bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameter identification for phase-field modeling of fracture: a Bayesian approach with sampling-free update
Authors: Wu T. , Rosić B. , De Lorenzis L. , Matthies H. G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhase-field modeling of fracture has gained popularity within the last decade due to the flexibility of the related computational framework in simulating three-dimensional arbitrarily complicated fracture processes. However, the numerical predictions are greatly affected by the presence of uncertainties in the mechanical properties of the material originating from unresolved heterogeneities and the use of noisy experimental data. The objective of this work is to apply the Bayesian approach to estimate bulk and shear moduli, tensile strength and fracture toughness of the phase-field model, thus improving accuracy of the simulations with the help of experimental data. Conventional approaches for estimating the Bayesian posterior probability density function adopt sampling schemes, which often require a large amount of model estimations to achieve the desired convergence, thus resulting in a high computational cost. In order to alleviate this problem, we employ a more efficient approach called sampling-free linear Bayesian update, which relies on the evaluation of the conditional expectation of parameters given experimental data. We identify the mechanical properties of cement mortar byconditioningon the experimental data of the three-point bending test (observations) in an online and offline manner. In the online approach the parameter values are sequentially updated on the fly as the new experimental information comes in. In contrast, the offline approach is used only when the whole history of experimental data is provided once the experiment is performed. Both versions of estimation are discussed and compared by validating the phase-field fracture model on an unused set of experimental data.
Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Comolli C. L. , Neyer G. , Andersson G. , Dommermuth L. , Fallesen P. , Jalovaara M. , Jónsson A. Klængur , Kolk M. , Lappegård T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDuring the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of these declines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008–2009, but their continuation cannot easily be linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crises to the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study, we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developments in the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s, respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments across countries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the five countries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized the developments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008–2009. This reversal from heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansion of theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and social change. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state, crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.
Active and Passive Exposure to Tobacco and e-Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Authors: Schilling Laura , Spallek Jacob , Maul Holger , Tallarek Marie , Schneider Sven 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Active and passive exposure to tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy is associated with multiple negative health outcomes for the fetus. In addition, exposure to e-cigarettes has been progressively discussed as a new threat to fetal health. Until now, there has been a lack of studies examining active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes among pregnant women. The objective of our current STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) was to advance and complement the current knowledge regarding active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy.

Methods
One element of the STEP study was a quantitative cross-sectional design: A sample of 540 pregnant women recruited at an obstetrician clinic in Hamburg from April 2018 to January 2019 were surveyed once via a standardized questionnaire and provided complete information regarding their consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes. We performed a descriptive analysis of tobacco and e-cigarette use before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy, as well as bivariate analysis of these variables with sociodemographic determinants. Passive exposure was assessed by asking the participating pregnant women about the consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes by their partners, in general, and in their homes.

Results
Before pregnancy, 20.0% of the participants used tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 1.3% used e-cigarettes exclusively, and 6.5% were dual users. Educational level was significantly associated with tobacco cigarette use (p < 0.001) and dual use (p = 0.047) before pregnancy. During early (late) pregnancy, 8.7% (2.8%) used tobacco cigarettes and 0.4% (0.0%) used e-cigarettes exclusively. Twenty-point nine percent of women’s partners consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 2.7% consumed e-cigarettes exclusively, and 2.7% consumed both. A total of 8.5% (16.7%) of the partners who consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively (e-cigarettes exclusively) did so in the women’s homes.

Conclusions for Practice
Among pregnant women, the use of tobacco cigarettes remains prominent before and during pregnancy, while e-cigarette use predominately occurs before pregnancy. Our study shows that pregnant women are frequently exposed to their partners’ tobacco and e-cigarette use within their homes. Strategies to reduce such exposure should be further intensified.
Directionality of Macrophages Movement in Tumour Invasion: A Multiscale Moving-Boundary Approach
Authors: Suveges Szabolcs , Eftimie Raluca , Trucu Dumitru 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInvasion of the surrounding tissue is one of the recognised hallmarks of cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg in Cell 100: 57–70, 2000.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9), which is accomplished through a complex heterotypic multiscale dynamics involving tissue-scale random and directed movement of the population of both cancer cells and other accompanying cells (including here, the family of tumour-associated macrophages) as well as the emerging cell-scale activity of both the matrix-degrading enzymes and the rearrangement of the cell-scale constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) fibres. The involved processes include not only the presence of cell proliferation and cell adhesion (to other cells and to the extracellular matrix), but also the secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes. This is as a result of cancer cells as well as macrophages, which are one of the most abundant types of immune cells in the tumour micro-environment. In large tumours, these tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a tumour-promoting phenotype, contributing to tumour proliferation and spread. In this paper, we extend a previous multiscale moving-boundary mathematical model for cancer invasion, by considering also the multiscale effects of TAMs, with special focus on the influence that their directional movement exerts on the overall tumour progression. Numerical investigation of this new model shows the importance of the interactions between pro-tumour TAMs and the fibrous ECM, highlighting the impact of the fibres on the spatial structure of solid tumour.
Electro-physiology Models of Cells with Spherical Geometry with Non-conducting Center
Authors: Jiang Jiamu , Smith Paul , van Rossum Mark C. W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe study the flow of electrical currents in spherical cells with a non-conducting core, so that current flow is restricted to a thin shell below the cell’s membrane. Examples of such cells are fat storing cells (adipocytes). We derive the relation between current and voltage in the passive regime and examine the conditions under which the cell is electro-tonically compact. We compare our results to the well-studied case of electrical current flow in cylinder structures, such as neurons, described by the cable equation. In contrast to the cable, we find that for the sphere geometry (1) the voltage profile across the cell depends critically on the electrode geometry, and (2) the charging and discharging can be much faster than the membrane time constant; however, (3) voltage clamp experiments will incur similar distortion as in the cable case. We discuss the relevance for adipocyte function and experimental electro-physiology.
Economic inequality, income, and their effects on electoral and civil society participation in authoritarian regimes
Authors: Pelke Lars 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhat effect does economic inequality in authoritarian regimes have upon the political participation of its citizens? Do individual income and repression each have a greater effect than economic inequality? Three prominent theories, namely the Conflict, Relative Power, and Resource Theories address the inequality-participation puzzle in the context of democracies. However, theoretical arguments and empirical evidence for non-democratic regimes are scarce. I argue that it is individual income and the level of repression rather than economic inequality that explain political participation in autocracies. Using three-level hierarchical models that combine micro and macro level data for 65,000 individuals covering a various set of 31 authoritarian regimes and 54 country-years, this analysis demonstrates that higher levels of economic inequality hardly suppress political participation among all citizens. However, individual income has a more powerfully effect on civil society participation, while the level of repression decreases the voting likelihood more powerful than income. These findings suggest that the Resource Theory generates the greatest empirical support for autocracies.
Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments
Authors: Lavington Steven , Watts Anthony 
Published: November 2020

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins which conduct a wide range of biological roles and represent significant drug targets. Most biophysical and structural studies of GPCRs have been conducted on detergent-solubilised receptors, and it is clear that detergents can have detrimental effects on GPCR function. Simultaneously, there is increasing appreciation of roles for specific lipids in modulation of GPCR function. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanodiscs and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) offer opportunities to study integral membrane proteins in lipid environments, in a form that is soluble and amenable to structural and biophysical experiments. Here, we review the application of lipid nanoparticle technologies to the study of GPCRs, assessing the relative merits and limitations of each system. We highlight how these technologies can provide superior platforms to detergents for structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs and inform on roles for protein-lipid interactions in GPCR function.
Knowledge-driven graph similarity for text classification
Authors: Shanavas Niloofer , Wang Hui , Lin Zhiwei , Hawe Glenn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutomatic text classification using machine learning is significantly affected by the text representation model. The structural information in text is necessary for natural language understanding, which is usually ignored in vector-based representations. In this paper, we present a graph kernel-based text classification framework which utilises the structural information in text effectively through the weighting and enrichment of a graph-based representation. We introduce weighted co-occurrence graphs to represent text documents, which weight the terms and their dependencies based on their relevance to text classification. We propose a novel method to automatically enrich the weighted graphs using semantic knowledge in the form of a word similarity matrix. The similarity between enriched graphs, knowledge-driven graph similarity, is calculated using a graph kernel. The semantic knowledge in the enriched graphs ensures that the graph kernel goes beyond exact matching of terms and patterns to compute the semantic similarity of documents. In the experiments on sentiment classification and topic classification tasks, our knowledge-driven similarity measure significantly outperforms the baseline text similarity measures on five benchmark text classification datasets.
Growth of ultra-dense MoS2 nanosheets on carbon fibers to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of polyimide composites
Authors: Yang Jin , Xiao Qingfeng , Lin Zhe , Li Yong , Jia Xiaohua , Song Haojie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo enhance the interface bonding of polyimide (PI)/carbon fiber (CF) composites, CFs were functionalized by introducing a polydopamine (PDA) transition layer, whose active groups provide absorption sites for the growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets and improve the bonding strength with PI. Uniform and dense MoS2 nanosheets with thicknesses of 30–40 nm on the surface of the PDA@CF were obtained via a subsequent hydrothermal method. As a result, the interface between the CF and the PI matrix becomes more compact with the help of the PDA transition layer and MoS2 nanosheets. This is beneficial in forming PI/CF-MoS2 composites with better thermal stability, higher tensile strength, and enhanced tribological properties. The lubricating and reinforcing effects of the hybrid CF-MoS2 in the PI composite are discussed in detail. The tensile strength of the PI/CF-MoS2 composite increases by 43%, and the friction coefficient and the wear rate reduce by 57% and 77%, respectively, compared to those of the pure PI. These values are higher than those of the PI/CF composites without MoS2 nanosheets. These results indicate that the CF-MoS2 hybrid material can be used as an additive to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of polymers.
A Boothby–Wang Theorem for Besse Contact Manifolds
Authors: Kegel Marc , Lange Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA Reeb flow on a contact manifold is called Besse if all its orbits are periodic, possibly with different periods. We characterize contact manifolds whose Reeb flows are Besse as principal $$S^1$$

S
1

-orbibundles over integral symplectic orbifolds satisfying some cohomological condition. Apart from the cohomological condition, this statement appears in the work of Boyer and Galicki in the language of Sasakian geometry (Boyer and Galicki in Sasakian geometry, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008). We illustrate some non-commonly dealt with perspective on orbifolds in a proof of the above result. More precisely, we work with orbifolds as quotients of manifolds by smooth Lie group actions with finite stabilizer groups. By introducing all relevant orbifold notions in this equivariant way, we avoid patching constructions with orbifold charts. As an application, and building on work by Cristofaro-Gardiner–Mazzucchelli, we deduce a complete classification of closed Besse contact 3-manifolds up to strict contactomorphism.
Heterogeneous trembles and model selection in the strategy frequency estimation method
Authors: Bland James R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe strategy frequency estimation method (Dal Bó and Fréchette in Am Econ Rev 101(1):411-429, 2011; Fudenberg in Am Econ Rev 102(2):720-749, 2012) allows us to estimate the fraction of subjects playing each of a list of strategies in an infinitely repeated game. Currently, this method assumes that subjects tremble with the same probability. This paper extends this method, so that subjects’ trembles can be heterogeneous. Out of 60 ex ante plausible specifications, the selected model uses the six strategies described in Dal Bó and Fréchette (2018), and allows the distribution of trembles to vary by strategy.
Die Pandemie offenbart die Defizite des transnationalen Menschenrechtsschutzes: Ein Plädoyer für eine Konfliktperspektive auf globale Lieferketten
Authors: Scheper Christian , Vestena Carolina A. 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Corona-Pandemie hat zu massiven Disruptionen globaler Lieferketten geführt und damit die Exportökonomien vieler Produktionsländer existenziell getroffen. Besonders dramatisch ist dies für die Arbeiter:innen am Anfang der Wertschöpfungskette. Die Verletzungen international anerkannter sozialer und ökonomischer Rechte in globalen Lieferketten sind heute massiver als vor der Krise und offenbaren ein weitreichendes Konfliktpotenzial. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht diese Situation beispielhaft für Brasilien und Indien und problematisiert auf dieser Grundlage globale Lieferketten als Thema der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Lieferketten sind Räume politischer Auseinandersetzungen um materielle und ideologische Bedingungen der Produktion, die durch eine Vielzahl institutioneller Kontexte und Akteure mitgestaltet werden. Ein umkämpfter Gegenstand ist dabei der mangelnde Arbeits- und Menschenrechtsschutz. Der dominante Weg zur Adressierung dieses Mangels sind die Institutionen und Praktiken der transnationalen privaten Governance durch Standards, Zertifizierung, Monitoring und Audits. In der Pandemie offenbaren diese ohnehin lückenhaften Ansätze, dass sie gerade in Krisenzeiten ungeeignet sind, um grundlegende Arbeits- und Menschenrechte zu sichern und bestehende Konflikte zu befrieden. Der Beitrag betont abschließend die Verbindung zwischen globalen Lieferketten und lokalen Konflikten und plädiert für eine Forschungsagenda zu „Lieferketten und Konflikt“.
Wound Care During the COVID-19 Emergency in Padua Hospital, Italy
Authors: Avruscio Giampiero , Adamo Angelo , Tonello Chiara , Baracco Elisabetta , Nalin Fabiana , Scarpazzo Ornella , Cacco Lorenza , Ragazzo Sonia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChronic vascular wounds have a significant economic and social impact on our society, calling for the allocation of a great deal of attention and resources. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has represented a difficult challenge to face for health care providers and fragile patients, such as for outpatients and Day-Hospital patients needing continuous care at the Angiology Unit of the University Hospital of Padova in Italy, one of the most crucial areas worldwide. The project consisted of a critical revision of all the procedures from the patients’ arrivals to their discharge after completing the entire course of treatment. The previous standard of practice was modified according to the current evidence-based guidelines and the national and local government’s indications. The new standard of practice allowed our unit to protect every patient and staff member from the coronavirus infection, providing the same high standard of care as before the COVID-19 outbreak.
Health Care Workers’ Legal Liability and Immunity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Al-Azri Nasser Hammad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the most unprecedented crisis facing modern health care governance in a century. Many health care activities are attracting scrutiny from ethical and legal perspectives. Therefore, health care professionals are concerned about legal ambiguity regarding legal liability and immunity in their areas of practice. Law is a key response activity that promotes a sense of safety and security among health care workers. This article describes why it is important formally to address issues of altered operations in health care practice during emergencies. Furthermore, this article provides suggestions regarding solutions to the issue of legal liability during disasters. Implementing ethical and legal clarity during a disaster response is necessary for a strong health care system at international and local levels to achieve a stable health care workforce operating for the public good within a safe and secure working environment.
Persistence of Positive RT-PCR Results for Over 70 Days in Two Travelers with COVID-19
Authors: Kandetu Theo-Ben , Dziuban Eric J. , Sikuvi Kaveto , Beard Rachel S. , Nghihepa Reginald , van Rooyen Gerhard , Shiningavamwe Andreas , Katjitae Ismael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe relation of continuing to test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to infectivity remains unclear, with numerous consequences. This report describes 2 patients with persistent viral detection by RT-PCR for 77 and 72 days, respectively, longer than other reported case-patients who were otherwise healthy.
Urban and Rural Disparities of Personal Health Behaviors and the Influencing Factors During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Based on an Extended IMB Model
Authors: Luo Yetao , Yao Lili , Hu Ling , Zhou Li , Yuan Feng , Zhong Xiaoni 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:Health behavior was conducive to control the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic. This study aimed to determine the differences in health behaviors and related factors among rural and urban residents in China.Methods:From February 14 to 22, 2020, during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, a total of 2449 participants (1783 (72.81%) urban residents and 666 (27.19%) rural residents) were recruited by snowball sampling on WeChat and QQ social platforms, both owned by Tencent. Data were collected through the Web-questionnaire guided by an information–motivation–behavioral skills model. The multiple-group structural equation model was applied to analyze the factors.Results:Rural residents had lower health behavior scores than urban residents, even after adjusting demographic characteristics (33.86 vs 34.29, P = 0.042; total score was 40). Motivational, behavioral skills, and stress had direct positive and negative influences on health behaviors of urban and rural residents. Information and positive perception of interventions had direct effects on health behaviors in rural residents, but not in urban residents. All the factors were mediated by behavioral skills in rural and urban residents.Conclusions:This study suggests that the government should pay attention to substantial rural and urban disparities and implement different COVID-19 prevention and intervention policies for health behaviors targeting rural and urban residents.
Self-Localization in Highly Dynamic Environments Based on Dual-Channel Unscented Particle Filter
Authors: Hao Chen , Chengju Liu , Qijun Chen 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYSelf-localization in highly dynamic environments is still a challenging problem for humanoid robots with limited computation resource. In this paper, we propose a dual-channel unscented particle filter (DC-UPF)-based localization method to address it. A key novelty of this approach is that it employs a dual-channel switch mechanism in measurement updating procedure of particle filter, solving for sparse vision feature in motion, and it leverages data from a camera, a walking odometer, and an inertial measurement unit. Extensive experiments with an NAO robot demonstrate that DC-UPF outperforms UPF and Monte–Carlo localization with regard to accuracy.