bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Situ Chemo-Mechanical Responses of Lithium Iron Phosphate Electrodes during Electrochemical Cycling
Authors: Çapraz Ömer Özgür , Bassett Kimberly , Gewirth Andrew A. , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R. 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully commercialized for portable electronics in the last two decades. Although there has been a great interest to use LIBs in more demanding applications such as electric vehicles, adoption of LIBs has been hindered by capacity loss and poor performance. The current stage of the cathode performance is a limiting factor for the development of higher performance LIBs. Lithium intercalation induces considerable volumetric changes with associated stress generation in the electrode. Even small strain can cause particle fractures in brittle cathode materials. The formation of a fracture particles leads to the capacity fade and limits the lifetime of batteries. To investigate chemo-mechanical response of the cathodes, we previously calculated electrochemical stiffness changes cathodes by coordinating in situ stress and strain measurements1. The electrochemical stiffness response of lithium manganese oxide revealed that the underlying mechanisms governing stress and strain are intrinsically different. In this study, our objective is to evaluate chemo-mechanical responses of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode.
In situ stress measurements were carried out with the beam curvature method whereas digital image correlation (DIC) is utilized to measure in situ strain generation. Electrodes are constrained on the cantilever for stress measurement, whereas free-standing electrodes were fabricated for strain measurements. LFP electrodes were fabricated with a composition of 8:1:1 weight ratio of LFP, carboxymethyl cellulose binder and carbon black. Electrodes are cycled with cyclic voltammetry technique at different scan rates (between 10 and 250μV/s) in various electrolytes. Stress and strain derivatives are calculated with respect to applied potential. Derivatives present crucial information to probe potential-dependent surface stress evolutions and structural changes in the electrode. As expected, strain derivatives are well-correlated with the changes in the crystal structure during delithiation and lithiation. Interestingly, stress derivatives reveal that electrolyte solution has a role on the evolution of surface stress. Changes in stress and strain during electrochemical cycling reveal underlying mechanisms governing chemo-mechanical responses in the LFP electrode.

References

1- Ö. Ö. Çapraz, K. L. Bassett, A. A. Gewirth, and N. R. Sottos, Adv. Energy Mater., 1601778–7 (2017).

Acknowledgement

This work was supported as part of the Center for Electrochemical Energy Science (CEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences.”
Effects of Various Graphite Cathodes on Self-Discharge Behavior of Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries
Authors: Li Chi , Rath Purna Chandra , Chang Jeng-Kuei 
Published: February 2020

Renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar energy, have become great importance in modern society [1]. Unfortunately, the intermittent nature of these energies leads to a huge barrier in energy generation and stabilization in electricity supply [2]. The rechargeable batteries received a lot of attention due to high energy density and satisfactory cycle life. Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) gain a great amount of research interest in recent times due to the low cost of aluminum compared to that of lithium. Aluminum, being the most abundant metal in the earth crust, has three-electron transfer characteristic, high volumetric capacity, and great safety, which make RABs suitable for large-scale energy storage [3].
However, problems like low discharge voltage, high corrosion of electrolyte, serious self-discharge impede the growth and development of RABs. Jiao’s group demonstrated self-discharge phenomena for Ah-level RABs, where self-discharge rate was about 6%/day [4]. Their research only presented the self-discharge phenomena, but not studied the factors affecting self-discharge behavior. Self-discharge is an important issue for practical applications. The self-discharge rate of RABs is much higher than that of commercial lithium-ion batteries, whose self-discharge rate is approximately 5%/month. It is thus necessary to investigate the factors affecting self-discharge properties of RABs.
In this work, effects of various types of graphite cathodes on charge-discharge properties and self-discharge behavior in ionic liquid electrolyte are studied. The results demonstrate that the changes in d-spacing and morphology of the graphite are crucial. The phase transformation of the graphite cathode during charging/discharging and self-discharge is examined using in-situ X-ray diffraction (performed at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Centre, Taiwan). The reaction mechanism is discussed in details.
References
[1] B. Huskinson,M. P. Marshak, C. Suh, S. Er, M. R. Gerhardt, C. J. Galvin, X. Chen, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R. G. Gordon, M. J. Aziz, Nature, 505 (2014) 195.
[2] Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M. C. Kintner-Meyer, X. Lu, D. Choi, J. P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Chem. Rev., 111 (2011) 3577.
[3] G. A. Elia, K. Marquardt, K. Hoeppner, S. Fantini, R. Lin, E. Knipping, W. Peters, J. Drillet, S. Passerini, R. Hahn, Adv. Mater., 28 (2016) 7564.
[4] S. Jiao, H. Lei, J. Tu, J. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Mao, Carbon, 109 (2016) 276.
HC-Based Anode Materials: Synthesis, Study and Evaluation of the Charge Storage Mechanism
Authors: Bobyleva Zoia V. , Drozhzhin Oleg A. , Antipov Evgeny V. 
Published: February 2020

Hard carbon is a class of carbon materials widely used in sodium-ion batteries which are characterized by sp2 hybridized carbon atoms forming highly irregular structure consisting of randomly oriented graphene layers[1]. These materials have a number of advantages including high capacity, good cycling stability, low cost and can potentially be easily up-scaled. However, hard carbon is still largely underinvestigated and its comprehensive study is of great importance. In particular, a mechanism of sodium ion intercalation should be thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, a controllable and reproducible technology for their synthesis is highly demanded.
The most commonly used precursor for hard carbons are saccharides, phenolic resins, pitch, starch and cellulose. The latter draw great attention due to its abundance and a bunch of carbon materials with various properties can be obtained from cellulose by changing synthesis conditions[2].
In this study, samples of hard carbon were synthesized from cellulose using two different approaches. In the first approach, the samples were obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose dispersed in water at 185 °C and further hydrochars pyrolysis at 1300 °C under argon atmosphere. In the second approach, dehydration of cellulose powder was performed at 295 °C in air with further pyrolysis at 1300 °C under argon atmosphere.
The morphology and microstructure of the obtained samples were characterized by X-ray scattering diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical methods were used to analyze the obtained materials and it was found that the samples demonstrated capacity more than 250 mAh/g. Charge storage behavior was estimated by linear voltammetry in anodic area at different sweep rates[3].
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 17-73-30006).

References:

[1] Saurel, D., Orayech, B., Xiao, B., Carriazo, D., Li, X., & Rojo, T. (2018). From Charge Storage Mechanism to Performance: A Roadmap toward High Specific Energy Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Carbon Anode Optimization. Advanced Energy Materials, 1703268.
[2] Yamamoto, H., Muratsubaki, S., Kubota, K., Fukunishi, M., Watanabe, H., Kim, J., & Komaba, S. (2018). Synthesizing higher-capacity hard-carbons from cellulose for Na-and K-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(35), 16844-16848.
[3] Wang, J., Polleux, J., Lim, J., & Dunn, B. (2007). Pseudocapacitive contributions to electrochemical energy storage in TiO2 (anatase) nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(40), 14925-14931.
Development of Low Cost Synthesis Route to Sodium Transition Metal Sulfate Systems
Authors: Driscoll Elizabeth Helen , Driscoll Laura Louise , Slater Peter Raymond 
Published: February 2020

Efficient energy storage devices have come into the spotlight for both consumer devices, transport and large scale grid applications. Whilst Li-ion batteries are a popular choice for the portable electronics and transport market, Na-ion batteries are attracting significant attention for potential use in large scale grid storage, due to showcasing a similar chemistry to lithium but at a lower cost.
Of particular interest are sulfate-based systems due to the advantageous inductive effect of the polyanion influencing the redox couples. Thus on this theme, one notable example which has attracted attention is alluaudite-type Na2Fe2(SO4)3whereby the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox delivered 3.8 V – the highest known redox couple for a sulfate system.1 Work by Driscoll et al., showed that new alluaudite systems, Na3M1.5(SO4)3-x(SeO4)x, could be obtained through dehydration of selenate doped Na2M(SO4)2.2H2O (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni).2 In this poster, we present an extension of this work, highlighting the relationship between the obtained structure type on dehydration and the metal cation size/polyanion size.
1 P. Barpanda, G. Oyama, S. I. Nishimura, S. C. Chung and A. Yamada, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5, 1–8.
2 L. L. Driscoll, E. Kendrick, K. S. Knight, A. J. Wright and P. R. Slater, J. Solid State Chem., 2018, 258, 64–71.

Figure 1
Application of the Hybrid-Ion Battery Concept to Selected Oxide Systems
Authors: Maletti Sebastian , Mikhailova Daria 
Published: February 2020

The success of Li-ion batteries led to a steady growth of applications that rely on this energy storage technology. However, the non-abundancy of necessary resources requires the establishment of successor technologies such as Na- or Mg-ion batteries. Both are still missing a breakthrough due to a variety of issues. Recently, the concept of hybrid batteries, which is based on a combined operation of two kinds of cations, has been proposed, bridging the gap between lithium and post-lithium energy storage [1]. Its main idea is to restrict chemical processes of one cation type to only one electrode while the other cation type takes part in processes on the other electrode. This results in the replacement or significant reduction of lithium amounts in a battery. Focusing on Li+, Na+ and Mg2+ ions as charge carriers, three types of hybrid batteries can be considered as Mg-Li, Mg-Na and Na-Li batteries. Currently, the main challenges are the search of a suitable electrolyte system compatible with both anodes and cathodes, as well as obtaining acceptable long-term cycling behavior, which is influenced strongly by many factors such as different SEI compositions.
We studied different types of hybrid batteries with non-aqueous dual salt electrolytes using well-known electrode materials like Li4Ti5O12, TiNb2O7, LiFePO4 and LiV3O8 with the aim to evaluate issues concerning individual materials as well as general correlations referring to the certain type of a hybrid system. For example, we investigated LiV3O8 cathodes in mixed Na-Li electrolytes and found structural changes and the electrochemical behavior to be strongly influenced by the Li/Na ratio (Fig. 1). By obtaining higher capacities than in pure Na-ion batteries and better cycling behavior than in Li-ion batteries, we demonstrated that this concept represents a good compromise between these battery types. However, observed lithium plating on sodium anodes seems to be a general weakness of the hybrid Na-Li battery for the given electrolyte compositions, which has to be overcome [2]. Mg-Li batteries were studied using TiNb2O7 and Li4Ti5O12 operating at intermediate potentials that yielded promising results (Fig.2). A careful examination of structural evolution and the composition in a subsurface region revealed Li+ selectivity for bulk intercalation while Mg2+ is restricted to the anodic reaction. When aiming at higher voltages, electrolytes capable of depositing and stripping Mg become either unstable or reactive towards non-inert current collectors, but the applicability of LiFePO4 and LiV3O8 in dual salt electrolytes using special setups could be demonstrated. For the Mg-Na combination, we studied layered sodium oxides in a broad voltage range, and showed capability of desodiation of the layered structures and anodical deposition of Mg. However, the reverse reaction occurs at significantly lower discharge potentials with a large polarization.

Figure 1
The Marriage of Solid-State Electrolyte and Safe Lithium Metal Anodes in a Working Battery
Authors: Zhang Qiang 
Published: February 2020

Li metal is extensively focused due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g−1, 10 times higher than that of graphite) and the most negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V versus standard hydrogen electrode). Solid-state electrolyte exhibits enhanced safety relative to non-aqueous electrolyte. Therefore, the marriage of Li metal and solid-state electrolyte is expected to inherit the merits of both. However, the competitive solid-state lithium metal batteries encounter formidable challenges, including dendrite issues and poor solid-solid contact. Investigating the interdisciplinary issues of solid-state electrolyte and Li metal in integrated cells is necessary to realize the efficient and safe solid-state lithium metal batteries.
This talk focuses on the energy chemistry issues generated from the marriage of Li metal and solid-state electrolyte, instead of their respective problems. Firstly, the issues generated from the marriage of lithium metal anode and solid-state electrolyte. Specific attentions are paid to the large interfacial resistance, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and low operation current/capacity. The primarily understanding the ionic channels in the composite electrolyte and space charge layers in the interfacial region are also included. Based on these dilemmas and working principles, emerging strategies to render solid-state lithium metal batteries are introduced. Finally, the general conclusion and perspective on the current limitations and recommended research of solid-state lithium metal batteries are presented.
References
1. Cheng XB, Zhao CZ, Yao YX, Liu H, Zhang Q. Chem 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.12.002.
2. Cheng XB, Zhang R, Zhao CZ, Zhang Q. Chemical Reviews 2017, 117, 10403–10473.
3. Zhao CZ, Zhang XQ, Cheng XB, Zhang R, Xu R, Chen PY, Peng HJ, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 2017, 114, 11069-11074.
4. Cheng XB, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. A Review of Li Metal Anode in Working Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2018, 165, A6058-A6072.
5. Zhang R, Chen X, Shen X, Zhang XQ, Chen XR, Cheng XB, Yan C, Zhao CZ, Zhang Q. Joule 2018, 2, 764-777.
6. Yan C, Cheng XB, Yao YX, Shen X, Li BQ, Li WJ, Zhang R, Huang JQ, Li H, Zhang Q. Advanced Materials 2018, 30, 1804461.
7 Zhao CZ, Chen PY, Zhang R, Chen X, Li BQ, Zhang XQ, Cheng XB, Zhang Q. Science Advances 2018, 4, eaa3446.
8. Chen X, Li HR, Shen X, Zhang Q. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018, 57, 16643-16647.
9. Cheng XB, Yan C, Chen X, Guan C, Huang JQ, Peng HJ, Zhang R, Yang ST, Zhang Q. Chem 2017, 2, 258-270.
10. Cheng XB, Zhang R, Zhao CZ, Wei F, Zhang JG, Zhang Q. Advanced Science 2016, 3, 1500213.
Synergistic Effect of Sulfur Electrode Technology and Nature of Anode Materials to Increasing the Energy and Reducing Self - Discharge the Battery Based on Sulfur Cathode
Authors: Shembel Elena , Markevich Alexandr V , Kolomoyets Olga , Redko Vlad Ivanovich , Pastushkin Timothy V , Straková Fedorková Andrea , Polishchuk Yuliya , Girin Oleg , Kirsanova Irina Viktorovna , Maksyuta Irina M , Zaderey Nelya 
Published: February 2020

The goal of the achievements that will be presented is to illustrating how nature on the anode material and technology fabrication the cathode based on the sulfur, can dramatically influence on the properties battery with cathode based on the sulfur:
- Increasing the energy
- Decreasing the self-discharge
- Increasing the safety.
Among important parameters of technology to fabricating Sulfur cathode have been taking in mind the following:

Nature of sulfur: dispersion sulfur or polymeric sulfur;

Conductivity of carbon (graphite and black) that are included in cathode mass;

Resistance of interface between current collector and layer of the cathode electrode mass.

Design of cathode.

As the anode materials have been used not only lithium, but also other anode materials that can results in decreasing the self-discharge battery with sulfur cathode:
- Composition of silicon and graphite that is without binder
- Magnesium alloys
Silicon – graphite composite anode have been fabricated via a proprietary method of gas detonation deposition that developed by Enerize
For evaluation the properties of initial materials, semi-product and final product Enerize developed and used non-destructive non-contact method and devices. This allows insuring the properties the components of electrodes and properties of final product – battery
During presentation will be illustrated and described the parameters of developed battery with Sulfur based cathode.
Acknowledgements. This presentation is connected with the framework of NATO, Science for Peace and Security Programme Project SPS 985148 “Development of New Cathodes for Stable and Safer Lithium-Sulfur Batteries” in the light of development the innovating batteries with high energy and low self - discharge that are based on Sulfur cathode and various type anode. Enerize Corporation is the Industrial Partner / End User of this NATO project. Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology is active participant of this NATO project. The work was also carried out according to the project of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, project No. 42/170790 "Development of high energy power sources based on Ukrainian magnesium and manganese raw material for innovative instrumentation”
How to Calculate Energy Contents of Different Cell Chemistries: Is There a Universal Factor between Theory and Practice?
Authors: Betz Johannes , Bieker Georg , Meister Paul , Placke Tobias , Winter Martin , Schmuch Richard 
Published: February 2020

The economical storage of electric energy at a large scale is one of the main technological challenges of this century. The state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has several advantages as, e.g., high energy efficiency and safety. However, to improve the energy storage capabilities, the scientific community is intensively exploring various alternative rechargeable battery concepts as, e.g., lithium metal-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), lithium/sulfur batteries (LSBs) or magnesium/sulfur batteries (MSBs) that could outperform LIBs in different aspects [1, 2]. This goes often along with the promise of a very high theoretical energy per mass or volume. The theoretical values, however, exclude numerous parameters relevant for the practical battery cell and, thus, might translate very differently into practically achievable energy values [3]. The discharge voltages achieved in practice and especially the required amount of inactive materials on stack level can vary substantially between the different cell chemistries. Consequently, the theoretical energy values, which are commonly quoted for emerging battery chemistries (mostly at the material level), could highly overestimate the realistic potential of these systems in comparison to established LIBs [3].
In this study, we calculated the energy for several battery technologies on stack and cell level, including LIBs, ASSBs, LSBs and MSBs to evaluate their practical specific energy (Wh/kg) and energy density (Wh/L) [3]. In order to provide a high comparability, the energy values are calculated in six successive steps, each adding further weight and volume of inactive material, like different amounts of electrolyte, inactive materials in the electrodes, separator, and an 18650 cell housing [3]. With a special emphasis on the amount of electrolyte and the volume expansion during charge and discharge, this study illustrates the impact these cell components have on the practical energy values in the individual cell chemistries. Thereby, the most critical cell components for achieving higher energy values are identified for each battery system [3]. By providing insights how to calculate the energy values of the different battery technologies with different necessary assumptions made evident, this study aims for more transparency and reliability in the comparison of the different cell chemistries.
[1] J.W. Choi, D. Aurbach, Nat. Rev. Mater., 1 (2016) 16013.
[2] T. Placke, R. Kloepsch, S. Dühnen, M. Winter, J. Solid State Electr., 21 (2017) 1939-1964.
[3] J. Betz, G. Bieker, P. Meister, T. Placke, M. Winter, R. Schmuch, Adv. Energy Mater., (2018) 1803170.
Biopolymer Sol-Gel Synthesis of Anion/Cation Doped Garnet Electrolyte Materials for Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Dong Bo , Slater Peter Raymond 
Published: February 2020

Garnet solid-state electrolytes have attracted great interest due to its high Li ion conductivity and good electrochemical stability with electrode materials [1]. To enable the All-Solid-State Batteries, several issues need to be addressed, such as to increase the Li+ ion ionic conductivity, lower the interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrode materials and prevent the dendrite growth of Li metal through electrolyte materials.
There has been significant work investigating doping strategies to improve the conductivity of Li5La3Nb(Ta)2O12 and Li7La3Zr2O12 systems [2-5], with the key conclusions being that Li ion contents of the order of 6.4-6.7 are optimal. In this work, we show that Ce and Zn can be successfully doped into the structure with extensive solid solutions, leading to improved conductivities and lower activation energies compared to the undoped samples. Unlike cation doping, there has been little research on anion doping strategies. Both experimental and computational work [6] has shown that the incorporation of F to give Li7-xLa3Zr2O12-xFx leads to a change from a tetragonal to a cubic cell, along with an enhancement in Li ion conductivity. Specifically, the synthesis of F-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 has been examined through solid state synthesis route using polymer reagents (PTFE) as the fluorine source, a route that we have previously shown to be a very flexible means of F incorporation in solids [7].
As well as the preparation of the above systems via standard solid state synthesis, we present results on the use of a novel low temperature biopolymer sol-gel route. Both undoped and Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 has been made successfully at 700 oC in air, with comparable conductivity to the literature. The detailed characterisation of these systems is reported.
References:
[1]Thangadurai V. et al. Chem Soc Rev. 2014, 43, 4714.
[2] Percival, J. et al. Dalton Tran. 2009, 26, 5177.
[3] Awaka, J. et al. J Solid State Chem. 2009, 182, 2046.
[4] Awaka, J. et al. J Solid State Chem. 2010, 183, 180.
[5] Howard, M.A. et al. J Alloys Compd. 2016, 670, 78.
[6] Yeandel S.R. et al. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2018, 122, 27811.
[7] Clemens O. et al. Reviews in Inorg. Chem. 2013, 33, 105.