bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physico‐chemical characterization of alginates isolated from a Tunisian Padina pavonica algae as a sustainable biomaterial
Authors: Faidi Adel , Farhat Farhat , Boina Dhahabia Abdallah , Touati Mouna , Le‐Nouen Didier , Stumbé Jean‐François 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on the physico‐chemical characterization of an alginate extracted from seaweed (Padina pavonica) collected on the Tunisian coast. Since alginates display a broad variety of applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical fields, their quality requires a high certain standard of purity and an accurate knowledge of their composition and structure. With this aim, once extracted the Na‐alginate was purified and then characterized for comparison with a commercially available alginate. Thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) were performed to evaluate the water content, i.e. the moisture loss and the thermal stability of this polysaccharide. Spectroscopic investigations demonstrated similarities but also significant differences between the two samples. NMR spectroscopy enabled determination of the mannuronic/guluronic (M/G) ratio, which happened to be lower for the alginate extracted from P. pavonica algae. SEC, performed in water as eluent, was implemented for determination of the average molecular weight of these water‐soluble polymers and revealed 6‐fold higher molecular weights (Mn and Mw) than the commercial reference. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Study on the influence of electron angular distribution on mask pattern damage in plasma etching
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Lidan , Xu Lan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe perfect pattern transfer from mask to substrate during the plasma‐etching process is strongly limited by the charging effect on the mask surface, which is increased by the accumulation of negative charges on the surface. These are mainly caused by high‐velocity isotropic electrons impinging on the mask surface faster than ions. These anisotropic ions thus bombard the undesired locations of the mask under the influence of the electric field (E‐field) established by electrons. This problem leads to significant damages to the mask pattern and causes deformations of etched features due to failure pattern transfer. This study examined that electron angular distribution (EAD; relative to the vertical direction, which can be regulated by voltage waveform tailoring) displays a close relationship with the mask pattern damage. Based on a modeling framework that consists of a surface etching module, a surface charging module, and a profile evolution module, the effects of changing the EAD on distributions of spatial E‐field and etching rate were studied focusing on an isolated rough mask hole surface. It is revealed that by narrowing the EAD shape, the E‐field strength and the etching rate around the mask hole edge can be reduced strongly, meanwhile, the number of electrons penetrating into the bottom of the trench can be greatly increased. These developments will supposedly reduce the mask‐pattern damage and improve the etching of high‐aspect‐ratio (HAR) features into the substrate. The simulated evolution rates of profile of a rough mask hole and the profile of E‐field strength inside the hole under various EAD shapes verify the above conclusions. The mechanism behind these results was analyzed systematically. This study provides a significant point for further investigation into the optimization of the etching technique.
Putting deep learning in perspective for pest management scientists
Authors: Clark Robert D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract‘Deep learning’ is causing rapid technological changes in many fields of science, and conjectures about its potential for transforming everyone's work and lives is a matter of great debate. Unfortunately, it is all too easy to apply it as a ‘black box’ tool with little consideration of its potential limitations, especially when the data it is being applied to is less than perfect. In this Perspective, I try to put deep learning into a broader mechanistic and historical context by showing how it relates to older forms of artificial intelligence; by providing a general explanation of how it operates; and by exploring some of the challenges involved in its implementation. Examples wherein it has been applied to pest management problems are provided to illustrate how the technology works and the challenges deep learning faces. At least in the near term, its biggest impact on agrochemical development seems likely to come in automating the tedious work involved in assessing agrochemical efficacy, but getting there will require major investments in building large, well‐curated data sets to work from and in providing the expertise required to assess the resulting model predictions in real‐world scenarios. Deep learning may also come to complement the machine learning methodologies already available for use in pesticide discovery and development, but it seems unlikely to supplant them. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Cameras replace human observers in multi‐species aerial counts in Murchison Falls, Uganda
Authors: Lamprey Richard , Ochanda David , Brett Rob , Tumwesigye Charles , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWildlife counts in Africa and elsewhere are often implemented using light aircraft with ‘rear‐seat‐observer’ (RSO) counting crews. Previous research has indicated thatRSOs often fail to detect animals, and that population estimates are therefore biased. We conducted aerial wildlife surveys in Murchison Falls Protected Area, Uganda, in which we replacedRSOs with high‐definition ‘oblique camera count’ (OCC) systems. The survey area comprises forests, woodlands and grasslands. Four counts were conducted in 2015–2016 using a systematic‐reconnaissance‐flight (SRF) strip‐transect design. Camera inclination angles, focal lengths, altitude and frame interval were calibrated to provide imaged strips of known sample size on the left and right sides of the aircraft. Using digital cameras, 24 000 high‐definition images were acquired for each count, which were visually interpreted by four airphoto interpreters. We used the standard JollyII SRFanalysis to derive population estimates. OurOCCestimates of the antelopes – hartebeest, Uganda kob, waterbuck and oribi – were, respectively, 25%, 103%, 97% and 2100% higher than in the most recentRSOcount conducted in 2014. TheOCCsurveys doubled the 2014RSOestimate of 58 000 Uganda kob to over 118 000. Population size estimates of elephants and giraffes did not differ significantly. Although all fourOCCbuffalo estimates were higher than theRSOestimates – in one count by 60% – these differences were not significant due to the clumped distribution and high variation in herd sizes, resulting in imprecise estimation by sampling. We conclude thatRSOwildlife counts in Murchison have been effective in enumerating elephants and giraffe, but that many smaller species have not been well detected. We emphasize the importance of 60 years ofRSO‐based surveys across Africa, but suggest that new imaging technologies are embraced to improve accuracy.
Distribution of soil nutrients and enzyme activities in different aggregates under two sieving methods
Authors: Lu Guannan , Tian Haixia , Tan Xiangping , Megharaj Mallavarapu , He Yike , He Wenxiang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSoil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure. Dry and wet sieving are two conventional methods used for isolating aggregates. However, different methods can cause variation in the distribution of enzymes and nutrients. For better understanding the influence of water on soil aggregate stability and building the relationship between soil nutrients and the enzyme activity of aggregates, three soil samples with different organic matter (OM) content were selected: Qiyang, Hunan (HN); Hailun, Heilongjiang (HLJ); and Changshu, Jiangsu (JS). In this study, we measured the enzyme activity of invertase (INV), urease (URE), phosphatase (PHO), and arylsulfatase (ARY) together the OM, total N (TN), available N (AN), available P, and available K of dry and wet sieved aggregates. The results showed that wet sieving caused 34.0, 66.8, and 35.1% decreases in the soil mean weight diameter for HN, HLJ, and JS, respectively. The TN content of wet sieved aggregates decreased to various degrees (19.9–47.7%) compared with dry sieving. The activity of INV, PHO, and ARY decreased sharply after wet sieving especially for microaggregates (reached 70% in <0.1‐mm particles of JS). Enzyme activities were mainly located in microaggregates under dry isolation but changed to macroaggregates after wet sieving. The geometric mean (GMean) index of <0.1‐mm particles were 1.54, 1.01 and 1.36 times higher than that of >2‐mm aggregates under dry sieving. Furthermore, the GMean index showed a significant positive relationship with soil OM, TN, and AN under both dry and wet sieving methods.
Field test for identifying problematic red parent materials
Authors: Rabenhorst Martin , Buchanan Anna , Morozov Edward , Shay Jonathan , Mack Sara 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWetlands are valuable ecosystems protected under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and accurate delineation of wetlands is thus important for their continued preservation. The standard method for wetland delineation includes identifying hydric soils based on their distinctive hydromorphology, which often includes gley colors. However, in some cases soil colors can be misleading. One example is hydric soils derived from problematic red parent material (PRPM), which fail to exhibit the dominantly gray colors commonly observed in soils formed under hydric conditions. Recently, the widespread distribution of soils derived from PRPM was tied to red‐bed formations of Mesozoic or Paleozoic age, with deep red colors associated with large hematite crystals. The color change propensity index currently used to test (in the laboratory) for PRPM soils takes many hours and requires specialized expensive equipment, which may substantially delay assessment. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid field test that could be used to recognize soils formed from PRPM. The proposed field test and calculated One Hour Color Index can be used to determine if soils are derived from PRPM with 90% accuracy, using easily accessible chemicals and equipment (sodium dithionite, sodium chloride, distilled water, plastic test tubes) and a Munsell color book.
Lagged encoding for image‐based time series classification using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Jastrzebska Agnieszka 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTime series classification is a thriving area of research in machine learning. Among many applications, it is frequently applied to human activity analysis. Time series describing a human in motion are ubiquitously collected via omnipresent mobile devices and can be subjected to further processing. In this paper, we propose a novel, deep learning approach to time series classification. It is based on a lagged time series representation stored as images and Convolutional Neural Network used to image classification. We present a comparative study on different variants of lagged time series representation and we evaluate their effectiveness in a series of empirical experiments. We show that the developed method provides satisfying classification accuracy. The proposed image‐based time series encoding is less resource‐consuming than encodings used in other image‐based approaches to time series classification. It is worth to emphasize that the proposed time series encoding conceals original time series values. Images are saved without scales and the order of observations cannot be reconstructed. Thus, the method is particularly suitable for systems that need to store sensitive information.
Production of starch aerogel in form of monoliths and microparticles
Authors: Baudron Victor , Taboada Martha , Gurikov Pavel , Smirnova Irina , Whitehouse Steve 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPea and amylomaize starches were used to produce aerogel in form of monoliths and microparticles. The formation of starch gel was investigated, and we showed that each starch needed a different pasting temperature for its complete dissolution. The gelation kinetics was investigated with oscillatory rheometry for both systems as a function of the starch concentration. The gelation and retrogradation temperature of the starch gel were varied and its impact on the final aerogel evaluated. The emulsion gelation was carried out batch wise in a stirred vessel with different impeller geometries, concentrations of surfactant (Span80 and PGPR) and stirring rates. A particle size prediction approach based on idealized flow (Couette, 2D hyperbolic and turbulent) during the emulsification was proposed. A semi-continuous set-up for the emulsion gelation was developed in which the emulsification occurs in a single pass through a colloid mill and the gelation is triggered in-line with a counter-current heat exchanger.
Mikrofluidisches Microarray für die Einzelzellanalyse
Authors: Rothbauer Mario , Schuller Patrick , Afkhami Reza , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Ertl Peter , Zirath Helene 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Artikel stellen wir die Entwicklung eines mikrofluidischen Microarray zum Immobilisieren und Analysieren einzelner Zellen vor. Das System besteht aus einem Hybridchip aus Polydimethylsiloxan und Glas mit einem mikrofluidischen Kanalnetz, welches mit hydrodynamischen Fallen ausgestattet ist. Der Mikrofluidik-Chip wurde mit MEMS-Technologie hergestellt und anschließend durch experimentelle Strömungsvisualisierung mit fluoreszierenden Partikeln charakterisiert. Die Fähigkeit zum Einfangen einzelner Zellen und die Performance des Systems werden mit zwei verschiedenen Zelltypen demonstriert und die Leistung für toxikologische Studien bewertet. Das entwickelte System konnte erfolgreich zum Einfangen, Aufrechterhalten und zum toxikologischen Screening einzelner Zellen eingesetzt werden, wobei ein Experiment nur wenige Stunden (< 3 h) in Anspruch nimmt.
Partial liquidation under reference-dependent preferences
Authors: Henderson Vicky , Muscat Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe propose a multiple optimal stopping model where an investor can sell a divisible asset position at times of her choosing. Investors have $S$S-shaped reference-dependent preferences, whereby utility is defined over gains and losses relative to a reference level and is concave over gains and convex over losses. For a price process following a time-homogeneous diffusion, we employ the constructive potential-theoretic solution method developed by Dayanik and Karatzas (Stoch. Process. Appl. 107:173–212, 2003). As an example, we revisit the single optimal stopping model of Kyle et al. (J. Econ. Theory 129:273–288, 2006) to allow partial liquidation. In contrast to the extant literature, we find that the investor may partially liquidate the asset at distinct price thresholds above the reference level. Under other parameter combinations, the investor sells the asset in a block, either at or above the reference level.
Willingness to pay for an early warning system for infectious diseases
Authors: Himmler Sebastian , van Exel Job , Perry-Duxbury Meg , Brouwer Werner 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEarly warning systems for infectious diseases and foodborne outbreaks are designed with the aim of increasing the health safety of citizens. As a first step to determine whether investing in such a system offers value for money, this study used contingent valuation to estimate people’s willingness to pay for such an early warning system in six European countries. The contingent valuation experiment was conducted through online questionnaires administered in February to March 2018 to cross-sectional, representative samples in the UK, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and The Netherlands, yielding a total sample size of 3140. Mean willingness to pay for an early warning system was €21.80 (median €10.00) per household per month. Pooled regression results indicate that willingness to pay increased with household income and risk aversion, while they decreased with age. Overall, our results indicate that approximately 80–90% of people would be willing to pay for an increase in health safety in the form of an early warning system for infectious diseases and food-borne outbreaks. However, our results have to be interpreted in light of the usual drawbacks of willingness to pay experiments.
Transforming discrete choice experiment latent scale values for EQ-5D-3L using the visual analogue scale
Authors: Webb Edward J. D. , O’Dwyer John , Meads David , Kind Paul , Wright Penny 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are widely used to elicit health state preferences. However, additional information is required to transform values to a scale with dead valued at 0 and full health valued at 1. This paper presents DCE-VAS, an understandable and easy anchoring method with low participant burden based on the visual analogue scale (VAS).

Methods
Responses from 1450 members of the UK general public to a discrete choice experiment (DCE) were analysed using mixed logit models. Latent scale valuations were anchored to a full health = 1, dead = 0 scale using participants’ VAS ratings of three states including the dead. The robustness of results was examined. This included a filtering procedure with the influence each individual respondent had on valuation being calculated, and those whose influence was more than two standard deviations away from the mean excluded.

Results
Coefficients in all models were in the expected direction and statistically significant. Excluding respondents who self-reported not understanding the VAS task did not significantly influence valuation, but excluding a small number who valued 33333 extremely low did. However, after eight respondents were removed via the filtering procedure, valuations were robust to removing other participants.

Conclusion
DCE-VAS is a feasible way of anchoring DCE results to a 0–1 anchored scale with low additional respondent burden.
A Scoping Review of Arts-Based Mindfulness Interventions for Children and Youth
Authors: Coholic Diana , Schwabe Nicholas , Lander Kenneth 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) hold promise for building resilience in children/youth. We were interested in understanding why some MBIs incorporate arts-based methods, and what key findings were identified from the study of these MBIs. We used a scoping review to address our research questions. Scoping reviews can help us better understand how different types of evidence can inform practice, policy, and research. Steps include identifying research questions and relevant studies, selecting studies for analysis, charting data, and summarizing results. We identified 27 research articles for analysis. MBIs included the use of drawing, painting, sculpting, drama, music, poetry, and karate. Rationales included both the characteristics of children/youth, and the benefits of the methods. Arts-based MBIs may be more relevant and engaging especially for youth with serious challenges. Specific focus should be paid to better understanding the development and benefits of these MBIs.
Slot Theory and Slotite Theory
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: March 2020

Abstract‘Instantiation-directed slot theorists’ believe that properties/relations have slots which are filled by their instances/relata e.g., where Abigail is taller than Bronia, there are two slots in the relationTaller Thansuch that Abigail fills the first slot and Bronia fills the second. This crude statement of the theory runs into ‘The Problem of Filling’, whereby a natural understanding of the relation between slots, filling, and instantiation leads to absurd results. This paper examines a variety of solutions to that problem, one of which is an extension of slot theory that adds an additional category of entities, ‘slotites’.
High-Temperature Interaction of Molten Gray Cast Iron with Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 Ceramic
Authors: Sobczak N. , Sobczak J. J. , Kolev M. , Drenchev L. , Turalska P. , Homa M. , Kudyba A. , Bruzda G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh-temperature interaction between molten conventional gray cast iron (wt.%: 4.1 C; 1 Si; 0.20 Mn; 0.03 S; 0.04 P, the rest—Fe) and multiphase Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2ceramic substrate (wt.%: 51.5 Al2O3, 33.8 ZrO2, 13.3 SiO2, ~ 1 NaO2, 0.15 Fe2O3 + TiO2 + CaO) was examined at a temperature of 1450 °C for 15 min under inert flowing gas atmosphere (Ar, 850-900 hPa) using a sessile drop method coupled with contact heating procedure. Melting, wetting behavior and solidification of gray cast iron sample were continuously recorded with a high-speed high-resolution CCD camera. Under conditions of this study, selected gray cast iron alloy does not wet the Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2ceramic forming the final contact angle with average value of θf ~ 135°. The wetting kinetic curve was not smooth and its shape suggests the effect of substrate chemical heterogeneity due to multiphase composition of the substrate material. After the sessile drop test, the solidified drop was easily detached from the ceramic substrate along the drop-side interface showing a lack of bonding between the drop and the substrate. Structural characterization of the drop/substrate couple evidenced the nucleation and growth of graphite at the drop surface and at the drop/substrate interface taken place during solidification and resulting into the formation of discontinuous interfacial graphite layer.
A Modified Electrochemical Nanoindentation Setup for Probing Hydrogen-Material Interaction Demonstrated on a Nickel-Based Alloy
Authors: Ebner Anna Sophie , Brinckmann Steffen , Plesiutschnig Ernst , Clemens Helmut , Pippan Reinhard , Maier-Kiener Verena 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn electrochemical charging setup was implemented in a nanoindentation system to evaluate the sensitivity of technically relevant materials to hydrogen embrittlement. Corresponding changes in the nanomechanical properties such as the hardness, Young’s modulus and pop-in load can be measured and interpreted. A nickel-based alloy was examined in solution-annealed and aged condition. A hydrogen-induced hardness increase of 15% was measured for the solution-annealed sample. Aging the alloy leads to a reduced influence of hydrogen, lowering the hardness increase to 5%. For the solution-annealed sample, hydrogen charging-induced surface steps were observed and characterized with laser confocal microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction to reveal plastic deformation.
Transforming Scientists’ Understanding of Science–Society Relations. Stimulating Double-Loop Learning when Teaching RRI
Authors: Hesjedal Maria Bårdsen , Åm Heidrun , Sørensen Knut H. , Strand Roger 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe problem of developing research and innovation in accordance with society’s general needs and values has received increasing attention in research policy. In the last 7 years, the concept of “Responsible Research and Innovation” (RRI) has gained prominence in this regard, along with the resulting question of how best to integrate awareness about science–society relations into daily practices in research and higher education. In this context, post-graduate training has been seen as a promising entrance point, but tool-kit approaches more frequently have been used. In this paper, we present and analyze an experiment—in the format of a Ph.D. course for early-career researchers—deploying an alternative approach. Drawing on Argyris and Schön’s (1974) framing of reflective practice, and their distinctions between espoused theories and theories-in-use, the analyzed course endeavored to stimulate double-loop learning. Focusing on dislocatory moments, this paper analyses how the course tried to teach participants to reflect upon their own practices, values, and ontologies, and whether this provided them with the resources necessary to reflect on their theories-in-use in their daily practices.