bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Kolmogorov's −5/3 Power Law Observed Within the Turbulent Airflow Above the Ocean
Authors: Ortiz‐Suslow David G. , Wang Qing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn 1941, Kolmogorov postulated that the energy distribution of turbulence, across a particular range of eddy sizes cascading to dissipation, could be uniquely described as a universal −5/3 power law. This theory was readily accepted as the basis for conceptualizing the phenomenological characteristics of turbulence and remains central to continued experimental and theoretical developments in turbulence study. However, the theory's own validity lacks final certainty. Here we present the first observation‐based evaluation of Kolmogorov's power law within the atmospheric flow above the ocean. Using a unique platform and a novel analytical approach, we found that the expected power law varies systematically with height above the surface and the local environmental state. Our findings suggest that Kolmogorov's idealized value (−5/3) is approximately valid but, under certain conditions, may depend strongly on the unique processes and dynamics near the ocean surface. This discovery should motivate a reevaluation of how Kolmogorov's framework is applied to geophysical turbulence in the vicinity of the air‐sea interface.
Preserved Fluvial Cross Strata Record Bedform Disequilibrium Dynamics
Authors: Leary Kate C. P. , Ganti Vamsi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFluvial cross strata are an archive of ancient river morphodynamics. Controls on their preservation are well documented for bedforms equilibrated with prevailing flows; however, variability in water and sediment discharge results in bedforms that are routinely out of phase with flow conditions—termed bedform disequilibrium. Using theory and experiments of dune evolution in steady and unsteady flows, we show that preservation of cross strata is greater during unsteady flows—particularly during flood recession—when bedform disequilibrium is prevalent. The enhanced preservation of disequilibrium dynamics is associated with a high bedform preservation ratio, which results from localized increase in sedimentation rates relative to bedform migration rates due to the hierarchical bedform organization during flood recession. We find that the coefficient of variation of cross sets reflects the ratio of the time scales of formative‐flood variability and bedform adjustment. We parameterize bedform disequilibrium for rivers globally and suggest that flood variability is a key control on cross set preservation.
Extreme Atlantic Hurricane Probability of Occurrence Through the Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution
Authors: Hosseini S. R. , Scaioni M. , Marani M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe estimation of extreme hurricane probability is hampered by small samples and by limitations in our models of extreme tropical storms. Current best estimates of extreme hurricane probability based on the traditional extreme value theory assume hurricane arrivals to be a homogeneous Poisson process. We reformulate here, for application to Atlantic hurricanes, the Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution (MEVD) that relaxes this key assumption in the traditional extreme value theory and uses all available observations. The MEVD application to the 1886–2017 observational record improves the accuracy of extreme Atlantic hurricane estimation by about 50% with respect to current best estimates. The MEVD allows trends to emerge above estimation uncertainty: A sliding‐window analysis shows a significant increase in extreme hurricane likelihood in the past century. This trend, previously uncertain and controversial, remains significant after correcting for hurricane underdetection in the presatellite era and when focusing only on the modern observational period (1970–2017).
Induced Seismicity in the Delaware Basin, Texas
Authors: Skoumal Robert J. , Barbour Andrew J. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Langenkamp Teresa , Kaven J. Ole 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe seismicity rate in the Delaware Basin, located in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, has increased by orders of magnitude within the past ~5 years. While no seismicity was reported in the southern Delaware Basin during 1980–2014, 37 earthquakes with M > 3 occurred in this area during 2015–2018. We generated an improved catalog of ~37,000 earthquakes in this region during 2009–2018 by applying multistation template matching at both regional and local stations using all earthquakes in the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) and TexNet catalogs. We found that the vast majority of the seismicity is most likely associated with wastewater disposal, while at least ~5% of the seismicity was induced directly by hydraulic fracturing. We inferred far‐field effects of wastewater disposal inducing earthquakes over distances >25 km. The spatial limits of seismicity correlate with geologic structures that include the Central Platform and Grisham Fault, suggesting hydrologic compartmentalization by low‐permeability boundaries. Given that the seismicity rate increased throughout the duration of the study, if industry operations continue unaltered, it is likely that both the seismicity rate and number of M > 3 earthquakes may continue to increase in the future.
Bias Correction of High‐Resolution Regional Climate Model Precipitation Output Gives the Best Estimates of Precipitation in Himalayan Catchments
Authors: Bannister Daniel , Orr Andrew , Jain Sanjay K. , Holman Ian P. , Momblanch Andrea , Phillips Tony , Adeloye Adebayo J. , Snapir Boris , Waine Toby W. , Hosking J. Scott , Allen‐Sader Clare 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe need to provide accurate estimates of precipitation over catchments in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya mountain ranges for hydrological and water resource systems assessments is widely recognized, as is identifying precipitation extremes for assessing hydro‐meteorological hazards. Here, we investigate the ability of bias‐corrected Weather Research and Forecasting model output at 5‐km grid spacing to reproduce the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation for the Beas and Sutlej river basins in the Himalaya, measured by 44 stations spread over the period 1980 to 2012. For the Sutlej basin, we find that the raw (uncorrected) model output generally underestimated annual, monthly, and (particularly low‐intensity) daily precipitation amounts. For the Beas basin, the model performance was better, although biases still existed. It is speculated that the cause of the dry bias over the Sutlej basin is a failure of the model to represent an early‐morning maximum in precipitation during the monsoon period, which is related to excessive precipitation falling upwind. However, applying a nonlinear bias‐correction method to the model output resulted in much better results, which were superior to precipitation estimates from reanalysis and two gridded datasets. These findings highlight the difficulty in using current gridded datasets as input for hydrological modeling in Himalayan catchments, suggesting that bias‐corrected high‐resolution regional climate model output is in fact necessary. Moreover, precipitation extremes over the Beas and Sutlej basins were considerably underrepresented in the gridded datasets, suggesting that bias‐corrected regional climate model output is also necessary for hydro‐meteorological risk assessments in Himalayan catchments.
Arctic River Delta Morphologic Variability and Implications for Riverine Fluxes to the Coast
Authors: Piliouras A. , Rowland J. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractArctic riverine fluxes are anticipated to increase as the Arctic warms and have a large impact on the Arctic ocean. Deltas modify the spatial and temporal distributions of riverine fluxes, but no thorough studies have been conducted to analyze Arctic delta morphologies to determine their influence on land‐ocean fluxes. We performed an analysis of six high‐latitude deltas (Colville, Kolyma, Lena, Mackenzie, Yenisei, and Yukon) to characterize delta morphologies and determine the influence of morphology on the distribution of fluxes to the coast. All six deltas deliver material to the coast at discrete locations across small areas despite differences in delta shoreline length. Large Arctic deltas exhibit large variability in channel width, which we hypothesize is due to a feedback with ice cover and retreat that favors the growth of large channels over geologic timescales. Spatial variability in island sizes suggests variability in channel activity, island nourishment, and susceptibility to drowning by sea level rise. Potential lake storage is highest on the Mackenzie delta, thus providing a means for reducing nutrient and sediment loading of the coastal ocean. Connected lakes are also prevalent on the Colville and Yukon deltas, suggesting that these deltas can filter riverine fluxes even when the deltas are not flooded. Differences in Arctic delta morphologies can be explained by varying levels of riverine and marine influence, antecedent topography, and local channel dynamics. Ice cover also plays a large role in controlling Arctic delta morphologies and dynamics that has not been previously represented in interpretations of existing delta metrics.
Quantification of Peat Thickness and Stored Carbon at the Landscape Scale in Tropical Peatlands: A Comparison of Airborne Geophysics and an Empirical Topographic Method
Authors: Silvestri Sonia , Knight Rosemary , Viezzoli Andrea , Richardson Curtis J. , Anshari Gusti Z. , Dewar Noah , Flanagan Neal , Comas Xavier 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPeatlands play a key role in the global carbon cycle, sequestering and releasing large amounts of carbon. Despite their importance, a reliable method for the quantification of peatland thickness and volume is still missing, particularly for peat deposits located in the tropics given their limited accessibility, and for scales of measurement representative of peatland environments (i.e., of hundreds of km2). This limitation also prevents the accurate quantification of the stored carbon as well as future greenhouse gas emissions due to ongoing peat degradation. Here we present the results obtained using the airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method, a geophysical surveying tool, for peat thickness detection at the landscape scale. Based on a large amount of data collected on an Indonesian peatland, our results show that the AEM method provides a reliable and accurate 3‐D model of peatlands, allowing the quantification of their volume and carbon storage. A comparison with the often used empirical topographic approach, which is based on an assumed correlation between peat thickness and surface topography, revealed larger errors across the landscape associated with the empirical approach than the AEM method when predicting the peat thickness. As a result, the AEM method provides higher estimates (22%) of organic carbon pools than the empirical method. We show how in our case study the empirical method tends to underestimate the peat thickness due to its inability to accurately detect the large variability in the elevation of the peat/mineral substrate interface, which is better quantified by the AEM method.
Speech Perception in Classroom Acoustics by Children With Hearing Loss and Wearing Hearing Aids
Authors: Iglehart Frank 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The classroom acoustic standard ANSI/ASA S12.60-2010/Part 1 requires a reverberation time (RT) for children with hearing impairment of 0.3 s, shorter than its requirement of 0.6 s for children with typical hearing. While preliminary data from conference proceedings support this new RT requirement of 0.3 s, peer-reviewed data that support 0.3-s RT are not available on those wearing hearing aids. To help address this, this article compares speech perception performance by children with hearing aids in RTs, including those specified in the ANSI/ASA-2010 standard. A related clinical issue is whether assessments of speech perception conducted in near-anechoic sound booths, which may overestimate performance in reverberant classrooms, may now provide a more reliable estimate when the child is in a classroom with a short RT of 0.3 s. To address this, this study compared speech perception by children with hearing aids in a sound booth to listening in 0.3-s RT.

Method
Participants listened in classroom RTs of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 s and in a near-anechoic sound booth. All conditions also included a 21-dB range of speech-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to further represent classroom listening environments. Performance measures using the Bamford–Kowal–Bench Speech-in-Noise (BKB-SIN) test were 50% correct word recognition across these acoustic conditions, with supplementary analyses of percent correct.

Results
Each reduction in RT from 0.9 to 0.6 to 0.3 s significantly benefited the children's perception of speech. Scores obtained in a sound booth were significantly better than those measured in 0.3-s RT.

Conclusion

These results support the acoustic standard of 0.3-s RT for children with hearing impairment in learning spaces ≤ 283 m
3
, as specified in ANSI/ASA S12.60-2010/Part 1. Additionally, speech perception testing in a sound booth did not predict accurately listening ability in a classroom with 0.3-s RT.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11356487
Synthesis of SiC nanoparticles by central composite design response surface methodology directed mechanical milling
Authors: Erdemir F. , Varol T. , Çanakçı A. 
Published: December 2019

In this work, synthesising of SiC nanoparticles by mechanical milling was studied. The influence of ball to powder ratios, milling speeds and milling times in three levels on the specific surface area of SiC particles using central composite design was investigated. The statistical significance of the independent variables and their dual interactions were analysed. The specific surface area and morphology of SiC particles were characterised using a laser particle size analyser and scanning electron microscope, respectively. It was found that milling speed is the most important parameter for the conversion of SiC particles from micro‐sized to nanosized powders. The morphology and specific surface area of SiC particles are almost unchanged at the milling speed of 100 rpm. The specific surface area substantially increased from 0.0643 to 3.59 m2/g with increasing the milling speed from 100 to 300 rpm.
Reversal of Warfarin-Associated Major Hemorrhage: Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
Authors: Peksa Gary D. , Mokszycki Robert K. , Rech Megan A. , Maynard Brian , Panos Nicholas G. , Sweis Rolla T. , DeMott Joshua M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Warfarin-associated major hemorrhage is frequently treated with prothrombin complex concentrates to correct international normalized ratio (INR).
Objective This article aims to investigate the efficacy of activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) versus 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4PCC) for vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients with warfarin-associated major hemorrhage.
Materials and Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Patients included were age ≥ 18 years with pretreatment INR of > 1.5. Exclusion criteria were patients treated for urgent procedures without hemorrhage, treated but not taking warfarin, unavailable INR values, and pregnant patients. Patients were stratified into two groups: aPCC or 4PCC. The primary outcome was achievement of INR ≤ 1.5 at the posttreatment INR sampling. Secondary outcomes focused on thrombotic events and mortality.
Results Of 342 patients, 237 patients received aPCC and 105 patients received 4PCC. After 1:1 propensity score matching, 86 patients remained in each group. In the matched cohort, the proportion of patients who achieved target INR ≤ 1.5 was greater with 4PCC (aPCC = 61 [70.9%] vs. 4PCC = 76 [88.4%]; 95% confidence interval [CI] –29.2% to –5.7%) and groups had comparable in-hospital thrombotic events and mortality. In the unmatched cohort, achievement of target INR ≤ 1.5 was greater with 4PCC (aPCC = 151 [63.7%] vs. 4PCC = 92 [87.6%]; 95% CI –32.7% to –15.1%).
Conclusion In the treatment of warfarin-associated major hemorrhage, 4PCC compared with aPCC was associated with greater achievement of INR ≤ 1.5 with comparable thrombotic events and mortality. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal dosing strategy that maximizes efficacy and safety.
Simulation of phase-ordering dynamics of 2d Ising model under influence of oscillatory shear
Authors: Sasom S , Hengpunya V 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we study phase-ordering dynamics of 2d Ising model under influence of oscillatory shear by computer simulation. We focus on the time evolution of the equal-time correlation functions to test the dynamical scaling hypothesis and to determine the governing growth laws. We find that at late times the system has two different behaviours which are a non-shear behaviour and a uniformly sheared behaviour. Initial phases and frequencies of oscillatory shear determine the behaviour of the system. On one hand, if the frequency is high, the system behaves as if it is not under shear. On the other hand, if the frequency is approached zero, the behaviour of the system will be determined by the initial phase of oscillatory shear. At the initial phase of 90 degree (or 270 degree), the system also behaves as if it is not under shear. Otherwise, the system behaves as if it is under uniform shear (Oscillatory shear is in the form of cosine function).
Establishment of Thailand’s national primary vacuum standard by a static expansion method
Authors: Phanakulwijit S , Pitakarnnop J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A novel primary standard system for a vacuum pressure calibration has been established at the National Institute of Metrology, Thailand (NIMT). The system, which cover the pressure range from 1.3 • 10-1 Pa up to 1.3 • 103 Pa is based on the static expansion method. By the series of re-expansion, the range could be extended to lower calibration pressures. The facility consists of two small and one large vessels, which provide an expansion ratio by a factor of approximately 102 to 103 for a single expansion and more for a multiple one. Six platinum resistance thermometers are attached to the vessel to ensure the correction of the non-isothermal effect during an expansion. The system could deliver the expanded (k = 2) relative uncertainties under 0.6% of reading at the lowest operating pressure. The measurement results of the system were verified by comparing with the calibration results of the capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG) from Physikalisch-Technische Budensanstalt (PTB). The En
ratios represent an excellent agreement between NIMT and PTB calibration results.
Application of magnetic field for improvement of energy spread of an electron beam
Authors: Wongrach Kunaree , Photia Thanarwut , Chiangga Surasak , Pinchaipat Rattachai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Electron diffraction is not solely a powerful method to study fundamental physics but has also been applied to quantum sensors. A low-coherence electron source results in a drop of fringe contrast. One approach to enhance a visibility of the diffraction pattern is to improve a longitudinal coherence of an electron beam. When electrons pass through a magnetic field, they experience a force which bends them to circular paths. Electrons with different energies will travel along the different paths. By placing a slit behind the magnetic field, the width of the electron energy distribution will become narrower and hence an improvement of the beam coherence. However, this method reduces the intensity of the electron beam. The simulation was performed to optimize the slit width for electron diffraction experiments with respect to the energy spread of the beam and electron flux.
An investigation of poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation using cloud cover
Authors: Chanalert W , Janjai S , Buntoung S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Amongst the issues associated with global climate change, the expansion of the tropics has become increasingly important. This expansion is normally demonstrated in the form of changes in the Hadley circulation. In this study the changes of the Hadley circulation were investigated using high cloud cover from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Trends of zonal-mean cloud cover computed over the period 1979-2017 in both hemispheres show that poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation is about 1.6 and 1.2 degree of latitude per 39 years in northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere, respectively. In addition, the expansion for all four seasons was also analysed. The analysis results show that poleward expansion occurs mostly in all seasons and the expansion of the Hadley circulation results in a poleward expansion of the subtropical dry regions.
Elliptic flow of the proton in 197Au + 197Au collisions reaction at intermediate energy by using a quantum molecular dynamics model
Authors: Chaimongkon Phacharatouch , Thapang Tanachod , Boonprasert Tanaporn , Chumsri Apichaya , Sittiketkorn Panadda , Thongkum Patcharapan , Srisawad Pornrad 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The elliptic flow (v2) of the proton in 197Au + 197Au collisions reaction at intermediate energy by using a quantum molecular dynamics model (QMD) is investigated. We analyse the elliptic flow of the proton in 197Au + 197Au collisions reaction at incident energy 0.09, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.25 A GeV with the impact parameter from 0.25 to 0.45 (0.25 < b
0 < 0.45) by including a nuclear equation of state (EoS). The theoretical calculated results are compared with the FOPI data. We observe that the EoS effects obviously to the elliptic flow as a function of the centrality transverse component t of the 4-velocity (u

t0). After taking into account a soft nuclear equation of state (Soft EoS), a theoretical is in a good agreement with the experimental data this indicates that the elliptic flow as a function of the u

t0 is one of sensitive probes to extract information on the EoS properties at high density.
Azimuthal emission patterns of proton in 58Ni + 58Ni collision at intermediate energy by using a quantum molecular dynamics model
Authors: Chaimongkon Phacharatouch , Kunkaew Pitchayapak , Rerkwattanaampai Panwaris , Sittiketkorn Panadda , Thongkum Patcharapan , Srisawad Pornrad 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The direct flow of a proton in the 58Ni + 58Ni collisions at incident energy 1.93 A GeV was computed by using a quantum molecular dynamics model (QMD). The mean transverse momentum projected on the reaction plane as a function normalized rapidity for the proton (〈px
/mp
〉 (Y(0))) from 58Ni + 58Ni collisions with impact parameter (b) < 4 fm was studied. Furthermore, the direct flow of the proton as a function of th transverse momentum (v
1(pt
)) at the incident energy 1.93 A GeV with b < 2.5 fm was investigated by taking into account the nuclear equation of state (hard and soft EoS). The theoretical results were compared with KaoS experiment and BUU model. The calculated results show that the theoretical calculations of the 〈px
/mp
〉 (Y0), a soft EoS is consistent with experimental data. In addition, the v
1(pt
) is confirmed by the soft EoS that is good agreement with the experimental data at the pt
< 0.6. Consequently, this work indicates that 〈px
/mp
〉 (Y(0)) and v
1(pt
) are sensitive observable to probe the nuclear equation of state in dense nuclear matter.