bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community-Based Research: A Grass-Roots and Social Justice Orientation to Inquiry
Authors: Boyd Margaret R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Community-based research challenges the traditional research paradigm by recognizing that complex social problems in the early 21st century must involve multiple stakeholders in the research process—not as subjects but as coinvestigators and coauthors. It is an orientation to inquiry rather than a methodology and reflects a transdisciplinary paradigm by including academics from many disciplines, community members, activists, and often students in all stages of the research process. Community-based research is relational research where all participants change and grow in a synergistic relationship as they work together and strategize to solve issues and problems that are defined by and meaningful to the community. This chapter is an introduction to the historical and philosophical roots of community-based research and discusses the core principles and skills useful when designing and working with community members in a collaborative, innovative, and transformative research partnership. The rationale for working within this research paradigm is discussed, as well as the challenges researchers and practitioners face when conducting community-based research. This chapter ends with a discussion of the continuing need for discussion, reflection, and case studies from the field regarding professional boundaries, institutional barriers, ethical research practices, and project evaluation.
China’s Integration into the Global Economic System: Institutional Idiosyncrasies and Emerging Patterns
Authors: Li Yuan , Taube Markus 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Since the—externally enforced—opening of China to the global economy in the mid-nineteenth century, China’s integration into the global economic system has been mostly determined by a passive adoption of norms and regulatory principles developed in the West. It is only in recent years, as China’s absolute and relative economic might in the global economic system has risen dramatically, that a more active Chinese approach toward the institutional ordering of global economic interaction can be observed. This chapter looks into the parameters of China’s integration into the international system, its role in global economic governance as well as the drivers of Chinese institution building in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative.
South African Urbanization and Industrialization to 1948
Authors: Hyslop Jonathan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The South African city during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has often been viewed as moving inexorably toward the fully segregated urban space of the high apartheid era. However, insofar as this view suggests a unilinear process with an inevitable outcome, it is misleading. South African cities at the turn of the century, and even to some extent after the formation of the unified South African state in 1910, had far more porous racial boundaries than is sometimes realized. The mining revolution did generate a dramatic process of industrialization and urbanization characterized by great racial inequality and coercion. But segregationists were trying to impose a pattern on a complex hybrid reality and did not always do so effectively. Nor was state policy consistent, with repression being far less continuous than was the case under apartheid. The 1940s saw the development of a crisis, with contradictory forces and policy directions in urban society. Apartheid arose out of this context but was not the predetermined result of what had come before.
Anthony Downs,An Economic Theory of Democracy
Authors: Muirhead Russell 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnthony Downs’s Economic Theory of Democracy has been marginalized in normative democratic theory, notwithstanding its prominence in positive political theory. For normative theorists, the “paradox of voting” testifies to the reality of moral motivation in politics, a species of motivation foreign to Downs’s theory and central to the ideals of deliberative democracy that normative theorists developed in the 1980s and 1990s. The deliberative ideal displaced aggregative conceptions of democracy such as Downs’s model. The ensuing segmentation of normative democratic theories that assume moral motives (like deliberative democracy) and positive models of democracy that assume selfish motives (like Downs’s theory) leaves both without the resources to diagnose the persistence of ideological partisanship and polarization that beset modern democracies. Engaging Downs’s theoretical contributions, especially the median voter theorem, would constitute a salutary step toward a democratic theory that integrates normative and positive theory.
Dignity in Psychotherapy
Authors: Andorno Roberto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The notion of human dignity conveys the idea that every human being has inherent worth and, therefore, ought to be accorded the highest respect and consideration. In healthcare, dignity provides an overarching moral framework to guide the physician–patient relationship in a great variety of issues, and especially in the promotion of the patient’s well-being and self-determination. Dignity plays also an important role in psychotherapy as the patient–therapist relationship involves confidences of an intimate nature and about very personal decisions and attitudes, and may lead to a patient’s overdependence on the therapist. Taken seriously, the patient’s dignity imposes on the therapist some specific moral duties, such as respecting and promoting patients’ self-determination, as well as patients’ values, beliefs, and life plans. Another direct consequence of the principle of respect for dignity is the requirement to avoid exploitative interactions with patients, in particular, any form of sexual harassment and abuse.
Free Will, Responsibility, and Blame in Psychotherapy
Authors: Zürcher Tobias 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Freedom of the will is not only an issue in the attribution of moral and legal responsibility—it also fundamentally shapes how we look at ourselves and how we interact with others. This is essential in everyday life but even more so in psychotherapy. In the debate on freedom of will, the main controversy is concerned with the relationship between determinism and free will. In this chapter, different positions are presented and discussed. The compatibilist viewpoint, which claims determinism and freedom of will to be compatible, is defended against competing theories and applied to psychotherapeutic work. Mental disorders affect free will in many ways, as is demonstrated by the examples. Nevertheless, a compatibilist approach to free will can be used as a resource to increase the patient’s autonomy. As a result, it is justified and sometimes appropriate within the therapeutic context to ascribe responsibility and, within certain limits, to express blame.
Evidence, Science, and Ethics in Talk-Based Healing Practices
Authors: Phillips James , Sadler John Z. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of knowledge and evidence in comparing and contrasting the ethics of non-clinical counseling (NCC) and mainstream mental health care as practiced by psychiatry, clinical psychology, and social work. As helping traditions which mostly eschew diagnostic categorization and approach mental distress from different values, practices, and metaphysical standpoints, the three NCC traditions considered here are found to be prone to errors of omission, e.g., not knowing what one does not know. While mainstream mental health is also subject to these errors, the mainstream’s allegiance to evidence-based practices leaves it prone to neglecting the crucial role of the clinician in dialogue with the patient. The authors conclude by arguing for wider appreciation of the contributions of clinical interpretation from the philosophy of psychiatry.
Conducting Psychotherapy through a Foreign Language Interpreter: Ethical Dilemmas
Authors: Searight H. Russell 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Current demographic and migration trends in many developing countries are increasing the demand for foreign language interpreters in mental health settings. Most mental health professionals have not been formally trained in providing psychotherapy through an interpreter. The addition of this third party to the therapist–patient dyad raises a number of ethical issues. While psychotherapists assume that interpreters are fluent in at least two languages, this fluency may not extend to the unique demands of mental health settings. While ethical guidelines indicate that the therapist bears responsibility for the interpreter’s competence, most interpreters will not have received formal training in facilitating psychotherapy. Since many patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) have sustained psychological trauma related to migration and war in their home counties, interpreters are at-risk for secondary traumatization during psychotherapy. Ethically, psychotherapists must consider the relative risks and benefits of interpreter-mediated psychotherapy and work towards reducing barriers to optimal treatment.
Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Castro Ashley S. , Koocher Gerald P. , Peist Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Psychotherapy with children and adolescents presents its own set of unique ethical challenges and considerations. Unlike psychotherapy with adults, children are often referred to therapy by adults (e.g., parents or teachers), meaning that the circumstances and context for which they present to therapists or clinicians differ from the circumstances of most adults. This chapter provides an overview of ethical considerations specific to children and adolescents including issues of competence, confidentiality, boundaries, use of specific therapeutic techniques, and attention to diversity. The authors advocate for moving away from a traditional bioethical or risk management approach with clients, towards a relational approach to child and adolescent psychotherapy ethics, in which therapists and clinicians pay special attention to context, family dynamics, and culture. It is essential that mental health professionals involved in psychotherapy with children and adolescents engage in continuous reflection on ethical issues and work to best understand their clients in context so they can provide optimal services.
Virtue Ethics and the Multicultural Clinic
Authors: Radden Jennifer , Kroll Jerry L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter expands on recent research applying a character-focused, virtue ethics framework to psychotherapeutic practice by introducing some distinctive demands made on the character of those who undertake psychotherapy with immigrant populations. These demands are illustrated using case examples taken from the clinic of one of the authors (JK), where Southeast Asian and East African patients are seen in an inner-city clinic in Minneapolis. The authors first discuss the definition of “psychotherapy” before moving on to introduce five brief case vignettes. The authors then examine virtue ethics, and the role of virtues in psychiatric practice. They use the case studies to illustrate when and how character virtues, both those that are familiar and some that are not, play a part in effective psychotherapeutic treatment in this setting, and explore the virtues likely to avert or diminish the effects of practitioner burnout that is a particular hazard of working in these settings.
Toward an Evidence-based Standard of Professional Competence
Authors: Miller Scott D. , Madsen Joshua W. , Hubble Mark A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Psychotherapists are ethically bound to provide services within the boundaries of their competence traditionally delimited by their education, training, and supervised experience. Throughout this chapter, two historical examples illustrate the shortcomings of the current standard as well as the promise of an alternative. The guidelines now in place are critiqued in light of the empirical evidence. The authors propose that effectiveness become the foundation of any formulation and assessment of competence. Developments over the last two decades make it possible for clinicians to measure their results and compare them to international norms—a process known as routine outcome monitoring. However, mere measurement and comparison to benchmarks are insufficient. To be ethical, to protect public welfare, practitioners must also act on the data provided by routine outcome monitoring. Using feedback informed treatment and deliberate practice therapists can both enhance their responsiveness to individual clients and continuously improve their outcomes. Challenges of implementation are discussed. A case study of an agency that successfully adopted routine outcome monitoring coupled with deliberate practice using best practices gleaned from the implementation science literature is offered.
Legitimate and Illegitimate Imposition of Therapists’ Values on Patients
Authors: Lampley Susana Fehr , Sadler John Z. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The understanding that psychotherapists should not impose their values on their patients is a shared belief in the field. However, little has been written about how not to impose one’s values on patients. This chapter diagrams an approach to evaluate justified and unjustified impositions of values in therapy with various examples. These examples are not intended to be comprehensive, but to provide an introductory overview. The case discussions will function to: (a) provide rough guidance about how to analyze one’s own unique cases, (b) illustrate areas of consensus within the broad psychotherapy field, (c) highlight the large areas of ambiguity and lack of consensus about what constitutes the legitimate and illegitimate imposition of values on patients, and (d) provide sample references from the literature illustrating particular values-imposition discussions and policies. The chapter’s conclusions emphasize the limitations of this exploratory work, and point to areas where additional analysis would be of benefit for clarifying ambiguities of practice.
Children’s Appreciation of Art
Authors: Goldstein Thalia R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Children engage with art, music, dance, and theater as early as they can move, make noise, and play. Yet theories of aesthetic responses are missing a developmental perspective. Large questions remain about the development of aesthetic response and reasoning, including whether there is a qualitative difference between children’s aesthetic reasoning and appreciation and adults’ reasoning and appreciation, how childhood artistic activities are linked to adult artistic activities, and how aesthetic responses are tied to other developmental processes in social, emotional, and cognitive development. Significant work in other areas such as intention processing, understanding of representation, emotion understanding, and attention points to developmental trajectories in aesthetics, but this work has only rarely been applied within or across art forms. Open questions across art forms, types of responses, and ages of development mean fertile ground for researchers interested in appreciation, understanding, and reactions to art, dance, music, and theater.
Aesthetic Experience in Everyday Environments
Authors: Silvia Paul J. , Cotter Katherine N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Most aesthetic experiences happen in everyday environments, far from majestic concert halls and museums. This chapter surveys the major lines of research that explore aesthetic experience in mundane “real-world” spaces. We review research on people’s aesthetic experience of (a) other people, especially facial beauty, adornment, and body modification; (b) natural scenes, such as green and blue spaces; (c) the built environment, such as buildings, interior spaces, and urban street art; (d) the near environment of touchable surfaces and objects; (e) music; and (f) the inner world of imagined sounds, images, and stories. The growing study of everyday aesthetics is not a distinct domain of research but rather a perspective on aesthetics that is more intrigued by common, mundane experiences than those that are culturally marked as artistic.
The Impact of the Social Context on Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Mastandrea Stefano 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Not only cognitive and affective processes determine an aesthetic experience; another important issue to consider has to do with the social context while experiencing the arts. Several studies have shown that the aesthetic impact of a work of art depends on, to an important extent, the different socio-demographic factors including age, class, social status, health, wealth, and so on. The concepts of cultural and social capital by Pierre Bourdieu and the production and consumption of artworks by Howard Becker are discussed. Another important aspect of the impact of the social context on aesthetic experience deals with early art experience in childhood within the family—considered as the first social group to which a person belongs.
Religion, Policy, and Politics
Authors: Rosie Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Religion has made a core contribution to the shaping of the Scottish nation, and continues to influence its politics and policy—albeit in the context of relatively recent and dramatically rapid secularization. This chapter briefly outlines the development of some key, and varied, religious traditions in Scotland, and illuminates the impacts that migration and secularization have made upon these. It examines religion’s role in party politics and on the constitutional question. The focus is upon the role of religious identity, and religious engagement, and their relationship to broader social and political attitudes. It considers the extent to which the recent policy interests of the Parliamentary Offices of Scotland’s main churches fit—or not—with broader religious, and irreligious, attitudes.
The ‘Scottish Approach’ to Policymaking
Authors: Cairney Paul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Scottish Government’s former Permanent Secretary Sir Peter Housden (2013) labelled the ‘Scottish Approach to Policymaking’ (SATP) as an alternative to the UK model of government. Central to this self-described approach is the distinctive way in which it uses evidence to inform policy and policymaking. Yet, scholarship on Scotland focuses increasingly on broader comparative dimensions, in which the UK is one of many reference points. Scottish policymaking takes place in the context of a far wider, international, and unresolved debate about what counts as good evidence and good governance. Consequently, as in many other systems, the Scottish Government supports three models of evidence-informed governance, and they co-exist with a centralist model, associated with Westminster-style democratic accountability, that must endure despite a Scottish Government commitment to its replacement. Like all executives, it describes how it would prefer to make policy, but this preference is one part of the story of complex government.
Local Government
Authors: McGarvey Neil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the obvious importance of the local council in Scottish public life, their study by social scientists has become somewhat of a niche subject. Indeed, there is often a tendency to think that the workings of the Scottish Government and Parliament are somewhat ‘bigger’ subjects. This chapter seeks to outline the role played by local councils in Scotland and draw attention to many of the budgetary and political pressures that they face. By comparing local government in Scotland pre- and post-devolution, the chapter also assesses the status of councils within Scotland’s democratic culture, their role as part of the welfare state, and their position within the Scottish polity today.
Scotland International
Authors: Lynch Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Scotland has a long history of international connections shaped by conflict, migration, trade, and empire as well as by the continued existence of Scottish organizations and networks after 1707 and before and after devolution. Since devolution was established in 1999, the Scottish Government has engaged in extensive paradiplomacy, a term referring to the international actions of sub-state governments. There has been a series of strategies to engage with European states, the USA, and China, through a strong, strategic role in linking economic development to the global economy. Scotland has also taken modest steps to develop its own international development policy.
The Independence Question
Authors: Brown Swan Coree 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 2014, voters were asked ‘Should Scotland be an independent country?’ Over the campaign it emerged that the meaning of independence was complex and contested. The proposals focused the SNP-led Scottish Government’s white paper Scotland’s Future on what might be retained of the British state, including the currency union, open borders, and co-operation at the European level. These proposals were derided by critics as ‘independence-lite’. The ensuing debate provided an opportunity to reflect on meanings of independence, statehood, and sovereignty. This chapter explores the meaning of independence in the 2014 debate. The nature and framing of independence are assessed with reference to the changing nature of the British state and the international, and particularly European context, in which these goals are articulated. The chapter will also reflect on the ways that the meaning of independence may have changed in light of the 2014 vote.
Twin Tracks
Authors: Hames Scott 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThough easily conflated, the cultural and political nationalism of modern Scotland are not the same. This chapter surveys parallel developments in cultural production and constitutional change from 1967 to 2018, and the role of the Scottish intelligentsia in re-instituting national-political space. Drawing on the key journals and magazines of the pro-devolution left, we explore the role of Scottish cultural ‘voice’ in affirming, mobilizing and institutionalizing the national-political frame. Scottish devolution had an important but highly mediated cultural dimension, with claims to national representation deeply entangled in electoral triangulation, and the emergence of ‘neo-popular’ Scottish identity cementing the image of anti-Thatcherite cultural consensus. But the idea of Holyrood arriving on a wave of artistic Renaissance and rising national ‘confidence’ is too simplistic, and obscures important disparities between the ‘twin tracks’ of cultural and political nationalism.
Understanding the Union
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Varieties of unionism in Scotland may be found in the debates in the last Scottish Parliament in 1705–1707 and persisted for three centuries. In modern politics, they may be roughly mapped to social unionism, trade and security unionism, and nationalist unionism. The three strands map poorly on to contemporary party labels but are conceptually coherent. A social union entails uniform welfare standards and a uniform safety net throughout the UK. The trade and security union is about the economies of scale generated by free trade within the UK. It used also to be about the military and the British Empire, to which Scots contributed massively, but has been reborn as a primordial concern for the Union in and of itself, but with added Faslane. Nationalist unionism insists on the integrity of Scots constitutional law and on the sovereignty of the Scottish people. It remains a live strand of unionism, although the least-understood one.