bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Household Preparation on Levels of Pesticide Residues in Produce
Authors: Schattenberg Herbert J , Geno Paul W , Hsu J P , Fry William G , Parker Richard P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1993, the National Academy of Sciences released a report on the effects of pesticides in the diets of infants and children, indicating that current tolerances do not take into account the eating habits and metabolism of young children. In response to that report, a study was undertaken to determine pesticide residues in raw agricultural commodities at levels below the tolerances established by the Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of the study was to determine whether normal household washing, peeling, and cooking procedures had any effect on pesticide residue levels. Low levels of pesticide residues were detected in 97 (40%) of the 243 samples analyzed. The number of samples containing detectable residues dropped to 47 (19%) after household preparation. Results indicate that residue levels in most commodities are substantially reduced after household preparation.
Florisil Solid-Phase Extraction Cartridges for Cleanup of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Foods
Authors: Schenck Frank J , Calderon Lori , Saudarg Darlene E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridges were evaluated for cleanup of organochlorine pesticide residues in food extracts. Elution patterns and recoveries were determined for 24 organochlorine pesticides. A range of elution solvents was evaluated. A 2% ethyl ether–petroleum ether eluant optimized overall recoveries while minimizing interferences from coextractants.
Electrophoretic Identification of Garlic and Garlic Products
Authors: Mochizuki Emiko , Yamamoto Takao , Suzuki Sumiko , Nakazawa Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We developed a rapid and simple method for identifying garlic and garlic products using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) with silver staining. Samples were homogenized with 1 % SDS or 6M urea and centrifuged. Supernatant containing garlic proteins was mixed with the same volume of loading buffer containing SDS and mercaptoethanol, heated in boiling water for 2 min, and applied to the wells of a ready-to-use polyacrylamide gradient gel (4–20%). Electrophoresis was performed 20 mA constant current for 2 h. The gel was stained with a silver staining kit and dried. Protein patterns of garlic and garlic products are different from those of other Allium plants such as onion, rakkyo, and caucas. The method was used to analyze samples of spice and garlic clove products. Absence of protein bands in garlic extract products suggests the products may contain less proteins and/or denatured proteins.
Determination of Antifungals in Rodent Diet by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Followed by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection
Authors: Dean John R , Fowlis Ian A , Hitchen Stephen M , Khundker Sharmin , Ludkin Edwin , Normand Florence , Jones Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was evaluated as a quantitative method for determining 4 antifungals (fluconazole, tioconazole, hexaconazole, and UK- 47,265) in rodent diet. Chromatography was achieved with a cyano-bonded silica column, UV detection at 210 nm, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide as mobile phase. The effects of modifier concentration, temperature, and column pressure on antifungal retention time was studied. Off-line SFE was optimized at 2 spike levels, ranging from 0.5 to 10 g/kg, for each of the 4 antifungals. Average recoveries ranged from 79.0% for UK-47,265 to 96.5% for hexaconazole. Overall, the procedure provides a suitable method for analyzing antifungals in spiked rodent diet.
Investigation of Assay Interference with Microbiological Determinations of Chlortetracycline in Feed Grade and Premix Samples
Authors: Webster Gregory K , Luigs Elizabeth S , Hearne Loretta A , Pomeroy Margaret , Panozzo Linda A , Bell Jim , Mustapha Mustapha A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Studies were initiated to determine whether tetracycline components such as tetracycline and 4-epichlortetracycline present in commercial feed grade chlorteracycline (CTC) products interfere with AOAC Method 967.39. These investigations confirmed that the microbiological result for feed grade concentrates and premix products is not affected by the biomass matrix containing low levels of these other tetracycline components. Thus, the microbiological result can be directly correlated to the single CTC peak response in liquid chromatographic analytical procedures.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine, and Phenobarbital in Tablets
Authors: Ting Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method using a reversed- phase C18 column and octanesulfonic acid sodium salt-methanol as the mobile phase was developed for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbi- tal, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine in tablets. The mixture of the 3 drugs was resolved in &lt;8 min. Detector responses were linear for 10 μL injections of the following: scopolamine hydrobromide, 8.25-206.3 μg/mL; hyoscyamine sulfate, 15.01-750.76 μg/mL; and phenobarbital, 250-751 μg/mL. Recoveries from tablets were 100.8% for scopolamine hydrobromide, 100.1% for hyoscyamine sulfate, and 100.3% for phenobarbital. Replicate injections of scopolamine hydrobromide, hyoscyamine sulfate, and phenobarbital gave an overall relative standard deviation of &lt;1.0% (n = 10). The method detected as little as 3.3 ng scopolamine hydrobromide.
Evaluation of Commercial Chlorophyllin Copper Complex Preparations by Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection
Authors: Chernomorsky Simon , Rancourt Raymond , Sahai Divya , Poretz Ronald 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) system with photodiode array detection was used to analyze chlorophyllin copper complex (CCC). Analysis revealed significant differences in the porphyrin compositions of CCC samples from 5 industrial sources. Copper isochlorin e4 was identified as a major component in most commercial materials. Copper complexes of chlorin e6 and pheophorbide a and unidentified porphyrins with either chlorin- or non-chlorin-type spectra were found in some samples. The variability of porphyrin compositions in commercial preparations may affect the medicinal efficacy of CCC; therefore, analysis of porphyrin composition is important for CCC quality control.
Optimizing the Determiniaton of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Chickpeas by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Martínez-Domínguez Beatríz , Rincón-León Francisco 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize determination of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in chickpea. TIA was determined by measuring the hydrolysis rate of N-α-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p- nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA) in the presence of both pig pancreatic trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chickpea extract containing trypsin inhibitor. Three critical parameters in TIA determination—buffer extraction pH (pH), stirring extraction time (Set), and development color time (Dct)—were optimized. Highest TIA values were obtained when pH = 11, Set = 150 min, and Dct = 10.2 min.
Determination of Long-Life Radiocesiums Cs-134 and Cs-137 in Food by γ-Ray Spectrometry: Summary of Collaborative Study
Authors: Beuaars Paul R , Van Duk Remmelt , Geertsen Jos A M , Nootenboom Hans 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to validate a γ- ray spectrometric method for determining cesium- 134 and cesium-137 in foods. The Cs-134 and Cs- 137 contents are measured with a low-resolution, shielded Tl-activated Nal scintillation detector connected to a multichannel γ-ray spectrometer. Thirteen laboratories participated in the study. Participants received 8 samples of heather honey, milk, and mixed dried herbs, including 4 blind duplicates. The accuracy of mean measurements of both isotopes was in the range of 98 to 103%, compared with reference measurements made in one laboratory using a high-resolution GeLi detector. Repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDΓ) values varied from 4.3 to 11.7% for 2 Cs-134 levels ranging from 121 to 337 Bq/kg and from 2.0 to 7.3% for 4 Cs-137 levels ranging from 210 to 1130 Bq/kg. Reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDr) values ranged from 10.7 to 14.9% for Cs-134 and from 4.1 to 7.4% for Cs-137. No outliers were identified, and the method worked well in the absence of “fresh” fission products. However, the method was less appropriate for radiocesium determinations for activity concentration &lt;100 Bq/kg at a counting time of 900 s or when Cs-137/Cs-134 activity ratio was larger than 10. The γ-ray method for determining Cs-134 and Cs-137 in foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Enzymatic Determination of Lactose and Galactose in Foods: NMKL Collaborative Methods Performance Study
Authors: Mustranta Antti , Östman Carola ,   Collaborators:, Aminoff I , Baardseth P , Eklund E , Jokila T , Kähäri K , Larsson B , Malmheden Yman I , Nyberg K , Pihlaja H , Sørensen A , Sørhaug T , Östman C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in food chemistry as analytical tools. An enzymatic method for determining lactose and galactose in foods was evaluated in an interlaboratory methods performance study by 12 laboratories in 4 countries. The method is based on enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose and enzymatic oxidation of the hydrolysis products. The exchange of the coenzyme in the second reaction is the basis of quantitation. The method may be used for various types of foods, such as liquid and solid milk products, meat products, cereal products, fats, dressings, sweets, chocolate, and foods for special dietary uses. It is also applicable to lactose-free foods but not to products in which lactose has been partially hydrolyzed enzymatically to glucose and galactose. Six commonly used foodstuffs with lactose concentrations ranging from 0.4 g/100 g to 40 g/100 g and galactose concentrations up to 0.7 g/100 g were analyzed: crisp rye bread, milk chocolate, sausage, cheese, margarine, and baby food containing milk powder. They were distributed to the 12 participants as 12 randomly numbered test samples, representing blind duplicates of the 6 materials. The relative standard deviations for reproducibility (RSDR) were between 2.3-11% for lactose and 6.8-50% for galactose.
Determination of Sugars in Beet and Cane Final Molasses by Ion Chromatography: Collaborative Study
Authors: Schäffler Kevin , Day-Lewis C M J , Clarke Margaret , Jekot Jill ,   Collaborators:, Rearick E , Tungland B , Steinle G , Edye L , Morel du Boil P , Ramphal E , Deruy G , Hoebregs H , Parslow B , Liecker H , Jekot J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study of an ion chromatographic tech’ nique of high-performance anion-exchange with pulsed amperometric detection has been completed. The procedure was used to determine sucrose, glucose, and fructose in 8 cane molasses samples and sucrose in 5 beet molasses samples. Eleven laboratories took part in the study. Repeatability and reproducibility values for sucrose, glucose, and fructose were excellent for both types of samples. All criteria for accepting the method for sugars in both beet and cane molasses were met. The ion chromatographic method for determination of sugars in beet and cane final molasses has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Method to Distinguish Wild Salmon from Aquacultured Salmon Fed Synthetic Astaxanthin
Authors: Turujman Saleh A , Wamer Wayne G , Wei Rong Rong , Albert Richard H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analytical methods are needed to determine the presence of color additives in fish. We report a liquid chromatographic (LC) method developed to identify the synthetic form of the color additive astaxanthin in salmon, based on differences in the relative ratios of the configurational isomers of astaxanthin. The distributions of configurational isomers of astaxanthin in the flesh of wild Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon are similar, but significantly different from that in aquacultured salmon. Astaxanthin is extracted from the flesh of salmon, passed through a silica gel Sep-Pak cartridge, and analyzed directly by LC on a Pirkle covalent L-leucine column. No derivatization of the astaxanthin is required—an important advantage of our approach, which is a modification of our previously described method. This method can be used to distinguish between aquacultured and wild salmon. The method has general applicability and can also be used to identify astaxanthins derived from other sources such as Phaffia yeast and Haematococcus pluvialis algae.
Determination of O-Phenylphenol, Diphenylamine, and Propargite Pesticide Residues in Selected Fruits and Vegetables by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yu Lei , Schoen Royal , Dunkin Arlene , Firman Michael , Cushman Holly , Fontanilla Alfredo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and rapid method was developed to detect o-phenylphenol, diphenylamine, and propargite in selected fruits and vegetables. Gas chroma- tography/mass spectrometry in the selective-ion monitoring mode was used to identify and quantitate the 3 residues. Residues were extracted with acetonitrile and transferred to acetone. Limits of detection were 10, 8, and 15 ppb for o-phenylphenol, diphenylamine, and propargite, respectively. Recovery data were obtained by fortifying 4 matrixes (apples, oranges, canned peaches, and spinach) at 0.025-0.888 ppm. The method provides very good linearity data with low coefficients of variation.
Chemometric Protocol to Validate an Analytical Method in the Presence of Corrigible Constant and Proportional Systematic Errors
Authors: Campaña Ana M García , Rodríguez Luis Cuadros , Muñoz Juan Aybar , Barrero Fermín Ales 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A statistical methodology to verify the trueness of an analytical method in the presence of corrigible systematic errors is presented. This protocol enables detection of constant and proportional components of error. By using the data set obtained in the Youden calibration with different sample test portions, the constant component of the error (Youden blank) can be determined. An analysis of covariance was applied to 3 calibration curves established with standard solutions and with standard additions to 2 different sample test portions. The slopes were compared, and the presence of any matrix-analyte interaction was detected. A method for removing the numerical components of systematic errors is proposed: a calculation procedure to obtain a correct analytical result and a statistical test to verify the correctness of analyte contents obtained from different calibrations. For demonstration purposes, the protocol was applied to spectrofluorometric determination of oxalates in spinach leaves.
Quantitation of Tebuconazole in Liquid and Solid Formulations by Capillary GC: Collaborative Study
Authors: Harbtn Donald N ,   Collaborators:, Amleh A , Bernes A , Bodzian F , Boyer K , Conaway J , Dias H , Dommarco R , Duverney-Pret P , Earnest S , Ely D , Fornarelli L , Förster R , Gentry G , Görlitz G , Gomez F , Guess P , Hähnchen K , Hamilton D , Halley M , Hathaway M , Hickes H , Isono K , Kulinna H , Lucas P , Manger P , Manso L , Moffett S , Müller T , Orii T , Paul R , Reubke K , Rivera L , Rubbiani M , Schetter J , Schulz D , Shaocong L , Smead F , Tam K , Tengler H , Torma L , del Valle M , Verweij A , Walls G , Weiping G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A capillary gas chromatographic method has been developed for quantitation of tebuconazole (Folicur, Elite, Raxil, Lynx) in liquid and solid formulations. Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum, systemic foliar fungicide used to control diseases of wheat, barley, peanut, and grasses grown for seed. Samples are dissolved in acetone and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with dicyclohexyl phthalate as internal standard. Twenty-two laboratories from 11 countries participated in a collaborative study of the method. Each collaborator was provided reference standard, internal standard, and blind duplicate samples from 6 formulations: aqueous flowable (F), aqueous emulsifiable concentrate (EW), emulsifiable concentrate for seed treatment (ES), flowable for seed treatment (FS), wettable powder (WP), and dry flowable (DF). Collaborators were instructed to use peak area measurements for quantitation. The seed treatment flowable formulation required confirmation of accurate integration values by the collaborator. Relative standard deviation values for reproducibility (RSDR) for analysis of the formulations were as follows: 3.6 lb/gal F, 1.22; 250 g/L EW, 1.13; 15 g/L ES, 2.40; 25 g/L FS, 2.65; 25% WP, 0.96; 25% DF, 0.72; 45% DF, 0.72. The capillary GC method for quantitation of tebuconazole in fungicide formulations has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate in Feed
Authors: Webster Gregory K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Because of its peptide structure, bacitracin is not chemically distinct from many matrixes such as feeds or residue samples. Thus, bacitracin must be isolated from the matrix components or chemically altered to form a distinct component. Because of the complexity of this problem, bacitracin is still analyzed almost exclusively by microbiological methods. However, advances in solid-phase extraction has made sample isolation from the matrix much more practical. In this investigation both strong-cation exchange and C8 columns were used to isolate bacitracin for liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis. Results of both LC and microbiological analyses are compared.
Simple Kinetic Method for Assay of Menadione In Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Helaleh Murad I H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new simple and sensitive kinetic method for determining menadione in pure form and injection form is described, based on the reaction between menadione and sodium hydroxide to form a colored complex with a strong absorbance at 450 nm. The method is valid for determining menadione at concentrations ranging from 5.807 × 10-1 to 7.549 × 10 3 M. The complex forms at a 2:3 concentration ratio of menadione with respect to sodium hydroxide. The formation constant is 8.37 × 1015, and the molar absorptivity is 6.55 × 102 L/mol cm. The precio sion and accuracy of the method and the effect of interfering substances were studied. Results were compared with those obtained with an official method.
Visual Immunoprecipitate Assay (VIP) for Listeria monocytogenes and Related Listeria Species Detection in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Feldsine Philip T , Lienau Andrew H , Forgey Robin L , Calhoon Roger D ,   Collaborators:, Al-Hasani S , Arling V , Bandiera T , Barnes M , Beatty S , Beaudoin A , Beyer D , Bryant J , Burzynski M , Carey B , Copeland F , Culver D , Danisavich T , Destro C , Diaz B , Fitzgerald S , Gallagher D , Franke W , Freshly J , Gary J , Harper M , Hermann C , Isakson T , Jenkins P , Johnson S , Ke J , Krause C , Lange K , Maki G , McDonagh S , McKee B , McLenaghan J , Miller L , Phebus R , Raghubeer E , Redding R , Retzlaff D , Richter D , Ritger C , Robinson J , Saunders L , Schwants D , Trottier Y , Tuncan E , Vanderbilt K , Ward D , West D , Woo L , Zebchek A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Six foods representing a variety of food products were analyzed by the Assurance Listeria polyclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by either the Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture culture method for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and related Listeria species. Samples of each food type, at each inoculation level, were analyzed simultaneously by both methods. A total of 19 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry in the United States and Canada participated. Food types were inoculated with Listeria species including L. monocytogenes, with the exception of 3 lots of green beans, which were naturally contaminated. During this study, 1764 samples and controls were analyzed and confirmed, of which 492 were positive and 947 were negative by both methods. There were 159 samples that were positive by culture method but negative by the EIA and 188 that were negative by culture method but positive by EIA. Twenty-two samples were negative by EIA and by culture method but confirmed positive when Assurance selective enrichment broths were subcultured to selective agar. The Assurance polyclonal EIA for detecting L. monocytogenes and related Listeria species in foods has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Taurine Analysis in Milk and Infant Formulae by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study
Authors: Woollard David C , Indyk Harvey E ,   Collaborators:, Angyal G , Borbon J , Chase W , Coors U , Davis P , Edwards M , Ellis C , Gore W , Gossard J , Hischenhuber C , Jagodic M , Kerr M , Kmec D , McMahow A , Myers M , Rajamohan R , Saito K , Sullivan D , Tsalkani N , Walker E , Welton K , Wo C , Zaugg S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted on a liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determination of taurine in infant formula and milk powders. Twenty laboratories participated in the analysis of 8 blind duplicates over the range of approximately 3–60 mg/100 g sample. The method involved protein removal, conversion to the dansyl-derivative, and isocratic LC separation with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Following outlier treatment, overall mean RSDR has been estimated at 7.00% for sup. plemented products with a HORRAT value of 1.1. The poorer precision at endogenous levels establishes a lower limit of determination of about 5 mg/100 g. An overall mean RSDr:RSDR value of 0.7 for all products demonstrated acceptable performance.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Cyprodinil, Fludioxonil, Pyrimethanil, and Tebuconazole in Grapes, Must, and Wine
Authors: Cabras Paolo , Angioni Alberto , Garau Vincenzo L , Minelli Elizabeth V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and simple gas chromatographic method for determinating cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine is described. An on-line microextraction method was used with a one-step extraction–partition procedure. Nitrogen–phosphorus and mass spectrometric detectors were used, because of their low sensitivity and high selectivity. Because of high selectivity of detector, no cleanup was necessary and the extract was concentrated 5 times. Recoveries from fortified grapes, must, and wine ranged from 93 to 110%. Limits of determination were 0.05 mg/kg for cyprodinil and pyrimethanil and 0.10 mg/kg for fludioxonil and tebuconazole.