bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STOP HPV study protocol: a nationwide case–control study of the association between oropharyngeal cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Brazil
Authors: Wendland Eliana Marcia , Kops Natalia Luiza , Comerlato Juliana , Horvath Jaqueline Driemeyer Correia , Bessel Marina , Sperb Daniel , Pimenta Cristina , de Souza Flávia Moreno Alves , Mendes Pereira Gerson Fernando , Falcetta Frederico Soares 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and is associated with several types of cancer. The number of cases of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), especially oropharyngeal carcinomas, has increased significantly in recent years despite decreased tobacco smoking rates. Currently, no data concerning the risk factors and prevalence of HPV in HNSCC patients in all regions of Brazil are available, making it difficult to promote advances in this field of public health. Therefore, our goal is to determine the impact of infection by HPV, including HPVs with different genotypes, on head and neck cancer and the risk factors associated with the development of head and neck cancer in all regions of Brazil.Methods and analysisThis is a case–control study that will include 622 patients and 622 controls from all regions of Brazil. A questionnaire will be applied to gather information on sociodemographic, behavioural and health factors. Oral, cervical or penile/scrotal, and anal specimens and serum samples will be collected from all participants. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from tumour biopsies will be analysed only in the case group. Molecular and serological analyses will be performed to evaluate the presence and role of HPV in the development of head and neck cancer.Ethics and disseminationThis project was approved by the research ethical committee of the proposing institution (Hospital Moinhos de Vento, number 2.852.060). Ethical approval from the collaborators is currently under evaluation and is not yet complete. The results of this study will be presented at meetings with the Brazilian Ministry of Health through technical reports and to the scientific community at national and international events, with subsequent publication of scientific articles.
Five-year follow-up outcomes after Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty: a retrospective study
Authors: Wakimasu Koichi , Kitazawa Koji , Kayukawa Kanae , Yokota Isao , Inatomi Tsutomu , Hieda Osamu , Sotozono Chie , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo assess graft survival and endothelial cell density (ECD) over a 5-year follow-up period after Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).Methods and analysisThis retrospective study involved 130 eyes of 130 consecutive patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), non-FECD bullous keratopathy (BK) (non-FECD) or BK post-trabeculectomy or tube-shunt surgery (glaucoma with bleb) who underwent DSAEK between August 2007 and January 2012 and were followed for more than 5 years postoperatively. Patients with previous keratoplasty, graft suture failure, primary graft failure, postoperative endophthalmitis and ocular infection were excluded. Graft survival and ECD was then examined in all patients who underwent DSAEK and completed the postoperative follow-up period. The association between clinical factors and 5-year graft survival after DSAEK was analysed with multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe overall graft survival rate at 5 years postoperatively was 85%, yet significantly poorer in the glaucoma with bleb eyes (47%) than in the FECD (100%) or non-FECD (90%) eyes (p<0.01, log-rank test). In the FECD, non-FECD and glaucoma with bleb eyes, the mean ECD at 5 years postoperatively was 1054 cells/mm2, 1137 cells/mm2and 756 cells/mm2, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed history of trabeculectomy or tube-shunt surgery and postoperative allograft rejection to be negative factors for graft survival at 5 years after DSAEK (OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.10 and OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.33, respectively).ConclusionOur findings show that at 5 years postoperatively, the surgical outcome after DSAEK was poorer in eyes after trabeculectomy or tube-shunt surgery.Trial registration numberUMIN000024891.
History and evolution of regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine fellowship training
Authors: Shapiro David Michael , Hargett Mary J , Kopp Sandra , Neal Joseph M , Mariano Edward R , Liguori Gregory 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionIn 2016, individual training programs in regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine (RA/APM) became eligible for accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), thereby culminating a process that began 15 years earlier. Herein, we review the origins of regional anesthesia training in the USA, the events leading up to accreditation and the current state of the fellowship.MethodsWe reviewed pertinent literature on the historical aspects of RA/APM in the USA, related subspecialty training and the formation and current state of RA/APM fellowship training programs. Additionally, a survey was distributed to the directors of the 74 RA/APM fellowships that existed as of 1 January 2017 to gather up-to-date, program-specific information.ResultsThe survey yielded a 76% response rate. Mayo Clinic Rochester and Virginia Mason Medical Center likely had the first structured RA/APM fellowships with formalized curriculums and stated objectives, both starting in 1982. Most programs (86%), including ACGME and non-ACGME fellowships, came into existence after the year 2000. Six responding programs have or previously had RA/APM comingled with another subspecialty. Eight current programs originally offered unofficial or part-time fellowships in RA/APM, with fellows also practicing as attending physicians.DiscussionThe history of RA/APM training in the USA is a tortuous one. It began with short ‘apprenticeships’ under the tutelage of the early proponents of regional anesthesia and continues today with 84 official RA/APM programs and a robust fellowship directors’ group. RA/APM programs teach skills essential to the practice and improvement of anesthesiology as a specialty.
Proctitis in gay and bisexual men. Are microscopy and proctoscopy worthwhile?
Authors: Mwasakifwa Gwamaka Eliudi , Nugent Colleen , Varma Rick 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesWe explored the association between nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and rectal microscopy/proctoscopy findings and correlates of rectal STIs among 150 gay and bisexual men (GBM) diagnosed with proctitis at the Sydney Sexual Health Centre from March 2016 to October 2017.MethodsFrom case files, we analysed risk behaviours, microscopy, proctoscopy and NAAT results for rectal STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus type 1/2, lymphogranuloma venereum and syphilis). χ2test assessed the association between microscopy/proctoscopy findings and NAAT results. Linear regression assessed the association between NAAT positivity and correlates of rectal STIs.ResultsThe mean age was 32.5 (9.8) years, 43% (65/150) were taking pre-exposure prophylaxis, 17% (26/150) were HIV positive and 24% (36/147) had multiple rectal STIs.Among GBM with documented proctoscopy findings (n=113), 58% (65/113) had discharge, 36% (41/113) had anorectal erythema and 25% (28/113) had bleeding. A quarter of GBM (28/113) had negative proctoscopy findings.Discharge found on proctoscopy (p=0.001), positive HIV status (p=0.030) and time since last receptive anal intercourse (p=0.028) were independently associated with NAAT positivity for any rectal STI. Discharge had a positive likelihood ratio of 1.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.4).Among those with documented microscopy findings (n=69), 59% (41/69) and 41% (28/69) were NAAT positive and negative, respectively. Among NAAT-positive GBM, 27 (66%) had polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) (mean number of PMNs, 10 (SD 9) cells per oil immersion field), 1 (2%) had Gram-negative intracellular diplococci and 11 (27%) had negative findings. There was no significant association between microscopy findings and NAAT results (p=0.651) or the number of rectal STI (p=0.279).ConclusionMicroscopy does not reliably provide information necessary to tailor the management of GBM diagnosed with proctitis. Discharge found during proctoscopy may identify GBM with rectal STI. Services should consider recommendations to perform these investigations.
Direct comparison of cervical and high thoracic spinal cord injury reveals distinct autonomic and cardiovascular consequences
Authors: Lujan Heidi L. , DiCarlo Stephen E. 
Published: January 2020

A wide range of spinal cord levels (cervical 8–thoracic 6) project to the stellate ganglia (which provides >90% of sympathetic supply to the heart), with a peak at the thoracic 2 (T2) level. We hypothesize that despite the proximity of the lesions, high thoracic spinal cord injuries (i.e., T2–3 SCI) do not closely mimic the hemodynamic responses recorded with cervical SCI (i.e., C6–7 SCI). To test this hypothesis, rats were instrumented with an intra-arterial telemetry device (Data Sciences International PA-C40) for recording arterial pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity as well as a catheter within the intraperitoneal space. After recovery, rats were subjected to complete C6–7 spinal cord transection ( n = 8), sham transection ( n = 4), or T2–3 spinal cord transection ( n = 7). After the spinal cord transection or sham transection, arterial pressure, heart rate, and activity counts were recorded in conscious animals, in a thermoneutral environment, for 20 s every minute, 24 h/day for 12 consecutive weeks. After 12 wk, chronic reflex- and stress-induced cardiovascular and hormonal responses were compared in all groups. C6–7 rats had hypotension, bradycardia, and reduced physical activity. In contrast, T2–3 rats were tachycardic. C6–7 rats compared with T2–3 and spinal intact rats also had reduced cardiac sympathetic tonus, reduced reflex- and stress induced cardiovascular responses, and reduced sympathetic support of blood pressure as well as enhanced reliance on angiotensin to maintain arterial blood pressure. Thus injuries above and below the peak level (T2) of spinal cord projections to the stellate ganglia have remarkably different outcomes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Twelve consecutive weeks of resting hemodynamic data as well as chronic reflex- and stress-induced cardiovascular, autonomic, and hormonal responses were compared in spinal intact and C6–7 and T2–3 spinal cord-transected rats. C6–7 rats compared with T2–3 and spinal intact rats had reduced cardiac sympathetic tonus, reduced reflex- and stress-induced cardiovascular responses, and reduced sympathetic support of blood pressure as well as enhanced reliance on angiotensin to maintain arterial blood pressure. Thus injuries above and below the peak level (T2) of spinal cord projections to the stellate ganglia have remarkably different outcomes.
Left bundle branch block increases left ventricular diastolic pressure during tachycardia due to incomplete relaxation
Authors: Andersen Øyvind S. , Krogh Magnus R. , Boe Espen , Storsten Petter , Aalen John M. , Larsen Camilla K. , Skulstad Helge , Odland Hans H. , Smiseth Otto A. , Remme Espen W. 
Published: January 2020

We investigated whether tachycardia in left bundle branch block (LBBB) decreases left ventricular (LV) diastolic distensibility and increases diastolic pressures due to incomplete relaxation, and if cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) modifies this response. Thirteen canines were studied at baseline heart rate (120 beats/min) and atrial paced tachycardia (180 beats/min) before and after induction of LBBB and during CRT. LV and left atrial pressures (LAP) were measured by micromanometers and dimensions by sonomicrometry. The time constant τ of exponential pressure decay and degree of incomplete relaxation at mitral valve opening (MVO) and end diastole (ED) based on extrapolation of the exponential decay were assessed. Changes in LV diastolic distensibility were investigated using the LV transmural pressure-volume (PV) relation. LBBB caused prolongation of τ ( P < 0.03) and increased the degree of incomplete relaxation during tachycardia at MVO ( P < 0.001) and ED ( P = 0.08) compared with normal electrical activation. This was associated with decreased diastolic distensibility seen as upward shift of the PV relation at MVO by 18.4 ± 7.0 versus 12.0 ± 5.0 mmHg, at ED by 9.8 ± 2.3 versus 4.7 ± 2.3 mmHg, and increased mean LAP to 11.4 ± 2.7 versus 8.5 ± 2.6 mmHg, all P < 0.006. CRT shifted the LV diastolic PV relation downwards during tachycardia, reducing LAP and LV diastolic pressures ( P < 0.03). Tachycardia in LBBB reduced LV diastolic distensibility and increased LV diastolic pressures due to incomplete relaxation, whereas CRT normalized these effects. Clinical studies are needed to determine whether a similar mechanism contributes to dyspnea and exercise intolerance in LBBB and if effects of CRT are heart rate dependent. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Compared with normal electrical conduction, tachycardia in left bundle branch block resulted in incomplete relaxation during filling, particularly of the late activated left ventricular lateral wall. This further resulted in reduced left ventricular diastolic distensibility and elevated diastolic pressures and thus amplified the benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in this setting.
HIF-1α (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α) Promotes Macrophage Necroptosis by Regulating miR-210 and miR-383
Authors: Karshovska Ela , Wei Yuanyuan , Subramanian Pallavi , Mohibullah Rokia , Geißler Claudia , Baatsch Isabelle , Popal Aamoun , Corbalán Campos Judit , Exner Nicole , Schober Andreas 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
Inflammatory activation changes the mitochondrial function of macrophages from oxidative phosphorylation to reactive oxygen species production, which may promote necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic lesions. In hypoxic and cancer cells, HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor) promotes oxygen-independent energy production by microRNAs. Therefore, we studied the role of HIF-1α in the regulation of macrophage energy metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results:

Myeloid cell–specific deletion of
Hif1a
reduced atherosclerosis and necrotic core formation by limiting macrophage necroptosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. In inflammatory bone marrow–derived macrophages, deletion of
Hif1a
increased oxidative phosphorylation, ATP levels, and the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and reduced reactive oxygen species production and necroptosis. microRNA expression profiling showed that HIF-1α upregulates
miR-210
and downregulates
miR-383
levels in lesional macrophages and inflammatory bone marrow–derived macrophages. In contrast to
miR-210
, which inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production,
miR-383
increased ATP levels and inhibited necroptosis. The effect of miR-210 was due to targeting 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, which is essential in the β oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
miR-383
affected the DNA damage repair pathway in bone marrow–derived macrophages by targeting poly(ADP-ribose)-glycohydrolase (Parg), which reduced energy consumption and increased cell survival. Blocking the targeting of Parg by
miR-383
prevented the protective effect of
Hif1a
deletion in macrophages on atherosclerosis and necrotic core formation in mice.

Conclusions:
Our findings unveil a new mechanism by which activation of HIF-1α in inflammatory macrophages increases necroptosis through microRNA-mediated ATP depletion, thus increasing atherosclerosis by necrotic core formation.
Vitamin C Intravenous Treatment In the Setting of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Results From the Randomized, Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled CITRIS‐AF Pilot Study
Authors: Trankle Cory R. , Puckett Laura , Swift‐Scanlan Theresa , DeWilde Christine , Priday Anna , Sculthorpe Robin , Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Fowler Alpha , Koneru Jayanthi N. 
Published: January 2020

Background

Catheter ablation is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (
AF
), but high levels of post‐procedure inflammation predict adverse clinical events. Ascorbic acid (
AA
) has shown promise in reducing inflammation but is untested in this population. We sought to test the feasibility, safety, and preliminary effects on inflammatory biomarkers in the CITRIS‐AF (Vitamin C Intravenous Treatment In the Setting of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation) pilot study.

Methods and Results

Patients scheduled to undergo
AF
ablation (N=20) were randomized 1:1 to double‐blinded treatment with
AA
(200 mg/kg divided over 24 hours) or placebo. C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 levels were obtained before the first infusion and repeated at 24 hours and 30 days. Pain levels within 24 hours and early recurrence of
AF
within 90 days were recorded. Median and interquartile range were aged 63 (56–70) years, 13 (65%) men, and 18 (90%) white. Baseline data were similar between the 2 groups except ejection fraction. Baseline C‐reactive protein levels were 2.56 (1.47–5.87) mg/L and similar between groups (
P
=0.48). Change in C‐reactive protein from baseline to 24 hours was +10.79 (+6.56–23.19) mg/L in the placebo group and +3.01 (+0.40–5.43) mg/L in the
AA
group (
P
=0.02). Conversely, change in interleukin‐6 was numerically higher in the
AA
group, though not statistically significant (
P
=0.32). One patient in each arm developed pericarditis; no adverse events related to the infusions were seen. There were no significant differences between aggregated post‐procedure pain levels within 24 hours or early recurrence of
AF
(both
P
>0.05).

Conclusions

High‐dose
AA
is safe and well tolerated at the time of
AF
ablation and may be associated with a blunted rise in C‐reactive protein, although consistent findings were not seen in interleukin‐6 levels. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore the potential benefit in improving clinically relevant outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
03148236.
Prospective Evaluation of the Strategy of Functionally Optimized Coronary Intervention
Authors: Uretsky Barry F. , Agarwal Shiv K , Vallurupalli Srikanth , Al‐Hawwas Malek , Hasan Rimsha , Miller Kristin , Hakeem Abdul 
Published: January 2020

Background
Long‐term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) relate in part to residual ischemia in the treated vessel, as reflected by post‐PCI fractional flow reserve (FFR). The strategy of FFR after PCI and treatment of residual ischemia—known as functionally optimized coronary intervention (FCI)—may be feasible and capable of improving outcomes.

Methods and Results

Feasibility and results of FCI using an optical‐sensor pressure wire were prospectively evaluated in an all‐comer population with 50% to 99% lesions and ischemic FFR (≤0.80; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03227588). FCI was attempted in 250 vessels in 226 consecutive patients. The PCI success rate was 99.6% (249/250 vessels). FCI technical success—that is, FFR before and after PCI and PCI itself using the FFR wire—was 92% (230/250 vessels). Incidence of residual ischemia in the treated vessel was 36.5%. Approximately a third of these vessels (34.5%, n=29) were considered appropriate for further intervention, with FFR increasing from 0.71±0.07 to 0.81±0.06 (
P
<0.001). Pressure wire pullback showed FFR ≤0.8 at distal stent edge was 7.9% and 0.7% proximal to the stent. FFR increase across the stent was larger in the ischemic than in the nonischemic group (0.06 [interquartile range: 0.04–0.08] versus 0.03 [interquartile range: 0.01–0.05];
P
<0.0001) compatible with stent underexpansion as a contributor to residual ischemia.

Conclusions
FCI is a feasible and safe clinical strategy that identifies residual ischemia in a large proportion of patients undergoing angiographically successful PCI. Further intervention can improve ischemia. The impact of this strategy on long‐term outcomes needs further study.
Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution between NASA’s S-Band Polarimetric Radar and Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometers
Authors: Tokay Ali , D’Adderio Leo Pio , Marks David A. , Pippitt Jason L. , Wolff David B. , Petersen Walter A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ground-based-radar-derived raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters—mass-weighted drop diameter Dmass and normalized intercept parameter NW—are the sole resource for direct validation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Observatory satellite-based retrieved DSD. Both Dmass and NW are obtained from radar-measured reflectivity ZH and differential reflectivity ZDR through empirical relationships. This study uses existing relationships that were determined for the GPM ground validation (GV) program and directly compares the NASA S-band polarimetric radar (NPOL) observables of ZH and ZDR and derived Dmass and NW with those calculated by two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD). The joint NPOL and 2DVD datasets were acquired during three GPM GV field campaigns conducted in eastern Iowa, southern Appalachia, and western Washington State. The comparative study quantifies the level of agreement for ZH, ZDR, Dmass, and log(NW) at an optimum distance (15–40 km) from the radar as well as at distances greater than 60 km from radar and over mountainous terrain. Interestingly, roughly 10%–15% of the NPOL ZH–ZDR pairs were well outside the envelope of 2DVD-estimated ZH–ZDR pairs. The exclusion of these pairs improved the comparisons noticeably.
Dynamical Elliptical Diagnostics of the Antarctic Polar Vortex
Authors: Mester M. , Esler J. G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Elliptical diagnostics provide dynamical and climatological information about the behavior of the Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric polar vortices. Here Kida’s model, describing the evolution of a uniform vortex in a linear, but possibly unsteady, background flow, is used to interpret the observed evolution of the Antarctic vortex in late winter during 1999–2018. Kida’s model has oscillatory solutions that can undergo an amplitude bifurcation, which serves as a simple model for the onset of vortex-splitting stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs). A data assimilation method is used to find solutions of Kida’s equations consistent with the observations. A phase-plane analysis reveals large interannual variability in the amplitude of oscillations of the vortex. In 2002, the year of the only observed vortex-splitting Antarctic SSW, the system is found to cross a separatrix in phase space, associated with the SSW amplitude bifurcation, in late September. An output of the data assimilation is the linear background flow experienced by the vortex. The rotational component of this linear flow is consistent with the vortex being embedded in an anticyclonic background. The time-mean strain flow is weak but has a clear orientation, consistent with the presence of stationary forcing due to planetary-scale topography and land–sea contrast. The time-varying strain flow is comparatively large in magnitude, illustrating the relative importance of the planetary-scale component of the turbulent dynamics occurring at tropopause level. Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, therefore, the direction of future Antarctic vortex splits will not necessarily align with the direction of the 2002 split.