bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An empirically-based model of the upstream heliopause and outer heliosheath - Current status
Authors: Isenberg Philip A. , Kucharek Harald 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We describe a simplified model of the outer heliosheath upstream of the heliopause in an attempt to extract the heliosheath properties from the IBEX-Lo neutral He observations. The distribution of incident He on the sky shows a primary beam surrounded by an irregular cloud of secondary particles. These secondaries are generated by charge-exchange interactions between the neutral primary beam, carrying the properties of the distant interstellar medium, and the nearby interstellar plasma that is deflected around the obstacle posed by the heliosphere. We construct an analytical model for the plasma flow around an arbitrarily-shaped obstacle and compute the resulting distribution of neutral He at IBEX, to compare with the observed He fluxes. Here, we report on the current status of this modelling effort.
Energetic Particle Acceleration in Shearing Flows
Authors: Rieger Frank M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Shear flows are ubiquitously present in space and astrophysical plasmas, and are known to be conducive to the acceleration of energetic charged particles. In particular, for relativistic flow speeds, efficient Fermi-type particle acceleration can be achieved, capable of producing momentum power-law particle distributions and sustaining energetic particles all along the shear. This paper reviews some of the key results concerning the stochastic acceleration of energetic particles in gradual shear flows and reports on some recent developments in the field.
A possible explanation for the enhancement of energetic particles downstream of the heliospheric termination shock
Authors: Zhao L L , Zank G P , Adhikari L 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Voyager 2 observations of the energetic particle “time-intensity” profiles from ~1.8 to ~40 MeV show that the flux peaks downstream of the heliospheric termination shock (HTS), which is inconsistent with the predictions of classical diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). Previous studies suggest that shocks are effective in generating downstream magnetic flux ropes, islands or plasmoids. These dynamically interacting small-scale structures can accelerate charged particles statistically through reconnection-related processes. We present a preliminary study of the magnetic field and plasma properties together with the energetic particle data during the V2 crossing of the HTS. We apply a local stochastic acceleration model associated with solar wind magnetic island dynamics to explain the unusual behavior of energetic particles observed in the vicinity of the HTS. An analytic solution for the particle velocity distribution function derived from the Zank et al. statistical transport theory is used to fit the observed particle flux amplification downstream of the HTS. The results show that stochastic acceleration by interacting magnetic islands can successfully predict the observed (i) peaking of particle intensities behind the HTS, instead of at the shock front; (ii) increasing of the particle flux amplification factor with increasing particle energy; and (iii) increase in distance between the particle intensity peak and the HTS with increasing particle energy; This study illustrates the possibility of local acceleration in the inner heliosheath due to the dynamical interaction of magnetic islands.
Design of an Autonomous Underwater Maintenance Dredger: A teaser to the maritime industry
Authors: Hijdra R M J , van der Harst S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A hopper dredger was chosen as a first autonomous concept design, since dredgers, next to Offshore and Passenger Vessels, are part of C-Job Naval Architects’ main market segments. By submerging a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) a major benefit was identified in ship’s resistance and required vacuum for the dredge pump. The first aspect due to reduction in wave making and -breaking resistance, the second due to reduced suction depth relative to the pump. In addition, an increased part of the ship’s volume would generate displacement resulting in additional payload and a new arrangement of the vessel could be created resulting in a reduction in overall hull girder loads and reduced steel weight. To prove these insights, a comparative study was performed between a conventional, manned TSHD and the Autonomous Underwater Maintenance Dredger (AUMD). During this study the following aspects were quantified: hydrodynamic resistance, power requirements, sustainable power supply, general arrangement, redundancy / maintenance. The operational profile of the conventional TSHD, was used as a reference for the new concept. The developed concept showed very promising, both from operational as well as sustainability point of view. Some of the key benefits of the design are reduced dredge pump power (2x175 kw versus 2x675 kW), reduced propulsion power (2x575 kW versus 2x1100 kW), low OPEX, zero emission power supply and reduced hull girder loads. Amongst others, based on this concept design, C-Job feels strongly that Autonomous vessels have an enormous potential on (operational) improvements for ship operators. Not only by omitting the ship’s crew, but by fully utilizing the opportunities this presents.
Biodosimetric Studies for Ballast Water Treatment
Authors: Li H.Y. , Osman H. , Kang C.W. , Lou J. , Ba T. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) reactor for ballast water treatment is investigated in this paper. Experimental and numerical simulations are performed for a base reactor named LBW850e. B. Pumilus is chosen as a challenge organism in the experiments. Simulation is carried out based on the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT with user defined functions implemented. The effects of water flow rate and UV transmittance (UVT) on the UV reactor performance in terms of reduction equivalent dose (RED) are studied. The results show that the increase of water flow rate reduces RED. While RED increases with the increase of UVT. The experimental and simulation results show reasonable agreement with each other. With this achieved, the numerical model developed in the current work can be applied to other reactors.
Considerations on the regulatory issues for realization of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships
Authors: Shiokari Megumi , Ota Susumu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) agreed to include a new agenda item “Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE) for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)” in order to determine how the safe, secure and environmentally sound operation of MASS may be introduced in the regulations. The first step of the RSE is a review of the IMO instruments to identify the provisions which prevent MASS operations or which may need amendments or clarifications. The authors, as representatives of Japan, undertook the initial review of Chapters II-2, VI and VII of the annex to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea and associated codes. As a result, it was revealed that there were a lot of provisions which required manual operations and actions by personnel. To realize MASS without persons on board, appropriate alternative safety measures are needed, taking into account the intentions of the existing regulations. Also, another concept for fire safety and emergency procedures for carriage of cargoes could be introduced, taking into account the reduction of risks owing to absence of persons on board when the cargo does not include any harmful substances for marine environment.
From Manoeuvre Assistance to Manoeuvre Automation
Authors: Schubert Agnes U. , Kurowski Martin , Damerius Robert , Fischer Sandro , Gluch Michael , Baldauf Michael , Jeinsch Torsten 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in shipping automation is the automatic manoeuvring in areas with high safety standards which are executed today exclusively by nautical officers with appropriate expertise. Precise manoeuvre plans and suitable control solutions are missing because the human operators act according their mental strategies. The presented approach for automated manoeuvring primarily bases on a complex dynamic motion model of a specific vessel. This model is adapted and used to plan a complete manoeuvre sequence considering the common nautical guidelines and the vessel characteristics. The resulting digital manoeuvre plan forms the basis for the assistance during manual manoeuvring as well as the automatic manoeuvring. Prognosticated weather conditions can be involved already during the planning. For automatic manoeuvring, the deduced manoeuvre trajectory is implemented into the feed-forward part of velocity control. The entire control structure is cascaded in outer trajectory controller and inner velocity controller. The described approach was successfully applied for large vessels in ship handling simulator for automatic collision avoidance and port manoeuvres.
On estimating the hydrodynamic coefficients and environmental loads for a free-running vessel in waves
Authors: Yiew Lucas J. , Jin Yuting , Magee Allan R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper is a first attempt to develop real-time methods to accurately and reliably simulate vessel manoeuvring in waves. In this paper, hydrodynamic coefficients for the benchmark KCS hull are estimated using URANS-CFD generated manoeuvres in regular waves. Added resistances are derived from a potential-flow based solver over a range of incidence angles, wavelengths, and Froude numbers. These estimated wave loads, together with rudder and propeller forces are prescribed in a mathematical manoeuvring model. A state-augmented extended Kalman filter is applied to estimate the remaining hull coefficients, with empirically derived coefficients used as initial state estimates. Calm water cases are also investigated for comparison. Estimated coefficients using manoeuvres in waves show reasonable agreement with reference values. The methods discussed in this paper will eventually lead to robust control strategies for remotely-controlled and autonomous navigation under realistic environmental conditions.
NYK’s Approach for Autonomous Navigation – Structure of Action Planning System and Demonstration Experiments
Authors: Kutsuna Koji , Ando Hideyuki , Nakashima Takuya , Kuwahara Satoru , Nakamura Shinya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
NYK Line and its group companies have been conducting research projects towards autonomous ship operation. This paper shows the structure of our Action Planning System (APS), which integrates several support functions with man-machine interface, targeted at supporting decision making for seafarers. By conducting risk assessment with reference to class guidelines for autonomous ships, the safety of APS is verified. This paper also introduces our demonstration experiment of this system, which will be conducted in FY2019.
Design and build of a scale model unmanned inland cargo vessel: actuation and control architecture
Authors: Peeters G , Catoor T , Afzal M R , Kotze M , Geenen P , Baelen S Van , Vanierschot M , Boonen R , Slaets P 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study describes the actuation design and construction of an unmanned scale model inland vessel of type CEMT-I. This proposed design could help to increase the competitiveness of smaller inland vessels which are slowly diminishing. Moreover, this idea aligns with the ambition of the European Commission to increase the cargo flow over waterborne transport. Therefore, this study scaled down a recently designed barge of the European project Watertruck+. These barges have a 360-degrees-steerable steering grid in the bow together with a 360-degrees-steerable four-channel thruster at the stern. This configuration unlocks new and more advanced motion control possibilities compared to conventional actuation systems. The performance of this actuation design, at different propeller speeds and angles, was experimentally identified for the scale model. Furthermore, the implemented back-seat driver control paradigm is discussed at its two levels of implementation. Firstly, the lowest level control, to reach certain desired sytem states, is shown. Secondly, the higher level control, the autonomy system provided by the MOOS-IvP software, is discussed and its interaction with the low level control is demonstrated. The authors believe that the combination of this actuation and control design can unlock new cargo transport opportunities for the European inland waterways.
Optimal Maneuvering and Control of Cooperative Vessels within Harbors
Authors: Gehrt J.J. , Zweigel R. , Roy S. , Büskens C. , Kurowski M. , Jeinsch T. , Schubert A. , Gluch M. , Simanski O. , Pairet-Garcia E. , Bruhn W. , Diegel F. , Abel D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The publication on hand presents the ongoing developments of a networked control system for maritime application within the joint project GALILEOnautic 2. It is based on the joint project GALILEOnautic, where a system was developed which enables cooperative maneuvering of networked vessels in a harbor environment. The present paper focuses on the planned automation of the research ship DENEB of the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), and discusses the planned evaluation szenario. Therefore, it introduces the required extensions of predecessor system concepts to act on a level close to industrial application. The algorithms will be extended, such that they are capable to a higher number of participating networked ships, are more reliable and can handle error situations. Furthermore, the original cooperative network depended concept will be transferred to a single ship, such that autonomous ships can be integrated in conventional harbor traffic. The design of real-world experiments with an autonomous operating DENEB in the harbor of Rostock are discussed.
Preliminary hazard analysis of a small harbor passenger ferry – results, challenges and further work
Authors: Thieme Christoph A. , Guo Chuanqi , Utne Ingrid B. , Haugen Stein 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), is currently designing a small autonomous passenger ferry for up to 12 passengers. The ferry will bridge a harbor channel in Trondheim, Norway. This paper presents the results of the preliminary hazard analysis conducted in the early design phase of the ferry. The main hazards and envisioned risk reduction measures are associated with software failure, failure of communication system, both internal and external, traffic in the channel, especially kayaks, passenger handling, and monitoring, and weather conditions. In addition, this paper summarizes practical challenges encountered in the ferry project. These challenges are related to available hazard and risk analysis methods and data, determining and establishing an equivalent safety level, and some of the prescriptive regulations currently in use by the Norwegian Maritime Authority. The presented analysis and identified challenges may assist other, similar projects designing and developing autonomous vessels.
AJA method and AJA Canvas as a Design Tool for marine Autonomous Operations with a test case scenario: the detection, inspection and tracking of a waste-water plume
Authors: Vagia Marialena , Grøtli Esten Ingar , Haugli Fredrik Bakkevig , Bjerkeng Magnus , Johansen Gorm 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Autonomous marine operations are difficult to plan, design and perform. Additionally, the complexity of these operations is increasing as they often include more than one vehicle. The AJA (Autonomous Job Analysis) method is a structured approach to gathering the necessary information from experts in order to plan and design an autonomous marine operation and document these facts to make the scope of the operation understood by all stakeholders. This paper presents additional methods that enhance AJA. First, the AJA canvas: a visual tool for organising the information obtained by AJA in a concise way. Secondly, a structured format for writing measurable requirements extracted from the AJA process to help in the design of the operation. Lastly, the tools are demonstrated on a test case scenario where several vehicles will collaborate in order to detect and map a plume of contaminated water from a wastewater facility outlet.
Comparing Spectral Bands for Object Detection at Sea using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Stets Jonathan D. , Schöller Frederik E. T. , Plenge-Feidenhans’l Martin K. , Andersen Rasmus H. , Hansen Søren , Blanke Mogens 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study compares spectral bands for object detection at sea using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Specifically, images in three spectral bands are targeted: long wavelength infrared (LWIR), near-infrared (NIR) and visible range. Using a calibrated camera setup, a large set of images for each of the spectral bands are captured with the same field of view. The image sets are then used to train and validate a CNN for object detection to evaluate the performance in the different bands. Prediction performance is employed as a quality assessment and is put in a navigational perspective. The result is a quantitative evaluation that reveals the strengths and weaknesses of using different spectral bands individually or in combination for autonomous navigation at sea. The analysis covers two object classes of particular importance for safe navigation.
A Public API Supporting Autonomous Navigation
Authors: Berge S P , Hagaseth M , Bø T I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a public API proposed for autonomous maritime operations where several moving and fixed objects are involved using wireless communication solutions. The API ensures that high-level data can be exchanged without knowing details of the underlaying implementation. The data will be available for 3rd party vendors to connect their applications and equipment to the proposed framework for data exchange. The high-level data covers information about the object’s geometry, the object’s uncertainty zone (position uncertainty zone), sensor data, communication solutions and different operational zones (restrictions) dependent on the actual operation and its states. A common data model defining the necessary data, its meaning and their relationships are needed to ensure correct usage of the data across applications and equipment from several vendors. In addition, required functions and services are defined based on the Hull-to-Hull pilot system developed in the Horizon 2020 project “Hull-to-Hull”. The paper also presents a chat application that transmitts small messages between several ships by using the defined services and data formats.
Towards automated identification of ice features for surface vessels using deep learning
Authors: Kim E , Panchi N , Dahiya G S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ship traffic in ice exposed areas is increasing, and ice navigation is largely a manual task. Despite the progress in machine learning and computer vision algorithms, little focus has been given to computer-aided scene understanding in icy waters to help modernize navigational support systems. This work lays the foundation for the automated identification of ice for surface vessels using modern deep learning (DL) algorithms. The focus is on locating and classifying multiple ice objects within images from a surface vessel travelling through icy waters. The following categories of surface ice features are considered: level-ice, deformed ice, broken-ice, icebergs, floebergs, floebits, icefloes, pancake-ice, and brash-ice. In the first phase, we used DL algorithms to classify the ice objects in an image. For this task, seven state-of-the-art residual network (ResNet) models have been tested and include ResNet18, ResNet34, ResNet50, SE_ResNet50, Xception-Cadene, Inception-v4, and Inception-ResNet-v2. During the second phase, we used DL algorithms to locate and classify ice objects. For these tasks, we used the UNet architecture combined with conditional random fields (CRFs) and analysed the effects of using fully connected CRF and convolutional CRF. We have trained and validated the models using the close-range optical ice imagery, and then the promising models were used to classify and locate the different ice features in images from the bridge of the US Coast Guard icebreaker Healy and the nuclear-powered icebreaker 50 Let Pobedy. This paper provides the main findings and lessons that were learned from the execution of this study.
An Experimental Result on Information Exchange using USV Communication Relay System
Authors: Namgung H. , Jeong Jung Sik , Choi Jo-cheon , Geun-ung Kim , Sun-Young Kim 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In order to safely operate the Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) at sea, it is necessary to communicate with Vessel Traffic System (VTS) for information delivery and also manned ship for collision avoidance. For this reason, the communication relay system was designed to enable navigation information exchange in a dedicated communication network via the Maritime Control Station (MCS). However, communication experiment at sea was not conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the USV communication relay system. In order to validate, experimental scenario was composed of the USV voice relay system according to navigation stages, and communication experiment was conducted in Mokpo sea area. A result of experiment based on the SINPO (Signal strength, Interference, Noise, Propagation, and Overall rating) code described in Document REC. ITU-R SM. 1135, overall rating was good.
Development of location tracking system via short message service (SMS) based on GPS unblox neo-6m and sim 800l module
Authors: Kharisma Oktaf B , Dzikra A A , Mustakim  , Vebrianto Rian , Novita Rice , Hasbullah  , Irawati  , Novita Yulia , Zaitun  , Nazir Alwis , Iskandar Iwan , Vitriani Yelfi , Rehayati Rina , Andriani Tuti 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The development of technology has increasingly sophisticated and has a positive influence on human life. The location tracking system that is currently overgrowing in the world of technology is required to be able to serve consumers until consumers can benefit from the technology. Given the number of thefts in Indonesia is currently increasing and the need for a security system that can work continuously automatically. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make the location tracking system as expected by the community. Based on the testing that has been done on the tool and see the purpose of this research, it can be concluded that this tool has been tested and can be used to help secure systems to track valuable tools such as motorcycles, bags, cars, etc. based on Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates sent by SIM 800L module to numbers destination of cellphone.