bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of a Lack of QBO/Solar‐MJO Connection in Certain CMIP6 Models
Authors: Trencham N. E. , Hood L. L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA connection between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), solar variability, and the short‐term convective climate oscillation, the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), in boreal winter has been found in observational data, yet it is generally lacking in current global climate models (GCMs). A proposed mechanism is changes in tropical lower stratospheric upwelling rates and static stability caused by QBO and solar UV effects on extratropical wave forcing of the stratospheric residual meridional circulation (the Brewer‐Dobson circulation). The extent to which this mechanism, which operates only in boreal winter and enhances similar effects of the QBO‐induced meridional circulation, is simulated in a series of GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) is investigated. The models are found to be often lacking complete representation of several elements of the mechanism, with particular issues being QBOs that are westerly biased and weak in the lower stratosphere, insufficient solar or QBO modulation of extratropical wave activity (the Holton‐Tan effect), too weak reductions in equatorial tropopause static stability in response to extratropical wave forcing, and MJOs that in some cases do not respond to these reductions. Through bypassing many of these deficiencies via data selection, it is demonstrated that effects on the MJO that resemble those found in observations (strengthening of the MJO following early winter sudden stratospheric warmings and during easterly QBO winters) can be simulated by a subset of the models. This supports operation of the proposed mechanism, and points to needed model improvements, although caveats exist and further work is needed.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional changes in circulating immune cells from patients with severe asthma induced by biologics
Authors: Park Kyungtaek , Lee Ji-Hyang , Shin Eunsoon , Jang Hye Yoon , Song Woo-Jung , Kwon Hyouk-Soo , Cho Yoo Sook , Lee Jong Eun , Adcock Ian , Chung Kian Fan , Lee Jeong Seok , Won Sungho , Kim Tae-Bum 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPatients with severe eosinophilic asthma often require systemic medication, including corticosteroids and anti-type 2 (T2) cytokine biologics, to control the disease. While anti-IL5 and anti-IL4Rα antibodies suppress the effects of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the molecular pathways modified by these biologics that are associated with clinical improvement remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the effects of T2-targeting biologics on the gene expression of blood immune cells. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab, reslizumab, or dupilumab. PBMCs were obtained before the initiation of biologics and at 1- and 6-month timepoints after the initiation of treatment to elucidate treatment-induced changes. During treatment, the proportions of T cells/natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid cells, and B cells did not change. However, the composition of classical monocytes (CMs) changed: IL1B+ CMs were reduced, and S100A+ CMs were increased. The subsets of T cells also changed, and significant downregulation of the NF-κB pathway was observed. The genes related to the NF-κB pathway were suppressed across T/NK, myeloid, and B cells. The transcriptional landscape did not significantly change after the first month of treatment, but marked changes occurred at six-month intervals. In conclusion, regardless of the type of biologics used, suppression of T2-mediated pathways ultimately reduces the expression of genes related to NF-κB signaling in circulating immune cells. Further studies are warranted to identify potential biomarkers related to treatment response and long-term outcomes.Clinical trial registration number: NCT05164939
Circadian clock activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells of preterm and term neonates
Authors: Zuo Meilan , Kramer Achim , Mönke Gregor , Sciesielski Lina K. , Dame Christof 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background
During mammalian gestation, fetal circadian rhythms are thought to be mainly controlled by maternal signals. In humans, the initiation and activity of central and peripheral circadian clocks is largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the developmental clock properties in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods
HUVECs were obtained from (a) preterm infants, subgrouped according to birth weight or gestational age classification, and (b) term infants (in total: n = 60). In vitro clock activity was determined by using live bioluminescence recording of a luciferase reporter gene under circadian control over 120 h. In addition, core clock and clock-associated gene expression were quantified using NanoString technology.

Results
Peripheral clock activity was detected, regardless of prematurity and birth weight classification. The mean period, amplitude, and phase of circadian oscillations were not significantly associated with gestational age or birth weight classification.

Conclusions
Peripheral clock activity can be demonstrated in HUVECs from both preterm and term infants without significant developmental differences in the period, amplitude, and phase of oscillations. This model may be useful to identify perturbation factors of proper development and entrainment of neonatal circadian clock activity.

Impact

We established a model system for analyzing the peripheral clock in preterm and term HUVECs.

In HUVECs, the peripheral clock exhibits functional in vitro activity independent of gestational age or birth weight categories.

In this model system, neither significant developmental differences exist in the period, amplitude, and phase, nor in the expression of circadian core clock and clock-associated genes.

Entrainment and proper function of the circadian clock deserve attention in neonatal intensive care.
Improvement in the toughness and compatibility of poly(lactic acid)/starch acetoacetate through reactive melt-kneading with amine-modified silicone
Authors: Shibasaki Kazuki , Hsu Yu-I , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNonbiodegradable plastic pollution has taken centerstage because of its negative impacts on ecosystems, and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/starch blends, which are biodegradable plastics, have attracted increased attention as sustainable materials. However, the poor compatibility between hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic starch causes their composites to become brittle. In this study, to improve the compatibility between PLA and starch, the hydroxyl groups of starch were modified with acetoacetate, and amine-modified silicone was used as the compatibilizer. The acetoacetyl group readily reacts with primary amines under mild conditions to form enamines and is expected to react rapidly during the melt-kneading process. The amino groups also react with the decomposed PLA end groups via condensation. Therefore, amine-modified silicone is considered a suitable compatibilizer for PLA and starch acetoacetate (SAA). PLA/SAA/amine-modified silicone blends were prepared via melt-kneading. The toughness of PLA/SAA was improved by approximately 15 times when 3 wt% amine-modified silicone was added. Furthermore, in the SEM observation of the tensile fracture surface, it was found that the dispersibility of SAA in PLA was improved such that SAA and PLA were indistinguishable. This approach can contribute to the widespread use of biodegradable plastics in packaging materials and single-use plastics.
Constraints to Child Language Development in Peri-Urban and Rural Areas: A Mixed-Methods Analysis From Southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Xinwu , Jia Xiyuan , Pang Zhaofeng , Guo Jingruo , Feng Tianli , Rule Andrew , Rozelle Scott , Ma Yue 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
This mixed-methods study examined how differences in parental time, knowledge, and economic constraints, as well as community socioeconomic contexts, may contribute to differences in home language environment and child language ability outcomes between peri-urban and rural households in China.

Method:
We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods analysis using data from 158 children aged 18–24 months among peri-urban and rural households with low socioeconomic status (SES) in southwestern China. Audio recordings were collected from each household and analyzed using the Language ENvironment Analysis system. The Mandarin version of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories was administered to each child's primary caregiver. We also conducted qualitative interviews with primary caregivers in 31 peri-urban and 32 rural households. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded.

Results:
The quantitative results reveal that children in peri-urban households heard less adult speech and had lower language ability than children in rural households. Directed content analysis of interviews found that peri-urban caregivers faced more severe time constraints and less favorable community socioeconomic contexts than rural primary caregivers. Taken together, these findings suggest that differences in time constraints and community socioeconomic contexts between the two populations are the most likely factors contributing to the inferior language environment and language ability among children in peri-urban households.

Conclusion:
The mixed-methods study indicated that parental time constraints and community socioeconomic contexts should be considered alongside SES for a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing parental investment in the home language environment in China.
Teacher Confidence and Practices When Referring Students From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations for Speech and Language Services: A Case Study
Authors: Davis Karen C. , Watson Danielle J. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of this case study was to investigate teacher behaviors and attitudes toward referring culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students for speech and language services.

Method:
A 20-item survey was developed to investigate three primary variables: (a) teacher training in educating CLD populations, (b) teacher beliefs and practices when referring students from CLD populations for speech and language services, and (c) perceived stigma in referring students from CLD backgrounds for speech and language services. Twenty-two educators from a high-performing private school participated in this case study.

Results:
Although 20 of the 22 respondents reported that they had received some instruction in multicultural issues in education, only seven participants reported that they were confident in referring CLD children for services. Six questions addressed cultural bias and yielded 132 responses. Of those 132 responses, 60 were neutral, which reflects 45% of the data.

Conclusion:
This case study provides us with descriptive information regarding teachers' confidence in their own referral skills. The methodology used in this study could be used to inform the development of future surveys that intend to focus on this area.
Inversion of the temperature field in oil‐immersed reactors using optimal measurement points selected by random forest
Authors: Guo Jiayi , Zhu Kaizhuang , Li Xiaopeng , Zhao Jingyun , Liu Yunpeng , Lv Fangcheng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTo address the subjective issue of selecting measurement points based on mainstream line methods for hotspot temperature inversion in oil‐immersed power equipment, this paper demonstrates an oil‐immersed reactor temperature field inversion method based on random forest (RF) measurement point optimisation. Firstly, a temperature field calculation method for a 22‐kV oil‐immersed reactor is proposed. In combination with Latin hypercube sampling, 50 sets of temperature field data are calculated. Based on these samples, the selection of measurement points based on RF feature importance and the training of the genetic algorithm‐optimised back propagation (GA‐BP) inversion model are undertaken. Finally, the optimal combination of external tank wall measurement points is determined based on comprehensive error indicators, achieving accurate inversion of internal hotspot temperatures in the reactor (with an error of 0.243 °C). The inversion errors are reduced by 2.91 °C and 1.47 °C on average per group compared to existing methods, evincing the superiority of the proposed model.
Towards carbon‐free electricity: A flow‐based framework for power grid carbon accounting and decarbonization
Authors: Chen Xin , Chao Hungpo , Shi Wenbo , Li Na 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study introduces a comprehensive framework aimed at advancing research and policy development in the realm of decarbonization within electric power systems. The framework focuses on three key aspects—carbon accounting, carbon‐aware decision making, and carbon‐electricity market design—and proposes solutions to existing problems. In contrast to traditional pool‐based emission models, this framework proposes a novel flow‐based emission model that incorporates the underlying physical power grid and power flows. Thus, the framework allows accurate carbon accounting at both the temporal and spatial scales, thereby facilitating informed decision‐making to achieve grid decarbonization goals. The framework is built on a flow‐based carbon accounting methodology and utilizes the carbon‐aware optimal power flow technique as a theoretical foundation for decarbonization decision‐making. Additionally, this study explores the potential design of carbon‐electricity markets and pricing mechanisms to incentivize decentralized decarbonization actions. Critical issues of data availability, infrastructure development, fairness and equity considerations are also discussed.
Properties of diffuse and volume discharges that are important for their applications
Authors: Tarasenko Victor , Panchenko Alexei , Beloplotov Dmitry , Lomaev Mikhail , Sorokin Dmitry , Zhang Cheng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDiffuse and volume discharges are currently used widely in various fields. This work compares the properties of diffuse and volume discharges, as well as considers the conditions for their formation at high pressures. The main attention is paid to a diffuse discharge (DD). It has been shown that the ignition of a diffuse discharges is preceded by the development of a wide streamers. In the case of a volume discharge, the streamers usually have a small diameter and an ionisation waves emerging from it passes into the spark leader with subsequent discharge constriction. There are images and emission spectra of diffuse discharges in air and nitrogen in the paper. It has been confirmed that a diffuse discharges initiated by a nanosecond voltage pulse in a point‐to‐plane gaps has a uniform effect on the surface of a flat electrode. It was found that thin tracks of luminous particles are observed against the background of the DD plasma glow. They are associated with sputtering of the pointed electrode material due to the large field enhancement on the macro‐ and microinhomogeneities.
Salt‐and‐pepper denoising based on lightweight convolutional neural networks for flexible AMOLED
Authors: Huang Chengqiang , Yang Yanjun , He Yinghu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTo improve the performance of the image preprocessing module in consumer electronics using an active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display panel, the concept of judging before processing for salt‐and‐pepper denoising is originally proposed. Firstly, a dataset for salt‐and‐pepper noise image classification is constructed, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) for judging noise image (CNN‐J) is trained. Image classified as normal by CNN‐J is not processed, while the classified noisy image is denoised. In the denoising process, a marking image and a rough denoised image are generated by CNN for noise mask (CNN‐M) and CNN for denoising (CNN‐D), respectively. Subsequently, the refined denoised image is output using the proposed refining mechanism. The middle layers of CNN‐M and CNN‐D are constructed by depth‐separable CNN to reduce the network complexity. Experimental results show that the misjudging rate of CNN‐M marking is reduced by 19.94% compared with the best existing marking method. Compared with the traditional methods, the peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed method is increased by 2.95% and the information loss is reduced by 21.46%. In addition, the computational complexity is at least 11.18% lower than that of the traditional CNN. Finally, the display of salt‐and‐pepper denoised images on the flexible AMOLED is realized.
3D projection analysis: Characterizing the morphological stability of nearby open clusters
Authors: Hu Qingshun , Qin Songmei , Luo Yangping , Li Yuting 
Published: December 2024

Context. The study of open cluster morphology is pivotal for exploring their formation and evolutionary processes.
Aims. We manage to assess the morphological stability of 105 nearby open clusters within tidal radii on the X-Y, X-Z, and Y-Z planes of the heliocentric Cartesian coordinate system, utilizing member catalogs from the literature. Meanwhile, we also delve into factors potentially impacting the clusters’ morphological stability on these projection planes.
Methods. We used the rose diagram method by constructing the 3D projected morphology of sample clusters to quantify the morphological stability of their 3D projected morphology.
Results. Our analysis indicates there is a demonstrated linear positive correlation between the number of sample clusters’ member stars within tidal radii and their morphological stability in different 3D projection planes. This may suggest that the more member stars there are within the tidal radius of a cluster, the stronger its own gravitational binding capacity is, resulting in strong morphological stability. We find a direct link between the clusters’ morphological stabilities in the X-Z plane within tidal radii and their velocity dispersion in the same plane, suggesting that the morphological stabilities in the X-Z plane may be dependent on internal dynamics. Moreover, the morphological stability of the clusters’ 3D projection is influenced by their spatial positions along the Y axis, but not linearly, indicating that the environmental changes at the clusters’ location may affect their morphological stability. Likewise, specific external forces can have an effect on their morphological stability.
Conclusions. This research introduces a novel perspective for understanding the morphological stability of open clusters, with a particular focus on their 3D projected morphologies.
Physical characterization of the FeLoBAL outflow in SDSS J0932+0840: Analysis of VLT/UVES observations
Authors: Sharma Mayank , Arav Nahum , Korista Kirk T. , Bautista Manuel , Dehghanian Maryam , Byun Doyee , Walker Gwen , Mintz Sasha 
Published: December 2024

Context. The study of quasar outflows is essential for understanding the connection between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies. We analyzed the VLT/UVES spectrum of quasar SDSS J0932+0840 and identified several narrow and broad outflow components in absorption, with multiple ionization species including Fe II. This places it among the rare class of outflows known as iron low-ionization broad absorption line outflows (FeLoBALs).
Aims. We studied one of the outflow components to determine its physical characteristics by determining the total hydrogen column density, the ionization parameter, and the hydrogen number density. Through these parameters, we obtained the distance of the outflow from the central source, its mass outflow rate, and its kinetic luminosity, and we constrained the contribution of the outflow to the AGN feedback.
Methods. We obtained the ionic column densities from the absorption troughs in the spectrum and used photoionization modeling to extract the physical parameters of the outflow, including the total hydrogen column density and ionization parameter. The relative population of the observed excited states of Fe II was used to model the hydrogen number density of the outflow.
Results. We used the Fe II excited states to model the electron number density (ne) and hydrogen number density (nH) independently and obtained ne ≃ 103.4 cm−3 and nH ≃ 104.8 cm−3. Our analysis of the physical structure of the cloud shows that these two results are consistent with each other. This places the outflow system at a distance of 0.7−0.4+0.9 kpc from the central source, with a mass flow rate (Ṁ) of 43−26+65 M⊙ yr−1 and a kinetic luminosity (Ėk) of 0.7−0.4+1.1 × 1043 erg s−1. This is 0.5−0.3+0.7 × 10−4 of the Eddington luminosity (LEdd) of the quasar, and we thus conclude that this outflow is not powerful enough to contribute significantly toward AGN feedback.
Cannabis und Nikotin in deutschen Musikvideos
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Neumann Clemens , Morgenstern Matthis 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Das Rauchen von Tabak und Cannabis ist in Deutschland weit verbreitet. Kinder und Jugendliche vom Einstieg in den Konsum dieser Rauchprodukte abzuhalten, ist ein wichtiges Ziel der Prävention. Es wurde untersucht, wie häufig Cannabis- und Nikotinkonsum in deutschsprachigen Musikvideos vorkommen und dadurch Werbung fürs Rauchen gemacht wird.
Methode Die Stichprobe umfasste die Grundgesamtheit aller deutschsprachigen Musikvideos, die im Jahr 2023 in den YouTube-Top-100-Charts gelistet wurden. Sie beinhaltete 600 Musikvideos. Durch ein Kodierungsschema wurden die Musikvideos in die Kategorien „rauchfrei“ und „nicht rauchfrei“ eingeteilt und das Darstellen oder Erwähnen des Konsums ausgezählt.
Ergebnisse 54,7% (n=328) der Videos beinhaltete mindestens eine Darstellung oder Erwähnung des Konsums von Cannabis oder Tabak. In 31,7% der Videos (n=190) ging es ausschließlich um Tabakkonsum, in 12,5% der Videos (n=75) ausschließlich um Cannabiskonsum, in 10,5% (n=63) um beides. Während in 67,0% der Videos aus dem Genre „Deutschrap“ Tabak- oder Cannabiskonsum gezeigt oder erwähnt wurde, waren es bei den anderen Genres im Mittel 20,6% (OR=7,83; p<0,001). Bei Betrachtung des Cannabiskonsums allein war der Unterschied zwischen den Genres noch deutlicher. So lag der Anteil an Videos, in denen Cannabis gezeigt oder erwähnt wurde, im Genre „Deutschrap“ bei 29,7%, in den übrigen Genres bei 4,4% (OR=9,27; p<0,001). Die 328 Videos, in denen Tabak- oder Cannabiskonsum gezeigt wurde, kamen auf 3,2 Mrd. Klicks (64,5% der Klicks). Daraus ergibt sich, dass diese 328 Videos insgesamt 9,7 Bio. Impressionen generierten. Davon entfielen 5,8 Bio. Impressionen auf Nikotinkonsum und 3,9 Bio. Impressionen auf Cannabiskonsum.
Diskussion Weitgehend unreguliert werden Kinder und Jugendliche durch Musikvideos einer Vielzahl von Nikotin- und Cannabiskonsumszenen ausgesetzt.
Association between CACNA1A and ATP1A2 Variants are Responsible for Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Authors: Mouraux Charlotte , Alkan Serpil , Caberg Jean-Hubert , Depierreux Frédérique 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
ATP1A2 and CACNA1A genes encode proteins forming transmembrane channels, Na+/K+/ATPase transporter, and voltage-gated calcium channels, respectively. Pathogenic variants in these genes are associated with hemiplegic migraines, movement disorders, and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.We report a child presenting epileptic encephalopathy with cognitive and behavioral troubles. He carries a likely pathogenic variant in the ATP1A2 gene, inherited from his mother who presents hemiplegic migraines, and a variant of uncertain significance in the CACNA1A gene, inherited from his asymptomatic father and also found in his brother, who presents a milder neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). No other significant copy number or single nucleotide variations were identified after an in-depth genetic study including whole exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, and screening for Fragile X and Prader–Willi/Angelman syndromes.We illustrate the synergetic impact of ATP1A2 and CACNA1A genes in NDDs.