bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empathy as related to gender, age, race and ethnicity, academic background and career interest: A nationwide study of osteopathic medical students in the United States
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , DeSantis Jennifer , Shannon Stephen C. , Speicher Mark R. , Bragan Lynn , Calabrese Leonard H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContextResearch on associations between medical student empathy and demographics, academic background and career interest is limited, lacks representative samples and suffers from single institutional features. This study was designed to fill the gap by examining associations between empathy in patient care, and gender, age, race and ethnicity, academic background and career interest in nationwide, multi‐institutional samples of medical students in the United States and to provide more definitive answers regarding the aforementioned associations, with more confidence in the internal and external validity of the findings.MethodsFour nationwide samples participated in this study (n = 10 751). Samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 included 3616 first‐year, 2764 second‐year, 2413 third‐year and 1958 fourth‐year students who completed a web‐based survey at the end of the 2017‐2018 academic year. The survey included questions on demographics, academic background and career interest, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, and the Infrequency Scale of the Zuckerman‐Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire to control for the effect of ‘good impression’ response bias.ResultsStatistically significant and practically important associations were found between empathy scores and gender (in favour of women), race and ethnicity (in favour of African‐American and Hispanic/Latino/Spanish), academic background (in favour of ‘Social and Behavioural Sciences’ and ‘Arts and Humanities’ in Samples 1 and 2) and career interest (in favour of ‘People‐Oriented’ and ‘Psychiatry’ specialties).ConclusionsSpecial features of this study (eg, nationwide representative samples, use of a validated instrument for measuring empathy in patient care, statistical control for the effect of ‘good impression’ response bias, and consistency of findings in different samples from multiple institutions) provide more definitive answers to the issue of correlates of empathy in medical students and increase our confidence in the validity, reliability and generalisability of the results. Findings have implications for career counselling and targeting students who need more guidance to enhance their empathic orientation.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasive Lomentospora prolificans infections: Analysis of patients in the FungiScope® registry
Authors: Jenks Jeffrey D. , Seidel Danila , Cornely Oliver A. , Chen Sharon , van Hal Sebastiaan , Kauffman Carol , Miceli Marisa H. , Heinemann Melina , Christner Martin , Jover Sáenz Alfredo , Burchardt Alexander , Kemmerling Björn , Herbrecht Raoul , Steinmann Joerg , Shoham Shmuel , Gräber Sandra , Pagano Livio , Deeren Dries , Slavin Monica A. , Hoenigl Martin 
Published: February 2020

SummaryObjectivesInvasive fungal infections caused by Lomentospora prolificans are associated with very high mortality rates and can be challenging to treat given pan‐drug resistance to available antifungal agents. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and outcomes in a cohort of patients with invasive L prolificans infections.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients with invasive L prolificans infection in the FungiScope® registry of rare invasive fungal infections. Patients diagnosed between 01 January 2008 and 09 September 2019 were included in for analysis.ResultsThe analysis included 41 patients with invasive L prolificans infection from eight different countries. Haematological/oncological malignancies were the most frequent underlying disease (66%), disseminated infection was frequent (61%), and the lung was the most commonly involved organ (44%). Most infections (59%) were breakthrough infections. Progression/deterioration/treatment failure was observed in 23/40 (58%) of patients receiving antifungal therapy. In total, 21/41 (51%) patients, and 77% of patients with underlying haematological/oncological malignancy, had a fatal outcome attributed to invasive fungal infection. Combination antifungal therapy was frequent (24/40) and associated with improved survival. In particular, treatment regimens including terbinafine were significantly associated with higher treatment success at final assessment (P = .012), with a positive trend observed for treatment regimens that included voriconazole (P = .054).ConclusionsLomentospora prolificans infections were associated with mortality rates of 77% and above in patients with underlying haematological/oncological malignancies and those with disseminated infections. While combination therapy is the preferred option for now, the hope lies with novel antifungals currently under development.
New insights into the pathomechanism of cyclic neutropenia
Authors: Mir Perihan , Klimiankou Maksim , Findik Betuel , Hähnel Karin , Mellor‐Heineke Sabine , Zeidler Cornelia , Skokowa Julia , Welte Karl 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCyclic neutropenia (CyN) is a hematologic disorder in which peripheral blood absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) show cycles of approximately 21‐day intervals. The majority of CyN patients harbor ELANE mutations, but the mechanism of ANC cycling is unclear. We performed analysis of bone marrow (BM) subpopulations in CyN patients at the peak and the nadir of the ANC cycle and detected high proportions of BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) at the nadir of the ANC cycle, as compared with the peak. BM HSPCs produced fewer granulocyte colony‐forming unit colonies at the ANC peak. To investigate the mechanism of cycling, we found that mRNA expression levels of ELANE and unfolded protein response (UPR)–related genes (ATF6, BiP (HSPA5), CHOP (DDIT3), and PERK (EIF2AK3)) were elevated, but antiapoptotic genes (Bcl‐2 (BCL2) and bcl‐xL (BCL2L1)) were reduced in CD34+ cells tested at the ANC nadir. Moreover, HSPCs revealed increased levels of reactive oxygen species and gH2AX at the ANC nadir. We suggest that in CyN patients, some HSPCs escape the UPR‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proliferate in response to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) to a certain threshold at which UPR again affects the majority of HSPCs. There is a cyclic balance between ER stress–induced apoptosis of HSPCs and compensatory G‐CSF–stimulated HSPC proliferation followed by granulocytic differentiation.
In vivo Tissue Evaluation Reveals Improvements in Explicit PDT Dosimetry
Authors: Greer Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractProgress is needed before explicit photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry can treat peritoneal carcinomatosis and yet spare all healthy tissue. A report by Cengel et al. in this issue of Photochemistry & Photobiology on tissue evaluation in a canine model may bring that goal a step closer and may even be dogma‐changing.
In vivo Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Intraperitoneal Cavity in Canines
Authors: Cramer Gwendolyn M. , Sandell Meo Julia , Finlay Jarod C. , Zhu Timothy C. , Busch Theresa M. , Cengel Keith A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAs part of a preclinical trial for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) with photodynamic therapy (PDT), we have assessed changes in optical properties, tissue oxygenation and drug concentration as a result of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD)‐mediated PDT using diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. PDT can effectively treat superficial disease spread, but treatment efficacy is influenced by physical properties of the treated tissue which can change over the treatment time. In this study, healthy canines were given BPD and irradiated with 690 nm light during a partial bowel resection, and spectroscopic and fluorescence measurements were made using an in‐house built spectroscopic probe. Hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation and optical properties were determined to be highly heterogeneous between canines and at different anatomical locations within the same subject, so further development of PDT dosimetry systems will need to address this patient and location‐specific dose optimization. Compared to other photosensitizers, we found no apparent BPD photobleaching after PDT.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Water Spray in the Air on Thermal Transfers Along a Plate of an Exchanger
Authors: Grich Nihel , Foudhil Walid , Harmand Souad , Ben Jabrallah Sadok 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study is an experimental investigation of the oceanic environment effect on a plate heat exchanger performance. Indeed, an experiment was carried out on a single plate of the exchanger to generate a turbulent airflow in which fine water droplets were injected into a horizontal vein where a heated plate was placed. The experimental tests were conducted for different air velocities and various water concentrations of freshwater and saltwater. In fact, two plate forms were considered: The first one is flat while the second is corrugated. Three main facts were observed in this work: (i) the correlations linking the heat transfer rate to the operating conditions, (ii) the effect of fog addition and the plate form on convective heat transfers, and (iii) the impact of the formation of a salt layer on the surface of the plate in the case of salt water.
Fast Neutron Irradiation Optimization of Thorium-Fueled SCWR Reactor Pressure Vessel
Authors: Pónya Petra , Csom Gyula , Fehér Sándor 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fast neutron irradiation causes embrittlement of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material; therefore, it may end operation life before design lifetime. Well-known method to recuperate crystal lattice dislocations is annealing. In the current version of thorium fueled supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) design proposed by the Institute of Nuclear Technology at Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME NTI), the supercritical fluid flows upward between the core barrel and the inner surface of the RPV thereby, the coolant would keep the RPV's temperature at ∼500 °C. This reverse coolant flow direction would decrease the embrittlement of RPV by constant annealing. To minimize the fast neutron flux increase, a relatively thin shielding connected to the inner surface of the barrel could be used. This presents fast neutron irradiation analysis, performed for different settings of the shielding to reduce fast neutron flux reaching the inner surface of RPV.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Performance of Iron Oxide-Pillared Layered Tantalum–Tungsten Acid
Authors: Yu Tao , Guo Hang , Wang Xiangyu , Li Baojun , Guo Xianji 
Published: February 2020

Using trirutile-structure layered tantalum–tungsten acid as the layered host, [Formula: see text]-propylamin as the pre-swelling agent and aqueous solution of [Fe3(CH3COO)7(OH)(H2O)]NO3 as the pillaring solution, oligomeric polyhydroxyacetato-Fe(III) species-intercalated layered HTaWO6 was synthesized by a stepwise ion-exchange way at room temperature. Upon calcining at 673[Formula: see text]K in air atmosphere, iron oxide-pillared layered HTaWO6with nanoscale interlayer distance (denoted as Fe2O3-HTaWO[Formula: see text] was obtained. A series of Fe2O3-HTaWO6 samples with various Fe contents were prepared by using different volume of Fe(III)-pillaring solution. The layered intermediates obtained at each stage of the ions-exchange process and the final layered products were characterized by powder XRD, FT-IR, DR UV-Vis and SEM techniques. The photocatalytic performance of the Fe2O3-pillared layered HTaWO6 samples for degradation of rhodamine B was investigated. Compared with un-pillared layered HTaWO6, the Fe2O3-pillared layered HTaWO6 exhibited a significantly-improved photo-absorption performance and an enhanced photocatalytic activity. The Fe2O3-HTaWO6 sample with 5.8% (wt) iron showed the best catalytic performance in the photodegradation reaction of rhodamine B.
Evaluating Adaptive Efficiency in Environmental Water Recovery: Application of a Framework for Institutional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Marshall Graham R. 
Published: February 2020

The first empirical application of an established framework for evaluating the adaptive efficiency of policy and project options — the Institutional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (ICEA) framework — is documented in this paper. The application involves cost-effectiveness comparison of six projects for environmental water recovery in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, managed by the New South Wales (NSW) Government under three programs: The Living Murray Initiative; the NSW Wetland Recovery Program; and the NSW Rivers Environmental Restoration Program. Focussing primarily on one of the projects — the Darling Anabranch Pipeline Project (DAPP) — allows an in-depth account to be presented of the ICEA framework’s application. Abatement and transaction costs, and public and private subsets of these costs, were accounted for in the applications. The adaptive efficiency of the DAPP (a “water-saving project”) is found provisionally — i.e., without accounting quantitatively for institutional lock-in costs — to exceed that of the five other environmental water recovery projects (including two “market-purchase projects”) evaluated. This finding is significant given a tendency for economists to presume that environmental water recovery is generally achieved more efficiently through market-purchase projects. With water management, and environmental management more broadly, exposed to increasing uncertainty, adaptive efficiency will grow in importance as a metric for economic evaluation. The application of the ICEA framework documented in this paper can guide researchers in applying this metric to evaluations of projects and policies implemented in, or proposed for, this domain.
Frequency-based Dissociation of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Numerical Processing during Numerical Comparison
Authors: Rubinsten Orly , Korem Nachshon , Levin Naama , Furman Tamar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that during numerical calculation, symbolic and nonsymbolic processing are functionally distinct operations. Nevertheless, both roughly recruit the same brain areas (spatially overlapping networks in the parietal cortex) and happen at the same time (roughly 250 msec poststimulus onset). We tested the hypothesis that symbolic and nonsymbolic processing are segregated by means of functionally relevant networks in different frequency ranges: high gamma (above 50 Hz) for symbolic processing and lower beta (12–17 Hz) for nonsymbolic processing. EEG signals were quantified as participants compared either symbolic numbers or nonsymbolic quantities. Larger EEG gamma-band power was observed for more difficult symbolic comparisons (ratio of 0.8 between the two numbers) than for easier comparisons (ratio of 0.2) over frontocentral regions. Similarly, beta-band power was larger for more difficult nonsymbolic comparisons than for easier ones over parietal areas. These results confirm the existence of a functional dissociation in EEG oscillatory dynamics during numerical processing that is compatible with the notion of distinct linguistic processing of symbolic numbers and approximation of nonsymbolic numerical information.
Thickness of Deep Layers in the Fusiform Face Area Predicts Face Recognition
Authors: McGugin Rankin W. , Newton Allen T. , Tamber-Rosenau Benjamin , Tomarken Andrew , Gauthier Isabel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
People with superior face recognition have relatively thin cortex in face-selective brain areas, whereas those with superior vehicle recognition have relatively thick cortex in the same areas. We suggest that these opposite correlations reflect distinct mechanisms influencing cortical thickness (CT) as abilities are acquired at different points in development. We explore a new prediction regarding the specificity of these effects through the depth of the cortex: that face recognition selectively and negatively correlates with thickness of the deepest laminar subdivision in face-selective areas. With ultrahigh resolution MRI at 7T, we estimated the thickness of three laminar subdivisions, which we term “MR layers,” in the right fusiform face area (FFA) in 14 adult male humans. Face recognition was negatively associated with the thickness of deep MR layers, whereas vehicle recognition was positively related to the thickness of all layers. Regression model comparisons provided overwhelming support for a model specifying that the magnitude of the association between face recognition and CT differs across MR layers (deep vs. superficial/middle) whereas the magnitude of the association between vehicle recognition and CT is invariant across layers. The total CT of right FFA accounted for 69% of the variance in face recognition, and thickness of the deep layer alone accounted for 84% of this variance. Our findings demonstrate the functional validity of MR laminar estimates in FFA. Studying the structural basis of individual differences for multiple abilities in the same cortical area can reveal effects of distinct mechanisms that are not apparent when studying average variation or development.
The combination of Discourse Markers in Persian
Authors: Kassaei Gholamreza , Amouzadeh Mohammad 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper sets out to investigate the ways in which some of the Discourse Markers (DM s) in Persian are used by looking at a corpus of 475 million words. By adopting Fraser’s notion of DM (2009), it will analyse all possible combinations of thirty DMs categorized into three groups: contrastive, elaborative, and inferential. This categorization will be based on the types of semantic relationship they signal between the propositions of the discourse segments preceding and following them. Their deployment in the attested data demonstrates that the ordering of these DM s is by no means arbitrary. The result of our investigation also reveals that Persian contrastive DM s show a strong tendency to combine with the members of their own category, while elaborative DM s tend to combine with inferential DM s. Inferential DM s, too, have a tendency for intra-category combinations; however, such combinations are much less frequent than those of contrastive DM s. Contrastive DM s have the lowest predisposition for combining with inferential DM s. In short, by exploring the frequency of all sequences of DM s under investigation, a hierarchy of DM combinations in Persian will be proposed, which can be argued to predict certain possible configurations of DM sequences in Persian, and such empirical findings will build up some basis for future typological research as well as for the theorization of DM sequences in general.
Under the Auspices of Plato: Did Aristotle Read the Epinomis? Decoding a Particular Interaction between Two Academics
Authors: Calchi Vera 
Published: February 2020

This paper offers an overview of the parts of the Epinomis and of Aristotles’s works which seem to present common themes and a similar perspective. By analysing the cross-references detected by critics, I explore whether it is possible to assume that one author was influenced by the other. In order to do so, I explicate the similarities and dissimilarities between the two philosophers’ conceptual frameworks, highlighting the relevance of the Epinomis within Platonism.
My aim is to explain why it is not plausible to say that the author of Epinomis was directly influenced by Aristotle’s treatises or vice versa. I argue, instead, that the similarities between the two depend on a shared background and it is more reasonable to assume a common Platonic origin, which is justifiable on a chronological basis.
Structural Issues in the Doxography of De Anima i: a Proposal
Authors: Blengini Chiara 
Published: February 2020

The first book of the De anima contains Aristotle’s psychological doxography. It is usually divided into two sections: the mere listing of the previous theories on the soul (I.2) and their critical examination (I.3–5). Despite such apparent neatness, various discrepancies emerge and the structure of the doxography remains obscure.
To account for such problems and for the general agenda of the psychological doxography, I shall propose a tripartite model, arguing that Aristotle’s grouping of his predecessors’ theories is based on three criteria (motion, cognition and incorporeality), all of which are to be referred back to one overarching criterion (primacy). After collecting some textual evidence in favour of this interpretation, I shall deal with an apparent difficulty faced by the suggested model, namely chapter 4.
Based on the results thus reached, I conclude that the doxography of De anima
i significantly contributes to the development of Aristotle’s own psychological theory and to defining its role within his wider philosophical project.
The NASA Hydrological Forecast System for Food and Water Security Applications
Authors: Arsenault Kristi R. , Shukla Shraddhanand , Hazra Abheera , Getirana Augusto , McNally Amy , Kumar Sujay V. , Koster Randal D. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Badr Hamada , Jung Hahn Chul , Narapusetty Bala , Navari Mahdi , Wang Shugong , Mocko David M. , Funk Chris , Harrison Laura , Husak Gregory J. , Adoum Alkhalil , Galu Gideon , Magadzire Tamuka , Roningen Jeanne , Shaw Michael , Eylander John , Bergaoui Karim , McDonnell Rachael A. , Verdin James P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMany regions in Africa and the Middle East are vulnerable to drought and to water and food insecurity, motivating agency efforts such as the U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) to provide early warning of drought events in the region. Each year these warnings guide life-saving assistance that reaches millions of people. A new NASA multimodel, remote sensing–based hydrological forecasting and analysis system, NHyFAS, has been developed to support such efforts by improving the FEWS NET’s current early warning capabilities. NHyFAS derives its skill from two sources: (i) accurate initial conditions, as produced by an offline land modeling system through the application and/or assimilation of various satellite data (precipitation, soil moisture, and terrestrial water storage), and (ii) meteorological forcing data during the forecast period as produced by a state-of-the-art ocean–land–atmosphere forecast system. The land modeling framework used is the Land Information System (LIS), which employs a suite of land surface models, allowing multimodel ensembles and multiple data assimilation strategies to better estimate land surface conditions. An evaluation of NHyFAS shows that its 1–5-month hindcasts successfully capture known historic drought events, and it has improved skill over benchmark-type hindcasts. The system also benefits from strong collaboration with end-user partners in Africa and the Middle East, who provide insights on strategies to formulate and communicate early warning indicators to water and food security communities. The additional lead time provided by this system will increase the speed, accuracy, and efficacy of humanitarian disaster relief, helping to save lives and livelihoods.