bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameter estimation and optimization of multi-objective capacitated stochastic transportation problem for gamma distribution
Authors: Gupta Srikant , Garg Harish , Chaudhary Sachin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe transportation problem in real life is an uncertain problem with multi-objective decision-making. In particular, by considering the conflicting objectives/criteria such as transportation costs, transportation time, discount costs, labour costs, damage costs, decision maker searches for the best transportation set-up to find out the optimum shipment quantity subject to certain capacity restrictions on each route. In this paper, capacitated stochastic transportation problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model along with some capacitated restrictions on the route. In the formulated problem, we assume that parameters of the supply and demand constraints’ follow gamma distribution, which is handled by the chance constrained programming approach and the maximum likelihood estimation approach has been used to assess the probabilistic distributions of the unknown parameters with a specified probability level. Furthermore, some of the objective function’s coefficients are consider as ambiguous in nature. The ambiguity in the formulated problem has been presented by interval type 2 fuzzy parameter and converted into the deterministic form using an expected value function approach. A case study on transportation illustrates the computational procedure.
Plàcia a Déu ‘May it Please God’: Constructions with the Verb Plaure ‘Please’ in Medieval Catalan
Authors: Nagy C. Katalin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present paper is to discuss some uses of subjunctive constructions formed with the verb plaure ‘please’ in medieval Catalan. These constructions were used as permission requesting directives, and later, as indirect directives. In a group of the medieval Catalan occurrences the speaker applies for God’s or another divine persons’ consent. This paper demonstrates that the construction (no) plàcia a Déu ‘may it (not) please God’ became a conventionalized phrase with a special role in interpersonal interactions, arguing that it followed a specific path of semantic change and underwent subjectification. As to the methodology of diachronic speech act analysis, the aim of the present paper is to argue for a comparative stance and for a qualitative contextual analysis in order to identify illocutionary values of utterances surviving in written form. The findings show that, instead of analyzing only the speech act verbs themselves, it is important to take into account further factors as well, e.g. the social context of the interaction, encyclopedic information, the content and “weight” of the request, the cultural context of the period, and the structure of the interaction. Moreover, it is worth considering the whole semantic and functional field, investigating together constructions that are suitable to perform illocutionary acts belonging to the same type.
Willingness-to-Pay for Reshuffling Geographical Indications
Authors: Saïdi Monia , Ay Jean-Sauveur , Marette Stéphan , Martin Christophe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents a new experimental protocol for estimating consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for products involved in a reshuffle of geographical indications (GIs), e.g., a change of hierarchical levels within a restricted area. Although the collective reputation of a given GI depends on its temporal stability, reshuffling a GI area could make it better aligned with product quality or consumers’ perception. We first provide a simple theoretical model in which consumers put a negative value on within-GI quality variance, thereby showing that reshuffling the GI designation scheme may increase WTP without any change in product quality. Using the experimental protocol, we evaluate consumer perceptions of different reshuffling scenarios for the vineyards of Marsannay, Burgundy, France. The results reveal a significant increase in WTP for the current distribution of products’ quality. Elicited WTP values are then used to simulate the optimal GI reshuffle. (JEL Classifications: L66, Q18, Q28)
Processes of Paleoindian site and desert pavement formation in the Atacama Desert, Chile
Authors: Ugalde Paula C. , Quade Jay , Santoro Calogero M. , Holliday Vance T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA distinct feature of many of the earliest archaeological sites (13,000-11,200 cal yr BP) at the core of the Atacama Desert is that they lie at or just below the surface, often encased in desert pavements. In this study, we compare these sites and undisturbed desert pavements to understand archaeological site formation and pavement development and recovery. Our results indicate these pavements and their soils are poorly developed regardless of their age. We propose that this is because of sustained lack of rain and extreme physical breakdown of clasts by salt expansion. Thus, the core of the Atacama provides an example of the lower limits of rainfall (<50 mm/yr) needed to form desert pavements. At site Quebrada Maní 12 (QM12), humans destroyed the pavement. After abandonment, human-made depressions were filled with eolian sands, incorporating artifacts in shallow deposits. Small and medium-sized artifacts preferentially migrated upwards, perhaps due to earthquakes and the action of salts. These artifacts, which now form palimpsests at the surface, helped – along with older clasts - to restore surface clast cover. Larger archaeological features remained undisturbed on top of a deeper Byzm horizon. The vesicular A horizons (Av horizons) have not regenerated on the archaeological sites due to extreme scarcity of rainfall during the Holocene.
Plant resistance in different cell layers affects aphid probing and feeding behaviour during non-host and poor-host interactions
Authors: Escudero-Martinez Carmen , Leybourne Daniel J. , Bos Jorunn I.B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause economic losses to crops globally. Whilst aphid interactions with susceptible plants and partially resistant genotypes have been well characterized, the interactions between aphids and non-host species are not well understood. Unravelling these non-host interactions can identify the mechanisms which contribute to plant resistance. Using contrasting aphid-host plant systems, including the broad host range pest Myzus persicae (host: Arabidopsis; poor-host: barley) and the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi (host: barley; non-host: Arabidopsis), we conducted a range of physiological experiments and compared aphid settling and probing behaviour on a host plant vs either a non-host or poor-host. In choice experiments, we observed that around 10% of aphids selected a non-host or poor-host plant species after 24 h. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique, we showed that feeding and probing behaviours differ during non-host and poor-host interactions when compared with a host interaction. In the Arabidopsis non-host interaction with the cereal pest R. padi aphids were unable to reach and feed on the phloem, with resistance likely residing in the mesophyll cell layer. In the barley poor-host interaction with M. persicae, resistance is likely phloem-based as phloem ingestion was reduced compared with the host interaction. Overall, our data suggest that plant resistance to aphids in non-host and poor-host interactions with these aphid species likely resides in different plant cell layers. Future work will take into account specific cell layers where resistances are based to dissect the underlying mechanisms and gain a better understanding of how we may improve crop resistance to aphids.
Continuity or Change? (In)direct Rule in British and French Colonial Africa
Authors: Müller-Crepon Carl 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCurrent political order in Africa is often linked to legacies of colonialism, in particular to legacies of indirect colonial rule. However, evidence about the application of indirect rule is scarce. In this paper I argue that empire-level characteristics interacted with precolonial institutions in shaping the indirectness of local rule. First, British governments ruled more indirectly than French administrations, which followed a comparatively centralized administrative blueprint, came with a transformative republican ideology, and had more administrative resources. Empirically, I find that French colonization led to the demise of the lines of succession of seven out of ten precolonial polities, twice as many as under British rule. Second, precolonial centralization was a crucial prerequisite for indirect rule. Local administrative data from eight British colonies show that British colonizers employed less administrative effort and devolved more power to native authorities where centralized institutions existed. Such a pattern did not exist in French colonies. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the long-term effects of precolonial institutions and draw attention to the interaction of characteristics of dominant and subordinate units in shaping local governance arrangements.
How Does Acquisition Experience Affect Managerial Career Outcomes?
Authors: Greene Daniel , Smith Jared 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe use hand-collected data from acquisition press releases to investigate how acquisition experience affects the career outcomes of non-CEO senior managers. To address the non-random nature of gaining experience, we separately use manager and firm-year fixed effects, as well as an instrumental variable analysis. Acquisition experience is positively related to compensation, the likelihood of a future board seat, and the likelihood of promotion to chief executive officer. Further tests suggest that the effects of experience decay over time, have diminishing returns, and do not depend on deal quality. Finally, we search Securities and Exchange Commission filings to document novel information on managerial roles in mergers and acquisitions.
Diagnosis and prevalence of two new species of haplosporidians infecting shore crabsCarcinus maenas:Haplosporidium carcinin. sp., andH. crancn. sp.
Authors: Davies Charlotte E. , Bass David , Ward Georgia M. , Batista Frederico M. , Malkin Sophie H. , Thomas Jessica E. , Bateman Kelly , Feist Stephen W. , Coates Christopher J. , Rowley Andrew F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study provides a morphological and phylogenetic characterization of two novel species of the order Haplosporida (Haplosporidium carcinin. sp., andH. crancn. sp.) infecting the common shore crabCarcinus maenascollected at one location in Swansea Bay, South Wales, UK. Both parasites were observed in the haemolymph, gills and hepatopancreas. The prevalence of clinical infections (i.e. parasites seen directly in fresh haemolymph preparations) was low, at ~1%, whereas subclinical levels, detected by polymerase chain reaction, were slightly higher at ~2%. Although no spores were found in any of the infected crabs examined histologically (n= 334), the morphology of monokaryotic and dikaryotic unicellular stages of the parasites enabled differentiation between the two new species. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species based on the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene placedH. crancin a clade of otherwise uncharacterized environmental sequences from marine samples, andH. carciniin a clade with other crustacean-associated lineages.
Abstracting abstraction in development and cognitive ability
Authors: Demetriou Andreas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe focus on the theory of abstraction proposed by the target article. We suggest that abstraction varies at different levels of learning, cognitive development, or cognitive ability. We argue that this theory does not specify how abstraction is done at each of these levels. Because of these weaknesses, the theory cannot explicate how individuals differ in mental time travel at different phases of life or different levels of cognitive ability.
Cognitive representations and the predictive brain depend heavily on the environment
Authors: Fiedler Klaus 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In their scholarly target article, Gilead et al. explain how abstract mental representations and the predictive brain enable prospection and time-traveling. However, their exclusive focus on intrapsychic capacities misses an important point, namely, the degree to which mind and brain are tuned by the environment. This neglected aspect of adaptive cognition is discussed and illustrated from a cognitive-ecological perspective.
Abstractions, predictions, and speech sound representations
Authors: Scharinger Mathias 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Gilead et al. provide a unified account of predictive cognition in which abstract representations play an essential role. Although acknowledging the similarity to linguistic concepts toward the higher end of the proposed abstraction gradient, Gilead et al. do not consider the potential of their account to embrace phonetic and phonological speech sound representations and their neural bases.
Dynamic hierarchical cognition: Music and language demand further types of abstracta
Authors: Popescu Tudor , Fitch W. Tecumseh 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hierarchical structures are rapidly and flexibly built up in the domains of human language and music. These domains require a tree-building capacity – “dendrophilia” – to dynamically infer hierarchical structures from sensory input (or to hierarchically structure output), based on subunits stored in a lexicon. This dynamic process involves a crucial class of abstracta overlooked in the target article.
Touch me if you can: The intangible but grounded nature of abstract concepts
Authors: Borghi Anna M. , Tummolini Luca 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Thinking about what the senses cannot grasp is one of the hallmarks of human cognition. We argue that “intangible abstracta” are represented differently from other products of abstraction, that goal-derived categorization supports their learning, and that they are grounded also in internalized linguistic and social interaction. We conclude by suggesting different ways in which abstractness contributes to cement group cohesion.
Mind wandering as data augmentation: How mental travel supports abstraction
Authors: Faber Myrthe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGilead et al. state that abstraction supports mental travel, and that mental travel critically relies on abstraction. I propose an important addition to this theoretical framework, namely that mental travel might also support abstraction. Specifically, I argue that spontaneous mental travel (mind wandering), much like data augmentation in machine learning, provides variability in mental content and context necessary for abstraction.
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction
Authors: Lehmpfuhl G. 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionIn electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.
Higher Order Structures in Chromosomes
Authors: Ris H. 
Published: June 2020

Chromosomes are units of the genom in eukaryotes containing a specific fraction of the DNA characteristic for the species. This DNA forms the backbone of the chromosome and usually is represented by a single DNA double helix stretching from one end of the chromosome to the other. Relative to the size of most nuclei the length of the DNA is considerable. In humans for instance the haploid set of DNA is about 1 m long and in certain amphibia can measure many meters. The analysis of chromosome structure is mainly concerned with the various levels of folding or coiling by which this DNA is compacted in a regular way into chromosomes of interphase and mitotic stages.The electron microscope has played an important role in the discovery of chromosome organization. The 20 nm fiber was first described in 1956 as a unit of interphase chromatin (Ris, 1956). Later the 10 nm fiber was recognized as the component of chromatin dispersed in the presence of chelating agents for biochemical studies (Ris, 1961).
Conducting a Mixed-Methods Study with Older Adults in Five Languages: Lessons from the Field
Authors: Tong Catherine E. , Sims-Gould Joanie 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTOne third of older adults in Canada are foreign-born, yet there is a dearth of literature on this population. When our team set out to engage in a mixed-methods study on the physical activity and mobility of foreign-born older adults (FBOAs), we found limited guidance. The objective of this Research Note is to share the lessons that we learned in implementing a mixed-methods study in five languages, with 49 visible minority FBOAs from diverse ethno-cultural groups. With an emphasis on practical implementation, here we share our reflections on early community engagement, linguistic accessibility and literacy considerations, facilitating communication with the research team, creating a support role for multilingual family members, organisational suggestions, and working with interpreters and monolingual transcribers. The older Canadian population is projected to become increasingly diverse in the coming decades, and it is our hope that this note will further facilitate research in this understudied area.
Estimation of incubation period and serial interval of COVID-19: analysis of 178 cases and 131 transmission chains in Hubei province, China
Authors: Yang Lin , Dai Jingyi , Zhao Jun , Wang Yunfu , Deng Pingji , Wang Jing 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A novel coronavirus disease, designated as COVID-19, has become a pandemic worldwide. This study aims to estimate the incubation period and serial interval of COVID-19. We collected contact tracing data in a municipality in Hubei province during a full outbreak period. The date of infection and infector–infectee pairs were inferred from the history of travel in Wuhan or exposed to confirmed cases. The incubation periods and serial intervals were estimated using parametric accelerated failure time models, accounting for interval censoring of the exposures. Our estimated median incubation period of COVID-19 is 5.4 days (bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8–6.0), and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles are 1 and 15 days, respectively; while the estimated serial interval of COVID-19 falls within the range of −4 to 13 days with 95% confidence and has a median of 4.6 days (95% CI 3.7–5.5). Ninety-five per cent of symptomatic cases showed symptoms by 13.7 days (95% CI 12.5–14.9). The incubation periods and serial intervals were not significantly different between male and female, and among age groups. Our results suggest a considerable proportion of secondary transmission occurred prior to symptom onset. And the current practice of 14-day quarantine period in many regions is reasonable.
Taking the inner route: spatial and demographic factors affecting vulnerability to COVID-19 among 604 cities from inner São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Fortaleza C. M. C. B. , Guimarães R. B. , de Almeida G. B. , Pronunciate M. , Ferreira C. P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Even though the impact of COVID-19 in metropolitan areas has been extensively studied, the geographic spread to smaller cities is also of great concern. We conducted an ecological study aimed at identifying predictors of early introduction, incidence rates of COVID-19 and mortality (up to 8 May 2020) among 604 municipalities in inner São Paulo State, Brazil. Socio-demographic indexes, road distance to the state capital and a classification of regional relevance were included in predictive models for time to COVID-19 introduction (Cox regression), incidence and mortality rates (zero-inflated binomial negative regression). In multivariable analyses, greater demographic density and higher classification of regional relevance were associated with both early introduction and increased rates of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Other predictive factors varied, but distance from the State Capital (São Paulo City) was negatively associated with time-to-introduction and with incidence rates of COVID-19. Our results reinforce the hypothesis of two patterns of geographical spread of SARS-Cov-2 infection: one that is spatial (from the metropolitan area into the inner state) and another which is hierarchical (from urban centres of regional relevance to smaller and less connected municipalities). Those findings may apply to other settings, especially in developing and highly heterogeneous countries, and point to a potential benefit from strengthening non-pharmaceutical control strategies in areas of greater risk.
Associations between parent and child physical activity and eating behaviours in a diverse sample: an ecological momentary assessment study
Authors: Wirthlin Rachel , Linde Jennifer A , Trofholz Amanda , Tate Allan , Loth Katie , Berge Jerica M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:This study is a secondary data analysis that examines the association between parent modelling of dietary intake and physical activity and the same child behaviours among different races/ethnicities using innovative, rigorous and objective measures.Design:Ecological momentary assessment surveys were sent to parents to assess whether their child had seen them exercise or consume food. Dietary recall data and accelerometry were used to determine dietary intake and physical activity behaviours of children.Setting:Participants were randomly selected from primary care clinics, serving low-income and racially/ethnically diverse families in Minnesota, USA.Participants:Participants were families with children aged 5–7 years old who lived with parents 50 % of the time and shared at least one meal together.Results:A 10 percentage point higher prevalence in parent modelling of fruit and vegetable intake was associated with 0·12 higher serving intake of those same foods in children. The prevalence of parent modelling of eating energy dense foods (10 % prevalence units) was associated with 0·09 higher serving intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. Furthermore, accelerometry-measured parent sedentary hours was strongly correlated with child sedentary time (0·37 child sedentary hours per parent sedentary hours). An exploratory interaction analysis did not reveal any statistical evidence that these relationships depended on the child’s race/ethnic background.Conclusions:Interventions that increase parent modelling of healthy eating and minimise modelling of energy dense foods may have favourable effects on child dietary quality. Additionally, future research is needed to clarify the associations of parent modelling of physical activity and children’s physical activity levels.