bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sleep and circadian problems of Huntington’s disease: when, why and their importance
Authors: Voysey Z. , Fazal S. V. , Lazar A. S. , Barker R. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionMounting evidence supports the existence of an important feedforward cycle between sleep and neurodegeneration, wherein neurodegenerative diseases cause sleep and circadian abnormalities, which in turn exacerbate and accelerate neurodegeneration. If so, sleep therapies bear important potential to slow progression in these diseases.FindingsThis cycle is challenging to study, as its bidirectional nature renders cause difficult to disentangle from effect. Likewise, well-controlled intervention studies are often impractical in the setting of established neurodegenerative disease. It is this that makes understanding sleep and circadian abnormalities in Huntington’s disease (HD) important: as a monogenic fully penetrant neurodegenerative condition presenting in midlife, it provides a rare opportunity to study sleep and circadian abnormalities longitudinally, prior to and throughout disease manifestation, and in the absence of confounds rendered by age and comorbidities. It also provides potential to trial sleep therapies at a preclinical or early disease stage. Moreover, its monogenic nature facilitates the development of transgenic animal models through which to run parallel pre-clinical studies. HD, therefore, provides a key model condition through which to gain new insights into the sleep-neurodegeneration interface.ConclusionsHere, we begin by summarising contemporary knowledge of sleep abnormalities in HD, and consider how well these parallel those of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s as more common neurodegenerative conditions. We then discuss what is currently known of the sleep-neurodegeneration cyclical relationship in HD. We conclude by outlining key directions of current and future investigation by which to advance the sleep-neurodegeneration field via studies in HD.
The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training
Authors: Škarabot Jakob , Brownstein Callum G. , Casolo Andrea , Del Vecchio Alessandro , Ansdell Paul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe initial increases in force production with resistance training are thought to be primarily underpinned by neural adaptations. This notion is firmly supported by evidence displaying motor unit adaptations following resistance training; however, the precise locus of neural adaptation remains elusive. The purpose of this review is to clarify and critically discuss the literature concerning the site(s) of putative neural adaptations to short-term resistance training. The proliferation of studies employing non-invasive stimulation techniques to investigate evoked responses have yielded variable results, but generally support the notion that resistance training alters intracortical inhibition. Nevertheless, methodological inconsistencies and the limitations of techniques, e.g. limited relation to behavioural outcomes and the inability to measure volitional muscle activity, preclude firm conclusions. Much of the literature has focused on the corticospinal tract; however, preliminary research in non-human primates suggests reticulospinal tract is a potential substrate for neural adaptations to resistance training, though human data is lacking due to methodological constraints. Recent advances in technology have provided substantial evidence of adaptations within a large motor unit population following resistance training. However, their activity represents the transformation of afferent and efferent inputs, making it challenging to establish the source of adaptation. Whilst much has been learned about the nature of neural adaptations to resistance training, the puzzle remains to be solved. Additional analyses of motoneuron firing during different training regimes or coupling with other methodologies (e.g., electroencephalography) may facilitate the estimation of the site(s) of neural adaptations to resistance training in the future.
Effect of normobaric hypoxic exercise on blood pressure in old individuals
Authors: Hein Markus , Chobanyan-Jürgens Kristine , Tegtbur Uwe , Engeli Stefan , Jordan Jens , Haufe Sven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To test the hypothesis that the combination of endurance training and hypoxia leads to greater improvements in resting and exercise blood pressure in old sedentary individuals compared to endurance training only.

Methods
We randomly assigned 29 old overweight participants (age: 62 ± 6 years, body mass index (BMI): 28.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2, 52% men) to single blind 8-week bicycle exercise in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 0.15) or normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21). Brachial blood pressure was measured at rest, during maximal incremental exercise testing, and during a 30 min constant work rate test, at baseline and after the training period.

Results
Work rate, heart rate and perceived exertion during training were similar in both groups, with lower oxygen saturation for participants exercising under hypoxia (88.7 ± 1.5 vs. 96.2 ± 1.2%, t(27) = − 13.04, p < 0.001, |g|= 4.85). Office blood pressure and blood pressure during incremental exercise tests did not change significantly in either group after the training program. Systolic blood pressure during the constant work rate test was reduced after training in hypoxia (160 ± 18 vs. 151 ± 14 mmHg, t(13) = 2.44 p < 0.05, |d|= 0.55) but not normoxia (154 ± 22 vs. 150 ± 16 mmHg, t(14) = 0.75, p = 0.46, |d|= 0.18) with no difference between groups over time (F = 0.08, p = 0.77, η2 = 0.01).

Conclusion
In old individuals hypoxia in addition to exercise does not have superior effects on office or exercise blood pressure compared to training in normoxia.

Trial registration number
ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT02196623 (registered 22 July 2014).
Comparison of different strategies on three-dimensional correction of AIS: which plane will suffer?
Authors: Schlösser Tom P. , Abelin-Genevois Kariman , Homans Jelle , Pasha Saba , Kruyt Moyo , Roussouly Pierre , Shah Suken A. , Castelein René M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
There are distinct differences in strategy amongst experienced surgeons from different ‘scoliosis schools’ around the world. This study aims to test the hypothesis that, due to the 3-D nature of AIS, different strategies can lead to different coronal, axial and sagittal curve correction.

Methods
Consecutive patients who underwent posterior scoliosis surgery for primary thoracic AIS were compared between three major scoliosis centres (n = 193). Patients were treated according to the local surgical expertise: Two centres perform primarily an axial apical derotation manoeuvre (centre 1: high implant density, convex rod first, centre 2: low implant density, concave rod first), whereas centre 3 performs posteromedial apical translation without active derotation. Pre- and postoperative shape of the main thoracic curve was analyzed using coronal curve angle, apical rotation and sagittal alignment parameters (pelvic incidence and tilt, T1–T12, T4-T12 and T10-L2 regional kyphosis angles, C7 slope and the level of the inflection point). In addition, the proximal junctional angle at follow-up was compared.

Results
Pre-operative coronal curve magnitudes were similar between the 3 cohorts and improved 75%, 70% and 59%, from pre- to postoperative, respectively (P < 0.001). The strategy of centres 1 and 2 leads to significantly more apical derotation. Despite similar postoperative T4-T12 kyphosis, the strategy in centre 1 led to more thoracolumbar lordosis and in centre 2 to a higher inflection point as compared to centre 3. Proximal junctional angle was higher in centres 1 and 2 (P < 0.001) at final follow-up.

Conclusion
Curve correction by derotation may lead to thoracolumbar lordosis and therefore higher risk for proximal junctional kyphosis. Focus on sagittal plane by posteromedial translation, however, results in more residual coronal and axial deformity.
Investigation of the ship–seabed interaction with a high-fidelity CFD approach
Authors: Shi Weichao , Li Mingxin , Yuan Zhiming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractShip–seabed interaction is highly critical to ship safety and ship performance when ship operates over shallow water with uneven seabed. However, the prediction method for ship reaction is still yet to be fully developed. In this paper, a high-fidelity transient numerical simulation method with sliding mesh is developed based on computational fluid dynamics to model a vessel passing a step bank, demonstrating to be a computational cost economical solution. The comprehensive numerical model is validated and verified against benchmarked experimental and numerical studies, which is proved to be highly accurate in predicting force characteristics and wave development. Meanwhile, during the research the impulse effect generated by the step bank was found to have striking effects on the wave elevation, wake development and vessel sinkage. Five regions on the behaviour of vessel sinkage are defined in the present work. According to the result, the vessel will encounter the extreme sinkage after a relatively long distance (12 $${L}_{\mathrm{pp}}$$

L
pp

at $${F}_{h2}=0.519$$

F

h
2

=
0.519

) passing the step bank instead of immediately.
A complete asymptotic expansion for operators of exponential type with $$p\left( x\right) =x\left( 1+x\right) ^{2}$$
Authors: Abel Ulrich , Gupta Vijay 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the year 1978, Ismail and May studied operators of exponential type and proposed some new operators which are connected with a certain characteristic function $$p\left( x\right) $$

p

x

. Several of these operators were not separately studied by researchers due to its unusual behavior. The topic of the present paper is the local rate of approximation of a sequence of exponential type operators $$R_{n}$$

R
n

belonging to $$p\left( x\right) =x\left( 1+x\right) ^{2}$$

p

x

=
x

1
+
x

2

. As the main result we derive a complete asymptotic expansion for the sequence $$\left( R_{n}f\right) \left( x\right) $$

R
n

f

x

as n tends to infinity.
Who’s Afraid of Adversariality? Conflict and Cooperation in Argumentation
Authors: Dutilh Novaes Catarina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince at least the 1980s, the role of adversariality in argumentation has been extensively discussed within different domains. Prima facie, there seem to be two extreme positions on this issue: argumentation should (ideally at least) never be adversarial, as we should always aim for cooperative argumentative engagement; argumentation should be and in fact is always adversarial, given that adversariality (when suitably conceptualized) is an intrinsic property of argumentation. I here defend the view that specific instances of argumentation are (and should be) adversarial or cooperative to different degrees. What determines whether an argumentative situation should be primarily adversarial or primarily cooperative are contextual features and background conditions external to the argumentative situation itself, in particular the extent to which the parties involved have prior conflicting or else convergent interests. To further develop this claim, I consider three teloi that are frequently associated with argumentation: the epistemic telos, the consensus-building telos, and the conflict management telos. I start with a brief discussion of the concepts of adversariality, cooperation, and conflict in general. I then sketch the main lines of the debates in the recent literature on adversariality in argumentation. Next, I discuss the three teloi of argumentation listed above in turn, emphasizing the roles of adversariality and cooperation for each of them.
Learning Extremal Representations with Deep Archetypal Analysis
Authors: Keller Sebastian Mathias , Samarin Maxim , Arend Torres Fabricio , Wieser Mario , Roth Volker 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArchetypes represent extreme manifestations of a population with respect to specific characteristic traits or features. In linear feature space, archetypes approximate the data convex hull allowing all data points to be expressed as convex mixtures of archetypes. As mixing of archetypes is performed directly on the input data, linear Archetypal Analysis requires additivity of the input, which is a strong assumption unlikely to hold e.g. in case of image data. To address this problem, we propose learning an appropriate latent feature space while simultaneously identifying suitable archetypes. We thus introduce a generative formulation of the linear archetype model, parameterized by neural networks. By introducing the distance-dependent archetype loss, the linear archetype model can be integrated into the latent space of a deep variational information bottleneck and an optimal representation, together with the archetypes, can be learned end-to-end. Moreover, the information bottleneck framework allows for a natural incorporation of arbitrarily complex side information during training. As a consequence, learned archetypes become easily interpretable as they derive their meaning directly from the included side information. Applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by exploring archetypes of female facial expressions while using multi-rater based emotion scores of these expressions as side information. A second application illustrates the exploration of the chemical space of small organic molecules. By using different kinds of side information we demonstrate how identified archetypes, along with their interpretation, largely depend on the side information provided.
MOTChallenge: A Benchmark for Single-Camera Multiple Target Tracking
Authors: Dendorfer Patrick , Os̆ep Aljos̆a , Milan Anton , Schindler Konrad , Cremers Daniel , Reid Ian , Roth Stefan , Leal-Taixé Laura 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStandardized benchmarks have been crucial in pushing the performance of computer vision algorithms, especially since the advent of deep learning. Although leaderboards should not be over-claimed, they often provide the most objective measure of performance and are therefore important guides for research. We presentMOTChallenge, a benchmark for single-camera Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) launched in late 2014, to collect existing and new data and create a framework for the standardized evaluation of multiple object tracking methods. The benchmark is focused on multiple people tracking, since pedestrians are by far the most studied object in the tracking community, with applications ranging from robot navigation to self-driving cars. This paper collects the first three releases of the benchmark: (i)MOT15, along with numerous state-of-the-art results that were submitted in the last years, (ii)MOT16, which contains new challenging videos, and (iii)MOT17, that extendsMOT16sequences with more precise labels and evaluates tracking performance on three different object detectors. The second and third release not only offers a significant increase in the number of labeled boxes, but also provide labels for multiple object classes beside pedestrians, as well as the level of visibility for every single object of interest. We finally provide a categorization of state-of-the-art trackers and a broad error analysis. This will help newcomers understand the related work and research trends in the MOT community, and hopefully shed some light into potential future research directions.
Why UK medical students change career preferences: an interview study
Authors: Singh Amit , Alberti Hugh 
Published: December 2020

Introduction Medical career preferences are influenced by a multitude of factors. Currently several specialties are undergoing recruitment problems; we must develop our understanding of medical career decision-making to ensure the production of an appropriate workforce. We aimed to explore the changing career preferences of students during medical school, to better understand this.
Methods This was an interpretivist, qualitative study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven final-year students to explore why their career preferences had changed during medical school. Transcripts of these interviews were thematically analysed.
Results Three overarching themes emerged from the analysis: The ‘influence of medical school’, ‘perceived suitability to specialty’ and ‘belonging and fitting in’. A thematic map captured the participants’ perceptions on why their preferences had changed, with major influences echoing existing research. However, novel findings included participants’ personalities and enthusiasm changing over time, the need for a ‘sense of belonging’ and participants defining the term ‘variety’ uniquely, perceiving their current specialty preference to match their definition.
Discussion This was an original, in-depth study on changing career preferences, which is an ill-defined subject within the literature. Analysis revealed preferences changed for a variety of medical school, personal and specialty reasons, leading to the construction of an updated model of medical career decision-making. Medical career preference remains a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon, influenced by an intricate interplay of internal and external factors. An understanding of this is crucial for future workforce planning.
Sediment redistribution beneath the terminus of an advancing glacier, Taku Glacier (T'aa

k

ú

K

wáan Sít'i), Alaska
Authors: Zechmann Jenna M. , Truffer Martin , Motyka Roman J. , Amundson Jason M. , Larsen Chris F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recently-advancing Taku Glacier is excavating subglacial sediments at high rates over multi-decadal timescales. However, sediment redistribution over shorter timescales remains unquantified. We use a variety of methods to study subglacial and proglacial sediment redistribution on decadal, seasonal, and daily timescales to gain insight into sub- and proglacial landscape formation. Both excavation and deposition were observed from 2003 to 2015 (2.8 ± 0.9 m a−1to +2.9 ± 0.9 m a−1). The observed patterns imply that a subglacial conduit has occupied the same site over the past decade. Outwash fans on the subaerial end moraine experience fluvial sediment reworking almost year-round, with net sediment gain in winter and net sediment loss in summer, and an overall mass gain between 2005 and 2015. We estimate that tens of meters of sediment still underlie the glacier terminus, sediments which can be remobilized during future activity. However, imminent retreat from the proglacial moraine will limit its sediment supply, leaving the moraine vulnerable to erosion by bordering rivers. Retreat into an over-deepened basin will leave the glacier vulnerable to increased frontal ablation and accelerating retreat.
LABOUR, FOLKLORE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS IN GERMAN MINING AROUND 1800
Authors: ANTHONY PATRICK 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHistorians have recently shown how the concept of ‘sustainability’ (Nachhaltigkeit) first emerged through statist ambitions to enfold nature into political economy in eighteenth-century Germany. Shifting the focus from forestry to mining, this article draws upon the case of Prussian mining official Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) and the ‘Mining School’ he founded in Bad Steben to argue that sustainable resource management also entailed the strict discipline of labour relations and a programme of ‘psychological policy’. Humboldt's Mining School sought to address administrative concerns about ‘Raubbau’ – the rash exploitation of mineral resources ‘without consideration for the future’ – by cultivating a new generation of mine foremen loyal to the state and schooled in its protocol. Ostensibly, Humboldt wished to purge the industry of ‘superstitious’ folk knowledge that undermined the state's commitment to long-term exploitation. Yet analysis of mining songs and sagas suggests a striking analogy between official and vernacular understandings of resource extraction as an ethical matter. Thus, the environmental alarms sounded by German miners around 1800 were triggered by transgressions of a social nature; and political concerns about social order in the ‘mining state’ were constitutive of material concerns about natural resources.
The Multifarious Lives of the Sixth ‘Abbasid Caliph Muhammad al-Amin: Collective Memory Construction, Queer Spaces, and Historical Television Drama in Egypt and Syria
Authors: Joubin Rebecca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA vast array of narratives found in medieval historical chronicles and literary sources have referenced the particular ways in which the culture associated with the ‘Abbasid caliphate diverged from a binary model of gender. Despite debate about the historical accuracy of these early chronicles, the repeated references to the sixth ‘Abbasid caliph Muhammad al-Amin's non-heteronormativity indicate at least a kernel of truth. This article examines the collective memory construction of al-Amin in the Egyptian series Harun al-Rashid (1997) and two Syrian series, Abna’ al-Rashid: al-Amin wa-l-Ma'mun (The Sons of al-Rashid: al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, 2006) and Harun al-Rashid (2018). These contemporary portrayals of the life of al-Amin simultaneously illustrate the process by which history is altered by authorial perspective and the erasure of nonheteronormative space within the ‘Abbasid caliphate. My own authorial perspective inclines toward an interpretation of al-Amin as queer; through this lens, an inspection of wide-ranging accounts of al-Amin's life reveals the historical biases of his time and our current moment, too, as historians then and now variably recognize al-Amin's queerness in constructing collective memory. Some have argued that anti–al-Amin chroniclers may have engaged in historical revisionism and referred to al-Amin as queer to discredit the caliph, but ultimately, whether or not this is true, the current application of those early references by contemporary screenwriters is the most revealing historiographical decision, as his many representations serve as a mirror for our contemporary subjectivities, interests, and agendas. At a time when queer lives and experiences are notably absent from traditional historical narratives, this article proposes that regardless of the accuracy of the original sources, the absence itself in contemporary portrayals is significant, as patterns of exclusion yield tangible meaning. In this particular case, the ready elimination of queerness from contemporary narratives shows the ways in which queerness is vulnerable to erasure in favor of other, more politically expedient identity characteristics and values.