bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral cancer
Authors: Robinson Max , Hunter Keith , Pemberton Michael , Sloan Philip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The term ‘oral cancer’ encompasses all malignant neoplasms affecting the oral cavity. The majority, greater than 90%, are squamous cell car¬cinomas. The remainder are uncommon and comprise minor salivary gland adenocarcinomas, malignant melanoma, sarcomas, haemato-logical malignancies, and metastases to the oral cavity from cancers at other sites. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the lining mucosa of the oral cavity. The tumour shows vary¬ing degrees of squamous differentiation and is characterized by invasion of local structures and metastasis to regional lymph nodes, followed by metastasis to other organ systems (e.g. lungs and bones) later in the course of the disease. Epidemiological data pertaining to oral cancer can be difficult to evalu¬ate because of variations in the methods of data collection (Box 3.1). Notwithstanding these confounding variables, a database produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (GLOBOCAN), esti-mated there were over 400,000 new cases of lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer worldwide in 2012, placing the disease in ninth position with breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, cervical, stomach, liver, and uterine cancer being more common. These data suggest that oral cancer is uncommon, but there are enormous variations worldwide. Whereas oral cancer is relatively uncommon in the UK, accounting for 2% of all cancers, in India and parts of South-East Asia it is the most common malignant neoplasm and accounts for around a third of all cancers. Furthermore, the incidence rates for large countries, such as India and the USA, conceal regional and ethnic variations. For example, incidence rates tend to be higher in urban as opposed to rural communities, and in the USA are higher for blacks than whites. In the United Kingdom, inci¬dence rates are slightly higher in Scotland than in England and Wales. In the United Kingdom the incidence of oral cancer is 9 per 100,000 of the population, which represents around 6,800 new cases per annum. The disease is more common in men than in women; the male:female ratio is currently 2:1. Oral cancer incidence increases with age, and the majority of cases (greater than two-thirds) are diagnosed after the age of 50 years old; less than 5% occur in individuals below the age of 40 years old.
Peaceful Change in US Foreign Policy
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter discusses the US advocacy of liberal principles and pursuit of hegemony as its contribution to peaceful change. In the nineteenth century, the United States forcefully asserted its leadership over the Western Hemisphere, although it did not have the military capabilities to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. Under Woodrow Wilson, the United States promoted the ideals of collective security, self-determination, and international institutions. These ideas were implemented in the World War II settlement, when the United States helped to establish new institutions: Bretton Woods and the United Nations. The United States helped to integrate the USSR and China into the international community through the détente strategy, including linkage and triangular diplomacy. After the Cold War ended, Bill Clinton sought to engage China through increased trade and membership in the World Trade Organization and decided to expand NATO to include members of the former Soviet alliance.
David in Reception History
Authors: Markl Dominik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDavid is one of the most colorful figures of the Bible and of the entire literature that has come down to us from antiquity. David’s characterization as a sensitive musician, a violent warrior, and an emotional lover is intertwined with his political career as king of Israel. David’s characterization in the books of Samuel, already transformed in the Psalter and in Chronicles, is the starting point for a variegated history of reception. In the New Testament, David appears as the ancestor and type of Christ. From late antiquity to early modern times, Christian emperors and kings were portrayed as new Davids. Only the Enlightenment cast dark critical shadows over the figure of David. Modern interest shifted towards his individual, psychological traits. After sketching the biblical images of David, their reception, especially in political terms, is traced up to the present.
Israelite and Judean Society and Economy
Authors: Nam Roger S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article examines the economic worlds that correspond to the timeline of the historical books of the Hebrew Bible from the conquest to the return from exile. During this period, Israel and Judah transformed from small subsistence-based tribal economies to more centralized organization, at least partially due to external military threats. Both the northern kingdom and eventually the southern kingdom fell to the Assyrian and Babylonian empires respectively, and the forced migrations instigated socially disembedded economies in the exile and repatriation. Even though these ancient economic modalities are largely assumed and unstated, critical analysis of the historical books requires a thoughtful understanding of the economic world behind these texts.
Introduction
Authors: Kelle Brad E. , Strawn Brent A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This brief chapter introduces the Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. It notes the secondary and constructed nature of the category “Historical Books” (which is not native to the Hebrew Bible) and how this category might be potentially misleading as to the content and genre of these books, many of which are devoid of historiographic intent in anything like the modern sense. With these caveats entered, the introduction next explains how the essays in the book touch on four critical nodes: context (sources, history, texts), content (themes, concepts, issues), approaches (composition, synthesis, theory), and reception (literature, traditions, figures). Further, each essayist was asked to speak to how the topic/area/issue addressed in the essay relates to the Historical Books, as well as how the topic/area/issue helps one better interpret the Historical Books. In conclusion, this introduction notes the diversity that marks recent research in these books.
Respect for Persons
Authors: Millum Joseph , Bromwich Danielle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the foundation and content of the duty to respect persons. The authors argue that it is best understood as a duty to recognize people’s rights. Respect for persons therefore has specific implications for how competent and non-competent persons ought to be treated in research. For competent persons it underlies the obligation to obtain consent to many research procedures. The chapter gives an analysis of the requirements for obtaining valid consent. It then considers respect for persons as it relates to four common topics: the therapeutic misconception, research with children and adolescents, the use of deception in research, and research on competent adults without their consent.
Networked Street Life
Authors: Lane Jeffrey , Marler Will 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this chapter on networked street life, the authors explore the intersection of urban poverty and information and communication technologies as an emergent area of research. The concerns of the “street” as an organizer of social life for many urban poor communities and the affordances of social media, smartphones, and other networked technologies are topics ripe for theoretical integration. In this chapter, the authors argue that urban and digital forms of inequality are constitutive of one another and manifest in technology access, use, and outcomes of use for street-involved youth and adults. Ethnographic studies of neighborhood gang violence, homelessness, and other street-level issues illustrate the importance of a networked approach to neighborhood street life and urban-digital inequality. Future research can expand on the intersectional nature of networked street life, the tensions of physical place and digital networks, and the mass recording of police violence to grow this burgeoning area of study.
Dealing with Moral Dilemmas in Psychotherapy: The Relevance of Moral Case Deliberation
Authors: Widdershoven Guy A. M. , Ruissen Andrea M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the nature of moral issues in psychotherapy, and the way in which psychotherapists can be supported in dealing with them. It first explains the notion of moral dilemma, making use of the work of the philosopher Martha Nussbaum. Next it addresses Moral Case Deliberation (MCD) as an approach to support healthcare professionals. In MCD, a group of healthcare professionals deliberates on a moral issue in a concrete case. The deliberation is guided by a facilitator, who applies a deliberation method. The method presented here is the Dilemma Method. The chapter provides an example of a deliberation on a case in psychotherapy, concerning a patient with a request for euthanasia. It also describes experienced effects of MCD, and compares the approach with ethics consultation.
The Principia, from Conception to Publication
Authors: Smith George E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We lack a complete manuscript record covering the development of the Principia from the time Newton took the initial steps toward it with the short tract De motu corporum in gyrum sent to Halley in November 1684 until Halley received the final parts of the manuscript for the first edition in March 1687. What we have, beside occasional correspondence, are fragmentary manuscripts plus one complete manuscript composed in the spring and summer of 1685, De Motu Corporum, Liber Secundus—the forerunner in “popular” style of Book 3. The many deletions and revisions Newton made to these manuscripts and the evolution of his terminology from one of them to the next allow a reconstruction of the sequence of both them and the steps he went through over this nearly two-and-a-half-year period. This chapter presents such a reconstruction, describing each manuscript that we have from the period in sequence along with pertinent correspondence, with emphasis on the steps displayed in each that Newton took in his progress toward the first edition.
Gender and the Wars of Nation-Building and Nation-Keeping in the Americas, 1830s–1870s
Authors: Greenberg Amy S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The middle decades of the nineteenth century in the Americas were marked by dramatic warfare in the name of nationalism. The two most important conflicts were the US–Mexican War and the American Civil War. Both participants and observers interpreted the causes and outcomes of these most important conflicts as crucial to gender relations. As this chapter demonstrates, war and martial masculinity were often mutually reinforcing during wartime, while more restrained practices of manhood gained precedence after war’s end. Practices of womanhood were also shaped by the demands of war, leading in many cases to short-term increases in female autonomy and authority. In the long term, however, women rarely benefitted from the larger equation that citizenship was grounded in military sacrifice. Female subservience was ensured by a widespread division between public and private that granted authority and the right to privacy to male heads of households within their domains.
Gendered War Mobilization, Culture, and Music in the Age of World Wars
Authors: Fauser Annegret 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the age of world wars, with the increasing spread of media technologies, music and the other audiovisual arts served as tools for propaganda, as means of commemoration, and as escapist entertainment. This chapter explores how art was instrumentalized in propaganda efforts, how gender intersected with musical composition and performance in both wars, how music’s semantic slipperiness made it a fascinating tool for transnational reinterpretation as notions of gender shifted in the interwar years, and how music intersected with technologies such as radio and film to construct gender roles considered appropriate by governments in the 1930s and during World War II, especially in the hands of the state apparatus.
Total Warfare, Gender, and the “Home Front” in Europe during the First and Second World Wars
Authors: Grayzel Susan R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the fundamental transformation of the European civilian experience of war during the First and Second World Wars. It begins by interrogating the category of the home front at the moment of its entry into common parlance in World War I and looks at the incorporation of noncombatants into the waging of industrialized total war. It argues that gender was at the heart of this powerful change as civilian lives and spaces became targets of new modes of warfare and new forms of state intervention into domestic and everyday life. The chapter investigates civilian war work, the meanings of wartime violence, and especially the experience of occupation, the growth of state interest in monitoring sex to prevent the spread of venereal disease, and, above all, the expansion of state regulation in ways that militarized the home.
History and Memory of Female Military Service in the Age of World Wars
Authors: Hagemann Karen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the First and Second World Wars, women’s wartime service became increasingly important for the functioning of the home front and battlefront in Britain, Germany, Russia, the United States, and other war-powers. Hundreds of thousands of women served in the militaries of the belligerents during World War II. Scholars estimate that the percentage of women in the Allied armed forces reached up to 2–3 percent. The number of women in military service in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was especially high, but only in the latter were they officially enlisted as soldiers. Despite their numbers and importance, until recently, mainstream historiography and public memory have largely ignored women’s military service. This chapter takes a closer, comparative look at women’s wartime service in the Age of the World Wars in history and memory and explains the paradox that while it was increasingly needed, it has long been downplayed and overlooked in public perception and memory in all war powers and across the ideological divide of the Cold War.
Gender, Demobilization, and the Reordering of Societies after the First and Second World Wars
Authors: Hagemann Karen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As industrialized total wars, the First and Second World Wars required the unprecedented involvement of civilians. After both wars had ended, the demobilization of large numbers of soldiers, medical staff and workers, the care for invalid veterans, war widows and orphans, and the relocation of millions of prisoners of war, displaced persons, expellees and refugees created immense political, social, and economic problems and challenges for the postwar societies, which also had to deal with the costs and wounds of war. This chapter explores the economic, social, and cultural demobilization and the reordering of societies after the First and Second World Wars with a gender perspective and focusses Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. With these belligerents, victorious and defeated nations, market-based and communist societies, and democratic and authoritarian political systems can be compared. The chapter demonstrates the importance of the gender relations for the reconstruction of the postwar social order. After both wars, in all these societies, despite their differences, it was mainly the families, particularly the women, who had to heal the wounds of war.
Northern Syria
Authors: Rousset Marie-Odile 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUntil the tragic events that have affected Syria since 2011, this country has been the subject of numerous archaeological research programs, a number of which have allowed for a better understanding of the Islamic period. Located on the crossroads of trade and military routes and geographically diverse, the history and culture of northern Syria has been impacted by the movements of peoples through the region and exhibits a distinct regionalism. This chapter gives an overview of the recent advances in the main areas on which Syrian fieldwork has focused: the early Islamic city, the development of the territory by the Umayyad elite, rural settlement, religion, and border defense. In each case, the author mentions only the most recent publications, within which the reader will find a further bibliography.
Central Islamic Lands
Authors: Walker Bethany J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The following text serves as an introduction to the chapters focused on the “central lands” of the Islamic world: the “Arab heartland,” Persia, and the territories of the Ottoman Empire. Long associated with the Holy Land, this region attracted the attention of archaeologists, geographers, antiquarians, and scholars of religion early on, with missions sent to explore and map the ruins of places associated with Biblical and extra-Biblical texts with greater frequency from the 19th century. Largely born out of Biblical and Classical archaeology, Islamic archaeology thus got an early start here, gradually shifting since the 1970s from the study of changes to the Late Antique city in the post-conquest era to that of larger landscapes and the rural sphere. Interest in the process and timing of Islamization has been a driving force in archaeological research in this region.
Ottoman Anatolia
Authors: Yenişehirlioğlu Filiz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The complex and varied geographical and political history of the Ottoman Empire ,has challenged the development and the diffusion of knowledge of Ottoman Archeology for many reasons .The character of a historical memory that has not prioritized research on this period was an important restraint. When research was done, the diversity of local languages in which it was published in post-ottoman states was hard to follow. The archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia is a developing area of study and research in Turkey and abroad. This chapter discusses its place within the general framework of the Ottoman Empire, the place of different academic views monitoring the research area after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, historiography of the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia, and themes and areas of research concerning the archaeology of Ottoman Anatolia in our days.
Responding to the Opioid Epidemic: Educational Competencies for Pain and Substance Use Disorder from the Medical Schools of the University of California
Authors: Servis Mark , Fishman Scott M , Wallace Mark S , Henry Stephen G , Ziedonis Doug , Ciccarone Daniel , Knight Kelly R , Shoptaw Steven , Dowling Patrick , Suchard Jeffrey R , Shah Shalini , Singh Naileshni , Cedarquist Lynette C , Alem Navid , Copenhaver David J , Westervelt Marjorie , Willis Brigham C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
The University of California (UC) leadership sought to develop a robust educational response to the epidemic of opioid-related deaths. Because the contributors to this current crisis are multifactorial, a comprehensive response requires educating future physicians about safe and effective management of pain, safer opioid prescribing, and identification and treatment of substance use disorder (SUD).

Methods
The six UC medical schools appointed an opioid crisis workgroup to develop educational strategies and a coordinated response to the opioid epidemic. The workgroup had diverse specialty and disciplinary representation. This workgroup focused on developing a foundational set of educational competencies for adoption across all UC medical schools that address pain, SUD, and public health concerns related to the opioid crisis.

Results
The UC pain and SUD competencies were either newly created or adapted from existing competencies that addressed pain, SUD, and opioid and other prescription drug misuse. The final competencies covered three domains: pain, SUD, and public health issues related to the opioid crisis.

Conclusions
The authors present a novel set of educational competencies as a response to the opioid crisis. These competencies emphasize the subject areas that are fundamental to the opioid crisis: pain management, the safe use of opioids, and understanding and treating SUD.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: Morales Mary E , Yong R Jason 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
To summarize the current literature on disparities in the treatment of chronic pain.

Methods
We focused on studies conducted in the United States and published from 2000 and onward. Studies of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional designs were included.

Results
A review of the current literature revealed that an adverse association between non-White race and treatment of chronic pain is well supported. Studies have also shown that racial differences exist in the long-term monitoring for opioid misuse among patients suffering from chronic pain. In addition, a patient’s sociodemographic profile appears to influence the relationship between chronic pain and quality of life. Results from interventional studies were mixed.

Conclusions
Disparities exist within the treatment of chronic pain. Currently, it is unclear how to best combat these disparities. Further work is needed to understand why disparities exist and to identify points in patients’ treatment when they are most vulnerable to unequal care. Such work will help guide the development and implementation of effective interventions.
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Chikungunya virus during the 2016 outbreak in Sergipe, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Jesus Myrela C S , Chagas Rynat D O , Santos Cliomar A , Santos Rafaela W F , Barros Gerlane S , La Corte Roseli , Batista Marcus V A , Storti-Melo Luciane M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Chikungunya (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti females. CHIKV has been highlighted as the pathogen with the greatest impact due to the high morbidity caused by the infection. In 2016, Brazil experienced an outbreak that affected almost 272 000 people. Here, we performed a molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the CHIKV circulating in 2016 in the state of Sergipe, Brazil.

Methods
A partial region of the E1 gene of 16 CHIKV-positive samples from Sergipe State was amplified and sequenced.

Results
All sequences belonged to the East-Central-South-African genotype and three point mutations were verified. Two of them were silent mutations and one was a non-synonymous mutation, which changed lysine to threonine at position 211 in the E1 protein. This mutation was present in 81.2% of the sequences, as well as in other five Brazilian sequences from previous studies. This study found that CHIKV strains circulating in Sergipe during the 2016 outbreak belonged to two different haplotypes.

Conclusions
The strains circulating in Sergipe are phylogenetically close to other Brazilian samples circulating in the northeast and southeast of the country, as well as viruses circulating during the same period in Haiti, indicating the rapid spread of these haplotypes.