bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of temperature on Henry's‐law solubility constants: Removing trihalomethanes by aeration
Authors: Thurnau Robert C. , Clark Robert M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany small drinking water systems have faced, or are facing, difficulties in meeting U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act regulations. Aeration is a technology that could be effective in helping small systems meet trihalomethane standards, but its effectiveness is based on Henry's law. Henry's law governs the relationship between the concentration of a volatile organic chemical in liquid and the gas' vapor pressure over that liquid. The higher the Henry's‐law constant, the more readily the compound can be transferred from water to air. Henry's‐law constant is independent of flow rate but, as discussed in this article, is a function of temperature. This article provides information on the relationship of temperature to the value of Henry's‐law constants with the goal of assisting water system managers and operators in optimizing aeration for removing disinfection byproducts.
Pressure surge control strategies revised
Authors: Jung Bong Seog , Karney Bryan W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough transient conditions can pose a serious threat to water system integrity, a wide range of transient design and surge protection strategies are available to owners and operators. These control approaches range from modifications to both basic system and its operation to the installation of dedicated protection devices. This article summarizes a range of transient control procedures, protection devices, and intersystem connections that have often proved to be both effective and economical. Case studies illustrate several surge protection strategies and also warn practitioners that well‐intended but inadequate transient design can actually be detrimental, possibly degrading the transient response. The best transient protection systems are thoughtfully and comprehensively designed and maintained, with final choices balancing key risks and costs.
The effect of mergers and acquisitions on environmental, social and governance performance and market value: Evidence from EU acquirers
Authors: Tampakoudis Ioannis , Anagnostopoulou Evgenia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study explores the effect of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on market value and performance in the context of mergers and acquisitions. We examine whether acquisition of targets with better ESG performance can help acquirers to increase their own ESG performance and whether the market values the increased ESG performance positively. Moreover, we explore whether the acquisition of targets with better ESG performance affects the market value of acquirers. For this study, we utilize a sample of 100 European mergers and acquisitions between 2003 and 2017, for which matching data on the ESG performance of both the target and acquiring firms are available. Our results show that the postmerger ESG performance of the acquirer increases following the acquisition of a target that has higher ESG performance than that of the acquirer in the premerger stage, whereas the postmerger market value of the acquirer increases following an increase in the acquirer's postmerger ESG performance in relation to its premerger ESG performance. Finally, we provide partial evidence of a positive relationship between the postmerger market value of the acquirer and the acquisition of a target with higher ESG performance than itself in the premerger stage.
An Engineered E. coli Strain for Direct in Vivo Fluorination
Authors: Markakis Konstantinos , Lowe Phillip T. , Davison‐Gates Liam , O'Hagan David , Rosser Susan J. , Elfick Alistair 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSelectively fluorinated compounds are found frequently in pharmaceutical and agrochemical products where currently 25–30 % of optimised compounds emerge from development containing at least one fluorine atom. There are many methods for the site‐specific introduction of fluorine, but all are chemical and they often use environmentally challenging reagents. Biochemical processes for C−F bond formation are attractive, but they are extremely rare. In this work, the fluorinase enzyme, originally identified from the actinomycete bacterium Streptomyces cattleya, is engineered into Escherichia coli in such a manner that the organism is able to produce 5′‐fluorodeoxyadenosine (5′‐FDA) from S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) and fluoride in live E. coli cells. Success required the introduction of a SAM transporter and deletion of the endogenous fluoride efflux capacity in order to generate an E. coli host that has the potential for future engineering of more elaborate fluorometabolites.
A study on volatile metabolites screening by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS and HS‐GC‐IMS for discrimination and characterization of white and yellowed rice
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxu , Dai Zhen , Fan Xiaojing , Liu Meng , Ma Jianfei , Shang Wenting , Liu Jinguang , Strappe Padraig , Blanchard Chris , Zhou Zhongkai 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesYellowed rice results in serious economic losses to grain industry. This study attempted to profile the volatile metabolites in before‐ and after‐yellowing rice of five Chinese common rice cultivars. Application untargeted metabolomics approach to discover the biomarkers in yellowed rice.FindingsThe volatile metabolites were detected by headspace‐gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS) and headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS). Yellowed rice emitted more aldehydes, alcohols, furan, and less ester than white rice. Partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) based on GC‐MS and GC‐IMS data was revealed a good classifying tool for white and yellowed rice. Hexanal, nonanal, octanal, 1‐pentanol, and 2‐pentyl‐furan were selected as the potential markers by the variable importance in projection (VIP) variable selection method. All of these markers were associated with fatty acid oxygenation.ConclusionsComparative analysis and biomarker identification of the volatile metabolites of different cultivars of Chinese yellowed rice lay a foundation for research on yellowing mechanism.Significance and noveltyThe results of the current study provide a useful basis in the rice yellowing mechanism study. Additionally, a rapid rice aroma analysis method using GC‐IMS was developed. So in the future, yellowed rapid reorganization GC‐IMS technology could be a preferred choice.
Trends der chemischen Prozessindustrie
Authors: Schäfer Bernhard , Sauer Jörg 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAktuelle Trends aus der chemischen Prozesstechnik im Rahmen der Begleitforschung des Forschungsnetzwerkes Energie in Industrie und Gewerbe (EE4InG) werden vorgestellt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass die Trends zirkuläre Wirtschaft und beschleunigte globalisierte Innovation (Modularisierung, Prozessintensivierung und Digitalisierung) bis 2030 auf die Chemieindustrie wirken. Die Technologieentwicklung anhand dieser Trends erlaubt es dem Chemieingenieurswesen, zukünftig entscheidende Beiträge zur Flexibilisierung und Defossilisierung der Wertschöpfungsketten zu leisten.
Evolution of neural processing for visual perception in vertebrates
Authors: Knudsen Eric I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVisual perception requires both visual information and attention. This review compares, across classes of vertebrates, the functional and anatomical characteristics of (a) the neural pathways that process visual information about objects, and (b) stimulus selection pathways that determine the objects to which an animal attends. Early in the evolution of vertebrate species, visual perception was dominated by information transmitted via the midbrain (retinotectal) visual pathway, and attention was probably controlled primarily by a selection network in the midbrain. In contrast, in primates, visual perception is dominated by information transmitted via the forebrain (retinogeniculate) visual pathway, and attention is mediated largely by networks in the forebrain. In birds and nonprimate mammals, both the retinotectal and retinogeniculate pathways contribute critically to visual information processing, and both midbrain and forebrain networks play important roles in controlling attention. The computations and processing strategies in birds and mammals share some strikingly similar characteristics despite over 300 million years of independent evolution and being implemented by distinct brain architectures. The similarity of these functional characteristics suggests that they provide valuable advantages to visual perception in advanced visual systems. A schema is proposed that describes the evolution of the pathways and computations that enable visual perception in vertebrate species.
Study of Interfacial Charge Transfer from an Electron Rich Organic Molecule to CdTe Quantum Dot by using Stern‐Volmer and Stochastic Kinetic Models
Authors: Bharadwaj Kiran , Choudhary Himanshu , Hazra Soumitra , Ghosh Subhadip 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhotoinduced electron transfer (PET) from N‐methylaniline (NMA) to a photoexcited CdTe quantum dot (QD*) is studied in toluene. The PET mechanism at low to moderate quencher (NMA) concentrations (<0.08 M) remains mostly collisional with some contributions from QD‐NMA complex formation. However, at high quencher concentrations (>0.10 M), QDs form larger numbers of static complexes with NMA molecules leading to a steep positive deviation in the steady‐state Stern–Volmer curves. An isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) study confirms the formation of QD‐NMA complexes (K∼150 M−1) at high quencher concentrations. Fitting our experimental data using a stochastic kinetic model indicates that the number of NMA molecules attached per QD at highest NMA concentration (∼0.16 M) used in this study decreases from ∼0.76 to ∼0.47 with reducing the QD size from ∼5.2 nm to ∼3.2 nm. However, the PET rate increases with decreasing QD size, which is commensurate with the observation that the chemical driving force (ΔG) increases with decreasing the QD particle size. We have analyzed the PET kinetics mainly by using Stern‐Volmer fittings. However, in some cases Tachiya's stochastic kinetic model is used for stoichiometric analysis, which seems to be useful only at high quencher concentrations. The measured PET rate coefficients in all the cases are found to be at least an order of magnitude lower when compared to the diffusion‐controlled rate of the reaction medium.
Linking genetic maps and simulation to optimize breeding for wheat flowering time in current and future climates
Authors: Bogard Matthieu , Biddulph Ben , Zheng Bangyou , Hayden Matthew , Kuchel Haydn , Mullan Dan , Allard Vincent , Gouis Jacques Le , Chapman Scott C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn Australian wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) production, optimizing wheat phenology is essential for yield potential and to avoid stress, especially around flowering. Breeding could be accelerated by identifying key loci and developing models to predict genotype flowering times under different pedoclimatic scenarios. Here, association genetics for heading date, earliness components (photoperiod sensitivity [PS]; vernalization requirement [VR]; earlinessper se[EPS]) and simulation model (APSIM) phenology parameters from a panel of Australian cultivars and breeding lines identified loci with stable, repeatable effects. Major chromosomal regions with stable effects included thePpd‐D1region on chromosome 2D for PS and EPS, one region on 5B for PS, one region on 6B for EPS, and theVrn‐A1region on 5A for VR. Regions with stable, smaller effects were detected on 1A and 2D for PS, on 5A and 6B for EPS, and on 1A and 5D for VR. Other regions with stable effects on heading date and earliness components were located on 1A, 2B, 4B, 5B, 6B and 7B (PS and EPS), 2A, 3A and 7A (EPS and VR). Quantitative trait loci (QTL)–based model parameters were used to simulate heading dates across the Australian wheat belt for set of independent genotypes. Comparisons of average observed and predicted heading dates for four main regions of the Australian wheat belt showed good performance in prediction of independent lines from QTL information alone (r2= .61–.83). The model allows testing of putative genotypes under various pedoclimatic scenarios including for adaptation to anticipated climate changes.
Trophic redundancy and predator size class structure drive differences in kelp forest ecosystem dynamics
Authors: Eisaguirre Jacob H. , Eisaguirre Joseph M. , Davis Kathryn , Carlson Peter M. , Gaines Steven D. , Caselle Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEcosystems are changing at alarming rates because of climate change and a wide variety of other anthropogenic stressors. These stressors have the potential to cause phase shifts to less productive ecosystems. A major challenge for ecologists is to identify ecosystem attributes that enhance resilience and can buffer systems from shifts to less desirable alternative states. In this study, we used the Northern Channel Islands, California, as a model kelp forest ecosystem that had been perturbed from the loss of an important sea star predator due to a sea star wasting disease. To determine the mechanisms that prevent phase shifts from productive kelp forests to less productive urchin barrens, we compared pre‐ and postdisease predator assemblages as predictors of purple urchin densities. We found that prior to the onset of the disease outbreak, the sunflower sea star exerted strong predation pressures and was able to suppress purple urchin populations effectively. After the disease outbreak, which functionally extirpated the sunflower star, we found that the ecosystem response—urchin and algal abundances—depended on the abundance and/or size of remaining predator species. Inside Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), the large numbers and sizes of other urchin predators suppressed purple urchin populations resulting in kelp and understory algal growth. Outside of the MPAs, where these alternative urchin predators are fished, less abundant, and smaller, urchin populations grew dramatically in the absence of sunflower stars resulting in less kelp at these locations. Our results demonstrate that protected trophic redundancy inside MPAs creates a net of stability that could limit kelp forest ecosystem phase shifts to less desirable, alternative states when perturbed. This highlights the importance of harboring diversity and managing predator guilds.
Intraspecific variation influences performance of moss transplants along microclimate gradients
Authors: Merinero Sonia , Dahlberg C. Johan , Ehrlén Johan , Hylander Kristoffer 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIdentifying the environmental drivers of population dynamics is crucial to predict changes in species abundances and distributions under climate change. Populations of the same species might differ in their responses as a result of intraspecific variation. Yet the importance of such differences remains largely unexplored. We examined the responses of latitudinally distant populations of the forest moss Hylocomiastrum umbratum along microclimate gradients in Sweden. We transplanted moss mats from southern and northern populations to 30 sites with contrasting microclimates (i.e., replicated field common gardens) within a forest landscape, and recorded growth and survival of individual shoots over 3 yr. To evaluate the importance of intraspecific variation in responses to environmental factors, we assessed effects of the interactions between population origin and microclimate drivers on growth and survival. Effects on overall performance of transplanted populations were estimated using the product of survival and growth. We found differences between southern and northern populations in the response to summer temperature and snowmelt date in one of three yearly transitions. In this year, southern populations performed better in warm, southern‐like conditions than in cold, northern‐like conditions; and the reverse pattern was true for northern populations. Survival of all populations decreased with evaporation, consistent with the high hydric demands and poikilohydric nature of mosses. Our results are consistent with population adaptation to local climate, and suggest that intraspecific variation among populations can have important effects on the response of species to microclimate drivers. These findings highlight the need to account for differential responses in predictions of species abundance and distribution under climate change.
Optimization of binary zeotropic mixture working fluids for an organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery between centrifugal compressor stages
Authors: Lin Jingxiang , Qin Guoliang , Yue Han 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe organic Rankine cycle is an effective way to recover low‐temperature waste heat, and a mixture working fluid can effectively improve the performance of the organic Rankine cycle. In order to find the best pure and mixture working fluid quickly and accurately, thirteen pure working fluids and zeotropic mixtures of two of those fluids are selected to study the performance of the organic Rankine cycle, and the net power output is selected as the objective function. Through calculation and analysis, the best pinch temperature difference and evaporation temperature are determined. By calculating the approximate net power output, we find that the parameter (k·Δs5‐1)−1, which is determined by the physical properties of a working fluid, plays an important role in the pure working fluid optimization. In addition, the condensation temperature glide and (k·Δs5‐1)−1 together determine the optimized binary zeotropic mixture. As a result, R227ea and R227ea/hexane (0.98/0.02) are shown to be the optimal pure working fluid and binary zeotropic mixture. Using this mixture resulted in a net power output of 424.63 kW, which is 29.3% higher than that of the pure working fluid R227ea.
Comprehensive evaluation of sustainable ammonia production systems based on fuzzy multiattribute decision making under hybrid information
Authors: Xu Di , Dong Lichun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe comprehensive evaluation of ammonia production systems is of great significance for improving the sustainability of energy management and food supply. Therefore, an important contribution could be provided by developing a generic decision‐making framework for prioritizing multiple ammonia production systems and identifying the best one. In this view, this paper aims to propose an integrated fuzzy MADM (multiattribute decision making) framework combining fuzzy BWM (best‐worst method), fuzzy CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation), and fuzzy GRP (gray relational projection) approaches for the sustainability assessment of ammonia production systems under hybrid information. Comparing with the previous MADM‐based frameworks for sustainability assessment, this framework adopts the TFN (triangular fuzzy number) to deal with the hybrid information (ie, crisp numbers, interval values, and fuzzy numbers) that arise from real‐world decision‐making issues. Accordingly, the weights of criteria can be comprehensively determined by integrating the fuzzy BWM and fuzzy CRITIC, which balance experts’ subjective preferences and system's objective properties under uncertainties in the determination of the weights, while the sequence of alternatives can be reliably prioritized by extending the GRP into fuzzy conditions, which escalates the ranking capability under hybrid information via considering the relationships and relative balance among the alternatives’ performances regarding the multicriteria. Seven alternative systems were studied by the proposed framework, indicating that ammonia generated from hydropower‐electrolysis and coal gasification would be more preferable than the others, by considering 12 criteria from the concerns of technological, environmental, economic, and social‐political. Additionally, sensitivity analysis and result comparison were conducted to verify the rationality and feasibility of the framework. This work makes a methodological contribution to the MADM‐based sustainability research and serves as a reference for developing the ammonia economy in the future.
Large wood inhibits debris flow runout in forested southeast Alaska
Authors: Booth Adam M. , Sifford Christian , Vascik Bryce , Siebert Cora , Buma Brian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDue to their potentially long runout, debris flows are a major hazard and an important geomorphic process in mountainous environments. Understanding runout is therefore essential to minimize risk in the near‐term and interpret the pace and pattern of debris flow erosion and deposition over geomorphic timescales. Many debris flows occur in forested landscapes where they mobilize large volumes of large woody debris (LWD) in addition to sediment, but few studies have quantitatively documented the effects of LWD on runout. Here, we analyze recent and historic debris flows in southeast Alaska, a mountainous, forested system with minimal human alteration. Sixteen debris flows near Sitka triggered on August 18, 2015 or more recently had volumes of 80 to 25 000 m3 and limited mobility compared to a global compilation of similarly‐sized debris flows. Their deposits inundated 31% of the planimetric area, and their runout lengths were 48% of that predicted by the global dataset. Depositional slopes were 6°–26°, and mobility index, defined as the ratio of horizontal runout to vertical elevation change, ranged from 1.2 to 3, further indicating low mobility. In the broader southeast Alaskan region consisting of Chichagof and Baranof Islands, remote sensing‐based analysis of 1061 historic debris flows showed that mobility index decreased from 2.3–2.5 to 1.4–1.8 as average forest age increased from 0 to 416 years. We therefore interpret that the presence of LWD within a debris flow and standing trees, stumps, and logs in the deposition zone inhibit runout, primarily through granular phenomena such as jamming due to force chains. Calibration of debris flow runout models should therefore incorporate the ecologic as well as geologic setting, and feedbacks between debris flows and vegetation likely control the transport of sediment and organic material through steep, forested catchments over geomorphic time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.