bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charge Photogeneration in Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells: Influence of Excess Energy and Electrostatic Interactions
Authors: Saladina Maria , Simón Marqués Pablo , Markina Anastasia , Karuthedath Safakath , Wöpke Christopher , Göhler Clemens , Chen Yue , Allain Magali , Blanchard Philippe , Cabanetos Clément , Andrienko Denis , Laquai Frédéric , Gorenflot Julien , Deibel Carsten 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn organic solar cells, photogenerated singlet excitons form charge transfer (CT) complexes, which subsequently split into free charge carriers. Here, the contributions of excess energy and molecular quadrupole moments to the charge separation process are considered. The charge photogeneration in two separate bulk heterojunction systems consisting of the polymer donor PTB7‐Th and two non‐fullerene acceptors, ITIC and h‐ITIC, is investigated. CT state dissociation in these donor–acceptor systems is monitored by charge density decay dynamics obtained from transient absorption experiments. The electric field dependence of charge carrier generation is studied at different excitation energies by time delayed collection field (TDCF) and sensitive steady‐state photocurrent measurements. Upon excitation below the optical gap, free charge carrier generation becomes less field dependent with increasing photon energy, which challenges the view of charge photogeneration proceeding through energetically lowest CT states. The average distance between electron–hole pairs at the donor–acceptor interface is determined from empirical fits to the TDCF data. The delocalization of CT states is larger in PTB7‐Th:ITIC, the system with larger molecular quadrupole moment, indicating the sizeable effect of the electrostatic potential at the donor–acceptor interface on the dissociation of CT complexes.
Association between Cell Microenvironment Altered by Gold Nanowire Array and Regulation of Partial Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Kim Yu Jin , Ko Min Jun , Park Bum Chul , Moon Jun Hwan , Jeon Yoo Sang , Park Hyeon Su , Kim Myeong Soo , Kim Hee‐Dae , Shin Daiha , Kim Young Keun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCell microenvironment is an essential factor in determining cell growth and cell fate. Many studies have been carried out to understand the functions and mechanisms of small molecules or growth factors/cytokines; however, the effects of the physical environment on cells are relatively unknown. Changes in the cell's physical microenvironment affect cell adhesion and modify intracellular signaling controlled by adhesion properties, resulting in altering the cytoskeletal structure and cellular properties. Herein, it is demonstrated that the changes in cell adhesion can affect the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epithelial cells by implementing a cell microenvironment with a gold (Au) nanowire array to influence cell adhesion. A forcible decrease in cell adhesion leads to the downregulation of epithelial biomarkers and the upregulation of mesenchymal biomarkers. The results of force‐distance experiments using atomic force microscopy showed that the overall stiffness of epithelial cells declined similarly to the case for mesenchymal‐like cells. With this comprehensive analysis of cellular properties, a physical microenvironment for cell adhesion alteration is suggested, that can induce mesenchymal characteristics in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells through partial EMT.
Simultaneously Crafting Single‐Atomic Fe Sites and Graphitic Layer‐Wrapped Fe3C Nanoparticles Encapsulated within Mesoporous Carbon Tubes for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Cui Xun , Gao Likun , Lei Sheng , Liang Shuang , Zhang Jiawei , Sewell Christopher D. , Xue Wendan , Liu Qian , Lin Zhiqun , Yang Yingkui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe rational design and facile synthesis of 1D hollow tubular carbon‐based materials with highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance remains a challenge. Herein, a simple yet robust route is employed to simultaneously craft single‐atomic Fe sites and graphitic layer‐wrapped Fe3C nanoparticles (Fe3C@GL NPs) encapsulated within 1D N‐doped hollow mesoporous carbon tubes (denoted Fe‐N‐HMCTs). The successional compositional and structural crafting of the hydrothermally self‐templated polyimide tubes (PITs), enabled by Fe species incorporation and acid leaching treatment, respectively, yields Fe‐N‐HMCTs that are subsequently exploited as the ORR electrocatalyst. Remarkably, an alkaline electrolyte capitalizing on Fe‐N‐HMCTs achieves excellent ORR activity (onset potential, 0.992 V; half‐wave potential, 0.872 V), favorable long‐term stability, and strong methanol tolerance, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalyst. Such impressive ORR performances of the Fe‐N‐HMCTs originate from the favorable configuration of active sites (i.e., atomically dispersed Fe‐Nx sites and homogeneously incorporated Fe3C@GL NPs) in conjunction with the advantageous 1D hollow tubular architecture containing adequate mesoporous surface. This work offers a new view to fabricate earth‐abundant 1D Fe‐N‐C electrocatalysts with well‐designed architecture and outstanding performance for electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
Elastic Energy Storage Enabled Magnetically Actuated, Octopus‐Inspired Smart Adhesive
Authors: Wang Suhao , Luo Hongyu , Linghu Changhong , Song Jizhou 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOctopus suckers offer remarkable adhesion performance against nonporous surfaces and have inspired extensive research to develop artificial adhesives. However, most of existing octopus‐inspired adhesives are either passive without an actuation strategy or active but not energy efficient. Here, a novel design of a magnetically actuated, energy‐efficient smart adhesive with rapidly tunable, great switchable, and highly reversible adhesion strength inspired by the elastic energy storage mechanism in octopus suckers is reported. The smart adhesive features two cavities separated by an elastic membrane with the upper cavity filled with magnetic particles while the lower one empty. The deformation of the elastic membrane can be actively controlled by an external magnetic field to change the cavity volume, thus generating a cavity‐pressure‐induced adhesion. Systematically experimental and theoretical studies reveal the fundamental aspects of design and operation of the smart adhesive and give insights into the underlying adhesion mechanisms. Demonstrations of this smart adhesive in transfer printing and manipulation of various surfaces in both dry and wet environments illustrate the potential for deterministic assembly and industrial or robotic manipulation.
Stable, High‐Efficiency Voltage‐Dependent Color‐Tunable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with a Single Tetradentate Platinum(II) Emitter Having Long Operational Lifetime
Authors: Mao Mao , Lam Tsz‐Lung , To Wai‐Pong , Lao Xiangzhou , Liu Weiqiang , Xu Shijie , Cheng Gang , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVoltage‐dependent, color‐tunable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are appealing tools that can be used for the visualization of electronic output signal of sensors. Nonetheless, the literature‐reported color‐tunable OLEDs that have a simple single‐cell device structure suffer from relatively low efficiency, pronounced efficiency roll‐off, color‐aging, and short operation lifetime, all of which limit their practical applications. Here, a novel co‐host‐in‐double‐emissive‐layer (CHIDEL) device, designed to enhance the performance of color‐tunable OLEDs with the use of a single tetradentate Pt[O^N^C^N] emitter, is described. When Pt‐X‐2 is used as a single emitter in an optimized CHIDEL device, a white OLED with tunable Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates from (0.47, 0.44) at 3 V to (0.36, 0.48) at 11 V, a high color rendering index of 82, and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 20.75% can be achieved. By using Pt‐X‐4 as a single emitter, the voltage‐dependent color‐tunable CHIDEL device, with CIE coordinates shifted from (0.56, 0.43) at 3 V to (0.42, 0.55) at 11 V, demonstrates a high luminance of beyond 90 000 cd m−2 and a high EQE of 23.23% at a luminance of 1300 cd m−2. A long‐lifetime time to 90% of the initial luminance (LT90) of almost 20 000 h is demonstrated for the color‐tunable OLED with Pt‐X‐4 emitting dopant.
Nanoscale‐Confined Terahertz Polaritons in a van der Waals Crystal
Authors: de Oliveira Thales V. A. G. , Nörenberg Tobias , Álvarez‐Pérez Gonzalo , Wehmeier Lukas , Taboada‐Gutiérrez Javier , Obst Maximilian , Hempel Franz , Lee Eduardo J. H. , Klopf J. Michael , Errea Ion , Nikitin Alexey Y. , Kehr Susanne C. , Alonso‐González Pablo , Eng Lukas M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectromagnetic field confinement is crucial for nanophotonic technologies, since it allows for enhancing light–matter interactions, thus enabling light manipulation in deep sub‐wavelength scales. In the terahertz (THz) spectral range, radiation confinement is conventionally achieved with specially designed metallic structures—such as antennas or nanoslits—with large footprints due to the rather long wavelengths of THz radiation. In this context, phonon polaritons—light coupled to lattice vibrations—in van der Waals (vdW) crystals have emerged as a promising solution for controlling light beyond the diffraction limit, as they feature extreme field confinements and low optical losses. However, experimental demonstration of nanoscale‐confined phonon polaritons at THz frequencies has so far remained elusive. Here, it is provided by employing scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical microscopy combined with a free‐electron laser to reveal a range of low‐loss polaritonic excitations at frequencies from 8 to 12 THz in the vdW semiconductor α‐MoO3. In this study, THz polaritons are visualized with: i) in‐plane hyperbolic dispersion, ii) extreme nanoscale field confinement (below λo ⁄75), and iii) long polariton lifetimes, with a lower limit of >2 ps.
Ultrasonication‐Assisted Waterborne Synthesis of Self‐Restorable Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Prolonged Lifespan in Oil Collection
Authors: Liu Songyu , Gao Yunshan , Ma Yanling , Meng Tingting , Yi Changfeng , Xu Zushun , Peng Bo , Deng Ziwei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSelf‐restorable superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted increasing attention due to their important applications. However, great challenges in an easy and rapid way to accomplish superhydrophobic surfaces with tunable self‐restorability are retained. Here, a facile yet fast strategy is presented to endow commercial substrates with self‐restorable superhydrophobic surfaces irrespective of their surface chemistry and geometry. By ultrasonicating an aqueous solution comprising poly(dimethylsiloxane), bis(3‐aminopropyl)‐terminated (H2N‐PDMS‐NH2) and dopamine hydrochloride (DA) with substrates for 30 min, superhydrophobic surfaces are yielded. Under ultrasonication, H2N‐PDMS‐NH2 is dispersed as the microdroplets and produces a weakly alkaline environment to enhance self‐polymerization of DA to polydopamine (PDA). In turn, PDA reacts with microdroplets and simultaneously anchors them to substrates, creating hierarchical morphology. The diffusion of hydrophobic H2N‐PDMS‐NH2 from the interior to the surface of the coating leads to superhydrophobic surface. This superhydrophobicity is self‐restorable after it is destroyed by air‐plasma or amphiphilic molecules, presumably because the H2N‐PDMS‐NH2 diffusion from the interior to the particles’ surface minimizes the overall interfacial‐energy. The self‐restoration is significantly accelerated by heating or rubbing the substrates. This self‐restoration offers superhydrophobic materials with a considerably prolonged life‐span, promising a wide range of applications, e.g., sustainable oil/water separation.
Electroconvection in Zwitterion‐Doped Nematic Liquid Crystals and Application as Smart Windows
Authors: Zhang Yi , Yang Xiulan , Zhan Yuanyuan , Zhang Yang , He Jialin , Lv Pengrong , Yuan Dong , Hu Xiaowen , Liu Danqing , Broer Dirk Jan , Zhou Guofu , Zhao Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectroconvection (EC) in liquid crystals (LCs) is extensively studied for the formation of regular nonequilibrium structures, and the applications that require strong light scattering and high haze. Doping the LCs with ionic species has proven to be an effective method to obtain uniform and high‐quality textures. Herein, zwitterion is explored as a new class of ionic dopant that has little problem of ion accumulation as compared to typical organic electrolytes. A rich variety of EC patterns are observed and characterized for both positive and negative LCs doped with a zwitterion Reichardt's dye. The initial homogeneous or homeotropic alignment, as well as the voltage and frequency of the applied electric field, is shown to influence the formation of EC patterns, among which the dynamic scattering mode (DSM) is specially examined for the application as privacy‐protecting smart windows. Using an LC mixture doped with zwitterions, the smart window demonstrates outstanding performance, as well as much improved durability for a wide range of operating conditions. Such a method offers a simple strategy for the fabrication of polymer‐free smart windows.
Fluorinated Aryl Boronates as Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Budiman Yudha P. , Westcott Stephen A. , Radius Udo , Marder Todd B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOrganoboron compounds are well known building blocks for many organic reactions. However, under basic conditions, polyfluorinated aryl boronic acid derivatives suffer from instability issues that are accelerated in compounds containing an ortho‐fluorine group, which result in the formation of the corresponding protodeboronation products. Therefore, a considerable amount of research has focused on novel methodologies to synthesize these valuable compounds while avoiding the protodeboronation issue. This review summarizes the latest developments in the synthesis of fluorinated aryl boronic acid derivatives and their applications in cross‐coupling reactions and other transformations.magnified image
Near‐Infrared Organic Phototransistors with p‐Channel Photosensitive Layers of Conjugated Polymer Composed of bis‐Octyldodecyl‐Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Benzothiadiazole Units
Authors: Park Jisu , Lee Chulyeon , Kim Taehoon , Kim Hwajeong , Kim Youngkyoo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorbing conjugated polymer, poly[{2,5‐bis‐(2‐octyldodecyl)‐3,6‐bis‐(thien‐2‐yl)‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐diyl}‐co‐{2,2′‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐5,5′‐diyl}] (PODTPPD‐BT), which is synthesized via a Stille coupling reaction, can play a dual role (charge transport and sensing) in NIR‐sensing organic phototransistors (OPTRs). The PODTPPD‐BT films, which feature two strong optical absorption peaks at wavelengths (λ) of 830 and 935 nm, possess a highly ordered crystalline state as evidenced by the synchrotron radiation grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXD) method. The OPTRs with the PODTPPD‐BT layers show typical p‐channel transistor behaviors in the dark, while their best dark performance is measured at a PODTPPD‐BT thickness (t) of 85 nm. The highest overall photocurrent is measured at t = 85 nm under illumination with three monochromatic NIR lights, while the highest photoresponsivity (RC) is obtained for the thickest PODTPPD‐BT layers (t = 145 nm). The flexible OPTRs with the PODTPPD‐BT layers demonstrate stable sensing characteristics upon optical on/off modulations using a high‐power NIR laser diode (λ = 905 nm) used for actual light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems.
Optically Controlled Ternary Logic Circuits Based on Organic Antiambipolar Transistors
Authors: Panigrahi Debdatta , Hayakawa Ryoma , Fuchii Kota , Yamada Yoichi , Wakayama Yutaka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA ternary inverter is demonstrated based on an organic antiambipolar transistor (AAT), in which the output logic states can be precisely controlled with appropriate optical signals. First, the photoresponse of AATs consisting of PTCDI‐C8 and α‐6T layers is systematically investigated. Under visible light, the Λ‐shaped transfer curve of the AATs undergoes a noticeable broadening due to the optically induced threshold voltage shift in both the PTCDI‐C8 and α‐6T controlled ranges. Under ultraviolet light, broadening is observed only on the α‐6T side. These contrasting impacts of the two light signals enable to tune the balance of the ternary logic states in the inverters, including the output voltage levels and the ratio of the respective logic states. Such optically controlled ternary logic circuits possess great potential for their application in next‐generation optoelectronic devices.
Advancing on‐farm research with UAVs: Cover crop effects on crop growth and yield
Authors: Yuan Mingwei , Burjel Juan C. , Martin Nicholas F. , Isermann Jim , Goeser Nicholas , Pittelkow Cameron M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMore on‐farm research is necessary to determine the practical benefits and drawbacks of cover crops at the field‐scale. The objective of this study was to advance the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms for evaluating the effects of cover crop biomass on crop growth and grain yield in two corn (Zea mays L.) fields and two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in Illinois. Experiments were 17–29 ha in size with cover crop and non‐cover crop treatment strips replicated four times. Flights were conducted with a multispectral sensor at three early‐ to mid‐season crop growth stages. On the same day, 40 biomass samples were collected to ground‐truth reflectance data. Results indicated that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) could predict crop biomass (V3–V10 in corn, V5–R1 in soybean) with moderate accuracy (R2 = .40–.64) using an exponential model in corn and a linear regression model in soybean. Cover crops significantly (p < .1) reduced early‐ to mid‐season corn and soybean NDVI at several sampling events, yet no yield penalty was detected across fields. Correlations between cover crops, crop growth, and grain yield were low and inconsistent when using NDVI maps and estimated biomass and N uptake maps. This study highlights an opportunity for utilizing high‐resolution datasets in on‐farm experiments to investigate the impact of cover crops on crop growth and yield on a field‐specific basis.
Simulated climate change effects on soybean production using two crop modules in RZWQM2
Authors: Ma L. , Fang Q. X. , Sima M. W. , Burkey K. O. , Harmel R. D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ability to predict climate change effects on crop yield through field experiments and crop modeling is essential for developing mitigation strategies. The objective of this study was to compare two different crop modules (CROPGRO and HERMES) in the Root Zone Water Quality Model 2 (RZWQM2) for predicting climate change effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. The modules were previously calibrated for measured temperature responses using data from a 4‐yr open‐top chamber experiment (2015–2018) in North Carolina. Both crop modules simulated similar climate change effects in terms of yield and biomass by the end of Year 2100 (2083–2099) using 40 general circulation model (GCM) projections and two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), compared with the simulations using current baseline (2002–2018). For both modules, much greater reductions in biomass and seed yield were simulated under RCP8.5 than under RCP4.5 due to higher air temperature. In addition, both modules predicted lower variability of biomass and seed yield across these GCMs under irrigated than under rainfed conditions. CROPGRO predicted a greater positive climate change effect in response to the projected higher precipitation and increased atmospheric CO2 (compared with baseline conditions) than HERMES. Soybean production will likely benefit more from the projected high precipitation and elevated CO2 under rainfed conditions than under irrigated conditions. Due to much higher simulated yield under irrigation than under rainfed conditions, supplementary irrigation may be an effective mitigation strategy to maintain soybean yield; however, adjusting sowing dates appear to have little effect on soybean production.
Flype: Software for enabling personalized medicine
Authors: Helseth Donald L. , Gulukota Kamalakar , Miller Nicholas , Yang Mathew , Werth Tom , Sabatini Linda M. , Bouma Mike , Dunnenberger Henry M. , Wake Dyson T. , Hulick Peter J. , Kaul Karen L. , Khandekar Janaradan D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe advent of next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized clinical medicine by enabling wide‐spread testing for genomic anomalies and polymorphisms. With that explosion in testing, however, come several informatics challenges including managing large amounts of data, interpreting the results and providing clinical decision support. We present Flype, a web‐based bioinformatics platform built by a small group of bioinformaticians working in a community hospital setting, to address these challenges by allowing us to: (a) securely accept data from a variety of sources, (b) send orders to a variety of destinations, (c) perform secondary analysis and annotation of NGS data, (d) provide a central repository for all genomic variants, (e) assist with tertiary analysis and clinical interpretation, (f) send signed out data to our EHR as both PDF and discrete data elements, (g) allow population frequency analysis and (h) update variant annotation when literature knowledge evolves. We discuss the multiple use cases Flype supports such as (a) in‐house NGS tests, (b) in‐house pharmacogenomics (PGX) tests, (c) dramatic scale‐up of genomic testing using an external lab, (d) consumer genomics using two external partners, and (e) a variety of reporting tools. The source code for Flype is available upon request to the authors.
New water‐soluble copolymers of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine for surface modification
Authors: Nazarova Olga , Chernova Eugenia , Dobrodumov Anatoliy , Zolotova Yulia , Bezrukova Marina , Nekrasova Tatyana , Vlasova Elena , Panarin Eugeniy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNew copolymers of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine with 2‐Deoxy‐2‐methacrylamido‐D‐glucose, N‐vinylpyrrolidone, and N‐vinyl‐N‐methylacetamide were synthesized and characterized; the obtained copolymers contained 10–50 mol% of phosphorylcholine moieties, and their molecular masses ranged from 1.05 × 105 to 4.40 × 105. Reactivity ratios of the monomers were estimated. Conformational states of the copolymers in aqueous solutions were studied. The synthesized copolymer was grafted onto the surface of carbon fiber biosorbent using γ‐radiation.
Influence of lignin's pH on polyurethane flexible foam formation and how to control it
Authors: Maillard Damien , Osso Esthel , Faye Adrien , Li Hongbo , Ton‐That Minh‐Tan , Stoeffler Karen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLow pH of commercial lignins has a catastrophic impact on the polyurethane foaming reactions. Experiments were performed with 10 wt% of lignin with various pHs in polyols. Virgin lignin (pH 2.5, 35% moisture) has the most negative impact as it reduces the initial foam rising rate by 85% and the foam's final height by 35% as compared to the reference foam, lignin free. Drying of this lignin at 80°C for 12 h can reduce this impact while alkaline treatment to bring the lignin's pH to 6.6 almost cancel it. As revealed by in situ dielectric constant measurements, both reactions, gelling via polymerization and blowing via CO2 degassing, are impacted. In situ Fourier transform infrared analysis of the foaming process demonstrated that blowing reaction is the most pH sensitive. Two methods to counter the pH influence by pH modification were tested and provide interesting results but also significant drawbacks limiting their applicability.