bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors and adult body mass index trajectories from ages 20 to 64 years
Authors: Caleyachetty Rishi , Stafford Mai , Cooper Rachel , Anderson Emma L , Howe Laura D , Cosco Theodore D , Kuh Diana , Hardy Rebecca 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
While childhood social risk factors appear to be associated with adult obesity, it is unclear whether exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors is associated with accelerated weight gain during adulthood.

Methods
We used the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British population-based birth cohort study of participants born in 1946, height and weight were measured by nurses at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60–64 and self-reported at 20 and 26 years. The 9 childhood socioeconomic risk factors and 8 binary childhood psychosocial risk factors were measured, with 13 prospectively measured at age 4 years (or at 7 or 11 years if missing) and 3 were recalled when participants were age 43. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the association between the number of childhood social risk factors and changes in body mass index (BMI) with age.

Results
Increasing exposure to a higher number of childhood socioeconomic risk factors was associated with higher mean BMI across adulthood for both sexes and with a faster increase in BMI from 20 to 64 years, among women but not men. Associations remained after adjustment for adult social class. There was no evidence of an association between exposure to childhood psychosocial risk factors and mean BMI in either sex at any age.

Conclusions
Strategies for the prevention and management of weight gain across adulthood may need to tailor interventions in consideration of past exposure to multiple socioeconomic disadvantages experienced during childhood.
Cumulative damage by nonthermal plasma (NTP) exceeds the defense barrier of multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a key to achieve complete inactivation
Authors: Liao Xinyu , Forghani Fereidoun , Liu Donghong , Ding Tian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nonthermal plasma (NTP)-induced inactivated behaviors on a multiple antibiotic–resistant (MAR) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).

Materials and Methods
A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) NTP system was employed for the inactivation of a MAR S. aureus under various applied powers of 35, 45, and 55 W, and gas distances of 4, 6, and 8 mm. The inactivation kinetics of S. aureus were estimated with linear and nonlinear predictive models. In addition, degradation of carotenoid pigment, peroxidation of fatty acids, oxidation of nucleic acids and proteins, and alteration in gene expression were analyzed after NTP treatment.

Results and Discussion
The computationally simulated results indicated that the densities of various reactive species increased with enhanced applied powers and decreased discharge distances. These species were further transformed into reactive oxidative and nitrogen species in the gas–liquid interphase and liquid phase. The oxidative and nitrosative stress of NTP resulted in severe damage to cellular components and the morphological structure of S. aureus. On the other hand, the plasma reactive species could also induce the sublethal injury of S. aureus through upregulating the general stress response, antioxidative and antinitrosative defensive systems. Once the cumulative damages overrode the stress tolerance of S. aureus, the completed cell death was finally achieved by NTP.

Conclusions
This work infers the possible risk of inducing the repair and resistant capacity of pathogens when the applied NTP parameters are inappropriate, which helps the optimization of NTP process to achieve sufficient inactivation.
Genetic analysis of two mutations affecting thymidine metabolism in Dictyostelium discoideum.
Authors: Bronner C E , Welker D L , Deering R A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The tmpA600 mutation confers thymidylate synthase deficiency and thymidine auxotrophy to Dictyostelium discoideum. The tdrA600 mutation enhances transport of thymidine and thereby reduces the auxotrophic requirement of tmpA600 strains. The tmpA locus maps to linkage group III. The tdrA600 mutation is dominant and cosegregates with both linkage groups IV and VI, possibly because of a translocation between the two. The tdrA600 allele is sufficient to allow efficient incorporation of exogenous [3H]thymidine or [3H]uridine into TCA-precipitable material and to sensitize the cell to the nucleoside-analog inhibitor, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. These properties make the tdrA mutation useful for studies requiring labelling of DNA or RNA in vivo.
Maternal-effect lethal mutations on linkage group II of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Authors: Kemphues K J , Kusch M , Wolf N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have analyzed a set of linkage group (LG) II maternal-effect lethal mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans isolated by a new screening procedure. Screens of 12,455 F1 progeny from mutagenized adults resulted in the recovery of 54 maternal-effect lethal mutations identifying 29 genes. Of the 54 mutations, 39 are strict maternal-effect mutations defining 17 genes. These 17 genes fall into two classes distinguished by frequency of mutation to strict maternal-effect lethality. The smaller class, comprised of four genes, mutated to strict maternal-effect lethality at a frequency close to 5 X 10(-4), a rate typical of essential genes in C. elegans. Two of these genes are expressed during oogenesis and required exclusively for embryogenesis (pure maternal genes), one appears to be required specifically for meiosis, and the fourth has a more complex pattern of expression. The other 13 genes were represented by only one or two strict maternal alleles each. Two of these are identical genes previously identified by nonmaternal embryonic lethal mutations. We interpret our results to mean that although many C. elegans genes can mutate to strict maternal-effect lethality, most genes mutate to that phenotype rarely. Pure maternal genes, however, are among a smaller class of genes that mutate to maternal-effect lethality at typical rates. If our interpretation is correct, we are near saturation for pure maternal genes in the region of LG II balanced by mnC1. We conclude that the number of pure maternal genes in C. elegans is small, being probably not much higher than 12.
MUTATOR FACTORS AND GENETIC VARIANCE COMPONENTS OF VIABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Cardellino Ricardo A , Mukai Terumi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In the process of testing whether or not the independent-locus selection model holds true with previously estimated genetic parameters (cf. Mukai and Maruyama 1971) in D. melanogaster collected near Raleigh, North Carolina, we found an abnormal phenomenon: an unusually large increase in dominance variance for viability in comparison with additive variance with the accumulation of mutations on 140 randomly sampled, inversion-free second chromosomes. Mutations were accumulated only through males heterozygous for the Pm-carrying chromosomes [In(2LR)bwV1] and the extracted second chromosomes, and the genetic variance components were estimated by using a partial diallel cross method.—Further investigations clarified that chromosome abberations occurred at a frequency of 0.0114 per second chromosome per generation (inversions: 0.0098; transpositions: 0.0011; translocations: 0.0004), and recessive lethal mutations occurred at an average rate of 0.031 per second chromosome per generation.—From these results and from the amount of change in the homozygous load, it was speculated that about 60-70% of the second chromosomes used had a kind of mutator which induced chromosome and/or chromatid breaks at a minimum rate of 0.18 per second chromosome per generation. These breaks resulted in recessive lethal mutations at a rate more than ten times higher than the normal rate. Also these breaks were most probably the cause of male recombination.—The above unusual increase in dominance variance can be explained by assuming that chromosome segments, introduced into the extracted "wild" chromosomes by male recombinations (double cross-over) from the marker chromosomes [In(2LR)bwV1], showed heterosis and linkage disequilibria with deleterious mutations and possibly with other introduced segments.—Finally, the nature and possible significance of mutator factors are discussed.
CONDITIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF CLINES
Authors: Nagylaki Thomas 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A very general partial differential equation in space and time satisfied by the gene frequency in a monoecious population distributed continuously over an arbitrary habitat is derived. The treatment is restricted to a single diallelic locus in the absence of mutation and random drift, and it is supposed that time is continuous, births and deaths occur at random, and migration is independent of genotype. With the further assumptions that migration is isotropic and homogeneous, the population density is constant and uniform (as permitted by the population regulation mechanism included in the formulation), and Hardy-Weinberg proportions obtain locally, this partial differential equation reduces to the simplest multidimensional generalization of the classical Fisher-Haldane cline model. The efficacy of migration and selection in maintaining genetic variability at equilibrium in this model is investigated by deducing conditions for the existence of clines under various circumstances. The effects of the degree of dominance, a neutral belt between the regions where a particular allele is advantageous and deleterious, finiteness of the habitat, and habitat dimensionality are evaluated. Provided at least one of the alleles is favored only in a finite region, excluding the special case in which its total effective selective coefficient is zero, if conditions for supporting a cline are too unfavorable because migration is too strong, selection is too weak, or both, a cline cannot exist at all. Thus, unless there is overdominance, the population must be monomorphic. It is possible for a cline which can barely exist under the prevailing ecological circumstances to show a large amount of variation in gene frequency
THE STUDY OF GENIC VARIATION BY ELECTROPHORETIC AND HEAT DENATURATION TECHNIQUES AT THE OCTANOL DEHYDROGENASE LOCUS IN MEMBERS OF THE DROSOPHILA VIRILIS GROUP
Authors: Singh R S , Hubby J L , Throckmorton L H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Heat denaturation studies of three different electrophoretic allozymes of octanol dehydrogenase were performed from 10 species of the Drosophila virilis group. A total of 18 alleles were discovered, and in 3 species in which electrophoretic studies indicated that the locus was monomorphic, heat denaturation showed that the locus was polymorphic. We show that electrophoretic studies underestimate the number of alleles at this locus by a factor of 2.6 in these species. The results are discussed in the light of the continuing controversy over selection and neutral theories of genetic variation.
ROMY: a multicomponent ring laser for geodesy and geophysics
Authors: Igel Heiner , Schreiber Karl Ulrich , Gebauer André , Bernauer Felix , Egdorf Sven , Simonelli Andrea , Lin Chin-Jen , Wassermann Joachim , Donner Stefanie , Hadziioannou Céline , Yuan Shihao , Brotzer Andreas , Kodet Jan , Tanimoto Toshiro , Hugentobler Urs , Wells Jon-Paul R 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARY
Single-component ring lasers have provided high-resolution observations of Earth’s rotation rate as well as local earthquake- or otherwise-induced rotational ground motions. Here, we present the design, construction and operational aspects of ROMY, a four-component, tetrahedral-shaped ring laser installed at the Geophysical Observatory Fürstenfeldbruck near Munich, Germany. Four equilateral, triangular-shaped ring lasers with 12 m side length provide rotational motions that can be combined to construct the complete vector of Earth’s rotation from a point measurement with very high resolution. Combined with a classic broad-band seismometer, we obtain the most accurate 6 degree-of-freedom ground motion measurement system to date, enabling local and teleseismic observations as well as the analysis of ocean-generated Love and Rayleigh waves. The specific design and construction details are discussed as are the resulting consequences for permanent observations. We present seismic observations of local, regional and global earthquakes as well as seasonal variations of ocean-generated rotation noise. The current resolution of polar motion is discussed and strategies how to further improve long-term stability of the multicomponent ring laser system are presented.
The Dual Complex of a Semi-log Canonical Surface
Authors: Brown Morgan V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Semi-log canonical varieties are a higher-dimensional analogue of stable curves. They are the varieties appearing as the boundary $\Delta $ of a log canonical pair $(X,\Delta )$ and also appear as limits of canonically polarized varieties in moduli theory. For certain three-fold pairs $(X,\Delta ),$ we show how to compute the PL homeomorphism type of the dual complex of a dlt minimal model directly from the normalization data of $\Delta $.
Precise Deviations for Disk Counting Statistics of Invariant Determinantal Processes
Authors: Fenzl Marcel , Lambert Gaultier 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We consider 2-dimensional determinantal processes that are rotationinvariant and study the fluctuations of the number of points in disks. Based on the theory of mod-phi convergence, we obtain Berry–Esseen as well as precise moderate to large deviation estimates for these statistics. These results are consistent with the Coulomb gas heuristic from the physics literature. We also obtain functional limit theorems for the stochastic process $(\# D_r)_{r&gt;0}$ when the radius $r$ of the disk $D_r$ is growing in different regimes. We present several applications to invariant determinantal processes, including the polyanalytic Ginibre ensembles, zeros of the hyperbolic Gaussian analytic function, and other hyperbolic models. As a corollary, we compute the precise asymptotics for the entanglement entropy of (integer) Laughlin states for all Landau levels.
A Lateral Flow Method for Aflatoxin B1 in Dry Dog Food: An Inter-Laboratory Trial
Authors: Vudathala Daljit , Cummings Margie , Tkachenko Andriy , Guag Jake , Reimschuessel Renate , Murphy and Lisa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Dogs are highly susceptible to aflatoxins, the mycotoxins which most commonly cause acute dog illnesses and deaths following the consumption of contaminated food.

Objective
In this study, a screening method to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dry dog food was further evaluated at the FDA action level of 20 ng/g. A fourth-round multi-laboratory trial was performed. In contrast to the previous work, a different source of dog food was used in the multi-laboratory trial and more participants were involved.

Method
The tested lateral flow method employs a modified procedure of the “Rosa® AFQ-Fast Test Kit” from Charm Sciences Inc. A total of 60 unfortified blank study samples, 220 study samples fortified at 20 ng/g, and 80 study samples fortified at 9–11 ng/g were prepared by an independent party and analyzed in 10 collaborating laboratories in a blinded manner.

Results
The pass rates were 98.3 and 94.5% for unfortified and 20 ng/g fortified study samples, respectively.

Conclusions
The method is suitable for aflatoxin B1 screening at the FDA action level of 20 ng/g in a complex matrix such as dry dog food.

Highlights
This work completes extensive method performance evaluation through four rounds of multi-laboratory trials.
Characterizing Host Plant Resistance toMelanaphis sacchari(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Selected Sorghum Plant Introductions
Authors: Souza M F , Davis J A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince 2013 Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the sugarcane aphid, has been a threat to sorghum production in the United States. The development of resistant sorghum hybrids has been one of the main management strategies. However, plant resistance can be overcome over time and new resistance genes need to be identified and introduced into adapted sorghum hybrids to secure sorghum production. Sorghum plant introduction (PI) genotypes were screened for resistance to M. sacchari through laboratory, greenhouse, and field assays. In addition, the feeding parameters of M. saccahri were analyzed and detailed in seven sorghum genotypes through EPG assays. Results showed sorghum genotypes PI 524770, PI 564163, and PI 643515 expressed resistance to M. sacchari consistently in laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests. EPG analysis suggested sorghum genotypes PI 524770 and PI 564163 express antibiosis to M. sacchari while PI 643515 expresses both antibiosis and antixenosis. Increasing the number of sorghum hybrids resistant to M. sacchari is key to improving integrated pest management of M. sacchari. By utilizing host plant resistance, sorghum producers can decrease insecticide applications while enhancing biological control.
Ex vivo nephron-sparing surgery and kidney autotransplantation for renal tumors
Authors: Crafa Francesco , Rossetti Amalia Rosaria Rita , Striano Augusto , Baiamonte Mario , Esposito Francesco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The nephron-sparing techniques allow the excision of kidney tumors preserving renal function and ensuring adequate oncological results. We describe a case of a 77-year-old patient who underwent an ex vivo partial nephrectomy with orthotopic autotransplantation for kidney cancer. The postoperative course was marked by bleeding which required radiological embolization. Postoperative dialysis was required for about 1 month. The anatomopathological examination showed a clear cell carcinoma staged pT1b, pNX, R0. At 2 years follow-up, no recurrence was detected with a complete renal function restoration. Our experience shows that ex vivo nephron-sparing surgery with autotransplantation is a good alternative to total nephrectomy in the case of voluminous or perihilar tumors. Considering the high morbidity of this procedure, it should be only performed in specialized centers.
A Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Caused by an Unexpected Leb Antibody
Authors: Delk Alexander A , Gammon Richard R , Alvarez Harold , Benitez Nancy , Bright Frieda 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA Black male patient aged 21 years with a history of sickle cell disease and HIV was admitted to the hospital with vaso-occlusive crisis. A transfusion reaction was called after the patient developed a fever (39.5°C), tachycardia, chills, and hematuria after receiving 300 mL of red blood cells. A posttransfusion specimen was submitted to the Immunohematology Reference Laboratory for investigation. Antibody identification revealed an anti-Leb as the probable cause of the immediate acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Lewis antibodies are considered clinically insignificant. This case shows the importance of considering cold antibodies, including Lewis antibodies, as a possible cause of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction.
Estimating the age–metallicity distribution of a stellar sample from the probability distributions of the individual stars
Authors: Sahlholdt Christian L , Lindegren Lennart 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Estimating age distributions, or star formation histories, of stellar populations in the Milky Way is important in order to study the evolution of trends in elemental abundances and kinematics. We build on previous work to develop an algorithm for estimating the age–metallicity distribution which uses the full age–metallicity probability density functions (PDFs) of individual stars. No assumptions are made about the shape of the underlying distribution, and the only free parameter of the algorithm is used to ensure a smooth solution. In this work, we use individual age–metallicity PDFs from isochrone fitting of stars with known metallicities. The method is tested with synthetic samples and is found to recover the input age–metallicity distribution more accurately than the distribution of individually estimated ages and metallicities. The recovered sample age distribution (SAD) is always more accurate than the distribution of individual ages, also when restricted to the most precise individual ages. By applying the method to the stars in the Geneva–Copenhagen survey, we detect a possible minimum in the star formation history of the Solar neighbourhood at an age of 10 Gyr which is not seen in the distribution of individual ages. Although we apply the method only to age–metallicity distributions, the algorithm is described more generally and can in principle be applied in other parameter spaces. It is also not restricted to individual parameter distributions from isochrone fitting, meaning that an SAD can be estimated based on individual age PDFs from other methods such as asteroseismology or gyrochronology.
Text-Based Identification of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus With Ocular Involvement in the Electronic Health Record: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Zheng Chengyi , Sy Lina S , Tanenbaum Hilary , Tian Yun , Luo Yi , Ackerson Bradley , Tseng Hung Fu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Diagnosis codes are inadequate for accurately identifying herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). Manual review of medical records is expensive and time-consuming, resulting in a lack of population-based data on HZO.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including 87 673 patients aged ≥50 years who had a new HZ diagnosis and associated antiviral prescription between 2010 and 2018. We developed and validated an automated natural language processing (NLP) algorithm to identify HZO with ocular involvement (ocular HZO). We compared the characteristics of NLP-identified ocular HZO, nonocular HZO, and non-HZO cases among HZ patients and identified the factors associated with ocular HZO among HZ patients.

Results
The NLP algorithm achieved 94.9% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in identifying ocular HZO cases. Among 87 673 incident HZ cases, the proportion identified as ocular HZO was 9.0% (n = 7853) by NLP and 2.3% (n = 1988) by International Classification of Diseases codes. In adjusted analyses, older age and male sex were associated with an increased risk of ocular HZO; Hispanic and black race/ethnicity each were associated with a lower risk of ocular HZO compared with non-Hispanic white.

Conclusions
The NLP algorithm achieved high accuracy and can be used in large population-based studies to identify ocular HZO, avoiding labor-intensive chart review. Age, sex, and race were strongly associated with ocular HZO among HZ patients. We should consider these risk factors when planning for zoster vaccination.