bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogenetic evaluation of theRamalina siliquosacomplex, with notes on species circumscription and relationships withinRamalina
Authors: LaGreca Scott , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Kukwa Martin , Wei Xinli , Han Jeong Eun , Moon Kwang Hee , Kashiwadani Hiroyuki , Aptroot André , Leavitt Steven D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLichens of theRamalina siliquosacomplex dominate seashore cliffs in Europe and South-East Asia, but their taxonomy has been vigorously debated for over a century. On many cliffs, they exhibit a bewildering zonation of chemotypes that resembles the classic zonation of organisms that occupy the littoral zone below. Do the chemotypes represent separate species, or infraspecific variation? To better understand the systematics of this group, sequences from four genetic loci (ITS, IGS,RPB1andRPB2) were obtained for 59 samples from Denmark, France, Iceland, Norway, UK, Japan and Korea, including all major chemotypes. Maximum likelihood analysis of these sequences, together with sequences from 36 otherRamalinaspecies, reveals that the complex comprises two distinct phylogenetic lineages, each including multiple chemotypes. These two putative species-level lineages correspond to the currently accepted taxaR. cuspidataandR. siliquosa. There is no evidence that these two taxa are phylogenetic sister species. Consequently, the explanation of this chemotype complex as an example of ‘sibling speciation’ is rejected. Specimens traditionally called ‘R.siliquosa’ from South-East Asia form a third clade, identified here asR.semicuspidata, with an additional, divaricatic acid chemotype. Other results include a robustly supported clade ofRamalinaspecies that produce medullary depsides and depsidones; this clade includes another well-supported clade of south-eastern United States coastal plain and tropicalRamalinaspecies. By contrast, large, strap-shapedRamalinaspecies that lack medullary depsides and depsidones occur in separate lineages. In addition, close relationships between the following groups of species are indicated:R. farinaceawithR. subfarinacea;R.fraxineawithR. leptocarpha,R. menziesiiandR. subleptocarpha;R. sinensiswithR. unifolia. Furthermore, a new, variolaric acid-only chemotype is reported forR.farinacea, and a new, acid-deficient chemotype is reported for a more broadly circumscribedR. culbersoniorum.
How global was the age of revolutions? The case of Mount Lebanon, 1821
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article addresses the question of the geographical scope of the ‘age of revolutions’ (c.1750–1850) through the case of a peasant uprising in Mount Lebanon in 1821. This uprising had similarities with recent and contemporary revolutions and rebellions, which have led some to suggest the influence of the ideas of the French Revolution of 1789 or the Greek Revolution of 1821. This article argues that influence at the level of ideas was unimportant, but that the similarities can plausibly be traced to similar and connected contexts at the level of political economy, as the expansion and crisis of military-fiscal states provoked opposition ‘from below’ and renegotiations of sovereignty. This focus on political economy rather than genealogies of ideas can then help define an ‘age of revolutions’ extending beyond Europe and the north Atlantic into the Ottoman empire, Latin America, and other regions.
External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon Sink
Authors: McKinley Galen A. , Fay Amanda R. , Eddebbar Yassir A. , Gloege Lucas , Lovenduski Nicole S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ocean has absorbed the equivalent of 39% of industrial‐age fossil carbon emissions, significantly modulating the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 and its associated impacts on climate. Despite the importance of the ocean carbon sink to climate, our understanding of the causes of its interannual‐to‐decadal variability remains limited. This hinders our ability to attribute its past behavior and project its future. A key period of interest is the 1990s, when the ocean carbon sink did not grow as expected. Previous explanations of this behavior have focused on variability internal to the ocean or associated with coupled atmosphere/ocean modes. Here, we use an idealized upper ocean box model to illustrate that two external forcings are sufficient to explain the pattern and magnitude of sink variability since the mid‐1980s. First, the global‐scale reduction in the decadal‐average ocean carbon sink in the 1990s is attributable to the slowed growth rate of atmospheric pCO2. The acceleration of atmospheric pCO2 growth after 2001 drove recovery of the sink. Second, the global sea surface temperature response to the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo explains the timing of the global sink within the 1990s. These results are consistent with previous experiments using ocean hindcast models with variable atmospheric pCO2 and with and without climate variability. The fact that variability in the growth rate of atmospheric pCO2 directly imprints on the ocean sink implies that there will be an immediate reduction in ocean carbon uptake as atmospheric pCO2 responds to cuts in anthropogenic emissions.
Trace Metal Fractional Solubility in Size‐Segregated Aerosols From the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Baker Alex R. , Li Mingpei , Chance Rosie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSoluble and total trace metals were measured in four size fractionated aerosol samples collected over the tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean. In samples that were dominated by Saharan dust, the size distributions of total iron, aluminum, titanium, manganese, cobalt, and thorium were very similar to one another and to the size distributions of soluble manganese, cobalt, and thorium. Finer particle sizes (< ~3 μm) showed enhanced soluble concentrations of iron, aluminum, and titanium, possibly as a result of interactions with acidic sulfate aerosol during atmospheric transport. The difference in fine particle solubility between these two groups of elements might be related to the hyperbolic increase in the fractional solubility of iron, and a number of other elements, during the atmospheric transport of Saharan dust, which is not observed for manganese and its associated elements. In comparison to elements whose solubility varies during atmospheric transport, the stability of thorium fractional solubility should reduce uncertainties in the use of dissolved concentrations of this element in seawater as a proxy for dust deposition, although this topic requires further work.
Effect of Dikes on Saltwater Intrusion Under Various Wind Conditions in the Changjiang Estuary
Authors: Li Linjiang , Zhu Jianrong , Chant Robert J. , Wang Chuning , Pareja‐Roman L. Fernando 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo improve navigation, the deep waterway project (DWP) was implemented in the North Passage of the Changjiang Estuary in 1998, which includes a deep channel and two dikes protecting it. By altering estuarine morphology, the DWP can affect saltwater intrusion and mixing, with implications for drinking water intake and supply. In this study, we employ a numerical model to study the influence of dikes of the DWP on saltwater intrusion in the estuary under the climatic and persistent strong northerly wind conditions that occurred in February 2014. The model results show that the dikes prevent the southward transport of relatively low‐salinity water at the mouth of the North Channel (NC) under climatic wind conditions, resulting in the weakening of saltwater intrusion and mixing in this channel. Under persistent strong northerly wind conditions, relatively high‐salinity water is transported southward to the mouth of NC and blocked by the dikes causing a water level rise at the mouth of the NC. As a result, a large amount of high‐salinity water advected into the NC and then out to the sea from the South Chanel, forming a counterclockwise horizontal circulation. The salinity increases abnormally, but mixing decreases in the NC for no more salinity variance input with the implementation of the DWP. Overall, the DWP favors water intake for the reservoir in NC under climatic wind conditions and is unfavorable to water intake under persistent strong northerly winds (>9 m/s), which can lead to extremely severe saltwater intrusion.
Decarbonation of Stagnant Slab in the Mantle Transition Zone
Authors: Zhang Yanfei , Wang Chao , Jin Zhenmin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhase relations of carbonated basalts have been investigated at 13–20 GPa and 1200–1600°C, to model the decarbonation process of stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ). Two synthetic mixes with CO2 contents of 2.5 wt% (PC‐a) and 5.0 wt% (PC‐b) were used as the starting materials. The estimated solidus was ~1350°C at the top of the MTZ (~13–15 GPa), which declined to ~1250°C for pressures of above ~15–16 GPa for both mixes. The average slab geotherms are lower than the obtained solidus, creating a carbonate‐bearing stagnant slab, followed by decarbonation of stagnant slab with increased residence time. Dehydration of stagnant oceanic lithosphere could induce decarbonation of the upper oceanic crust for temperatures below the solidus of carbonated basalts. The resulting carbonate melt is highly reactive with the ambient mantle, producing a carbonated domain in the MTZ or at the top of the 410‐km seismic discontinuity. A portion of carbonate melt could ascend to shallow depth because of low density and low viscosity and bring oceanic crust signatures into the source of some volcanoes after complex interactions with the surrounding mantle. On the example of Eastern Asia, decarbonation of stagnant slab is inferred to be a possible prerequisite for the formation of the big mantle wedge and triggered the intraplate volcanoes of Eastern Asia.
Characterizing Weekly Cycles of Particulate Matter in a Coastal Megacity: The Importance of a Seasonal, Size‐Resolved, and Chemically Speciated Analysis
Authors: Hilario Miguel Ricardo A. , Cruz Melliza Templonuevo , Bañaga Paola Angela , Betito Grace , Braun Rachel A. , Stahl Connor , Cambaliza Maria Obiminda , Lorenzo Genevieve Rose , MacDonald Alexander B. , AzadiAghdam Mojtaba , Pabroa Preciosa Corazon , Yee John Robin , Simpas James Bernard , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present the first study of the weekly cycles (WCs) of chemically speciated and size‐resolved particulate matter (PM) in Metro Manila, Philippines, a coastal megacity located within a highly complex meteorological environment that is subject to both anthropogenic and natural sources. To measure PM, Micro‐Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDIs) were deployed in Metro Manila from August 2018 to October 2019 and samples were analyzed for ionic and elemental species, including black carbon (BC). The WC in Metro Manila varied remarkably across seasons, linked to shifts in meteorology, transport, and aerosol source. Identified aerosol sources were traffic, local and regional burning, dust, sea salt, and secondary aerosol formation. Direct emissions induced a late workweek peak, while secondary aerosol formation led to a weekend peak in response to precursor buildup mainly from traffic. Seasonal analysis revealed that local burning from solid waste management and agricultural fires induced a strong WC peak while regional burning emissions from the Maritime Continent (MC) and possibly the Asian continent elevated seasonal baseline concentrations of the WC. BC showed a seasonally persistent WC, consistent in magnitude, weekly peak timing, and particle size. The dominant submicrometer WC and the contribution of BC across seasons have important ramifications on public health and policymaking, which are also discussed. As many of the observed WC patterns are undetectable when using only bulk PM, this study demonstrates that a seasonal, size‐resolved, and chemically speciated characterization is required to more fully understand the driving mechanisms governing WCs.
Relationship of prenatal maternal obesity and diabetes to offspring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review
Authors: Kong Linghua , Chen Xinxia , Gissler Mika , Lavebratt Catharina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObesity and diabetes is a worldwide public health problem among women of reproductive age. This narrative review highlights recent epidemiological studies regarding associations of maternal obesity and diabetes with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring, and provides an overview of plausible underlying mechanisms and challenges for future human studies. A comprehensive search strategy selected terms that corresponded to the domains of interest (maternal obesity, different types of diabetes, offspring cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disorders). The databases searched for articles published between January 2010 and April 2019 were PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL. Evidence from epidemiological studies strongly suggests that maternal pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with increased risks for autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cognitive dysfunction with modest effect sizes, and that maternal diabetes is associated with the risk of the former two disorders. The influence of maternal obesity on other psychiatric disorders is less well studied, but there are reports of associations with increased risks for offspring depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and eating disorders, at modest effect sizes. It remains unclear whether these associations are due to intrauterine mechanisms or explained by confounding family-based sociodemographic, lifestyle and genetic factors. The plausible underlying mechanisms have been explored primarily in animal models, and are yet to be further investigated in human studies.
Birth weight, cardiometabolic risk factors and effect modification of physical activity in children and adolescents: pooled data from 12 international studies
Authors: Bernhardsen Guro Pauck , Stensrud Trine , Hansen Bjørge Herman , Steene-Johannesen Jostein , Kolle Elin , Nystad Wenche , Anderssen Sigmund Alfred , Hallal Pedro C. , Janz Kathleen F. , Kriemler Susi , Andersen Lars Bo , Northstone Kate , Resaland Geir Kåre , Sardinha Luis B. , van Sluijs Esther M. F. , Ried-Larsen Mathias , Ekelund Ulf ,   on behalf of the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Methods
We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA).

Results
Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028).

Conclusion
MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.
Impact of hypoxia on chemoresistance of mesothelioma mediated by the proton-coupled folate transporter, and preclinical activity of new anti-LDH-A compounds
Authors: Li Petri Giovanna , El Hassouni Btissame , Sciarrillo Rocco , Funel Niccola , Mantini Giulia , Zeeuw van der Laan Eveline A. , Cascioferro Stella , Avan Amir , Zucali Paolo Andrea , Zaffaroni Nadia , Lagerweij Tonny , Parrino Barbara , Smid Kees , Deraco Marcello , Granchi Carlotta , Braczko Alicja , Smolenski Ryszard T. , Matherly Larry H. , Jansen Gerrit , Assaraf Yehuda G. , Diana Patrizia , Cloos Jacqueline , Peters Godefridus J. , Minutolo Filippo , Giovannetti Elisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Expression of proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) is associated with survival of mesothelioma patients treated with pemetrexed, and is reduced by hypoxia, prompting studies to elucidate their correlation.

Methods
Modulation of glycolytic gene expression was evaluated by PCR arrays in tumour cells and primary cultures growing under hypoxia, in spheroids and after PCFT silencing. Inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-A) were tested in vitro and in vivo. LDH-A expression was determined in tissue microarrays of radically resected malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM, N = 33) and diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM, N = 56) patients.

Results
Overexpression of hypoxia marker CAIX was associated with low PCFT expression and decreased MPM cell growth inhibition by pemetrexed. Through integration of PCR arrays in hypoxic cells and spheroids and following PCFT silencing, we identified the upregulation of LDH-A, which correlated with shorter survival of MPM and DMPM patients. Novel LDH-A inhibitors enhanced spheroid disintegration and displayed synergistic effects with pemetrexed in MPM and gemcitabine in DMPM cells. Studies with bioluminescent hypoxic orthotopic and subcutaneous DMPM athymic-mice models revealed the marked antitumour activity of the LDH-A inhibitor NHI-Glc-2, alone or combined with gemcitabine.

Conclusions
This study provides novel insights into hypoxia/PCFT-dependent chemoresistance, unravelling the potential prognostic value of LDH-A, and demonstrating the preclinical activity of LDH-A inhibitors.
Organoid systems to study the human female reproductive tract and pregnancy
Authors: Alzamil Lama , Nikolakopoulou Konstantina , Turco Margherita Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBoth the proper functioning of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and normal placental development are essential for women’s health, wellbeing, and pregnancy outcome. The study of the FRT in humans has been challenging due to limitations in the in vitro and in vivo tools available. Recent developments in 3D organoid technology that model the different regions of the FRT include organoids of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, endometrium and cervix, as well as placental trophoblast. These models are opening up new avenues to investigate the normal biology and pathology of the FRT. In this review, we discuss the advances, potential, and limitations of organoid cultures of the human FRT.
Predictors of narrow angle detection rate—a longitudinal study of Massachusetts residents over 1.7 million person years
Authors: Lee Cecilia S. , Lee Michael L. , Yanagihara Ryan T. , Lee Aaron Y. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background/Objectives
To determine the predictors of narrow angle detection in a United States population-based cohort.

Materials and methods
This was a retrospective cohort study using the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database. Demographic information of all patients and eye care provider information during the years 2011–2015 were extracted from Massachusetts All Payers Claims Data. All payers who received eye care during 1/1/2012–12/31/2015 without any previous eye visit during 2011 were included in the analyses. Laser peripheral iridotomy was identified by Current Procedural Terminology code 66761. Narrow angle detection was defined as the diagnosis of narrow angles by diagnosis code followed by a laser peripheral iridotomy procedure. Different predictors of narrow angle detection were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves with the log rank and Cox regression modeling.

Results
A total of 1,082,144 patients were included. The hazard ratio of narrow angle detection increased with age compared to the reference group of 0–10 years: 21–30 years of age (hazard ratio = 4.5), 31–40 (10.5), 41–50 (27.9), 51–60 (46.1), 61–70 (68.4), 71–80 (56.8) (all p < 0.0002), was 1.47 times higher in women and 1.85 times higher if evaluated by ophthalmologists compared to optometrists, after controlling for provider × time interaction.

Conclusion
Older age and female sex are associated with narrow angles. The rate of narrow angle detection was significantly higher if patients are seen by ophthalmologists compared to optometrists only. Evaluation with an ophthalmologist may be important for patients at high risks for developing primary angle closure glaucoma.
Perceptual fusion of musical notes by native Amazonians suggests universal representations of musical intervals
Authors: McPherson Malinda J. , Dolan Sophia E. , Durango Alex , Ossandon Tomas , Valdés Joaquín , Undurraga Eduardo A. , Jacoby Nori , Godoy Ricardo A. , McDermott Josh H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMusic perception is plausibly constrained by universal perceptual mechanisms adapted to natural sounds. Such constraints could arise from our dependence on harmonic frequency spectra for segregating concurrent sounds, but evidence has been circumstantial. We measured the extent to which concurrent musical notes are misperceived as a single sound, testing Westerners as well as native Amazonians with limited exposure to Western music. Both groups were more likely to mistake note combinations related by simple integer ratios as single sounds (‘fusion’). Thus, even with little exposure to Western harmony, acoustic constraints on sound segregation appear to induce perceptual structure on note combinations. However, fusion did not predict aesthetic judgments of intervals in Westerners, or in Amazonians, who were indifferent to consonance/dissonance. The results suggest universal perceptual mechanisms that could help explain cross-cultural regularities in musical systems, but indicate that these mechanisms interact with culture-specific influences to produce musical phenomena such as consonance.
Polyamine regulation of ion channel assembly and implications for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor pharmacology
Authors: Dhara Madhurima , Matta Jose A. , Lei Min , Knowland Daniel , Yu Hong , Gu Shenyan , Bredt David S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSmall molecule polyamines are abundant in all life forms and participate in diverse aspects of cell growth and differentiation. Spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SAT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism and a primary genetic risk factor for suicidality. Here, using genome-wide screening, we find that SAT1 selectively controls nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) biogenesis. SAT1 specifically augments assembly of nAChRs containing α7 or α4β2, but not α6 subunits. Polyamines are classically studied as regulators of ion channel gating that engage the nAChR channel pore. In contrast, we find polyamine effects on assembly involve the nAChR cytosolic loop. Neurological studies link brain polyamines with neurodegenerative conditions. Our pharmacological and transgenic animal studies find that reducing polyamines enhances cortical neuron nAChR expression and augments nicotine-mediated neuroprotection. Taken together, we describe a most unexpected role for polyamines in regulating ion channel assembly, which provides a new avenue for nAChR neuropharmacology.