bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological performance of soybean genotypes grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions
Authors: Cotrim Mayara Fávero , Gava Ricardo , Campos Cid Naudi Silva , de David Carlos Henrique Oliveira , Reis Igor de Assis , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGas exchange analysis is an important technique, as the reduction in yield may be related to the decreased photosynthetic activity, due to adverse climatic factors in the growing site. The hypothesis of this study was that contrasting soil water conditions result in different photosynthetic performance in soybean genotypes. Thus, our objective was to analyse the physiological capacity in soybean genotypes under field conditions with optimal soil moisture and under water deficit. The experimental design was random blocks with 10 genotypes (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10) and three replicates. Individual analysis of variance was performed in both environments (irrigated and rainfed), and a correlation network between the traits was generated. We measured the traits net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, instant water‐use efficiency, instant carboxylation efficiency and grain yield. Stressed plants reduce stomatal conductance and transpiration, but increase the instant water‐use efficiency as a defence mechanism in sub‐optimal soil moisture conditions. The P6 genotype obtained better physiological capacity under irrigated conditions, while the P10 genotype showed the better performance under rainfed conditions, which makes it tolerant to water stress. Our findings can contribute to the genotype formation and parental choice steps in breeding programs aimed at obtaining both irrigation‐responsive and drought‐tolerant genotypes.
Evaluating the role of composition and local structure on alkali out‐diffusion in glasses for thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Bansal Neetu , Gupta Mukul , Mohanty Bhaskar Chandra , Singh Kulvir 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe presence of alkali ions has reportedly improved the performance of CIGS/CZTS–based thin‐film solar cells. The out‐diffusion of the alkali ion, in particular, Na, from the glass substrate offers a facile scalable route of supplying the alkali ions during the growth of the absorber layer. In this work, we demonstrate the diffusion of different alkali ions (Li/Na/K) from composition tuned glasses with intentionally incorporated excess alkali ions into a thin Mo film, typically used as a bottom electrode in solar cells. We also evaluate the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the glasses for suitability as a substrate in thin‐film deposition. The out‐diffusion of alkali ions to the overlayer is found to be critically influenced by the composition and the local structure of the glasses. The Na ions exhibit the highest extent of diffusion among the alkali ions present in glass substrates, while that for the K‐ions is the lowest. For the glasses with mixed alkali ions, the presence of Li facilitated the out‐diffusion of Na, whereas K ions appear to inhibit the same. Differently with the existing reports, we show that the activation energy and the presence of Ca ions as additional modifiers play a crucial role in the transport mechanism of the ions. In addition, the synthesized glasses exhibit hardness of the order 5‐7 GPa, density ~2.55 g cm‐3. The glass transition temperature lies between 535 and 580°C and the coefficient of thermal expansion 8.5‐10 ppm/K, which is highly suitable for use as substrates in thin‐film solar cells.
Independent director tenure and dividends
Authors: James Hui Liang , Wang Hongxia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe empirically test the Expertise vs. Management friendly hypotheses of independent director tenure through dividend policies. We find that the likelihood and the level of dividends increase with independent director tenure, and firms with long‐tenured directors are more likely to smooth dividends. This positive tenure–dividend relation is only evident in well‐governed and low‐free‐cash‐flow firms. The results suggest that managers use dividends as camouflage to divert public scrutiny from compromised monitoring of long‐tenured directors, but they are pushed to pre‐commit to dividends in well‐governed firms. We also document that investors value dividends with a premium in firms with long‐tenured directors, further corroborating the view that longer‐tenured directors are perceived as less effective monitors. The results are robust to various variable measures and model specifications, and support the Management friendly hypothesis.
Fine‐scale estimation of inbreeding rates, runs of homozygosity and genome‐wide heterozygosity levels in the Mangalarga Marchador horse breed
Authors: Bizarria dos Santos Wellington , Pimenta Schettini Gustavo , Fonseca Mayara Gonçalves , Pereira Guilherme Luis , Loyola Chardulo Luis Artur , Rodrigues Machado Neto Otávio , Baldassini Welder Angelo , Nunes de Oliveira Henrique , Abdallah Curi Rogério 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith the availability of high‐density SNP panels and the establishment of approaches for characterizing homozygosity and heterozygosity sites, it is possible to access fine‐scale information regarding genomes, providing more than just comparisons of different inbreeding coefficients. This is the first study that seeks to access such information for the Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horse breed on a genomic scale. To this end, we aimed to assess inbreeding levels using different coefficients, as well as to characterize homozygous and heterozygous runs in the population. Using Axiom ® Equine Genotyping Array—670k SNP (Thermo Fisher), 192 horses were genotyped. Our results showed different estimates: inbreeding from genomic coefficients (FROH) = 0.16; pedigree‐based (FPED) = 0.008; and a method based on excess homozygosity (FHOM) = 0.010. The correlations between the inbreeding coefficients were low to moderate, and some comparisons showed negative correlations, being practically null. In total, 85,295 runs of homozygosity (ROH) and 10,016 runs of heterozygosity (ROHet) were characterized for the 31 horse autosomal chromosomes. The class with the highest percentage of ROH was 0–2 Mbps, with 92.78% of the observations. In the ROHet results, only the 0–2 class presented observations, with chromosome 11 highlighted in a region with high genetic variability. Three regions from the ROHet analyses showed genes with known functions: tripartite motif‐containing 37 (TRIM37), protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1E (PPM1E) and carbonic anhydrase 10 (CA10). Therefore, our findings suggest moderate inbreeding, possibly attributed to breed formation, annulling possible recent inbreeding. Furthermore, regions with high variability in the MM genome were identified (ROHet), associated with the recent selection and important events in the development and performance of MM horses over generations.
EU‐27 Public Opinion on Brexit†
Authors: Walter Stefanie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough there has been much interest in British public opinion on Brexit, much less is known about how EU‐27 Europeans view the Brexit negotiations. This is surprising, because Brexit confronts the EU‐27 with difficult choices. Whereas accommodating the UK carries the risk of encouraging further countriesto leave the EU, an uncompromising negotiation stance increases the economic and social costs of Brexit. Using original survey data from 39,000 respondents in all EU‐27 countries collected between the start of the Brexit negotiations and December 2018, this article shows that exposure to the economic risks of Brexit makes respondents more willing to accommodate the UK, whereas a positive opinion of the EU decreases their willingness to compromise. Moreover, many Europeans face an accommodation dilemma that moderates these preferences. Overall, the EU‐27 public unsentimentally supports a Brexit negotiation line that safeguards their own interests best.
In natura ovine whey proteins concentration by ultrafiltration combining batch and diafiltration operating modes
Authors: Pavoni Julia Menegotto Frick , Leidens Nataly , Luchese Cláudia Leites , Baldasso Camila , Tessaro Isabel Cristina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to concentrate the ovine cheese whey proteins using ultrafiltration (UF). Two different experiments were carried out: in Experiment 1, the whey was concentrated using the batch‐operating mode until a volumetric concentration factor (VCF) of 4, followed by two steps of diafiltration (DF). In the second experiment, an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (0.5 L of CaCl2—60 g/L) was added in order to change the ionic strength of the feed solution, and the same process parameters were used (VCF = 4; DF = 2 steps). For both experiments was observed high occurrence of fouling, in Experiment 1, the water permeance decreased from 38.8 to 1.5 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1 (96.2% of fouling), and in Experiment 2 decreased from 38.0 to 1.0 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1 (97.4% of fouling). The results indicated that the addition of CaCl2 promoted greater protein aggregation and precipitation, resulting in higher protein retention (99.1%). DF steps increased the protein purification in the concentrate fraction, evidencing that UF/DF processes are suitable for whey protein concentration.Practical ApplicationsThis work takes into account the concentration of ovine cheese whey proteins by the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Whey has a high functional and nutritional value since it contains proteins, lactose, and minerals. Specifically, ovine whey has higher protein content in comparison to bovine whey, which makes it a product of greater interest. It is important to emphasize that there is little literature about ovine whey processing. Moreover, one differential of this work was the use of the DF operation mode combined with the UF process, which can improve protein concentrate characteristics. Another differential was the use of fresh ovine whey, showing a more realistic scenario since it involves a feed stream with more complexity, which can expand the ideas for practical possibilities of application. From a novelty perspective, although UF of bovine whey has been studied a lot, the process for ovine whey has not still been studied extensively and deserves attention.
D‐CARE: The Dementia Care Study: Design of a Pragmatic Trial of the Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of Health System–Based Versus Community‐Based Dementia Care Versus Usual Dementia Care
Authors: Reuben David B. , Gill Thomas M. , Stevens Alan , Williamson Jeff , Volpi Elena , Lichtenstein Maya , Jennings Lee A. , Tan Zaldy , Evertson Leslie , Bass David , Weitzman Lisa , Carnie Martie , Wilson Nancy , Araujo Katy , Charpentier Peter , Meng Can , Greene Erich J. , Dziura James , Liu Jodi , Unger Erin , Yang Mia , Currie Katherine , Lenoir Kristin M. , Green Aval‐NaʼRee S. , Abraham Sitara , Vernon Ashley , Samper‐Ternent Rafael , Raji Mukaila , Hirst Roxana M. , Galloway Rebecca , Finney Glen R. , Ladd Ilene , Rahm Alanna Kulchak , Borek Pamela , Peduzzi Peter 
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESAlthough several approaches have been developed to provide comprehensive care for persons living with dementia (PWD) and their family or friend caregivers, the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of community‐based dementia care (CBDC) versus health system–based dementia care (CBDC) and the effectiveness of both approaches compared with usual care (UC) are unknown.DESIGNPragmatic randomized three‐arm superiority trial. The unit of randomization is the PWD/caregiver dyad.SETTINGFour clinical trial sites (CTSs) based in academic and clinical health systems.PARTICIPANTSA total of 2,150 English‐ or Spanish‐speaking PWD who are not receiving hospice or residing in a nursing home and their caregivers.INTERVENTIONSEighteen months of (1) HSDC provided by a nurse practitioner or physician's assistant dementia care specialist who works within the health system, or (2) CBDC provided by a social worker or nurse care consultant who works at a community‐based organization, or (3) UC with as needed referral to the Alzheimer's Association Helpline.MEASUREMENTSPrimary outcomes: PWD behavioral symptoms and caregiver distress as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) Severity and Modified Caregiver Strain Index scales. Secondary outcomes: NPI‐Q Distress, caregiver unmet needs and confidence, and caregiver depressive symptoms. Tertiary outcomes: PWD long‐term nursing home placement rates, caregiver‐reported PWD functional status, cognition, goal attainment, “time spent at home,” Dementia Burden Scale‐Caregiver, a composite measure of clinical benefit, Quality of Life of persons with dementia, Positive Aspects of Caregiving, and cost effectiveness using intervention costs and Medicare claims.RESULTSThe results will be reported in the spring of 2024.CONCLUSIOND‐CARE will address whether emphasis on clinical support and tighter integration with other medical services has greater benefit than emphasis on social support that is tied more closely to community resources. It will also assess the effectiveness of both interventions compared with UC and will evaluate the cost effectiveness of each intervention.
A unique primary structure of RDL (resistant to dieldrin) confers resistance to GABA‐gated chloride channel blockers in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch
Authors: Kobayashi Takeru , Hiragaki Susumu , Suzuki Takeshi , Ochiai Noriaki , Canlas Liza J. , Tufail Muhammad , Hayashi Naotaka , Mohamed Ahmed A.M. , Dekeyser Mark A. , Matsuda Kazuhiko , Takeda Makio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe primary structure of the second transmembrane (M2) segment of resistant to dieldrin (RDL), an ionotropic γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR) subunit, and the structure–function relationships in RDL are well conserved among insect species. An amino acid substitution at the 2′ position in the M2 segment (Ala to Ser or Gly) confers resistance to non‐competitive antagonists (NCAs) of GABARs. Here, a cDNA encoding RDL was cloned from the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Unlike insect homologs, native TuRDL has His at the 2′ position (H305) and Ile at 6′ (I309) in the M2 segment and is insensitive to NCAs. Single and multiple mutations were introduced in the M2 segment of TuRDL, and the mutant proteins were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and examined for the restoration of sensitivity to NCAs. The sensitivity of a double mutant (H305A and I309T in the M2 segment) was greatly increased but was still considerably lower than that of insect RDLs. We therefore constructed chimeric RDLs consisting of TuRDL and Drosophila melanogaster RDL and examined their sensitivities to NCAs. The results show that the N‐terminal region containing the Cys‐loop as well as the M2 segment confers functional specificity; thus, our current understanding of the mechanism underlying NCA binding to GABARs requires reappraisal.
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Single hair fiber assessment techniques to discriminate between mineral oil and coconut oil effect on hair physical properties
Authors: Kaushik Vaibhav , Chogale Ritesh , Mhaskar Sudhakar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo utilize a matrix of single‐fiber hair testing methodologies to mechanistically understand the impact of common oiling treatments—coconut oil and mineral oil—on hair strands. Further, the effect of hair twisting—experienced in everyday grooming practices—on hair strength was investigated under different scenarios.MethodsStudy involved multiple surfactant wash cycles of hair swatches with and without overnight hair oil treatments. Instrumental testing was done on strands from hair swatches—Tensile Extension, Torsional Stretching, and Tensile Extension of twisted hair fibers.ResultsDifferentiation was observed in tensile and torsional testing parameters with 20 wash cycles, while no statistical significance was observed in single wash. However, when we combine the two stresses together by extending the twisted hair strands, a clear differentiation was seen even in single cycle for coconut oil in comparison with mineral oil and surfactant wash. The differentiation in tensile parameters for twisted fibers becomes much more prominent with multiple cycles. Penetration of coconut oil in hair strands makes the fiber core more flexible and thus helps negotiate the torsional stress at the time of extension.ConclusionsProduct benefit discrimination in single‐strand testing can be amplified by combining multiple stresses in one testing methodology. Observing the consumer habits and incorporating the torsion component in standard tensile testing of hair helps differentiate the two commonly used hair oiling treatments. Coconut oil was found to significantly increase the tensile strength of twisted fibers owing to its penetration inside hair core.
Opening up the black box: Technological transparency and prevention
Authors: Li Lu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe discuss the behavioral and welfare implications of uncovering determinants of successful prevention. Based on a novel reinterpretation of prevention, we introduce the concept of technological transparency (TT)—the extent to which scientific knowledge allows agents to predict the success of their effort conditional on observable risk determinants. When risk determinants are observable ex ante, TT refines the information partition and induces more efficient prevention but does not necessarily improve welfare when the risk is insurable. At the same time, TT may harm welfare if information is incompletely disclosed. When risk determinants are only observable ex post, TT may increase effort by triggering future regret. Our framework facilitates a deeper understanding of the connection between knowledge and the efficient choice of preventive effort. Our findings inform the cost‐benefit analysis of advancing knowledge about risk processes, as well as the effective disclosure of such knowledge to the public.
Standard procedures for the diagnostic pathway of sleep‐related epilepsies and comorbid sleep disorders: A European Academy of Neurology, European Sleep Research Society and International League against Epilepsy‐Europe consensus review
Authors: Nobili Lino , de Weerd Al , Rubboli Guido , Beniczky Sándor , Derry Christopher , Eriksson Sofia , Halasz Peter , Högl Birgit , Santamaria Joan , Khatami Ramin , Ryvlin Philippe , Rémi Jan , Tinuper Paolo , Bassetti Claudio , Manni Raffaele , Koutroumanidis Michalis , Vignatelli Luca 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundSome epilepsy syndromes (sleep‐related epilepsies [SRE]) have a strong link with sleep. Comorbid sleep disorders are common in patients with SRE and can exert a negative impact on seizure control and quality of life.PurposesTo define the standard procedures for the diagnostic pathway of patients with possible SRE (scenario 1) and the general management of patients with SRE and comorbidity with sleep disorders (scenario 2).MethodsThe project was conducted under the auspices of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), the European Sleep Research Society (ESRS) and the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) Europe. The framework of the document entailed the following phases: conception of the clinical scenarios; literature review; statements regarding the standard procedures. For literature search a step‐wise approach starting from systematic reviews to primary studies was applied. Published studies were identified from the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database and Cochrane Library.ResultsScenario 1: despite a low quality of evidence, recommendations on anamnestic evaluation, tools for capturing the event at home or in the laboratory are provided for specific SRE. Scenario 2: Early diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders (especially respiratory disorders) in patients with SRE are likely to be beneficial for seizures control.ConclusionsDefinitive procedures for evaluating patients with SRE are lacking. We provide advice that could be of help for standardising and improving the diagnostic approach of specific SRE. The importance of identifying and treating specific sleep disorders for the management and outcome of patients with SRE is underlined.
The self as the locus of morality: A comparison between Charles Taylor and George Herbert Mead's theories of the moral constitution of the self
Authors: Abbott Owen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper provides a critical comparison of two leading exponents of the relationship between morality and selfhood: Charles Taylor and George Herbert Mead. Specifically, it seeks to provide an assessment of the contribution each approach is able to make to a social theory of morality that has the self at its heart. Ultimately, it is argued that Taylor's phenomenological account neglects the significance of interaction and social relations in his conceptualisation of the relationship between morality and self, which undermines the capacity of his framework to explain how moral understandings and dialogic moral subjectivity develop in a world of shared meaning. I then argue that Mead's pragmatist interactionist approach overcomes many of the flaws in Taylor's framework, and offers a grounded conceptualisation of the relationship between self and morality that is able to provide a basis for a properly social account of moral subjectivity.
Left‐wing extremism in India: Red terror through the novel
Authors: Sarkar Debjani , Manna Nirban 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article is a compilation of recent scholarly research produced on Anglophone fiction inspired by left‐wing extremism (LWE) in India, known as the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency. With a brief historical glimpse distinguishing the three phases of the movement, the article begins with a contextualization of the canon. It perceives the immediate reason for the upshot of scholarship in this field. The array of literature is categorized and contextualized into subfields for a lucid examination of critical debates in fiction. It establishes how the novel has grown over the years to identify with distinct phases of LWE—Naxalism and Maoism. Some observations on the genre are chalked out, which include a biased scholarship to a lack of firsthand empirical knowledge in the writings. The whole repertoire is incorporated to analyze the significant trends in existing research, laced with deciding factors of global popularity, literariness, and readership. A thorough survey of the available research is ascertained to direct and formulate a direction for future scholarship.