bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice and the Excluded, Part 1
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses arguments in favor of the thought that exclusion itself is incompatible with liberal justice; all borders, on this analysis, would be open in a just world. The chapter examines the concept of justice, as given in John Rawls, and then uses this concept to discuss why arguments in favor of open borders won’t work. Four arguments are discussed: the arguments from arbitrariness, from distributive justice, from coherence with existing rights, and from the injustice of coercion. None of these, the chapter concludes, pay adequate attention to the uniquely political nature of the relationship of fellow citizens.
People, Places, and Plans
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of what sorts of particular goods might ground a right to residency in a particular place. It considers three cases: that of affinity with a particular place; that of long-term undocumented residency in that place; and that of romantic partnership with someone from that place. The chapter argues that in none of these cases is it possible to ground a right in justice to residency simply upon the appeal to the person of that residency. In other areas of life, we accept that we are legitimately constrained by the possibilities left open to us by the choices of other agents; from the fact that I have an interest in moving to a particular community, we cannot infer that those already present have any duty to let us in. This discussion, however, demonstrates that the claims of justice and duty might not exhaust the moral concepts that ought to be brought to bear upon questions of migration.
Others and Brothers
Authors: Thomases Drew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the local language and rhetoric surrounding the idea of sanatana dharma, which roughly translates as “the eternal religion.” Despite the term’s complex pedigree, it more often than not conveys an appeal toward universalism. The author considers it a technique of “brothering,” a concept which indicates that through seeing similarity and downplaying difference, an “other” can become a brother. Tourism serves as a major catalyst in the creation of this discourse, a dynamic epitomized by the repertoire of sayings and phrases promoting Hindu universalism. At the same time, given its place in Pushkar’s tourism economy and its nationalist history, the promise of brotherly love can seem at times tenuous. Here, the author discusses how issues of moneyed interest and virulent nationalism shape, and are negotiated within, discourses of the “eternal religion” while simultaneously giving serious consideration to the prospect of brothering.
Making Pushkar Paradise
Authors: Thomases Drew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 addresses the most explicitly material aspect of making Pushkar paradise. The chapter explores the environmental degradation that has befallen the town’s holy lake, and then focuses on efforts by local Hindus to clean it. In the chapter, the author contends that the broad goal of making Pushkar paradise and, more specifically, the task of cleaning the lake, involve a robust process of ritualization. Here, cleaning becomes not only cast within the vocabulary of karma and Hindu duty (dharma) but is in fact yoked to other religious activities, too, like circumambulation and feeding animals. Thinking alongside the work of Catherine Bell, the author aims to show how environmentalism becomes ritualized and, in turn, renders a place sacred.
Camel Fair Kaleidoscopic
Authors: Thomases Drew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the annual camel fair, and especially its discourse on color. From both the written and ethnographic record, the camel fair emerges as an event where color, more than anything else, permeates the town. This is the color of Rajasthani dress, the color of a crowd, the colors of celebrated diversity. But what is the value of color? In answering this question, the author focuses on two entangled discourses of color: one from tourist pamphlets emphasizing the exotic, the other from local perspectives on international diversity and religious sharing. These two sources invite an exploration of what an economy of color might look like. Finally, alongside the language of color the chapter encounters the centrality of photography. As a type of spectacle, the fair provides a unique opportunity for photography in which tourists photograph locals, and locals photograph tourists.
Epilogue
Authors: Thomases Drew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The author begins the epilogue with a fieldnote, the narrating of which highlights a centrally important point: ethnographers create their own archive during their fieldwork, taking note of those things they deem to be noteworthy. This means, then, that this book does not seek to represent all there is to know about Pushkar, but rather reflects one author’s perspective. The author invites future scholarship in the field both to explore Pushkar further, and to draw comparisons between Pushkar—as represented in Guest iS God—and other pilgrimage places. Finally, the epilogue concludes with a question for the future of Pushkar: what will happen when the young priests and tour guides become adults and have kids of their own? Will they continue on, laboring in the tourism industry? And if so, what will Pushkar look like for future generations?
Building Institutions for Priority-Setting
Authors: Glassman Amanda , Chalkidou Kalipso , Giedion Ursula , Teerawattananon Yot , Silverman Rachel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The rationing problem—the challenge of squaring finite resources with unlimited demand for services—is common to all health systems. In most low- and middle-income countries, rationing occurs as an ad hoc series of nontransparent choices, reflecting the competing interests of governments, donors, and other stakeholders. Yet in a growing number of countries, more explicit processes are under development; these merit better support. This chapter reflects the findings of a Center for Global Development working group on priority-setting in health. The authors briefly review global and national efforts to strengthen priority-setting and describe a “7 + 7 framework”—seven principles and seven processes—to guide priority-setting, applying that framework to a real-world example from the United Kingdom. The authors consider common obstacles to health technology assessment within low- and middle-income countries and discuss mitigating strategies. The chapter concludes with recommendations for how countries can improve their priority-setting processes and how the global community can best support those efforts.
Setting Priorities in the Pursuit of Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Ottersen Trygve , Norheim Ole F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Priority-setting is fundamental to the fair and efficient pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC). This chapter addresses the key choices in selecting services for UHC and the alternative criteria, tools, and processes to guide these choices. The authors first describe the choices decision-makers have to make on the path to UHC and the recommendations by the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage for how these choices can be made. Using Thailand as a case study, the authors examine how the Thai government has set priorities in its pursuit of UHC. Against this background, the authors discuss alternative criteria, tools, and processes for guiding service selection and the design of benefit packages for UHC. When doing this, the authors consider past experiences in Thailand and other countries and examine how recent developments and the insights from the preceding chapters in this volume can provide directions for the future.
Islamic State’s Propaganda and Social Media
Authors: Wakeford Laura , Smith Laura 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how the Islamic State (IS) used social media in sometimes innovative, sometimes less novel ways to advance its full-spectrum propaganda. The chapter takes a social psychological perspective to explain how and why the group’s social media strategy was effective, documenting IS’s ability to develop a coherent and cohesive shared social identity and brand through social media (particularly Twitter) interactions. It is argued that while IS responded to technological developments in online and social media to develop a sophisticated media strategy, at the same time, social media played an instrumental role in the development and evolution of IS itself. This chapter also offers an opportunity to critically examine methodological challenges, future research opportunities, and the conceptual implications of studying the activities of IS and other extremist groups online.
Countering Islamic State’s Propaganda
Authors: Borck Tobias , Githens-Mazer Jonathan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the challenge of countering the Islamic State (IS) in the information environment. National and international efforts to counter the group must—and must continue to—go beyond military operations and political initiatives and include a range of counterpropaganda activities. This chapter combines a scholarly approach with the view of practitioners in order to identify and discuss the challenges brought about by two types of counterpropaganda. First, it examines the issues associated with efforts to deny IS access to the information environment, especially online, by shutting down accounts and deleting content. Second, it addresses the possibilities and pitfalls of various approaches to directly engage and compete with IS propaganda in the information environment, including through the propagation of counter- and alternative narratives.
Salafism and Libya’s State Collapse
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Libya’s post-2011 fragmentation, factionalism, and violent civil have profoundly transformed its Salafi landscape. In contrast to other states where a coherent central government plays a role in co-opting and managing Salafism, Libya’s Salafis have become highly localized, increasingly assertive in politics, and influential in the cultural and social sphere. While much outside commentary has focused on Salafi-jihadism, the most powerful trend in Libya today is a self-described, “quietist” trend that follows the Saudi-based scholar Rabi bin Hadi al-Madkhali. Overlapping with class, ethnic, and tribal boundaries, these so-called Madkhalis are aligning themselves with Libya’s warring factions and are engaged in a contest with other Islamist currents for public space and institutions. Though Madkhalis are unlikely to emerge as a coordinated national power, they will continue as a force in local politics and society.
How Commercialism Degrades Journalism
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides an overview of the entire US media landscape, with an emphasis on the various degradations caused by commercial imperatives, such as the loss of local journalism and the structural collapse of commercial journalism. As media outlets desperately chase increasingly elusive revenues, they further debase journalism. Problems that emerge from journalism’s decline range from the turn to invasive and deceptive forms of advertising to a growing precarity in news labor. After discussing such problems, the chapter systematically goes through potential alternatives to the advertising revenue model and concludes that a public option is the best model going forward.
Conclusion
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The conclusion drives home the argument that commercial journalism has failed to meet society’s communication needs that are required to support democracy. Therefore, we need non-market models for journalism. As well as advocating for a new public media system, the conclusion describes the policies and politics that are necessary to build such a system and discusses what these new public newsrooms would actually look like. In addition to calling for journalist- and community-owned and controlled news outlets, it argues that we need to frame this as a social democratic policy program that aims to entirely remake existing news organizations while also creating entirely new ones.
Solitary Confinement—Effects and Practices from the Nineteenth Century until Today
Authors: Smith Peter Scharff 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of solitary confinement practices and their effects in prisons and places of detention from the rise of the modern penitentiary in the United States and Europe during the nineteenth century and up until present day, examining methods used in different countries around the world. It discusses how various forms of isolation have been employed for very different purposes and demonstrates how the effects of solitary confinement have been discovered in different contexts during the last two centuries. Nevertheless, these effects have been forgotten or neglected at several important junctures during the history of imprisonment. Today, few doubt that solitary confinement often has powerful consequences for the mind and body of prisoners, but the degree to which lawmakers and prison administrators acknowledge this varies greatly.
Solitary Confinement, Loneliness, and Psychological Harm
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Solitary confinement subjects prisoners to extreme forms of social isolation and social exclusion that, in turn, produce very high levels of suffering and pathology and nearly unprecedented degrees of loneliness. This chapter briefly reviews the scientific literature on harmful effects of solitary confinement, connecting it more directly to social psychological research on the adverse effects of social exclusion and isolation. The author discusses findings from a recent study of loneliness among long-term isolated prisoners, as well as an earlier study performed in an especially harsh solitary confinement unit—the Security Housing Unit (SHU) at the Pelican Bay State Prison in California—which systematically assessed the prevalence of symptoms of psychological stress, trauma, and isolation-related psychopathology.
Developmental Cascades
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another point in time. The authors argue that these developmental cascades are influenced by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation: They may originate from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body, the physical or social environment, or knowledge and experience. These constraints occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, and both contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of them. The book presents an overview of this developmental cascade perspective as a general framework for understanding change throughout the lifespan, although it is applied primarily to cognitive development in infancy. The book also addresses how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. The framework is applied in detail to three domains within infant cognitive development—namely, looking behavior, object representations, and concepts for animacy—as well as two domains unrelated to infant cognition (gender and attachment).
Developmental Cascades
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes in depth the developmental cascade framework. The authors argue that developmental scientists need to recognize how a documented change reflects or builds on other observed changes, involves mechanisms in the same and other domains, and is influenced by the specific learning infants and young children might have had, as well as their genetic make-up. Thus, it is proposed that developmental cascades underpin every aspect of development change from walking to talking to playing to thinking. In this chapter, the authors suggests that the developmental cascade approach allows scientists to gain insight into the key questions of developmental science that have largely remained unsolved and raises new questions that developmentalists should be asking about change. The focus, the authors argue, should not be about when change occurs but rather on how change is the result of a multitude of factors across a range of levels and systems in the developing child.
The Development of Looking Behavior in Infancy
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 illustrates how the developmental cascade framework can be used to understand the development of looking behavior in infancy. Historically, researchers have focused on one cue, feature, or mechanism to explain infants’ looking behavior in a variety of contexts, including experimental paradigms designed to assess high-level conceptual understanding. In this chapter, the authors argue that a cascade approach can provide a deeper understanding of the development of looking behavior both in the laboratory setting and in the real world. Three examples are presented that illustrate how a single behavior—attending to one’s mother, to an event, or to a novel stimulus—reflects multiple processes, and developmental change in this behavior reflects mechanisms that occur at multiple levels.
Ecce patet tensus
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The first chapter examines how in 1400 Gower oversaw and ultimately withdrew his last ambitious project, the Trentham manuscript (British Library MS Additional MS 59495) conceived for the recently crowned Henry IV. I show that the Trentham manuscript remained in Gower’s possession at the monastery of St Mary Overy in Southwark, where he lived and died. It started out as a trilingual collection for the king, offering the new ruler robust advice on foreign policy, yet Gower chose not to present this work, instead withdrawing from public life. Henrici Quarti primi, the final poem in this manuscript, which I argue is written in Gower’s own hand, features the poet’s most personal self. The trilingual Trentham manuscript, just as Gower’s trilingual tomb in Southwark Cathedral, is an indexical work, explained only through recourse to Gower himself.
The Indexical Self
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
No medieval text was designed to be read hundreds of years later by an audience unfamiliar with its language, situation, and author. By ascribing to these texts intentional anonymity, we romanticize them and misjudge the social character of their authors. Instead, most medieval poems and manuscripts presuppose familiarity with their authorial or scribal maker. Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England attempts to recover this familiarity and understand the literary motivation behind some of the most important fifteenth-century texts and authors. Last Words captures the public selves of such social authors when they attempt to extract themselves from the context of a lived life.
Crime, Kidnapping, and Liberalization in Mexico in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries (1994–2015)
Authors: Ochoa Rolando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides the political-economic context in which the book takes place. It describes the processes of liberalization and democratization which took place in Mexico from the 1960s and explores the relationship of these processes to crime—specifically, the non-intended consequence of higher crime rates and heightened social volatility. The rise of most types of crime since the mid-1990s is intimately tied to political economic processes that were gripping the country and the Latin American region at the time. They are, as this chapter will show, a by-product of deep economic and political changes—democratization and liberalization—that took place in Mexico from the mid-1980s. The chapter aims to provide the reader with a solid context on which to situate the analyses of kidnapping and trust explored later in the book.
Survival Strategies
Authors: Ochoa Rolando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the ways in which different communities in Mexico City have reacted to the risk of being kidnapped: as a result of the initial rise in crime and kidnappings against wealthy individuals in the 1990s, and the perception that there was the potential for this to happen, these people and their families devised a series of survival strategies aimed at avoiding victimization. The chapter describes the different security measures which have been put into effect in the City. It explores in detail the relationships between the wealthy and the government and the results this has had in terms of the provision of security.
Acquaintance, Conceptual Capacities, and Attention
Authors: Nes Anders 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
I distinguish two reactions to Russell’s theory of acquaintance, specifically to its claim that perceptual awareness is simpler than and independent of conceptual thought and yet a source of propositional knowledge. The conceptualist response, championed inter alia by John McDowell, argues perception can be a source of knowledge only if conceptual capacities are in play in perception. The relationist response, championed inter alia by John Campbell, endorses Russell’s view that perceptual awareness is non-propositional and even non-representational, yet holds it is a relation to physical objects not sense-data. I here point up an underappreciated convergence between McDowell’s recast, non-propositionalist conceptualism and Campbell’s attention-centric relationism; I show how the former can be defended drawing inter alia on some central claims in the latter.
Transfer State
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The idea of a guaranteed minimum income has been central to British social policy debates for more than a century. Since the First World War, a variety of market economists, radical activists, and social reformers have emphasized the possibility of tackling poverty through direct cash transfers between the state and its citizens. As manufacturing employment has declined and wage inequality has grown since the 1970s, cash benefits and tax credits have become a major income source for millions of working-age households, including many low-paid workers with children. The nature and purpose of these transfer payments, however, remain highly contested. Conservative and New Labour governments have used in-work benefits and conditionality requirements to ‘activate’ the unemployed and reinforce the incentives to take low-paid work—an approach which has reached its apogee in Universal Credit. By contrast, a growing number of campaigners have argued that the challenge of providing economic security in an age of automation would be better met by paying a Universal Basic Income to all citizens. Transfer State provides the first detailed history of guaranteed income proposals in modern Britain, which brings together intellectual history and archival research to show how the vision of an integrated tax and benefit system has shaped UK public policy since 1918. The result is a major new analysis of the role of cash transfers in the British welfare state which sets Universal Credit in a historical perspective and examines the cultural and political barriers to a Universal Basic Income.