bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfate Aerosol Hazes and SO2 Gas as Constraints on Rocky Exoplanets’ Surface Liquid Water
Authors: Loftus Kaitlyn , Wordsworth Robin D. , Morley Caroline V. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Despite surface liquid water’s importance to habitability, observationally diagnosing its presence or absence on exoplanets is still an open problem. Inspired within the solar system by the differing sulfur cycles on Venus and Earth, we investigate thick sulfate (H2SO4–H2O) aerosol haze and high trace mixing ratios of SO2 gas as observable atmospheric features whose sustained existence is linked to the near absence of surface liquid water. We examine the fundamentals of the sulfur cycle on a rocky planet with an ocean and an atmosphere in which the dominant forms of sulfur are SO2 gas and H2SO4–H2O aerosols (as on Earth and Venus). We build a simple but robust model of the wet, oxidized sulfur cycle to determine the critical amounts of sulfur in the atmosphere–ocean system required for detectable levels of SO2 and a detectable haze layer. We demonstrate that for physically realistic ocean pH values (pH ≳ 6) and conservative assumptions on volcanic outgassing, chemistry, and aerosol microphysics, surface liquid water reservoirs with greater than 10−3 Earth oceans are incompatible with a sustained observable H2SO4–H2O haze layer and sustained observable levels of SO2. Thus, we propose the observational detection of an H2SO4–H2O haze layer and of SO2 gas as two new remote indicators that a planet does not host significant surface liquid water.
Various Size-sorting Processes for Millimeter-sized Particles in the Sun’s Protoplanetary Disk? Evidence from Chondrules in Ordinary Chondrites
Authors: Metzler K. , Hezel D. C. , Nellesen J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chondrules are approximately millimeter-sized beads of crystallized silicate melt. They formed mainly in the first ∼3 Ma of the Sun’s protoplanetary disk and are the main constituents of chondritic asteroids. Here we report on the size–frequency distributions (2D and 3D) of chondrules in the brecciated ordinary chondrite (OC) Northwest Africa (NWA) 5205. We investigated three large (centimeter- to decimeter-sized) chondritic lithic clasts of a particular textural type (“cluster chondrite”) with eye-catching different chondrule sizes. One clast shows the largest mean chondrule size (∼1.5 mm) ever measured in a chondrite. As in the other OCs, we find a positive correlation between the minimum and mean chondrule size, which we consider as an argument for chondrule size sorting. Chondrule size–frequency distributions in the clasts are distinctly more symmetric than the about log-normal distributions in other OCs. Furthermore, we find a co-enrichment of chondrule types with a priori small mean sizes (type I, porphyritic) in clasts with overall small mean chondrule sizes. We consider this as the fingerprint of an additional/second size-sorting process, which acted later on these chondrule populations. This process possibly subdivided a typical LL-type chondrule population into several subpopulations with different mean chondrule sizes. We speculate that this second sorting occurred in a unidirectional gas stream or headwind, e.g., by settling of chondrules through an asteroidal atmosphere or interaction with an expanding impact plume. Possibly, fine-grained matrix was almost completely removed by this, and the size-sorted chondrule subpopulations accreted in a hot state separately in different regions of the asteroid.
Pharmacokinetics of Oral Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bierhoff Marieke , Smolders Elise J , Tarning Joel , Burger David M , Spijker Rene , Rijken Marcus J , Angkurawaranon Chaisiri , McGready Rose , White Nicholas J , Nosten Francois , van Vugt Michèle 
Published: December 2019

Background Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), the oral prodrug of tenofovir (TFV), is advocated in pregnancy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMCT) with failure of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccination. The pharmacokinetics of TDF monotherapy for PMCT-HBV is important if deployment is to emulate the success of multiple antiretrovirals (ARVs) for PMCT-HIV in resource-constrained settings. Methods This systematic review followed a protocol and is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA) guidelines. We included studies that enrolled pregnant women who received oral TDF therapy as mono-therapy or in combination with other ARVs: irrespective of the reason for receiving the drug (for example, HIV, HBV or pre-exposure prophylaxis); and reported pharmacokinetics. Results The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and last measurable plasma concentration (Clast) of TFV were decreased in the second and third trimester compared with first trimester or post-partum. In none of the manuscripts was the non-pregnant HBV threshold of Cmax of 300 ng/ml reached, but the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of TFV is lower for treatment of HBV compared with HIV. The TFV concentration in breastfed infants was 0.03% of the recommended infant dose. Conclusions Most knowledge of pharmacokinetics of TFV in pregnancy results from studies on HIV involving multiple ARVs. Increased TFV clearance occurred in the second and third trimester when optimal TFV concentrations are required to maximize suppression of HBV in the window before birth. Dose or duration adjustments will be better conceptualized with concurrent analysis of the pharmacokinetics of TFV monotherapy and hepatitis B pharmacodynamics in pregnancy.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan Activates Human Neutrophils via a TLR2/1 Mechanism Distinct from Pam3CSK4
Authors: Hook Jessica S. , Cao Mou , Weng Kayson , Kinnare Nedha , Moreland Jessica G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Neutrophils, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, play an important role in the early innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lung. Interactions between PMN and mycobacterial lipids impact the activation state of these migrated cells with consequences for the surrounding tissue in terms of resolution versus ongoing inflammation. We hypothesized that lipoarabinomannan from M. tuberculosis (Mtb LAM) would prime human PMN in a TLR2-dependent manner and investigated this with specific comparison with the purified synthetic TLR2 agonists, Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1. In contrast to Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1, we found Mtb LAM did not induce any of the classical PMN priming phenotypes, including enhancement of NADPH oxidase activity, shedding of l-selectin, or mobilization of CD11b. However, exposure of PMN to Mtb LAM did elicit pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production and release in a TLR2/1-dependent manner, using the TLR1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5743618 (1805G/T) as a marker for TLR2/1 specificity. Moreover, Mtb LAM did not elicit p38 MAPK phosphorylation or endocytosis, although these processes occurred with Pam3CSK4 stimulation, and were necessary for the early priming events to occur. Interestingly, Mtb LAM did not abrogate priming responses elicited by Pam3CSK4. Notably, subfractionation of light membranes from Pam3CSK4 versus Mtb LAM–stimulated cells demonstrated differential patterns of exocytosis. In summary, Mtb LAM activates PMN via TLR2/1, resulting in the production of cytokines but does not elicit early PMN priming responses, as seen with Pam3CSK4. We speculate that the inability of Mtb LAM to prime PMN may be due to differential localization of TLR2/1 signaling.
cDC1 IL-27p28 Production Predicts Vaccine-Elicited CD8+ T Cell Memory and Protective Immunity
Authors: Kilgore Augustus M. , Pennock Nathan D. , Kedl Ross M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Although adjuvants and formulations are often either empirically derived, or at best judged by their ability to elicit broad inflammation, it would be ideal if specific innate correlates of adaptive immunity could be identified to set a universally applicable benchmark for adjuvant evaluation. Using an IL-27 reporter transgenic mouse model, we show in this study that conventional type 1 dendritic cell IL-27 production in the draining lymph node 12 h after s.c. vaccination directly correlates with downstream CD8+ T cell memory and protective immunity against infectious challenge. This correlation is robust, reproducible, predictive, entirely unique to vaccine biology, and is the only innate correlate of CD8+ T cell immune memory yet to be identified. Our results provide new insights into the basic biology of adjuvant-elicited cellular immunity and have clear implications for the screening and evaluation of novel adjuvants.
Outside in the Music Teaching Machine: Remembrances of Marginalization
Authors: Powell Sean Robert , Celeste  
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article, we share stories of Celeste, an African American woman navigating the predominantly White, male world of band teaching. Through a collaborative post-qualitative inquiry, we present her experiences in a rhizome, joining with Spivak’s concept of the deconstruction of marginality. Celeste’s story highlights the ways in which she is marginalized through difference from the hegemonic center. We chronicle instances in which Celeste’s presence as a margin within the center—as outside in—both sustain the center’s power and work to decenter the practice of band teaching through the saying of an “impossible no” to the structure. Through this project, we hope to share experiences that might resonate with other women of color working in the music teaching machine as they build a community of peers.
Nontraditional Students in Traditional Music Education Programs: A Case Study
Authors: Forrester Sommer H. , Eros John 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Today’s university students and, by extension, music education students do not always fit the set of characteristics typically displayed by undergraduate students, differing in at least one, if not several, key areas. Often described via the blanket term “nontraditional students” (NTS), this diverse group represents a growing component of the overall population of preservice teachers. The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of 5 NTS enrolled in music teacher preparation programs at two different public universities, one located on the West Coast and the other on the East Coast of the United States. Research questions included: (a) What factors motivate NTS to enter traditional preservice music teacher education programs? and (b) How do NTS describe their experiences within traditional undergraduate music education programs? The findings are consistent with past research indicating that the experiences of NTS are different from those of traditional-age undergraduate music education students and that NTS may bring additional assets, such as a depth of prior work/life experience, greater self-confidence, and an enhanced motivation to learn.
Evaluating the Standardized Letter of Recommendation Form in Applicants to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency
Authors: Kang Hyunwoo Paco , Robertson Djani M. , Levine William N. , Lieberman Jay R. 
Published: December 2019

Introduction:
A standardized letter of recommendation (SLOR) form for orthopaedic surgery residency programs has recently been adopted for use, but it has not been scientifically evaluated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of the SLOR form in the selection process.

Methods:
All SLOR forms submitted to our institution over a single application cycle were extracted and analyzed. The United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores, grades in clinical rotations, Alpha Omega Alpha status, and the number of publications were recorded for each applicant. Correlations were calculated with Spearman rho, and inter-rater reliability was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results:
One thousand one hundred thirty-seven SLOR forms were analyzed for 513 applicants. There was substantial rank inflation with the SLOR form; the majority (92%) of applicants were rated as either ranked to match or in the top one-third of their rank list. Objective applicant factors such as grades and Step 1 scores demonstrated a very weak to nonexistent correlation with the summative rank (rho 0.07 to 0.13, P ≤ 0.012). Poor inter-rater reliability was observed with the intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from 0.22 to 0.33 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
The usefulness of the SLOR form is limited by the very high ratings observed for all questions, and in particular, the final summative rank. Measures to reduce rank inflation must be implemented to improve the discriminant ability of the SLOR form, and if this cannot be accomplished, perhaps the form should be abandoned.

Level of Evidence:
Level III Retrospective
Aanpak betrokkenheid van ondernemingen bij ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen: meer dan sanctiewetgeving alleen
Authors: Huisman W. 
Published: December 2019

Aanpak betrokkenheid van ondernemingen bij ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen: meer dan sanctiewetgeving alleen
In dit themanummer wordt bijzondere aandacht gegeven aan sanctiewetgeving. In dit redactioneel wordt ingegaan op de mogelijkheden om betrokkenheid van ondernemingen bij ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen aan te pakken, naast het gebruik van de Sanctiewet. Verkend wordt wat de aard en omvang van dit fenomeen is en welke juridische en niet-juridische middelen worden ingezet om de betrokkenheid van ondernemingen bij ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen te voorkomen en wat daarvan het effect kan zijn. Vervolgens zullen de beschikbare juridische middelen en quasi-juridische reacties en het gebruik daarvan worden geïnventariseerd. Ten slotte wordt gereflecteerd op de mogelijke effecten van het gebruik van deze instrumenten ter preventie van de betrokkenheid van ondernemingen bij ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen.
Eis tot naleving artikel 5 Brzo: de rechtspraak biedt ruimte voor verweer
Authors: Ahlers F. 
Published: December 2019

Eis tot naleving artikel 5 Brzo: de rechtspraak biedt ruimte voor verweer – Noot bij ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:2441
In juli dit jaar boog de Afdeling zich over de vraag wanneer aan een Brzo-onderneming een eis tot naleving mag worden opgelegd. Die recente rechtspraak biedt Brzo-ondernemingen enige ruimte om grenzen te stellen aan de eisen die aan hen kunnen worden opgelegd door de toezichthouder. Niet dat vereist kan worden dat de onderneming alle denkbare maatregelen ten aanzien van alle mogelijke ongevallen treft. Er moet sprake zijn van een risico op een zwaar ongeval dat niet al afdoende door andere maatregelen is afgedekt. Een gedegen motivering van dit laatste element is hierbij cruciaal.
Thermodynamics
Authors: Sandler Stanley I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Thermodynamics is a discipline with broad applications based on three basic principles: conservation of mass, conservation of energy (first law), and that isolated systems evolve toward an equilibrium, time‐invariant state in which temperature and pressure are spatially uniform, and in composition is uniform in each phase (ie, vapor, liquid, or solid). It is shown here how these principles lead to a broad range of applications. These include the analysis of heat engines, heat pumps (refrigerators), turbines, fuel cells, and understanding and predicting phase transitions among the solid, liquid, and vapor phases in both pure fluids and mixtures and chemical equilibria.
Provision of aquatic ecosystem services as a consequence of societal changes: The case of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Hyytiäinen Kari , Bauer Barbara , Bly Joyce Kerstin , Ehrnsten Eva , Eilola Kari , Gustafsson Bo G. , Meier H. E. Markus , Norkko Alf , Saraiva Sofia , Tomczak Maciej , Zandersen Marianne 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAquatic ecosystem services are important for human wellbeing, but they are much less studied than terrestrial ecosystem services. The objectives of this study are to broaden, itemize and exemplify the human‐nature interactions in modeling the future provision of aquatic ecosystem services. We include shared socioeconomic and representative concentration pathways, used extensively in climate research, as drivers of change for the future development of the Baltic Sea. Then we use biogeochemical and ecosystem models to demonstrate the future development of exemplary supporting, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services for two distinct combinations of regionally downscaled global climate and socioeconomic futures. According to the model simulations, the two global futures (“Sustainable well‐being” vs. “Fossil‐fuelled development”) studied lead to clearly deviating trajectories in the provision of marine ecosystem services. Under the “Sustainable well‐being”‐scenario primary production decreases by 20%, catches of demersal fish increases and the recreation opportunities increase significantly by the end of the ongoing century. Under the “fossil‐fuelled development”‐scenario primary production doubles, fisheries focus on less valued pelagic fish and the recreation possibilities will decrease. Long‐term projections of aquatic ecosystem services prepared for alternative global socioeconomic futures can be used by policy makers and managers to adaptively and iteratively adjust mitigation and adaptation effort with plausible future changes in the drivers of water pollution.
Metal–CO2 Batteries at the Crossroad to Practical Energy Storage and CO2 Recycle
Authors: Xie Jiafang , Zhou Zhen , Wang Yaobing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMetal–CO2 batteries show great promise in meeting the growing energy, chemical, and environmental demands of daily life and industry, because of their advantages of high flexibility and efficiency in both energy storage and CO2 recycle applications. It has been a trend that Li/Na‐CO2 and Zn/Al‐CO2 systems show different developments to achieve practical energy storage (e.g., high electricity supply) and CO2 recycling (e.g., flexible chemical production), respectively, which is often neglected. This inhibits the application of metal–CO2 batteries in maximizing energy supply and value‐added CO2 conversion. This progress report presents a critically selected overview of the individual developments of metal–CO2 batteries with emphasis on diverse fundamental origins, performance advantages, and the future of these two systems. Furthermore, the reaction pathways, particularly for catalytic materials, for the Li/Na‐CO2 and Zn/Al‐CO2 systems are discussed. Finally, the challenges of these two systems along with a hybrid Li/Na‐CO2 battery design that may simultaneously provide high operating voltages and flexible chemicals are outlined.
On the History of Reactive Mesogens: Interview with Dirk J. Broer
Authors: Broer Dirk J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProf. Dirk Broer is among the pioneers and most active researchers in the field of stimuli‐responsive liquid crystal (LC) networks. He is the inventor of reactive mesogens, a class of materials with far‐reaching implications in liquid‐crystal photonics and in the triumph of LC‐based shape‐shifting polymers. Together with his team, Prof. Broer continuously produces innovative solutions for controlling and programming new functions into soft responsive materials. Through this Interview, it is our great pleasure to gain insights into his personal views on both the past and the future, and to learn about the historical turns that led to the development of reactive mesogens as well as his vision on where the field is heading.
Bridging the van der Waals Interface for Advanced Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Wen Yao , He Peng , Yao Yuyu , Zhang Yu , Cheng Ruiqing , Yin Lei , Li Ningning , Li Jie , Wang Junjun , Wang Zhenxing , Liu Chuansheng , Fang Xuan , Jiang Chao , Wei Zhipeng , He Jun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) heterostructures exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties and novel functionalities. However, their applicability is impeded due to the common issue of the tunneling barrier, which arises from the vdW gap; this significantly increases the injection resistance of the photoexcited carriers. Herein, a generic strategy is demonstrated to eliminate the vdW gap in a broad class of heterostructures. It is observed that the vdW gap in the interface is bridged via strong orbital hybridization between the interface dangling bonds of nonlayered chalcogenide semiconductors and the artificially induced vacancies of transition metal chalcogenides (TMDCs). The photoresponse times of bridged PbS/ReS2, PbS/MoSe2, and PbS/MoS2 are ≈30, 51, and 43 µs, respectively. The photon‐triggered on/off ratio of the bridged PbS/MoS2, ZnSe/MoS2, and ZnTe/MoS2 heterostructures exceed 106, 105, and 105, respectively. These are several orders of magnitude higher than common vdW heterostructures. The findings obtained in this study present a versatile strategy for overcoming the performance limitations of vdW heterostructures.
Flexible Quasi‐2D Perovskite/IGZO Phototransistors for Ultrasensitive and Broadband Photodetection
Authors: Wei Shali , Wang Fang , Zou Xuming , Wang Liming , Liu Chang , Liu Xingqiang , Hu Weida , Fan Zhiyong , Ho Johnny C. , Liao Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (PVKs) have recently emerged as attractive materials for photodetectors. However, the poor stability and low electrical conductivity still restrict their practical utilization. Owing to the quantum‐well feature of two‐dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper PVKs (2D PVKs), a promising quasi‐2D PVK/indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) heterostructure phototransistor can be designed. By using a simple ligand‐exchange spin‐coating method, quasi‐2D PVK fabricated on flexible substrates exhibits a desirable type‐II energy band alignment, which facilitates effective spatial separation of photoexcited carriers. The device exhibits excellent photoresponsivity values of >105 A W−1 at 457 nm, and broadband photoresponse (457–1064 nm). By operating the device in the depletion regime, the specific detectivity is found to be 5.1 × 1016 Jones, which is the record high value among all PVK‐based photodetectors reported to date. Due to the resistive hopping barrier in the quasi‐2D PVK, the device can also work as an optoelectronic memory for near‐infrared information storage. More importantly, the easy manufacturing process is highly beneficial, enabling large‐scale and uniform quasi‐2D PVK/IGZO hybrid films for detector arrays with outstanding ambient and operation stabilities. All these findings demonstrate the device architecture here provides a rational avenue to the design of next‐generation flexible photodetectors with unprecedented sensitivity.
Terahertz Electrodynamics in Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Kumar Kadakuntla Santhosh , Prajapati Gulloo Lal , Dagar Rahul , Vagadia Megha , Rana Dhanvir Singh , Tonouchi Masayoshi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTransition metal oxides (TMOs) are among the most contemporary topics in condensed matter research. For over the past three decades, the most astounding discoveries of high temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, multiferroics, topological matter, and several other novel electronic and magnetic phases have been realized and hosted in the TMOs. Almost simultaneously and specifically during the past 5 years, the implementation of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy to unveil the complexity of such materials has delivered unprecedented success. THz spectroscopy extracts material parameters such as dynamic conductivity, dielectric constant, and magnetic permeability in spectral range of 1–20 meV. This imparts the capability to probe a variety of quasiparticles emerging from the electrodynamics of collective, bound and free charge carriers, and complex spin orders, which is the key to decode the complex phases of TMOs class of quantum matter. Herein, the THz spectroscopic investigations of quasiparticle electrodynamics of correlated TMOs are reviewed. Several long‐standing issues are resolved and there is enormous potential for a lot more to offer, emphasizing the growing indispensability of THz technology in condensed matter.