bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinoic acid receptor γ activation promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into esophageal epithelium
Authors: Koterazawa Yasufumi , Koyanagi-Aoi Michiyo , Uehara Keiichiro , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Aoi Takashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The esophagus is known to be derived from the foregut. However, the mechanisms regulating this process remain unclear. In particular, the details of the human esophagus itself have been poorly researched. In this decade, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have proven powerful tools for clarifying the developmental biology of various human organs. Several studies using hiPSCs have demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) signaling promotes the differentiation of foregut into tissues such as lung and pancreas. However, the effect of RA signaling on the differentiation of foregut into esophagus remains unclear.

Methods
We established a novel stepwise protocol with transwell culture and an air–liquid interface system for esophageal epithelial cell (EEC) differentiation from hiPSCs. We then evaluated the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α, RARβ and RARγ agonist, on the differentiation from the hiPSC-derived foregut. Finally, to identify which RAR subtype was involved in the differentiation, we used synthetic agonists and antagonists of RARα and RARγ, which are known to be expressed in esophagus.

Results
We successfully generated stratified layers of cells expressing EEC marker genes that were positive for lugol staining. The enhancing effect of ATRA on EEC differentiation was clearly demonstrated with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistology, lugol-staining and RNA sequencing analyses. RARγ agonist and antagonist enhanced and suppressed EEC differentiation, respectively. RARα agonist had no effect on the differentiation.

Conclusion
We revealed that RARγ activation promotes the differentiation of hiPSCs-derived foregut into EECs.
Material selection for tooth-supported single crowns—a survey among dentists in Germany
Authors: Rauch Angelika , Schrock Annett , Schierz Oliver , Hahnel Sebastian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to survey dentists in Germany to identify their favored materials for the fabrication of tooth-supported single crowns (SCs) depending on the location of the abutment teeth and the preparation margin.

Materials and methods
The survey included questions regarding demographic characteristics of dentists/their dental practice and preferred restorative materials for the fabrication of SCs for abutment teeth 16, 11, 34, and 36 with either supra- or subgingival preparation margins.

Results
Between August 2019 and February 2020, 721 dentists participated in the survey; responses from 33 dentists were excluded from data analysis because the dentists did not work in Germany or provided less than one fixed dental prosthesis/month. Dentists favored ceramic materials independent of the location of the abutment tooth and preparation margin (56.6–92.2%). CAD/CAM resin composites or full metals were preferred by only a few participants. A significantly higher proportion of dentists recommended porcelain fused to metal for subgingival preparation margins than for supragingival margins (p < 0.001). Characteristics of dentists/dental practices influenced a single scenario (11 subgingival) that was dependent on the dentist’s time since graduation. When asked to specify the ceramic materials, numerous participants wrote a free response (5.7–7.8%) or did not answer (0.7–4.8%).

Conclusions
Dentists in Germany selected restorative materials for SCs depending on the clinical scenario. Since numerous dentists did not specify the ceramic materials, postgraduate information and education might help to extend expertise.

Clinical relevance
The results of this survey provide insight into the favored materials of dentists for the fabrication of tooth-supported SCs.
Usefulness of hemoglobin examination in gingival crevicular fluid during supportive periodontal therapy to diagnose the pre-symptomatic state in periodontal disease
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Numabe Yukihiro , Hashimoto Shuichi , Uehara Sunao , Wu Ya-Hsin , Ogawa Tomohisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
The absence of bleeding on probing (BOP) is a good predictor of disease stability. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) indicates minute signs of periodontal disease, even in BOP (−) cases.

Materials and methods
GCF was collected from gingival sulci of 152 sound maxillary and mandibular teeth from 76 patients who had entered supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) using the split-mouth design. As clinical parameters, plaque index, GCF amount, gingival index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, BOP, and alveolar bone resorption ratio were then recorded. As biochemical parameters, Hb amount, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and protein amount in GCF were measured. Periodontal conditions of diseased sites (PD ≥ 4 mm, BOP (+)) and healthy sites (PD ≤ 4 mm, BOP (−)) were further classified into two groups using the Hb cutoff value determined by PD and BOP and analyzed.

Results
Despite being healthy, ALP activity and protein amount in sulci of the group with Hb level greater than the cutoff value were significantly higher than those in the group with Hb level less than the cutoff value (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
This study indicates that Hb examination is a promising candidate marker of pre-symptomatic periodontal disease because Hb presence in GCF suggests slight tissue damage, even in healthy sites defined as BOP (−).

Clinical relevance
Hb examination of GCF is a powerful diagnostic tool for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of periodontal disease.
Coulometric response characteristics of solid contact ion-selective electrodes for divalent cations
Authors: Han Tingting , Mousavi Zekra , Mattinen Ulriika , Bobacka Johan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe chronoamperometric and coulometric response of solid contact ion-selective electrodes (SCISEs) for the detection of divalent cations was investigated in order to provide a more complete description of the mechanism of the recently introduced coulometric transduction method for SCISEs. The coulometric transduction method has earlier been employed only for SCISEs that were selective to monovalent ions. The SCISEs utilized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS−) as the solid contact (ion-to-electron transducer). PEDOT(PSS) was electrodeposited on glassy carbon and covered with plasticized PVC-based ion-selective membranes (ISMs) that were selective towards divalent cations (Ca2+, Pb2+). In contrast to earlier studies, the results obtained in this work show that the coulometric response for the Pb2+-SCISE was limited mainly by ion transport in the PEDOT(PSS) layer, which was not the case for the Ca2+-SCISE, nor was it observed earlier for the monovalent ions. The exceptional behavior of the Pb2+-SCISE was explored further by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and it was shown that the effective redox capacitance of PEDOT(PSS) was significantly higher for the Pb2+-SCISE than for the Ca2+-SCISE although the polymerization charge of PEDOT(PSS) was the same. The slow transport of Pb2+ in PEDOT(PSS) was tentatively related to complexation between Pb2+ and PEDOT(PSS).
Drivers of abrupt and gradual changes in agricultural systems in Chad
Authors: Nilsson Erik , Becker Per , Uvo Cintia Bertacchi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe countries in the Sahel are undergoing rapid changes due to a mixture of demographic, ecological, and economic transformations. Rural livelihoods in these countries are predominantly engaged in agriculture, which is a foundational component of both food security and the general economy. The relationships between ongoing socio-economic transformation and the agricultural sector are clearly important to address poverty and sustainable development, but have received little academic attention on a subnational level of analysis. This paper addresses this by bringing together new datasets on demography, international aid, food security reports, and soil moisture to analyze the drivers of change in the agricultural sector on a subnational level in Chad. Both regression analyses and qualitative methods based on descriptions in food security reports are used to evaluate the relationships between these datasets to agricultural statistics for the period 1990–2016. It finds that changes to crop water availability from rainfall largely are decoupled from the long-term increases in crop production. On the other hand, it shows that population changes and international aid can explain differences in long-term agricultural changes between Chad’s regions. Moreover, stochastic factors such as farm support programs, market prices, access to new markets, and accommodation of refugees are identified as important to grasp abrupt changes in the crop production. Beyond the specific findings for Chad, this study presents a framework for improved evaluation of the drivers behind subnational crop production on multi-annual and decadal time scales, with broad applicability to agricultural systems in the Sahel.
Lower semicontinuity for the Helfrich problem
Authors: Eichmann Sascha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe minimise the Canham–Helfrich energy in the class of closed immersions with prescribed genus, surface area, and enclosed volume. Compactness is achieved in the class of oriented varifolds. The main result is a lower-semicontinuity estimate for the minimising sequence, which is in general false under varifold convergence by a counter example by Große-Brauckmann. The main argument involved is showing partial regularity of the limit. It entails comparing the Helfrich energy of the minimising sequence locally to that of a biharmonic graph. This idea is by Simon, but it cannot be directly applied, since the area and enclosed volume of the graph may differ. By an idea of Schygulla we adjust these quantities by using a two parameter diffeomorphism of $${{\mathbb {R}}}^3$$

R

3

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Training Chaplains and Spiritual Caregivers: The Emergence and Growth of Chaplaincy Programs in Theological Education
Authors: Cadge Wendy , Stroud Irene Elizabeth , Palmer Patricia K. , Fitchett George , Haythorn Trace , Clevenger Casey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the history of chaplaincy programs in theological education, the content of their curricula, the goals of the programs as described by faculty, and the programs’ approaches to issues of spiritual and religious diversity. It is based on a sample of 21 schools that offer specific chaplaincy education through masters of divinity or masters of arts degrees. We conducted semi-structured interviews with faculty at these schools and reviewed materials from course catalogues and other sources. We found substantial growth in chaplaincy-focused programs in theological schools in the last 20 years as well as the lack of standardization across them that one might expect in a rapidly growing field. The programs mostly developed independent of one another. They have not come to consensus about the skills and competencies chaplains need to do their work and have only engaged in that question across institutions in limited ways. As a group, these programs are also not well connected to clinical chaplaincy training or the day-to-day employment requirements of paid chaplaincy positions. We describe opportunities for collaboration that might strengthen this emerging field and better position it in the changing religious landscape.
Finite element modeling of thermo-active diaphragm walls
Authors: Rui Yi , Yin Mei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere are two major challenges faced by modern society: energy security, and lowering carbon dioxide gas emissions. Thermo-active diaphragm walls have a large potential to remedy one of these problems, since they are a renewable energy technology that uses underground infrastructure as a heat exchange medium. However, extensive research is required to determine the effects of cyclic heating and cooling on their geotechnical and structural performance. In this paper, a series of detailed finite element analyses are carried out to capture the fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical response of the ground and diaphragm wall. It is demonstrated that the thermal operation of the diaphragm wall causes changes in soil temperature, thermal expansion/shrinkage of pore water, and total stress applied on the diaphragm wall. These, in turn, cause displacements of the diaphragm wall and variations of the bending moments. However, these effects on the performance of diaphragm wall are not significant. The thermally induced bending strain is mainly governed by the temperature differential and uneven thermal expansion/shrinkage across the wall.
Methods for co-creating with older adults in living laboratories: a scoping review
Authors: Knight-Davidson Pamela , Lane Pauline , McVicar Andrew 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this literature review is to enhance understanding of methods and processes used in living laboratories, (henceforth living labs), that are concerned with the co-creation of technological and service innovations with older adults. It is relevant to the growing discourse about how to enable the uptake and use of goods and services designed to promote older adults’ independence and how to amplify the potential for economic growth that the demand for such goods and services offers. In this paper, the methods for co-creating with older adults in living labs are explored through a scoping review of the literature. The review utilises a set of tools advanced by Arksey and O’Malley’s (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19–32, 2005) framework, to collect, evaluate and present the available literature and provide a rigorous and transparent analysis to allow other researchers to replicate the study if they so wish. The findings suggest that a broad range of methods (some of which follow user-centred design and participatory research approaches) are used in living laboratories with older people from being observed interacting with products to them having full involvement in design processes and activities. These might be carried out over short, mid or long durations and in a variety of temporary or permanent settings (e.g., personal homes, mock-up homes, community centres). The analysis also points to greater value being placed on those methods that have high and active user involvement in co-creation, in comparison to methods that have lower engagement with users in the process. However, reflecting on the literature, the authors of this paper suggest that when co-creating with older adults, a level of creative thinking might be necessary, particularly in situations where user needs cannot be readily articulated and this may indicate the need for using less active user involvement methods. This review of the literature suggests that inclusive, user-centred approaches are most conducive with ‘needs finding’ and effective ‘co-creation’ with older adults. Moreover, individual living labs can benefit from adopting a repertoire of methods, borrow from other disciplines, and adapt a flexibility of approach for effective co-creation with older adults.
The Road Map to FAME: A Framework for Mining and Formal Evaluation of Arguments
Authors: Baumann Ringo , Wiedemann Gregor , Heinrich Maximilian , Hakimi Ahmad Dawar , Heyer Gerhard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo different perspectives on argumentation have been pursued in computer science research, namely approaches of argument mining in natural language processing on the one hand, and formal argument evaluation on the other hand. So far these research areas are largely independent and unrelated. This article introduces the agenda of our recently started project “FAME – A framework for argument mining and evaluation”. The main project idea is to link the two perspectives on argumentation and their respective research agendas by employing controlled natural language as a convenient form of intermediate knowledge representation. Our goal is to develop a framework which integrates argument mining and formal argument evaluation to study patterns of empirical argumentation usage. If successful, this combination will allow for new types of queries to be answered by argumentation retrieval systems and large-scale content analysis. Moreover, feeding evaluation results as additional knowledge input to argument mining processes could be utilized to further improve their results.
Analysis of Political Debates through Newspaper Reports: Methods and Outcomes
Authors: Lapesa Gabriella , Blessing Andre , Blokker Nico , Dayanik Erenay , Haunss Sebastian , Kuhn Jonas , Padó Sebastian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDiscourse network analysis is an aspiring development in political science which analyzes political debates in terms of bipartite actor/claim networks. It aims at understanding the structure and temporal dynamics of major political debates as instances of politicized democratic decision making. We discuss how such networks can be constructed on the basis of large collections of unstructured text, namely newspaper reports. We sketch a hybrid methodology of manual analysis by domain experts complemented by machine learning and exemplify it on the case study of the German public debate on immigration in the year 2015. The first half of our article sketches the conceptual building blocks of discourse network analysis and demonstrates its application. The second half discusses the potential of the application of NLP methods to support the creation of discourse network datasets.
Answering Comparative Questions with Arguments
Authors: Bondarenko Alexander , Panchenko Alexander , Beloucif Meriem , Biemann Chris , Hagen Matthias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuestion answering platforms such as Yahoo! Answers or Quora always contained questions that ask other humans for help when comparing two or more options. Since nowadays more and more people also “talk” to their devices, such comparative questions are also part of the query stream that major search engines receive. Interestingly, major search engines answer some comparative questions pretty well while for others, they just show the “standard” ten blue links. But a good response to a comparative question might be very different from these ten blue links—for example, a direct answer could show an aggregation of the pros and cons of the different options. This observation motivated our DFG-funded project “ACQuA: Answering Comparative Questions with Arguments” for which we describe the achieved results so far, and ongoing activities like the first shared task on argument retrieval.
A Porous Nano-Micro-Composite as a High-Performance Bi-Functional Air Electrode with Remarkable Stability for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Arafat Yasir , Azhar Muhammad Rizwan , Zhong Yijun , Xu Xiaomin , Tadé Moses O. , Shao Zongping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe development of bi-functional electrocatalyst with high catalytic activity and stable performance for both oxygen evolution/reduction reactions (OER/ORR) in aqueous alkaline solution is key to realize practical application of zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In this study, we reported a new porous nano-micro-composite as a bi-functional electrocatalyst for ZABs, devised by the in situ growth of metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals onto the micrometer-sized Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF) perovskite oxide. Upon carbonization, MOF was converted to porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages and ultrafine cobalt oxides and CoN4 nanoparticles dispersing inside the carbon nanocages, which further anchored on the surface of BSCF oxide. We homogeneously dispersed BSCF perovskite particles in the surfactant; subsequently, ZIF-67 nanocrystals were grown onto the BSCF particles. In this way, leaching of metallic or organic species in MOFs and the aggregation of BSCF were effectively suppressed, thus maximizing the number of active sites for improving OER. The BSCF in turn acted as catalyst to promote the graphitization of carbon during pyrolysis, as well as to optimize the transition metal-to-carbon ratio, thus enhancing the ORR catalytic activity. A ZAB fabricated from such air electrode showed outstanding performance with a potential gap of only 0.83 V at 5 mA cm−2 for OER/ORR. Notably, no obvious performance degradation was observed for the continuous charge–discharge operation for 1800 cycles over an extended period of 300 h.
Effects of Midfrontal Brain Stimulation on Sustained Attention
Authors: van Schouwenburg Martine R. , Sligte Ilja G. , Giffin Michael R. , Günther Franziska , Koster Dirk , Spronkers Floortje S. , Vos Anna , Slagter Heleen A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSustained attention is defined as the ability to maintain attention over longer periods of time, which typically declines with time on task (i.e., the vigilance decrement). Previous studies have suggested an important role for the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in sustained attention. In two experiments, we aimed to enhance sustained attention by applying transcranial electrical current stimulation over the mPFC during a sustained attention task. In the first experiment, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a between-subject design (n = 97): participants received either anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation. Contrary to our prediction, we found no effect of stimulation on the vigilance decrement. In the second experiment, participants received theta and alpha transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in two separate sessions (n = 47, within-subject design). Here, we found a frequency-dependent effect on the vigilance decrement, such that contrary to our expectation, participants’ performance over time became worse after theta compared with alpha stimulation. However, this result needs to be interpreted with caution given that this effect could be driven by differential side effects between the two stimulation frequencies. To conclude, across two studies, we were not able to reduce the vigilant decrement using tDCS or theta tACS.
Weight changes and mobility in the early phase after hip fracture in community-dwelling older persons
Authors: Rosendahl-Riise Hanne , Dierkes Jutta , Ådnanes Svanhild , Skodvin Vilde Aabel , Strand Elin , Ranhoff Anette Hylen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Hip fractures in older persons are associated with reduced mobility and loss of independence. Few studies address the nutritional status and mobility in the early phase after hip fracture. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate weight changes and their effect on mobility during the first two months following hip fracture in community-dwelling older persons without dementia.

Methods
Patients (> 60 years) admitted for a first hip fracture were recruited from two tertiary referral hospitals in Bergen, Norway. The patients' weights and dietary intakes were determined in the hospital and at home after two months. Mobility was assessed based on the New Mobility Score (NMS) (scale 0–9, with values > 5 regarded as sufficient mobility).

Results
We included 64 patients (median age 80 years, 48 women, 16 men) with information on weight collected in the hospital. Follow-up measurements were available for 32 patients, corresponding to an attrition rate of 50%. The patients had a median weight loss of 1.8 kg (IQR = − 3.7, 0 kg). Most of them had reduced mobility at two months after the surgery [median NMS = 5 (IQR = 3–6)]. Both age and the weight change after surgery were predictors of the NMS at follow-up.

Conclusion
Bodyweight loss was observed in three out of four patients in the early phase after hip fracture and was associated with decreased mobility measured by the NMS. The results should be interpreted with caution as half of the patients dropped out of the study and did not participate in the follow-up visit.