bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policing and Regulating Commercial Sex in Taiwan: A Review from Gender, Culture and Legal Perspectives
Authors: LIN Chih-Chieh (Carol) , SU Fang-Yi , CHUNG Ping-Hsuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCommercial sex has been a complex and controversial issue in Taiwan. It was banned several times and finally partially legalized in law when the Congress finally amended Article 80 of the Social Order Maintenance Law and authorized local governments to establish red-light districts. Unfortunately, in reality, until now, no local government has established a red-light district. Therefore, all commercial sex is still illegal in Taiwan. By reviewing this issue from gender, culture, and legal perspectives, this paper discusses the regulation of commercial sex in Taiwan in three parts. In the first part, this paper provides a historical view of the development of commercial sex and how the government regulated it in different periods. In the second part, this paper introduces the debate and various perspectives of feminist legal theories on this issue. Finally, compared with the regulation models of Japan and Singapore, this paper proposes an empowerment approach in response to the current Social Order Maintenance Law. Focusing on sex workers’ autonomy and subjectivity, the new approach hopes to balance the interests between the rights of sex workers and the needs of social order and public health.
Optimizing sampling rate of wrist-worn optical sensors for physiologic monitoring
Authors: Bent Brinnae , Dunn Jessilyn P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Personalized medicine has exposed wearable sensors as new sources of biomedical data which are expected to accrue annual data storage costs of approximately $7.2 trillion by 2020 (>2000 exabytes). To improve the usability of wearable devices in healthcare, it is necessary to determine the minimum amount of data needed for accurate health assessment.

Methods:
Here, we present a generalizable optimization framework for determining the minimum necessary sampling rate for wearable sensors and apply our method to determine optimal optical blood volume pulse sampling rate. We implement t-tests, Bland–Altman analysis, and regression-based visualizations to identify optimal sampling rates of wrist-worn optical sensors.

Results:
We determine the optimal sampling rate of wrist-worn optical sensors for heart rate and heart rate variability monitoring to be 21–64 Hz, depending on the metric.

Conclusions:
Determining the optimal sampling rate allows us to compress biomedical data and reduce storage needs and financial costs. We have used optical heart rate sensors as a case study for the connection between data volumes and resource requirements to develop methodology for determining the optimal sampling rate for clinical relevance that minimizes resource utilization. This methodology is extensible to other wearable sensors.
Understanding shared decision-making experience among vulnerable population: Focus group with food bank clients
Authors: Lee Young Ji , Brazile Tiffany , Galbiati Francesca , Hamm Megan , Bryce Cindy , Jain Sandeep , Kraschnewski Jennifer , McTigue Kathleen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Shared decision-making (SDM) is a critical component of delivering patient-centered care. Members of vulnerable populations may play a passive role in clinical decision-making; therefore, understanding their prior decision-making experiences is a key step to engaging them in SDM.Objective:To understand the previous healthcare experiences and current expectations of vulnerable populations on clinical decision-making regarding therapeutic options.Methods:Clients of a local food bank were recruited to participate in focus groups. Participants were asked to share prior health decision experiences, explain difficulties they faced when making a therapeutic decision, describe features of previous satisfactory decision-making processes, share factors under consideration when choosing between treatment options, and suggest tools that would help them to communicate with healthcare providers. We used the inductive content analysis to interpret data gathered from the focus groups.Results:Twenty-six food bank clients participated in four focus groups. All participants lived in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. Four themes emerged: prior negative clinical decision-making experience with providers, patients preparing to engage in SDM, challenges encountered during the decision-making process, and patients’ expectations of decision aids. Participants also reported they were unable to discuss therapeutic options at the time of decision-making. They also expressed financial concerns and the need for sufficiently detailed information to evaluate risks.Conclusion:Our findings suggest the necessity of developing decision aids that would improve the engagement of vulnerable populations in the SDM process, including consideration of affordability, use of patient-friendly language, and incorporation of drug–drug and drug–food interactions information.
Conditional reflex to urine culture: Evaluation of a diagnostic stewardship intervention within the Veterans’ Affairs and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Practice-Based Research Network
Authors: Claeys Kimberly C. , Zhan Min , Pineles Lisa , Lydecker Alison , Clore Gosia , Goto Michihiko , Leekha Surbhi , Linkin Darren , Evans Charlesnika T. , Trautner Barbara W. , Goetz Matthew B. , Baghdadi Jonathan D. , Perencevich Eli N. , Morgan Daniel J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:In the absence of pyuria, positive urine cultures are unlikely to represent infection. Conditional urine reflex culture policies have the potential to limit unnecessary urine culturing. We evaluated the impact of this diagnostic stewardship intervention.Design:We conducted a retrospective, quasi-experimental (nonrandomized) study, with interrupted time series, from August 2013 to January 2018 to examine rates of urine cultures before versus after the policy intervention. We compared 3 intervention sites to 3 control sites in an aggregated series using segmented negative binomial regression.Setting:The study included 6 acute-care hospitals within the Veterans’ Health Administration across the United States.Participants:Adult patients with at least 1 urinalysis ordered during acute-care admission, excluding pregnant patients or those undergoing urological procedures, were included.Methods:At the intervention sites, urine cultures were performed if a preceding urinalysis met prespecified criteria. No such restrictions occurred at the control sites. The primary outcome was the rate of urine cultures performed per 1,000 patient days. The safety outcome was the rate of gram-negative bloodstream infection per 1,000 patient days.Results:The study included 224,573 urine cultures from 50,901 admissions in 24,759 unique patients. Among the intervention sites, the overall average number of urine cultures performed did not significantly decrease relative to the preintervention period (5.9% decrease; P = 0.8) but did decrease by 21% relative to control sites (P < .01). We detected no significant difference in the rates of gram-negative bloodstream infection among intervention or control sites (P = .49).Conclusions:Conditional urine reflex culture policies were associated with a decrease in urine culturing without a change in the incidence of gram-negative bloodstream infection.
Second-order effects or ideational rifts? Explaining outcomes of European elections in an era of populist politics
Authors: Ehin Piret , Talving Liisa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article seeks to enhance our understanding of the European Parliament (EP) elections in an era of populist and anti-European Union (EU) politics. Specifically, it aims to evaluate both the conventional second-order elections theory as well as an alternative approach that regards EP elections as an arena for conflict between liberal-democratic Europeanism and populist, extremist and euroskeptic alternatives. It does so by deriving a series of hypotheses from both approaches and testing these with party-level data from all EU member states in the context of 2019 EP elections. Our results challenge both explanations. Party size is a robust predictor of electoral performance in EP elections, and its effect is moderated by electoral system design. While large parties lost votes across the EU, their losses were more pronounced in countries where national legislatures are elected under plurality or mixed systems. We find no evidence of incumbent losses or electoral cycle effects. Party-level populism, extremism and euroskepticism did not systematically predict electoral performance but party ideology appears to have moderated the effects of incumbency and party size. Incumbency was associated with vote gain among populist and far-right parties but not other parties, and the effect of size also varied across party ideologies. In sum, these results suggest that vote fragmentation in the 2019 EP elections is partly explained by electoral system design, while it was not driven by the desire to punish political incumbents. Populist and far-right parties in power appear to be particularly immune to punishing behavior often associated with EP elections.
ARTEMIS, THE 14C AMS FACILITY OF THE LMC14 NATIONAL LABORATORY: A STATUS REPORT ON QUALITY CONTROL AND MICROSAMPLE PROCEDURES
Authors: Moreau Christophe , Messager Cyrielle , Berthier Bernard , Hain Stéphane , Thellier Bruno , Dumoulin Jean-Pascal , Caffy Ingrid , Sieudat Marc , Delqué-Količ Emmanuelle , Mussard Solène , Perron Marion , Setti Valérie , Beck Lucile 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTQuality control procedures have been developed at the Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14) national laboratory throughout the years of operation. Routine procedures are applied to sample preparation depending on their composition and their size. The tuning of the ARTEMIS AMS facility, hosted by the LMC14 laboratory, uses an accurate procedure. A batch of unknown samples is measured with accompanying samples (primary and secondary standards and blanks), which give a powerful set of data to control the quality of each measurement. A homemade database has been created to store the sample information and study the evolution of the accompanying samples. The LMC14 laboratory participated in the Sixth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison, SIRI. The results are presented here, with statistical tests to assess the quality of the preparations and measurements done at the LMC14 national laboratory. To obtain a reliable radiocarbon (14C) age by AMS, 1 mg of sample is required in routine analysis. Recently, the LMC14 developed a new procedure dedicated to microsamples, allowing the size of samples to be reduced and contributing to opening 14C dating to materials that were previously unreachable. This new procedure has been successfully tested on valuable Cultural Heritage samples: lead white mural paintings.
PACIFISM, INFECTION, AND ‘SOMATIC CITIZENSHIP’ IN WARTIME BRITAIN, 1940–1943
Authors: SAUNDERS DAVID 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article explores how marginalized groups navigated the everyday politics of citizenship in Britain during the Second World War through a case-study of the Sorby Research Institute in Sheffield, a site in which pacifists and conscientious objectors participated in medical experiments as an alternative to military service. Examining the experiences of volunteers who were infested with parasites in a study of infectious disease transmission, this article traces the emergence of ‘somatic citizenship’ at the SRI: a distinctive kind of wartime service that was rooted in the everyday sensations, routines, and practices of the body. Ultimately, this article argues that the somatic labours of medical research offered a way of partially reconciling the conflicting demands of pacifism and national duty, allowing volunteers to reposition themselves as heroic wartime citizens. However, this was not a straightforward path to social rehabilitation, with various political, moral, and hygienic anxieties disrupting the pursuit of community acceptance. While contributing to ongoing work on citizenship, subjectivity, and emotion in wartime Britain, these findings also demonstrate how unconventional sources – in this case, medicalized descriptions of the body – can be redeployed to illuminate the politically saturated nature of everyday life under the conditions of total war.
History, status, and productivity of the Red-crowned Amazon Amazona viridigenalis in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas
Authors: KIACZ SIMON , SHACKELFORD CLIFFORD E. , HENEHAN ANTHONY K. , BRIGHTSMITH DONALD J. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryNewly established populations of endangered species can help mitigate declines elsewhere and can be a valuable genetic reservoir. When these populations are located within anthropogenic habitats, they may also help mitigate the potential biodiversity loss created by urbanization. The Red-crowned Amazon Amazona viridigenalis is an endangered species that has become naturalized in multiple urban areas throughout the United States and Mexico, and these populations may currently outnumber the population within their historical habitat. While these urban populations may hold the majority of this endangered species, very few studies have analyzed the status and trends of this species, or of threatened parrots in general, in urban areas. Our study focuses on an urban Red-crowned Amazon population in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas: the only parrot population currently recognized as native to the United States. To determine a timeline of Red-crowned Amazon arrival and growth in the LRGV, we reviewed published literature and online citizen science databases. To quantify current population levels and trends, we conducted 412 surveys at all known roost sites throughout the LRGV from January 2016 through April 2019. We also quantified the ratio of adult and juvenile parrots at roosts. Our data suggest the species has been present in the LRGV consistently since the 1970s and showed rapid growth from the mid-1990s through roughly 2016. Roost counts suggest there is currently a minimum LRGV population of about 680 and the population has been relatively stable over the last 3.5 years. Productivity averaged 19% over three breeding seasons, suggesting successful internal reproduction. This study provides important baseline information for the management and conservation of Red-crowned Amazons in the region and provides a valuable timeline on the beginnings and trends of this recently established urban population of Amazona parrot.
Ability of Critical Care Medics to Confirm Endotracheal Tube Placement by Ultrasound
Authors: Joyce Michael , Tozer Jordan , Vitto Michael , Evans David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines were recently updated to include ultrasound confirmation of endotracheal tube (ETT) location as an adjunctive tool to verify placement. While this method is employed in the emergency department under the guidance of the most recent American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP; Irving, Texas USA) guidelines, it has yet to gain wide acceptance in the prehospital setting where it has the potential for greater impact. The objective of this study to is determine if training critical care medics using simulation was a feasible and reliable method to learn this skill.Methods:Twenty critical care paramedics with no previous experience with point-of-care ultrasound volunteered for advanced training in prehospital ultrasound. Four ultrasound fellowship trained emergency physicians proctored two three-hour training sessions. Each session included a brief introduction to ultrasound “knobology,” normal sonographic neck and lung anatomy, and how to identify ETT placement within the trachea or esophagus. Immediately following this, the paramedics were tested with five simulated case scenarios using pre-obtained images that demonstrated a correctly placed ETT, an esophageal intubation, a bronchial intubation, and an improperly functioning ETT. Their accuracy, length of time to respond, and comfort with using ultrasound were all assessed.Results:All 20 critical care medics completed the training and testing session. During the five scenarios, 37/40 (92.5%) identified the correct endotracheal placements, 18/20 (90.0%) identified the esophageal intubations, 18/20 (90.0%) identified the bronchial intubation, and 20/20 (100.0%) identified the ETT malfunctions correctly. The average time to diagnosis was 10.6 seconds for proper placement, 15.5 seconds for esophageal, 15.6 seconds for bronchial intubation, and 11.8 seconds for ETT malfunction.Conclusions:The use of ultrasound to confirm ETT placement can be effectively taught to critical care medics using a short, simulation-based training session. Further studies on implementation into patient care scenarios are needed.
The Macedonian Fake News Industry and the 2016 US Election
Authors: Hughes Heather C. , Waismel-Manor Israel 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTDuring the 2016 US presidential election, Americans were exposed to an onslaught of disinformation on social media. Many of the most viral posts originated from Veles, a small town in central Macedonia. During fieldwork in Veles, where we interviewed several residents and disinformation creators, we found that the epicenter of this viral phenomenon was Mirko Ceselkoski, an autodidact social media expert, teacher, and mentor to Veles’ fake news operators. We interviewed Ceselkoski and registered and attended his online course—the same course numerous Veles residents took offline. Our research confirms (1) the pivotal role Ceselkoski had in the creation of this industry; (2) the economic motivation driving the fake news disseminators; and (3) the manner in which the mostly young people in their early twenties with little English fluency were able to generate so much traffic and disseminate so much disinformation.
Opportunity and impasse: social change and the limits of international legal strategy
Authors: McConnell Lee 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA diverse range of actors, from practitioners and academics to civil society groups and activists, appear to see hope in international law for the advancement of their causes. This paper examines whether this optimism is well-founded. It explores whether international law can serve as an agent of social change, and whether it can accommodate radical changes in social order. It begins by exposing a formalist stance that is immanent to much ‘legal activist’ discourse. It then explores links between this mode of jurisprudential thought and idealist epistemology. Drawing from the philosophy of Theodor Adorno, and in particular his notion of ‘identity-thinking’, it uncovers structural connections between formalism, idealism, law, and economy that call into question international law's socially-transformative potential. The perspective advanced in this paper falls somewhere between the polarities of opportunity and impasse, seeking to acknowledge the importance of legal strategies in safeguarding the disenfranchised, while remaining alive to their potential dangers and limitations.
Can Social Pressure Foster Responsiveness? An Open Records Field Experiment with Mayoral Offices
Authors: Moy Bryant J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the extent to which social pressures can foster greater responsiveness among public officials. I conduct a non-deceptive field experiment on 1400 city executives across all 50 states and measure their level of responsiveness to open records requests. I use two messages to prime social pressure. The first treatment centers on the norm and duty to be responsive to the public’s request for transparency. The second treatment is grounded in the peer effect literature, which suggests that individuals change their behavior in the face of potential social sanctioning and accountability. I find no evidence that mayors are affected by priming the officials’ duty to the public. The mayors who received the peer effects prime were 6–8 percentage points less likely to respond, which suggests a “backfire effect.” This paper contributes to the growing responsiveness literature on the local level and the potential detrimental impact of priming peer effects.
The Seasonal and Longitudinal Variations of Nighttime OI 135.6‐nm Emission at Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crests Observed by the DMSP/SSUSI
Authors: Guo Bing , Xu Jiyao , Sun Longchang , Lin Yingjun , Yuan Wei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNighttime atomic oxygen (OI) 135.6‐nm emission observed by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) instrument on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F18 satellite is utilized to investigate the seasonal and longitudinal variations of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests at a fixed 20:00 local time (LT) from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2015. The OI 135.6‐nm emission intensity at the southern and northern EIA crests for each day is considered as a superposition of zonal mean and Zonal Wavenumbers 1–4 components. On the seasonal‐longitudinal variations of the OI 135.6‐nm emission intensity at both EIA crests, the obvious double‐peak structure appears in equinoxes for all 4 years. The longitudinal peaked structures are also prominent in equinoxes, and Peak‐3 structure dominates. The main results are as follows: (1) The zonal mean emission intensity and amplitudes of Wavenumbers 1–4 components at both EIA crests are also evident in equinoxes and have a major semiannual and annual periods, except for amplitude of Wavenumber 4 at the southern EIA crest; the amplitude of Wavenumber 1 component is generally greater than Wavenumbers 2–4; (2) the phases of Wavenumbers 1 and 2 components at both EIA crests have a 1‐year period, and the seasonal variations of the phase of Wavenumber 1 component at both EIA crests are in phase but antiphase in Wavenumber 2; and (3) the phases of Wavenumbers 1 and 2 components between the OI 135.6‐nm emission intensity and the total electron content (TEC) at both EIA crests are almost consistent in April and solstices.