessert-only’ retail food outlets which represent one of the UK’s top ten growing retail business categories and a high-street source of energy-dense, low nutrient foods.Design:Responses to open-ended questions about dessert-only restaurant usage and closed-ended questions about demographic information including frequency of use and BMI were collected.Setting:Online questionnaire launched from the UK.Participants:Totally, 203 participants (female = 153; mean age = 33·5 years (sd = 14·2); mean BMI = 25·05 kg/m2 (sd = 5·29)) assisted with the study.Results:Quantitative results showed that participants used dessert-only restaurants infrequently, and qualitative results showed that they regarded a visit as a treat. Many participants also described ways that they modified their eating pattern to accommodate a visit. Thematic analysis also showed that consumer visits were influenced by properties of the foods on offer, opportunities for socialisation (especially with children) as well as convenience, price and a perceived relaxation of meal-time ‘rules’.Conclusions:Despite some media opinion, this type of food retail outlet is being used somewhat judiciously by consumers. A fruitful public health focus may be on the management of treats within the broader context of the diet as opposed to targeting the treat itself, this may be especially helpful for parents/caregivers taking their children out for a treat to a dessert-only restaurant.
Planck frequencies as Schelling points in SETI
Authors: Wright Jason T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn SETI, when searching for ‘beacons’ – transmissions intended for us and meant to get our attention – one must guess the appropriate frequency to search by considering what frequencies would be universally obvious to other species. This is a well-known concept in game theory, where such solutions to a non-communicative cooperative game (such as a mutual search) are called ‘Schelling points’. It is noteworthy, therefore, that when developing his eponymous units, Planck called them ‘natural’ because they ‘remain meaningful for all times and also for extraterrestrial and non-human cultures’. Here, I apply Planck's suggestion in the context of Schelling points in SETI with a ‘Planck Frequency Comb’, constructed by multiplying the Planck energy by integer powers of the fine structure constant. This comb includes a small number of frequencies in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where laser and radio SETI typically operates. Searches might proceed and individual teeth in the comb, or at many teeth at once, across the electromagnetic spectrum. Indeed, the latter strategy can be additionally justified by the transmitter's desire to signal at many frequencies at once, to improve the chances that the receiver will guess one of them correctly. There are many arbitrary and anthropocentric choices in this comb's construction, and indeed one can construct several different frequency combs with only minor and arbitrary modifications. This suggests that it may be fruitful to search for signals arriving in frequency combs of arbitrary spacing. And even though the frequencies suggested here are only debatably ‘better’ than others proposed, the addition of the Planck Frequency Comb to the list of ‘magic frequencies’ can only help searches for extraterrestrial beacons.
To Disappear The Escuelas Normales Rurales:Political Anxieties, the Secretaría de Educación Pública, and Education Reform in Mexico in 1969
Authors: Villanueva Carla Irina 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes a 1969 education reform in Mexico that resulted in the closure of 14 of the then 29 escuelas normales rurales (rural teacher-training colleges) and the annihilation of their internal student organizing structures. I argue that the reform was politically motivated and impelled by the anxieties produced by student politics in the Cold War era. I show also how the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) participated in the authoritarian surveillance of students during the presidency of Díaz Ordaz and in a long campaign to delegitimize the Federación de Estudiantes Campesinos Socialistas de México (FECSM), the federation that united the students from these schools.
Transcriptomic analysis links diverse hypothalamic cell types to fibroblast growth factor 1-induced sustained diabetes remission
Authors: Bentsen Marie A. , Rausch Dylan M. , Mirzadeh Zaman , Muta Kenjiro , Scarlett Jarrad M. , Brown Jenny M. , Herranz-Pérez Vicente , Baquero Arian F. , Thompson Jonatan , Alonge Kimberly M. , Faber Chelsea L. , Kaiyala Karl J. , Bennett Camdin , Pyke Charles , Ratner Cecilia , Egerod Kristoffer L. , Holst Birgitte , Meek Thomas H. , Kutlu Burak , Zhang Yu , Sparso Thomas , Grove Kevin L. , Morton Gregory J. , Kornum Birgitte R. , García-Verdugo José-Manuel , Secher Anna , Jorgensen Rasmus , Schwartz Michael W. , Pers Tune H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D), sustained remission of hyperglycemia can be induced by a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) was recently implicated as the brain area responsible for this effect. To better understand the cellular response to FGF1 in the MBH, we sequenced >79,000 single-cell transcriptomes from the hypothalamus of diabetic Lepob/ob mice obtained on Days 1 and 5 after icv injection of either FGF1 or vehicle. A wide range of transcriptional responses to FGF1 was observed across diverse hypothalamic cell types, with glial cell types responding much more robustly than neurons at both time points. Tanycytes and ependymal cells were the most FGF1-responsive cell type at Day 1, but astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells subsequently became more responsive. Based on histochemical and ultrastructural evidence of enhanced cell-cell interactions between astrocytes and Agrp neurons (key components of the melanocortin system), we performed a series of studies showing that intact melanocortin signaling is required for the sustained antidiabetic action of FGF1. These data collectively suggest that hypothalamic glial cells are leading targets for the effects of FGF1 and that sustained diabetes remission is dependent on intact melanocortin signaling.
Sequential drug release via chemical diffusion and physical barriers enabled by hollow multishelled structures
Authors: Zhao Decai , Yang Nailiang , Wei Yan , Jin Quan , Wang Yanlei , He Hongyan , Yang Yang , Han Bing , Zhang Suojiang , Wang Dan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHollow multishelled structures (HoMSs), with relatively isolated cavities and hierarchal pores in the shells, are structurally similar to cells. Functionally inspired by the different transmission forms in living cells, we studied the mass transport process in HoMSs in detail. In the present work, after introducing the antibacterial agent methylisothiazolinone (MIT) as model molecules into HoMSs, we discover three sequential release stages, i.e., burst release, sustained release and stimulus-responsive release, in one system. The triple-shelled structure can provide a long sterility period in a bacteria-rich environment that is nearly 8 times longer than that of the pure antimicrobial agent under the same conditions. More importantly, the HoMS system provides a smart responsive release mechanism that can be triggered by environmental changes. All these advantages could be attributed to chemical diffusion- and physical barrier-driven temporally-spatially ordered drug release, providing a route for the design of intelligent nanomaterials.
Developing a COVID-19 mortality risk prediction model when individual-level data are not available
Authors: Barda Noam , Riesel Dan , Akriv Amichay , Levy Joseph , Finkel Uriah , Yona Gal , Greenfeld Daniel , Sheiba Shimon , Somer Jonathan , Bachmat Eitan , Rothblum Guy N. , Shalit Uri , Netzer Doron , Balicer Ran , Dagan Noa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAt the COVID-19 pandemic onset, when individual-level data of COVID-19 patients were not yet available, there was already a need for risk predictors to support prevention and treatment decisions. Here, we report a hybrid strategy to create such a predictor, combining the development of a baseline severe respiratory infection risk predictor and a post-processing method to calibrate the predictions to reported COVID-19 case-fatality rates. With the accumulation of a COVID-19 patient cohort, this predictor is validated to have good discrimination (area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.943) and calibration (markedly improved compared to that of the baseline predictor). At a 5% risk threshold, 15% of patients are marked as high-risk, achieving a sensitivity of 88%. We thus demonstrate that even at the onset of a pandemic, shrouded in epidemiologic fog of war, it is possible to provide a useful risk predictor, now widely used in a large healthcare organization.
Antimicrobial resistance at the human–animal interface in the Pastoralist Communities of Kasese District, South Western Uganda
Authors: Iramiot Jacob Stanley , Kajumbula Henry , Bazira Joel , Kansiime Catherine , Asiimwe Benon B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntensive usage of antimicrobials in the management of animal diseases leads to selection for resistance among microorganisms. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial use and to describe factors associated with the transmission of antimicrobial resistance between humans and animals in pastoralist communities of Kasese district. A mixed-methods approach was employed in this study. Rectal swabs were collected from the participants and cattle and transported in Carry–Blaire transport medium to the laboratory within 24 h of collection for culture and sensitivity to confirm carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In-depth interviews were conducted among veterinary officers, veterinary drug vendors, human health facility in-charges in both public and private health facilities, and operators of human pharmacies and drug shops. Carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria among humans was 88 (93%) and 76(80%) among cattle. Consumption of lakeshore water and carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria in cattle were associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant bacteria in the human population. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance among organisms Isolated from both humans and animals was high. There is a high likelihood of transmission of multi-drug resistance between humans and animals.
Combining genetic markers with stable isotopes in otoliths reveals complexity in the stock structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
Authors: Brophy Deirdre , Rodríguez-Ezpeleta Naiara , Fraile Igaratza , Arrizabalaga Haritz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAtlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the two main spawning populations in the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico occur together in the western, central and eastern Atlantic. Stock composition of catches from mixing areas is uncertain, presenting a major challenge to the sustainable management of the fisheries. This study combines genetic and chemical markers to develop an integrated method of population assignment. Stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ18O) in the otolith core of adults from the two main spawning populations (adult baselines) showed less overlap than those of yearlings (12–18 months old) from western and eastern nursery areas suggesting that some exchange occurs towards the end of the yearling phase. The integrated model combined δ18O with four genetic markers (SNPs) to distinguish the adult baselines with greater accuracy than chemical or genetic markers alone. When used to assign individuals from the mixing areas to their population of origin, the integrated model resolved some (but not all) discrepancies between the chemistry and genetic methods. Some individuals in the mixing area had otolith δ18O values and genetic profiles which when taken together, were not representative of either population. These fish may originate from another Atlantic spawning area or may represent population contingents that move away from the main spawning areas during the first year of life. This complexity in stock structure is not captured by the current two-stock model.
Longitudinal assessment of optic nerve head changes using optical coherence tomography in a primate microbead model of ocular hypertension
Authors: Chan Anita S. Y. , Tun Tin Aung , Allen John C. , Lynn Myoe Naing , Tun Sai Bo Bo , Barathi Veluchamy Amutha , Girard Michaël J. A. , Aung Tin , Aihara Makoto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn humans, the longitudinal characterisation of early optic nerve head (ONH) damage in ocular hypertension (OHT) is difficult as patients with glaucoma usually have structural ONH damage at the time of diagnosis. Previous studies assessed glaucomatous ONH cupping by measuring the anterior lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) and minimal rim width (MRW) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this study, we induced OHT by repeated intracameral microbead injections in 16 cynomolgus primates (10 unilateral; 6 bilateral) and assessed the structural changes of the ONH longitudinally to observe early changes. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in OHT eyes was maintained for 7 months and serial OCT measurements were performed during this period. The mean IOP was significantly elevated in OHT eyes when compared to baseline and compared to the control eyes. Thinner MRW and deeper LCD values from baseline were observed in OHT eyes with the greatest changes seen between month 1 and month 2 of OHT. Both the mean and maximum IOP values were significant predictors of MRW and LCD changes, although the maximum IOP was a slightly better predictor. We believe that this model could be useful to study IOP-induced early ONH structural damage which is important for understanding glaucoma pathogenesis.
Unravelling oxygen driven α to β phase transformation in tungsten
Authors: Chattaraj Ananya , Balal Mohammad , Yadav Ashok Kumar , Barman Sudipta Roy , Sinha Anil Kumar , Jha Shambhu Nath , Joulie Sebastien , Serin Virginie , Claverie Alain , Kumar Vijay , Kanjilal Aloke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThin films of β-W are the most interesting for manipulating magnetic moments using spin–orbit torques, and a clear understanding of α to β phase transition in W by doping impurity, especially oxygen, is needed. Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical study using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and ab initio calculations to explore atomic structure, bonding, and oxygen content for understanding the formation of β-W. It is found that the W films on SiO2/Si have 13–22 at.% oxygen in A15 β structure. Ab initio calculations show higher solution energy of oxygen in β-W, and a tendency to transform locally from α to β phase with increasing oxygen concentration. X-ray absorption spectroscopy also revealed local geometry of oxygen in β-W, in agreement with the simulated one. These results offer an opportunity for a fundamental understanding of the structural transition in α-W and further development of β-W phase for device applications.
Overexpression of OsF3H modulates WBPH stress by alteration of phenylpropanoid pathway at a transcriptomic and metabolomic level in Oryza sativa
Authors: Jan Rahmatullah , Khan Muhammad Aqil , Asaf Sajjad , Lee In-Jung , Kim Kyung-Min 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), has become a devastating pest for rice crops, causes serious yield losses each year, and urgently needs biological control. Here, we developed a WBPH-resistant rice cultivar by overexpressing the OsF3H gene. A genetic functional analysis of the OsF3H gene confirmed its role in facilitating flavonoid contents and have indicated that the expression of the OsF3H gene is involved in regulation of the downstream genes (OsDFR and OsFLS) of the flavonoid pathway and genes (OsSLR1 and OsWRKY13) involved in other physiological pathways. OxF3H (OsF3H transgenic) plants accumulated significant amounts of the flavonols kaempferol (Kr) and quercetin (Qu) and the anthocyanins delphinidin and cyanidin, compared to the wild type, in response to the stress induced by WBPH. Similarly, OsF3H-related proteins were significantly expressed in OxF3H lines after WBPH infestation. The present study, indicated that the regulation of JA in OxF3H plants was suppressed due the overexpression of the OsF3H gene, which induced the expression of downstream genes related to anthocyanin. Similarly, the OsWRKY13 transcriptional factor was significantly suppressed in OxF3H plants during WBPH infestation. Exogenous application of Kr and Qu increased the survival rates of susceptible TN1 lines in response to WBPH, while decreased the survival rate of first instar WBPHs, indicating that both flavonols exhibit pesticide activity. Phenotypic demonstration also affirms that OxF3H plants show strong resistance to WBPH compared with wild type. Collectively, our result suggested that OsF3H overexpression led to the up-regulation of defense related genes and enhanced rice resistance to WBPH infestation.
Comparing the tractability of young hand-raised wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Ujfalussy Dorottya Júlia , Virányi Zsófia , Gácsi Márta , Faragó Tamás , Pogány Ákos , Bereczky Boróka Mária , Miklósi Ádám , Kubinyi Enikő 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDogs live in 45% of households, integrated into various human groups in various societies. This is certainly not true for wolves. We suggest that dogs’ increased tractability (meant as individual dogs being easier to control, handle and direct by humans, in contrast to trainability defined as performance increase due to training) makes a crucial contribution to this fundamental difference. In this study, we assessed the development of tractability in hand-raised wolves and similarly raised dogs. We combined a variety of behavioural tests: fetching, calling, obeying a sit signal, hair brushing and walking in a muzzle. Wolf (N = 16) and dog (N = 11) pups were tested repeatedly, between the ages of 3–24 weeks. In addition to hand-raised wolves and dogs, we also tested mother-raised family dogs (N = 12) for fetching and calling. Our results show that despite intensive socialization, wolves remained less tractable than dogs, especially in contexts involving access to a resource. Dogs’ tractability appeared to be less context dependent, as they followed human initiation of action in more contexts than wolves. We found no evidence that different rearing conditions (i.e. intensive socialization vs. mother rearing) would affect tractability in dogs. This suggests that during domestication dogs might have been selected for increased tractability, although based on the current data we cannot exclude that the differential speed of development of dogs and wolves or the earlier relocation of wolves to live as a group explains some of the differences we found.
Simultaneous integrated boost with stereotactic radiotherapy for dominant intraprostatic lesion of localized prostate cancer: a dosimetric planning study
Authors: Kim Yeon Joo , Yoon Kyoung Jun , Kim Young Seok 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDominant intraprostatic lesion (DIL) has been known as the most common local recurrence site of prostate cancer. We evaluated the feasibility of simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to DIL with CyberKnife stereotactic body radiotherapy (CK-SBRT). We selected 15 patients with prostate cancer and visible DIL and compared 3 plans for each patient: 1) No boost plan of 35 Gy to prostate, 2) DIL_40 plan of SIB 40 Gy to DIL and 35 Gy to prostate, and 3) DIL_45 plan with 45 Gy to DIL and 35 Gy to the prostate in 5 fractions. All targets satisfied with the prescription coverage per protocol. However, some patients failed to meet the Dmax of the rectum in DIL_40 plans (n = 4), and DIL_45 plans (n = 6). Violations of bladder constraints occurred in four DIL_45 plans. Consequently, the DIL boost with SBRT was possible in 73% of patients with DIL_40 plans, and 60% of patients with DIL_45 plans without any violation of normal organ constraints. All patients who experienced constraint violations had DILs in posterior segments. DIL boost using CK-SBRT could be an option for localized prostate cancer patients. For patients who had DIL in posterior segments, a moderate dose escalation of 40 Gy seemed appropriate.
Effects of testosterone replacement on serotonin levels in the prostate and plasma in a murine model of hypogonadism
Authors: Mota Paulo , Barbosa-Martins João , Moura Rute S. , Lima Estêvão , Miranda Alice , Correia-Pinto Jorge , Carvalho-Dias Emanuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBenign prostate hyperplasia is a dysfunctional disease with an elevated prevalence. Despite the accepted impact of aging and testosterone (TES) in its pathophysiology, its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies described that serotonin (5-HT) inhibits benign prostate growth through the modulation of the androgen receptor, in the presence of TES. Accordingly, this work aimed to determine the impact of castration and TES replacement in plasmatic and prostatic 5-HT regulation. C57BL/6 mice were submitted to surgical castration and divided into three groups, continually exposed to either vehicle or different TES doses for 14 days. Plasmatic 5-HT concentration was measured before and after castration, and after TES reintroduction. Finally, total prostatic weight and intra-prostatic 5-HT were determined in the different groups. Our results demonstrate that mice prostate exhibits high 5-HT tissue levels and that intra-prostatic total 5-HT was independent of castration or TES reintroduction, in all studied groups. Also, 5-HT plasmatic concentration significantly increased after castration and then normalized after TES administration. Our findings revealed that mice prostate has a high 5-HT content and that total prostatic 5-HT levels do not depend on androgens’ action. On the other hand, castration induced a significant increase in plasmatic 5-HT concentration, raising the hypothesis that androgens might be regulating the production of extra-prostatic 5-HT.