bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MnOx Nanowires@MnOx Nanosheets Core–Shell Heterostructure Electrode for Superior Performance in Supercapacitor
Authors: Ma Zhipeng , Jing Fengyang , Hou Liyin , Fan Lukai , Zhao Yao , Fan Yuqian , Qin Xiujuan 
Published: December 2019

Manganese-based oxides are one of the most promising high-performance supercapacitor (SC) electrode materials. In this work, a stable MnOx nanowires@MnOx nanosheets core–shell heterostructure electrode material consisting of MnOx nanosheets grown uniformly on the surface of MnOx nanowires has been prepared by a simple liquid phase method followed by thermal treatment. The electrode displays a specific capacity of 336 F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 1[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and exhibits a good cycling life of 83% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. This is mainly due to the synergy effect between the one-dimensional MnOx nanowires as the backbone structure and the two-dimensional MnOx nanosheets with large specific surface area provide more active sites and the rapid transmission of electrons.
A Phase IIa Trial of Metformin for Colorectal Cancer Risk Reduction among Individuals with History of Colorectal Adenomas and Elevated Body Mass Index
Authors: Zell Jason A. , McLaren Christine E. , Morgan Timothy R. , Lawson Michael J. , Rezk Sherif , Albers C. Gregory , Chen Wen-Pin , Carmichael Joseph C. , Chung Jinah , Richmond Ellen , Rodriguez L.M. , Szabo Eva , Ford Leslie G. , Pollak Michael N. , Meyskens Frank L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Obesity is associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer. The signaling pathway activated by metformin (LKB1/AMPK/mTOR) is implicated in tumor suppression in ApcMin/+ mice via metformin-induced reduction in polyp burden, increased ratio of pAMPK/AMPK, decreased pmTOR/mTOR ratio, and decreased pS6Ser235/S6Ser235 ratio in polyps. We hypothesized that metformin would affect colorectal tissue S6Ser235 among obese patients with recent history of CRA. A phase IIa clinical biomarker trial was conducted via the U.S. National Cancer Institute-Chemoprevention Consortium. Nondiabetic, obese subjects (BMI ≥30) ages 35 to 80 with recent history of CRA were included. Subjects received 12 weeks of oral metformin 1,000 mg twice every day. Rectal mucosa biopsies were obtained at baseline and end-of-treatment (EOT) endoscopy. Tissue S6Ser235 and Ki-67 immunostaining were analyzed in a blinded fashion using Histo score (Hscore) analysis. Among 32 eligible subjects, the mean baseline BMI was 34.9. Comparing EOT to baseline tissue S6Ser235 by IHC, no significant differences were observed. Mean (SD) Hscore at baseline was 1.1 (0.57) and 1.1 (0.51) at EOT; median Hscore change was 0.034 (P = 0.77). Similarly, Ki-67 levels were unaffected by the intervention. The adverse events were consistent with metformin's known side-effect profile. Among obese patients with CRA, 12 weeks of oral metformin does not reduce rectal mucosa pS6 or Ki-67 levels. Further research is needed to determine what effects metformin has on the target tissue of origin as metformin continues to be pursued as a colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent.
Testing, Stress, and Performance: How Students Respond
Physiologically to High-Stakes Testing
Authors: Heissel Jennifer A. , Adam Emma K. , Doleac Jennifer L. , Figlio David N. , Meer Jonathan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We examine how students’ physiological stress differs between a regular school week and a high-stakes testing week, and we raise questions about how to interpret high-stakes test scores. A potential contributor to socioeconomic disparities in academic performance is the difference in the level of stress experienced by students outside of school. Chronic stress—due to neighborhood violence, poverty, or family instability—can affect how individuals’ bodies respond to stressors in general, including the stress of standardized testing. This, in turn, can affect whether performance on standardized tests is a valid measure of students’ actual ability. We collect data on students’ stress responses using cortisol samples provided by low-income students in New Orleans. We measure how their cortisol patterns change during high-stakes testing weeks relative to baseline weeks. We find that high-stakes testing is related to cortisol responses, and those responses are related to test performance. Those who responded most strongly, with either increases or decreases in cortisol, scored 0.40 standard deviations lower than expected on the high-stakes exam.
Impact-Based Decision Support Services and the Socioeconomic Impacts of Winter Storms
Authors: Lazo Jeffrey K. , Hosterman Heather R. , Sprague-Hilderbrand Jennifer M. , Adkins Jeffery E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAs part of its strategic plan for Building a Weather-Ready Nation, the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) has increased their efforts to provide decision support services connecting forecasts and warnings to decision-making for core partners responsible for public safety. In 2011, the NWS formalized their approach to provide impact-based decision support services (IDSS) to help core partners better understand and utilize NWS forecasts and warnings in the face of upcoming extreme events. IDSS encourages weather forecasters to better consider societal impacts from weather events. This shift in emphasis toward impacts ensures NWS information and services are more relevant to decision-makers, which will allow those decision-makers to use NWS information and services to take proactive mitigating actions to protect life and property. This study posits that formal IDSS provides core partners with better information and supports decisions that reduce socioeconomic impacts during extreme winter storms. We compare two storms in the New York City area with similar characteristics but differing in their implementation of IDSS: the December 2010 storm occurred before the implementation of formal IDSS, whereas the January 2016 storm occurred after the implementation of formal IDSS. The comparison of the storm events indicates that IDSS and mitigating actions reduce flight cancellations, improve recovery time in the ground transportation sector, and reduce the duration and number of customers affected by power outages. We recommend that future studies of the value of IDSS consider using case studies for a range of weather events as well as other methodological approaches to assessing benefits.
Potential Problems Measuring Climate Sensitivity from the Historical Record
Authors: Dessler Andrew E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study investigates potential biases between equilibrium climate sensitivity inferred from warming over the historical period (ECShist) and the climate system’s true ECS (ECStrue). This paper focuses on two factors that could contribute to differences between these quantities. First is the impact of internal variability over the historical period: our historical climate record is just one of an infinity of possible trajectories, and these different trajectories can generate ECShist values 0.3 K below to 0.5 K above (5%–95% confidence interval) the average ECShist. Because this spread is due to unforced variability, I refer to this as the unforced pattern effect. This unforced pattern effect in the model analyzed here is traced to unforced variability in loss of sea ice, which affects the albedo feedback, and to unforced variability in warming of the troposphere, which affects the shortwave cloud feedback. There is also a forced pattern effect that causes ECShist to depart from ECStrue due to differences between today’s transient pattern of warming and the pattern of warming at 2×CO2 equilibrium. Changes in the pattern of warming lead to a strengthening low-cloud feedback as equilibrium is approached in regions where surface warming is delayed: the Southern Ocean, eastern Pacific, and North Atlantic near Greenland. This forced pattern effect causes ECShist to be on average 0.2 K lower than ECStrue (~8%). The net effect of these two pattern effects together can produce an estimate of ECShist as much as 0.5 K below ECStrue.
Dynamical Downscaling of Future Hydrographic Changes over the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Shin Sang-Ik , Alexander Michael A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProjected climate changes along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts were examined using the eddy-resolving Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). First, a control (CTRL) ROMS simulation was performed using boundary conditions derived from observations. Then climate change signals, obtained as mean seasonal cycle differences between the recent past (1976–2005) and future (2070–99) periods in a coupled global climate model under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas trajectory, were added to the initial and boundary conditions of the CTRL in a second (RCP85) ROMS simulation. The differences between the RCP85 and CTRL simulations were used to investigate the regional effects of climate change. Relative to the coarse-resolution coupled climate model, the downscaled projection shows that SST changes become more pronounced near the U.S. East Coast, and the Gulf Stream is further reduced in speed and shifted southward. Moreover, the downscaled projection shows enhanced warming of ocean bottom temperatures along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts, particularly in the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The enhanced warming was related to an improved representation of the ocean circulation, including topographically trapped coastal ocean currents and slope water intrusion through the Northeast Channel into the Gulf of Maine. In response to increased radiative forcing, much warmer than present-day Labrador Subarctic Slope Waters entered the Gulf of Maine through the Northeast Channel, warming the deeper portions of the gulf by more than 4°C.
Extreme Precipitation Events in Northern California during Winter 2016–17: Multiscale Analysis and Climatological Perspective
Authors: Moore Benjamin J. , White Allen B. , Gottas Daniel J. , Neiman Paul J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A multiscale analysis is presented of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in Northern California during winter 2016–17, which caused flooding and contributed substantially to highly anomalous seasonal precipitation totals. The EPEs were characterized by long durations (≥7 days) and involved persistent large-scale flow patterns. The three largest EPEs involved blocking over the Bering Sea–Alaska region. A detailed investigation of the largest EPE, occurring on 2–10 February 2017, reveals that extreme precipitation was produced as four discrete cyclones moved across the eastern North Pacific equatorward of a high-amplitude blocking ridge and impacted the U.S. West Coast in rapid succession. The latter three cyclones developed and moved in conjunction with elongated negatively tilted troughs or PV streamers resulting from repeated episodes of baroclinic development and cyclonic Rossby wave breaking on the upstream flank of the block. Each of the four cyclones interacted with a PV streamer and an associated baroclinic zone established by anticyclonic wave breaking on the downstream flank of the block and, thereby, tracked into the U.S. West Coast. The serial clustering of the cyclones during the 9-day event resulted in persistent water vapor flux and lifting that supported extreme precipitation totals in Northern California. A climatological analysis for 1979–2017 reveals a significant statistical relationship between blocking over the Bering Sea–Alaska region and EPEs in Northern California, indicating that this type of blocking pattern represents a favorable large-scale scenario for extreme precipitation in Northern California.
Nonclassic Evolution of a Cold-Frontal System across the Western United States during the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX)
Authors: Schultz David M. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A cold-frontal passage through northern Utah was studied using observations collected during intensive observing period 4 of the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) on 14–15 February 2000. To illustrate some of its nonclassic characteristics, its origins are considered. The front developed following the landfall of two surface features on the Pacific coast (hereafter, the cold-frontal system). The first feature was a surface pressure trough and wind shift associated with a band of precipitation and rope cloud with little, if any, surface baroclinicity. The second, which made landfall 4 h later, was a wind shift associated with weaker precipitation that possessed a weak temperature drop at landfall (1°C in 9 h), but developed a stronger temperature drop as it moved inland over central California (4°–6°C in 9 h). As the first feature moved into the Great Basin, surface temperatures ahead of the trough increased due to downslope flow and daytime heating, whereas temperatures behind the trough decreased as precipitation cooled the near-surface air. Coupled with confluence in the lee of the Sierra Nevada, this trough developed into the principal baroclinic zone of the cold-frontal system (8°C in less than an hour), whereas the temperature drop with the second feature weakened further. The motion of the surface pressure trough was faster than the posttrough surface winds and was tied to the motion of the short-wave trough aloft. This case, along with previously published cases in the Intermountain West, challenges the traditional conceptual model of cold-frontal terminology, structure, and evolution.
Value of three-dimensional printing of fractures in orthopaedic trauma surgery
Authors: Samaila Elena Manuela , Negri Stefano , Zardini Alessandro , Bizzotto Nicola , Maluta Tommaso , Rossignoli Cecilia , Magnan Bruno 
Published: December 2019

Objective Information technology-based innovation is playing an increasingly key role in healthcare systems. The use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone fracture replicas in orthopaedic clinical practice could provide a new tool for fracture simulations and treatment, and change the interaction between patient and surgeon. We investigated the additional value of 3D-printing in the preparation and execution of surgical procedures and communication with patients, as well as its teaching and economic implications. Methods Fifty-two patients with complex articular displaced fractures of the calcaneus, tibial plateau, or distal radius were enrolled. 3D-printed real-size models of the fractured bone were obtained from computed tomography scans and exported to files suitable for 3D-printing. The models were handled by trauma surgeons, residents, and patients to investigate the potential advantages and procedural improvements. The patients’ and surgeons’ findings were recorded using specific questionnaires. Results 3D-printed replicas of articular fractures facilitated surgical planning and preoperative simulations, as well as training and teaching activities. They also strengthening the informed consent process and reduced surgical times and costs by about 15%. Conclusion 3D-printed models of bone fractures represent a significant step towards more-personalized medicine, with improved education and surgeon–patient relationships.
Large Stem/Progenitor-Like Cell Subsets can Also be Identified in the CD45- and CD45+/High Populations in Early Human Milk
Authors: Valverde-Villegas Jacqueline María , Durand Mélusine , Bedin Anne-Sophie , Rutagwera David , Kankasa Chipepo , Tuaillon Edouard , Nagot Nicolas , Vande Perre Philippe , Molès Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2019

Background Stem/progenitor cells have been identified in human milk. However, characterization and percentages of cell subsets in human milk using hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell markers according to the differential expression of CD45, i.e., as CD45dim/+ (mainly hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells) and CD45- (mainly non-hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells), have not been assessed to date. Research aim To characterize stem/progenitor-like cell phenotypes in human milk and to report the percentages of these cells at two different lactation stages compared to peripheral blood. Methods Human milk samples paired with peripheral blood samples ( N = 10) were analyzed by flow cytometry using CD45, CD34, CD133, CD38, and lineage-negative markers. The percentage of cell subsets was analyzed in colostrum (Day 3 postpartum) and transitional milk (Day 5/6 postpartum) and compared with the peripheral blood counterpart. Results The percentage of CD45-CD34+ cells was predominant in both colostrum and transitional milk. The percentage of CD45+/highCD133+ cells was high in colostrum while the percentage of CD45-CD133+ cells was high in transitional milk. Furthermore, the median percentages of the CD45-CD34+, CD45-CD133+, and CD45dimCD133+ cell subsets were higher in colostrum than its peripheral blood counterpart (0.11% vs. 0.002%; 0.17% vs. 0.0005%; 0.09% vs. 0.05%, p = .04, respectively); also CD45-CD34-CD133+ and CD45dimCD34-CD133+ cell subsets were higher in colostrum than peripheral blood (1.32% vs. 0.0% and 2.4% vs. 0.06%, p = .04), respectively). Conclusion Early human milk is an abundant reservoir of hematopoietic stem/progenitor-like cells in the CD45+/high population and non-hematopoietic stem/progenitor-like cells in the CD45- population.
Satisfaction With Health Care in Families Following a Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and/or Palate in the United Kingdom
Authors: Costa Bruna , White Paul , Stock Nicola Marie 
Published: December 2019

Objective: Having a child born with a cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) poses several challenges for new parents and can have a significant psychological impact on the family as a whole. Previous research has indicated that dissatisfaction with health care is a risk factor for poor parental adjustment and family functioning. Yet, knowledge is lacking in regard to which aspects of care parents may be dissatisfied with. The current study aimed to comprehensively evaluate health-care satisfaction in families following a diagnosis of CL/P by utilizing data collected from a UK-wide birth cohort. Methods: Self-reported questionnaire data were obtained from 517 parent dyads enrolled in The Cleft Collective Birth Cohort Study. The “Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory—Healthcare Satisfaction Generic Module” was used as the primary outcome measure. Results: Overall, parents were satisfied with the care they had received. However, less favorable scores were identified in relation to the information parents had been given. A good degree of agreement between mothers and fathers was observed. However, marginal evidence suggested that fathers were significantly more dissatisfied than mothers regarding the “Communication” and “Inclusion of Family” subscales. Conclusions: Although the findings of this large-scale study reflect overall health-care satisfaction, issues are raised in relation to the quality of information families received, particularly for fathers. In addition, fathers may feel less included in their child’s treatment pathway. These findings offer practical suggestions as to which areas of care could be targeted by all health professionals to improve parents’ health-care experiences and promote overall familial adjustment.
Creative expression workshops as Psychological First Aid (PFA) for asylum-seeking children: An exploratory study in temporary shelters in Montreal
Authors: de Freitas Girardi Júlia , Miconi Diana , Lyke Claire , Rousseau Cécile 
Published: December 2019

Background: Considering the growing number of asylum-seeking children worldwide, research on interventions which may buffer the effects of early resettlement conditions on asylum-seeking children’s adjustment is warranted. In Canada, creative expressive workshops for asylum-seeking children and adolescents were implemented as a Psychological First Aid (PFA) intervention in temporary shelters. The present exploratory study aims to describe the implementation of these workshops to assess whether the intervention met core elements of PFA and explore its potential in supporting the diverse needs of asylum-seeking youth in temporary shelters, adopting a process-evaluation research approach. Method: The intervention was evaluated via a qualitative thematic analysis of extensive field and supervision notes and focus groups with facilitators. Results: Preliminary results suggest that the intervention contributed to fostering emotional safety and a sense of normalcy in children and supported the creation of connections among both children and parents. Children’s expression of past and present experiences during the workshops was seen as a way to promote self-efficacy in children and was reported as a potential way to provide some comfort and hope in a time of high instability. However, the high needs of children and the lack of resources in the temporary shelters represented significant challenges and barriers. Conclusions: PFA using creative expression may be a promising youth mental health prevention intervention in temporary shelters.
Non-inferiority designs comparing placebo to a proven therapy for childhood pneumonia in low-resource settings
Authors: May Susanne , Brown Siobhan P , Schmicker Robert H , Emerson Scott S. , Nkwopara Evangelyn , Ginsburg Amy Sarah 
Published: December 2019

Background/aims: After a new treatment is recommended to be first-line treatment for a specific indication, outcome and population, it may be unethical to use placebo as a comparator in trials for that setting. Nevertheless, in specific circumstances, use of a placebo group might be warranted, for example, when it is believed that an active treatment may not be efficacious or cost-effective for a specific subpopulation. An example is antibiotic treatment for pneumonia, which may not be effective for many patients taking it due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains or the high prevalence of viral and low prevalence of bacterial pneumonia. Methods: We explore the applicability of different design options in cases where the benefit of an established treatment is questioned, with particular emphasis on issues that arise in a low-resource setting. Using the example of a clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of placebo versus amoxicillin in treating children 2–59 months of age with fast breathing pneumonia in Lilongwe, Malawi, we discuss the pros and cons of superiority versus non-inferiority designs, an intent-to-treat versus as-treated analysis and the use and interpretation of one- versus two-sided confidence intervals. Results: We find that a non-inferiority design using an intent-to-treat analysis is the most appropriate design and analysis option. In addition, the presentation of one- versus two-sided confidence intervals can depend on the results but can maintain type I error. Conclusion: In the setting where the benefit of a previously established beneficial treatment is questioned, a non-inferiority design that includes placebo as the tested treatment option can be the most appropriate design option.