bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical and Biogeochemical Controls on Element Mobility in and Around Uranium Mill Tailings
Authors: Landa E.R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Uranium-bearing ores are mined and milled as the first step in the nuclear fuel cycle. Milling consists of the mechanical and chemical processes that concentrate the uranium fraction from the ore. In conventional uranium milling, the ore is crushed and leached with either alkali or acid. Ores with limestone contents greater than 15% are generally leached under alkaline conditions with sodium carbonate-bicarbonate, whereas most other ores are leached with sulfuric acid. The uranium extracted by the leaching solution is concentrated by solvent extraction or ion exchange and subsequent precipitation (generally with ammonia) of a uranium concentrate (80-85% U3O8), referred to as “yellow cake.” For details regarding variants in the milling process, the reader is referred to Merritt (1971), International Atomic Energy Agency (1980), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1983).
Biooxidation Pretreatment of Refractory Sulfidic and Sulfidic-Carbonaceous Gold Ores and Concentrates
Authors: Brierley J.A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bacterial oxidation of refractory sulfidic gold ores and concentrates can be used as a pretreatment process to enhance the recovery of gold. Sulfide minerals that occlude gold, such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite, are biooxidized by acidophilic, chemolithotrophic bacteria. The biooxidation process results in the solubilization of the sulfide minerals with increased exposure of gold for subsequent recovery using standard metallurgical processes such as cyanide leaching. The mineralogy of the refractory gold ore determines the effectiveness of the biooxidation process. The ore must possess sufficient iron sulfide to support the bacterial growth and carbonate minerals, which can consume the acid, must be absent or present in such low concentrations that the biooxidation will result in a net production of acid. Several mining operations currently utilize biooxidation as a pretreatment process for refractory gold ore concentrates. Research and development are in progress to extend the use of biooxidation for pretreatment of lower grade sulfidic, refractory ores.
Ore Reserve Estimates in the Real World
Authors: Stone John G. , Dunn Peter G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In Simplest Terms, the work of the mineral industry may be defined as the search for and production of some naturally occurring mineral substance useful for some specific purpose, and as such, that substance is both a defining element of and the underlying basis for our existence as a species.
The fundamental requirement for any venture designed to extract a mineral substance from the ground is the presence of a reserve of that substance, and the estimation of the quantity and quality of the available reserve is the single most important step in the development of a mineral discovery. In fact, the basic purpose of ore reserve estimation is to provide the first step in the evaluation of a business opportunity:
… all financial calculations can be no more than the transposition of the ore reserve estimate into other terms.
(King et al., 1982, p. 65)
Prior to roughly 1970, there was little or no standardization of nomenclature regarding the various levels of reliability attached to estimates of mineral resources or reserves, and quite frequently the same term was applied to estimates of widely differing reliabilities, made for widely different purposes. It was generally accepted that the term “ore” should be restricted to material having at least a remote possibility of economic viability, and that the terms “proven” or “measured,” “probable” or “indicated,” and “possible” or “inferred” should be used to denote estimates based on progressively less reliable data. In 1980, based on modifications of a standardized system proposed in 1976, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published a revised classification system (Fig. I-1), in which the term “resources” was applied to an overall “concentration of [a] naturally occurring solid, liquid or gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction from the commodity is currently or potentially feasible.” The term “reserves” was restricted to “that part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria ...[and] may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics” (USBM … USGS, 1980, p. 2).
In 1996, the United Nations proposed a three dimensional scheme for the classification of resources and reserves (Fig. I-2) that assigns a numerical degree of reliability to each of three axes, representing economic, feasibility, and geologic elements of the evaluation (United Nations, 1996; Kirk, 1998).
Musings on Future Exploration Targets and Strategies in the Andes
Authors: Sillitoe Richard H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A variety of metals and deposit types define the metallogeny of the Andes from Colombia through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to Argentina and Chile, although porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits undoubtedly predominate and will continue to do so. Discoveries over the last 30 yrs or so, predominantly in the central Andes and especially Chile, have been made using routine, field-based geologic and complementary geochemical methods, a situation that is considered unlikely to change radically in the foreseeable future. The only clearcut evolutionary change is the increased number of deposits being discovered beneath pre- and postmineral cover. The predictive capacity of conceptual geology has had minimal impact on the Andean discovery record but is thought to offer much promise for the future. This introductory article selects mineralization styles and relationships as well as some broader metallogenic parameters as simple examples of geologic concepts that may assist exploration. Emphasis is placed on porphyry copper ± molybdenum ± gold and high-, intermediate-, and lowsulfidation epithermal gold ± silver deposits, although reference is also made to several carbonate rock-hosted precious and base metal deposit types and styles as well as subvolcanic tin, volcanogenic massive sulfide, and slate-belt and intrusion-related gold deposits. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential for exceptionally high grade porphyry copper, porphyry gold, epithermal gold, and subvolcanic tin deposits. Deposits resulting from the oxidation, enrichment, and chemical transport of copper and zinc and mechanical transport of gold and silver during supergene weathering are also briefly highlighted.
Enargite-Gold Deposits at Marcapunta, Colquijirca Mining District, Central Peru
Authors: Vidal César E. , Ligarda Rolando 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Marcapunta enargite-Au deposits are located in the center of the Colquijirca mining district, 310 km northeast of Lima and 10 km south of the Cerro de Pasco mine. The regional geology comprises folded Permo-Triassic red-bed deposits of the Mitu Group succeeded by Pucará Group limestone and dolomite of Triassic to Jurassic age, which are overlain by carbonate breccia, conglomerate, and fresh-water limestone of the Eocene Calera Formation. These units are intruded and overlain by dacitic domes and pyroclastic rocks of the Marcapunta volcanic center. The north-trending Longitudinal fault controlled basin morphology during both the Pucará and Calera Formation sedimentation as well as emplacement of the Cerro de Pasco and Marcapunta Miocene volcanoes.
The Marcapunta Cu-As-Au deposits are zoned symmetrically northward into the Zn-Pb-Ag ores of Colquijirca and southwestward into the Zn-Pb-Ag San Gregorio deposit. The Miocene volcanic center at Marcapunta is intensely altered to advanced argillic alteration assemblages in the form of quartz-alunite ledges with argillic halos. Alunite mineral separates have been dated at 11.6 ± 0.1 Ma by K-Ar and 10.6 ± 0.1 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar methods. The main silicification and quartz-alunite alteration are controlled by several prominent east-west fractures and attain thicknesses from a few centimeters to ~50 m. Mineral assemblages are zoned outward from a central zone of vuggy quartz to quartz-alunite ± dickite, illite-kaolinite ± montmorillonite and external chlorite-calcite envelopes. Copper mineralization surrounds an interpreted subsurface diatreme vent and flares outward along the base of the dacitic domes comprising the Marcapunta volcanic center. Semimassive to massive quartz-pyrite bodies preferentially replaced limestone breccia and conglomerate of the Calera Formation and are sandwiched between the underlying Mitu Group sandstone and the overlying lava domes.
The northern, western, and southwestern flanks of the Marcapunta volcanic center are characterized by a recently determined and drill-tested, crescent-shaped gravimetric high. Ore zones attain thicknesses as much as 100 m adjacent to the steep diatreme walls and thin laterally into discrete strata-bound manto and breccia horizons. Ore mineralogy is dominated by enargite, covellite, native gold, and several precious metal-bearing telluride phases. Hypogene chalcocite and digenite occur in a discrete lower manto beneath the enargite zone of western Marcapunta. Gold appears to be concentrated in the southwestern parts of the replacement bodies. Cu/As ratios increase from a homogeneous value of 3/1 in the Smelter area, immediately north of the volcano, to variable values of 4 to 40/1 in the western Marcapunta enargite and digenite-chalcocite mantos.
CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF OLYMPIC-STYLE WEIGHTLIFTING EXERCISES AND VERTICAL JUMPS
Authors: Králová Tereza , Gasior Jiří , Vanderka Marián , Cacek Jan , Vencúrik Tomáš , Bokůvka Dominik , Hammerová Tereza 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTPURPOSE Many types of vertical jumps (VJ) are commonly used to assess the development of the level of explosive strength of lower limbs achieved after a training period. This study is focused on comparing various parameters of different types of VJ with 1 RM in Olympic-style weightlifting, squat and deadlift with an Olympic bar.METHODS Twelve elite weightlifters (men=8; women=4; age 26±4 years, height = 173±8 cm; weight 93±23 kg; weight category from 64 kg to +109 kg) were tested for 1 RM in the following exercises: snatch, clean and jerk, deadlift, squat and variations of VJ on dynamometric plates (Kistler Force Plate). The variations of VJ were: squat jump with the arm swing (SJA) and non-arm swing (SJ), countermovement jump with the arm swing (CMJA) and non-arm swing (CMJ). The parameters compared for each type of VJ were: jump height (m), relative force (% of body weight), relative power (W/kg of body weight) and average power (W). For statistical analysis, the parametric Pearsons correlation coefficient with α=0.05 was used. RESULTS The results show a significant correlation between 1 RM in exercises with an Olympic bar (snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift) and the CMJ, CMJA, SJ and SJA only in the average power output (W) parameter (p<0.05). The significant correlation coefficients in the average power output (W) were for the CMJA and the snatch r=0.96 r2= 0.92, clean and jerk r=0.96 r2= 0.92, back squat r=0.97 r2= 0.94 and deadlift r=0.93 r2= 0.86; CMJ with hands on the hips and the snatch r=0.93 r2= 0.86, clean and jerk r= 0.93 r2= 0.86, back squat r= 0.95 r2= 0.90 and deadlift r= 0.94 r2= 0.88; for the SJA and the snatch r=0.8 r2= 0.64, clean and jerk r=0.81 r2= 0.65, back squat r=0.82 r2= 0.67 and deadlift r=0.78 r2= 0.60; for the SJ with hands on the hips and the snatch r= 0.76 r2= 0.57, clean and jerk r= 0.75 r2= 0.56, back squat r= 0.77 r2= 0.59 and deadlift r= 0.71 r2= 0.50. Significant correlation coefficients were not found for 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift and the CMJ or SJ with and without arm swing in any of the following parameters: jump height (m), relative force (% of body weight), relative power output (W/kg of body weight).CONCLUSION The main finding is that the jump height (m) of the CMJ or SJ with or without arm swing did not correlate significantly with 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift. Therefore, jump height measurement can be used as a motivation tool but not to predict maximum strength in Olympic bar exercises, or vice versa. We recommend using the average power output (W) parameter in the CMJ with using arms as a predictor of current performance level in exercises with an Olympic bar for men and women.Key words: snatch, clean and jerk, squat, deadlift, countermovement jump, squat jump
Trends in Body Mass Index among Children with Mild and Moderate Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Králíková Jitka , Válková Hana 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, worldwide obesity has increased both in the adult as well as childhood populations. Research shows that obesity nowadays is associated with still younger age. What is currently becoming the focal point of attention is the prevalence of obesity in people with intellectual disabilities whose physical and mental limitations affect, to a certain degree, their daily lives. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data for the childhood population with intellectual disabilities.This research seeks to compare trends in BMI indicators and eating habits among children with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities who live with their families as opposed to those who are provided for at Children’s home in region Zlín in the Czech Republic. The research method used was quantitative and comparative research approached deductively. BMI indicators were determined by means of InBody analyser. Eating habits data were collected through a questionnaire of our own design which is standardly used in the Special Olympics Healthy Athlete Project. The BMI trends were observed in twelve children from two primary schools. We have concluded that children with mild ID who are provided for at the children’s home do not tend to be obesity, rather they have a proclivity to overweight or normal BMI and children with moderate ID have a proclivity to normal BMI or underweight. As emerged from case histories, only children with moderate ID living with their own families tend to have obesity or normal BMI but children with mild ID living with their own families tend to have overweight or normal BMI. Obesity and overweight are connected only with boys.Children’s weight remained the same within the existing BMI ranges. Summer holidays in children with mild ID and moderate ID living in children’s home had no verifiable effect on the BMI indicators. Children living in their own families had a subsequent weight rise before summer holiday (June 2017, June 2018) and a weight loss after holiday (September 2017, September 2018). Summer holiday influences the BMI indicators in children with mild ID and moderate ID living in their families. The research further shows that children with mild ID and moderate ID being cared for in the institutional environment have a healthier diet than children with mild ID and moderate ID living with their families.The conclusions of the research may serve as a recommendation for parents to pay more attention to their children’s diet as well as their physical activity.
The Local Festival of Kampos: A Fictional Narrative of Place, Space and Interiority
Authors: Vidali Maria 
Published: February 2020

This article is created out of the architectural space and narratives of village life. The narratives concern the interiority of life in Kampos, a farming village on the Greek Cycladic island of Tinos, on the day when the village celebrates the Holy Trinity, its patron saint. The village area on this festive day is depicted in the movement of the families from their houses to the church, the procession from the patron saint’s church to a smaller church through the main village street, and, finally, in the movement of the villagers back to speci!c houses. Through a series of spatial and social layers, the meaning of the communal table on the day of the festival, where food is shared, is reached. A series of negotiations create a different space, where the public, private and communal blend and reveal different layers of “interiority” through which this community is bounded and connected. In this article, I follow the revelation and discovery of truth through fiction, story or myth, as argued by the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur.
Reading Between the Lines: Revealing Interiority
Authors: Atmodiwirjo Paramita , Yatmo Yandi Andri 
Published: February 2020

Words, texts and narratives have the potential to reveal the complexity of interiority; they can tell stories beyond the physical materiality of space to reveal spatial occupation, address social and cultural issues embedded in space and capture the trajectories of inhabitation over time. This issue of Interiority addresses writing and reading as a form of inquiry towards the idea of interiority being embedded within the represented forms of architecture and interior. The articles in this issue demonstrate various forms of inquiry concerning the idea of interiority through various media of ‘writing,’ then explore how their reading becomes a way of revealing interiority.
Epidemiological scenario of dengue in the state of Manipur during the last 3 years
Authors: Singh Leimapokpam Shivadutta , Singh Rajkumar Manojkumar , Singh Huidrom Lokhendro 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThe study of disease transmission of dengue fever (DF) is perplexing in the Indian subcontinent as all the four serotypes are circling. Also, there is no efficient epidemiological examination done on dengue cases in Manipur, a north-eastern territory of India.MethodWe utilized the dengue information extricated from the lab register of Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) from 2016 to 2018. All presumed outpatient and inpatients dengue cases from open and private health-care facilities are incorporated into the VRDL database whose informed consent were gotten.ResultsA sum of 1689 instances of associated patients with dengue infection was tried for dengue ELISA test and 272 (16.10%) samples were seen as seropositive. The month-wise conveyance of dengue cases is very intriguing as the three years of study demonstrates a variation design in perception. In all the three years dengue seropositive cases were seen higher in the male populace. Be that as it may, there is no noteworthy incentive to the inspiration of dengue seropositive towards male than female.ConclusionOur examination exhibits a comparative epidemiological investigation on seroprevelance of dengue in the province of Manipur for three years. This is an endeavour to show epidemiological dengue seroprevelance in the territory of Manipur which in future would be a reference from general wellbeing worries for making up essential move intend to shorten the spread of dengue.
Serum Protein Analysis of Nurse Sharks
Authors: AtallahBenson Leila , Merly Liza , Cray Carolyn , Hammerschlag Neil 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis (EPH) is used to assess relative concentrations of blood proteins in clinical and biological studies. Serum EPH fractions have been determined for elasmobranchs using mammalian albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions, and have been deemed fractions 1 through 5, respectively. However, serum EPH fraction concentration reference intervals (RIs) have not been widely established for different elasmobranch species. In this study, RIs for fractions 1 through 5 were determined from 45 wild-caught Nurse Sharks Ginglymostoma cirratum (27 females and 23 males) in South Florida. Serum samples were isolated from whole blood following caudal venipuncture. Body condition was also measured in the field to assess the relative health of the individuals sampled. There was no relationship between body condition and serum EPH fraction concentrations. In addition, there was no difference in body condition or serum EPH fraction concentrations between females and males. Total solids and total protein values were significantly different (P &lt;0.001). Nurse Shark serum EPH fraction 1 was found within the mammalian albumin migrating band distance and was negligible. Fraction 2 showed no peak in the mammalian alpha 1-globulin range. A thin, medium peak in the mammalian alpha 2-globulin range represented fraction 3. In the mammalian beta-globulin range, fraction 4 consisted of the majority of protein observed. It was represented by a smooth, broad peak. A short, medium broad peak in the mammalian gamma-globulin range represented fraction 5. The Nurse Shark serum EPH fraction RIs provided in this study may be utilized to clinically evaluate the health of Nurse Sharks in captivity and in the wild, and to compare the health of their populations around the world experiencing various anthropogenic stressors and other environmental impacts.
Zeolitic Imidazole Framework: Metal–Organic Framework Subfamily Members for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Khandelwal Gaurav , Maria Joseph Raj Nirmal Prashanth , Kim Sang‐Jae 
Published: February 2020

AbstractZeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF), a subfamily of metal–organic framework (MOF), offers excellent chemical and thermal stability in addition to other MOF advantages. The triboelectric series predominantly consist of few metals and mainly polymers that are not suitable for the development of sensors with high selectivity and specificity. The development of multifunctional, tunable materials is of utmost importance for extending the applications of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The TENG based on the ZIF subfamily materials (ZIF‐7, ZIF‐9, ZIF‐11, and ZIF‐12) is reported here. The surface roughness, structural, morphological, and surface potential analysis reveals the detailed characteristics of the ZIF family members. The ZIFs and Kapton are used as triboelectric layers for the ZIF‐TENG fabrication. The device is analyzed in detail for its electrical performance (voltage, current, charge, stability, load matching analysis, and capacitor charging). The ZIF‐7 TENG generates the highest output of 60 V and 1.1 µA in vertical contact‐separation mode. Finally, various low‐power electronics are successfully driven with the capacitor charged by the output of the ZIF‐7 TENG.
Alternating Current Photovoltaic Effect
Authors: Zou Haiyang , Dai Guozhang , Wang Aurelia Chi , Li Xiaogan , Zhang Steven L. , Ding Wenbo , Zhang Lei , Zhang Ying , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is well known that the photovoltaic effect produces a direct current (DC) under solar illumination owing to the directional separation of light‐excited charge carriers at the p–n junction, with holes flowing to the p‐side and electrons flowing to the n‐side. Here, it is found that apart from the DC generated by the conventional p–n photovoltaic effect, there is another new type of photovoltaic effect that generates alternating current (AC) in the nonequilibrium states when the illumination light periodically shines at the junction/interface of materials. The peak current of AC at high switching frequency can be much higher than that from DC. The AC cannot be explained by the established mechanisms for conventional photovoltaics; instead, it is suggested to be a result of the relative shift and realignment between the quasi‐Fermi levels of the semiconductors adjacent to the junction/interface under the nonequilibrium conditions, which results in electron flow in the external circuit back and forth to balance the potential difference between two electrodes. By virtue of this effect, the device can work as a high‐performance broadband photodetector with extremely high sensitivity under zero bias; it can also work as a remote power source providing extra power output in addition to the conventional photovoltaic effect.