bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary and ecological significance of photosynthetic organs inPhyllocladus(Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Dörken Veit M , Hill Robert S , Jordan Gregory J , Parsons Robert F 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe structure of phylloclades and true leaves in Phyllocladus was investigated with emphasis on function, ecology and evolution. Only in the earliest ontogenetic stages are true, needle leaves developed. The earliest phylloclades comprise a fusion product of a shoot axis of the first order and its inserted leaves. Later, this is augmented by the expansion of axillary short shoots from the base of some of the fused leaves. Phylloclades of mature individuals are entire short shoot systems, including leaves and shoots, becoming fused with photosynthetic tissue. These phylloclades represent one of the adaptations for increasing functional photosynthetic area that are present in Podocarpaceae. Such adaptations were probably needed because Podocarpaceae are usually medium-sized trees faced with competition from the ever-expanding angiosperm forests at mid to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere from the Late Cretaceous, but especially during the Palaeocene–Eocene, when dense and diverse angiosperm-dominated rainforests were common. The data obtained from living species were compared to those from fossil material of Phyllocladus. Phyllocladus with fully developed phylloclades have been in place since at least the early Cenozoic.
85 The effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on pre-weaning mortality
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , da Silva Stephan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Piglets are susceptible to chilling early after birth, which is a major pre-disposing factor for pre-weaning mortality (PWM). This study evaluated the effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on PWM at a commercial facility. A CRD was used with 802 sows (litters), allotted at start of farrowing to 2 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Dried+Warmed (dried with a cellulose-based desiccant and warmed in a heated box for 30 min). Piglets were weighed at birth and weaning; PWM was recorded. The effects of farrowing room temperature on PWM were evaluated by classifying litters as being born under Cool or Warm conditions (&lt; 25° C and ≥ 25°C, respectively). Similarly, effects of birth weight on PWM were evaluated by classifying piglets into 3 Birth Weight Categories (BWC; &lt; 1.0 kg, 1.0-1.5 kg, or &gt; 1.5 kg). PROC GLIMMIX and MIXED of SAS were used to analyze PWM and other data, respectively. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet a subsample of litter. The model included fixed effects of treatment, and farrowing room temperature or BWC as appropriate, and the random effect of piglet within litter. Rectal temperature at 30 min after birth, measured on a sub-sample of 10% of litters, was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the Dried+Warmed than the Control treatment. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of drying and warming piglets on weaning weight or overall PWM. Additionally, PWM was similar across treatments within each BWC. However, the Dried+Warmed treatment reduced (P &lt; 0.05) PWM compared to the Control under Cool but not Warm farrowing room temperatures. In conclusion, this suggests that drying and warming piglets at birth increases rectal temperature and may be an effective method to reduce piglet PWM under cooler farrowing room temperatures. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
211 Biosecurity practices associated with antimicrobial usage in farrow-to-finish pig farms
Authors: Calderon Diaz Julia A , O'Neill Lorcan , da Costa Maria Rodrigues , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify biosecurity practices associated with antimicrobial usage (AMU, mg/live body weight, BW) in pig farms. Biosecurity practices were assessed using the Biocheck.UGentTM questionnaire in 54 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms. For each farm, information on antimicrobial usage in-feed and water and critically important antimicrobials (CIA) usage was collected. Data were analysed using univariable general linear models in PROC GLM of SAS v9.4. Results are presented as least square means ± SE. In-feed AMU was lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables (55.1±19.12 vs. 159.4±31.49 mg/BW; P=0.007) and it tended (P&lt; 0.10) to be lower in farms where animals were loaded for transport from a centrally located corridor, rather than from separately located corridor (69.5±18.79 vs. 148.4±41.07 mg/BW) and had a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (66.5±29.819.152 vs. 145.1±36.98 mg/BW). Similarly, in water AMU was 14.6 mg/BW lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables and 11 mg/BW lower in farms where carcass storage was regularly cleaned (P&lt; 0.05) compared with farms that did not carry out these practices. Wearing gloves when manipulating carcasses (0.3±0.14 vs. 1.0±0.25 mg/BW having footbaths at the entrance of each building (0.2±0.17 vs. 0.7±0.17 mg/BW), loading animals for transport from a central corridor (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.2±0.28 mg/BW) and a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.1±0.25 mg/BW) were associated with lower CIA usage (P&lt; 0.05). The implementation of biosecurity practices was associated with lower AMU. Many of these practices could easily be implemented on farms with relatively low costs. Our results highlight the usefulness of cleaning, disinfections and farm compartmentalization to reduce AMU in pig farms.
215 Assessment of the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of Pain Biomarkers in Cattle Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Kleinhenz Michael , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen , Coetzee Johann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Biomarkers are commonly used to assess pain and analgesic drug efficacy in livestock. However, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers for different pain conditions over time have not been described. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a test as its discrimination threshold is varied. The objective of this analysis was to use area under the curve (AUC) values derived from ROC analysis to assess the predictive value of pain biomarkers at specific timepoints. The biomarkers included in the analysis were blood cortisol, salivary cortisol, hair cortisol, infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), substance P, and outcomes from a pressure/force measurement system and visual analog scale. A total sample size of 7,992 biomarker outcomes were collected from 6 pain studies involving pain associated with castration, dehorning, lameness, and surgery were included in the analysis. Each study consisted of three treatments; pain, no pain, and analgesia. All statistics were performed using statistical software (JMP Pro 14.0, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results comparing analgesia verses pain yielded good diagnostic accuracy (AUC &gt; 0.7; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.99) for blood cortisol (timepoints 1.5, 2, and 6 hours); IRT (timepoints 6, 8, 12, and 72 hours); and MNT (timepoints 6, 25, and 49 hours). These results indicate that ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and certain timepoints seem to yield good diagnostic accuracy while many do not.
188 Teaching animal handling through classrooms and hands-on experiences
Authors: Carroll Heidi K , Rovai Maristela , Erickson Tracey 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The dairy industry’s Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (F.A.R.M.) program expects annual employee training in cattle handling. Offering meaningful, accessible educational courses should be a priority of the industry as consumers demand quality care for cattle from farm to table when they make purchasing decisions. In response to this industry expectation, SDSU Extension offered multiple formats for cattle handling trainings. Methods used with University students and dairy employees to teach skills of proper cattle handling as it relates to quality products and animal well-being will be discussed. The objective is to evaluate knowledge gained and present outcomes learned from the trainings. In 2018, cattle handling and a brief introduction to the F.A.R.M. program was taught in an upperclassman Physiology of Lactation course (n=25 students) through two 50-minute lectures and one 2-hour hands-on cattle lab. Students were evaluated using multiple-choice questions as part of an exam. In 2019, one 50-minute lecture introducing the F.A.R.M. program and one 2-hour lecture/hands-on cattle lab on basic stockmanship skills was presented to the underclassman Introduction to Dairy Science course (n=27 students). Students were evaluated using a 10-question lab worksheet with multiple-choice, true-false, and short answer questions plus seven questions on a later exam. The same year, a pre and post evaluation quiz was implemented with farm employees for cattle handling trainings on a commercial dairy (n=19 employees). Students in 2018 had an average score of 79.43%, while students in 2019 had an average score of 93.60% on the lab worksheet and 84.26% on the exam questions. The employee average score on the pre-test was 78.95% and 87.89% on the post-test. Students scored well overall. Despite improvement in the post-test scores, employees scored high on the pre-test. Further evaluation of cattle handling teaching methods using strategic assessments is needed to better understand whether implementation of proper skills is occurring from the knowledge learned. Adding follow-up accountability may enhance implementation of consistent proper care and maintain consumer confidence in dairy products.
206 Meta-analysis of the response of piglets to dietary valine: impact of other branched chain amino acids
Authors: Zouaoui Maroua , Simongiovanni Aude , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and leucine (Leu) share the same metabolic pathways. An excess of Leu stimulates the catabolism of Val and Ile that may lead to a decrease in piglet growth performance. The objective of this study is to quantify the response of piglets to dietary Val and the influence of Leu and Ile on this response through a meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 articles published between 2001 and 2018, including 23 experiments and 126 treatments were used. Multiple regression models were fitted with the MIXED procedure of Minitab software with the random effect of the experiment. The Y variables were Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The main X variable was the Standardized Ileal Digestible Val (ValSID) and the other ones were Leu (LeuSID) and Ile (IleSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was curvilinear (P&lt; 0.001: ADG, R2 = 0.93%; ADFI, R2= 0.97%; FCR, R2=0.93%). Results showed that increasing dietary LeuSID reduced ADG and ADFI (P&lt; 0.05) but also that the response of piglets to ValSID was stronger in high LeuSID diet (P &lt; 0.05; Interaction ValSIDxLeuSID; ADG and ADFI). Based on these models, increasing dietary ValSID from 7 to 8.5g/kg generates in wheat-based diets (10 g /kg of LeuSID) an improvement of ADG of 4.7% and ADFI of 2.5% compared to 7.4% for ADG and 5.2% for ADFI in corn-based diets (14 g/ kg of LeuSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was not modified by IleSID. This study showed that ADG, ADFI and FCR are improved with increasing dietary Val and this effect was modulated by dietary Leu content except for FCR. Results can help piglet nutritionists to optimize dietary Val levels based on other BCAA content.
13 Opportunities for using low-protein diets for weanling pigs to improve intestinal health
Authors: Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dietary manipulation with respect to crude protein (CP) content has been suggested as part of the overall strategy for the nutritional management of weanling pigs to improve intestinal health. This has focused on the use of low CP diets that are appropriately fortified with crystalline amino acids (AA). Use of low CP diets minimizes the amount of undigested dietary protein entering the large intestine and being subjected to bacterial fermentation. This is important because protein fermentation leads to the production of toxic metabolites and encourages the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, thus causing enteric problems such as post-weaning diarrhea. There have been considerable efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of feeding low CP diets to piglets. In addition to impacting the intestinal microbiome and its associated activities, it is clear that feeding a low CP diets interferes with the attachment of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, thus minimizing its ability to cause disease. Another area of interest has been how use low CP diets in combination with other dietary manipulations to further enhance intestinal health in piglets. In this regards, existing evidence suggests that a low CP diet may be used in combination with other dietary interventions, such as probiotics and dietary fiber, to further enhance gut health outcomes in piglets. Also, addressing the potential reduction in piglet performance when feeding low CP diets by looking more into diet formulation to avoid deficiencies of essential AA or even some of non-essential AA, is critical for successful use low CP diets. Based on the available information, a reduction of dietary protein by four percentage units coupled with appropriate AA supplementation can be a useful dietary strategy to improve intestinal health.
111 Pathogenic Bacterial Levels in US Silages
Authors: Rehberger Tom , Thompson Jesse 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fresh forage crops have traditionally been preserved by fermentation, either based on the spontaneous fermentation by epiphytic lactic acid bacterial populations or driven by the addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculant cultures. Although this method of preservation is effective at retarding the spoilage and pathogenic bacteria it does not eliminate these organisms from the forage. Spore-forming and other bacteria are often able to survive the low pH and organic acid levels in the fermented forages and outgrow during feed-out and in the animal. The purpose of this research was to understand the levels and diversity of pathogens in silage systems as an important prerequisite to develop effective ways to control them. From February 2016 to December of 2019, 866 corn silage samples and 577 haylage samples were collected from 457 US dairy farms across 27 states to assess the pathogenic levels in silage. Results indicate the clostridia levels in the haylage samples averaged 9.4 x 103 cfu/g with a range of less than 10 cfu/g to 4.1 x 106 cfu/g. Corn silage had a significantly lower level of clostridia (p&lt;0.05) averaging 2.3 x 103 cfu/g. Clostridium perfringens was the dominant species identified in both haylage and corn silage and accounted for more than 60% of all the clostridia isolates. The other major clostridia species identified were C. beijerinckii, Paraclostridium bifermentens and C. butyricum. E. coli levels were also determined in the haylage and corn silage samples. In haylage, the average E. coli level was 2.1 x 104 cfu/g and ranged from less than 10 cfu/g to 2.5 x 106 cfu/g and were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than levels detected in corn silage (average of 5.4 x 101 cfu/g). Further work is underway to determine the source of these pathogens and methods of controlling through the fermentation process.
47 Quantitative evaluation of hunger in pregnant sows: metabolic and hormonal responses to feeding frequency under limit-fed regime
Authors: Manu Hayford , SuHyup Lee , Ren Ping , Tostenson Blair , Tekeste Abel , Pangeni Devi , Yang Xiaojian , Baidoo Samuel Kofi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the pattern of glucose, insulin, active ghrelin, and total PYY responses and indirectly quantify perceived hunger in pregnant sows under-limit fed conditions. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 211.86 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.80 ± 0.16; backfat 13.50 ± 0.25 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at [0730 h (Control, T1), twice [half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)], or thrice [one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]. The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. Sows received corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6935 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Hunger was quantified using total area under the curve (AUC) of the hormonal responses. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was by Tukey’s method. The control sows had greater 23-h mean glucose concentration than sows fed 3× daily (P = 0.002). Active ghrelin concentration for sows fed 3× daily tended to be lower (P = 0.063) compared with control sows but reduced (P = 0.018) relative to sows fed 2× daily. In conclusion, sows fed 3× daily had 9.0% reduction in 23-h glucose total AUC, 42.5% greater 23-h insulin total AUC, 27.4% reduction in active ghrelin total AUC, and 14.2% greater PYY total AUC compared with pregnant sows fed 1× daily. It is suggested that hunger in pregnant sows occurs at active ghrelin/total PYY ratio of 5.06 ± 0.20 and at a mean plasma glucose concentration of 70.37 ± 1.39 mg/dL and below.
44 Pre-transit vitamin C injection improves post-transit performance of beef steers
Authors: Deters Erin , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study sought to determine the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC), pre- or post-transit, on blood parameters and feedlot performance of beef steers. Seventy-two, Angus-cross steers were blocked by weight (356 ± 18 kg) and randomly assigned to intramuscular injection treatments (20 mL/steer): saline pre- and post-transit (CON), VC (Vet One; 250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) pre-transit and saline post-transit (PRE), or saline pre-transit and VC post-transit (POST). Following pre-transit injections (d 0), steers were transported for ~18 h (1,675 km). Upon return (d 1), steers received post-transit injections and were sorted into pens (6 steers/pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 7, 30, 31, 56, and 57. Blood was collected on d 0, 1, 2, and 7. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 24 steers/treatment); treatment and block were fixed effects. Blood variables were analyzed as repeated measures. Injectable VC did not affect BW shrink due to transit (P = 0.28). Compared to CON-steers, PRE or POST-steers exhibited greater dry matter intake from d 31-57 and overall (d 1-57; P ≤ 0.02). Average daily gain was greatest for PRE-steers from d 7-31 and overall (P ≤ 0.05), resulting in PRE-steers being heaviest on d 30/31 (P = 0.03) and tending to be heaviest on d 56/57 (P = 0.07). Plasma ascorbate concentrations were decreased immediately post-transit for CON and POST-steers but increased for PRE-steers (treatment × day; P &lt; 0.01). Plasma ferric reducing antioxidant potential and malondialdehyde were decreased post-transit while serum non-esterified fatty acid and haptoglobin were increased; all blood parameters returned to baseline by d 7 (day; P &lt; 0.01). Timing of injectable VC administration appears to influence how cattle respond to transit as pre-transit administration improved subsequent performance of steers.
256 The effect of closely meeting estimated daily lysine and energy requirements of pregnant first parity sows on offspring growth and carcass quality
Authors: Hansen Lauren , Stewart Victoria , Mandell Ira , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 141 pigs from 24 litters were used to determine the effects of closely meeting estimated lysine and energy requirements for first parity sows during gestation on subsequent offspring growth performance until slaughter and carcass and loin quality. Sows were assigned a control (static diet composition; CON) or precision (specialized daily blend of two diets to meet estimated nutrient and energy requirements; PF) feeding regimen between d7 and 110 of gestation (n=12). At weaning (21 days of age), six pigs per litter were randomly selected and placed in a pen (1 pen per litter). All pens received ad libitum access to commercial diets in 6 phases (4-phase nursery, grower, and finisher, respectively). Individual body weights and per pen feed intakes were recorded weekly (nursery and finishing phases) or biweekly (growing phase). Four pigs per pen were slaughtered at ~125kg BW to measure carcass and loin quality. During nursery phase-3, ADG (0.60 vs. 0.53±0.02 kg/d;P&lt; 0.05) and G:F (0.88 vs. 0.79±0.02;P&lt; 0.05) were greater for pigs from PF versus CON sows. The ADFI in nursery phase-4 tended to be greater for pigs from PF versus CON sows (1.9 vs. 1.2±0.06 kg/d; P=0.05). By day 66 of age (end of nursery phase), pigs from PF sows had greater BW than those from CON (31.8 vs. 30.0±0.5 kg; P&lt; 0.05); no further differences were observed for growth performance. After slaughter, there were no differences in carcass quality (e.g., hot carcass weight and lean yield) but the loin color for pigs from PF sows tended to be darker (L*; 47.4 vs. 46.5±0.1; P=0.06) and less red (a*; 6.5 vs. 6.8±0.3P=0.09) than CON. Closely meeting daily requirements for first parity sows during gestation improved offspring growth in the nursery phase, while carcass and loin quality at ~125 kg BW were generally not affected.
34 Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on growth performance and immune response in growing beef cattle
Authors: Westphalen Mariana Fontana , Oh Joonpyo , Hristov Alexander N , Felix Tara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to determine effects of rumen-protected Capsicum (RPC) on growth performance and immune response in growing beef cattle. Cattle were stratified by sex (steers = 24; heifers = 12) and body weight (BW; heavy or light) and randomly assigned to treatments: Control (no additive), or RPC (15 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)). Cattle were transitioned over 21 days to a final diet of 80% grain mix and 20% corn silage. Cattle were weighed on test (d0 and 1), at end of adaptation (d21), at midpoint (d48 and 49), and off test (d98 and 99). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, and 98 for analysis of parameters related to immune function and energy status. Health treatments were recorded. Performance and blood variables (as repeated measures) were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Pen was the experimental unit. Health data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure; animal was the experimental unit. There was no interaction (P &gt; 0.10) of treatment and sampling day, nor main effect of treatment (P &gt; 0.10), for any blood parameters measured. There were no treatment effects (P &gt; 0.10) on DMI or feed efficiency. From d0 to 21, average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater (P = 0.13) for animals fed RPC and was 22.9% greater (P = 0.10) for animals fed RPC from d22 to 49. While only 14% of the heavy animals were treated two or more times, 66% of light animals were treated two or more times (P &lt; 0.01), of which 77% were fed Control. Supplementing RPC improved early feedlot ADG. Although there were no changes in blood parameters, ADG improvement may be related to health status.