bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric/congenital cardiology physician scientists—An endangered species
Authors: Hansmann Georg , Bezzerides Vassilios 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProducing excellent physician scientists starts with the active discovery of talent and dedication, supported by the strong belief that physician involvement in biomedical research is essential to make fundamental discoveries that improve human health. The revolution of surgical and interventional therapy of structural heart disease has had ‘profoundly positive effects on survival and quality of life over the decades. (…) Small increments in clinical improvement will still be possible in the future, but for the most part, the potential for major advancement using these techniques has been exhausted’ (Frank Hanley, MD; Stanford). Personalized medicine, rapid genetic diagnostics, RNA and extracellular vesicle biology, epigenetics, gene editing, gene and stem cell‐derived therapy are exemplary areas where specialized training for paediatric/congenital cardiology physician scientists will be increasingly needed to further advance the field. About a decade ago, a series in Circulation discussed academic career models and highlighted the major challenges facing the cardiovascular ‘clinician scientist’ (syn. physician scientist), which have not abated since. To develop the skills and expertise in both clinical congenital cardiology and basic research, the training of fellows must be focused and integrated. The current pandemic COVID‐19 puts additional pressure and hurdles on fellows‐in‐training (FIT) and early career investigators (ECI) who aim to establish, consolidate or expand their own research group. Here, we discuss the major challenges, opportunities and necessary changes for academic institutions to sustain and recruit physician scientists in paediatric/congenital cardiology in the years to come.
Life with habit and expectation: A new explanation of equity premium puzzle
Authors: Cover James P. , Zhuang Boyi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrevious writers have attempted to resolve the equity premium puzzle by employing a utility function that depends on current consumption minus (or relative to) past habit consumption. This paper points out that an individual's current utility may also depend upon how well off in the recent past he or she had expected to be today. Hence we add the concept “expectation formation” to the utility modification term in a model with a habit‐formation utility function. We apply the model to the equity premium puzzle and find that it is able to fit the data with a relatively low coefficient of relative risk aversion. Furthermore, we introduce an updated data sample and apply different values of discounting factors, and find that in all circumstances, the model is able to generate coefficients of risk aversion that are consistent with theory. Hence we conclude that the model is able to resolve the equity premium puzzle.
Visually evoked responses are enhanced when engaging in a video game
Authors: Ki Jason J. , Parra Lucas C. , Dmochowski Jacek P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile it is well known that vision guides movement, less appreciated is that the motor cortex also provides input to the visual system. Here, we asked whether neural processing of visual stimuli is acutely modulated during motor activity, hypothesizing that visual evoked responses are enhanced when engaged in a motor task that depends on the visual stimulus. To test this, we told participants that their brain activity was controlling a video game that was in fact the playback of a prerecorded game. The deception, which was effective in half of participants, aimed to engage the motor system while avoiding evoked responses related to actual movement or somatosensation. In other trials, subjects actively played the game with keyboard control or passively watched a playback. The strength of visually evoked responses was measured as the temporal correlation between the continuous stimulus and the evoked potentials on the scalp. We found reduced correlation during passive viewing, but no difference between active and sham play. Alpha‐band (8–12 Hz) activity was reduced over central electrodes during sham play, indicating recruitment of motor cortex despite the absence of overt movement. To account for the potential increase of attention during gameplay, we conducted a second study with subjects counting screen items during viewing. We again found increased correlation during sham play, but no difference between counting and passive viewing. While we cannot fully rule out the involvement of attention, our findings do demonstrate an enhancement of visual evoked responses during active vision.
Evidence of inverted gravity‐driven variation in predictive sensorimotor function
Authors: Meso Andrew Isaac , De Vai Robert L. , Mahabeer Ashakee , Hills Peter J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe move our eyes to place the fovea into the part of a viewed scene currently of interest. Recent evidence suggests that each human has signature patterns of eye movements like handwriting which depend on their sensitivity, allocation of attention and experience. Use of implicit knowledge of how earth's gravity influences object motion has been shown to aid dynamic perception. We used a projected ball‐tracking task with a plain background offering no context cues to probe the effect of acquired experience about physical laws of gravitation on performance differences of 44 participants under a simulated gravity and an atypical (upward) antigravity condition. Performance measured by the unsigned difference between instantaneous eye and stimulus positions (RMSE) was consistently worse in the antigravity condition. In the vertical RMSE, participants took about 200 ms longer to improve to the best performance for antigravity compared to gravity trials. The antigravity condition produced a divergence of individual performance which was correlated with levels of questionnaire‐based quantified traits of schizotypy but not control traits. Grouping participants by high or low traits revealed a negative relationship between schizotypy trait level and both initiation and maintenance of tracking, a result consistent with trait‐related impoverished sensory prediction. The findings confirm for the first time that where cues enabling exact estimation of acceleration are unavailable, knowledge of gravity contributes to dynamic prediction improving motion processing. With acceleration expectations violated, we demonstrate that antigravity tracking could act as a multivariate diagnostic window into predictive brain function.
Trends in the use of automated algorithms for the detection of high‐frequency oscillations associated with human epilepsy
Authors: Remakanthakurup Sindhu Kavyakantha , Staba Richard , Lopour Beth A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) in intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) are a promising biomarker of the epileptogenic zone and tool for surgical planning. Many studies have shown that a high rate of HFOs (number per minute) is correlated with the seizure‐onset zone, and complete removal of HFO‐generating brain regions has been associated with seizure‐free outcome after surgery. In order to use HFOs as a biomarker, these transient events must first be detected in electrophysiological data. Because visual detection of HFOs is time‐consuming and subject to low interrater reliability, many automated algorithms have been developed, and they are being used increasingly for such studies. However, there is little guidance on how to select an algorithm, implement it in a clinical setting, and validate the performance. Therefore, we aim to review automated HFO detection algorithms, focusing on conceptual similarities and differences between them. We summarize the standard steps for data pre‐processing, as well as post‐processing strategies for rejection of false‐positive detections. We also detail four methods for algorithm testing and validation, and we describe the specific goal achieved by each one. We briefly review direct comparisons of automated algorithms applied to the same data set, emphasizing the importance of optimizing detection parameters. Then, to assess trends in the use of automated algorithms and their potential for use in clinical studies, we review evidence for the relationship between automatically detected HFOs and surgical outcome. We conclude with practical recommendations and propose standards for the selection, implementation, and validation of automated HFO‐detection algorithms.
The pharmacokinetics of oral metronidazole in patients with metronidazole‐induced encephalopathy undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Mimura Yasuyuki , Yahiro Mana , Masumoto Miwa , Fukui Risako , Okamoto Rina , Aichi Makoto , Mihara Yuki , Ueda Takashi , Takesue Yoshio , Ikawa Kazuro , Morikawa Norifumi , Kuragano Takahiro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundMetronidazole‐induced encephalopathy (MIE) is a rare disease caused by an adverse reaction to metronidazole (MNZ). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of MNZ during hemodialysis (HD) treatment have not been revealed.Case presentationIn a 70‐year‐old woman undergoing maintenance HD, MNZ was administered intermittently for the treatment of recurrent hepatic cyst infections. She complained of vomiting, dizziness, and dysarthria after 65 consecutive days of MNZ administration. In brain fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found a high signal intensity in the cerebellar dentate nuclei and splenium of the corpus callosum. We diagnosed the patient with MIE. MNZ administration was withdrawn immediately, and HD treatment was performed for 3 consecutive days. Accompanying the remarkable decrease in serum MNZ levels, MIE symptoms were attenuated after three consecutive days of HD. In a brain MRI at 9 days, the high‐intensity areas in the cerebellar dentate nuclei and splenium of the corpus callosum had disappeared.ConclusionIn this patient, we diagnosed MIE in the early stage using MRI, and 3 consecutive days of HD rapidly attenuated the symptoms associated with MIE, accompanied by a significant decrease in serum MNZ levels.
Still hiding in plain sight?: Historiography and Métis archival memory
Authors: Hogue Michel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper examines how the practices of professional and non‐professional historians helped to create a particular vision of the Métis past. It suggests that the archives that scholars have generally relied upon to craft their histories have overdetermined the form and content of Métis histories and have created a truncated view of Métis history that ends abruptly in the late 19th century. While this failure to address 20th‐century Métis history is rooted, in part, in the history of dispossession and economic marginalization and Métis experiences with Canadian colonialism, it also emerges from the tendency within the historical profession to overlook Métis historical labor and the histories produced outside the academy. The resulting void in the scholarly literature regarding the daily lives and the networks of social relations that have sustained Métis communities in the 20th century have severed Métis history from the intellectual and cultural life of present‐day Métis communities.
Do single Pollard transects represent the local butterfly community? A case study from the Spitzberg near Tübingen, Germany
Authors: Gottschalk Thomas K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Information on butterfly population size and distribution is a key tool for verifying species conservation status. Such data are rare and tend to be available on local rather than on regional scales. One important data source are monitoring schemes that have been implemented in several countries, e.g. the German butterfly monitoring scheme (TMD).
The main goal of the present study was to examine how representative single transects of the TMD are able to identify local or regional diversity patterns of butterflies. Total butterfly population size, density of individuals and species diversity pattern of a 624 ha large study area (Spitzberg) were recorded by intensive surveys.
Almost all butterfly species present at the Spitzberg were recorded by the TMD transects. For 22 species, local estimates based on records of the TMD transects ranged between 0 and 10% of the regional population size. Accordingly, the study demonstrates that population size changes of most of the species can potentially be identified.
Increasing cover of forest has a negative effect on species diversity and butterfly density, while the cover of nutrient‐poor grassland and the diversity of biotope types has a positive impact on butterfly density and species diversity. Solar insolation has a positive effect on butterfly density.
Based on the results of the species–habitat relationships, the location of TMD transects could be optimised by aiming to cover the complete butterfly diversity of the study area. Additionally, monitoring of some of the species might be improved if winter surveys of eggs and larvae were implemented in the monitoring scheme.
The regulation of the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome and its implications in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis)
Authors: Zheng Min , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractZBP1 has been characterized as a critical innate immune sensor of not only viral RNA products but also endogenous nucleic acid ligands. ZBP1 sensing of the Z‐RNA produced during influenza virus infection induces cell death in the form of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). PANoptosis is a coordinated cell death pathway that is driven through a multiprotein complex called the PANoptosome and enables crosstalk and co‐regulation among these processes. During influenza virus infection, a key step in PANoptosis and PANoptosome assembly is the formation of the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome. When Z‐RNA is sensed, ZBP1 recruits RIPK3 and caspase‐8 to activate the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome. Several other host factors have been found to be important for ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, including molecules involved in the type I interferon signaling pathway and caspase‐6. Additionally, influenza viral proteins, such as M2, NS1, and PB1‐F2, have also been shown to regulate the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome. This review explains the functions of ZBP1 and the mechanistic details underlying the activation of the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome and the formation of the PANoptosome. Improved understanding of the ZBP1‐NLRP3 inflammasome will direct the development of therapeutic strategies to target infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Sperm Parameters and Testicular Volumes in Saguinus mystax
Authors: Harrison Richard M. , Wolf Robert H. 
Published: July 2020

Adult male Saguinus mystax tamarins were evaluated for sperm parameters and testicular volumes. Sperm concentrations average 195.5 × 106/cc with 41.7% motile sperm. Semen specimens were classified as normal, relative to sperm morphology, when 95% or more of the sperm in the specimen had normal morphology; 76% of the animals evaluated had normal semen specimens using this criterion. Testicular volumes averaged 726.9 mm3. A total of 50 infants were sired by 16 of these males during the period covered by this report.
High‐pressure sintering of ultrafine‐grained high‐entropy diboride ceramics
Authors: Ma Mengdong , Ye Beilin , Han Yangjie , Sun Lei , He Julong , Chu Yanhui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHerein the ultrafine‐grained (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 high‐entropy diboride ceramics were successfully fabricated by high‐pressure sintering technology for the first time. The results showed that the grain size, relative density, and Vickers hardness of the as‐fabricated samples all increased gradually with increasing sintering temperatures from 1373 K to 1973 K. The relative density and mean grain size of the as‐sintered samples at 1973 K were 97.2% and 684 nm, respectively, and simultaneously they exhibited excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, combining a Vickers hardness of 26.2 GPa and a fracture toughness of 5.3 MPa·m1/2, which were primary attributed to the fine grain strengthening mechanism and microcrack deflection toughening mechanism.
The devil is in the detail? Investors’ mispricing of proxy voting outcomes on M&A deals
Authors: Li Lingwei , Zhang Huai 
Published: July 2020

AbstractShareholders’ approval rates on M&A deals are informative because they are predictive of the acquirer's post‐merger operating performance. Since the passing of the deal is salient information while the specific approval rate is not, investors may misprice the detailed voting outcome due to their limited attention. We find that post‐merger abnormal stock returns are significantly higher for acquirers receiving higher approval rates: a one percentage point increase in the approval rate is associated with a 48 basis point increase in the market‐adjusted stock return in the year after the merger is completed. Consistent with mispricing, the voting outcome reliably predicts post‐merger earnings announcement returns and analyst forecast errors. What's more, the association between the voting outcome and post‐merger stock returns is stronger when investors’ attention to the voting outcome is distracted by same‐day earnings announcements, when the marginal investor is less likely to be sophisticated, and when investors have greater pre‐merger disagreement. Short sale constraints do not seem to explain our findings. Overall, our results suggest that detailed proxy voting outcomes are neglected by investors.
Sepiapterin reductase: Characteristics and role in diseases
Authors: Wu Yao , Chen Peng , Sun Li , Yuan Shengtao , Cheng Zujue , Lu Ligong , Du Hongzhi , Zhan Meixiao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSepiapterin reductase, a homodimer composed of two subunits, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Furthermore, sepiapterin reductase exhibits a wide distribution in different tissues and is associated with many diseases, including brain dysfunction, chronic pain, cardiovascular disease and cancer. With regard to drugs targeting sepiapterin reductase, many compounds have been identified and provide potential methods to treat various diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of sepiapterin reductase in many biological processes is unclear. Therefore, this article summarized the structure, distribution and function of sepiapterin reductase, as well as the relationship between sepiapterin reductase and different diseases, with the aim of finding evidence to guide further studies on the molecular mechanisms and the potential clinical value of sepiapterin reductase. In particular, the different effects induced by the depletion of sepiapterin reductase or the inhibition of the enzyme suggest that the non‐enzymatic activity of sepiapterin reductase could function in certain biological processes, which also provides a possible direction for sepiapterin reductase research.
PDX regulates inflammatory cell infiltration via resident macrophage in LPS‐induced lung injury
Authors: Ye Yang , Zhang Hua‐Wei , Mei Hong‐Xia , Xu Hao‐Ran , Xiang Shu‐Yang , Yang Qian , Zheng Sheng‐Xing , Gao Smith Fang , Jin Sheng‐Wei , Wang Qian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInflammatory cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Protectin DX (PDX), an endogenous lipid mediator, shows anti‐inflammatory and proresolution bioactions. In vivo, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with PDX (0.1 µg/mouse) after intratracheal (1 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal (10 mg/kg) LPS administration. Flow cytometry was used to measure inflammatory cell numbers. Clodronate liposomes were used to deplete resident macrophages. RT‐PCR, and ELISA was used to measure MIP‐2, MCP‐1, TNF‐α and MMP9 levels. In vitro, sorted neutrophils, resident and recruited macrophages (1 × 106) were cultured with 1 μg/mL LPS and/or 100 nmol/L PDX to assess the chemokine receptor expression. PDX attenuated LPS‐induced lung injury via inhibiting recruited macrophage and neutrophil recruitment through repressing resident macrophage MCP‐1, MIP‐2 expression and release, respectively. Finally, PDX inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and transmembrane was associated with TNF‐α/MIP‐2/MMP9 signalling pathway. These data suggest that PDX attenuates LPS‐stimulated lung injury via reduction of the inflammatory cell recruitment mediated via resident macrophages.
2019 IUSTI‐Europe guideline for the management of anogenital warts
Authors: Gilson R. , Nugent D. , Werner R.N. , Ballesteros J. , Ross J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis guideline is an update of the 2011 European Guideline for the Management of Anogenital Warts. It is intended to support best practice in the care of patients with anogenital warts by including evidence‐based recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, follow‐up and advice to patients. It is intended for use by healthcare professionals in sexual healthcare or dermato‐venereology clinics in Europe but may be adapted for use in other settings where the management of anogenital warts is undertaken. As a European guideline, recommendations should be adapted according to national circumstances and healthcare systems. Despite the availability of vaccine to prevent HPV types 6 and 11, the cause of >95% anogenital warts, they remain an important and frequent health problem. The previous systematic review of randomized controlled trials for anogenital warts was updated. The changes in the present guideline include the following: Updated background information on the prevalence, natural history and transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and anogenital warts. Key recommendations for diagnosis and treatment have been graded according to the strength of the recommendation and the quality of supporting evidence. 5‐fluorouracil, local interferon and photodynamic therapy have been evaluated and included as potential second‐line treatment options. Evidence of the impact of HPV vaccination on the incidence of anogenital warts has been updated.
The nodulation and nyctinastic leaf movement is orchestrated by clock gene LHY in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Kong Yiming , Han Lu , Liu Xiu , Wang Hongfeng , Wen Lizhu , Yu Xiaolin , Xu Xiaodong , Kong Fanjiang , Fu Chunxiang , Mysore Kirankumar S. , Wen Jiangqi , Zhou Chuanen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAs sessile organisms, plants perceive, respond, and adapt to the environmental changes for optimal growth and survival. The plant growth and fitness are enhanced by circadian clocks through coordination of numerous biological events. In legume species, nitrogen‐fixing root nodules were developed as the plant organs specialized for symbiotic transfer of nitrogen between microsymbiont and host. Here, we report that the endogenous circadian rhythm in nodules is regulated by MtLHY in legume species Medicago truncatula. Loss of function of MtLHY leads to a reduction in the number of nodules formed, resulting in a diminished ability to assimilate nitrogen. The operation of the 24‐h rhythm in shoot is further influenced by the availability of nitrogen produced by the nodules, leading to the irregulated nyctinastic leaf movement and reduced biomass in mtlhy mutants. These data shed new light on the roles of MtLHY in the orchestration of circadian oscillator in nodules and shoots, which provides a mechanistic link between nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and clock function.