bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of ankle kinesiotape on balance in children with spastic diplegia
Authors: Ibrahim Samar Sami , EL-Negmy Emam Hassan , Hindawii Amina Salem , Ibrahim Nahla M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Adequate and efficient standing postural balance is key for functional walking and handling abilities in children with spastic diplegia. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of kinesiotape applied on ankle dorsiflexor muscles on balance in children with spastic diplegia. Thirty children with spastic diplegia of both genders participated in the study: 16 boys and 14 girls between 4 and 10 years old. They were divided randomly and equally into two groups: a control group, in which children received the standard physical therapy program for children with diplegia; and the study group, who received the same physical therapy program as in the control group but after kinesiotape application over the ankle dorsiflexor muscles. Both groups received the treatment program for 1 h, three times per week, for three successive months. Postural stability was assessed through evaluation of three stability index (anteroposterior, mediolateral, and overall) for all children by the Biodex Balance System before and after treatment.

Results
Statistical analysis of results before and after treatment was performed by mixed MANOVA to compare effects both within and between groups on stability indexes, and post hoc tests were carried out for subsequent multiple comparison. The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at p < 0.05. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the stability index between both groups (p > 0.05). Comparison between both groups post-treatment revealed a significant decrease in the measured variables of the study group compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Adding ankle kinesiotaping over dorsiflexor muscles in conjunction with a balance and gait training exercise program for children with diplegia can enhance postural stability and decrease sway. This study suggests that it should be added to the treatment program for children with diplegia.

Trial registration
This study was registered retroactively. Identifier: NCT04243928
The Unacknowledged War: Dunbar’s History of White Revisionism
Authors: Graham T. Austin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract“The Unacknowledged War” is an inquiry into the phenomenon of Civil War revisionism, focusing on the tendency of white Americans to deny, against all available evidence, that the “war between the states” was waged over slavery. In doing so, the essay turns to Paul Laurence Dunbar’s grievously understudied 1901 novel The Fanatics, a historical fiction of the war years that focuses on the white North and argues that the Unionists who battled the Confederacy did so only because they wrongly believed that the war’s purpose had nothing to do with enslaved Black Americans. The essay also shows how Dunbar’s novel contributes to several fields of contemporary intellectual interest, among them Civil War studies, Afropessimist thought, and a cross-disciplinary investigation of negative epistemologies known as “ignorance studies.” Ultimately, the essay concludes that Civil War revisionism has yet to show signs of ebbing in American historical consciousness and that ignorance-oriented novels like Dunbar’s are indispensable partners for approaching this persistent problem.
A Short History of Cyclocarbons
Authors: Anderson Harry L , Patrick Connor W , Scriven Lorel M , Woltering Steffen L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The cyclocarbons constitute a family of molecular carbon allotropes consisting of rings of two-coordinate atoms. Their high reactivities make them difficult to study, but there has been much progress towards understanding their structures and properties. Here we provide a short account of theoretical and experimental work on these carbon rings, and highlight opportunities for future research in this field.
The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Mutono Nyamai , Wright James , Mutembei Henry , Muema Josphat , Thomas Mair , Mutunga Mumbua , Thumbi Samuel Mwangi 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Methods and analysis: The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
O INDIVÍDUO SOCIALMENTE FALHO: UM ENSAIO BASEADO EM VEBLEN E BAUMAN
Authors: Rangel Ronaldo , Rangel Gabriel Dolabela Raemy 
Published: December 2020

Resumo: O ensaio revisita os livros A Teoria da Classe Ociosa (originalmente publicado em 1899), de Thorstein Veblen, e Modernidade Líquida, de Zygmunt Bauman, publicado pela primeira vez em 1999, os quais, embora separados por um século de história humana, observam as experiências sociais de seus respectivos tempos com constructos muito assemelhados. O ensaio assume que Veblen descreve efeitos da modernidade que emerge no fim do século XIX, ao passo que Bauman explicita a pós-modernidade do século XXI (à qual chama de Modernidade Líquida) e, com base nos autores, reflete sobre o indivíduo, as motivações de consumo, a demanda por crédito, o endividamento e outras categorias por eles tratadas, para apresentar um novo ator: o “consumidor falho” ou, como aqui chamado, o “indivíduo socialmente falho”.Palavras-chave: Consumo. Endividamento. Emulação pecuniária. Modernidade líquida. Abstract: The essay revisits the books The Theory of the Leisure Class (originally published in 1899) by Thorstein Veblen and Liquid Modernity by Zygmunt Bauman first published in 1999 that, although separated by a century of human history, observe social experiences from their respective times with very similar constructs. The essay assumes that Veblen describes the effects of modernity that emerged at the end of the 19th century, while Bauman explains the post-modernity of the 21st century (which he calls Liquid Modernity) and, based on the authors, reflects on the individual, the motivations consumption, the demand for credit, indebtedness and other categories treated by them, to present a new actor: the 'flawed consumers' or, how we conceptualize, a “socially flawed individual”.Keywords: Consumption. Indebtedness. Pecuniary emulation. Liquid modernity.
An exploration of the perceptions of student midwives about midwifery education related to abortion
Authors: Myerscough Caroline , Briscoe Lesley 
Published: December 2020

Background There is variation in undergraduate curriculum content related to abortion, both nationally and internationally. Aims To explore how student midwives perceived education related to abortion within a midwifery curriculum. Methods A qualitative exploratory survey design used an anonymised questionnaire to capture the perception of 60 student midwives on education related to abortion. Frequency, distribution and themes generated were synthesised using framework analysis. Results A total of 45 students responded. Overall, 16 were in first year, 15 were in second year and 14 were third year students. Of those who had received education about abortion, only five (2.25%) expressed that their learning needs about the topic had been met. A total of 40% (18) had cared for women seeking abortion while in clinical placement. There were two overarching themes that were identified: education and values. Conclusions The theory of abortion did not prepare the students for practice. Standardised midwifery content is required, covering definition, process, and legal aspects of care around abortion, on international, national and local levels. Empathy was enhanced by exposure to theory or practice and a safe, reflective, educational space is essential to explore how perceptions change after exposure to the topic.
Heterogeneous integration of InP and Si3N4 waveguides based on interlayer coupling for an integrated optical gyroscope
Authors: He Yuming , Lu Ziqing , Kuai Xuebao , Feng Zuo , Han Weihua , Li Zhaofeng , Yan Wei , Yang Fuhua 
Published: December 2020

In this study, we demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, integrated indium phosphide (InP) and silicon nitride (

S
i

3

N

4

) waveguide platform, which is based on interlayer coupling, to achieve heterogeneous integration of a photodetector and waveguide ring resonator firstly. In order to improve the gyro bias stability, the

S
i

3

N

4

and InP waveguides were designed with a high polarization extinction ratio and ultra-low loss. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain methods are used to optimize the InP taper dimensions to provide efficient optical coupling between the

S
i

3

N

4

and InP waveguides. The optical coupler with a length of 100 µm is designed to achieve optical coupling between the

S
i

3

N

4

and InP waveguides while maintaining its state of polarization all the way from the taper waveguides. The coupling efficiency of the optimized interlayer coupler has been improved to about 99.5%.
Spurious fringe processing for dielectric metasurface profile measurement using white-light scanning interferometry
Authors: Sun Yifeng , Yu Haobiao , Ma Jianqiu , Hu Qiaowei , Huang Xu , Zhou Juntao , Xie Pengfei , Yang Zhongming , Lei Lihua , Fu Yunxia , Gao Zhishan , Yuan Qun 
Published: December 2020

Dielectric metasurfaces, which are capable of manipulating incident light, have been a novel branch of flat optics. This modulation ability is realized by nanostructures with space-variant geometrical parameters such as height and diameter. Therefore, accurate profile measurement of metasurfaces is of great importance. White-light scanning interferometry is widely used for profile measurement. The step height is retrieved by locating the envelope’s peak. However, spurious fringes attached to the desired fringes were observed at the measured area near the edge of nanostructures. Their amplitude distributions vary with the density of nanostructures as well as distance to the edge. Further, anomalous coherence signals with two fringe envelopes are produced, which result in inaccurate measurement results. We attributed this phenomenon to the complex light modulation by the nanostructures. When referring to the anomalous coherence signals for the top of the nanostructures, one envelope is produced by the top, and the other is produced by the bottom; however, it is difficult to distinguish these two, which is the same case for the bottom of the nanostructures. To automatically solve these obstacles, a signal processing method, which integrates the image segmentation technology to identify and divide the anomalous coherence signals, along with a Morlet wavelet transform to extract the fringe envelope, suitable for any measured area of the dielectric metasurface, is proposed. One metasurface belt consisting of seven kinds of nanopillars with varying arrayed densities that produce different coherence signals is measured. The diameter distribution ranges from 500 to 1250 nm with a constant height of 1850 nm. The local periods in the

X

and

Y

directions are 3020 and 1740 nm, respectively. Measurement results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for spurious fringes processing.
Converting a Texas Instruments DLP4710 DLP evaluation module into a spatial light modulator
Authors: Cox Mitchell A. , Drozdov Alice V. 
Published: December 2020

Digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) are a popular alternative to liquid crystal spatial light modulators for laser beam shaping due to their relatively low cost, high speed, and polarization and wavelength independence. Here we describe in detail how to convert a low-cost digital light projector (DLP) evaluation module that uses a Texas Instruments DLP4710 DMD into a spatial light modulator using a 3D printed mount. The resulting device is shown to accurately shape Laguerre–Gauss modes, is able to operate in real-time over HDMI without modification with a 180 Hz hologram refresh rate, and has a resolution of

1920
×
1080

pixels and diagonal screen size of 0.47 inches (11.9 mm).
Tunable pulse advancement and delay by frequency-chirped stimulated Raman gain with optical nanofiber
Authors: Qi Yun , Jin Wei , Ho Hoi Lut 
Published: December 2020

We demonstrate a novel method to optically tune the pulse advancement and delay based on stimulated Raman gain in hydrogen. With a frequency-chirped pump, the generated signal pulse is selectively amplified at the leading or trailing edge of the pump pulse, depending on whether the frequency difference between the pump and the signal beam is blue or red detuned from the Raman transition, which results in advancement or delay of the signal peak. Different from the method of slow/fast light, where advancement and delay are accompanied with power loss and gain, respectively, for a single resonance, both the advancement and delay are realized in the gain region for the method here. With a piece of 48-mm-long optical nanofiber in hydrogen, the time-shift for a signal peak ranging from 3.7 to −3.7 ns is achieved in a Raman-generated pulse with width of

.
Polymer waveguide tunable transceiver for photonic front-end in the 5G wireless network
Authors: Park Tae-Hyun , Kim Sung-Moon , Lee Eun-Su , Oh Min-Cheol 
Published: December 2020

A photonic front-end in the 5G wireless network based on wavelength-division multiplexing optical communication requires low-cost tunable transceivers. By exploiting polymer waveguide Bragg-grating technology, we propose a tunable transceiver consisting of an external cavity tunable laser and a tilted grating tunable filter. In particular, a double-reflection tunable filter provides narrower reflection bandwidth and suppresses undesired mode coupling, improving the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and reducing adjacent-channel crosstalk. By introducing perfluorinated polymers with low birefringence, polarization independence, which is a prerequisite for wavelength filter elements, is secured, and 20 dB bandwidth of 0.69 nm, wavelength tunability over 40 nm, and SMSR of 42 dB are achieved.
Sweetened beverages and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses’ Health Study: A cohort study
Authors: Struijk Ellen A. , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , Fung Teresa T. , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. , Lopez-Garcia Esther 
Published: December 2020

Background
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been consistently associated with a higher risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality, whereas evidence for artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and fruit juices on health is less solid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of SSBs, ASBs, and fruit juices in association with frailty risk among older women.

Methods and findings
We analyzed data from 71,935 women aged ≥60 (average baseline age was 63) participating in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), an ongoing cohort study initiated in 1976 among female registered nurses in the United States. Consumption of beverages was derived from 6 repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) administered between 1990 and 2010. Frailty was defined as having at least 3 of the following 5 criteria from the FRAIL scale: fatigue, poor strength, reduced aerobic capacity, having ≥5 chronic illnesses, and weight loss ≥5%. The occurrence of frailty was assessed every 4 years from 1992 to 2014. During 22 years of follow-up, we identified 11,559 incident cases of frailty. Consumption of SSBs was associated with higher risk of frailty after adjustment for diet quality, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and medication use, specifically, the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for ≥2 serving/day versus no SSB consumption was 1.32 (1.10, 1.57); p-value <0.001. ASBs were also associated with frailty [RR ≥2 serving/day versus no consumption: 1.28 (1.17, 1.39); p-value <0.001]. Orange juice was associated with lower risk of frailty [RR ≥1 serving/day versus no consumption: 0.82 (0.76, 0.87); p-value <0.001], whereas other juices were associated with a slightly higher risk [RR ≥1 serving/day versus no consumption: 1.15 (1.03, 1.28); p-value <0.001]. A limitation of this study is that, due to self-reporting of diet and frailty, certain misclassification bias cannot be ruled out; also, some residual confounding may persist.

Conclusions
In this study, we observed that consumption of SSBs and ASBs was associated with a higher risk of frailty. However, orange juice intake showed an inverse association with frailty. These results need to be confirmed in further studies using other frailty definitions.
New opportunities for the correction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypogonadism
Authors: Khripun Irina A. , Vorobyev Sergey V. , Allahverdieva Yanina Y. , Dzantieva Elizaveta O. , Rasskazova Maria A. 
Published: December 2020

Background: The common pathogenetic relations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), testosterone (T) deficiency and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have indicated a new direction in the study of their mutual influence. It was found that NAFLD is more pronounced in men with T2DM and hypogonadism than in eugonadal patients and associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, impaired lipid metabolism and adipose tissue dysfunction. However, the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on the severity of NAFLD in men with hypogonadism have not been studied.Aims: To study the effect of TRT on the severity of NAFLD in men with T2DM and hypogonadism.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometric data, biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), glucose, immunoreactive insulin, HOMA index, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipidogram), ELISA analysis (total T, LH, sex hormone binding globulin, resistin, adiponectin, leptin), as well as magnetic resonance imaging with determination of the liver fat fraction were examined.Results: The study included 60 men with T2DM and hypogonadism (mean age 54 [49; 57] years), who were randomized into 2 groups: 1 (n=30) - patients who received 1% transdermal T gel (50 mg/day) in addition to standard hypoglycemictherapy; 2 (n=30) - patients who received standard hypoglycemic therapy. The follow-up period was 6 months. T therapy was associated with a decrease in liver enzyme levels: AST by 31%, ALT by 21%, and GGTP by 15.9% (p<0.05) and the hepatic fat fraction by 1.7 times, which reflect the regress of liver inflammation, and, consequently, a decrease in the severity of NAFLD. Moreover, TRT has improved the function of adipose tissue - reduced the concentration of leptin by 1.4 times and resistin by 1.5 times, which was accompanied by an increase in adiponectin level by 1.3 times (p<0.01). The use of TRT was associated with decrease in the severity of visceral obesity, hyperinsulinemia by 1.5 times, an insulin resistance index HOMA by 2.2 times, fasting glycaemia and HbA1c levels, despite constant hypoglycemic therapy. Statistically significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in men receiving TRT. Thus, a decrease in adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in men receiving TRT can be considered as a pathogenetic mechanism responsible for improving liver function and reducing the severity of NAFLD.Conclusions: TRT in men with T2DM and hypogonadism is accompanied by regress of inflammatory activity in liver and intensity of hepatocytes steatosis, reflected by decrease in liver enzymes levels and liver fat fraction.
Factors Affecting Manufacturing Exports
Authors: Sumiyati Euis Eti 
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine the factors that influence manufacturing exports inIndonesia. This study uses time-series data with 40 data observations starting fromthe 1st quarter of 2010 to the 4th quarter of 2019. This study's analysis method is theÂ vector error correction model (VECM), which can dynamically describe the shortterm and long-term effects. Export determinants to be examined are inflation, theÂ rupiah exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Foreign DirectInvestment (FDI). This study indicates that inflation at lag 1 harms manufacturedexports both in the short and long term. Furthermore, GDP has a positive effect onmanufacturing exports in the short run at lag 1 and lag 2, while in the long run, GDPhas a positive effect only on lag 1. Meanwhile, the exchange rate and FDI factors didnot affect manufactured exports, both in the short and long term. This study impliesthat inflation and GDP are essential factors in designing policies to increase exportsin Indonesia, including exports of manufactured products.
PARÂMETROS CRÍTICOS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EXTRATOS SECOS VEGETAIS PADRONIZADOS OBTIDOS POR SPRAY-DRYING: DA PESQUISA A REALIDADE DA PRODUÇÃO
Authors: Lopes Deise Cristina Drummond Xavier Paes , Pereira Caroline da Silva , Castilho Caroline Vianna Velasco , Pietroluongo Márcia , Matos Ana Paula dos Santos , Guimarães Thiago Frances , Viçosa Alessandra Lifsitch 
Published: December 2020

O processo de secagem por atomização ou spray-drying é uma das operações mais frequentes para a obtenção de extratos secos a partir de plantas medicinais. No entanto, durante o processo de preparação desses insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) de origem vegetal, uma série de fatores podem afetar a qualidade desses produtos intermediários. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico científico e da legislação brasileira sobre medicamentos fitoterápicos, vivências do grupo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) da Fiocruz e da realização de Brainstorming entre os integrantes da equipe, foi elaborado um diagrama de causa e efeito (Diagrama de Ishikawa). Tal pesquisa teve o objetivo de levantar pontos críticos no processo de produção desses IFA de origem vegetal, apontando aspectos do processo de spray-drying de ordem teórica e prática que poderiam afetar a qualidade do produto fitoterápico. Com base nas informações mencionadas no diagrama e na discussão desses pontos acerca de cada etapa até a preparação do extrato seco, foi possível racionalizar o processo de obtenção desse intermediário, com foco em transformá-lo em produto fitoterápico.