bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute rejection in pediatric renal transplantation: Retrospective study of epidemiology, risk factors, and impact on renal function
Authors: do Nascimento Ghizoni Pereira Luiza , Tedesco‐Silva Hélio , Koch‐Nogueira Paulo Cesar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAR is a major relevant and challenging topic in pediatric kidney transplantation. Our objective was to evaluate cumulative incidence of AR in pediatric kidney transplant patient, risk factors for this outcome, and impact on allograft function and survival. A retrospective cohort including pediatric patients that underwent kidney transplantation between 2011 and 2015 was designed. Risk factors for AR were tested by competing risk analysis. To estimate its impact, graft survival and difference in GFR were evaluated. Two hundred thirty patients were included. As a whole, the incidence of AR episodes was 0.16 (95% CI = 0.12‐0.20) per person‐year of follow‐up. And cumulative incidence of AR was 23% in 1 year and 39% in 5 years. Risk factors for AR were number of MM (SHR 1.36 CI 1.14‐1.63 P = .001); ISS with CSA, PRED, and AZA (SHR 2.22 CI 1.14‐4.33 P = .018); DGF (SHR 2.49 CI 1.57‐3.93 P < .001); CMV infection (SHR 5.52 CI 2.27‐11.0 P < .001); and poor adherence (SHR 2.28 CI 1.70‐4.66 P < .001). Death‐censored graft survival in 1 and 5 years was 92.5% and 72.1%. Risk factors for graft loss were number of MM (HR 1.51 CI 1.07‐2.13 P = .01), >12 years (HR 2.66 CI 1.07‐6.59 P = .03), and PRA 1%‐50% (HR 2.67 CI 1.24‐5.73 P = .01). Although occurrence of AR did not influence 5‐year graft survival, it negatively impacted GFR. AR was frequent in patients assessed and associated with number of MM, ISS regimen, DGF, CMV infection, and poor adherence, and had deleterious effect on GFR.
The gut microbiome in solid organ transplantation
Authors: Baghai Arassi Maral , Zeller Georg , Karcher Nicolai , Zimmermann Michael , Toenshoff Burkhard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite ground‐breaking advances in allogeneic transplantation, allograft rejection and immunosuppressant‐specific complications remain a major challenge in transplant medicine. Growing evidence suggests the human gut microbiome as a potential contributor to transplant outcome and patient health. After breakthrough findings in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the relevance of the microbiome in solid organ transplantation (SOT) is becoming increasingly clear. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in SOT focusing on its significance for transplant‐associated complications such as allograft rejection and infections, and highlight its potential impact on immunosuppressive treatment. Moreover, we shed light on the emerging role of the microbiome as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target and discuss current microbial intervention strategies. In addition, this review includes some practical considerations in designing clinical microbiome trials and offers some advice for the interpretation of the resulting data. Further investigation of the gut microbiome harbours countless clinical application possibilities and holds great promise of having a lasting impact on transplant medicine.
Simple 3,6‐disubstituted Carbazoles as Potential Hole Transport Materials: Photophysical, Electrochemical and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Keremane Kavya S. , Rao Rathnamala , Adhikari Airody Vasudeva 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDeveloping effective and low‐cost organic hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) is crucial for the construction of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and to promote their production in commercial ventures. In this context, we herein report the molecular design, synthesis and characterization of two novel D‐A‐D‐A‐D architectured 9‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐9H‐carbazoles, connecting the mono/dimethoxyphenyl substituted cyanovinylene sidearms symmetrically at 3rd and 6th positions of the carbazole heterocycle (CZ1‐2), as potential hole‐transporting materials (HTMs). The current work highlights their structural, photophysical, thermal, electrochemical and theoretical investigations, including their structure‐property correlation studies. Evidently, the optical studies showcased their excellent fluorescence ability due to their push–pull natured structure with extended π‐conjugation. Further, in‐depth solvatochromic studies demonstrated their intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT)‐dominated optoelectronic behavior, supported by various correlation studies. Also, the optical results revealed that CZ1 and CZ2 display λabs and λemi in the order of 410–430 nm and 530–560 nm, respectively, with a bandgap in the range of 2.5–2.6 eV. Finally, their quantum chemical simulations have provided an insight into the predictions of their structural, molecular, electronic and optical parameters. Conclusively, the study furnishes a deeper understanding of the intricacies involved in the structural modification of carbazole‐based HTMs for achieving better performance.
Hydrogen peroxide potentiates defense system in presence of sulfur to protect chloroplast damage and photosynthesis of wheat under drought stress
Authors: Sehar Zebus , Jahan Badar , Masood Asim , Anjum Naser A. , Khan Nafees A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) combined with sulfur (S) was studied in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. The mechanisms of S‐assimilation, the activity of antioxidants, glucose sensitivity, water and osmotic relations and abscisic acid (ABA) content were the focus. The combined application of 50 μM H2O2 and 100 mg S kg−1 soil (sulfur) resulted in a marked increase in S‐assimilation and activity of antioxidant enzymes, with decreased glucose sensitivity and ABA content causing improvement in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus under drought stress. The photosynthetic performance, pigment system (PS) II activity, and growth were improved conspicuously by H2O2 in the presence of S, as H2O2 induced S‐assimilation capacity, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and GSH synthesis under drought stress. Our study shows that H2O2 is more effective in the reversal of drought stress in the presence of S through its influence on S‐assimilation, glucose sensitivity, and antioxidant system. These results provide evidence for the effectiveness of H2O2 in improving photosynthesis under drought stress in the presence of S.
Problems of ‘Religion’ in Japan: Part 2
Authors: Horii Mitsutoshi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article problematizes the utilisation of the category ‘religion’ as an analytical concept in the Japanese context. For some decades, in Religious Studies, the idea of religion has been interrogated and the ideological function of the category ‘religion’ has become a subject of critical investigation. This kind of critical approach to ‘religion’ has been applied to many different contexts including Japan. Although there has been a significant development in the critical study of ‘religion’ in Japan, this article argues that the discourse of sui generis religion is still dominant in the academic subject area currently called ‘Japanese religion(s)’. This article critically examines the category of religion in recent works of scholars who claim to study ‘Japanese religion(s)’ and suggests abandoning the term as a category of analysis. This will help scholars to re‐imagine what they use to call ‘religion’, by enabling them to see what the idea of ‘religion’ formerly prevent them from seeing.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of drug‐resistant tuberculosis in Thailand: results from the fifth national anti‐tuberculosis drug resistance survey
Authors: Kamolwat P. , Nateniyom S. , Chaiprasert A. , Disratthakit A. , Mahasirimongkol S. , Yamada N. , Smithtikarn S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and risk factors of drug‐resistant tuberculosis (TB), the fifth national anti‐TB drug resistance survey was conducted in Thailand.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted by stratified cluster sampling with probability proportional to size of TB cases from public health facilities in 100 clusters throughout Thailand from August 2017 to August 2018. Susceptibility testing of TB isolates to first‐ and second‐line anti‐TB drugs was performed on Löwenstein–Jensen medium using the indirect proportion method. Multiple imputation was done for handling missing data using Stata 16. The proportion of TB cases with drug resistance was determined. The odds ratio was used to evaluate risk factors associated with drug‐resistant TB.ResultsAmong 1501 new TB and 69 previously treated TB cases, 14.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.1–16.1] and 33.4% (95% CI: 23.6–44.8), respectively, had resistance to any anti‐TB drug. Multidrug‐resistant TB accounted for 0.8% (95% CI: 0.5–1.4) of new TB cases and 13.0% (95% CI: 6.5–24.4) of previously treated TB cases. Drug‐resistant TB was associated with prior TB treatment [odds ratio (OR), 2.9; 95% CI: 1.6–5.0], age at 45–54 years (OR, 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0–2.4), male (OR, 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (OR, 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0–2.4).ConclusionsThe burden of drug‐resistant TB remains high in Thailand. Intensified prevention and control measures should be implemented to reduce the risks of drug‐resistant TB in high‐risk groups previously treated, especially individuals of late middle age, males and those with coinfection of TB and HIV.
Genome‐wide dissection of hybridization for fiber quality‐ and yield‐related traits in upland cotton
Authors: Geng Xiaoli , Sun Gaofei , Qu Yujie , Sarfraz Zareen , Jia Yinhua , He Shoupu , Pan Zhaoe , Sun Junling , Iqbal Muhammad S. , Wang Qinglian , Qin Hongde , Liu Jinhai , Liu Hui , Yang Jun , Ma Zhiying , Xu Dongyong , Yang Jinlong , Zhang Jinbiao , Li Zhikun , Cai Zhongmin , Zhang Xuelin , Zhang Xin , Zhou Guanyin , Li Lin , Zhu Haiyong , Wang Liru , Pang Baoyin , Du Xiongming 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYAn evaluation of combining ability can facilitate the selection of suitable parents and superior F1 hybrids for hybrid cotton breeding, although the molecular genetic basis of combining ability has not been fully characterized. In the present study, 282 female parents were crossed with four male parents in accordance with the North Carolina II mating scheme to generate 1128 hybrids. The parental lines were genotyped based on restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing and 306 814 filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms were used for genome‐wide association analysis involving the phenotypes, general combining ability (GCA) values, and specific combining ability values of eight fiber quality‐ and yield‐related traits. The main results were: (i) all parents could be clustered into five subgroups based on population structure analyses and the GCA performance of the female parents had significant differences between subgroups; (ii) 20 accessions with a top 5% GCA value for more than one trait were identified as elite parents for hybrid cotton breeding; (iii) 120 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms, clustered into 66 quantitative trait loci, such as the previously reported Gh_A07G1769 and GhHOX3 genes, were found to be significantly associated with GCA; and (iv) identified quantitative trait loci for GCA had a cumulative effect on GCA of the accessions. Overall, our results suggest that pyramiding the favorable loci for GCA may improve the efficiency of hybrid cotton breeding.
Changes in intracellular NAD status affect stomatal development in an abscisic acid‐dependent manner
Authors: Feitosa‐Araujo Elias , da Fonseca‐Pereira Paula , Pena Mateus M. , Medeiros David B. , Perez de Souza Leonardo , Yoshida Takuya , Weber Andreas P. M. , Araújo Wagner L. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Schwarzländer Markus , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays a central role in redox metabolism in all domains of life. Additional roles in regulating posttranslational protein modifications and cell signaling implicate NAD as a potential integrator of central metabolism and programs regulating stress responses and development. Here we found that NAD negatively impacts stomatal development in cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants with reduced capacity for NAD+ transport from the cytosol into the mitochondria or the peroxisomes exhibited reduced numbers of stomatal lineage cells and reduced stomatal density. Cotyledons of plants with reduced NAD+ breakdown capacity and NAD+‐treated cotyledons also presented reduced stomatal number. Expression of stomatal lineage‐related genes was repressed in plants with reduced expression of NAD+ transporters as well as in plants treated with NAD+. Impaired NAD+ transport was further associated with an induction of abscisic acid (ABA)‐responsive genes. Inhibition of ABA synthesis rescued the stomatal phenotype in mutants deficient in intracellular NAD+ transport, whereas exogenous NAD+ feeding of aba‐2 and ost1 seedlings, impaired in ABA synthesis and ABA signaling, respectively, did not impact stomatal number, placing NAD upstream of ABA. Additionally, in vivo measurement of ABA dynamics in seedlings of an ABA‐specific optogenetic reporter − ABAleon2.1 − treated with NAD+ showed increases in ABA content suggesting that NAD+ impacts on stomatal development through ABA synthesis and signaling. Our results demonstrate that intracellular NAD+ homeostasis as set by synthesis, breakdown and transport is essential for normal stomatal development, and provide a link between central metabolism, hormone signaling and developmental plasticity.
Evaluation of the WHO global database on blood safety
Authors: Kanagasabai Udhayashankar , Selenic Dejana , Chevalier Michelle S. , Drammeh Bakary , Qualls Michael , Shiraishi Ray W. , Bock Naomi , Benech Irene , Mili Fatima D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveWhile the Global Database on Blood Safety (GDBS) helps to monitor the status of adequate and safe blood availability, its presence alone does not serve as a solution to existing challenges. The objective of this evaluation was to determine the GDBS usefulness in improving the availability of adequate safe blood and its ability to function as a surveillance system.MethodsThe GDBS was evaluated using methods set out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for assessing surveillance systems. Six recommended tasks were used to evaluate if the GDBS met the requirements of a surveillance system in a public health context.ResultsThe majority of stakeholders engaged with GDBS found it was unique and useful. The GDBS answered all six questions essential for determining a blood safety surveillance system’s usefulness. The GDBS fully met the needs to six of the eleven attributes used for evaluating the usefulness of a surveillance system.ConclusionThe GDBS is a unique global activity that provides vital data on safety of blood transfusion services across countries and regions. However, aspects of the GDBS such as timeliness of reporting and improvement of WHO Member States national blood information systems could enhance its effectiveness and potential to serve as a global surveillance system for blood safety.
Blood supply sufficiency and safety management in Iran during the COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Maghsudlu Mahtab , Eshghi Peyman , Amini Kafi‐Abad Sedigheh , Sedaghat Abbas , Ranjbaran Hossein , Mohammadi Saeed , Tabatabai Seyed Morteza 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundCOVID‐19 first appeared in Iran on 19 February 2020, and then spread rapidly over the country. In this article, we review the action plan of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization with respect to this disease.Method and materialsWe collected data on blood donations and RBC inventory for the first 8 weeks of the outbreak. We also evaluated the trend of blood donations and RBC inventory and compared them with the data of the past year. We include a summary of actions taken by the National Committee on Management of COVID‐19 outbreak.ResultsBlood donations decreased from 33 275 to 23 465 units during the first 2 weeks of the outbreak with a corresponding decrease in the RBC inventory. But after that, donations gradually increased from 23 465 to 29 665 units. RBC inventory levels improved at the same time. Then, the Iranian New Year’s holiday resulted in another downward trend. After the holiday, blood donations revived, along with the RBC inventory.DiscussionAlthough it appears that this virus cannot be transmitted through transfusion, changes in lifestyle had a significant impact on reducing blood supply. Following implemented measures, we saw an upward trend in blood donations and an adequate supply of RBC units in blood centres, helped by a reduction in demand by hospitals. Blood centres need to be more prepared to manage future viral disasters, especially in case of transfusion‐transmissible infections.
Local intertwining relation for metaplectic groups
Authors: Ishimoto Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn an earlier paper of Wee Teck Gan and Gordan Savin, the local Langlands correspondence for metaplectic groups over a nonarchimedean local field of characteristic zero was established. In this paper, we formulate and prove a local intertwining relation for metaplectic groups assuming the local intertwining relation for non-quasi-split odd special orthogonal groups.
Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications
Authors: Ansdell Paul , Thomas Kevin , Hicks Kirsty M. , Hunter Sandra K. , Howatson Glyn , Goodall Stuart 
Published: October 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?We review sex differences within physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to determine metabolic thresholds and fatigability. Thereafter, we discuss the implications that these sex differences might have for long‐term adaptation to exercise.
What advances does it highlight?The review collates evidence from recent physiological studies that have investigated sex as a biological variable, demonstrating that the physiological response to equivalent ‘dosages’ of exercise is not the same in males and females; thus, highlighting the need to research diversity in physiological responses to interventions.
AbstractThe anatomical and physiological differences between males and females are thought to determine differences in the limits of human performance. The notion of studying sex as a biological variable has recently been emphasized in the biosciences as a vital step in enhancing human health. In this review, we contend that the effects of biological sex on acute and chronic responses must be studied and accounted for when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting the optimization of physiological function. Emerging evidence suggests that the response of physiological systems to exercise differs between males and females, potentially mediating the beneficial effects in healthy and clinical populations. We highlight evidence that integrative metabolic thresholds during exercise are influenced by phenotypical sex differences throughout many physiological systems. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that female skeletal muscle is more resistant to fatigue elicited by equivalent dosages of high‐intensity exercise. How the different acute responses affect the long‐term trainability of males and females is considered, with discussion about tailoring exercise to the characteristics of the individual presented within the context of biological sex. Finally, we highlight the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on physiological responses to exercise in females. Sex is one of many mediating influences on the outcomes of exercise, and with careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance the collective understanding of diversity in physiology and optimize outcomes for both sexes.
Ultrafast ultrasound coupled with cervical magnetic stimulation for non‐invasive and non‐volitional assessment of diaphragm contractility
Authors: Poulard Thomas , Dres Martin , Niérat Marie‐Cécile , Rivals Isabelle , Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Similowski Thomas , Gennisson Jean‐Luc , Bachasson Damien 
Published: September 2020

Key points
Twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure elicited by cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves is a fully non‐volitional method for assessing diaphragm contractility in humans, yet it requires invasive procedures such as oesophageal and gastric catheter balloons.
Ultrafast ultrasound enables a very high frame rate allowing the capture of transient events, such as muscle contraction elicited by nerve stimulation (twitch). Whether indices derived from ultrafast ultrasound can be used as an alternative to the invasive measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure is unknown.
Our findings demonstrate that maximal diaphragm tissue velocity assessed using ultrafast ultrasound following cervical magnetic stimulation is reliable, sensitive to change in cervical magnetic stimulation intensity, and correlates to twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure.
This approach provides a novel fully non‐invasive and non‐volitional tool for the assessment of diaphragm contractility in humans.
AbstractMeasuring twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi,tw) elicited by cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) is considered as a reference method for the standardized evaluation of diaphragm function. Yet, the measurement of Pdi requires invasive oesophageal and gastric catheter‐balloons. Ultrafast ultrasound is a non‐invasive imaging technique enabling frame rates high enough to capture transient events such as evoked muscle contractions. This study investigated relationships between indices derived from ultrafast ultrasound and Pdi,tw, and how these indices might be used to estimate Pdi,tw. CMS was performed in 13 healthy volunteers from 30% to 100% of maximal stimulator intensity in units of 10% in a randomized order. Pdi,tw was measured and the right hemidiaphragm was imaged using a custom ultrafast ultrasound sequence with 1 kHz framerate. Maximal diaphragm axial velocity (Vdi,max) and diaphragm thickening fraction (TFdi,tw) were computed. Intra‐session reliability was assessed. Repeated‐measures correlation (R) and Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) were used to assess relationships between variables. Intra‐session reliability was strong for Pdi,tw and Vdi,max and moderate for TFdi,tw. Vdi,max correlated with Pdi,tw in all subjects (0.64 < ρ < 1.00, R = 0.75; all P < 0.05). TFdi,tw correlated with Pdi,tw in eight subjects only (0.85 < ρ < 0.93, R = 0.69; all P < 0.05). Coupling ultrafast ultrasound and CMS shows promise for the non‐invasive and fully non‐volitional assessment of diaphragm contractility. This approach opens up the prospect of both diagnosis and follow‐up of diaphragm contractility in clinical populations.