Microstructure Control of Absorber Sb2S3 and p-Type Semiconductor CuSCN for Semiconductor-Sensitized Solar Cells (TiO2/Sb2S3/CuSCN)
Authors: Zhang Xi , Yoshioka Shohei , Loew Noya , Ihara Manabu 
Published: February 2020

INTRODUCTION

Semiconductor-sensitized solar cells (SSSCs) have greater stability of the semiconductor compared to organic dyes. Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) is considered as a remarkable absorber for SSSCs due to its high absorption coefficient[1], low toxicity, abundance of its elements, and direct band gap with absorption in the visible range (approximately 1.8eV[2]). Sb2S3-based extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells reportedly have a 3.7% efficiency when the structure is porous TiO2 as n-type semiconductor and CuSCN as p-type semiconductor[3]. Photo-generated carriers are produced in Sb2S3 films, and a fast charge separation occurs due to the “thinness” of the absorber. However, the relation between the microstructure of absorber Sb2S3and the power generation characteristics of this type of ETA solar cells remains unclear.
In this study, two deposition methods were introduced, namely, sputtering, which allows easy control of Sb2S3 deposition on thin TiO2 films by adjusting the deposition time, and inkjet-printing, which promises no physical contact with Sb2S3 when depositing CuSCN. Compared with Sb2S3 and CuSCN’s previous deposition methods, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and wiping, new deposition methods have their advantages. Improved cell efficiency is expected by controlling the microstructure of absorber Sb2S3and p-type semiconductor CuSCN with these two deposition methods.

EXPERIMENTAL

A thin TiO2 film was deposited on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass by spray pyrolysis. Sb2S3 was then deposited on this film by CBD from a solution of SbCl3 and Na2S2O3 (Aldrich). Alternatively, Sb2S3 film was deposited by sputtering using a Sb2S3 target of 99.9% purity (Kojundo Chemical) in an argon atmosphere with a base pressure of 5×10−4 Pa and with a launch power of 50 W. Both of these amorphous Sb2S3 films deposited by CBD and sputtering were then annealed in nitrogen at 320°C for 20 min to yield dark-brown crystalline stibnite. CuSCN was deposited by wiping or by inkjet-printing in an ambient atmosphere using a slightly under-saturated solution of CuSCN in dipropyl sulfide heated to 80°C. ETA solar cells were completed by depositing a gold film as the electrode by vacuum evaporation.

I-V curves were measured using a solar simulator (CEP-25MLH) under simulated AM1.5, 100mW/cm2 sunlight and in the dark. Photovoltaic parameters, i.e. short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and cell efficiency (η) were determined from the I-V curves. For the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images, samples were prepared with a cross-section polisher (CP) and by deposition of a platinum coating.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows the dependence of Jsc of ETA solar cells upon absorbance of sputter-deposited Sb2S3 at 500 nm. Absorbance depends on the thickness of Sb2S3. By controlling the deposition time of Sb2S3, the film thickness can easily be controlled by sputtering. Sb2S3 absorbance around 0.6 yielded the highest Jsc. With thinner films, the number of absorbed photons is not sufficient to yield a high amount of photo-generated carriers, whereas thicker films increase the amount of recombination of photo-generated carriers. Cell efficiency of ETA solar cells with sputter-deposited Sb2S3 is clearly improved compared with CBD-deposited Sb2S3(Table 1).
Figure 2 compares cross-sectional FE-SEM images of typical cells with wiping-deposited and inkjet-printed CuSCN films. The inkjet-printed CuSCN film exhibited large holes and was approximately two times thicker than the wiping-deposited CuSCN film. Table 2 shows the photovoltaic parameters of ETA solar cells with wiping-deposited and inkjet-printed CuSCN films. In this study, ETA solar cells with wiping-deposited CuSCN films exhibited better power generation characteristic compared with inkjet-printed CuSCN films. However, the deposition conditions for inkjet-printing still need optimization, and cell efficiency is expected to improve for this method.

CONCLUSION

In summary, with the new deposition methods introduced in this study, namely sputtering and inkjet-printing, absorber Sb2S3 and p-type semiconductor CuSCN were deposited successfully. By controlling the microstructure of Sb2S3, ETA solar cell efficiency was improved. The inkjet-printing conditions still need optimization to yield a higher cell efficiency.

REFERENCE

[1] Versavel et al.
,Thin Solid Films,
515,7171-7176(2007)
[2]Mane et al.,Master.Chem.Phys,141,2871-2877(1994)
[3]S.Nezu et al., J.Phys.Chem.C,
114, 6854-6859(2010)