bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Еvaluate the Effectiveness of Accelerated Collagen Crosslinking in the Treatment of Corneal Endothelial Decompensation
Authors: Astakhov S. Yu. , Novikov S. A. , Papanyan S. S. , Riks I. A. 
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the effectiveness of accelerated collagen crosslinking in the treatment of patients with corneal diseases, a common basic pathogenetic link of which is endothelial corneal decompensation. This method was used to treat patients with bullous keratopathy and endothelial dystrophy of Fuchs’ cornea with a long postoperative follow-up. In connection with the controversial results of researchers, reflecting the positive dynamics of the postoperative period, the question of the expediency of accelerated collagen cross-linking in patients with this pathology as a monotherapy is discussed.The study included 25 patients (26 eyes) with mean age 69.10 ± 10.61 years (40 to 82 years). There was Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy in 16 patients (17 eyes), in 9 patients (10 eyes) — stage II, in 7 patients (7 eyes) — stage III. Bullous keratopathy was present in 9 patients (9 eyes). All patients underwent treatment according to the method of accelerated collagen corneal crosslinking. In patients with bullous keratopathy (9 eyes), the data on the central thickness of the cornea and the maximum corrected visual acuity did not differ from the initial data at any of the postoperative visits, and did not differ from each other (p > 0.83). On the contrary, in some patients the dystrophic process progressed in the form of the appearance of fibrotic changes in the stroma of the cornea. Corneal transplantation was recommended to all patients under observation after treatment at different periods of observation. In patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, a significant difference in the maximum corrected visual acuity from the initial data was observed only 6 months after surgery.The expediency of accelerated collagen cross-linking in the treatment of patients with corneal diseases accompanied by endothelial decompensation as monotherapy is very doubtful. The study of combined surgical methods for treating this complex corneal pathology using cross-linking as an auxiliary method seems promising.
Variation of Concentrations of Angiotensin II, AngiotensinConverting Enzyme and Matrix Metalloprotease-9 in Tears and Serum of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Neroev V. V. , Chesnokova N. B. , Pavlenko T. A. , Okhotsimskaya T. D. , Beznos O. V. , Fadeeva V. A. , Struchkova S. V. 
Published: December 2020

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is becoming more and more widespread disease. Investigation of local changes of metabolic pathways in the eye improves our knowledge about diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and provide perspective for the development of new pathogenetically based and individually focused therapy of this disease.Purpose of the study was to determine the concentrations of angiotensin II (AII), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in tears and serum of patients with diabetic retinopathy, estimate their significance for the evaluation of diabetic retinopathy severity and choice of treatment.Patients and methods. Tear and serum samples from 31 patients with diabetic retinopathy were analysed. Control group consisted of healthy volunteers of the same sex and age. Concentrations of angiotensin II, angiotensin-converting enzyme and matrix metalloprotease-9 were measured using the ELISA kits.Results: in controls angiotensin II concentration was 9.8 ± 5.5 pg/ml, in tears — 11.8 ± 6.6 pg/ml, angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration in serum was 82.6 ± 10.9 ng/ml, in tears it was 40 times lower: 2.5 ± 0.5 ng/ml, matrix metalloprotease-9 concentration in serum was 186.3 ± 8.9 ng/ml while in tears it was 100 times lower: 2.0 ± 0.9 ng/ml. In tears of patients with diabetic retinopathy levels of all 3 substances were significantly higher than in controls. Concentration of angiotensin II was 8 times higher, angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration 5 times higher and matrix metalloprotease-9 level 3 times higher. In serum angiotensin II concentration was increased 9 times, angiotensin-converting enzyme — 2 times. No difference in serum matrix metalloprotease-9 levels was observed. Thus diabetic retinopathy cause a significant activation of local and systemic rennin-angiotensin system. Local changes are more marked than systemic. Estimation of angiotensin II, angiotensin-converting enzyme and matrix metalloprotease-9 concentrations in tears can serve as an objective test for the diabetic retinopathy diagnostic and a pathogenetic rationale for the development of a new method of therapy — topical use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Infectious Processes in Ophthalmology: Real Clinical Practice
Authors: Kovalevskaya M. A. , Donkareva O. V. , Pererva O. A. 
Published: December 2020

Long-term conjunctival infections are challenging for the outpatient ophthalmologist. This is due to significant changes in microflora towards resistant gram-negative bacteria. Long-term conjunctival infections are challenging for the outpatient ophthalmologist. This is due to a significant change in microflora towards resistant gram-negative bacteria. The above studies are based on microbial associations, which are the causes of inflammatory processes, conjunctiva and cornea.Purpose: to increase the effectiveness of the diagnosis and treatment of chronic specific inflammatory diseases of the organs of vision.Patients and methods. The study was conducted in patients with chlamydial infection (n = 589) and included chronic conjunctival infections lasting more than 4 weeks, follow-up of patients with partners, family members for 3 or more years. Results. The study was carried out in patients with chlamydial infection (n = 589) and with chronic infectious diseases that lasted more than 4 weeks, following patients and family members for 3 or more years. During this period, we performed more than 3 studies for each patient — for diagnostic laboratory studies and 2 consecutive controls 1 and 2 months after treatment, mixed infection was detected in 256 people (10 %), the proportion of women was 20–30 years is 67 %, men — 51 %. In 27 % of cases, communities of Ch. trachomatis and Ureaplasma parvum as leading causative agents of the eye infections.Conclusions. Chlamydia is most often found together with Ureaplasma parvum (27 % of cases among mixed infections). Treatment of various forms of chlаmidia infection is carried out with the help of “Floxal” (0.3 % ofloxacin — drops and ointment).
The Automated Expert Support System for Optic Nerve Head Morphological Description
Authors: Tanaeva E. G. , Khafizov R. G. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose. To develop the automated expert support system for optic nerve head morphological description in normal conditions and in pathology.Methods. The proposed expert support system is based on the integration algorithm of luminance samples along the diagonal, it allows to detect the optic nerve head border. On the basis of this algorithm the method for solving the following tasks of fundus image processing have been proposed: detecting of the optic nerve head border, method of the morphological description of the optic nerve head boundary, method of the determining the value of the disk excavation. An experimental study of the parameters effect on the effectiveness of the optic nerve head detecting method was made.Results. The effectiveness assessment of the proposed border detection algorithm on the optic nerve head model has showed that the amount of overlap averaged 0.985, which indicates high quality. It was found that the algorithm for estimating the diameter of the single-sided optic nerve head image is sufficiently resistant to changes in such parameters as the influence of the noise level in the scene and the offset of the strobe center coordinates of the samples accumulation from the image center coordinates. Evaluation of the efficiency of the optic nerve head borders morphological description has showed that the value of the first-order derivative of the result of accumulation of luminance readings diagonally for images of optic nerve head with blurred boundaries is 2 times smaller than for images of optic nerve head with clear boundaries. The effectiveness of the method of selecting the border for assessment the disk excavation size was examined. It was obtained that the error in estimating the magnitude of excavation amounted to an average of 8.43 %.Conclusions. Тhe presented expert support system allows to automate the process of optic disk morphological description, in particular, such parameters as the state of the border and the size of the disc excavation. This method can be used to create medical expert systems and software for fundus images processing.
Individual Approach to the Treatment of Complicated Forms of Blepharitis: from Theory to Practice
Authors: Drozdova E. A. , Mikhailova E. V. 
Published: December 2020

High prevalence of blepharitis, multifactorial etiology and chronic course with the possibility of serious complications, including conjunctivitis, multiple chalazions, keratitis, dry eye syndrome — cause significant difficulties in the treatment of this disease. Prescribing treatment of the process only in case of exacerbation with the use of even modern antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs gives only a short-term effect.The aim is to present the clinical features of the blepharitis of different localization and the choice of the optimal treatment algorithm on the example of specific clinical cases. The article presents current data on the classification, etiology and mechanism of blepharitis development. Based on a detailed description of two clinical cases of blepharitis, the features of the clinical course, the range of necessary examinations and consultations of specialists are presented. The first case describes blepharitis associated with the severe rosacea in a teenager with a typical complication in the form of rosacea — keratitis. The second case is devoted to the features of the posterior blepharitis clinical course with meibomian gland dysfunction, complicated by multiple chalazions. The article explains in detail the stages of prescribing various medications, including eyelid hygiene, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory therapy and artificial tears, discusses possible side effects of the therapy and ways to restore the eye surface.Conclusion. The basis of blepharitis treatment is regular three-component eyelid hygiene. In case of exacerbation it is advisable to prescribe antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, taking into account the sensitivity and ability to destroy microbial biofilms. In order to increase patient adherence to treatment, the choice of hygiene products and moisturizing drops should take into account the tolerability of the drug and the convenience of its use.
Candida and Breastfeeding: A Critical Commentary on the Dilemmas Around Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management
Authors: McGuinness Denise , Szafranska Marcelina 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThe etiology of nipple pain in breastfeeding women can be challenging for healthcare professionals. The most common cause of nipple pain or damage in breastfeeding women is poor latch and positioning of the baby at the breast (Duncan, 2015). However, when position and attachment is not identified as the cause, controversy exists as to the etiology of the pain with nipple or breast thrush identified as a probable suspect.ReviewThe literature was reviewed to explore the diagnosis and management of thrush in breastfeeding women.FindingsThere is a lack of robust evidence in the literature to support an accurate diagnosis of candida as the cause of nipple and/or deep breast pain in breastfeeding women. Diagnosis and management strategies vary between the USA and Europe.ConclusionIt is important that clinicians supporting and working with breastfeeding women are aware of the differential diagnosis for both breast and nipple pain, as well as utilize their clinical skills effectively to offer the correct treatment and management to women presenting with candida like symptoms (Amir et al., 2013, Wilson-Clay & Hoover, 2017). Culture and sensitivity of mothers expressed milk may be supportive of a diagnosis; however, analysis of mothers' milk is not without its challenges. Breastfeeding women should not be treated for potential candida infection with a traditional clinical examination alone.
Lactogenesis II Onset Following Prolonged Delay in a Mother With a Nonfunctioning Macroadenoma Treated With Cabergoline: A Case Study in Persistence
Authors: Bartell Georgette Suzanne 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThis is a case of a 31-year-old woman who experienced headaches and visual changes in her 15th week of pregnancy and was diagnosed with a macroadenoma.TreatmentShe started a dopamine agonist, a prolactin inhibitor, at that time to treat these symptoms and continued it for 2 weeks after the birth, a total of 13 weeks.Goal and OutcomeThe mother's goal was to provide her own milk for her infant. She began to express milk the day of her infant's birth but obtained only drops for the first 2 months. Using a breast pump and, later, hand expression, this mother was able to finally express more than drops per day. She achieved a full milk supply, 750 mL per day, 21 weeks following delivery, when 2–3 weeks is the average. She continued expressing milk achieving over 900 mL per day when the infant was 24 weeks old.ConclusionIn this case where cabergoline was discontinued after the birth, persistent pumping and hand expression was enough to initiate milk production. This case study reports this mother's experience with continued expression despite no increasing volumes in the first 2 months. This confirms that with a diagnosis and treatment of this type, milk production is possible with persistent expression.
Tatsīr Hifdz al-Qur’ân fī Natâij Ta’allum al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah
Authors: Prasetyo Bambang 
Published: December 2020

وضع الباحث قضايا البحث كما يلي: كيف كان حفظ القرآن لطلاب الإعداد اللغوي بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية؟، كيف نتائج تعلم طلاب الإعداد اللغوي اللغة العربية بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية؟، كيف تأثير حفظ القرآن في نتائج تعلم طلاب الإعداد اللغوي اللغةَ العربيةَ بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية؟. ويستخدم الباحث في هذا البحث الطريقة الكمية لما فيه من البيانات الرقمية والرموز وغير ذلك من صفات هذه الطريقة. حصل الباحث على النتائج وهي: أولاً كان حفظ القرآن لطلاب الإعداد اللغوي بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية جيداً. ثانياً نتائج تعلم طلاب الإعداد اللغوي اللغة العربية بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية جيدة جداً. وثالثاً لا يوجد تأثير بين حفظ القرآن ونتائج تعلم اللغة العربية بكلية الإمام الشافعي للدراسات الإسلامية بجمبر جاوى الشرقية في السنة الدراسية 2010 – 2011 م.
الكلمات الأساسية: التربية، اللغة العربية، تأثير حفظ القرآن
EARLY–MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN SEASCAPE-SCALE AGGREGATION PATTERN OF SPONGE-RICH REEFS ACROSS THE LAURENTIA PALEOCONTINENT
Authors: KRÖGER BJÖRN , PENNY AMELIA 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTDuring the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician interval the predominant non-microbial reef builders were sponges or sponge-like metazoans. The lithological and faunal composition of Cambro-Ordovician sponge-dominated reefs have previously been analyzed and reviewed. Here we take the relationship between reef aggregation pattern at reef to seascape scale into account, and look for changes during the Early–Middle Ordovician interval, in which metazoans became dominant reef builders. In a comparison of sponge-rich reefs from eight sites of the Laurentia paleocontinent three different seascape level reef growth patterns can be distinguished: (1) mosaic mode of reef growth, where reefs form a complex spatial mosaic dependent on hard substrate; (2) episodic mode, where patch reefs grew exclusively in distinct unconformity bounded horizons within non-reefal lithological units that have a much larger thickness; and (3) belt-and-bank mode, where reefs and reef complexes grew vertically and laterally as dispersed patches largely independent from truncation surfaces. The distinct modes of growth likely represent specific reef forming paleocommunities, because they differ in content and abundance of skeletal metazoan framebuilders, bioturbation intensity of non-skeletal reef sediment matrix, and in association of reef growth with underlying hard substrate. We suggest, based on a review of Laurentian reef occurrences, that the mosaic mode dominated in Early Ordovician strata and that the dominance shifted toward the belt and bank mode from Middle Ordovician strata onward.
Balancing costs and benefits of pandemic control in an outbreak phase
Authors: Hondou Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
After the first lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries faced difficulties in balancing infection control with economics. Due to limited prior knowledge1), economists began researching this issue2, 3, 4, 5, 6) using cost-benefit analysis7, 8) and found that infection control processes significantly affect economic efficiency. Rowthorn and Maciejowski2, 4) used economic parameters in the United Kingdom to numerically demonstrate that an optimal balance was found in the process, including keeping the infected population stationary. However, universally applicable knowledge, which is indispensable for guiding principles of infection control, has not yet been developed because these analyses assume regional parameters and a specific disease. Here, we prove the universal result of economic irreversibility by applying the idea of thermodynamics to pandemic control. It means that delaying infection control measures is more expensive than implementing infection control measures early while keeping infected populations stationary. This means that once the infected population increases, society cannot return to its previous state without extra expenditures. This universal result is analytically obtained by focusing on the infection-spreading phase of pandemics, which is not only applicable to COVID-19 and whether or not ‘herd immunity’ exists11, 12). It also confirms the numerical observation of stationary infected populations in its optimally efficient process2, 4). Our findings suggest that economic irreversibility is a guiding principle for balancing infection control with economic effects.
The evolutionary landscape of primate longevity
Authors: Colchero Fernando , Aburto José , Archie Elizabeth , Boesch Christophe , Breuer Thomas , Campos Fernando , Collins Anthony , Conde Dalia , Cords Marina , Crockford Catherine , Thompson Melissa Emery , Fedigan Linda , Fichtel Claudia , Groenenberg Milou , Hobaiter Catherine , Kappeler Peter , Lawler Richard , Lewis Rebecca , Machanda Zarin , Manguette Marie , Muller Martin , Packer Craig , Parnell Richard , Perry Susan , Pusey Anne , Robbins Martha , Seyfarth Robert , Silk Joan , Staerk Johanna , Stoinski Tara , Stokes Emma , Strier Karen , Strum Shirley , Tung Jenny , Villavicencio Francisco , Wittig Roman , Wrangham Richard , Zuberbühler Klaus , Vaupel James , Alberts Susan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Is it possible to slow the rate of aging, or do biological constraints limit its plasticity? We test this ‘invariant rate of aging’ hypothesis with an unprecedented collection of 39 human and nonhuman primate datasets across seven genera. We first recapitulate, in nonhuman primates, the highly regular relationship between life expectancy and lifespan equality seen in humans. We next demonstrate that variation in the rate of aging within genera is orders of magnitude smaller than variation in pre-adult and age-independent mortality. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in the rate of aging, but not other mortality parameters, produce striking, species-atypical changes in mortality patterns. Our results support the invariant rate of aging hypothesis, implying biological constraints on how much the human rate of aging can be slowed.
Determining Intention, Fast Food Consumption and Their Related Factors Among University Students by Using A Behavior Change Theory
Authors: Didarloo Alireza , Khalili Surur , Aghapour Ahmad Ali , Mousavi Seyed Mortaza 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Today, with the advancement of science, technology and industry, people's lifestyles such as the pattern of people's food, have changed from traditional foods to fast foods. The aim of this survey was to examine and identify factors influencing intent to use fast foods and behavior of fast food intake among students based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 229 university students. The study sample was selected and entered to the study using stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using a four-part questionnaire including Participants’ characteristics, knowledge, the TPB variables, and fast food consumption behavior. The study data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16.0) using descriptive statistics (frequencies, Means, and Standard Deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test, Chi-square, correlation coefficient and multiple regressions). Results The monthly frequency of fast food consumption among students was reported 2.7 times. The TPB explained 35%, 23% variance of intent to use fast food and behavior of fast food intake, respectively. Among the TPB variables, knowledge (r=.340, p<0.001) and subjective norm (r=.318, p<0.001) were known as important predictors of intention to consume fast foods - In addition, based on regression analyses, intention (r=.215, p<0.05), perceived behavioral control (r=.205, p<0.05), and knowledge (r=.127, p<0.05) were related to fast food consumption, and these relationships were statistically significant. Conclusions The current study showed that the TPB is a good theory in predicting intent to use fast food and the actual behavior. It is supposed that health educators use from the present study results in designing appropriate interventions to improve nutritional status of students.
GR chaperone cycle mechanism revealed by cryo-EM: the GR-loading complex
Authors: Agard David , Wang Ray , Noddings Chari , Kirschke Elaine , Myasnikov Alexander , Johnson Jill 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Maintaining a healthy proteome is fundamental for organism survival1. Integral to this are Hsp90 and Hsp70 molecular chaperones that together facilitate the folding, remodeling and maturation of Hsp90’s many “client” proteins. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a model client strictly dependent upon Hsp90/Hsp70 for activity. Chaperoning GR involves a cycle of inactivation by Hsp70, formation of an inactive GR:Hsp90:Hsp70:Hop “loading” complex, conversion to an active GR:Hsp90:p23 “maturation” complex, and subsequent GR release. Unfortunately, a molecular understanding of this intricate chaperone cycle is lacking for any client. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the GR loading complex, in which Hsp70 loads GR onto Hsp90, revealing the molecular basis of direct Hsp90/Hsp70 coordination. The structure reveals two Hsp70s––one delivering GR and the other scaffolding Hop. Unexpectedly, the Hop cochaperone interacts with all components of the complex including GR, poising Hsp90 for subsequent ATP hydrolysis. GR is partially unfolded and recognized via an extended binding pocket composed of Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hop, revealing the mechanism of GR loading and inactivation. Together with the GR maturation complex (Noddings et al., 2020), we present the first complete molecular mechanism of chaperone-dependent client remodeling, establishing general principles of client recognition, inhibition, transfer and activation.