bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence Against Women
Authors: Sagot Montserrat 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Beginning in the 1980s, Latin American feminist movements identified violence against women as one the main social problems in the region, resulting from a system of gender oppression intertwined with economic and political oppression. This chapter discusses Latin American scholarship’s most important theoretical contributions to the study of violence against women, as well as the proposals for addressing the problem and the controversies around those proposals. The chapter first traces the analyses of this form of violence under dictatorships. It then addresses how the transition to democracy afforded feminists opportunities to put the issue on the public agenda. The chapter also presents new concepts that have been developed to understand the escalation of lethal violence, as well as Latin American scholars’ and activists’ most recent strategies for ending violence against women.
Urban Violence and the Spatial Question
Authors: Davis Diane E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the spatial correlates of urban violence in Latin America, identifying how urbanization processes over the past several decades have created socio-spatial exclusion. It links those spatial patterns to the emergence and proliferation of illicit activities, organized crime, and territorially expanding networks of violence emanating from marginal neighborhoods to the city as a whole. Both state and non-state armed actors are key actors in this path-dependent process by virtue of their efforts to monitor and/or control urban territory for their own gain. In addition, the chapter assesses several recent programs undertaken by local authorities in attempts to reduce the scourge of urban violence. Drawing on examples from Medellín, Sao Paulo, and Mexico City, it identifies the spatial interventions that have made most headway in improving security for urban citizens and discusses the governance arrangements that have made these spatial interventions possible.
Illicit Drugs and Organized Crime in Latin America
Authors: Durán-Martínez Angélica 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Illicit drugs have long affected public security, social relations, and politics in Latin America. Until recently, the analysis of illicit drugs primarily focused on Colombia and, to some extent, Mexico, and most scholarship was policy-oriented, dealing with the influence of the US and the Global Drug Prohibition Regime. In recent years, the scholarship has expanded its theoretical and methodological approaches as well as its geographical scope. This chapter analyzes key contributions emerging from new research: the mapping of the political, social, and economic constellations of actors and discourses that sustain policies related to illicit drugs; the critical revision of certain assumptions, fostering a more nuanced understanding of the multiple social and political relations involved in illicit drug markets; and greater attention to how illicit and licit actors relate, including unpacking the links between state actors and criminal groups.
Meditation to Kill and Be Killed By
Authors: Victoria Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Can meditation kill? This chapter claims that meditation-induced samādhi, and the power associated with it, were used in Imperial Japan (1868–1945). The Zen school is founded on samādhi and the power associated with it. Without samādhi, “Zen,” (Sankrit Dhyāna; English meditation) would become just another “mental health” practice, rather than the basis for a profound realization of the true nature of the self. However, despite the long-acknowledged mental power intrinsic to samādhi, there is the ever-present danger of its misuse or abuse by both self and others. In modern times, this abuse was most clearly visible during the period of Japan’s military aggression, beginning with the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 and extending through Japan’s ultimate defeat in August 1945. This chapter examines the use of samādhi power within Imperial Japan and warns how easily meditation can be directed towards the destruction, and not the enrichment, of life.
Virtue Ethics in Psychotherapy
Authors: Laney Michael , Brenner Adam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ethical pressures on a therapist are great, particularly since effective therapy demands that we become deeply and affectively involved in a patient’s life as told to us such that we become part of their stories and conflicts as well. While deontology and consequentialism provide guidance with respect to a therapist’s acts in themselves or in their consequences, another ethical perspective focuses squarely on the character of the therapist him or herself. This chapter reviews this perspective—called virtue theory—and applies it to the work of therapy, especially how a virtuous character and the virtuous actions that emanate from it are more than just moral prescripts but necessary to and partly constitutive of effective therapy itself.
Studying Empirical Aesthetics in Museum Contexts
Authors: Smith Jeffrey K. , Smith Lisa F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractConducting aesthetic research in museum contexts is examined in terms of the types of questions that can be investigated, research designs, participants, procedures, and interpretation of results. The nature of research in museums is also contrasted with research done in psychological laboratories. The challenges faced in the conduct of this research are examined and specific recommendations are made, including a plea for careful consideration of what we already know about aesthetic experiences in museums and integrating that knowledge into the broader field of empirical aesthetics.
6-Minute Push Test in Youth Who Have Spina Bifida and Who Self-Propel a Wheelchair: Reliability and Physiologic Response
Authors: Damen Karlijn M S , Takken Tim , de Groot Janke F , Backx Frank J G , Radder Bob , Roos Irene C P M , Bloemen Manon A T 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveDespite the common occurrence of lower levels of physical activity and physical fitness in youth with spina bifida (SB) who use a wheelchair, there are very few tests available to measure and assess these levels. The purpose of this study was to determine reliability and the physiologic response of the 6-minute push test (6MPT) in youth with SB who self-propel a wheelchair.MethodsIn this reliability and observational study, a sample of 53 youth with SB (5–19 years old; mean age = 13 years 7 months; 32 boys and 21 girls) who used a wheelchair performed 2 exercise tests: the 6MPT and shuttle ride test. Heart rate, minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, and oxygen consumption were measured using a calibrated mobile gas analysis system and a heart rate monitor. For reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), SE of measurement, smallest detectable change for total covered distance, minute work, and heart rate were calculated. Physiologic response during the 6MPT was expressed as percentage of maximal values achieved during the shuttle ride test.ResultsThe ICCs for total distance and minute work were excellent (0.95 and 0.97, respectively), and the ICC for heart rate was good (0.81). The physiologic response during the 6MPT was 85% to 89% of maximal values, except for minute ventilation (70.6%).ConclusionsFor most youth with SB who use a wheelchair for mobility or sports participation, the 6MPT is a reliable, functional performance test on a vigorous level of exercise.ImpactThis is the first study to investigate physiologic response during the 6MPT in youth (with SB) who are wheelchair using. Clinicians can use the 6MPT to evaluate functional performance and help design effective exercise programs for youth with SB who are wheelchair using.
Treatment of Unfavorable Bleeding Patterns in Contraceptive Implant Users
Authors: Edelman Alison B. , Kaneshiro Bliss , Simmons Katharine B. , Hauschildt Jennifer L. , Bond Kise , Boniface Emily R. , Jensen Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether a short course of tamoxifen decreases bothersome bleeding in etonogestrel contraceptive implant users.

METHODS:
In a 90-day, double-blind randomized control trial, we enrolled etonogestrel implant users with frequent or prolonged bleeding or spotting. A sample size of 40 per group (N=80) was planned to compare 10 mg tamoxifen or placebo twice daily for 7 days after 3 consecutive days of bleeding or spotting no more than once per 30 days (maximum three treatments). Participants then entered a 90-day open-label study where all received tamoxifen if needed every 30 days (maximum three treatments). Participants used text messages to record daily bleeding patterns. Our primary outcome was the total number of consecutive amenorrhea days after the first treatment. Secondary outcomes included time to bleeding or spotting cessation and restart after first treatment, overall bleeding patterns, and satisfaction.

RESULTS:
From January 2017 to November 2018, 112 women enrolled in the study; 88 (79%) completed 90 days, and 79 (71%) completed 180 days. Participant characteristics did not differ between groups; mean age 24, majority identified as white not Hispanic with at least some college education. After the first treatment, the tamoxifen group reported an average of 9.8 (95% CI 4.6–15.0) more consecutive days of amenorrhea and more total days of no bleeding (amenorrhea or spotting) in the first 90 days (median 73.5 [range 24–89] vs 68 [range 11–81], P=.001). The placebo group showed a similar treatment benefit after first active use of tamoxifen in the open-label phase. At the end of the randomized study (first 90 days), women who received tamoxifen reported higher satisfaction (median 62 mm [range 16–100]) than those treated with placebo (46 mm [range 0–100]; P=.023).

CONCLUSION:
A short course of tamoxifen reduces problematic bleeding and improves satisfaction in users of etonogestrel implants.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02903121.
Evaluation of a Trauma Service: Patient and Family Perspectives
Authors: Wake Elizabeth , Battistella Tania , Dale Kate , Scott Matthew , Nelson Renee , Marshall Andrea P. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Patient satisfaction is an indicator of the quality of care that underpins a patient's health care experience. A focus on both the patient and the family is important when evaluating satisfaction from the perspective of patients with trauma and is consistent with delivery of patient- and family-centered care. Using the literature to guide development, we designed and implemented a questionnaire to evaluate attitudes and experiences of patients and families case managed by the trauma service. This article reports the findings of this quality improvement project.

Methods:
A cross-sectional cohort pragmatic design was used. The questionnaire was conducted with 142 trauma patients and 49 family members. Data included hospital admission data, application of a satisfaction tool, and free text comments.

Results:
Both patients and their family members rated the trauma service highly in the satisfaction scoring. Differences in the communication practices encountered by patients and families were identified.

Conclusions:
Strategies to involve family members and promote family-centered care are required in the context of trauma patients to improve the safety, quality, and satisfaction of the care they receive while being managed by the trauma service.
Early use of endotoxin absorption by oXiris in abdominal septic shock
Authors: Wei Tiantian , Chen Zhiwen , Li Peiyun , Tang Xin , Marshall Mark R. , Zhang Ling , Fu Ping 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Rationale:
Septic shock leads to multiple organ failure and increases mortality rate. We reported a critical patient with abdominal septic shock, which was the first case successfully treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and a newly designed endotoxin removal device oXiris in mainland China.

Patient concerns:
A 51-year-old man developed gastric ulcer perforation after resection of a benign peritoneal tumor and had a second abdominal surgery. His blood pressure decreased to 70/40 mm Hg with oliguria, requiring large doses of noradrenaline and intravenous fluid for resuscitation. The abdominal cavity was not sutured after the second open surgery due to severe abdominal infection and distention. His leukocyte count was over 30109/L, while the blood lactic acid was 12.5 mmol/L and procalcitonin (PCT) was >100 ng/mL.

Diagnosis:
Since the bacterial culture of peritoneal exudate showed positive with Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after the second surgery, and the patient had severe low blood pressure, hyoxemia and oliguria, combined with the laboratory tests results, he was diagnosed with Gram-negative related septic shock, acute kidney injury, and multiple organ dysfunction.

Interventions:
CRRT with oXiris membrane was performed for 80hours and followed by AN69 ST membranes during the subsequent 27 days. Antibiotics together with other medical treatment were applied to the patient in the meantime.

Outcomes:
At the end of 80 hours treatment with oXiris, PCT of the patient had decreased to 14.52 ng/mL and lactic acid decreased to 4.2 mmol/L. The total sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score decreased from 15 to 11. Urine output steadily increased to 250 mL/h, and vital signs and blood pressure were stable without noradrenaline. At the end of the 27 days of conventional CRRT, his kidney function had completely recovered with a total sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA score) of 6.

Lessons:
oXiris, with its enhanced endotoxin adsorption, appeared to accelerate improvement in organ dysfunction and ultimate survival in our patient. In critical patients with abdominal septic shock, oXiris is an important adjunctive consideration to supplement definitive source control and antimicrobial therapy.
Study protocol for the Fex-Can Childhood project
Authors: Ljungman Lisa , Anandavadivelan Poorna , Jahnukainen Kirsi , Lampic Claudia , Wettergren Lena 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background:
This study protocol describes the Fex-Can Childhood project, comprising two studies: The Fex-Can Childhood observational study (OS) and the Fex-Can Childhood randomized controlled trial (RCT). The Fex-Can Childhood OS aims to determine the prevalence and predictors of sexual dysfunction and fertility-related distress in young adult childhood cancer survivors (aged 19–40) compared to an age matched comparison group; the Fex-Can Childhood RCT will evaluate the effect of a web-based psycho-educational intervention (Fex-Can intervention) on sexual dysfunction and fertility-related distress.

Methods:
The Fex-Can Childhood OS will have a population-based cross-sectional design. All individuals treated for childhood cancer in Sweden at the age of 0 to 17 years (current age 19–40) will be identified through the National Quality Registry for Childhood Cancer. Established self-reported instruments will be used to measure sexual function, fertility-related distress, body image, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life. Self-efficacy related to sexual function and fertility, and fertility-related knowledge, will be assessed by study-specific measures. Clinical variables will be collected from the registry. Results will be compared to an age-matched comparison group from the general population.
Participants in the Fex-Can Childhood OS who report a high level of sexual dysfunction and/or fertility-related distress will be invited to participate in the RCT. The Fex-Can intervention comprises two programs: The Fex-Can Sex and the Fex-Can Fertility targeting sexual dysfunction and fertility-related distress, respectively. The control condition will be a wait-list. Sexual function and fertility-related distress will be the primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes include body image, anxiety and depression, health-related quality of life and self-efficacy related to sexual function and fertility. Post- and follow-up assessments will be conducted directly after end of intervention (primary end point), at 3 months and 6 months after end of intervention. Additionally, a process-evaluation including study-specific items and a qualitative interview will be conducted.

Discussion:
The Fex-Can Childhood project will advance knowledge in the areas of sexual function and fertility-related distress among young adult survivors of childhood cancer. If the Fex-Can intervention proves to be efficacious, steps will be taken to implement it in the follow-up care provided to this population.
A rare case of malignant hypertension with splenic rupture and thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Ding JiaXiang , Qu Zhen , Yu Feng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by endothelial injury followed by formation of multiple microthrombi in the target organs due to various causes, including malignant hypertension (MHT). Here, we reported a rare case of MHT with splenic TMA changes.

Case concerns:
A 27-year-old Chinese Han male with a history of hypertension and proteinuria, admitted to our hospital because of renal failure with MHT and thrombocytopenia.

Diagnosis:
This case diagnosed with TMA based on the patient's MHT and thrombocytopenia. The patient final diagnosis was confirmed by the spleen pathological findings, other differential diagnoses were ruled out.

Interventions:
The patient was treated with hemodialysis and intravenous antihypertensive agents, and his condition gradually improved. However, he suddenly complained of abdominal pain and went into hemorrhagic shock, which was due to spontaneous spleen rupture on the third day of hospitalization. The pathological evidence after splenectomy showed splenic TMA.

Outcomes:
Hemodialysis was continued and the blood pressure was under control until his discharge from our hospital.

Conclusion:
Spontaneous splenic rupture could be a rare and critical complication associated with MHT-induced TMA, and it requires careful clinical attention.
The prognostic and predictive value of the albumin-bilirubin score in advanced pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zhang Tie-Ning , Yin Ruo-Han , Wang Li-Wei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) showed its prognostic and predictive value in hepatobiliary disease like hepatocellular carcinoma. However, little has been known about its role in pancreatic cancer.
In this retrospective study, 149 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) treated in the Shanghai General Hospital from January 2009 to December 2014 were enrolled as the training cohort and 120 patients treated from January 2015 to December 2018 were taken as the validation cohort. We generated the ALBI score according previous studies. The correlations between ALBI and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated with the Pearson Chi-square test. Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test were conducted to determine the correlation between ALBI and overall survival (OS). Then we used Cox regression model to investigate the prognostic significance of ALBI. We further assessed retrospectively whether ALBI score could be used to identify combination therapy candidates for APC.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were found to be significantly correlated with ALBI. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the median OS in patients with a pretreatment ALBI ≥−2.6 was 7.0 months, which was significantly shorter than OS of patients with a ALBI <−2.6 (13.0 months, P = .001). ALBI was independently correlated with OS in multivariate analysis. In the subgroup analysis, ALBI showed significant prognostic value in patients with liver metastasis but not those without liver metastasis in all 3 cohorts. In addition, only in the group with ALBI <−2.6, patients receiving combination therapy showed better prognosis than those receiving monotherapy.
In conclusion, ALBI was a promising prognostic biomarker in APC with liver metastasis. ALBI also showed predictive value in identifying combination therapy candidates for patients with APC.
Safety and efficacy of an herbal formula, Gwakhyangjeonggi-san on atopic dermatitis with gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Son Mi Ju , Kim Min Hee , Kang Minseo , Kim Young-Eun , Jung Jeeyoun , Choi Inhwa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction:

Gwakhyangjeonggi-san (GJS) is an herbal formula with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties that is broadly used to treat a wide range of diseases including gastrointestinal disorders and allergic diseases. There have been several clinical studies conducted on its effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). So far, no randomized controlled trials have been conducted. Here, we describe the protocol for a randomized controlled study designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of GJS for treating patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms.

Methods and analysis:
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial has been designed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of GJS on patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms. A total of 58 participants with AD will be recruited and randomly allocated to the GJS or placebo group in a 1:1 ratio. The participants will be administered GJS or placebo granules 3 times a day for 8 weeks. Data will be collected from the participants at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure will be the mean change in the SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index from baseline to 8 weeks. The secondary outcomes will include the eczema area and severity index (EASI), dermatology life quality index (DLQI), EuroQoL 5 dimensions 5 levels (EQ-5D-5L), and immunological factors. The Korean Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (KGSRS), Nepean Dyspepsia Index will also be obtained for assessing the gastrointestinal status.

Discussion:
The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence on the safety and effectiveness of GJS and for treating patients with AD that have gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, the study will explore the mechanism of GJS action via gut microbiome. This study will provide new perspectives on approaching treatment for AD.

Ethics and dissemination:
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong (KHNMCOH2019-06-002-001).

Trial registration number:
This study has been registered at the Korean National Clinical Trial Registry, Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0004299).
Male mammary gland development after apatinib therapy in advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Hui Yan , Wang Jingchun , Han Jianguo , Guo Zhifeng , Sun Siqi , Wu Zifang , Wang Yanqiu , Han Zhimin , Chen Xiangbin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Rationale:
Most gastric cancer patients are diagnosed at mid- to late-stage and lose the chance of radical surgery, medical treatment is especially important to prolong the survival of patients. Apatinib mesylate, which is a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, could be used as antiangiogenesis therapy for gastric cancer.

Patient concerns:
A 67-year-old man sought medical care for upper abdominal discomfort.

Diagnosis:
The patient was diagnosed as mixed medullary differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, and immunohistochemistry suggested HER-2 (2+).

Interventions:
The patient received chemotherapy consisting of oxaliplatin combined with S-1 as first-line treatment, and targeted therapy with apatinib mesylate as second-line treatment.

Outcomes:
After 4 months of first-line chemotherapy, the patient received apatinib treatment immediately at a dose of 500 mg/d orally and died of cardiac arrest with 8.5 months of overall survival. During this period of targeted therapy with apatinib mesylate, this male patient suffered mammary gland development besides other common adverse reactions.

Lessons:
This case report is the first to report the case of male mammary gland development after oral apatinib.