bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of (40K, 238U and 232Th) and Associated Dose Rates in Soil and Commonly Consumed Foods (Vegetables and Tubers) at Okitipupa, Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Ibitola, Gilbert A. , Olanrewaju Ajanaku , Abiola Olawale Ilori, , O. Aremu R. , A. A. Omosebi I. 
Published: June 2020

The aim of this present study is to collect soil samples and some commonly consumed food materials in Ondo State, Nigeria such as tubers (cassava, Manihot esculent and yam, Dioscorea alata) samples and vegetables (waterleaf, Talinium triangulare and bitter leaf, Vernonia amygdalina) samples at some selected locations in Okitipupa, Ondo state, Southwestern, Nigeria in order to determine the following natural radionuclides (40K, 238U and 232Th) levels using a well calibrated NaI(TI) which is well shielded with a detector coupled to a computer resident quantum MCA2100R Multichannel. The transfer factors, annual absorbed dose rate and the annual effective dose in the samples collected were estimated.
The results showed that the measured natural radionuclides were present in the mean concentrations of 323.79 ± 12.45 Bqkg-1, 81.87 ± 45.30 Bqkg-1 and 57.62 ± 18.04 Bqkg-1 for 40K; 11.76 ± 36.03 Bqkg-1, 4.67 ± 10.12 Bqkg-1 and 3.45 ± 2.10 Bqkg-1 for 238U and 9.66 ± 0.89 Bqkg-1, 3.07 ± 2.45 Bqkg-1 and 2.45 ± 0.92 Bqkg-1 for 232Th for soil, yam and cassava samples respectively. The results also showed that the radionuclides were present in the concentrations of 11.76 ± 36.03 Bqkg-1 and 9.66 ± 0.89 Bqkg-1 for 40K; 9.67 ± 8.53 Bqkg-1 and 7.87 ± 1.89 Bqkg-1 for 238U and 8.63 ± 6.08 Bqkg-1 and 6.58 ± 0.76 Bqkg-1 for 232Th for waterleaf and bitter leaf samples respectively. The soil-to-yam transfer factors were found to be 0.26, 0.40 and 0.32 for 40K, 238U and 232Th and soil-to-cassava yam transfer factors were found to be 0.18, 0.29 and 0.25 for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively. The soil-to-waterleaf transfer factors were found to be 0.37, 0.82 and 0.82 for 40K, 238U and 232Th while the soil-to-bitter leaf transfer factors were found to be 0.32, 0.74 and 0.68 for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively.
The mean absorbed dose rate was 25.08 ± 0.57 and the mean annual outdoor effective dose was 46.17 . The annual effective dose reported for this present study area represents 65.95% of the world average value of 70.00 and 47.11% of Nigeria value of 98.00 mSvy-1
Comparison of Iron Plasma Atomic and Radiative Properties Computed with a Relativistic Collisional Radiative Average Atom Code versus Other Models
Authors: J. Benita A. 
Published: June 2020

In this paper, it is presented a representative sample of steady state iron plasmas focusing the attention on two issues. First, the huge computation capability extension up to millions of plasmas with the implementation of a collisional radiative balance in the relativistic average atom model ATMED. Second, it will be addressed the good agreement of atomic and radiative properties not only with respect to very recent experimental measurements of laboratories and High Energy Density facilities, but also to the last theoretical developments in quantum mechanics of statistical methods, as new codes based on the self consistent Hartree-Fock-Slater model for the average atom which in turn solve the Schrödinger’s or Dirac’s equations of radial wave functions. The new codes have been validated with some state of the art models as OPAL, SCO-RCG, STA, CASSANDRA, LEDCOP, THERMOS, etc.
The results for plasma properties can be considered as relatively precise and optimal, being checked fundamentally the high sensitivity of calculations to changes in regime, local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) or non-LTE (NLTE), electronic and radiation temperatures, dilution factor, matter or electronic density and plasma length. The systematic theoretical investigation is carried out through comparison of calculations performed with a wide set of atomic collisional radiative codes with detailed configurations or codes of the average atom formalism. Some transmissions computed with ATMED CR using UTA (Unresolved Transition Array) formalism are also checked with respect to very recent experimental measurements of laboratories.
On the Role of Squared Neutron Number in Reducing Nuclear Binding Energy in the Light of Electromagnetic, Weak and Nuclear Gravitational Constants – A Review
Authors: Seshavatharam U. V. S. , Lakshminarayana S. 
Published: June 2020

With reference to authors recently proposed three virtual atomic gravitational constants and nuclear elementary charge, close to stable mass numbers, it is possible to show that, squared neutron number plays a major role in reducing nuclear binding energy. In this context, Z=30 onwards, ‘inverse of the strong coupling constant’, can be inferred as a representation of the maximum strength of nuclear interaction and 10.09 MeV can be considered as a characteristic nuclear binding energy coefficient. Coulombic energy coefficient being 0.695 MeV, semi empirical mass formula - volume, surface, asymmetric and pairing energy coefficients can be shown to be 15.29 MeV, 15.29 MeV, 23.16 MeV and 10.09 MeV respectively. Volume and Surface energy terms can be represented with (A-A2/3-1)*15.29 MeV. With reference to nuclear potential of 1.162 MeV and coulombic energy coefficient, close to stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with two simple terms having an effective binding energy coefficient of [10.09-(1.162+0.695)/2] = 9.16 MeV. Nuclear binding energy can also be fitted with five terms having a single energy coefficient of 10.09 MeV. With further study, semi empirical mass formula can be simplified with respect to strong coupling constant.
Methodology of master planning in the design of People's Commune‐Case study on the plan of Weixing Commune, Suiping County, Zhumadian City, Henan Province‐
Authors: Yu Fei , Nakatani Norihito 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study aims to grasp the process of modernization in rural China during a period of social transformation that saw the overlapping of Communism and Modernism. Founded in 1958, Weixing Commune was the first funded People's Commune and a group of architectural professionals participated in its design. The analysis of the concept and planning method of Weixing commune clearly indicates that, when facing the task of designing the commune in the 1950s under the communist ideology, the design group tried to adapt the concept of modern urban planning from the west.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Patient Education Tools for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lopez‐Olivo Maria A. , Lin Heather , Rizvi Tara , Barbo Barthel Andrea , Ingleshwar Aparna , des Bordes Jude K. A. , Jibaja‐Weiss Maria , Volk Robert J. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of 2 educational tools for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by comparing a newly developed video tool, including storylines and testimonials, combined with a written booklet to the same written booklet alone.MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial. Our primary outcome was disease knowledge. Secondary outcomes were decisional conflict, self‐efficacy, effective health care management, and satisfaction. Outcomes were measured before and after reviewing the materials, and 3 and 6 months later. Linear mixed‐effects models were performed to evaluate changes over time.ResultsIn total, 221 participants received an educational video and booklet (n = 111) or a booklet alone (n = 110). The mean age was 50.8 years, mean disease duration was 4.8 years, 85% were female, and 24% had limited health literacy levels. Within groups, most outcomes improved between baseline and follow‐up, but there were no statistically significant differences across groups. Patients receiving the video and booklet were more likely than those receiving the booklet alone to rate the presentation as excellent for providing information about the impact of RA, medication options, evidence about medications, benefits of medication, and self‐care options. Factors significantly associated with greater improvements in knowledge and decisional conflict from baseline to 6 months included limited health literacy, lower educational level, and shorter disease duration.ConclusionRegardless of the delivery method, outcomes were improved up to 6 months after educational materials were delivered. Our findings support the implementation of self‐administered educational materials in clinical settings, as they can result in sustained improvements in disease knowledge and decisional conflict.
Fabrication of MAPbBr3 Single Crystal p‐n Photodiode and n‐p‐n Phototriode for Sensitive Light Detection Application
Authors: Liang Feng‐Xia , Jiang Jing‐Jing , Zhao Yao‐Zu , Zhang Zhi‐Xiang , Wu Di , Zeng Long‐Hui , Tsang Yuen Hong , Luo Lin‐Bao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, MAPbBr3 single crystal (MSC) p‐n perovskite homojunction photodiode and n‐p‐n phototriode are successfully fabricated through controlled incorporation of Bi3+ ions in solution. Optoelectronic analysis reveals that the photodiode shows typical photovoltaic behavior and the best photovoltaic performance can be achieved when the n‐type MSC is grown in 0.3% Bi3+ feed solution. The as‐assembled p‐n MSC photovoltaic detector displays obvious sensitivity to 520 nm illumination, with a high responsivity of up to 0.62 A W‐1 and a specific detectivity of 2.16 × 1012 Jones, which surpass many those of MSC photodetectors previously reported. Further performance optimization can be realized by constructing an n‐p‐n phototriode using the same growth method. The photocurrent magnification rate of the as‐fabricated n‐p‐n phototriode can reach a maximum value of 2.9 × 103. Meanwhile, a higher responsivity of 14.47 A W‐1, specific detectivity of 4.67 × 1013 Jones, and an external quantum efficiency of up to 3.46 × 103 are achieved under an emitter–collector bias of 8 V. These results confirm that the present p‐n and n‐p‐n MSC homojunctions are promising device configurations, which may find potential application in future optoelectronic devices and systems.
Transient Support from Fibroblasts is Sufficient to Drive Functional Vascularization in Engineered Tissues
Authors: Song Hyun‐Ho Greco , Lammers Alex , Sundaram Subramanian , Rubio Logan , Chen Amanda X. , Li Linqing , Eyckmans Jeroen , Bhatia Sangeeta N. , Chen Christopher S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFormation of capillary blood vasculature is a critical requirement for native as well as engineered organs and can be induced in vitro by coculturing endothelial cells with fibroblasts. However, whether these fibroblasts are required only in the initial morphogenesis of endothelial cells or needed throughout is unknown, and the ability to remove these stromal cells after assembly can be useful for clinical translation. In this study, a technique termed CAMEO (Controlled Apoptosis in Multicellular Tissues for Engineered Organogenesis) is introduced, whereby fibroblasts are selectively ablated on demand, and it is utilized to probe the dispensability of fibroblasts in vascular morphogenesis. The presence of fibroblasts is shown to be necessary only during the first few days of endothelial cell morphogenesis, after which they can be ablated without significantly affecting the structural and functional features of the developed vasculature. Furthermore, the use of CAMEO to vascularize a construct containing primary human hepatocytes that improved tissue function is demonstrated. In conclusion, this study suggests that transient, initial support from fibroblasts is sufficient to drive vascular morphogenesis in engineered tissues, and this strategy of engineering‐via‐elimination may provide a new general approach for achieving desired functions and cell compositions in engineered organs.
Bench‐to‐Bedside Lessons Learned: Commercialization of an Acellular Nerve Graft
Authors: Kasper Mary , Deister Curt , Beck Florence , Schmidt Christine E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury can result in debilitating outcomes including loss of function and neuropathic pain. Although nerve repair research and therapeutic development are widely studied, translation of these ideas into clinical interventions has not occurred at the same rate. At the turn of this century, approaches to peripheral nerve repair have included microsurgical techniques, hollow conduits, and autologous nerve grafts. These methods provide satisfactory results; however, they possess numerous limitations that can prevent effective surgical treatment. Commercialization of Avance, a processed nerve allograft, sought to address limitations of earlier approaches by providing an off‐the‐shelf alternative to hollow conduits while maintaining many proregenerative properties of autologous grafts. Since its launch in 2007, Avance has changed the landscape of the nerve repair market and is used to treat tens of thousands of patients. Although Avance has become an important addition to surgeon and patient clinical options, the product's journey from bench to bedside took over 20 years with many research and commercialization challenges. This article reviews the events that have brought a processed nerve allograft from the laboratory bench to the patient bedside. Additionally, this review provides a perspective on lessons and considerations that can assist in translation of future medical products.
Polymeric Nanocarriers with Controlled Chain Flexibility Boost mRNA Delivery In Vivo through Enhanced Structural Fastening
Authors: Miyazaki Takuya , Uchida Satoshi , Nagatoishi Satoru , Koji Kyoko , Hong Taehun , Fukushima Shigeto , Tsumoto Kouhei , Ishihara Kazuhiko , Kataoka Kazunori , Cabral Horacio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMessenger RNA (mRNA) shows high therapeutic potential, though effective delivery systems are still needed for boosting its application. Nanocarriers loading mRNA via polyion complexation with block catiomers into core‐shell micellar structures are promising systems for enhancing mRNA delivery. Engineering the interaction between mRNA and catiomers through polymer design can promote the development of mRNA‐loaded micelles (mRNA/m) with increased delivery efficiency. Particularly, the polycation chain rigidity may critically affect the mRNA‐catiomer interplay to yield potent nanocarriers, yet its effect remains unknown. Herein, the influence of polycation stiffness on the performance of mRNA/m by developing block complementary catiomers having polycation segments with different flexibility, that is, poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(glycidylbutylamine) (PEG‐PGBA) and PEG‐poly(L‐lysine) (PEG‐PLL) is studied. PEG‐PGBA allows more than 50‐fold stronger binding to mRNA than the relatively more rigid PEG‐PLL, resulting in mRNA/m with enhanced protection against enzymatic attack and polyanions. mRNA/m from PEG‐PGBA significantly enhances mRNA in vivo bioavailability and increased protein translation, indicating the importance of controlling polycation flexibility for forming stable polyion complexes with mRNA toward improved delivery.
Fiber‐Reinforced Viscoelastomers Show Extraordinary Crack Resistance That Exceeds Metals
Authors: Cui Wei , King Daniel R. , Huang Yiwan , Chen Liang , Sun Tao Lin , Guo Yunzhou , Saruwatari Yoshiyuki , Hui Chung‐Yuen , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSoft fiber‐reinforced polymers (FRPs), consisting of rubbery matrices and rigid fabrics, are widely utilized in industry because they possess high specific strength in tension while allowing flexural deformation under bending or twisting. Nevertheless, existing soft FRPs are relatively weak against crack propagation due to interfacial delamination, which substantially increases their risk of failure during use. In this work, a class of soft FRPs that possess high specific strength while simultaneously showing extraordinary crack resistance are developed. The strategy is to synthesize tough viscoelastic matrices from acrylate monomers in the presence of woven fabrics, which generates soft composites with a strong interface and interlocking structure. Such composites exhibit fracture energy, Γ, of up to 2500 kJ m−2, exceeding the toughest existing materials. Experimental elucidation shows that the fracture energy obeys a simple relation, Γ = W · lT, where W is the volume‐weighted average of work of extension at fracture of the two components and lT is the force transfer length that scales with the square root of fiber/matrix modulus ratio. Superior Γ is achieved through a combination of extraordinarily large lT (10–100 mm), resulting from the extremely high fiber/matrix modulus ratios (104–105), and the maximized energy dissipation density, W. The elucidated quantitative relationship provides guidance toward the design of extremely tough soft composites.
Air‐Stable Organic Radicals: New‐Generation Materials for Flexible Electronics?
Authors: Ji Lei , Shi Junqing , Wei Juan , Yu Tao , Huang Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the last few years, air‐stable organic radicals and radical polymers have attracted tremendous attention due to their outstanding performance in flexible electronic devices, including transistors, batteries, light‐emitting diodes, thermoelectric and photothermal conversion devices, and among many others. The main issue of radicals from laboratory studies to real‐world applications is that the number of known air‐stable radicals is very limited, and the radicals that have been used as materials are even less. Here, the known and newly developed air‐stable organic radicals are summarized, generalizing the way of observing air‐stable radicals. The special electric and photophysical properties of organic radicals and radical polymers are interpreted, which give radicals a wide scope for various of potential applications. Finally, the exciting applications of radicals that have been achieved in flexible electronic devices are summarized. The aim herein is to highlight the recent achievements in radicals in chemistry, materials science, and flexible electronics, and further bridge the gap between these three disciplines.
Stable and Biocompatible Carbon Nanotube Ink Mediated by Silk Protein for Printed Electronics
Authors: Liang Xiaoping , Li Haifang , Dou Jinxin , Wang Qi , He Wenya , Wang Chunya , Li Donghang , Lin Jin‐Ming , Zhang Yingying 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInk‐based processes, which enable scalable fabrication of flexible devices based on nanomaterials, are one of the practical approaches for the production of wearable electronics. However, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which possess great potential for flexible electronics, are facing challenges for use in inks due to their low dispersity in most solvents and suspicious cytotoxicity. Here, a stable and biocompatible CNT ink, which is stabilized by sustainable silk sericin and free from any artificial chemicals, is reported. The ink shows stability up to months, which can be attributed to the formation of sericin–CNT (SSCNT) hybrid through non‐covalent interactions. It is demonstrated that the SSCNT ink can be used for fabricating versatile circuits on textile, paper, and plastic films through various techniques. As proofs of concept, electrocardiogram electrodes, breath sensors, and electrochemical sensors for monitoring human health and activity are fabricated, demonstrating the great potential of the SSCNT ink for smart wearables.
Crystallization in Confinement
Authors: Meldrum Fiona C. , O'Shaughnessy Cedrick 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization, the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk solution. Here, the influence of confinement on crystallization processes is described, drawing together information from fields as diverse as bioinspired mineralization, templating, pharmaceuticals, colloidal crystallization, and geochemistry. Experiments are principally conducted within confining systems that offer well‐defined environments, varying from droplets in microfluidic devices, to cylindrical pores in filtration membranes, to nanoporous glasses and carbon nanotubes. Dramatic effects are observed, including a stabilization of metastable polymorphs, a depression of freezing points, and the formation of crystals with preferred orientations, modified morphologies, and even structures not seen in bulk. Confinement is also shown to influence crystallization processes over length scales ranging from the atomic to hundreds of micrometers, and to originate from a wide range of mechanisms. The development of an enhanced understanding of the influence of confinement on crystal nucleation and growth will not only provide superior insight into crystallization processes in many real‐world environments, but will also enable this phenomenon to be used to control crystallization in applications including nanomaterial synthesis, heavy metal remediation, and the prevention of weathering.
Propagation Control of Octahedral Tilt in SrRuO3 via Artificial Heterostructuring
Authors: Jeong Seung Gyo , Han Gyeongtak , Song Sehwan , Min Taewon , Mohamed Ahmed Yousef , Park Sungkyun , Lee Jaekwang , Jeong Hu Young , Kim Young‐Min , Cho Deok‐Yong , Choi Woo Seok 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBonding geometry engineering of metal–oxygen octahedra is a facile way of tailoring various functional properties of transition metal oxides. Several approaches, including epitaxial strain, thickness, and stoichiometry control, have been proposed to efficiently tune the rotation and tilt of the octahedra, but these approaches are inevitably accompanied by unnecessary structural modifications such as changes in thin‐film lattice parameters. In this study, a method to selectively engineer the octahedral bonding geometries is proposed, while maintaining other parameters that might implicitly influence the functional properties. A concept of octahedral tilt propagation engineering is developed using atomically designed SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (SRO/STO) superlattices. In particular, the propagation of RuO6 octahedral tilt within the SRO layers having identical thicknesses is systematically controlled by varying the thickness of adjacent STO layers. This leads to a substantial modification in the electromagnetic properties of the SRO layer, significantly enhancing the magnetic moment of Ru. This approach provides a method to selectively manipulate the bonding geometry of strongly correlated oxides, thereby enabling a better understanding and greater controllability of their functional properties.