bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed representations of temporal stimulus associations across regular-firing and fast-spiking neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Xing Bohan , Morrissey Mark D. , Takehara-Nishiuchi Kaori 
Published: December 2019

The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in various cognitive processes, including working memory, executive control, decision making, and relational learning. One core computational requirement underlying all these processes is the integration of information across time. When rodents and rabbits associate two temporally discontiguous stimuli, some neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) change firing rates in response to the preceding stimulus and sustain the firing rate during the subsequent temporal interval. These firing patterns are thought to serve as a mechanism to buffer the previously presented stimuli and signal the upcoming stimuli; however, how these critical properties are distributed across different neuron types remains unknown. We investigated the firing selectivity of regular-firing, burst-firing, and fast-spiking neurons in the prelimbic region of the mPFC while rats associated two neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) with one aversive stimulus (US). Analyses of firing patterns of individual neurons and neuron ensembles revealed that regular-firing neurons maintained rich information about CS identity and CS-US contingency during intervals separating the CS and US. Moreover, they further strengthened the latter selectivity with repeated conditioning sessions over a month. The selectivity of burst-firing neurons for both stimulus features was weaker than that of regular-firing neurons, indicating the difference in task engagement between two subpopulations of putative excitatory neurons. In contrast, putative inhibitory, fast-spiking neurons showed a stronger selectivity for CS identity than for CS-US contingency, suggesting their potential role in sensory discrimination. These results reveal a fine-scaled functional organization in the prefrontal network supporting the formation of temporal stimulus associations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To associate stimuli that occurred separately in time, the brain needs to bridge the temporal gap by maintaining what was presented and predicting what would follow. We show that in rat medial prefrontal cortex, the former function is associated with a subpopulation of putative inhibitory neurons, whereas the latter is supported by a subpopulation of putative excitatory neurons. Our results reveal a distinct contribution of these microcircuit components to neural representations of temporal stimulus associations.
Cell-free Circulating Tumor DNA Variant Allele Frequency Associates with Survival in Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Pairawan Seyed , Hess Kenneth R. , Janku Filip , Sanchez Nora S. , Mills Shaw Kenna R. , Eng Cathy , Damodaran Senthilkumar , Javle Milind , Kaseb Ahmed O. , Hong David S. , Subbiah Vivek , Fu Siqing , Fogelman David R. , Raymond Victoria M. , Lanman Richard B. , Meric-Bernstam Funda 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Physicians are expected to assess prognosis both for patient counseling and for determining suitability for clinical trials. Increasingly, cell-free circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA) sequencing is being performed for clinical decision making. We sought to determine whether variant allele frequency (VAF) in cfDNA is associated with prognosis.

Experimental Design:
We performed a retrospective analysis of 298 patients with metastatic disease who underwent clinical comprehensive cfDNA analysis and assessed association between VAF and overall survival.

Results:
cfDNA mutations were detected in 240 patients (80.5%). Median overall survival (OS) was 11.5 months. cfDNA mutation detection and number of nonsynonymous mutations (NSM) significantly differed between tumor types, being lowest in appendiceal cancer and highest in colon cancer. Having more than one NSM detected was associated with significantly worse OS (HR = 2.3; P &lt; 0.0001). VAF was classified by quartiles, Q1 lowest, Q4 highest VAF. Higher VAF levels were associated with a significantly worse overall survival (VAF Q3 HR 2.3, P = 0.0069; VAF Q4 HR = 3.8, P &lt; 0.0001) on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, VAF Q4, male sex, albumin level &lt;3.5 g/dL, number of nonvisceral metastatic sites &gt;0 and number of prior therapies &gt;4 were independent predictors of worse OS.

Conclusions:
Higher levels of cfDNA VAF and a higher number of NSMs were associated with worse OS in patients with metastatic disease. Further study is needed to determine optimal VAF thresholds for clinical decision making and the utility of cfDNA VAF as a prognostic marker in different tumor types.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Profiles in Circulating Cell-Free DNA Associate with Disease Burden in Children with Neuroblastoma
Authors: Applebaum Mark A. , Barr Erin K. , Karpus Jason , West-Szymanski Diana C. , Oliva Meritxell , Sokol Elizabeth A. , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Zhou , Zhang Wei , Chlenski Alexandre , Salwen Helen R. , Wilkinson Emma , Dobratic Marija , Grossman Robert L. , Godley Lucy A. , Stranger Barbara E. , He Chuan , Cohn Susan L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is an epigenetic marker of open chromatin and active gene expression. We profiled 5-hmC with Nano-hmC-Seal technology using 10 ng of plasma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in blood samples from patients with neuroblastoma to determine its utility as a biomarker.

Experimental Design:
For the Discovery cohort, 100 5-hmC profiles were generated from 34 well children and 32 patients (27 high-risk, 2 intermediate-risk, and 3 low-risk) at various time points during the course of their disease. An independent Validation cohort encompassed 5-hmC cfDNA profiles (n = 29) generated from 21 patients (20 high-risk and 1 intermediate-risk). Metastatic burden was classified as high, moderate, low, or none per Curie metaiodobenzylguanidine scores and percentage of tumor cells in bone marrow. Genes with differential 5-hmC levels between samples according to metastatic burden were identified using DESeq2.

Results:
Hierarchical clustering using 5-hmC levels of 347 genes identified from the Discovery cohort defined four clusters of samples that were confirmed in the Validation cohort and corresponded to high, high-moderate, moderate, and low/no metastatic burden. Samples from patients with increased metastatic burden had increased 5-hmC deposition on genes in neuronal stem cell maintenance and epigenetic regulatory pathways. Further, 5-hmC cfDNA profiles generated with 1,242 neuronal pathway genes were associated with subsequent relapse in the cluster of patients with predominantly low or no metastatic burden (sensitivity 65%, specificity 75.6%).

Conclusions:
cfDNA 5-hmC profiles in children with neuroblastoma correlate with metastatic burden and warrants development as a biomarker of treatment response and outcome.
ОГЛЯД МЕТОДІВ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЇ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ДИСПЛАЗІЇ КУЛЬШОВОГО СУГЛОБУ ТА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НАЙБІЛЬШ ПРИЙНЯТНИХ ІЗ НИХ ДЛЯ КОМП'ЮТЕРНОГО ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ
Authors: Bilynsky Y. Y. , Nikolskyy O. I. , Huralnyk A. B. , Pogoriliy V.V. 
Published: December 2019

Зроблено огляд методів ультразвукової діагностики дисплазії кульшового суглобу (ДКС) та визначення найбільш прийнятних із них для комп'ютерного прогнозування захворювання. Основними методами ультразвукового дослідження для діагностики кульшового суглобу є методи Графа, Розендаля, Харке й Моріна, Терьєсена, Дальстрьома. Окрім наведених методів, успішно розвиваються динамічні методи ДКС, засновані на вже відомих методах.
Показано, що використання комп'ютерних технологій має перспективи в діагностиці дисплазії кульшового суглобу. Система діагностики та класифікації ДКС, заснована на суб'єктивному оцінюванні кісткового трикутника вертлюжної западини і даху хряща, а також на вимірах кута даху вертлюжного хряща (в кута) та кута нахилу вертлюжної западини (а кута), метод Графа. Крім того, діагностика ДКС може бути зроблена іншими методами. Описано вимірювання охоплення головки стегнової кістки, як в методі Моріна.
Для комп'ютерного аналізу найбільш прийнятні методи, що використовують вимірювання геометрії елементів кульшового суглобу. Методи Графа з модифікацією методом Розендаль, метод Харке-Моріна, метод Терьесена, на думку авторів, найбільше підходять із розглянутих, для комп'ютерного оброблення, вимірювання та комп'ютерного розпізнавання ДКС немовляти.
Reclassification of Ischemic Stroke Etiological Subtypes on the Basis of High-Risk Nonstenosing Carotid Plaque
Authors: Kamel Hooman , Navi Babak B. , Merkler Alexander E. , Baradaran Hediyeh , Díaz Iván , Parikh Neal S. , Kasner Scott E. , Gladstone David J. , Iadecola Costantino , Gupta Ajay 
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—
Carotid artery plaque with <50% luminal stenosis may be an underappreciated stroke mechanism. We assessed how many stroke causes might be reclassified after accounting for nonstenosing plaques with high-risk features.

Methods—
We included patients enrolled in the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry from 2011 to 2015 who had anterior circulation infarction, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and magnetic resonance angiography of the neck. High-risk plaque was identified by intraplaque hemorrhage ascertained from routine neck magnetic resonance angiography studies using validated methods. Infarct location was determined from diffusion-weighted imaging. Intraplaque hemorrhage and infarct location were assessed separately in a blinded fashion by a neuroradiologist. We used the McNemar test for matched data to compare the prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage ipsilateral versus contralateral to brain infarction. We reclassified stroke subtypes by including large-artery atherosclerosis as a cause if there was intraplaque hemorrhage ipsilateral to brain infarction, regardless of the degree of stenosis.

Results—
Among the 1721 acute ischemic stroke patients registered in the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry from 2011 to 2015, 579 were eligible for this analysis. High-risk plaque was more common ipsilateral versus contralateral to brain infarction in large-artery atherosclerotic (risk ratio [RR], 3.7 [95% CI, 2.2–6.1]), cryptogenic (RR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.4–3.1]), and cardioembolic strokes (RR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1–2.4]). There were nonsignificant ipsilateral-contralateral differences in high-risk plaque among lacunar strokes (RR, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4–3.5]) and strokes of other determined cause (RR, 1.5 [95% CI, 0.7–3.3]). After accounting for ipsilateral high-risk plaque, 88 (15.2%) patients were reclassified: 38 (22.6%) cardioembolic to multiple potential etiologies, 6 (8.5%) lacunar to multiple, 3 (15.8%) other determined cause to multiple, and 41 (20.8%) cryptogenic to large-artery atherosclerosis.

Conclusions—
High-risk carotid plaque was more prevalent ipsilateral to brain infarction across several ischemic stroke subtypes. Accounting for such plaques may reclassify the etiologies of up to 15% of cases in our sample.
Influence of Expected Reward on Temporal Order Judgment
Authors: Rakhshan Mohsen , Lee Vivian , Chu Emily , Harris Lauren , Laiks Lillian , Khorsand Peyman , Soltani Alireza 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Perceptual decision-making has been shown to be influenced by reward expected from alternative options or actions, but the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. More specifically, it is debated whether reward effects are mediated through changes in sensory processing, later stages of decision-making, or both. To address this question, we conducted two experiments in which human participants made saccades to what they perceived to be either the first or second of two visually identical but asynchronously presented targets while we manipulated expected reward from correct and incorrect responses on each trial. By comparing reward-induced bias in target selection (i.e., reward bias) during the two experiments, we determined whether reward caused changes in sensory or decision-making processes. We found similar reward biases in the two experiments indicating that reward information mainly influenced later stages of decision-making. Moreover, the observed reward biases were independent of the individual's sensitivity to sensory signals. This suggests that reward effects were determined heuristically via modulation of decision-making processes instead of sensory processing. To further explain our findings and uncover plausible neural mechanisms, we simulated our experiments with a cortical network model and tested alternative mechanisms for how reward could exert its influence. We found that our experimental observations are more compatible with reward-dependent input to the output layer of the decision circuit. Together, our results suggest that, during a temporal judgment task, reward exerts its influence via changing later stages of decision-making (i.e., response bias) rather than early sensory processing (i.e., perceptual bias).
The Convergence of Religious Legal Consciousness in the Context of Global Migration Processes
Authors: Yuri Arsenovich Reyent (Reent) , Abdurazakov Akhmed Abdurakhmanovich , Abolmasova Tatiana Evgenjevna , Kuchenev Andrey Vlademerovich , Khvan Tat’yana Sergeevna 
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this research is to identify the peculiarities of religious legal consciousness and to review the conflicts, gaps, and additional specific problems arising amidst a convergence of peoples confessing Islam within the European legal-cultural domain. Approaching this question from the perspective of Russian scholarship, the authors evaluate and apply methods of inquiry such as sociological surveys and analysis of law enforcement practices, together with historical, dialectico-materialistic, interdisciplinary, and logical approaches. The given article highlights problems of cultural interaction with special reference to the role of religion in this process, including relative degrees of legal implementation of religion and the influence of religion on personality formation. Here religion is regarded both as a means of social regulation and as a reflection of the specific characteristics and cultural environment of a particular community with its concepts of justice, legality, and ethics. In general, modern secular states fail to take into account the different roots of religious legal consciousness in different cultures, instead perceiving the legality of a juridical fact through the prism of their own respective cultures. Nonetheless, understanding the mechanisms through which legal consciousness forms – including the impact of religion on such formation – represents an important tool for addressing and resolving a number of grave social problems.
Simone de Beauvoir et ses lecteurs
Authors: Strasser Anne 
Published: December 2019

Résumé
C’ est pour « parler au lecteur de personne à personne » que Beauvoir se lance dans l’ écriture autobiographique en 1958. Elle semble y être parvenue, si on en juge par les nombreux lecteurs qui lui ont écrit pour lui parler à leur tour de personne à personne. Nous voudrions ici étudier la présence des lecteurs dans l’ autobiographie beauvoirienne : on y découvre le souci principal de l’ auteur, soit « dissiper les malentendus » tant à propos d’ elle-même que de ses œuvres. On y lit aussi sa conception d’ une littérature engagée, étroitement liée à celle de son rapport à autrui, idéalement fait de réciprocité.
Sirr al-ʿālamayn: un Ġazālī apocrifo o inaspettato?
Authors: Carusi Paola 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Sirr al-ʿālamayn wa kašf mā fī’l-dārayn is a work whose attribution to al-Ġazālī has long been debated, and whose authenticity today is almost unanimously denied. In what may be considered as its second part, it contains some passages relating to alchemy and its operations that seem to be worthy of reflection. Such passages, present in a work attributed to Ġazālī, do not necessarily cast further doubts on its attribution; because if on the one hand some passages are to be considered perhaps a bit too ‘audacious’, on the other a non-negligible part of the work is dedicated to Ġazalian themes treated in a way that appears parallel to what is expressed in authentic works. After examining different arguments for and against the attribution to Ġazālī, arguments destined however to leave the question open, we realize that the Sirr being or not being a work by Ġazālī is not the most interesting thing in our research: for a historian of science, and in particular of alchemy, the main contribution of this work is in the role that it plays over time in its diffusion and among its readers: be it authentic or not authentic, this work, as attributed to Ġazālī, probably contributed to creating or consolidating the image of a Ġazālī connoisseur of alchemy and magic, and perhaps also to relating the search for transmutation to the search for God; a not insignificant circumstance, if we consider the progressive affirmation of a ‘spiritual’ reading of alchemy and transmutation.
Al-Ġazālī e il “buon mercante”
Authors: Francesca Ersilia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Medieval economic thought broke down the boundaries set by the natural economy and placed the merchant on a higher level than the farmer or the artisan. Rich merchants represented a powerful and respected class in Islamic world, near power without ever acquiring the capacity to manage or condition it. Merchant behaviour was considered the correct (or at least partially correct) way to use money. Trading meant putting money (and wealth in general) in circulation; so like charity and alms, it guarantees the virtuous circulation of goods within the community.
Taking clearly stimulus from Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī (d. 996), al-Ġazālī (d. 1111) represents the moral weakness and ambiguity of the merchant and his constant hovering in society as a figure lying between selfish greed and public usefulness. This is not the author’s aversion to earnings and trade; on the contrary he considered the merchant to be part of the “natural order” of things. Only through “exchange” can man satisfy all his needs, and the market/merchant is the link between the producer (farmer and artisan) and consumer. In this way a complex society is created in which the accumulation of wealth is essential for further development and where the market itself – the law of supply and demand – defines the “fair price”. Thus al-Ġazālī recognises the importance of trade in the economy of the Muslim world and, like Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, he dictates the rules for behaviour for a “good merchant”.
One new species of Mycterothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from southern Iran
Authors: ALICHI MAHMOOD , MINAEI KAMBIZ 
Published: December 2019

The genus Mycterothrips, with 36 species worldwide, is primarily Holarctic, but with several species occurring in the Old World tropics including Australia and Africa (ThripsWiki 2019). The species apparently all feed and breed on leaves, although adults can disperse widely onto many plants. An identification key to 27 species was provided (Masumoto & Okajima 2006), but seven further species were subsequently described from Iran (Mirab-balou et al. 2011; Alavi et al. 2013; Minaei et al. 2017) and a key for distinguishing nine species from this country was presented by Alavi et al. (2013). Recently two further new species were described from tea plants together with a key for 10 species in China (Li et al. 2017).
A Bayesian Approach for Statistical–Physical Bulk Parameterization of Rain Microphysics. Part I: Scheme Description
Authors: Morrison Hugh , van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Kumjian Matthew R. , Prat Olivier P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A new framework is proposed for the bulk parameterization of rain microphysics: the Bayesian Observationally Constrained Statistical–Physical Scheme (BOSS). It is designed to facilitate direct constraint by observations using Bayesian inference. BOSS combines existing process-level microphysical knowledge with flexible process rate formulations and parameters constrained by observations within a Bayesian framework. Using a raindrop size distribution (DSD) normalization method that relates DSD moments to one another via generalized power series, generalized multivariate power expressions are derived for the microphysical process rates as functions of a set of prognostic DSD moments. The scheme is flexible and can utilize any number and combination of prognostic moments and any number of terms in the process rate formulations. This means that both uncertainty in parameter values and structural uncertainty associated with the process rate formulations can be investigated systematically, which is not possible using traditional schemes. In this paper, BOSS is compared to two- and three-moment versions of a traditional bulk rain microphysics scheme (denoted as MORR). It is shown that some process formulations in MORR are analytically equivalent to the generalized power expressions in BOSS using one or two terms, while others are not. BOSS is able to replicate the behavior of MORR in idealized one-dimensional rainshaft tests, but with a much more flexible and systematic design. Part II of this study describes the application of BOSS to derive rain microphysical process rates and posterior parameter distributions in Bayesian experiments using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling constrained by synthetic observations.
A Bayesian Approach for Statistical–Physical Bulk Parameterization of Rain Microphysics. Part II: Idealized Markov Chain Monte Carlo Experiments
Authors: van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Morrison Hugh , Kumjian Matthew R. , Reimel Karly J. , Prat Olivier P. , Lunderman Spencer , Morzfeld Matthias 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Observationally informed development of a new framework for bulk rain microphysics, the Bayesian Observationally Constrained Statistical–Physical Scheme (BOSS; described in Part I of this study), is demonstrated. This scheme’s development is motivated by large uncertainties in cloud and weather simulations associated with approximations and assumptions in existing microphysics schemes. Here, a proof-of-concept study is presented using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm with BOSS to probabilistically estimate microphysical process rates and parameters directly from a set of synthetically generated rain observations. The framework utilized is an idealized steady-state one-dimensional column rainshaft model with specified column-top rain properties and a fixed thermodynamical profile. Different configurations of BOSS—flexibility being a key feature of this approach—are constrained via synthetic observations generated from a traditional three-moment bulk microphysics scheme. The ability to retrieve correct parameter values when the true parameter values are known is illustrated. For cases when there is no set of true parameter values, the accuracy of configurations of BOSS that have different levels of complexity is compared. It is found that addition of the sixth moment as a prognostic variable improves prediction of the third moment (proportional to bulk rain mass) and rain rate. In contrast, increasing process rate formulation complexity by adding more power terms has little benefit—a result that is explained using further-idealized experiments. BOSS rainshaft simulations are shown to well estimate the true process rates from constraint by bulk rain observations, with the additional benefit of rigorously quantified uncertainty of these estimates.