bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulating Surface and Grain‐Boundary Structures of Ni‐Rich Layered Cathodes for Ultrahigh Cycle Stability
Authors: Cheng Xu , Liu Meng , Yin Jingyun , Ma Chuansheng , Dai Yanzhu , Wang Deyu , Mi Shaobo , Qiang Wenjiang , Huang Bingxin , Chen Yanan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe wide applications of Ni‐rich LiNi1‐x‐yCoxMnyO2 cathodes are severely limited by capacity fading and voltage fading during the cycling process resulting from the pulverization of particles, interfacial side reactions, and phase transformation. The canonical surface modification approach can improve the stability to a certain extent; however, it fails to resolve the key bottlenecks. The preparation of Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)1‐xTixO2 on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles with a coprecipitation method is reported. After sintering, Ti diffuses into the interior and mainly distributes along surface and grain boundaries. A strong surface and grain boundary strengthening are simultaneously achieved. The pristine particles are fully pulverized into first particles due to mechanical instability and high strains, which results in serious capacity fading. In contrast, the strong surface and the grain boundary strengthening can maintain the structural integrity, and therefore significantly improve the cycle stability. A general and simple strategy for the design of high‐performance Ni‐rich LiNi1‐x‐yCoxMnyO2 cathode is provided and is applicable to surface modification and grain‐boundary regulation of other advanced cathodes for batteries.
Response of soil bacterial community and geochemical parameters to cyclic groundwater‐level oscillations in laboratory columns
Authors: Xia Xuefeng , Cheng Lirong , Zhu Yi , Liu Yueqiao , Wang Kai , Ding Aizhong , Cai Zuansi , Shi Huansheng , Zuo Lili 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGroundwater‐level oscillations change geochemical conditions, C cycling processes, and bacterial community composition, and these changes may vary vertically with depth in a soil. In this study, soil column experiments were conducted to explore variations in soil bacterial community composition and its associated geochemical parameters to rapid short‐term cyclic groundwater‐level oscillations driven by natural fluctuations (NF) and rainfall infiltration (RI), and the results are compared with a quasistatic (QS) column. Water saturation patterns in vadose and oscillated zones, and O2 level patterns, soil total organic C (TOC) removal rates, and soil bacterial community composition in vadose, oscillated, and saturated zones were evaluated. Results showed that water saturation and O2 level oscillated with groundwater level in NF and RI columns. Total organic C removal rates in RI column were the highest across vadose (∼38.4%), oscillated (∼35.8%), and saturated (∼35.2%) zones. Deltaproteobacteria, which were significantly correlated with TOC removal (p < .05), were found in higher abundance in the vadose and oscillated zones of the RI column than in the QS and NF columns. Soil bacterial community structure was dynamic at the class level due to water saturation, O2 level, and TOC removal. Total organic C removal was the driver to separate the distribution of bacterial community structure in the vadose and oscillated zones of the RI column from those of the QS and NF columns. This study suggests that RI induced rapid, short‐term, cyclic, groundwater‐level oscillations could significantly influence both the soil C cycle and bacterial community structure in the vadose and oscillated zones.
Why and How to Study Trade Union Cooperation in Europe?
Authors: Furåker Bengt , Larsson Bengt 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter gives a general background to the issue of transnational union cooperation in Europe and presents the aim, outline and delimitations of the book. It also pays attention to a number of concepts that can be relevant in the analysis of European trade unions and industrial relations. In this way, a theoretical context is provided for the analyses to come. There is moreover a rather detailed description of the empirical materials and methods used in the following chapters.
Diffusion-weighted imaging as a follow-up modality for evaluation of major salivary gland function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: a preliminary study
Authors: Fan Wen-jun , Teng Feng , Luo Yan-rong , Yu Wei , Zhang Qian , Lu Yi-ping , Ma Lin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in assessing dynamic changes of major salivary gland function during follow-up post radiotherapy (RT) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients.

Materials and methods
31 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed NPC scheduled for RT underwent six routine follow-up MRI examinations including DWI sequence prior to (pre-RT) and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post RT. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of bilateral parotid glands (PGs) and submandibular glands (SMGs) were measured. Objective measurement of salivary flow rate (SFR) under unstimulated (uSFR) and stimulated conditions (sSFR) as well as subjective xerostomia assessment according to a patient-rated questionnaire were conducted before each MRI. Variance analysis was used to evaluate dynamic changes of ADC, SFR and xerostomia questionnaire summary scores (XQ-sum) at different timepoints and the correlation between ADC and XQ-sum. Pearson’s correlation test was used to evaluate the correlations between pre- and post-RT changes of ADC (ΔADC) and SFR (ΔSFR) or mean RT dose.

Results
At each timepoint, ADCs of PGs were significantly lower than of SMGs, uSFR was significantly lower than sSFR. For both PGs and SMGs, ADCpost-RT were all higher than ADCpre-RT, with significant differences. ADC1m-post-RT initially increased and changed little to ADC3m-post-RT, ADC6m-post-RT, ADC9m-post-RT, and ADC12m-post-RT, then gradually declined over time. The dynamic change trends of SFR were negatively paralleled to those of ADC, while that of XQ-sum was similar. Dose–response relationships were detected between salivary gland mean RT dose and ΔADC. In PGs, negative correlations between ΔsSFR9m-post-RT and ΔADC9m-post-RT, and ΔsSFR12m-post-RT and ΔADC12m-post-RT were detected. In SMGs, negative correlations between ΔsSFR12m-post-RT and ΔADC12m-post-RT, and ΔuSFR12m-post-RT and ΔADC12m-post-RT were also detected. The ADCs of patients with severe subjective xerostomia were significantly higher, while patients with moderate subjective xerostomia presented a tendency toward higher ADCs compared to those with mild xerostomia from 6 to 12 months post RT.

Conclusion
As part of routine follow-up MRI in NPC patients, DWI might be a promising modality for follow-up assessing the dynamic changes of major salivary gland function and might be more powerful in the late post-RT period.
Dystonia Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (DNMSQuest) zur Erhebung nichtmotorischer Symptome bei Dystonie
Authors: Klingelhoefer L. , Jost W. , Odin P. , Storch A. , Ray Chaudhuri K. , Reichmann H. 
Published: March 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Nichtmotorische Symptome (NMS) bei Patienten mit Dystonie haben einen relevanten Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität. Ein rein auf NMS bei Dystonie bezogenes Messinstrument existiert nicht.

Ziel
Die validierte deutsche Version des Dystonia Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (DNMSQuest) zur Erhebung von NMS bei kraniozervikaler Dystonie wird hier vorgestellt.

Methoden
Der DNMSQuest in deutscher Sprache wurde nach international anerkannten Standards zum Vorgehen der interkulturellen Adaptation selbst auszufüllender Patientenfragebögen erstellt. So erfolgte die Übersetzung des englischen Originalfragebogens ins Deutsche sowie die Rückübersetzung unabhängig voneinander durch insgesamt vier bilinguale Neurologen mit Schwerpunkt Bewegungsstörungen. Von einem weiteren Neurologen wurde jeweils eine von den Übersetzern akzeptierte Konsensusfassung erstellt. Der englische Originalfragebogen wurde mit der rückübersetzten englischen Version von einem Neurologen mit maßgeblicher Beteiligung an der Entwicklung des Originalfragebogens auf sprachliche und inhaltliche Abweichungen kontrolliert. Die finale deutsche Version wurde bei 130 Patienten mit zervikaler Dystonie sowie 48 gesunden Kontrollen bei der internationalen, multizentrischen Validierungsstudie angewendet.

Ergebnisse
Es entstand eine interkulturell adaptierte, in deutscher und englischer Sprache validierte Fassung des DNMSQuest.

Diskussion
Der DNMSQuest kann die aktuell bestehende Lücke eines validierten, krankheitsspezifischen, durch die Patienten selbst auszufüllenden, kurzen, umfassenden Fragebogen zur Erhebung von NMS bei zervikaler Dystonie schließen. Er kann einfach in den klinischen Alltag integriert werden und empfiehlt sich für die klinische Praxis sowie zur Anwendung in klinischen Studien.
There is no general use of thromboprophylaxis and prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a nation-wide survey of ACL surgeons in Sweden
Authors: Ekdahl Victor , Stålman Anders , Forssblad Magnus , Samuelsson Kristian , Edman Gunnar , Kraus Schmitz Jesper 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeThe use of prophylaxis for thromboembolism and infection in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is not well documented and no general guidelines have been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ACL surgeons’ individual strategies of thromboprophylaxis, use of prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis and vancomycin-soaked ACL grafts, and if its use is supported in the current literature. Additionally, the rationale for use of tourniquet was analysed.MethodsQuestionnaires were distributed to all Swedish ACL surgeons who are registered in the Swedish Knee Ligament Register (SKLR), asking about prescription of thromboprophylaxis, prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis, the use of vancomycin-soaked graft and the use of a tourniquet during surgery. The responses were assessed for agreement and the thromboprophylaxis data were analysed in relation to the 2016 SKLR data.Results115 (75%) ACL surgeons responded to the survey. 81.7% prescribed thromboprophylaxis only when risk factors, such as history of thrombosis and the use of oral contraceptives, were present. Female gender, older age and admitted patient were considered the risk factors with the lowest impact. The respondents were generally restrictive regarding the use of prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis. The use of vancomycin-soaked graft was used by only nine (8%) surgeons representing 406 (13%) of the surgeries.ConclusionSwedish ACL surgeons are generally restrictive using thromboprophylaxis and only when risk factors are present. However, there is a lack of consensus in how to weigh the different risk factors and it does not completely adhere to the existing literature.Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis is rarely used and the use of vancomycin soaking of graft is very limited and applies only to a small number of surgeons. The use of tourniquet is common. There is a need for ACL-specific guidelines regarding the use of thromboprophylaxis.Level of evidenceIV.
Generic regularity of differentiated product oligopolies
Authors: Zierhut Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn oligopoly models with differentiated products, producers face a market demand function that reflects the preferences of consumers. However, typical assumptions on preferences place only weak restrictions on the shape of aggregate demand. This may result in profit functions that are not strictly quasiconcave, in best-reply correspondences that are not differentiable, and in equilibria that are not robust to perturbations. This paper establishes differentiability and robustness as a generic property: for an open, dense set of economies, best replies are differentiable in a neighborhood of equilibria, which is a precondition for comparative statics. All these economies have a finite number of equilibria in pure strategies.
Theorems and rules connecting bond energy and bond order with electronegativity equalization and hardness maximization
Authors: von Szentpály László 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBond orders are attributed a new role in rationalizing the electronegativity equalization (ENE) and maximum hardness (MH) rules. The following rules and theorems are formulated for chemical species (atoms, groups, molecules), X, Y, XY, their ionization energies, I, electron affinities, A, electronegativity, χ = ½(I + A), and chemical hardness, η = ½ (I − A). Rule 1 Sanderson’s principle of electronegativity equalization is supported (individual deviations < 10%) by association reactions, X + Y → XY, if the ionic bond dissociation energies are equal, D (XY+) = D (XY−), or, equivalently, if the relative bond orders are equal, BOrel (XY+) = BOrel (XY−). Rule 2 Sanderson’s principle of electronegativity equalization is supported (individual deviations < 10%) by association reactions, X + Y → XY, if the formal bond orders, FBO, of the ions are equal, FBO (XY+) = FBO (XY−). Theorem 1 The electronegativity is not equalized by association reactions, X + Y → XY, if the formal bond orders of the ions differ, FBO (XY+) − FBO (XY−) ≠ 0. Theorem 2 The chemical hardness is increased by nonpolar bond formation, 2X → X2, if (and for atomic X: if and only if) the sum BOrel (X2+) + BOrel (X2−) < 2. Rule 3 The chemical hardness is decreased, thus the “maximum hardness principle” violated by association reactions, X + Y → XY, if (but not only if) BOrel (XY+) + BOrel (XY−) > 2. The theorems are proved, and the rules corroborated with the help of elementary thermochemical cycles according to the first law of thermodynamics. They place new conditions on the “structural principles” ENE and MH. The performances of different electronegativities and hardness scales are compared with respect to ENE and MH. The scales based on valence-state energies perform consistently better than scales based on ground-state energies. The present work provides the explanation for the order of magnitude better performance of valence-state ENE compared to that of the ground-state ENE. We here show by a new approach that the combination of several fuzzy concepts clarifies the situation and helps in defining the range of validity of rules and principles derived from such concepts.
Wood-water relationships and their role for wood susceptibility to fungal decay
Authors: Brischke Christian , Alfredsen Gry 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWood in service is sequestering carbon, but it is principally prone to deterioration where different fungi metabolize wood, and carbon dioxide is released back to the atmosphere. A key prerequisite for fungal degradation of wood is the presence of moisture. Conversely, keeping wood dry is the most effective way to protect wood from wood degradation and for long-term binding of carbon. Wood is porous and hygroscopic; it can take up water in liquid and gaseous form, and water is released from wood through evaporation following a given water vapour pressure gradient. During the last decades, the perception of wood-water relationships changed significantly and so did the view on moisture-affected properties of wood. Among the latter is its susceptibility to fungal decay. This paper reviews findings related to wood-water relationships and their role for fungal wood decomposition. These are complex interrelationships not yet fully understood, and current knowledge gaps are therefore identified. Studies with chemically and thermally modified wood are included as examples of fungal wood substrates with altered moisture properties. Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water – especially in the over-hygroscopic range – is considered crucial for determining minimum moisture thresholds (MMThr) of wood-decay fungi. The limitations of the various methods and experimental set-ups to investigate wood-water relationships and their role for fungal decay are manifold. Hence, combining techniques from wood science, mycology, biotechnology and advanced analytics is expected to provide new insights and eventually a breakthrough in understanding the intricate balance between fungal decay and wood-water relations.Key points• Susceptibility to wood-decay fungi is closely linked to their physiological needs.• Content, state and distribution of moisture in wood are keys for fungal activity.• Quantification and localization of capillary and cell wall water in wood is needed.• New methodological approaches are expected to provide new insights
Mixed 20-peptide cancer vaccine in combination with docetaxel and dexamethasone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomized phase II trial
Authors: Noguchi Masanori , Arai Gaku , Egawa Shin , Ohyama Chikara , Naito Seiji , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Uemura Hirotsugu , Nakagawa Masayuki , Nasu Yasutomo , Eto Masatoshi , Suekane Shigetaka , Sasada Tetsuro , Shichijo Shigeki , Yamada Akira , Kakuma Tatsuyuki , Itoh Kyogo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA novel cancer vaccine consisting of 20 mixed peptides (KRM-20) was designed to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against twelve different tumor-associated antigens. The aim of this phase II trial was to examine whether KRM-20 in combination with docetaxel and dexamethasone enhances the antitumor effects in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase II study, we enrolled chemotherapy-naïve patients with CRPC from ten medical centers in Japan. Eligible patients were randomly assigned 1:1 centrally to receive either KRM-20 combined with docetaxel and dexamethasone (n = 25) or placebo with docetaxel and dexamethasone (n = 26). The primary endpoint was the difference in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline between each treatment. The rates of > 50% PSA decline in the two arms were similar (56.5% versus 53.8%; P = 0.851). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched peptide-specific immunoglobulin G (P = 0.018) and CTL (P = 0.007) responses in the KRM-20 arm significantly increased after treatment. The addition of KRM-20 did not increase toxicity. There were no between-group differences in progression-free or overall survival (OS). The addition of KRM-20 was safe, and similar PSA decline and HLA-matched peptide-specific CTL and IgG responses increased in combination with docetaxel and dexamethasone in CRPC patients. Subgroup analysis suggested that this treatment is favorable for CRPC patients with ≥ 26% lymphocytes or PSA levels of < 11.2 ng/ml, but further clinical trials comparing OS are required.
The State of Surgical Task Sharing for Inguinal Hernia Repair in Limited‐Resource Countries
Authors: Schroeder Alexander D. , Tubre Dustin J. , Voigt Charles , Filipi Charles J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn limited‐resource countries, the morbidity and mortality related to inguinal hernias is unacceptably high. This review addresses the issue by identifying capacity‐building education of non‐surgeons performing inguinal hernia repairs in developing countries and analyzing the outcomes.MethodsPubMed was searched and included are studies that reported on task sharing and surgical outcomes for inguinal hernia surgery. Educational methods with quantitative and qualitative effects of the capacity‐building methods have been recorded. Excluded were papers without records of outcome data.ResultsSeven studies from African countries reported 14,108 elective inguinal hernia repairs performed by 230 non‐surgeons with a mortality rate of 0.36%. Complications were reported in 4 of the 7 studies with a morbidity rate of 14.2%. Two studies reported on follow‐up: one with no recurrences in 408 patients at 7.4 months and the other one with 0.9% recurrences in 119 patients at 12 months. Direct comparison of outcomes from trained non‐surgeons to surgeons or surgically trained medical doctors is limited but suggests no difference in outcomes. Quantitative capacity‐building effects include increase in surgical workforce, case volume, elective procedures, mesh utilization, and decreased referrals to higher level of care institutions. Qualitative capacity‐building effects include feasibility of prospective research in limited‐resource settings, improved access to surgical care, and change in practice pattern of local physicians after training for mesh repair.ConclusionSystematic training of non‐surgeons in inguinal hernia repair is potentially a high‐impact capacity‐building strategy. High‐risk patients should be referred to a fully trained surgeon whenever possible. Randomized study designs and long‐term outcomes beyond 1 year are needed.
Optimal Prediction of the Central Venous Catheter Insertion Depth Targeting the Cavoatrial Junction
Authors: Mo Hyejin , Ahn Sanghyun , Lee Joongyub , Cho Sungsin , Min Seung‐Kee 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundCentral venous catheters should be positioned at the cavoatrial junction or the right atrium. If catheters are inserted to a depth derived by adding the length between the needle insertion point and the clavicular notch and the length between the clavicular notch and the carina, the catheter tip can be placed near the carina. Based on this, we aim to make a formula to place a catheter tip near the cavoatrial junction.MethodsThis prospective nonrandomized interventional study included patients who needed a central venous catheter from June 2017 to July 2018. The location of the cavoatrial junction was identified using a fluoroscopic technique. The following variables were measured: L1, the length between the needle insertion point and the clavicular notch; L2, the length between the clavicular notch and the carina; and α, the length between the carina and the cavoatrial junction.ResultsA total of 70 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 65.5 ± 11.6 years, and 62.9% were male. The mean L1 and L2 were 7.6 ± 1.4 and 7.0 ± 1.4 cm, respectively. The mean α was 4.4 ± 1.5 cm (95% CI 4.1–4.8), and it was not affected by demographic factors, such as sex, age, height or weight.ConclusionsCentral venous catheters in adult patients can be placed near the cavoatrial junction using a simple formula: the distance between the insertion point and the clavicular notch + the distance between the clavicular notch to the carina + 4.4 cm.
Single‐Center Retrospective Analysis of the Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Staged Peritoneal Lavage for Secondary Peritonitis
Authors: Daskalopoulou D. , Kankam J. , Ambe P. C. , Zarras K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSecondary peritonitis is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Data on the effect of staged re‐laparotomy or re‐laparoscopy as a surgical option in the management of abdominal sepsis due to secondary peritonitis are limited and conflicting. Herein, we report the outcomes of patients undergoing staged peritoneal lavage (SPL) for secondary peritonitis in our department.MethodsThis is a single‐center retrospective analysis of the data of patients undergoing SPL for secondary peritonitis. SPL was performed via either re‐laparotomy or re‐laparoscopy. The simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) was calculated at the time of the initial operation and for each SPL. The end points of interest included: the evolution of sepsis characterized by the SAPS II score, the mortality rate and the rate of definitive abdominal wall closure.ResultsThe data of 74 patients with a median age of 73 years requiring at least one SPL between 2012 and 2019 were analyzed. The median number of SPL performed was three (range 1–12). A sequential drop of SAPS II score from 41 at the initial procedure to 32 at the third SPL was documented. The overall mortality rate was 16.2%, definitive abdominal closure was achieved in all surviving patients and the median length of stay was 17.5dConclusionStaged re‐laparotomy or re‐laparoscopy with peritoneal lavage may reduce the severity of peritonitis and reduce the risk of mortality in patients with abdominal sepsis. Maintaining the abdominal wall under constant retraction using a rigid mesh while creating an open abdomen is a crucial step in achieving definite abdominal wall closure. Thus, staged peritoneal lavage may be a good surgical option for selected patients with peritonitis.