bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gaseous ion Concentration on Secondary Electron Contrast of Dielectric Materials Imaged in the ESEM
Authors: Thiel BL , Toth M , Craven JP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An increasing body of experimental evidence indicates that the flux and distribution of gaseous ions significantly affects secondary electron contrast of dielectric materials imaged in low vacuum and environmental scanning electron microscopes. Unusual contrast has been identified in some insulating materials, and attributed to charging effects (1-3). However, as these contrast mechanisms have not been reported in conventional microscopes, it would seem that the ions play an important role in making the contrast manifest. The effects of ions can include the creation of space charge in the gas above the specimen, influencing the charge state of the specimen surface, and electron-ion recombination (possibly leading to energy filtering of emitted secondary electrons). Space charge and surface potential can influence the gain realised in the gas amplification cascade by altering the detector field (4). However, surface potential, and recombination affect the number of electrons injected into the amplification cascade, to give rise to contrast variations in the final image.
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Dehydration of Gel Materials
Authors: McKernan Stuart , Tankeren Robert van , Mayo Kevin H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The possibility of performing scanning electron microscopy under “environmental” conditions (ESEM); where the specimen does not have to be under high-vacuum conditions, or even coated to make it conductive, has existed for several years [1]. in particular it has been possible to image in conditions that allow the samples to remain fully hydrated during observation. This unique feature of the ESEM has been exploited to image the dehydration of aqueous protein gel materials which have been created under controlled conditions to produce a range of Gel types.
Drops of several μl of the Gels were placed in the Peltier cooling stage of the FEI-Philips Electroscan E3, and allowed to stabilize at 4.1°C. Several drops of water were placed on the stagesurround to maintain a high vapor pressure of water around the sample. The chamber was then pumped down to the working pressure of 6 torr and then back-filled with pure water vapor following the technique of Cameron et.al. [2].
The Development of Remote Teaching Aids
Authors: Chapman Stephen K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For many years the means of communicating electron microscopy techniques had been through either the spoken or the written word. with the advent of the computer and in particular the notebook computer more exotic methods of information presentation were made available. Now with the compact disk or the DVD, with their ability to store very large quantities of data, even more new avenues have been opened up for trainers.
There are a number of programs by small organisations, like QM Slide Show and EZ Slide, that enable the trainer to take the simple approach to presentation preparation. Using a Windows Notepad interface or similar the trainer gathers bitmap files in a simple sequence, referencing the file source to activate each part of the presentation. This type of presentation is extremely flexible, so much so that the trainer, with a large selection of bitmap files and a good filing system, may develop a completely new or modified presentation in just a few minutes.
Microscopy Education, not Just Training - Three sides of the coin
Authors: Foster Barbara 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two of the greatest challenges facing any educator are deciding what information will be included in a syllabus and how to present it for maximum learning. Distilling the experience derived from a quarter of a century teaching microscopy exposes one driving concept: the importance of education, not just training.
The difference between these two approaches is fundamental. Education involves laying a foundation on good science, building a vocabulary for better communication and future growth, and engendering a questioning attitude about the probe-matter interactions which, in turn, leads to valid interpretation of the information in an image. Training is a matter of learning what knob to turn, which button to push: an approach which overlooks the sample itself; how the light, electron, or scanning force is interacting with that sample; and what can be learned as a result.
Remote Access to an X-Ray Diffraction 'Collaboratory' for Research, Education and Training
Authors: Kantardjieff Katherine A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Molecular Structure (CMolS) at California State University Fullerton is the first comprehensive x-ray crystallographic and computational facility located at a predominantly undergraduate institution. CMolS, a core facility of the California State University Program for Research and Education in Biotechnology (CSUPERB), engages more than thirty faculty and hundreds of student investigators throughout the 23-campus CSU in joint research and education activities directed at the determination and critical analysis of molecular structures. Recognizing that distance learning and remote access represent an exciting new area of research and training, CMolS has taken a leadership role in the CSU in using the Internet to restructure and globalize formal education in x-ray crystallography by developing and implementing novel Webbased courses, tutorials and virtual laboratories that require specialized instrumentation and expertise.
An NIH Structural Biology report and the Department of Energy [1] have indicated that high throughput crystallography is a top research priority in the post-genomic era.
Project Micro on Display At Sciencefest
Authors: Bell David C , Palmer Ann T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
ScienceFest is coordinated through the International JASON Project that introduces the world of science through live satellite broadcasts. Dr. Robert Ballard, the ocean explorer who found the Titanic, started the program in 1989. Included in the ScienceFest presentations at the John Ford Bell Museum of Natural History, Project MICRO run by the Minnesota Microscopy Society (MMS) was on display to the public. As in past years [1] the Project MICRO team of the MMS set up various microscope stations and invited the participants to record the things that they saw and to note what they learnt and mention the things they would like to see. The microscope stations are quite simple, low power ‘field’ microscopes and various samples as documented by the “Microscopic Explorations” [2] handbook that has been developed by the MSA in collaboration with the Lawrence Hall of Science [3] as part of their Great Explorations in Math and Science (GEMS) series.
Teaching Microscopy At Iowa State University
Authors: Horner HT , Pepper TM , Mattila JW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Three rigorous one-semester, graduate-level courses are offered in light microscopy (LM) and scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), primarily for graduate students and staff, and for advanced undergraduate students in the teaching complex of the Bessey Microscopy Facility (BMF). These courses have evolved over the years. They include a variety of techniques and laboratory exercises that prepare a successful student to become an independent researcher in the BMF or elsewhere, and to work with any major professor who may not have expertise in microscopy.
Each course consists of: five credits at the 600 level; a limit of 10 students; 11 hours of formal lecture-lab time per week; and additional arranged time for continuation of laboratory procedures and individual operation of microscopes and ancillary equipment. Each student has access to the teaching complex 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Monitoring SEM Performance
Authors: Chapman Stephen K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
I was trained as a transmission electron microscope engineer in the mid 1960s. I took resolution tests at least once each year and calibrated all of the microscopes that I attended, it was considered a standard procedure for those maintaining an instrument. Moving into the scanning electron microscope field in the mid 1970s it was natural to carry this practice over to that instrument, but in those days this was considered to be extreme. Now, as a consultant in electron microscopy, I routinely carry out SEM resolution, magnification calibration and contamination rate tests on the instruments that I use. I train operators in the role of preventative maintenance and encourage them to know as much as possible about their instruments as this increases their ability to fault find and maintain their own instruments.
Resolution - in many laboratories most tungsten hairpin instruments are set up for extended filament life rater than for high resolution.
Data Storage on CD-R and CD-RW - Future and Achieving
Authors: Cheng Ping-chin , Chen Ming-Yish 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Low cost and reliability, optical storage media, in particular the CD-R, has become the main steam data storage media. This presentation is intended to discuss issues related to the CD-rewriteable technology and the longevity of the data stored.
The working principle of CDs can be subdivided into three major categories, the CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW. The CD-ROM is primary used for music and software distribution and is manufactured by injection molding process. in contrast, CD-R and CD-RW are storage media allows data storage by users. The manufacture process involves spin-coating a layer of photo-sensitive organic dye on a polycarbonate substrate, then over-coated with a refractive coating. Writing of the data bits was achieved by photo-bleaching processes, which change the absorption properties of the dye. Considering the operation principle, there are many factors influence the reliability and storage life of the CD-R.
Digital imaging: an advanced tool for cryo-TEM studies
Authors: Danino Dganit , Talmon Yeshayahu , Hinshaw Jenny 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Direct-imaging cryo-electron microscopy combined with CCD cameras provide a powerful tool for studying macromolecular assemblies in the 2 to 300 nm range, which form in biological systems, biomedical solutions, surfactants, microemulsions and a host of other diverse systems. The CCD cameras are especially advantageous for identifying rare assemblies, studying specific assembly details (figures A and B) and transient structures forming during dynamic processes and phase transformations (figures C-E). This setup is also beneficial for exploring coexistence of structures and studying highly radiation-sensitive systems such as oil-continuous solutions. Information on internal ordering is also readily obtained (figure A).
Continuous CCD application at low dose conditions provides numerous significant advantages over classical imaging on photographic plates. First, it allows a preview of the exact area to be recorded (search and focus modes), concentration on specific interesting features and adjustment of microscope parameters for optimal imaging (focus mode), at very low exposures and with minimal radiation damage.
Applications of Dispersion Staining Technique in Image Analysis of Colorless Particles
Authors: Su Shu-Chun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
particles and their surrounding immersion liquid medium into a color in the When analyzing particle size distribution of colorless, translucent or transparent particles by image analysis, a major challenge is to obtain images of particles that ensure proper object detection, especially if the particles are amorphous or non-crystalline. Conventional imaging techniques, such as brightfield, darkfield, cross-polarized light, etc., might not applicable for these types of materials.
Dispersion staining (DS) is a technique that coverts the refractive index (RI) difference between visible range and renders particles optically stained with that particular color. There are two modes of dispersion staining techniques: central stop (CS) and annular Stop (AS). For image analysis, CS is preferred.
In the CS mode, the matching wavelength λm, i.e., the wavelength at which the RI of a particle equals that of liquid, is not refracted at the particle/liquid interface and therefore blocked by a 3-4 mm opaque round disk located at the center of the back focal plane of objective lens.
Placing TEM Negative Images into the Digital Domain
Authors: Mascorro JA , Frasch T , Yates RD 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Several thousand images of various biological tissues have been produced by these investigators (*) over careers spanning many, many years. The majority of the images are preserved on Kodak Electron Image Film #4463, Kodak Electron Microscopy Film #4489, Kodak Electron Image Film #SO 163, or Dupont Ortho S Litho (COS-7) film. These 7 mil ESTAR thick base films were the standards utilized by the biological microscopist. The emulsion was covered with a thin layer of hardened gelatin in order to minimize abrasion. After exposure to the electron beam in the 60-80 kV range, the negatives were developed according to routine photographic procedures employing Kodak D-19 developer, hardened in Kodak fixer, washed for the appropriate time, and stored in glassine envelopes in a dust-free environment. The finished negative with the captured image proves to be long-lasting and will produce an image, today, displaying the very same excellent qualities as did original prints produced years ago.
Hybrid Imaging in Electron Microscopy
Authors: Black D L , Stoker S C , Minter J R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Imaging is an integral part of electron microscopy and is one of the mechanisms we use to share data with our colleagues. We interpret these images to understand microstructure of biological, polymeric and solid state materials. The imaging process can be viewed as a multistep process comprising image capture, processing, and storage. For example, images can be captured on film or digitally using CCD cameras. The processing step uses computers and the appropriate software and the images are stored as hard copies such as prints or a data file. Digital imaging is a dramatically evolving field that has enhanced the way we interpret and analyze these images.
Although digital imaging can be used in each step of the imaging process, one can also use a hybrid system to minimize cost and retain the advantages of digital imaging. in this presentation, we discuss using a hybrid system that allows us to retain the advantages of digital processing and storage of images.
Real-Time Observation of Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane Restructuring Induced by Protein Molecules using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Xing You Hong , Qi Xiaoyang , Yu Lei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows the surfaces of native biological materials to be imaged in aqueous solution with submolecular resolution. The ability to perform AFM imaging in aqueous and physiological environment has made it possible to monitor important biological processes in real time at high resolution. Currently, there is a great deal of interest in AFM studies of the structure and property of lipid bilayer membranes and protein interactions with lipid bilayer membranes. Lipid bilayer membranes in biological cells form a permeability barrier, which controls the flow of ions, water, and other molecules between biological cells and their environments, whereas membrane-bound and/or membrane-associated proteins are responsible for most of the dynamic functions carried out by the membrane. However, real-time AFM monitoring of dynamic biological processes has been challenged by the limited temporal resolution of AFM, potential physical damage to soft biological samples, and intrinsic complexity of biological processes. There are few successful examples of AFM real-time studies of dynamic biological events, particularly in the aspect of protein interactions with lipid bilayer membranes.
We have attempted to use atomic force microscopy to study interactions between a particular protein, saposin C, and phospholipid bilayer membranes in real time. Saposin C (Sap C), a small glycoprotein, is an essential co-factor for the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide by glucosylceramidase in lysosomes, and a deficiency of Sap C leads to a variant form of Gauchers’ diseases. Supported planar phospholipid bilayer membranes were used in the study.
Observation of Contact Potential Difference (CPD) on Semiconducter Surface using Ultrahigh Vacuum Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscope (UHV SKPM)
Authors: Kitamura S , Suzuki K , Mooney C B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPM) is a member of the scanning probe microscope (SPM) family, and was derived from the non-contact atomic force microscope (NCAFM) technique. The contact potential difference (CPD) originating from the work function difference between the tip and sample surfaces can be measured using SKPM with simultaneous observation of the topography image. Using SKPM the surface of semiconductor device has been observed to measure the dopant concentration as the CPD difference in two dimensions. Most of the SKPM measurements are acquired in the atmosphere. The lateral resolution is achieved less than 100 nm.
On the other hand, Scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) of contact mode is now most popular method to measure the dopant concentration in semiconductor device. However, the lateral resolution of SCM is limited, because of the fact that the contact mode cannot achieve a true atomic resolution, the fact that the capacitance is measured through the insulating layer on surface, and the fact that the tip and sample is damaged by the high electric field to be applied between the tip and sample. So SCM never achieves the atomic level resolution.
New Concept in Helium Cooled Transmission Microscopes Philips Tecnai F30 Helium: Design and First Results
Authors: Lücken U , Wagner R , de Jong AF , Hax W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To date it has been possible to solve the structure of several membrane proteins to atomic resolution with cryo-electron crystallography (1-4). in all studies two-dimensional crystals were required as well as special provisions on the transmission microscope. in all cases a field emission gun provided the necessary coherence and liquid-Helium cooling the specimen protection (4,5).
Although repeatedly studies have been done on the cryo-protection factor of beam sensitive specimen at liquid-Nitrogen and liquid-Helium temperatures (6-10), the data available are still too limited for a clear demonstration of the superiority of liquid-Helium. Especially investigations are needed with individual particles embedded in amorphous ice (11).
To meet the increasing demand for liquid-Helium cooling, FEI developed the Tecnai F30 Helium. The challenge was to provide an instrument with a very stable cryo-stage, which can work at liquid- Nitrogen as well as liquid-Helium temperature.
Development of Multi-Purpose Thermal Field Emission SEM
Authors: Mita M , Nokuo T , Yanagihara T , Ogura K , Iwatsuki M , Nielsen C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Past FE-SEM could obtain a high resolution image, however its probe current was not sufficiently strong enough for analytical purpose.
We have developed a multi-purpose thermal field emission scanning electron microscope (JSM- 6500F), in which a new designed “In-Lens Thermal FEG” is installed.
Fig. 1 shows a cross section images of the In-Lens Thermal FEG, comparing with the past FEG. The In-Lens Thermal FEG consists of the thermal FEG and the 1st condenser lens. The emitter is located in the magnetic field produced by the 1st condenser lens, so that electrons emitted from the emitter are condensed effectively to produced a high probe current. The maximum probe current of 200 nA is attainable at the accelerating voltage of 15 kV, ten times larger than the maximum probe current of ordinary FE-SEMs. Therefore the WDS analysis can be performed by this newly FE-SEM.
The “aperture angle control lens” has been installed in the electron optics system, for improving the resolution at a large probe current. The resolution of 3.0nm at the analytical condition (at probe current 5nA, accelerating voltage 15kV, WD 10mm: fig.2).
The ultimate resolution of the microscope is 1.5nm at 15kV and 5nm at lkV. The objective lens is not an immersion type and does not leak magnetic fields on the specimen surface, therefore this equipment was suitable for observing or analyzing magnetic materials, and also suitable for the EBSD analysis. Fig.3 shows an example of the EBSD analysis.
New Technologies for Microanalysis and Element Imaging in THJ Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Smith Paul , Gannon John , Eggert Frank 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
RÖNTEC’s UHV Dewar detectors have established new standards for high resolution, lowmaintenance, low operating cost, and reliability in Si(Li) X-ray detectors. Now, the recently introduced XFlash® series X-ray detectors are enabling new methodologies for microanalysis and element imaging in the SEM. These detectors are compact, liquid-nitrogen-free semiconductor Xray detectors that are based on Silicon Drift Diode (SDD) technology. XFlash detectors produce extraordinarily high count rates with excellent energy resolution and have introduced ultra-fast microanalysis and element mapping to the SEM world. The addition of color to SEM images enables easy visualization of element distributions and allows the microstructural features and compositional variations of different materials to be more readily identified. Persons unfamiliar with electron microscopy can more readily interpret color images than black and white or gray scale images. This new technology has great potential to revolutionize electron microscopy.
RÖNTEC’s UHV Dewar Detector offers the highest long-term stability and best energy resolution ever specified for a commercial Si(Li) detector (less than 129 eV). The UHV design leads to small size and weight (for reduced column loading) along with extremely low nitrogen consumption and low susceptibility to microphonics. The UHV detector never ices up and thus never requires defrosting or warm-ups. It is available with a variety of entrance windows for light element analysis.
XPS Evaluation of Samples Surface Cleaned by the XEI Evactron®
Authors: Walck Scott D , Strohmeier Brian R , Goralski Edward G , Vane Ronald A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With the advent of field emission gun equipped SEMs and TEMs with clean vacuum systems, it has been shown repeatedly that the surface cleanliness of samples exposed to the small, high current density electron beam available in these instruments is critical with respect to controlling hydrocarbon contamination under the electron beam. in previous studies of dedicated plasma cleaners for TEM samples by one of the authors (SDW), it was shown that surface analytical techniques are the best methods for determining the effectiveness of such cleaners in removing hydrocarbons from the samples’ surfaces. in the current study, some of the experiments that were used in these previous studies were repeated using the XEI Evactron® system in order to compare the relative effectiveness of this system for surface cleaning of EM samples.
Figure 1 shows a picture of the sample introduction chamber of a VG Scientific ESCALAB Mkll system (XPS) with the Evactron® in place. The Evactron® system consists of an RF head unit that attaches to the vacuum chamber with an adaptable flange, an RF impedance matching unit, and an RF generator/vacuum controller. Although a 100% O2 system can be used and is recommended, for safety reasons, a 20%O2/80%Ar by volume gas mixture was selected because of the hydrocarbon oil used in the mechanical pump. Cleaning was also performed using laboratory air. The major difference between the dedicated plasma cleaners and the Evactron® configuration is that the sample is not immersed in the plasma but is exposed to the activated oxygen species in the downstream flow.