bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Jurisdictions: Data Privacy Across the Borders
Authors: Celeste Edoardo , Fabbrini Federico 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Borderless cloud computing technologies are exacerbating tensions between European and other existing regulatory models for data privacy. On the one hand, in the European Union (EU), a series of data localisation initiatives are emerging with the objective of preserving Europe’s digital sovereignty, guaranteeing the respect of EU fundamental rights and preventing foreign law enforcement and intelligence agencies from accessing personal data. On the other hand, foreign countries are unilaterally adopting legislation requiring national corporations to disclose data stored in Europe, in this way bypassing jurisdictional boundaries grounded on physical data location. The chapter investigates this twofold dynamic by focusing particularly on the current friction between the EU data protection approach and the data privacy model of the United States (US) in the field of cloud computing.
Introduction
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe everyday lives of contemporary youth are awash with chemicals to boost pleasure, energy, sexual performance, appearance, and health. What do pills, drinks, sprays, powders, and lotions do for youth? What effects are youth seeking? The ChemicalYouth ethnographies presented here, based on more than five years of fieldwork conducted in Amsterdam, Brooklyn, Cayagan de Oro, Paris, Makassar, Puerto Princesa, and Yogyakarta, show that young people try out chemicals together, compare experiences, and engage in collaborative experiments. ChemicalYouth: Navigating Uncertainty: In Search of the Good Life makes a case for examining a broader range of chemicals that young people use in their everyday lives. It focuses not just on psychoactive substances—the use of which is viewed with concern by parents, educators, and policymakers—but all the other chemicals that young people use to boost pleasure, moods, vitality, appearance, and health, purposes for using chemicals that have received far less scholarly attention. It takes the use of chemicals as situated practices that are embedded in social relations and that generate shared understandings of efficacy. More specifically, it seeks to answer the question: how do young people balance the benefits and harms of chemicals in their quest for a good life?
Chemical Highs
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chemical Highs looks at how young people themselves develop and share with their peers a multitude of ways to maximize the pleasures and minimize the risks involved in getting high, an empowering practice that we refer to as “harm reduction from below.” Ethnographies from the Amsterdam festival and afterparty scene illuminate two patterns: young people’s efforts to creatively self-regulate to achieve “hassle-free highs,” and the potentially positive role of government policy. This context is contrasted with that of youth in Indonesia, who also seek out hassle-free highs with their peers, but live under a government that is waging a deadly war against drugs, where they have little access to harm reduction information and tools. Our team discovered that Indonesian youth are turning to psychoactive prescription drugs (PPDs) to get high, which they consider safer than illicit drugs that can lead to the death penalty, but which are also highly addictive.
Chemical Sexualities
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we present ethnographies from the Philippines, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and France that together show how young people use chemicals to shape their bodies, enhance their sexual pleasure, and foster their sexual hygiene. Through these intimate stories, we show how young people use chemicals to try out different sexual identities, connect with partners, enhance sexual experiences, and prevent unwanted pregnancies, as well as enhance their sexual performance. In this way, chemicals are used both as a way to relate to others and also to explore themselves. InChemical Sexualities, we show how young people use chemicals to address their sexual needs and explore their sexual desires in four distinct ways: to shape their bodies, to enhance sexual performance, for sexual hygiene and STI prevention, and to abort unwanted pregnancies. Each of these “do-it-yourself” chemical sexualities involves various practices, which we compare and contrast across field sites to gain a better understanding of what is at stake in young people’s sexual lives.
Chemical 24/7
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter shines a light on what happens in the dark: specifically, we present ethnographic insights from the nightlife economy and how chemicals enable youth to work “24/7.” Producers, promoters, DJs, hosts, artists, performers, drag queens, musicians, stage managers, bartenders, hospitality girls, and dancers from Amsterdam, Brooklyn, Bira (Indonesia), and Puerto Princesa (the Philippines) share with the ChemicalYouth team the various stimulants they use to stay awake and perform their jobs during non-typical working hours, and the other chemicals that they take in order to be able to sleep and recover afterwards. In Chemical 24/7 we compare and contrast the chemical practices of youth working at leisure industry sites in the global North to those of the low-income service sector and manual workers in the global South, and discuss how these different working conditions perpetuate chemical use. Our interlocutors rely on a range of chemicals for their work and social lives, and they develop practices to moderate their use in order to avoid adverse effects. Yet their practices differ depending on the availability, marketing, and policing of the substances.
Introduction
Authors: Ouaissa Rachid , Pannewick Friederike , Strohmaier Alena 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis essay collection is the outcome of interdisciplinary research into political, societal, and cultural transformation processes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at the Philipps-Universität in Marburg, Germany. It builds on many years of collaboration between two research networks at the Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies: the research network “Re-Configurations: History, Remembrance and Transformation Processes in the Middle East and North Africa” (2013–19), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), and the Leibniz-Prize research group “Figures of Thought | Turning Points: Cultural Practices and Social Change in the Arab World” (2013–20), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Both research projects’ central interest lay in the political, social, and cultural transformation that has become especially visible since 2010–11; we conceptualize this transformation here using the term “re-configurations.” At the core of the inquiry are interpretations of visions of past and future, power relations and both political and symbolic representations.
Teachers’ Resistance to Educational Change and Innovations in the Middle East and North Africa: A Case Study of Tunisian Universities
Authors: Hamlaoui Sihem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe effective implementation of change remains a crucial concern for educational leaders in the twenty-first Century. One of the major challenges to the effective implementation of reforms is the resistance to change among teachers or staff members, as this habit slows the process of implementation of any educational reform. Resistance to technology has been found to be a prominent reason for most system failures. This highlights the importance of understanding technology resistance causes, and possible remedies. Studies have explored the black box of resistance and suggested a theoretical explanation. This chapter seeks to expose the hidden reasons for Tunisian faculty members’ resistance to digitalization and suggests a theoretical implementation strategy for reaching the intended reform goals.
The Role of Social Movements in the Re-Configuration of Youth Transition Regimes: The Biography of an Unemployed Graduates Activist in Morocco
Authors: Schwarz Christoph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the transitions to adulthood of young university graduates in Morocco, more precisely, activists of the unemployed graduates movement. Their protests offer a case in point to shed light on how youth transitions in the region are institutionalized and brokered. Based on particpant observation and life story interviews, this chapter applies a ‘youth transitions regime’ perspective in order to highlight he political dimension of youth transitions. How is the structure of these transitions and the hegemonic cultural definitions of ‘youth’ and ‘adulthood’ implicit in them linked to class, gender, social exclusion and precariousness? Has the ‘Arab Spring’ impacted the Moroccan youth transitions regime and the strategies of the unemployed graduates?
Family Memories and the Transmission of the Independence Struggle in South Yemen
Authors: Augustin Anne-Linda Amira 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn 2007, a protest movement emerged in South Yemen called the Southern Movement. At the beginning, it was a loose amalgamation of people, most of them former army personnel and state employees of the former People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) who had been forced out of their jobs after the southern faction lost the war in 1994. Because of the state security forces’ brutality against protesters, more and more people joined the demonstrations, and the claims began to evolve into concrete political demands, such as the restored independence of the territory that once formed the PDRY, which in 1990 unified with the Arab Republic of Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen, as a separate state. By appropriating hidden forms of resistance, such as the intentionally and unintentionally intergenerational transmission of a counternarrative, South Yemenis have strengthened the calls for independence in recent years.
On the Re-Configurations of Cinematic Media-Spaces: From Diaspora Film to Postdiaspora Film
Authors: Strohmaier Alena 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungThis chapter analyzes the formation of the (self-applied) designation “Iranian diaspora” and its cinematic representations. The Iranian diaspora and its filmmaking are suitable objects of investigation because they can be used to illustrate two transformations, both of diaspora into postdiaspora and diaspora film into postdiaspora film. This reconfiguration manifests itself spatially on three levels: the real space of the diaspora, which is subject to socio-political changes; the internal-diegetic spaces in the films themselves, which constantly bring new themes to the fore; and film as a space-creating instance in itself, which constantly updates its own mediality. In Iranian (post-)diaspora film, these different spatial dimensions come together, as illustrated by this chapter’s analysis of Ana Lily Amirpour’s A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night (USA, 2014).
Carroll versus Galilei from a brane perspective
Authors: Bergshoeff Eric , Izquierdo José Manuel , Romano Luca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We show that our previous work on Galilei and Carroll gravity, apt for particles, can be generalized to Galilei and Carroll gravity theories adapted to p-branes (p = 0, 1, 2, ⋯). Within this wider brane perspective, we make use of a formal map, given in the literature, between the corresponding p-brane Carroll and Galilei algebras where the index describing the directions longitudinal (transverse) to the Galilei brane is interchanged with the index covering the directions transverse (longitudinal) to the Carroll brane with the understanding that the time coordinate is always among the longitudinal directions. This leads among other things in 3D to a map between Galilei particles and Carroll strings and in 4D to a similar map between Galilei strings and Carroll strings. We show that this formal map extends to the corresponding Lie algebra expansion of the Poincaré algebra and, therefore, to several extensions of the Carroll and Galilei algebras including central extensions. We use this formal map to construct several new examples of Carroll gravity actions. Furthermore, we discuss the symmetry between Carroll and Galilei at the level of the p-brane sigma model action and apply this formal symmetry to give several examples of 3D and 4D particles and strings in a curved Carroll background.
The association of GATM polymorphism with statin-induced myopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Mengyuan , Fan Fangfang , Zhang Yan , Li Jianping 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Statin-induced myopathy (SIM) is the commonest reason for discontinuation of statin therapy. The aim of this present meta-analysis is to assess the relationship between glycine amidinotransferase gene (GATM) polymorphism and risk of SIM.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically for case-control studies investigating the relationship between GATM polymorphism and SIM. Retrieved articles were carefully reviewed and assessed according to the inclusion criteria. Associations were assessed in pooled data by calculating odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analysis was performed according to comedications and severity of SIM.

Results
Six studies with 707 cases and 2321 controls were included in this meta-analysis. GATM rs9806699 G>A was associated with decreased risk of SIM (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.94, P = 0.006). This association remained significant in the subgroup with fibrates or niacin excluded. However, the association of rs9806699 G>A with severe SIM was not significant. In addition, another two variations at GATM, rs1719247 C>T, and rs1346268 T>C were also associated with declined risk of SIM.

Conclusions
GATM polymorphism including rs9806699 G>A, rs1719247 C>T, and rs1346268 T>C may be protective factors of SIM. GATM rs9806699 G>A may only exert protective effect on mild SIM cases. Our meta-analysis indicates that GATM polymorphism may represent a pharmacogenomics biomarker for predicting incidence of SIM, which contributes to risk stratification and optimizing statin adherence.
The role of multiparametric resonance and biopsy in prostate cancer detection: comparison with definitive histological report after laparoscopic/robotic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Rapisarda S. , Bada M. , Crocetto F. , Barone B. , Arcaniolo D. , Polara A. , Imbimbo C. , Grosso G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) targeted biopsy increases overall detection rates and decreases the risk of clinically insignificant PCa detection. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare concordance rates regarding side of lesion and Gleason Score at fusion targeted/systematic biopsy and MRI with the definitive histologic report of prostatectomy specimen.

Methods
115 patients underwent multiparametric (mp) MRI and successively fusion targeted/systematic biopsy. 107 patients, with a positive biopsy for PCa, further underwent laparoscopic/robotic radical prostatectomy. We compared surgical histologic report with biopsy histologic report for side of lesion and Gleason Score. We further compared PIRADS score at mpMRI with Gleason Score of both histologic reports.

Results
Concordance rate for mpMRI lesion side was 74% compared to biopsy and 52.3% compared to surgical histologic report (p < 0.0001). Fusion targeted/systematic biopsy reported a concordance rate with surgical histologic report of 67.3% for side of the lesion, while Gleason Score was concordant for 73.6% for clinically significant cancer (Gleason Score ≥ 7) (p < 0.0001). PIRADS score ≥ 3 was further associated with clinically significant cancer at surgical histologic report in 92.4% of cases (p = 0.359).

Conclusion
Multiparametric MRI of the prostate reaches a good and improvable accuracy in the detection of suspicious PCa before biopsy. A combined approach of fusion targeted and systematic biopsy could further increase the overall accuracy in PCa diagnosis, especially in biopsy-naïve patients, reaching concordance rates with definitive histologic report up to 52.3% and 85.5%.
Nest ornaments and feather composition form an extended phenotype syndrome in a wild bird
Authors: Järvinen Pauliina , Brommer Jon E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany species throughout the animal kingdom construct nests for reproduction. A nest is an extended phenotype—a non-bodily attribute—of the individual building it. In some bird species, including our study population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), conspicuous feathers or other material are placed on top of the nest. These so-called nest ornaments do not contribute to nest insulation, but are hypothesised to have a signalling function. Here, we apply the concept of behavioural syndromes, with focus on between-individual variation (repeatability) and between-individual correlations, to the study of avian nest construction. We find that nest ornamentation is a moderately repeatable trait in female blue tits, which suggests it is an extended phenotype of the female. Furthermore, the tendency to ornament the nest covaries across females with another aspect of her extended phenotype, the composition of the nest lining material, and these two traits thus form an extended phenotype syndrome. Assuming the correlation is reflected on a genetic level, it implies that nest ornamentation and composition of the nest lining do not evolve in isolation; one aspect may be an evolutionary by-product of selection on the other aspect and their overall flexibility to respond to change is reduced.Significance statementThe avian nest is an extended phenotype (a non-bodily attribute) of its builder with potentially multiple functions in terms of insulation and signalling. In particular, many bird species’ nests contain nest ornaments, feathers or other materials that are placed on top of the nest and that stand out from the nest material due to their colour and/or size. We quantified between-individual variation (repeatability) of nest ornamentation behaviour in a wild population of blue tits and between-individual covariation (syndrome) of nest ornamentation to other features of nest construction. We find that nest ornamentation is a repeatable trait limited to females in our study population. The tendency to ornament the nest covaries across females with another aspect of her extended nest phenotype, the composition of the nest lining material. These correlated traits thus form an extended phenotype syndrome. It hence becomes crucial to recognise that a study of a single aspect of nest construction in isolation captures only a part of the complexity, as one aspect may have evolved as a correlated response of selection on the other aspect. Moreover, such a syndrome implies limited flexibility in the range of adaptive response.
The Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence into Surgical Practice
Authors: Tranter‐Entwistle Isaac , Wang Holly , Daly Kenny , Maxwell Scott , Connor Saxon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundArtificial intelligence is touted as the future of medicine. Classical algorithms for the detection of common bile duct stones (CBD) have had poor clinical uptake due to low accuracy. This study explores the challenges of developing and implementing a machine‐learning model for the prediction of CBD stones in patients presenting with acute biliary disease (ABD).MethodsAll patients presenting acutely to Christchurch Hospital over a two‐year period with ABD were retrospectively identified. Clinical data points including lab test results, demographics and ethnicity were recorded. Several statistical techniques were utilised to develop a machine‐learning model. Issues with data collection, quality, interpretation and barriers to implementation were identified and highlighted.ResultsIssues with patient identification, coding accuracy, and implementation were encountered. In total, 1315 patients met inclusion criteria. Incorrect international classification of disease 10 (ICD‐10) coding was noted in 36% (137/382) of patients recorded as having CBD stones. Patients with CBD stones were significantly older and had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels (p < 0.001). The no information rate was 81% (1070/1315 patients). The optimum model developed was the gradient boosted model with a PPV of 67%, NPV of 87%, sensitivity of 37% and a specificity of 96% for common bile duct stones.ConclusionThis paper highlights the utility of machine learning in predicting CBD stones. Accuracy is limited by current data and issues do exist around both the ethics and practicality of implementation. Regardless, machine learning represents a promising new paradigm for surgical practice.
The sensitivity and specificity of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19
Authors: Kovács Anita , Palásti Péter , Veréb Dániel , Bozsik Bence , Palkó András , Kincses Zsigmond Tamás 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The identification of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 is highly important to control the disease; however, the clinical presentation is often unspecific and a large portion of the patients develop mild or no symptoms at all. For this reason, there is an emphasis on evaluating diagnostic tools for screening. Chest CT scans are emerging as a useful tool in the diagnostic process of viral pneumonia cases associated with COVID-19. This review examines the sensitivity, specificity, and feasibility of chest CT in detecting COVID-19 compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Methods
Sensitivity and specificity of chest CT in detecting COVID-19 in its various phases was compared using RT-PCR as a gold standard. A “reverse calculation approach” was applied and treated chest CT as a hypothetical gold standard and compared RT-PCR to it point out the flaw of the standard approach.

Results
High sensitivity (67–100%) and relatively low specificity (25–80%) was reported for the CT scans. However, the sensitivity of RT-PCR was reported to be modest (53–88%), hence cannot serve as an appropriate ground truth. The “reverse calculation approach” showed that CT could have a higher specificity (83–100%) if we consider the modest sensitivity of the RT-PCR.

Conclusions
The sensitivity and specificity of the chest CT in diagnosing COVID-19 and the radiation exposure have to be judged together. Arguments are presented that chest CT scans have added value in diagnosing COVID-19 especially in patients, who exhibit typical clinical symptoms and have negative RT-PCR results in highly infected regions.

Key Points
• CT scans have higher specificity if we take into account the low sensitivity of the RT-PCR.
• Avoid chest CT as a sole diagnostic approach for COVID-19 infection.
• Patients who had negative RT-PCR result with typical clinical symptoms in highly infected regions or with close contact of COVID-19-infected patients; the use of chest CT is warranted.