bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sickness effects on social interactions depend on the type of behaviour and relationship
Authors: Stockmaier Sebastian , Bolnick Daniel I. , Page Rachel A. , Carter Gerald G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Infections can change social behaviour in multiple ways, with profound impacts on pathogen transmission. However, these impacts might depend on the type of behaviour, how sociality as a biological trait is defined (e.g. network degree vs. mean edge strength) and the type of social relationship between the interacting individuals.

We used the highly social common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus to test how an immune challenge by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections affects two different social behaviours and three alternate measures of sociality, and whether the LPS effect differs by kinship relationship.

Effects of sickness should be lower for social behaviours that bestow greater benefits to inclusive fitness, such as food sharing. As predicted, immune‐challenged bats experienced a greater reduction in allogrooming received than food sharing received.

Sickness effects might also depend on how a social interaction is defined (e.g. the number of grooming partners vs. the duration of grooming events). We predicted that sickness would impact both the number and duration of social encounters, but we only detected a decrease in the number of grooming partners.

Finally, sickness effects might vary with social relationship type. We predicted that sickness effects should be smaller for interactions among close kin. As expected, the immune challenge had smaller effects on mother–offspring interactions.

In conclusion, our results highlight the need to explicitly consider how the effects of sickness on social network structure can differ depending on the ‘who, what, and how’ of social interactions, because these factors are likely to influence how sickness behaviour alters pathogen transmission.
Europe in the 21st Century: Powerful and Powerless
Authors: Mahbubani Kishore 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the dramatically new strategic environment of the 21st century, Europe is, paradoxically, in a position of power and paralysis. It retains many of its great strengths, but now faces very different challenges than it did at the height of its powers in the 20th century. Hence, what Europe needs most is a major strategic reboot. Its main strategic challenge is no longer Russian tanks, but the demographic explosion in Africa. Europe should therefore recalculate the value of its Trans‐Atlantic alliance. It should continue to cooperate with America where it is mutually beneficial. However, it should also cooperate with China to develop Africa and the Middle East to ensure that it deals with its main strategic challenge.
Fluctuating Regional (Dis‐)Order in the Post‐Arab Uprising Middle East
Authors: Beck Martin , Richter Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Middle Eastern regional order has been undergoing profound changes in the current decade. These can be traced back to a reconfiguration of international and regional structures. On the one hand, shifts in US foreign policies towards the Middle East corresponded with new regional dynamics. On the other, the monarchies of the Arab Gulf have become more active in regional politics. In this contribution, we scrutinize these two changes and explore their interplay. We argue that a new regional order has emerged that can be characterized as a highly contested multipolar system in flux. Subsequently, three aspects that constitute and reinforce this disorderly regional system of the Middle East are discussed: first, the securitizing of policies by regional and extra‐regional political leaders; second, the increasing disintegration of regional institutions; and third, the emergence of lasting war zones. The paper concludes with a discussion of the meaning of these profound dynamics for future aspects of Middle Eastern regional affairs.
Potentially avoidable issues in urology mortality cases in Australia: identification and improvements
Authors: Gupta Aashray K. , Stewart Sasha K. , Cottell Kimberley , McCulloch Glenn A. J. , Miller John , Babidge Wendy J. , Maddern Guy J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to identify the most common potentially avoidable factors in urology deaths, focusing on the lessons that can be learnt.MethodsThis study analysed data from a well‐established and comprehensive peer review audit of surgical deaths in Australian hospitals (excluding New South Wales) from 2009 to 2015, focusing on urology cases with identified areas for improvement in patient management. Of all audited deaths, 11% (79/719) had serious clinical management issues with a total of 109 individual clinical management issues identified. These were categorized based on perioperative stage (preoperative, intraoperative or post‐operative), followed by thematic analysis within each stage.ResultsThe study found preoperative issues to be the most common (n = 48), followed by post‐operative issues (n = 32) with intraoperative issues less common (n = 13). Communication issues were seen at all three stages (n = 16). Overall, the most common theme was at the preoperative stage; inadequate preoperative assessment (n = 27). More specifically, the most common preoperative assessment issues involved a failure to order necessary preoperative investigations, or to administer necessary preoperative treatment (e.g. prophylactic antibiotics). The most common communication issue was between teams and at handover, often involving failure by junior medical staff to communicate issues to the responsible surgical consultant.ConclusionUrological surgical cases with potentially avoidable mortality constitute a small, but important subset of deaths. The analysis of these cases can inform various stakeholders to improve the quality and safety of urological surgical care.
Development of placental abnormalities in location and anatomy
Authors: Jansen Charlotte H. J. R. , Kastelein Arnoud W. , Kleinrouweler C. Emily , Van Leeuwen Elisabeth , De Jong Kees H. , Pajkrt Eva , Van Noorden Cornelis J. F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLow‐lying placentas, placenta previa and abnormally invasive placentas are the most frequently occurring placental abnormalities in location and anatomy. These conditions can have serious consequences for mother and fetus mainly due to excessive blood loss before, during or after delivery. The incidence of such abnormalities is increasing, but treatment options and preventive strategies are limited. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the etiology of placental abnormalities in location and anatomy. Placental formation already starts at implantation and therefore disorders during implantation may cause these abnormalities. Understanding of the normal placental structure and development is essential to comprehend the etiology of placental abnormalities in location and anatomy, to diagnose the affected women and to guide future research for treatment and preventive strategies. We reviewed the literature on the structure and development of the normal placenta and the placental development resulting in low‐lying placentas, placenta previa and abnormally invasive placentas.
Saving a victim from himself: The rhetoric of the learner’s presence and absence in the Milgram experiments
Authors: Kaposi David 
Published: February 2020

This paper contests what has remained a core assumption in social psychological and general understandings of the Milgram experiments. Analysing the learner/victim’s rhetoric in experimental sessions across five conditions (N = 170), it demonstrates that what participants were exposed to was not the black‐and‐white scenario of being pushed towards continuation by the experimental authority and pulled towards discontinuation by the learner/victim. Instead, the traditionally posited explicit collision of ‘forces’ or ‘identities’ was at all points of the experiments undermined by an implicit collusion between them: rendering the learner/victim a divided and contradictory subject, and the experimental process a constantly shifting and paradoxical experiential‐moral field. As a result, the paper concludes that evaluating the participants’ conduct requires an understanding of the experiments where morality and non‐destructive agency were not simple givens to be applied to a transparent case, but had to be re‐created anew – in the face not just of their explicit denial by the experimenter but also of their implicit denial by the victim.
Disability, Quality of Life, and Socioeconomic Burden of Cluster Headache: A Critical Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Authors: D'Amico Domenico , Raggi Alberto , Grazzi Licia , Lambru Giorgio 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo summarize the available evidence on disability, quality of life (QoL), and economic burden on societies of cluster headache (CH), and to present which tools have been used to measure these domains with indications for future research.BackgroundCH is a rare and severe primary headache. The focus of research on this disorder has historically been on understanding its complex pathophysiological mechanisms, whereas personal and global healthcare impact, disability, and QoL received little attention.MethodsWe reviewed the available literature published up to 2019, identifying primary research addressing QoL, disability, impact, or impairment in daily life due to episodic CH (ECH) or chronic CH (CCH), and its societal impact.ResultsCH produces a significant impact on sufferers QoL, disability, and work‐related aspects, with a stronger impact on CCH than ECH. The CH‐related disability appears to be greater than is seen in subjects with other primary headache disorders.ConclusionsInformation about patient‐reported outcomes is rarely collected in patients with CH. An effort to improve the amount of information on the lived experience of patients with CH is needed and CH‐specific disability and QoL measures require development.
Ultra–high‐density mapping of conduction gaps and atrial tachycardias: Distinctive patterns following pulmonary vein isolation with cryoballoon or contact–force‐guided radiofrequency current
Authors: Gunawardene Melanie A. , Eickholt Christian , Akbulak Ruken Ö. , Jularic Mario , Klatt Niklas , Hartmann Jens , Schlüter Michael , Meyer Christian , Willems Stephan , Schaeffer Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate electrophysiological findings in patients with arrhythmia recurrence undergoing a repeat ablation procedure using ultra–high‐density (UHDx) mapping following an index procedure using either contact–force (CF)‐guided radiofrequency current (RFC) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) or second‐generation cryoballoon (CB) PVI for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods and ResultsFifty consecutive patients with recurrence of AF and/or atrial tachycardia (AT) following index CF‐RFC PVI (n = 21) or CB PVI (n = 29) were included. A 64‐pole mini‐basket mapping catheter in combination with an UHDx‐mapping system‐guided ablation was used. RFC was applied using a catheter tip with three incorporated mini‐electrodes. PV reconnection rates were higher after CF‐RFC PVI (CF‐RFC: 2.5 ± 1.3 PVs vs CB: 1.4 ± 0.9 PVs; P = .0025) and left PVs were more frequently reconnected (CF‐RFC: 64% PVs vs CB: 35% PVs; P = .0077). Fractionated signals along the antral index ablation line (FS) were found in 30% of CB‐PVI patients (CF‐RFC: 9.5% vs CB:30%; P = .098) targeted for ablation. In five cases, FS were a critical part of maintaining consecutive AT. The main AT mechanism found during reablation (n = 45 ATs) was macroreentry (80% [36/45], CF‐RFC: 78.9% vs CB: 80.8%; P = 1.0) with a variety of circuits throughout both atria.ConclusionUHDx mapping is sensitive in detecting conduction gaps along the index ablation line. Left PVs are more frequently reconnected after initial CF‐RFC PVI. FS are a common finding after CB PVI and can maintain certain forms of ATs. ATs after index PVI are mostly macroreentries with a broad spectrum of entities.
Hydrogen exerts neuroprotection by activation of the miR‐21/PI3K/AKT/GSK‐3β pathway in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wang Lu , Yin Zhenyu , Wang Feng , Han Zhaoli , Wang Yifeng , Huang Shan , Hu Tianpeng , Guo Mengtian , Lei Ping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFew studies have explored the effect of hydrogen on neuronal apoptosis or impaired nerve regeneration after traumatic brain injury, and the mechanisms involved in these processes are unclear. In this study, we explored neuroprotection of hydrogen‐rich medium through activation of the miR‐21/PI3K/AKT/GSK‐3β pathway in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury. Such model adopted PC12 cells with manual scratching. Then, injured cells were cultured in hydrogen‐rich medium for 48 hours. Expression of miR‐21, p‐PI3K, p‐Akt, p‐GSK‐3β, Bax and Bcl‐2 was measured using RT‐qPCR, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Rate of apoptosis was determined using TUNEL staining. Neuronal regeneration was assessed using immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that hydrogen‐rich medium improved neurite regeneration and inhibited apoptosis in the injured cells. Scratch injury was accompanied by up‐regulation of miR‐21, p‐PI3K, p‐Akt and p‐GSK‐3β. A miR‐21 antagomir inhibited the expression of these four molecules, while a PI3K blocker only affected the three proteins and not miR‐21. Both the miR‐21 antagomir and PI3K blocker reversed the protective effect of hydrogen. In conclusion, hydrogen exerted a neuroprotective effect against neuronal apoptosis and impaired nerve regeneration through activation of miR‐21/PI3K/AKT/GSK‐3β signalling in this in vitro model of traumatic brain injury.
The role of socio‐economic status and energy‐density in Australian women of child‐bearing age
Authors: Latter R. , Brown L. J. , Rae K. M. , Rollo M. E. , Schumacher T. L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionAn optimal diet is imperative in preparing women for pregnancy and this may be influenced by socio‐economic status (SES). This research aims to investigate the role of SES on the dietary energy density (ED) in Australian women of preconception age.MethodsA secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–12 for females aged 18–39 years (n = 1617) was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed by 24‐hr recalls and dietary ED by dietary energy per weight (kJ.g−1). ED was further categorised as ED of foods and beverages separately. SES was assessed by three variables: Socio‐Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; income decile; and level of education. Linear mixed model regressions were used to identify associations between ED and SES.ResultsThe median ED for food, beverages and combined food and beverages was 9.38 kJ g−1, 1.02 kJ g−1 and 7.11 kJ g−1, respectively. No significant variation was explained by SES variables when analysing combined ED in the adjusted model or ED from foods. Income decile reduced ED of beverages, although with little effect (coefficient: −0.04, P = 0.002). Significant confounders included inactivity, which increased ED in both combined ED and ED foods (coefficient: 0.51, P = 0.001 and coefficient: 0.78, P < 0.001).ConclusionsSES explained little variation in dietary ED in women of childbearing age. A large proportion of women had high energy‐dense diets regardless of their SES. These findings suggest that a large proportion of women, who may become pregnant, have diets that exceed the international recommendations for dietary energy density.
Action research: A mechanism for active engagement of clinical nurses in a program of research
Authors: Alomari Albara , Wilson Val , Lewis Joanne 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the outcomes of active participation in an action research project on building the research capacity of clinical nurses. In this qualitative research study, six registered nurses volunteered to participate in the action research team. None of the nurses reported having any prior research experience. This study was part of a larger three‐phase project. The nurses were required to reflect on the data about their medication practice of phase 1, develop and implement a bundle of interventions in phase 2 to improve medication safety, and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions in phase 3. We report the nurses' participation in Action Research during phase 2. Meeting minutes and six semistructured interviews were thematically analyzed. The results showed that after receiving support to enhance their research skills from the research team, the nurses were empowered to perform and lead clinical nursing research project. Nurses were able to take ownership of the research process and outcomes and were then able to translate their new research knowledge and skills into their clinical practice by building their own research capacity.
Clinical, immunological features and follow up of 20 patients with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency
Authors: Haskologlu Sule , Kostel Bal Sevgi , Islamoglu Candan , Aytekin Caner , Guner Sukru , Sevinc Selin , Keles Sevgi , Kendirli Tanil , Ceylaner Serdar , Dogu Figen , Ikinciogullari Aydan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiallelic mutations in the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 gene (DOCK8) cause a progressive combined immunodeficiency (CID) characterized by susceptibility to severe viral skin infections, atopic diseases, recurrent respiratory infections, and malignancy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is only curative treatment for the disease. However, there is limited information about long‐term outcome of HSCT and its effect to protect against cancer development in DOCK8‐deficient patients. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated clinical and immunologic characteristics of 20 DOCK8‐deficient patients and outcome of 11 patients who underwent HSCT. We aimed to report the experience of our center and the result of the largest transplantation series of DOCK8 deficiency in our country. Median follow‐up time is 71 months (min‐max: 16‐172) in all patients and 48 months (min‐max: 5‐84) in transplanted patients. Atopic dermatitis (18/20), recurrent respiratory tract infections (17/20), and food allergy (14/20) were the most frequent clinical manifestations. Failure to thrive (13/20), liver problems (12/20), bronchiectasis (11/20), chronic diarrhea (10/21), and autism spectrum disorders (3/20) were remarkable findings in our series. Elevated IgE level (20/20) and eosinophilia (17/20), low IgM level (15/20), and decreased CD3+ T (10/20) and CD4+ T (11/20) cell count were prominent laboratory findings. HSCT was performed in 11 patients. All patients achieved adequate engraftment and showed improvement in their clinical and immunologic findings. Atopic dermatitis and food allergies improved in all patients, and their dietary restriction was stopped except one patient who was transplanted recently. The frequency of infections was decreased. The overall survival is 91% in HSCT‐received patients and 80% in all. HSCT at the earliest possible period with most suitable donor‐ and patient‐specific appropriate conditioning regimen and GvHD prophylaxis is lifesaving for DOCK8 deficiency cases.
Special management considerations for propranolol use in breastfed infants of mothers taking antihypertensives
Authors: Aizman Leora , Van Den Anker John , Tender Jennifer , Krishnan Anita , Kirkorian Anna Yasmine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPropranolol is approved for treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IH). IH proliferation coincides with the time when most women are breastfeeding, yet there are no reports describing the clinical effects on infants treated with propranolol while being nursed by mothers on oral antihypertensive medications. We describe two cases of breastfed infants, with mothers taking multiple antihypertensives of different drug classes, who were initiated on propranolol for IH treatment and discuss the theoretical risk of propranolol use in this setting.
Adjuvants that Empower the Action of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ortel Bernhard , Jabeen Shakeela , Greer Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCompounds have been devised whose supportive actions make them important adjuvants in the priming of photosensitization to selectively target cancer cells. Here, we highlight the paper by Maytin and Hasan in this issue of Photochemistry & Photobiology, which describes adjuvants methotrexate, 5‐fluorouracil, vitamin D and its analogs leading to improved photodynamic therapy outcome. These small molecule adjuvants act by different mechanisms to enhance the cytotoxicity in tumor cells and the therapeutic effect in cancers. These findings add to the list of strategies for enhancement of photodynamic therapy.
Nickel potentiates soybean resistance against infection by Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Authors: Einhardt Andersom Milech , Ferreira Sandro , Hawerroth Caroline , Valadares Samuel Vasconcelos , Rodrigues Fabricio Ávila 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAsian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causes significant yield losses worldwide. Nickel (Ni) plays a key role in the metabolism of some profitable crops, such as soybeans, because it is a constituent of several biomolecules and is required for the catalytic process of several enzymes. This study investigated the effect of foliar Ni treatment on the potentiation of soybean cultivar TMG 135 resistance to P. pachyrhizi infection at the microscopic, biochemical, and molecular levels. The severity of ASR decreased by 35% in plants treated with Ni. The malondialdehyde concentration, an indicator of cellular oxidative damage, was high in the leaves of plants that were not treated with Ni and was linked to ASR severity and the extensive colonization of the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells by fungal hyphae. The lignin concentration, β‐1,3‐glucanase activity, and expression of the URE gene and the defence‐related genes PAL1.1, PAL2.1, CHI1B1, and PR‐1A were up‐regulated in Ni‐treated plants infected with P. pachyrhizi. The information provided by this study shows the great potential of Ni to increase the basal level of soybean resistance to ASR and to complement other control methods within the context of sustainable agriculture.
Reasoning's relation to bodily action
Authors: Jenkins David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent philosophical work on the relation between reasoning and bodily action is dominated by two views. It is orthodox to have it that bodily actions can be at most causally involved in reasoning. Others have it that reasoning can constitutively involve bodily actions, where this is understood as a matter of non‐mental bodily events featuring as constituents of practical reasoning. Reflection on cases of reasoning out‐loud suggests a neglected alternative on which both practical and theoretical reasoning can have bodily actions as constituents, where such bodily actions themselves amount to contentful mental events. Furthermore, the natural lines of resistance to this view trade on type‐token errors, or on a questionable common‐factor assumption.