bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative ethics officers as drivers of effective ethics programs: An empirical study in the Netherlands
Authors: Hogenbirk Sjoerd , van Dun Desirée H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEthical misconduct and violations seriously harm individuals and organizations and lead to massive fines or the dismissal of employees and CEOs. Many firms have implemented ethics programs to prevent unethical behavior but these are often ineffective and take a traditional approach. Ethics officers are often responsible for running and developing ethics programs, in collaboration with other departments. They can, therefore, play a key role in improving ethics program effectiveness. We postulate that ethics officers need to adopt a more innovative approach in order to achieve ethical behavior among employees and managers, and that such an innovative approach requires certain personality traits. This study investigates how ethics officers’ personality traits and innovative work behaviors relate to the effectiveness of ethics programs and normative ethical behavior through an online questionnaire conducted among 110 ethics officers in large Dutch organizations. Structural equations modeling showed that innovative work behavior mediated the relationship between ethics officers’ openness to experience and ethics program effectiveness which, in turn, is related to more normative ethical behavior. Future research must examine the (partial) mediation effects, including other characteristics of ethics officers in relation to ethics program effectiveness and ethical behaviors at work, and replicate the study multi‐nationally.
Environmental policy and social status preference for education in an Uzawa–Lucas model
Authors: Hamaguchi Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate the growth effect of environmental policy in the Uzawa‐Lucas model with social status preference for education, finding for resource reallocation effect and substitution effect. The former implies decreasing human capital by raising the occupational cost of education, while the latter implies increasing human capital by enhancing the status‐seeking need for education. Thus, stricter environmental policy has a U‐shaped effect on the growth rate. However, the policy has no effect on the growth rate in the absence of social status preference. Our results imply that social status preference is essential for environmental policy to enhance growth rate.
Mothers’ Job Loss and Their Sensitivity to Young Children’s Development
Authors: Prickett Kate C. 
Published: August 2020

As the economy diversifies and stratifies, more mothers of young children experience job instability. To advance understanding of the implications of this trend, this study examines the role of job instability in maternal sensitivity, an important component of child development, during their children’s first 3 years of life. Structural equation models with longitudinal multimethod data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,211; 1991–1994) revealed that mothers’ involuntary job loss, but not other job transitions, was negatively associated with sensitivity. This association was most pronounced among mothers with less education. Mediation analyses found that the association was explained by changes in family income and maternal depression, pointing to policy‐relevant mechanisms for reducing inequalities among children.
Syntactic Cues Help Disambiguate Objects Referred to With Count Nouns: Illustration With Malay Children
Authors: Sia Ming Yean , Mayor Julien 
Published: August 2020

Children employ multiple cues to identify the referent of a novel word. Novel words are often embedded in sentences and children have been shown to use syntactic cues to differentiate between types of words (adjective vs. nouns) and between types of nouns (count vs. mass nouns). In this study, we show that children learning Malay (N = 67), a numeral classifier language, can use syntactic cues to perform even finer‐grained disambiguation–between count nouns. The manipulation of congruence between lexical and syntactic cues reveals a clear developmental trajectory: while 5‐year‐olds use predominantly lexical cues, older children increasingly rely on syntactic cues, such that by 7 years of age, they disambiguate between objects referred to with count nouns using syntactic rather than lexical cues.
Look Again: Pedagogical Demonstration Facilitates Children’s Use of Counterevidence
Authors: Butler Lucas P. , Gibbs Hailey M. , Levush Karen C. 
Published: August 2020

In learning about the world children must not only make inferences based on minimal evidence, but must deal with conflicting evidence and question those initial inferences when they appear to be wrong. Four experiments (N = 144) found that young children were significantly more likely to revise their initial inferences when conflicting evidence was explicitly demonstrated for them. Four‐ and five‐year‐old children saw deterministic evidence about which objects had causal powers, and then saw counterevidence conflicting with that initial pattern. Critically, the conflicting evidence was either demonstrated communicatively and pedagogically, or produced in an intentional but nonpedagogical manner. Only when evidence was explicitly demonstrated for them did children revise their initial hypothesis and use a subtle clue to infer the correct rule.
Preradiation tooth extraction and jaw osteoradionecrosis: Nationwide population‐based retrospective study in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Pei‐Hsun , Chu Chi‐Hsiang , Tang Pei‐Ling , Wu Pei‐Chen , Kuo Tsu‐Jen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveRadiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) within 7 days of tooth extraction is contraindicated because it may increase the risk of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ). However, delayed RT could compromise survival in patients with HNC. By using a national healthcare database, we reviewed the contraindications and analysed other risk factors for ORNJ.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingBy using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, 5,062 HNC patients with at least one tooth extraction 1‐21 days before the first RT day (index day) and without any extractions during or after RT from 2000 to 2013 were included. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time of tooth extraction before the index day: 1‐7 days and 8‐21 days.ParticipantsTaiwanese patients with head and neck cancer.Main Outcomes MeasureUnivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors of ORNJ.ResultsThe overall incidence of ORNJ in the included patients was 1.03% (mean follow‐up duration, 4.07 ± 3.01 years; range, 1.00‐13.99 years). Tooth extraction within 7 days before RT was not associated with increased ORNJ risk (hazard ratio [HR] =0.734; P = .312). Significant risk factors for ORNJ included oral cancer (adjusted HR = 3.961), tumour excision surgery within 3 months before RT (adjusted HR = 3.488) and mandibulectomy within 3 months before RT (adjusted HR = 5.985; all P < .001).ConclusionIn a mean follow‐up of 4 years, tooth extraction within 7 days before RT for HNC treatment did not increase the ORNJ risk compared with tooth extraction 7‐21 days before RT.
Individual Differences in Learning Abilities Impact Structure Addition: Better Learners Create More Structured Languages
Authors: Johnson Tamar , Siegelman Noam , Arnon Inbal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver the last decade, iterated learning studies have provided compelling evidence for the claim that linguistic structure can emerge from non‐structured input, through the process of transmission. However, it is unclear whether individuals differ in their tendency to add structure, an issue with implications for understanding who are the agents of change. Here, we identify and test two contrasting predictions: The first sees learning as a pre‐requisite for structure addition, and predicts a positive correlation between learning accuracy and structure addition, whereas the second maintains that it is those learners who struggle with learning and reproducing their input who add structure to it. This prediction is hard to test in standard iterated learning paradigms since each learner is exposed to a different input, and since structure and accuracy are computed using the same test items. Here, we test these contrasting predictions in two experiments using a one‐generation artificial language learning paradigm designed to provide independent measures of learning accuracy and structure addition. Adults (N = 48 in each study) were exposed to a semi‐regular language (with probabilistic structure) and had to learn it: Learning was assessed using seen items, whereas structure addition was calculated over unseen items. In both studies, we find a strong positive correlation between individuals' ability to learn the language and their tendency to add structure to it: Better learners also produced more structured languages. These findings suggest a strong link between learning and generalization. We discuss the implications of these findings for iterated language models and theories of language change more generally.
Do supervisory enforcement actions affect board composition?
Authors: Cotugno Matteo , D'Amato Antonio , Gallo Angela , Stefanelli Valeria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch Question/IssueDo enforcement actions impact banks' board composition? Based on a unique sample of sanctions imposed on Italian banks by the country's banking supervisory authority from 2009 to 2015, we investigate whether supervisory enforcement actions affect changes at the board level. Moreover, we examine whether changes at the board level after a sanction are effective in reducing the probability of further sanctions in the future.Research Findings/InsightsThe findings reveal that sanctioned banks change their board composition following a supervisory sanction. We further test whether these changes improve bank governance and find that, under certain conditions, they may reduce the probability that the board is sanctioned again. Robustness tests confirm the results.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study provides empirical evidence that supports the role of supervisory enforcement actions in inducing banks to adopt changes at the board level. Given that the relationship between supervisory sanctions and changes in board characteristics is still neglected, we contend that our results may increase the understanding of the effectiveness of enforcement actions in improving board characteristics.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsWe believe that our results have policy implications by making a clear and concrete contribution to the ongoing debate on the revision of the principles for enhancing corporate governance and banking supervision.
A Phase I Study of Dinaciclib in Combination With MK‐2206 in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Murphy Adrian G. , Zahurak Marianna , Shah Mirat , Weekes Colin D. , Hansen Aaron , Siu Lillian L. , Spreafico Anna , LoConte Noelle , Anders Nicole M. , Miles Tearra , Rudek Michelle A. , Doyle L. Austin , Nelkin Barry , Maitra Anirban , Azad Nilofer S. ,   for the ETCTN‐9231 Study Team
Published: August 2020

The combination of drugs targeting Ral and PI3K/AKT signaling has antitumor efficacy in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. We combined dinaciclib (small molecule cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor with MK‐2206 (Akt inhibitor) in patients with previously treated/metastatic pancreatic cancer. Patients were treated with dinaciclib (6–12 mg/m2 i.v.) and MK‐2206 (60–135 mg p.o.) weekly. Tumor biopsies were performed to measure pAKT, pERK, and Ki67 at baseline and after one completed cycle (dose level 2 and beyond). Thirty‐nine patients participated in the study. The maximum tolerated doses were dinaciclib 9 mg/m2 and MK‐2206 135 mg. Treatment‐related grade 3 and 4 toxicities included neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, and leukopenia. No objectives responses were observed. Four patients (10%) had stable disease as their best response. At the recommended dose, median survival was 2.2 months. Survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 11% and 5%, respectively. There was a nonsignificant reduction in pAKT composite scores between pretreatment and post‐treatment biopsies (mean 0.76 vs. 0.63; P = 0.635). The combination of dinaciclib and MK‐2206 was a safe regimen in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, although without clinical benefit, possibly due to not attaining biologically effective doses. Given the strong preclinical evidence of Ral and AKT inhibition, further studies with better tolerated agents should be considered.
Perniosis during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Negative anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunohistochemistry in six patients and comparison to perniosis before the emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Harigopal Malini , Damsky William , Gehlhausen Jeff R. , Bosenberg Marcus , Patrignelli Robert , McNiff Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcral inflammatory lesions that have some resemblance to idiopathic or autoimmune‐associated perniosis (chilblains) have been described in multiple countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsWe examined histopathologic findings in six consecutive such cases from five patients received in mid‐May to mid‐June of 2020, evaluating immunohistochemical staining for the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein. We compared these six cases to eight cases diagnosed as perniosis between January and June of 2019.ResultsFive of six lesions with perniosis‐like histopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic had distinctive tight cuffing of lymphocytes; intravascular material was present in one case. SARS‐CoV‐2 immunohistochemical staining using an antibody directed at the nucleocapsid protein was negative in all six cases. Only one of eight specimens with microscopic findings of perniosis received prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic had tightly cuffed perivascular lymphocytes, and none had obvious intravascular occlusion.ConclusionsA tightly cuffed pattern of perivascular lymphocytes is a feature of perniosis during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein in these cases suggests against the virus being directly present in these lesions.
Island biogeography of native and alien plant species: Contrasting drivers of diversity across the Lesser Antilles
Authors: Rojas‐Sandoval Julissa , Ackerman James D. , Tremblay Raymond L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimUnderstanding the factors driving the diversity of alien and native species on islands is crucial for predicting the spread of alien species and for proposing management practices to protect the unique native biodiversity that often occurs in insular ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether native and alien plant species respond similarly to natural biogeographic and human‐related drivers.LocationLesser Antilles, Caribbean.MethodsWe compiled a dataset with the verified status of native and alien plant species occurring on 15 islands across the Lesser Antilles. We assessed the relationship of native and alien plant species richness and identified the biogeographic and socio‐economic variables that best explain the diversity patterns of both alien and native species on these islands by combining correlation analysis and generalized linear models.ResultsThe final dataset comprises a total of 2,438 plant species with 1,825 native species and 613 alien species. For the 15 islands analysed, native and alien species richness is strongly and positively correlated, but different variables explained their diversity patterns. We found that biogeographic drivers such as island area, elevation and distance to the mainland best explain patterns of native species richness. On the other hand, alien species richness was well predicted by a combination of geographic and socio‐economic variables, with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and island area having the strongest effect. Species composition of alien floras is also significantly influenced by the historical colonial identity of these islands.Main conclusionsWhile native species are clearly associated with biogeographic variables, alien species are strongly influenced by variables related to human activities and therefore anthropogenic disturbance processes. Modification of natural areas by human activities can result in high alien species richness even on islands with high native species richness.
Consistent effects of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes irrespective of diabetic kidney disease categories: Insights from the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial
Authors: Wanner Christoph , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Zinman Bernard , Koitka‐Weber Audrey , Mattheus Michaela , George Jyothis T. , von Eynatten Maximilian , Hauske Sibylle J. ,   EMPA‐REG OUTCOME Investigators
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo explore the cardiovascular (CV) and kidney effects of empagliflozin in patients with different clinical phenotypes of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (i.e. with the presence or absence of overt albuminuria) participating in the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial.Materials and methodsEMPA‐REG OUTCOME randomized participants (1:1:1) to empagliflozin 10 mg, 25 mg or placebo, added to standard of care. Post hoc, patients with different clinical phenotypes of DKD at baseline were categorized in three subgroups: (a) overt DKD (overt albuminuria [urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of >300 mg/g] with any estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]; n = 769); (b) non‐overt DKD (kidney impairment [eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2] without overt albuminuria [urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of ≤300 mg/g]; n = 1290); and (c) ‘all others’ (eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 without overt albuminuria; n = 4893). Analyses included CV (death, hospitalization for heart failure, all‐cause hospitalization) and selected kidney outcomes, change in eGFR and kidney safety. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the consistency of treatment effect across subgroups.ResultsEmpagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of CV and kidney outcomes across all subgroups (P‐values for interaction >.05), consistent with the overall trial population findings. Empagliflozin also significantly reduced the yearly loss of eGFR, assessed by chronic slopes, in all subgroups. The adverse event profile of empagliflozin was similar across all subgroups.ConclusionsEmpagliflozin may improve CV and kidney outcomes and slow the progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients with DKD, irrespective of its clinical form, both with or without the presence of overt albuminuria.
Land distribution and inequality in a black settler colony: the case of Sierra Leone, 1792–1831†
Authors: Galli Stefania , Rönnbäck Klas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLand distribution is considered to be one of the main contributors to inequality in pre‐industrial societies. This article contributes to the debate on the origins of economic inequality in pre‐industrial African societies by studying land inequality at a particularly early stage of African economic history. The research examines land distribution and inequality in land ownership among settlers in the Colony of Sierra Leone for three benchmark years over the first 40 years of its existence. The findings show that land inequality was low at the founding of the Colony but increased substantially over time. We suggest that this increase was enabled by a shift in the type of egalitarianism pursued by the colonial authorities, which was reflected in a change in the redistributive policy applied, which allowed later settlers to appropriate land more freely than had been previously possible.
Genetic structure across urban and agricultural landscapes reveals evidence of resource specialization and philopatry in the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica L.
Authors: Ballare Kimberly M. , Jha Shalene 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHuman activity continues to impact global ecosystems, often by altering the habitat suitability, persistence, and movement of native species. It is thus critical to examine the population genetic structure of key ecosystemservice providers across human‐altered landscapes to provide insight into the forces that limit wildlife persistence and movement across multiple spatial scales. While some studies have documented declines of bee pollinators as a result of human‐mediated habitat alteration, others suggest that some bee species may benefit from altered land use due to increased food or nesting resource availability; however, detailed population and dispersal studies have been lacking. We investigated the population genetic structure of the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, across 14 sites spanning more than 450 km, including dense urban areas and intensive agricultural habitat. X. virginica is a large bee which constructs nests in natural and human‐associated wooden substrates, and is hypothesized to disperse broadly across urbanizing areas. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we detected significant genetic isolation by geographic distance and significant isolation by land use, where urban and cultivated landscapes were most conducive to gene flow. This is one of the first population genetic analyses to provide evidence of enhanced insect dispersal in human‐altered areas as compared to semi‐natural landscapes. We found moderate levels of regional‐scale population structure across the study system (GʹST = 0.146) and substantial co‐ancestry between the sampling regions, where co‐ancestry patterns align with major human transportation corridors, suggesting that human‐mediated movement may be influencing regional dispersal processes. Additionally, we found a signature of strong site‐level philopatry where our analyses revealed significant levels of high genetic relatedness at very fine scales (<1 km), surprising given X. virginica's large body size. These results provide unique genetic evidence that insects can simultaneously exhibit substantial regional dispersal as well as high local nesting fidelity in landscapes dominated by human activity.
Authority updating: An expert authority evaluation algorithm considering post‐evaluation and power indices in social networks
Authors: Shi Ruili , Guo Chunxiang , Gu Xin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn group assessment, the focus is on finding high‐authority experts to improve the reliability of assessment results. In this study, we propose an authority updating algorithm while considering the power and judgement reliability of an expert on the basis of social networks and post‐evaluations. A network power index is established and used to reflect the power of an expert while considering social networks. The measurement of the judgement reliability of an expert considers the post‐evaluation of the objects selected by experts, thereby more scientifically reflecting the reliability of experts. The analysis shows the following: although the social‐network structure influences the authority of experts, the influence weakens when the assessment group is a highly or even fully connected group; the network effect may increase the authority of some experts and reduce that of others, and it will weaken as the network connectivity increases; moreover, the judgement reliability and authority of an expert while considering post‐evaluation can encourage him/her to make fair assessments and strive to reduce his/her motivation and cognitive biases.