bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting alternative splicing by RNAi: from the differential impact on splice variants to triggering artificial pre-mRNA splicing
Authors: Fuchs Armin , Riegler Stefan , Ayatollahi Zahra , Cavallari Nicola , Giono Luciana E , Nimeth Barbara A , Mutanwad Krishna V , Schweighofer Alois , Lucyshyn Doris , Barta Andrea , Petrillo Ezequiel , Kalyna Maria 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Alternative splicing generates multiple transcript and protein isoforms from a single gene and controls transcript intracellular localization and stability by coupling to mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent mechanism to modulate gene expression. However, its interactions with alternative splicing are poorly understood. We used artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs, also termed shRNAmiR) to knockdown all splice variants of selected target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that splice variants, which vary by their protein-coding capacity, subcellular localization and sensitivity to NMD, are affected differentially by an amiRNA, although all of them contain the target site. Particular transcript isoforms escape amiRNA-mediated degradation due to their nuclear localization. The nuclear and NMD-sensitive isoforms mask RNAi action in alternatively spliced genes. Interestingly, Arabidopsis SPL genes, which undergo alternative splicing and are targets of miR156, are regulated in the same manner. Moreover, similar results were obtained in mammalian cells using siRNAs, indicating cross-kingdom conservation of these interactions among RNAi and splicing isoforms. Furthermore, we report that amiRNA can trigger artificial alternative splicing, thus expanding the RNAi functional repertoire. Our findings unveil novel interactions between different post-transcriptional processes in defining transcript fates and regulating gene expression.
Postoperative Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastasis and Predictors of Local Control
Authors: Blakaj Dukagjin M , Palmer Joshua D , Dibs Khaled , Olausson Alexander , Bourekas Eric C , Boulter Daniel , Ayan Ahmet S , Cochran Eric , Marras William S , Mageswaran Prasath , Katzir Miki , Yildiz Vedat O , Grecula John , Arnett Andrea , Raval Raju , Scharschmidt Thomas , Elder James B , Lonser Russell , Chakravarti Arnab , Mendel Ehud 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spine surgery is indicated for select patients with mechanical instability, pain, and/or malignant epidural spinal cord compression, with or without neurological compromise. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an option for durable local control (LC) for metastatic spine disease.

OBJECTIVE
To determine factors associated with LC and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients receiving postoperative stereotactic spine radiosurgery.

METHODS
We analyzed consecutive patients from 2013 to 2019 treated with surgical intervention followed by SBRT. Surgical interventions included laminectomy and vertebrectomy. SBRT included patients treated with 1 to 5 fractions of radiosurgery. We analyzed LC, PFS, overall survival (OS), and toxicity. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS
A total of 63 patients were treated with a median follow-up of 12.5 mo. Approximately 75% of patients underwent vertebrectomy and 25% underwent laminectomy. One-year cumulative incidence of local failure was 19%. LC was significantly improved for patients receiving radiosurgery ≤40 d from surgery compared to that for patients receiving radiosurgery ≥40 d from surgery, 94% vs 75%, respectively, at 1 yr (P = .03). Patients who received preoperative embolization had improved LC with 1-yr LC of 88% vs 76% for those who did not receive preoperative embolization (P = .037). Significant predictors for LC on multivariate analysis were time from surgery to radiosurgery, higher radiotherapy dose, and preoperative embolization. The 1-yr PFS and OS was 56% and 60%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Postoperative radiosurgery has excellent and durable LC for spine metastasis. An important consideration when planning postoperative radiosurgery is minimizing delay from surgery to radiosurgery. Preoperative embolization and higher radiotherapy dose were associated with improved LC warranting further study.
Moral Acrobatics
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pure monsters do not exist. That is difficult for us to fathom. Terrorists and other serial killers massacre innocent people, yet are perfectly capable of loving their own parents, neighbors, and children. Hitler was a vegetarian. He sent millions to their death while contemptuous of meat eaters and a strong advocate of animal welfare. He loved his pets. High-ranking Nazis were often cultured and had strong moral views. How do we reconcile such moral ambiguities? Could it capture something deep about how we build values? As members of a uniquely symbolic and self-conscious species, aware of its own mortality, we develop uncanny abilities toward lying and self-deception. We harbor deeply categorical and compartmentalized views of the world. We live within multiple, interchangeable moral spheres. We overcome our blatant moral ambiguities by thinking the world in black and white, imagining essence where there is none. We juggle double standards and manage contradictory values, clustering our existence depending on context and situations, whether we deal in relation to close kin, colleagues, strangers, lovers, or enemies. This social-contextual determination of the moral domain is the source of moral ambiguities and blatant contradictions we all need to own up to.
Nobody Hates Money
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
China is already a global builder of infrastructure. Under President Xi Jinping’s signature foreign policy, the Belt and Road Initiative, China intends to take this activity to another level with a $1 trillion global strategy to finance, build, and connect new transport infrastructure, industrial corridors, and trade routes from China to Central Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. But China’s grand plan requires political acceptance from foreign governments and societies over the long run. Before the Belt and Road, Latin America was one of the main destinations for Chinese infrastructure loans overseas. Argentina is an early story of the Belt and Road facing local pushback. It is a microcosm for how China, a one-party authoritarian state, is reacting to democratic political change and democracy endangering its interests overseas. The one-sided economic conditions of China’s loans held important political, social, and environmental consequences for host countries that over time swing back against Chinese interests.
Different Worlds
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nehru considered the establishment of Mao’s People’s Republic of China an event of historical importance, transcending the Cold War and signaling the resurgence of free Asia. But China had never accepted the northern boundary with India, known as the McMahon Line, asserting it had been drawn by British imperialists intent on diminishing its control over Tibet. India, militarily much weaker than China, adopted a policy of unwavering friendship toward China as the best approach to securing a diplomatic solution to the border dispute. Once China entered an alliance with the Soviet Union, the United States perceived an expanded communist threat. Nehru, reiterating India’s nonalignment, advanced the notion of Asianism to consolidate Indian-China solidarity.
US and Indian Policies in Direct Conflict, Part II
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
India asserted its influence at the Geneva Conference through the informal participation of Krishna Menon in behind-the-scenes discussions. The Geneva settlement reduced fears among smaller powers that China would intervene in Indo-China and weakened their incentives to join a US-sponsored mutual security alliance. It also deprived China of a rationale for its own expansion to meet a US threat. The “area of peace” thereby served India’s aspiration to protect its role in Indo-China. But this was immediately countered by the US plan to establish SEATO. Indian policymakers treated the United States as its enemy and competitor in Southeast Asia.
Depoliticizing the Volhynian Village
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the Volhynian countryside, Józewski and his supporters launched an apolitical civilizing mission. Their efforts were based on the idea that land reform, the removal of feudal practices, modifications to natural and built environments, and improved sanitation would lead to pro-state attitudes among the peasantry. Believing that Volhynia was experiencing modernization in a piecemeal and sometimes dangerous way, they sought to use rural sites, including elementary schools, military settlements, border guard outposts, and healthcare centers, to teach peasants how to become civilized citizens. Rural apoliticism, however, was itself characterized by political conflict. Power struggles occurred at the level of the village—for instance, between parents and schoolteachers and between Roman Catholic priests and more secular-minded officials. Moreover, elite women drew on traditional gender roles concerning domesticity, sanitation, and childcare in order to promote their role in a state that remained dominated by male-led institutions.
Regionalism, or the Limits of Inclusion
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s, the Volhynian authorities drew on broader ideas of European regionalism in an attempt to attach the province’s multiethnic populations to the Polish state project. The message put forward at museums and provincial fairs and in regionalist journals focused on national inclusivity. But the elite-led fetishizing of local folklore by regionalists like Jakub Hoffman naturally led to other types of exclusion—or, at least, to conditional inclusion. Ukrainian-speaking populations were permitted only as vestiges of premodern diversity, while a focus on synagogues and the tiny Jewish sect of the Karaites allowed regionalists to write Jews into narratives of rootedness that always emphasized Polish tolerance. Supporters of tourism, which offered another way of navigating the relationship between Volhynia and Poland, undertook the tricky balancing act of claiming the province’s status in the modern world and simultaneously repackaging backwardness as a series of desirable characteristics, such as primitiveness and exoticism.
Polygenists, Black Jews, and the Proofs for the Disunity of Man
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCharles White set the scene for the insertion of Jews, blacks, and black Jews into the great origin debate from a polygenist perspective. The polygenist “American School” of race theorists tried to destroy the monogenist argument based on the existence of a color change among Jews by arguing that all black Jews were racially not Jews at all. The immutability of race became a key feature of polygenist thinking. One of the proofs for immutability was perceived in the images found in ancient Egyptian and Assyrian art. Nott’s Types of Mankind analyzed not only black but also Jewish racial specificity. The Jews had a mark on them, and blacks were marked by the “mark of Cain”—their color. The heresy of the black Jew was attacked time and again by the polygenists. Agassiz agreed that Jews and blacks were marked out and distinguished from other races. In France Joseph Arthur, “Comte” de Gobineau combatted the idea that black Jews proved the impact of climate on racial groups, and the single origin of humankind. Gradually the polygenist argument started to suggest that purity of race among Jews could be shown by the fact that all Jews were of a dark, dusky coloring. Beddoe developed an index of nigrescence, on which the Jews scored 100 percent. Russell, co-creator with Darwin of the concept of natural selection, took issue with the concept of multicolored Jews and so, more ambiguously, did Richard Burton. Burton thought that the Jews were racially unique, like blacks.
The Black/Jew in the Racial State
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExtreme racist opinion in Germany, exemplified by Theodor Fritsch, asserted that Jews were a negroid mix. This continued in the works of, for instance, Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Each individual Jew, according to John Beddoe, the pigmentation expert, contained the negroid and Asiatic type. The Jew was a chameleon in this respect. Rudolf Virchow conducted a research project in which skin color was presented not as an objective fact but rather as something to be intuitively felt. The general consensus, even among Jews, was that Jews were dark, yet the research showed the contrary. Jews in the liberal arts and poetry of the Weimar period often constructed Jews as dark or black, as in the work of George Grosz. The Swiss-French race theorist and anti-Semite George-Alexis Montandon perceived the Jews as an ancient cross of Asiatic and negro and expressed this in his famous exhibition, “How to recognize a Jew.” The fear of cross-breeding became more intense in the Nazi period, along with sexual fear of blacks and Jews. Hitler attacked the “black disgrace” on the Rhine that was leading to a Jewish-inspired Vernegerung and would eventually produce in Germany something like the negrified French state to the south. Nazi polemical and propaganda literature habitually portrayed the Jews as black or dark. Nazis borrowed from American anti-black legislation. Fascist Italy had a similar fear of racial pollution by Jews and blacks, as can be seen in countless cartoons and illustrations in La Difesa della Razza. Cultural pollution by Jews and negroes was equally feared.
Story in Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents intertwined readings of Schnittke’s Piano Quartet from four points of view: compositional, performative, esthesic, and analytical. Drawing on Schnittke’s description of the Quartet—“at first the attempt to remember” a fragment by Mahler “and then remembrance itself”—it analyzes the work as a rotational form: four passes through the fragment’s material, followed by a statement of the fragment itself. It discusses interpretive and practical considerations in depicting the journey to Mahler’s fragment. It shows that “memory” expresses Romantic irony through its evocation of a fragment from the past, denial of a clear temporal line, and search for an impossible perfection. And it dissects three techniques—rhythmic “formants,” contraction and expansion, and self-similiarity—employed by Schnittke to subvert temporal direction. Audience and performer viewpoints taken from a concert and interactive presentation supplement the authors’ interpretation. The authors’ live performance on audio (Ingolfsson, Eckert, Glyde, and Leong) complements the written text.
“If you don’t have money, you can’t dance.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Catherine is hired by William Goldman to stage dances for the Stanley Theatre in Philadelphia. Goldman becomes her boyfriend. At the Mastbaum Theatre, she is appointed assistant to dance director Robert Alton. The Littlefield School moves to the Fuller Building. William Dollar, Douglas Coudy, and Thomas Cannon, students of Mikhail Mordkin and Ethel Phillips in Philadelphia, join Catherine’s ensemble. Mommie takes Catherine, Dorothie, and other dancers to Paris to train with Russians Lubov Egorova and Alexandre Volinine. In Paris, the sisters become friendly with choreographer George Balanchine. The Littlefields move to an elegant home in the Wynnefield neighborhood. Catherine hires Alexis Dolinoff to dance in H.P. (Horsepower), a ballet-symphony by Mexican composer Carlos Chávez in collaboration with Diego Rivera, Frances Flynn Paine, and Lincoln Kirstein. Conducted by Leopold Stokowski in March 1932, H.P. is the first piece of choreography attributed solely to Catherine.
“An enormous macédoine of musical comedy, patriotism, and burlesque, spangled with American history—that is ‘American Jubilee.’ ”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Joan McCracken leaves the Littlefields to perform at Radio City Music Hall and eventually on Broadway. Catherine stages dances for the large-scale “American Jubilee” pageant at the World’s Fair in New York in 1940. Her innovative bicycle ballet in the pageant is a tremendous hit. Al Jolson hires her for his comeback show on Broadway, Hold On to Your Hats. She is then enlisted to choreograph ice-skating routines for New York’s Center Theatre, which has been converted into an ice theater by Chicago entrepreneur Arthur Wirtz and his business partner, Olympic skating champion Sonja Henie. Wirtz soon installs Catherine as choreographer for Henie’s touring Hollywood Ice Revues as well. She takes her Littlefield Ballet on an eight-week national tour. She and Philip officially separate, although they remain friends and business associates. She and her Littlefield Ballet return to Chicago for the 1941 opera season. The company disbands after Pearl Harbor is bombed and many of Catherine’s male dancers, including Carl, enlist in the military.
Dynamic Analysis of Intellectual Property
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter proposes a dynamic approach to IP analysis that assesses the effects of changes in the strength of IP rights by anticipating firms’ ability to adopt alternative non-IP mechanisms for capturing returns on innovation. Some of the most powerful non-IP alternatives are the economies of scale, financing capacities, and accumulated goodwill that are inherent to older, larger, and more integrated entities. By contrast, these non-IP alternatives are generally unavailable to younger, smaller, and less integrated entities. These entity-specific differences in adopting non-IP alternatives imply that changes in the strength of IP rights can have significantly different effects on different entity types as a function of age, size, and level of integration. Critically, weak- or zero-IP regimes can advantage large incumbents by compelling exit or deterring entry by smaller and less integrated firms that cannot sufficiently monetize R&D investments in the absence of reasonably secure IP protections.
Organizational Effects of Intellectual Property (Macro Level)
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes how the level of IP protection impacts firms’ choices in organizing the innovation and commercialization process, which in turn influences the structure of the innovation market as a whole. Weak-IP regimes induce firms to adopt “hierarchical” structures that mitigate expropriation risk by locating innovation and commercialization activities within substantially integrated supply chains. Strong-IP regimes restore organizational choice and enable innovators to adopt “entrepreneurial” structures that rely on contractual relationships among firms that specialize in particular innovation or commercialization functions. If hierarchical structures cannot sufficiently mitigate expropriation risk, then innovation markets will adopt “bureaucratic” structures that rely on tax-based or philanthropic funding. Even when markets adapt to weak-IP regimes by adopting hierarchical structures, or hybrid hierarchical and semi-bureaucratic structures, that support robust R&D investment, efficiency losses will arise to the extent that entry by entrepreneurial innovators is suppressed and the selected mix of innovation projects is distorted.
Constructing an Objective History of the U.S. Patent System
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a history of the U.S. patent system based on quantitative and qualitative evidence relating to patentees’ expectations that courts will uphold the validity of contested patents, find infringement, and award injunctive relief against infringing parties. Additionally, this chapter describes historical changes in antitrust law that have impacted patentees’ ability to enter into licensing and other patent-dependent transactions. Based on these features of patent law and antitrust-related patent law, supplemented by background institutional developments, the history of the U.S. patent system during 1890–2006 consists of three periods: (i) a strong-patent, weak-antitrust period from 1890 through the mid-1930s; (ii) a weak-patent, strong-antitrust period from the late 1930s through the 1970s; and (iii) a strong-patent, weak-antitrust period from the early 1980s through 2006. Historical trends in the volume of patent applications by U.S. inventors are consistent with this division of U.S. patent history.
Why Incumbents (Usually) Prefer Weak Intellectual-Property Rights
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter challenges the conventional assumption that incumbents in technology markets lobby for strong IP rights to erect entry barriers and capture market rents. In the railroad industry in the late nineteenth century, in the software industry in the 1960s and 1970s, and in patent-reform debates since the mid-2000s, large vertically and horizontally (systems-level) integrated firms outside the pharmaceutical industry have generally advocated for weaker patents or resisted the extension of IP protection to new technologies. By contrast, smaller R&D-intensive entities and venture-capital firms have generally expressed the opposite position. A comprehensive study of all amicus briefs filed in Supreme Court patent-related litigation during 2006–2016 confirms this entity-specific divergence in IP-policy preferences. Historical and contemporary evidence supports the hypothesis that in a significant number of industries, weak patents protect incumbents by impeding entry by smaller innovators that lack comparable non-IP complementary capacities by which to capture returns on innovation.
Conservative News and Movement Infrastructure
Authors: DiBranco Alex 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes US conservative media as it expanded into new forms in the 1970s. While a first generation of conservative media activists invested in more or less traditional media enterprises (e.g. magazines, newsletters, radio programming), by the 1970s movement activists associated with the New Right were investing in think tanks and foundations—not only diversifying the conservative movement infrastructure but also complicating the variegated means of sourcing and circulating conservative news and commentary. The chapter shows how the movement’s turn toward nonprofit organizational structures in the 1970s enabled its institutional proliferation. The result was a dizzying array of funders, organizations, publications, and activists whose efforts continue to wield outsized influence over both the conservative movement and the news cultures that surround it.
Cultivating Distrust of the Mainstream Media
Authors: Lane Julie B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of the “the Establishment” as a rhetorical figure appropriated by National Review writers, who successfully used it to construct a unifying, besieged mentality that opened space for the nascent conservative media countersphere. William F. Buckley and other National Review writers placed a critique of media bias within a broader narrative of a smug and elite “liberal Establishment” that operated across many institutions as a gatekeeper of acceptable opinions. The chapter documents that National Review writers made a case of liberal bias in media that was not solely tied to a critique of professional objectivity. Critics writing in the magazine saw purportedly objective professional coverage as tainted with the same bias as liberal journals of opinion that demanded conformity to liberal views.