bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust and Adaptive Anticoagulant Control
Authors: Avery Peter , Clairon Quentin , Henderson Robin , James Taylor C. , Wilson Emma 
Published: March 2020

SummaryWe consider a control theory approach to adaptive dose allocation of anticoagulants, based on an analysis of records of 152 patients on long-term warfarin treatment. We consider a selection of statistical models for the relationship between the dose of drug and subsequent blood clotting speed, measured through the international normalized ratio. Our main focus is on subsequent use of the model in guiding the choice of the next dose adaptively as patient-specific information accrues. We compare a naive long-term approach with a proportional-integral-plus method, with parameters estimated by either linear quadratic optimization or by stochastic resource allocation. We demonstrate advantages of the control approaches in comparison with a naive approach in simulations and through calculation of robust stability margins for the observed data.
Vascular injury during laparoscopic gynaecological surgery: a methodological approach for prevention and management
Authors: Brierley Gemma , Arshad Ilyas , Shakir Fevzi , Visvathanan Dilip , Arambage Kirana 
Published: March 2020

Key content

Major vascular injuries occur in up to one in 200 laparoscopies, most commonly during Veress needle insertion or primary trocar entry; laparoscopic surgeons should rehearse actions to be taken in case of injury.

Vascular injury during laparoscopy is associated with significant morbidity and up to 23% mortality.

Risk factors include previous surgery, intra‐abdominal pathology, low/high body mass index and complex surgeries.

Techniques to manage vascular injury include aggressive fluid resuscitation, hyperbaric pressure, blood transfusion, manual pressure, considering conversion to an open midline laparotomy and the involvement of a vascular or general surgeon.

Standardised assessment and management protocols should be rehearsed and available in all units.

Learning objectives

To be aware of the incidence of laparoscopic vascular injury and the potential complications that can occur.

To recognise key risk factors for vascular injury and ways to prevent injury occurring.

To rehearse drills on systematic emergency management of laparoscopic bleeding to standardise care; this is ideally suited to the realms of multidisciplinary simulation scenario‐based training, to improve a team’s response to a vascular injury.

Ethical issues

Are women who are at increased risk of vascular injuries appropriately counselled regarding complications and consequences, and are they given the options for alternative management?
Effect of expiratory phase for radiographic detection of left heart enlargement in dogs with mitral regurgitation
Authors: Chhoey Saran , Lee Sang‐Kwon , Je Hyejin , Jung Jin‐Woo , Jang Youjung , Choi Jihye 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRadiography is a standard diagnostic test for characterizing left heart enlargement in dogs however limited information is available on the effects of respiratory phases. This prospective and retrospective method comparison study investigated the respiratory effect on the size and shape of the left heart in dogs to determine the usefulness of expiratory radiographs to detect enlargements in the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV). Thoracic radiographs taken at full inspiration and expiration were evaluated in 20 normal beagles and 100 dogs diagnosed with mitral regurgitation (MR). Vertebral heart score (VHS), vertebral left atrial size, elevation of the carina, and dorsal bulging of LA on lateral view and lateral bulging of the left auricular appendage and LV on ventrodorsal view were assessed. In normal dogs, there were no significant differences in the evaluative factors between inspiration and expiration. In dogs with MR, VHS did not change according to respiration. However, bulging of the LA, left auricular appendage, and LV had sharp margin during expiration compared with inspiration. The expiratory radiographic finding of LA bulging had a higher correlation with the LA to aorta ratio compared with LA bulging in the inspiratory radiography. Using a LA to aorta echocardiographic ratio greater than 1.5 as the gold standard, the radiographic sensitivity for LA enlargement was higher during expiration than inspiration. These findings of our study indicated that expiratory radiography can be helpful to support the detection of left heart enlargement, although it can overestimate LA enlargement in dogs with MR.
Endurance exercise‐induced and mental fatigue and the brain
Authors: Meeusen Romain , Van Cutsem Jeroen , Roelands Bart 
Published: March 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?It provides an overview of the recent papers linking brain neurotransmission with exercise‐induced and/or mental fatigue.
What advances does it highlight?The noradrenergic neurotransmitter system hastens central fatigue during prolonged exercise, a finding that coincides with a faster rate of increase in the rating of perceived exertion. 2) Mental fatigue affects several neurotransmitter systems, with presumably an important role for dopamine and adenosine, in multiple brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.AbstractIn sports and exercise science, fatigue is an elusive concept that has important implications in performance during exercise. It has been described in many ways (tiredness, exhaustion, lethargy or weariness) and describes a physical and/or mental state of being tired and lack of energy. Exercise‐induced fatigue can be defined as an acute impairment of exercise performance, and a distinction has been made between peripheral and central fatigue. Mental fatigue can be defined as a psychobiological state caused by prolonged exertion that has the potential to reduce cognitive performance and exercise performance. Recent studies have given clear indications that brain catecholamines are involved in the onset of fatigue during endurance exercise. Evidence is provided indicating that the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system hastens central fatigue, a finding that coincides with a faster rate of increase in the rating of perceived exertion. Brain neurotransmission is also suggested to play an important role in mental fatigue. Several neurotransmitter systems might be implicated (with the most important role for dopamine and adenosine) in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, and the summation of these alterations might explain the impairment in endurance performance in a mentally fatigued state. Obviously, we have to keep in mind that fatigue is a very complex construct and that, besides brain neurochemistry, several other factors play a role in its onset.
Development of Micro-Diesel Injector Nozzles via MEMS Technology and Effects on Spray Characteristics
Authors: Baik Seunghyun , Blanchard James P. , Corradini Michael L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Micro-machined planar orifice nozzles have been developed and used with commercially produced diesel injection systems. Such a system may have the capability to improve the spray characteristics in DI diesel engines. The availability of a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) processing sequence supported the construction of micro-planar orifice nozzles, and micro-systems technology was also employed in our macro-instrumentation.
To demonstrate this process, fourteen MEMS nozzles were fabricated with deep X-ray lithography and electroplating technology. The nozzles are made of 78% nickel and 22% iron alloy. The circular orifice diameters were varied from 40 to 260 microns and the number of orifices varied from one to 169. Three plates with non-circular orifices were also fabricated to examine the effect of orifice shape on spray characteristics. These nozzles were then attached to commercial injectors and the associated injection systems were used for the spray experiments. Given these novel injection systems, jet spray characteristics of micro-machined nozzles were investigated experimentally at two different injection pressures (around 25 MPa and 80 MPa). Local drop sizes were measured by the laser diffraction technique, and the average drop sizes of the whole sprays were measured by the light extinction technique. Current test results show expected qualitative trends in spray kinematics and drop size, but the quantitative magnitudes of the behavior are less dependent on geometry than first anticipated. The spray kinematics and drop sizes were found to depend primarily on the total mass flow area regardless of single or multi-hole or different orifice shape. Non-planar configurations are under development and may show improved performance.
Modeling NO and Soot Emissions With Gas Compressibility
Authors: Wasfy Hatem M. , Lee Chia-fon F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A multidimensional engine combustion code was used to model NO and soot emissions from a heavy duty Cummins Diesel engine with a compression ratio of 16. The code solves the gas calculation in a moving curvilinear coordinate system. The code includes a 13 species chemistry model that calculates the rate of formation of each species from the fuel conversion time and the species equilibrium concentration. The code also models fuel injection, spray impingement and secondary spray breakup. The engine was tested with 10% EGR in the intake by mass, a swirl ratio of 2.1 and an engine speed of 1500 rpm. The engine was tested at 3 different injection timings. The consequence of including compressibility effects is also studied. The Redlich-Kwong model was used to calculate the deviation of the gases within the combustion chamber from ideal gas behavior. The computational results were compared to the values of pressure, NO and soot emissions obtained from experiments. At the high compression ratio that the engine operates under, the ideal gas equation was found to under-predict the peak cylinder pressure by about 4%. The soot emissions were closely matched in both value and trend. Due to the inaccuracy of the equilibrium-based chemical model, the calculated NO emissions were higher than the experimental values. The evolution of the NO and soot emissions during the cycle was studied. The processes that form these emissions were identified.
High Efficiency and Low NOx Gas Engines for Co-Generation Markets
Authors: Goto Satoru , Nakayama Sadao , Ono Yoshiharu , Nishi Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Lean-burn gas engines are operating worldwide because of having an advantage of lower NOx emission and higher thermal efficiency than those of stoichiometric gas engines. The modern lean-burn gas engines, especially medium and large size, have the pre-combustion chamber technology. On the contrary, there are some problems that originate in the spark plug. Particularly near the ignition plug located in the center, the fuel gas density is lean, affected by the lean-gas mixture coming from the main combustion chamber during the compression stroke and the fuel gas density near the wall is rich. The lifetime of ignition plug is likely to be shorter than those used in the conventional theoretical mixture gas combustion engine, because the required voltage for the plug is high, which reaches 20–25 kV or more.
The authors and their colleagues have studied a combustion method of using micro-pilot fuel oil instead of spark plug as an ignition source in recent four years to provide a solution for the above mentioned technical problems. The energy of micro-pilot fuel oil is equivalent to 1% of the total thermal input, but the energy of the pilot fuel oil is several thousands times of the spark ignition. According to the author’s study, NOx emission level is defined by the amount of pilot fuel oil. But only about 1% fuel can meet the NOx target. NOx emission level meets TA-Luft of 500 mg/m3N @ 5% O2. Even the regulation of 200 ppm @ 0% O2 in the Japanese large cities can be achieved, this level is almost corresponding to the half TA-Luft.
This paper describes the performance being desired for gas engines through the service-experience in co-generation fields and also describes the newly developed gas engine corresponding to a 1000 kW class, which has micro-pilot fuel oil ignition method. This engine has the same performance of a diesel engine, BMEP of 2.3 MPa and brake thermal efficiency of 43%.
Characteristics of Premixed Combustion Type Diesel Engine Using Hollow Cone Spray
Authors: Obokata Tomio , Ishima Tsuneaki , Shiga Seiichi , Eguro Yousuke , Matsuda Tomoyuki , Murakami Akira , Long Wuqiang , Yang Xiaofeng , Liu Chanlii 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To realize the pre-mixed combustion type Diesel engine, analyses of the wide-angle conical spray flow and its application to the direct injection Diesel engine have been made. In the present work, the spray was evaluated by high speed flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PTV) measurement, phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) measurement and numerical simulation by KTVA-3V code, and finally the combustion and exhaust characteristics of the proposed engine are examined.
The penetration and the shape of the conical sprays under different ambient pressures (0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 MPa) are obtained experimentally and with numerical simulations. Generally, good agreements between them are achieved. It is also cleared that the spray formation is strongly influenced by the surrounding pressure. PIV measurements show the initial development of the spray. The maximum velocity is about 80 m/s, which is almost in the same range as that obtained by the PDA measurements.
For the combustion experiment, the excess air ratio was set at 3.1 and 2.5. The engine speed was varied from 1000 to 2000 rpm. Expected premixed combustion region is realized at around the fuel injection timing prior to 65 degree BTDC, where NOx and soot emissions are almost zero at the excess air ratio of 3.1.
Dual-Fuel System for Heavy Duty Truck Engines
Authors: Asad Usman , Shafique Umar A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Increasing emphasis on natural gas as a clean, economical and abundant fuel advocates its increasing use in transportation applications. In developing countries like Pakistan and India where, more than 80% of the goods are transported by trucks and where natural gas is available in abundance, development of natural gas conversion systems for heavy-duty truck engines offers a viable option to replace the use of expensive imported fuels.
A complete dual-fuel (natural gas/diesel) conversion system developed using mostly commercially available components, for the Hino EC-100 diesel engine is described. Both diesel and natural gas operating modes are possible, without undermining normal engine performance as a diesel. The conversion system has performance similar to the ‘straight diesel’ operation, with comparable efficiency at full load. Furthermore, particulate and oxide of nitrogen (NOx) emissions are considerably lower than on diesel, however, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions are higher, particularly at light load.
Structured Model of Crankshaft in the Simulation of Engine Dynamics With AVL/EXCITE
Authors: Parikyan Tigran , Resch Thomas , Priebsch Hans H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paper presents a new concept of dynamic model of crankshaft — the structured model. The theory behind this type of model and the methodology of its use are discussed in detail, and the place of the new model in the process of dynamic strength evaluation of crankshafts is shown.
The “Shaft Modeler” — a graphical pre-processor, specially developed for rapid generation of structured models to be used in dynamic simulation with AVL/EXCITE — is shortly described.
The advantages of the new modeling methodology are illustrated by application examples. The structured model is shown to closely approximate the modal behavior of the volumetric FE-model. The results of dynamic simulation using structured model show a good correlation with the test-bed measurements, as well as with the calculations based on condensed (dynamically reduced) volumetric FE-model.
Engine Torque Non-Uniformity Evaluation Using Instantaneous Crankshaft Speed Signal
Authors: Cavina Nicolò , Ponti Fabrizio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the development of a methodology for evaluating the torque non-uniformity between the various cylinders of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). This non-uniformity can be due, for example, to pathological operating conditions such as misfires or misfuels, as well as to other abnormal operating conditions. Between the nominal torque production and the one corresponding to the absence of combustion there exist, in fact, a series of possible intermediate conditions. Each of them corresponds to a value of produced torque that lies between the nominal value and the one corresponding to the lack of combustion (due for example to statistical dispersion in manufacturing or aging in the injection system).
The diagnosis of this type of non-uniformity is a very important issue in today’s engine control strategies design. The use of the developed methodology should in fact allow the control strategy to adopt the appropriate interventions if the diagnosed non-uniformity is related to different behavior of the injectors.
In order to evaluate this torque production variability between the various cylinders, information hidden in the instantaneous crankshaft speed fluctuations has been processed using a suitable methodology. The procedure has been validated running a supercharged 2.0 liters V6 engine, and a 1.2 liters L4 engine, in a test cell. During the tests, the in-cylinder pressure signal has been acquired together with the instantaneous engine speed, in order to determine a correlation between speed fluctuations and the indicated torque produced by each cylinder. The actual cylinder by cylinder torque non-uniformity can then be evaluated on-board by processing engine speed.
The procedure is able to diagnose the absence of combustion (due for example to a misfire or a misfuel) as well as abnormal combustions that do not necessarily involve lack of combustion, with the accuracy needed for on-board use. Control interventions to injection and ignition time commands of one or more cylinders should in most cases be able to re-establish torque production uniformity.
Analytical Modeling of Cylinder Head Distortion to Eliminate Intake Valve Burning
Authors: Chang Cherng-Chi , Wistehuff William 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Intake valve seat recession and subsequent valve leakage were experienced during the late development phase of a new DOHC aluminum engine. This type of failure was not observed in the earlier development phase during engine break-in.
To resolve this valve burning issue, a three-dimensional finite element model was used to study the thermal/mechanical behavior of this engine. A parallel experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of the hardware changes between the early and late engine development phases on engine performance. The experimental effort also provided engine temperature and measured distortion data for validating the analytical model. The finite element analysis was able to identify the root cause of this condition and to propose structural modifications to remedy this problem rapidly by predicting the distortion and stress distribution within the cylinder head.
Design of a Rotary Vane Compressor by Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Huang Yuan Mao , Tasy San Nan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The genetic optimization algorithm method is used to design rotary compressors with sliding vanes. After the air properties, volume segment, compression power, loadings and stresses of vanes, friction forces and power loss are calculated, the objective function of the maximum efficiency and the constrained conditions can be derived and integrated. Using the ambient air conditions and the properties of Vespel, the effects of the mutation rate, crossover rate and population size of the genetic algorithm on the design parameters are studied. These design parameters include the major axis length, minor axis length, angular locations of inlet and outlet ports and rotational speed of the compressor, the thickness, depth and height of vanes, and the polytropic exponent. The efficiency of the compressor increases to 0.55 compared with the value of 0.4 obtained from the existing data.
The Effect of Exercise Training on Total Daily Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Weight-Stable Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Hand Gregory A. , Shook Robin P. , O’Connor Daniel P. , Kindred Madison M. , Schumacher Sarah , Drenowatz Clemens , Paluch Amanda E. , Burgess Stephanie , Blundell John E. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: March 2020

Background: The present study examined, among weight-stable overweight or obese adults, the effect of increasing doses of exercise energy expenditure (EEex) on changes in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), total body energy stores, and body composition. Methods: Healthy, sedentary overweight/obese young adults were randomized to one of 3 groups for a period of 26 weeks: moderate-exercise (EEex goal of 17.5 kcal/kg/wk), high-exercise (EEex goal of 35 kcal/kg/wk), or observation group. Individuals maintained body weight within 3% of baseline. Pre/postphysical activity between-group measurements included body composition, calculated energy intake, TDEE, energy stores, and resting metabolic rate. Results: Sixty weight-stable individuals completed the protocols. Exercise groups increased EEex in a stepwise manner compared with the observation group (P < .001). There was no group effect on changes in TDEE, energy intake, fat-free mass, or resting metabolic rate. Fat mass and energy stores decreased among the females in the high-exercise group (P = .007). Conclusions: The increase in EEex did not result in an equivalent increase in TDEE. There was a sex difference in the relationship among energy balance components. These results suggest a weight-independent compensatory response to exercise training with potentially a sex-specific adjustment in body composition.
Metamorphic evolution of high-pressure felsic and pelitic granulites from the Qianlishan Complex and tectonic implications for the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton
Authors: Wu Shangjing , Yin Changqing , Davis Donald W. , Zhang Jian , Qian Jiahui , Qiao Hengzhong , Xia Yanfei , Liu Jingna 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh-pressure felsic granulites in association with pelitic granulites are widely distributed in the Qianlishan Complex of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. A link between “inter-layered” felsic and pelitic granulites was established based on comprehensive metamorphic analysis, revealing that they record similar metamorphic stages: peak pressure (M1), post-peak decompression (M2), and late retrograde cooling (M3) stages. Felsic granulites experienced high-pressure metamorphism up to ∼12 kbar, while pelitic granulites estimated peak pressure is 11–15 kbar. The decompression stage (M2) is indicated by cordierite + sillimanite symplectite and/or cordierite coronae with conditions of 5.7–6.5 kbar/800–835 °C in pelitic granulites, and by garnet-sillimanite assemblages with conditions of &gt;6.5 kbar/810–865 °C in felsic granulites. The later cooling stage (M3) is marked by sub-solidus biotite-quartz-plagioclase symplectite and later melt crystallization. These mineral assemblages and pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions define clockwise P-T paths involving near-isothermal decompression and near-isobaric cooling, suggesting a continent-continent collisional event. Secondary ion mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb dating yields a consistent metamorphic age of ca. 1.95 Ga, interpreted as peak metamorphism. The results, combined with available data, suggest that the Khondalite Belt formed by collision between the Yinshan and Ordos blocks at ca. 1.95 Ga.