bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bandstructures
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction of the various computation techniques for determining bandstructures, their implications and their pitfalls is the scope of this chapter, which ends up with a realistic representation of the bandstructures of semiconductors. Approaches to the calculation of semiconductor bandstructures—tight binding, orthogonalized plane waves, density functional and k · p—are discussed, with an emphasis on the physical implications through toy models. The effective mass theorem and Wannier functions are introduced as tools to explore nonlocalized and localized behaviors. Spin’s consequence in the valence bandstructure through spin-orbit coupling and the Luttinger Hamiltonian is emphasized. Semiconductor bandgap behavior in group IV, group III-V and group II-VI compounds is explored, including those of nitrides and gapless semiconductors, together with insights into the common semiconductors’ electron bandstructures, density of states and van Hove singularities. The chapter concludes with a discussion of phonon bandstructures.
Semiconductor interfaces and junctions
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses understanding interfaces, how bulk state reasoning needs to evolve under the constraints of the surface and how these changes relate to interfaces. Interfaces and junctions connect semiconductors to the world and introduce perturbations of their own. Starting with a discussion of the SiO­­­2-Si interface—an amorphous-crystalline interface—with its local evolution, more general conditions—of metals, insulators and semiconductors—with defect states, induced gap states and Fermi pinning are discussed. Next, neutrality level as a defining idea for the establishment of the electronic behavior of metal-semiconductor and semiconductor-semiconductor interfaces is examined. Crystalline continuity leading to heterostructures with conduction band and valence band discontinuities are developed and related to bulk bandstructure. This allows one to analytically describe and show the junction band diagrams of abrupt and graded junctions. Nitride systems often have a polarized junction, that is, have large polarization—spontaneous and often piezoelectric—whose origin is explored.
Noise
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines noise, another example of cause and chance at work, and an example of the statistical fluctuations in the response arising from random events. Approaches to understanding randomness embedded in signals are discussed along with the notion of ergodic behavior, autocorrelation and the use of the Wiener-Khintchin theorem. Fluctuations and noise in semiconductors are analyzed by exploring charge transport between plates under scattering. The quantum and thermodynamic links at resonance are emphasized. The Nyquist relationship, a very general relationship, is derived. Partition thermal noise under limited channels is explored, and shot noise is discussed. Low frequency noise arising as random telegraph noise due to charge trapping and detrapping is analyzed. Noise in a parameter—resistance, for example—can be due to multiple interactions. An example of this is resistance fluctuation due to mobility and carrier fluctuations, which in many materials can be parameterized through the Hooge parameter.
High permittivity dielectrics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses high permittivity dielectrics such as hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide and how the phonons of such materials, their band and polarization behavior and silicon interact. High permittivity materials are used as dielectrics with semiconductors. A prominent use for these materials is in suppressing tunneling while enhancing the field effect. High permittivity arises strongly from ionic polarization. So, the low frequency response for high permittivity materials is very different from that of silicon dioxide. Transition metal oxides’ high permittivity comes together with soft phonons. With phonons soft, that is of low phonon energy, the interactions and transport behavior of semiconductors can change significantly through a modified Fröhlich interaction, because of the presence of high permittivity materials nearby. These various issues are analyzed.
Compassion in Civic Life
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter completes the therapeutic task by critically examining the impact on compassionate relationships of various forms of healthcare citizenship, from the consumer-citizen to the responsibilised citizen to the cosmopolitan citizen. Reflecting the peregrinatio motif, an associative mode of civic life is advocated in which civic society actors have a pivotal role in forming compassionate relationships and sustaining ‘collaborative deliberation’, primarily locally or regionally. A civic life of this sort shares ‘secular’ time, in which people with differing beliefs and experiences meet in respectful if sometimes critical conversation amidst the plurality of civic life. A key source for developing civic life is the democratic capabilities of health professionals and institutions in modelling and shaping compassionate relationships. In this way, a ‘faithful secularity’ fit for healthcare can emerge, keeping faith and full of faith, interweaving the streams of thought about human suffering whereby compassion is filled with content in practice.
Epilogue
Authors: Hordern Joshua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue is a meditation on old age, combining further policy thinking on compassion and civic life with a reflection on how the terror of social death can be addressed through the life of the body politic and the body of Christ. The chapter sets an agenda for enquiring into three areas of urgent practical concern: (i) why and how the middle-aged and strong who are in government are investing across the different stages of the life-course; (ii) how growing old can be so consciously embedded as part of civic life’s self-understanding as to enable citizens to live in compassionate relationship to the end of their lives; and, (iii), how an innovative democratic professionalism will be important for the way policies and practices are reformed, especially with a view to collaborating with social movements such as churches in their work of diakonia. On this basis, the emphasis on the role of health professionals as innovators can, therefore, be expanded to include innovation in civic life. To the question of what narrative will bring healing and direction to wayfarers and pilgrims in the remains of their days, the response of the church has been a continual meditation on a particular second-person encounter of new birth amidst old age: Lord now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace.
Power and Pleasure
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Power and Pleasure reconstructs life at the court of King John and explores how his court produced both pleasure and soft power. Much work exists on royal courts of the late medieval and early modern periods, but the jump in record keeping under John allows a detailed reconstruction of court life for an earlier period. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 covers hunting and falconry. Material culture forms the subject of Chapter 3, with an emphasis on luxuries such as fine textiles and gold and silver plate. Chapter 4 explores aspects of court life for which less information survives, among them art and music, games and gambling, chivalry and marshal splendour, and sexual activities, including King John’s sometimes coercive pursuit of noblewomen. Chapter 5 concerns religious life at court and a deeply unsuccessful effort to project an image of sacral kingship. Food and feasting are the subjects of Chapter 6. Chapter 7 covers royal castles and other residences, the landscapes in which the court spent time, and ceremonial activities during the court’s rapid itineration around King John’s lands. Power and pleasure are discussed throughout the book, but Chapter 8 focuses on the former, analysing various forms of symbolic communication, gift exchange, and the interaction between new forms of bureaucracy and older forms of soft power. The chapter also addresses why John received so little political benefit from his magnificent court. Chapter 9 compares John’s court to others of his own time and those of previous and subsequent centuries.
Hunting and Falconry
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hunting and falconry were important sources of both power and pleasure. King John had a huge hunting establishment, with hundreds of hunting dogs, scores of birds of prey, and dozens of huntsmen, falconers, and assistants. The costs were high, equivalent to the revenues drawn from the royal forests. Yet earlier scholars, though they often discussed royal forests in detail, generally mentioned the king’s love of hunting only in passing. The chapter describes John’s hunting establishment, compiles its costs, and analyses its purposes. Hunting was an important source of soft power, showing the king’s wealth, magnificence, and capacity for violence. Yet John’s enemies used his preference for hunting over the tournament, and allegedly over warfare, to contest his power and undermine his reputation. Hunting was also for pleasure, as many contemporaries emphasized, and the production of pleasure at court was as important as the production of power.
Aspects of Court Culture
Authors: Thomas Hugh M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of various court activities for which less evidence survives. The king sponsored musicians, entertainers, and learned magistri. He owned fine animals of various sorts, most notably a lion, and surprising numbers of books. He indulged in games and gambling, paid for the dubbing of new knights and other chivalric practices, and even engaged in the occasional romantic gesture. He was also a notorious sexual predator according to chroniclers writing not long after his death. Many of these aspects of court life enhanced John’s reputation and provided him soft power. Often these activities produced power because they produced pleasure among the powerful who attended court. However, John’s pursuit of sexual gratification from noblewomen, sometimes through coercive means, produced a strong backlash that helped put his rule in jeopardy.
Evolution of birds
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolutionary history of birds. It considers the dinosaur origins of birds and the evolution of the modern bird lineages. The development of the modern bird from its prehistoric, reptilian ancestors is analysed by discussion of important fossil specimens, particularly that of Archaeopteryx, and the development of both morphological and biomolecular phylogenies. Evolution by natural selection is explained, as are processes of evolutionary adaptation and speciation. The conservation implications of hybridization are considered and the classification and nomenclature of birds is introduced. Throughout the chapter examples of current research are presented alongside established classic studies to engage the reader and provide a route into the relevant scientific literature.
Feathers and flight
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers two themes: feathers and flight. It takes a close look at the many aspects of feathers—their evolution, structure, growth, maintenance, and their replacement through moult. The broad range of functions of feathers in display (including how different pigmentations arise), for insulation, and in flight are considered. Moult strategies are compared and discussed. The second part of the chapter describes the anatomical adaptations of birds to flight, and the process of flight itself. The basic physics, physiology and metabolism, and energetics of flight are covered in some detail. A review of studies on the neurological control of collision avoidance by flying birds and the implications in relation to wind-farm collision risk is given. The chapter ends with a discussion on the evolution of flight and subsequent flightlessness of some bird species.
Movement: migration and navigation
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using migration and navigation as a focus, this chapter looks at the movements of birds. The genetic, hormonal, and physiological control of migration is analysed as are the evolution of migratory strategies and routes. Particular emphasis is given to fuelling migration and the significance of stop-over behaviours during migratory movements. The conservation implications of migration and of movement in general are considered, and the impact upon migratory fuelling of neonicotinoids pesticides are discussed. Sections examining innate and learned route finding and the migratory cues (sun, stars, magnetic field, etc) used by birds to determine their location, and the direction in which they need to travel to arrive at a goal, are given. The role of memory in place finding and food storage is considered, as is the neurology of spatial memory. Techniques used by ornithologists to study bird movement are explained throughout the chapter.
Reproduction
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the diverse mating systems exhibited by birds are described and explained. The chapter begins with a discussion of anisogamy and resulting behavioural differences exhibited by male and female birds. Sperm competition, sperm storage, and delayed fertilization are discussed and their consequences in terms of reproductive behaviours and systems are explained. Courtship systems and behaviours are discussed. Social monogamy, polygamy, and lekking behaviour are examined and examples of field research are given to support offered hypotheses. Bird song is considered in some detail through discussion of the function of song and of the genetic, neurological, and physiological control of singing. Particular attention is given to the impact of noise pollution on singing behaviour. The chapter concludes with a discussion of chick rearing including brood size management.
Foraging and avoiding predators
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter considers the generalist and specialist diets of birds, and the behaviours and adaptations used by birds to find food. Special attention is given to the threat to birds from plastics pollution and the impact of plastic ingestion. Cooperative foraging and cooperative hunting are discussed as are the behaviours adopted by birds that do not cooperate or share. Feeding behaviour is considered in light of the theory of optimal foraging, particularly in relation to prey choice and to the balancing of risk. The impact of urban living upon the diets and foraging behaviours of birds is discussed. A broad range of predator avoidance behaviours are described and evaluated.
Populations, communities, and conservation
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this final chapter populations, population change, and population regulation are discussed, particularly in the context of threats to species and the conservation strategies employed to protect them. Population size, structure, and distribution in relation to ecology and habitat availability are analysed. The movements and establishment of species through natural range expansion and through introduction are considered in the context of climate change, conservation, and threat. The impact and management of emerging avian diseases is discussed. Extinction, the threat of extinction, and conservation efforts are considered and throughout the chapter the roles of professional and citizen scientist ornithologists are emphasized.
Inequalities
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Wagemann Claudius , Raniolo Francesco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEquality is a multidimensional concept. As regards economic aspects, there is a trend towards more inequality in most countries. Italy and Spain perform worse than the other countries, while France and Germany do better. Poland shows a trend towards more equality since early on in this century. Expenditures on health and education decrease in Italy and Spain with the onset of the crisis. The United Kingdom shows a sharply declining trend in education, a more moderate but still declining expenditure on social protection and more recent decline in health as well, which once was the pride of that system. Thus, overall it is becoming slightly more unequal over time. The economic crisis has been bringing about changes regarding equality in some countries, but less in others. Under conditions of economic recession in the advanced economies, social rights are partially protected through ‘automated stabilisers’. Moreover, when measures of social protection were intensified, this sometimes also entailed a reduction in expenditures for ‘softer’ aspects, such as health and education. As for ethnic aspects, immigration has remained stable over time. Consequently, ethnic equality has not changed seriously. Poland is an exception: especially after 2012 the acceptance of immigration sharply declined. When matching the six countries on the three kinds of inequality, the results are mixed. There is some inconsistency between a form of equality and another one within the same country.
External Explanations
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Piana Daniela , Sottilotta Cecilia E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen checking the influence of European Union empirically, as for inequalities, first, the amount of resources which are devoted to cohesion policy is still negligible. Second, looking at the effects of the crisis and the impact of austerity measures, compounded by significant reforms of the EMU institutional architecture, the six countries under examination were affected to different degrees. Germany was mostly immune to the crisis, and Poland even experienced sustained growth during the crisis years. As a non-member of the Eurozone, the UK was affected by the crisis but retained its monetary sovereignty, and its commitment to austerity with a decline in social protection, healthcare and education cannot be directly traced to EU-level commitments. France avoided a significant overhaul of its welfare system, while Spain and Italy experienced a contraction, especially in the sectors of healthcare and education. As for freedoms, in the case of the possible ‘trade-off’ between the need to guarantee security in the face of domestic and international terrorism and citizens’ right to privacy, the middle ground established by the current EU ‘Privacy Shield’ paradigm leaves several problems unsolved. Moreover, it is essential to mention that the mechanism put in place by Article 7 of the Treaty on the European Union to sanction possible violations of those values and principles, has not been sufficient to stop the current democratic backslides in some member states, notably Poland and Hungary. To sum up, the new scenario seems to depict a more nuanced predominance of the transnational provisions in terms of European freedoms and a reshaping of the domestic-European balance.
Rethinking Democracy?
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses two final questions. First, what are the specific and more general perspectives of the democracies we studied in terms of implementation of the two democratic values? The three patterns developed in Chapter 8 cover almost all the existing empirical possibilities in Europe. Moreover, the external challenges faced by democracies in the early twenty-first century directly affect not only the goods to be delivered (possibly a mix of freedoms and equalities) but also resilience and de-consolidation. We can accept action in defence of rights and institutions and the limits of protest lie in the fact that the related actions cannot violate existing laws. A parallel question is how much the repeal of constraints, legal or of another sort, on the incumbent authorities can be pushed. No doubt, interinstitutional accountability is the necessary cornerstone of a working democracy. Second, what could we do to promote a better, doable, reasonable implementation of the two values? The formula of pursuing broader social cooperation would recall neo-corporatist past solutions, today unfeasible, but still appears as the right social recipe that has not yet been overcome. As seen in Chapter 8, we have to restate that there is a close connection between interinstitutional accountability and protection of freedoms, and, although indirectly, of equalities. Among the rights, the most important one in a democracy is the right to vote, which is grounded on other freedoms that concur to form the voter’s own political opinion. The commitment to combat different forms of disinformation needs to continue in order to provide further meaningfulness to the right to vote. Finally, to craft solid majorities in favour of the strengthening of the welfare state beyond the protection of poverty, we do need to promote a European Union able to complement national and European solidarities.
Tort Law and Redress
Authors: Gold Andrew S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter indicates how the justice in redress covers various tort remedies, including some that are considered hard to explain as reversals of transactions. A key step in the argument is to recognize that there is still justice where wrongs are partially reversed, and not solely in cases where wrongs are fully (or almost fully) reversed. At the same time, remedies such as nominal damages or punitive damages are more difficult to fit into a redress-based model. This chapter explains the extent to which this is a challenge. It also shows how such concerns are explicable within a pluralist picture of private law.
The Eminence Grise
Authors: Boraud Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the cortex communicates with the basal ganglia and the thalamus progressively during the evolution of vertebrates. The telencephalic loop is involved in social behaviour and cognitive processes. In mammals, the telencephalic loop, in which the cortex now replaces the pallium, takes a leading role in controlling behaviour. Thus, the telencephalon, a very minor input of the basal ganglia in anamniots, gradually becomes the main input as evolution progresses. Ultimately, the resulting neural network possesses the same dynamic properties as those described in Chapter 5. The neural network is also able to perform reinforcement learning through the subcortical loop, and also to automatize some skills at the cortical level.
Big Tech and the Digital Economy
Authors: Petit Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To date, world antitrust and regulatory agencies have invariably described large technology companies—such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple, and Facebook—as dominant, bottleneck or gatekeeping companies comparable to the textbook monopolists of the early twentieth century. They have proceeded on this basis to discipline their business activities with unprecedented financial penalties and other regulatory obligations. This “techlash” is the subject of this book. Proceeding from the observation that big tech firms engage in both monopoly and oligopoly competition across digital markets, the book introduces a theory of moligopoly competition. It suggests that rivalry-spirited antitrust and regulatory laws are both conceptually and methodologically impervious to the competitive pressure that bears on big tech firms, resulting in a risk of well-intended but irrelevant policy intervention. The book proposes a refocusing of competition policy towards certain types of tipped markets where digital firms extract monopoly rents, and careful adoption of regulation toward other social harms generated by big tech’s business models.