bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Best Practices for Mapping Archaeological Sites
Authors: Smith Cecilia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractArchaeologists are tasked with balancing a call to open data and the need to maintain confidentiality of sensitive archaeological site locations. Low-resolution mapping and data aggregation are the methods most commonly used to hide site locations; however, we understand little of the effectiveness of these practices. Trends in geomasking, obscuring observed geographic points, to anonymize public health data are suggested as a source of methods for sharing archaeological site data. Archaeologists have available to them a number of geomasking methods that balance open data and site security in different ways. Low-resolution mapping at several scales and random direction with fixed radius, random perturbation donut, and Gaussian donut techniques are tested on a set of archaeological site locations. Random perturbation donuts resulted in the best balance between obscuring archaeological locations and conveying observed spatial patterning. Researchers should carefully consider how they convey archaeological location data, as commonly used low-resolution scales may not provide the desired level of obscurity. Researchers should also be explicit as to how and why their methods of site visualization are chosen.
Coronavirus Disease Health Care Delivery Impact on African Americans
Authors: Chaturvedi Rahul , Gabriel Rodney A 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 1.5 million individuals and led to over 91, 000 deaths in the United States (US) alone as of May 20th, 2020. Minority populations, however, continue to be a high-risk population to contract the SARS-CoV-2 infection. While socioeconomic inequality may help to explain why minority ethnic populations are contracting the SARS-CoV-2 in larger proportions, the reason for elevated mortality rates in African Americans is still unknown. African Americans are less likely than whites to utilize high-quality hospitals, ambulatory care services, and regular primary care providers; this is most likely a result of barriers to accessing high quality treatment, as African Americans have substantially higher uninsured rates. However, previous reports have shown that regardless of insurance status, African Americans are more likely to be directed toward lower quality treatment plans compared to their white counterparts, and that physicians carry implicit biases that negatively impact treatment regimens for these minority populations. While income, education, and access to healthcare should be revised in due time, in the short term physicians should do everything possible to learn about implicit biases that may exist in healthcare, as the first step to minimize implicit biases is to recognize that they exist.
Understanding the Predictors that Contribute to Liberian Health Care Workers Feeling Protected From Ebola While at Work
Authors: Enriquez Kayla , Udhayashankar Kanagasabai , Niescierenko Michelle 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess Liberian health care workers’ feelings around safety in returning to work in the setting of the Ebola virus disease outbreak of 2014–2015 after receiving infection prevention and control (IPC) training.Methods:Academic Consortium Combating Ebola in Liberia (ACCEL) training surveys were done at 21 public, Liberian hospitals to understand health care workers’ attitudes surrounding Ebola and whether they felt safe while at work based on multiple factors. Logistic regression was used for analysis.Results:We found that health care workers feeling safe at work during the Ebola outbreak was primarily predicted by the number of IPC/Ebola trainings received pre-ACCEL interventions. Health care workers felt increasingly safer and motivated to return to work as trainings approached 3 (OR 8, p-value < 0.001); however, more than 3 trainings resulted in decreased safety and motivation. In addition, health care workers who reported washing their hands before and after patient contact were 3.4 times more likely to understand how to protect themselves from Ebola.Conclusions:These results help to better understand the utility of repeated trainings on health care worker practice attitudes and the importance of IPC policies within hospitals, such as hand hygiene promotion and education, when coordinating humanitarian efforts.
Temporal change of risk factors in hospital-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection using time-trend analysis
Authors: Song Jiyoun , Cohen Bevin , Zachariah Philip , Liu Jianfang , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:Given recent changes in the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and prevention efforts, we investigated temporal changes over a period of 11 years (2006–2016) in incidence and risk factors for CDI.Design:Retrospective matched case-control study.Setting/Patients:Pediatric and adult inpatients (n = 694,849) discharged from 3 hospitals (tertiary and quaternary care, community, and pediatric) in a large, academic health center in New York City.Methods:Risk factors were identified in cases and controls matched by length of stay at a ratio of 1:4. A Cochran–Armitage or Mann-Kendall test was used to investigate trends of incidence and risk factors.Results:Of 694,849 inpatients, 6,038 (0.87%) had CDI: 44% of these cases were hospital acquired (HA-CDI) and 56% were community acquired (CA-CDI). We observed temporal downward trends in HA-CDI (−0.03% per year) and upward trends in CA-CDI (+0.04% per year). Over time, antibiotics were administered to more patients (+3% per year); the use of high-risk antibiotics declined (–1.2% per year); and antibiotic duration increased in patients with HA-CDI (+4.4% per year). Fewer proton-pump inhibitors and more histamine-2 blockers were used (−3.8% and +7.3% per year, respectively; all Ptrend <.05).Conclusions:Although the incidence of HA-CDI decreased over time, CA-CDI simultaneously increased. Continued efforts to assure judicious use of antibiotics in inpatient and community settings is clearly vital. Measuring the actual the level of exposure of an antibiotic (incidence density) should be used for ongoing surveillance and assessment.
‘Policing’ a pandemic: Garda wellbeing and COVID-19
Authors: Rooney L. , McNicholas F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn response to the global pandemic COVID-19, the Irish government has called upon the Garda Síochána to implement an unparalleled mode of policing to mitigate and contain the spread of the Coronavirus. Studies investigating smaller scale epidemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), indicate that staff at the frontlines of an outbreak are exposed to an insuperable amount of stress and experience increased psychological morbidities as a result. Furthermore, research not only indicates that heighted levels of psychological distress are an occupational hazard associated with the law enforcement profession, but that members of the Garda Síochána feel their mental health needs are largely unmet by their organisation. Given the pandemic’s propensity to expose officers to indeterminate echelons of physical and psychological threat; there has never been a more appropriate time to explore the potential burdens associated with ‘policing’ a pandemic, question the governments capacity to address the psychological support needs of frontline professionals, and plan future research for best practice.
An n-dimensional chemotaxis system with signal-dependent motility and generalized logistic source: global existence and asymptotic stabilization
Authors: Lv Wenbin , Wang Qingyuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the global existence for a class of Keller–Segel model with signal-dependent motility and general logistic term under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a higher-dimensional smoothly bounded domain, which can be written as
$$\eqalign{& u_t = \Delta (\gamma (v)u) + \rho u-\mu u^l,\quad x\in \Omega ,\;t > 0, \cr & v_t = \Delta v-v + u,\quad x\in \Omega ,\;t > 0.} $$It is shown that whenever ρ ∈ ℝ, μ > 0 and
$$l > \max \left\{ {\displaystyle{{n + 2} \over 2},2} \right\},$$then the considered system possesses a global classical solution for all sufficiently smooth initial data. Furthermore, the solution converges to the equilibrium
$$\left( {{\left( {\displaystyle{{\rho _ + } \over \mu }} \right)}^{1/(l-1)},{\left( {\displaystyle{{\rho _ + } \over \mu }} \right)}^{1/(l-1)}} \right)$$as t → ∞ under some extra hypotheses, where ρ+ = max{ρ, 0}.
Defending the Family: Female Begging and the Policing of Female Begging on the Streets of Pinochet's Santiago (1973–90)
Authors: Passmore Leith 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEconomic crises during Chile's civic–military dictatorship (1973–90) forced a growing number of people onto the streets, including women who commuted from peripheral neighbourhoods to beg in downtown Santiago. Under military rule, impoverished women in public spaces became a police problem. Despite their constant presence on the streets throughout the twentieth century, Chile's begging laws were rarely applied to women, except for a brief period under Pinochet, when begging emerged as a female crime in Santiago. This paper examines female begging and the policing of female begging, revealing both to be framed as a defence of the family.
Are benefit reductions an effective activation strategy? The case of the lowest benefit recipients in Denmark
Authors: HUSSAIN M. AZHAR , EJRNÆS MORTEN , LARSEN JØRGEN ELM 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDecades of commitment to the basic principles of the Danish welfare state have been discarded with a new social policy reducing the benefits for people already at the bottom of the income ladder. The political intention is to increase job search via economic incentives that increase the gap between benefit income and market income. Using a panel dataset with benefit recipients, we show that the intended job search effect did not materialise to any significant extent; rather, the affected people became poorer because the vast majority of individuals could not respond to the economic incentives in the intended manner. Joblessness was not due to lack of incentives. This study confirms the importance of employability and self-efficacy, but it shows that health is an underlying variable that explains both of these factors and the recipients’ difficulties in getting a job. The results have two major social policy implications. Access to early retirement schemes should be easier for recipients who have serious health problems and therefore cannot respond to economic incentives, and there should be an increased focus on how to help the recipients without major health problems to develop self-efficacy.
Analysis of microwave backscattering from nonlinear sea surface with currents: doppler spectrum and SAR images
Authors: Su Xiang , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Dang Hongxing , Tan Xiaomin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectromagnetic scattering from the sea surface is of great significance in radar detection, target recognition, ocean remote sensing, etc. By introducing the action spectrum, the modified spatio-temporal variation wave spectrum is used to establish a nonlinear sea surface with currents in this paper. Traditional capillary wave modification facet scattering model (CWMFSM) can only calculate the backscattering from the wind-driven sea surface. By using the new spatio-temporal variation wave spectrum to modify the scattering amplitude of every facet, the new CWMFSM can be used to calculate the nonlinear sea surface scattering with surface currents. Therefore, the model simultaneously considers the modulation of sea surface wind and currents to the radar back echo. The dependence of backscattering coefficient from nonlinear sea surface on the incident angle and the polarization are discussed. The results verify that the nonlinear model is more consistent with the measurement data. This paper also investigates the Doppler spectrum characteristics of the sea with currents. It is found that the effect of wave–current interaction on Doppler spectra is weaker than that of wave–wave interaction. The SAR images of nonlinear sea surfaces are also simulated and different bands, polarizations, and baseline length effects on sea current detection performance of along-track interference SAR are analyzed.
When Should the Majority Rule? Experimental Evidence for Madisonian Judgments in Five Cultures
Authors: Bor Alexander , Mazepus Honorata , Bokemper Scott E. , DeScioli Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn democracies, majority-rule voting is an esteemed rule for collective decisions, but its hazards have recently become apparent after a series of controversial referendums and ascendant populist leaders. Here, we investigate people’s judgments about when voting is appropriate for collective decisions across five countries with diverse cultures and political institutions (Denmark, Hungary, India, Russia, and USA). Participants read scenarios in which individuals with conflicting preferences need to make a collective decision. They judged whether the group should decide by voting, consensus, leadership, or chance. We experimentally manipulated whether the group contains a vulnerable minority – a smaller number of people with more at stake than the majority. In all five countries, participants generally preferred voting without a vulnerable minority, with relatively greater support for voting in more democratic countries. But, when the group included a vulnerable minority, participants in all countries reduced their support for voting and instead preferred consensus.
Vp/Vs Ratio of Incoming Sediments Off Cascadia Subduction Zone From Analysis of Controlled‐Source Multicomponent OBS Records
Authors: Zhu Jian , Canales J. Pablo , Han Shuoshuo , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Arnulf Adrien , Nedimović Mladen R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractP‐to‐S‐converted waves observed in controlled‐source multicomponent ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records were used to derive the Vp/Vs structure of Cascadia Basin sediments. We used P‐to‐S waves converted at the basement to derive an empirical function describing the average Vp/Vs of Cascadia sediments as a function of sediment thickness. We derived one‐dimensional interval Vp/Vs functions from semblance velocity analysis of S‐converted intrasediment and basement reflections, which we used to define an empirical Vp/Vs versus burial depth compaction trend. We find that seaward from the Cascadia deformation front, Vp/Vs structure offshore northern Oregon and Washington shows little variability along strike, while the structure of incoming sediments offshore central Oregon is more heterogeneous and includes intermediate‐to‐deep sediment layers of anomalously elevated Vp/Vs. These zones with elevated Vp/Vs are likely due to elevated pore fluid pressures, although layers of high sand content intercalated within a more clayey sedimentary sequence, and/or a higher content of coarser‐grained clay minerals relative to finer‐grained smectite could be contributing factors. We find that the proto‐décollement offshore central Oregon develops within the incoming sediments at a low‐permeability boundary that traps fluids in a stratigraphic level where fluid overpressure exceeds 50% of the differential pressure between the hydrostatic pressure and the lithostatic pressure. Incoming sediments with the highest estimated fluid overpressures occur offshore central Oregon where deformation of the accretionary prism is seaward vergent. Conversely, landward vergence offshore northern Oregon and Washington correlates with more moderate pore pressures and laterally homogeneous Vp/Vs functions of Cascadia Basin sediments.
QBO‐MJO Connection in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Lim Yuna , Son Seok‐Woo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) affects the boreal winter Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), its teleconnection, and even its subseasonal prediction skill. Despite its widespread influences, the QBO‐MJO connection has rarely been examined with a climate model. Here, we demonstrate that the QBO‐MJO connection is not well reproduced in the four Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models that internally generate the QBO. A weak hint of the QBO‐MJO connection is found only in the medium‐resolution Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM‐MR). The MJO response to the QBO in this model, however, is not robust and is less organized than that in the observations. The reasons for no or weak QBO‐MJO connection in the climate model simulations are discussed in terms of the underestimated QBO and MJO amplitudes and weak static stability change in response to the QBO in the model.
Experimental Studies on Energy and Eigenvalue Based Spectrum Sensing Algorithms Using USRP Devices in OFDM Systems
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Khan Amir Suhail , Modanwal Nitesh , Saha Seemanti 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, first, energy detection (ED) based spectrum sensing inorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using National Instrument (NI) Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) 2942R software defined radio platform has been implemented. It is observed that in practical scenario ED scheme gives poor performance at low gain (G) values. To overcome the shortcomings of energy detection, we propose eigenvalue based detection of the primary user (PU) signal, where the ratio of the maximum eigenvalue to the average eigenvalue is used to detect the PU signal in both the single and multiple antenna systems/SISO and multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) based CR user. The analytical expression of the performance metric (probability of detection [Pd]) has been derived. Further, the experimental studies show that proposed technique gives optimum (Pd) in both SISO and MIMO case. It has been observed that the proposed technique outperforms the ED based detection even if the Tx‐Rx separation increases.
Martian Infrasound: Numerical Modeling and Analysis of InSight's Data
Authors: Martire Léo , Garcia R. F. , Rolland Lucie , Spiga Aymeric , Lognonné Philippe Henri , Banfield Don , Banerdt William Bruce , Martin Roland 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAcoustic waves in planetary atmospheres couple into the solid surface, producing ground displacements that can be measured using seismometers. On 26 November 2018, the InSight mission successfully landed on Mars. Its objectives include studying Mars' interior using the seismometer SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structures) and the atmosphere through the weather station APSS (Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite). Because InSight is the first mission capable of studying infrasound on Mars, we investigate the signature of infrasound both in terms of air pressure and ground velocities. Using numerical simulations, we characterize (1) the acoustic propagation pattern in Martian dusk and (2) the mechanical atmosphere‐to‐ground coupling under acoustic waves. Then, using SEIS data, we demonstrate that two low‐frequency monotone events (S0133a and S0189a) are in fact infrasound trapped in the atmospheric nocturnal surface waveguide. We base our demonstration on the following facts. (1) Seismic signals rarely produce, at a given station, a single frequency varying from one event to the other. (2) No clear seismic phases have been identified for such events. (3) The observed SEIS signals present the characteristics expected for trapped infrasound observed through their compliance effects (specific frequency response, more energy on the vertical component, ±90° phase shift between vertical and horizontal components, and no detection on pressure sensor at these low amplitude levels). Our simulations of the nocturnal waveguide's response are however subject to uncertainties because (1) it relies on the sol‐to‐sol variability of the atmosphere, and (2) subsurface properties are not properly known at this time.
Targeting STAT3 signaling using stabilised sulforaphane (SFX-01) inhibits endocrine resistant stem-like cells in ER-positive breast cancer
Authors: Simões Bruno M. , Santiago-Gómez Angélica , Chiodo Chiara , Moreira Tiago , Conole Daniel , Lovell Scott , Alferez Denis , Eyre Rachel , Spence Katherine , Sarmiento-Castro Aida , Kohler Bertram , Morisset Ludivine , Lanzino Marilena , Andò Sebastiano , Marangoni Elisabetta , Sims Andrew H. , Tate Edward W. , Howell Sacha J. , Clarke Robert B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEstrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer is frequently sensitive to endocrine therapy. Multiple mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance have been identified, including cancer stem-like cell (CSC) activity. Here we investigate SFX-01, a stabilised formulation of sulforaphane (SFN), for its effects on breast CSC activity in ER+ preclinical models. SFX‐01 reduced mammosphere formation efficiency (MFE) of ER+ primary and metastatic patient samples. Both tamoxifen and fulvestrant increased MFE and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors, which was reversed by combination with SFX‐01. SFX-01 significantly reduced tumor-initiating cell frequency in secondary transplants and reduced the formation of spontaneous lung micrometastases by PDX tumors in mice. Mechanistically, we establish that both tamoxifen and fulvestrant induce STAT3 phosphorylation. SFX-01 suppressed phospho‐STAT3 and SFN directly bound STAT3 in patient and PDX samples. Analysis of ALDH+ cells from endocrine-resistant patient samples revealed activation of STAT3 target genesMUC1andOSMR, which were inhibited by SFX-01 in patient samples. Increased expression of these genes after 3 months’ endocrine treatment of ER+ patients (n = 68) predicted poor prognosis. Our data establish the importance of STAT3 signaling in CSC-mediated resistance to endocrine therapy and the potential of SFX-01 for improving clinical outcomes in ER+ breast cancer.
Acetylation promotes BCAT2 degradation to suppress BCAA catabolism and pancreatic cancer growth
Authors: Lei Ming-Zhu , Li Xu-Xu , Zhang Ye , Li Jin-Tao , Zhang Fan , Wang Yi-Ping , Yin Miao , Qu Jia , Lei Qun-Ying 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is well-known for inefficient early diagnosis, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages. Increasing evidence indicates that elevated plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2 (BCAT2) is an important enzyme in BCAA catabolism that reversibly catalyzes the initial step of BCAA degradation to branched-chain acyl-CoA. Here, we show that BCAT2 is acetylated at lysine 44 (K44), an evolutionarily conserved residue. BCAT2 acetylation leads to its degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and is stimulated in response to BCAA deprivation. cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and SIRT4 are the acetyltransferase and deacetylase for BCAT2, respectively. CBP and SIRT4 bind to BCAT2 and control the K44 acetylation level in response to BCAA availability. More importantly, the K44R mutant promotes BCAA catabolism, cell proliferation, and pancreatic tumor growth. Collectively, the data from our study reveal a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of BCAT2 in PDAC and provide a potential therapeutic target for PDAC treatment.