bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Development During the COVID‐19 Pandemic Through a Life Course Theory Lens
Authors: Benner Aprile D. , Mistry Rashmita S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 global pandemic and the resulting economic, health, and educational disruptions have upset all aspects of young people’s lives. The pandemic’s reach will likely continue in the near term and as psychological and academic trajectories unfold over time. In this article, we draw on the central tenets of life course theory—intertwined developmental trajectories, linked lives, and stratification systems (Elder, 1998)—to inform understanding of potential adverse effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children’s and adolescents’ adjustment and well‐being, as well as mechanisms and processes that may buffer or exacerbate the pandemic’s negative impact. We review empirical evidence on the impact of previous macro‐level crises (e.g., the Great Recession) to illustrate how life course theory can aid developmental scientists in examining the effects of COVID‐19 on children’s development. We conclude with recommendations for research.
CD40L-stimulated B cells forex-vivoexpansion of polyspecific non-human primate regulatory T cells for translational studies
Authors: Alonso-Guallart P , Llore N , Lopes E , Kofman S-B , Ho S-H , Stern J , Pierre G , Bruestle K , Tang Q , Sykes M , Griesemer A 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs) include treating autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease and induction of transplantation tolerance. For ex-vivo expanded Tregs to be used in deceased donor transplantation, they must be able to suppress T cell responses to a broad range of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Here, we present a novel approach for the expansion of polyspecific Tregs in cynomolgus macaques that was adapted from a good manufacturing practice-compliant protocol. Tregs were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and expanded in the presence of a panel of CD40L-stimulated B cells (CD40L-sBc). Prior to Treg culture, CD40L-sBc were expanded in vitro from multiple major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate macaques. Expanded Tregs expressed high levels of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and Helios, a high percentage of Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) demethylation and strong suppression of naïve T cell responses in vitro. In addition, these Tregs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines and were able to expand post-cryopreservation. Specificity assays confirmed that these Tregs were suppressive upon activation by any antigen-presenting cells (APCs) whose MHC was shared by CD40L-sBc used during expansion, proving that they are polyspecific. We developed an approach for the expansion of highly suppressive cynomolgus macaque polyspecific Tregs through the use of a combination of CD40L-engineered B cells with the potential to be translated to clinical studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report that uses a pool of MHC-mismatched CD40L-sBc to create polyspecific Tregs suitable for use in deceased-donor transplants.
Predictors of OSA following adenotonsillectomy in children with trisomy 21
Authors: Raposo Diogo , Menezes Marco , Rito João , Trindade‐Soares Mafalda , Adónis Cristina , Loureiro Helena Cristina , Freire Filipe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesGiven that 30%‐50% of children with trisomy 21 have persistent obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy, we evaluated whether demographic, clinical and polysomnographic factors predicted persistent OSA and OSA severity after adenotonsillectomy.DesignRetrospective study.SettingSecondary care hospital.ParticipantsRetrospective review of 32 children with the diagnosis of trisomy 21 and OSA by polysomnography who underwent adenotonsillectomy, from January 2010 to December 2018.Main outcome and measureNon‐parametric analysis was used to compare pre‐ and postoperative factors, and regression was used to model persistent OSA and OSA severity.ResultsThirty‐two children were included (17 males, median age 10.00 ± 8.00 years, median body mass index z‐score 0.89 ± 1.25). Overall, adenotonsillectomy resulted in a significant improvement in median obstructive apnoea‐hypopnoea index (oAHI) from 7.5 ± 8.95 to 4.40 ± 4.38 events per hour (P < .001) and in median OSA‐18 score from 85.00 ± 12.00 to 61.00 ± 37.75 (P < .001). Persistent OSA was found in 56.25% of the children. Univariate regression suggests that postoperative OSA‐18 score was associated with persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Preoperative oAHI, preoperative oxygen desaturation index, pre‐ and postoperative OSA‐18 scores correlated with OSA severity after adenotonsillectomy. However, in a multivariate model only the postoperative OSA‐18 score correlated with OSA severity after adenotonsillectomy.ConclusionsAlthough adenotonsillectomy results in a significant improvement of OSA in children with trisomy 21, more than half of the children had persistent OSA. The postoperative OSA‐18 score was associated both with persistent OSA and OSA severity after adenotonsillectomy.
Advances in scarless foetal wound healing and prospects for scar reduction in adults
Authors: Yin Jia‐Li , Wu Yan , Yuan Zheng‐Wei , Gao Xing‐Hua , Chen Hong‐duo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHealing after mammalian skin injury involves the interaction between numerous cellular constituents and regulatory factors, which together form three overlapping phases: an inflammatory response, a proliferation phase and a remodelling phase. Any slight variation in these three stages can substantially alter the healing process and resultant production of scars. Of particular significance are the mechanisms responsible for the scar‐free phenomenon observed in the foetus. Uncovering such mechanisms would offer great expectations in the treatment of scars and therefore represents an important area of investigation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of studies on injury‐induced skin regeneration within the foetus. The information contained in these studies provides an opportunity for new insights into the treatment of clinical scars based on the cellular and molecular processes involved.
Effectiveness of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis‐like lesions and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Sakamoto Susumu , Shimizu Hiroshige , Isshiki Takuma , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Kurosaki Atsuko , Isobe Kazutoshi , Homma Sakae 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPirfenidone treatment can slow decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, its effects for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis‐like lesions (UIP+PPFELL) and UIP with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (UIP+NSIP) are unclear.ObjectivesThe aim of study is to assess pirfenidone effectiveness for UIP+PPFELL and UIP+NSIP.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed data from 58 IPF patients treated with pirfenidone more than 6 months. The outcomes of interest were 6‐month follow‐up pulmonary function test results, progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Treatment was considered effective if FVC decline was <5% during the 6‐month period. We compared clinical characteristics, effectiveness, PFS and OS between patients with typical IPF (n = 32), UIP+PPFELL (n = 12) and UIP+NSIP (n = 14).ResultsData from 58 IPF patients were analysed. At the 6‐month follow‐up examination, treatment was deemed effective for 9 of 14 (64%) UIP+NSIP patients, 6 of 12 (50%) UIP+PPFELL patients and 14 of 32 (44%) patients with typical IPF. The 6‐month decline in FVC before treatment was greater than that after starting treatment in the UIP+NSIP (−210 vs. −57 mL; P = 0.09), UIP+PPFELL (−370 vs. −89 mL; P = 0.001) and typical IPF (−172 vs. −85 mL; P = 0.37). PFS did not significantly differ between the three groups. OS was significantly shorter for UIP+PPFELL (312 days) than for UIP+NSIP (545 days) and typical IPF (661 days).ConclusionsPirfenidone decreased the decline in FVC in patients with UIP+PPFELL and UIP+NSIP, as well as in those with typical IPF. However, outcomes were worse for patients with UIP+PPFELL.
Does the accumulated antiepileptic drug load in chronic epilepsy reflect disease severity?
Authors: Witt Juri‐Alexander , Nass Robert D. , Baumgartner Tobias , von Wrede Randi , Elger Christian E. , Surges Rainer , Helmstaedter Christoph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo ascertain factors that are related to the antiepileptic drug load in epilepsy.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we analyzed a large cohort of conservatively treated patients with epilepsy (n = 1135) and a smaller homogeneous group of presurgical patients with neuropathologically confirmed unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (n = 91). Considered clinical variables comprised (1) presence of an underlying cerebral lesion, (2) onset and (3) duration of epilepsy, (4) seizure frequency, (5) generalized or focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures, (6) ictal impairment of awareness, and (7) a history of convulsive status epilepticus. In the presurgical sample, we additionally considered (8) the degree of pathology (hippocampal neuronal cell densities) instead of (1) presence of a cerebral lesion and (9) an overall rating of epilepsy severity (GASE scale). Drug load was quantified as (a) the number of concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and (b) the total defined daily dose (DDD).ResultsAnalyses disclosed only small correlations between clinical variables and drug load indices. In the conservatively treated cohort, the multiple regression analyses revealed that epilepsy onset, cerebral lesion, history of convulsive status epilepticus, and seizure frequency combined explained only 6%–10% of variance in drug load. Nearly the same variance (5%–8%) could be explained by duration of epilepsy alone. Degree of hippocampal pathology and the epilepsy severity ratings were not related to drug load indices.SignificanceClinical markers of epilepsy severity were only marginally associated with drug load. Findings rather indicate that patients seem to accumulate drugs due to the chronicity of epilepsy. Overall, the drug load remained largely unexplained. The findings nevertheless call for scrutinizing multidrug therapies in patients with long‐lasting epilepsies.
Linking root respiration to chemistry and morphology across species
Authors: Han Mengguang , Zhu Biao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRoot respiration is a critical physiological trait involved in root resource acquisition strategies, yet it is less represented in root trait syndrome. Here we compiled a large dataset of root respiration associated with root chemical and morphological traits from 245 plant species. Our results demonstrated that root respiration correlated positively with root nitrogen concentration (RNC) and negatively with root tissue density (RTD) across and within woody and non‐woody species. However, the relationships between root respiration and specific root length (SRL) and root diameter (RD) were weak or even insignificant. Such root respiration–traits relationships were not completely in line with predictions by the root economics spectrum (RES). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed that root trait syndrome was multidimensional. Root respiration was associated more strongly with the RNC‐RTD axis (the classical RES) than with the orthogonal SRL‐RD axis for woody species, but not for non‐woody species. Collectively, the linkages of root physiological, chemical, and morphological traits provide a better understanding of root trait covariation and root resource acquisition strategies.
Atmospheric happening and weather reasoning: Climate history in South Asia
Authors: Carson Sarah 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSouth Asian scholarship is increasingly approaching the natural world as both an active force in history and an object of sustained human concern. Until recently, where climate had been studied, it was closely associated with maritime trade, scientific racism, extractive imperialism, and discredited environmental determinism. Broadly, two new and opposing frameworks make the terrain of “climate” rich for re‐thinking. First, the expansion of the concept of climate during the first half of the twentieth century from static and localized, to dynamic and global has had repercussions for both critical theory and empirical South Asian history. Second, increased interest in changeable, risky weather has invited focused studies at narrower temporal and geographical scales. Cultural and intellectual histories concerned with particular places connect pluralistic weather rationalities and practices to the livelihoods of diverse communities, including commercial traders and banking interests, sailors and boatmen, small farmers, Sanskrit scholars and astrologers, and professional meteorologists. Taking stock of the competing pulls toward planetary climate and localized weather, this article highlights developments across several subfields and suggests paths forward. It contends that research at the intersection of environmental history (atmospheric happening), and the history of knowledge (weather reasoning) is particularly fruitful for understanding the meanings and effects of human‐environment interactions broadly, and global warming in particular.
Effects of composite binder phase on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine‐grained cemented carbides
Authors: Yu Bin , Wang Zhenhua , Sun Ning , Zheng Kan , Wang Boxiang , Yin Zengbin , Yuan Juntang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn order to develop a new high‐performance binder phase, four different alloys Co‐Ni‐Fe, Co‐Ni‐Cr, Co‐Ni‐Nb, and AlCoCrNiNb0.5 were used as a binder in cemented carbides. The room‐temperature mechanical properties and high‐temperature flexural strength of cemented carbides were studied. The results show that the optimal mechanical properties for the WC‐8(Co‐Ni‐Fe, Co‐Ni‐Cr, Co‐Ni‐Nb, and AlCoCrNiNb0.5) can be obtained at the sintering temperatures of 1200°C, 1350°C, 1350°C, and 1300°C, respectively. Compared with cemented carbides with Co as binder phase, the hardness of the four kinds of alloys is increased, the WC grain size becomes finer, but the fracture toughness is slightly decreased. When the temperature is under 600°C, there is no visible oxidation of the four kinds of cemented carbides, and their bending strengths are basically not reduced. When the temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C, the WC‐8(Co‐Ni‐Nb) and WC‐8(Co‐Ni‐Fe) samples present the better high‐temperature bending resistance compared with the WC‐8(Co‐Ni‐Cr) and WC‐8AlCoCrNiNb0.5 samples, with respective decrease in bending strength of 11.7% and 7.3%.
Sensory characteristics and consumer segmentation of fried sweetpotato for expanded markets in Africa
Authors: Dery Eric K. , Carey Edward E. , Ssali Reuben T. , Low Jan W. , Johanningsmeier Suzanne D. , Oduro Ibok , Boakye Abena , Omodamiro Rachael M. , Yusuf Hauwa L. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryPrepared foods are increasing in popularity in West Africa alongside rapid urbanisation. Growing demand for fried products calls for targeted breeding efforts to meet consumer needs, but little is known regarding consumer preferences. This research identified the sensory attributes of fried sweetpotato preferred by different consumer groups using a combination of consumer acceptance testing and descriptive sensory analysis. Market and community surveys identified three consumer segments in Ghana and Nigeria with contrasting preferences for fried sweetpotato sensory attributes. One group preferred crispy, crunchy, mealy and sweet fried sweetpotato; another preferred characteristic yam flavour and dry texture; and the third preferred uniform orange colour appearance, ripe plantain flavour and palm nutty flavour. Such consumer segmentation can help emerging West African fried sweetpotato industries identify target markets and provides valuable information to breeders, growers and retailers to prioritise attributes in their breeding, growing or product sourcing decisions.
A psychometric evaluation of the Vietnamese version of the Evidence‐Based Practice Attitudes and Beliefs Scales
Authors: Van Giang Nguyen , Lin Shu‐Yuan , Thai Duong Hong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to develop and to test the construct validity and reliability of the Vietnamese versions of the Evidence‐Based Practice Attitude and Evidence‐Based Practice Beliefs scales.MethodsThis is a psychometric evaluation study. Three hundred and fifty‐three nurses and midwives were recruited from a national hospital in Vietnam from September to December 2018. Data were obtained from two scales. Content validity, face validity and construct validity measures were all conducted, whereas exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed from data collected from two cohorts of participants. Cronbach's alpha coefficient represented reliability, and data were analysed in SPSS 20 and AMOS 24.ResultsThe four‐factor model developed with openness, requirements, appeal and divergence factors accounted for 55% of total variance in the Attitude scale. A three‐factor model labelled as value beliefs, knowledge beliefs and resource beliefs with 59% of total variance was explained in the Beliefs scale. Cronbach's α coefficients were .72 for the Attitude scale and .81 for the Beliefs scale.ConclusionsThe two scales could be used to assess Vietnamese nurses' attitudes and beliefs to adopt evidence‐based practice enabling hospitals to align individual and organizational goals for developing evidence‐based practice and enable comparison of the results with international samples.
A branched‐chain amino acid‐based metabolic score can predict liver fat in children and adolescents with severe obesity
Authors: Lischka Julia , Schanzer Andrea , Hojreh Azadeh , Ba Ssalamah Ahmed , Item Chike Bellarmine , de Gier Charlotte , Walleczek Nina‐Katharina , Metz Thomas F. , Jakober Ivana , Greber‐Platzer Susanne , Zeyda Maximilian 
Published: October 2020

SummaryBackgroundEighty percent of adolescents with severe obesity suffer from non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Non‐invasive prediction models have been tested in adults, however, they performed poorly in paediatric populations.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate novel biomarkers for NAFLD and to develop a score that predicts liver fat in youth with severe obesity.MethodsFrom a population with a BMI >97th percentile aged 9‐19 years (n = 68), clinically thoroughly characterized including MRI‐derived proton density fat fraction (MRI‐PDFF), amino acids and acylcarnitines were measured by HPLC‐MS.ResultsIn children with NAFLD, higher levels of plasma branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) were determined. BCAAs correlated with MRI‐PDFF (R = 0.46, p < .01). We identified a linear regression model adjusted for age, sex and pubertal stage consisting of BCAAs, ALT, GGT, ferritin and insulin that predicted MRI‐PDFF (R = 0.75, p < .01). ROC analysis of this model revealed AUCs of 0.85, 0.85 and 0.92 for the detection of any, moderate and severe steatosis, respectively, thus markedly outperforming previously published scores.ConclusionBCAAs could be an important link between obesity and other metabolic pathways. A BCAA‐based metabolic score can predict steatosis grade in high‐risk children and adolescents and may provide a feasible alternative to sophisticated methods like MRI or biopsy in the future.
A framework synthesis reviewing the impact of neonatal care unit admission on early caregiver–infant relationships
Authors: Carton Amelia Myri , Cordwell Jacinta , Steinhardt Karen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsTo critically review and synthesize qualitative research pertaining to the establishment of early caregiver–infant relationships in the neonatal care unit (NCU).BackgroundIt is well‐established that bonding and attachment, established across the prenatal and early childhood periods, affect child cognitive and behavioural development. Proximity, reciprocity, and commitment are key to the formation of these early relationships. It is intuitively likely that an admission to the NCU may affect early reciprocal caregiver–infant relationships.DesignA qualitative best‐fit framework synthesis.Data sourcesA systematic search of four databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, British Nursing Index and CINAHL) was conducted, from January 2000–December 2018.Review MethodsThe RATS quality appraisal tool was used to evaluate study quality. To ensure reliability, 20% of studies were randomly selected for independent rating. A “best‐fit” synthesis approach using an existing framework of early parent–infant attachment and bonding was adopted to synthesize the review findings.FindingsTwenty studies, from an original 3,526 unique articles, were included in the review. Studies varied in the extent to which they demonstrated transparency of procedures and in the quality of recruitment information provided. The meta‐synthesis demonstrated that proximity, reciprocity, and commitment were affected by admission to a NCU and identified that parental reflections on bonding and the role of staff in this process, were important factors to consider.ConclusionsCaregiver–infant relationships are affected by admission to the NCU. The review theoretically supports moves to Family Integrated Care. Units should evaluate caregiver emotional state and consider the role of peer support.ImpactThe synthesis revealed that areas typically implicated in the formation of attachment and bonds were affected by admission to a NCU. Results have implications on the clinical care delivered as part of neonatal care.
Polydatin inhibits ZEB1‐invoked epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in fructose‐induced liver fibrosis
Authors: Zhao Xiaojuan , Yang Yanzi , Yu Hanwen , Wu Wenyuan , Sun Yang , Pan Ying , Kong Lingdong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh fructose intake is a risk factor for liver fibrosis. Polydatin is a main constituent of the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of fructose‐driven liver fibrosis as well as the actions of polydatin are not fully understood. In this study, fructose was found to promote zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) nuclear translocation, decrease microRNA‐203 (miR‐203) expression, increase survivin, activate transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad signalling, down‐regulate E‐cadherin, and up‐regulate fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1), vimentin, N‐cadherin and collagen I (COL1A1) in rat livers and BRL‐3A cells, in parallel with fructose‐induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, ZEB1 nuclear translocation‐mediated miR‐203 low‐expression was found to target survivin to activate TGF‐β1/Smad signalling, causing the EMT in fructose‐exposed BRL‐3A cells. Polydatin antagonized ZEB1 nuclear translocation to up‐regulate miR‐203, subsequently blocked survivin‐activated TGF‐β1/Smad signalling, which were consistent with its protection against fructose‐induced EMT and liver fibrosis. These results suggest that ZEB1 nuclear translocation may play an essential role in fructose‐induced EMT in liver fibrosis by targeting survivin to activate TGF‐β1/Smad signalling. The suppression of ZEB1 nuclear translocation by polydatin may be a novel strategy for attenuating the EMT in liver fibrosis associated with high fructose diet.