bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-reported symptoms in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 quarantine period
Authors: Salido Evelyn O. , Tee Cherica A. , Reyes Patrick Wincy C. , Reyes Bernadette Heizel M. , Zamora Geraldine T. , Tee Michael L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background. During the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, there was a supply shortage of hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate. This problem with medication access and the life changes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may predispose patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus erythematosus (LE) to disease flares.Objective. This study aims to investigate self-reported symptoms of disease flares among patients with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. A total of 512 completed online surveys from patients with LE or RA were collected. The gathered data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported physical symptoms, health service utilization, and availability of hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate.Results. Seventy-nine percent of respondents had lupus, while 21% had RA. One-third of the cohort had contact with their attending physician during the two-month quarantine period prior to the survey. Eighty-two percent were on hydroxychloroquine and 23.4% were on methotrexate; but 68.6% and 65%, respectively, of those prescribed had irregular intake of these medicines due to unavailability. The current health status was reported as good by 66.2%; 24% had no symptoms during the two-week period prior to the survey. The most common symptoms experienced were joint pain (67.4%), muscle pain (46.3%), headache (35.4%), and skin rash (25.4%). Five percent had a combination of these four most common symptoms. There was a higher proportion of patients with irregular supply of hydroxychloroquine with joint pains (54.9% versus 41.7%, p=0.012) and rash (24.7% versus 9.8%, p<0.001, Table 3).Conclusion. In our cohort of RA or LE, the majority reported at least one symptom that may indicate disease flare. There were more patients with joint pains or rash among those with irregular supply of hydroxychloroquine.
Bleomycin Induces Fibrotic Transformation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Treat Height Loss of Intervertebral Disc Through the TGFβR1/Smad2/3 Pathway
Authors: Yang Xiao , chen zhiqian , Chen Chen , Han Chen , Zhou Yifan , Li Xunlin , Tian Haijun , Cheng Xiaofei , Zhang Kai , Qin An , Zhou Tangjun , Zhao Jie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Lower back pain is often accredited to loss of intervertebral disc (IVD) height and compromised spine stability as a result of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). We aim to locally use Bleomycin to induce the fibrotic transformation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as a means to induce reparative fibrosis to slow down the height loss.Methods: IVD from patients were gathered for histological examination. The expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β) signaling pathway was determined by qPCR and western blotting. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and the Rats’ bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC)were cultured and their responsiveness to Bleomycin was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8, comet assay, transwell migration and wound healing assays. Rat IVDD models were created by puncture, rescued by Bleomycin injection and the effectiveness was evaluated by images (X-ray and MRI) and atomic force microscope.Results: Histological examination showed increased levels of pro-fibrotic markers in IVDD tissues from patients. AF cells and BMSC cells was induced to adopt to a pro-fibrotic phenotype with increased expression fibrotic markers Col1a1, Col3a1, FSP1. The pro-fibrotic effect of Bleomycin on AF cells and BMSCs was in part due to the activation of the TGFβ-TGFβR1-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition or gene knock-down of TGFβR1 could mitigate the pro-fibrotic effects. Conclusion: Locally injection of Bleomycin in rats’ IVD induced rapid fibrosis and maintained its height through TGFβ-TGFβR1-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway.
Characterization of Biodiesel from Alkaline Refinement of Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Mustapha Aliru Olajide , Adebisi Amina Abiola , Olanipekun Bukola Opeyemi 
Published: September 2020

The waste cooking oil (WCO) is a low cost and prospective feedstock with no competitive food uses for biodiesel production, but the yield and quality have been greatly affected by impurities. This study examined the chemical and fuel quality of biodiesel of both WCO and alkaline treated WCO. The transesterification process using the alkaline treated cooking oil (ACO) methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst followed the Association of Officials of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) techniques. The pH values between 7.27 and 8.65 were found for alkaline treated cooking methyl ester (ACME), alkaline treated cooking oil (ACO) and WCO. Density of ACME, ACO and WCO varied between 0.89 and 0.93 (g/cm3). The fatty acids found were benzoic acid (3.77%), octanoic acid (8.35%), and palmitic acid (75.02%) – most abundant. Comparison of results with the American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) values showed quality enhancements of ACO in physicochemical and fuel properties over WCO. The biodiesels from ACO have enhanced emulsification, fuel and free fatty acids qualities over the WCO, showing the refinement methodology of WCO has overall improvement in the biodiesel purity and quality against the previous conflicting reports.
Formulation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of Long-acting Ceftiofur Hydrochloride Suspension
Authors: Xie Shuyu , Zhang Xiaoqiu , Luo Wanhe , Meng Kuiyu , Chen Dongmei , Pan Yuanhu , Tao Yanfei , Huang Lingli , Liu Zhenli , Wang Yulian , Yuan Zonghui 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
A ceftiofur hydrochloride long-acting oily suspension with no irritation was
prepared by testing and optimizing the types and amounts of organic solvents, suspending agents,
and surfactants.

Methods:
Its properties, stability, injection site irritation, in vitrorelease, and pharmacokinetics in
pigs were evaluated. The optimum formulation was used ethyl oleate, aluminum monosterate, and
span-80 as organic solvents, suspending agents, and surfactant, respectively. The drug microparticles
were uniform long strip with size of 1.53 ± 0.11 μm and no agglomerations, and were evenly
dispersed. The re-dispersed time, sedimentation rate and pH value of the suspension were 4 s under
a magnetic shaker rotating at 20 r/min, 1 and 5.0, respectively. It could go through 7-gage needle
smoothly with withdrawal volume of 9.9 mL/min.

Results:
The suspension showed good stability when stored away from light, no irritation at the injection
site and sustained release in PBS buffer. After intramuscular administration, the drug concentration
above 0.15 μg/mL was last for 120 h. Its elimination half-life (T1/2ke), mean residence
time (MRT), and bioavailability were increased by 1.73, 1.62, and 2.16 times compared to
Excenel®.

Conclusion:
The results suggested that the suspension had excellent sustained-release and will
make ceftiofur hydrochloride more effective and convenient to use.
Anti-Toxoplasmic Immunoglobulin G Quantitation Correlates with Immunovirological Parameters of HIV-Infected Cameroonians
Authors: Ka’e Aude Christelle , Sosso Samuel Martin , Fokam Joseph , Simo Rachel Kamgaing , Essama Sara Riwom , Nka Alex Durand , Yagai Bouba , Dzukou Cédric Joël Ninsu , Tchouaket Michel Carlos Tommo , Chenwi Collins , Abba Aissatou , Fainguem Nadine , Zam Marie Krystel Nnomo , Yimga Junie Flore , Colizzi Vittorio , Ndjolo Alexis 
Published: September 2020

Background:Toxoplasmosis is still a neglected common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, who are mainly people living with HIV (PLHIV) in whom reactivation of toxoplasmosis may occur with advanced HIV conditions in resource-limited settings (RLS).Objective:The objective was to assess the correlation between anti-toxoplasmic immunoglobulin G (anti-Toxo IgG) concentration and the immuno-virological status of PLHIV.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2018 among 100 PLHIV aged ≥18 years in Yaounde-Cameroon. For each participant, anti-Toxo IgG, CD4-T lymphocytes, and plasma viral load (PVL) were measured using ELISA, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR, respectively.Results:Overall, 56% of the participants were seropositive for anti-Toxo IgG, while 33% were negative and 11% were equivocal. All (n=19) those with PVL>1000 copies/mL were seropositive to anti-Toxo IgG versus 52.85% (37/70) with PVL<1000 copies/mL; p<0.0001. Interestingly, all (n=11) those with severe immunodeficiency (T-CD4<200 cells/μL) were positive to anti-Toxo IgG versus 57.69% (45/78) with T-CD4>200 cells/μL; p<0.0001. Most importantly, PVL and anti- Toxo IgG concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.54; p<0.0001), while T-CD4 and anti- Toxo IgG concentration were negatively correlated (r = - 0.70; p<0.0001). Adjusting age, gender, immune status, and virological profile in logistic regression shows that only immune status was independently associated with the serological status of toxoplasmosis (p=0.0004).Conclusion:In Cameroon, about half of PLHIV might be seropositive to anti-Toxo IgG, with decreasing immunity appearing as a risk of toxoplasmosis relapse. Thus, in the context of immunodeficiency, routine quantification of anti-Toxo IgG would alleviate the programmatic burden of this opportunistic infection in RLS with the generalized HIV epidemic.
New Formulation and Evaluation of Camptothecin Encapsulated and/or Dispersed Suppository
Authors: Fatmi Sofiane , Taouzinet Lamia , Lahiani-Skiba Malika , Skiba Mohamed , Iguer-Ouada Mokrane 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Camptothecin is known for a potent anticancer activity. However, its optimal activity is reduced
due to its low solubility and stability in biological media.

Objective:
The aim of the present study is to design and characterize a Camptothecin (CPT) suppository formulation.

Methods:
Rectal suppositories of camptothecin alone, encapsulated with Cyclodextrin (CD) and in the ternary
system (CPT encapsulated with cyclodextrin and dispersed in Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000) were prepared
using various hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymeric bases as semi-synthetic glyceride (Suppocire® AM Pellets)
and Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) mixtures. Formulations were evaluated by various parameters like weight
variation, drug content, hardness and liquefaction time. In vitro release study was performed in USP type I apparatus
using phosphate buffer pH 7.2 as dissolution media.

Results:
Suppositories were within the permissible range of all physical parameters. In vitro drug released from
water soluble base (PEG) was greater than that from oil soluble base with ninety percent (90%) of drug dissolution.
It was also established that drug release from various formulations was by diffusion mechanism, according
to the Higuchi’s equation.

Conclusion:
This new formulation offers a new approach to colorectal cancer treatment by offering an alternative and
simple drug administration route.
In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Uvaria chamae Leaves Fractions on the Venom of Naja nigricollis in Albino Rat and Bovine Blood
Authors: Gabriel Ada , Mohammed Mamman , Magaji Mohammed G. , Ofemile Yusuf P. , Matthew Ameh P. , Akefe Isaac O. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Snakebite envenomation is a global priority ranked top among
other neglected tropical diseases. There is a folkloric claim that Uvaria chamae is beneficial
for the management of snakebite and wounds in African ethnobotanical surveys.
Besides, there are many registered patents asserting the health benefits of U. chamae.

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate U. chamae’s potentials and identify candidates
for the development of tools for the treatment and management of N. nigricollis envenomation.

Methods:
Freshly collected U. chamae leaves were air-dried, powdered, and extracted in
methanol. The median lethal dose of the extract was determined and further fractionated
with n-hexane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was tested for neutralizing effect
against venom-induced haemolytic, fibrinolytic, hemorrhagic, and cytotoxic activities.

Results:
U. chamae fractions significantly (p<0.05) neutralized the haemolytic activity of
N. nigricollis venom in n-butanol; 31.40%, n-hexane; 33%, aqueous residue; 39.60% and
ethyl acetate; 40.70% at the concentration of 100mg/ml of each fraction against 10mg/ml
of the snake venom when compared to the positive control. The fibrinolytic activity of
N. nigricollis venom was significantly (p<0.05) neutralized in n-hexane at 73.88%,
n-butanol; 72.22% and aqueous residue; 72.22% by the fractions of U. chamae. In
addition, haemorrhagic activity of N. nigricollis venom was significantly (p<0.05) neutralized
by U. chamae fractions at the concentrations of 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 400mg/ml
except for n-butanol and aqueous residues at 400 mg/ml.

Conclusion:
U. chamae leaves fractions possess a high level of protection against
N. nigricollis venoms-induced lethality and thus validate the pharmacological rationale for
its usage in the management of N. nigricollis envenomation.
The Influence of Second Air-Gap Length on the Performance of 10 kV, 1000 kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Cao Xianghong , Xu Yanan , Sun Junfeng , Qiu Honbo 
Published: September 2020

Background:
The influence of the second air-gap length on the performance of permanent
magnet synchronous motor is usually ignored. A comparative analysis is made of line-start
high-voltage permanent magnet synchronous motor in this paper.

Objective:
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of the second air-gap length on the
motor performance.

Methods:
A 10kV 1000kW permanent magnet synchronous motor is taken as an example and the
model is established based on the finite element calculation method when the second air-gap length
is different. The influence of the second air-gap length on the phasor diagram, no-load back electrodynamic
force, starting performance and steady-state operation performance are studied. Based on
the finite element calculation method, the torque angle, current, power factor, external power factor
and d/q-axis current of the motor are analyzed, and the change of the motor phasor diagram is obtained.
The influence of the second air-gap length on the no-load back electrodynamic force is studied.

Results and Conclusion:
The relationship between the no-load back electrodynamic force and the
no-load air-gap fundamental magnetic field is determined, and the influence mechanism of the noload
air-gap fundamental magnetic field on no-load back electrodynamic force is revealed. Furthermore,
the influence of the no-load back electrodynamic force on the starting performance is studied.
Finally, the influence of the second air-gap length on the 10kV 1000kW permanent magnet synchronous
motor steady-state performance is obtained. Based on the above analysis, some references
are given for the design of motor.
Practical and Ethical Concerns in Implementing Enhanced Surveillance Methods to Improve Continuity of HIV Care: Qualitative Expert Stakeholder Study
Authors: Buchbinder Mara , Blue Colleen , Rennie Stuart , Juengst Eric , Brinkley-Rubinstein Lauren , Rosen David L 
Published: September 2020

Background
Retention in HIV care is critical to maintaining viral suppression and preventing further transmission, yet less than 50% of people living with HIV in the United States are engaged in care. All US states have a funding mandate to implement Data-to-Care (D2C) programs, which use surveillance data (eg, laboratory, Medicaid billing) to identify out-of-care HIV-positive persons and relink them to treatment.

Objective
The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and describe practical and ethical considerations that arise in planning for and implementing D2C.

Methods
Via purposive sampling, we recruited 43 expert stakeholders—including ethicists, privacy experts, researchers, public health personnel, HIV medical providers, legal experts, and community advocates—to participate in audio-recorded semistructured interviews to share their perspectives on D2C. Interview transcripts were analyzed across a priori and inductively derived thematic categories.

Results
Stakeholders reported practical and ethical concerns in seven key domains: permission and consent, government assistance versus overreach, privacy and confidentiality, stigma, HIV exceptionalism, criminalization, and data integrity and sharing.

Conclusions
Participants expressed a great deal of support for D2C, yet also stressed the role of public trust and transparency in addressing the practical and ethical concerns they identified.
A Medical Translation Assistant for Non–English-Speaking Caregivers of Children With Special Health Care Needs: Proposal for a Scalable and Interoperable Mobile App
Authors: Sezgin Emre , Noritz Garey , Hoffman Jeffrey , Huang Yungui 
Published: September 2020

Background
Communication and comprehension of medical information are known barriers in health communication and equity, especially for non–English-speaking caregivers of children with special health care needs.

Objective
The objective of this proposal was to develop an interoperable and scalable medical translation app for non–English-speaking caregivers to facilitate the conversation between provider and caregiver/patient.

Methods
We employed user-centered and participatory design methods to understand the problems and develop a solution by engaging the stakeholder team (including caregivers, physicians, researchers, clinical informaticists, nurses, developers, nutritionists, pharmacists, and interpreters) and non–English-speaking caregiver participants.

Results
Considering the lack of interpreter service accessibility and advancement in translation technology, our team will develop and test an integrated, multimodal (voice-interactive and text-based) patient portal communication and translation app to enable non–English-speaking caregivers to communicate with providers using their preferred languages. For this initial prototype, we will focus on the Spanish language and Spanish-speaking families to test technical feasibility and evaluate usability.

Conclusions
Our proposal brings a unique perspective to medical translation and communication between caregiver and provider by (1) enabling voice entry and transcription in health care communications, (2) integrating with patient portals to facilitate caregiver and provider communications, and (3) adopting a translation verification model to improve accuracy of artificial intelligence–facilitated translations. Expected outcomes include improved health communications, literacy, and health equity. In addition, data points will be collected to improve autotranslation services in medical communications. We believe our proposed solution is affordable, interoperable, and scalable for health systems.
Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on mortality in community acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis
Authors: Ma Hui , Liu Ting , Zhang Yongxiang , Ye Zhen , Jia Wei , Li Yuechuan 
Published: September 2020

Background:
The aim of the present study was to systematically review the exiting literature and to proceed a meta-analysis to determine the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on mortality in patients with community acquired pneumonia.
Materials & methods:
Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were used as effect estimates.
Results:
Twenty cohort studies were included. Analysis of unadjusted data revealed nonsignificant short- and long-term mortality associated with COPD. Analysis of adjusted 30-days mortality showed similarly no association between COPD and increased 30-days mortality (OR: 1.06, [0.68, 1.44]) but a positive association when COPD was confirmed spirometrically (OR: 1.84, [1.06, 2.62]).
Conclusion:
There is still no evidence to clear the impact of COPD on mortality in patients with community acquired pneumonia. More prospective studies with spirometrically-defined COPD and adequate adjustment for confounders are needed.
Keterampilan Argumentasi Siswa Pada Materi Sistem Gerak SMA Negeri Kabupaten Sukabumi-Indonesia
Authors: Rahayu Yunita , Suhendar Suhendar , Ratnasari Jujun 
Published: September 2020

The study was conducted to determine the profile of the written argumentation skills of class XI students at SMA Negeri Sukabumi Regency. The method in this study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The subjects were class XI students of SMA Negeri Sukabumi with a total of 36 students, who had followed the motion system material. The instrument used was in the form of problem descriptions to measure students' argumentation skills with 10 questions that referred to the Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP) argumentation skill indicators. The results showed that students' written argumentation skills were still at level 1-2, students at that level could only include claims, data, warrant and backing indicators in their answers. Whereas the refutational indicators (rebuttal) students have not been able to provide answers using refutation or reinforcement, so that the quality of student argumentation in Sukabumi District High School is still low and needs to be trained so that students' written argumentation skills can develop.
Abstrak. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui profil keterampilan argumentasi tertulis siswa kelas XI di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Sukabumi. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri Kabupaten Sukabumi dengan jumlah 36 siswa, yang telah mengikuti materi sistem gerak. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal uraian untuk mengukur keterampilan argumentasi siswa dengan jumlah 10 soal yang mengacu pada indikator keterampilan argumentasi Toulmin Argumentation Pattern (TAP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan argmentasi tertulis siswa masih berada di level 1-2, siswa pada level tersebut hanya bisa menyertakan indikator klaim (claim), data (data), jaminan (warrant) dan dukungan (backing) dalam jawabannya. Sedangkan pada indikator sanggahan (rebuttal) siswa belum bisa memberikan jawaban dengan menggunakan sanggahan maupun penguatan, sehingga kualitas argumentasi siswa di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Sukabumi masih rendah dan perlu untuk dilatihkan agar keterampilan argumentasi tertulis siswa dapat berkembang.
Kata kunci : Keterampilan argumentasi, sekolah menengah atas, materi sistem gerak
An Alternative Approach to Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity
Authors: Hill Mary S. , Price Richard A. , Ruch George W. 
Published: September 2020

SYNOPSISIn response to a longstanding debate within the accounting profession on how to clearly distinguish liabilities from equity, we offer an alternative liability-equity classification scheme (the “Earned Capital Approach”) in which capital acquired in exchange for issuing claims (“external capital”) is classified as liabilities and capital acquired in exchange for providing goods and services (“earned capital”) is classified as equity. The Earned Capital Approach differs from the approach underlying current financial reporting standards in that it is based on a fundamental distinction between the firm and its claimants rather than a distinction between types of claimants (e.g., owners versus creditors). In this paper, we summarize the accounting profession's ongoing attempts to distinguish liabilities from equity and discuss the conceptual underpinnings and financial reporting implications of the Earned Capital Approach.