bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes
Authors: Runacres Adam , Mackintosh Kelly A. , McNarry Melitta A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Exercise is widely accepted to improve health, reducing the risk of premature mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. However, several epidemiological studies suggest that the exercise-longevity relationship may be ‘J’ shaped; with elite athlete’s likely training above these intensity and volume thresholds. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to examine this relationship in former elite athletes.

Methods
38,047 English language articles were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed and SportDiscus databases published after 1970, of which 44 and 24 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Athletes were split into three groups depending on primary sport: Endurance (END), Mixed/Team, or power (POW). Standard mortality ratio’s (SMR) and standard proportionate mortality ratio (SPMR) were obtained, or calculated, and combined for the meta-analysis.

Results
Athletes lived significantly longer than the general population (male SMR 0.69 [95% CI 0.61–0.78]; female SMR 0.51 [95% CI 0.40–0.65]; both p < 0.01). There was no survival benefit for male POW athletes compared to the general population (SMR 1.04 [95% CI 0.91–1.12]). Although male athlete’s CVD (SMR 0.73 [95% CI 0.62–0.85]) and cancer mortality (SMR 0.75 [95% CI 0.63–0.89]), were significantly reduced compared to the general population, there was no risk-reduction for POW athletes CVD mortality (SMR 1.10 [0.86–1.40]) or END athletes cancer mortality (SMR 0.73 [0.50–1.07]). There was insufficient data to calculate female sport-specific SMR’s.

Discussion
Overall, athletes live longer and have a reduced incidence of both CVD and cancer mortality compared to the general population, refuting the ‘J’ shape hypothesis. However, different health risks may be apparent according to sports classification, and between sexes, warranting further investigation.
Trial registration PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42019130688).
Using a porous-media approach for CFD modelling of wave interaction with thin perforated structures
Authors: Feichtner Anna , Mackay Ed , Tabor Gavin , Thies Philipp R. , Johanning Lars , Ning Dezhi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis work presents the use of a porous-media approach for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of wave interaction with thin perforated sheets and cylinders. The perforated structures are not resolved explicitly but represented by a volumetric porous zone where a volume-averaged pressure gradient in the form of a drag term is applied to the Navier–Stokes momentum equation. The horizontal force on the structures and the free-surface elevation at wave gauges around the cylinder model have been analysed for a range of porosities and regular wave conditions. The CFD results are verified against results from a linear potential-flow model and validated against experimental results. The applied pressure gradient formulation produces good agreement for all porosity values, wave frequencies and wave steepnesses investigated. It is demonstrated that an isotropic macroscopic porosity representation used for large volumetric granular material can also be used for thin perforated structures. This approach offers greater flexibility in the range of wave conditions that can be modelled compared to approaches based on linear potential-flow theory and requires a smaller computational effort compared to CFD approaches which resolve the flow through the openings. The approach can therefore be an efficient alternative for engineering problems where large-scale effects such as global forces and the overall flow-behaviour are of the main interest.
Ranking high schools using university student performance in Italy
Authors: Aina Carmen , Bratti Massimiliano , Lippo Enrico 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Eduscopio project is the first attempt to build school performance indicators based on the university performance of high school leavers in Italy. It provides stakeholders (students and their families) with publicly available school performance indicators, and school rankings. A potential weakness of Eduscopio is that it relies on first-year student performance only. In this study, we extend its methodology to include longer-term academic outcomes, such as cumulative third-year performance and the probability of on-time graduation. Our results demonstrate that differences in university students’ performance across high schools are not temporary and limited to the first-year, but persist in the following academic years, and that the ranking of high schools based on longer-term indicators remains rather stable. Moreover, our analysis highlights non-negligible differences of between-school track dispersion in the Eduscopio index across cities, which hints on geographical differences in student selection mechanisms into school tracks or in the level of dispersion of school value added within tracks.
It’s a matter of confidence. Institutions, government stability and economic outcomes
Authors: Bettarelli Luca , Cella Michela , Iannantuoni Giovanna , Manzoni Elena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the effect of constitutional structures over policy outcomes. In particular, we exploit the heterogeneity in parliamentary systems deriving from the presence and the use of the confidence vote to investigate whether stable and unstable parliamentary systems behave differently in terms of the policies they implement. This finer partition of parliamentary systems allows us to identify effects that are more robust than the ones previously discussed in the literature. We show that the difference between presidential and parliamentary systems documented in previous works is driven by a difference between presidential and stable parliamentary systems. We suggest that possible transmission channels are legislative cohesion and (the absence of) selection.
Asymmetric decentralization: distortions and opportunities
Authors: Fiorillo Fabio , Giuranno Michele G. , Sacchi Agnese 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the interplay between central and local governments in defining the optimal degree of decentralization in terms of public goods supply. The choice between full centralization and asymmetric decentralization implies a trade-off between the possibility to provide public goods at a lower cost, wherever this is possible by decentralizing, and the possibility to fully internalize spillovers by full centralization. We find that asymmetric decentralization introduces distortions into the public decision-making process. We also demonstrate that the power to interfere in the central government’s ruling mechanisms should be reduced for the jurisdictions that have decentralized, in order to make their decentralization choice convenient even for the citizens in the less efficient jurisdictions. Finally, we find the conditions under which asymmetric decentralization can be simultaneously advantageous for both rich and poor regions through the design of appropriate equalization transfers.
Trajectory of problematic internet use across the college years: The role of peer internet overuse behavior and peer attitude toward internet overuse
Authors: Jia Jichao , Tong Wei , Zhang Jintao , Liu Fenge , Fang Xiaoyi 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionCollege students are at high risk of problematic internet use (PIU). A great amount of research has focused on the PIU among college students. However, little is known about the change pattern of PIU across the college years. Moreover, how peer internet overuse behavior and peer attitude toward internet overuse work together to shape college students’ PIU trajectory, and whether such peer contagion effects are equal for all students remain unclear. The present study used latent growth curve model to examine these issues.MethodsA total of 2572 Chinese college students (Mage = 18.37, SD = 0.85; 65% girls) participated in the study. They completed questionnaires regarding demographics, peer internet overuse behavior, peer attitude toward internet overuse, and friendship satisfaction at Wave 1, and PIU at Waves 1–4.ResultsAfter controlling for covariates, the findings revealed that (a) PIU slightly increased before the second year of college and then declined rapidly; (b) both peer internet overuse behavior and peer attitude toward internet overuse were related to the PIU at baseline; however, only peer internet overuse behavior was associated with the change of PIU; and (c) the effect of peer internet overuse behavior on PIU change was moderated by friendship satisfaction and gender.ConclusionsThese findings emphasized the dynamic and context‐sensitive nature of PIU and clarified how peer contagion unfolded with peer internet overuse behavior and peer attitude toward internet overuse. Theoretical implications and application of these findings are discussed.
Evaluation of Cell Type Annotation R Packages on Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data
Authors: Huang Qianhui , Liu Yu , Du Yuheng , Garmire Lana X. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Annotating cell types is a critical step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. Some supervised or semi-supervised classification methods have recently emerged to enable automated cell type identification. However, comprehensive evaluations of these methods are lacking. Moreover, it is not clear whether some classification methods originally designed for analyzing other bulk omics data are adaptable to scRNA-seq analysis. In this study, we evaluated ten cell type annotation methods publicly available as R packages. Eight of them are popular methods developed specifically for single-cell research, including Seurat, scmap, SingleR, CHETAH, SingleCellNet, scID, Garnett, and SCINA. The other two methods were repurposed from deconvoluting DNA methylation data, i.e., linear constrained projection (CP) and robust partial correlations (RPC). We conducted systematic comparisons on a wide variety of public scRNA-seq datasets as well as simulation data. We assessed the accuracy through intra-dataset and inter-dataset predictions; the robustness over practical challenges such as gene filtering, high similarity among cell types, and increased cell type classes; as well as the detection of rare and unknown cell types. Overall, methods such as Seurat, SingleR, CP, RPC, and SingleCellNet performed well, with Seurat being the best at annotating major cell types. Additionally, Seurat, SingleR, CP, and RPC were more robust against downsampling. However, Seurat did have a major drawback at predicting rare cell populations, and it was suboptimal at differentiating cell types highly similar to each other, compared to SingleR and RPC. All the code and data are available from https://github.com/qianhuiSenn/scRNA_cell_deconv_benchmark.
Graph‐based saliency and ensembles of convolutional neural networks for glaucoma detection
Authors: Serte Sertan , Serener Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlaucoma, after cataracts, is the second leading cause of worldwide vision loss. An ophthalmologist may use various tools and methods to diagnose a glaucomatous eye. Computer‐aided methods involving deep convolutional neural networks also made it recently possible to detect glaucoma on fundus images. Previous studies traditionally trained a single convolutional neural network for automatic detection of glaucoma. In this study, a more advanced way of accurate automated glaucoma recognition is proposed. First, a graph‐based saliency region detection is used to crop the optic disc and remove the redundant parts of the fundus images. Then, four methods are used to ensemble convolutional neural network models comprising up to three deep learning architectures for glaucoma classification. The detection performance of this model is better than a recent study that used the same dataset. It is also as good as, or better than, the results reported by other recent research in the literature on glaucoma detection.
Delta tributary network—An efficient alternate approach for bottleneck layers in CNN for plant disease classification
Authors: Gunasekaran Suresh , Gunavathi Kandasamy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCurrently, numerous research works have been proposed for diagnosing leaf diseases using state of the art convolutional neural networks. In this work, we propose a novel architecture called “Delta Tributary Network” that is built by stacking microarchitecture blocks called delta blocks specifically designed for leaf disease classification. These delta blocks utilize a novel channel split algorithm to reduce the number of channels given as input to 3 × 3 convolution layers. Unlike the existing bottleneck design which uses 1 × 1 convolution layers to decrease channel dimension space, Delta tributary network utilizes the a novel channel split algorithm to control the number of input channels togiven to 3 × 3 convolution layers, thereby preventing the linear stack of layers and henceforth avoiding over fitting and vanishing gradient problems. Delta tributary network when tested on plant village dataset gives an accuracy of 96% with just 0.3 million parameters on 133 MFLOP (Million Floating Point Operations) calculations. Further, delta tributary network tested on other bench mark datasets like CIFAR 10, CIFAR 100, MNIST and Fashion MNIST delivers higher accuracy than the other state of the art models with lesser trainable parameters, proving that delta blocks extract efficient potential features.
Overdensity of VVV galaxies behind the Galactic bulge
Authors: Galdeano Daniela , Pereyra Luis , Duplancic Fernanda , Coldwell Georgina , Alonso Sol , Ruiz Andrés N. , Cora Sofía A. , Perez Noelia , Vega-Martínez Cristian , Minniti Dante 
Published: December 2020

Context. The extragalactic vision we have through the Milky Way is very unclear. There is significant extinction of the optical emission from objects located in the region called the zone of avoidance (ZOA). NIR wavelengths are less affected by extinction, and therefore the infrared surveys in this zone are a potential source of astronomical discoveries. Nevertheless, these observations need to be compared with cosmological simulations in order to carry out high−accuracy studies.
Aims. Our aim is to identify extragalactic sources in the ZOA, using infrared images of the VVV survey. We consider mock galaxy catalogues in order to interpret observational results.
Methods. We studied a region of 1.636 square degrees corresponding to the VVV tile b204. Using SExtractor, we analysed photometric data generating a catalogue of extended sources in this area. In order to confirm these sources as galaxy candidates we visually inspected RGB images looking for typical galaxy features. Using 2MASX and GCMW catalogued sources we tested completeness and contamination of our catalogue and define suitable colour cuts to select galaxies. We also compared the observational results with those obtained from two semi-analytical models on Dark Matter simulations. One galaxy catalogue was constructed with the SAG semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, and the other one was constructed with the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model.
Results. By adopting CLASS_STAR < 0.5, r1/2 > 0.7 arcsec and specific colour cuts (J − Ks > 0.97, J − H > 0 and H − Ks > 0) we generated an automatic catalogue of extended sources. After visual inspection we identified 624 sources with 10 < Ks < 17 as galaxy candidates. The contamination of the automatic catalogue is 28% when considering visually confirmed galaxies as reliable objects. The estimated completeness is 87% up to magnitude Ks = 13.5. We analysed the spatial distribution of galaxy candidates, finding a high concentration of galaxies in a small region of 15 arcmin radius. This region has three times higher density than similar areas in the tile. We compared the number of galaxies in this small area with the mean density values obtained from a suitable sample of galaxies from semi-analytic models finding that our results are consistent with an overdensity region.
Conclusions. Using VVV near-infrared data and mock catalogues we detect new extragalactic sources that have not been identified by other catalogues. We demonstrate the potentiality of the VVV survey in finding and studying a large number of galaxy candidates and extragalactic structures obscured by the Milky Way.
Management of Ala Columella Disproportion in South East Asian Noses
Authors: Yap Eduardo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSouth East Asian noses have a characteristic ala and columella disproportion and mostly manifest as hanging ala. Simultaneous correction during rhinoplasty is recommended to achieve a good aesthetic result. Since hanging ala is a common feature, a classification system is presented as a guide for surgical management. The classification is based on the frontal view showing the alar rim connecting to the columella lobule area simulating the wings of a gull in gentle flight. A mild deformity has the gull's wing in the horizontal direction. A moderate deformity has the gull's wing in a slight inferior direction. A severe hanging deformity has the gull's wing in the inferior direction, ending below the columella lobule area, and this is mostly accompanied by retracted columella. There are various techniques for the surgical correction of hanging ala. The author has made a modification of the internal approach called “sail excision” using the groove within the lateral nasal vestibule as a landmark. The author terms this area as the vestibular groove. Sail excision involves removal of a triangular portion of tissue anterior to this vestibular groove. Another aesthetic deformity noticed in South East Asian noses is that the alar rim base is lower than the columellar base. In correcting hanging ala with involvement of the alar rim base, the sail excision is extended posteriorly following the vestibular groove as its guide to the amount to be excised. To enhance the overall aesthetic outcome, the acute columella labial angle seen in South East Asian noses has to be made fuller through surgery. This is accomplished using septal extension graft for tip projection, with preservation of the posterior angle of the caudal septum. Plumping grafts are used as filler material in the premaxillary area.
The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen in Head and Neck Reconstruction and Facial Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Tamaki Akina , Silverman Dustin A. , Ozer Enver 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is a treatment modality with the primary mechanism of therapy being the delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tissues. A review of HBO applications in the field of head and neck reconstruction and facial cosmetic surgery is provided. HBO can be useful in the management of radiation sequelae and treatment of compromised flaps and grafts. It may also have application in tissue compromise following cosmetic surgery and dermal fillers. We provide evidence from the available literature as well as highlight our experience in using HBO in head and neck reconstruction.
Complications of Asian Double Eyelid Surgery: Prevention and Management
Authors: Young Stephanie Ming , Kim Yoon-Duck 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDouble eyelid surgery remains one of the most popular aesthetic surgeries, especially among East Asian populations. Complications related to double eyelid surgery can be divided into various categories: (1) patient dissatisfaction, (2) problems with the eyelid crease, (3) problems with the eyelid height, (4) suture-related complications, and (5) complications related to eyelid surgery in general. As with all eyelid surgeries, it is important to understand and appreciate the normal and abnormal function and anatomy of the Asian eyelid to reduce the risk of complications. It is also important to recognize the various complications and their underlying causes so that the surgeon can confidently revise the surgery to achieve optimal outcomes.
Quality and Reliability of YouTube for Patient Information on Neurotoxins
Authors: Patel Manish , Patel Mit M. , Cristel Robert T. 
Published: December 2020

YouTube is a common source of medical information for patients. This is the first study to assess the reliability and educational value of YouTube videos on neurotoxin procedures. YouTube.com was searched on June 15, 2020 using the keyword “Botox” or “neurotoxin.” A total of 100 videos were reviewed. Sixty-one videos met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Video characteristics were noted, and a score was assigned to each video using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the Global Quality Score (GQS) to measure source reliability and educational value, respectively. A total of 61 videos that met the inclusion criteria had an average length of 589 seconds (9 minutes and 49 seconds), 210,673 views, 5,295 likes, 318 dislikes, and 478 comments. A total of 30 videos (49%) were posted with an intention to educate patients while 31 videos (51%) were posted with the intention to detail a personal experience with neurotoxin. Patient education videos were significantly more reliable (P
JAMA< 0.001) and had more educational value (P
GQS < 0.001) but were less popular than “personal experience videos.” Personal-experience videos posted by patients had higher popularity, more likes and comments, yet lower scores on reliability and education. Patients will continue to seek educational material online, and clinicians should utilize this information to help primarily educate patients with standardized and accurate information about their treatment.
Key Points
The Use of Indocyanine Green Angiography for Cosmetic and Reconstructive Assessment in the Head and Neck
Authors: Abdelwahab Mohamed , Patel Priyesh N. , Most Sam P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReconstructive procedures in the head and neck can be a surgical challenge owing to the complex anatomical and physiological structure. Different locoregional and microvascular flaps are used for various defects to improve both function and cosmesis. Subjective clinical findings have been the mainstay for perfusion monitoring; however, areas of borderline perfusion are much more difficult to assess clinically. Multiple technologies that offer objective perfusion assessment have been developed to improve surgical outcomes. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography has gained popularity owing to its minimal invasiveness and increased sensitivity and specificity in assessing flap perfusion particularly in the head and neck. It has been extensively used in free flaps, pedicled flaps (including nasal reconstruction), facelift procedures, random flaps, skull base reconstruction, and pharyngocutaneous fistula prediction. Its perioperative use has provided valuable qualitative and quantitative data that aid our understanding of flap hemodynamics. Clinically, this impacted decision-making in flap design, harvest, inset, and precocious salvage interventions. Though increased cost and intraoperative time could be limitations, cost-effectiveness studies have supported its use, particularly in high-risk individuals. Limitations include the lack of standardized dosing and consistent methodology agreement for data analysis. Future studies should involve larger cohorts and multi-institute studies to overcome such limitations.