bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to evaluate the outflow tract of LVAD after minimally invasive implantation by 3D CT‐scan
Authors: Gallo Michele , Spigolon Luca , Bejko Jonida , Gerosa Gino , Bottio Tomaso 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDuring a minimally invasive implantation technique, the outflow graft of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is tunnelled blindly through the pericardium or left pleura, with an inability to assess for twisting or malposition. Three‐dimensional computed tomography scan (CT‐scan) has a role in qualitative evaluation of the different outflow tract configurations. The different surgical minimally invasive approaches include: (a) mini‐sternotomy and left mini‐thoracotomy, (b) right mini‐thoracotomy and left mini‐thoracotomy, (c) subclavian artery access and left mini‐thoracotomy. The outflow graft could be anastomosed to the left axillary artery or the ascending aorta. CT‐scan reconstruction using syngo InSpace4D (Siemens, Muenchen, Germany) was used to provide fast segmentation and high‐resolution images. The 3D reconstructions permit an evaluation of different anastomosis configurations and to assess the route of outflow graft.
Impact of EU regulatory label changes for diclofenac in people with cardiovascular disease in four countries: Interrupted time series regression analysis
Authors: Morales Daniel R. , Morant Steven V. , MacDonald Thomas M. , Hallas Jesper , Ernst Martin Thomsen , Pottegard Anton , Herings Ron M.C. , Smits Elisabeth , Overbeek Jetty A. , Mackenzie Isla S. , Doney Alexander S.F. , Mitchell Lyn , Bennie Marion , Robertson Chris , Wei Li , Nicholson Lizzie , Morris Carole , Flynn Robert W.V. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveDue to cardiovascular safety concerns, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended new contraindications and changes to product information for diclofenac across Europe in 2013. This study aims to measure their impact among targeted populations.MethodQuarterly interrupted time series regression (ITS) analyses of diclofenac initiation among cohorts with contraindications (congestive cardiac failure [CHF], ischaemic heart disease [IHD], peripheral arterial disease [PAD], cerebrovascular disease [CVD]) and cautions (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes) from Denmark, the Netherlands, England and Scotland.ResultsThe regulatory action was associated with significant immediate absolute reductions in diclofenac initiation in all countries for IHD (Denmark −0.08%, 95%CI −0.13, −0.03; England −0.09%, 95%CI −0.13 to −0.06%; the Netherlands −1.84%, 95%CI −2.51 to −1.17%; Scotland −0.34%, 95%CI −0.38 to −0.30%), PAD and hyperlipidaemia, the Netherlands, England and Scotland for hypertension and diabetes, and England and Scotland for CHF and CVD. Post‐intervention there was a significant negative trend in diclofenac initiation in the Netherlands for IHD (−0.12%, 95%CI −0.19 to −0.04), PAD (−0.13%, 95%CI −0.22 to −0.05), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, and in Scotland for CHF (−0.01%, 95%CI −0.02 to −0.007%), IHD (−0.017, 95%CI −0.02, −0.01%), PAD and hypertension. In England, diclofenac initiation rates fell less steeply. In Denmark changes were more strongly associated with the earlier EMA 2012 regulatory action.ConclusionAlthough significant reductions in diclofenac initiation occurred, patients with contraindications continued to be prescribed diclofenac, the extent of which varied by country and target condition. Understanding reasons for such variation may help to guide the design or dissemination of future safety warnings.
Human disturbance has contrasting effects on niche partitioning within carnivore communities
Authors: Sévêque Anthony , Gentle Louise K. , López‐Bao José V. , Yarnell Richard W. , Uzal Antonio 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTAmong species, coexistence is driven partly by the partitioning of available resources. The mechanisms of coexistence and competition among species have been a central topic within community ecology, with particular focus on mammalian carnivore community research. However, despite growing concern regarding the impact of humans on the behaviour of species, very little is known about the effect of humans on species interactions. The aim of this review is to establish a comprehensive framework for the impacts of human disturbance on three dimensions (spatial, temporal and trophic) of niche partitioning within carnivore communities and subsequent effects on both intraguild competition and community structure. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on carnivore niche partitioning (246 studies) and extracted 46 reported effects of human disturbance. We found evidence that human disturbance impacts resource partitioning, either positively or negatively, in all three niche dimensions. The repercussions of such variations are highly heterogeneous and differ according to both the type of human disturbance and how the landscape and/or availability of resources are affected. We propose a theoretical framework of the three main outcomes for the impacts of human disturbance on intraguild competition and carnivore community structure: (i) human disturbance impedes niche partitioning, increasing intraguild competition and reducing the richness and diversity of the community; (ii) human disturbance unbalances niche partitioning and intraguild competition, affecting community stability; and (iii) human disturbance facilitates niche partitioning, decreasing intraguild competition and enriching the community. We call for better integration of the impact of humans on carnivore communities in future research on interspecific competition.
Hypercapnia promotes microglial pyroptosis via inhibiting mitophagy in hypoxemic adult rats
Authors: Ding Hong‐guang , Li Ya , Li Xu‐sheng , Liu Xin‐qiang , Wang Kang‐rong , Wen Miao‐yun , Jiang Wen‐qiang , Zeng Hong‐ke 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypoxemia is a typical symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome. To avoid pulmonary morbidity, low tidal volume ventilation is often applied. The ventilation strategy will certainly cause hypercapnia. This study aimed to explore whether hypercapnia would promote microglial pyroptosis via inhibiting mitophagy in adult rats with hypoxemia.MethodsThe cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (CERO2) and partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2) in a rat model of hypercapnia/hypoxemia were assessed. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of LC3‐II/I, p62, caspase‐1, gasdermin D‐N domains (GSDMD‐N), IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in microglial cells were detected.ResultsHypercapnia decreased the PbtO2 levels of the hypoxic rats, which was further evidenced by the increased levels of CERO2. Expression levels of LC3‐II were reduced, while p62 expression was increased by hypercapnia in hypoxic microglia. Hypercapnia increased the production of ROS and the expression of caspase‐1, GSDMD‐N, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in hypoxia‐activated microglia. Scavenging ROS inhibited microglial pyroptosis and expression of IL‐1β and IL‐18.ConclusionsThese results suggest that hypercapnia‐induced mitophagy inhibition may promote pyroptosis and enhance IL‐1β and IL‐18 release in hypoxia‐activated microglia.
B3GNT5 is a novel marker correlated with stem‐like phenotype and poor clinical outcome in human gliomas
Authors: Jeong Hang Yeon , Park Seo‐Young , Kim Hyun‐Jin , Moon Seungju , Lee Seongsoo , Lee Seung Ho , Kim Sung‐Hak 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal tumor with a median patient survival of 14 to 15 months. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) play a critical role in tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance in GBM. B3GNT5 has been suggested as the key glycosyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the (neo‐) lacto series of glycosphingolipid. In this study, we evaluated the B3GNT5 expression in GSCs as well as the correlation with clinical data in GBM.MethodsThe mRNA levels of B3GNT5 in normal astrocytes, four glioma cell lines, and four GSCs were evaluated using real‐time PCR. Small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were used to inhibit B3GNT5 expression and analyze its ability to form neurospheres. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the association with B3GNT5 expression and tumor grade and GBM subtypes as well as patient survival using public datasets.ResultsB3GNT5 expression was significantly elevated in GSCs compared with normal astrocytes, glioma cell lines, and their matched differentiated tumor cells. Knockdown of B3GNT5 in GSCs decreased the neurosphere formation. Patients with high B3GNT5 expression had a short overall survival. B3GNT5 is correlated with classical and mesenchymal GBM subtypes.ConclusionThe findings suggest the central role of B3GNT5 in regulating malignancy of GBM.
Modern therapies in atopic dermatitis: biologics and small molecule drugs
Authors: Worm Margitta , Francuzik Wojciech , Kraft Magdalena , Alexiou Aikaterina 
Published: July 2020

SummaryAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent, chronic remittent skin disease. The pathophysiology of AD has been increasingly understood within the last years, which may help to identify different endotypes suitable for defined therapies in the future. A patient‐oriented therapy considers phenotypical features in addition to genetic and biological markers. The most recent developments in biologics and small‐molecule drugs for AD treatment are presented in this article. These molecules, if approved, could change the perspectives for future therapies.Dupilumab is the first approved biologic for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adolescence and adulthood and has led to a significant improvement in the treatment of this chronic disease. In the present article we present real‐life data on the efficacy of dupilumab in adult dermatitis patients. We also discuss other data relevant to the use of dupilumab, and address open questions important for the standard care of atopic dermatitis patients.
Entrepreneurial ecosystems as a bridging concept? A conceptual contribution to the debate on entrepreneurship and regional development
Authors: Lange Bastian , Schmidt Suntje 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the potential of considering entrepreneurial ecosystems as a bridging concept that enables a trans‐disciplinary exchange. We aim to contribute to the debate by offering a perspective that takes entrepreneurial ecosystems out of their systemic—often geographically fixed—notion of administrative and territorial boundaries by offering a novel conceptual understanding of it. So far, entrepreneurial ecosystems are appreciated for first exhibiting conceptual strengths in terms of integrating entrepreneurs as economic actors (rather than firms as the smallest unit of analysis), and, second, considering entrepreneurship as a process that focuses on the co‐evolution of entrepreneurial activities and their institutional environment. Criticism of this concept arises on its simplification by translating social elements into entrepreneurial ecosystem terminologies and on focusing on quantifiable indicators for measuring and comparing regional ecosystems rather than appreciating the complexity and interrelatedness of qualitative dimensions and their temporal dynamics. Against this background, we first argue for expanding the debate on entrepreneurial ecosystems by paying particular attention to the spatial as well as to temporal dynamics of entrepreneurship and its environment. Second, we regard entrepreneurial ecosystems as a communicative bridge that enables a fruitful exchange between academic disciplines and practitioners rather than approaching the concept as a mono‐disciplinary theoretical framework.
Imprinting, immunodominance, and other impediments to generating broad influenza immunity
Authors: Knight Matthew , Changrob Siriruk , Li Lei , Wilson Patrick C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNatural influenza virus infections and seasonal vaccinations often do not confer broadly neutralizing immunity across diverse influenza strains. In addition, the virus is capable of rapid antigenic drift in order to evade pre‐existing immunity. The surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase can easily mutate their immunodominant epitopes without impacting fitness. Skewing human antibody repertoires to target more conserved epitopes is thus an expanding area of research: Many groups are attempting to produce universal influenza vaccines that can protect across a wide variety of strains. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how infection history impacts humoral responses. It will also require the ability to manipulate or enhance B cell selection in order to expand clones that can recognize subdominant but protective epitopes. In this review, we will discuss what immune imprinting means to immunologists and describe efforts to overcome or silence imprinting in order to improve vaccination efficiency.
Augmented reality and competition in robotics education: Effects on 21st century competencies, group collaboration and learning motivation
Authors: Chen Ching‐Huei , Yang Chin‐Kun , Huang Kun , Yao Kai‐Chao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRobotics education has received an increasing attention in recent years as a means to build students' motivation, team collaboration skills, and other valuable 21st century competencies. Yet there is a lack of experimental studies to investigate and identify strategies to facilitate robotics education. This study adopted a 2 × 2 quasi‐experimental design to investigate two strategies: the incorporation of augmented reality (AR) and the introduction of competition in robotics activities. Students' robotics task performance, team collaboration processes, 21st century learning competencies and learning motivation were measured as dependent variables. The results indicated that AR significantly improved students' motivation, team processes, and 21st century competencies. Moreover, the effects of AR were more pronounced with the competition groups. Implications are drawn to provide guidelines on the use of AR and competition in robotics education.
Novel gene signatures for prognosis prediction in ovarian cancer
Authors: Bao Mingyang , Zhang Lihua , Hu Yueqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOvarian cancer (OV) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Late diagnosis and heterogeneous treatment result to poor survival outcomes for patients with OV. Therefore, we aimed to develop novel biomarkers for prognosis prediction from the potential molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis. Eight eligible data sets related to OV in GEO database were integrated to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) between tumour tissues and normal. Enrichment analyses discovered DEGs were most significantly enriched in G2/M checkpoint signalling pathway. Subsequently, we constructed a multi‐gene signature based on the LASSO Cox regression model in the TCGA database and time‐dependent ROC curves showed good predictive accuracy for 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival. Utility in various types of OV was validated through subgroup survival analysis. Risk scores formulated by the multi‐gene signature stratified patients into high‐risk and low‐risk, and the former inclined worse overall survival than the latter. By incorporating this signature with age and pathological tumour stage, a visual predictive nomogram was established, which was useful for clinicians to predict survival outcome of patients. Furthermore, SNRPD1 and EFNA5 were selected from the multi‐gene signature as simplified prognostic indicators. Higher EFNA5 expression or lower SNRPD1 indicated poorer outcome. The correlation between signature gene expression and clinical characteristics was observed through WGCNA. Drug‐gene interaction was used to identify 16 potentially targeted drugs for OV treatment. In conclusion, we established novel gene signatures as independent prognostic factors to stratify the risk of OV patients and facilitate the implementation of personalized therapies.
Effect of botulinum toxin type A for treating hypertrophic scars: A split‐scar, double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elshahed Ahmad R. , Elmanzalawy Khaled S. , Shehata Hany , ElSaie Mohamed L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypertrophic scars (HS) are a challenging disorder that mostly develops during wound‐healing process following skin injuries.MethodsA split‐scar, double‐blind randomized controlled trial was held to assess the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injection in hypertrophic scars (HS). Thirty patients with old scars (range: 1‐15 years) were treated, with sides randomized to receive treatment with either BTA or 0.9% normal saline once monthly for three consecutive months. Scars were assessed using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) along with digital photograph standardization.ResultsTwenty‐one subjects completed the study. The mean VSS score for the BTA‐treated half of the scars decreased from 7.29 ± 2.327 before injection to 5.33 ± 2.41 following injection which was highly significant (P = .01). For the control half, the mean VSS decreased insignificantly from 7.29 ± 2.327 before injection to 7.10 ± 2.234 following injection (P = .104).ConclusionClinical and cosmetic improvement was demonstrated significantly among the BTA‐treated group. BTA can be an additional and useful tool for improving scar outcomes.
A regional multicomponent intervention for mechanical restraint reduction in acute psychiatric wards
Authors: Guzman‐Parra Jose , Aguilera‐Serrano Carlos , Huizing Evelyn , Bono del Trigo Aguila , Villagrán José María , García‐Sánchez Juan Antonio , Mayoral‐Cleries Fermín 
Published: July 2020

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

A relevant number of restraint prevention programmes have been developed internationally.

In Spain, there is no harmonized policy to prevent the use of restraint.

More studies are necessary to establish which programmes and components are necessary to prevent restraint.

What does the paper add to existing knowledge?

There was a significant decreasing trend in the total number of mechanical restraint hours during the implementation of the intervention.

There was no significant decreasing trend in the number of mechanical restraint episodes.

What are the implications for practice?

Interventions at a regional level aimed at preventing mechanical restraint are feasible in the Spanish context.

All components of the Six Core Strategies could be necessary to prevent episodes of mechanical restraint.

AbstractIntroductionMechanical restraint (MR) is used in many countries, including Spain, where non‐harmonized policies between autonomous communities exist. There is a lack of research about interventions at regional levels to reduce their use.AimTo analyse data on key outcomes during the implementation of a multicomponent intervention in Andalusia (Spain) to reduce the use of MR.MethodEpisodes in a period of 30 months in all wards (N = 20) were analysed. The intervention consisted of five strategies: (a) leadership, (b) analysis of the situation, (c) awareness training for the heads of the wards, (d) unified record of MR and (e) staff training. We analysed the monthly trend of restraint hours and restraint episodes/1,000 bed days using segmented regression.ResultsThere were 206.32 restraint hours and 12.96 restraint episodes/1,000 bed days during the study period. A significant decreasing trend was observed in restraint hours (−1.79%, p < .001), but not in the number of restraint episodes (−0.45%; p = .149).DiscussionThe results coincide with other international studies; however, studies with better designs are required to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.Implications for PracticeInterventions at a regional level aimed at preventing MR are feasible in the Spanish context.
Harry Johnson's “Case for flexible exchange rates”—50 years later
Authors: Obstfeld Maurice 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFifty years ago, Harry G. Johnson published “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates, 1969”, its title echoing Milton Friedman's classic essay of the early 1950s. Though somewhat overlooked today, Johnson's reprise was an important element in the late 1960s debate over the future of the international monetary system. The present paper has three objectives. The first is to lay out the historical context in which Johnson's “Case” was written and read. The second is to examine Johnson's main points and see how they stand up to nearly five decades of experience with floating exchange rates since the end of the Bretton Woods system. The third is to review the most recent academic critiques of exchange‐rate flexibility and ask how fatal they are to Johnson's basic argument. I conclude that the essential case for exchange‐rate flexibility still stands strong.
Role of TaALMT1 malate‐GABA transporter in alkaline pH tolerance of wheat
Authors: Kamran Muhammad , Ramesh Sunita A. , Gilliham Matthew , Tyerman Stephen D. , Bose Jayakumar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMalate exudation through wheat (Triticum aestivum L) aluminium‐activated malate transporter 1 (TaALMT1) confers Al3+ tolerance at low pH, but is also activated by alkaline pH, and is regulated by and facilitates significant transport of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA, a zwitterionic buffer). Therefore, TaALMT1 may facilitate acidification of an alkaline rhizosphere by promoting exudation of both malate and GABA. Here, the performance of wheat near isogenic lines ET8 (Al+3‐tolerant, high TaALMT1 expression) and ES8 (Al+3‐sensitive, low TaALMT1 expression) are compared. Root growth (at 5 weeks) was higher for ET8 than ES8 at pH 9. ET8 roots exuded more malate and GABA at high pH and acidified the rhizosphere more rapidly. GABA and malate exudation was enhanced at high pH by the addition of aluminate in both ET8 and transgenic barley expressing TaALMT1. Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing TaALMT1 acidified an alkaline media more rapidly than controls corresponding to higher GABA efflux. TaALMT1 expression did not change under alkaline conditions but key genes involved in GABA turnover changed in accordance with a high rate of GABA synthesis. We propose that TaALMT1 plays a role in alkaline tolerance by exuding malate and GABA, possibly coupled to proton efflux.
Forgetting memory skepticism
Authors: Frise Matthew , McCain Kevin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMemory skepticism denies our memory beliefs could have any notable epistemic good. One route to memory skepticism is to challenge memory’s epistemic trustworthiness, that is, its functioning in a way necessary for it to provide epistemic justification. In this paper we develop and respond to this challenge. It could threaten memory in such a way that we altogether lack doxastic attitudes. If it threatens memory in this way, then the challenge is importantly self‐defeating. If it does not threaten memory in this way, then the challenge leaves a foundation for an inference to the best explanation response, one we articulate and support.