bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Identification and Counting Method for Particle Sensing Using Machine Learning
Authors: Oztemel Muhammed , Park Jason D , Choi Jin-Woo 
Published: December 2020

Cell identification and counting is important in all cell-related research steps including but not limited to culture, transformation, transfection, protein expression, etc. for cancer studies, disease diagnostics, bacterial detection, and so on. Although hemocytometry has been a traditional and conventional method of counting cells, it is tedious and laborious in general and often provides inaccurate counting. Flow cytometry is a far advanced and accurate method in cell counting but it requires an expensive and delicate instrument. Additionally, flow cytometry cannot be applicable to in situ cell counting. Image analysis is another method in cell counting, which has recently been developed but often suffers from inaccuracy for nonhomogeneous cell populations. In this work, we propose a rapid cell identification and counting method using image analysis and machine learning.
This abstract presents preliminary results of a novel approach for counting spherical particles in a mixed population having spherically- and oddly-shaped particles using a machine learning technique based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). The proposed methodology utilizes segmentation of particles through scanning the input image in order to recognize and count spherically-shaped particles. Convolution layers process input images with respective filters to identify the shapes of the particles. Parameters of the filters (weights) are adjusted by the learning algorithm to extract different features of interest. Subsequently, a pooling procedure is applied for selecting identified features, in which the selected region is represented by the max or the average intensity of the scanned region in the input image. Both convolution and pooling procedures are applied multiple times in order to obtain better recognition and counting. Upon completing this learning process, features are fed into fully connected layers.
Threshold segmentation and canny edge detection methods are applied in order to obtain a particle pattern of each selected shape to train the CNN. Particles having two different shapes, i.e., spherically- and oddly-shaped particles, are used for preliminary investigation. Data augmentation is used to create subsets of image data for training. After training the algorithm, an image containing many particles in different shapes was tested in order to assess the performance of learning process. Each particle was detected and segmented by a pixel size of 25 x 25.
Preliminary results show that CNN has performed promising performance for identifying spherically shaped particles while massive images are currently being gathered and used for training to improve the accuracy. Additionally, initial findings indicate that machine learning could improve cell recognition and counting in biomedical research including cell population sensing. We intend to include a variety of particle shapes for generic cell identification and counting.
Wide-Detectable Range Electrochemical Immunosensor in PPQ to PPM
Authors: Sato Yosuke , Johmen Masayoshi , Takahashi Masashi , Kawaguchi Toshikazu 
Published: December 2020

In this research, we propose the concept of electrochemical immunosensing. The typical antibody had a difficulty to detect a small analyte. In conventional method, the Fab region of antibody is extracted after the decomposition of antibody, however it is still difficult to apply in the detection of tiny analyte. In this research, we propose here a use of only a biorecognition element of antibody for immunoassay. In recent, our research group developed the synthesis method of variable domain ofheavy chain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH antibody) from Brevibacillus with enzyme. VHH antibody is a recognitionpart of antibody. Thus, it is physically and chemically stable, and heat-resist characteristic.Here, the electrochemical immunosensing of ovalbumin (ca. 14 nm) is demonstrated. OVA VHH antibody was newly synthesized for this research.The sensor chip is updated into planar-sensor chip. Four electrodes are assigned forming ring on the chip surface. All the substrate of electrodes were made from Au on Cu. The whole size of this sensor chip is 105 mm x 11 mm. Both counter electrode and reference electrode are Au.
Working electrode was mixed monolayer of VHH antibody-propanethiol/Au, ferrocenyl-propanethiol/Au, and ethanolic-propanethiol/Au. Ethanolic-propanethiol was used for prevention of non-specific adsorption of protein.Ferricyanide plays a role in the promoter for redox reaction of ferrocene.Once the electrochemical immunosensor chip was contacted with OVA standard solution (1 ppt to 10 ppm of OVA in PBS solution), and then the chip was rinsed with PBS solution. And then, cyclic voltammogram was obtained in 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte solution. For further amplification of the signal, ferricyanide was added to the electrolyte solution. Figure 1 illustrates cyclic voltammograms of electrochemical immunosensor after dumping with OVA standard solution in the range from 1 ppt to 10 ppm. The OVA VHH antibody captured OVA in the process of antigen- antibody reaction. As a result, captured OVA blocked the redox reaction of amplifier. It can be observed in the Figure 1 as a delay and decay of the peak. Regeneration of the surface of the sensor chip was completed except for yellow line (100 ppt, Figure 1).It means that when the regeneration succeeded, we can make use of this sensor chip again in another measurement.Two kind of calibration plots were obtained from the current density at +0.35 V and the peak potential in Figure 1.It can distinguish from each peak from 1 ppt to 10 ppm. It means to be able to detect in the broad range.Another plot of the anodic current at +0.35 V showed that the OVA of 0 to 10 ppt could be very sensitively detected.It is critical that this sensor chip is valuable because of its sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and compact. It can be presumed that it can apply to real-time sensing or detection of ultra- micro substance in the organisms.
Electrochemical Treatment Characteristics of Insoluble Anode Electrode By Surface Morphology
Authors: You Mi-Young , Song Chang Weon , Choi Young Joong , Song Pung-Keun 
Published: December 2020

The sewage and wastewater treatment market has evolved from organic matter removal to advanced treatment and high reuse markets, and has developed into a treatment system that covers toxic control and optimal treatment of non-degradable materials. The importance of advanced treatment of sewage and wastewater treatment facilities is increasing, and the additional cost of sludge disposal becomes an important economic factor in the operation of sewage treatment plants. Moreover, as marine dumping of organic wastes has been banned since 2013, it is urgent to reduce the amount of sludge generated due to land treatment. In order to reduce the amount of sludge generated, volume reduction of the sludge is absolutely necessary, and dewaterability of the sludge is essential for volume reduction of the sludge. Dewaterability of sludge generally depends largely on the physical and chemical properties of the sludge, such as the charge of the particles of the sludge, the content of bound water, the content of solids and organics, the size and mechanical strength of the particles, porosity, and compression coefficient. In addition, conditions such as the type of modifier and dehydration pressure and speed are greatly affected. The free water present in the sludge can be discharged to the outside relatively easily, but it is insufficient to remove the bond by being present in the capillaries inside the sludge or by binding to substances in the sludge cells. Therefore, in this study, to solve the shortcomings of IrO2 and Pt electrodes, which are industrially insoluble anode electrodes, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was selected to study the dehydration efficiency of the dewatered sludge cake and the treatment characteristics of refractory organics.
BDD electrodes with excellent mechanical properties, non-toxicity, and a wide potential window were deposited by HFCVD on Ti substrates with interlayers and Nb substrates for characterization according to the substrates. The surface morphology of the BDD electrode was controlled through the pressure during deposition, and a comparative study of the treatment properties with the previously used IrO2 electrode was conducted. The sewage sludge dewatering cake exhibiting an initial water content of 80% was treated under 50V and 1 min conditions. Upon treatment, the IrO2 electrode exhibited a 5% removal rate, and the BDD electrode exhibited a 50-60% removal rate.
Observing the Current Change with Increasing Temperature in Thermo-Responsive Polymer Solution Using Electrochemical Method
Authors: Song Sua , Kim Byung-Kwon 
Published: December 2020

The behavior of redox in thermo-responsive polymer solution while heating was electrochemically observed and analyzed in this research. Temperature responsive polymers are intensively applied to various research fields and industries such as drug carriers, lithium ion batteries, temperature sensitive films, and sensor technology. For this reason, measuring the critical point and analyzing the phase transition of temperature stimuli responsive polymer are very important.
In previous studies, the phase behavior of polymers according to the temperature was examined by measuring the transmittance of solution using ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and the size of polymer particles in solution using dynamic light scattering (DLS). As an electrochemical method, a collision method was used for detecting current decrease caused by aggregated polymer which blocked the electrode surface. These methods, however, were unable to track the behavior of polymer in solution during continuous temperature increase in real time easily. The temperature was increased at intervals of 5 ℃ to measure the absorbance of solution in UV-vis spectroscopy and only specific temperature and time could be used to observe the blocking signal in the electrochemical collision method. In this study, we offer the easy and novel way to monitor the thermal induced change of polymer and redox with continuous temperature increase using the electrochemical system.
Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymer was used as the thermo-responsive polymer in this research. Dissolving the LCST polymer in organic media containing the redox, we measured the current with increasing temperature in real time. The experiment was conducted using electrochemical method with an ultramicroelectrode (UME) and the current transition according to the temperature growth was monitored. As a result, the specific current changes were obtained. Analyzing these specific current changes can be used to confirm the phase transition behavior of the temperature responsive polymer and redox in polymer solution. This study will be applied for further research with controlling the various conditions.
Electrochemical Detection of Apolipoprotein A1 As an Alternative Method to Diagnose Early Stage of Bladder Cancer Patients
Authors: Kim Seong-Eun , Hwang Seiyoung 
Published: December 2020

As one's quality of life is greatly affected by our health status, the needs for more accurate, convenient diagnosis methods are growing. Various techniques and devices are being developed to distingush diseases as early as possible, especially regarding cancer. Here, of all types of cancer, we focus on bladder cancer and introduce technique to detect its potential biomarker, Apolipoprotein A1.
Bladder cancer, which is 6th most occuring cancer in men and known for quite high recurrent rates, has been diagnosed with gold-standard methods called cystoscopy and cytology. Although, cytoscopy that uses slim camera to look inside bladder, is a precise method, the process itself is invasive and time-consuming, thus gives pain to the patients, considering that it will be repeated for regular check up. Urine cytology, which could give less burdeon to the patient due to its non-invasive approach, however, shows less sensitivity to distinguish relatviely early-stage of bladder cancer.
To solve those limitations of exisiting techniques, detecting urine level of Apo-A1(Apoplipoprotein A1) present can be an effective alternative to distingusih bladder cancer patients with no painful process and accuracy. Apo-A1 is known to appear to patients with 3-fold higher concentrations than normal groups. Here, we developed a electrochemical biosensor platform for rapid detection of Apo-A1 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, one of sensitive electrochemical detection techniques, resulting that early diagonistics of patients without invasive techniques can be made possible. In our study, 0 – 1 nM (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 nM) concentrations of Apo-A1 were succesfully detected with rising value of charge transfer resistance, which means that it showed possibility to be applied to patients with lower levels of Apo-A1.
Development of a Movable Membrane Probe for the Pretreatment of Target Analytes in the Electrochemistry Based Assay
Authors: Jin Enjian , Go Anna , Lee Min-Ho 
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we electrochemistry based immunoassay system using newly developed movable membrane probe which we used as pretreatment before the measurement of target analytes. We used Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as enzyme which is widely used for an enzyme in immuno-sensor due to its high stability of reaction, long storage life, and high turnover rates. [1] For the enzymatic hydrolysis and activity for electrochemistry, we used a substrate as p-aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP). In addition, we utilized co-enzyme, tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), for the enhanced measurement signal in the substrate for the amplification of relatively low signal in electrochemical measurement. [2] The developed moveable membrane probe provided a simple methodology regarding the conjugation of antibodies on surfaces and washing process compared to manually orchestrated normal ELISA. The main advantage of this system is the easiness of washing steps, we could produce lower background signal which eventually resulted in an increase of the signal to noise ratio. This membrane probe was designed to be implemented to the platform which was newly developed all in one electrochemisty based immunoassay platform names as IMPACT.
Using this base platform and movable probe, we could measure thyroid related hormones in successive ways even their presence in extremely low ranges.
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials for Optical Fiber Sensing Application
Authors: Figueira Rita Bacelar , Silva Carlos J. R. 
Published: December 2020

The Integration of advanced sensing devices into concrete and reinforced concrete structures (RCS) is a rational approach for the assessment of repair options and scheduling of inspection and maintenance strategies. The imediate advantages are cost reduction and a more reliable prevention of unpredictable events. The use of optical fiber sensors (OFS) for such purposes has increased in the last few years due to their intrinsic advantages such as lightweight, corrosion resistance, immunity to electromagnetic interference and multiplexing capabilities. In most OFS, the chemical transducer consists of immobilized chemical reagents, placed in the sensing region of the optical sensor by direct deposition or by encapsulation in a polymeric matrix. The choice of the support matrix influences the performance of the sensor, which is governed by factors such as the permeability to the analyte, suitability for reagent immobilization and adequate optical response. In the last few years, OFS, cement-based strains and nanomaterial based sensors have been reported and implemented in diverse structures. It has been demonstrated that they could monitor several physical and chemical properties directly related to concrete and RCS durability. However, most of them show poor and inconsistent responses, signal drift due to dye leaching, reduced pot life and unsuitability to operate at pH > 12.
New organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) sol-gel materials were obtained using a functionalized siloxane 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) by the reaction with different oligopolymers (referred to as Jeffamine), namely Jeffamine® RFD 270, Jeffamine® THF 170 and Jeffamine® T403. The OIHs were doped with different silver nanoparticles contents and also with different contents of pH indicators (i.e. phenolphthalein and orange II) . These materials were developed for application on OFS to monitor the pH concrete and chloride ions. The chemical stability of these materials was studied in simulative concrete solutions (pH > 12.5) and in mortars by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The materials synthesized were characterized by UV–Visible spectrophotometry, EIS, fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The produced OIH materials show promising properties to be coupled to advanced OFS to monitor pH and chloride ions in concrete. The real-time monitoring of these parameters will contribute to understand/antecipate the progress of RCS deterioration mechanisms. Furthermore, integrated systems will contribute for the development/improvement of theoretical models to predict with high accuracy the service life of concrete and RCS under the action of combined effects.
pH Micro-Sensor from IrOx SECM Microelectrode for Local pH Measurement While Chromium Electrodeposition
Authors: Dasque Ariane , Gressier Marie , Taberna Pierre-Louis , Menu Marie-Joelle 
Published: December 2020

In this work, it will be presented the chromium electrodeposition mechanisms with the use of a Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM) micro-electrode. Among several factors, the pH is key to achieve even a metallic deposit. pH buffers and complexing agents are often used for this purpose [1] but in the vicinity of the electrode, at the electrode/electrolyte interface, strong variations are highly likely to occur. To this respect, since pH is a key parameter, a pH micro-electrode is intended to be developed to scan the pH gradient upon the electrodeposition of chromium. The first part of this work is so devoted to the pH micro-electrode realization from microelectrode on which iridium oxide is deposited. Iridium oxide has been reported to be suitable for local pH sensing [2-4]. Different parameters have been studied such as IrOx thickness and thermal treatment. The addition of Nafion has been assessed as well to achieve a tradeoff between fast response time, good selectivity and good stability [5]. An optimized IrOx micro-electrode has been obtained and used as SECM micro-electrode to get the evolution of the pH at the electrode/electrolyte interface upon electrodeposition. Different micro-electrode diameters have been used to improve the resolution. These results are promising and will allow going further to the development of chromium electrodeposition electrolyte helping to select the different complexing agents.
[1] D. Del Pianta et al. Determination of the chromium(III) reduction mechanism during chromium electroplating. Electrochimica Acta (2018) 234-241.
[2] H. A. Elsen et al. Effects of electrodeposition conditions and protocol on the properties of iridium oxide pH sensors electrodes. J. Electrochem Soc. 156 (2009).
[3] C. S. Santos et al. Fabrication and use od dual-function iridium oxide coated gold SECM tips. An application to pH monitoring above copper electrode surface during nitrate reduction. Electroanalysis 28 (2016) 1441-1447.
[4] Z. Zhu et al. A fabrication of iridium oxide film pH micro-sensor on Pt ultramicroelectrode and its application on in-situ pH distribution of 316 stainless steel corrosion at open circuit potential. Sensors and Actuators B 25 (2018) 1974-1982.
Development of Reagentless Fluorescence Immunosensors for Continuous Analyte Monitoring
Authors: Fercher Christian , Islam Jiaul , Corrie Simon 
Published: December 2020

Fluorescence-based immunodiagnostics are an emerging field in biosensor development and exhibit several advantages over traditional detection methods. While various affinity biosensors have been developed to generate a fluorescence signal upon sensing varying concentrations of analytes, reagentless, reversible and continuous monitoring of complex biological samples remains challenging. Here, we aimed to genetically engineer biosensors based on single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) that are site-specifically labelled with environmentally sensitive fluorescent unnatural amino acids (UAA). A rational design approach resulted in quantifiable analyte-dependent changes in peak fluorescence emission wavelength and enabled antigen detection in vitro. Incorporation of a polarity indicator in proximity of the antigen binding interface generated a titratable wavelength blueshift with nanomolar detection limits.
In order to ensure continuous analyte monitoring, scFv candidates with fast binding and dissociation kinetics were selected from a genetic library employing a high-throughput display and affinity screening approach. Initial rankings were further refined towards rapid dissociation kinetics using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The most promising candidates were expressed, purified to homogeneity, and tested for their potential to detect varying concentrations of the target antigen in a continuous microfluidics-based assay. Variations of dissociation kinetics within an order of magnitude were achieved without compromising specificity of the antibody fragments. This approach is generally applicable to numerous antibody/antigen combinations and currently awaits integration in a wide range of assay platforms for one-step protein quantification.

Figure 1
Setting up the Reference Performance Tests of an Ageing Campaign for Non-Intrusive Diagnosis on Li4Ti5012 and LiMn1-XFexPO4 Based Cells
Authors: Brunetaud Ruben , Legrand Nathalie , Vinassa Jean-Michel , Briat Olivier , Capitaine Armande , Dubarry Matthieu 
Published: December 2020

Non-intrusive diagnosis and prognosis methods are increasingly adopted to track Li-ion batteries ageing without additional cost due to destructive processes for post-mortem analyses. To qualify and quantify internal degradation mechanisms of a cell, Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) and Differential Voltage Analysis (DVA) have proven themselves to provide precise outputs on the battery state of health. These differential methods require close-to-equilibrium Open Circuit Voltage (cte-OCV) measurements to decipher ageing paths depending on the utilization.
This poster presents an ageing campaign preliminary study on some Graphite//LiMn1-xFexPO4 and Li4Ti5O12/Ni1-x-yMnxCoyO2 based cells. It focuses on the reference performance tests chosen to be the most complete on both cell and electrode levels.
As the battery cte-OCV measurement is a lengthy process of at least 25h, the reference tests should be well-defined to acquire as many data as possible in a single shot. A comparison is carried between constant current measurements and incremental charges with relaxation (GITT) to approach thermodynamic equilibrium, as well as the conditions and sampling rates to leverage differential method curves without further smoothing.
The electrode study is implemented as references for models to evaluate both thermodynamic and kinetic behaviours of the battery components. To find out the closest half-cell replicates, electrode versus lithium coin cells are compared with a 3 electrodes PAT-cell assembly depending on the temperature and measurements.