bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontology Modularization with OAPT
Authors: Algergawy Alsayed , Babalou Samira , Klan Friederike , König-Ries Birgitta 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOntologies are the backbone of the Semantic Web. As a result, the number of existing ontologies and the number of topics covered by them has increased considerably. With this, reusing these ontologies becomes preferable to constructing new ontologies from scratch. However, a user might be interested in a part and/or a set of parts of a given ontology, only. Therefore, ontology modularization, i.e., splitting up an ontology into smaller parts that can be independently used, becomes a necessity. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to partition ontology based on theseeding-basedscheme, which is developed and implemented through the Ontology Analysis and Partitioning Tool (OAPT). This tool proceeds according to the following methodology: first, before a candidate ontology is partitioned,OAPToptionally analyzes the input ontology to determine, if this ontology is worth considering using a predefined set of criteria that quantify the semantic and structural richness of the ontology. After that, we apply the seeding-based partitioning algorithm to modularize it into a set of modules. To decide upon a suitable number of modules that will be generated by partitioning the ontology, we provide the user a recommendation based on an information theoretic model selection method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of theOAPTtool and validate the performance of the partitioning approach by conducting an extensive set of experiments. The results prove the quality and the efficiency of the proposed tool.
Effect of contact forms on the wear of hard silicon surfaces by soft polymers
Authors: Zhang Zhaoxiang , Jia Xiaohong , Guo Fei , Shan Zhongde , Wang Yuming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe mechanism of hard surfaces worn by soft polymers is not clearly understood. In this paper, a new hypothesis has been proposed, it holds that the stress acting on the hard surface under certain working conditions is the main reason for wear of the hard surface by a soft polymer. The hypothesis was investigated by changing the contact form between tribo-pairs. For this, friction tests between six polymer spheres and smooth, rough, and inclined monocrystalline silicon surfaces were carried out. The results show that for the same tribo-pair, the silicon surface will not be worn in some contact forms, but in other contact forms it will be worn. We believe the wear of hard surface by a soft polymer is the result of the combined stress state action on the hard surface.
Technology Considerations for Enabling eSource in Clinical Research: Industry Perspective
Authors: Jennings Donald G. , Nordo Amy , Vattikola Aruna , Kjaer Jesper 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
The technological complexities and broad operational scope of eSource impede coordinated, inter-organizational action on advancing at-scale solutions.

Methods
We introduce an architectural framework for articulating technological considerations across organizations. The architecture neither implies nor endorses solution implementations; rather, it proposes solution functionality based upon principles and good clinical practices.

Results
Key technology considerations include patterns of anticipated use, implications to the current state of clinical trial operations, and the need for new technologies (i.e., IoT, Big Data, Predictive Analytics).

Conclusion
Technology considerations drive implications beyond technology—influencing regulatory, process, and ethical realms of clinical research.
Moderators of Improvement From Mindfulness-Based vs Traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Brotto Lori A. , Zdaniuk Bozena , Rietchel Lauren , Basson Rosemary , Bergeron Sophie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe goal was to evaluate the moderators of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to improve dyspareunia, reduce pain catastrophizing, and improve overall sexual function in women with provoked vestibulodynia (PVD). Both treatments effectively reduced self-reported pain, sexual dysfunction, and pain catastrophizing in women with PVD.MethodsA total of 130 women with PVD were assigned to CBT or MBCT.OutcomesPotential moderators included (i) PVD subtype (primary or secondary), (ii) baseline pain intensity, (iii) trait mindfulness, (iv) treatment credibility, (v) relationship duration, and (vi) age. Outcomes were pain intensity, sexual function, and pain catastrophizing at 4 time points: before and after treatment and 6- and 12-month follow-up. Moderation was tested using multilevel models, nesting 4 time points within participants. The interaction of the moderator, time effect, and treatment group was evaluated for significance, and a simple slope analysis of significant interactions was performed.ResultsPain reduction across 4 time points was the greatest in women who were younger, in relationships of shorter duration, and with greater baseline pain. Treatment credibility moderated pain intensity outcomes (B = 0.305, P &lt; .01) where those with higher treatment credibility ratings (for that particular treatment) improved more in MBCT than CBT. PVD subtype moderated pain catastrophizing (B = 3.150, P &lt; .05). Those with primary PVD improved more in the CBT condition, whereas women with secondary PVD improved more in the MBCT condition. Relationship length moderated sexual function (B = 0.195, P &lt; .01). Women in shorter relationships improved more with MBCT, whereas women in longer relationships improved more on sexual function with CBT. No other tested variables moderated outcomes differentially across both treatment conditions.Clinical ImplicationsWomen who present with high credibility about mindfulness, in shorter relationships, and with secondary PVD might respond better to MBCT whereas those with primary PVD and longer relationships might respond better to CBT.Strengths & LimitationsClinical sample. Half the women who were not sexually active were omitted from analyses of sexual function.ConclusionOverall, treatment credibility, relationship length, and PVD subtype were found to moderate improvements differently in MBCT and CBT. These findings may assist clinicians in individualizing psychological treatment for women with PVD.Clinical Trial RegistrationThis clinical trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01704456.
Fiscal Pressures and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri
Authors: Harris Allison P. , Ash Elliott , Fagan Jeffrey 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper provides evidence of racial variation in traffic enforcement responses to local government budget stress using data from policing agencies in the state of Missouri from 2001 through 2012. Like previous studies, we find that local budget stress is associated with higher citation rates; we also find an increase in traffic-stop arrest rates. However, we find that these effects are concentrated among White (rather than Black or Latino) drivers. The results are robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates and a variety of model specifications, including a regression discontinuity examining bare budget shortfalls. Considering potential mechanisms, we find that targeting of White drivers is higher where the White-to-Black income ratio is higher, consistent with the targeting of drivers who are better able to pay fines. Further, the relative effect on White drivers is higher in areas with statistical over-policing of Black drivers: when Black drivers are already getting too many fines, police cite White drivers from whom they are presumably more likely to be able to raise the needed extra revenue. These results highlight the relationship between policing-as-taxation and racial inequality in policing outcomes.
Continuum of maternal health care services and its impact on child immunization in India: an application of the propensity score matching approach
Authors: Usman Mohd , Anand Enu , Siddiqui Laeek , Unisa Sayeed 
Published: August 2020

AbstractContinuum of care throughout pregnancy, delivery and post-delivery has proved to be a critical health intervention for improving the health of mothers and their newborn children. Using data from the fourth wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16, this study examined the correlates of utilization of maternal health care services and child immunization following the continuum of care approach in India. The study also assessed whether the continuity in utilizing maternal health care services affects the immunization of children. A total of 33,422 survey women aged 15–49 were included in the analysis of maternal health care indicators, and 8246 children aged 12–23 months for the analysis of child immunization. The results indicated that about 19% of the women had completed the maternal health continuum, i.e. received full antenatal care, had an institutional delivery and received postnatal care. Women with a higher level of education and of higher economic status were more likely to have complete continuum of care. Continuity of maternal health care was found to be associated with an increase in the immunization level of children. It was observed that 76% of the children whose mothers had complete continuum of care were fully immunized. Furthermore, the results from propensity score matching revealed that if mothers received continuum of care, the chance of their child being fully immunized increased by 17 percentage points. The results suggest that promotion of the continuum of maternal health care approach could help reduce not only the burden of maternal deaths in India, but also that of child deaths by increasing the immunization level of children.
Plasma Depletion Bays in the Equatorial Ionosphere Observed by FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC During 2007–2014
Authors: Chang F. Y. , Liu J. Y. , Fang T. W. , Rajesh P. K. , Lin C. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA new feature of plasma depletion bay (PDB) on the longitudinal structure over the equatorial and low latitudes is observed by the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) electron density profiles. The existence of the PDB feature is confirmed by the OI 135.6 nm radiance from TIMED/GUVI, which together with F3/C electron density shows that one North PDB extending to the Southern Hemisphere prominently appears over Southwest America while three South PDBs extending to the Northern Hemisphere occur over North Atlantic, India Ocean, and Southeast Asia. Three‐dimensional F3/C ionospheric electron densities are further used to examine PDB structures at various local times, seasons, solar activities, and altitudes during 2007−2014. It is found that the north PDB is observed during October−March, while the south PDBs mostly exist during April−September. These PDBs can be observed within 250–350 km altitudes in the nighttime, appearing pronounced over 275–300 km altitudes around 2300–0100 LT, in the low solar activity year of 2007. Global effective wind patterns computed using the horizontal wind model HWM93 in solstice months suggest that summer‐to‐winter field‐aligned winds projected from zonal neutral winds play an important role.
Characteristics of Reconnection Sites and Fast Flow Channels in an MHD Simulation
Authors: McPherron R. L. , El‐Alaoui M. , Walker R. J. , Richard R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate an interval of moderate magnetic activity from 0–8 UT on 14 March 2008 by using a global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation with high spatial and temporal resolution. Observations show several distinct substorms during this interval. One of these with onset at 04:44 UT occurs at 04:42 UT in the simulation. The simulation shows reconnection is continuously present at multiple sites. During the growth phase, the number of X‐lines decreases as their total length increase and their locations approach the Earth. The X‐lines create multiple fast flow channels with dipolarization fronts. The total length and area of these channels increase during the growth phase as they penetrate closer to the Earth carrying more magnetic flux. The 04:42 UT onset in the simulation was preceded by the growth of an X‐line that eventually extended 55 RE from 12 RE premidnight to 50 on the dawn side. It produced a narrow flow channel parallel to the X‐line that eventually penetrated inside 10 RE rapidly depositing magnetic flux as the expansion phase developed. Despite this good agreement in expansion phase onset time, ground and satellite observations suggest a quiet growth phase with a sudden onset of reconnection. It may be possible to explain the difference between observations and simulations if all growth phase activity in the simulation maps to the ionosphere at very high latitudes. An auroral streamer at onset maps in the simulation very close to Earth. A recovery phase streamer maps to the middle tail.
Agulhas Ring Heat Content and Transport in the South Atlantic Estimated by Combining Satellite Altimetry and Argo Profiling Floats Data
Authors: Laxenaire R. , Speich S. , Stegner A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Agulhas leakage of Indian Ocean waters into the Atlantic has been shown to be a key link in global ocean circulation and climate; an increased understanding of this process is therefore of more than just of local interest. While knowledge of the Agulhas leakage has increased over the past 30 years, the precise mechanisms at play and water properties transferred are still not sufficiently documented. This study covers the Agulhas rings heat content and transport, which contribute to the meridional overturning circulation of the global ocean during their route across the South Atlantic Ocean. By applying TOEddies, an eddy detection and tracking algorithm that takes into account eddy merging and splitting, to satellite altimetry maps combined with a colocation of the detected eddies with Argo floats vertical profiles, we are able to document the important heat anomaly characterizing Agulhas rings and their evolution across the Cape Basin and the South Atlantic Ocean. Notwithstanding that in situ data coverage is still limited at the ocean mesoscale, we have estimated an averaged Agulhas rings subsurface heat transport of 2.5 × 10−2 PW and 1.5 × 10−2 PW across the eastern and western South Atlantic Ocean, respectively.
Tropical Cyclone Activities in Warm Climate with Quadrupled CO2 Concentration Simulated by a New General Circulation Model
Authors: Song Chanwoo , Park Sungsu , Shin Jihoon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo understand the impacts of global warming on tropical cyclones (TCs), we compared various TC properties and environmental conditions during the pre‐industrial period with those in a warm climate with quadrupled CO2 concentration using the Seoul National University Earth System Model Version 0 with a unified convection scheme (SEM0‐UNICON). TCs in warm climate are faster, stronger, and larger with more precipitation but are short‐lived and fewer than those in cold climate. Fewer TCs in warm climate are associated with the decreases in the climatological mean upward flow at 500 hPa (ω500) and the increase in saturation deficit at 600 hPa (δ600). In contrast, enhanced TC intensity is associated with the increases in sea surface temperature, upward ω500, column‐integrated water vapor, convective available potential energy, and horizontal moisture convergence below 700 hPa along TC tracks.
Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Stock Charles A. , Dunne John P. , Fan Songmiao , Ginoux Paul , John Jasmin , Krasting John P. , Laufkötter Charlotte , Paulot Fabien , Zadeh Niki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis contribution describes the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM4.1), assesses GFDL‐ESM4.1's capacity to capture observed ocean biogeochemical patterns, and documents its response to increasing atmospheric CO2. Notable differences relative to the previous generation of GFDL ESM's include enhanced resolution of plankton food web dynamics, refined particle remineralization, and a larger number of exchanges of nutrients across Earth system components. During model spin‐up, the carbon drift rapidly fell below the 10 Pg C per century equilibration criterion established by the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Simulations robustly captured large‐scale observed nutrient distributions, plankton dynamics, and characteristics of the biological pump. The model overexpressed phosphate limitation and open ocean hypoxia in some areas but still yielded realistic surface and deep carbon system properties, including cumulative carbon uptake since preindustrial times and over the last decades that is consistent with observation‐based estimates. The model's response to the direct and radiative effects of a 200% atmospheric CO2increase from preindustrial conditions (i.e., years 101–120 of a 1% CO2yr−1simulation) included (a) a weakened, shoaling organic carbon pump leading to a 38% reduction in the sinking flux at 2,000 m; (b) a two‐thirds reduction in the calcium carbonate pump that nonetheless generated only weak calcite compensation on century time‐scales; and, in contrast to previous GFDL ESMs, (c) a moderate reduction in global net primary production that was amplified at higher trophic levels. We conclude with a discussion of model limitations and priority developments.
Hydrological Tracking Model for Amazon Surface Waters
Authors: Sorribas Mino Viana , de Paiva Rodrigo Cauduro Dias , Fleischmann Ayan Santos , Collischonn Walter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study presents an alternative model for hydrological tracking of surface waters designed to investigate multiyear storage and movement of water in large river basins. We coupled this model with a background solution from a large‐scale hydrological‐hydrodynamic model to study the fate of waters in the Amazon River basin (6 million km2) considering the following: (i) the surface water travel times, (ii) the role of large floodable areas (17% of the basin), and (iii) the relations between water composition and lithological sources. Through numerical experiments, we investigated the spatial distribution of in‐stream surface water travel time for the Amazon River Basin (relative to the outlet) and the role of floodplains in seasonal water storage. We estimate that surface water travel time is likely to be less than 90 days (median of 45 days), although about 20% of the flowing water passes through large floodplains. Our modeling exercises indicate that whole‐basin monthly water net balance between river and floodplain can reach up to magnitudes of 105 m3/s; the water exchanged with floodplains during the annual floods can represent a large portion (up to 40%) of the basin discharge during low waters season. Finally, we took advantage of the tracking approach to study the hydrograph composition based on parent river lithology quantifying the role of major tributaries. Parallel to the development of global hydrology databases, new modeling approaches are also required to push advances in the discussion of renewal and travel times of surface waters in large river basins.
Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide Variations on Centennial Time Scales During the Past Two Millennia
Authors: Ryu Y. , Ahn J. , Yang J.‐W. , Brook E. J. , Timmermann A. , Blunier T. , Hur S. , Kim S.‐J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe continuous growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is of concern for its potential role in global warming and future stratospheric ozone destruction. Climate feedbacks that enhance N2O emissions in response to global warming are not well understood, and past records of N2O from ice cores are not sufficiently well resolved to examine the underlying climate‐N2O feedbacks on societally relevant time scales. Here, we present a new high‐resolution and high‐precision N2O reconstruction obtained from the Greenland NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) and the Antarctic Styx Glacier ice cores. Covering the N2O history of the past two millennia, our reconstruction shows a centennial‐scale variability of ~10 ppb. A pronounced minimum at ~600 CE coincides with the reorganizations of tropical hydroclimate and ocean productivity changes. Comparisons with proxy records suggest association of centennial‐ to millennial‐scale variations in N2O with changes in tropical and subtropical land hydrology and marine productivity.
Laboratory Electrical Conductivity of Marine Gas Hydrate
Authors: Constable Steven , Lu Ryan , Stern Laura A. , Du Frane Wyatt L. , Roberts Jeffery J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMethane hydrate was synthesized from pure water ice and flash frozen seawater, with varying amounts of sand or silt added. Electrical conductivity was determined by impedance spectroscopy, using equivalent circuit modeling to separate the effects of electrodes and to gain insight into conduction mechanisms. Silt and sand increase the conductivity of pure hydrate; we infer by contaminant NaCl contributing to conduction in hydrate, to values in agreement with resistivities observed in well logs through hydrate‐saturated sediment. The addition of silt and sand lowers the conductivity of hydrate synthesized from seawater by an amount consistent with Archie's law. All samples were characterized using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, which show good connectivity of salt and brine phases. Electrical conductivity measurements of pure hydrate and hydrate mixed with silt during pressure‐induced dissociation support previous conclusions that sediment increases dissociation rate.
Massive Ice Control on Permafrost Coast Erosion and Sensitivity
Authors: Lim M. , Whalen D. , Martin J. , Mann P. J. , Hayes S. , Fraser P. , Berry H. B. , Ouellette D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigh overall rates of permafrost cliff retreat, coupled with spatial variability, have been accompanied by increased uncertainty over future landscape dynamics. We map long‐term (>80 years) retreat of the shoreline and photogrammetrically analyze historic aerial imagery to quantify the processes at a permafrost coast site with massive ground ice. Retreat rates have been relatively constant, but topographic changes show that subsidence is a potentially critical but often ignored component of coastal sensitivity, exceeding landward recession by over three times during the last 24 years. We calibrate novel passive seismic surveys along clear and variable exposures of massive ground ice and then spatially map key subsurface layers. Combining decadal patterns of volumetric change with new ground ice variation maps enables past trends to be interpreted, future volumetric geomorphic behavior to be better constrained, and improves the assessment of permafrost coast sensitivity and the release of carbon‐bearing material.
To What Extent Biomass Burning Aerosols Impact South America Seasonal Climate Predictions?
Authors: Freire Julliana L. M. , Longo Karla M. , Freitas Saulo R. , Coelho Caio A. S. , Molod Andrea M. , Marshak Jelena , da Silva Arlindo , Ribeiro Bruno Z. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe applied the Goddard Earth Observing System for subseasonal to seasonal climate prediction to assess the impact of inclusion biomass burning (BB) aerosols over South America (SA) during the austral winter. We also evaluated the model sensitivity to the BB emissions prescription using no emissions, monthly climatological, and daily emissions. Each hindcast consisted of four members running from June to November of each year between 2000 and 2015. Our results indicated that interactive BB aerosols improve the seasonal climate prediction performance over SA. More realistic daily based emissions significantly further improve the performance in comparison with the climatological ones. Therefore, improvements in the BB emissions representation are urged to represent the aerosol impacts on seasonal climate prediction performance adequately.