bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on maxillary sinus dimensions by computed tomography in population of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Muthukumaravel N , Manjunath K.Y 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Maxillary sinuses are the largest of the paranasal sinuses known for variability in their dimensions. The maxillary sinus dimensions can be better ascertained in living by using computed tomography instead of plain radiography. This study was planned for highlighting the variations in the dimensions of the maxillary sinuses of population of Tamil Nadu region. The aims of the present study were to estimate dimensions of the maxillary sinuses on computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head of patients from Tamil Nadu and to compare the data gender wise and sidewise. Material and methods: Maximum width, height and depth of maxillary sinus of both sides were measured in CT - head images of 100 males and 100 females of 20-50 years of age in Tamil Nadu.
Comparison of data between genders and sides by applying unpaired student "t" test was done. Results : The mean depth, height and width of both right and left maxillary sinuses were comparatively less in females than the males and the difference was found to be statistically significant ( P <.0001). On comparison between the sides of maxillary sinuses, the depth and the height of maxillary sinus did not show any significant difference in the measurements (p >.05), whereas the width of the left side (23.96 mm) was higher than that of the right side (23.69) and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P<.05). The combined average maxillary sinus dimensions (in mm) for both genders in the study population of Tamil Nadu are as follows: Right side depth: 33.71 ± 1.00; Left side depth : 33.65 ± 1.22; Right side height: 34.66 ± 2.71; Left side height: 34.74± 2.48; Right side width: 23.69 ± 0.78 and Left side width: 23.96 ± 0.86. Conclusion: The dimensions of maxillary sinuses in males were found to be larger than those of females and this difference was statistically significant. The average width of the maxillary sinuses on the left side is significantly more than that of right sided sinuses. Computed tomography measurements of maxillary sinuses may be useful in gender determination.
Histogenesis of gastric mucosa in human fetal stomach
Authors: Roy Nivedita , Roy Sagnik 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Human fetal stomach starts developing at 4th week of gestational age. The precise knowledge of development of gastric mucosa is important for better understanding, diagnosis and treatment of different clinical conditions like Intestinal metaplasia, pernicious anaemia, heterotopic pancreatic tissue, atrophic gastritis etc. All these conditions are related to anomalous histogenesis of stomach. The aim of the study was to find out development of lining epithelium, gastric pits and glands and their ratio, time of appearance of different gastric mucosal cells in different weeks of gestation. Materials and methods: Sixty three normal fresh aborted fetuses were collected from obstetrics and gynaecology department of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The fetuses were dissected and stomach was gently taken out, fixed in
10% normal saline and Bouin's fluid followed by processing of the tissue. Staining was done with Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's Trichrome. Results: The lining epithelium of stomach was seen to be simple cuboidal at 15 to 16 weeks which changed to columnar at 17th week of age. Gastric pits were seen to be very shallow in fundic part at 15th week and attained adult pattern by 28th week where as in pyloric part pits were deeper than fundic part from 17th week onwards. Parietal cells were frrst appreciated by 19th-20th week, chief cells and mucous neck cell were first seen by 25th-26th and 23rd-24th weeks respectively. Entero­ endocrine cells were seen from 26th week onwards. No funding was suggestive of intestinal metaplasia or heterotopic pancreatic tissue or any other histogenetic anomaly. Conclusion: Very few studies have been conducted so far regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach in India. The present study is expected to supplement known data and knowledge regarding histogenesis of human fetal stomach and help in diagnosis and treatment of related congenital anomalies.
Magnetic resonance evaluation with staging of biopsy proven cases of cancer cervix and to compare with FIGO staging
Authors: Dutta Parul , Baruah Prabahita , Padmanabhan Aswin , Hazarika Karuna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Cervical cancer in India and many other developing countries is a public health concern affecting women of all age groups. The prognosis of cervical cancer is based on the stage, size, and histological grade of the primary tumour and the status of the lymph nodes. Assessment of the stage of disease is important in determining whether the patient may benefit from surgery or will receive radiation therapy. Currently MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) due to its excellent soft-tissue contrast resolution, which exceeds that of CT (Computed Tomography) scanning and ultrasonography, is slowly gaining momentum in pre-treatment evaluation of cancer cervix. Materials and methods: The study was conducted as an analytical study comparing Clinical and MRI staging methods for carcinoma cervix using the same basic staging criteria advised by FIGO (The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics). Total of 48 cases were studied. Results: MRI evaluation of cancer cervix cases with vaginal invasion, parametrial invasion, bowel and bladder invasion etc. were done and compared with histopathological findings. Conclusion: it is recommended that MRI could be included in routine staging of all cases of cancer cervix.
Abnormal formation of medial cord of brachial plexus - a case report
Authors: Baishya Rupak Jyoti , Saikia Rubi , Medhi Shobhana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBrachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that supplies the upper limb. The anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks form lateral cord and that of the lower trunk form medial cord. Posterior divisions of all the three trunks form the posterior cord. Here we report a case of unilateral variation in the formation of medial cord of brachial plexus during dissection of a female perinatal cadaver of 34 weeks of gestation which was dissected as a part of Congenital Malformation Survey conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh with necessary ethical clearance. Medial cord was formed by the anterior division of lower trunk and this cord had a communication from the posterior division of middle trunk. It is very important to be aware of the variations of the cords of the brachial plexus during different invasive procedures in that region.
Occipitalization of atlas - a case report
Authors: Barma Saranya Deb , Rabba Gunamani , Talukdar Kunjalal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe atlas vertebra articulates with the occipital bone of the skull by a pair of sunovial joints. Occipitalization is a congenital fusion of the atlas to the base of the occiput which reduces the foramen mangnum dimension leading to neurological complications due to compression of spinal cord. Individuals with occipitalization of the atlas may have low hairline, torticollis, restricted neck movement and abnormal short neck. During routine osteology demonstration class for undergraduate students, a total atlanto-occipital fusion was seen. The clinical implications of altanto-occipitalization may be beneficial for neurosurgeons, neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists in day-to-day clinical practice.
Unilateral high division of brachial artery
Authors: Sucharitha T. M. , Hema L. , Phanindra S. V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractArterial variations in the arm are of great clinical importance as this area is commonly involved in many surgical and invasive procedures. During dissection, we observed in the right upper limb a variation in the division and branching pattern of brachial artery in a female cadaver. The short segmented brachial artery divided about 6 cms. above the line joining the epicondyles of the humerus, but not in the cubital fossa. The course of the two divisions in the forearm is normal. Knowledge of these variation patterns is useful during surgeries.
Study of prehilar branching pattern of renal artery in human cadaveric kidneys
Authors: Kumar Uday , Prabha Ratna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Kidneys are the pair of excretory organs situated retroperitoneally in the lumbar region on either side of vertebral column. Classically there is a single renal artery supplying each kidney which arises from abdominal aorta. Understanding the anatomy of vascular pattern of kidney is important for clinicians to perform renal transplantation, interventional radiological stodies. The present stody was undertaken for studying the prehilar vascular pattern of renal artery. Material and methods: Kidneys were collected from the department of Anatomy, Navodaya Medical College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka. Totally 84 kidneys were collected, the kidney containing full renal arteries from aorta were selected. The abnormal shaped kidneys were excluded from the stody. The blunt dissection was done to remove fat, loose connective tissue at the hilum and the artery was coloured with fabric red colour and photographed. Results: Out of 84 kidneys, single renal artery was seen in 72 cases and 12 kidney specimens showed double renal arteries. The single renal artery divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The anterior division was classified into three types of which, type I showed 43.06% incidence, type II showed 33.33% and type III showed 23.61% incidence. The posterior division was classified into two types of which type I showed 69.44% and type II showed 30.56%. Superior polar arteries were seen in 13.09% and inferior polar artery was seen in 5.95% cases. Conclusion : A sound knowledge of branching pattern of renal artery is important for urologists and radiologists for giving proper diagnosis and treatment. The present study mainly aims for prehilar vascular pattern of renal artery which may be usefull for renal transplantation and microvascular surgeries of kidneys.
1.1.2 Palladium/Copper and Palladium/Nickel Dual Catalysis
Authors: Riant O. , Rout S. K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent years have witnessed significant advances in molecular synthesis through rationally designed dual catalysis. Major achievements in dual catalysis have been accomplished with the aid of highly chemoselective palladium/copper and palladium/nickel catalyst systems. These examples have showcased the full compatibility of transition-metal catalysts with one another. To date, numerous examples of palladium/copper or palladium/nickel catalysis have been successfully performed, demonstrating the achievement of chemical syntheses via greener processes with alternative energy sources.
1.1.3 Rhodium/Palladium Dual Catalysis
Authors: Kim U B. , Lee S.-g. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews the development and applications of rhodium/palladium dual catalysis in organic synthesis. Dual catalysis can be broadly classified into two types: (1) Synergistic dual catalysis, where two independent rhodium and palladium catalytic cycles operate simultaneously to activate two different starting materials with balanced kinetics to afford two catalytically activated intermediates. These activated intermediates react with each other to afford the final product. (2) Orthogonal tandem dual catalysis, where two catalytic cycles operate in a sequential manner, one after the other, to promote two or more mechanistically distinct reaction steps in a single pot to furnish the product. The first part of the chapter covers synergistic rhodium/palladium dual catalysis, detailing examples that feature a direct reaction between rhodium-activated intermediates and orthogonal, palladium-activated intermediates. The second part of the chapter describes one-pot reactions that utilize initial rhodium catalysis and sequential palladium catalysis. A single example where initial palladium catalysis is followed by subsequent rhodium catalysis is also presented.
1.1.4 Iridium/Zinc and Iridium/Copper Dual Catalysis
Authors: Huo X. , He R. , Zhang W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSynergistic bimetallic catalysis is gaining increasing attention due to its advantages over traditional catalytic methodologies. These advantages include double activation, accurate control of reaction sites, double stereochemical control, and potential in stereodivergent synthesis. This review documents advances in the field and provides an up-to-date overview of recent developments in the use of iridium/zinc and iridium/copper catalyst systems.
1.1.6 Gold Dual Catalysis with Palladium, Nickel, or Rhodium
Authors: Patil N. T. , Tathe A. G. , Bhoyare V. W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe unique intermediates accessible by exploiting the soft π-acid character of gold catalysts, make them an attractive option for dual metal catalysis reactions. Together with palladium, nickel, or rhodium, each having their own distinct character, dual catalysis with gold offers exclusive opportunities for reactivity and selectivity in installing carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom linkages. For instance, gold dual catalysis with palladium can be an advanced tool for cross-coupling reactions. On the other hand, unlike palladium, nickel is more readily susceptible to single-electron redox processes and hence can offer reactivity both parallel to and different from that of palladium. Another potential candidate, rhodium, is considered for dual catalysis with gold because it showcases unique reactivity such as C–H activation/transmetalation and conjugate addition. When compared to using single-metal catalyst systems, such dual-metal associations result in efficient one-pot approaches to highly regio- and stereoselective syntheses of molecules via cross couplings, cycloadditions, or rearrangements.
1.2.1 General Principles of Transition-Metal/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Tellis J. C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe combination of transition-metal catalysis and visible-light photocatalysis offers opportunities for the development of unique new forms of reactivity. Presented in this chapter is an overview of the various strategies that can be used to design these dual catalytic transformations. Emphasis is placed on understanding the specific role that a photocatalyst can play in augmenting the reactivity of a substrate or cocatalyst to achieve otherwise challenging transformations.
1.2.2 Nickel/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Primer D. N. , Molander G. A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter outlines the broad scope of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Among the newer approaches to organic synthesis that engender the concept of dual catalysis, photoredox/nickel dual-catalytic cross-coupling reactions comprise one of the most rapidly developing and powerful tactics. Taken as a whole, these transformations enable novel carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond constructions that were previously challenging, if not impossible, to carry out. Most remarkably, these processes are most often carried out under near-neutral reaction conditions at ambient temperatures, with the energy to drive the reactions being provided solely by visible-light sources, thus enabling the incorporation of a broad range of diverse functional groups. As described, the development of these processes therefore provides one means to address the longstanding challenge of late-stage assembly of highly functionalized molecules via cross-coupling strategies.
1.2.3 Palladium/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Muralirajan K. , Rueping M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPalladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are of great importance in chemistry. Merging palladium catalysis with photoredox catalysis has recently led to promising improvements, and typical problems associated with the use of stoichiometric oxidants, higher temperature, and harsh reaction conditions could be addressed. This chapter outlines recent developments in palladium/photoredox dual catalyzed C–C and C–N bond-formation reactions using visible-light irradiation.
1.2.4 Gold/Photocatalyst Dual Catalysis
Authors: Barriault L. , Zidan M. , Rohe S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe use of gold catalysts in classical two-electron cross-couplings is notoriously impractical due to the high oxidation potential of gold(I)/gold(III) [e.g., E0 (AuI/AuIII) = +1.36 V]. However, when used in tandem with photocatalysts, the gold center can be oxidized one electron at a time, making cross-coupling style reactions with gold more viable. The gold(III) intermediate also has the potential to act as a Lewis acid prior to its reductive elimination step, which has spurred development of multi-bond-forming dual catalytic transformations. This dual-catalytic strategy is also applied in reactions with gold as a photocatalyst in conjunction with an organocatalyst to effectuate traditionally challenging cross couplings.
Engineering geometrical 3-dimensional untethered in vitro neural tissue mimic
Authors: Pagan-Diaz Gelson J. , Ramos-Cruz Karla P. , Sam Richard , Kandel Mikhail E. , Aydin Onur , Saif M. Taher A. , Popescu Gabriel , Bashir Rashid 
Published: December 2019

SignificanceForward design of tissue-like structures is very important for biomedical and engineering applications. We developed a methodology for designing 3-dimensional (3D) neural tissue mimics that can be formed into desired shapes and sizes, while maintaining their electrical functionality, and can be physically transferred to different platforms. These biofabricated neural constructs could facilitate assembling biological machines, advance methods for assessment of neural functionality in vitro, and support the development of improved models for disease studies.
The present status of fixed lift net fishing in Banten Bay Indonesia
Authors: Susanto A , Nurdin H S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Banten Bay is the main fishing ground for small scale fishing activity in Banten Province. The fishers use several fishing gears, such as gillnet, trap, hook and line, danish seine, and lift net. However, a lift net fishery has a significant contribution to fish production in Archipelagic Fishing Port of Karangantu, Serang City. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of fixed lift net fishing in Banten Bay. The research was conducted on Mei to July 2019 through survey and field observation. There are more than 150 units of fixed lift net operated in Banten Bay, that have landing place in Karangantu and Panjang Island. The rectangle lift nets (10Wx10L m2) are fixed at six to ten-meter depth. The fishers used four to six pressure kerosene lamps as a light source before 2010. However, since 2010 the fishers changed the lamp to the electrical light source due to high price, and limited availability of kerosene. In peak season, the lift nets have high productivity (500-1000 kg/trip). The productivity was decreased in the low season (< 100 kg/trip). The main target species in fixed lift net fishing are anchovies and squids with a potential margin more than IDR 60 million per year.
Empowerment of farmers in increasing production of environmentally friendly soybean plants: case study in Pandeglang regency Indonesia
Authors: Mulyaningsih A , Sumantri A T 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Soybean is one of the food commodities needed as a supplement to food nutrition because it is rich in vegetable protein, carbohydrates and fats. This study aims to analyze the empowerment of soybean farmers in Pandeglang Regency. The population in this study were soybean farmers in two sub-districts in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, namely Carita and Panimbang Subdistricts, which are centers of soybean plants. The number of samples is 150 farmers, soybean, two sub-districts in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. The research activities were carried out for three months (April to June 2019). Data is collected and processed using descriptive statistics and inferencing statistics. Data analysis with Different Mann Withney Test. The results showed that there were significant differences in the empowerment of farmers in the two sub-districts in Pandeglang District, where the empowerment of soybean farmers in Carita District was lower than that of Soybean Farmers in Panimbang District. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the empowerment of soybean farmers in Carita Subdistrict by increasing technical capabilities in managing soybean farming, the ability to overcome problems in soybean farming, to improve soybean farming planning capabilities. In addition, it is also necessary to increase the perception of soybean farmers that soybean commodities are potential commodities to be developed.
Development strategies of agricultural sector toward environmental externalities: case study in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wirakusuma G , Irham  , Hartono S , Mulyo J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research was conducted to measure the agricultural sector’s externalities and to generate a model of proper strategies to encourage sustainable economic development through the agricultural sector. This research employed time-series data of 1987-2016 periods at selected province in Indonesia (East Java). Agricultural sector’s externalities were addressed by environmental degradation variables (greenhouse gas emissions) and environmental carrying capacity variable. The 2006 IPCC guidelines for green house gas inventories tier 1 and land balance approach was utilized to calculate those externalities. Furthermore, for generating a model of proper strategies, the second law of thermodynamics was applied through a simultaneous equation model that was analyzed with Two-Stage Least Square method. This research revealed that agricultural income, environmental degradation, and environmental capacity have simultaneously significant interrelationship. Intensifying credit allocation for rural farm household and adding direct investment in the agriculture sector can decrease environmental degradation, escalate environmental carrying capacity, and increase agricultural income.
Response growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus l.) to giving dosage levels of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing
Authors: Kartina A M , Utama P , Dimyati I 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research was aimed to the response of dosage of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing on the growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). This research was conducted from December 2018 until March 2019 in the Experimental Garden of Indonesia Vegetables Research Institute, Situ Gadung, Tangerang, Banten. This research used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with two factors, the first factor was a dosage of chicken manure consisting of three levels P1 (25 ton/ha), P2 (30 ton/ha), and P3 (35 ton/ha) and the second factor was variation of plants spacing consisting of three levels J1 (40 cm x 50 cm), J2 (50 cm x 50 cm), and J3 (60 cm x 50 cm). The results showed that treatment of 35 ton/ha chicken manure (P3) had the best effect at plant height (24.89 cm) and number of leaves (7.59 leaf) on 30 days after planting, number of flowers (10.48 flowers) and number of fruits per plant (10.00 fruits) on 80 days after planting, number of fruits per plot (154.44 fruits) and mass of fruits per plot (4.02 ton/ha) on 90 days after planting, and mass of fruits per plant (4.64 ton/ha) on 100 days after planting. The variation of plants spacing had the best effect to number of fruits per plot (114.67 fruits) on 80 days after planting and mass of fruits per plot (1.9 ton/ha) on 70 days after planting. There was interaction between dosage of chicken manure and variation of plants spacing at number of leaves on 30 days after planting, number of flowers on 70, 80, and 100 days after planting, number of fruits per plant on 50, 70, 80, and 100 days after planting, number of fruits per plot on 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 days after planting.