bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parliament and the Press: Forging the United Nations in Wartime Britain, 1939–45
Authors: Holmila Antero 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDuring the Second World War, not only the United States but also Great Britain played a leading role in planning and establishing the United Nations (UN) as a new international organisation to replace the League of Nations. While scholarship on post‐war planning is extensive, relatively little exists on how the planning process was discussed and depicted publicly in Britain. The purpose of this article is to fill such lacunae by examining the two most important domains for public discussion at the time, the press and parliament. It will argue, first, that the League of Nations’ experience – its inability to use collective force and its optimistically democratic structure – overwhelmingly shaped public discourse in reference to the UN. By referring to the past, the press and politicians alike in Britain were content to relinquish interwar ideas such as equal rights and equal representation for all nations. Second, apart from the lessons of history, the less democratic structure of the new world organisation was justified from the perspective of great power politics. The desire to make the grand alliance between Britain, the United States of America, and the USSR functional despite all mutual suspicions, directed the view of the UN, and typically overrode all other concerns relating to post‐war planning. Finally, throughout the wartime planning of the UN, public opinion, in so far as press and parliament were concerned, held fast to the idea that the British empire was not to be touched by the UN. In public, the establishment of the UN was hardly considered as a starting point for decolonisation. Instead, the UN was designed to become the post‐war embodiment of the grand alliance, a vehicle through which the victory over the Axis powers would be managed at the global level: such management did not envision the need to let empire go. Viewed this way, it also becomes clear that nationalism and internationalism were not mutually exclusive or binary visions, but coexisted and shifted in importance throughout the period examined.
Beneficial effects of lactitol on the composition of gut microbiota in constipated patients
Authors: Li Xiao Qing , Zhang Xu Min , Wu Xi , Lan Yu , Xu Le , Meng Xiang Chen , Li Jing Nan 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo explore the changes in microbial composition and the corresponding impact after lactitol treatment in constipated patients.MethodsAltogether 29 consecutive outpatients diagnosed with chronic constipation from three centers were recruited and stratified based on their history of diabetes mellitus. All patients were administered with oral lactitol for 2 weeks, and a symptoms diary of constipation was recorded. Fecal samples were collected before and after lactitol treatment, and were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect gut microbiota.ResultsTwenty patients with diabetes mellitus and nine without, all with chronic constipation, were enrolled in this study. After 2‐week administration of lactitol, their subscale scores and constipation symptoms significantly decreased (P < 0.05). An analysis of fecal flora using 16S rRNA sequencing found an increasing trend of abundance of Bifidobacterium in the post‐lactitol group (P = 0.08). Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriales, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium were significantly more abundant after lactitol administration. Real‐time PCR showed significantly high DNA copy numbers of Bifidobacterium after lactitol treatment (1.39 × 1010 vs 2.74 × 109 copies/μL, P = 0.01). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing and real‐time PCR illustrated an increasing trend of Bifidobacterium in both patients with and without diabetes. In addition, Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with constipation subscale scores.ConclusionsAlterations in fecal flora composition after lactitol supplementation, especially in terms of an increasing trend of Bifidobacterium, alleviated constipation symptoms. Lactitol may be a promising prebiotic candidate for patients with constipation, regardless of diabetes mellitus.
Diving in uncharted waters: An updated genetics toolkit highlights the challenges of polyploidy in landscape genomics analyses
Authors: Ackiss Amanda S. , Balao Francisco 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs molecular ecologists, we have by necessity become adept at working across computational platforms. A diverse community of scientists has developed a broad array of analytical resources spanning command line to graphical user interface across Linux, Mac, and Windows environments and a dizzying array of program‐specific input formats. In light of this, we often explore our data like free divers – filling our lungs with air and descending for a short period of time into one part of our data set before resurfacing, reformatting, and preparing for our next analysis. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Meirmans (2020) presents an updated version of GenoDive, a program with a toolkit that provides users with the opportunity to stay a while and delve deeper into the diverse portfolio of information provided by a genomic data set. The comprehensive nature of GenoDive coupled with its unique capability to handle both diploid and polyploid data also provides an opportunity to reflect on the unevenness of resources available for the analysis of polyploid versus diploid data. Since new updates include the addition of plug‐ins for genotype‐environment association analyses, we limit the observations presented here to the common tools used for landscape genomics analyses.
Operating (for) legitimacy
Authors: CROWLEY‐MATOKA MEGAN 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTBack‐pain patients in the US may undergo multiple surgeries in search of relief, enduring a sometimes‐stunning repetition of procedures that can actually intensify and extend their pain. Such outcomes have now been rendered as an illness with its own diagnostic label: “failed back surgery syndrome.” Producing both pathology and profit, this surgical seriality reflects the ambivalence of pain (and its treatments) in the US and maps the mutual mediation of pharmaceutical and surgical therapeutic modes in contemporary biomedicine. For both patients and doctors, the surgicalization of back pain confirms that pain is real and serious, and also conforms to valued forms of (productive, nonnarcotized) life. It thus reflects and reinscribes situated social ideals of embodied and moral personhood in the contemporary US. [failed back surgery syndrome,surgical seriality,pain,medicalization,pharmaceuticalization,surgicalization,moral personhood, United States]
Differential effects of testosterone on circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets in men: Findings from two trials
Authors: Gagliano‐Jucá Thiago , Pencina Karol M. , Guo Wen , Li Zhuoying , Huang Grace , Basaria Shehzad , Bhasin Shalender 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundTestosterone treatment increases erythrocytes in men, but its effects on leukocyte and platelet counts are unknown and could affect its safety.ObjectiveTo determine whether testosterone affects circulating leukocytes and platelets in men.MethodsSecondary analyses of two randomized testosterone trials were performed: the 5α‐reductase (5aR) and OPTIMEN trials. In 5aR trial, 102 healthy men, 21‐50 years (mean age 38), received a long‐acting GnRH agonist, and 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg/week testosterone enanthate (TE) plus placebo or 2.5 mg/day dutasteride for 20 weeks. In OPTIMEN, 78 functionally limited men, ≥65 years (mean age 72) with protein intake ≤ 0.83 g kg−1 day−1, were randomized to controlled diets with 0.8 g kg−1 day−1 protein or 1.3 g kg−1 day−1 protein plus placebo or TE (100 mg/week) for 6 months. Changes from baseline in total and differential leukocyte count, and platelet count were evaluated.ResultsIn 5aR, testosterone administration was associated with increases in total leukocyte (estimated change from baseline 40, 490, 1230, and 1280 cells/µL, P < .001), neutrophil (65.1, 436.1, 1177.2, and 1192.2 cells/µL, P < .001), monocyte (−20.2, 24.5, 90.6, and 143.9 cells/µL, P < .001), platelet (−7.3, 8.4, 8.7, and 8.9 × 103 cells/µL, P = .033), and erythrocyte counts. Testosterone did not affect absolute lymphocyte count. Similar increase in total leukocyte count was observed with testosterone treatment in OPTIMEN (change 0.77 × 103 cells/µL, P vs placebo = 0.004).ConclusionsTestosterone administration in men differentially increases neutrophil and monocyte counts. These findings, together with its erythropoietic effects, suggest that testosterone promotes the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors into the myeloid lineage. These findings have potential mechanistic, therapeutic, and safety implications.
Gastric volvulus and giant Bochdalek hernia in an adult patient that were safely repaired by endoscopic reduction and elective laparoscopic surgery
Authors: An Byonggu , Zen Yumi , Akabori Hiroya , Kitamura Naomi , Ohta Hiroyuki , Otsuki Akinori , Mizuta Hiroo , Tsujikawa Tomoyuki , Mekata Eiji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA Bochdalek hernia (BH) is a congenital abnormality with incomplete closure of the diaphragm. It is usually manifested in infants but rarely in adults. Here, we report an adult patient with gastric volvulus and giant BH that were safely repaired by endoscopic reduction and elective laparoscopic surgery, respectively. A 79‐year‐old woman presented with left upper abdominal pain but no history of trauma. CT revealed a giant BH with gastric volvulus. After emergency endoscopic reduction of the volvulus, elective laparoscopic repair of the BH was performed. The 8 × 8‐cm defect was repaired with interrupted nonabsorbable sutures and a mesh. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and no complications or recurrence were observed in the 6 months that followed.
Quality of the analysis—A performance management system for the analytical stage of child‐protection investigations
Authors: Karlsson Henrik , Avby Gunilla , Svendsen Tore 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents a performance management system for reviewing the quality of written analyses in child‐protection investigations. The system, called quality of the analysis (QUAL), is based on the Swedish adaptation of the British Integrated Children's System and Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families called Children's Needs in Focus (BBIC). QUAL was applied to 280 child‐protection investigations to review the compliance with the BBIC standards. The investigations took place in 2011 and 2014. The results indicate improvements in various quality indicators, such as answers provided to all investigative questions, both risk and protective factors documented, and an assessment of the child's need for protection or support documented. However, in 40% of the investigations from 2014, the analytical stage was more a summary than an analysis. Many countries struggle to find and develop tools that can provide feasible systematic feedback on professional performance and support quality improvement in child‐protection work. We suggest that QUAL can be used as one method among others to develop and strengthen the analytical work in practice by visualizing and monitoring the written analysis. QUAL may function as a tool to stimulate professional development, facilitate organizational learning, and improve investigative work.
Recognition in the lives of unaccompanied children and youth: A review of the key European literature
Authors: Kauhanen Iida , Kaukko Mervi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis integrative literature review studies well‐being of unaccompanied asylum‐seeking children through the three modes of recognition—love, rights and solidarity—as conceptualized by Axel Honneth. The analysis shows that the children's basic needs, such as safety, shelter and nutrition, are mostly recognized; however, the systems responsible for the care of unaccompanied children seem to misidentify other essential needs, such as the need for stability, need for caring, family‐like relationships and the need to be heard and seen as unique persons. We suggest that more research is needed to explore how recognition is displayed in the range of institutional, social and cultural structures in which unaccompanied children live. Furthermore, we call for research on how recognition is experienced by the children and youth themselves. It is also argued that practitioners and policy‐makers in social work should be educated about the elements of recognition and that their practices and policies should prioritize the rights and needs of the child over questions of age or immigration status.
Comparison of heated humidified high flow nasal cannula and nasal continuous positive airway pressure after surfactant administration in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Akbarian‐rad Zahra , Mohammadi Avishan , Khafri Soraya , Ahmadpour‐kacho Mousa , Zahed‐pasha Yadollah , Haghshenas‐Mojaveri Mohsen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of humidified high‐flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) therapy, and compare it with the effect of nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).MethodIn this clinical study, consecutively admitted 27‐32 weeks preterm infants with RDS who received surfactant through a brief intubation (INSURE method) were randomly assigned immediately after extubation to HHHFNC or NCPAP. Primary outcomes were oxygen saturation values and oxygen need at 6, 12 and 24 h after surfactant administration as well as duration of oxygen and respiratory support, need for intubation and mechanical ventilation and incidence of apnea. Secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalization and incidence of complications such as pneumothorax.ResultsSixty‐four infants met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study, 32 per arm. Two cases in HHFNC group dropped due to congenital pneumonia/sepsis. No differences were seen between groups in primary and secondary outcomes except for arterial oxygen saturation values (SaO2) 24 h after surfactant administration that were significantly higher in the NCPAP group [95.97% ± 1.96% vs. 95.00% ± 1.80% (P = .04)] with similar oxygen needs. The treatment failure was observed in four (11.8%) infants of the NCPAP group compared to five (16.7%) cases of the HHHFNC group (P = .57).ConclusionBased on the results of the present study, the HHHFNC can be as effective as NCPAP to treat the neonates with RDS after surfactant administration.
Mutualism is not restricted to tree‐killing bark beetles and fungi: the ecological stoichiometry of secondary bark beetles, fungi, and a scavenger
Authors: Six Diana L. , Elser James J. 
Published: June 2020

1. All bark beetles are in symbiosis with fungi. Although obligate mutualisms with fungi are common with tree‐killing bark beetles (primaries), fungi associated with non‐tree‐killing bark beetles (secondaries) are usually dismissed as commensals.2. Using an ecological stoichiometric approach, we show secondaries are also involved in nutrition‐based mutualisms, some of which appear obligate, and that differences in symbiont provisioning efficiency have a potent effect on beetle carbon (C): nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios.3. Some secondary beetles have high P contents and require efficient P provisioning via fungi, while others have low P contents that may allow them to exploit less efficient fungi or a broader range of species with variable efficiencies. A co‐occurring scavenger that feeds on nutrient‐poor bark beetle frass (excrement/boring residues) exhibited the lowest phosphorus content yet recorded for an invertebrate.4. Our results generally support the growth‐rate hypothesis that posits differences in C:P and N:P ratios in consumers are due to differential allocation of P to P‐rich RNA to support growth. However, while the beetle species that accumulated the most biomass was considerably enriched in P and that with the least biomass was P‐poor, one beetle species that was P‐rich was also small possibly due to limitation by an element other than P.5. Our results indicate that fungi are important to a broader range of bark beetles than previously recognised. Additional research is needed to describe how these various symbioses influence forest ecosystems via differential effects of fungi on host beetle fitness.
Noninvasive detection of focal seizures in ambulatory patients
Authors: Ryvlin Philippe , Cammoun Leila , Hubbard Ilona , Ravey France , Beniczky Sandor , Atienza David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReliably detecting focal seizures without secondary generalization during daily life activities, chronically, using convenient portable or wearable devices, would offer patients with active epilepsy a number of potential benefits, such as providing more reliable seizure count to optimize treatment and seizure forecasting, and triggering alarms to promote safeguarding interventions. However, no generic solution is currently available to reach these objectives. A number of biosignals are sensitive to specific forms of focal seizures, in particular heart rate and its variability for seizures affecting the neurovegetative system, and accelerometry for those responsible for prominent motor activity. However, most studies demonstrate high rates of false detection or poor sensitivity, with only a minority of patients benefiting from acceptable levels of accuracy. To tackle this challenging issue, several lines of technological progress are envisioned, including multimodal biosensing with cross‐modal analytics, a combination of embedded and distributed self‐aware machine learning, and ultra–low‐power design to enable appropriate autonomy of such sophisticated portable solutions.
A fatigue damage accumulation model for reliability analysis of engine components under combined cycle loadings
Authors: Yue Peng , Ma Juan , Zhou Changhu , Jiang Hao , Wriggers Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRotor components of an aircraft engine in service are usually subjected to combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) loadings. In this work, combining with the load spectrum of CCF, a modified damage accumulation model for CCF life prediction of turbine blades is first put forward to take into account the effects of load consequence and load interaction caused by high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) loads and low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) loads under CCF loading conditions. The predicted results demonstrate that the proposed model presents a higher prediction accuracy than Miner, Manson‐Halford model does. Moreover, to evaluate the fatigue reliability of rotor components, reliability model with the failure mode of CCF is proposed on the basis of the stress‐strength interference method when considering the strength degeneration, and its results show that the reliability model with CCF is more suitable for aero‐engine components than that with the failure mode of single fatigue.
Unnatural flooding alters the functional diversity of riparian vegetation of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Su Xiaolei , Bejarano María Dolores , Yi Xuemei , Lin Feng , Ayi Qiaoli , Zeng Bo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The response of riparian vegetation to flow regulation has been a research focus for decades. Several studies have shed light on the effects of flow stabilisation on riparian woody species, but other life forms exposed to intensified inundation have been overlooked. Furthermore, studies from a functional perspective are scarce.

We evaluated the functional response of riparian vegetation along the shores of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the Yangtze River in China to unnaturally long annual flooding (>7 months) after the first year of filling. We aimed to answer the following: (1) can we derive well‐defined flow‐response guilds from the riparian zones of the Yangtze River? and (2) which plant traits and guilds are favoured or disfavoured by the unnaturally long flooding environment?

Woody and herbaceous species were inventoried in 12 reaches along the shorelines of the Three Gorges Reservoir and another 12 reaches along the free‐flowing Yangtze River. We performed a cluster analysis to derive riparian guilds using abundance data (projective coverage) from 40 riparian plant species and 13 responsive traits. Structural composition and functional diversity of the unnaturally and naturally flooded riparian vegetation were compared.

Unnaturally long flooding substantially reduced species richness, but it did not change the riparian vegetation cover. This novel flooding reduced functional diversity, mostly owing to the loss of stress‐tolerant woody species and competitive perennial herbs. However, competitive annual herbs and flood‐tolerant riparian herbs, as the most abundant functional guilds, were favoured even under such long‐term hypoxic conditions.

These guilds under regulation revealed a high functional resilience to prolonged flooding along the upstream reaches of the Yangtze River. Flooding tolerance and the capacity to synchronise germination and growth with short‐exposure periods underlie the plant species changes. Our findings are useful for anticipating the effects of long‐lasting inundation on riparian areas triggered by flow regulation or warmer climates. The functional perspective lends confidence that our conclusions can be generalised to other geographical regions despite not sharing the same species pool. Finally, the plant species that showed a high flooding tolerance should be considered for the restoration of riparian areas affected by the Three Gorges Reservoir.
CASH‐FLOW TRANCHING AND THE MACROECONOMY
Authors: Amaral Pedro S. , Corbae Dean , Quintin Erwan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe volume of cash‐flow transformation activities has grown markedly over the past few decades. We develop a dynamic model that characterizes the effects of changes in the costs and benefits of security creation. Lower tranching costs and increases in foreign appetite for safe assets can both increase costly security creation with positive effects on GDP and have diverse macroeconomic implications. Whereas the former counterfactually increases yields, the latter lowers them and also raises rents associated with cash‐flow transformation. These two features, as well as other subsidiary implications of increased foreign demand, are consistent with recent U.S. data.
MONETARY POLICY, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, AND REDISTRIBUTION
Authors: Loenser Christian , Schabert Andreas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines how financial constraints affect redistribution via monetary policy. We explore a novel mechanism of monetary nonneutrality, which is based on debt limits imposed in nominal terms. Specifically, when debt is constrained by current income, monetary policy can alter the real terms of borrowing. Changes in inflation exert ambiguous effects, depending on the initial debt/wealth position and the willingness to borrow. We show analytically that borrowers can benefit from increased debt limits under lower inflation rates. This novel effect can dominate conventional debt deflation effects. We find that particularly less indebted borrowers as well as potential future borrowers gain and that aggregate welfare can be enhanced under a permanent reduction in inflation.