bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectropolarimetric fluctuations in a sunspot chromosphere
Authors: Stangalini M. , Baker D. , Valori G. , Jess D. B. , Jafarzadeh S. , Murabito M. , To A. S. H. , Brooks D. H. , Ermolli I. , Giorgi F. , MacBride C. D. 
Published: December 2020

The instrumental advances made in this new era of 4 m class solar telescopes with unmatched spectropolarimetric accuracy and sensitivity will enable the study of chromospheric magnetic fields and their dynamics with unprecedented detail. In this regard, spectropolarimetric diagnostics can provide invaluable insight into magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) wave processes. MHD waves and, in particular, Alfvénic fluctuations associated with particular wave modes were recently recognized as important mechanisms not only for the heating of the outer layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and the acceleration of the solar wind, but also for the elemental abundance anomaly observed in the corona of the Sun and other Sun-like stars (also known as first ionization potential) effect. Here, we take advantage of state-of-the-art and unique spectropolarimetric Interferometric BIdimensional Spectrometer observations to investigate the relation between intensity and circular polarization (CP) fluctuations in a sunspot chromosphere. Our results show a clear link between the intensity and CP fluctuations in a patch which corresponds to a narrow range of magnetic field inclinations. This suggests the presence of Alfvénic perturbations in the sunspot.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘High-resolution wave dynamics in the lower solar atmosphere’.
Scientific understanding of the fundamentals of China's economic development
Authors: Huang Taiyan 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is based on China’s economic fundamentals. Factor input, structural optimization and institutional reform, which determine the fundamentals of China's economic development, will actively prop up long-term, sustained and stable growth of the Chinese economy and keep China's potential economic growth rate stabilized within a reasonable growth range in the long term.Design/methodology/approachThe fundamentals of economic development of a country are the basic situation of economic operation determined by the country's main factors and the long-term trend thereof, and they have such characteristics as stability, internality and persistence.FindingsStability refers to economic operation that remains relatively stable within a reasonable growth range at a certain stage of development, and this does not rule out exceptional economic fluctuations in certain years due to the impact of unexpected short-term factors. For instance, the fundamentals of the Chinese economy during the period after the reform and opening-up are characterized by a sustained high growth rate.Originality/valueInternality refers to the intrinsic quantity and quality of all factors supporting the economic development of a country, especially the quantity and quality of the factors that play a decisive role in the economic development of a country at a specific stage. For instance, demographic dividend and capital formation have bolstered the high-speed growth of the Chinese economy since the reform and opening-up.
Gender and class distinction in travel behavior: evidence from India
Authors: Saigal Taru , Vaish Arun Kr. , Rao N.V. Muralidhar 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to examine the gender differences in various measures of travel behavior for a large-sized Indian city, taking into account the existing class differences.

Design/methodology/approach
Stratified random sampling technique is used to collect primary data for travel behavior. The collected data is then differentiated on the basis of socioeconomic characteristics and gender. Descriptive statistics are used for analysis.

Findings
The findings confirm that, women mostly walk and men use motorized vehicles. With an improvement in socioeconomic status, women switch over to public transport and men continue to ride motorized vehicles. While the number of women making everyday trips declines with a rise in socioeconomic status, the number of men rises.

Research limitations/implications
The study points out at the need for development of an adequate infrastructure of nonmotorized transport and public transport in the city which attends to not only the issue of environmental quality but also of women’s empowerment.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a comprehensive analysis of differences in travel behavior between men and women on the basis of socioeconomic status is carried out in this region. This analysis will facilitate the policy makers in understanding the inconsistencies in transport demand between the two groups of population.
Lesson study and the long-term impact on teacher professional community development
Authors: Lewanowski-Breen Emily , Ni Shuilleabhain Aoibhinn , Meehan Maria 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term impact of participating in school-based lesson study on mathematics teachers' professional community.Design/methodology/approachA study was conducted with six mathematics teachers, from two post-primary schools in the Republic of Ireland, following up on their participation in school-based lesson study over the academic year 2012/13 (see Ni Shuilleabhain, 2016). Qualitative data were generated through one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with the participating teachers and analysed using an empirical framework for teacher community formation (Grossman et al., 2001).FindingsAnalysis of the interview responses suggests that the mathematics teachers in both schools, Doone and Crannog, had developed a mature professional community during their participation in lesson study in 2012/13. Furthermore, the research finds that, in the absence of any other professional development intervention, both teacher communities have been sustained at this level six years later. These findings suggest that a lesson study may serve as a potential structure to foster the development of sustainable professional communities within subject-based teacher groups.Originality/valueWhile a lesson study has been shown to support the development of teacher professional communities, previous research has not addressed the sustainability of the communities which emerge. This study, therefore, adds to the existing literature by investigating teachers' perceptions of the long-term impact of lesson study participation on their professional community.
Heterogeneous firm-level responses to the US 2018 tariff announcement
Authors: Qin Yafeng , Yang Zikai , Bai Min 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThis study examines the impact of the $60 billion tariff announcement of the US government on the Chinese exporting firms. In particular, it focuses on the firms whose revenues are highly dependent on the US economy.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses an experimental analysis and the event study methodology. The sample includes firms listed in mainland China and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges that have the highest revenues from exporting to the USA. The data are obtained from China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) and DataStream.FindingsThe authors find that the tariff announcement has significantly negative impacts on stock performance both before and after the announcement, and the impacts are heterogeneous across all sample firms. For A shares listed in Mainland China, firms with more revenues from the US experience greater price drops on the announcement day, regardless of being in the targeted industry or not. But such finding is absent from H shares listed in Hong Kong. The authors also find that for all the firms, greater pricing power can alleviate the impacts of the tariff announcement.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide implications to investors, policymakers and regulators on the further US-China cooperation in the future.Originality/valueThis is the first study documenting the heterogeneity of the impact of the tariff announcement and thus contributes to the prosperous studies on the varied firm-level responses in the Chinese stock market, and to the burgeoning literature by filling the gap of the financial market responses to the protectionist policy announcement.
Social media as a pathway to environmental conservation in protected areas: a case study on Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Bires Zemenu , Raj Sahil 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to uncover the impact of social media in supporting environmental conservation (EC) in protected areas.Design/methodology/approachThe study has employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches of a cross-sectional type with simple random and purposive sampling were followed. Primary and secondary data sources were also entertained. A total of 146 observations were used in the analysis. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to measure the impact of social media.FindingsThe result revealed user-generated content and ease of language were significant in explaining EC. Environmental activism and social media usage shall be enhanced with environmental concerns (EnvCs) and objectives.Originality/valueThis is s an original research that tried to address the impact social media on EC and its dimensions in Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. Unlike the research studies so far, this research attempted to uncover the impact of each social media element's impact on each EC dimensions. Besides, the impact of social media element is also assessed on EC as a construct in general. Thus, it will be helpful for policy makers, government and destination management organizations and other stakeholders to identify the areas which should be promoted and areas that need intervention.
It’s time for men to groom up!
Authors: Sayon Marina , Florêncio de Almeida Luciana , Ponchio Mateus Canniatti 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to systematically review male cosmetics consumption (CC) literature and, given the dearth of research about the topic, especially on Western emerging country contexts, to shed light on the paradoxical behaviour concerning male grooming by empirically assessing the impact of some psychological and demographic antecedents of consumption.

Design/methodology/approach
Six hypotheses derived from a systematic review of the literature were tested through structured equation modelling (SEM), based on data of 476 Brazilian men.

Findings
The results empirically sustain the positive influence of vanity and masculinity in grooming product consumption, with partial mediation of vanity between masculinity and consumption. Counterintuitively, it also confirms the negative influence of income. Age and marital status are not statistically relevant.

Practical implications
Practitioners should invest in marketing actions focusing on low-income men, who showed genuine interest in grooming products, promoting them as powerful tools to improve appearance and social recognition. Additionally, educational and wellness-related campaigns could be effective.

Social implications
Beyond profitability, economic growth and men’s well-being, the results might affect the whole society through male cosmetics' contribution to blending gender paradigms.

Originality/value
This study focuses on an economically relevant segment that defies the status quo. It is the first to systematically demonstrate the state of the art of male CC knowledge and to illuminate the role of psychological and demographic variables in influencing CC, enriching the literature on appearance, gender and consumption.
Reconnaissance of tumor immune microenvironment spatial heterogeneity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and correlation with immunotherapy response
Authors: Hajiran A , Chakiryan N , Aydin A M , Zemp L , Nguyen J , Laborde J M , Chahoud J , Spiess P E , Zaman S , Falasiri S , Fournier M , Teer J K , Dhillon J , McCarthy S , Moran-Segura C , Katende E N , Sexton W J , Koomen J M , Mulé J , Kim Y , Manley B 
Published: December 2020

Summary
A clearer understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) may help to inform precision treatment strategies. We sought to identify clinically meaningful TIME signatures in ccRCC. We studied tumors from 39 patients with metastatic ccRCC using quantitative multiplexed immunofluorescence and relevant immune marker panels. Cell densities were analyzed in three regions of interest (ROIs): tumor core, tumor–stroma interface and stroma. Patients were stratified into low- and high-marker density groups using median values as thresholds. Log-rank and Cox regression analyses while controlling for clinical variables were used to compare survival outcomes to patterns of immune cell distributions. There were significant associations with increased macrophage (CD68+CD163+CD206+) density and poor outcomes across multiple ROIs in primary and metastatic tumors. In primary tumors, T-bet+ T helper type 1 (Th1) cell density was highest at the tumor–stromal interface (P = 0·0021), and increased co-expression of CD3 and T-bet was associated with improved overall survival (P = 0·015) and survival after immunotherapy (P = 0·014). In metastatic tumor samples, decreased forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ T regulatory cell density correlated with improved survival after immunotherapy (P = 0·016). Increased macrophage markers and decreased Th1 T cell markers within the TIME correlated with poor overall survival and treatment outcomes. Immune markers such as FoxP3 showed consistent levels across the TIME, whereas others, such as T-bet, demonstrated significant variance across the distinct ROIs. These findings suggest that TIME profiling outside the tumor core may identify clinically relevant associations for patients with metastatic ccRCC.
Real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography for left atrial volume assessment in Thoroughbred racehorses: Observer variability and comparison with two‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Worsman Francesca C. F. , Miller Zack J. , Shaw Darren J. , Blissitt Karen J. , Keen John A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundLeft atrial size predicts cardiac morbidity and mortality in humans and dogs. Real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) may be reliable for assessing left atrial volume (LAV) in horses.ObjectivesTo determine intra‐ and interobserver variability estimates of 3DE‐LAV and compare it to that of 2DE‐LAV estimates.Study designMethod comparison.Methods3DE datasets were obtained from 40 horses, then graded for quality, creating a final study population of 22 horses. The 3DE and 2DE maximum LAV (LAVmax) and minimum LAV (LAVmin) were measured, and left atrial emptying volume (LA EV) and left atrial ejection fraction (LA EF) were calculated, from the same 3D dataset on four occasions using (a) a semi‐automatic surface recognition algorithm and (b) a modified Simpson’s method of discs. 3DE LAV measurements were repeated by a second observer.ResultsFor 3DE, median LAVmax was 596cm3 for observer one, and 852 cm3 for observer two, LAVmin was 373 cm3 for observer one and 533 cm3 for observer two. Low intraobserver measurement variation was observed for LAVmax and LAVmin, with horse‐level intraclass correlation coefficients (ICChorse) for both observers between 76% and 85% (horse added as random effect). The interobserver ICC was 58% for LAVmax and 50% for LAVmin on averaged measurements (with observer added as random effect), indicating consistent differences between observers. While intraobserver variation was similar for 2DE LAVmax measurements, it was greater for LAVmin (ICChorse = 67%). The intermethod ICC for 3DE vs 2DE was low at 14% for LAVmax and ~0% for LAVmin, indicating less‐consistent differences with method.Main limitationsSmall study population, low observer number, use of different imaging modalities (fundamental frequency and octave harmonics).Conclusions3DE assessment of LAV was reliable, suggesting suitability for longitudinal evaluation of clinical cases. Clinicians should be aware of differences in LAV measurements between observers. More defined measurement guidelines may improve repeatability.
Microbial pathogens of freshwater crayfish: A critical review and systematization of the existing data with directions for future research
Authors: Dragičević Paula , Bielen Ana , Petrić Ines , Hudina Sandra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite important ecological role and growing commercial value of freshwater crayfish, their diseases are underresearched and many studies examining potential crayfish pathogens do not thoroughly address their epizootiology, pathology or biology. This study reviews over 100 publications on potentially pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and fungal‐like microorganisms reported in crayfish and systematizes them based on whether pathogenicity has been observed in an analysed species. Conclusions on pathogenicity were based on successful execution of infectivity trials. For 40.6% of examined studies, microbes were successfully systematized, while for more than a half (59.4%) no conclusion on pathogenicity could be made. Fungi and fungal‐like microorganisms were the most studied group of microbes with the highest number of analysed hosts, followed by bacteria and viruses. Our analysis demonstrated the need for: (a) inclusion of higher number of potential host species in the case of viruses, (b) research of bacterial effects in tissues other than haemolymph, and (c) more research into potential fungal and fungal‐like pathogens other than Aphanomyces astaci. We highlight the encountered methodological challenges and biases and call for a broad but standardized framework for execution of infectivity trials that would enable systematic data acquisition on interactions between microbes and the host.
High‐resolution X‐ray tomographic workflow to investigate the stress distribution in vitreous enamel steels
Authors: Sensini Alberto , Pisaneschi Gregorio , Cocchi Davide , Kao Alexander , Tozzi Gianluca , Zucchelli Andrea 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVitreous enamel steels (VES) are a class of metal‐ceramic composite materials realised with a low carbon steel basement coated by an enamel layer. During the firing phase to adhere the enamel to the metal, several gas bubbles remain entrapped inside the enamel volume modifying its internal structure. In this work high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (micro‐CT) was used to investigate these composite materials. The micro‐CT reconstructions enabled a detailed investigation of VES minimising the metal artefacts. The tomograms were used to develop finite element models (FEM) of VES by means of a representative volume element (RVE) to evaluate the thermal residual stresses caused by the manufacturing process, as well as the effect of the 3D bubbles distribution on the internal stress patterns after the thermic gradient. The promising results from this study have the potential to inform further research on such composite materials by optimising manufacturing processes for targeted applications.
Detrusor urethral dyssynergy in dogs: 35 cases (2007‐2019)
Authors: Stilwell C. , Bazelle J. , Walker D. , Stanzani G. , Florey J. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of dogs diagnosed with detrusor urethral dyssynergy.Materials and MethodsMulticentre (n = 3 UK referral clinics), retrospective, observational study. Database searches were performed (2007 to 2019) to identify dogs with detrusor urethral dyssynergy. Dogs with structural abnormalities or detectable neurological disorders affecting micturition were excluded. Clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome were evaluated.ResultsThirty‐five dogs were included. Middle‐aged, large‐breed, male neutered dogs were most frequently documented. Four female dogs were included. Fifteen breeds, including Labrador retrievers (8/35; 22.9%), golden retrievers (5/35;14.3%) and cross‐breeds (5/35; 14.3%) were identified. Median duration of clinical signs was 152 days (range 0 to 1095). All dogs were dysuric at presentation with 17/35 (48.6%) reported to have an altered stream of urine and 17/35 (48.6%) to be stranguric. Follow‐up data were available for 34 dogs (median 136 days, range 4 to 2188). Response was classified as good (20/34; 58.8%), partial (7/34; 20.5%) or poor (7/34; 20.5%). Overall time to response was known for 21 of 34 dogs (partial n = 6, good n = 15) with a median of 11 days (range 1 to 155). Four dogs had surgical intervention (castration n = 4, cystostomy tube n = 2). Three dogs were euthanased due to partial (n = 1) or poor (n = 2) response. Medications were discontinued in 11 of 20 (55.0%) dogs with a good response to therapy, two of these relapsed.Clinical SignificanceDetrusor urethral dyssynergy is an uncommon micturition disorder in dogs, in particular females. Medical therapy with or without surgery resulted in a favourable prognosis in the majority of dogs, although many require long‐term medication.
RAPGEF2 mediates oligomeric Aβ‐induced synaptic loss and cognitive dysfunction in the 3xTg‐AD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jang You‐Na , Jang HoChung , Kim Gyu Hyun , Noh Jeong‐Eun , Chang Keun‐A , Lee Kea Joo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsAmyloid‐β (Aβ) oligomers trigger synaptic degeneration that precedes plaque and tangle pathology. However, the signalling molecules that link Aβ oligomers to synaptic pathology remain unclear. Here, we addressed the potential role of RAPGEF2 as a novel signalling molecule in Aβ oligomer‐induced synaptic and cognitive impairments in human‐mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsTo investigate the role of RAPGEF2 in Aβ oligomer‐induced synaptic and cognitive impairments, we utilised a combination of approaches including biochemistry, molecular cell biology, light and electron microscopy, behavioural tests with primary neuron cultures, multiple AD mouse models and post‐mortem human AD brain tissue.ResultsWe found significantly elevated RAPGEF2 levels in the post‐mortem human AD hippocampus. RAPGEF2 levels also increased in the transgenic AD mouse models, generating high levels of Aβ oligomers before exhibiting synaptic and cognitive impairment. RAPGEF2 upregulation activated the downstream effectors Rap2 and JNK. In cultured hippocampal neurons, oligomeric Aβ treatment increased the fluorescence intensity of RAPGEF2 and reduced the number of dendritic spines and the intensities of synaptic marker proteins, while silencing RAPGEF2 expression blocked Aβ oligomer‐induced synapse loss. Additionally, the in vivo knockdown of RAPGEF2 expression in the AD hippocampus prevented cognitive deficits and the loss of excitatory synapses.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the upregulation of RAPGEF2 levels mediates Aβ oligomer‐induced synaptic and cognitive disturbances in the AD hippocampus. We propose that an early intervention regarding RAPGEF2 expression may have beneficial effects on early synaptic pathology and memory loss in AD.
Environmental Barrier Coating Oxidation and Adhesion Strength
Authors: Harder Bryan J. , Presby Michael J. , Salem Jon A. , Arnold Steven M. , Mital Subodh K. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) of Yb2Si2O7 were deposited on SiC and exposed in a steam environment (90% H2O/O2) at 1426 °C to form a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer between the substrate and EBC. In advanced ceramic material systems such as coated ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), the TGO layer is the weak interface and directly influences component lifetimes. The effects of surface roughness and TGO thickness on the adhesion strength were evaluated by mechanical testing of the coatings after exposure. Morphology and oxide layer thickness were analyzed with electron microscopy while the composition and crystal structure were tracked with X-ray diffraction. The strength of the system is evaluated with respect to oxidation rate to give a qualitative understanding of coating durability.