bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer C5a receptor expression and augmentation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and PD‐L1 expression by C5a
Authors: Imamura Ryuji , Kitagawa Saki , Kubo Tatsuko , Irie Atsushi , Kariu Toru , Yoneda Masakazu , Kamba Tomomi , Imamura Takahisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a urological issue. Recent studies have revealed cancer promotion via the C5a–C5a receptor (C5aR) system. To establish a new therapeutic target for CRPC, we investigated an association of the system with CRPC progression and evasion from the antitumor immune responses.MethodsC5aR and PD‐L1 were immunostained in the prostate cancer (PC) tissues. The relationship of PC C5aR expression to clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. CRPC cell lines were examined for C5aR expression by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry. C5a effects were examined on CRPC cell glutamine consumption, proliferation, invasion, and PD‐L1 expression.ResultsPC cells expressed C5aR in 83 of the 161 patients (52%) and in three of the six CRPC patients. Basal cells, but not luminal cells, of noncancerous prostate glands expressed C5aR. Three CRPC cell lines expressed C5aR. C5a increased CRPC cell glutamine consumption 2.1‐fold, proliferation 1.3–1.6‐fold, and invasion 2–3‐fold in a C5a‐concentration and a C5aR‐dependent manner. High expression of C5aR did not relate to the PC patients' clinical parameters but the PD‐L1‐positive rate was higher in the C5aR high‐expression patients (37.5%) compared to low‐ or no expression patients (17.8%), and double‐positive PC cells were present. C5a increased CRPC cell PD‐L1 production 1.4‐fold and cell‐surface expression 2.6‐fold.ConclusionsC5aR expression of PC cells in patients' tissues and C5a augmentation of C5aR‐dependent CRPC proliferation, invasion, and PD‐L1 expression suggested participation of the C5a–C5aR system in CRPC promotion and evasion from antitumor immune responses. Targeting this signaling pathway may provide a useful therapeutic option for CRPC.
Targeting host cell proteases as a potential treatment strategy to limit the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the respiratory tract
Authors: El‐Shimy Ismail A. , Mohamed Mahmoud M. A. , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Hadi Muhammad A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs the death toll of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) continues to rise worldwide, it is imperative to explore novel molecular mechanisms for targeting SARS‐CoV‐2. Rather than looking for drugs that directly interact with key viral proteins inhibiting its replication, an alternative and possibly add‐on approach is to dismantle the host cell machinery that enables the virus to infect the host cell and spread from one cell to another. Excellent examples of such machinery are host cell proteases whose role in viral pathogenesis has been demonstrated in numerous coronaviruses. In this review, we propose two therapeutic modalities to tackle SARS‐CoV‐2 infections; the first is to transcriptionally modulate the expression of cellular proteases and their endogenous inhibitors and the second is to directly inhibit their enzymatic activity. We present a nonexhaustive collection of clinically investigated drugs that act by one of these mechanisms and thus represent promising candidates for preclinical in vitro testing and hopefully clinical testing in COVID‐19 patients.
Extreme precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors
Authors: Grazzini Federico , Fragkoulidis Georgios , Teubler Franziska , Wirth Volkmar , Craig George C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe connection between weather extremes and Rossby wave packets (RWP) has been increasingly documented in recent years. RWP propagation and characteristics can modulate the midlatitude weather, setting the scene for temperature and precipitation extremes and controlling the geographical area affected. Several studies on extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in the Alpine area reported, as the main triggering factor, a meridionally elongated upper‐level trough as part of an incoming Rossby wave packet. In this work, we investigate a wide number of EPEs occurring between 1979 and 2015 in northern‐central Italy. The EPEs are subdivided into three categories (Cat1, Cat2, Cat3) according to thermodynamic conditions over the affected region. It is found that the three categories differ not only in terms of the local meteorological conditions, but also in terms of the evolution and properties of precursor RWPs. These differences cannot be solely explained by the apparent seasonality of the flow; therefore, the relevant physical processes in the RWP propagation of each case are further investigated. In particular, we show that RWPs associated with the strongest EPEs, namely the ones falling in Cat2, undergo a substantial amplification over the western North Atlantic due to anomalous ridge‐building 2 days before the event; arguably due to diabatic heating sources. This type of development induces a downstream trough which is highly effective in focusing water vapour transport toward the main orographic barriers of northern‐central Italy and favouring the occurrence of EPEs.
Development and validation of quantitative analytical method for 50 drugs of antidepressants, benzodiazepines and opioids in oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Arantes Ana Carolina Furiozo , da Cunha Kelly Francisco , Cardoso Marilia Santoro , Oliveira Karina Diniz , Costa Jose Luiz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We developed and validated a method for quantitative analysis of 50 psychoactive substances and metabolites (antidepressants, benzodiazepines and opioids) in oral fluid samples using simple liquid–liquid extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).

Method
Oral fluid samples were collected using Quantisal™ device and extracted by liquid–liquid extraction with 1.0 mL of methyl tert-butyl ether and then analyzed using LC–MS/MS.

Results
The method attended method validation criteria, with limits of quantification as low as 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, and linearity between 0.5–50.0 ng/mL for antidepressants, 0.5–25.0 ng/mL for benzodiazepines and 1.0–50.0 ng/mL to opioids. During method validation, bias and imprecision values were not greater than 16 and 20%, respectively. Ionization suppression/enhancement bias results were not greater than 25%. No evidence of carryover was observed. Sample stability studies showed that almost all analytes were stable at 25 °C for 3 days and at 4 °C for 7 days. Freeze–thaw cycles stability showed that most antidepressants and opioids were stable under these conditions. Autosampler stability study showed that all analytes were stable for 24 h, except for nitrazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam. Thirty-eight authentic oral fluid samples were analyzed; 36.8% of the samples were positive for 2 drugs. Citalopram was the most common drug found, followed by venlafaxine.

Conclusions
The method was validated according to international recommendations for the 50 analytes, showing low limits of quantification, good imprecision and bias values, using simple liquid–liquid extraction, and was successfully applied to authentic oral fluid samples analysis.
Dynamics of Main and Ring Ionospheric Troughs at the Recovery Phase of Storms/Substorms
Authors: Karpachev A. T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study explores the dynamics of the main ionospheric trough (MIT) and ring ionospheric trough (RIT) during geomagnetic disturbances. The RIT is formed by a decay process of the magnetospheric ring current during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm/substorm. As a result, it is usually observed within the latitude belt 48°–60° GMLat, that is, the RIT is a midlatitude trough in contrast to the subauroral MIT. To explore the mutual dynamics of the MIT and RIT, 120 geomagnetic disturbances with Kp > 4, according to Kosmos‐1809, Kosmos‐900, Interkosmos‐19, and CHAMP satellites, are considered. At night, the RIT is almost always formed at the recovery phase of geomagnetic disturbances. The RIT occurs most frequently in the morning and less often before midnight. The dynamics of the MIT and RIT during geomagnetic disturbances is quite complex: both troughs can be observed either separately or simultaneously, the MIT can transform abruptly into RIT and vice versa. The position of the RIT depends on Kp and longitude, but not always as distinctly as the position of the MIT. The RIT can be observed for 1.5 days during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic disturbance. The RIT can be observed simultaneously in both hemispheres at close conjugate latitudes.
The Role of Fluids in the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, China
Authors: Wang Zhi , Wang Jian , Yang Xiaoqiu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFluid intrusions into seismic zones play a fundamental role in the initiation of earthquakes and rupture processes, yet the mechanisms that control these interactions are enigmatic and widely debated. Here, we present a series of signatures for new seismic velocities (Vp, Vs) and Vp/Vs ratio imaging and stress simulations that reveal the impact of fluids, including partial melting, on the seismogenesis of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that a prominent low‐V and high‐Vp/Vs body under the western side of the 2008 Wenchuan hypocenter and two gaps characterized by low‐V and high‐Vp/Vs inserted into its rupture process were clearly imaged. One of these gaps terminated the southwestward coseismic slip while the other weakened the northeastern rupture process. We interpreted both of these bodies as the result of fluid penetration associated with partial melting of the ductile flow from the lower crust of Tibet. Such ductile materials were pushed against the rigid basement of the Yangtze craton and accumulated there, maintaining high pore pressure. We presume that a system such as this, with high pore pressure and fluids in the fluid‐pressurized regime, might have reduced the threshold for fault failure, transformed this zone into a potential fault risk front, and thus increased the likelihood of failure of the mainshock fault. We speculate that fluids invading the seismogenic layer of the Longmen‐Shan fault zone played a crucial role in the initiation of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its rupture process.
Ocean Swell Comparisons Between Sentinel‐1 and WAVEWATCH III Around Australia
Authors: Khan S. S. , Echevarria E. R. , Hemer M. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn intercomparison between directional wave spectra derived from Sentinel‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites and a WAVEWATCH III model hindcast in the wider Australian region is presented. The coastal buoy network around Australia is considerably sparse, and only a handful of buoy measurements exist in deeper oceans. National and regional scale wave models require validation and verification through intercomparisons with available observations to be confidently adopted and improved. In the absence of dense in‐situ measurements, satellite‐derived surface wave data provide an invaluable and independent source of observations. Satellite altimeters provide well‐calibrated significant wave height data, but do not resolve wave directions, and are also not the platform of choice for resolving wave periods. SAR satellites that routinely map ocean surface waves fill this gap as they are able to measure directional wind‐wave spectra of long period waves. This constitutes an important satellite data stream for better understanding the propagation of swell waves across ocean basins, and for comparisons with national and down‐scaled wave models. However, both SAR wave measurements as well as wave models do not represent the truth and need qualification before regarding them as reliable data sets. The aim of this article is to perform an intercomparison of a wave model hindcast with SAR‐derived wave information in the wider Australian region. The comparisons are done in the context of mean wave climate and its seasonal variability, and demonstrate good agreement for wave heights and periods. Valuable insights into possible sources of disagreement are given.
Self‐Shading and Meltwater Spreading Control the Transition From Light to Iron Limitation in an Antarctic Coastal Polynya
Authors: Twelves A. G. , Goldberg D. N. , Henley S. F. , Mazloff M. R. , Jones D. C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDotson Ice Shelf (DIS) in West Antarctica is undergoing rapid basal melting driven by intrusions of warm, saline Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the continental shelf. Meltwater from DIS is thought to influence biology in the adjacent Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP), which exhibits the highest net primary productivity (NPP) per unit area of any coastal polynya in the Southern Ocean. However, the relative importance of iron and light in colimiting the spring phytoplankton bloom in the ASP remains poorly understood. In this modeling study we first investigate the mechanisms by which ice shelves impact NPP, then map spatio‐temporal patterns in iron‐light colimitation, and finally examine the environmental drivers of iron and light supply. We find that ice shelf melting leads to greater upper ocean iron concentrations, both directly due to release of iron from sediments entrained at the glacier bed, and indirectly via a buoyancy‐driven overturning circulation which pulls iron from CDW to the surface. Both of these mechanisms increase NPP compared to experiments where ice shelf melt is suppressed. We then show that the phytoplankton self‐shading feedback delays the bloom and reduces peak NPP by 80% compared to experiments where light penetration is independent of chlorophyll. Compared to light limitation, iron limitation due to phytoplankton uptake is more important a) later in the season, b) higher in the water column, and c) further from the ice shelf. Finally, sensitivity experiments show that variability in CDW intrusion influences NPP by controlling the horizontal spreading of iron‐rich meltwater.
Achieving optimal output consensus for discrete‐time linear multi‐agent systems with disturbance rejection
Authors: Tang Yutao , Zhu Hao , Lv Xiaoyong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper studies an optimal output consensus problem for discrete‐time linear multi‐agent systems subject to external disturbances. Each agent is assigned with a local cost function which is known only to itself. Distributed protocols are to be designed to guarantee an output consensus for these high‐order agents and meanwhile minimize the aggregate cost as the sum of these local costs. To overcome the difficulties brought by high‐order dynamics and external disturbances, an embedded design is developed and a distributed rule to solve this problem is constructively present. The proposed control includes three terms: an optimal signal generator under a directed information graph, an observer‐based compensator to reject these disturbances, and a reference tracking controller for these linear agents. It is shown to solve the formulated problem with some mild assumptions. A numerical example is also provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed distributed control laws.
A probabilistic reliability‐centred maintenance approach for electrical distribution networks
Authors: Ravaghi Ardabili Habib Allah , Haghifam Mahmoud‐Reza , Abedi Seyyed Mostafa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReliability improvement is a fundamental issue in electric distribution network (EDN) operation. In this regard, providing the most efficient maintenance policy can dramatically assist the electric utility companies in reducing the failure rate of EDN components. In the present study, a novel probabilistic reliability‐centred maintenance (RCM) approach is proposed in which the reliability level of the EDN components are evaluated according to the three‐state Markov model (MM). Using the MM, this study presents a trade‐off between the corrective maintenance and the preventive maintenance (PM) actions and finally determines the precedence of EDN components in PM financial resource allocation. Through the method presented in this study, the financial resources of the PM are economically allocated with regards to economic parameters such as customer outage costs and budget constraints. The efficacy of the proposed RCM approach is evaluated through the implementation of the RCM approach on bus number four of the well‐known Roy Billinton test system.
Fusion‐based simultaneous estimation of reflectance and illumination for low‐light image enhancement
Authors: Parihar Anil Singh , Singh Kavinder , Rohilla Hrithik , Asnani Gul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLow‐light image enhancement is a challenging field in image processing. Retinex‐based methods perform well for low‐light images. However, reflectance and illumination estimation is an ill‐posed problem. This paper presents a new framework for the simultaneous estimation of reflectance and illumination for low‐light image enhancement. The algorithm estimates multiple instances of illumination and reflectance and blends them to estimate the final components. The proposed approach uses multi‐scale fusion for illumination estimation and naive fusion for reflectance estimation. Extensive experimentation and analysis with a large set of low‐light images validates the performance of the proposed approach. The comparison shows the superiority of the proposed approach over most of the existing low‐light image enhancement methods. The proposed method provides colour constancy in low‐light image enhancement and preserves the naturalness of the image.
Dust polarization studies on MHD simulations of molecular clouds: comparison of methods for the relative-orientation analysis
Authors: Micelotta Elisabetta R. , Juvela Mika , Padoan Paolo , Ristorcelli Isabelle , Alina Dana , Malinen Johanna 
Published: December 2020

Context. The all-sky survey from the Planck space telescope has revealed that thermal emission from Galactic dust is polarized on scales ranging from the whole sky down to the inner regions of molecular clouds. Polarized dust emission can therefore be used as a probe for magnetic fields on different scales. In particular, the analysis of the relative orientation between the density structures and the magnetic field projected on the plane of the sky can provide information on the role of magnetic fields in shaping the structure of molecular clouds where star formation takes place.
Aims. The orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the density structures has been investigated using different methods. The goal of this paper is to explicitly compare two of these: the Rolling Hough Transform (RHT) and the gradient technique (GRAD).
Methods. We generated synthetic surface brightness maps at 353 GHz (850 μm) via magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We applied RHT and GRAD to two morphologically different regions identified in our maps. Region 1 is dominated by a dense and thick filamentary structure with some branches, while Region 2 includes a thinner filament with denser knots immersed in a more tenuous medium. Both methods derive the relative orientation between the magnetic field and the density structures, to which we applied two statistics, the histogram of relative orientation and the projected Rayleigh statistic, to quantify the variations of the relative orientation as a function of column density.
Results. Both methods find areas with significant signal, and these areas are substantially different. In terms of relative orientations, in all our considered cases the predominant orientation of the density structures is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. When the methods are applied to the same selected areas the results are consistent with each other in Region 2 but show some noticeable differences in Region 1. In Region 1, RHT globally finds the relative orientation becoming more perpendicular for increasing column density, while GRAD, applied at the same resolution as RHT, gives the opposite trend. These disparities are caused by the intrinsic differences in the methods and in the structures that they select.
Conclusions. Our results indicate that the interpretation of the relative orientation between the magnetic field and density structures should take into account the specificity of the methods used to determine such orientation. The combined use of complementary techniques such as RHT and GRAD provides more complete information, which can be advantageously used to better understand the physical mechanisms operating in magnetized molecular clouds.
Facile cell patterning induced by combined surface topography and chemistry on polydopamine-defined nanosubstrates
Authors: Guo Shan , Huang Haiyan , Zeng Weiwu , Jiang Zhuoran , Wang Xin , Huang Weihua , Wang Xinghuan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cell patterning holds significant implications for cell-based analysis and high-throughput screening. The challenge and key factor for formation of cell patterns is to precisely modulate the interaction between cells and substrate surfaces. Many nanosubstrates have been developed to control cell adhesion and patterning, however, requirements of complicated fabrication procedures, harsh reaction conditions, and delicate manipulation are not routinely feasible. Here, we developed a hierarchical polydimethylsiloxane nanosubstrate (HPNS) coated with mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) micropatterns for effective cell patterning, depending on both surface topography and chemistry. HPNSs obtained by facile template-assisted replication brought enhanced topographic interaction between cells and substrates, but they were innately hydrophobic and cell-repellent. The hydrophobic nanosubstrates were converted to be hydrophilic after PDA coatings formed via spontaneous self-polymerization, which greatly facilitated cell adhesion. As such, without resorting to any external forces or physical constraints, cells selectively adhered and spread on spatially defined PDA regions with high efficiency, and well-defined cell microarrays could be formed within 20 min. Therefore, this easy-to-fabricate nanosubstrate with no complex chemical modification will afford a facile yet effective platform for rapid cell patterning.
PSA-MP: Path Selection Algorithm for MANET depends on Mobility Prediction to Enhance Link Stability
Authors: Robert Nismon Rio , Pitchai Calduwel Newton 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Link failure is a much crucial issue to be addressed for improving the stability of the routing. Selection of a stable path is an important task since nodes are mobile. The instability of a link leads to frequent link failure, which further causes to link re-establishment. In this paper, a Path Selection Algorithm based on Mobility Prediction (PSA-MP) is proposed that uses Mobility, Direction and Link Expiration Time (LET) as metrics to evaluate the link stability. In the existing algorithm, if any link gets fails during the link-establishment phase, it informs the previous node for selecting alternate link. But, in PSA-MP the alternate link is selected before a link fails by predicting Mobility, Direction and LET of nodes. As a result, it reduces link re-establishment delay. Ultimately, PSA-MP reduces E2Edelay, which in turn boosts Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Eventually, link stability is enhanced in MANETs, which is the focus of this paper.