bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation and study of dopant‐assisted photoionization with a miniature capillary inlet ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Zhang Qian , Tian Yuan , Aliang Mushage , Yu Quan , Wang Xiaohao 
Published: October 2019

RationaleDopant‐assisted photoionization (PI) has been widely used in the mass spectrometric analysis of volatile compounds. Exploring simple doping methods will benefit parameter optimization and promote the application of this technique.MethodsA previously built miniature ion trap mass spectrometer was used to study dopant‐assisted vacuum PI. The sampling system of this device was modified to provide three inlets for the simultaneous introduction of analytes, dopants, and auxiliary air. Then, dopant solution was directly injected into the ion trap chamber through a self‐aspirating capillary inlet and rapidly evaporated without heating. Various dopant solutions were prepared and switched during the experiments.ResultsWhen analyzing some aniline compounds, the signals of all analytes were improved by more than 10 times after the injection of 2% anisole solution as a dopant. In addition, anisole can provide analyte signals more than three times stronger than those provided by the other dopants. On the basis of the ionization energy selectivity of dopant‐assisted PI, some isomers in the mass spectrometric analysis were distinguished using different additives.ConclusionsIn general, liquid doping is as feasible and as effective as other traditional methods, and using appropriate dopants with high PI efficiency or feeding more dopants contributes to the ionization of analytes. The proposed method also offers several unique merits, such as simple operation, low consumption, and smooth switching with minimal residue.
Additive manufacturing of platinum group element (PGE) reference materials with a silica matrix
Authors: Sio Corliss K. , Parsons‐Davis Tashi , Lee Elaine , Wimpenny Josh , Pascall Andrew J. , Kuntz Joshua D. , Goodell John J. , Roberts Kevin E. , Bandong Bryan B. , Bennett Neil R. 
Published: October 2019

RationaleThe microanalytical community has an outstanding need for platinum group element (PGE) reference materials, particularly for trace element analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) glasses contain Rh, Pd, and Pt, but lack Ru, Os, and Ir. Synthesis of silicate PGE standards has proven difficult due the tendency of PGEs to form metallic nuggets.MethodsAdditive manufacturing methods were used to produce PGE standards with a silica matrix. Monodispersed submicron PGE‐doped Stöber particles were used as feedstock materials for electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Two‐cm‐sized samples produced by EPD were subsequently densified by thermal processing. The homogeneity of PGEs was tested using LA‐ICPMS and concentrations were measured by laser ablation and solution ICPMS.ResultsThe PGE concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 3 μg/g. The inhomogeneity was at the 3% RSD level for Ru, Rh, Ir, and Os throughout and 5% for Pt and Pd in the interior of the samples. Based on LA‐ICPMS analyses, the interiors of the two samples have near identical concentrations in PGEs.ConclusionsThe samples fabricated in this study represent the most complete and homogeneous PGE standards produced with a silicate matrix. The ability to produce multiple samples with the same composition provides opportunities for validating methods, monitoring long‐term reproducibility, and facilitating interlaboratory comparisons.
Open‐source add‐on kit for automation of zone elution in planar chromatography
Authors: Häbe Tim T. , Morlock Gertrud E. 
Published: October 2019

RationaleHigh‐throughput capacity, maximal efficiency and automation are missing key features for thin‐layer chromatography/high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography‐mass spectrometry (TLC/HPTLC‐MS) hyphenations. So far, commercial interfaces have been operated without an automated positioning system. Hence, a 3D‐printed, fully automated, open‐source add‐on user interface was built for elution‐head‐based TLC/HPTLC‐MS.MethodsPrecise plate movement, batch‐wise zone elution, and cleaning processes were automated and synchronized with MS data acquisition. The elution head cleaning was made adjustable in intensity and interval, and remaining elution solvent or particles were thoroughly blown out of the MS transfer line. An adjustable short gas beam across the elution zone was integrated to avoid contamination or leakage by released layer particles, or zone distortion by residual eluent flow when lifting the elution head.ResultsBy clicking on zones on the chromatogram, these were selected for consecutive automated positioning below the elution head, sealing and elution. Mean spatial deviations of the positioning on 294 target zones were determined to be 160 μm for track‐wise and 190 μm for randomized zone positioning order. Reproducibility of the elution of butyl paraben zones (5.4%, 10 ng/band, n = 70) and its quantitative performance (R2 = 0.992–0.999, 5–50 ng/band) were proven.ConclusionsThe stand‐alone electronic system design and the compact footprint were achieved by a minimalistic positioning system and internally installed valves. The open‐source OC_manager software opened new perspectives in terms of combining MS data evaluation with previous HPTLC results. The successfully demonstrated TLC/HPTLC‐MS automation presents a highly efficient, user‐independent hyphenation for a broad range of application fields.
Hierarchical Structure of Silk Materials Versus Mechanical Performance and Mesoscopic Engineering Principles
Authors: Qiu Wu , Patil Aniruddha , Hu Fan , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA comprehensive review on the five levels of hierarchical structures of silk materials and the correlation with macroscopic properties/performance of the silk materials, that is, the toughness, strain‐stiffening, etc., is presented. It follows that the crystalline binding force turns out to be very important in the stabilization of silk materials, while the β‐crystallite networks or nanofibrils and the interactions among helical nanofibrils are two of the most essential structural elements, which to a large extent determine the macroscopic performance of various forms of silk materials. In this context, the characteristic structural factors such as the orientation, size, and density of β‐crystallites are very crucial. It is revealed that the formation of these structural elements is mainly controlled by the intermolecular nucleation of β‐crystallites. Consequently, the rational design and reconstruction of silk materials can be implemented by controlling the molecular nucleation via applying sheering force and seeding (i.e., with carbon nanotubes). In general, the knowledge of the correlation between hierarchical structures and performance provides an understanding of the structural reasons behind the fascinating behaviors of silk materials.
Pulsatile Flow in Microfluidic Systems
Authors: Dincau Brian , Dressaire Emilie , Sauret Alban 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis review describes the current knowledge and applications of pulsatile flow in microfluidic systems. Elements of fluid dynamics at low Reynolds number are first described in the context of pulsatile flow. Then the practical applications in microfluidic processes are presented: the methods to generate a pulsatile flow, the generation of emulsion droplets through harmonic flow rate perturbation, the applications in mixing and particle separation, and the benefits of pulsatile flow for clog mitigation. The second part of the review is devoted to pulsatile flow in biological applications. Pulsatile flows can be used for mimicking physiological systems, to alter or enhance cell cultures, and for bioassay automation. Pulsatile flows offer unique advantages over a steady flow, especially in microfluidic systems, but also require some new physical insights and more rigorous investigation to fully benefit future applications.
Variation with temperature of octanol/water partition coefficient for the homologous series from benzene to propylbenzene
Authors: David Victor , Moldoveanu Serban C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVariation of octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow, with temperature is seldom reported in the literature. A precise method for the evaluation of log Kow has been developed and the values of this parameter were measured for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and n‐propylbenzene at six temperatures between 15 and 60°C. The procedure is based on a direct “shake flask” method, but utilizes a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method for the measurement of the concentration of analytes in the water and octanol extracts. The results indicate that log Kow values for these analytes have only small variations with the temperature, and that this variation does not depend linearly on 1/T. The results for log Kow in the evaluated temperature interval are close to the values reported in the literature for log Kow at 25°C. The variations of log Kow were found to be small and are non‐linear in 1/T. Based on these variations the enthalpy ΔH0 and entropy ΔS° for the partition process were calculated. The obtained values for ΔH0 and ΔS0 indicated that for temperatures below about 40°C the process is entropy‐driven and does not involve large Gibbs free energies.
DEMINER: test generation for high test coverage through mutant exploration
Authors: Kim Yunho , Hong Shin 
Published: October 2019

SummaryMost software testing techniques test a target program as it is and fail to utilize valuable information of diverse test executions on many variants/mutants of the original program in test generation.This paper proposes a new test generation technique DEMINER, which utilizes mutant executions to guide test generation on the original program for high test coverage.DEMINER first generates various mutants of an original target program and then extracts runtime information of mutant executions, which covered unreached branches by the mutation effects. Using the obtained runtime information, DEMINER inserts guideposts, artificial branches to replay the observed mutation effects, to the original target programs. Finally, DEMINER runs automated test generation on the original program with guideposts and achieves higher test coverage.We implemented DEMINER for C programs through software mutation and guided test generation such as concolic testing and fuzzing. We have shown the effectiveness of DEMINER on six real‐world target programs: Busybox‐ls, Busybox‐printf, Coreutils‐sort, GNU‐find, GNU‐grep and GNU‐sed. The experiment results show that DEMINER improved branch coverage by 63.4% and 19.6% compared with those of the conventional concolic testing techniques and the conventional fuzzing techniques on average, respectively.
A New Time–Frequency Attention Tensor Network for Language Identification
Authors: Miao Xiaoxiao , McLoughlin Ian , Yan Yonghong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we aim to improve traditional DNN x-vector language identification performance by employing wide residual networks (WRN) as a powerful feature extractor which we combine with a novel frequency attention network. Compared with conventional time attention, our method learns discriminative weights for different frequency bands to generate weighted means and standard deviations for utterance-level classification. This mechanism enables the architecture to direct attention to important frequency bands rather than important time frames, as in traditional time attention methods. Furthermore, we then introduce a cross-layer frequency attention tensor network (CLF-ATN) which exploits information from different layers to recapture frame-level language characteristics that have been dropped by aggressive frequency pooling in lower layers. This effectively restores fine-grained discriminative language details. Finally, we explore the joint fusion of frame-level and frequency-band attention in a time–frequency attention network. Experimental results show that firstly, WRN can significantly outperform a traditional DNN x-vector implementation; secondly, the proposed frequency attention method is more effective than time attention; and thirdly, frequency–time score fusion can yield further improvement. Finally, extensive experiments on CLF-ATN demonstrate that it is able to improve discrimination by regaining dropped fine-grained frequency information, particularly for low-dimension frequency features.
Sport – zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen
Authors: Niedermeier M. , Frühauf A. , Bichler C. , Rosenberger R. , Kopp M. 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Sportliche Aktivität wird im Allgemeinen mit einer positiven Wirkung auf die Gesundheit in Verbindung gebracht. Unter verschiedenen Umständen kann Sportausübung aber riskant für die Gesundheit sein. Dies betrifft in erster Linie körperliche Beeinträchtigungen durch Verletzungen, die durch die Sportausübung entstehen können. Wenn Sport in einem exzessiven Umfang betrieben wird, erhöht sich zudem das Risiko für psychische Störungsbilder wie Essstörungen, Substanzmissbrauch sowie Sportabhängigkeit. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zum Ziel, potenzielle Risiken und Nebenwirkungen, die mit Sportausübung verbunden sein können, zu beleuchten und in Relation zu den positiven Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit zu setzen.
Diversity and phenotypic analyses of salt- and heat-tolerant wild bean Phaseolus filiformis rhizobia native of a sand beach in Baja California and description of Ensifer aridi sp. nov.
Authors: Rocha Guadalupe , Le Queré Antoine , Medina Arturo , Cuéllar Alma , Contreras José-Luis , Carreño Ricardo , Bustillos Rocío , Muñoz-Rojas Jesús , Villegas María del Carmen , Chaintreuil Clémence , Dreyfus Bernard , Munive José-Antonio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

In northern Mexico, aridity, salinity and high temperatures limit areas that can be cultivated. To investigate the nature of nitrogen-fixing symbionts of Phaseolus filiformis, an adapted wild bean species native to this region, their phylogenies were inferred by MLSA. Most rhizobia recovered belong to the proposed new species Ensifer aridi. Phylogenetic analyses of nodC and nifH show that Mexican isolates carry symbiotic genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer that are divergent from those previously characterized among bean symbionts. These strains are salt tolerant, able to grow in alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources for growth. This study improves the knowledge on diversity, geographic distribution and evolution of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Mexico and further enlarges the spectrum of microsymbiont with which Phaseolus species can interact with, including cultivated bean varieties, notably under stressed environments. Here, the species Ensifer aridi sp. nov. is proposed as strain type of the Moroccan isolate LMR001T (= LMG 31426T; = HAMBI 3707T) recovered from desert sand dune.
Implementation of a Surgical Simulation Care Pathway Approach to Training in Emergency Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Beyer‐Berjot Laura , Patel Vishal , Sirimanna Pramudith , Hashimoto Daniel A. , Berdah Stéphane , Darzi Ara , Aggarwal Rajesh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundSimulation‐based care pathway approach (CPA) training is a novel approach in surgical education. The objective of the present study was to determine whether CPA was feasible for training surgical residents and could improve efficiency in patients’ management. A common disease was chosen: acute appendicitis.MethodsAll five junior residents of our department were trained in CPA: preoperative CPA consisted in virtual patients (VPs) presenting with acute right iliac fossa pain; intraoperative CPA involved a virtual competency‐based curriculum for laparoscopic appendectomy (LAPP); finally, post‐operative VP were reviewed after LAPP. Thirty‐eight patients undergoing appendectomy were prospectively included before (n = 21) and after (n = 17) the training. All demographic and perioperative data were prospectively collected from their medical records, and time taken from admission to management was measured.ResultsAll residents had performed less than 10 LAPP as primary operator. Pre‐ and intraoperative data were comparable between pretraining and post‐training patients. Times to liquid and solid diet were significantly reduced after training [7 h (2–20) vs. 4 (4–6); P = 0.004, and 17 h (4–48) vs. 6 (4–24); P = 0.005] without changing post‐operative morbidity [4 (19%) vs. 0 (0); P = 0.11] and length of stay [48 h (30–264) vs. 44 (21–145); P = 0.22].ConclusionsCPA training is feasible in abdominal surgery. In the current study, it improved patients’ management in terms of earlier oral intake.
Comparison of coated meshes for intraperitoneal placement in animal studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu H. , van Steensel S. , Gielen M. , Vercoulen T. , Melenhorst J. , Winkens B. , Bouvy N. D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh in hernia repair can result in adhesions leading to intestinal obstruction and fistulation. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the effects of mesh coatings reducing the tissue-to-mesh adhesion in animal studies.

Methods
Pubmed and Embase were systematically searched. Animal experiments comparing intraperitoneally placed meshes with coatings were eligible for inclusion. Only studies with comparable follow-up, measurements, and species were included for data pooling and subsequent meta-analysis.

Results
A total of 131 articles met inclusion criteria, with four studies integrated into one comparison and five studies integrated into another comparison. Compared to uncoated polypropylene (PP) mesh, PP mesh coated with hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose (HA/CMC) showed significantly reduced adhesion formation at follow-up of 4 weeks measured with adhesion score of extent (random effects model, mean difference,−  0.96, 95% CI − 1.32 to − 0.61, P < 0.001, I2 = 23%; fixed effects model, mean difference,− 0.94, 95% CI − 1.25 to − 0.63, P < 0.001, I2 = 23%). Compared to PP mesh, polyester mesh coated with collagen (PC mesh) showed no significant difference at follow-up of 4 weeks regarding percentage of adhesion-area on a mesh, using random effects model (mean difference − 11.69, 95% CI − 44.14 to 20.76, P = 0.48, I2 = 92%). However, this result differed using fixed effects model (mean difference − 25.55, 95% CI − 33.70 to − 7.40, P < 0.001, I2 = 92%).

Conclusion
HA/CMC coating reduces adhesion formation to PP mesh effectively at a follow-up of 4 weeks, while the anti-adhesive properties of PC mesh are inclusive comparing all study data.
Development of a Concussion Risk Function for a Youth Population Using Head Linear and Rotational Acceleration
Authors: Campolettano Eamon T. , Gellner Ryan A. , Smith Eric P. , Bellamkonda Srinidhi , Tierney Casey T. , Crisco Joseph J. , Jones Derek A. , Kelley Mireille E. , Urban Jillian E. , Stitzel Joel D. , Genemaras Amaris , Beckwith Jonathan G. , Greenwald Richard M. , Maerlender Arthur C. , Brolinson Per Gunnar , Duma Stefan M. , Rowson Steven 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPhysical differences between youth and adults, which include incomplete myelination, limited neck muscle development, and a higher head-body ratio in the youth population, likely contribute towards the increased susceptibility of youth to concussion. Previous research efforts have considered the biomechanics of concussion for adult populations, but these known age-related differences highlight the necessity of quantifying the risk of concussion for a youth population. This study adapted the previously developed Generalized Acceleration Model for Brian Injury Threshold (GAMBIT) that combines linear and rotational head acceleration to model the risk of concussion for a youth population with the Generalized Acceleration Model for Concussion in Youth (GAM-CY). Survival analysis was used in conjunction with head impact data collected during participation in youth football to model risk between individuals who sustained medically-diagnosed concussions (n = 15). Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated for peak linear acceleration, peak rotational acceleration, and GAM-CY, all of which were observed to be better injury predictors than random guessing. GAM-CY was associated with an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% confidence interval: 0.82–0.95) when all head impacts experienced by the concussed players were considered. Concussion tolerance was observed to be lower for youth athletes, with average peak linear head acceleration of 62.4 ± 29.7 g compared to 102.5 ± 32.7 g for adults and average peak rotational head acceleration of 2609 ± 1591 rad/s2compared to 4412 ± 2326 rad/s2. These data provide further evidence of age-related differences in concussion tolerance and may be used for the development of youth-specific protective designs.
Historicizing Modern Slavery: Free-Grown Sugar as an Ethics-Driven Market Category in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Smith Andrew , Johns Jennifer 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe modern slavery literature engages with history in an extremely limited fashion. Our paper demonstrates to the utility of historical research to modern slavery researchers by explaining the rise and fall of the ethics-driven market category of “free-grown sugar” in nineteenth-century Britain. In the first decades of the century, the market category of “free-grown sugar” enabled consumers who were opposed to slavery to pay a premium for a more ethical product. After circa 1840, this market category disappeared, even though considerable quantities of slave-grown sugar continued to arrive into the UK. We explain the disappearance of the market category. Our paper contributes to the on-going debates about slavery in management by historicizing and thus problematizing the concept of “slavery”. The paper challenges those modern slavery scholars who argue that lack of consumer knowledge about product provenance is the main barrier to the elimination of slavery from today’s international supply chains. The historical research presented in this paper suggests that consumer indifference, rather than simply ignorance, may be the more fundamental problem. The paper challenges the optimistic historical metanarrative that pervades much of the research on ethical consumption. It highlights the fragility of ethics-driven market categories, offering lessons for researchers and practitioners seeking to tackle modern slavery.