bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METAFISIKA POLITIK: MENIMBANG KEKUATAN ARISTOKRASI DALAM PILKADA BELU DAN MALAKA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Bouk Hendrik Saku 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This writing intends to describe the carrying out of election of district heads of Belu and Malaka regencies of the East Nusa Tenggara Province in December 2020. This paper is of the opinion that the election of district heads in these two regencies involved the perspective of political metaphysics. According to indigenous tradition of the Belunese and the Malakans, the metaphysical power is transformed into the personality of the raja. Raja is the representation of the divine, the incarnation of god (Maromak Oan) and endowed politically with rights to govern. In the general election of the Malaka and Belu district heads, the pair candidates running for the posts of regent and vice regent did their best to win the electoral contestation by building their political power through the coalition of political parties, through campaign for mass support, through political physics that mobilizes all political machinery as well as through pataphysics that make use of the virtual networks. Nevertheless, the coalition of political parties still take into account the power of metaphysical politics based on aristocracy. The nobilities are considered worthy to become the persons endowed with privileges to govern. Therefore the election of district heads does not necessarily always have to do with coalition, campaign and money politics, but also with tradition and belief of the voters who demonstrate their preference to the candidates from the aristocratic circles.
Correlative Analysis of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia among the Patients with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Visiting Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Risal Prabodh , Pandey Medha , Shrestha Suraj Makaju , Adhikari Akash , Manandhar Saroj , Karki Subindra , Bhatt Rajendra Dev 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prominent causes of chronic liver disease. It is known that dyslipidemia in NAFLD patients may have more severe atherogenic potential with high triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as less high density lipoprotein (HDL) level.
Objective: To determine the atherogenic dyslipidemia and associated factors among patients with NAFLD, Visiting Tertiary Care Center
Methodology: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital (DH-KUH) from January, 2016 to December, 2016. All the patients (n= 973) diagnosed to have fatty liver during this study period were initially enrolled in this study. Patients were further asked to fill up the questioner. Out of total 973 cases, 169 patients were identified as NAFLD. Fasting blood sample and anthropometric measurements (BMI, WHR) were taken. After adjusting exclusion criteria, refusal to participate and dropout from the study, 101 patients and 92 apparently healthy age sex matched control group was selected for the study. Blood sugar level and lipid profile were analyzed to assess the risk of athrogenicity among the NAFLD.
Result: High total cholesterol was found in 64.4 %, High LDL was found in 20.8 %, Low HDL is present in 72.2% and high triglyceride is present in 65.8 % patients with NAFLD. Non-HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in NAFLD compared to control group (116.75 ± 34.38 vs. 137.63 ± 39.76, p=0.00). Similarly, calculated cardiac risk ratio (TC/HDL) was significant higher (4.15 ± 1.18 vs. 5.25 ± 1.78, p=0.00) whereas atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was higher (0.30 ± 0.13 vs. 0.33 ± 0.19, p=0.37).
Conclusion: NAFLD is significantly associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Calculated cardiac risk and AIP is higher in patients with NAFLD. Therefore it may be helpful to assess dyslipidemia among the patients with NAFLD to prevent cardiovascular events.
Patterns of use of drugs in hypertension in geriatric patients in the department of medicine at tertiary care hospital of Nepal.
Authors: Raut Binod , Khadka Anjan 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: In Nepal, the prevalence of hypertensive in elderly population is 41.7% aged 65 years or more. Hypertension increases with age leading to arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. The prevalence of hypertension is 20% of urban populations. Blood pressure control with the use of antihypertensive drugs reduces cardiovascular complications in geriatric patients.
Objectives: The objective of our study is to know the various patterns of drugs used in geriatrics hypertensive patient along with their co-morbidities and to know the most commonly used antihypertensive drug in geriatric patient.
Methodology: It was a hospital based cross sectional study involving 130 patients based on non-probability sampling. The study involved the hypertensive elderly patients of age > 65 years prescribed with antihypertensive drugs. Data were collected from patients attending outpatient department of medicine . Medical and nursing records were analyzed for patient’s characteristics (e.g. age, gender), systolic and diastolic BP readings, number of drugs, monotherapy, combination therapy, co morbidities. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: The total 130 geriatric patients under treatment with antihypertensive drugs were included, in which 55.38% were male and 44.62% were female. The total numbers of antihypertensive drugs prescribed were 212 either as monotherapy or as a component of a combination therapy. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was found to be 1.66. Among these drugs 56.92% were prescribed as monotherapy,26.92% were prescribed as two drugs combination therapy,12.30% were prescribed as three drugs combination and 3.84% were prescribed as four drugs combination therapy. calcium channel blockers (amlodipine )was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive.
Conclusion: The study showed male patient were more predominant hypertensive compare to female. calcium channel blockers group of drugs in which amlodipine was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drug and more than half of the patients were in monotherapy.
Efficacy of Pregabalin as preemptive analgesic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Thapa Ajay Singh , Yadav Rajesh K 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Different pharmacological approach for preemptive analgesia have been tried with varying degree of success. Preemptive analgesia results in decrease in postoperative opioid requirement and hence decreases opioid related complication.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate pregabalin as preemptive analgesic in scheduled cases.
Methodology: Fourty ASA I and II patients posted for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were divided into two groups of twenty. Group A received pregabalin 300 mg, two hours before induction of anesthesia but group B were not given any medication. Postoperative VAS Score, Ramsay Sedation Score, postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative opioid requirement in two groups were observed over 48 hours and noted.Results: The mean VAS scores were higher in control group whereas the mean Ramsay score was higher in group pregabalin in the first six hours in the post operative period which was statistically significant. The mean Ramsay sedation score was same (2) in both the group after twelve post operative period. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the pregabalin group. Requirement of post operative analgesia was higher in the control group.
Conclusion: Preemptive use of Pregabalindecreasespostoperateive pain, postoperative opioid requirement and increases postoperative sedation.
Maternal and Perinatal outcome in eclampsia at a teaching hospital of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Mishra Seema Kumari , Pradhan Roshan , Pradhan Roshan , Pokharel Hanoon P , Parajuli Surya B. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Eclampsia is a multisystem disorder with potential life-threatening complications that can result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The case fatality rate of eclampsia is 1.8% in developed countries, 17.7% in India and 13% in Nepal. The incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is high in developing countries due to hypoproteinemia, malnutrition and poor obstetric facilities.
Objective: To assess the maternal and perinatal outcome in patients of eclampsia
Methodology: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study where all the patients presenting with eclampsia from June 2019 to November 2020 in the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital were enrolled for the study. Data analyzed included various maternal parameters and fetal parameters along with the mode of delivery, outcome of baby, postpartum maternal condition and maternal mortality were noted.
Results: Among 6631 deliveries, 50 patients had eclampsia with the incidence of 7.54/1000 deliveries. Thirty four (68%) patients were of 20-30 years of age, 37 (74%) were primigravidas, 36 (72%) from rural areas, 34 (68%) were illiterate, 49 (98%) were low to middle socioeconomic status, 41 (82%) were unbooked and 33 (66%) patients had antepartum eclampsia. Eleven (22%) women developed eclampsia related complications. There were 02 (4%) maternal deaths and the common causes were HELLP Syndrome and pulmonary oedema. Neonatal outcome consisted of live births in 39 (78%) newborns, 03 (6%) were still births, 08 (16%) were birth asphyxia and 15 (30%) were low birth weight.
Conclusion: Majority of the patients were young, illiterate, unbooked primi gravidas with poor to average socioeconomic status from rural areas. Majority of the eclamptic women nearly 39 (78%) cases delivered via caesarean section for better neonatal outcome. Two (4%) eclamptic women died as a result of eclamptic complications and three (6%) newborns had neonatal deaths because of low birth weight and prematurity. Adequate antenatal screening, early detection of hypertension, timely referral, and early initiation of treatment and termination of eclamptic patients can help to improve the maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Evaluation of Drug Utilization Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Endodontic Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sushmita , Agrawal Navin , Sarraf Deependra Prasad 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Irrational or inappropriate prescribing practice is common in developing countries that can lead to ineffective treatment, prolonged hospitalization, harm to the patient, increased treatment cost and development of drug-resistant organisms. The prescription of antibiotics and other drugs in endodontics is limited to patients with progressive and diffuse swelling and with systemic infection. However, antibiotics continue to be over-prescribed by more than 66% dentists without a rational justification.Therefore, the periodic assessment of drug utilization pattern is important to know the existing pattern of drug use, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to the prescribers.
Objective: To evaluate the drug utilization pattern in endodontics using the World Health Organization prescribing indicators.
Methodology: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. After obtaining the informed consent, the relevant data were collected on a self-designed proforma by reviewing the health cards of the patients. The WHO prescribing indicators were calculated. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 11.0.
Results: Out of 187 patients, 101 (54%) were female. Mean age was 38.9±16.6 years. Majority of the patients suffered from acute apical periodontitis (30.5%). A total of 281 drugs were prescribed to 187 patients. Paracetamol+Ibuprofen (44.1%) was the most frequently prescribed drugs. Most of the patients were prescribed one drug (78.6%). Average drug per prescription was 1.5. Majority of the drugs (89.0%) were prescribed from Essential drug list of Nepal.
Conclusions: Analgesics were the most frequently prescribed drug. The prescription practice was rational. There is need to increase the number of medicine prescribed from National List of Essential medicines.Educational initiatives should be undertaken to further strengthen the rational prescription among dental practitioners.
The Study of Quality of Life in Patient with Vitiligo
Authors: Poudyal Yogesh , Parajuli Niraj , Dahal Sudip Chandra , Jha Chandra Bhal 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Vitiligo is an acquired, idiopathic and common de-pigmentation disorder of skin. Strong stigma associated with the disease, its chronic nature, and cosmetic disfigurement often cause distress to patients and may affect the quality of life.
Objective: To assess the quality of life in patient with vitiligo, using Dermatology life quality index(DLQI) questionnaire.
Methodology:Total of 212 patients with vitiligo participated in this cross- sectional study done at Dermatology and Venereology OPD of Universal College of Medical Science, Bhairahawa, Nepal.. The participants were given DLQI questionnaire consisting of 10 questions to fill up.
Result:The median DLQI score was 4(6), which showed small effect in quality of life. There was positive association with duration of disease and DLQI score (p˂ 0.05). The highest average score was seen in heading item “symptom and feeling”.There was no difference in DLQI score, when compared among gender and among various types of vitiligo.
Conclusion: Psychological assessment should be done in vitiligo cases, especially in those with long duration of disease.
Study of peripheral blood smear findings in patients of anemia and to compare it with automated hematology analyzer generated red cell parameters
Authors: Singh Mrinalini , Kafle Santosh Upadhyay , Shaukin Shilpi , Pokhrel Suman 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Anemia is one of the common medical conditions prevalent in our society. The correct categorization of varying types of anemia is essential for therapeutic purposes. Various laboratory tests are done to find out its underlying cause, but peripheral smear (PS) study of red blood cells (RBCs) morphology is important along with study of red blood cell indices in the classification of anemia.
Objectives: This study was done to evaluate RBC morphology on peripheral smear examination in patients of anemia and to compare these findings with cell counter generated red blood cells indices comprising of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Methodology: Red blood cell morphology on peripheral blood smear was studied in 350 patients of anemia irrespective of age and gender received under six months duration from 1st January 2019 to 30 th June 2019 and findings were compared with cell counter generated red cell parameters generated by automated hematology analyzer.
Results: Most common anemia seen on smear examination was microcytic hypochromic anemia which accounted for 210 (60%) cases followed by dimorphic anemia in 73 (20.86%) cases. Most of the patients were female, comprising of 227 (64.85%) cases. Highest numbers of patient were in the age group of 21-30 years (20.30%). Sensitivity of MCV was 78%, MCHC was 14% and MCH was 80% in detection of microcytic hypochromic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV and MCH was found to be 100 % in detection of macrocytic anemia. Sensitivity of MCHC was only 10% for detection of macrocytic anemia. The sensitivity of MCV, MCHC and MCH was 78%, 100% and 67 % respectively in detection of normocytic normochromic anemia.
Conclusion: The peripheral smear examination should always be interpreted along with the red blood cell indices generated by an automated analyzer in order to classify various types of anemia.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Ear care among Pre clinical Medical students at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital.
Authors: Koirala Bipin , Manandhar Sriti , Shah Rajeev Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Ear care is a part of social cleanliness. It may not demand much care but proper and adequate care is essential to protect the optimal functions. The knowledge and awareness of ear care practice however is still lacking. Non –hygienic individual behaviors and habits like penetrating foreign objects, exposure to loud noise may affect the human ear. Lack of proper ear care may lead to many diseases and its complications..
Objectives : To assess the knowledge attitude and practice of ear care of pre clinical medical students attending Birat Medical College. To correlate the knowledge, attitude and practice of ear care of pre clinical medical students.
Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was done in 151 students of pre clinical sciences of Birat Medical College for a period of two months from 15th Sept 2020 to 15 November, 2020. After the ethical clearance a specifically designed semi structured questionnaire containing yes and no questions was prepared in goggle form and distributed among all the pre clinical medical students of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital students and then their response was evaluated.
Result: Students of pre clinical sciences had good knowledge, attitude and practice of ear care. Significant correlation was seen between knowledge and practice and also between knowledge and attitude. However there was no significant correlation between attitude and practice.
Conclusion: Overall knowledge, attitude and practice of preclinical medical students of Birat Medical College was good. Surprisingly students showed poor knowledge, attitude and practice in few individual questionnaires which was hoped that the medical students know more than lay individual in the society
Self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Tertiary Care Center of Nepal
Authors: Sah Ajit Kumar , Giri Anish , Palikhey Anjan , Chaurasiya Roshan Kumar , Yadav Sudeep Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Self-medication can cause significant challenges for the individuals and community, especially in women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication among the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary care center of Nepal.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 225 pregnant women were evaluated for the prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis of data.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence of self-medication, in pregnant women was 41.3%. The leading illness/ symptoms which led to self-medication among pregnant women attending clinic were to relieve headaches 29 (31.2%), cough 21 (22.6%), vomiting 13 (14%), treat fever 11 (11.8%), urinary tract infections 11 (11.8%) and drugs commonly reported for self-medication were paracetamol (30.10%), cough remedies (19.30%), antiemetics (16.13%), analgesics (10.75%).
Conclusion: Prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is high in Nepal. This is a threat to the safety of the developing foetus and the pregnant woman. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide public trainings for all women of reproductive age and train them about the dangers and side effects of self-medication.
Wypełnianie pola literackiego. O zmianie w recepcji literatury bułgarskiej w Polsce
Authors: Pytlak Magdalena 
Published: December 2020

This article is a commentary on the changing reception of Bulgarian literature in Poland in 2018 and 2019. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the literary field, it shows the mechanisms of recognition by the main actors within the field, including publishers, media, and others. The analysis focuses on three books translated from Bulgarian to Polish in 2018: Sofia Berlin, by Plamen Doynov, and Koniec minotaurów (The End of the Minotaurs) and Fizyka smutku (The Physics of Sorrow), both by Georgi Gospodinov. The analysis is made on two levels. One is generic, owing to the fact that two of the three books are poetry. The second is authorial, as two of the books are by the same author.
Proza macedońska XXI wieku. Literatura „małego narodu” w przekładach na język polski
Authors: Moroz-Grzelak Lilla 
Published: December 2020

This article presents 21st-century Macedonian prose as it appears in contemporary Polish translation. Novels and stories by Macedonian authors are evidence of the great degreee to which this literature has recently developed. Topics under consideration include an analysis of the fine quality of modern Macedonian prose, as well as the high attainment of its Polish translators, who, using their own translation strategies, successfully transfer one cultural code to another.
Ślad Jerzego Pleśniarowicza pozostawiony w przekładach
Authors: Buczek Marta 
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the career of Jerzy Pleśniarowicz, the well-known poet of the Józef Czechowicz group and Polish translator of Slavic literatures, as well as dramatist and theatre director. A discussion of the output of this poet and translator is accompanied by an analysis of his Polish translations of Slovak poetry presented in the 2018 volume Wiersze i przekłady wierszy (Poems and Translated Poems). The article considers Pleśniarowicz’s translation choices, elucidates his translation strategies, and discusses the contemporary significance of this poetry within the Polish sphere of reception.
Optical Waveform Probing – Strategies for Non-Fllpchlp Devices and Other Applications
Authors: Kolachina Siva , Wills Kendall Scott , Nagel Tim , Mehta Aswin , Carawan Rand , Diaz de Leon Omar , Grund James , Todd Charles P. , Ramanujachar Kartik , Nagarathnam Sundari , Charpentier Christine , Gobled Daniel , Subido Willmar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Optical waveform probing is a critical component in flipchip diagnostics. There is a dramatic increase in the need for backside silicon probing of non-flipchip packaged devices. The effective way to implement this strategy is to package the die in a BGA carrier that allows backside analysis. Optical waveform probing has been used primarily as a digital waveform timing analysis tool. The capability of optical waveform probers can be extended to failsite isolation and qualitative analog signal analysis.
Advanced LIVA/TIVA Techniques
Authors: Aaron Falk R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
LIVA (L ight I nduced V oltage A lterations) and TIVA (T hermally I nduced V oltage A lterations) have demonstrated significant capability for fault isolation. A difficulty with both techniques is their use of a constant current source, whereas integrated circuits operate with a constant voltage source. A new technique that utilizes the constant current sensing of LIVA/TIVA, while allowing for use of constant voltage bias on the integrated circuit, has been developed. As a bonus, the technique is also significantly more sensitive (at least one order of magnitude) than the standard LIVA/TIVA approach.
Signal Trace and Power Plane Shorts Fault Isolation Using TDR
Authors: Smolyansky Dima , Tan Phoumra , Staab Donald 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The focus of this article is on locating signal-to-ground shorts and plane-to-plane shorts using the time domain reflectometry (TDR) based fault isolation system. The article proposes two comparative techniques for plane-to-plane short location, both based on the secondary information in the TDR data. The first technique looks for the difference in secondary reflections in the TDR waveform and the second looks at the inductance of the current return path, which can be computed in IConnect TDR software. The article presents simple test board example for plane-to-plane short failure location and discusses the results obtained by applying the TDR technique to the measurements of a sample package under test. Locating a signal-to-ground short has been shown to present little difficulty over a comparable open fault locating task. However, with the true impedance profile and planar inductance analyses, the claim of impossibility of locating a plane-to-plane is effectively challenged in this paper.