bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating retention in HIV care accounting for clinic transfers using electronic medical records: evidence from a large antiretroviral treatment programme in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Bengtson Angela M. , Colvin Christopher , Kirwa Kipruto , Cornell Morna , Lurie Mark N. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundEstimates of retention in antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes may be biased if patients who transfer to healthcare clinics are misclassified as lost to follow‐up (LTFU) at their original clinic. In a large cohort, we estimated retention in care accounting for patient transfers using medical records.MethodsUsing linked electronic medical records, we followed adults living with HIV (PLWH) in Cape Town, South Africa from ART initiation (2012‐2016) through database closure at 36 months or 30 June 2016, whichever came first. Retention was defined as alive and with a healthcare visit in the 180 days between database closure and administrative censoring on 31 December 2016. Participants who died or did not have a healthcare visit in > 180 days were censored at their last healthcare visit. We estimated the cumulative incidence of retention using Kaplan–Meier methods considering (i) only records from a participant’s ART initiation clinic (not accounting for transfers) and (ii) all records (accounting for transfers), over time and by gender. We estimated risk differences and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals to quantify misclassification in retention estimates due to patient transfers.ResultsWe included 3406 PLWH initiating ART. Retention through 36 months on ART rose from 45.4% (95% CI 43.6%, 47.2%) to 54.3% (95% CI 52.4%, 56.1%) after accounting for patient transfers. Overall, 8.9% (95% CI 8.1%, 9.7%) of participants were misclassified as LTFU due to patient transfers.ConclusionsPatient transfers can appreciably bias estimates of retention in HIV care. Electronic medical records can help quantify patient transfers and improve retention estimates.
Short‐term very low caloric intake causes endothelial dysfunction and increased susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias and pathology in male rats
Authors: Almeida Jônathas F. Q. , Shults Nataliia , de Souza Aline M. A. , Ji Hong , Wu Xie , Woods James , Sandberg Kathryn 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the effects of a 2 week period of severe food restriction on vascular reactivity of resistance arteries and on cardiac structure and function?
What is the main finding and its importance?
This study showed, for the first time, that a 2 week period of severe food restriction in adult male Fischer rats caused endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric arteries and increased the susceptibility to ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced arrhythmias and cardiac pathology. Our findings might have ramifications for cardiovascular risk in people who experience periods of inadequate caloric intake.

AbstractSevere food restriction (sFR) is a common dieting strategy for rapid weight loss. Male Fischer rats were maintained on a control (CT) or sFR (40% of CT food intake) diet for 14 days to mimic low‐calorie crash diets. The sFR diet reduced body weight by 16%. Haematocrits were elevated by 10% in the sFR rats, which was consistent with the reduced plasma volume. Mesenteric arteries from sFR rats had increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictors, including angiotensin II [maximum (%): CT, 1.30 ± 0.46 versus sFR, 11.5 ± 1.6; P < 0.0001; n = 7] and phenylephrine [maximum (%): CT, 78.5 ± 2.8 versus sFR, 94.5 ± 1.7; P < 0.001; n = 7] and reduced sensitivity to the vasodilator acetylcholine [EC50 (nm): CT, 49.2 ± 5.2 versus sFR, 71.6 ± 6.8; P < 0.05; n = 7]. Isolated hearts from sFR rats had a 1.7‐fold increase in the rate of cardiac arrhythmias in response to ischaemia–reperfusion and more cardiac pathology, including myofibrillar disarray with contractions and cardiomyocyte lysis, than hearts from CT rats. The sFR dietary regimen is similar to very low‐calorie commercial and self‐help weight‐loss programmes, which provide ∼800–1000 kcal day−1. Therefore, these findings in rats warrant the study of cardiovascular function in individuals who engage in extreme dieting or are subjected to bouts of very low caloric intake for other reasons, such as socioeconomic factors and natural disasters.
Relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: revisión de la literatura
Authors: Moreno Correa Sandra Milena , Bolaños Andrés Felipe , Jaramillo Juan José , Jimenez Alexandra , Moreno Freddy 
Published: May 2020

Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal afecta los tejidos de soporte del diente generando una manifestación inflamatoria crónica desencadenada principalmente por bacterias incluidas en la biopelícula oral, las cuales pueden migrar a otros tejidos del cuerpo, siendo las vías respiratorias un blanco susceptible. Objetivo: Establecer si existe relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la EPOC según lo reportado en la literatura en los últimos 20 años. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en el Medline (a través del motor de búsqueda PubMed) mediante las pautas de la declaración PRISMA con ayuda de los descriptores en salud tipo MeSh “periodontitis”, “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”, “inflammation” y “bacteremia”. Resultados: Se revisaron 49 publicaciones entre 1998 y 2018. El mayor número corresponden al año 2013. El tipo de publicación más frecuente fueron los estudios de tipo descriptivo (41%), seguido por casos y controles (29%), revisiones de la literatura (18%), estudios de cohorte retrospectivos (10%) y metaanálisis (2%). Del total de publicaciones, el 94% reportan que si existe relación entre la EP y EPOC mientras que el 6% niegan dicha asociación. Conclusión: Se encuentra asociación entre las dos enfermedades, aunque la evidencia es insuficiente para establecer una relación causa-efecto, se puede sugerir que la enfermedad periodontal es un indicador de riesgo para EPOC y viceversa, ya que se sugiere una relación de doble vía.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Performance of CdO-Based Nano Hybrid Material in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Batool Arifa , Shah Syed Mujtaba , Ullah Naimat , Hussain Hazrat 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cadmium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized through the simple and low-cost sol–gel method. The optical, morphological, compositional, and structural properties of as-synthesized NPs were investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Absorption spectra of CdO NPs were used for band gaps calculation, which was found to be 2.11 eV. The XRD pattern was used to investigate the purity and crystalline nature of NPs. Morphology and elemental composition were investigated by using SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. FTIR assisted in identifying the functional groups and grafting of the dye on the surface of NPs. These CdO nanoparticles were photosensitized with Ru (II) based Z907 dye. Z907 dye was employed to extend the absorption spectrum of the material to the visible region of the solar spectrum so as to harvest the maximum amount of solar influx on the surface of earth. The energy level diagram revealed that the interaction among the constituents of the nanohybrid assembly permitted the flow of the electron in a cascade manner from dye to CdO nanoparticles. The synthesized photoactive nanohybrid material was thoroughly blended with poly (3-hexylthiophene), a solid electrolyte, and I–V measurements under simulated radiations 1000 W/m2 (AM 1.5) were recorded. A maximum induced photon to the current conversion efficiency of 0.60% was achieved.
Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Concentrating Solar Power Plant Driven by an Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: El hamdani Fayrouz , Vaudreuil Sébastien , Abderafi Souad , Bounahmidi Tijani 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Concentrating solar power (CSP) technology is one of the promising options to generate green energy. However, the cost of kWhe produced is relatively high compared with fossil resources and can be reduced by integrating a cogeneration system exploiting waste energy. In this study, a technico-economic evaluation of a 1 MWe CSP plant with a condensation heat (85 °C) is investigated. The temperature constraint is set to meet the thermal separation needs of the draw solution of a forward osmosis desalination process. The purpose of this study focuses on the factors involved in reducing the cost per kWhe, which are the selection of the organic fluid used in the organic Rankine cycle and the appropriate choice of the solar multiple (SM) according to the appropriate storage hours (SH) maximizing the CSP thermal efficiency. The performance of different organic fluids was compared, based on the calculation of the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. The cyclopentane was retained for its reduced cost. Operating with this fluid, a sensitivity analysis was realized to test the effect of the solar multiple and storage hours on the power plant. It allows us to conclude that different appropriate combination between storage hours and solar multiple can be chosen, for the needs of our project, we opt for 8 h and 1.85, respectively. Thus, in this case, the cost of kWh was found to be 23.95¢.
Comparative Thermal Performance Analysis on Helical Screw Insert in Tube With Number of Strips With Nanofluid at Laminar Flow Regime
Authors: Chaurasia Shashank Ranjan , Sarviya R. M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The experimental analysis is arranged to evaluate the thermal hydraulic performance on nanofluid flow in helical screw insert with tube at a number of strips and different twist ratios in laminar flow regime. The single strip (SS) helical screw inserts are also compared with the double strip (DS) helical screw inserts. The heat transfer enhancement is achieved with nanofluid flow in double strip as compared with single strip helical screw insert at decreased values of twist ratio and increased values of Reynolds number. A maximum enhancement of 421% is found in the value of Nusselt number with double strip helical screw insert at twist ratio of 1.5 and low value of Reynolds number in the flow of nanofluid than water in plain tube. The common correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor are generated. The thermal performance factor (TPF) is achieved at a maximum value of 2.42 with double strip than single strip helical screw inserts at twist ratio of 2.5 and low value of Reynolds number. The present analysis shows suitability of the double strip helical screw insert to enable miniaturization of the heat exchangers. A compact heat exchanger decreases the size of thermal application such as solar water heater, solar power plants, electronic cooling systems, radiator, etc., which could save environment by pollution reduction with utilization of energy.
Gap Test of Crack-Parallel Stress Effect on Quasibrittle Fracture and Its Consequences
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Thai , Pathirage Madura , Cusatis Gianluca , Bažant Zdeněk P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the standard fracture test specimens, the crack-parallel normal stress is negligible. However, its effect can be strong, as revealed by a new type of experiment, briefly named the gap test. It consists of a simple modification of the standard three-point-bend test whose main idea is to use plastic pads with a near-perfect yield plateau to generate a constant crack-parallel compression and install the end supports with a gap that closes only when the pads yield. This way, the test beam transits from one statically determinate loading configuration to another, making evaluation unambiguous. For concrete, the gap test showed that moderate crack-parallel compressive stress can increase up to 1.8 times the Mode I (opening) fracture energy of concrete, and reduce it to almost zero on approach to the compressive stress limit. To model it, the fracture process zone must be characterized tensorially. We use computer simulations with crack-band microplane model, considering both in-plane and out-of-plane crack-parallel stresses for plain and fiber-reinforced concretes, and anisotropic shale. The results have broad implications for all quasibrittle materials, including shale, fiber composites, coarse ceramics, sea ice, foams, and fone. Except for negligible crack-parallel stress, the line crack models are shown to be inapplicable. Nevertheless, as an approximation ignoring stress tensor history, the crack-parallel stress effect may be introduced parametrically, by a formula. Finally we show that the standard tensorial strength models such as Drucker–Prager cannot reproduce these effects realistically.
Spatial expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor and caveolin-1 in hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Yokomori Hiroaki , Ando Wataru 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) mediates β cell function. Its receptor agonists, currently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, might be effective against NASH. GLP-1R, a G protein-coupled receptor family member, preferentially localises to caveolae. Therefore, we ascertained the cellular localisation of GLP-1R and caveolin (CAV)-1 in NASH liver.MethodsLiver biopsies were obtained from three patients with NASH and were compared with those of four normal patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) were used to compare GLP-1R and CAV-1 expression in the livers of patients with metastatic liver cancer and normal patients.ResultsIHC showed that GLP-1R localised to basolateral membranes of hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis and was expressed in monocytes infiltrating hepatic sinusoids. CAV-1 was minimally associated with low-electron density lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. IEM showed small clusters of GLP-1R molecules on the peripheral rims of LDs and on cytoplasmic leaflets of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and vesicles, whereas CAV-1 molecules were found in LD caveolae.ConclusionsGLP-1R is present in the lipid microdomains of hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis. These results may help inform future studies about the liver-specific mechanisms of GLP-1 modulation in NASH therapy.
Predictors of poor clinical outcome despite complete reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke patients
Authors: van Horn Noel , Kniep Helge , Leischner Hannes , McDonough Rosalie , Deb-Chatterji Milani , Broocks Gabriel , Thomalla Goetz , Brekenfeld Caspar , Fiehler Jens , Hanning Uta , Flottmann Fabian 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundIn patients suffering from acute ischemic stroke from large vessel occlusion (LVO), mechanical thrombectomy (MT) often leads to successful reperfusion. Only approximately half of these patients have a favorable clinical outcome. Our aim was to determine the prognostic factors associated with poor clinical outcome following complete reperfusion.MethodsPatients treated with MT for LVO from a prospective single-center stroke registry between July 2015 and April 2019 were screened. Complete reperfusion was defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) grade 3. A modified Rankin scale at 90 days (mRS90) of 3–6 was defined as ‘poor outcome’. A logistic regression analysis was performed with poor outcome as a dependent variable, and baseline clinical data, comorbidities, stroke severity, collateral status, and treatment information as independent variables.Results123 patients with complete reperfusion (TICI 3) were included in this study. Poor clinical outcome was observed in 67 (54.5%) of these patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified greater age (adjusted OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.17; p=0.001), higher admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.28; p=0.024), and lower Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.84; p=0.007) as independent predictors of poor outcome. Poor outcome was independent of collateral score.ConclusionPoor clinical outcome is observed in a large proportion of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with MT, despite complete reperfusion. In this study, futile recanalization was shown to occur independently of collateral status, but was associated with increasing age and stroke severity.
Relationship of white matter lesion severity with early and late outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel stroke
Authors: Albo Zimbul , Marino Jose , Nagy Muhammad , Jayaraman Dilip K , Azeem Muhammad U , Puri Ajit S , Henninger Nils 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundWhite matter lesions (WML) are associated with poor outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel stroke; the reasons are uncertain. To elucidate this issue we sought to determine the association of WML with multiple early and late outcome measures after MT.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 181 MT patients prospectively included in our local stroke registry (January 2012 to November 2016). Using multiple regression modeling, we assessed whether WML was independently associated with early outcomes (successful recanalization, degree of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) improvement, hemorrhagic transformation, duration of hospitalization) as well as an unfavorable 90-day modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) (≥3) and 90-day survival. Explorative analyses examined the association with the 90-day home-time and 90-day risk for hospital readmission.ResultsWML were not significantly associated with early outcome measure (P>0.05, each). Patients with moderate-to-severe WML more often had an unfavorable mRS (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.04 to 8.33) and risk of death (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.84) after adjustment for pertinent confounders. Patients with moderate-to-severe WML had a significantly shorter home-time (19±32 vs 47±38 days, P<0.001) and Kaplan–Meier analyses indicated a significantly greater risk for hospital readmission within 90 days (log rank P=0.045), with the most frequent reasons being recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack.ConclusionOur analyses suggest that poor outcomes among patients with moderate-to-severe WML were related to factors unrelated to procedural success and risk. WML should not be used to render treatment decisions in otherwise eligible patients. Aggressive monitoring of medical complications after MT could represent a viable strategy to improve outcome in affected patients.
Workplace violence and health in human service industries: a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies
Authors: Nyberg Anna , Kecklund Göran , Hanson Linda Magnusson , Rajaleid Kristiina 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesTo provide systematically evaluated evidence of prospective associations between exposure to physical, psychological and gender-based violence and health among healthcare, social care and education workers.MethodsThe guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for population: human service workers; exposure: workplace violence; and study type: prospective or longitudinal in articles published 1990–August 2019. Quality assessment was performed based on a modified version of the Cochrane’s ‘Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies’.ResultsAfter deduplication, 3566 studies remained, of which 132 articles were selected for full-text screening and 28 were included in the systematic review. A majority of the studies focused on healthcare personnel, were from the Nordic countries and were assessed to have medium quality. Nine of 11 associations between physical violence and poor mental health were statistically significant, and 3 of 4 associations between physical violence and sickness absence. Ten of 13 associations between psychological violence and poor mental health were statistically significant and 6 of 6 associations between psychological violence and sickness absence. The only study on gender-based violence and health reported a statistically non-significant association.ConclusionThere is consistent evidence mainly in medium quality studies of prospective associations between psychological violence and poor mental health and sickness absence, and between physical violence and poor mental health in human service workers. More research using objective outcomes, improved exposure assessment and that focus on gender-based violence is needed.
Global review of tobacco product flavour policies
Authors: Erinoso Olufemi , Clegg Smith Katherine , Iacobelli Michael , Saraf Sejal , Welding Kevin , Cohen Joanna E 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveWe determined which countries prohibit flavoured tobacco products and the details of those restrictions in order to identify possible gaps and opportunities for these and other countries to address.MethodsWe reviewed the grey literature, scanned news articles and consulted with key informants and identified 11 countries and the European Union (EU) that ban or restrict tobacco product flavours. We reviewed policy documents for their stated policy rationale, terms and definitions of flavours, tobacco products covered and restrictions on the use of flavour imagery and terms on tobacco product packaging.ResultsCountries with a tobacco product flavour policy include the USA, Canada, Brazil, Ethiopia, Uganda, Senegal, Niger, Mauritania, EU (28 Member States), Moldova, Turkey and Singapore. Most of the countries’ policies provide a rationale of dissuading youth from taking up tobacco use. Ten of the 12 policies use the terms ‘flavours’ (n=6) or ‘characterising flavours’ (n=4). Six policies cover all products made entirely or partly of tobacco leaf. Countries consistently prohibit flavours associated with fruits, vanilla and spices. The USA and Niger make an exception for menthol, while Mauritania and Uganda do not specify the scope of flavours or ingredients covered by their policies. Eight policies make no specific reference to restricting flavour descriptors on tobacco product packaging.ConclusionCountries looking to implement policies restricting flavours in tobacco products can build on existing comprehensive policies. Future research could examine the implementation and impacts of these policies, to inform other countries interested in acting in this policy domain.