bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does a universal non‐contributory social pension make sense for rural China?
Authors: Shen Ce , Johnson Jessica , Chi Zhenhe , Williamson John B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChina’s pension reform during the past three decades has allowed a majority of China’s population to be covered by a pension scheme. Of particular note has been the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), a voluntary programme introduced starting in 2009. One goal of our analysis is to assess that pension scheme, using a variety of sources of information including data drawn from recent (2013 and 2015) nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Surveys (CHARLS). Our analysis involves an exploration of differences between the generosity and structure of the NRPS and other pension schemes currently in place. We also explore the feasibility of reforming the current “quasi‐social pension” component of the NRPS by substituting a universal non‐contributory social pension pillar. In connection with our assessment of the NRPS, we note the unusually low benefit levels for rural China.
The performance of the income protection system for older adults in Ecuador and future challenges
Authors: Apella Ignacio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe objective of this article is to analyse the performance of Ecuador’s pension system and the challenges it will face in the future. Over the last 13 years, the pension system has made significant advances in terms of coverage and adequacy. However, demographic ageing is straining the financial sustainability of the contributory scheme. In this context, a number of public policy areas are identified, in terms of parameters and structures, which, together with the expansion of non‐contributory coverage, could provide a more equitable and sustainable scheme.
Agronomic performance and water‐use efficiency of F3 soybean populations grown under contrasting base saturation
Authors: Patinni Isabela Ramsdorf Gomes , de Andrade Cristiane Alves , Campos Cid Naudi Silva , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Andrade Sinomar Moreira , Roque Cassiano Garcia , da Silva Junior Carlos Antônio , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMost of the Brazilian soils, especially in Cerrado biome, have high acidity and toxic aluminium, making the application of limestone an indispensable technique to obtain high yield in soybean crop. The hypothesis of this study was that contrasting base saturation provides changes in water‐use efficiency (WUE) and agronomic traits of soybean populations. Thus, we evaluated the WUE and agronomic performance of F3 soybean populations under different base saturation levels. Each experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates and 10 F3 populations (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10) for two crop seasons. Segregating populations were obtained by bulk method. In the first experiment, F3 populations were evaluated without correction of base saturation (V = 30%), while in the second experiment, limestone was applied three months before sowing to increase base saturation to 60%. The traits evaluated were as follows: calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, water‐use efficiency (WUE), plant height, first pod height, main stem diameter and grain yield. Our findings indicate that WUE and agronomic performance of F3 soybean populations depends on the saturation condition. We identified the P4 and P9 populations as the most promising for use in breeding programmes aiming at higher tolerance to abiotic stress caused by low base saturation in soil.
Presidential Address: Social Transmission Bias in Economics and Finance
Authors: HIRSHLEIFER DAVID 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTI discuss a new intellectual paradigm, social economics and finance—the study of the social processes that shape economic thinking and behavior. This emerging field recognizes that people observe and talk to each other. A key, underexploited building block of social economics and finance is social transmission bias: systematic directional shift in signals or ideas induced by social transactions. I use five “fables” (models) to illustrate the novelty and scope of the transmission bias approach, and offer several emergent themes. For example, social transmission bias compounds recursively, which can help explain booms, bubbles, return anomalies, and swings in economic sentiment.
Nonlinear friction dynamics in the cognitive process of food textures: Thickness of polysaccharide solution
Authors: Okawara Hina , Shinomiya Koki , Fujita Minoru , Koda Tomonori , Nishioka Akihiro , Nonomura Yoshimune 
Published: May 2020

Abstract“Thickness” is one of the descriptors of texture in liquid and semisolid foods. In this study, friction in thickener aqueous solutions was evaluated, using a biomimetic friction evaluation system, to show the correlation between friction data and sensory thickness and the recognition mechanism of this sensation during the process of eating. This system can measure friction forces under sinusoidal movement on fractal agar gel, which mimics the morphology and physical properties of the tongue. We found that an increase in the viscosity of the thickener aqueous solution was responsible for both the sensory score of thickness and the asymmetric profile of the friction coefficient in a reciprocating motion. In the case of low viscosity liquids such as water, many of the subjects did not feel thickness, and the friction profile “stable pattern I,” that is, a static friction coefficient larger than kinetic friction and a similar profile in the outward and inward processes were observed. However, in the case of solutions containing 3 or 5 wt% of food thickener, the friction profile “unstable pattern I,” that is, different friction behaviors in the outward and inward processes, was observed, and many of the subjects experienced strong thickness. In addition, the static friction coefficient at the first cycle was small, and the changes of friction coefficient by the reciprocating motion being repeated was large. These friction phenomena can occur in the mouth and are expected to induce sensory thickness.
Semitractability of optimal stopping problems via a weighted stochastic mesh algorithm
Authors: Belomestny Denis , Kaledin Maxim , Schoenmakers John 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a Weighted Stochastic Mesh (WSM) algorithm for approximating the value of discrete‐ and continuous‐time optimal stopping problems. In this context, we consider tractability of such problems via a useful notion of semitractability and the introduction of a tractability index for a particular numerical solution algorithm. It is shown that in the discrete‐time case the WSM algorithm leads to semitractability of the corresponding optimal stopping problem in the sense that its complexity is bounded in order by with being the dimension of the underlying Markov chain. Furthermore, we study the WSM approach in the context of continuous‐time optimal stopping problems and derive the corresponding complexity bounds. Although we cannot prove semitractability in this case, our bounds turn out to be the tightest ones among the complexity bounds known in the literature. We illustrate our theoretical findings by a numerical example.
Effects of photobiomodulation with low‐level laser therapy in burning mouth syndrome: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: de Pedro Miguel , López‐Pintor Rosa María , Casañas Elisabeth , Hernández Gonzalo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPhotobiomodulation (PBM) has proven to be effective in different painful conditions.ObjectivesTo assess the effect of photobiomodulation for pain management in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients, besides analysing the impact on different aspects of quality of life.MethodsA randomized, single‐blind, clinical trial was performed among 20 patients with BMS. Photobiomodulation was applied in the study group (n = 10) with a dose of 12 J/cm2 during 10 sessions, comparing with a placebo group (n = 10) with the laser turned off. Pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) before starting each treatment session, and at the 1‐month and 4‐month follow‐up appointments. Some validated questionnaires for general health were also complete: SF‐36, OHIP‐14, Epworth, SCL 90‐R and McGill.ResultsAll patients (n = 10) in the study group improved their pain ending treatment and remaining among 90% (n = 9) in the 4‐month follow‐up. Significant improvement was found in the study group in some sections of McGill questionnaire, Epworth scale, and SCL 90‐R at the end of the treatment and in the 1‐month and 4‐month follow‐ups.ConclusionsPhotobiomodulation seems to be effective in reducing pain in patients with BMS, as well as, having a positive impact on the psychological state of these patients.
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias during the intrauterine, neonatal, and infant period: A 10‐year population‐based study
Authors: Bjeloševič Marko , Illíková Viera , Tomko Jaroslav , Olejník Peter , Chalupka Michal , Hatala Robert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the incidence, type, and management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) during the first year of life in a retrospective, population‐based, single‐center study during a 10‐year period.MethodsThe analyzed patient cohort is based on data from the only specialized center managing all cases of neonatal and infant SVTs between 2009 and 2018 in the Slovak Republic (5.5 million population). A total of 116 consecutive patients <366 days old were included in the study.ResultsCalculated SVT incidence ratio was 1:4500 in the first year of life. AV reentry tachycardia was the leading arrhythmia (49%). SVT in this specific population was frequently a transient problem with spontaneous resolution in 87% of patients during a median 3‐year follow up. Congenital heart disease was common (16%). Intrauterine treatment by drugs administered to mother was safe and effective in preventing unnecessary cesarean deliveries. In arrhythmia termination, amiodarone and propafenone were equally safe and effective, with possible more favorable pharmacodynamics of the former. For prophylactic treatment, sotalol and propafenone were equally safe and effective and became the preferred basis of long‐term drug therapy in our center. However, this therapy requires intensive monitoring during its initiation.ConclusionThe prognosis of SVT in the first year of life is good: with optimized pharmacological treatment, the need for early catheter ablation and mortality rate are low (<1%) and there is a high rate of spontaneous arrhythmia resolution. Heart failure is a possible predictor of arrhythmia persistence with need for ablation in later life.
Sheathing the blade: Significant contribution of sheaths to daytime and nighttime gas exchange in a grass crop
Authors: Sadok Walid , Lopez Jose R. , Zhang Yangyang , Tamang Bishal G. , Muehlbauer Gary J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite representing a sizeable fraction of the canopy, very little is known about leaf sheath gas exchange in grasses. Specifically, estimates of sheath stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis along with their responses to light, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) are unknown. Furthermore, the anatomical basis of these responses is poorly documented. Here, using barley as a model system, and combining leaf‐level gas exchange, whole‐plant gravimetric measurements, transpiration inhibitors, anatomical observations, and biophysical modelling, we found that sheath and blade stomatal conductance and transpiration were similar, especially at low light, in addition to being genotypically variable. Thanks to high abaxial stomata densities and surface areas nearly half those of the blades, sheaths accounted for up to 17% of the daily whole‐plant water use, which ‐surprisingly‐ increased to 45% during the nighttime. Sheath photosynthesis was on average 17–25% that of the blade and was associated with lower water use efficiency. Finally, sheaths responded differently to the environment, exhibiting a lack of response to CO2 but a strong sensitivity to VPD. Overall, these results suggest a key involvement of sheaths in feedback loops between canopy architecture and gas exchange with potentially significant implications on adaptation to current and future climates in grasses.
B‐cell profile, B‐cell activating factor concentration and IgG levels in human cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis
Authors: Parodi Cecilia , Barrio Alejandra , García Bustos María F. , González Prieto Ana G. , Pimentel Julia , Badano Noel , Albareda María C. , Castro Eiro Melisa E. , Laucella Susana A. , de Elizalde de Bracco María M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of B cells in human tegumentary leismaniasis (TL) analysing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), most prevalent form and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), aggressive form characterized by the destruction of the oral‐nasal‐pharyngeal cavities.Methods and resultsBy flow cytometry analysis, we found decreased percentages of non–class‐switched memory B cells in TL with the degree of the loss related to clinical severity. Using commercial ELISA, we reported high levels of B‐cell activating factor (BAFF) and IgG preferentially in aggressive CL and markedly in ML together with decreased BAFF receptors in the latter. We also found lower levels of BAFF after clinical recovery suggesting a relation between BAFF and disease activity.Mucosal leishmaniasis history of therapeutic failure presented high levels of BAFF accompanied by detectable concentrations of IFN‐γ and IL‐6 (assayed by commercial ELISA and cytometric bead arrays respectively), cytokines involved in exaggerated inflammatory responses and tissue damage in TL.ConclusionWe demonstrate B‐cell disturbances in TL with the degree of the alterations related to clinical severity. We suggest a relation between excess of BAFF and disease activity and point towards a possible implication of BAFF in the inflammatory phenomenon of ML.
The problem of order: Understanding how culture predicts social action
Authors: Rogers Kimberly B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHow is social order possible? Scholars in a variety of sociological subfields have sought to address this question, known as the problem of order, building theories and evidence that have tended to center either structural forces or human agency. I explain how this dichotomy has shaped the direction and extent of our scholarly progress, focusing on debates and developments in sociological social psychology and cultural sociology, and consider how theoretical and empirical developments in these fields enable us to revisit the problem of order in pursuit of new questions and answers. The great promise of this work is in its ability to identify the micro–macro linkages that enable personal agency and social change, while also explaining why the social order is so durable and how we arrive at and enact a shared definition of the situation as often as we do given individual differences and self‐complexity.
Structuring Memory Through Inference‐Based Event Segmentation
Authors: Shin Yeon Soon , DuBrow Sarah 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough the stream of information we encounter is continuous, our experiences tend to be discretized into meaningful clusters, altering how we represent our past. Event segmentation theory proposes that clustering ongoing experience in this way is adaptive in that it promotes efficient online processing as well as later reconstruction of relevant information. A growing literature supports this theory by demonstrating its important behavioral consequences. Yet the exact mechanisms of segmentation remain elusive. Here, we provide a brief overview of how event segmentation influences ongoing processing, subsequent memory retrieval, and decision making as well as some proposed underlying mechanisms. We then explore how beliefs, or inferences, about what generates our experience may be the foundation of event cognition. In this inference‐based framework, experiences are grouped together according to what is inferred to have generated them. Segmentation then occurs when the inference changes, creating an event boundary. This offers an alternative to dominant theories of event segmentation, allowing boundaries to occur independent of perceptual change and even when transitions are predictable. We describe how this framework can reconcile seemingly contradictory empirical findings (e.g., memory can be biased toward both extreme episodes and the average of episodes). Finally, we discuss open questions regarding how time is incorporated into the inference process.
Prospective observational study of dogs with splenic mass rupture suggests potentially lower risk of malignancy and more favourable perioperative outcomes
Authors: Stewart Samuel D. , Ehrhart E. J. , Davies Rebecca , Khanna Chand 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHaemoperitoneum secondary to ruptured splenic tumours can be either benign or malignant in origin. The majority of previous studies of canine haemoperitoneum have been retrospective, which are associated with well‐recognized biases, such as the potential to underappreciate the diversity of outcomes in a complex presentation such as haemoperitoneum. This study seeks to prospectively define perioperative morbidity and mortality of haemoperitoneum in dogs secondary to ruptured splenic masses. Forty dogs with haemoperitoneum secondary to a ruptured splenic mass met the inclusion criteria. As expected, the cohort predominately consisted of older large breed dogs. All dogs underwent preoperative staging and had a splenectomy performed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on the splenic mass, as well as any possible metastatic lesions that were noted intra‐operatively. Perioperative care outside of splenectomy was delivered in specialty practices using current conventional approaches to care (eg, transfusions and anti‐arrhythmic medications). Fifteen dogs (37.5%) had benign splenic tumours and were cured with surgery alone, whereas 62.5% had malignant disease (most often haemangiosarcoma [HSA]). Surgical outcomes were highly favourable in the vast majority of dogs. Indeed, 38 dogs (95%) survived and were discharged after a median hospitalization of 39.5 hours. Independent predictors of longer hospitalization times included receiving a transfusion and the development of an arrhythmia. Although small, this cohort defines distinctive and optimistic perspectives for dogs with haemoperitoneum from splenic tumour rupture. These favourable outcomes from this prospective study are sufficient to ask if larger prospective studies should be conducted to better inform owners during this challenging cancer emergency presentation.
Prevalence of red‐blood‐cell and non‐red‐blood‐cell‐targeted autoantibodies in alloimmunized postpartum women
Authors: Schonewille Henk , van de Watering Leo M. G. , Oepkes Dick , Lopriore Enrico , Cobbaert Christa M. , Brand Anneke 
Published: May 2020

Background and ObjectivesAlloantibodies against red‐blood‐cell (RBC) antigens often coincide with alloantibodies against leucocytes and platelets and sometimes with autoantibodies towards various antigens. Chimerism may be one of the factors responsible for the combination of allo‐ and autoantibodies. Women with alloantibodies against RBC antigens causing haemolytic disease of the fetus and neonate may need to receive intrauterine transfusions. These transfusions increase not only maternal antibody formation but also fetomaternal bleeding and may enhance fetal chimerism. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for autoantibodies against some common clinical target antigens, in alloimmunized women after IUT.Materials and MethodsWe tested for autoantibodies against RBC, anti‐thyroid peroxidase, anti‐extractable nuclear antigens, anti‐cyclic citrullinated proteins and anti‐tissue transglutaminase. Women with and without autoantibodies were compared for age; number of RBC alloantibodies, pregnancies and IUTs, and other factors that may play a role in immunization.ResultsNon‐RBC‐targeted autoantibodies were present in 40 of 258 tested women (15·5%, with 90% anti‐TPO specificity), comparable to the prevalence reported in healthy Dutch women of these ages. Surprisingly, compared with women who had a single RBC alloantibody, a significantly higher proportion of women with multiple RBC alloantibodies had autoantibodies (5·3% and 18·4%, respectively; odds ratio 4·06, 95% CI: 1·20–13·7). Other characteristics of women with and without autoantibodies were not different.ConclusionMultiple RBC alloantibodies after extensive allogeneic exposure during pregnancy and presumed increased fetomaternal chimerism are not associated with (selected) autoantibodies. Lack of allo‐RBC multi‐responsiveness seems associated with decreased auto(‐TPO) antibody formation.
The Impact of a Dairy Milk Recovery Beverage on Bacterially Stimulated Neutrophil Function and Gastrointestinal Tolerance in Response to Hypohydration Inducing Exercise Stress
Authors: Costa Ricardo J.S. , Camões-Costa Vera , Snipe Rhiannon M.J. , Dixon David , Russo Isabella , Huschtscha Zoya 
Published: May 2020

The study aimed to determine the impact of a dairy milk recovery beverage immediately after endurance exercise on leukocyte trafficking, neutrophil function, and gastrointestinal tolerance markers during recovery. Male runners (N = 11) completed two feeding trials in randomized order, after 2 hr of running at 70% , fluid restricted, in temperate conditions (25 °C, 43% relative humidity). Immediately postexercise, the participants received a chocolate-flavored dairy milk beverage equating to 1.2 g/kg body mass carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg body mass protein in one trial, and water volume equivalent in another trial. Venous blood and breath samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, and during recovery to determine the leukocyte counts, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein, and cortisol concentrations, as well as breath H2. In addition, 1,000 µl of whole blood was incubated with 1 μg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 1 hr at 37 °C to determine the stimulated plasma elastase concentration. Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding tolerance markers were measured preexercise, every 15 min during exercise, and hourly postexercise for 3 hr. The postexercise leukocyte (mean [95% confidence interval]: 12.7 [11.6, 14.0] × 109/L [main effect of time, MEOT]; p < .001) and neutrophil (10.2 [9.1, 11.5] × 109/L; p < .001) counts, as well as the plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (470 pg/ml; +120%; p = .012) and cortisol (236 nMol/L; +71%; p = .006) concentrations, were similar throughout recovery for both trials. No significant difference in breath H2 and gastrointestinal symptoms was observed between trials. The total (Trial × Time, p = .025) and per cell (Trial × Time, p = .001) bacterially stimulated neutrophil elastase release was greater for the chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage (+360% and +28%, respectively) in recovery, compared with the water trial (+85% and −38%, respectively). Chocolate-flavored dairy milk recovery beverage consumption immediately after exercise prevents the decrease in neutrophil function during the recovery period, and it does not account for substantial malabsorption or gastrointestinal symptoms over a water volume equivalent.