bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Activities of Kacapiring Leaf Ethanol Extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) on the Bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Nuralifah Nuralifah , Armadani Fery Indradewi , Astari Ni Nyoman Fitri 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective(s): Infection is the process of entering pathogenic bacteria or microorganisms into the body capable of causing disease. Bacterial infections can cause skin infections such as acne. Acne is inflammation that is accompanied by blockage of the oil glands of the skin and hair (pilosebasea duct). Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a plant that empirically can be used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts of kacapiring leaves (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Methods: Making extracts was done by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The concentrations of extracts used were 5%, 10% and 15%, with chloramphenicol and clindamycin as positive controls and distilled water as negative controls. Antibacterial activity was tested by the Cup-plate technique. Results: The antibacterial activity of kacapiring leaves ethanol extract to S. aureus showed that at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% the inhibitory power diameters values were respectively 5.58 mm, 9.3 mm and 11.41 mm while the antibacterial activity of extracts kacapiring leaves ethanol to P. acnes bacteria at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% had inhibitory power diameters of 6.33 mm, 9.25 mm and 11 mm respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of kacapiring leaves has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. At a concentration of 5% and 10%, it shows the moderate category and at a concentration of 15% shows a strong category.Keywords: antibacterial, cup-plate technique , gardenia jasminoides
COBEK ANTIK : The Effect of Cocor Bebek Leaves Extract to Blood Sugar Level on Diabetic Model Rat
Authors: Sawitri Putu Ayu , Sety Dewi Wayan Chandra , Amalia Annisa Rizky , Sudayasa I Putu , Agastia Gayuh 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang dapat diolah menjadi berbagai macam obat. Salah satunya adalah cocor bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata). Kalanchoe pinnata mengandung fenol total, Flavonoid, Lycophenes dan β–Carotenes dan diketahui memiliki berbagai macam aktivitas farmakologi antara lain penyembuh luka, anti-diabetes, anti- inflamasi dan analgesik yang baik, bahkan secara empiris efektif sebagai antipiretik. Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun cocor bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata) terhadap kadar gula darah tikus diabetes. Metode : Daun cocor bebek yang sudah dikeringkan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Tikus yang digunakan sebanyak 15 ekor yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol positif diberikan suspense glibenclamide ,dan kelompok II, III, dan IV sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan suspense ekstrak etanol daun cocor bebek dengan masing-masing konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30% b/v. Dan kelompok V sebagai kontrol negatif diberikan NaCMC 1% b/v. Hasil : Hasil penelitian berdasarkan analisis uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dilanjutkan dengan uji beda T berpasangan menujukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun cocor bebek dengan konsentrasi 5%,10%,15% b/v dapat berpengaruh sebagai antidiabetik dan khusus untuk konsentrasi ekstrak 30% memiliki pengaruh yang lebih baik dan memiliki kemiripan dengan kelompok kontrol positif yang diberi obat glibenclamide. Simpulan : pemberian ekstrak daun cocoe bebek, berpengaruh terhadap penuruan kadar gula darah tikus model diabetik. Daun cocor bebek dapat dikembangkan menjadi produk herbal anti diabetik alias Cobek Antik. Kata kunci: antidiabetik, cocor bebek, gula darah, Kalanchoe pinnata, tikus diabetik
Hubungan Kualitas Air Minum dan Kebiasaan Makan/Minum di Luar Rumah dengan Terjadinya Demam Tifoid pada Pasien Rawat Inap di RSUD Kota Kendari
Authors: Aini Zida Maulina 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT Background: Typhoid fever is a disease which arouse from the infection from Salmonella Typhi superbug through either the contaminated food or drink.It is recorded in 2016, Typhoid fever belongs to the highest ten contagious diseases in Southeast Sulawesi and comes in fifth with the cases of 4.641 sufferers. Purpose: This research study is aimed to know the bearing of quality of water, source of hygienic water and outdoor eating/drinking habit and the cause of typhoid fever to inpatients at Regional General Hospital in Kendari. Method: This research is an observational- descriptive study with a cross sectional design. 38 people of all the inpatients who had more than three days fever were used to be the total of sampling of this research. The instrument of this study is in the form of questioner. The Chi-square trial formula at significant rates (α = 0.05) was used in this research to analyze the data. Result: It is found that out of the 38 respondents, those who measure up for the quality of water are 16 respondents while who do not are 22 respondents with the value of (p=0,544). Meanwhile, there are 20 respondents of good outdoor eating or drinking habit and 18 respondents of the bad one with the value of (p=0,049).Keyword: typhoid fever, outdoor eating/drinking habit, quality of water
Optimasi Kadar Fenilbutazon dalam Pembawa Vesikular Etosom (Optimization of Concentration of Phenylbutazone in Ethosomes Vesicular Carrier)
Authors: Akib Nur Illiyyin , Sahumena Muhammad Handoyo , Dawu Yunita , Aspadiah Vica , Hafizah Indria , Ritonga Halimahtussaddiyah 
Published: May 2020

Background: Phenylbutazone is a class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Phenylbutazone is used by the transdermal route to reduce the irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Purpose: This study aims to obtain phenylbutazone suspensions with optimal levels in the ethosome vesicular carrier. Methods: Preparation was carried out by the hot method (40oC) and cold method (30oC) as well as variations in the concentration of phosphatidylcholine (2% and 3%) and ethanol (30%, 35%, and 40%). Characterization of vesicles, namely the shape and size of vesicles using optical microscopy and entrapment efficiency using the spectrophotometer method with λ maks 266.6 nm. Optimization of phenylbutazone levels was carried out at a concentration of 0.1%; 0.15%; 0.2%; and 0.25%. The optimum formula was obtained at a concentration of phosphatidylcholine 3% and ethanol 35% prepared by the hot method. Results:. The form of a Small Unilamellar Vesicle (SUV), a size of 23.7 nm, and entrapment efficiency is 88.358%. Optimization of phenylbutazone levels was obtained at a concentration of 0.1% with entrapment efficiency of 88.358%. Conclusion: The optimum level of phenylbutazone in the vesicular carrier ethosome was 0.1%.Keywords: ethosome, optimation, phenylbutazone, transdermal ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Fenilbutazon merupakan golongan obat antiinflamasi non stroid (AINS) yang digunakan pada pengobatan penyakit rheumatoid arthritis. Fenilbutazon digunakan melalui rute transdermal untuk mengurangi efek iritasi pada saluran cerna. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh suspensi fenilbutazon dengan kadar yang optimal dalam pembawa vesikular etosom. Metode: Preparasi dilakukan dengan metode panas (40oC) dan metode dingin (30oC) serta variasi konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin (2% dan 3%) dan etanol (30%, 35%, dan 40%). Karakterisasi vesikel yaitu bentuk dan ukuran vesikel menggunakan mikroskop optik serta efisiensi penjerapan menggunakan metode spektrofotometer pada λmaks 266,6 nm. Optimasi kadar fenilbutazon dilakukan pada konsentrasi 0,1%; 0,15%; 0,2%; dan 0,25%. Diperoleh formula optimum pada konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin 3% dan etanol 35% yang dipreparasi dengan metode panas Hasil: Vesikel yang diperoleh berbentuk Small Unilamellar Vesicle (SUV), ukuran 23,7 nm, dan efisiensi penjerapan 88,358%. Optimasi kadar fenilbutazon diperoleh pada konsentrasi 0,1% dengan efisiensi penjerapan 88,358%. Kesimpulan: Disimpulkan bahwa kadar optimum fenilbutazon dalam pembawa vesikular etosom adalah 0,1%.Kata kunci: etosom, optimasi, fenilbutazon, transdermal
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Hidrolisat Protein Kerang Pasir (Semele cordiformis) dengan Metode DPPH (Antioxidant Activity of Protein Hydrolisate from Semele cordiformis Using DPPH Methode)
Authors: Kalsum Ummi , Hafizah Indria , Aritrina Pranita , Sulastrianah Sulastrianah 
Published: May 2020

Background: Sand shell (Semele cordiformis) is commonly found in South East Sulawesi marine area. This species traditionally used for treatment of several disease. Nevertheless, there is less publication about bioactivity of S. cordiformis as asource of drugs. Purpose: The aims of this research is to determine the activity of protein hydrolysate of S. cordiformis as an antioxidant. Methods: This research was conducted by pre-experimetal study with post test only control group design. Antioxidant activity was measure by DPPH method and spectrophotometry. The sample was hydrolyzed by using papain enzyme. The sample was made in to concentration 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, and 1000 ppm and vitamin C was used as positive control. The IC50 was used to measure antioxidant activity. Results: Concentration of 200 ppm showed 36,68% of inhibition percentage, 400 ppm showed 47,69%, 600 ppm showed 60,19%, 800 ppm showed 65,63%, and 1000 ppm showed 72,69 %. The IC50 value of was obtained for 453,777 ppm. Conclusion: The protein hydrolysate of S. cordiformis have an antioxidant activity and the hydrolisat concentration is directly proportional with inhibition activity.Keyword: antioxidant, protein hydrolysate, Semele cordiformis ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Kerang pasir atau Semele ccordiformis merupakan jenis kerang yang banyak ditemukan di perairan Sulawesi Tenggara. Kerang ini merupakah salah satu jenis kerang yang telah dimanfaatkan secara turun-temurun oleh masyarakat lokal untuk pengobatan. Meskipun demikian, belum ditemukan publikasi ilmiah mengenai bioaktifitas S. ccordiformis dalam bidang kesehatan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas antioksidan hidrolisat protein S. cordiformis. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain pra-eksperimental dengan pendekatan post-test only control group. Uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan prinsip spektrofotometri. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah S. cordiformis yang diperoleh dari perairan Pulau Bokori, Kabupaten Konawe, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara yang kemudian dihidrolisis menggunakan enzim papain. Sampel dibuat menjadi beberapa konsentrasi yaitu 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, and 1000 ppm dan vitamin C digunakan sebagai kontrol positif. Nilai IC50 digunakan untuk mengetahui aktifitas antioksidan. Hasil: Konsentrasi 200 ppm menghasilkan persen inhibisi sebesar 36,68%, 400 ppm sebesar 47,69%, 600 ppm sebesar 60,19%, 800 ppm sebesar 65,63%, dan 1000 ppm sebesar 72,69 %. Nilai IC50 yang diperoleh adalah 453,777 ppm. Simpulan: hidrolisat protein S. cordiformis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan konsentrasi hidrolisat berbanding lurus terhadap aktifitas inhibisi.Kata Kunci: antioksidan, hidrolisat protein, Semele cordiformis
Penentuan Jenis Kelamin berdasarkan Indeks Kaninus (Sex Determination Based on Canine Index)
Authors: Iswara Raja Al Fath Widya 
Published: May 2020

Background: Identification is an effort made to determine a person's identity. One of the important things in identification is sex determination. Teeth are the hardest part of the human body and are protected in the oral cavity so they have a major role in forensic identification. Canine is the longest teeth and oftentimes used in identification. Purpose: To determine the sex based on the canine index. Methods: An observational analytic cross-sectional study design with 250 research subjects of Halu Oleo University Medical Faculty students from October to December 2018, ages 18-25 years, who met the inclusion criteria, male (n = 125) and female (n = 125). Canine index by calculating the ratio of mesiodistal width (a measure of the width of canines measured from the two widest ends) divided by the distance between canines in four regions namely upper right jaw, upper left jaw, lower right jaw and upper left jaw. Result: Spearman correlation test results of canine index to sex, namely the upper right jaw value of p = 0.124, the upper left jaw value of p = 0.117, the right and right lower jaw with the p value = 0,000. Conclusion: The lower jaw canine index can be used in sex determination, where male have greater lower jaw canine index than female.Keywords: identification, canine index, sex ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Identifikasi merupakan upaya yang dilakukan untuk menentukan identitas seseorang. Salah satu hal penting dalam identifikasi adalah penentuan jenis kelamin. Gigi merupakan bagian paling keras dari tubuh manusia dan terlindung di dalam rongga mulut sehingga mempunyai peran besar dalam identifikasi forensik. Kaninus/gigi taring merupakan gigi yang paling panjang diantara semua gigi dan sering digunakan dalam identifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penentuan jenis kelamin berdasarkan indeks kaninus. Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional rancangan cross sectional dengan 250 subyek penelitian mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Halu Oleo Periode Oktober-Desember 2018, usia 18-25 tahun, yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, laki-laki (n=125) dan perempuan (n=125). Indeks kaninus dengan menghitung rasio lebar mesiodistal (ukuran lebar dari gigi taring yang diukur daripada kedua ujung yang terlebar) dibagi jarak antar kaninus pada empat regio yaitu rahang atas kanan, rahang atas kiri, rahang bawah kanan dan rahang bawah kiri. Hasil: Hasil uji korelasi Spearman indeks kaninus terhadap jenis kelamin yaitu pada rahang kanan atas nilai p=0,124, rahang kiri atas nilai p=0,117, rahang kanan dan kiri bawah dengan nilai p=0,000. Simpulan: Indeks kaninus rahang bawah dapat digunakan dalam penentuan jenis kelamin, laki-laki mempunyai indeks kaninus rahang bawah lebih besar dibanding perempuan.Kata kunci: identifikasi, indeks kaninus, jenis kelamin
Effect of commercial yogurt starter cultures on fermentation process, texture and sensoric parameters of white yogurt
Authors: Zajác Peter , Kúšová Lenka , Benešová Lucia , Čapla Jozef , Čurlej Jozef , Golian Jozef 
Published: May 2020

In this work, we have compared and described the fermentation process of two commercial yogurt starter cultures during the white yogurt production. We used freeze-dried thermophilic starter culture YoFlex® YF - L812 and deep-frozen starter culture Delvo® Fresh YS – 241 for the production of white yogurts. We analysed titration acidity, active acidity, total viable counts, texture, and sensory parameters of white yogurts produced in laboratory conditions. This research was performed for dairy company Mliekareň Kopanice Selce, s.r.o., Slovakia. We did not found statistically significant differences (p >0.05) in titration acidity of both yogurts after 7 hours of fermentation. We did not found statistically significant differences (p >0.05) in the pH of both yogurts after 7 hours of fermentation. We found statistically significant differences (p <0.05) in all textural parameters (hardness, consistency, cohesion, and viscosity). The total viable count of microorganisms in yogurts after 24 hours of fermentation was 6.28 x 107 and 7.14 x 107 respectively.
Genetic Programming 1996
Authors: Conference Genetic Prog 
Published: May 2020

Genetic programming is a domain-independent method for automatic programming that evolves computer programs that solve, or approximately solve, problems. Starting with a primordial ooze of thousands of randomly created computer programs composed of functions and terminals appropriate to a problem, a population of programs is progressively evolved over many generations using the Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest, a sexual recombination operation, and occasional mutation.
These proceedings of the first Genetic Programming Conference present the most recent research in the field of genetic programming as well as recent research results in the fields of genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, and learning classifier systems.
Topics include: Applications of genetic programming. Theoretical foundations of genetic programming. Implementation issues. Technique extensions. Automated synthesis of analog electrical circuits. Automatic programming of cellular automata. Induction. System identification. Control. Evolution of machine language programs. Automatic programming of multi-agent strategies. Automated evolution of program architecture. Evolution of mental models. Implementations of memory and state. Cellular encoding. Evolvable hardware. Parallelization techniques. Relations to biology and cognitive systems. Genetic algorithms. Evolutionary programming. Evolution strategies. Learning classifier systems.
Bradford Books imprint
Language Form and Language Function
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: May 2020

The two basic approaches to linguistics are the formalist and the functionalist approaches. In this engaging monograph, Frederick J. Newmeyer, a formalist, argues that both approaches are valid. However, because formal and functional linguists have avoided direct confrontation, they remain unaware of the compatability of their results. One of the author's goals is to make each side accessible to the other. While remaining an ardent formalist, Newmeyer stresses the limitations of a narrow formalist outlook that refuses to consider that anything of interest might have been discovered in the course of functionalist-oriented research. He argues that the basic principles of generative grammar, in interaction with principles in other linguistic domains, provide compelling accounts of phenomena that functionalists have used to try to refute the generative approach.
Bradford Books imprint
Neurophilosophy
Authors: Churchland Patricia S. 
Published: May 2020

Five chapters in the book's first part, "Some Elementary Neuroscience," sketch the history of the science of nervous systems and provide a general introduction to neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and neuropsychology. In the second part, "Recent Developments in the Philosophy of Science," chapters place the mind-body problem within the wider context of the philosophy of science. Drawing on recent research in this area, a general account of intertheoretic reduction is explained, arguments for a reductionist strategy are developed, and traditional objections from dualists and other anti reductionists are answered in novel ways. The third part, "A Neurophilosophical Perspective," concludes the book with a presentation and discussion of some of the most promising theoretical developments currently under exploration in functional neurobiology and in the connectionist models within artificial intelligence research.
Bradford Books imprint
Ethical Intercultural Communication between the Western World and China
Authors: Ha Sha 
Published: May 2020

Culture is the cumulative deposit of knowledge, traditions, beliefs acquired by a human community in the course of generations: ethics is one of the most important of such beliefs. As for the intercultural communication, the discipline which studies a cultural dialogue about various issues across different communities, since the eighties of the last century it has been the object of various theories, based on experimental data collections: among them the ‘Values Orientation Theory’ by F.R. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck, the ‘Cultural Dimensions Theory’ by G. Hofstede and the ‘Theory of Basic Values’ by S.H. Schwartz. One of the goals of this paper is to give a closer look at those theories. In the same period of time an ‘ethical turn’ manifested itself in western literary studies, after a long period of post-modernist disengagement, by initiative of J. Gardner, M. C. Nussbaum and J. Habermas, among others: the same happened in China in the eve of the new millennium, owing to the studies on comparative literature by Nie Zhenzhao. Literary works constitute an important vehicle of ethical intercultural communication. A second goal of the present paper is that of suggesting a ‘constructivist approach’ in the cultural dialogue between the western world and China, combining the results of those theoretical models with a comparative analysis of literary works chosen ad hoc, as recently done by Xu Zhilin in her comparative study of female images in ‘A leaf in the storm’, by Lin Yutang, and ‘Gone with the wind’, by Margareth Mitchell, from the perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory.
Foreign-born TESOL Instructors Assisting Adult Immigrant Learners to Develop Civic Literacy Skills: A Pen Pal Project
Authors: Larrotta Clarena , Chung HeeJae 
Published: May 2020

This article discusses the contributions of foreign-born TESOL instructors helping adult language learners develop literacy skills through a pen pal project, which lasted 10 weeks and consisted of writing letters back and forth weekly. The project provided adult immigrant learners with an opportunity to practice meaningful writing to support their English literacy development. The research questions include how do foreign-born TESOL instructors support adult immigrant learners develop literacy through a pen pal project? and what components of the pen pal project promote the development of civic literacy skills? Data for this article come from 159 letters product of the writing exchange between instructors and learners, and individual conversational interviews with the instructors. Study findings are presented through four themes: teachers as cultural informants, emotional connection, life and learning advice, and adult ESL learners’ linguistic competence. Study findings add to the body of literature focusing on the powerful contributions of foreign-born TESOL instructors to the education and language-culture acquisition of adult immigrant English learners.
Impact of maternal HIV‐1 infection on perinatal outcome
Authors: Kumar R.M. , Uduman S.A. , Khurranna A.K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To study the impact of HIV‐1 infection on pregnancy and maternal and early fetal outcome. Method: From January 1992 to January 1993, 160 HIV‐1 seropositive women and 164 HIV‐1 seronegative age‐and parity‐matched pregnant tribal women from Manipur, India, were recruited into a prospective study. Mother and infant were followed until 6 weeks postpartum. Results: Nine percent (15/160) of subjects had AIDS (CDC IV), 38% (60/160) were symptomatic (CDC III) and 53% (85/160) were asymptomatic (CDC I/II). Symptomatic (CDC III/IV) HIV‐1 infection is associated with a significantly increased rate of miscarriage, low birth weight, intrauterine fetal death and preterm delivery. Perinatal, infant and maternal deaths were limited to symptomatic women. HIV‐1 infected women were significantly younger than their HIV‐1 negative counterparts both in age and age at sexual debut. Placental membrane inflammation was significantly higher in the seropositive group and this correlated well with a higher risk of preterm delivery and postpartum endometritis. Asymptomatic HIV‐1 infection was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Conclusion: Symptomatic (CDC III/IV) HIV‐1 infection in Indian tribal women is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcome.