bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Samhd1 by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide in murine macrophages requires IRF1
Authors: Valverde‐Estrella Lorena , López‐Serrat Martí , Sánchez‐Sànchez Guillem , Vico Tania , Lloberas Jorge , Celada Antonio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSAMHD1 is an enzyme with phosphohydrolase activity. Mutations in SAMHD1 have been linked to the development of Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome in humans. This enzyme also has the capacity to restrict HIV virus replication in macrophages. Here, we report that Samhd1 is highly expressed in murine macrophages and is regulated by proinflammatory (IFN‐γ and LPS) but not by anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4 or IL‐10) activators. The induction of Samhd1 follows the pattern of an intermediate gene that requires protein synthesis. In transient transfection experiments using the Samhd1 promoter, we found that a fragment of 27 bps of this gene, falling between −937 and −910 bps relative to the transcription start site, is required for IFN‐γ‐dependent activation. Using EMSAs, we determined that IFN‐γ treatment led to the elimination of a protein complex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and siRNA experiments revealed that IRF1 is required for IFN‐γ‐ or LPS‐induced Samhd1 expression. Therefore, our results indicate that Samhd1 is stimulated by proinflammatory agents IFN‐γ and LPS. Moreover, they reveal that these two agents, via IRF1, eliminate a protein complex that may be related to a repressor, thereby, triggering Samhd1 expression.
Accelerating Pharmaceutical Development via Metal‐Mediated Bond Formation
Authors: Borths Christopher J. , Walker Shawn D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA perspective of our work on the development of practical metal‐mediated carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bond forming processes within a modern drug portfolio is presented. The case studies selected from our laboratories highlight the synthetic challenges and opportunities presented by pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds. In many cases, the target structures challenged available synthetic methods and inspired the invention of enabling technology to accelerate drug development. Additionally, considerations for running metal‐mediated processes on large scale are discussed.
Delivery in pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2: A fast review
Authors: Parazzini Fabio , Bortolus Renata , Mauri Paola Agnese , Favilli Alessandro , Gerli Sandro , Ferrazzi Enrico 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew case reports and clinical series exist on pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 who delivered.ObjectiveTo review the available information on mode of delivery, vertical/peripartum transmission, and neonatal outcome in pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2.Search strategyCombination of the following key words: COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2, and pregnancy in Embase and PubMed databases.Selection criteriaPapers reporting cases of women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 who delivered.Data collection and analysisThe following was extracted: author; country; number of women; study design; gestational age at delivery; selected clinical maternal data; mode of delivery; selected neonatal outcomes.Main resultsIn the 13 studies included, vaginal delivery was reported in 6 cases (9.4%; 95% CI, 3.5–19.3). Indication for cesarean delivery was worsening of maternal conditions in 31 cases (48.4%; 95% CI, 35.8–61.3). Two newborns testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by real‐time RT‐PCR assay were reported. In three neonates, SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and IgM levels were elevated but the RT‐PCR test was negative.ConclusionsThe rate of vertical or peripartum transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 is low, if any, for cesarean delivery; no data are available for vaginal delivery. Low frequency of spontaneous preterm birth and general favorable immediate neonatal outcome are reassuring.
Spatio‐temporal context based recurrent visual attention model for lymph node detection
Authors: Peng Haixin , Peng Yinjun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFalse‐positive reduction is one of the most crucial components in an automated lymph nodes (LNs) detection task in volumetric computed tomography (CT) scans, which is a highly sought goal for cancer diagnosis and early treatment. In this article, treating the three‐dimensional (3D) LN detection task as object detection on sequence problem, we propose a novel spatio‐temporal context‐based recurrent visual attention model (STRAM) for the LNs false positive reduction. We firstly extract the deep spatial features maps for two‐dimensional LN patches from pre‐trained Inception‐V3 model. A new Gaussian kernel‐based spatial attention method is then presented to extract the most discriminating spatial features for the corresponding center slices. Additionally, to combine the temporal information between 3D CT slices, we devise a novel “Siamese” mixture density networks which can learn to adaptively focus on the most relevant parts of the CT slices. Considering the lesion areas always locate around the centroid of the 3D CT scans, a hard constraint is imposed on the predicted attention locations with batch normalization technique and the Siamese architecture. The proposed model is a fully differentiable unit that can be optimized end‐to‐end by using stochastic gradient descent. The effectiveness of our method is verified on LN dataset: 388 mediastinal LNs labeled by radiologists in 90 patient CT scans, and 595 abdominal LNs in 86 patient CT scans. Our method demonstrates sensitivities of about 87%/82% at 3 FP/vol. and 93%/89% at 6 FP/vol. for mediastinum and abdomen, respectively, which compares favorably to previous methods.
Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Parameters in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia—One-Year Results of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST)
Authors: Kemmler Wolfgang , Kohl Matthias , Fröhlich Michael , Jakob Franz , Engelke Klaus , von Stengel Simon , Schoene Daniel 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Dynamic resistance exercise (DRT) might be the most promising agent for fighting sarcopenia in older people. However, the positive effect of DRT on osteopenia/osteoporosis in men has still to be confirmed. To evaluate the effect of low-volume/high-intensity (HIT)-DRT on bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in men with osteosarcopenia, we initiated the Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Forty-three sedentary community-dwelling older men (aged 73 to 91 years) with osteopenia/osteoporosis and SMI-based sarcopenia were randomly assigned to a HIT-RT exercise group (EG; n = 21) or a control group (CG; n = 22). HIT-RT provided a progressive, periodized single-set DRT on machines with high intensity, effort, and velocity twice a week, while CG maintained their lifestyle. Both groups were adequately supplemented with whey protein, vitamin D, and calcium. Primary study endpoint was integral lumbar spine (LS) BMD as determined by quantitative computed tomography. Core secondary study endpoint was SMI as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Additional study endpoints were BMD at the total hip and maximum isokinetic hip−/leg-extensor strength (leg press). After 12 months of exercise, LS-BMD was maintained in the EG and decreased significantly in the CG, resulting in significant between-group differences (p &lt; 0.001; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.90). In parallel, SMI increased significantly in the EG and decreased significantly in the CG (p &lt; 0.001; SMD = 1.95). Total hip BMD changes did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.064; SMD = 0.65), whereas changes in maximum hip−/leg-extensor strength were much more prominent (p &lt; 0.001; SMD = 1.92) in the EG. Considering dropout (n = 2), attendance rate (95%), and unintended side effects/injuries (n = 0), we believe our HIT-RT protocol to be feasible, attractive, and safe. In summary, we conclude that our combined low-threshold HIT-RT/protein/vitamin D/calcium intervention was feasible, safe, and effective for tackling sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis in older men with osteosarcopenia. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament following primary repair with internal bracing: A longitudinal study
Authors: Van Dyck Pieter , Froeling Martijn , Heusdens Christiaan H. W. , Sijbers Jan , Ribbens Annemie , Billiet Thibo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides information about tissue microstructure and its degree of organization by quantifying water diffusion. We aimed to monitor longitudinal changes in DTI parameters (fractional isotropy, FA; mean diffusivity, MD; axial diffusivity, AD; radial diffusivity, RD) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) following primary repair with internal bracing (IBLA). Fourteen patients undergoing IBLA were enrolled prospectively and scheduled for clinical follow‐up, including instrumented laxity testing, and DTI at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. DTI was also performed in seven healthy subjects. Fiber tractography was used for 3D segmentation of the whole ACL volume, from which median DTI parameters were calculated. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) served as a control. Longitudinal DTI changes were assessed using a linear mixed model, and repeated measures correlations were calculated between DTI parameters and clinical laxity tests. At follow‐up, thirteen patients had a stable knee and one patient sustained an ACL rerupture after 12 months postoperatively. The ACL repair showed a significant decrease of FA within the first 12 months after surgery, followed by stable FA values thereafter, while ACL diffusivities decreased over time returning towards normal values at 24 months postoperatively. For PCL there were no significant DTI changes over time. There was a significant correlation between ACL FA and laxity tests (r = −0.42, P = .017). This study has shown the potential of DTI to longitudinally monitor diffusion changes in the ACL following IBLA. The DTI findings suggest that healing of the ACL repair is incomplete at 24 months postoperatively.
Blurring the boundaries between synthesis and evaluation. A customized realist evaluative synthesis into adolescent risk behavior prevention
Authors: Cooper Christina , Lhussier Monique , Carr Susan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRealist methodologies have been increasingly advocated for the investigation of complex social issues. Public health programs, such as those designed to prevent adolescent risk behavior, are typically considered complex. In conducting a realist review of the empirical literature relating to such programs, we encountered several challenges, including (a) an overabundance of empirical evidence, (b) a problematic level of heterogeneity within and between methodological approaches, (c) discrepancies between theoretical underpinnings and program operationalization, (d) homogeneity of program outcomes, with very little variation in program effectiveness, and (d) a paucity of description relating to content and process. To overcome these challenges, we developed a customized approach to realist evidence synthesis, drawing on the VICTORE (Volition, Implementation, Contexts, Time, Outcomes, Rivalry, and Emergence) complexity checklist and incorporating stakeholder engagement as primary data to achieve greater depth of understanding relating to contextual and mechanistic factors, and the complex interactions between them. Here we discuss the benefits of this adapted methodology alongside an overview of the research through which the methodology was developed. A key finding from this research was that combining the complexity checklist with primary data from stakeholder engagement enabled us to systematically interrogate the data across data sources, uncovering and evidencing mechanisms which may otherwise have remained hidden, giving greater ontological depth to our research findings. This paper builds on key methodological developments in realist research, demonstrating how realist methodologies can be customized to overcome challenges in developing and refining program theory from the literature, and contributes to the broader literature of innovative approaches to realist research.Highlights
Published reporting standards for realist review provide a set of guiding principles for conducting realist research. However, these are not recommended to be used in a prescriptive sense, and customization of the methodology to account for potential idiosyncrasies within a specific evidence base is accepted.
A small number of papers within the existing literature have used each of the two key adaptions discussed within this study, though reasons for doing so have not been considered in any great depth. Furthermore, combining both of these adaptions to take an evaluative approach to realist synthesis is novel to this work and lends greater ontological depth to the research findings than may otherwise have been achieved.
This study builds on key methodological developments in realist research, demonstrating how realist methodologies can be customized to overcome challenges in developing and refining program theory from the literature, and contributes to the broader literature of innovative approaches to realist research.
Investigating Support for Management of the Pet Trade Invasion Risk
Authors: Episcopio‐Sturgeon Diane J. , Pienaar Elizabeth F. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe non‐native pet trade contributes directly to species invasions, thereby threatening wildlife. Biological invasions influence environmental change, resulting in species extinctions and biodiversity loss. To mitigate the pet trade invasion risk, interventions are required to prevent trade in non‐native animals with high invasion potential, impulse or ill‐informed purchases of non‐native pets by individuals who may release these animals, and the deliberate release of non‐native animals by pet owners. Interventions are also required to prevent the establishment of non‐native animals that have been released by pet owners (e.g., euthanasia). The successful implementation of these interventions depends on the support of pet owners and the public in the form of political support for, and compliance with, interventions. In 2017–2018, using both mail and online surveys, we measured the support of 1,171 members of the public and 550 owners of non‐native pets in Florida, USA, for 7 different interventions to mitigate the pet trade invasion risk, and we investigated determinants of this support. We found that individuals' support for interventions depended on their concern related to the invasion risks associated with the pet trade, trust in government to manage the pet trade, perceptions of how effective interventions would be in mitigating the pet trade invasion risk, and demographic characteristics. Support for interventions differed across pet owners and the public. Educating pet owners about the traits and cost of care for non‐native animals and providing them with options to relinquish unwanted pets may reduce the pet trade invasion risk. Engaging the pet trade in the design of interventions to mitigate invasion risks is likely important to attain voluntary compliance with these interventions. The effectiveness of interventions also depends on enforcement by agencies. Implementing interventions that effectively reduce the pet trade invasion risk is important to protect native and endangered wildlife. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Lifestyle‐Intervention‐Induced Reduction of Abdominal Fat Is Reflected by a Decreased Circulating Glycerol Level and an Increased HDL Diameter
Authors: Beekman Marian , Schutte Bianca A.M. , Akker Erik B. van den , Noordam Raymond , Dibbets‐Schneider Petra , de Geus‐Oei Lioe‐Fee , Deelen Joris , Rest Ondine van de , Heemst Diana van , Feskens Edith J.M. , Slagboom P. Eline 
Published: April 2020

ScopeAbdominal obesity is one of the main modifiable risk factors of age‐related cardiometabolic disease. Cardiometabolic disease risk and its associated high abdominal fat mass, cholesterol, and glucose concentrations can be reduced by a healthier lifestyle. Hence, the aim is to understand the relation between lifestyle‐induced changes in body composition, and specifically abdominal fat, and accompanying changes in circulating metabolic biomarkers.Methods and resultsData from the Growing Old Together (GOTO) study was used, which is a single arm lifestyle intervention in which 164 older adults (mean age 63 years, BMI 23–35 kg/m2) changed their lifestyle during 13 weeks by 12.5% caloric restriction plus 12.5% increase in energy expenditure. It is shown here that levels of circulating metabolic biomarkers, even after adjustment for body mass index, specifically associate with abdominal fat mass. The applied lifestyle intervention mainly reduces abdominal fat mass (−2.6%, SD = 3.0) and this reduction, when adjusted for general weight loss, is highly associated with decreased circulating glycerol concentrations and increased HDL diameter.ConclusionThe lifestyle‐induced reduction of abdominal fat mass is particularly associated, independent of body mass index or general weight loss, with decreased circulating glycerol concentrations and increased HDL diameter.
Blood flow imaging by optimal matching of computational fluid dynamics to 4D‐flow data
Authors: Töger Johannes , Zahr Matthew J. , Aristokleous Nicolas , Markenroth Bloch Karin , Carlsson Marcus , Persson Per‐Olof 
Published: April 2020

PurposeThree‐dimensional, time‐resolved blood flow measurement (4D‐flow) is a powerful research and clinical tool, but improved resolution and scan times are needed. Therefore, this study aims to (1) present a postprocessing framework for optimization‐driven simulation‐based flow imaging, called 4D‐flow High‐resolution Imaging with a priori Knowledge Incorporating the Navier‐Stokes equations and the discontinuous Galerkin method (4D‐flow HIKING), (2) investigate the framework in synthetic tests, (3) perform phantom validation using laser particle imaging velocimetry, and (4) demonstrate the use of the framework in vivo.MethodsAn optimizing computational fluid dynamics solver including adjoint‐based optimization was developed to fit computational fluid dynamics solutions to 4D‐flow data. Synthetic tests were performed in 2D, and phantom validation was performed with pulsatile flow. Reference velocity data were acquired using particle imaging velocimetry, and 4D‐flow data were acquired at 1.5 T. In vivo testing was performed on intracranial arteries in a healthy volunteer at 7 T, with 2D flow as the reference.ResultsSynthetic tests showed low error (0.4%‐0.7%). Phantom validation showed improved agreement with laser particle imaging velocimetry compared with input 4D‐flow in the horizontal (mean −0.05 vs −1.11 cm/s, P < .001; SD 1.86 vs 4.26 cm/s, P < .001) and vertical directions (mean 0.05 vs −0.04 cm/s, P = .29; SD 1.36 vs 3.95 cm/s, P < .001). In vivo data show a reduction in flow rate error from 14% to 3.5%.ConclusionsPhantom and in vivo results from 4D‐flow HIKING show promise for future applications with higher resolution, shorter scan times, and accurate quantification of physiological parameters.
Cross‐sectional area in median and ulnar nerve ultrasound correlates with hand volume
Authors: Tahmaz Melis , Yoon Min‐Suk , Schellinger Peter D. , Philipps Jörg 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe influence of demographic and anthropometric factors on nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) reference values in high‐resolution ultrasound was evaluated in a prospective observational study.MethodsWe measured CSA of median, ulnar, radial, and sural nerves in 80 healthy adults from 18 to 98 years of age. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression with age, gender, body mass index, and hand volume were calculated.ResultsUlnar and median nerve CSA showed a significant positive correlation with ipsilateral hand volume. Median nerve CSA in the left forearm (mean, 6.2 mm2; SD, 1.2) increased by 0.006 mm2 (SE = 0.002; P < .001) per cm3 of hand volume, resulting in a difference of 1.9 mm2 predictable by hand volume (mean, 326 cm3; SD, 81; range, 180–500).ConclusionsThe observed correlation of CSA and hand volume may influence the interpretation of CSA values in patients with very large or small hands.
Guidelines on clinical presentation and management of nondystrophic myotonias
Authors: Stunnenberg Bas C. , LoRusso Samantha , Arnold W. David , Barohn Richard J. , Cannon Stephen C. , Fontaine Bertrand , Griggs Robert C. , Hanna Michael G. , Matthews Emma , Meola Giovanni , Sansone Valeria A. , Trivedi Jaya R. , van Engelen Baziel G.M. , Vicart Savine , Statland Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe nondystrophic myotonias are rare muscle hyperexcitability disorders caused by gain‐of‐function mutations in the SCN4A gene or loss‐of‐function mutations in the CLCN1 gene. Clinically, they are characterized by myotonia, defined as delayed muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction, which leads to symptoms of muscle stiffness, pain, fatigue, and weakness. Diagnosis is based on history and examination findings, the presence of electrical myotonia on electromyography, and genetic confirmation. In the absence of genetic confirmation, the diagnosis is supported by detailed electrophysiological testing, exclusion of other related disorders, and analysis of a variant of uncertain significance if present. Symptomatic treatment with a sodium channel blocker, such as mexiletine, is usually the first step in management, as well as educating patients about potential anesthetic complications.
A novel method to quantify cutaneous vascular innervation
Authors: Sohn Eunhee , Suh Bum Chun , Wang Ningshan , Freeman Roy , Gibbons Christopher H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo develop a new method to quantify the density of nerves, vessels, and the neurovascular contacts, we studied skin biopsies in diabetes and control subjects.MethodsSkin biopsies with dual immunofluorescent staining were used to visualize nerves and blood vessels. The density of nerves, vessels, and their neurovascular contacts were quantified with unbiased stereology. Results were compared with examination findings, validated questionnaires, and autonomic function.ResultsIn tissue from 19 controls and 20 patients with diabetes, inter‐rater and intra‐rater intraclass correlation coefficients were high (>0.85; P < .001) for all quantitative methods. In diabetes, the nerve densities (P < .05), vessel densities (P < .01), and the neurovascular densities (P < .01) were lower compared with 20 controls. Results correlated with autonomic function, examination and symptom scores.DiscussionWe report an unbiased, stereological method to quantify the cutaneous nerve, vessel and neurovascular density and offer new avenues of investigation into cutaneous neurovascular innervation in health and disease.