bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Real Time Radiotherapy Simulation
Authors: Voss Nils , Ziegenhein Peter , Vermond Lukas , Hoozemans Joost , Mencer Oskar , Oelfke Uwe , Luk Wayne , Gaydadjiev Georgi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe propose a novel reconfigurable hardware architecture to implement Monte Carlo based simulation of physical dose accumulation for intensity-modulated adaptive radiotherapy. The long term goal of our effort is to provide accurate dose calculation in real-time during patient treatment. This will allow wider adoption of personalised patient therapies which has the potential to significantly reduce dose exposure to the patient as well as shorten treatment and greatly reduce costs. The proposed architecture exploits the inherent parallelism of Monte Carlo simulations to perform domain decomposition and provide high resolution simulation without being limited by on-chip memory capacity. We present our architecture in detail and provide a performance model to estimate execution time, hardware area and bandwidth utilisation. Finally, we evaluate our architecture on a Xilinx VU9P platform as well as the Xilinx Alveo U250 and show that three VU9P based cards or two Alevo U250s are sufficient to meet our real time target of 100 million randomly generated particle histories per second.
Spironolactone reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Adolf Christian , Braun Leah T. , Fuss Carmina T. , Hahner Stefanie , Künzel Heike , Handgriff Laura , Sturm Lisa , Heinrich Daniel A. , Schneider Holger , Bidlingmaier Martin , Reincke Martin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Context
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of endocrine hypertension. Besides its deleterious impact on cardiovascular target organ damage, PA is considered to cause osteoporosis.

Patients and methods
We assessed bone turnover in a subset of 36 postmenopausal women with PA. 18 patients had unilateral PA and were treated by adrenalectomy, whereas 18 patients had bilateral PA and received mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) therapy respectively. 18 age- and BMI-matched females served as controls. To estimate bone remodeling, we measured the bone turnover markers intact procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b in plasma by chemiluminescent immunoassays at time of diagnosis and one year after initiation of treatment.

Study design
Observational longitudinal cohort study.

Setting
Tertiary care hospital.

Results
Compared with controls, patients with PA had mildly elevated osteocalcin at baseline (p = 0.013), while the other bone markers were comparable between both groups. There were no differences between the unilateral and the bilateral PA subgroup. One year after initiation of MRA treatment with spironolactone bone resorption and bone formation markers had significantly decreased in patients with bilateral PA. In contrast, patients adrenalectomized because of unilateral PA showed no significant change of bone turnover markers.

Conclusion
This study shows that aldosterone excess in postmenopausal women with PA is not associated with a relevant increase of bone turnover markers at baseline. However, we observed a significant decrease of bone markers in patients treated with spironolactone, but not in patients treated by adrenalectomy.
Modelling Evolution in Structured Populations Involving Multiplayer Interactions
Authors: Broom Mark , Erovenko Igor V. , Rychtář Jan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe consider models of evolution in structured populations involving multiplayer games. Whilst also discussing other models, we focus on the modelling framework developed by Broom and Rychtář (J Theor Biol 302:70–80, 2012) onwards. This includes key progress so far, the main gaps and limitations, the relationship and synergies with other models and a discussion of the direction of future work. In this regard as well as discussing existing work, there is some new research on the applicability and robustness of current models with respect to using them to model real populations. This is an important potential advance, as previously all of the work has been entirely theoretical. In particular, the most complex models will have many parameters, and we concentrate on considering simpler versions with a small number of parameters which still possess the key features which would make them applicable. We find that these models are generally robust, in particular issues that can arise related to small payoff changes at critical values and removal of pivotal vertices would have similar effects on other modelling system including evolutionary graph theory. These often occur where it can be argued that there is a lack of robustness in the real system that the model faithfully picks up, and so is not a problematic feature.
Applying ecosystem services as a framework to analyze the effects of alternative bio-economy scenarios in Nordic catchments
Authors: Vermaat Jan E. , Immerzeel Bart , Pouta Eija , Juutinen Artti 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe inherently unknown future development of a Nordic bio-economy was studied with four scenarios applied in an ecosystem service assessment framework. This framework couples CORINE land use cover with estimates of 15 final ecosystem services from the CICES 5.1 classification in biophysical and monetary terms. Current land use in two catchments, Lillebæk (83% cropland, area 4.7 km2, Denmark) and Ovre Haldenvassdraget (67% forest, 1006 km2, Norway) was compared with four scenarios for 2050. One scenario focusing on sustainability and environmental awareness led to considerable changes in land use and ecosystem service delivery (more diverse provisioning and higher value of regulating services, but not a higher total economic value), whereas the other three did not deviate markedly from the current scenario. Projected land use scenarios were verified with experts and stakeholder representatives. We conclude that the framework has sufficient resolution to show differences in service delivery among scenarios.
Characterising Clifford parallelisms among Clifford-like parallelisms
Authors: Havlicek Hans , Pasotti Stefano , Pianta Silvia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe recall the notions of Clifford and Clifford-like parallelisms in a 3-dimensional projective double space. In a previous paper the authors proved that the linear part of the full automorphism group of a Clifford parallelism is the same for all Clifford-like parallelisms which can be associated to it. In this paper, instead, we study the action of such group on parallel classes thus achieving our main results on characterisation of the Clifford parallelisms among Clifford-like ones.
Omics Biomarkers in Obesity: Novel Etiological Insights and Targets for Precision Prevention
Authors: Aleksandrova Krasimira , Egea Rodrigues Caue , Floegel Anna , Ahrens Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Omics-based technologies were suggested to provide an advanced understanding of obesity etiology and its metabolic consequences. This review highlights the recent developments in “omics”-based research aimed to identify obesity-related biomarkers.

Recent Findings
Recent advances in obesity and metabolism research increasingly rely on new technologies to identify mechanisms in the development of obesity using various “omics” platforms. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers that translate into changes in transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome could serve as targets for obesity prevention. Despite a number of promising candidate biomarkers, there is an increased demand for larger prospective cohort studies to validate findings and determine biomarker reproducibility before they can find applications in primary care and public health.

Summary
“Omics” biomarkers have advanced our knowledge on the etiology of obesity and its links with chronic diseases. They bring substantial promise in identifying effective public health strategies that pave the way towards patient stratification and precision prevention.
Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine as add-on therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients who were using two oral antidiabetic drugs
Authors: Chakravarti H. N. , Nag A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine as add-on therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients who were using two oral antidiabetic drugs.

Materials and methods
This was a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study in 304 inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects with two oral antidiabetic drugs (glimepiride 4 mg and metformin 500 mg) were randomised to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg once daily (OD) or placebo. Dose of hydroxychloroquine was selected as per body weight of the subject. Primary end point was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change at week 12 from baseline. Secondary endpoint was change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post prandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight and any adverse reaction including no of hypoglycemic events, as well as a change in the percentage of subjects with A1C < 7.0% and > 6.5% after 12 weeks of treatment.. In follow-up of 400 mg once daily was once again divided to 200 mg twice daily (BD) to study the effect on tolerability profile for further 12 weeks.

Results
Hydroxychloroquine was associated with significant reduction in HbA1c from baseline (7–8.5%) in 12 weeks −0.78%, −0.91% and 1.2% for hydroxychloroquine 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg OD, respectively, versus 0.13% with placebo (P < 0.005). FPG and PPG were reduced by −25 to −38 mg/dl and 34–53 mg/dl, respectively. Body weight also reduced in each group of HCQ. Hypoglycemia was reported only with 300 mg (1.2%) and 400 mg (2.1%) group of HCQ. It was observed that patients who complains with mild GI disturbance with HCQ 400 mg glycemic efficacy was maintained with 200 mg BD with significant relief of the symptoms.

Conclusion
Hydroxychloroquine added to sulphonylurea and metformin, improves glycemic control significantly in T2DM patients. Glycemic effect of different dose of hydroxychloroquine is dose dependent. The safety/tolerability profile of hydroxychloroquine was favourable except GI disturbance which is more frequent with 400 mg. This can be avoided with 200 mg BD without compromise on efficacy.
LIONESS Lab: a free web-based platform for conducting interactive experiments online
Authors: Giamattei Marcus , Yahosseini Kyanoush Seyed , Gächter Simon , Molleman Lucas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLIONESS Lab is a free web-based platform for interactive online experiments. An intuitive, user-friendly graphical interface enables researchers to develop, test, and share experiments online, with minimal need for programming experience. LIONESS Lab provides solutions for the methodological challenges of interactive online experimentation, including ways to reduce waiting time, form groups on-the-fly, and deal with participant dropout. We highlight key features of the software, and show how it meets the challenges of conducting interactive experiments online.
The Association Between Hemoglobin Upswing in the Reference Range and Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Miyashita Hirotaka , Svensson Thomas , Nakamura Masahiro , Svensson Akiko Kishi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a relatively common disorder, but many patients with SAS are still undiagnosed. Using Japanese annual health check and medical claims data, we analyzed the association between hemoglobin upswing, defined as an increase in hemoglobin level within the reference range, and the incidence of SAS.

Methods
In this study, we used the Japan Medical Database Center (JMDC) annual health check and medical claims data of 351,930 male individuals aged 40−59 who had their hemoglobin concentration checked in 2014. We initially identified the reference range of hemoglobin level based on the mean and the standard deviation of hemoglobin concentration in this population. We examined the effect of hemoglobin upswing on the incidence of SAS using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
The hemoglobin upswing was defined as a change greater than 1.19 g/dL in the reference range of 13.1 to 17.2 g/dL. During a mean follow-up period of approximately 1285 days, 1.9% of the individuals with hemoglobin upswing were diagnosed with SAS, while 1.6% of those without hemoglobin upswing were diagnosed with SAS. The hazard ratio of hemoglobin upswing to the incidence of SAS was 1.21 (95% CI; 1.01–1.44, p = 0.04).

Conclusion
We herein revealed the association between hemoglobin upswing and the incidence of SAS in a middle-aged male population. A statistically significant increase in hemoglobin concentration even in the reference range should be paid attention to as it may indicate the presence of SAS.
Evidence for Multiple Diagenetic Episodes in Ancient Fluvial‐Lacustrine Sedimentary Rocks in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Achilles C. N. , Rampe E. B. , Downs R. T. , Bristow T. F. , Ming D. W. , Morris R. V. , Vaniman D. T. , Blake D. F. , Yen A. S. , McAdam A. C. , Sutter B. , Fedo C. M. , Gwizd S. , Thompson L. M. , Gellert R. , Morrison S. M. , Treiman A. H. , Crisp J. A. , Gabriel T. S. J. , Chipera S. J. , Hazen R. M. , Craig P. I. , Thorpe M. T. , Des Marais D. J. , Grotzinger J. P. , Tu V. M. , Castle N. , Downs G. W. , Peretyazhko T. S. , Walroth R. C. , Sarrazin P. , Morookian J. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Curiosity rover's exploration of rocks and soils in Gale crater has provided diverse geochemical and mineralogical data sets, underscoring the complex geological history of the region. We report the crystalline, clay mineral, and amorphous phase distributions of four Gale crater rocks from an 80‐m stratigraphic interval. The mineralogy of the four samples is strongly influenced by aqueous alteration processes, including variations in water chemistries, redox, pH, and temperature. Localized hydrothermal events are evidenced by gray hematite and maturation of amorphous SiO2 to opal‐CT. Low‐temperature diagenetic events are associated with fluctuating lake levels, evaporative events, and groundwater infiltration. Among all mudstones analyzed in Gale crater, the diversity in diagenetic processes is primarily captured by the mineralogy and X‐ray amorphous chemistry of the drilled rocks. Variations indicate a transition from magnetite to hematite and an increase in matrix‐associated sulfates suggesting intensifying influence from oxic, diagenetic fluids upsection. Furthermore, diagenetic fluid pathways are shown to be strongly affected by unconformities and sedimentary transitions, as evidenced by the intensity of alteration inferred from the mineralogy of sediments sampled adjacent to stratigraphic contacts.
The Chemostratigraphy of the Murray Formation and Role of Diagenesis at Vera Rubin Ridge in Gale Crater, Mars, as Observed by the ChemCam Instrument
Authors: Frydenvang J. , Mangold N. , Wiens R. C. , Fraeman A. A. , Edgar L. A. , Fedo C. M. , L'Haridon J. , Bedford C. C. , Gupta S. , Grotzinger J. P. , Bridges J. C. , Clark B. C. , Rampe E. B. , Gasnault O. , Maurice S. , Gasda P. J. , Lanza N. L. , Olilla A. M. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Payré V. , Calef F. , Salvatore M. , House C. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGeochemical results are presented from Curiosity's exploration of Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), in addition to the full chemostratigraphy of the predominantly lacustrine mudstone Murray formation up to and including VRR. VRR is a prominent ridge flanking Aeolis Mons (informally Mt. Sharp), the central mound in Gale crater, Mars, and was a key area of interest for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. ChemCam data show that VRR is overall geochemically similar to lower‐lying members of the Murray formation, even though the top of VRR shows a strong hematite spectral signature as observed from orbit. Although overall geochemically similar, VRR is characterized by a prominent decrease in Li abundance and Chemical Index of Alteration across the ridge. This decrease follows the morphology of the ridge rather than elevation and is inferred to reflect a nondepositionally controlled decrease in clay mineral abundance in VRR rocks. Additionally, a notable enrichment in Mn above baseline levels is observed on VRR. While not supporting a single model, the results suggest that VRR rocks were likely affected by multiple episodes of postdepositional groundwater interactions that made them more erosionally resistant than surrounding Murray rocks, thus resulting in the modern‐day ridge after subsequent erosion.
Modeling Present and Future Permafrost Distribution at the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Debolskiy M. V. , Nicolsky D. J. , Hock R. , Romanovsky V. E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPermafrost, a key component of Arctic ecosystems, is currently affected by climate warming and anticipated to undergo further significant changes in this century. The most pronounced changes are expected to occur in the transition zone between the discontinuous and continuous types of permafrost. We apply a transient temperature dynamic model to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of permafrost conditions on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska—a region currently characterized by continuous permafrost in its northern part and discontinuous permafrost in the south. We calibrate model parameters using a variational data assimilation technique exploiting historical ground temperature measurements collected across the study area. The model is then evaluated with a separate control set of the ground temperature data. Calibrated model parameters are distributed across the domain according to ecosystem types. The forcing applied to our model consists of historic monthly temperature and precipitation data and climate projections based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Simulated near‐surface permafrost extent for the 2000–2010 decade agrees well with existing permafrost maps and previous Alaska‐wide modeling studies. Future projections suggest a significant increase (3.0°C under RCP 4.5 and 4.4°C under RCP 8.5 at the 2 m depth) in mean decadal ground temperature on average for the peninsula for the 2090–2100 decade when compared to the period of 2000–2010. Widespread degradation of the near‐surface permafrost is projected to reduce its extent at the end of the 21st century to only 43% of the peninsula's area under RCP 4.5 and 8% under RCP 8.5.
From Awareness to Action: Accounting for Infrastructure Interdependencies in Disaster Response and Recovery Planning
Authors: Narayanan Anu , Finucane Melissa , Acosta Joie , Wicker Amanda 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper highlights challenges and open questions pertaining to physical and social infrastructure system interdependencies and their implications for disaster response, recovery, and resilience planning efforts. We describe the importance of understanding interdependencies in disaster contexts and highlight limitations to existing approaches. Suggestions for understanding and addressing interdependencies focus on increasing availability of tools for assessing interdependencies and increasing stakeholder and decisionmaker uptake of infrastructure interdependency‐related information in planning efforts.
Airborne Lead (Pb) From Abandoned Mine Waste in Northeastern Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Li Junran , McDonald‐Gillespie Julie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractActive and abandoned mines pose serious health threats to humans, aquatic, and terrestrial biota. Northeastern Oklahoma, home to a number of Native American Tribes, is part of the well‐known Tri‐State Mining District. More than 100 years of mining production in this area has left numerous, large chat piles in the surrounding environment. Despite numerous studies and efforts on the restoration of metal contamination in this area, no studies have attempted to distinguish the contributions of different sources, particularly from the atmospheric deposition, of metals to the aquatic environment. Here, we analyzed the atmospheric deposition of Pb from Picher, a town surrounded by chat piles, and Tulsa, a primary metropolitan area in northeastern Oklahoma, from 2010 to 2016. We found that chat piles in Picher contain ~20% and 6% of fine particles that are subjective to windborne transport and human inhalation, respectively, and these fine particles contain disproportionally high concentrations of Pb. Despite the absence of industrial and human activities, airborne Pb in Picher is 2–5 times higher than that of Tulsa. A conservative estimate showed that airborne Pb may contribute up to 10% of annual Pb mass flux to a lake 18 km away from the chat piles in Picher and probably a much higher contribution for soil and water located adjacent to Picher. Despite known limitations, our study represents the first attempt to evaluate the significance of Pb‐laden airborne particulate matter from a large‐scale abandoned mining area where the humans are particularly vulnerable to metal exposure.
An Enhancement of Jupiter's Main Auroral Emission and Magnetospheric Currents
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Ebert R. W. , Grodent D. , Huscher E. , Kamran A. , Kurth W. S. , Wilson R. J. , Yao Z. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present observations of Jupiter's magnetic field and plasma obtained with the NASA Juno spacecraft during February 2018, along with simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the planet's auroras. We show that a few‐day transient enhancement of the azimuthal and radial magnetic fields and plasma temperature was coincident with a significant brightening of Jupiter's dawn‐side main auroral emission. This presents the first evidence of control of Jupiter's main auroral emission intensity by magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling currents. We support this association by self‐consistent calculation of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and radial force balance currents using an axisymmetric model, which broadly reproduces the Juno magnetic field and plasma observations and the HST auroral observations. We show that the transient enhancement can be explained by increased hot plasma pressure in the magnetosphere together with increased iogenic plasma mass outflow rate. Overall, this work provides important observational and modeling evidence revealing the behavior of Jupiter's giant magnetosphere.