bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of trapped powder removal and inspection strategies for powder bed fusion techniques
Authors: Hunter Luke W. , Brackett David , Brierley Nick , Yang Jian , Attallah Moataz M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe issue of trapped powder within a part made using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the ‘dirty secrets’ of AM, yet it has not received significant attention by the research community. Trapped powders limit the application of AM for complex geometries, including heat exchangers and dies with conformal cooling channels. Being able to detect and remove trapped powder from the build is a necessary step to avoid downstream processing and performance challenges. In this work, ‘powder challenge geometries’ with complex internal features were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and electron beam selective melting (EBSM) and were used to assess the effectiveness of several powder removal and inspection methods. Hand-held ultrasonic polishing was explored as a powder removal technique and was shown to effectively clear extremely elongated channels that grit-blasting (the current industry standard) cannot clear. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and weighing were used to inspect and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of powder removal techniques on the challenge geometries. Using the lesser known ‘vacuum boiling’ powder removal process and the more common ultrasonic bathing process, trapped L-PBF powder was easily removed from the deep channels. Conversely, trapped EBSM powder was difficult to remove using ultrasonic polishing as the powder was sintered inside the channels. It was shown that the powder recovered by the ultrasonic polishing process had size distributions, surface chemistry, morphology and porosity similar to the virgin powder. It is suggested, on these bases, that the recovered powder could likely be recycled without detrimental effects on the process operation.
Counting Induced Subgraphs: A Topological Approach to #W[1]-hardness
Authors: Roth Marc , Schmitt Johannes 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe investigate the problem $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

of counting all induced subgraphs of size k in a graph G that satisfy a given property $$\varPhi $$
Φ
.
This continues the work of Jerrum and Meeks who proved the problem to be $$\#{{\mathrm {W[1]}}}$$

#

W
[
1
]

-hard for some families of properties which include (dis)connectedness [JCSS 15] and even- or oddness of the number of edges [Combinatorica 17]. Using the recent framework of graph motif parameters due to Curticapean, Dell and Marx [STOC 17], we discover that for monotone properties $$\varPhi $$
Φ
, the problem $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

is hard for $$\#{{\mathrm {W[1]}}}$$

#

W
[
1
]

if the reduced Euler characteristic of the associated simplicial (graph) complex of $$\varPhi $$
Φ
is non-zero. This observation links $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

to Karp’s famous Evasiveness Conjecture, as every graph complex with non-vanishing reduced Euler characteristic is known to be evasive. Applying tools from the “topological approach to evasiveness” which was introduced in the seminal paper of Khan, Saks and Sturtevant [FOCS 83], we prove that $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

is $$\#{{\mathrm {W[1]}}}$$

#

W
[
1
]

-hard for every monotone property $$\varPhi $$
Φ
that does not hold on the Hamilton cycle as well as for some monotone properties that hold on the Hamilton cycle such as being triangle-free or not k-edge-connected for $$k > 2$$

k
>
2

. Moreover, we show that for those properties $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

can not be solved in time $$f(k)\cdot n^{o(k)}$$

f

(
k
)

·

n

o
(
k
)

for any computable function f unless the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) fails. In the final part of the paper, we investigate non-monotone properties and prove that $$\#{{\mathsf {IndSub}}}(\varPhi )$$

#
IndSub
(
Φ
)

is $$\#{{\mathrm {W[1]}}}$$

#

W
[
1
]

-hard if $$\varPhi $$
Φ
is any non-trivial modularity constraint on the number of edges with respect to some prime q or if $$\varPhi $$
Φ
enforces the presence of a fixed isolated subgraph.
An artificial neural network model for the unary description of pure substances and its application on the thermodynamic modelling of pure iron
Authors: Länge Maximilian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this work is to introduce a novel approach for the universal description of the thermodynamic functions of pure substances on the basis of artificial neural networks. The proposed approximation method is able to describe the thermodynamic functions ($$C_{p}(T), S(T), H(T)-H(T_{\mathrm{ref}}), G(T)$$

C
p

(
T
)

,
S

(
T
)

,
H

(
T
)

-
H

(

T
ref

)

,
G

(
T
)

) of the different phases of unary material systems in a wide temperature range (between 0 and 6000 K). Phase transition temperatures and the respective enthalpies of transformation, which are computationally determined by the minimization of the Gibbs free energy, are also approximated. This is achieved by using artificial neural networks as models for the thermodynamic functions of the individual phases and by expressing the thermodynamic quantities in terms of the free network parameters. The resulting expressions are then optimized with machine learning algorithms on the basis of measurement data. A physical basis for the resulting approximation is given by the use of, among others, Planck–Einstein functions as activation function of the neurons of the network. This article provides a description of the method and as an example of a specific application the approximation of the thermodynamic functions of the different phases of pure iron. The article focuses on the problem of the representation of thermodynamic data and their practical application.
Exploring the role of oral microorganisms in the pathogenesis of mucositis by assessing their impact on metabolic activity and reproductive capacity of epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Haverman Thijs M. , Laheij Alexa M. G. A. , Nie Min , Deng Dong M. , Raber-Durlacher Judith E. , de Soet Johannes J. , Rozema Frederik R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Clinical and in vitro studies showed selected oral microorganisms to be related to delayed wound healing and ulcerative oral mucositis. However, it is not known whether this effect is due to reduced metabolism and/or the reduced reproductive capacity of epithelial cells. Therefore, we studied the influence of the oral microorganisms Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida kefyr on cell metabolism and reproductive capacity of oral epithelial cells, aimed to further unravel the pathogenesis of oral mucositis.

Methods
Oral epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of P. gingivalis, C. glabrata, and C. kefyr as mono-infections or mixed together. An MTT assay was performed to determine the effect on cell metabolism. A clonogenic assay was used to study the effect on the reproductive capacity of oral epithelial cells.

Results
The metabolism of oral epithelial cells was reduced when the microorganisms were present in high concentrations: P. gingivalis at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1000 and the Candida spp. at MOI 100. No statistical difference was observed in the ability of a single epithelial cell to grow into a colony of cells between control and P. gingivalis, C. glabrata, and C. kefyr, independent of the concentrations and combinations used.

Conclusion
P. gingivalis, C. glabrata, and C. kefyr lowered the metabolic activity of oral epithelial cells in high concentrations, yet they did not influence the reproductive capacity of epithelial cells. Their impact on ulcerative oral mucositis is likely due to an effect on the migration, proliferation, and metabolism of epithelial cells.
Emerging therapies for PBC
Authors: Chascsa David Maxwell Hunter , Lindor Keith Douglas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrimary biliary cholangitis is an uncommon cholestatic liver disease predominantly affecting middle-aged women. Left untreated, there is a high risk of progression to end-stage liver disease. Few treatment options exist. To date, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are the only medical therapies approved for use, other than symptomatic treatments and liver transplantation, the latter of which is reserved for those developing complications of cirrhosis or with intractable pruritus. UDCA improves outcomes, but many patients do not adequately respond. OCA therapy may improve response, but long-term data are limited. New therapies are desperately needed, but evaluation has been limited by the fact that the disease is heterogeneous, hard end points take years to develop, and there are different criteria in use for determining therapeutic response based on surrogate biomarkers. Fibrates appear to be the most promising new therapy and have beneficially affected surrogate end points and are beginning to show improvement in clinical end points.
Three-year pot culture of Epipactis helleborine reveals autotrophic survival, without mycorrhizal networks, in a mixotrophic species
Authors: May Michał , Jąkalski Marcin , Novotná Alžběta , Dietel Jennifer , Ayasse Manfred , Lallemand Félix , Figura Tomáš , Minasiewicz Julita , Selosse Marc-André 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSome mixotrophic plants from temperate forests use the mycorrhizal fungi colonizing their roots as a carbon source to supplement their photosynthesis. These fungi are also mycorrhizal on surrounding trees, from which they transfer carbon to mixotrophic plants. These plants are thus reputed difficult to transplant, even when their protection requires it. Here, we take profit of a successful ex situ pot cultivation over 1 to 3 years of the mixotrophic orchidEpipacis helleborineto investigate its mycorrhizal and nutrition status. Firstly, compared with surrounding autotrophic plants, it did not display the higher N content and higher isotopic (13C and15N) abundance that normally feature mixotrophic orchids because they incorporate N-,13C-, and15N-rich fungal biomass. Second, fungal barcoding by next-generation sequencing revealed that the proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi (expressed as percentage of the total number of either reads or operational taxonomic units) was unusually low compared withE. helleborinegrowing in situ: instead, we found a high percentage of rhizoctonias, the usual mycorrhizal partners of autotrophic orchids. Altogether, this supports autotrophic survival. Added to the recently published evidence that plastid genomes of mixotrophic orchids have intact photosynthetic genes, this suggests that at least some of them have abilities for autotrophy. This adds to the ecological plasticity of mixotrophic plants, and may allow some reversion to autotrophy in their evolution.
Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014
Authors: Janssen Fanny 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article provides a detailed and overarching illustration of the contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, focusing on changes over time and differences between both European countries and European regions. For this purpose, the sex difference in e0 for 31 European countries over the 1950–2014 period was decomposed into a smoking- and a non-smoking-related part, using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex, and a formal decomposition analysis. It was found that smoking-attributable mortality contributed, on average, 3 years (43.5%) to the 7-year life expectancy difference between women and men in 2014. This contribution, was largest in 1995, at 5.2 out of 9.0 years, and subsequently declined in parallel with the average sex difference in life expectancy. The average contribution of smoking-attributable mortality was especially large in North-Western Europe around 1975; in Southern Europe around 1985; and in Eastern Europe around 1990–1995, when smoking-attributable mortality reached maximum levels among men, but was still low among women. The observed parallel decline from 1995 onwards in the sex differences in e0 and the absolute contribution of smoking to this sex difference suggests that this recent decline in the sex difference in e0 can be almost fully explained by historical changes in sex differences in smoking, and, consequently, smoking-attributable mortality. In line with the progression of the smoking epidemic, the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe are expected to further decline in the future.
A novel learning-based feature recognition method using multiple sectional view representation
Authors: Shi Peizhi , Qi Qunfen , Qin Yuchu , Scott Paul J. , Jiang Xiangqian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn computer-aided design (CAD) and process planning (CAPP), feature recognition is an essential task which identifies the feature type of a 3D model for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). In general, traditional rule-based feature recognition methods are computationally expensive, and dependent on surface or feature types. In addition, it is quite challenging to design proper rules to recognise intersecting features. Recently, a learning-based method, named FeatureNet, has been proposed for both single and multi-feature recognition. This is a general purpose algorithm which is capable of dealing with any type of features and surfaces. However, thousands of annotated training samples for each feature are required for training to achieve a high single feature recognition accuracy, which makes this technique difficult to use in practice. In addition, experimental results suggest that multi-feature recognition part in this approach works very well on intersecting features with small overlapping areas, but may fail when recognising highly intersecting features. To address the above issues, a deep learning framework based on multiple sectional view (MSV) representation named MsvNet is proposed for feature recognition. In the MsvNet, MSVs of a 3D model are collected as the input of the deep network, and the information achieved from different views are combined via the neural network for recognition. In addition to MSV representation, some advanced learning strategies (e.g. transfer learning, data augmentation) are also employed to minimise the number of training samples and training time. For multi-feature recognition, a novel view-based feature segmentation and recognition algorithm is presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve the state-of-the-art single feature performance on the FeatureNet dataset with only a very small number of training samples (e.g. 8–32 samples for each feature), and outperforms the state-of-the-art learning-based multi-feature recognition method in terms of recognition performances.
Mentoring Multi-College Bystander Efficacy Evaluation – an Approach to Growing the Next Generation of Gender-Based Interpersonal Violence Intervention and Prevention (VIP) Researchers
Authors: Coker Ann L. , Davidov Danielle , Bush Heather M. , Clear Emily R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided funding (U01 CE002668) to evaluate bystander program efficacy to reduce gender-based violence on college campuses (Aim 1) and to create a mentoring network (Aim 2) for young campus-based researchers interested in violence intervention or prevention (VIP). While an evaluation of this mentoring program is ongoing, our purpose here was to document the strategies used to create, implement, and begin evaluation of this national multi-college mentoring network. As each public college was recruited into this evaluation named multi-college Bystander Efficacy Evaluation (mcBEE), each college was invited to nominate a researcher interested in receiving mentorship as a mcBEE fellow. Senior faculty with active VIP research careers were recruited as mentors. Mentorship occurred through annual meetings over time (2015–2019), weekly to bimonthly calls or video conferencing with 2–3 other fellows, and a mentor forming a group with 3–4 mentees, termed a hive. The initial focus of hive meetings was 1) creating and maintaining an active daily writing practice and 2) developing productivity plans, to include research, personal, and professional goals. Manuscript and grant writing feedback was provided throughout the network electronically or ‘live’ workshops. Annual surveys were implemented to investigate program efficacy. Our mcBEE team was able to successfully assemble a national network of VIP fellows and provide small group and individualized mentoring. Our ultimate goal was that of supporting our fellows’ own trajectories in gender-based VIP research, teaching, administration, or service. Evaluation of our fellow and mentor cohort is ongoing (2015–2019).
Vowel nasalisation in Scottish Gaelic: No evidence for incomplete neutralisation in initial mutation
Authors: Morrison Donald Alasdair 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe existence of incomplete neutralisation in connection with processes like final devoicing is well-known, but little work exists on typologically more uncommon morphological processes such as Celtic initial mutation. This paper reviews the small existing literature on incomplete neutralisation in initial mutation, showing that no convincing evidence has been found so far, and presents a new nasal airflow study on four speakers of Scottish Gaelic that adds to these negative results.Radical initial /p/ and /m/ in Scottish Gaelic are neutralised to [v] under the lenition mutation. Vowels following radical initial /m/ in Scottish Gaelic may display either categorical phonological nasalisation or gradient phonetic nasalisation. Nasal airflow in items with radical initial /p/ and /m/ is measured in order to determine whether the degree of vowel nasalisation after [v] in lenited forms is sensitive to the identity of the corresponding radical consonant. LME model comparison finds that only categorical phonological nasalisation, and not gradient phonetic nasalisation, may be subject to morphological conditioning. This is at odds with widespread existing findings for processes such as final devoicing, where the gradient phonetic properties of neutralised segments display sensitivity to paradigmatic effects.The absence of incomplete neutralisation in initial mutation is consistent with recent proposals that restrict the types of morphophonological processes that may bring about incomplete neutralisation to highly transparent, phonetically natural processes involving conflict between word-specific morphological pressures and language-wide phonotactic constraints. These findings can inform us about the structure of the mental lexicon and the derivation of morphologically complex forms.
Shape Factor Effect on Inclusion Sedimentation in Aluminum Melts
Authors: Gökelma Mertol , Einarsrud Kristian Etienne , Tranell Gabriella , Friedrich Bernd 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The quality requirements of aluminum products are steadily increasing, and the presence of non-metallic inclusions have a large impact on the quality of aluminum products. Sedimentation is a widely applied technique to remove inclusions and the settling characteristic of particles is one of the most important parameters determining the removal efficiency. The settling characteristics can be modeled analytically through different approaches. A comparison of settling according to the Stokes and Schiller and Naumann drag force formulations was investigated and showed that Stokes drag is relevant for inclusions in aluminum melts. The settling of particles is analytically and experimentally investigated in this study by using a shape factor “K” based on Stokes law and online particle tracking by LiMCA (Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyzer), respectively. The effect of the shape factor on settling velocities was observed clearly and the measured data show considerably slower settling than traditional models, indicating the effect of melt flow due to thermal convection.
Ecological responses of semi-natural grasslands to abandonment: case studies in three mountain regions in the Eastern Alps
Authors: Bohner Andreas , Karrer Johannes , Walcher Ronnie , Brandl David , Michel Kerstin , Arnberger Arne , Frank Thomas , Zaller Johann G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSemi-natural, extensively managed, grasslands are among the most species-rich agroecosystems in Europe. However, they are threatened by abandonment. We investigated the response of semi-natural grasslands to cessation of mowing at ten sites in three UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Switzerland and Austria. We assessed vegetation characteristics, topsoil properties and microbially mediated soil processes by comparing once-a-year mowed with adjacent long-term abandoned grasslands on semi-dry, nutrient-poor, base-rich soils. Plant litter decomposition was determined using standardized substrates (Tea Bag Index). Soil microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Abandonment altered floristic composition by replacing shade-intolerant or low-growing grassland species, in particular character species of the alliance Bromion erecti, with medium- to tall-sized grasses (e.g. Brachypodium pinnatum) and tall herbs (e.g. Laserpitium latifolium). Time since abandonment had an influence on the magnitude of successional changes after abandonment. Cessation of mowing increased above-ground phytomass but decreased plant species richness and evenness. Abandonment increased soil microbial biomass, promoted litter decomposition and led to an increased soil organic carbon, C:N ratio, and inorganic N supply. Our findings also showed that abandoned grasslands dominated by grasses remained shrub- and treeless for several decades.
Old well sidetracking selection standards: Sulige low-permeability gas field, China
Authors: Yuan Yingzhong , Qi Zhilin , Yan Wende , Zhang Ji , Chen Cen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe old well sidetracking technology is an effective means to stabilize production and increase recovery in later stage of gas field development. Based on economical and reservoir geologic parameters of Sulige low-permeability gas field in China, method and procedure of old well sidetracking selection standards are established, which can effectively improve the sidetracking effect and adequately develop remaining gas. Comprehensively considering corresponding economic parameters including sidetracking drilling cost, operating cost, management cost, gas production rate and gas price, recoverable reserve standard of sidetracking well is determined first. According to gas recovery, gas-bearing area, porosity and gas saturation, standards of remaining geological reserve, reserve abundance and gas pay thickness of sidetracking well are obtained. According to extension direction and distribution characteristics of the sand body in research area, numerical simulation conceptual model of typical sidetracking horizontal well is established, and then standards of old gas well production rate and gas cumulative production rate for sidetracking are obtained. According to the standards, well Su 36-6-9CH is selected to be sidetracked as a horizontal well and its development effect is good. The method has important value of popularization and application in similar low-permeability gas reservoir.