bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivering sustainable drainage systems through the English planning system: A proposed case of institutional void
Authors: Vilcan Tudorel , Potter Karen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFollowing a series of flood events, the major flooding of 2007 finally triggered legislative change through the Flood and Water Management Act of 2010 and proposed the introduction of Schedule 3 (S3), to provide a stronger regulatory system for the implementation of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). However, S3 has been abandoned in England in favour of implementing SuDS through a “strengthened” planning system. By taking a broader governance perspective, this article explores the limited uptake of SuDS through the strengthened planning system. We argue that the so‐called strengthening of the planning system creates an institutional void: a lack of policy clarity that occurs when the role of the state is scaled back and other actors take up governance roles. While institutional voids can create successful outcomes, in the case of SuDS implementation they have been sub‐optimal. We trace the cause of these outcomes to the unwillingness of the Government to engage in designing policy. This creates a lack of consistency and uniformity, as the implementation of SuDS becomes a matter of ad hoc negotiations and power relations between local authorities and developers. We conclude that the current policy has reduced potential to deliver better outcomes and highlight the options for increased SuDS uptake going forward.
Subtle sex differences in vasopressin mRNA expression in the embryonic mouse brain
Authors: Aulino Elizabeth A. , Caldwell Heather K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractArginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide which acts centrally to modulate numerous social behaviors. One receptor subtype through which these effects occur is the AVP 1a receptor (AVPR1A). The modulatory effects of Avp via the AVPR1A varies by species as well as sex, since both AVP and the AVPR1A tend to be expressed more prominently in males. Beyond these neuromodulatory effects there are also indications that the AVP system may play a role in early development to, in part, organize sex‐specific neural circuitry that is important to sexually dimorphic social behaviors in adulthood. However, to date, AVP's role in early development is poorly understood, particularly with respect to its differential effect on males and females. In order to determine the timing and distribution of the AVP system in early brain development, we examined the brains of male and female C57BL/6J mice between embryonic day (E) 12.5 and postnatal day (P) 2 and quantified Avp and Avpr1a mRNA using qPCR and AVPR1A protein using receptor autoradiography. The mRNA for Avp was measurable in males and females starting at E14.5, with males producing more than females, while Avpr1a mRNA was found as early as E12.5, with no difference in expression between sexes. AVPR1A binding was observed in both sexes starting at E16.5, and while there were no observed sex differences, binding density and the number of neuroanatomical areas did increase over time. These data are significant as they provide the first whole‐brain characterization of the vasopressin system in the embryonic mouse. Further, these findings are consistent with data from other species, that have documented a sex difference in the vasopressin system during early brain formation.
Delivery mode and maternal and neonatal outcomes of combined spinal–epidural analgesia compared with no analgesia in spontaneous labor: A single‐center observational study in Japan
Authors: Kurakazu Masamitsu , Umehara Nagayoshi , Nagata Chie , Yamashita Yoko , Sato Masaki , Sago Haruhiko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimWe aimed to assess the outcomes of combined spinal–epidural (CSE) analgesia compared with no analgesia in spontaneous labor.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of deliveries between 2008 and 2014 comparing two groups based on the use of CSE analgesia in both nulliparous and multiparous women. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsAmong 5247 (3334 nulliparous, 1913 multiparous) singleton deliveries, 3041 (2045, 996, respectively) patients received CSE analgesia and 2206 (1289, 917, respectively) had no analgesia. CSE analgesia was associated with increased risk of oxytocin augmentation (P < 0.01), prolonged duration of labor (P < 0.01), instrumental delivery (aOR, 3.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.69–4.19 for nulliparous and aOR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.32–3.53 for multiparous women), blood loss volume during vaginal delivery (P < 0.01), meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02–1.51 and aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01–1.93) and Apgar score less than 7 at 1 min (aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.28–2.74 and aOR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.35–5.61) in both nulliparous and multiparous women, respectively, and umbilical arterial blood gas pH less than 7.15 (aOR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.35–5.75) and umbilical arterial blood gas pH less than 7.10 (aOR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.11–16.69) in multiparous women. There was no significant difference in incidence of cesarean delivery or Apgar score less than 7 at 5 min.ConclusionWe observed several increased risks in obstetric and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women who received CSE analgesia during labor. Preparations for these risks are needed when administering CSE analgesia during labor.
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in peripartal dogs
Authors: Schmitt Stephanie , Dobenecker Britta 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecommended allowances for calcium and phosphorus are mostly based on factorial calculations partly set at the level determined adequate for giant breeds (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academies Press. 2006). Information about appropriateness of supply with both minerals during the peripartal phase is limited. From other species is known that bone mineral stores are used in addition to oral intake of calcium and phosphorus in periods of higher needs such as gestation and lactation. The aim of this study was to determine parameters of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in female dogs receiving the recommended amount of these minerals according to NRC (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academies Press. 2006) during the peripartal phase. In five Beagles and four Foxhound crossbreds, all primiparous with a litter size of 1–8 puppies, apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus as well as serum parameters of mineral metabolism (total and ionised calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, crosslaps) was determined in the period of 12–9 days before and 4–9 days after parturition. The apparent digestibility of calcium was relatively low and did not differ significantly between both peripartal phases, whereas the apparent digestibility of phosphorus increased during lactation. Serum concentrations of calcium (total as well as ionised), phosphorus and parathyroid hormone did not differ between gestation and lactation. The bone resorption marker serum crosslaps increased in lactating dogs but most individual values were within the reference range for adult female dogs at maintenance. On the other hand, the bone formation marker bone specific alkaline phosphatase decreased from prepartal to postpartal phase with values clearly above reference range in both phases. Based on the results especially of the bone markers, which stayed within the reference range during the peripartal phase without indicating predominant bone resorption, we hypothesise that the applied recommended daily allowances defined for peripartal dogs are appropriate.
Phylogeographic sampling guided by species distribution modeling reveals the Quaternary history of the Mediterranean–Canarian Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae)
Authors: Coello Alberto J. , Fernández‐Mazuecos Mario , García‐Verdugo Carlos , Vargas Pablo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAccurate inference in phylogeography requires appropriate sampling strategies. Complex questions demand a large sample size at both the population and genetic levels to obtain precise reconstructions. This is the case of the phylogeographic history of Cistus monspeliensis, a plant that displays low plastid (cpDNA) diversity in the Mediterranean Basin but high diversity in the Canary Islands. Here, we aimed to identify Mediterranean refugial areas and to accurately quantify inter‐island colonization events in the Canaries. Using a previous study as starting point, we increased sample size in two ways: (i) additional sampling of plastid genetic markers (from 1041 to 1899 bp); and (ii) additional sampling of populations (from 47 to 69) in long‐term persistence areas suggested by species distribution modeling (SDM). The synergy between SDM and extended population sampling helped find higher genetic diversity. Our deeper phylogeographic sampling of C. monspeliensis revealed the following: (i) potential refugia in long‐term persistence areas with high cpDNA diversity in western Europe and the Canary Islands; and (ii) a significant increase (from 7 to 12) in the number of inferred inter‐island colonization events across the archipelago. Our results stress the usefulness of SDM to identify the genetic signature associated with potential refugial areas. We herein propose a field sampling approach based on SDM that, in combination with a larger cpDNA sampling, can help answer a wide array of phylogeographic questions, such as the location of Quaternary refugia and number of colonizations across archipelagos.
Historical ecology of Mediterranean forests: Land use legacies on current understorey plants differ with time since abandonment and former agricultural use
Authors: Abadie Juliet , Dupouey Jean‐Luc , Salvaudon Aline , Gachet Sophie , Videau Noémie , Avon Catherine , Dumont Jérôme , Tatoni Thierry , Bergès Laurent 
Published: January 2020

AbstractQuestionsLand use legacies in current forest understorey vegetation, thoroughly studied in temperate regions, were investigated in a Mediterranean context. We tested the effect of three historical variables on current forest plant communities and traits: forest temporal continuity (ancient: forested before 1860, recent: reforested after 1860, and very recent forest: reforested after 1958) and type of land use in 1860 and 1958 (forest, pasture or arable land).LocationThe Regional Natural Park of Luberon (southeastern France).MethodsWe used a comprehensive vegetation plot database (473 species in 1,429 plots). Species’ response to historical variables was tested with logistic regressions, and the relationship between plant traits and historical variables was analysed with RLQ and fourth‐corner analyses.ResultsAmong all studied species, 250 responded to forest temporal continuity, 208 to 1860 land use, and 246 to 1958 land use. Species associated with ancient forests were more frequently forest specialists or forest edge species, shade‐tolerant and perennials, while species associated with recent and very recent forests were more frequently annuals, anemochorous and heliophilous species. Species exhibited different traits and ecological preferences according to the type of land use prior to forest: therophytes were more frequent on former arable land while chamaephytes were more frequent on former pasture. Trait responses to 1860 and 1958 land uses were globally consistent.ConclusionsThe effect of forest temporal continuity and past land use on forest understorey communities was consistent with other studies in northern Europe or northern America, which suggests that the same ecological processes apply in temperate lowland and Mediterranean regions. This study highlights a succession of plant communities in the long term and different trajectories of succession according to the type of former agricultural use. The long‐term legacies of past land use in current forest plant communities highlight the importance to preserve ancient forests, where typical forest species can be maintained.
Europe Through the Crisis: Discretionary Policy Changes and Automatic Stabilizers
Authors: Paulus Alari , Tasseva Iva Valentinova 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTax‐benefit policies affect changes in household incomes through two main channels: discretionary policy changes and automatic stabilizers. We study their role in the EU countries in 2007–14 using an extended decomposition approach. Our results show that the two policy actions often reduced rather than increased inequality of net incomes, and so helped offset the inequality‐increasing impact of growing disparities in gross market incomes. While inequality reductions were achieved mainly through benefits using both routes, policy changes to and the automatic stabilization response of taxes and contributions raised inequality in some countries and lowered it in others.
Is Cyclocardia (Conrad) a wastebasket taxon? Exploring the phylogeny of the most diverse genus of the Carditidae (Archiheterodonta, Bivalvia)
Authors: Pérez Damián E. , Giachetti Luciana M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe carditid genus Cyclocardia is currently the most diverse genus of the family, including nearly 180 nominal species encompassing wide stratigraphical (Cretaceous–Recent) and geographical (Antarctica, South and North America, Europe, Africa, Alaska, Russia, Japan and New Zealand) ranges. Due to the lack of autapomorphies in the diagnosis of the genus and its large account of species, we re‐evaluate the systematic and phylogenetic status of Cyclocardia. We applied three approaches: bibliographic revision, phylogenetic analysis and an exploration of morphological disparity. We used a shell–character matrix comprising 65 taxa (2 outgroups, 29 non‐Cyclocardia carditids and 28 species of Cyclocardia) for phylogenetic and disparity analyses. Maximum Observable Rescaled Distances was used to construct a distance matrix to compare Cyclocardia species and other carditid groups. According to our results, Cyclocardia represents a non‐monophyletic taxon and is thus a ‘wastebasket taxon’, chiefly because its diagnosis was based mainly on plesiomorphic characters. The European species C. kickxi and C. chameformis are placed within Scalaricardita, and the previously proposed genus Crassicardia is monophyletic (including C. crassidens, C. crebricostata, C. isaotakii and C. rjabininae). Three new genera are proposed for new groups identified by the phylogenetic analysis: South American Oesterheldia gen. nov. (including O. cannada and O. dalek), western North American Coanicardita gen. nov. (including C. ventricosa and C. occidentalis), and North Pacific Hippocampocardia gen. nov. (including H. barbarensis, H. hamiltonensis and H. yakatagensis). The newly defined monophyletic Cyclocardia is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean species C. borealis, C. novangliae and C. compressa.
Cytokine profile in children with food allergy following liver transplantation
Authors: Haflidadottir Svanhildur , Matthews Iren Lindbak , Almaas Runar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundLTX in children is associated with increased risk of food allergy, and the mechanisms underlying this are unknown. We wanted to study whether plasma cytokine profile differed in liver transplanted children, with and without food allergy, and whether it differed from untransplanted children with CLD.MethodsPlasma cytokines, total and specific IgE in nine patients with food allergy were compared with 13 patients without food allergy following LTX, and also with seven untransplanted patients with CLD.ResultsNo difference was found in the cytokine profile between liver transplanted patients with and without food allergy. Transplanted patients with food allergy having received a prescription of epinephrine had a significantly higher total IgE (2033 [234‐2831] vs 10 [5‐41] IU/L, P = .002) and MIP‐1b (52 [37‐96] vs 36 [32‐39], P = .035) compared with transplanted patients without food allergy. Two patients with severe food allergy responded favorably to conversion from tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression to MMF and corticosteroids with reduction in clinical symptoms, total IgE, specific IgE, IL‐1ra, IL‐4, RANTES, PDGF, MIP‐1a, and TNFα. The transplantation group had higher levels of IL‐1b, IL‐5, IL‐7, IL‐13, GCSF, IFNγ, and MIP‐1a compared with the CLD group.ConclusionsNo overall difference was found in plasma cytokine profile between patients with and without food allergy. Patients with severe food allergy had significant elevation of MIP‐1b. Discontinuation of tacrolimus reduced total and specific IgE and changed plasma cytokine profile. The plasma cytokine profile in liver transplanted children was different compared with children with CLD.
The fragile foundations of the extended fetuses‐at‐risk approach
Authors: Basso Olga 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhether denominators for postnatal outcomes (ascertained after live birth) with a presumed prenatal origin should consist of fetuses or live births remains controversial. Proponents argue that the extended fetuses‐at‐risk (FAR) approach (a), provides a justification for medically indicated preterm delivery, (b), avoids paradoxical results, and (c), permits quantification of incidence of fetal‐infant phenomena, such as “revealed” small for gestational age (SGA)—which, under FAR, rises with advancing gestation.MethodsThis conceptual paper examines the validity of the above arguments.ResultsAs obstetricians induce babies early because of fetal (or maternal) compromise and despite the dangers posed by immaturity, there is no need to modify a paradigm that portrays preterm birth as a powerful risk factor. The FAR approach generally avoids “paradoxical” intersections because FAR rates of postnatal outcomes depend on the birth rate. However, this property, which causes rates of most postnatal outcomes to rise at term, can also lead to risk reversals and other misleading findings. The FAR formulation does not yield the incidence of postnatal conditions but, rather, the incidence of live birth (and survival to diagnosis) of babies with prevalent conditions (and, sometimes, future ones).ConclusionsThe proposed arguments do not provide adequate support for extending the FAR approach to postnatal outcomes. As only live births can contribute to the numerator of rates, the usefulness and interpretability of FAR measures in this setting are limited.
Intergenerational effect of early‐life growth on offspring height: Evidence from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: Parsons Camille M. , Carter Sarah A. , Ward Kate , Syddall Holly E. , Clynes Michael A. , Cooper Cyrus , Dennison Elaine M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious intergenerational (parent to child) and transgenerational (grandparent to grandchild) studies have shown there is a link between parental and offspring birthweight.ObjectivesThe aim was to explore the association between the early‐life weight gain of an individual and the adult height of their children and grandchildren.MethodsStudy participants across three generations of the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS) were included in this study. Health visitors recorded the birthweight (kg) and weight at 1 year (kg) of the original (F0 generation) HCS participants when they were born in Hertfordshire between 1931 and 1939. A conditional infant weight gain score for F0 participants was calculated using birthweight and weight at 1 year, and self‐reported height (cm) of their children (F1 generation) and their grandchildren (F2 generation) was obtained from postal questionnaires. Due to the lack of clustering within family lines, linear regression analysis was used to compare intergenerational relationships.ResultsData were available from 139 F0, 148 F1, and 198 F2 participants. A positive association was found between parental birthweight (F0) and offspring adult height; on average, a 1 kg increase in F0 birthweight was associated with a 2.04 cm increase in F1 adult height (beta 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.03, 4.10). A positive association was found between F0 conditional weight gain during the first year of life and offspring (beta 1.53, 95% CI 0.45, 2.62) and grandchild height (beta 1.06, 95% CI 0.03, 2.10). Positive associations were also found between F0 weight at 1 year and offspring (beta 1.83, 95% CI 0.79, 2.87) and grandchild height (beta 0.91, 95% CI −0.10, 1.91).ConclusionThis study demonstrates an association between grandparental weight gain in early life and the heights of their children and grandchildren. The results of these analyses highlight the importance of early‐life weight gain on the adult stature of subsequent offspring.
Role of mRNAs and long non‐coding RNAs in regulating the litter size trait in Chuanzhong black goats
Authors: Lian Zhiquan , Zou Xian , Han Yinru , Deng Ming , Sun Baoli , Guo Yongqing , Zhou Lei , Liu Guangbin , Liu Dewu , Li Yaokun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFecundity improvement is one of the most important objectives for goat breeders as it can considerably greatly increase production efficiency. The molecular mechanisms underlying fecundity in goats remain largely unknown. To explore the molecular and genetic mechanisms related to the fecundities and prolificacies in Chuanzhong black goats, we performed high‐throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs (DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs, respectively) the ovaries of high‐fecundity and low‐fecundity goats; furthermore, we conducted functional annotation analyses to identify pathways of interest. Overall, 1,353 DEmRNAs and 168 DElncRNAs were identified. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was performed to validate some randomly selected DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs. We found that two DElncRNAs ENSCHIT00000005909 and ENSCHIT00000005910 might positively influence the expression of the corresponding gene IL1R2 (upregulated in high‐fecundity group), exerting co‐regulative effects on the ovarian function, through which litter size might show variations. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEmRNAs SRD5A2, LOC102191297 and LOC102171967 were significantly enriched in steroid hormone biosynthesis—this pathway was related to animal reproduction. To summarize, our findings expand the understanding pertaining to the biological functions of lncRNAs and contribute to the annotation of the goat genome; moreover, they should be helpful for further studying the role of lncRNAs in ovulation and lambing.
Are Women More Averse to Corruption than Men? The Case of South Korea
Authors: Lee Aie‐Rie , Chávez Kerry 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesPrevious research asserts that women are less prone to corruption than men. It is not without contestation, leading to a complex corpus with mixed findings suggesting that perceptions might be context‐specific. This study investigates whether, how, and under or through what conditions gender impacts individual perceptions of corruption in South Korea, a case exemplifying “Asian exceptionalism.”MethodsEmploying the World Values Survey and statistical regression techniques, we leverage a quasi‐experiment analyzing individual attitudes across all regime types in South Korea's recent history.ResultsExamining three types of corruption—state benefit fraud, tax evasion, and bribe‐taking—we find no significant differences until Korea democratizes, when we observe a surprising increase in the gap between perspectives.ConclusionsWomen's differential tolerance is mixed across types of corruption, implying that corruption is not a homogenous concept and that perceptions are conditioned by individual opportunities and constraints.