bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Modalities of Media II: An Expanded Model for Understanding Intermedial Relations
Authors: Elleström Lars 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter is a significantly expanded and improved version of ‘The Modalities of Media: A Model for Understanding Intermedial Relations’ from 2010. It suggests an elaborated theoretical framework for distinguishing the multimodal character of media products, which are understood as those entities and phenomena that make inter-human communication possible. It offers a foundational model for describing and analysing the most basic similarities, differences and interrelations among all conceivable forms of media. The chapter also explains some basic mechanisms for categorising media products into media types and the intricate nature of media borders: how they are identified, construed and crossed. Finally, it broadly discusses two general intermedial perspectives: media integration and media transformation.
Federated Ensemble Regression Using Classification
Authors: Orhobor Oghenejokpeme I. , Soldatova Larisa N. , King Ross D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEnsemble learning has been shown to significantly improve predictive accuracy in a variety of machine learning problems. For a given predictive task, the goal of ensemble learning is to improve predictive accuracy by combining the predictive power of multiple models. In this paper, we present an ensemble learning algorithm for regression problems which leverages the distribution of the samples in a learning set to achieve improved performance. We apply the proposed algorithm to a problem in precision medicine where the goal is to predict drug perturbation effects on genes in cancer cell lines. The proposed approach significantly outperforms the base case.
Explaining Sentiment Classification with Synthetic Exemplars and Counter-Exemplars
Authors: Lampridis Orestis , Guidotti Riccardo , Ruggieri Salvatore 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present xspells, a model-agnostic local approach for explaining the decisions of a black box model for sentiment classification of short texts. The explanations provided consist of a set of exemplar sentences and a set of counter-exemplar sentences. The former are examples classified by the black box with the same label as the text to explain. The latter are examples classified with a different label (a form of counter-factuals). Both are close in meaning to the text to explain, and both are meaningful sentences – albeit they are synthetically generated. xspells generates neighbors of the text to explain in a latent space using Variational Autoencoders for encoding text and decoding latent instances. A decision tree is learned from randomly generated neighbors, and used to drive the selection of the exemplars and counter-exemplars. We report experiments on two datasets showing that xspells outperforms the well-known lime method in terms of quality of explanations, fidelity, and usefulness, and that is comparable to it in terms of stability.
Generating Explainable and Effective Data Descriptors Using Relational Learning: Application to Cancer Biology
Authors: Orhobor Oghenejokpeme I. , French Joseph , Soldatova Larisa N. , King Ross D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe key to success in machine learning is the use of effective data representations. The success of deep neural networks (DNNs) is based on their ability to utilize multiple neural network layers, and big data, to learn how to convert simple input representations into richer internal representations that are effective for learning. However, these internal representations are sub-symbolic and difficult to explain. In many scientific problems explainable models are required, and the input data is semantically complex and unsuitable for DNNs. This is true in the fundamental problem of understanding the mechanism of cancer drugs, which requires complex background knowledge about the functions of genes/proteins, their cells, and the molecular structure of the drugs. This background knowledge cannot be compactly expressed propositionally, and requires at least the expressive power of Datalog. Here we demonstrate the use of relational learning to generate new data descriptors in such semantically complex background knowledge. These new descriptors are effective: adding them to standard propositional learning methods significantly improves prediction accuracy. They are also explainable, and add to our understanding of cancer. Our approach can readily be expanded to include other complex forms of background knowledge, and combines the generality of relational learning with the efficiency of standard propositional learning.
Master integrals for two-loop QCD corrections to quark quasi PDFs
Authors: Chen Long-Bin , Wang Wei , Zhu Ruilin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe compute the master integrals for the two-loop QCD corrections to quark quasi parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the large momentum effective theory (LaMET). With a proper canonical basis, we derive the analytical results for the three families of master integrals using the method of differential equations. The final expressions for the master integrals are given in terms of Goncharov polylogarithms. These results allow us to extract the two-loop short-distant matching coefficients between quark quasi and lightcone PDFs in LaMET, and are valuable to improve the determination of the nucleon PDFs from first principles in future.
Anatomical Distribution of Ochronotic Pigment in Alkaptonuric Mice is Associated with Calcified Cartilage Chondrocytes at Osteochondral Interfaces
Authors: Hughes Juliette H. , Keenan Craig M. , Sutherland Hazel , Edwards Henry R. , Wilson Peter J. M. , Ranganath Lakshminarayan R. , Jarvis Jonathan C. , Bou-Gharios George , Gallagher James A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlkaptonuria (AKU) is characterised by increased circulating homogentisic acid and deposition of ochronotic pigment in collagen-rich connective tissues (ochronosis), stiffening the tissue. This process over many years leads to a painful and severe osteoarthropathy, particularly affecting the cartilage of the spine and large weight bearing joints. Evidence in human AKU tissue suggests that pigment binds to collagen. The exposed collagen hypothesis suggests that collagen is initially protected from ochronosis, and that ageing and mechanical loading causes loss of protective molecules, allowing pigment binding. Schmorl’s staining has previously demonstrated knee joint ochronosis in AKU mice. This study documents more comprehensively the anatomical distribution of ochronosis in two AKU mouse models (BALB/cHgd−/−,Hgd tm1a−/−), using Schmorl’s staining. Progression of knee joint pigmentation with age in the two AKU mouse models was comparable. Within the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist joints, pigmentation was associated with chondrons of calcified cartilage. Pigmented chondrons were identified in calcified endplates of intervertebral discs and the calcified knee joint meniscus, suggesting that calcified tissues are more susceptible to pigmentation. There were significantly more pigmented chondrons in lumbar versus tail intervertebral disc endplates (p = 0.002) and clusters of pigmented chondrons were observed at the insertions of ligaments and tendons. These observations suggest that loading/strain may be associated with increased pigmentation but needs further experimental investigation. The calcified cartilage may be the first joint tissue to acquire matrix damage, most likely to collagen, through normal ageing and physiological loading, as it is the first to become susceptible to pigmentation.
Peri‐operative Mortality Following Cholecystectomy in Australia: Potential Preventability of Adverse Events
Authors: Mansour Laure Taher , Brien Sean , Reid Jessica , Maddern Guy J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundCholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure; however, it is not without risks. It is crucial to constantly audit surgical outcomes in order to improve quality of care. The aim of this retrospective population‐based cohort study is to identify preventable issues of clinical management associated with adverse occurrences in order to reduce mortality of cholecystectomy patients.MethodsData were obtained from the Australian and New Zealand Audit of Surgical Mortality (ANZASM). It encompasses peer‐reviewed first and second line assessments of management of cholecystectomy patients who died from 2005 to 2015 in Australia. Clinical Management Issues (CMIs) were identified from text in assessments and grouped into communication failures, pre‐operative, intra‐operative and post‐operative categories. These were further classified into subthemes using thematic analysis with a data‐driven approach.ResultsThere were 359 deaths in the study period. CMIs were present in 71 cases, with a reported total of 124 concerns or adverse events. Post‐operative CMIs were the most prevalent issue [50% (62/124)], with the most common theme being delay to recognise complications (19/124). Pre‐operative concerns were the second most common (n = 34). Decision to operate was questioned in 14 cases, and delay to surgery was reported in 12 cases.ConclusionANZASM analysis has allowed us to identify modifiable adverse occurrences. This audit shows that delay to recognise complications is the most common assessment recorded. Preventive measures should be taken to improve outcomes and reduce peri‐operative mortality, with an emphasis on post‐operative management and enhancing communication between members of the multidisciplinary team.
Forensic age assessment of the knee: proposal of a new classification system using two-dimensional ultrasound volumes and comparison to MRI
Authors: Herrmann Jochen , Säring Dennis , Auf der Mauer Markus , Groth Michael , Jopp-van Well Eilin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess epiphyseal growth plate closure of the knee for forensic age estimation using an ultrasound (US)-based method and to compare the findings with MRI.

Methods
Thirty-three healthy male individuals (age, 14.4–19.3 years) were prospectively evaluated for epiphyseal growth plate closure of the right knee by recordings of two-dimensional US volumes and a high-resolution T1-weighted MRI sequence. The degree of epiphyseal growth plate closure was rated independently by two readers for each method using a modality specific three-point scale that differentiates between an open physis (S1), a partially closed physis (S2), and a closed physis (S3).

Results
The inter-rater agreement was high for the US (Cohen’s kappa (CK): femur 95.2%, tibia 81.3%, fibula 86.3%) and the MRI method (CK: femur 70.2%, tibia 90.8%, fibula 79.8%). The degree of growth plate closure associated positively with advancing age. The US system showed a clearer separation of median ages with lower overlap than the MRI system. Open growth plates on minors (< S3 on femur and tibia) were identified by US with higher sensitivity (1.0 vs. 0.7) and slightly lower specificity (0.7 vs. 0.85) compared with MRI. The examination time was substantially shorter on US than on MRI (2.65 ± 0.91 min vs. 24.72 ± 2.72 min; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The US method for evaluation of growth plate closure of the knee can reliably assign male individuals to different ossification stages and identifies minors with high accuracy. More studies with larger numbers are needed to further evaluate this method.

Key Points
• US is feasible to determine the degree of epiphyseal growth plate closure of the knee, shows a high degree of reliability, and is comparable to MRI.
• US of the knee can detect open growth plates on male minors with high accuracy.
• US of the knee may be used as a fast, non-invasive imaging tool for forensic age estimation to identify male minors.
Biomechanical assessment of various punching techniques
Authors: Adamec Jiri , Hofer Peter , Pittner Stefan , Monticelli Fabio , Graw Matthias , Schöpfer Jutta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPunches without the use of instruments/objects are a common type of body violence and as such a frequent subject of medicolegal analyses. The assessment of the injuries occurred as well as of the potential of the assault to produce severe body harm is based on objective traces (especially the documented injuries of both parties involved) as well as the—often divergent—descriptions of the event. Quantitative data regarding the punching characteristics that could be used for the assessment are rare and originate mostly in sports science. The aim of this study was to provide physical data enabling/facilitating the assessment of various punching techniques. A total of 50 volunteers took part in our study (29 males and 21 females) and performed severe punches with the fist, with the small finger edge of the hand (karate chop), and with the open hand with both the dominant and the non-dominant hands in randomized order. The strikes were performed on a boxing pad attached to a KISTLER force plate (sampling frequency 10,000 Hz) mounted on a vertical wall. The punching velocity was defined as the hand velocity over the last 10 cm prior to the contact to the pad and ascertained by using a high-speed camera (2000 Hz). Apart from the strike velocity, the maximum force, the impulse (the integral of the force-time curve), the impact duration, and the effective mass of the punch (the ratio between the impulse and the strike velocity) were measured/calculated. The results show a various degree of dependence of the physical parameters of the strikes on the punching technique, gender, hand used, body weight, and other factors. On the other hand, a high degree of variability was observed that is likely attributable to individual punching capabilities. In a follow-up study, we plan to compare the “ordinary” persons with highly trained (boxers etc.) individuals. Even though the results must be interpreted with great caution and a direct transfer of the quantitative parameters to real-world situations is in general terms not possible, the study offers valuable insights and a solid basis for a qualified forensic medical/biomechanical assessment.
Pragmatic reuse for DSML development
Authors: Klikovits Stefan , Buchs Didier 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBy bridging the semantic gap, domain-specific language (DSLs) serve an important role in the conquest to allow domain experts to model their systems themselves. In this publication we present a case study of the development of the Continuous REactive SysTems language (CREST), a DSL for hybrid systems modeling. The language focuses on the representation of continuous resource flows such as water, electricity, light or heat. Our methodology follows a very pragmatic approach, combining the syntactic and semantic principles of well-known modeling means such as hybrid automata, data-flow languages and architecture description languages into a coherent language. The borrowed aspects have been carefully combined and formalised in a well-defined operational semantics. The DSL provides two concrete syntaxes: CREST diagrams, a graphical language that is easily understandable and serves as a model basis, and , an internal DSL implementation that supports rapid prototyping—both are geared towards usability and clarity. We present the DSL’s semantics, which thoroughly connect the various language concerns into an executable formalism that enables sound simulation and formal verification in , and discuss the lessons learned throughout the project.
Anfallssemiologie und Anfallstestung in der EEG-Monitoring-Einheit
Authors: Langenbruch Lisa , Kinney Michael O. , Diehl Beate , Kovac Stjepana 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie genaue Beobachtung und Testung der unterschiedlichen Symptome epileptischer Anfälle trägt entscheidend zur Identifikation der symptomatogenen Zone bei. Diese Informationen sind insbesondere für die prächirurgische Epilepsiediagnostik relevant. Um Anfallssymptome möglichst detailliert zu erfassen, ist eine Testung während der Anfallsaufzeichnung in der EEG-Monitoring-Einheit erforderlich. Eine adäquate Anfallstestung setzt wiederum die Kenntnis der neurobiologischen Grundlagen der unterschiedlichen Anfallssymptome voraus. Der vorliegende Artikel soll eine Übersicht über typische Anfallssemiologien, die Entstehung ihrer Symptome und ihre Testung geben und als Leitfaden insbesondere für Mitarbeiter dienen, die neu in einer EEG-Monitoring-Einheit eingearbeitet werden.
Associations Between Experienced and Internalized HIV Stigma, Adversarial Growth, and Health Outcomes in a Nationwide Sample of People Aging with HIV in Germany
Authors: Drewes Jochen , Langer Phil C. , Ebert Jennifer , Kleiber Dieter , Gusy Burkhard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHIV-related stigmatization and adversarial growth are known to influence health outcomes in people living with HIV. But not much is known how these psychosocial factors are related to each other and how they interact to influence health outcomes. We tested whether the effect of experienced and internalized stigma on mental health and self-rated health is mediated by adversarial growth, and whether each of these factors is uniquely associated with health outcomes. In our sample of 839 people aging with HIV in Germany based on a cross-sectional study design we did not find an indirect effect of experienced HIV stigma on health outcomes and a very small indirect effect of internalized HIV stigma. All variables were significant predictors of health outcomes in multiple regression analyses.
The zone of latent solutions and its relevance to understanding ape cultures
Authors: Tennie Claudio , Bandini Elisa , van Schaik Carel P. , Hopper Lydia M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe zone of latent solutions (ZLS) hypothesis provides an alternative approach to explaining cultural patterns in primates and many other animals. According to the ZLS hypothesis, non-human great ape (henceforth: ape) cultures consist largely or solely of latent solutions. The current competing (and predominant) hypothesis for ape culture argues instead that at least some of their behavioural or artefact forms are copied through specific social learning mechanisms (“copying social learning hypothesis”) and that their forms may depend on copying (copying-dependent forms). In contrast, the ape ZLS hypothesis does not require these forms to be copied. Instead, it suggests that several (non-form-copying) social learning mechanisms help determine the frequency (but typically not the form) of these behaviours and artefacts within connected individuals. The ZLS hypothesis thus suggests that increases and stabilisations of a particular behaviour’s or artefact’s frequency can derive from socially-mediated (cued) form reinnovations. Therefore, and while genes and ecology play important roles as well, according to the ape ZLS hypothesis, apes typically acquire the forms of their behaviours and artefacts individually, but are usually socially induced to do so (provided sufficient opportunity, necessity, motivation and timing). The ZLS approach is often criticized—perhaps also because it challenges the current null hypothesis, which instead assumes a requirement of form-copying social learning mechanisms to explain many ape behavioural (and/or artefact) forms. However, as the ZLS hypothesis is a new approach, with less accumulated literature compared to the current null hypothesis, some confusion is to be expected. Here, we clarify the ZLS approach—also in relation to other competing hypotheses—and address misconceptions and objections. We believe that these clarifications will provide researchers with a coherent theoretical approach and an experimental methodology to examine the necessity of form-copying variants of social learning in apes, humans and other species.
Cultural Heritage and natural disasters: the insurance choice of the Italian Cathedrals
Authors: De Masi Francesco , Porrini Donatella 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGiven the threat of natural disasters to Cultural Heritage, this paper aims to investigate how the use of the insurance instrument contributes to the definition of an adequate risk management strategy. The analysis focuses on the role that insurance can play both by supplying policies covering damage and proactively stimulating prevention behaviors, taking into consideration information imperfections (i.e., adverse selection, moral hazard and charity hazard). Through a survey among Italian Dioceses, data about the diffusion of insurance contracts were collected together with other qualitative and quantitative elements linked to the decisional process of insuring Italian Cathedrals. The empirical analysis shows that the administrators of the Dioceses are aware of the economic value of the cultural assets and in safeguarding the Cathedrals they identify in the insurance system a useful and efficient risk management instrument.
The formation of Coasean institutions to provide university knowledge for innovation: a case study and econometric evidence for Switzerland
Authors: Foray Dominique , Woerter Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract“Coasean” institutions are an alternative institutional form that provides a solution to some market and coordination failures. As such they can weaken considerably the case for public subsidies in a vast range of context. They are “market-based” and an inexpensive way to address the public good issues of R&D. They are, however, a largely overlooked institutional option. Early theoretical notions emphasize the advantages of such an institutional setting, however, broader empirical evidence about their effectiveness is lacking. We apply two different empirical approaches to assess the relationship between “Coasean” institutions and the innovation performance of SMEs. In a case study, we investigateInspire AG, a successful bottom-up, institutional invention in the spirit of a “Coasean” institution. To assess the general validity of this model, we use representative firm-level data to econometrically investigate the relationship between “Coasean” institutions and the sales share of innovative products. “Coasean” institutions are positively related with innovative sales only if the company has a sufficiently large absorptive capacity for external knowledge. This positive moderating effect of “Coasean” institutions for the innovation performance is larger for SMEs. Our empirical findings provide a strong case for policies aimed at encouraging the operation of this type of institution.
Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic
Authors: Karlsson Erik , Neuhausen Jörg , Eichler Robert , Aerts Alexander , Danilov Ivan I. , Vögele Alexander , Türler Andreas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs a step toward licensing a lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) based reactor design, the adsorption behavior of iodine evaporated from LBE on fused silica was examined. Using inert and reducing carrier gases, depositions with an adsorption enthalpy of − 95 to − 113 kJ mol−1 were observed. These depositions are compatible with a single species, tentatively identified as bismuth monoiodide, BiI. When introducing oxidizing conditions, multiple iodine species with higher volatility form, with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 67 to − 86 kJ mol−1. Based on an empirical correlation one of these species was identified as monatomic iodine. This work provides fundamental understanding of the LBE/iodine gaseous chemistry and related adsorption deposition behavior.