bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of proactive goal setting and choice in 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds' use of working memory gating strategies in a naturalistic task
Authors: Freier Livia , Gupta Pankaj , Badre David , Amso Dima 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRule‐guided behavior depends on the ability to strategically update and act on content held in working memory. Proactive and reactive control strategies were contrasted across two experiments using an adapted input/output gating paradigm (Neuron, 81, 2014 and 930). Behavioral accuracies of 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐year‐olds were higher when a contextual cue appeared at the beginning of the task (input gating) rather than at the end (output gating). This finding supports prior work in older children, suggesting that children are better when input gating but rely on the more effortful output gating strategy for goal‐oriented action selection (Cognition, 155, 2016 and 8). A manipulation was added to investigate whether children's use of working memory strategies becomes more flexible when task goals are specified internally rather than externally provided by the experimenter. A shift toward more proactive control was observed when children chose the task goal among two alternatives. Scan path analyses of saccadic eye movement indicated that giving children agency and choice over the task goal resulted in less use of a reactive strategy than when the goal was determined by the experimenter.
Continuous developmental change explains discontinuities in word learning
Authors: Fourtassi Abdellah , Regan Sophie , Frank Michael C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCognitive development is often characterized in terms of discontinuities, but these discontinuities can sometimes be apparent rather than actual and can arise from continuous developmental change. To explore this idea, we use as a case study the finding by Stager and Werker (1997) that children's early ability to distinguish similar sounds does not automatically translate into word learning skills. Early explanations proposed that children may not be able to encode subtle phonetic contrasts when learning novel word meanings, thus suggesting a discontinuous/stage‐like pattern of development. However, later work has revealed (e.g., through using more precise testing methods) that children do encode such contrasts, thus favoring a continuous pattern of development. Here, we propose a probabilistic model that represents word knowledge in a graded fashion and characterizes developmental change as improvement in the precision of this graded knowledge. Our model explained previous findings in the literature and provided a new prediction – the referents' visual similarity modulates word learning accuracy. The models' predictions were corroborated by human data collected from both preschool children and adults. The broader impact of this work is to show that computational models, such as ours, can help us explore the extent to which episodes of cognitive development that are typically thought of as discontinuities may emerge from simpler, continuous mechanisms.
Lessons from the Ebola epidemics and their applications for COVID‐19 pandemic response in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Afolabi Muhammed O. , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Munung Nchangwi Syntia , Yakubu Aminu , Ndow Gibril , Jegede Ayodele , Ambe Jennyfer , Kombe Francis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons learned during the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in some sub‐Saharan African countries were expected to shape and influence the region’s responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. However, some of the challenges associated with the management of the EVD outbreaks persist and create obstacles for the effective management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article describes the commonalities between the EVD epidemics and COVID‐19 pandemic, with a view to draw on lessons learned to effectively tackle the ongoing pandemic. Key successes, failures and lessons learned from previous EVD outbreaks are discussed. Recommendations on how these lessons can be translated to strengthen the COVID‐19 response in sub‐Saharan Africa are provided.
Determinants of clinical outcomes in patients with mixed mitral valve disease
Authors: Cho In‐Jeong , Lee Sang‐Eun , Jeong Hyeonju , Chang Hyuk‐Jae 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough significant stenosis and regurgitation can be observed on a single heart valve, studies on the outcome predictors for mixed valve disease are limited. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the fate and determinants of clinical outcomes in patients with mixed single mitral valve disease who have concomitant mitral stenosis (MS) and mitral regurgitation (MR).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 82 consecutive patients with rheumatic heart disease who had both significant MS (MVA ≤ 1.5 cm2) and at least moderate MR, excluding patients with significant aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation. The primary endpoint was a composite of all‐cause mortality during follow‐up, mitral valve replacement, heart failure admission, and stroke.ResultsThere were 37 events (45.1%), 5 all‐cause deaths (6.0%), and 32 mitral valve replacements (39.0%). In a multivariable Cox regression analysis, a transmitral mean pressure gradient (TMPG) over 6 mm Hg was the only independent echocardiographic predictor for events (hazard ratio 3.69, 95% confidential interval 1.31–10.44, P = .014), after adjusting for sex, age, symptoms, and the severity of MS and MR. The estimated 6‐year event‐free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with TMPG ≥ 6 mm Hg than in those with TMPG < 6 mm Hg (76.3% vs 22.9%, log‐rank P < .001).ConclusionTransmitral mean pressure gradient, which reflects the hemodynamic burden of the mitral valve lesion, appears to be the most important echocardiographic predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with mixed mitral valve disease.
A case of nonvalvular endocarditis with biventricular apical infected thrombi
Authors: Vani Anish , Ahluwalia Monica , Donnino Robert , Jung Albert , Vaynblat Mikhail , Latson Larry , Saric Muhamed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe report what appears to be the first case of biopsy‐proven nonvalvular endocarditis with biventricular apical infected thrombi. A 47‐year‐old man presented with hypoxic respiratory failure from a multilobar pneumonia due to methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed biventricular apical masses suggestive of nonvalvular endocarditis with infected thrombi. Given concern for ongoing septic embolization to the lungs and brain despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy, the masses were surgically resected. Culture and histopathology confirmed MRSA‐positive infected thrombi. In this case report, we highlight the differential diagnosis of apical masses and the role of multimodality imaging.
Usefulness of echocardiography to detect cardiac involvement in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Cameli Matteo , Pastore Maria Concetta , Soliman Aboumarie Hatem , Mandoli Giulia Elena , D'Ascenzi Flavio , Cameli Paolo , Bigio Elisa , Franchi Federico , Mondillo Sergio , Valente Serafina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak is a current global healthcare burden, leading to the life‐threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, evidence showed that, even if the prevalence of COVID‐19 damage consists in pulmonary lesions and symptoms, it could also affect other organs, such as heart, liver, and spleen. Particularly, some infected patients refer to the emergency department for cardiovascular symptoms, and around 10% of COVID‐19 victims had finally developed heart injury. Therefore, the use of echocardiography, according to the safety local protocols and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment, could be useful firstly to discriminate between primary cardiac disease or COVID‐19–related myocardial damage, and then for assessing and monitoring COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications: acute myocarditis and arrhythmias, acute heart failure, sepsis‐induced myocardial impairment, and right ventricular failure derived from treatment with high‐pressure mechanical ventilation. The present review aims to enlighten the applications of transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of myocardial damage in COVID‐19 patients.
Cardiovascular risk estimation with 5 different algorithms before and after 5 years of bDMARD treatment in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cacciapaglia Fabio , Fornaro Marco , Venerito Vincenzo , Perniola Simone , Urso Livio , Iannone Florenzo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAssessing cardiovascular (CV) risk represents a challenge for clinicians because more variables can impact CV risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of CV risk after 5 years of biological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and impact of prolonged low disease activity on 5 different CV risk algorithms.Materials and methodsWe estimated the CV risk, at baseline and at 5‐year follow‐up (FU), with the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation(SCORE) charts, the algorithm ‘Progetto Cuore’, the QRISK3‐2018 score, the Reynold Risk Score(RRS) and the Expanded Risk Score in RA(ERS‐RA). Clinical disease activity index(CDAI) was used to define RA activity. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare CV risk scores.ResultsIn 110 patients with a 5‐year FU on biological disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug treatment, we observed an increase in the 10‐year CV risk estimated by SCORE charts [from mean (SD) 0.9% (1.4) to 1.1% (1.5), P < .001], ‘Progetto Cuore’ [from mean (SD) 5.5% (7.2) to 6.2% (6.8), P < .001], QRISK3‐2018 [from mean (SD) 9.3% (10.1) to 11.9% (10.8), P < .001) and RRS [from mean (SD) 5.6% (6.4) to 6.2% (7.5), P < .05], mainly due to age raise. ERS‐RA highlighted a significant decrease of estimated CV risk in patients with persistent CDAI ≤ 10[from mean (SD) 9.6% (11.2) to 7.3% (6.4), P < .05], despite age increase and its impact on the CV risk score.ConclusionsAlgorithms commonly used to estimate 10‐year CV risk in RA perform differently. Scores that include specific inflammatory RA‐related variables seem to decrease with amelioration of disease activity. Further investigations are warranted to explore the predictive value of their changing over time.
Disclosing conflict of interest does not mitigate healthcare bias and harm: It is time to sever industry ties
Authors: James Jack E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Disclosing conflict of interest is widely believed to mitigate bias and harm from industry entanglement in healthcare research, education and practice.

However, evidence is lacking of disclosure‐related mitigation.

Radical and extensive severing of industry ties to health care is necessary to curtail industry‐related bias and harm.
The impact of COVID‐19 on dental education in North America—Where do we go next?
Authors: Wu David T. , Wu Kevin Y. , Nguyen Thomas T. , Tran Simon D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, the dental education community faced unprecedented challenges. In this commentary, we share the perspectives of faculty clinicians, residents and students in academic dental institutions in the United States and Canada. We discuss COVID‐19’s impact on various aspects of academic dentistry including patient care, education, research and raise key concerns regarding the future of dental education post‐pandemic.
Temporal associations between sleep slow oscillations, spindles and ripples
Authors: Oyanedel Carlos N. , Durán Ernesto , Niethard Niels , Inostroza Marion , Born Jan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe systems consolidation of memory during slow‐wave sleep (SWS) is thought to rely on a dialogue between hippocampus and neocortex that is regulated by an interaction between neocortical slow oscillations (SOs), thalamic spindles and hippocampal ripples. Here, we examined the occurrence rates of and the temporal relationships between these oscillatory events in rats, to identify the possible direction of interaction between these events under natural conditions. To facilitate comparisons with findings in humans, we combined frontal and parietal surface EEG with local field potential (LFP) recordings in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal hippocampus (dHC). Consistent with a top‐down driving influence, EEG SO upstates were associated with an increase in spindles and hippocampal ripples. This increase was missing in SO upstates identified in mPFC recordings. Ripples in dHC recordings always followed the onset of spindles consistent with spindles timing ripple occurrence. Comparing ripple activity during co‐occurring SO‐spindle events with that during isolated SOs or spindles, suggested that ripple dynamics during SO‐spindle events are mainly determined by the spindle, with only the SO downstate providing a global inhibitory signal to both thalamus and hippocampus. As to bottom‐up influences, we found an increase in hippocampal ripples ~200 ms before the SO downstate, but no similar increase of spindles preceding SO downstates. Overall, the temporal pattern is consistent with a loop‐like scenario where, top‐down, SOs can trigger thalamic spindles which, in turn, regulate the occurrence of hippocampal ripples. Ripples, bottom‐up, and independent from thalamic spindles, can contribute to the emergence of neocortical SOs.
Ritual Forms and Ritual Stuff: Implications of Lawson and McCauley's Ritual Form Hypothesis for Material Culture
Authors: Hornbeck Ryan G. , Barrett Justin L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLawson and McCauley's ritual form hypothesis (RFH) appeals to natural cognition to capture several commonly observed features of religious rituals in one explanatory theory: (1) their repetition in the life of a participant tends to be distributed in bipolar fashion (typically only once in a lifetime or repeatedly, on the order of annually, monthly, weekly, or even daily); (2) their effects may or may not be reversed through other rituals; (3) their range in centrality to a religious tradition (from peripheral to essential); and (4) their range from dull, tedious affairs to evocative, emotional, life‐changing events high in sensory pageantry. In this article, we summarize RFH and then turn to its potential application to material culture. If RFH can partially explain which sorts of religious rituals will be religiously frequent, central, and high in sensory pageantry, then it may also probabilistically predict the sorts of materials used in these rituals.
A century of intermittent eco‐evolutionary feedbacks resulted in novel trait combinations in invasive Great Lakes alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Authors: Smith Shelby E. , Palkovacs Eric P. , Weidel Brian C. , Bunnell David B. , Jones Andrew W. , Bloom Devin D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSpecies introductions provide opportunities to quantify rates and patterns of evolutionary change in response to novel environments. Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are native to the East Coast of North America where they ascend coastal rivers to spawn in lakes and then return to the ocean. Some populations have become landlocked within the last 350 years and diverged phenotypically from their ancestral marine population. More recently, alewives were introduced to the Laurentian Great Lakes (~150 years ago), but these populations have not been compared to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. We quantified 95 years of evolution in foraging traits and overall body shape of Great Lakes alewives and compared patterns of phenotypic evolution of Great Lakes alewives to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. Our results suggest that gill raker spacing in Great Lakes alewives has evolved in a dynamic pattern that is consistent with responses to strong but intermittent eco‐evolutionary feedbacks with zooplankton size. Following their initial colonization of Lakes Ontario and Michigan, dense alewife populations likely depleted large‐bodied zooplankton, which drove a decrease in alewife gill raker spacing. However, the introduction of large, non‐native zooplankton to the Great Lakes in later decades resulted in an increase in gill raker spacing, and present‐day Great Lakes alewives have gill raker spacing patterns that are similar to the ancestral East Coast anadromous population. Conversely, contemporary Great Lakes alewife populations possess a gape width consistent with East Coast landlocked populations. Body shape showed remarkable parallel evolution with East Coast landlocked populations, likely due to a shared response to the loss of long‐distance movement or migrations. Our results suggest the colonization of a new environment and cessation of migration can result in rapid parallel evolution in some traits, but contingency also plays a role, and a dynamic ecosystem can also yield novel trait combinations.
Evolutionary legacy of a forest plantation tree species (Pinus armandii): Implications for widespread afforestation
Authors: Jia Yun , Milne Richard I. , Zhu Juan , Gao Lian‐Ming , Zhu Guang‐Fu , Zhao Gui‐Fang , Liu Jie , Li Zhong‐Hu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany natural systems are subject to profound and persistent anthropogenic influence. Human‐induced gene movement through afforestation and the selective transportation of genotypes might enhance the potential for intraspecific hybridization, which could lead to outbreeding depression. However, the evolutionary legacy of afforestation on the spatial genetic structure of forest tree species has barely been investigated. To do this properly, the effects of anthropogenic and natural processes must be examined simultaneously. A multidisciplinary approach, integrating phylogeography, population genetics, species distribution modeling, and niche divergence would permit evaluation of potential anthropogenic impacts, such as mass planting near‐native material. Here, these approaches were applied to Pinus armandii, a Chinese endemic coniferous tree species, that has been mass planted across its native range. Population genetic analyses showed that natural populations of P. armandii comprised three lineages that diverged around the late Miocene, during a period of massive uplifts of the Hengduan Mountains, and intensification of Asian Summer Monsoon. Only limited gene flow was detected between lineages, indicating that each largely maintained is genetic integrity. Moreover, most or all planted populations were found to have been sourced within the same region, minimizing disruption of large‐scale spatial genetic structure within P. armandii. This might be because each of the three lineages had a distinct climatic niche, according to ecological niche modeling and niche divergence tests. The current study provides empirical genetic and ecological evidence for the site‐species matching principle in forestry and will be useful to manage restoration efforts by identifying suitable areas and climates for introducing and planting new forests. Our results also highlight the urgent need to evaluate the genetic impacts of large‐scale afforestation in other native tree species.
The clinical features and short‐term treatment outcomes of scirrhous cord: A retrospective study of 32 cases
Authors: Duggan M. , Mair T. , Durham A. , Pengelly T. , Sherlock C. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryScirrhous cord (SC) is an uncommon complication of castration, characterised by chronic infection of the spermatic cord remnant. It is reported that surgical excision of the infected tissue is the most effective means of treatment, but there are few published studies assessing the outcomes of horses treated for SC. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical features and short‐term outcomes in horses treated for SC at two equine hospitals in the UK. The clinical records of horses diagnosed with SC over a 10‐year period were reviewed. A diagnosis of SC was made if the gelding presented with typical clinical signs with confirmation at surgery. Thirty‐two cases of SC were identified at the two equine hospitals. The mean age at presentation was 6 years (range 2–14 years, n = 22), and the median time from castration to presentation was 29.5 days (range 20–2500 days). Mean age at castration was 4.3 years (range 6 months to 10 years, n = 10). Clinical signs included scrotal swelling, discharging wounds, hindlimb lameness and pyrexia. Five horses demonstrated hyperfibrinogenaemia (n = 8). Microbial culture isolated various bacterial species. All 32 cases were treated with surgical excision of the infected tissue and discharged from the hospitals between 1 and 10 days post‐operatively. A limitation of this study is that it was a retrospective study with no long‐term follow‐up available. It was concluded that the results of this study confirm that SC can present at variable time points following castration, even many years later, and that a variety of bacterial species may be involved. Surgical excision of infected tissue is a successful treatment with a good short‐term prognosis for survival.
Whole‐genome sequencing identifies missense mutation in GRM6 as the likely cause of congenital stationary night blindness in a Tennessee Walking Horse
Authors: Hack Yael L. , Crabtree Elizabeth E. , Avila Felipe , Sutton Roger B. , Grahn Robert , Oh Annie , Gilger Brian , Bellone Rebecca R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe only known genetic cause of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in horses is a 1378 bp insertion in TRPM1. However, an affected Tennessee Walking Horse was found to have no copies of this variant.ObjectivesTo identify the genetic cause for CSNB in an affected Tennessee Walking Horse.Study designCase report detailing a whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) approach to identify a causal variant.MethodsA complete ophthalmic exam, including an electroretinogram (ERG), was performed on suspected CSNB‐affected horse. WGS data were generated from the case and compared with data from seven other breeds (n = 29). One hundred candidate genes were evaluated for coding variants homozygous in the case and absent in all other horses. Protein modelling was used to assess the functional effects of the identified variant. A random cohort of 90 unrelated Tennessee Walking Horses and 273 horses from additional breeds were screened to estimate allele frequency of the GRM6 variant.ResultsERG results were consistent with CSNB. WGS analysis identified a missense mutation in metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (GRM6) (c.533C>T p.Thr178Met). This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is predicted to be deleterious and protein modelling supports impaired binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This variant was not detected in 273 horses from three additional breeds. The estimated allele frequency in Tennessee Walking Horses is 10%.Main limitationsLimited phenotype information for controls and no additional cases with which to replicate this finding.ConclusionsWe identified a likely causal recessive missense variant in GRM6. Based on protein modelling, this variant alters GRM6 binding, and thus signalling from the retinal rod cell to the ON‐bipolar cell, impairing vision in low light conditions. Given the 10% population allele frequency, it is likely that additional affected horses exist in this breed and further work is needed to identify and examine these animals.