bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaching decisions during ongoing movements
Authors: Michalski Julien , Green Andrea M. , Cisek Paul 
Published: February 2020

Neurophysiological studies suggest that when decisions are made between concrete actions, the selection process involves a competition between potential action representations in the same sensorimotor structures involved in executing those actions. However, it is unclear how such models can explain situations, often encountered during natural behavior, in which we make decisions while were are already engaged in performing an action. Does the process of deliberation characterized in classical studies of decision-making proceed the same way when subjects are deciding while already acting? In the present study, human subjects continuously tracked a target moving in the horizontal plane and were occasionally presented with a new target to which they could freely choose to switch at any time, whereupon it became the new tracked target. We found that the probability of choosing to switch increased with decreasing distance to the new target and increasing size of the new target relative to the tracked target, as well as when the direction to the new target was aligned (either toward or opposite) to the current tracking direction. However, contrary to our expectations, subjects did not choose targets that minimized the energetic costs of execution, as calculated by a biomechanical model of the arm. When the constraints of continuous tracking were removed in variants of the task involving point-to-point movements, the expected preference for lower cost choices was seen. These results are discussed in the context of current theories of nested feedback control, internal models of forward dynamics, and high-dimensional neural spaces. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current theories of decision-making primarily address how subjects make decisions before executing selected actions. However, in our daily lives we often make decisions while already performing some action (e.g., while playing a sport or navigating through a crowd). To gain insight into how current theories can be extended to such “decide-while-acting” scenarios, we examined human decisions during continuous manual tracking and found some intriguing departures from how decisions are made in classical “decide-then-act” paradigms.
Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region inhibits locomotor-like activity and increases the gain of cutaneous reflexes from the paws in spinal cats
Authors: Merlet Angèle N. , Harnie Jonathan , Macovei Madalina , Doelman Adam , Gaudreault Nathaly , Frigon Alain 
Published: February 2020

Mechanically stimulating the dorsal lumbar region inhibits locomotion and reduces weight support during standing in rabbits and cats. However, how this inhibitory effect from the lumbar skin is mediated is poorly understood. Here we evaluated the effect of mechanically stimulating (vibration or pinch) the dorsal lumbar region on short-latency (8- to 13-ms onset) cutaneous reflex responses, evoked by electrically stimulating the superficial peroneal or distal tibial nerves, in seven adult cats with a low thoracic spinal transection (spinal cats). Cutaneous reflexes were evoked before, during, and after mechanical stimulation of the dorsal lumbar region. We found that mechanically stimulating the lumbar region by vibration or manual pinch abolished alternating bursts of activity between flexors and extensors initiated by nerve stimulation. The activity of extensor muscles was abolished bilaterally, whereas the activity of some ipsilateral flexor muscles was sustained during vibration/pinch. Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region increased ipsilateral and contralateral short-latency excitatory responses evoked by cutaneous inputs, a phenomenon that was generalized to muscles crossing different joints and located in different limbs. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect on locomotion and weight support is not mediated by reducing cutaneous reflex gain and instead points to an inhibition of central pattern-generating circuitry, particularly the extensor component. The results provide greater insight into interactions between different types of somatosensory inputs within spinal motor circuits. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vibration or pinch of the lumbar region in spinal-transected cats abolished alternating bursts of activity between flexors and extensors initiated by nerve stimulation. Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region increased ipsilateral and contralateral short-latency excitatory responses evoked by cutaneous inputs in hindlimb muscles. Sensory inputs from mechanoreceptors of the lumbar region do not mediate their inhibitory effect on locomotion and weight support by reducing the gain of short-latency excitatory cutaneous reflexes from the foot.
Relationships between the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and a Panel of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers: Findings from Two Studies of U.S. Commercial Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Carroll Dana M. , Murphy Sharon E. , Benowitz Neal L. , Strasser Andrew A. , Kotlyar Michael , Hecht Stephen S. , Carmella Steve G. , McClernon Francis J. , Pacek Lauren R. , Dermody Sarah S. , Vandrey Ryan G. , Donny Eric C. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
We examined the nicotine metabolite ratio's (NMR) relationship with smoking intensity, nicotine dependence, and a broad array of biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in commercial cigarette smokers.

Methods:
Secondary analysis was conducted on two cross-sectional samples of adult, daily smokers from Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH) Study and baseline data from a 2014–2017 randomized clinical trial. Data were restricted to participants of non-Hispanic, white race. The lowest quartile of NMR (&lt;0.26) in the nationally representative PATH Study was used to distinguish slow from normal/fast nicotine metabolizers. NMR was modeled continuously in secondary analysis.

Results:
Compared with slow metabolizers, normal/fast metabolizers had greater cigarettes per day and higher levels of total nicotine equivalents, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic componds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A novel finding was higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers among normal/fast metabolizers versus slow metabolizers. With NMR modeled as a continuous measure, the associations between NMR and biomarkers of inflammation were not significant.

Conclusions:
The results are suggestive that normal/fast nicotine metabolizers may be at increased risk for tobacco-related disease due to being heavier smokers, having higher exposure to numerous toxicants and carcinogens, and having higher levels of inflammation when compared with slow metabolizers.

Impact:
This is the first documentation that NMR is not only associated with smoking exposure but also biomarkers of biological effects that are integral in the development of tobacco-related disease. Results provide support for NMR as a biomarker for understanding a smoker's exposure and potential risk for tobacco-related disease.
Insights from Adopting a Data Commons Approach for Large-scale Observational Cohort Studies: The California Teachers Study
Authors: Lacey James V. , Chung Nadia T. , Hughes Paul , Benbow Jennifer L. , Duffy Christine , Savage Kristen E. , Spielfogel Emma S. , Wang Sophia S. , Martinez Maria Elena , Chandra Sandeep 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Large-scale cancer epidemiology cohorts (CEC) have successfully collected, analyzed, and shared patient-reported data for years. CECs increasingly need to make their data more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, or FAIR. How CECs should approach this transformation is unclear.

Methods:
The California Teachers Study (CTS) is an observational CEC of 133,477 participants followed since 1995–1996. In 2014, we began updating our data storage, management, analysis, and sharing strategy. With the San Diego Supercomputer Center, we deployed a new infrastructure based on a data warehouse to integrate and manage data and a secure and shared workspace with documentation, software, and analytic tools that facilitate collaboration and accelerate analyses.

Results:
Our new CTS infrastructure includes a data warehouse and data marts, which are focused subsets from the data warehouse designed for efficiency. The secure CTS workspace utilizes a remote desktop service that operates within a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)– and Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA)–compliant platform. Our infrastructure offers broad access to CTS data, includes statistical analysis and data visualization software and tools, flexibly manages other key data activities (e.g., cleaning, updates, and data sharing), and will continue to evolve to advance FAIR principles.

Conclusions:
Our scalable infrastructure provides the security, authorization, data model, metadata, and analytic tools needed to manage, share, and analyze CTS data in ways that are consistent with the NCI's Cancer Research Data Commons Framework.

Impact:
The CTS's implementation of new infrastructure in an ongoing CEC demonstrates how population sciences can explore and embrace new cloud-based and analytics infrastructure to accelerate cancer research and translation.
See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Modernizing Population Science.”
Accuracy of Self-reported Colonic Polyps: Results from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial Study of Colonoscopy Utilization
Authors: Wiseman Kara P. , Silver Michelle I. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Buckman Dennis , Wright Patrick , Hickey Thomas P. , Schoen Robert E. , Doria-Rose V. Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Colonoscopy follow-up recommendations depend on the presence or absence of polyps, and if found, their number, size, and histology. Patients may be responsible for conveying results between primary and specialty care or providing medical information to family members; thus, accurate reporting is critical. This analysis assessed the accuracy of self-reported colonoscopy findings.

Methods:
3,986 participants from the Study of Colonoscopy Utilization, an ancillary study nested within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial, were included. Self-reports of polyp and adenoma were compared to medical records, and measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Correlates of accurate self-report of polyp were assessed using logistic regression and weighted to account for study sampling.

Results:
The sensitivity and specificity of self-reported polyp findings were 88% and 85%, respectively, and for adenoma 11% and 99%, respectively. Among participants with a polyp, older age was associated with lower likelihood while polyp severity and non-white race were associated with increased likelihood of accurate recall. Among participants without a polyp, having multiple colonoscopies was associated with lower likelihood while family history of colorectal cancer was associated with increased likelihood of accurate recall. Among both groups, longer time since colonoscopy was associated with lower likelihood of accurate recall.

Conclusions:
Participants recalled with reasonable accuracy whether they had a prior polyp; however, recall of histology, specifically adenoma, was much less accurate.

Impact:
Identification of strategies to increase accurate self-report of colonic polyps are needed, particularly for patient–provider communications and patient reporting of results to family members.
Risk of Leukemia after Dengue Virus Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chien Yu-Wen , Wang Chia-Chun , Wang Yu-Ping , Lee Cho-Yin , Perng Guey Chuen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:
Infections account for about 15% of human cancers globally. Although abnormal hematologic profiles and bone marrow suppression are common in patients with dengue, whether dengue is associated with a higher risk of leukemia has not been investigated.

Methods:
We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study by analyzing the National Health Insurance Research Databases in Taiwan. Laboratory-confirmed dengue patients between 2002 and 2011 were identified; five matched non-dengue controls were randomly selected for each patient. Follow-up ended on December 31, 2015. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the effect of dengue virus infection on the risk of leukemia. Cancers other than leukemia were used as falsification endpoints to evaluate the validity of this study.

Results:
We identified 12,573 patients with dengue and 62,865 non-dengue controls. Patients with dengue had a higher risk of leukemia [adjusted HR, 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16–3.53]. Stratified analyses by different follow-up periods showed that dengue virus infection was significantly associated with a higher risk of leukemia only between 3 and 6 years after infection (adjusted HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.25–8.32). There was no significant association between dengue and the risk of other cancers.

Conclusions:
This study provides the first epidemiologic evidence for the association between dengue virus infection and leukemia.

Impact:
Considering the rapidly increasing global incidence of dengue and the burden of leukemia, further studies are required to verify this association and to unravel the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Prognostic Significance of HPV DNA and p16INK4a in Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Urbute Aivara , Rasmussen Christina Louise , Belmonte Federica , Obermueller Theresa , Prigge Elena-Sophie , Arbyn Marc , Verdoodt Freija , Kjaer Susanne K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies evaluating survival in patients with anal cancer, according to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, p16INK4a, and combined HPV DNA/p16INK4a status. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies published in English until July 25, 2018, directly providing or allowing estimation of survival of patients with anal cancer according to the presence of HPV DNA and/or overexpression of p16INK4a. We estimated pooled HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS) using a random-effects model. We included 16 studies, comprising 1,724 patients with anal cancer tested for HPV DNA (65% positive), and 567 patients tested for p16INK4a (87% positive). The pooled HR for OS was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.33–0.89) for HPV DNA positive versus negative, 0.37 (95% CI, 0.24–0.57) for p16INK4a positive versus negative, and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.22–0.58) for HPV DNA positive/p16INK4a positive versus HPV DNA positive/p16INK4a negative patients with anal cancer. Patients with HPV DNA or p16INK4a positive anal cancer have significantly better OS compared with HPV DNA or p16INK4a negative. This points to the possible value of HPV DNA and/or p16INK4a testing when planning the management and follow-up strategy for patients diagnosed with anal cancer.
Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies
Authors: Peterson Lisa A. , Balbo Silvia , Fujioka Naomi , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Hecht Stephen S. , Murphy Sharon E. , Stepanov Irina , Tretyakova Natalia Y. , Turesky Robert J. , Villalta Peter W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMany human cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. Biomarkers of exposure and risk developed by our team have provided critical data on internal exposure to toxic and genotoxic chemicals and their connection to cancer in humans. This review highlights our research using biomarkers to identify key factors influencing cancer risk as well as their application to assess the effectiveness of exposure intervention and chemoprevention protocols. The use of these biomarkers to understand individual susceptibility to the harmful effects of tobacco products is a powerful example of the value of this type of research and has provided key data confirming the link between tobacco smoke exposure and cancer risk. Furthermore, this information has led to policy changes that have reduced tobacco use and consequently, the tobacco-related cancer burden. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry led to the ability to detect DNA damage in human tissues as well as the development of adductomic approaches. These new methods allowed for the detection of DNA adducts in tissues from patients with cancer, providing key evidence that exposure to carcinogens leads to DNA damage in the target tissue. These advances will provide valuable insights into the etiologic causes of cancer that are not tobacco-related.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention.”
Chronic Therapy with Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide Does Not Affect Iron and Anemia Markers in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Lioulios Georgios , Stangou Maria , Sarafidis Pantelis A. , Tsouchnikas Ioannis , Minasidis Ilias , Vainas Andreas , Faitatzidou Danai , Sampani Erasmia , Papagianni Aikaterini 
Published: February 2020

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SOH) is an iron-based phosphate binder (PB), and its use has been widely expanded since its initial approval in 2014. Based on the existing data, however, it remains yet unclear whether its long-term administration is followed by iron overload in dialysis patients. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the longstanding effects of SOH on the anemia and iron indices in patients on dialysis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 110 patients from 3 dialysis centers were included in the study; 49 were under chronic treatment with SOH (cohort A), while 61 were either receiving other PB or no treatment for hyperphosphatemia (cohort B). We initially compared the hematologic profile of patients in 2 cohorts (phase I), and subsequently, we evaluated modifications of the above parameters in the SOH treated patients over a period of 6 months (phase II). <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were no statistically significant differences between 2 cohorts in terms of hemoglobin (Hb; 11.4 ± 1.3 vs. 11.6 ± 0.9 g/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.375), ferritin (473 ± 230 vs. 436 ± 235 ng/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.419) and transferrin saturation (TSAT;26.6 ± 13.2 vs. 26.5 ± 10.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.675), serum phosphate concentration (4.57 ± 1.05 vs. 4.3 ± 0.96 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = ns), and intact PTH (286 ± 313 vs. 239 ± 296 pg/mL, <i>p</i> = ns). Marginally, but significantly higher calcium levels were found in cohort A compared to cohort B (9.18 ± 0.58 vs. 8.9 ± 0.51 mg/dL, respectively, <i>p</i> = 0.008). In phase II, no significant changes were observed in hematological parameters after a 6-month treatment with SOH (Hb: from 11.5 ± 1.1 to 11.4 ± 1.3 g/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.4, serum ferritin levels: from 475 ± 264 to 473 ± 230 ng/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.951, TSAT: from 26.5 ± 16.7 to 26.6 ± 13.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.933). There were also no significant changes in the administration of iron supplements or erythropoietin dose during this period. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> SOH is an effective PB, and its long-term use is not complicated by iron overload.
HEALTHY POPULATION STUDY – OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP GLOBAL CITIZENS AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Fedoniuk L. Ya. , Burgess-Pinto E. , Yastremska S. , Shumka C. 
Published: February 2020

The aim of the work. Cooperation between MacEwan University and I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in the realization of the educational programme of Public Health.
Materials and Methods. 23 students of the MacEwan University Nursing Faculty (including Canada, Ghana, Nigeria, and India) spent one week at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University (TNMU). The work of students and teachers was focused on interactive learning of questions of global/planetary health issues and included flipped classroom format, seminars, team-based learning and field clinics coordinated by MacEwan faculty members in partnership with the TNMU members.
Results and Discussion. Cooperation between TNMU and MacEwan University corresponds to the strategy of the MacEwan University Nursing Faculty: Nurses making a difference in the health of global communities and mission: transformative learning in nursing education and professional practice. The educational course was organized to the students to align with three essential components of planetary health: relationality, sustainability, and ways of knowing. Through interactive learning in an international setting, students developed a shared understanding of how people relate to each other and to their environments, compared Canadian and Ukrainian approaches to the Sustainable Development Goals, and created space for understanding different ways of knowing and how these enhance health and wellbeing. Students visited a variety of health care facilities, including pediatric clinics, mental health hospital, HIV clinic, perinatal centre, orphanages, and rehabilitation centres.
Conclusions. Co-creation of the program, and involving Ukrainian students offers opportunities to examine and change nursing education and professional practice. The face-to-face format of the trip is invaluable in enhancing emotional and informal learning as well as developing capacity as global citizens. The course provides an excellent foundation for students who wish to pursue graduate studies in global health either in Nursing or in Public Health.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРОКСИДНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ У СИРОВАТЦІ КРОВІ Й ГОМОГЕНАТАХ ТКАНИН ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ВПЛИВУ СТРЕСОВИХ ЧИННИКІВ
Authors: Dziubak S. R. , Orel M. A. 
Published: February 2020

Мета роботи. Проаналізувати рівень активних продуктів тіобарбітурової кислоти в крові й гомогенаті тканин щурів за умови дії стресових чинників та їх комбінації.
Матеріали і методи. Досліди проведено на 54 білих статевозрілих нелінійних щурах-самцях масою 200–220 г. Тварин поділили на 5 груп: перша – контрольна група (n=6), друга – хронічний вплив тютюнового диму (n=12), третя – хронічна інтоксикація чорним листковим чаєм (n=12), четверта – хронічний іммобілізаційний стрес (n=12), п’ята – комбінований вплив стресових чинників (n=12). Принцип визначення вмісту ТБК-активних продуктів (ТБК-АП) ґрунтується на тому, що при високій температурі в кислому середовищі малоновий діальдегід реагує з тіобарбітуровою кислотою, утворюючи триметиновий комплекс.
Результати й обговорення. Хронічний вплив тютюнового диму супроводжується активацією пероксидації ліпідів, зокрема максимальні зміни вмісту ТБК-АП спостерігали у гомогенаті легень (у 3,5 раза), при хронічній інтоксикації чорним чаєм – у гомогенаті міокарда (у 3,5 раза), при іммобілізаційному стресі – в гомогенаті шлунка (у 2,9 раза) відносно контрольної групи. За умови комбінованого впливу стресових чинників більш вираженими були зміни відносно ізольованого впливу кожного чинника: у серці (в 6,9 раза), у легенях (в 6,3 раза), у шлунку (в 6,6 раза) та у пародонті (в 5,1 раза) відносно контрольної групи.
Висновки. Комбінований вплив стресових факторів зумовлює активацію процесів вільнорадикального окиснення, що характеризується змінами ТБК-реактантів, зокрема спостерігають більш виражені зміни відносно ізольованого впливу кожного чинника щодо контрольної групи.