bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart Grid Challenges Through the Lens of the European General Data Protection Regulation
Authors: Martinez Jabier , Ruiz Alejandra , Puelles Javier , Arechalde Ibon , Miadzvetskaya Yuliya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was conceived to remove the obstacles to the free movement of personal data while ensuring the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of such data. The Smart Grid has similar features as any privacy-critical system but, in comparison to the engineering of other architectures, has the peculiarity of being the source of energy consumption data. Electricity consumption constitutes an indirect means to infer personal information. This work looks at the Smart Grid from the perspective of the GDPR, which is especially relevant now given the current growth and diversification of the Smart Grid ecosystem. We provide a review of existing works highlighting the importance of energy consumption as valuable personal data as well as an analysis of the established Smart Grid Architecture Model and its main challenges from a legal viewpoint, in particular the challenge of sharing data with third parties.
The QCD axion at finite density
Authors: Balkin Reuven , Serra Javi , Springmann Konstantin , Weiler Andreas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We show how the properties of the QCD axion change in systems at finite baryonic density, such as neutron stars. At nuclear saturation densities, where corrections can be reliably computed, we find a mild reduction of the axion mass and up to an order of magnitude enhancement in the model-independent axion coupling to neutrons. At moderately higher densities, if realized, meson (kaon) condensation can trigger axion condensation. We also study the axion potential at asymptotically large densities, where the color-superconducting phase of QCD potentially leads to axion condensation, and the mass of the axion is generically several orders of magnitude smaller than in vacuum due to the suppressed instantons. Several phenomenological consequences of the axion being sourced by neutron stars are discussed, such as its contribution to their total mass, the presence of an axionic brane, or axion-photon conversion in the magnetosphere.
An alphanumeric classification of osteoporotic pelvic ring injuries
Authors: Krappinger Dietmar , Kaser Verena , Merkel Anke , Neururer Sabrina , Lindtner Richard A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Classification and management of osteoporotic pelvic ring injuries (OPRI) continue to pose a considerable challenge to orthopaedic traumatologists. The currently used fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) classification of OPRI has recently been shown to have significant weaknesses. The aim of this study therefore was to propose a new, simple, yet comprehensive alphanumeric classification (ANC) of OPRI and to assess its intra- and interobserver reliability. Furthermore, its potential advantages over the FFP classification are discussed.

Materials and methods
One hundred consecutive CT scans from patients with OPRI were evaluated by three orthopaedic traumatologists with varying levels of experience and one musculoskeletal radiologist. Intra- and interobserver reliability of the proposed classification system was assessed using weighted kappa (κ) statistics and percentage agreement. In addition, the Fleiss’ kappa statistic was computed to assess interobserver agreement among all four raters.

Results
Overall intraobserver reliability of the proposed ANC was substantial [κ ranging from 0.71 to 0.80; percentage agreement: 70% (range, 67–76%)]. Overall interobserver reliability between pairs of raters was substantial as well [κ ranging from 0.61 to 0.68; percentage agreement: 58% (range, 53–61%)]. For ANC types, groups and subgroups, intra- and interobserver reliability were substantial to almost perfect. Interobserver agreement among all four raters was moderate to substantial, with Fleiss’ kappa values of 0.48, 0.69, 0.71 and 0.52 for ANC overall, types, groups and subgroups, respectively.

Conclusion
The proposed ANC of OPRI demonstrated overall reliability comparable to that of the FFP classification. The ANC, however, is simple, more comprehensive, and consistently relates to injury severity.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals multiple neuronal cell types in human midbrain-specific organoids
Authors: Smits Lisa M. , Magni Stefano , Kinugawa Kaoru , Grzyb Kamil , Luginbühl Joachim , Sabate-Soler Sonia , Bolognin Silvia , Shin Jay W. , Mori Eiichiro , Skupin Alexander , Schwamborn Jens C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman stem cell-derived organoids have great potential for modelling physiological and pathological processes. They recapitulate in vitro the organization and function of a respective organ or part of an organ. Human midbrain organoids (hMOs) have been described to contain midbrain-specific dopaminergic neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, the human midbrain contains also additional neuronal cell types, which are functionally interacting with each other. Here, we analysed hMOs at high-resolution by means of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), imaging and electrophysiology to unravel cell heterogeneity. Our findings demonstrate that hMOs show essential neuronal functional properties as spontaneous electrophysiological activity of different neuronal subtypes, including dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurons. Recapitulating these in vivo features makes hMOs an excellent tool for in vitro disease phenotyping and drug discovery.
How the Josephson Effect Started to Dominate My Life in Physics
Authors: Kleiner Reinhold 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDear Brian Josephson, my heartiest congratulations to your 80th birthday!We actually never met in person, but I can tell you that your great discovery truly dominates my life in physics, perhaps 90% of my publications are related to Josephson junctions. Maybe it is a good occasion to briefly tell you my story.
Free will in the clustered-minds multiverse, and some comments on S. Sarasvathy’s ‘choice matters’
Authors: Schade Christian D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper sketches a new version of the multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics, the clustered-minds multiverse, that has been presented in detail elsewhere (Schade 2018, Springer, New York). It briefly shows why it grants us with free will and reflects upon the (im-)possibilty of singular-universe explanations of free will (e.g., Laskey 2018, J Cogn Sci 19–2:125–163). It also critically comments upon S. Sarasvathy's 'choice matters,' one of the other contributions to this mini symposium.
Agroforestry for sustainable landscape management
Authors: Plieninger Tobias , Muñoz-Rojas José , Buck Louise E. , Scherr Sara J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAgroforestry and sustainable landscape management are key strategies for implementing the UN-Sustainable Development Goals across the world’s production landscapes. However, both strategies have so far been studied in isolation from each other. This editorial introduces a special feature dedicated to scrutinizing the role of agroforestry in sustainable landscape management strategies. The special feature comprises eleven studies that adopt inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives, integrating ecological, agricultural, and socio-economic sciences, and in some cases also practical knowledge. The studies relate to a range of different ecosystem goods and services, and to a diversity of societal sectors (e.g., agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, urban planning, landscape protection) and demands, including their mutual synergies and trade-offs. They inform land-use policy and practice by conceptualizing agroforestry as a set of “nature-based solutions” useful to help tackle multiple societal challenges. The studies encompass four themes: social-ecological drivers, processes, and impacts of changes of agroforestry landscapes; the sustainability outcomes of agroforestry at landscape scale; scaling up agroforestry through multi-stakeholder landscape strategies; and development of conceptual and operational tools for stakeholder analysis in agroforestry landscape transitions. Key steps to harness agroforestry for sustainable landscape management comprise: (i) moving towards an “agroforestry sustainability science”; (ii) understanding local land-use trajectories, histories, and traditions; (iii) upscaling agroforestry for landscape-scale benefits; (iv) promoting the multiple economic, environmental, social, and cultural values of agroforestry; (v) fostering inclusive forms of landscape governance; and (vi) supporting the innovation process of agroforestry system analysis and design.
The activity of β-glucosidase and guaiacol peroxidase in different genotypes of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) infected by Alternaria black spot fungi
Authors: Pieczul Katarzyna , Dobrzycka Agnieszka , Wolko Joanna , Perek Agnieszka , Zielezińska Małgorzata , Bocianowski Jan , Rybus-Zając Magdalena 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe plants have developed several defense mechanisms to counteract pathogens. Among others, it includes activation of antioxidant enzymes likeβ-glucosidase and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). These proteins participate in the oxidation of phenolic compounds, contributing to their increased fungitoxicity. The study aimed to analyze changes in the activity ofβ-glucosidase and GPX in four genotypes of winter oilseed rape (Mendel, Monolit, Polka, line L1425) inoculated with seven isolates:Alternaria brassicicola,Alternaria brassicae,Alternaria alternata(3 strains),Ulocladium chartarum(syn.A. chartarum), andCladosporium cladosporioides. We noted that the varieties of oilseed rape, tested fungal species, and time of the plant material collection had significant (P < 0.001) effect on the activity ofβ-glucosidase and GPX per protein and fresh matter content comparing to the control group.A. brassicicolacaused the highest mean increase inβ-glucosidase and GPX activity in all examined genotypes, while other pathogens had a lower impact. Significantly lowerβ-glucosidase activity inoculated by various pathogens was noted between the L 1425 line and other varieties. GPX activity was in the opposite, the lowest activity was recorded in the Mendel variety, and the highest in the L 1425 line.
An economic analysis of Iranian petroleum contract
Authors: Farimani Fazel M. , Mu Xiaoyi , Sahebhonar Hamed , Taherifard Ali 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Following three generations of buyback contracts, the new model of Iranian petroleum contracts (IPC) was introduced by the Iranian cabinet to incentivize investments in the country. This paper analyzes the fiscal terms of the contract with technical information from one of the candidate fields for licensing. The financial simulation shows that, in general, the IPC resembles more a service contract than a production sharing contract as the contractor’s take is relatively low—below 5% across different scenarios of crude oil price. Second, the IPC is progressive in that as the overall profitability of the project improves the government takes an increasing share of the economic rent. The results are confirmed in a sensitivity analysis of each party’s profitability and takes on oil price, CAPEX, OPEX and the fee.
Effect of land use and land cover changes on water quality in the Nawuni Catchment of the White Volta Basin, Northern Region, Ghana
Authors: Tahiru Abdulai A. , Doke Dzigbodi A. , Baatuuwie Bernard N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPollution of freshwater resources is gaining global attention due to increasing freshwater stress and scarcity. This study assessed land use and land cover changes (LULCC) in the Nawuni Catchment of the White Volta Basin and how the change affects water quality in the area. Satellite images from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Landsat 8 Operational land imager of the Nawuni Catchment of the White Volta Basin were acquired and used for this study. These images were analysed to ascertain the influence of land use and land cover changes on water quality parameters such as turbidity, ammonia and total coliform counts for a 10-year period (2007 to 2017). The results of LULCC revealed an increased expanse of grassland/farmland (4.1%), settlement (0.1%), bare land (9.4%) and closed savannah (1.2%), whilst opened savannah (14.7%) and water body (0.1%) recorded a decreasing trend. The study showed an increase in the levels of turbidity and ammonia and a decrease in total coliforms over the study period (2007 to 2017). The study also revealed a positive relationship between LULC categories and water quality parameters, implying that LULCC contribute to the change in water quality in the area. The study therefore recommends frequent water quality monitoring and LULC planning and management to curb pollution of the river basin.
Incorporating Pharmacometrics into Pharmacoeconomic Models: Applications from Drug Development
Authors: Srinivasan Meenakshi , White Annesha , Chaturvedula Ayyappa , Vozmediano Valvanera , Schmidt Stephan , Plouffe Leo , Wingate La’Marcus T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPharmacometrics is the science of quantifying the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in combination with disease models and trial information to aid in drug development and dosing optimization for clinical practice. Considering the variability in the dose–concentration–effect relationship of drugs, an opportunity exists in linking pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model-based estimates with pharmacoeconomic models. This link may provide early estimates of the cost effectiveness of drug therapies, thus informing late-stage drug development, pricing, and reimbursement decisions. Published case studies have demonstrated how integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic–pharmacoeconomic models can complement traditional pharmacoeconomic analyses by identifying the impact of specific patient sub-groups, dose, dosing schedules, and adherence on the cost effectiveness of drugs, thus providing a mechanistic basis to predict the economic value of new drugs. Greater collaboration between the pharmacoeconomics and pharmacometrics community can enable methodological improvements in pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic–pharmacoeconomic models to support drug development.
Mode transition from adsorption removal to bombardment removal induced by nanoparticle-surface collisions in fluid jet polishing
Authors: Zhao Xuechu , Ma Liran , Xu Xuefeng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe effects of impacting particles from a jet of liquid on the removal of a surface material (on the impacted workpiece) were investigated. Experimental observations show that the cross section of the material removed changed from ‘W’-shaped to ‘U’-shaped as the size of abrasive particles was increased. Comparisons between removed material profiles and particle collision distributions indicate that the particle-surface collisions are the main reason for the material removal. The deduced number of atoms removed by a single collision implies that a transition occurs in the removal mode. For nanoscale particles, the polished surface is likely to be removed in an atom-by-atom manner, possibly due to the chemisorption of the impacting particles on the impacted surface. Contrarily, for the case of microscale particles, bulk material removal produced by particle bombardment is more likely to occur. The present mechanism of material removal for particle-surface collisions is further corroborated experimentally.
Hot-Casting Large-Grain Perovskite Film for Efficient Solar Cells: Film Formation and Device Performance
Authors: Liao Kejun , Li Chengbo , Xie Lisha , Yuan Yuan , Wang Shurong , Cao Zhiyuan , Ding Liming , Hao Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOrganic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently been considered as one of the most competitive contenders to commercial silicon solar cells in the photovoltaic field. The deposition process of a perovskite film is one of the most critical factors affecting the quality of the film formation and the photovoltaic performance. A hot-casting technique has been widely implemented to deposit high-quality perovskite films with large grain size, uniform thickness, and preferred crystalline orientation. In this review, we first review the classical nucleation and crystal growth theory and discuss those factors affecting the hot-casted perovskite film formation. Meanwhile, the effects of the deposition parameters such as temperature, thermal annealing, precursor chemistry, and atmosphere on the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and high-efficiency PSC devices are comprehensively discussed. The excellent stability of hot-casted perovskite films and integration with scalable deposition technology are conducive to the commercialization of PSCs. Finally, some open questions and future perspectives on the maturity of this technology toward the upscaling deposition of perovskite film for related optoelectronic devices are presented.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of High Purity Libyan Desert Sandstone Silica Sand
Authors: Zreiba Nuri A. , Dweiby Reda M. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTHigh purity silica sand is an important commodity used for the processing of photovoltaic silicon for solar cells. The sand must meet very closely defined specifications related to its impurity content and particle size distribution. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is one of essential techniques used to characterize trace amounts of impurities and their distribution within individual sand particles. The objective of this work is to characterize the impurities present in high purity sandstone silica sand withdrawn from a deposit site located in southern part of Libyan Desert called Al-Shibat using imaging and analytical capabilities of SEM.
Hypoxic colorectal cancer cells promote metastasis of normoxic cancer cells depending on IL-8/p65 signaling pathway
Authors: Mi Yulong , Mu Lei , Huang Kaiyu , Hu Yibing , Yan Chang , Zhao Hui , Ma Chensen , Li Xiaolan , Tao Deding , Qin Jichao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTumor heterogeneity is an important feature of malignant tumors, and cell subpopulations may positively interact to facilitate tumor progression. Studies have shown that hypoxic cancer cells possess enhanced metastatic capacity. However, it is still unclear whether hypoxic cancer cells may promote the metastasis of normoxic cells, which have greater access to the blood circulation. When cocultured with hypoxic CRC cells or treated with hypoxic CRC cell-derived CM, normoxic CRC cells possessed increased metastatic capacity. Furthermore, hypoxic CRC cell-derived CM was enriched in interleukin 8. Hypoxic CRC cell-derived CM and recombinant human IL-8 both enhanced the metastatic capacity of normoxic cells by increasing the phosphorylation of p65 and then by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Knockdown of IL-8 in hypoxic CRC cells or the use of an anti-IL-8 antibody attenuated the CM- or rhIL-8-induced prometastatic capacity of normoxic CRC cells. Inhibition or knockdown of p65 abrogated IL-8-induced prometastatic effects. Most importantly, hypoxia-treated xenograft tumors enhanced the metastasis of normoxic CRC cells. Hypoxic CRC cell-derived IL-8 promotes the metastatic capacity of normoxic cells, and novel therapies targeting the positive interactions between hypoxic and normoxic cells should be developed.
Explainable artificial intelligence model to predict acute critical illness from electronic health records
Authors: Lauritsen Simon Meyer , Kristensen Mads , Olsen Mathias Vassard , Larsen Morten Skaarup , Lauritsen Katrine Meyer , Jørgensen Marianne Johansson , Lange Jeppe , Thiesson Bo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcute critical illness is often preceded by deterioration of routinely measured clinical parameters, e.g., blood pressure and heart rate. Early clinical prediction is typically based on manually calculated screening metrics that simply weigh these parameters, such as early warning scores (EWS). The predictive performance of EWSs yields a tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity that can lead to negative outcomes for the patient. Previous work on electronic health records (EHR) trained artificial intelligence (AI) systems offers promising results with high levels of predictive performance in relation to the early, real-time prediction of acute critical illness. However, without insight into the complex decisions by such system, clinical translation is hindered. Here, we present an explainable AI early warning score (xAI-EWS) system for early detection of acute critical illness. xAI-EWS potentiates clinical translation by accompanying a prediction with information on the EHR data explaining it.
Rapid Bayesian learning in the mammalian olfactory system
Authors: Hiratani Naoki , Latham Peter E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany experimental studies suggest that animals can rapidly learn to identify odors and predict the rewards associated with them. However, the underlying plasticity mechanism remains elusive. In particular, it is not clear how olfactory circuits achieve rapid, data efficient learning with local synaptic plasticity. Here, we formulate olfactory learning as a Bayesian optimization process, then map the learning rules into a computational model of the mammalian olfactory circuit. The model is capable of odor identification from a small number of observations, while reproducing cellular plasticity commonly observed during development. We extend the framework to reward-based learning, and show that the circuit is able to rapidly learn odor-reward association with a plausible neural architecture. These results deepen our theoretical understanding of unsupervised learning in the mammalian brain.
A protein-independent fluorescent RNA aptamer reporter system for plant genetic engineering
Authors: Bai Jiuyuan , Luo Yao , Wang Xin , Li Shi , Luo Mei , Yin Meng , Zuo Yuanli , Li Guolin , Yao Junyu , Yang Hua , Zhang Mingdi , Wei Wei , Wang Maolin , Wang Rui , Fan Chunhai , Zhao Yun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReporter systems are routinely used in plant genetic engineering and functional genomics research. Most such plant reporter systems cause accumulation of foreign proteins. Here, we demonstrate a protein-independent reporter system, 3WJ-4 × Bro, based on a fluorescent RNA aptamer. Via transient expression assays in both Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana, we show that 3WJ-4 × Bro is suitable for transgene identification and as an mRNA reporter for expression pattern analysis. Following stable transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana, 3WJ-4 × Bro co-segregates and co-expresses with target transcripts and is stably inherited through multiple generations. Further, 3WJ-4 × Bro can be used to visualize virus-mediated RNA delivery in plants. This study demonstrates a protein-independent reporter system that can be used for transgene identification and in vivo dynamic analysis of mRNA.