bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salivary clusterin as a biomarker of tobacco consumption in nicotine addicts undergoing smoking cessation therapy
Authors: Pallardo-Fernández Iñigo , Iglesias Victoria , Rodríguez-Rivera Carmen , González-Martín Carmen , Alguacil Luis F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have led to suggest that the multifunctional protein clusterin could be envisaged as a potential diagnostic biomarker of addictive behaviours. However, this hypothesis has not been yet tested in nicotine addicts.AimsWe have studied possible associations between clusterin levels in saliva from smokers under cessation treatment and variables related to tobacco consumption, dependence and addiction.MethodsEighty-one patients were included in an ambulatory smoking cessation programme that involved the use of pharmacological and behavioural therapy. The participants underwent psychological assessment of addiction and dependence (DAST-20, ASSIST, Fagerström tests) and provided saliva samples at the onset of the intervention and 6 months after smoking discontinuation to study the evolution of clusterin levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsClusterin concentration did not correlate with nicotine addiction/dependence scores but was significantly elevated in smokers with prolonged tobacco use and high intensity of tobacco consumption. Moreover, the levels of the protein significantly decreased 6 months after smoking cessation.ConclusionsThe results obtained provide strong evidence of a close association between tobacco use and salivary clusterin, a protein that emerges as a biomarker of tobacco toxicity with potential interest to monitor the beneficial effects of smoking cessation.
Simple modification to improve reliability of copro-DNA examinations for diagnosing Echinococcus multilocularis infections in red foxes
Authors: Irie T. , Ito T. , Kouguchi H. , Uraguchi K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Epidemiological studies of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in definitive hosts require a reliable and economic diagnostic method. In this study, the current copro-DNA examination technique was modified by increasing the faecal amounts tested and adding a step to neutralize the faeces before DNA extraction. Reliability of the modified method was evaluated using rectal faecal samples from red foxes and comparing them with intestinal worms detected using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) following necropsy. The modified copro-DNA examination method demonstrated 93.9% sensitivity (138/147) on the SCT. Its detectability increased depending on the worm burden, and the sensitivity was 100% in cases harbouring over 1000 worms. From 111 SCT-negative cases, six (5.4%) were copro-DNA-positive, and all were confirmed as E. multilocularis via sequencing analysis. Five of the remaining 105 SCT-negative cases (4.8%) retained polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors in the extracted solution, suggesting that approximately 5% of the red fox faeces retained these inhibitors after treatment with the present copro-DNA extraction method. Although further evaluation is needed for faeces deposited in the wild, the present copro-DNA examination technique will help monitor the E. multilocularis prevalence in definitive hosts. When used for detailed evaluations of endemicity (e.g. changes in infection pressure or spread in non-endemic areas), the absence of PCR inhibitors should be confirmed, and multiple trials on faecal subsamples are recommended.
Upper airway morphological changes in obstructive sleep apnoea: effect of age on pharyngeal anatomy
Authors: Gao F , Li Y R , Xu W , An Y S , Wang H J , Xian J F , Han D M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the upper airway morphology changes associated with ageing in adult Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.MethodsA total of 124 male patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea by overnight polysomnography, who underwent upper airway computed tomography, were enrolled. The linear dimensions, cross-sectional area and volume of the upper airway region and the surrounding bony frame were measured. The association between ageing and upper airway morphology was analysed.ResultsSoft palate length, minimum cross-sectional area of the retroglossal region, lateral dimensions at the minimum cross-sectional area of the retropalatal and retroglossal regions, nasopharyngeal volume, and average cross-sectional area of the nasopharyngeal region were found to significantly increase with ageing in all patients, while the upper airway shape flattened with ageing. The volume of the retropalatal region increased with ageing among the patients with a body mass index of less than 24 kg/m2. The volume of parapharyngeal fat pad increased with ageing among patients with a body mass index greater than 28 kg/m2.ConclusionA number of dimensional, cross-sectional and volumetric parameters of the pharynx increased with age, indicating that non-anatomical factors may play a more important role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnoea in aged patients.
‘Our Archaic System’: Debating and Reforming Military Justice in Argentina, 1905–35
Authors: Ablard Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe treatment of draft dodgers and miscarriages of justice by Argentine military courts provoked mobilisations by families, communities and the major political parties. An examination of the debates and discussions around these issues reveals a widespread sentiment that rarely questioned neither the right of the armed forces to draft young men nor the legitimacy of the armed forces. By adopting the language of patriotism and civic obligation, individual and community petitioners and politicians who represented them challenged the state's broad claim of power over the bodies of young men from a reformist position. Military justice formed a critical platform through which citizens debated the meaning of citizenship and the place of the armed forces in society.
Effectiveness and Demandingness
Authors: Berkey Brian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt has been argued in some recent work that there are many cases in which individuals are subject toconditional obligationsto give to more effective rather than less effective charities, despite not being unconditionally obligated to give. These conditional obligations, it has been suggested, can allow effective altruists (EAs) to make the central claims about the ethics of charitable giving that characterize the movement without taking any particular position on morality's demandingness. I argue that the range of cases involving charitable giving in which individuals are subject to conditional effectiveness obligations is in fact quite narrow. Because of this, I claim, EAs must endorse the view that well off people have at least fairly demanding unconditional obligations.
An Economical, Portable Manual Cryogenic Plunge Freezer for the Preparation of Vitrified Biological Samples for Cryogenic Electron Microscopy
Authors: Depelteau Jamie S. , Koning Gert , Yang Wen , Briegel Ariane 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVisualizing biological structures and cellular processes in their native state is a major goal of many scientific laboratories. In the past 20 years, the technique of preserving samples by vitrification has greatly expanded, specifically for use in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Here, we report on improvements in the design and use of a portable manual cryogenic plunge freezer that is intended for use in laboratories that are not equipped for the cryopreservation of samples. The construction of the instrument is economical, can be produced by a local machine shop without specialized equipment, and lowers the entry barriers for newcomers with a reliable alternative to costly commercial equipment. The improved design allows for successful freezing of isolated proteins for single particle analysis as well as bacterial cells for cryo-electron tomography. With this instrument, groups will be able to prepare vitreous samples whenever and wherever necessary, which can then be imaged at local or national cryo-EM facilities.
Introduction Listeners in Music History: Studying the Evidence
Authors: Barlow Helen , Herbert Trevor 
Published: April 2020

This themed issue focuses on the study of listeners in history. The articles address the personal responses to music of ‘ordinary listeners’ – that is, people whose experiences of music are recorded in personal documents and third-party descriptions (as opposed, say, to music critics who wrote about music in order to influence the ideas and tastes of a public readership). This overview essay proposes that the testimony of ordinary listeners can cast new light on musical practices, the way music has been heard and its role in past societies. It points to a perceived gap in historical musicology, whereby the evidence left by listeners in the past has been the subject of little targeted research and has generally been relegated to a supporting role. The themed issue emerges from work conducted as part of the Listening Experience Database project, a research project set up to address that gap, and focuses on empirical historical research.This overview essay discusses the types of evidence on which the articles are based and some of the issues and cautions they raise, and sets out to demonstrate the unique quality and value of the evidence through the exploration of five topics in the history of British music in the long nineteenth century. The approach they exemplify has potential to shed light on music as part of the experience of ordinary people, often in contexts and places that have not featured prominently either in nineteenth-century music history or in musicological study generally.
Scientific Observations With the InSight Solar Arrays: Dust, Clouds, and Eclipses on Mars
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Lemmon Mark T. , Maki Justin , Banfield Donald , Spiga Aymeric , Charalambous Constantinos , Barrett Elizabeth , Herman Jennifer A. , White Brett T. , Pasco Samuel , Banerdt W. Bruce 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecords of solar array currents recorded by the InSight lander during its first 200 sols on Mars are presented. In addition to the geometric variation in illumination on seasonal and diurnal timescales, the data are influenced by dust suspended in the atmosphere and deposited on the solar panels. Although no dust devils have been detected by InSight's cameras, brief excursions in solar array currents suggest that at least some of the vortices detected by transient pressure drops are accompanied by dust. A step increase in array output (i.e., a “cleaning event”) was observed to be directly associated with the passage of a strong vortex. Some quasiperiodic variations in solar array current are suggestive of dust variations in the planetary boundary layer. Nonzero array outputs before sunrise and after sunset are indicative of scattering in the atmosphere: A notable increase in evening twilight currents is observed associated with noctilucent clouds, likely of water or carbon dioxide ice. Finally, although the observations are intermittent (typically a few hours per sol) and at a modest sample rate (one to two samples per minute), three single‐sample light dips are seen associated with Phobos eclipses. These results demonstrate that engineering data from solar arrays provide valuable scientific situational awareness of the Martian environment.
Comparison of Atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO at Two Stations in the Tibetan Plateau of China
Authors: Guo Minrui , Fang Shuangxi , Liu Shuo , Liang Miao , Wu Hao , Yang Lulin , Li Zou , Liu Peng , Zhang Fang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe research of greenhouse gases on the Tibetan Plateau is of great importance since its unique topography as the third pole of our planet and profound response on the climate change. In this study, we compared the concurrent observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) during 2010–2016 from two stations located on the Tibetan Plateau, which are Mt. Waliguan station (WLG), the only World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch global station in the inland of Eurasia, and Shangri‐La station, a Chinese national station (XGLL). Although both stations are located at remote area, the atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO concentrations are frequently influenced by regional sources, especially for XGLL throughout the year and WLG in summer. Due to the unique topography and regional conditions, the atmospheric CH4 and CO at both stations display different trends with other sites in China, with higher values in summer. The atmospheric CO2, CH4, and CO at the XGLL mainly represent the conditions in regional scale. As the only World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch global station in the inland of Eurasia, the observation results at WLG can be used to represent the conditions on the Tibetan Plateau, but some of them are frequently influenced by the emissions from the cities located on the east or north east, and some even can be affect by emissions from the Ganges basin in autumn and winter, which should be treated with caution. By subtracting the influences of the cities, we updated the growth rate of 2.45 ± 0.02 ppm yr−1 for CO2, 8.2 ± 0.1 ppb yr−1 for CH4, and −0.4 ± 0.1 ppb yr−1 for CO, compared to the prior estimation of 2.31 ± 0.02 ppm yr−1 for CO2, 8.1 ± 0.1 ppb yr−1 for CH4, and −0.6 ± 0.1 ppb yr−1 for CO on the Tibetan Plateau.
Observations of the Source Region of Whistler Mode Waves in Magnetosheath Mirror Structures
Authors: Kitamura N. , Omura Y. , Nakamura S. , Amano T. , Boardsen S. A. , Ahmadi N. , Le Contel O. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Ergun R. E. , Saito Y. , Yokota S. , Gershman D. J. , Paterson W. R. , Pollock C. J. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the magnetosheath, intense whistler mode waves, called “Lion roars,” are often detected in troughs of magnetic field intensity in mirror mode structures. Using data obtained by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, we show that reversals of gradient of magnetic field intensity along the magnetic field correspond to reversals of the field‐aligned component of Poynting flux of whistler mode waves in the troughs. Such a characteristic is consistent with the idea that the whistler mode waves are effectively generated near the local minima of magnetic field intensity because of the smallest cyclotron resonance velocity and propagate toward regions of larger magnetic field intensity along the magnetic field lines on both sides. We use the reversal of the Poynting flux as an indicator of wave source regions. In these regions, we find that pancake or an outer edge of butterfly electron distributions above ~100 eV are good candidates for wave generation. Unclear correlations of phase difference and amplitude variations of whistler mode waves in cases of ~40 km spacecraft separation indicate that a simple plane wave approximation with a constant amplitude is not valid at this spatial scale that is much smaller than the ion gyroradius. The whistler mode waves consist of small coherent wave packets from multiple sources with spatial scales smaller than tens of electron gyroradii transverse to the background magnetic field in a mirror mode structure.
Calculating Effective Elastic Properties of Berea Sandstone Using the Segmentation‐Less Method Without Targets
Authors: Ikeda Ken , Goldfarb Eric J. , Tisato Nicola 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe propose a new method to compute elastic properties of rocks from computed tomography (CT) images. A CT volume captures X‐ray attenuation, which is scaled in a CT number unit. Our method improves an existing segmentation‐less method where the CT volume is directly converted to elastic property arrays without using segmentation. A drawback of the existing segmentation‐less method is that it typically requires to scan physical targets of known density along with the sample. Targets map a CT volume into petrophysical property arrays by comparing the CT numbers of the sample with those of the targets. We introduce a segmentation‐less workflow that no longer requires targets but uses pseudotargets that are defined within the sample. Pseudotargets are composed of extrema CT numbers in the CT volume. We assume that regions containing extrema CT numbers represent pristine materials. The average CT numbers of such regions are paired to the pseudotarget densities to create a CT number‐to‐density conversion function. After density‐to‐porosity and porosity‐to‐elastic properties conversion, we simulate wave propagation on two Berea sandstone cores to estimate effective P and S wave velocities. To assess uncertainty, computed velocities are compared to laboratory measurements. We benchmark our technique against a segmentation‐less method, as well as the more commonly used segmentation‐based method. Among the three methods, the segmentation‐less method without targets yields the least absolute velocity error of 4.5%, whereas segmentation and segmentation‐less method yield +29% and +4.7% error, respectively. We conclude that the segmentation‐less method without targets can efficiently compute elastic properties of rocks from CT volumes, serving as a technique to create better subsurface models.
Atmospheric Dust Deposition Varies by Season and Elevation in the Colorado Front Range, USA
Authors: Heindel R. C. , Putman A. L. , Murphy S. F. , Repert D. A. , Hinckley E.‐L. S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs atmospheric dust deposition continues to increase across the southwestern United States, it has the potential to alter ecosystem productivity and structure by delivering nutrients, base cations, and pollutants to remote mountain sites. Due to the sparse distribution of dust monitoring sites, open questions remain about the spatial and temporal variability of dust fluxes and composition across mountainous terrain. We present a 1 year (November 2017 to November 2018) record of seasonal dust fluxes and composition from an elevation transect across the Colorado Front Range extending from the urban plains to the remote alpine. At all nine sites, dust was enriched in the essential nutrient phosphorus and the metals copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium, elements that are enriched in dust deposited at sites across the Rocky Mountain West. We observed a seasonal pattern in dust composition, with the highest concentrations of zinc and cadmium during the summer, when back trajectory modeling suggested a greater contribution of dust from local urban and agricultural regions to the east of the collection sites. During the summer, there was also a trend of higher dust fluxes at lower elevations; dust fluxes ranged from 18.9 ± 0.1 g m−2 yr−1 on the plains to 5.9 ± 0.2 g m−2 yr−1 in the alpine. Our results suggest that urban and agricultural land east of the Colorado Front Range is an important source of nutrients and pollutants to all elevations of the mountain range.
Detrital Thermochronometry Reveals That the Topography Along the Antarctic Peninsula is Not a Pleistocene Landscape
Authors: Clinger Anna E. , Fox Matthew , Balco Greg , Cuffey Kurt , Shuster David L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUsing offshore detrital apatite (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry and 3D thermo‐kinematic modeling of the catchment topography, we constrain the timing of major topographic change at Bourgeois Fjord, Antarctic Peninsula (AP). While many mid‐latitude glacial landscapes developed primarily in response to global cooling over the last ~2.6 Ma, we find that kilometer‐scale landscape evolution at Bourgeois Fjord began ~30–12 Ma ago and <2 km of valley incision has occurred since ~16 Ma. This early onset of major topographic change occurred following the initiation of alpine glaciation at this location and prior to the development of a regional polythermal ice sheet inferred from sedimentary evidence offshore of the AP. We hypothesize that topographic change relates to (i) feedbacks between an evolving topography and glacial erosion processes, (ii) effects of glacial‐interglacial variability, and (iii) the prevalence of subglacial meltwater. The timing and inferred spatial patterns of long‐term exhumation at Bourgeois Fjord are consistent with a hypothesis that glacial erosion processes were suppressed at the AP during global Plio‐Pleistocene cooling, rather than enhanced. Our study examines the long‐term consequences of glacial processes on catchment‐wide erosion as the local climate cooled. Our findings support the hypothesis that landscapes at different latitudes had different responses to global cooling. Our results also suggest that erosion is enhanced along the plateau flanks of Bourgeois Fjord today, which may be due to periglacial processes or mantling via subglacial till. If regional warming persists and meltwater becomes more pronounced, we predict that enhanced erosion along the plateau flank will accelerate topographic change.
Evaluation of Spatio‐Temporal Characteristics of Different Zenith Tropospheric Delay Models in Antarctica
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Qingchuan , Zhang Shengkai , Lei Jintao , Li Wenhao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractZenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is one of the main error sources in space geodetic techniques, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and satellite altimetry. To qualitatively and quantitatively determine the most suitable model for Antarctica, we analyze the accuracy and applicability of nine models (UNB3m, EGNOS, GPT2 + Saastamoinen, GPT2w + Saastamoinen, GPT3 + Saastamoinen, GPT2 + Hopfield, GPT2w + Hopfield, GPT3 + Hopfield, and IGGtropSH) in Antarctica using 8 years of GPS‐derived ZTD time series from 65 stations. The results show that the GPT2/2w/3 + SAAS models are better than the other six models, with a bias of 0.2, −0.22, and −0.29 cm and root mean square (RMS) of 2.33, 2.31, and 2.36 cm. Based on the decimeter bias and RMS, the UNB3m model and EGNOS model present the worst performance in Antarctica. There are regional characteristics of bias and RMS in the nine models. The GPT2/2w/3 + SAAS models have the smallest regional deviation, and the bias and RMS between subregions (Antarctic Peninsula, Amundsen Sea Embayment, Ross Ice Shelf, Inland area of West Antarctica, Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf, and coastal East Antarctica) are all at the 0.2 and 0.7 cm levels, respectively. The GPT2/2w/3 + HOP models have the largest regional deviation, with regional bias and RMS at the levels of 8 and 6 cm, respectively. Our results suggest that the uncertainty of ice sheet elevation derived from satellite altimetry may be partly caused by the spatial‐related bias and error in the ZTD corrections. The bias and RMS of six GPT combined models and the IGGtropSH model present limited seasonal changes, indicating that these models can simulate the seasonal characteristics of ZTD better. The time series of the bias and RMS values of the EGNOS and UNB3m models show obvious seasonal characteristics, which may contaminate the annual ice sheet elevation by approximately 5 cm if used as ZTD corrections.