bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of injuries and factors related to injuries in combat soldiers
Authors: Yavnai Nirit , Bar-Sela S , Pantanowitz M , Funk S , Waddington G , Simchas L , Svorai-Litvak S , Steinberg N 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionMusculoskeletal injuries to the lower extremities are major factors contributing to drop out from military tasks. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries and the parameters that differentiate between the soldiers who incurred these injuries and those who did not along 14 weeks of an infantry commanders course.MethodsOne-hundred and sixty-eight participants were recruited from an infantry commanders course. The soldiers were tested before (pre), in the middle (middle) and at the end (last) of the course for anthropometric measurements, proprioceptive ability and dynamic postural balance (DPB), and filled out an ankle stability questionnaire (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). A physiotherapist followed and recorded all musculoskeletal injuries incurred by the participants during the course.ResultsFifty-eight participants out of the 168 (34.5%) reported some pain/injury. Time effects were found for body mass index, DPB asymmetry, DPB in posterior-medial (P-M) direction and proprioception ability. Injury effects were found for DPB asymmetry, DPB in P-M direction, CAIT and proprioception ability. An interaction was found for proprioception ability. The Cox regression showed that the variables that are mostly effecting injuries were pretesting proprioception ability, DPB asymmetry and CAIT.ConclusionsMore than one out of three participants incurred musculoskeletal injuries, with deficits in proprioception ability, DPB and ankle stability in pretesting as major factors contributing to injuries. Further studies should look at the effect of specific exercises such as proprioception, DPB and ankle stability exercises for prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries among combat soldiers.
Augmenting prehospital care
Authors: Glick Yuval , Avital B , Oppenheimer J , Nahman D , Wagnert-Avraham L , Eisenkraft A , Dym L , Levi D , Agur A , Gustus B , Furer A 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionThe challenging environment of prehospital casualty care demands providers to make prompt decisions and to engage in lifesaving interventions, occasionally without them being adequately experienced. Telementoring based on augmented reality (AR) devices has the potential to decrease the decision time and minimise the distance gap between an experienced consultant and the first responder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether telementoring with AR glasses would affect chest thoracotomy performance and self-confidence of inexperienced trainees.MethodsTwo groups of inexperienced medical students performed a chest thoracotomy in an ex vivo pig model. While one group was mentored remotely using HoloLens AR glasses, the second performed the procedure independently. An observer assessed the trainees’ performance. In addition, trainees and mentors evaluated their own performance.ResultsQuality of performance was found to be superior with remote guidance, without significant prolongation of the procedure (492 s vs 496 s, p=0.943). Moreover, sense of self-confidence among participant was substantially improved in the telementoring group in which 100% of the participants believed the procedure was successful compared with 40% in the control group (p=0.035).ConclusionAR devices may have a role in future prehospital telementoring systems, to provide accessible consultation for first responders, and could thus positively affect the provider's confidence in decision-making, enhance procedure performance and ultimately improve patient prognosis. That being said, future studies are required to estimate full potential of this technology and additional adjustments are necessary for maximal optimisation and implementation in the field of prehospital care.
PhenX: Environment measures for Tobacco Regulatory Research
Authors: Unger Jennifer B , Chaloupka Frank J , Vallone Donna , Thrasher James F , Nettles Destiney S , Hendershot Tabitha P , Swan Gary E 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveA Working Group (WG) of tobacco regulatory science experts identified measures for the tobacco environment domain.MethodsThis article describes the methods by which measures were identified, selected, approved and placed in the PhenX Toolkit.FindingsThe WG identified 20 initial elements relevant to tobacco regulatory science and determined whether they were already in the PhenX Toolkit or whether novel or improved measures existed. In addition to the 10 complementary measures already in the Toolkit, the WG recommended 13 additional measures: aided and confirmed awareness of televised antitobacco advertising, interpersonal communication about tobacco advertising, media use, perceived effectiveness of antitobacco advertising, exposure to smoking on television and in the movies, social norms about tobacco (for adults and for youth), worksite policies, youth cigarette purchase behaviours and experiences, compliance with cigarette packaging and labelling policies, local and state tobacco control public policies, and neighbourhood-level racial/ethnic composition. Supplemental measures included youth social capital and compliance with smoke-free air laws and with point of sale and internet tobacco marketing restrictions. Gaps were identified in the areas of policy environment (public and private), communications environment, community environment and social environment (ie, the norms/acceptability of tobacco use).ConclusionsConsistent use of these tobacco environment measures will enhance rigor and reproducability of tobacco research.
Identification and correction of Sagnac frequency variations: an implementation for the GINGERINO data analysis
Authors: Di Virgilio Angela D. V. , Beverini Nicolò , Carelli Giorgio , Ciampini Donatella , Fuso Francesco , Giacomelli Umberto , Maccioni Enrico , Ortolan Antonello 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRing laser gyroscopes are top sensitivity inertial sensors used in the measurement of angular rotation. It is well known that the response of such remarkable instruments can in principle access the very low frequency band, but the occurrence of nonlinear effects in the laser dynamics imposes severe limitations in terms of sensitivity and stability. We report here general relationships aimed at evaluating corrections able to effectively account for nonlinear laser dynamics. The so-derived corrections are applied to analyse thirty days of continuous operation of the large area ring laser gyroscope GINGERINO leading to duly reconstruct the Sagnac frequency $$\omega _s$$ωs. The analysis shows that the evaluated corrections affect the measurement of the Earth rotation rate $$\varOmega _{\oplus }$$Ω⊕ at the level of 1 part in $$1.5\times 10^{3}$$1.5×103. The null shift term $$\omega _{ns}$$ωns plays a non negligible role. It turns out proportional to the optical losses $$\mu $$μ of the ring cavity, which are changing in time at the level of $$10\%$$10% within the considered period of thirty days. The Allan deviation of estimated $$\varOmega _{\oplus }$$Ω⊕ shows a remarkable long term stability, leading to a sensitivity better than $$10^{-10}$$10-10 rad/s with more than 10 s of integration time, and approaching $$(8.5\pm 0.5)\times 10^{-12}$$(8.5±0.5)×10-12 rad/s with $$4.5\times 10^{5}$$4.5×105 s of integration time.
A case study about the mass exclusion limits for the BSM vector resonances with the direct couplings to the third quark generation
Authors: Gintner Mikuláš , Juráň Josef 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe upper bounds that the LHC measurements searching for heavy resonances beyond the Standard model set on the resonance production cross sections are not universal. They depend on various characteristics of the resonance under consideration, like its mass, spin, and its interaction pattern. Their validity is also limited by the assumptions and approximations applied to their calculations. The bounds are typically used to derive the mass exclusion limits for the new resonances. In our work, we address some of the issues that emerge when deriving the mass exclusion limits for the strongly coupled composite$$SU(2)_{L+R}$$SU(2)L+Rvector resonance triplet which would interact directly to the third quark generation only. We investigate the restrictions on the applicability of the generally used limit-obtaining procedure to this particular type of vector resonances. We demonstrate that, in this case, it is necessary to consider the bottom quark partonic contents of the proton. Eventually, we find the mass exclusion limits for this resonance triplet for some representative subsets of the parameter space.
Megaclasts within mass-transport deposits: their origin, characteristics and effect on substrates and succeeding flows
Authors: Nwoko Jefferson , Kane Ian , Huuse Mads 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Megaclasts transported within submarine landslides can erode the substrate, influence the flow that transports them and, if they form seafloor topography, can influence subsequent flows and their deposits. We document grooves up to 40 km long formed by megaclasts carried in submarine landslides that scoured tens of metres deep into the contemporaneous substrate of the deep-water Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. A 1925 km
2
3D seismic reflection survey records six mass transport deposits (MTDs) interbedded with turbidites. Here, we focus on three MTDs, labelled A (oldest), B and C (youngest). MTD-A features megaclasts that internally have coherent parallel strata, and formed striations 4–15 km long and 2–3 km wide, with protruding megaclasts that are onlapped by younger sediments. The seafloor expression of these megaclasts partially obstructed the submarine landslide that created MTD-B. MTD-B contains megaclasts that incised through the rugose topography of the underlying MTD-A, and formed divergent grooves on the basal surface of MTD-B (8–40 km long and 200–250 m wide), which suggest radial flow expansion where flows exited topographic confinement. MTD-C features grooves 2–6 km long and 100–200 m wide that terminate at megaclasts and which internally are characterized of highly deformed reflectors surrounded by a chaotic matrix. This study directly links megaclasts to the grooves they form, and demonstrates that markedly different styles of scouring and resultant grooves can occur in closely related MTDs.
Development and Validation of a Prognostic Model for Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Treated with the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Atezolizumab
Authors: Hopkins Ashley M. , Kichenadasse Ganessan , Garrett-Mayer Elizabeth , Karapetis Christos S. , Rowland Andrew , Sorich Michael J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a significant advance to the treatment of advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, their initiation is associated with heterogeneity in outcomes. This study aimed to develop and validate a prognostic tool of survival in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICIs.

Experimental Design:
A pretreatment prognostic model was developed and validated using clinicopathologic data. Development data consisted of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with atezolizumab from the randomised trials OAK and POPLAR (n = 751). Data from the single-arm atezolizumab trials BIRCH and FIR (n = 797) were used for external validation. Prognostic scores were categorized into low, intermediate-low, intermediate, intermediate-high, and high-risk prognostic groups. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), with progression-free survival (PFS) secondary.

Results:
Pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) was the most predictive variable for OS. The prognostic tool was optimally defined by CRP, lactate dehydrogenase, derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, albumin, PD-L1 expression, performance status, time since metastatic diagnosis, and metastatic site count. Prognostic groups had significantly different OS (c-statistic = 0.72), with median OS ranging from &gt;24 to 3 months for the low- to high-risk groups. Performance was maintained on validation (c = 0.76). These findings were similar for PFS, with median PFS ranging from 5 months to 1 month for the low- to high-risk groups. Benefit of atezolizumab (vs. docetaxel) was greatest in the low-risk group (&gt;3 months median OS improvement), with little benefit apparent for the highest risk group.

Conclusions:
A prognostic tool was developed and validated to identify patient groups with distinctly different survival following atezolizumab initiation for advanced NSCLC.
Non-BRCA DNA Damage Repair Gene Alterations and Response to the PARP Inhibitor Rucaparib in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Analysis From the Phase II TRITON2 Study
Authors: Abida Wassim , Campbell David , Patnaik Akash , Shapiro Jeremy D. , Sautois Brieuc , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Voog Eric G. , Bryce Alan H. , McDermott Ray , Ricci Francesco , Rowe Julie , Zhang Jingsong , Piulats Josep Maria , Fizazi Karim , Merseburger Axel S. , Higano Celestia S. , Krieger Laurence E. , Ryan Charles J. , Feng Felix Y. , Simmons Andrew D. , Loehr Andrea , Despain Darrin , Dowson Melanie , Green Foad , Watkins Simon P. , Golsorkhi Tony , Chowdhury Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Genomic alterations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes other than BRCA may confer synthetic lethality with PARP inhibition in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To test this hypothesis, the phase II TRITON2 study of rucaparib included patients with mCRPC and deleterious non-BRCA DDR gene alterations.

Patients and Methods:
TRITON2 enrolled patients who had progressed on one or two lines of next-generation androgen receptor–directed therapy and one taxane-based chemotherapy for mCRPC. Key endpoints were investigator-assessed radiographic response per modified RECIST/PCWG3 and PSA response (≥50% decrease from baseline).

Results:
TRITON2 enrolled 78 patients with a non-BRCA DDR gene alteration [ATM (n = 49), CDK12 (n = 15), CHEK2 (n = 12), and other DDR genes (n = 14)]. Among patients evaluable for each endpoint, radiographic and PSA responses were observed in a limited number of patients with an alteration in ATM [2/19 (10.5%) and 2/49 (4.1%), respectively], CDK12 [0/10 (0%) and 1/15 (6.7%), respectively], or CHEK2 [1/9 (11.1%) and 2/12 (16.7%), respectively], including no radiographic or PSA responses in 11 patients with confirmed biallelic ATM loss or 11 patients with ATM germline mutations. Responses were observed in patients with alterations in the DDR genes PALB2, FANCA, BRIP1, and RAD51B.

Conclusions:
In this prospective, genomics-driven study of rucaparib in mCRPC, we found limited radiographic/PSA responses to PARP inhibition in men with alterations in ATM, CDK12, or CHEK2. However, patients with alterations in other DDR-associated genes (e.g., PALB2) may benefit from PARP inhibition.
See related commentary by Sokolova et al., p. 2439
Cdc42 Mediates Cancer Cell Chemotaxis in Perineural Invasion
Authors: Chernichenko Natalya , Omelchenko Tatiana , Deborde Sylvie , Bakst Richard L. , He Shizhi , Chen Chun-Hao , Gusain Laxmi , Vakiani Efsevia , Katabi Nora , Hall Alan , Wong Richard J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPerineural invasion (PNI) is an ominous form of cancer progression along nerves associated with poor clinical outcome. Glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) interacts with cancer cell RET receptors to enable PNI, but downstream events remain undefined. We demonstrate that GDNF leads to early activation of the GTPase Cdc42 in pancreatic cancer cells, but only delayed activation of RhoA and does not affect Rac1. Depletion of Cdc42 impairs pancreatic cancer cell chemotaxis toward GDNF and nerves. An siRNA library of guanine nucleotide exchange factors was screened to identify activators of Cdc42. ARHGEF7 (β-Pix) was required for Cdc42 activation and chemotaxis toward nerves, and also colocalizes with RET under GDNF stimulation. Cdc42 enables PNI in an in vitro dorsal root ganglia coculture model, and controls the directionality of migration but does not affect cell speed or cell viability. In contrast, Rac1 was necessary for cell speed but not directionality, while the RhoA was not necessary for either cell speed or directionality. Cdc42 was required for PNI in an in vivo murine sciatic nerve model. Depletion of Cdc42 significantly diminished the length of PNI, volume of PNI, and motor nerve paralysis resulting from PNI. Activated Cdc42 is expressed in human salivary ductal cancer cells invading nerves. These findings establish the GDNF–RET–β-Pix–Cdc42 pathway as a directional regulator of pancreatic cancer cell migration toward nerves, highlight the importance of directional migration in PNI, and offer novel targets for therapy.Implications:Cdc42 regulates cancer cell directional migration toward and along nerves in PNI.
Diagnostic Yield of Colonoscopy in Young Adults with Lower Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Multicenter Midwest Cohort
Authors: Lu Ray , Kassim Thamer , Dave Devashree , Klair Jagpal Singh , Ashfaq Muhammad , Chandra Subhash , Murali Arvind R. 
Published: February 2020

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Serious gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies are common in older adults compared to young adults (≤40 years). Data on the diagnostic yield (DY) of colonoscopy in young adults with lower GI symptoms are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the overall DY of colonoscopy; and the DY stratified by the presence or absence of bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR) in young adults ≤40 years. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We reviewed diagnostic colonoscopies performed in young adults by 18 gastroenterologists at 2 different institutions from ­October 2016 to April 2019. Patients with familial colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes were excluded. DY was calculated based on the proportion of abnormal colonoscopy defined as having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis (MC), advanced adenoma, or CRC. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We included 454 patients, mean (SD) age was 31 (3) years, 162 (36%) were males and mean (SD) BMI was 30 (8.5). BRBPR was the indication for colonoscopy in 194 (43%) patients, 260 (57%) patients had colonoscopy for other lower GI symptoms (abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, constipation) but without BRBPR. Overall DY of colonoscopy in young adults with lower GI symptoms was 15%; IBD was seen in 43 (10%) patients, MC 10 (2%), and advanced neoplasia/CRC 20 (4%). Overall DY in patients with BRBPR was significantly higher than in patients without BRBPR (22 vs. 11%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The DY for IBD was also higher in young adults with BRBPR versus without BRBPR (15 vs. 6%, <i>p</i> = 0.003). The DY of patients with both BRBPR and abdominal pain was 34%, for BRBPR and diarrhea was 40%, and for all 3 symptoms of BRBPR, diarrhea, and abdominal pain was 52%. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Significant proportion of young adults with BRBPR have abnormal pathology (22%) justifying evaluation by colonoscopy. For other lower GI symptoms without BRBPR, the necessity of endoscopic evaluation should be determined clinically on a case-to-case basis due to the low overall DY.
Obesity Is Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension and Modifies Outcomes
Authors: Frank Rachel C. , Min Jeff , Abdelghany Mazin , Paniagua Samantha , Bhattacharya Romit , Bhambhani Vijeta , Pomerantsev Eugene , Ho Jennifer E. 
Published: February 2020

Background
Experimental studies support a link between obesity and pulmonary hypertension (PH), yet clinical studies have been limited. This study sought to determine the association of obesity and pulmonary hemodynamic measures and mortality in PH.

Methods and Results

We examined patients undergoing right‐sided heart catherization (2005–2016) in a hospital‐based cohort. Multivariable regression models tested associations of body mass index and pulmonary vascular hemodynamics, with PH defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mm Hg, and further subclassified into precapillary, postcapillary, and mixed PH. Multivariable Cox models were used to examine the effect of PH and obesity on mortality. Among 8940 patients (mean age, 62 years; 40% women), 52% of nonobese and 69% of obese individuals had evidence of PH. Higher body mass index was independently associated with greater odds of overall PH (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.29–1.40;
P
<0.001 per 5‐unit increase in body mass index) as well as each PH subtype (
P
<0.001 for all). Patients with PH had greater risk of mortality compared with individuals without PH regardless of subgroup (
P
<0.001 for all). We found that obesity was associated with 23% lower hazard of mortality among patients with PH (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69–0.85;
P
<0.001). The effect of obesity was greatest among those with precapillary PH (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46–0.70;
P
<0.001), where obesity modified the effect of PH on mortality (
P
for interaction=0.02).

Conclusions
Obesity is independently associated with PH. PH is associated with greater mortality; this is modified by obesity such that obese patients with precapillary PH have lower mortality compared with nonobese counterparts. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying obesity‐related PH.
Hypochloremia Is a Noninvasive Predictor of Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Prins Kurt W. , Kalra Rajat , Rose Lauren , Assad Tufik R. , Archer Stephen L. , Bajaj Navkaranbir S. , Weir E. Kenneth , Prisco Sasha Z. , Pritzker Marc , Lutsey Pamela L. , Brittain Evan L. , Thenappan Thenappan 
Published: February 2020

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (
PAH
) is a lethal disease. In resource‐limited countries
PAH
outcomes are worse because therapy costs are prohibitive. To improve global outcomes, noninvasive and widely available biomarkers that identify high‐risk patients should be defined. Serum chloride is widely available and predicts mortality in left heart failure, but its prognostic utility in
PAH
requires further investigation.

Methods and Results

In this study 475 consecutive
PAH
patients evaluated at the University of Minnesota and Vanderbilt University
PAH
clinics were examined. Clinical characteristics were compared by tertiles of serum chloride. Both the Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to assess survival and predictors of mortality, respectively. Categorical net reclassification improvement and relative integrated discrimination improvement compared prediction models.
PAH
patients in the lowest serum chloride tertile (≤101 mmol/L: hypochloremia) had the lowest 6‐minute walk distance and highest right atrial pressure despite exhibiting no differences in pulmonary vascular disease severity. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival was reduced in hypochloremic patients when compared with the middle‐ and highest‐tertile patients (86%/64%/44%, 95%/78%/59%, and, 91%/79%/66%). After adjustment for age, sex, diuretic use, serum sodium, bicarbonate, and creatinine, the hypochloremic patients had increased mortality when compared with the middle‐tertile and highest‐tertile patients. The Minnesota noninvasive model (functional class, 6‐minute walk distance, and hypochloremia) was as effective as the French noninvasive model (functional class, 6‐minute walk distance, and elevated brain natriuretic peptide or N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide) for predicting mortality.

Conclusions

Hypochloremia (≤101 mmol/L) identifies high‐risk
PAH
patients independent of serum sodium, renal function, and diuretic use.