bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Mycobacterium smegmatis as indicator of the efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure and ultra-high pressure homogenization treatments for pasteurization-like purposes in milk
Authors: Velázquez-Estrada Rita M. , López-Pedemonte Tomás J. , Hernández-Herrero María Manuela , Roig-Sagués Artur Xavier 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe objectives of this study were: to assess the efficiency of high hydrostatic pressure or ultra-high pressure homogenization against Mycobacterium smegmatis in milk and to discuss whether M. smegmatis can be considered a suitable surrogate for other Mycobacterium spp. in high pressure inactivation trials using milk. Three strains of this specie (CECT 3017, 3020 and 3032) were independently inoculated into both skimmed (0.2% fat) and whole milk (3.4% fat) at an approximate load of 6.5 Log CFU/ml and submitted to HHP treatments at 300, 400 or 500 MPa for 10 m at 6°C and 20°C. Evolution of the surviving cells of the inoculated strains was evaluated analysing milk immediately after the treatments and after 5 and 8 d of storage at 6°C. HHP treatments at 300 MPa were seldom efficient at inactivating M. smegmatis strains, but lethality increased with pressure applied in all cases. Generation of sub-lethal injured cells was observed only after 400 MPa treatments since inactivation at 500 MPa was shown to be complete. Significant differences were not observed due to either temperature of treatment or fat content of milk, except for strain CECT3032, which was shown to be the most sensitive to HHP treatments. Milk inoculated with strain CECT3017 was submitted to ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) treatments at 200, 300 and 400 MPa. Maximum reductions were obtained after 300 and 400 MPa treatments, although less than 3.50 Log CFU/ml were inactivated. UHPH did not cause significant number of injured cells. The usefulness of this species as a marker for pressure-based processing seems limited since it showed greater sensitivity than some pathogenic species including other Mycobacteria reported in previous studies.
A 9-month retrospective evaluation of the aetiology and management of patients presenting with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis at a South London hospital
Authors: Bharucha Tehmina , Nashef Lina , Moran Nick , Watkins Sue , Brown David , Zuckerman Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Encephalitis causes high morbidity and mortality. An incidence of 4.3 cases of encephalitis/100 000 population has been reported in the UK. We performed a retrospective evaluation of the diagnosis and management of adults admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of encephalitis/meningoencephalitis. Clinical, laboratory and radiological data were collated from electronic records. Thirty-six patients, median age 55 years and 24 (67%) male were included. The aetiology was confirmed over nine months in 25 (69%) of whom 16 were infections (six viral, seven bacterial, two parasitic and one viral and parasitic co-infection); 7 autoimmune; 1 metabolic and 1 neoplastic. Of 24 patients with fever, 15 (63%) had an infection. The median time to computed topography, magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG) was 1, 8 and 3 days respectively. Neuroimaging was abnormal in 25 (69%) and 17 (89%) had abnormal EEGs. Only 19 (53%) received aciclovir treatment. Six (17%) made good recoveries, 16 (44%) had moderate disability, 8 (22%) severe disability and 6 (17%) died. Outcomes were worse for those with an infectious cause. In summary, a diagnosis was made in 69.4% of patients admitted with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis. Autoimmune causes are important to consider at an early stage due to a successful response to treatment. Only 53% of patients received aciclovir on admission. Neuroimaging and EEG studies were delayed. The results of this work resulted in further developing the clinical algorithm for managing these patients.
The complexities of selling fruits and vegetables in remote Navajo Nation retail outlets: perspectives from owners and managers of small stores
Authors: Piltch Emily M , Shin Sonya S , Houser Robert F , Griffin Timothy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:Navajo Nation residents experience extreme rates of poverty, food insecurity and diet-related diseases. While many residents travel far to shop at grocery stores, there are small stores closer to home that could provide more healthy options, like fruits and vegetables (F&V). Little is known from the perspective of store owners and managers regarding the barriers and facilitators to offering F&V; the present study contributes to filling that gap.Design:Data were collected through structured interviews from a sampling frame of all store owners or managers in the setting (n 29).Setting:Small stores in Navajo Nation, New Mexico, USA. Navajo Nation is predominantly rural and the largest federally recognized Native American tribe in the USA.Participants:Sixteen managers and six owners at twenty-two stores.Results:When asked about the types of foods that were most commonly purchased at their stores, most participants reported snacks and drinks (82 and 68 %, respectively). Many participants reported they would like to offer more fresh F&V. However, barriers included varying perceived customer demand, limited F&V choices from distributors and (for some managers) limited authority over product selection.Conclusions:Findings contribute to the discussion on engaging store owners and managers in providing quality, healthy foods close to home in low-income, rural regions.
Lack of effective resistance to the virulent race of Colletotrichum lentis in Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris
Authors: Gela Tadesse S. , Banniza Sabine , Vandenberg Albert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAnthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lentis is an important fungal disease of lentil in western Canada. Two known pathogenic C. lentis races, race 0 and race 1 have been identified and current cultivars of lentil have little or no resistance to the virulent race 0. Seven Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris landrace accessions were previously reported to have resistance to C. lentis race 0. In this study, accession VIR-2633, with reported resistance to both races of C. lentis, and seven accessions were assessed for race 0 resistance relative to LR-59-81, an interspecific line derived from a L. culinaris subsp. culinaris × Lens ervoides cross. The results showed a lack of effective resistance to race 0 among the tested L. culinaris accessions when compared to that of LR-59-81. A few sublines displayed modest improvements in resistance compared to the susceptible check ‘Eston’, but were significantly more susceptible than LR-59-81. Moreover, screening of the sublines of accession VIR-2633 identified 12 sublines with resistance to race 1, but all VIR-2633 sublines were susceptible to race 0. The study underlined the importance of wild lentil germplasm for broadening the genetic base of cultivated lentil and their usefulness in disease screening experiments as positive checks.
Multi‐Centennial‐Scale Variations of South American Summer Monsoon Intensity in the Southern Central Andes (24–27°S) During the Late Holocene
Authors: Kock Sebastian T. , Schittek Karsten , Mächtle Bertil , Maldonado Antonio , Vos Heinz , Lupo Liliana C. , Kulemeyer Julio J. , Wissel Holger , Schäbitz Frank , Lücke Andreas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOxygen isotope records of cushion‐plant peat cellulose from the southern central Andes capture evidence for significant environmental changes. We observe that the δ18Ocell peatland record from Cerro Tuzgle (24°S) is in high conformity with the respective Lagunillas peatland record (27°S). During the late Holocene, two significant fluctuations occurred and are interpreted as regional moisture signals with increased precipitation amounts indicated during multi‐centennial phases from 1,530 to 1,270 cal. yr BP and from 470 to 70 cal. yr BP. These fluctuations can be best explained by changes in the strength of the South American summer monsoon (SASM). This interpretation is further supported by consistency with northern Andean paleoclimate records (10–13°S) and very high correlation (R2 = 0.76) with the Southern Oscillation Index. The congruent precipitation signals suggest the persistent climatic control of the SASM‐strength in this latitudinal band during the last 1,800 years.
Southern Annular Mode Influence on Wintertime Ventilation of the Southern Ocean Detected in Atmospheric O2 and CO2 Measurements
Authors: Nevison Cynthia D. , Munro David R. , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Keeling Ralph F. , Manizza Manfredi , Morgan Eric J. , Rödenbeck Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the dominant mode of climate variability in the Southern Ocean, but only a few observational studies have linked variability in SAM to changes in ocean circulation. Atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) combines atmospheric O2/N2 and CO2 data to mask the influence of terrestrial exchanges, yielding a tracer that is sensitive mainly to ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. We show that observed wintertime anomalies of APO are significantly correlated to SAM in 25‐ to 30‐year time series at three Southern Hemisphere sites, while CO2 anomalies are also weakly correlated. We find additional correlations between SAM and O2 air‐sea fluxes in austral winter inferred from both an atmospheric inversion of observed APO and a forced ocean biogeochemistry model simulation. The model results indicate that the correlation with SAM is mechanistically linked to stronger wind speeds and upwelling, which brings oxygen‐depleted deep waters to the surface.
Responses of Australian Dryland Vegetation to the 2019 Heat Wave at a Subdaily Scale
Authors: Qiu Bo , Ge Jun , Guo Weidong , Pitman Andrew J. , Mu Mengyuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSatellite solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) products from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME‐2) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) are used to investigate the responses of vegetation growth to the 2019 heat wave in Australia. Both satellite SIF data sets are more sensitive to water and heat stress than is the greenness‐based vegetation index (enhanced vegetation index). Moreover, the OCO‐2 SIF observations show a more significant reduction and earlier response to the heat stress than does GOME‐2 SIF, indicating that the two satellite SIF data sets differ in how they monitor the drought and heat wave event due to the different timing of observations. Eddy covariance measurements confirm the different responses of dryland vegetation to the 2019 heat wave at a subdaily time scale. The differences in the timing of the satellite SIF products can be used to assess different elements of the impact of heat and water stress on Australian dryland ecosystems.
Upright Convection in Extratropical Cyclones: A Survey Using Ground‐Based Radar Data Over the United States
Authors: Jeyaratnam Jeyavinoth , Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M. , Luo Z. Johnny , Homeyer Cameron R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUpright convection can impact extratropical cyclone (ETC) precipitation and dynamics differently than isentropic ascent, but how often it occurs and how much it contributes to total precipitation within an ETC have not been systematically documented in previous literature. Herein, convection in ETCs is analyzed using ground‐based radar observations over the Eastern United States. Convection occupies 1%–5% of the precipitating region and constitutes 1%–15% of total cyclone precipitation. Furthermore, the location of convective activity occurs preferentially in the warm sector early in a cyclone's life cycle, and then as the storm evolves, more convection occurs along and behind the cold front. The precipitation rates in regions with convection are more likely to be stronger than those in other precipitating regions of the cyclone. However, the cyclones with the largest area‐average precipitation rates include only a small contribution from convection.
Projected Future Changes of Meridional Heat Transport and Heat Balance of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Ma Jie , Feng Ming , Lan Jian , Hu Dunxin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn ocean downscaling model product, forced under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 future climate change scenario, has been used to understand the ocean heat balance of the Indian Ocean in a warming climate. Toward the end of the 21th century, the model simulates a significant reduction of Indonesian throughflow (ITF) transport, which reduces the Pacific to Indian Ocean heat transport by 0.20 PW, whereas across 32°S in the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO), the southward heat transport is reduced by 0.28 PW, mainly contributed from the weakening western boundary current, the Agulhas Current (0.21 PW). The projected weakening of the Agulhas Current is to compensate for the reduction of the ITF transport, with additional contribution from the spin‐down of the SIO subtropical gyre. Thus, being amplified by the ocean circulation changes in the SIO, the projected Indian Ocean warming trend will be faster than the direct air‐sea heat flux input.
COSMIC‐2 Radio Occultation Constellation: First Results
Authors: Schreiner W.S. , Weiss J.P. , Anthes R.A. , Braun J. , Chu V. , Fong J. , Hunt D. , Kuo Y.‐H. , Meehan T. , Serafino W. , Sjoberg J. , Sokolovskiy S. , Talaat E. , Wee T.K. , Zeng Z. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInitial data from the Formosa Satellite‐7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2, hereafter C2), a recently launched equatorial constellation of six satellites carrying advanced radio occultation receivers, exhibit high signal‐to‐noise ratio, precision, and accuracy, and the ability to provide high vertical resolution profiles of bending angles and refractivity, which contain information on temperature and water vapor in the challenging tropical atmosphere. After an initial calibration/validation phase, over 100,000 soundings of bending angles and refractivity that passed quality control in October 2019 are compared with independent data, including radiosondes, model forecasts, and analyses. The comparisons show that C2 data meet expectations of high accuracy, precision, and capability to detect superrefraction. When fully operational, the C2 satellites are expected to produce ~5,000 soundings per day, providing freely available observations that will enable improved forecasts of weather, including tropical cyclones, and weather, space weather, and climate research.
Long‐Term Statistics of Observed Bubble Depth Versus Modeled Wave Dissipation
Authors: Strand Kjersti Opstad , Breivik Øyvind , Pedersen Geir , Vikebø Frode Bendiksen , Sundby Svein , Christensen Kai Håkon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAir bubble penetration depths are investigated with a bottom‐mounted echosounder at a seabed observatory in northern Norway. We compare a 1‐year time series of observed bubble depth against modeled and estimated turbulent kinetic energy flux from breaking waves as well as wind speed and sea state. We find that the hourly mean and maximum bubble depths are highly variable, reaching 18 and 38 m, respectively, and strongly correlated with wind and sea state. The bubble depth is shallowest during summer following the seasonal variations in wind speed and wave height. Summertime shallowing of the mixed layer depth is not limiting the penetration depth. A strong relationship between bubble depth and modeled turbulent kinetic energy flux from breaking waves is found, similar in strength to the relationship between bubble depth and wind speed. The wind sea is more strongly correlated with bubble depth than the total significant wave height, and the swell is only weakly correlated, suggesting that the wave model does a reasonable separation of swell and wind sea.
Boosting Effect of Tropical Cyclone “Fani” on the Onset of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon in 2019
Authors: Liu Boqi , Zhu Congwen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe late onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) has traditionally been attributed to El Niño events. However, the SCSSM built up around Pentad 26 in 2019, which was 10 days earlier than expected following the 2018/2019 El Niño event. The present study showed that the early onset of the SCSSM in 2019 could be ascribed to tropical cyclone (TC) Fani over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) from 27 April to 3 May 2019. Before the landfall in Pentad 24, the anomalous condensation heating released by the TC not only shifted the South Asian High (SAH) northward but also reinforced the upper‐level barotropic trough to the west of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at midlatitudes. This phenomenon facilitated the early establishment of monsoon convection by intensifying the upper‐level pumping over the SCS. In addition, the TC carried abundant moisture to the eastern TP and the SCS when it landed in eastern India in Pentad 25 and strengthened the local rainfall in front of the deeper midlatitudinal trough in the upper troposphere over the TP, which in turn released more condensation heating to warm the tropospheric atmosphere. Afterwards, this warmer air advected downstream to the north of the SCS by the basic flow, resulting in the further northward shift of the SAH and the stronger monsoon onset convection over the SCS. Such an upscaling effect of the TC prevented the onset time of the 2019 SCSSM from being accurately forecasted by the ECMWF S2S model.
QBO Modulation of the MJO‐Related Precipitation in East Asia
Authors: Kim Hera , Son Seok‐Woo , Yoo Changhyun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study revisits precipitation change in East Asia caused by the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) and its interannual variation due to the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). Specifically, boreal‐winter precipitation, derived from weather stations across China, Korea, and Japan, is examined for MJO phases 2–3 and 6–8. Consistent with previous findings, precipitation in southern China and southern Japan increases by up to 36% during MJO phases 2–3, when the MJO convection is located in the Indian Ocean. In contrast, during MJO phases 6–8, precipitation decreases by 13%. More importantly, these MJO‐related precipitation anomalies become larger and more organized when the QBO is in its easterly phase. The difference in precipitation anomalies between the QBO easterly and westerly phases is approximately 40% for MJO phases 2–3 and 70% for MJO phases 6–8 from southern China to Japan. This result reaffirms that the QBO can affect surface weather in the northern extratropics through MJO teleconnection.
LncRNA RUNX1-IT1 which is downregulated by hypoxia-driven histone deacetylase 3 represses proliferation and cancer stem-like properties in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Sun Liankang , Wang Liang , Chen Tianxiang , Shi Yu , Yao Bowen , Liu Zhikui , Wang Yufeng , Li Qing , Liu Runkun , Niu Yongshen , Tu Kangsheng , Liu Qingguang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterised by a hypoxic microenvironment and a high rate of heterogeneity and recurrence, and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HCC may well explain both of these pathological properties. There is mounting evidence that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in carcinogenesis and maintain cancer stemness of HCC cells. However, the expression modes, regulatory mechanisms and potential roles of stemness-related lncRNAs in HCC are still obscure. LncRNA RUNX1-IT1 is the intronic transcript 1 of the RUNX1, which is also known as chromosome 21 open-reading frame 96 (C21orF96). Although the functions of the RUNX1 have been identified in different diseases, the function and its potential mechanisms of the lncRNA RUNX1-IT1 in HCC still remains to be largely unknown. In this study, we verified that the expression of LncRNA RUNX1-IT1 was decreased in GEO data set, HCC samples and correlated with unfavourable clinicopathologic characteristics and poor prognosis. RUNX1-IT1 repressed HCC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion and cancer stemness and induced apoptosis in vitro. Overexpression of RUNX1-IT1 impaired the growth, metastasis and stem-like features of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, RUNX1-IT1 directly bound to miR-632 and acted as competing endogenous RNA to facilitate the expression of the miR-632 target gene GSK-3β and subsequently modulate the WNT/β-catenin pathway in HCC cells. Furthermore, hypoxia-driven histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), as an upstream regulatory mechanism, was critical for the downregulation of RUNX1-IT1 in HCC. Thus, lncRNA RUNX1-IT1, as a regulator of hypoxia, may function as a potential therapeutic target for conquering HCC.
mTORC1 coordinates an immediate unfolded protein response-related transcriptome in activated B cells preceding antibody secretion
Authors: Gaudette Brian T. , Jones Derek D. , Bortnick Alexandra , Argon Yair , Allman David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHow activated B cells build biosynthetic pathways and organelle structures necessary for subsequent robust antibody secretion is still unclear. The dominant model holds that nascent plasma cells adapt to increased antibody synthesis by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) under the control of the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, by analyzing gene expression in activated B cells with or without plasma cell-inductive signals, we find that follicular B cells up-regulate a wide array of UPR-affiliated genes before initiating antibody secretion; furthermore, initial transcription of these loci requires the mTORC1 kinase adaptor, Raptor, but not Xbp1. Transcriptomic analyses of resting marginal zone B cells, which generate plasma cells with exceptionally rapid kinetics, reinforce these results by revealing the basal expression of UPR-affiliated mRNA networks without detectable Xbp1 activity. We thus conclude that B cells utilize mTORC1 to prepare for subsequent plasma cell function, before the onset of antibody synthesis.
Clonal competition within complex evolutionary hierarchies shapes AML over time
Authors: Sandén Carl , Lilljebjörn Henrik , Orsmark Pietras Christina , Henningsson Rasmus , Saba Karim H. , Landberg Niklas , Thorsson Hanna , von Palffy Sofia , Peña-Martinez Pablo , Högberg Carl , Rissler Marianne , Gisselsson David , Lazarevic Vladimir , Juliusson Gunnar , Ågerstam Helena , Fioretos Thoas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClonal heterogeneity and evolution has major implications for disease progression and relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To model clonal dynamics in vivo, we serially transplanted 23 AML cases to immunodeficient mice and followed clonal composition for up to 15 months by whole-exome sequencing of 84 xenografts across two generations. We demonstrate vast changes in clonality that both progress and reverse over time, and define five patterns of clonal dynamics: Monoclonal, Stable, Loss, Expansion and Burst. We also show that subclonal expansion in vivo correlates with a more adverse prognosis. Furthermore, clonal expansion enabled detection of very rare clones with AML driver mutations that were undetectable by sequencing at diagnosis, demonstrating that the vast majority of AML cases harbor multiple clones already at diagnosis. Finally, the rise and fall of related clones enabled deconstruction of the complex evolutionary hierarchies of the clones that compete to shape AML over time.