bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic value of lung ultrasound versus chest CT in COVID-19
Authors: Petrikov S. S. , Popova I. E. , Abuchina V. M. , Muslimov R. Sh. , Khamidova L. T. , Popugayev K. A. , Kokov, L. S. 
Published: December 2020

Lung ultrasound demonstrates a high diagnostic value in the assessment of lung diseases.Aim.To determine the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound compared to chest computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of lung changes in COVID-19.Materials and methods.The retrospective study included 45 patients (28 men) aged 37 to 90 years who underwent polypositional lung ultrasound with an assessment of 14 zones. The study compared lung echograms with chest CT data in assessing the prevalence of the process and the nature of structural changes. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of lung ultrasound in comparison with CT scans were determined, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Results.In 44 patients (98%), CT revealed pathological changes with subpleural localization in both lungs. Of these, in 30 cases, the inflammation was limited only to the subpleural parts, and in 14 cases, the changes spread to the basal parts of the lungs, while ultrasound revealed changes at the depth of the lesion no more than 4 cm. The lesion of 10–11 zones according to lung ultrasound corresponds to CT 1–2 degrees, the lesion of 13–14 zones — CT 3–4 degrees. The sensitivity of ultrasound to detect lung changes of various types was ≥ 92%. The highest sensitivity of 97.9% (95% CI: 92.8–99.8%) was determined for small consolidations on the background of interstitial changes (degree 1A+, 1B+), which corresponded to “crazy-paving” pattern on CT. The specificity depended on the nature of the changes and varied from 46.7 to 70.0%. Diagnostic accuracy was ≥ 81%, the maximum values of 90.6% (95% CI: 85.6–94.2%) were obtained for moderate interstitial changes (grade 1A) corresponding to ground-glass opacity (type one) according to CT data.Conclusion.The sensitivity of ultrasound to detect lung changes in COVID-19 is more than 90%. Lung ultrasound has some limitations: inability to determine the prevalence of the process clearly and identify centrally located areas of changes in the lung tissue.
Silent hypoxemia in a patient with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Authors: Palman A. D. , Andreev D. A. , Suchkova S. A. 
Published: December 2020

Patients with COVID-19 are typically characterized by severe lung injury with the development of acute respiratory failure. However, in some patients, subjective well-being may remain relatively satisfactory for a long time and, despite severe hypoxemia, they do not complain of shortness of breath. Case report. We observed a 65-year-old man hospitalized with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, low level of blood oxygen saturation, but at the same time without complaints of shortness of breath. Only as the disease progressed with a decrease in oxygen saturation when breathing atmospheric air (SpO2 ) lower than 85% he began to notice a feeling of lack of air. The patient’s condition worsened and as a result, he died in the intensive care unit from multiple organ failure. Discussion. This case clearly illustrates one more feature of the course of pneumonia associated with the novel SARSCoV-2 coronavirus and shows that SpO2 measurement is one of the leading objective criterion that allows a doctor to assess the real severity of a patient’s condition with COVID-19.
Isolated bitemporal hemianopia in a patient with COVID-19
Authors: Zharkova M. S. , Tikhonov I. N. , Efremova I. V. , Ondos S. A. , Nadinskaia M. Yu. , Ivashkin V. T. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Symptoms of lesions of the I, VII and IX pairs of cranial nerves during SARS-CoV-2 infection are observed in about a third of cases. Isolated bitemporal hemianopia as a symptom of optic nerve damage at the chiasmal level in patients with COVID-19 has not been described yet. Case report. A 65-year-old man with a history of arterial hypertension and myocardial infarction and confirmed COVID-19 infection with severe lung damage on computed tomography. Patient developed bitemporal hemianopia, confirmed by the Donders test, on the second day of hospitalization. CT scan revealed no lesions and organic pathology in the parachiasmatic region and in the substance of the brain. Two days later, there was a complete restoration of lateral vision. Discussion. The most likely cause of bitemporal hemianopia was microthrombotic or inflammatory lesion at the chiasmal level. Risk factors for thrombotic complications: male gender, age 65, history of cardiovascular diseases, increased D-dimer levels, and signs of systemic inflammation (increased levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin). An alternative hypothesis for the development of chiasmal syndrome may be direct viral invasion SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system.
Estudio de la transversalidad de los contenidos en Educación Física a través de los currículos competenciales (Study of the transversality of the contents in Physical Education through the competency-based curricula)
Authors: Solà Santesmases Josep 
Published: December 2020

El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la evolución de los currículos competenciales a través del estudio de la transversalidad de los conocimientos mediante el análisis documental de las principales regulaciones jurídicas educativas. El análisis de contenido permitirá un enfoque transversal sincrónico para comparar las leyes y RD estatales con los decretos y normativas autonómicas catalanas, y un enfoque longitudinal diacrónico para comparar la evolución de los currículos competenciales desde su aparición en la LOE hasta su consolidación en la LOMCE. Dicho análisis de contenido se fundamentará en las regulaciones para la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) a través de la materia específica Educación Física, contrastando las ejemplificaciones prácticas con la materia troncal de matemáticas.
Las conclusiones determinan el florecimiento de las competencias en los currículos y el asentamiento de la transversalidad como intervención necesaria para su logro. De una transversalidad centrada en los contenidos disciplinares como metodología competencial (conexiones con las otras materias) se evoluciona a la transversalidad basada en las competencias y en la transferibilidad de los conocimientos a contextos reales (tratamiento globalizado de los contenidos).
Abstract. The article aims to analyse the evolution of competency-based curricula through the study of the transversality of knowledge of the main educational legal regulations. The content analysis will allow a synchronous transversal approach to compare the state laws with the decrees of the autonomous administration, and a diachronic longitudinal approach to compare the evolution of the competences curricula from its appearance in the LOE to its consolidation in the LOMCE. Physical Education, a specific subject, will support the exemplification, contrasting it with the core mathematics subject. The conclusions determine the flourishing of competencies in the curricula and the establishment of transversality as a methodological aspect necessary for its achievement. From a transversality focused on disciplinary contents as a competency methodology (connections with other subjects) it evolves to transversality based on competences and on the transferability of knowledge to real contexts (globalized treatment of content).
Research or teaching? Contradictory demands on Swedish teacher educators and the consequences for the quality of teacher education
Authors: Angervall Petra , Baldwin Richard , Beach Dennis 
Published: December 2020

Based on a policy analysis and interviews with assistant lecturers and lecturers (with a PhD) who are heavily involved in teacher education, the present article addresses contemporary tensions and challenges in Swedish teacher education. The point of departure is the theoretical framework of mission stretch and the third space professional in teacher education with the aim of investigating how teacher educators experience and navigate their daily work. The findings of the study illustrate the tensions teacher educators experience between research and teaching tasks, between a constant flow of tasks, large student groups, and demands of high-quality teaching. The findings also show a gap between the practical anchoring of some research in teacher education and feelings of tension between teaching practices and the value of research. In conclusion, teacher education would seem to be developing into a cluster of tasks, challenges, expectations, and skills. This indicates that teaching and research are not the only missions and cannot be taken for granted in light of how teachers struggle to define their professional knowledge and value with respect to increasingly strong competitive demands for research performance.
Desapropriações ambientais
Authors: Martins Junior Wallace Paiva 
Published: December 2020

União, Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios no exercício de suas competências administrativas comuns sobre meio ambiente podem cumprir seu dever fundamental de preservação, recuperação e defesa dos bens ambientais pelo instituto da desapropriação. As desapropriações ambientais já estavam topicamente previstas no direito brasileiro em disposições particulares, e foram reforçadas pela lei das unidades de conservação que assume a tendência de publicização desses espaços. Para além de a variável ambiental orientar a função social da propriedade rural e a consequente desapropriação por interesse social, é sugestiva, de lege ferenda, a previsão de uma nova e especial modalidade de desapropriação ambiental pelo descumprimento da função socioambiental da propriedade privada, sancionando o titular de domínio que não der ao bem a vocação ambiental legalmente institucionalizada, e cuja indenização deverá ser satisfeita em títulos da dívida pública resgatáveis após certo prazo.
Methane mapping, emission quantification, and attribution in two European cities: Utrecht (NL) and Hamburg (DE)
Authors: Maazallahi Hossein , Fernandez Julianne M. , Menoud Malika , Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Weller Zachary D. , Schwietzke Stefan , von Fischer Joseph C. , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Röckmann Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Characterizing and attributing methane (CH4) emissions across varying scales are important from environmental, safety, and economic perspectives and are essential for designing and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. Mobile real-time measurements of CH4 in ambient air offer a fast and effective method to identify and quantify local CH4 emissions in urban areas. We carried out extensive campaigns to measure CH4 mole fractions at the street level in Utrecht, the Netherlands (2018 and 2019), and Hamburg, Germany (2018). We detected 145 leak indications (LIs; i.e., CH4 enhancements
of more than 10 % above background levels) in Hamburg and 81 LIs in
Utrecht. Measurements of the ethane-to-methane ratio (C2:C1),
methane-to-carbon dioxide ratio (CH4:CO2), and CH4 isotope composition (δ13C and δD) show that in Hamburg about 1∕3 of the LIs, and in Utrecht 2∕3 of the LIs (based on a limited set of C2:C1 measurements), were of fossil fuel origin. We find that in both cities the largest emission rates in the identified LI distribution are from fossil fuel sources. In Hamburg, the lower emission rates in the identified LI distribution are often associated with biogenic characteristics or (partly) combustion. Extrapolation of detected LI rates along the roads driven to the gas distribution pipes in the entire road network yields total emissions from sources that can be quantified in the street-level surveys of 440±70 t yr−1 from all sources in Hamburg and 150±50 t yr−1 for Utrecht. In Hamburg,
C2:C1, CH4:CO2, and isotope-based source attributions show that 50 %–80 % of all emissions originate from the natural gas distribution network; in Utrecht more limited attribution indicates that 70 %–90 % of the emissions are of fossil origin. Our results confirm previous observations that a few large LIs, creating a heavy tail, are responsible for a significant proportion of fossil CH4 emissions. In Utrecht, 1∕3 of total emissions originated from one LI and in Hamburg >1/4 from two LIs. The largest leaks were located and fixed quickly by GasNetz Hamburg once the LIs were shared, but 80 % of the (smaller) LIs attributed to the fossil category could not be
detected and/or confirmed as pipeline leaks. This issue requires further investigation.
Improvement of numerical weather prediction model analysis during fog conditions through the assimilation of ground-based microwave radiometer observations: a 1D-Var study
Authors: Martinet Pauline , Cimini Domenico , Burnet Frédéric , Ménétrier Benjamin , Michel Yann , Unger Vinciane 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. This paper investigates the potential benefit of ground-based microwave radiometers (MWRs) to improve the initial state (analysis)
of current numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems during fog
conditions. To this end, temperature, humidity and liquid water path
(LWP) retrievals have been performed by directly assimilating
brightness temperatures using a one-dimensional variational technique
(1D-Var). This study focuses on a fog-dedicated field-experiment
performed over winter 2016–2017 in France. In situ measurements from
a 120 m tower and radiosoundings are used to assess the
improvement brought by the 1D-Var analysis to the background. A
sensitivity study demonstrates the importance of the
cross-correlations between temperature and specific humidity in the
background-error-covariance matrix as well as the bias correction
applied on MWR raw measurements. With the optimal 1D-Var
configuration, root-mean-square errors smaller than 1.5 K
(respectively 0.8 K) for temperature and 1 g kg−1
(respectively 0.5 g kg−1) for humidity are obtained up to
6 km altitude (respectively within the fog layer up to
250 m). A thin radiative fog case study has shown that the
assimilation of MWR observations was able to correct large temperature
errors of the AROME (Application of Research to Operations at MEsoscale) model as well as vertical and temporal errors
observed in the fog life cycle. A statistical evaluation through the
whole period has demonstrated that the largest impact when
assimilating MWR observations is obtained on the temperature and LWP
fields, while it is neutral to slightly positive for the specific
humidity. Most of the temperature improvement is observed during false
alarms when the AROME forecasts tend to significantly overestimate the
temperature cooling. During missed fog profiles, 1D-Var analyses were
found to increase the atmospheric stability within the first
100 m above the surface compared to the initial background
profile. Concerning the LWP, the RMSE with respect to MWR statistical
regressions is decreased from 101 g m−2 in the background
to 27 g m−2 in the 1D-Var analysis. These encouraging
results led to the deployment of eight MWRs during the international
SOFOG3D (SOuth FOGs 3D experiment for fog processes study) experiment
conducted by Météo-France.
Intensification characteristics of hydroclimatic extremes in the Asian monsoon region under 1.5 and 2.0 °C of global warming
Authors: Kim Jeong-Bae , Bae Deg-Hyo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Understanding the influence of global warming on regional hydroclimatic extremes is challenging. To reduce the potential risk of extremes under future climate states, assessing the change in extreme climate events is important, especially in Asia, due to spatial variability of climate and its seasonal variability. Here, the changes in hydroclimatic extremes are assessed over the Asian monsoon region under global mean temperature warming targets of 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C above preindustrial levels based on representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. Analyses of the subregions classified using regional climate characteristics are performed based on the multimodel ensemble mean (MME) of five bias-corrected global climate models (GCMs). For runoff extremes, the
hydrologic responses to 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C global warming targets are
simulated based on the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. Changes
in temperature extremes show increasing warm extremes and decreasing cold
extremes in all climate zones with strong robustness under global warming
conditions. However, the hottest extreme temperatures occur more frequently
in low-latitude regions with tropical climates. Changes in mean annual
precipitation and mean annual runoff and low-runoff extremes represent the large spatial variations with weak robustness based on intermodel
agreements. Global warming is expected to consistently intensify maximum
extreme precipitation events (usually exceeding a 10 % increase in
intensity under 2.0 ∘C of warming) in all climate zones. The
precipitation change patterns directly contribute to the spatial extent and
magnitude of the high-runoff extremes. Regardless of regional climate characteristics and RCPs, this behavior is expected to be enhanced under the 2.0 ∘C (compared with the 1.5 ∘C) warming scenario and increase the likelihood of flood risk (up to 10 %). More importantly, an extra 0.5 ∘C of global warming under two RCPs will amplify the change in hydroclimatic extremes on temperature, precipitation, and runoff with strong robustness, especially in cold (and polar) climate zones. The
results of this study clearly show the consistent changes in regional
hydroclimatic extremes related to temperature and high precipitation and
suggest that hydroclimatic sensitivities can differ based on regional
climate characteristics and type of extreme variables under warmer conditions over Asia.
Iron and aluminum association with microbially processed organic matter via meso-density aggregate formation across soils: organo-metallic glue hypothesis
Authors: Wagai Rota , Kajiura Masako , Asano Maki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Global significance of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) for
the storage of organic matter (OM) in soils and surface sediments is
increasingly recognized. Yet specific metal phases involved or the mechanism
behind metal–OM correlations frequently shown across soils remain unclear. We identified the allocation of major metal phases and OM to density
fractions using 23 soil samples from five climate zones and five soil orders (Andisols, Spodosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols) from Asia and North
America, including several subsurface horizons and both natural and managed
soils. Each soil was separated into four to seven density fractions using sodium polytungstate with mechanical shaking, followed by the sequential extraction
of each fraction with pyrophosphate (PP), acid oxalate (OX), and finally
dithionite–citrate (DC) to estimate pedogenic metal phases of different solubility and crystallinity. The concentrations of Fe and Al (per fraction) extracted by each of the three reagents were generally higher in
meso-density fractions (1.8–2.4 g cm−3) than in the lower- or
higher-density fractions, showing a unique unimodal pattern along the
particle density gradient for each soil. Across the studied soils, the
maximum metal concentrations were always at the meso-density range within
which PP-extractable metals peaked at 0.3–0.4 g cm−3 lower-density range relative to OX- and DC-extractable metals. Meso-density fractions,
consisting largely of aggregated clusters based on SEM observation,
accounted for on average 56 %–70 % of total extractable metals and OM
present in these soils. The OM in meso-density fractions showed a 2–23 unit lower C : N ratio than the lowest-density fraction of the respective soil and thus appeared microbially processed relative to the original plant material. The
amounts of PP- and OX-extractable metals correlated positively with
co-dissolved C across the soils and, to some extent, across the density
fractions within each soil. These results led to a hypothesis which involves
two distinct levels of organo-metal interaction: (1) the formation of
OM-rich, mixed metal phases with fixed OM : metal stoichiometry followed by
(2) the development of meso-density microaggregates via “gluing” action of
these organo-metallic phases by entraining other organic and mineral
particles such as phyllosilicate clays. Given that OM is mainly located in
meso-density fractions, a soil's capacity to protect OM may be controlled by
the balance of three processes: (i) microbial processing of plant-derived
OM, (ii) dissolution of metals, and (iii) the synthesis of organo-metallic
phases and their association with clays to form meso-density
microaggregates. The current hypothesis may help to fill the gap between
well-studied molecular-scale interaction (e.g., OM adsorption on mineral surface, coprecipitation) and larger-scale processes such as aggregation, C
accrual, and pedogenesis.
Global trends in the performance of large wind farms based on high-fidelity simulations
Authors: Andersen Søren Juhl , Breton Simon-Philippe , Witha Björn , Ivanell Stefan , Sørensen Jens Nørkær 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. A total of 18 high-fidelity simulations of large wind farms have been performed by three different institutions using various inflow conditions and simulation setups. The setups differ in how the atmospheric turbulence, wind shear and wind turbine rotors are modeled, encompassing a wide range of commonly used modeling methods within the large eddy simulation (LES) framework. Various turbine spacings, atmospheric turbulence intensity levels and incoming wind velocities are considered. The work performed is part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) wind task Wakebench and is a continuation of previously published results on the subject. This work aims at providing a methodology for studying the general flow behavior in large wind farms in a systematic way. It seeks to investigate and further understand the global trends in wind farm performance, with a focus on variability. Parametric studies first map the effect of various parameters on large aligned wind farms, including wind turbine spacing, wind shear and atmospheric turbulence intensity. The results are then aggregated and compared to engineering models as well as LES results from other investigations to provide an overall picture of how much power can be extracted from large wind farms operating below the rated level. The simple engineering models, although they cannot capture the variability features, capture the general trends well. Response surfaces are constructed based on the large number of aggregated LES data corresponding to a wide range of large wind farm layouts. The response surfaces form a basis for mapping the inherently varying power characteristics inside very large wind farms, including how much the turbines are able to exploit the turbulent fluctuations within the wind farms and estimating the associated uncertainty, which is valuable information useful for risk mitigation.