bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propranolol for Surgeons in the Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas
Authors: Sinha Shiba , Lloyd Mark Sheldon 
Published: November 2019

Introduction:
Beta-blocker (Propanolol or Timolol maleate) treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IH) is a safe and effective treatment in the outpatient setting. The authors report a single surgeon's initial experience with setting up an outpatient service of beta-blocker treatment for head and neck IH at a tertiary children's hospital.

Methods:
A prospective study of children with head and neck IHs commenced in January 2015 with the end point being December 2018. Each child started either oral propranolol (2 mg/kg/day) or topical Timolol 0.5%.

Results:
Thirty-eight patients commenced a beta-blocker during the study duration. The mean age at time of starting therapy was 9 months (range 3 weeks to 116 months). Four patients were older than 12 months at commencement. The mean duration of treatment was 9 months. The response to treatment was excellent or complete in 29% (n = 11), good in 50% (n = 18) and mild in 10% (n = 4). The non response rate was 10% (n = 4). No major adverse effects occurred but 29% (n = 11) experienced minor side effects.

Conclusion:
Low dose propranolol and topical Timolol is been safe and easy to use for surgeons who may not be regular prescribers or unfamiliar with treating children with IHs with beta-blocker therapy. In patient monitoring is unnecessary and parents can be taught easily to recognise side effects. Treating children from the start builds a trusting relationship with the family before the child requesting cosmetic revision of the fibro-fatty remnant.
Upper Fornix Approach to the Superonasal Intraconal Space: An Experience Including a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Vaidya Aric , Sahu Sabin , Kakizaki Hirohiko , Takahashi Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, we present 2 patients, including 1 pediatric patient, with orbital tumors in the deep superonasal intraconal space, which were approached with upper fornix technique combined with a superior lateral cantholysis. The first patient was a 1-year-old girl who had presented with left upper eyelid retraction since the age of 2 months. Imaging studies revealed an orbital mass in the left postero-superonasal intraconal space. The second patient was a 71-year-old man who complained of decreased vision after cataract surgery in the left eye. Imaging studies revealed an orbital mass in the left superonasal intraconal space surrounding the optic nerve in the posterior orbit. In both the patients, incisional biopsy of the orbital mass with upper fornix approach was performed under general anesthesia. The diagnoses of congenital upper eyelid retraction caused by fibrosis in patient #1 and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in patient #2 were made, after pathological examinations. No significant intra- or postoperative complications occurred during a follow-up period of 10 months and 2 months, respectively.
Does Postauricular Incision Cause Auricula Protrusion After Tympanoplasty?
Authors: Akgül Gökhan , Özgür Abdulkadir , Yemiş Tuğba , Özdemir Doğukan , Ünal Asude , Çelebi Mehmet , Sancaktar Mehmet Eser 
Published: November 2019

Background:
An ear surgery can be performed via transcanal, endaural, or postauricular approach according to the surgeon's desicion. The postauricular one is the most commonly performed approach.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether preferring postauricular approach during ear surgery cause auricular protrusion in over time.

Methods:
Thirty-six patients who underwent tympanoplasty operation with postauricular incision were included in this study. Any patient who was under 18 years of age, those with auricular deformity and patients who underwent tympanoplasty operation with mastoidectomy were excluded from this study. The distances from mastoid area to superior and mid-point of helix were measured preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively.

Results:
A total of 36 patients’ data were analyzed. There were 13 males and 23 females. The mean age was 28.2 ± years (18–59). The preoperative mean distance from mastoid area to superior point of helix was 15.03 ± 2.86 mm, whereas it was 17.92 ± 2.96 mm at mid-helix level. At postoperative 1 year, the same distances were measured 14.67 ± 3.12 mm and 17.25 ± 3.17 mm, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative measures.

Conclusion:
Although the structures that provide the stability of the auricle are cut during postauricular sulcus incision, long-term follow-up of patients did not show any protrusion of auricula.
Dual-site TMS demonstrates causal functional connectivity between the left and right posterior temporal sulci during facial expression recognition
Authors: Sliwinska Magdalena W. , Elson Ryan , Pitcher David 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeuroimaging studies suggest that facial expression recognition is processed in the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). Our recent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) study demonstrates that the bilateral pSTS is causally involved in expression recognition, although involvement of the right pSTS is greater than involvement of the left pSTS.Objective/HypothesisIn this study, we used a dual-site TMS to investigate whether the left pSTS is functionally connected to the right pSTS during expression recognition. We predicted that if this connection exists, simultaneous TMS disruption of the bilateral pSTS would impair expression recognition to a greater extent than unilateral stimulation of the right pSTS.MethodsParticipants attended two TMS sessions. In Session 1, participants performed an expression recognition task while rTMS was delivered to the face-sensitive right pSTS (experimental site), object-sensitive right lateral occipital complex (control site) or no rTMS was delivered (behavioural control). In Session 2, the same experimental design was used except that continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) was delivered to the left pSTS immediately before behavioural testing. Session order was counter-balanced across participants.ResultsIn Session 1, rTMS to the rpSTS impaired performance accuracy compared to the control conditions. Crucially in Session 2, the size of this impairment effect doubled after cTBS was delivered to the left pSTS.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence for a causal functional connection between the left and right pSTS during expression recognition. In addition, this study further demonstrates the utility of the dual-site TMS for investigating causal functional links between brain regions.
Detecting and visualising the impact of heterogeneous evolutionary processes on phylogenetic estimates
Authors: Jermiin Lars S , Lovell David R , Misof Bernhard , Foster Peter G , Robinson John 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMost model-based molecular phylogenetic methods assume that the sequences diverged on a tree under homogeneous conditions. If evolution occurred under these conditions, then it is unlikely that the sequences would become compositionally heterogeneous. Conversely, if the sequences are compositionally heterogeneous, then it is unlikely that they have evolved under homogeneous conditions. We present methods to detect and analyse heterogeneous evolution in aligned sequence data and to examine—visually and numerically—its effect on phylogenetic estimates. The methods are implemented in three programs, allowing users to better examine under what conditions their phylogenetic data may have evolved.
A versatile tiling light sheet microscope for cleared tissues imaging
Authors: Chen Yanlu , Li Xiaoliang , Zhang Dongdong , Wang Chunhui , Feng Ruili , Li Xuzhao , Wen Yao , Xu Hao , Zhang Xinyi Shirley , Yang Xiao , Chen Yongyi , Feng Yi , Zhou Bo , Chen Bi-Chang , Lei Kai , Cai Shang , Jia Jie-Min , Gao Liang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a tiling light sheet microscope compatible with all tissue clearing methods for rapid multicolor 3D imaging of centimeter-scale cleared tissues with micron-scale (4×4×10 μm3) to nanometer-scale (70×70×200 nm3) spatial resolution. The microscope uses tiling light sheets to achieve a more advanced multicolor 3D imaging ability than conventional light sheet microscopes. The illumination light is phase modulated to adjust the 3D imaging ability of the microscope based on the tissue size and the desired spatial resolution and imaging speed, and also to keep the microscope aligned. The ability of the microscope to align via phase modulation alone also makes the microscope reliable and easy to operate. Here we describe the working principle and design of the microscope. We demonstrate its imaging ability by imaging various cleared tissues prepared by different tissue clearing and tissue expansion techniques.
Integrins protect nociceptive neurons in models of paclitaxel-mediated peripheral sensory neuropathy
Authors: Shin Grace Ji-eun , Pero Maria Elena , Hammond Luke A. , Burgos Anita , Galindo Samantha E. , Bartolini Francesca , Grueber Wesley B. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryChemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major side effect from cancer treatment with no known method for prevention or cure in clinics. CIPN primarily affects unmyelinated nociceptive sensory terminals. Despite the high prevalence of CIPN, molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to CIPN are still poorly understood. Here, we used a genetically tractableDrosophilamodel and primary sensory neurons isolated from adult mouse to examine the mechanisms underlying CIPN and identify protective pathways. We found that chronic treatment ofDrosophilalarvae with paclitaxel caused sensory neuron degeneration, altered the terminal branching pattern of nociceptive neurons, and reduced thermal nociceptive responses. We found that nociceptive neuron-specific overexpression of integrins, which are known to support neuronal maintenance in several systems, conferred protection from paclitaxel-mediated cellular and behavioral phenotypes. Live imaging and superresolution approaches provide evidence that paclitaxel treatment causes cellular changes that are consistent with alterations in endosome-mediated trafficking of integrins. We used primary dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures to test conservation of integrin-mediated protection. We show that overexpression of a human integrin β subunit 1 (ITGB1) also prevented degeneration following paclitaxel treatment. Altogether, our study supports conserved mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced perturbation of integrin trafficking and a therapeutic potential of restoring integrin levels to antagonize paclitaxel-mediated toxicity in sensory neurons.
Experimental Determination of the Force of Malaria Infection Reveals a Non-Linear Relationship to Mosquito Sporozoite Loads
Authors: Aleshnick Maya , Ganusov Vitaly V. , Nasir Gibran , Yenokyan Gayane , Sinnis Photini 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlasmodiumsporozoites are the infective stage of the malaria parasite. Though this is a bottleneck for the parasite, the quantitative dynamics of transmission, from mosquito inoculation of sporozoites to patent blood-stage infection in the mammalian host, are poorly understood. Here we utilize a rodent model to determine the probability of malaria infection after infectious mosquito bite, and consider the impact of mosquito parasite load, blood-meal acquisition, probe-time, and probe location, on infection probability. We found that infection likelihood correlates with mosquito sporozoite load and, to a lesser degree, the duration of probing, and is not dependent upon the mosquito’s ability to find blood. The relationship between sporozoite load and infection probability is non-linear and can be described by a set of models that include a threshold, with mosquitoes harboring over 10,000 salivary gland sporozoites being 7.5 times more likely to initiate a malaria infection. Overall, our data suggest that the small subset of highly infected mosquitoes may contribute disproportionally to malaria transmission in the field and that quantifying mosquito sporozoite loads could aid in predicting the force of infection in different transmission settings.Author SummaryMalaria is a leading cause of death in many parts of the world. Infection is initiated when infected Anopheles mosquitoes inject sporozoites as they look for blood. Though transmission is a bottleneck for the parasite and thus a good point for intervention, many aspects of transmission remain poorly understood. In this study, using a rodent model of malaria, we found that less than 20% of infectious bites result in disease, demonstrating that the majority of infective bites do not result in malaria infection. Furthermore, we found that the bites of mosquitoes with heavy parasite burdens are 7.5 times more likely to result in disease. These data have important implications for designing interventions targeting transmission stages of the malaria parasite as they suggest that reducing parasite loads, even without completely eliminating them, could be effective against disease spread. We also found that mosquitoes that probe but do not succeed in finding blood are equally likely to initiate infection, an important finding for human vaccine trials. Together, this work adds to our understanding of malaria transmission dynamics and our capacity to develop malaria elimination strategies.
High-throughput screening of high protein producer budding yeast using gel microdrop technology
Authors: Fujitani Hirotsugu , Tsuda Soichiro , Ishii Tomoko , Machida Masayuki 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe need for protein production has been growing over the years in various industries. We here present a high-throughput screening strategy to isolate high producer budding yeast clones from a mutagenized cell population using gel microdrop (GMD) technology. We use a microfluidic water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method to produce monodisperse GMDs and a microfluidic cell sorter for damage-free sorting of GMDs by fluorescently quantifying secreted proteins. As a result, this high-throughput GMD screening method effectively selects high producer clones and improves protein production up to five-fold. We speculate that this screening strategy can be applied, in principle, to select any types of high producer cells (bacterial, fungal, mammalian, etc.) which produce arbitrary target protein as it does not depend on enzymes to be produced.
A virus hosted in malaria-infected blood protects against T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases by impairing DC function in a type I IFN-dependent manner
Authors: Hassan Ali , Wlodarczyk Myriam F. , Benamar Mehdi , Bassot Emilie , Salvioni Anna , Kassem Sahar , Berry Antoine , Saoudi Abdelhadi , Blanchard Nicolas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCo-infections shape the host immune status, thereby influencing the development of inflammatory diseases, which can result in detrimental or beneficial effects. For example, co-infections with concurrent Plasmodium species can alter malaria clinical evolution and malaria infection itself has the ability to modulate autoimmune reactions but, in both cases, the underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined.Here, we demonstrate that the protective effects of certain rodent malaria strains on T cell-mediated inflammatory pathologies are due to an RNA virus co-hosted in malaria-parasitized blood. We show that live as well as extracts of blood parasitized by P. berghei K173 or P. yoelii 17X YM, confer full protection against Pb ANKA (PbA)-induced Experimental Cerebral Malaria (ECM) and MOG/CFA-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and that this is associated with a strong type I IFN signature. We detected the presence of a viral element, the RNA virus Lactate Dehydrogenase-elevating Virus (LDV), in the protective Plasmodium stabilates and we established that infection with LDV alone recapitulates the protective effects on ECM and EAE. In ECM, we further show that protection results from an IFN-I-mediated reduction in the abundance of splenic conventional dendritic cell and in their ability to produce the Th1-inducing IL-12p70, leading to a decrease in pathogenic CD4+ Th1 responses. In EAE, protection is achieved by IFN-I mediated blunting of IL-12 and IL-23, preventing the differentiation of IFN-γ-, IL-17- and GM-CSF-producing encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells.Thus, our results identify a virus that is co-hosted in several Plasmodium stabilates across the community and has major consequences on the host immune system. Moreover, our data emphasize the importance of considering concurrent infections for the understanding of autoimmunity and malaria-associated inflammatory complications.
Causes of delay in construction projects: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Viles Elisabeth , Rudeli Natalia Carolina , Santilli Adrian 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to perform a quantitative analysis of the literature in order to determine the main causes of delay in construction projects.

Design/methodology/approach
A set of 47 articles from the literature were analyzed, yielding 1,057 different causes of delay. In order to analyze and compare the main causes of delay, their degree of impact was studied statistically. Next, a mention count method was used to determine the primary causes of construction project delays and through the use of Pareto diagrams, the main causes of delays in construction projects were determined.

Findings
It was determined that the three main causes of construction project delay are problems that occur during execution, administrative problems and labor conflicts; together they account for almost 80 percent of the causes found in the literature. Moreover, it was deduced that problems during execution are based on unpredictable events, while administrative problems are rooted in poor cash flow management. In addition, seven sub-groups of delay causes were identified as being major due to the number of mentions detected. These were “Changes during construction,” “Poor construction management,” “Construction errors,” “Economic/Financial,” “Conflict/Relationship” and “Lack of experience.”

Practical implications
This study provides a unique classification method, which was successfully validated, for the causes of construction project delay. Thanks to the classification, designers may use this information as a starting point for designing future construction projects, thereby minimizing the appearance of unforeseen events during construction. Moreover, the results of this study will help project managers be aware of the possible causes of delay that may affect their construction projects. This understanding can help them identify potential risks in the initial phases of the project and allow decisions to be made early before problems arise or the consequences of the deviations become irreparable. The results can also serve as input for the development of future management improvement methodologies that are aimed at reducing costs and ensuring that deadlines are met.

Social implications
Identifying the factors and causes of the delays will allow mitigation actions to be taken in order to avoid delays, which will ultimately allow homes, schools, hospitals and other necessary infrastructure to be delivered on time or even before the planned date.

Originality/value
This study provides a unique classification method that was successfully validated. Thanks to the classification, designers may use this information as a starting point for designing future construction projects, thereby minimizing unforeseen events during construction.
Superfood quinoa: a farmer’s journey into unchartered waters
Authors: Seyyed Fazal Jawad , Butt Moeen Naseer , Malik Osama , Mazhar Rafia 
Published: November 2019

Learning outcomes
The purposes of this study included: recognizing the risks and challenges farmers face when growing a new crop, understanding agricultural marketing and its processes and developing a marketing strategy for a specialty agricultural product, such as quinoa.

Case overview/synopsis
The main focus of this case lies in identifying the risks faced by farmers in growing a new specialty crop and selecting the appropriate marketing strategies for targeting, positioning and channelling an agricultural product.

Complexity academic level
This case can be used in intermediate- to advanced-level marketing courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in universities. It can also be used in agriculture and agribusiness–based courses in the undergraduate, graduate or executive level.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Supplementary materials
Rehman, S.U., Selvaraj, M. and Ibrahim, M.S., 2012. Indian Agricultural Marketing-A Review. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(1), pp.69-75. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Ang, S.H., Tan, C.T. and Leong, S.M., 2018. Marketing Management: An Asian Perspective. Pearson.

Subject code
CSS 8: Marketing
Leading the South African Cuban-trained medical students’ assimilation in the local medical schools
Authors: Zungu Sibongile Brenda , Mathu Kenneth M. , Scheepers Caren Brenda 
Published: November 2019

Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes are as follows: to identify stakeholder groups in an inter-country training intervention and apply contextual intelligence to a leadership role and to apply the theory of constraints in developing solutions to research constraint environments.

Case overview/synopsis
On 10 September 2018, the Director-General (DG) of South African National Department of Health (NDOH) Ms Precious Matsoso pondered over the scheduled meeting that afternoon with the South African Committee of Medical Deans in Pretoria. She was leading the initiative of the integration of the South African Cuban-trained medical students into the local medical schools for the final phase of their studies. She needed to streamline the assimilation process. The case highlights the dilemma to identify actions to improve the level of integration of these students.

Complexity academic level
MBA M Phil in Healthcare Management

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available upon request for educators only. These teaching notes should be shared solely with the instructor and students should not have access to. Please contact your library to gain login or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 10: Public Sector Management
Human migration: managing its increasing complexity
Authors: Erdelen Walter R. , Richardson Jacques G. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the history of human migration till the present day.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors analyze the human movement from pre-hominid times, forming patterns of existence. Thus, ambient sun and water, weather and climate extremes, shelter, food supply, natural or human-made disasters gave rise to Homo sapiens’ wanderlust.

Findings
Despite obstacles, formidable barriers and even perilous deterrents, the species explored and exploited new soils and waters, whether beneficial or destructive of nature’s ample providence.

Originality/value
The authors treat societal as well as individual action, cultural behavior and the emergence of economic anthropology. Migratory legislation and regulation now risk transformation into resentment and then xenophobia.