bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive task learning via embodied corrective feedback
Authors: Appelgren Mattias , Lascarides Alex 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper addresses a task in Interactive Task Learning (Laird et al. IEEE Intell Syst 32:6–21, 2017). The agent must learn to build towers which are constrained by rules, and whenever the agent performs an action which violates a rule the teacher provides verbal corrective feedback: e.g. “No, red blocks should be on blue blocks”. The agent must learn to build rule compliant towers from these corrections and the context in which they were given. The agent is not only ignorant of the rules at the start of the learning process, but it also has a deficient domain model, which lacks the concepts in which the rules are expressed. Therefore an agent that takes advantage of the linguistic evidence must learn the denotations of neologisms and adapt its conceptualisation of the planning domain to incorporate those denotations. We show that by incorporating constraints on interpretation that are imposed by discourse coherence into the models for learning (Hobbs in On the coherence and structure of discourse, Stanford University, Stanford, 1985; Asher et al. in Logics of conversation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003), an agent which utilizes linguistic evidence outperforms a strong baseline which does not.
Sequence analysis and spatiotemporal developmental distribution of the Cat-1-type transporter slc7a1a in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Ellingsen Ståle , Narawane Shailesh , Fjose Anders , Verri Tiziano , Rønnestad Ivar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCationic amino acid transporter 1 (Cat-1 alias Slc7a1) is a Na+-independent carrier system involved in transport and absorption of the cationic amino acids lysine, arginine, histidine, and ornithine and has also been shown to be indispensable in a large variety of biological processes. Starting from isolated full-length zebrafish (Danio rerio) cDNA for slc7a1a, we performed comparative and phylogenetic sequence analysis, investigated the conservation of the gene during vertebrate evolution, and defined tissue expression during zebrafish development. Whole mount in situ hybridization first detected slc7a1a transcripts in somites, eyes, and brain at 14 h post-fertilization (hpf) with additional expression in the distal nephron at 24 hpf and in branchial arches at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf), with significant increase by 5 dpf. Taken together, the expression analysis of the zebrafish Cat-1 system gene slc7a1a suggests a functional role(s) during the early development of the central nervous system, muscle, gills, and kidney.
In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi
Authors: Khaki Mponya Nolipher , Chanyenga Tembo , Magos Brehm Joana , Maxted Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.
Peacocke on magnitudes and numbers
Authors: Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPeacocke’s recent The Primacy of Metaphysics covers a wide range of topics. This critical discussion focuses on the book’s novel account of extensive magnitudes and numbers. First, I further develop and defend Peacocke’s argument against nominalistic approaches to magnitudes and numbers. Then, I argue that his view is more Aristotelian than Platonist because reified magnitudes and numbers are accounted for via corresponding properties and these properties’ application conditions, and because the mentioned objects have a “shallow nature” relative to the corresponding properties. The result is an asymmetric conception of abstraction, which contrasts with the neo-Fregeans’ but has important tenets in common with an approach that I have recently developed.
Closed sequential pattern mining for sitemap generation
Authors: Ceci Michelangelo , Lanotte Pasqua Fabiana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA sitemap represents an explicit specification of the design concept and knowledge organization of a website and is therefore considered as the website’s basic ontology. It not only presents the main usage flows for users, but also hierarchically organizes concepts of the website. Typically, sitemaps are defined by webmasters in the very early stages of the website design. However, during their life websites significantly change their structure, their content and their possible navigation paths. Even if this is not the case, webmasters can fail to either define sitemaps that reflect the actual website content or, vice versa, to define the actual organization of pages and links which do not reflect the intended organization of the content coded in the sitemaps. In this paper we propose an approach which automatically generates sitemaps. Contrary to other approaches proposed in the literature, which mainly generate sitemaps from the textual content of the pages, in this work sitemaps are generated by analyzing the Web graph of a website. This allows us to: i) automatically generate a sitemap on the basis of possible navigation paths, ii) compare the generated sitemaps with either the sitemap provided by the Web designer or with the intended sitemap of the website and, consequently, iii) plan possible website re-organization. The solution we propose is based on closed frequent sequence extraction and only concentrates on hyperlinks organized in “Web lists”, which are logical lists embedded in the pages. These “Web lists” are typically used for supporting users in Web site navigation and they include menus, navbars and content tables. Experiments performed on three real datasets show that the extracted sitemaps are much more similar to those defined by website curators than those obtained by competitor algorithms.
Railway timetabling: a maximum bottleneck path algorithm for finding an additional train path
Authors: Ljunggren Fredrik , Persson Kristian , Peterson Anders , Schmidt Christiane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present an algorithm to insert a train path in an existing railway timetable close to operation, when we want to affect the existing (passenger) traffic as little as possible. Thus, we consider all other trains as fixed, and aim for a resulting train path that maximizes the bottleneck robustness, that is, a train path that maximizes the temporal distance to neighboring trains in the timetable. Our algorithm is based on a graph formulation of the problem and uses a variant of Dijkstra’s algorithm. We present an extensive experimental evaluation of our algorithm for the Swedish railway stretch from Malmö to Hallsberg. Moreover, we analyze the size of our constructed graph.
New data on agro-pastoral diets in southern Italy from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age
Authors: Arena Fabiola , Gualdi-Russo Emanuela , Olsen Jesper , Philippsen Bente , Mannino Marcello A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe socio-cultural and economic developments that took place from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age are poorly understood, despite the fact that they were essential for the establishment of fully agro-pastoral economies in Europe. In this study, we aim to assess dietary changes in communities living in southern Italy during this period by examining stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios on human bone collagen. In particular, we investigated skeletal remains from seven sites in the southern Italian regions of Calabria (Grotta della Monaca, Grotta di Donna Marsilia and Grotta dell’Antenato), Basilicata (Murgia Timone, Grotta Funeraria and Toppo d’Aguzzo) and Apulia (Ipogeo dei Bronzi) to explore possible variations in diet between different geographic areas and periods. The results of the analysis on bone collagen extracts from 33 human and 12 faunal (sheep, dog, cattle and pigs) specimens attest that the diets of prehistoric southern Italians were mixed and based on the consumption of terrestrial resources, including generally moderate proportions of animal protein (e.g. meat and dairy products) and of C3plants (e.g. cereals and legumes). Minor differences in the proportion of consumed meat are mostly dependent on the nature of regional environments, with individuals from Basilicata relying more on animal protein than those from Calabria and Apulia. Our study provides insights into the dietary habits of southern Italian populations during the prehistoric period that witnessed an increase both in agriculture and in pastoralism.
Increasing LPG production by adding volatile hydrocarbons to reduce import gap in Egypt
Authors: Shahin Ahmed M. , Ghallab Ayat O. , Soliman Ahmed 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) becomes popular in the twentieth century as source of energy, since it is economically feasible to be produced, transported, sold and stored as a liquid fuel. LPG in Egypt is considered one of the most important domestic fuels. Egypt imports half of its LPG fuel demand. Many researches have been developed to increase the production of LPG in Egypt by increasing the productivity of the refineries. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of adding other relatively volatile hydrocarbons as ethane, n-pentane and pentanes’ isomers (iso-pentane and neo-pentane) and/or utilizing relatively volatile oxi-hydrocarbons [mainly dimethyl ether (DME) or dimethyl propane (DMP)] to increase LPG production without affecting its specifications, in order to reduce the import gap of LPG in Egypt. The new LPG mixture is adjusted to meet the Egyptian specifications of LPG (2020). Due to ethane critical properties, it is recommended not to add ethane to LPG since the behavior of ethane cannot be predicted at 50 °C and will be separated inside the LPG bottle. In addition, it will necessitate the increase in LPG butane content. In summer, it is recommended to add i-C5 or 2,2DMP or a mixture of both to LPG (depending on the cost). In winter, it is recommended to add 2,2DMP or a mixture of 2,2DMP with i-C5 to LPG (depending on the cost). Adding DME to LPG with any percentage will decrease the heating value below the Egyptian heating value specifications (2020). Adding neo-pentane to LPG is more preferable than DME, since the heating value of neo-pentane is higher than that of DME. Also, the production cost of the neo-pentane is lower than that of DME.
Influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 influenza season: a retrospective multicentre cohort study in central Germany
Authors: Rößler Steve , Ankert Juliane , Baier Michael , Pletz Mathias W. , Hagel Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of this retrospective cohort study at eight hospitals in Germany was to specify influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 flu season, which was the strongest in Germany in the past 30 years. A total of 1560 patients were included in the study. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 6.7% (n = 103), in patients treated in the intensive care unit (n = 161) mortality was 22.4%. The proportion of deceased patients per hospital was between 0% and 7.0%. Influenza was the immediate cause of death in 82.8% (n = 82) of the decedents.
New strategy for reducing the EHL friction in steel contacts using additive-formed oleophobic boundary films
Authors: Kalin Mitjan , Kus Maja 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this study we present a mechanism for the elastohydrodynamic (EHD) friction reduction in steel/steel contacts, which occurs due to the formation of oleophobic surface boundary layers from common boundary-lubrication additives. Several simple organic additives (amine, alcohol, amide, and fatty acid) with different molecular structures were employed as the model additives. It was found that the stronger chemisorption at 100 °C, rather than the physisorption at 25 °C, is more effective in friction reduction, which reaches 22%. What is more, EHD friction reduction was obtained in steel/steel contacts without use of the diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings with their wetting or thermal effect, which was previously suggested as possible EHD friction reduction mechanism; yet about the same friction reduction of about 20% was obtained here—but with much simpler and less expensive technology, namely with the adsorbed oleophobic surface layers. A small variation in the additive’s molecular structure results in significant changes to the friction, indicating good potential in future EHD lubrication technology, where these additives could be designed and well optimised for notable reduction of the friction losses in the EHD regime.
Subcritical crack growth parameters in glass as a function of environmental conditions
Authors: Brokmann Christopher , Kolling Stefan , Schneider Jens 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the present work, subcritical crack growth in soda–lime silicate glass is investigated under different environmental conditions. Crack growth parameters as a function of temperature and humidity were determined by dynamic fatigue tests, which has been verified by using the in-situ method of filming crack growth during experiments. The specimens were pre-damaged for constant initial crack lengths in all specimens using the Vickers indentation test. The determined parameters were compared with those from literature in order to discuss existing deviations of sub-critical crack growth parameters in literature. These deviations may be caused by environmental conditions and different chemical compositions of the glass. Arrest lines were used to determine the ratio of crack width to crack depth in Vickers indented specimens. For the initial crack depth, images of fracture surfaces were taken using an scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the influence of humidity and temperature on the failure stress of unindented specimens with a constant initial crack length was simulated.
Measurement and Modeling of Both Distant and Close Electric Fields of an M‐Component in Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Li Quanxin , Rachidi Farhad , Rubinstein Marcos , Wang Jianguo , Cai Li , Azadifar Mohammad , Mostajabi Amirhossein , Zhou Mi , Fan Yadong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSimultaneous measurements of current and multiple‐station electric fields associated with a 5.4‐kA‐peak M‐component in rocket‐triggered lightning are presented in this study. A close‐range electric field measurement site was located northeast of the triggering site, 195° clockwise from South, at a distance of 78 m, while the distant multiple stations in this study were located southwest of the lightning triggering site (25–48°, clockwise from South) at a distance ranging from 69 to 126 km. Both the fast microsecond‐scale and slow millisecond‐scale pulses were observed at six distant stations. At the close station, the fast pulse was not noticeable. The magnitude and half‐peak width of the fast pulse were in the range of 0.91–1.93 V/m and 2.0–3.0 μs, respectively. The corresponding parameters for the slow pulse were, respectively, in the range of 0.59–1.29 V/m and 20.0–25.1 μs. The time lag between the onset of the channel‐base current and the far electric field of the M‐component was 18 μs. This time lag was used to deduce the ratio of the M‐component channel length and the wave speed. The classical guided wave M‐component model proposed by Rakov et al. (1995,https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01924) to simulate the slow, millisecond‐scale field pulse assumes that neither the incident nor the reflected current wave undergoes attenuation even though the wave propagation occurs along a lossy channel. A modified guided wave M‐component model is proposed in this study in which the M‐component current wave attenuates with an exponential decay. Based on the best agreement achieved between the simulated fields using the modified two‐wave M‐component model and the observed near and far electric fields, the channel length, the M‐component wave speed, and the current attenuation constant were inferred, respectively, as 1.8 km, 1 × 108 m/s, and 3 km. It is shown that the modified guided wave M‐component model is able to reproduce reasonably well the electric fields both at close and far distance ranges.
The Effect of Fertilization on Biomass and Metabolism in North Carolina Salt Marshes: Modulated by Location‐Specific Factors
Authors: Czapla K. M. , Anderson I. C. , Currin C. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe resilience of salt marshes to sea level rise depends on vertical accretion through belowground biomass production and sediment deposition to maintain elevation above sea level. Increased nitrogen (N) availability from anthropogenic sources may stimulate aboveground biomass production and sediment deposition and, thus, accretion; however, increased N may also negatively impact marsh accretion by decreasing belowground biomass and increasing net CO2 emissions. A study was conducted in Spartina alterniflora‐dominated salt marshes in North Carolina, USA, to determine how responses to fertilization vary across locations with different physical and chemical characteristics. Pore water residence time, inundation time, and proximity to tidal creeks drove spatial differences in pore water sulfide, ammonium, and dissolved carbon concentrations. Although annual respiration and gross primary production were greater at the creek edge than interior marsh sites, net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was nearly balanced at all the sites. Fertilization decreased belowground biomass in the interior sites but not on the creek edge. Aboveground biomass, respiration, gross primary production, and net CO2 emissions increased in response to fertilization, but responses were diminished in interior marsh locations with high pore water sulfide. Hourly NEE measured by chambers were similar to hourly NEE observed by a nearby eddy covariance tower, but correcting for inundation depth relative to plant height was critical for accurate extrapolation to annual fluxes. The impact of fertilization on biomass and NEE, and thus marsh resilience, varied across marsh locations depending upon location‐specific pore water sulfide concentrations.
Tectonic Evolution and Paleoposition of the Baoshan and Lincang Blocks of West Yunnan During the Paleozoic
Authors: Liu Bingbing , Peng Touping , Fan Weiming , Zhao Guochun , Gao Jianfeng , Dong Xiaohan , Peng Bingxia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetrital zircon U‐Pb dating and Hf isotope analysis have been evidenced to be effective for reconstructing paleography and tectonic evolution of different continental blocks/terranes. Our new detrital zircon U‐Pb and Hf isotopic results combined with literature data for the Paleozoic (meta)sedimentary rocks in the Baoshan and Lincang Blocks provide crucial constraints on the paleogeographic position and tectonic affinity of these blocks during Paleozoic times. The Lincang and Baoshan Blocks were linked with each other during Early Paleozoic times, located on the northern margins of Australia and India in Gondwana, respectively. But a rift‐related ocean basin could likely have existed between these two blocks although they were still attached to East Gondwana during Middle Devonian‐Early Permian times. In contrast, the Simao‐Indochina Block had rifted from East Gondwana at least before the Late Ordovician as reflected by their young age cluster at ~450 Ma that is distinct from the characteristic Pan‐African event (600–520 Ma) in Gondwana. Therefore, the Lincang Block did not represent a continental arc of the Simao Block before the Early Permian, but rather it rifted from the northern margin of Australia Gondwana in the Early Permian and subsequently as an independent block drifted northward to the west side of the Simao Block. Taken together, we propose that the Changning‐Menglian Tethys Ocean was a long‐lived ocean developing successively at least from the Late Ordovician to the Permian and that the southern continuation of the Lincang Block is the Inthanon zone rather than the Sukhothai zone.
Coseismic and Postseismic Crustal Deformation Associated With the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence Revealed by PALSAR‐2 Pixel Tracking and InSAR
Authors: Himematsu Yuji , Furuya Masato 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoseismic and postseismic crustal deformations caused by earthquake episodes are important in understanding the mechanisms of these episodes as well as the fault rheology near an epicentral area. Specifically, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) pixel tracking can depict high‐resolution crustal deformation fields associated with earthquakes and volcanic activities without installing on‐site observation instruments. In this study, we investigate the coseismic and postseismic near‐fault crustal deformations associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence in southwest Japan using ALOS‐2/PALSAR‐2 (Phased Array‐type L‐band SAR‐2) data. Coseismic three‐dimensional (3‐D) displacement fields inferred from PALSAR‐2 pixel tracking data showed 1.6 m of horizontal displacements and 2 m of subsidence at maximum, despite the mainshock focal mechanism that was dominated by strike‐slip components with N‐S extension axes. The locations of large displacement variations along surface ruptures due to the mainshock were almost identical to a region where infrastructure was damaged, thus implying the generation of strong ground seismic waves. By using conventional InSAR stacking, we inferred two independent quasi‐east‐west and quasi‐vertical displacement fields as cumulative postseismic deformations following the mainshock over a period of about 2 years. The near‐fault postseismic deformation represented complicated displacement characteristics that could not be explained by a single physical process. Deformation signals around Aso volcano were interpreted by the effects of postseismic physical processes as well as geological heterogeneous structures.