bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fully-automated liberalism? Blockchain technology and international cooperation in an anarchic world
Authors: Reinsberg Bernhard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA recent wave of scholarship attests that the liberal world order is under threat. Although there is disagreement about the underlying reasons for this diagnosis, there are few attempts to further our understanding of how the liberal order can be reinvigorated. This paper probes the potential of blockchain technology to promote international cooperation. Blockchain technology is a data structure that enables global governance stakeholders to establish decentralized governance systems which provide high-powered incentives for enhanced cooperation. By outlining the contours of a blockchain-based global governance system for climate policy, the paper illustrates that blockchain technology holds theoretical promise to foster cooperation in three ways: leveraging new sources of information through blockchain-based prediction markets; allaying coordinating problems through reducing the cost of transactions for side payments; and allowing states and other global governance actors to make more credible commitments given guaranteed execution of blockchain-enabled smart contracts. By empowering local knowledge holders and non-state actors that traditionally lacked the means to coordinate efforts to influence global politics, blockchain technology also promises to advance an international order based on liberal values. In actuality, however, emerging blockchain-based global governance systems will fall short of the libertarian ideal of ‘fully-automated liberalism’ as their design and operation will remain under the shadow of power.
Assessing the Impact of Different Ocean Analysis Schemes on Oceanic and Underwater Acoustic Predictions
Authors: Storto Andrea , Falchetti Silvia , Oddo Paolo , Jiang Yong‐Min , Tesei Alessandra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAssimilating oceanic observations into prediction systems is an advantageous approach for real‐time ocean environment characterization. However, its benefits to underwater acoustic predictions are not trivial due to the nonlinearity and sensitivity of underwater acoustic propagation to small‐scale oceanic features. In order to assess the potential of oceanic data assimilation, integrated ocean‐acoustic Observing System Simulation Experiments are conducted. Synthetic altimetry and in situ data were assimilated through a variational oceanographic data assimilation system. The predicted sound speed fields are then ingested in a range‐dependent acoustic model for transmission loss (TL) predictions. The predicted TLs are analyzed for the purpose of (i) evaluating the contributions of different sources to the uncertainties of oceanic and acoustic forecasts and (ii) comparing the impact of different oceanic analysis schemes on the TL prediction accuracy. Using ensemble member clustering techniques, the contributions of boundary conditions, ocean parameterizations, and geoacoustic characterization to acoustic prediction uncertainties are addressed. Subsequently, the impact of three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR), 4DVAR, and hybrid ensemble‐3DVAR data assimilation on acoustic TL prediction at two signal frequencies (75 and 2,500 Hz) and different ranges (30 and 60 km) are compared. 3DVAR significantly improves the predicted TL accuracy compared to the control run. Promisingly, 4DVAR and hybrid data assimilation further improve the TL forecasts, the hybrid scheme achieving the highest skill scores for all cases, while being the most computationally intensive scheme. The optimal scheme choice thus depends on requirements on the accuracy and computational constraints. These findings foster developments of coupled data assimilation for operational underwater acoustic propagation.
Groundwater Storage Loss Associated With Land Subsidence in Western United States Mapped Using Machine Learning
Authors: Smith R. G. , Majumdar S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLand subsidence caused by groundwater extraction has numerous negative consequences, such as loss of groundwater storage and damage to infrastructure. Understanding the magnitude, timing, and locations of land subsidence, as well as the mechanisms driving it, is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies, yet the complex, nonlinear processes causing subsidence are difficult to quantify. Physical models relating groundwater flux to aquifer compaction exist but require substantial hydrological data sets and are time consuming to calibrate. Land deformation can be measured using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS, but the former is computationally expensive to estimate at scale and is subject to tropospheric and ionospheric errors, and the latter leaves many temporal and spatial gaps. In this study, we apply for the first time a machine learning approach that quantifies the relationships of various widely available input data, including evapotranspiration, land use, and sediment thickness, with land subsidence. We apply this method over the Western United States and estimate that from 2015 to 2016, ~2.0 km3/yr of groundwater storage was lost due to groundwater pumping‐induced compaction of sediments. Subsidence is concentrated in the Central Valley of California, and the state of California accounts for 75% of total subsidence in the Western United States. Other significant areas of subsidence occur in cultivated regions of the Basin and Range province. This study demonstrates that widely available ancillary data can be used to estimate subsidence at a larger scale than has been previously possible.
Controlled hydrogenation into defective interlayer bismuth oxychloride via vacancy engineering
Authors: Cui Dandan , Xu Kang , Dong Xingan , Lv Dongdong , Dong Fan , Hao Weichang , Du Yi , Chen Jun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHydrogenation is an effective approach to improve the performance of photocatalysts within defect engineering methods. The mechanism of hydrogenation and synergetic effects between hydrogen atoms and local electronic structures, however, remain unclear due to the limits of available photocatalytic systems and technical barriers to observation and measurement. Here, we utilize oxygen vacancies as residential sites to host hydrogen atoms in a layered bismuth oxychloride material containing defects. It is confirmed theoretically and experimentally that the hydrogen atoms interact with the vacancies and surrounding atoms, which promotes the separati30on and transfer processes of photo-generated carriers via the resulting band structure. The efficiency of catalytic activity and selectivity of defective bismuth oxychloride regarding nitric oxide oxidation has been improved. This work clearly reveals the role of hydrogen atoms in defective crystalline materials and provides a promising way to design catalytic materials with controllable defect engineering.
Three-dimensional covariance-map imaging of molecular structure and dynamics on the ultrafast timescale
Authors: Lee Jason W. L. , Köckert Hansjochen , Heathcote David , Popat Divya , Chapman Richard T. , Karras Gabriel , Majchrzak Paulina , Springate Emma , Vallance Claire 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUltrafast laser pump-probe methods allow chemical reactions to be followed in real time, and have provided unprecedented insight into fundamental aspects of chemical reactivity. While evolution of the electronic structure of the system under study is evident from changes in the observed spectral signatures, information on rearrangement of the nuclear framework is generally obtained indirectly. Disentangling contributions to the signal arising from competing photochemical pathways can also be challenging. Here we introduce the new technique of three-dimensional covariance-map Coulomb explosion imaging, which has the potential to provide complete three-dimensional information on molecular structure and dynamics as they evolve in real time during a gas-phase chemical reaction. We present first proof-of-concept data from recent measurements on CF3I. Our approach allows the contributions from competing fragmentation pathways to be isolated and characterised unambiguously, and is a promising route to enabling the recording of ‘molecular movies’ for a wide variety of gas-phase chemical processes.
Evaluating Change in the Conversation of a Person With Mild Aphasia After Attentive Reading With Constrained Summarization-Written Treatment
Authors: Obermeyer Jessica A. , Leaman Marion C. , Edmonds Lisa A. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of a discourse-level treatment, Attentive Reading with Constrained Summarization–Written (ARCS-W), on conversational discourse. ARCS-W aims to improve spoken and written output by addressing the cognitive–linguistic requirements of discourse production through constrained summarization of novel material.

Method
This is an experimentally controlled case study with a single participant, Bill. Three conversation samples were collected at pretreatment, and a single conversation was collected 1 month after treatment. The participant completed 24 ARCS-W treatment sessions, and each session included reading and then summarizing a novel current event article following specific constraints (use lexically precise words, stay on topic, use complete sentences) in speaking and writing. Conversation outcomes evaluated the success of each utterance (1–4 scale), grammaticality, and the proportion of utterances with relevant content (relevant utterances). Additionally, behavioral manifestations of word-finding difficulty were evaluated in conversation.

Results
Bill improved communicative success at the utterance level based on the minimal detectable change. He also demonstrated reductions in behavioral manifestations of lexical retrieval difficulty based on decreases in the percentage of false starts (e.g., t*, t*), mazes (e.g., uh, s*, um), and abandoned utterances. Bill did not increase the proportion of relevant utterances or grammatical utterances in conversation.

Conclusions
This case study provides preliminary evidence of the potential impact of ARCS-W treatment in conversation. Additionally, the measures implemented to evaluate conversation represent a promising adaptation of a novel methodology to capture change in conversation.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12375053
Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Clinical Decision Making From a Motor-Based Perspective
Authors: Stoeckel Ruth , Caspari Susan 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
This article uses two case studies to illustrate clinical decision making using the best available evidence to approach the assessment and intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. The cases represent children seen in the authors' clinical practice, with personal information altered or omitted to protect the identity of the individuals. The case discussions exemplify choices that may be made for children of different ages, highlighting common elements across ages, as well as treatment aspects that may differ by age.

Conclusions
While research regarding best practice for assessment and treatment for childhood apraxia of speech has not been conclusive and, in fact, at times has been equivocal, there is empirical evidence from which to develop a rationale for assessment and treatment decisions. Accountability is important even as decisions are being made based on the best available evidence. In each case study, modifications in treatment depended on data that allowed the clinician to evaluate the children's response to therapy and adapt accordingly.
Effects of Project ImPACT Parent-Mediated Intervention on the Spoken Language of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Barber Angela B. , Swineford Lauren , Cook Candace , Belew Ashton 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to measure spoken language and social communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder following their participation in a 12-week parent-mediated intervention.

Method
Nineteen children with autism spectrum disorder and their primary caregivers completed the Project ImPACT intervention, which focuses on language, social engagement, imitation, and play. Expressive vocabulary and social communication were measured pre- and posttreatment.

Results
Expressive vocabulary significantly increased at the group level as measured by parent report. Expressive vocabulary for half of the sample grew by more than 25%, indicating good response to intervention. However, when a categorical approach was applied using total number of words, all but one of the participants who was minimally verbal pretreatment remained minimally verbal after treatment. Clinicians reported significant increases on all dimensions of social communication as measured by the Social Communication Checklist with the exception of imitation. Caregiver responses on the Social Communication Checklist suggested significant growth in only form of language and play functions. Greater change in spoken language between pre- and posttreatment was significantly related to higher posttreatment average scores of language form, language function, understanding, imitation, and play dimensions, as reported by caregivers.

Conclusions
Results provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions on spoken language in addition to social communication.
Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik von Erkrankungen der Hirnhäute
Authors: Langner Sönke , Henker Christian 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungErkrankungen der Hirnhäute gehen mit einem pathologischen Signal auf T2w und nativen T1w Aufnahmen einher und zeigen eine pathologische (durale oder leptomeningeale) Mehranreicherung. In diesem Beitrag werden typische Erkrankungen der Meningen vor allem anhand der MRT dargestellt: Die Veränderungen selbst zeigen sich am besten auf kontrastmittelverstärkten T1w und die extrazerebrale Lage am besten auf hochauflösenden T2w Aufnahmen.
Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate on Fracture Resistance of Reattached Tooth Fragments Using Conventional and Self-Adhesive Bioactive Flowable Composite
Authors: Firouzmandi Maryam , Afzali Neda , Parsaie Zahra , Mohammadi Najmeh 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) complex and the type of flowable composite (conventional or self-adhesive bioactive) on the fracture resistance of fractured incisors restored through reattachment technique.
Materials and Methods In this experimental in vitro study, 60 extracted bovine central mandibular incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10) according to the reattachment technique. Their incisal edges were cut off to represent an enamel–dentin fracture. The fragment edges were reattached as follows: Group 1—selective etching and bonding followed by conventional flowable composite; Group 2—selective etching and bonding followed by bioactive flowable composite; Group 3 was like Group 2 but without applying bonding; Groups 4, 5, and 6 were similar to Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, but both tooth fragments were pretreated with CPP-ACP-containing paste for 3 minutes. Fracture resistance was assessed by a universal testing machine.
Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by SPSS—Statistical Package for the Social Sciences—software using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc tests (α= 0.05).
Results The highest and lowest fracture resistance was recorded in Groups 5 (15.96 MPa) and Group 6 (1.95 MPa), respectively, being significantly different from the other groups. The mean fracture resistance of Groups 3 and 6 was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). However, Groups 1, 2, and 4 showed no difference in fracture resistance.
Conclusion Bioactive composite was not superior to conventional composite for fragment reattachment, but using it in self-adhesive mode reduced the fracture strength significantly. Yet, pretreatment with CPP-ACP, followed by application of adhesive, improved the fracture resistance of bioactive composite.
Homeopathic Clinical Features of 18 Patients in COVID-19 Outbreaks in Hong Kong
Authors: To Ka Lun Aaron , Fok Yuen Ying Yvonne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background Hong Kong is geographically located in the province of Guangdong which, after Hubei, has been the region of China second-most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the pathognomonic symptoms of the named disease, homeopathic symptoms are always more helpful for homeopathic prescriptions.
Aim This study reports and summarizes the homeopathic symptoms observed in 18 confirmed/suspected epidemiologically related cases in cluster outbreaks of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in early 2020.
Methods Homeopathic symptoms from this case series were collected from 18 consecutive patients who, in addition to their concurrent conventional treatment or traditional Chinese medicine, actively sought help from homeopathy as an adjunctive measure for symptomatic relief from COVID-19. Cases were categorized according to outbreak clusters, focusing mainly on the homeopathic symptoms. In the analysis, frequency of all homeopathic medicines, common rubrics in all the cases, common rubrics in each of the top-ranked remedies, and differentiating symptoms for each top-ranked remedy were determined.
Results Homeopathic symptoms of 18 cases, each identified as mild and belonging to one of six separate clusters, are reported. Eighteen common symptoms screened out of 79 selected rubrics constituted two sets of homeopathic symptom pictures: Bryonia alba (n = 4) and Gelsemium sempervirens (n = 12). Eight and seven differentiating features, respectively, were identified for Bryonia alba and Gelsemium sempervirens.
Conclusion The common symptoms of 18 mild COVID-19 cases constituted two sets of homeopathic symptom pictures, indicating Bryonia alba or Gelsemium sempervirens; they were indicated in 4 and 12 cases, respectively, out of the 18 in total.
Will We Miss the Opportunity Again?
Authors: Oberbaum Menachem 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new coronavirus, first appeared in late 2019. What initially seemed to be a mild influenza quickly revealed itself as a serious and highly contagious disease, and the planet was soon faced with a significant morbidity and mortality associated with this pathogen. For homeopathy, shunned during its 200 years of existence by conventional medicine, this outbreak is a key opportunity to show potentially the contribution it can make in treating COVID-19 patients. This should be done through performance of impeccably controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trials, with publication of their findings in well-ranked conventional medicine journals. If the homeopathy community fails to take advantage of this rare opportunity, it might wait another century for the next major pandemic.
An Analysis of Technical Efficiency in the Presence of Developments Toward Commercialization: Evidence from Tanzania’s Milk Producers
Authors: Bahta Sirak , Omore Amos , Baker Darek , Okike Iheanacho , Gebremedhin Berhanu , Wanyoike Francis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe level and determinants of technical efficiency in milk-producing households are examined in connection with households’ level of commercialization. A sample of 469 milk producers are modeled using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Average Technical Efficiency (TE) is estimated to be 80%, with variation among regions and generally reflecting levels of commercialization. Results show that assuming milk producers are rational, TE is increased by increasing the number of cattle, cows, and crossbreeds, and by additinal veterinary and feed inputs. These results support much existing research, and our contribution is the extension of analysis to actions and characteristics of the value chain due to commercial behaviors. We identify both direct and indirect potential effects of commercialization and identify mechanisms for their operation in development programs for commercial value chains. We find that credit access, training, group membership, market participation, and female household all improve TE while non-cattle income would reduce TE. We present sub-groups of households to better contrast levels of productivity and compare a limited number of the sub-groups' characteristics and actions. We provide commentary and explanation regarding commercialization and its direct and indirect connections to productivity. Recommendations include partnerships and facilitating actions that support commercialization, in association with improving efficiency in Tanzanian dairy.
Waiting for Caesar
Authors: Avezzù Guido 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Caesarism is a complex category, often interpreted as synonymous with imperialism and identified with the rule of strong authoritarian figures such as Napoleon, Bismarck, and Mussolini. Adopting a Gramscian perspective, this chapter argues that Caesarism identifies a far more articulated phenomenon which should not be reduced to simplified ideas of authoritarianism or to the grotesque theatrics of Fascist power. Caesarism in the twenty years of the Fascist regime was a response to a pervasive crisis in Italy, which it did not solve, but maintained alive and contained through an institutionalised form of instability based on revolutionary and populist premises. The contradictory paradigm of Caesar as a ‘democratic dictator’, reproposed by recent criticism, was in fact first expressed by Enrico Corradini in his 1902 play Giulio Cesare, later revised in the 1920s, which in many respects dialogues with Shakespeare’s more famous play. This chapter explores the formation of regimes of expectations about ‘Caesarism’ in the first three decades of twentieth-century Italy by examining the dynamic intersection of different narratives about the ‘historical Caesar’ and what Gramsci calls the ‘myth of Caesar’, both literary and cultural at large. The discussion sets Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar against this rich mythopoietic background, investigating, on the one hand, its complex dialogue with the contemporary Italian ‘Caesar plays’, and, on the other, their implicit responses to it.
Fascist crises
Authors: Bigliazzi Silvia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar was a play that Italian Fascism accurately exploited during various transitions in the history of its regime. Although in many respects a difficult play, full of thorny ambiguities for Fascist ideology, it offered good possibilities for propaganda, if appositely manipulated, at least until the Ethiopian Empire was proclaimed. This chapter contends that Shakespeare’s fortune with Fascism coincides with some of the most critical phases in the transformation and establishment of Fascist power between 1924–1925 and 1939. It also argues that although after the 1935 Maxentius production, and the 1936 Genoa performance of Malipiero’s opera drawn from Julius Caesar, its fortune suddenly dropped, the play continued to haunt the Italian stages. It became the ‘Stone Guest’ of other subsequent Italian Caesar plays which sought to erase its memory in order to contribute to new propaganda trends. By also exploring practices of manipulation and censorial excision, the essay discusses how Shakespeare offered at the time the litmus test of critical moments in the history of the Fascist regime.