bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Excellence through Behavior Based Safety
Authors: Al Hinai Najiya , Al Yahyai Mohammed , Al Hamadani Firas , Al Ghafri Saif , Al Harthy Khalfan , Al Riyami Amira , Al Hatmi Nasser 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Behavior Based Safety (BBS) began after re-search conducted by Herbert William Heinrich between (1886-1962), that led to the theory that 95% of accidents in the workplace are caused by unsafe behavior.
Over the years, BBS programs became popular, and organizations highly depended on them to improve safety performance. Unfortunately, in many organizations these programs often failed to become sustainable and provide the promised results. They focused on the number of observations as opposed to the quality of the observations. In some cases, they also resulted in issues with blaming workers and penalizing them for their unsafe behavior. Another common reason for failed BBS programs was in the deployment of the system, in some cases they were implemented with a bottom up approach, where there was minimal involvement and committment from management and leadership; it resulted in the program becaming just another initiative with no added value.
The objective of the project was to determine the gaps in the existing BBS program within Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). The second objective was to develop an in house program that improved safety performance by reducing safety incidents, improving safety culture, and achieving a pro-active mindset to safety issues.
The methods used in this study included: Researching and analyzing literature found on the World Wide Web.Visiting several field locations, and contractor companies, to engage with the frontline crew.Interviewing management from the organization and the contractor community.Review of case studies of companies that have implemented off the shelf or developed in house BBS programs.Reviewing the data gathered to prioritize findings and provide solutions.

Project Significance
The instigation of the project was due to an increase in repeated safety incidents and fatalities percieved to have been caused by unsafe acts, despite the number of observation cards being received. There was also a concern that the safety culture was not supportive to a more injury preventative environment.
Temporary Plugging Mechanism of Degradable Diversion Agents within Reproduced Acid-Etched Fracture by Using 3D Printing Model
Authors: Zhang Lufeng , Zhou Fujian , Feng Wei , Cheng Jiaqi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As proved from both experimental tests and field applications, diversion agents can effectively plug the previously artificial fractures or natural fractures to create reorientation fractures, which can improve diversion efficiency and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). However, the temporary plugging mechanism and its influencing factors were still unclear.
In light of this, a fracture temporary plugging evaluation system was proposed by this study, which holds large fracture scale, and high pressure-bearing capability. Hence, this setup can meet the requirements of plugging tests. Moreover, in order to enhance the experimental accuracy, the 3D printing technique was introduced, which can reproduce the real surface morphology of acid-etched fracture. Based on the newly designed setup, some experiments were performed to study the plugging rules of fibers and the combination of fibers and particulates. Furthermore, the inner plugging mechanisms of the different cases were also analyzed.
Experimental results show that the pure fibers and the combination of fibers and particulates both can achieve favorable plugging effect. In addition, the plugging processes of pure fibers can be summaried as follows: 1) The carrier fluid with fibers flow into the fracture model and a small amount of fibers remain in the fracture. 2) Fibers begin to adhere to the fracture surface with a small fracture width. 3) The previously attached fibers capture the subsequently injected fibers to bridge plugging. 4) The bridging plugging extend to the entrance and eventually form a tight plugging zone. Furthermore, when the diameter of particulates is less than the half of fracture width, the plugging mechanism is similar as that of pure fibers. When the diameter of particulates is larger than the half of fracture width, the plugging mechanism is completely different from that of pure fibers. The big particulates will firstly be bridging and plugging at the location with a small fracture width.
This study reveals the temporary plugging mechanism of diversion agents within acid-etched fracture, which provides an insight of optimizing temporary plugging fracturing design.
Unsupervised Learning Analysis of a Multi-Parameter Geophysical Database for Abu Dhabi Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Authors: B. Ashena Zahra , Kabirzadeh Hojjat , Wang Xin , Ali Mohammad , Lee Gyoo Ho , Woo Ik , Kim JW 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Unsupervised learning technique was implemented to delineate locations of potential hydrocarbon reservoirs at offshore Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Integrating several geophysical observations that are sensitive to different physical parameters in a single scheme results in more constrained and high-resolution geophysical models. We created a database comprising gravity and magnetic field data as primary attributes. Then, by implementing nonlinear inversion modelling of gravity and magnetic field data, depth-to-basement and depth-to-salt structures were derived as complementary attributes. Applying k-means clustering technique on the preprocessed data around the Ghasha oil field, the areas with higher probability of hydrocarbon reservoirs were distinguished. The regions that encompass known oil fields cover shallow Infracambrian salt interface which is associated with lower gravity signals due to lower density. Nonetheless, these areas are located over higher gravity and magnetic values resulted from the shallower basement which obscures the negative gravity anomaly expected from the salt structure. The clustering results also indicates that a different process is needed for creation of smaller hydrocarbon reservoirs. These cases are mostly located over the edges of the clusters where we have a transition from positive to negative anomalies. This is justified as trapping mechanism over the domes is different than the slopes.
High Risk Exploration in a Hypermature Hydrocarbon Basin: An Example from the Vienna Pull-Apart Basin, Austria
Authors: Beidinger Andreas , Schuller Volker , Decker Kurt 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
OMV’s exploration efforts in Austria include the prospecting for new fields in units of the Alpine thrust belt below the Neogene Vienna Basin. Current exploration efforts are targeting the deep and underexplored parts of the Paleogene thrust belt with potentially large structural closures within the so-called Rhenodanubian Flysch units.
Interpretation of fold-thrust structures is primarily based on new 3D seismic reflection data, which images the Paleogene nappes buried below the Neogene Vienna Basin fill and is supplemented by well data. In order to improve the understanding of the structural architecture, the results are compared to the regional structural framework of the Eastern Alps and West Carpathians to the W and NE of the Vienna Basin, respectively.
Spatial seismic interpretation depicts the Rhenodanubian Flysch units being subject to three major phases of deformation during the Paleogene and Neogene: D1, Paleogene extension prior to thrusting; D2, Paleogene ~N-directed foreland propagating thrusting and subsequent Early Miocene ~N- and ~NW-directed out-of-sequence thrusting; D3, Middle and Late Miocene extension related to the formation of the Vienna pull-apart basin post-dating the thrusting episodes.
Our interpretation depicts several large ~NE-trending structural closures within the deeper parts of the N-vergent Paleogene nappe stack with structural closures of up to 1000 m and areas of up to 5km². They include Paleogene turbidites, which are known dual porosity fractured reservoirs in producing fields within overlying nappes. The NE-trending structural closures result from both Paleogene N-directed thrusting and subsequent refolding of the N-vergent flysch nappes by Early Miocene NW-directed out-of-sequence thrusts. Comparison of data with the regional tectonic framework suggests that the NW-directed out-of sequence thrusts result from a local reorientation of thrusting and from basement buttressing during the Early Miocene, both being triggered by the shape and geometry of the underlying basement units.
Our results highlight the exploration potential in the deeper parts of the Alpine thrust belt with target depths exceeding 3 km. Due to the complex deformation, challenging reservoir types, high formation pressures and limited amount of data, the exploration of these deep targets translates to higher geological/technical risks and uncertainties, compared to shallower, more traditional plays. However, though very challenging, the deep opportunities have the potential for finding significant resources in an already hypermature hydrocarbon basin.
A New Method to Optimize and Interpret Lab Measurement of Tight Gas Saturation Exponents from Equilibrium Capillary Pressure Resistivity Index Pc-RI
Authors: Svec Robert , Pentland Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Equilibrium Pc-RI measurements on low permeability core plugs present the SCAL laboratory with some difficult challenges regarding the duration of measurements and the attainment of truly equilibrated resistance readings. A new empirical method is described that allows estimation of fully equilibrated resistance by application of a simple transient data linearizing transform and plot slope analysis. A small set of plugs from a conventional tight gas field in the Sultanate of Oman is used to demonstrate the method. The method may also be used by the lab to monitor and shorten the Pc-RI measurement duration without compromising the interpretation of saturation exponents or capillary curves. Transform plot transients and macro capillary number are examined to estimate a boundary where the plugs transition from shock front rapid desaturation to slow percolation desaturation behavior.
Improved Reservoir Characterization of Flow Connectivity in Complex Carbonate Field, Using DepoGrid Model
Authors: Bellah Samir , Fletcher Kathryn , Gomes Jorge , Ben Jeddou Houcine , Ahmad Ammar , Su Shi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Mishrif formation in Abu Dhabi comprises progradational shelf margin facies. The western platform sediments are characterized by stacked clinoforms of clean high energy carbonates, with generally good reservoir properties at the top deteriorating gradually toward the west flank. In contrast in the east the formation is thicker and characterized by more differentiated, coarsening, shoaling- upwards sequences. High quality reservoir facies occur only near the prograding shelf edges.
The reservoir in this study had finely layered pillar grid models of the field using onlap and offlap layering to capture the vertical property heterogeneity and layering within the clinoforms implied by the depositional environment. However, this grid structure posed challenges for flow simulation as there were unphysical barriers and connections across the clinoform boundaries caused by the pinching out layers at boundaries between clinoform units.
By construction, in a depogrid each clinoform may be independently gridded with coordinate lines that do not need to be continuous through the vertical extent of the reservoir. Layers within a sequence can truncate arbitrarily against bounding discontinuities since the cells are polyhedral and the grid globally unstructured. Therefore, an evaluation of the depogrid cut-cell grid was undertaken for the reservoir.
A volume-based model was constructed using horizon surfaces and fault surfaces extracted from the pillar grid model, and the depospace transform calculated. The depogrid was created using the same areal resolution as the pillar grid. The layer parameters were set to give approximately the same number of layers in each zone as the pillar grid. The rock type base properties from the pillar grid were upscaled onto the depogrid, in the interest of time, to populate the static depogrid model. Reservoir fluid properties, relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves were taken from existing simulation models of the field. A high-resolution reservoir simulator was then run on the depogrid model. Run time comparisons of the pillar and depogrid simulations were made
The evaluation concluded that the cut-cell stratigraphically layered depogrid provided a more geologically consistent representation of the complex stacked clinoform structural elements and required significantly fewer grid layers to achieve the required vertical resolution. The depogrid simulations could represent the expected connectivity for flow. Improved run times were observed
Best Practices and Technologies for Enhancing Produced Water Quality
Authors: White Ramsey , Alhamoud Abdullah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
A Saudi Aramco department operates 12 gas oil separation plants (GOSPs) that have water-oil separators (WOSEPs) for produced water deoiling. The water is then injected back into the reservoir to maintain pressure. This paper provides details of the operational best practices and technologies for ensuring that the produced water is within specification.

Methods, Procedures, Process
A thorough analysis was conducted to determine the areas of improvement by adjusting process parameters, enhancing the upstream process controls and implementing modifications in the WOSEP. The impact of all changes was measured by monitoring the quality of produced water, particularly the oil in water concentration, through frequent sampling. Moreover, design deficiencies were observed, which led to the proposal of specific WOSEP internal upgrades and new technologies for enhancing the deoiling performance. All recommendations were combined into a single roadmap for the department.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Significant improvements in produced water quality were observed. This includes an 80% reduction in off-spec samples and a lower average oil in water concentration. The roadmap also includes proposals for major upgrades to the existing WOSEP design.

Novel/Additive Information
The WOSEP performance roadmap provides innovative yet simple best practices that can improve the deoiling efficiency. Moreover, it links WOSEP performance to process flow stability.
Laser Perforation: The Smart Completion
Authors: Batarseh Sameeh , San Roman Alerigi Damian , Al Harith Abdullah , Othman Haitham 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Perforation is the commonly used well completion technology to establishing communication between the wellbore and hydrocarbon-bearing formations, this is critical for optimal production. The proposed new well completion in perforation technology utilizes high power lasers energy. The technology attracted the oil and gas industry due to its unique properties such as it is a non-explosive based perforation technology with precise control over the perforated tunnel's shape, size, and geometry. The laser energy also creates permeability in the perforated tunnel. The successful research effort led to field deployment strategy in the next two years. he laser completion system consists of the laser source to generate the energy, which mounted on a coiled tubing unit on the surface, fiber optics cable to transmit the energy to the downhole target and to the laser perforation tool. The principle of the tool is based on combining optical and mechanical components, the alignment of the optics inside the tool provides the ability to control and generate different beam shapes and sizes, these create the several perforated shots in any direction.
comparison made between the shaped charges perforation and the laser perforation, under the same conditions and same rock type. Pre and post-perforation measurements were conducted for comparisons. The tunnel that is perforated by the high power laser is clean with no compaction, deformation or melt, the result also shows the same in all rock types with improvement in the permeability along the perforated tunnels. Details analysis carried out using different methods such as imaging and thermal analysis.
High-power lasers provide controllable heat source while penetrating the formation that enhances flow properties especially in tight formation, continues efforts over the past two decades proven that laser perforation can create large perforation tunnels with a large diameter. Laser perforation applied on all types for rocks including unconventional tight sands.
The potential of the technology is that laser can be the next new smart perforation generation that will change current well perforation. The state-of-the-art high power lasers technology in downhole perforation provide an innovative and safe non-explosive technology. Precision in controlling the power, orientation, and the shape of the perforation beam are some of the properties of the technology that made it attractive for downhole applications.
Practical Application of Tensor Model in Laminated Sand Shale Analysis
Authors: Ariewijaya Aditya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Correctly evaluating reservoirs with thin laminations can be challenging. From a conventional perspective, this type of reservoir is often considered to be nonpay because of its low resistivity. Tensor models help improve resistivity using horizontal (RH) and vertical (RV) resistivity measurements from triaxial induction logging tools. In the absence of triaxial advanced measurements of RH and RV, tensor model equations using a conventional openhole (triple combo data) can be used.
This approach is based on rearranging the tensor model with the Moran-Gianzero equation and using several assumptions for unique cases. This method explains the workflow to calculate sand resistivity correctly using only openhole data as well as calculating the anisotropic shale resistivity that is often estimated from nearby shales. A mathematical method is preferred to obtain consistent results for anisotropic shale resistivity parameters to reduce calculation uncertainty. Sensitivity analyses are created to provide a sense of how these parameters affect the results on sand resistivity.
For a vertical well where relative dip is close to zero, RSd can be calculated without knowing the RshV. The same equation provides a 10% error on RSd at VLam&lt;10% and relative dip &lt;10°. At a higher relative dip and anisotropic shale resistivity, a cubic equation with a new coefficient is proposed. Sensitivity analyses are made to compare a true RSd and calculated RSd with changing RshH and RshV variables. The model demonstrates that a 10% change on RshH could cause a 30% error on RSd at VLam of 10%, while changes in RshV only begins to affect RSd up to 30% at VLam 70%. Graphical and mathematical methods are proposed to help prevent misestimating the RshH and RshV. The graphical method is preferred when a complete data set for all relative dip is available, while the mathematical method is preferred when the data set is limited.
Unique cases where the RSd can be calculated as well as demonstrations on how anisotropic shale resistivity parameters can be determined using only conventional openhole (triple combo) data are highlighted. The additional set of constraints on the iteration of the cubic equation represents an improvement of the previous study, whereas the proposed method to determine the RshH and RshV helps prevent estimation errors of these parameters and helps improve RSd calculation accuracy.
Optimization of Heavy Oil Recovery by Radio Frequency Heating: A Theoretical Approach with Experimental Modeling
Authors: Bapat Sarthak , Akhter Nadeem 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Onsite recovery of heavy-oil is primarily done by thermal methods. The aim of these methods is to reduce viscosity of heavy oil to deploy it towards injection well. Unfortunately, these methods maybe inadequate for certain economic criteria and subject to environmental limitations. Additionally, they may not be compatible with certain types of reservoirs, examples: shales, deep reservoirs, etc. Recently, interest was devoted to electromagnetic heating with radiofrequency (RF) to overcome some of these problems. A theoretical model has been provided for Heavy Oil Recovery through RF waves which compete with the existing methods of EOR by thermal heating. A set of governing equations has been provided with an experimental model that proves the method more efficient than others. As a result, the interaction of an oscillating polar molecule with its neighbours takes place and it generates frictional heat, which raises the temperature of the medium.
In general, the EM heating process relies on preferential absorption of EM energy as the means of increasing temperature of dielectric materials. The ability of an EM wave to conduct energy to a medium is determined by the molecular composition of the medium. If the medium holds mobile molecules with molecular dipole moments, then torque is exerted on the polar molecules by the passing Electromagnetic waves and the alignment of dipole moments with the oscillating electric fields of the electromagnetic waves take place. As a result, the temperature of the medium is raised due to heat generated by friction as continuous encounters between oscillating polar molecules happen. Microwaves are very much effective to produce heat by getting sufficiently absorbed by the materials. Since crude oil is not a good absorber of microwaves, microwave receptors like activated carbon, nano-metal oxides, and polar solvents should be used to make the microwave process faster. Hence, further research is needed to implement the enhanced metal-nanoparticle incorporating electromagnetic heating (EMNIEH) at the field scale. In this case, the main question is how to inject nanoparticles into reservoir through the wellbore hole during EM heating.
Electromagnetic Heating is very much a substitute to aqueous thermal EOR methods for heavy oil recovery from shale reservoirs or high clay content or deep reservoirs. This technology can also be implemented in complex geological system as it is relatively less expensive and better for the environment. A theoretical model allows us to take stock of how we can optimize and increase the use of EM waves and RF to efficiently deploy it onsite.