bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Resting Brain Sets Support-Giving in Motion: Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Momentary Rest Primes Supportive Responding
Authors: Inagaki Tristen K , Brietzke Sasha , Meyer Meghan L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Humans give support, care, and assistance to others on a daily basis. However, the brain mechanisms that set such supportive behavior in motion are unknown. Based on previous findings demonstrating that activity in a portion of the brain’s default network—the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)—during brief rest primes social thinking and behavior, momentary fluctuations in this brain region at rest may prime supportive responding. To test this hypothesis, 26 participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they alternated between deciding whether to give support to a close other in financial need, receive support for themselves, and make arbitrary decisions unrelated to support. Decisions were interleaved with brief periods of rest. Results showed that, within participants, spontaneous activity in the DMPFC during momentary periods of rest primed supportive-responding: greater activity in this region at the onset of a brief period of rest predicted, on a trial-by-trial basis, faster decisions to give support to the close other. Thus, activating the DMPFC as soon as our minds are free from external demands to attention may help individuals “default” to support-giving. Implications for understanding the prosocial functions of the resting brain are discussed.
Diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound in medical inpatients at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi: an observational study of practice and evaluation of implementation
Authors: Limani Fumbani , Dula Dingase , Keeley Alexander J , Joekes Elizabeth , Phiri Tamara , Tembo Ephraim , Gadama Luis , Nnensa Victoria , Jordan Sabine , Mallewa Jane , Kreuels Benno 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
In less well-resourced settings, where access to radiology services is limited, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can be used to assess patients and guide clinical management. The aim of this study was to describe ultrasound practice in the assessment of medical inpatients at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, and evaluate uptake and impact of POCUS following the introduction of a training programme at the college of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.

Methods
: A weekly prospective record review of sequential adult medical inpatients who had received an ultrasound examination was conducted.

Results
Of 835 patients screened, 250 patients were included; 267 ultrasound examinations were performed, of which 133 (50%) were POCUS (defined as performed by a clinician at the bedside). The time from request to performance of examination was shorter for POCUS examinations than radiology department ultrasound (RDUS) (median 0 [IQR 0–2, range 0–11] vs 2 [IQR 1–4, range 0–15] d, p=0.002); 104/133 (78.2%) POCUS and 90/133 (67.7%) RDUS examinations were deemed to have an impact on management.

Conclusion
Following the introduction of a training programme in POCUS, half of all ultrasound examinations were delivered as POCUS. POCUS was performed rapidly and impacted on patient management. POCUS may relieve the burden on radiology services in less well-resourced settings.
Molecular analysis reveals a cryptic species ofChthamalus(Crustacea: Cirripedia) in the Cape Verde Islands
Authors: Tikochinski Yaron , Motro Uzi , Simon-Blecher Noa , Achituv Yair 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe intertidal barnacle Chthamalus stellatus has a broad distribution, occurring in the Mediterranean, the east Atlantic shores and east Atlantic Macaronesian Islands (Madeira, the Canaries and the Azores). Traditionally, based on morphological characters, Chthamalus of the Cape Verde Islands were also regarded as C. stellatus. However, using a mitochondrial gene and two nuclear genes, we found that although Chthamalus from Cape Verde is morphologically similar to C. stellatus, there are genetic differences between the two that are larger than those found between different species of Chthamalus. We thus claim that these genetic differences justify the assignment of the Cape Verde populations as an evolutionarily significant unit and a sister clade to C. stellatus. We also show that the connection between taxonomic units that are close to each other lies not only in the resemblance between DNA sequences. We have found that numerous point mutations characterizing the Cape Verde Chthamalus are present as infrequent alleles in C. stellatus, indicating that two close taxonomic units can also share polymorphisms present in their common ancestor.
Chitin in Strawberry Cultivation: Foliar Growth and Defense Response Promotion, but Reduced Fruit Yield and Disease Resistance by Nutrient Imbalances
Authors: De Tender C. , Vandecasteele B. , Verstraeten B. , Ommeslag S. , De Meyer T. , De Visscher J. , Dawyndt P. , Clement L. , Kyndt T. , Debode J. 
Published: November 2020

Strawberry cultivation is associated with high mineral fertilizer doses and extensive use of chemical plant protection products. Based on previous research, we expected that chitin application to peat substrate would increase the nutrient availability and activate the plant systemic defense response, resulting in higher strawberry yields and fewer disease symptoms. We set up two experiments in which the temporal variability and differences in initial nutrient concentrations of the growing media were taken into account. Chitin treatment resulted in the attraction of plant growth–promoting fungi toward the plant root, such as species from genera Mortierella and Umbelopsis. In addition, by the end of the experiments 87 mg of mineral nitrogen (N) per liter of substrate was mineralized, which can be related to the observed increase in plant shoot biomass. This, however, led to nutrient imbalances in plant shoots and fruit; N concentration in the leaves increased over 30%, exceeding the optimal range, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies occurred, with concentrations lower than 50% of the optimal range. This may explain the decreased fruit yield and disease resistance of the fruit toward Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, chitin caused a clear defense priming effect in the strawberry leaves, with a strong induction of the jasmonic acid response, resulting in fewer foliar disease symptoms. Chitin causes positive effects on shoot growth and foliar disease resistance, but caution needs to be taken for nutrient imbalances leading to negative influences on root growth, fruit production, and disease susceptibility toward B. cinerea. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Acceptance of e-Learning Programs for Maternity Health Care Professionals Implemented by the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System
Authors: D'Aloja Paola , Maraschini Alice , Lega Ilaria , Andreozzi Silvia , Sampaolo Letizia , Valetto Maria Rosa , Dri Pietro , Donati Serena 
Published: November 2020

Introduction:
Distance learning efficacy on physician performances and patient health outcomes has been demonstrated. This study explored the participation and evaluation of CME e-learning courses for Italian health care professionals addressing leading causes of maternal mortality identified by the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System (ItOSS) at the Italian National Health Institute, namely postpartum hemorrhage and pregnancy hypertensive disorders.

Methods:
A model for two online free 12-hour case-based training courses was used. Data on participants were collected, anonymized, and transferred to the Italian National Health Institute for later analysis. Participants were requested to sign an online informed consent form.

Results:
Twenty-one thousand five hundred thirty-two health care professionals enrolled to the courses from 2014 to 2017 as follows: midwives (14,187, 65.9%); obstetricians (3,716, 17.2%); anesthesiologists (1,896, 8.8%); and other medical specialists (1,733, 8.0%). Overall, 85% of participants acquired CME credits. Participants' satisfaction on quality, efficacy, and relevance was very high.

Discussion:
ItOSS courses were able to reach a substantial number of different professional profiles involved in perinatal care all over the country; ItOSS courses can be considered an effective way to spread evidence-based good clinical practices. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to verify the improvement in professional health care skills and patient outcomes.
Toward Practice-Based Continuing Education Protocols
Authors: Armson Heather , Roder Stefanie , Wakefield Jacqueline , Eva Kevin W. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction:
Using assessment to facilitate learning is a well-established priority in education but has been associated with variable effectiveness for continuing professional development. What factors modulate the impact of testing in practitioners are unclear. We aimed to improve capacity to support maintenance of competence by exploring variables that influence the value of web-based pretesting.

Methods:
Family physicians belonging to a practice-based learning program studied two educational modules independently or in small groups. Before learning sessions they completed a needs assessment and were assigned to either sit a pretest intervention or read a relevant review article. After the learning session, they completed an outcome test, indicated plans to change practice, and subsequently documented changes made.

Results:
One hundred twelve physicians completed the study, 92 in small groups. The average lag between tests was 6.3 weeks. Relative to those given a review article, physicians given a pretest intervention: (1) reported spending less time completing the assigned task (16.7 versus 25.7 minutes); (2) performed better on outcome test questions that were repeated from the pretest (65.9% versus 58.7%); and (3) when the learning module was completed independently, reported making a greater proportion of practice changes to which they committed (80.0% versus 45.0%). Knowledge gain was unrelated to physicians' stated needs.

Discussion:
Low-stakes formative quizzes, delivered with feedback, can influence the amount of material practicing physicians remember from an educational intervention independent of perceptions regarding the need to engage in continuing professional development on the particular topic.
Health care Professionals' Reflections on Their Learning as Spiritual Generalists and Integration Into Practice
Authors: Thiel Mary Martha , Luff Donna , Kerr Emma E. , Robinson Mary R. , Meyer Elaine C. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction:
Meeting spiritual needs of patients is an important aspect of quality health care, but continuing professional development and training to provide spiritual care remains inadequate. The purpose was to identify participants' learning from simulation-based spiritual generalist workshops and application to practice.

Methods:
Interdisciplinary participants completed self-report demographic questionnaires before the workshops and questionnaires after workshops that listed open-ended take-home learning. Responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. A subgroup was surveyed 3 to 9 months after training to examine whether and how participants had incorporated workshop learning into clinical work.

Results:
Workshop participants 181/211 (85.8%) reported learning in four categories: core values and skills of spiritual generalists, understanding spirituality/religion and its role in health care, interfacing with chaplaincy, and interprofessional teamwork. Of the subsample, 73.5% (25/34) completed surveys 3 to 9 months after training. Of those, 25/25 (100%) reported drawing on what they learned in workshops, and 24/25 (96%) reported making clinical practice changes.

Discussion:
One-day spiritual generalist simulation-based workshops can improve continuing professional development learning experiences to provide generalist level of spiritual care. Workshops offered valuable learning and resulted in applicable clinical skills across professional roles. At 3 to 9 months after training, participants reported improved spiritual screening, recognition of spiritual distress, and referral to chaplaincy.
CDKN2B-AS1 Aggravates the Pathogenesis of Human Thoracic Aortic Dissection by Sponge to miR-320d
Authors: Zhao Xin , Cheng Shaopeng , Li Shouming , Li Jialiang , Bai Xiao , Xi Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:
In the present study, the role and molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 in human thoracic aortic dissection (TAD), a highly lethal cardiovascular disease, was investigated. The expression of CDKN2B-AS1 in human TAD and normal aortic tissues of donors were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RNA pull-down assay and a series of luciferase reporter assays were performed to predict the relationships between CDKN2B-AS1, miR-320d, and STAT3. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), TUNEL, and western blot assays were applied to validate the biological functions of CDKN2B-AS1 in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Results showed that CDKN2B-AS1 was expressed at a higher level in human TAD than in normal aortic tissues. CDKN2B-AS1 overexpression significantly promoted apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. CDKN2B-AS1 silence exhibited the opposite effects. Mechanistically, CDKN2B-AS1 was identified as a molecular sponge for miR-320d and positively modulated STAT3 expression via repressing miR-320d. In conclusion, our study revealed that CDKN2B-AS1 was dysregulated and displayed multiple potential functions in human TAD. These findings suggested that CDKN2B-AS1 was a novel potential therapeutic target for human TAD.
COVID-19 will forever change the landscape of telemedicine
Authors: Cohen Emmie , Cohen Mitchell I. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented global effects, yet the rapid emergence of telehealth across the globe has allowed healthcare professionals to connect virtually with patients and families while following safe social distancing guidelines. Telehealth has been used relatively well in patients from remote regions with limited access to subspecialty healthcare providers. This article discusses novel ways of using telehealth during the current pandemic and measures that would need to be taken to sustain telehealth and teleconsultations.

Recent findings
Telehealth has expanded to outpatient pediatric cardiology clinics across the globe during the pandemic. Technological advancements in video conferencing and the abundance of readily available wearable devices have allowed cardiologists to establish a preliminary diagnosis and set forth a treatment plan. Additional support by insurance providers and relaxation of mandatory regulations by the government have allowed telehealth to succeed during the pandemic. Although many subdisciplines within pediatric cardiology can be easily adapted into a sustainable telehealth model, some unique patient interactions, such as fetal cardiology, exercise physiology, and echocardiograms cannot be done remotely. The field of telehealth medicine with HIPAA-compliant programs and both insurance and government support should remain in our armamentarium of available resources for all patients and families.

Summary
Although not unique to pediatric cardiology, telehealth has emerged as an avenue to perform an initial evaluation and even establish a care pathway for patients. It is well recognized that telehealth visits will not supplant all patient--physician interactions but is a very acceptable first step in the majority of cases and can often steer the patient to subsequently undergo more selective and streamlined care.
THE ANGIOPOIETIN/TIE PATHWAY IN RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASES
Authors: Heier Jeffrey S. , Singh Rishi P. , Wykoff Charles C. , Csaky Karl G. , Lai Timothy Y.Y. , Loewenstein Anat , Schlottmann Patricio G. , Paris Liliana P. , Westenskow Peter D. , Quezada-Ruiz Carlos 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To provide a concise overview for ophthalmologists and practicing retina specialists of available clinical evidence of manipulating the angiopoietin/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and endothelial growth factor–like domains (Tie) pathway and its potential as a therapeutic target in retinal vascular diseases.

Methods:
A literature search for articles on the angiopoietin/Tie pathway and molecules targeting this pathway that have reached Phase 2 or 3 trials was undertaken on PubMed, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting abstracts (2014–2019), and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Additional information on identified pipeline drugs was obtained from publicly available information on company websites.

Results:
The PubMed and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting abstract search yielded 462 results, of which 251 publications not relevant to the scope of the review were excluded. Of the 141 trials related to the angiopoietin/Tie pathway on ClinicalTrials.gov, seven trials focusing on diseases covered in this review were selected. Vision/anatomic outcomes from key clinical trials on molecules targeting the angiopoietin/Tie pathway in patients with retinal vascular diseases are discussed.

Conclusion:
Initial clinical evidence suggests a potential benefit of targeting the angiopoietin/Tie pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor-A over anti–vascular endothelial growth factor-A monotherapy alone, in part due to of the synergistic nature of the pathways.
NOVEL THREE TYPES OF NEOVASCULARIZATION ELSEWHERE DETERMINE THE DIFFERENTIAL CLINICAL FEATURES OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: Pan Jiandong , Chen Feng , Chen Ding , Yang Xiaoling , Wang Jie , Chen Zuzheng , He Xiaojie , Zhou Tingye , Zheng Jingwei , Chen Hao 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To explore the pathological features and clinical significance of three types of neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods:
Neovascularization elsewhere was classified based on the origins and morphologic features using fluorescein angiography and angiographic and structural optical coherence tomography. The topographical distribution, vitreoretinal interface, and responsiveness to panretinal photocoagulation were compared among three types of NVE.

Results:
One hundred and twenty-seven NVEs were classified into three types. Type 1 NVE was concentrated along or adjacent to vascular arcades; Type 2 was distributed more peripherally than were Types 1 and 3 NVE. The arch bridge–like vitreoretinal interface accounted for 79% of Type 1 NVE. The flat and flat-forward vitreoretinal interface accounted for 95% and 100% in Type 2 and Type 3 NVE, respectively. At 3 months after panretinal photocoagulation, the regression rates for Types 1, 2, and 3 NVE were 82%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. Type 2 NVE showed best regression rate after panretinal photocoagulation (both P < 0.01).

Conclusion:
Three types of NVE determine the distinctly topographical distributions, vitreoretinal interface features, and differential responsiveness to panretinal photocoagulation treatment. This new concept may have important clinical implications in assessing the treatment and prognosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Comparison of Glaucoma Drainage Device Versus Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for Secondary Glaucoma Following Ocular Surface Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Denny Matthew R. , Chu Fred B. , Cheung Albert Y. , Holland Edward J. 
Published: November 2020

Précis:
Rates of ocular surface failure and glaucoma reoperation were similar between cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) and glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs). CPC is a safe option in the management of secondary glaucoma after ocular surface stem cell transplantation (OSST).

Purpose:
To assess surgical and ocular surface outcomes in patients requiring glaucoma surgery after OSST.

Materials and Methods:
Retrospective chart review of eyes with previous OSST that underwent either transscleral CPC or implantation of a GDD. Primary outcomes were ocular surface failure (defined as recurrence of corneal conjunctivalization with late fluorescein staining) and glaucoma surgery failure (defined as the need for additional glaucoma surgery, including repeat treatment or revision). Secondary outcomes were changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of glaucoma medications. Additional subgroup analysis was performed for subtypes of CPC and GDD.

Results:
Thirty-six glaucoma surgeries (7 Ahmed, 19 Baerveldt, and 10 CPC) were performed in 31 eyes with a history of prior OSST. The ocular surface failure rate was 19% for GDDs and 10% for CPC (P=0.65). Additional glaucoma surgery was needed for 38% of GDDs and 70% of CPC (P=0.14). The mean IOP reduction was 50% for GDDs and 28% for CPC (P=0.05). The mean drop reduction was 1.6 for GDDs and 0.1 for CPC (P=0.02). All glaucoma failures in the GDD group were related to tube erosion and/or hypotony, whereas all glaucoma failures in the CPC group were because of uncontrolled IOP. There were no significant differences in primary or secondary outcomes between CPC or GDD subgroups.

Conclusion:
Glaucoma is a frequent comorbidity in patients with severe ocular surface disease, and treatment poses unique challenges in those with prior OSST. In this study, ocular surface failure and glaucoma reoperation rates were similar between CPC and GDD groups, suggesting that CPC, including repeat treatment, is a safe option for the management of secondary glaucoma after OSST. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended in the management of these complex eyes.
Variations of Intraocular Pressure Measured by Goldmann Applanation Tonometer, Tono-Pen, iCare Rebound Tonometer, and Pascal Dynamic Contour Tonometer in Patients With Corneal Edema After Phacoemulsification
Authors: Kiddee Weerawat , Tanjana Arunee 
Published: November 2020

Précis:
Edematous corneas had lower Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) intraocular pressure (IOP) compared with other tonometers. A significant, mild negative correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and GAT IOP was found in a group of significant edematous corneas with CCT increases of >100 µm.

Purpose:
To compare the IOP that was randomly obtained with the GAT, Tono-Pen, iCare, and Pascal dynamic contour tonometer in patients with corneal edema after phacoemulsification.

Materials and Methods:
Corneal edema was quantified by CCT measurement. The agreement between IOP measurements assessed by different instruments was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. The relationship between CCT and IOP was investigated using the coefficient of correlation. The CCT and IOP were compared between the periods of postsurgical edema and after its resolution.

Results:
The mean age of 60 patients was 75.9±7.8 years. CCT increased significantly after surgery, by an average of 96.1±39.9 µm (P<0.001). Relative to the IOPs measured with the GAT in edematous eyes: the mean difference in Tono-Pen IOPs was 4.7 mm Hg; 95% limits of agreement (LOA), −0.3 to 9.6 mm Hg. For iCare, was 2.3 mm Hg; 95% LOA, −2.2 to 6.8 mm Hg. For Pascal dynamic contour tonometer, was 3.0 mm Hg; 95% LOA, −0.4 to 6.5 mm Hg. Edematous corneas had significantly lower GAT IOP than Tono-Pen IOP; 12.3±3.2 versus 16.9±3.1 (P=0.02). Pearson correlation coefficients (r) showed a high correlation between the 4 tonometers in eyes without edema. There was a significant, mild negative correlation between CCT and GAT IOP (r=−0.25, P=0.02) in a group of significant edematous corneas with CCT increases of >100 µm: GAT IOP decreased by 3.1 mm Hg for every 10-µm increase in CCT.

Conclusions:
IOP readings with GAT tended to be lower than those obtained with the other tonometers, especially the Tono-Pen. GAT IOP readings in cases of severe corneal edema should be interpreted with caution.