bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatology Milestones 2.0: A Roadmap for Competency‐Based Medical Training of Rheumatology Fellows in the 21st Century
Authors: Liebowitz Jason E. , Torralba Karina D. , Kolfenbach Jason , Marston Bethany , Dua Anisha B. , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , McKown Kevin , Battistone Michael J. , Valeriano‐Marcet Joanne , Edgar Laura , McLean Sydney , Gouze Karen R. , Bolster Marcy B. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveSince 2014, rheumatology fellows have been assessed not only based on their ability to provide patient care and possession of medical knowledge but also on their skill in serving as patient advocates, navigators of health systems, and members of a health care team. Such assessments have been carried out through the use of competency‐based milestones from the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). However, a needs assessment has demonstrated interest in more context validity and subspecialty relevance since the development of the ACGME internal medicine (IM) subspecialty reporting milestones. The ACGME thus created a milestones working group, and the present study was undertaken to develop Rheumatology Milestones 2.0 as well as a supplemental guide to assist with implementation.MethodsThe working group, consisting of 7 rheumatology program directors, 2 division directors, a community practice rheumatologist, a rheumatology fellow in training, and a public member who is a rheumatology patient, was overseen by the ACGME vice president for milestones development and met through three 12‐hour, in‐person meetings to compose the rheumatology specialty milestones and supplemental guide within the ACGME Milestones 2.0 project.ResultsInformed by the needs assessment data and stakeholders, the working group revised and adapted the ACGME IM subspecialty reporting milestones to create a rheumatology‐specific set of milestones and a supplemental guide for their implementation.ConclusionThe Rheumatology Milestones 2.0 provides a specialty‐specific, competency‐based evaluation tool that can be used by program directors, clinical competency committees, and others to assess the competencies of rheumatology fellows during training and help measure readiness for independent practice.
A Single‐Mode, Self‐Adapting, and Self‐Powered Mechanoreceptor Based on a Potentiometric–Triboelectric Hybridized Sensing Mechanism for Resolving Complex Stimuli
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Zhu Juan , Evans James W. , Arias Ana C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHuman skin is equipped with slow adapting (SA) and fast adapting (FA) capabilities simultaneously. To mimic such functionalities, elaborately designed devices have been explored by integrating multiple sensing elements or adopting multimode sensing principles. However, the complicated fabrication, signal mismatch of different modules, complex operation, and high power‐consumption hinder their widespread applications. Here, a new type of single‐mode and self‐powered mechanoreceptor that can mimic both SA and FA via seamless fusion of complementary while compatible potentiometric and triboelectric sensing principles is reported. The resultant potentiometric–triboelectric hybridized mechanoreceptor exhibits distinctive features that are hard to achieve via currently existing methods, including single‐mode output (only voltage signal), greatly simplified operation (single‐measurement setup), ultralow power‐consumption (<1 nW), self‐adaptive response behavior, and good capability for resolving complex stimuli. Diverse mechanical characteristics, including magnitude, duration, frequency, applying and releasing speed, can be well interpreted with this single‐mode and self‐powered mechanoreceptor. Its promising application for monitoring object manipulations with a soft robotic gripper is explored. Furthermore, the versatility of the mechanoreceptor for resolving complex stimuli in diverse daily scenarios is demonstrated. This work presents a new design that will significantly simplify the fabrication/operation and meanwhile boost the functionality/energy‐efficiency of future electronic devices and smart systems.
Deterministic Assembly of Single Sub‐20 nm Functional Nanoparticles Using a Thermally Modified Template with a Scanning Nanoprobe
Authors: Meng Yan , Cheng Gang , Man Zaiqin , Xu Ya , Zhou Shuang , Bian Jie , Lu Zhenda , Zhang Weihua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA deterministic assembly technique for single sub‐20 nm functional nanoparticles is developed based on nanostructured templates fabricated by hot scanning nanoprobes. With this technique, single nanoparticles including quantum dots, polystyrene fluorescent nanobeads, and gold nanoparticles are successfully assembled into 2D arrays with high yields. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the key for the high yields is the hot‐probe‐based template fabrication technique, which creates geometrical nanotraps and modifies their surface energy simultaneously. In addition to single nanoparticle patterning, further experiments demonstrate that this technique is also capable of building complex nanostructures, such as nanoparticle clusters with well‐defined shapes and heterogeneously integrated nanostructures consisting of quantum dots and silver nanowires. It opens the door to many important applications.
Amorphous FeOOH Decorated CoSe2 Nanorod Heterostructured Arrays for Efficient Water Oxidation
Authors: Yu Hong , Wang Yonghui , Zhu Chenyu , Jing Yao , Song Qingting , Guan Cao , Du Cheng‐Feng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn meeting the energy demand of green resources, the fabrication of effective yet cheap electrocatalytic active catalysts for the rate‐limiting half reaction, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), of electrochemical water splitting is highly desired. In this study, it is presented that a deliberately deposited amorphous FeOOH layer can drastically promote the electrocatalytic OER activity of CoSe2. Unlike the pristine CoSe2 which is consumed gradually, the amorphous FeOOH layer facilitates the capture and fixation of dissolved Co2+ ions, which is confirmed by the stable element contents during OER process. As a result, a low overpotential of 253 mV (@ j = 40 mA cm−2) is displayed by CoSe2@FeOOH nanorod arrays (NAs) on carbon cloth (CC) with a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1, which are comparable or even lower than the state‐of‐the‐art OER electrocatalysts. In addition, the long‐time durability test indicates the remarkable stability of this material over 20 h. These outcomes provide new perception in design and large scale fabrication of cheap yet effective heterostructured OER catalysts.
Surfactant‐Templated Zeolites: From Thermodynamics to Direct Observation
Authors: Mendoza‐Castro Monica J. , Serrano Elena , Linares Noemi , García‐Martínez Javier 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSurfactant‐templating is a versatile method to introduce tailored intracrystalline mesoporosity in zeolites. This method has been proven to be extremely effective to finely control both the amount of mesoporosity and the size of their mesopores, while maintaining the main features of the original zeolite, such as crystallinity, acidity, and hydrothermal stability. By building on the knowledge generated during the last 30 years in the field of amorphous mesoporous materials, the surfactant‐templating method has been successfully applied to develop intracrystalline mesoporosity into a variety of zeolite structures including FAU, BEA, MOR, LTL, and MFI. The improvement in both the textural and diffusional properties of the zeolite results in excellent catalytic performances in different industrially relevant processes, ranging from fluid catalytic cracking to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. As a result of the excellent catalytic performances shown by the surfactant‐templated mesoporous Y zeolite, this is currently being used in several refineries, being the first industrial and large‐scale application of hierarchical zeolites. In this progress report, the literature regarding the surfactant‐templating method in zeolites is critically reviewed.
Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics: From Lab to Industry
Authors: Wieland Laura , Li Han , Rust Christian , Chen Jianhui , Flavel Benjamin S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in photovoltaics could have significant ramifications on the commercial solar cell market. Three interrelated research directions within the field are crucial to the ultimate success of this endeavor; 1) separation, purification, and enrichment of CNTs followed by 2) their integration into organic solar cells as a photosensitive element or 3) in silicon solar cells as a hole selective contact. All three subtopics have experienced tremendous growth over the past 20 years and certainly the performance of the silicon‐based cells is now rapidly approaching that of those on industrial production lines. With a view to these three research areas, the purpose of this Progress Report is to provide a brief overview of each field but more importantly to discuss the challenges and future directions that will allow CNT photovoltaics to move out of the research lab and into end user technology. These include efforts to upscale CNT purification, improvements in power conversion efficiency, increased light absorption, the identification of new material combinations, passivation strategies, and a better understanding of charge separation and energy transfer within these systems.
Further delineation of MYO18B‐related autosomal recessive Klippel‐Feil syndrome with myopathy and facial dysmorphism
Authors: Altuame Fadie D. , Haldeman‐Englert Chad , Cupler Edward , Al Muhaizea Mohammad A. , Al‐Zaidan Hamad I. , Hashem Mais , Alkuraya Fowzan S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKlippel‐Feil syndrome 4 (KFS4; MIM# 616549) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in MYO18B and comprises, in addition to Klippel‐Feil anomaly (KFA), nemaline myopathy, facial dysmorphism, and short stature. We aim to outline the natural history of KFS4 and provide an updated description of its clinical, radiological, laboratory, and molecular findings. We comprehensively analyzed the medical records of 6 Saudi and 1 American patients (including 5 previously unpublished cases) with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of KFS4. All patients had myopathy of varying severity that followed a slowly progressive or non‐progressive course, affecting primarily the proximal musculature of the lower limb although hand involvement with distal arthrogryposis and abnormal interphalangeal creases was also observed. KFA and characteristic dysmorphic features, including ptosis and bulbous nose, were observed in all but two patients. The causal MYO18B variants were a founder NM_032608.5:c.6905C>A; p.(Ser2302*) variant in the Saudi patients (P1‐P6) and a novel MYO18B homozygous variant (c.6660_6670del;p.[Arg2220Serfs*74]) in the American Caucasian patient (P7). We report the phenotypic and genetic findings in seven patients with KFS4. We describe the natural history of this disease, confirm myopathy as a universal feature and describe its pattern and progression, and note interesting differences between the phenotypes observed in patients with KFA and those without.
Copper‐Mediated Phosphorylation of Arylsilanes with H‐Phosphonate Diesters
Authors: Luo Haiqing , Sun Kai , Xie Qi , Li Xiaolan , Zhang Xiuqi , Luo Xuzhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHerein we report a facile method for the synthesis of arylphosphonates via copper‐mediated the cross‐coupling reaction in the presence of 1, 10‐Phenanthroline and Ag2O. This method features a broad scope with respect to both the arylsilanes and H‐phosphonate diesters. Mechanistically, the reaction is proposed to involve oxidation by phosphinyl radical and reductive elimination process as the two key steps. With the optimized conditions established, various arylphosphonates were obtained up to 74% yield. This protocol is the first example of copper mediated the Ar−P bond formation of various arylsilanes with H‐phosphonates, and this novel methodology expands the applications of low cost and toxicity copper reagent in Ar−P bond construction.
Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Reductive Sulfonylation of α‐Oxocarboxylic Acids with Aryl Sulfonyl Hydrazines
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Hao Shuai , Hu Jingyan , Shen Hongtao , Lai Miao , Liu Pengfei , Xi Gaolei , Wang Pengfei , Zhao Shengchen , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhao Mingqin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA novel and facile synthesis of aryl benzyl sulfones was accomplished for the first time through copper‐catalyzed decarboxylative reductive sulfonylation reaction between α‐oxocarboxylic acids and aryl sulfonyl hydrazines. The protocol proceeds smoothly under simple conditions, and has the advantages of simple operation, high yields and good functional group compatibility. This approach realizes a conceptually novel methodology for aryl benzyl sulfone synthesis under a decarboxylative reductive progress.
Stable Dioxin‐Linked Metallophthalocyanine Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Photo‐Coupled Electrocatalysts for CO2Reduction
Authors: Lu Meng , Zhang Mi , Liu Chun‐Guang , Liu Jiang , Shang Lin‐Jie , Wang Min , Chang Jia‐Nan , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, we rationally designed a series of crystalline and stable dioxin‐linked metallophthalocyanine covalent organic frameworks (COFs; MPc‐TFPN COF, M=Ni, Co, Zn) under the guidance of reticular chemistry. As a novel single‐site catalysts (SSCs), NiPc/CoPc‐TFPN COF exhibited outstanding activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2reduction (ECR; Faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO)=99.8(±1.24) %/ 96.1(±1.25) % for NiPc/CoPc‐TFPN COF). More importantly, when coupled with light, the FECOand current density (jCO) were further improved across the applied potential range (−0.6 to −1.2 V vs. RHE) compared to the dark environment for NiPc‐TFPN COF (jCOincreased from 14.1 to 17.5 A g−1at −0.9 V; FECOreached up to ca. 100 % at −0.8 to −0.9 V). Furthermore, an in‐depth mechanism study was established by density functional theory (DFT) simulation and experimental characterization. For the first time, this work explored the application of COFs as photo‐coupled electrocatalysts to improve ECR efficiency, which showed the potential of using light‐sensitive COFs in the field of electrocatalysis.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition between Dehydroalanines and C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines: Application to Late‐Stage Peptide Modification
Authors: Bao Guangjun , Wang Peng , Li Guofeng , Yu Changjun , Li Yiping , Liu Yuyang , He Zeyuan , Zhao Tiantian , Rao Jing , Xie Junqiu , Hong Liang , Sun Wangsheng , Wang Rui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA non‐catalytic, mild, and easy‐to‐handle protecting group switched 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (1,3‐DC) between bi‐ or mono‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, which afford various quaternary amino acids with diverse scaffolds, is disclosed. Specifically, normal‐electron‐demand 1,3‐DC reaction occurs between bi‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, while inverse‐electron‐demand 1,3‐DC reaction occurs between mono‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines. Above all, the reactions can be carried out between peptides with Dha residues at the position of interest and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, both in homogeneous phase and on resins in SPPS. It provides a new toolkit for late‐stage peptide modification, labeling, and peptide–drug conjugation. To shed light on the high regioselectivity of the reaction, DFT calculations were carried out, which were qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations.
Photoresponsive Prion‐Mimic Foldamer to Induce Controlled Protein Aggregation
Authors: Marafon Giulia , Crisma Marco , Masato Anna , Plotegher Nicoletta , Bubacco Luigi , Moretto Alessandro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProteins reconfigure their 3D‐structure, and consequently their function, under the control of specific molecular interactions that sense, process and transmit information from the surrounding environment. When this fundamental process is hampered, many pathologies occur as in the case of protein misfolding diseases. In this work, we follow the early steps of α‐synuclein (aS) aggregation, a process associated with Parkinson's disease etiopathogenesis, that is promptly promoted by a light‐mediated binding between the protein and a photoactive foldamer. The latter can switch between two conformations, one of which generates supramolecular fibrillar seeds that act as molecular templates able to induce a fast β‐sheet transition for aS monomers that successively undergo fibrillar polymerization. The proposed method represents a powerful tool to study protein aggregation relevant to misfolding diseases in a controlled and inducible system.
Porphyrinic Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for PET‐RAFT Polymerization and Stereolithography
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Shi Xiaobing , Zhang Zhiheng , Kuchel Rhiannon P , Namivandi‐Zangeneh Rashin , Corrigan Nathaniel , Jung Kenward , Liang Kang , Boyer Cyrille 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, porphyrinic zirconium (Zr) MOFs were investigated as heterogeneous photocatalysts for photoinduced electron transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (PET‐RAFT) polymerization of various monomers under a broad range of wavelengths, producing polymers with high monomer conversions, narrow molecular weight distributions, low dispersity and good chain‐end fidelity. Screening of various porphyrinic Zr‐MOFs (Zn) containing Zn‐metalled porphyrinic ligands demonstrated that MOF‐525 (Zn) with the smallest size had the best photocatalytic activity in PET‐RAFT polymerization, due to enhanced dispersion and light penetration. Oxygen tolerance and temporal control were also demonstrated during MOF catalysed PET‐RAFT. Results suggested that the polymerization rates were significantly affected by changing the size and surface area of MOFs, and the heterogeneous MOF photocatalysts could be easily separated and recycled for up to five independent PET‐RAFT polymerizations without an obvious decrease in efficiency. Finally, the MOF photocatalysts were utilized to create three‐dimensional polymeric objects with high resolution via visible light mediated stereolithography in an open‐air environment.
Return to sender: The influence of larval behaviour on the distribution and settlement of the European oyster Ostrea edulis
Authors: Rodriguez‐Perez Ana , Sanderson William G. , Møller Lene Friis , Henry Theodore B. , James Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Benthic marine invertebrates, such as oysters, rely on larval recruitment for their populations to persist. This can be by self‐recruitment to the natal population or recruitment from geographically distant populations.
Marine invertebrate larvae are increasingly understood to influence their dispersal through vertical migrations, based on a combination of responses to external cues and the larvae's ontogenetic stage.
This study examined the larval behaviour of the European oyster Ostrea edulis in laboratory experiments. The aim was to establish if larvae show systematic behaviour that could affect dispersal. Vertical distribution, swimming speeds, and behaviour of O. edulis larvae were quantified throughout their ontogenetic development, and under scenarios of light/dark, food/no food, and two temperatures.
Most O. edulis larvae concentrated at the bottom of the aquarium, independent of developmental stage or treatment, and consistently over time. Larvae behaved actively in ~50% of all bottom observations, indicating a behavioural function other than resting. At the surface, larvae frequently formed aggregations. In the water column, larvae swam with high vertical directionality and their distribution was homogenous. Swimming speeds ranged from 0.001 to 9.07 mm s−1.
Advection close to the seabed is slower than in any other part of the water column. The demersal preference of O. edulis may be targeted towards increasing the likelihood of self‐recruitment, which is consistent with the larvae's preference to settle in the presence of conspecifics. Stronger hydrodynamic environments are likely to override the larvae's demersal behaviour. It is recommended to restore European oyster beds at sufficient scale, density, and rugosity to promote retention of larvae within the natal population and minimize larval loss and mortality, as well as to account for the observed behaviours in networks of restoration sites.
Utilization of Unsymmetric Diaryliodonium Salts in α‐Arylation of α‐Fluoroacetoacetamides
Authors: Zaheer Mohd Khalid , Vaishanv Narendra Kumar , Kant Ruchir , Mohanan Kishor 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts as a versatile class of arylating agents has been demonstrated by developing a novel strategy to quickly access α‐arylated α‐fluoroacetoacetamides. The protocol provides a convenient metal‐free method for the α‐arylation of a diverse class of fluorinated acetoacetamides, and the products are obtained in good yields. The strategy, upon use of electron‐deficient diaryliodonium salts as an arylating agent, provides α‐fluoroacetamides through a spontaneous arylation/deacylation cascade.
Combining technology with liquid‐formulated lipases for in‐spec biodiesel production
Authors: Bhatt Chinmayi , Nielsen Per Munk , Rancke‐Madsen Anders , Woodley John M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnzymatic biodiesel production has been at the forefront of biofuels research in recent decades because of the significant environmental advantages it offers, while having the potential to be as effective as conventional chemically catalyzed biodiesel production. However, the higher capital cost, longer reaction time, and sensitivity of enzyme processes have restricted their widespread industrial adoption so far. It is also posited that the lack of research to bring the biodiesel product into final specification has scuppered industrial confidence in the viability of the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the vast majority of literature has focused on the development of immobilized enzyme processes, which seem too costly (and risky) to be used industrially. There has been little focus on liquid lipase formulations such as the Eversa Transform 2.0, which is in fact already used commercially for triglyceride transesterification. It is the objective of this review to highlight new research that focuses on bringing enzymatically produced biodiesel into specification via a liquid lipase polishing process, and the process considerations that come with it.