bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What information can be provided by the asphalt crack propagation test done on semicylindric specimens?
Authors: Vacková Pavla , Valentin Jan , Belhaj Majda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For several years, the crack propagation test data of bituminous mixtures according to CSN EN 12697-44 have been collected and evaluated at CTU in Prague. Over the time the standardized test procedure was adapted to the conditions more suitable to be used mainly in the Czech Republic - in terms of compaction of test specimens, the availability of cutting discs, diameters of test specimens etc. Some of the other test conditions were adapted as well as the procedures of collecting and evaluating the test data. Step by step, it has also been identified that the strict European focus on the fracture toughness as a suitable qualitative parameter is probably not correct. The characteristics of the fracture energy have been introduced and further study is devoted to the use of the tangent direction of force-strain diagrams. Selected findings from the testing of HMAC 22 are summarized in the paper.
Survey Studies in Construction Project Engineering
Authors: Radziszewska–Zielina Elżbieta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Construction project engineering provides us with both specialist knowledge and the skills and competencies necessary in decision-making concerning construction company management and carrying out construction projects, which requires reliable information and a wealth of knowledge on technical, societal, legal and economic conditions in the aspect of carrying out the process of construction, in addition to the skills necessary to make managerial decisions under market conditions while accounting for the expectations and preferences of developers and users alike. Survey studies can be a source of this data. This paper presents the results of the author’s research experience and proposals concerning the possibility of applying survey studies in construction project engineering. The author presented the results of many years of her original studies and analyses of the potential for applying survey methods in construction project engineering, a methodological and analytical approach typical for studying social phenomena and processes which is rarely used in the technical sciences. The author argues that the methods are appropriate and can be helpful in construction project engineering and, as a result, can support decision-makers in the process of making decisions. The author analysed and described the possibility of applying survey studies in both research and practice in the field of construction project engineering and proposed a typology of survey studies in said field. Survey methods are a source of valuable data, either individually or when paired with other methods, and can provide information that is then studied by researchers. The conclusions of these studies can be used to diagnose and prognosticate phenomena and problems or to control processes. Most importantly, such studies and their results support decision-makers in the difficult process of making decisions. When designing and carrying out survey studies, one should always inspect the soundness of the survey’s design and measurement quality (reliability and accuracy). Further studies should focus on developing measurement reliability verification methods adequately to the most common research problem groups in construction project engineering. There also exists a practical need to develop proposals of survey question sets that correspond to the most commonly observed research problems in construction project engineering.
Architectural Design as an Intermedial Creative Process - Scenography as a Creative Tool
Authors: Mazalan Peter , Hronský Michal 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The development of generative methods of architecture has reached the point when it is continuously moving apart from its archetype to newer intellectual encodings. The ways of its creation and perception have radicalised by means of new media to offer a greater extent of its own representation. The theoretical and architectural discourse, influenced by philosophy, sociology, and literature creates by its multiplicity still opened and complicated discussion in the 20th century. The architectural education reflects the need for such a creative participation with other media at different levels, depending on the possibilities or focus of the university where architecture is taught. The paper focuses on a case study from the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak Technical University (abbreviate FASTU), where besides other visual media, it is also possible to attend scenography as an optional course. It also deals with the reasons to build such an intermediary learning process. Theatre (performative arts), same as architecture, has always had great power and the potential to open discussion and be a critical mirror of various social phenomena. The aim of the study is to analyse the alternative method in education and in the teaching of architecture. The architecture will be explored herein in relation to space and its inherent characteristics by means of heterotopy and synaesthesia. The study does not understand the classical term architecture as the building and scenography as a staging of decorative mise-en-scéne. Can the architectural creative process be turned into a psychoanalytical laboratory, which helps to build optimal space for living and for the human’s relationships?
Planned Villages as Rural Heritage in the Function of Sustainable Development: Case Study of Gornji Vrhovci in Slavonia, Croatia
Authors: Kranjčević Jasenka , Stober Dina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although cultural values are the subject of an increasing number of officially adopted documents, at international as well as on European level, elaborations of planned villages’ values are rare. In 1990, the term cultural landscape was confirmed in several international texts as a concept related to the protection and heritage (World Heritage Convention, 1992; Recommendation on the Integrated Conservation of Cultural Landscapes Areas as Part of Landscape Policies, 1995). From the beginning of the 21st century, the concept is dispersed into several disciplines and the focus shifts to the side of natural values, visual values of the landscape, built structure, heritage values, elaborating the concept of the cultural landscape more widely and at the same time clarifying its components more in depth. The paper analyses the values of planned rural settlements in the context of the cultural landscape and the values of the rural heritage. The importance of planned rural heritage as a tourist attraction and potential destination is examined through a spatial multi-level research of the regional area on the example of the area of Western Slavonia, Croatia. Since the middle of the 18th century, in the area of Slavonia, there is the largest number of planned and regulated villages that have been integrated into the landscape, contributing to the spatial diversity and consequently the spatial identity. Therefore, the question arises whether their planned spatial structure can be recognized as a heritage and whether this part of heritage can be used in the function of rural tourism development. This paper explores the historical urban - architectural reconstruction of the village Gornji Vrhovci (1945-1948) after its damage during World War II, and reconstruction (1995-1998) after the damage during the Homeland War. Since the architects led both reconstructions of the village, the paper explores whether the recognizable spatial structure of the village can serve as a contribution to the development of a model for the development of rural tourism. The paper concludes that, despite the need for the development of rural tourism in Croatia, the identity of spatial structures of the village are neglected by the development plans both in the sense of heritage and resource sustainable development.
Emergency Repair of the Bridge from Prefabricated Posttensioned Beams
Authors: Śliwka Andrzej 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the ‘70s and ‘80s of the last century, bridge constructions with prefabricated pretensioned concrete beams were commonly built in Poland. Objects made of these beams are characterized by low durability of about 40 years. This is mainly due to the very low quality of joint concrete This problem is particularly evident in the case of objects made of type I beams. In this type of bridges, we see rapid destruction of the slabs. The case of failure of an object made of WBS type concrete beams is shown. The way of repair and increase of load capacity is presented.
Space Back to Humanism: Research on the Development Trend and Coupling Characteristics of “Industry-City-People” in London
Authors: Yaolin Ran , Bingjie Wang , Wei Xiong , Lei Luo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Human-oriented development is an important issue in the world, and it also has become an important driving force for urban development and industrial upgrading in the world’s major cities. So, the paper takes 33 administrative districts of London as the research object, through judging the current development trend and coupling analysis characteristics of industry, city and people in London, hoping to provide some references for the future upgrade and development of large cities. This paper constructs a human-oriented index system about the development of London’s industry, city and people, and comprehensively evaluating the degree of industrial development, urbanization and people development of each administrative district of London by SPSS principal component analysis, while using the physical coupling coordination degree model to analyse the characteristics of the coupling development of London’s industry, city and people. It is found that London’s industrial development has the characteristics of central agglomeration and development in the direction of west, northwest and southeast. While city development also has the characteristics of central agglomeration, and it is developing towards the southwest and southeast. However, the characteristics of central agglomeration of human development are not obvious. It is developing along the south bank of the Thames and southwest of London. In addition, the coupling results of industry, city, and people systems have prominent functional hierarchy characteristics, which are obviously related to the layout of urban industrial function value areas. Finally, the paper summarizes the revelations for the development of major cities.
Sustainable Design Building Evaluation Based on Multi-Criteria Methods
Authors: Kamionka Lucjan W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents the objectives of sustainable development and the features of sustainable buildings executed within new urban structures. It presents various aspects of sustainable design, where energy-efficiency is the crucial building evaluation factor in multi-criteria LEED, BREEAM and Green Building methods. It points to the need for the application of a design solution multi-criteria evaluation method with the use of specialist software, within the sustainable design process. The process of evaluating and verifying applied solutions should involve a group of industry specialists, among others, from the field of building energy performance. The role of an architect in an inter-disciplinary design process is that of a leader in terms of coordinating the work, and a creator, where humanistic values are crucial. It also presents examples of buildings designed and constructed in Poland, which are characterized by high quality solutions in the field of sustainable design. These objects obtained LEED, BREEAM, Green Building and Passivhaus certificates.
A Solution of Wheelchair Accessibility in Existing Building – Apartment Building in Kraslice
Authors: Kankovsky Ales , Dedic Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide information about solution possibilities in the design of wheelchair accessibility in the existing apartment building. Given the growing population of the elderly, and the efforts to integrate people with health disabilities into society, greater emphasis is placed on ensuring a barrier-free environment in public places, in public infrastructure and at public buildings. Infrastructure, premises, and buildings without barrier-free modifications make it difficult to use and move around or through it. The government is actively trying to resolve these things by creating new texts of building laws, decrees and building standards and by tightening the rules for issuing building permits for new buildings. At the same time, the building authorities have the power to order the owner of the building or the place its construction modification to ensure the barrier-free environment. An example will be given to the existing apartment building in Kraslice city in the Czech Republic, where the building authority ordered an owner of the building to secure construction modifications for the barrier-less use of the building. The solution of barrier-less use of the apartment building for persons with reduced mobility is based on the building layout, possibilities and needs of persons in a wheelchair and persons with a baby stroller, as well as from the building layout and possibilities of persons using crutches, sticks, walkers or other equipment for walking, pregnant women and persons accompanying children under three years of age. The design of the wheelchair accessibility of the apartment building is based on the applicable building law, relevant decrees and building standards, as well as on the implementation possibilities, taking into account aspects such as the existing layout and its possibilities, structure system design, technical equipment, possibilities of surrounding area and investor’s financial options. The result is the realization of barrier-free entrance into the apartment building based on the most feasible design, which best analysed all the above aspects.
A relationship between the value of the whole and separate parts
Authors: Krulický Tomáš , Vrbka Jaromír , Brabenec Tomáš 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the open market values of real property when the real property is sold in various ways. What is considered is the sale of real property as a whole and by its separate parts. Our conceptions are reflected on a specific real property model. The open market value of the real property is set by a comparative and yield-basis method. The difference in established open market values of the real property when selling the real property in various ways equals to 32%. Individual internal and external value-setting factors that make the difference are indicated and discussed. The discussed value-setting factors are mostly as follows: imposing administrative and organizational duties, the nature of the model real property, a position of the real property market, the economic law of declining demand, a risk of rental losses and the situation in the construction industry relating to the new buildings. A further research might be focused on identifying other value-setting factors related to real property.
Effect of Chemical Activators on the Compressive Strength of Cement-Slag Mortar
Authors: Faqe Hersh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The reaction of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) with water is slower compared to the hydration of ordinary Portland cement. This led researchers to concentrate on increasing the hydration rate of the GGBFS. Previous studies were done by (SCA) showed that GGBFS can be used with activators or a certain amount of Portland cement. Also, they found that alkali hydroxides and GGBFS can be reacted alone without any calcium hydroxide obtained from Portland cement hydration to obtain a strong cement paste in applications. This experimental study conducted by the TS EN 196-1 standard, with the ratio (79:21)% slag to cement and 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% levels of activators (CaCO3, Ca (OH) 2, Na2SO4, K2SO4 and CaSO4.2H2O); results indicates that with above ratio slag can be used with activator of (Na2SO4, K2SO4 and CaSO4.2H2O), greater compressive strength of 5-6 MPa was obtained at 2 and 7-day curing ages when K2SO4 was used as an activator at the dosages of 3% and 4%, while the activator (CaSO4.2H2O) can improve all ages, and there was not a clear difference among control mixture without activator and slag-mortars activated by CaCO3 and Ca (OH).
Fresh Behavior and Hardened Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Coal Ash and Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement
Authors: Hilal Nahla N. , Rajab Noor A. , Faraj Rabar H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Due to the higher price of cement compared to other concrete ingredients, the problems associated with greenhouse gases emissions during its production and its high popularity have arisen concerns in its substitution with other supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). In this regard, the current experimental program was established to investigate the fresh and hardened performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made with coal ash (CA) and fly ash (FA) as fractional substitution of cement. In this paper an attempt was made to use the remaining CA from the barbecue process of the restaurants from Fallujah city, Iraq. A total number of 7 concrete mixes were prepared with unchanged (w/b) ratio of 0.37 and total cementitious content of 450 kg/m3. Reference mix was produced by using 100% cement without FA or CA. Then, other mixtures were batched with 10%, 20% and 30% (by weight) replacement of cement by FA and CA, respectively. The results illustrated that, in contrast to the FA, the CA has negative influences on the fresh properties of SCC but the results still meet the criteria for the fresh behavior of SCC. On the other hand, the inclusion of CA was significantly improved the strength and water absorption of SCC. Sustainable high strength SCC can be produced due to the addition of CA.
Compressive Strength-Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Relationship of Concrete Containing Plastic Waste
Authors: Mohammed Azad A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper the relationship between compressive strength and non-destructive behavior of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of concrete containing different plastic wastes has been investigated. For this purpose, a total of 102 data observations were collected from nine past works on properties of concrete with plastic waste and analyzed. Relationship between both compressive strength and UPV with plastic waste aggregate was found weak. Also, relationship between compressive and UPV is not strong, and in contrast, there is a relatively strong correlation between compressive strength ratio (concrete with plastic waste/control concrete) and UPV ratio. Using regression analysis, an equation was developed for calculating compressive strength of concrete with plastic waste depending on the UPV test data. The proposed equation is helpful to assess the residual compressive strength and consequently the structural health monitoring of those structures made of concrete with aggregate partially replaced with plastic wastes, which depends essentially on test data of UPV and compressive strength of control concrete.
Possible Scenarios of Iraqi Marshland Restoration for Future Water Resources Management
Authors: Alshami Alaa H. , Ibrahim Mohammed A. , Hussein Haitham A. , Hameed Gatiea Hassan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Agriculture is the only source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq. Annually more than 70% of the available water is used for irrigation. The total amount of land that can be cultivated in Iraq is 12 million hec. Only 2.2 million hec in Tigris basin and 1.37 million hec in the Euphrates basin were cultivated in 2001. According to the development of the projects in Turkey and development irrigation in Syria for the Euphrates basin, Iraq will face reduction in the amount of water entering Iraq with 50% for Tigris basin and 80% for Euphrates basin and with deficit of 21-22 billion cubic meters for the coming year 2030. The existing area of marshland restoration equal to 58%. The study suggests in case to increase the area of restoration Marshland to 75%, it should be need water amount to 2.5 BCM or 70 m3/s continuously with existing discharge.
Performance of High Strength Cementitious Composites with High Volume Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Authors: Adesina Adeyemi , Booya Emad , Karla Gorospe , Das Sreekanta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Portland cement (PC) is the major binder used for cementitious composites. However, due to the increase in the demand for cementitious composites for the construction of infrastructures, there’s a consequential effect of the production of this binder (i.e. PC) on the sustainability of our environment. The production of PC emits huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment and posses a huge strain on the natural deposits of its raw material. In order to create a sustainable environment while meeting the high demand for cementitious composites; it is paramount to replace the PC with locally available waste materials. This study incorporates a high volume of slag alongside silica fume at a ratio of 2.2 to that of PC to produce high strength cementitious composites. The effects of these compositions were determined experimentally on its fresh and hardened properties. Results from this study showed that high strength cementitious composites can be produced with a high volume of supplementary cementitious composites up to 80%. The use of slag as 80% replacement of slag resulted in a 9.3% increase in the compressive strength and a 48.1% decrease in sorption.
Upper Prosthetic Design based on EMG: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mahmood Noof T. , Al-Muifraje Mahmuod Hamza , Saeed Thamir R. , Kaittan Assel H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the past few years, physical therapy plays a very important role during rehabilitation. Numerous efforts have been made to demonstrate the effectiveness of medical/clinical and human-machine interface (HMI) applications. The prevalent control methods are using electromyography (EMG) signals generated by muscle contractions to implement the prosthetic human body parts. This paper aims to provide and summarize ideas about recent researches in the field of Pattern Recognition (PR) based on EMG signals to save time and efforts for the readers working in this field. The first step starts by demonstrating a general overview of the various techniques to collect the database by taking into consideration the factors that affect the accuracy of the collected data. Hence, different types of filters are presented to process the signals and reduce the noise of the raw EMG signals. This research clarifies the features extraction methods using time-domain (TD), frequency domain (FD), and time-frequency domain (TFD) and which of these methods will be suitable to use for EMG signals. Finally, a group of studies is reviewed based on three classification methods i.e. artificial neural network (ANN), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL). Depending on these methods, the accuracy range can be specified for each classifier, also the factors which affect the accuracy percentage. Therefore, the researchers can avoid these issues that reduce accuracy.