bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polynomial-Based Robust Adaptive Impedance Control of Electrically Driven Robots
Authors: Izadbakhsh Alireza , Khorashadizadeh Saeed 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYThis paper presents a robust adaptive impedance controller for electrically driven robots using polynomials of degree N as a universal approximator. According to the universal approximation theorem, polynomials of degree N can approximate uncertainties including un-modeled dynamics and external disturbances. This fact is completely discussed and proved in this paper. The polynomial coefficients are estimated based on the adaptive law calculated in the stability analysis. A performance evaluation has been carried out to verify satisfactory performance of the controller. Simulation results on a two degree of freedom manipulator have been presented to guarantee its successful implementation.
Counterterrorism in American Civil Courts: The Role ofLetelier v. Republic of Chile
Authors: McPherson Alan 
Published: November 2020

The very rarity of these situations makes the legislation all the more important.Samuel Buffone, lawyer for Isabel LetelierOn September 21, 1976, former Chilean Ambassador and Minister Orlando Letelier drove to his job in Washington, DC, in his Chevelle, accompanied by his coworkers, Ronni Moffitt and Michael Moffitt. As the Chevelle veered off Massachusetts Avenue into Sheridan Circle, the bottom of the car exploded upward, blowing off Letelier's legs and killing him within minutes. A short time after that, at George Washington Hospital, Ronni Moffitt died from a severed carotid artery. Michael Moffitt, sitting in the back, survived with minor injuries. Most observers of the brutal dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, which had overthrown Marxist President Salvador Allende in 1973 and jailed and then exiled Letelier, Allende's defense minister, pinned the crime on the Chilean despot, and the Departments of Justice and State came to the same conclusion within a few years. The assassination remains to this day the only instance of state-sponsored terrorism in Washington. In the 1970s and 1980s, it spawned several criminal lawsuits in the United States and Chile, the most important of which was not settled until 1995, and remnants of which continue to this day. In Chile, the case also inspired a wave of legal activism against impunity for human rights violations.
COVID-19: A Rural US Emergency Department Perspective
Authors: Underwood Angelika 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeveral aspects led to the poor control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the US from a rural emergency department (ED) perspective. These include US residents’ attitude towards political involvement in health and civil rights; lack of enough testing kits and rapid test results, or not available at all; and personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages. These obstacles related to medical supplies and resources, and lack of coordinated approach to the pandemic in the US, are important information for retrospective disaster research to understand study limitations, extrapolate accurate and valid data, and for other countries to understand how and why the US had higher numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths compared to other countries.
Matching the Mismatch: The interaction between perceptual and conceptual cues in bilinguals’ speech perception
Authors: Wig Noelle , García-Sierra Adrián 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSpeech perception involves both conceptual cues and perceptual cues. These, individually, have been shown to guide bilinguals’ speech perception; but their potential interaction has been ignored. Explicitly, bilinguals have been given perceptual cues that could be predicted by the conceptual cues. Therefore, to target the perceptual-conceptual interaction, we created a restricted range of perceptual cues that either matched, or mismatched, bilinguals’ conceptual predictions based on the language context. Specifically, we designed an active speech perception task that concurrently collected electrophysiological data from Spanish–English bilinguals and English monolinguals to address the extent to which this cue interaction uniquely affects bilinguals’ speech sound perception and allocation of attentional resources. Bilinguals’ larger MMN-N2b in the mismatched context aligns with the Predictive Coding Hypothesis to suggest that bilinguals use their diverse perceptual routines to best allocate cognitive resources to perceive speech.
Understanding genetic diversity, population structure and development of a core collection of Indian accessions of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai)
Authors: Pal Saheb , Revadi Muttanna , Thontadarya RN , Reddy DC Lakshmana , Varalakshmi B. , Pandey Chithra Devi , Rao Eguru Sreenivasa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMost of the modern-day improved watermelon varieties succumb to various biotic and abiotic stresses mainly because of their narrow genetic base. Insights into the genetic diversity and population structure are crucial for broadening the genetic base and improving the adaptive value. The present experiment was conducted to study the genetic diversity and population structure of a germplasm panel comprising 336Citrullussp. accessions. Another objective was to formulate a core collection of IndianCitrullussp. accessions. Data from 23 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for genetic diversity and population structure analysis while both molecular and phenotypic data from 17 traits were used to formulate the core set. The markers yielded a total of 69 alleles with an average of three alleles per locus. Initially, the accessions clustered into two populations and an admixture group. Intra-population analysis revealed three and two statistically distinct subpopulations in Pop I and Pop II, respectively. The exotic collections were predominant in Pop I-A, Pop II-A and Pop II-B while the Indian accessions were preponderant in Pop I-B and Pop I-C. Pop I-B recorded the maximum magnitude of gene diversity and the highest number of alleles. The well-adapted Indian landraces could be deployed in future watermelon improvement programmes. The formulated core collection (n= 46; 23.71% of the entire collection studied) would ease in maintenance of the diversity present among indigenousCitrullussp. accessions; would ease trait search while exploring Indian diversity and can be pooled with other collection(s) to form a global core of watermelon.
‘We the heads of state …’: Pitfalls of global constitutional practice
Authors: KUNTZ FRIEDERIKE 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConstitutions are social and historical artefacts that take part in the government of humans. Based on a comparison of how contemporary ‘global’ and historical ‘local’ constitutional documents establish power relations between ‘humans’ and their ‘government’, this article suggests that both types of documents involve different constitutive logics. Global constitutional documents create a ‘new normativity’ – a reversed constitution – that turns the historical relationship betweenpouvoir constituantandpouvoir constituéon its head. Such documents shift the primary responsibility for human rights from governments to humans. Research in the academic field of global constitutionalism omits this constitutional reconfiguration. By offering a more historically sensitive and reflexive account of constitutionalization, the field of global constitutionalism can realize an as yet unexplored critical potential.
Integrating fall-planted cereal cover crops and preplant herbicides for glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) management in soybean
Authors: Schramski John A. , Sprague Christy L. , Renner Karen A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlyphosate-resistant horseweed is difficult to manage in no-tillage crop production fields and new strategies are needed. Cover crops may provide an additional management tool but narrow establishment windows and colder growing conditions in northern climates may limit the cover crop biomass required to suppress horseweed. Field experiments were conducted in 3 site-years in Michigan to investigate the effects of two fall-planted cover crops, cereal rye and winter wheat, seeded at 67 or 135 kg ha−1, to suppress horseweed when integrated with three preplant herbicide strategies in no-tillage soybean. The preplant strategies were control (glyphosate only), preplant herbicide without residuals (glyphosate + 2,4-D), and preplant herbicide with residuals (glyphosate + 2,4-D + flumioxazin + metribuzin). Cereal rye produced 79% more biomass and provided 12% more ground cover than winter wheat in 2 site-years. Increasing seeding rate provided 41% more cover biomass in 1 site-year. Cover crops reduced horseweed density 47% to 96% and horseweed biomass by 59% to 70% compared with no cover at the time of cover crop termination. Cover crops provided no additional horseweed suppression 5 wk after soybean planting if a preplant herbicide with or without residuals was applied, but reduced horseweed biomass greater than 33% in the absence of preplant herbicides. Cover crops did not affect horseweed suppression at the time of soybean harvest or influence soybean yield. Preplant herbicide with residuals and without residuals provided at least 52% and 20% greater soybean yield compared with the control at 2 site-years, respectively. Cereal rye and winter wheat provided early-season horseweed suppression at biomass levels below 1,500 kg ha−1, lower than previously reported. This could give growers in northern climates an effective strategy for suppressing horseweed through the time of POST herbicide application while reducing selection pressure for horseweed that is resistant to more herbicide sites of action.
Palmer amaranth control, fecundity, and seed viability from soybean herbicides applied at first female inflorescence
Authors: Scruggs Eric B. , VanGessel Mark J. , Holshouser David L. , Flessner Michael L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPalmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers because of its aggressive growth, adaptability, prolific seed production, and widespread resistance to many herbicides. Studies were initiated to determine the effects of herbicide application at first female inflorescence on Palmer amaranth control, biomass, seed production, cumulative germination, and seed viability. Enlist (2,4-D–resistant) soybean and Xtend (dicamba-resistant) soybean were planted and various combinations of either 2,4-D or dicamba with and without glufosinate and/or glyphosate were applied at first visible female Palmer amaranth inflorescence. Mixtures of 2,4-D + glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control at 4 wk after treatment in Enlist soybean. Similarly, in Xtend soybean, combinations of dicamba + glufosinate and dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control. The greatest reductions in biomass were from combinations of auxin herbicides (2,4-D or dicamba) plus glufosinate with and without glyphosate. Seed production was reduced most by treatments containing at least one effective site of action: an auxin herbicide (2,4-D or dicamba) or glufosinate. In contrast to previous research, cumulative germination and seed viability were not affected by herbicide treatments. This research indicates the efficacy of auxin herbicides or glufosinate alone and in combination to reduce the seed production of Palmer amaranth when applied at first female inflorescence. More research is needed to evaluate the full potential for applications of these herbicides at flower initiation to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance.
Convective and Tectonic Plate Velocities in a Mixed Heating Mantle
Authors: Lenardic A. , Seales J. , Moore W. , Weller M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMantle convection and, by association, plate tectonics is driven by the transport of heat from a planetary interior. This heat comes from the internal energy of the mantle and from heat flowing into the base of the mantle from the core. Past investigations of such mixed mode heating have revealed unusual behavior that confounds our intuition based on end‐member cases. In particular, increased internal heating leads to a decrease in convective velocity. We investigate this behavior using a suite of numerical experiments and develop a scaling for velocity in the mixed heating case. We identify a planform transition, as internal heating increases, from sheet‐like to plume‐like downwellings that impacts heat flux and convective velocities. More significantly, we demonstrate that increased internal heating leads not only to a decrease in internal velocities but also a decrease in the velocity of the upper thermal boundary layer (a model analog of the Earth's lithosphere). This behavior is connected to boundary layer interactions and is independent of any particular rheological assumptions. In cases with a temperature‐dependent viscosity and weak plate margin analogs, increased internal heating does not cause an absolute decrease in surface velocity but does cause a decrease relative to purely bottom or internally heated cases as well as a transition to rigid‐lid behavior at high heating rates. The differences between a mixed system and end‐member cases have implications for understanding the connection between plate tectonics and mantle convection and for planetary thermal history modeling.
Shear Wave Splitting Evidence for Keel‐Deflected Mantle Flow at the Northern Margin of the Ordos Block and Its Implications for the Ongoing Modification of Craton Lithosphere
Authors: Li Shilin , Guo Zhen , Chen Yongshun John , Yu Yong , Morgan Jason P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe use 123 temporary seismic stations to determine shear wave splitting patterns beneath the northern Ordos block and its surrounding areas. The mapped pattern of anisotropy shows a dramatic arc‐shaped anisotropy contrast beneath the northeastern Ordos block that closely follows the lateral fast/slow‐velocity interface seen in a recent surface tomographic model at ~140 km depth. Both seismic anisotropy and velocity appear to demarcate the current boundary of cratonic lithosphere in the upper mantle at this depth, located >150 km south of the geological surface boundary of cratonic crust. We suggest that the craton's keel in the northeastern corner of Ordos block has already been eroded and replaced by warmer asthenospheric mantle, while the cratonic crust above this “missing” keel has yet to be destroyed by deformation and/or crustal metamorphism, thus creating the keel divot at the northeastern corner of the Ordos block. The fast polarization direction of anisotropy tends to wrap around the northeastern margin of the Ordos block, changing from predominantly NW‐SE beneath the western part of the margin to nearly E‐W beneath the east. We suggest this pattern reflects that plate motion‐related asthenosphere flow is being deflected by the cratonic keel of the Ordos block. Such keel‐deflected asthenospheric flow could enhance the erosion of the craton's keel, leading to the observed lithospheric reworking beneath this region.
Geomagnetic Pulsations Driving Geomagnetically Induced Currents
Authors: Heyns M. J. , Lotz S. I. , Gaunt C. T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are driven by the geoelectric field induced by fluctuations of Earth's magnetic field. Drivers of intense GICs are often associated with large impulsive events such as coronal mass ejections. To a lesser extent fluctuations from regular oscillations of the geomagnetic field, or geomagnetic pulsations, have also been identified as possible drivers of GICs. In this work we show that these low‐frequency pulsations are directly observed in measured GIC data from power networks. Due to the low‐pass nature of GICs, Pc5 and lower‐frequency pulsations drive significant GICs for an extended duration even at midlatitudes. Longer‐period Ps6‐type disturbances apparently not typical of midlatitudes are seen with GIC amplitudes comparable to the peak GIC at storm sudden commencement. The quasi‐ac (alternating current) nature of the sustained pulsation driving affects the power system response and cannot be properly modeled using only direct current (dc) models. A further consideration is that the often used dB/dt GIC proxy is biased to the sampling rate of the geomagnetic field measurements used. The dB/dt metric does not adequately characterize GIC activity at frequencies in the low ultralow‐frequency (ULF) range, and a frequency‐weighted proxy akin to geoelectric field should be used instead.
Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p promotes chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer by targeting GREM2 through the TGF-β signaling pathway
Authors: Shan Guang , Gu Juan , Zhou Daoping , Li Lingxun , Cheng Wei , Wang Yueping , Tang Tian , Wang Xuedong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTherapeutic failure in prostate cancer (PC) is believed to result from its unusually invasive and metastatic nature. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential in the tumor microenvironment. We intended to study the role of CAF-derived exosomes in the context of PC and the potential regulatory mechanism associated with miR-423-5p and GREM2. CAF-derived exosomes decreased the chemosensitivity of parental PC cells and enhanced the drug resistance of drug-resistant cells. PC-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes carrying miR-423-5p increased the resistance of PC to taxane by inhibiting GREM2 through the TGF-β pathway. Inhibition of the TGF-β pathway partially reversed the increased drug resistance in PC cells induced by CAF-derived exosomes. Inhibition of miR-423-5p enhanced the drug sensitivity of PC cells in vivo. We showed that CAF-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p promoted chemotherapy resistance in PC by targeting GREM2 through the TGF-β pathway. This study may allow the development of novel approaches for PC.
Adaptive laboratory evolution of native methanol assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Espinosa Monica I. , Gonzalez-Garcia Ricardo A. , Valgepea Kaspar , Plan Manuel R. , Scott Colin , Pretorius Isak S. , Marcellin Esteban , Paulsen Ian T. , Williams Thomas C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUtilising one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, methane, and methanol is vital to address the current climate crisis. Methylotrophic metabolism enables growth and energy generation from methanol, providing an alternative to sugar fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial microorganism for which growth on one-carbon substrates would be relevant. However, its ability to metabolize methanol has been poorly characterised. Here, using adaptive laboratory evolution and 13C-tracer analysis, we discover that S. cerevisiae has a native capacity for methylotrophy. A systems biology approach reveals that global rearrangements in central carbon metabolism fluxes, gene expression changes, and a truncation of the uncharacterized transcriptional regulator Ygr067cp supports improved methylotrophy in laboratory evolved S. cerevisiae. This research paves the way for further biotechnological development and fundamental understanding of methylotrophy in the preeminent eukaryotic model organism and industrial workhorse, S. cerevisiae.
Slow motions in A·T rich DNA sequence
Authors: Ben Imeddourene A. , Zargarian L. , Buckle M. , Hartmann B. , Mauffret O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn free B-DNA, slow (microsecond-to-millisecond) motions that involve equilibrium between Watson–Crick (WC) and Hoogsteen (HG) base-pairing expand the DNA dynamic repertoire that could mediate DNA–protein assemblies. R1ρ relaxation dispersion NMR methods are powerful tools to capture such slow conformational exchanges in solution using 13C/15 N labelled DNA. Here, these approaches were applied to a dodecamer containing a TTAAA element that was assumed to facilitate nucleosome formation. NMR data and inferred exchange parameters assign HG base pairs as the minor, transient conformers specifically observed in three successive A·T base pairs forming the TAA·TTA segment. The abundance of these HG A·T base pairs can be up to 1.2% which is high compared to what has previously been observed. Data analyses support a scenario in which the three adenines undergo non-simultaneous motions despite their spatial proximity, thus optimising the probability of having one HG base pair in the TAA·TTA segment. Finally, revisiting previous NMR data on H2 resonance linewidths on the basis of our results promotes the idea of there being a special propensity of A·T base pairs in TAA·TTA tracts to adopt HG pairing. In summary, this study provides an example of a DNA functional element submitted to slow conformational exchange. More generally, it strengthens the importance of the role of the DNA sequence in modulating its dynamics, over a nano- to milli-second time scale.
Constipation and sleep behaviour disorder associate with processing speed and attention in males with Parkinson’s disease over five years follow-up
Authors: Kong Wee Lee , Huang Yue , Qian Elizabeth , Morris Margaret J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConstipation and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) are the earliest non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Among non-motor symptoms of PD, it is unclear whether constipation and RBD at early stages of PD are related to cognitive outcomes at later stages. Herein, this study aims to investigate whether the presence of constipation and RBD have an impact on future cognitive outcomes in PD.
Access to Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database of 360 PD patients with longitudinal observation was requested. Constipation, probable RBD (pRBD) and neuropsychological task scores of PD patients were assessed at baseline and after 5 years. Linear mixed-effects modelling, controlling for gender, age, years of education and LEDD was used to evaluate the association between baseline constipation, pRBD and cognitive performance on follow-up. Gender differences in neuropsychological test performances were found, with men having worse global cognition, speed-attention processing, verbal learning and memory than women at early stages of the disease. We found constipation and pRBD are strongly associated with future decline in some cognitive measures among PD patients, more prominently in men. Our data suggest that early assessment of pRBD and constipation may allow better understanding of the progression of cognitive changes in later phases of PD.