bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of chlorogenic and gallic acids combined with azoles on antifungal susceptibility and virulence of multidrug-resistant Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur isolates
Authors: Rhimi Wafa , Aneke Chioma Inyang , Annoscia Giada , Otranto Domenico , Boekhout Teun , Cafarchia Claudia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CHA) and gallic acid (GA) are safe natural phenolic compounds that are used as enhancers of some drugs in influencing antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities. Among fungi, Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. are characterized by an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance phenomena and by a high morbidity and mortality of their infections. No data are available about the efficacy of CHA and GA combined with azoles on the antifungal susceptibility and on the virulence of both fungi. Therefore, their antifungal and antivirulence effects have been tested in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) or ketoconazole (KTZ) on 23 Candida spp. and 8 M. furfur isolates. Broth microdilution chequerboard, time-kill studies, and extracellular enzymes (phospholipase and hemolytic) activities were evaluated, displaying a synergistic antifungal action between CHA or GA and FLZ or KTZ on C. albicans, C. bovina, and C. parapsilosis, and antagonistic antifungal effects on M. furfur and Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) isolates. The time-kill studies confirmed the chequerboard findings, showing fungicidal inhibitory effect only when the GA was combined with azoles on Candida strains. However, the combination of phenolics with azoles had no effect on the virulence of the tested isolates. Our study indicates that the combination between natural products and conventional drugs could be an efficient strategy for combating azole resistance and for controlling fungistatic effects of azole drugs.
Assessing the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans causing meningitis in HIV infected and uninfected patients in Vietnam
Authors: Thanh Lam Tuan , Toffaletti Dena L , Tenor Jennifer L , Giamberardino Charles , Sempowski Gregory D , Asfaw Yohannes , Phan Hai Trieu , Van Duong Anh , Trinh Nguyen Mai , Thwaites Guy E , Ashton Philip M , Chau Nguyen Va Vinh , Baker Stephen G , Perfect John R , Day Jeremy N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We previously observed a substantial burden of cryptococcal meningitis in Vietnam atypically arising in individuals who are uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This disease was associated with a single genotype of Cryptococcus neoformans (sequence type [ST]5), which was significantly less common in HIV-infected individuals. Aiming to compare the phenotypic characteristics of ST5 and non-ST5 C. neoformans, we selected 30 representative Vietnamese isolates and compared their in vitro pathogenic potential and in vivo virulence. ST5 and non-ST5 organisms exhibited comparable characteristics with respect to in vitro virulence markers including melanin production, replication at 37°C, and growth in cerebrospinal fluid. However, the ST5 isolates had significantly increased variability in cellular and capsular sizing compared with non-ST5 organisms (P &lt; .001). Counterintuitively, mice infected with ST5 isolates had significantly longer survival with lower fungal burdens at day 7 than non-ST5 isolates. Notably, ST5 isolates induced significantly greater initial inflammatory responses than non-ST5 strains, measured by TNF-α concentrations (P &lt; .001). Despite being generally less virulent in the mouse model, we hypothesize that the significant within strain variation seen in ST5 isolates in the tested phenotypes may represent an evolutionary advantage enabling adaptation to novel niches including apparently immunocompetent human hosts.
Predicting star formation properties of galaxies using deep learning
Authors: Surana Shraddha , Wadadekar Yogesh , Bait Omkar , Bhosale Hrushikesh 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Understanding the star formation properties of galaxies as a function of cosmic epoch is a critical exercise in studies of galaxy evolution. Traditionally, stellar population synthesis (SPS) models have been used to obtain best-fitting parameters that characterize star formation in galaxies. As multiband flux measurements become available for thousands of galaxies, an alternative approach to characterizing star formation using machine learning becomes feasible. In this work, we present the use of deep learning techniques to predict three important star formation properties – stellar mass, star formation rate, and dust luminosity. We characterize the performance of our deep learning models through comparisons with outputs from a standard SPS code.
Sensitivity of the lower edge of the pair-instability black hole mass gap to the treatment of time-dependent convection
Authors: Renzo M , Farmer R J , Justham S , de Mink S E , Götberg Y , Marchant P 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Gravitational-wave detections are now probing the black hole (BH) mass distribution, including the predicted pair-instability mass gap. These data require robust quantitative predictions, which are challenging to obtain. The most massive BH progenitors experience episodic mass ejections on time-scales shorter than the convective turnover time-scale. This invalidates the steady-state assumption on which the classic mixing length theory relies. We compare the final BH masses computed with two different versions of the stellar evolutionary code $\tt{MESA}$: (i) using the default implementation of Paxton et al. (2018) and (ii) solving an additional equation accounting for the time-scale for convective deceleration. In the second grid, where stronger convection develops during the pulses and carries part of the energy, we find weaker pulses. This leads to lower amounts of mass being ejected and thus higher final BH masses of up to ∼$5\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. The differences are much smaller for the progenitors that determine the maximum mass of BHs below the gap. This prediction is robust at $M_{\rm BH, max}\simeq 48\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, at least within the idealized context of this study. This is an encouraging indication that current models are robust enough for comparison with the present-day gravitational-wave detections. However, the large differences between individual models emphasize the importance of improving the treatment of convection in stellar models, especially in the light of the data anticipated from the third generation of gravitational-wave detectors.
Simulating the spatial distribution and kinematics of globular clusters within galaxy clusters in illustris
Authors: Ramos-Almendares Felipe , Sales Laura V , Abadi Mario G , Doppel Jessica E , Muriel Hernan , Peng Eric W 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the assembly of globular clusters (GCs) in 9 galaxy clusters using the cosmological simulation Illustris. GCs are tagged to individual galaxies at their infall time. The tidal removal of GCs from their galaxies and the distribution of the GCs within the cluster is later followed self-consistently by the simulation. The method relies on the simple assumption of a single power-law relation between halo mass (Mvir) and mass in GCs (MGC) as found in observations. We find that the GCs specific frequency SN as a function of V-band magnitude naturally reproduces the observed ‘U’-shape due to the combination of the power law MGC–Mvir relation and the non-linear stellar mass (M*)–halo mass relation from the simulation. Additional scatter in the SN values is traced back to galaxies with early infall times due to the evolution of the M*–Mvir relation with redshift. GCs that have been tidally removed from their galaxies form the present-day intracluster component, from which about $\sim \!60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ were brought in by galaxies that currently orbit within the cluster potential. The remaining ‘orphan’ GCs are contributed by satellite galaxies with a wide range of stellar masses that are fully tidally disrupted at z = 0. This intracluster component is a good dynamical tracer of the dark matter potential. As a consequence of the accreted nature of most intracluster GCs, their orbits are fairly radial with a predicted orbital anisotropy β ≥ 0.5. However, local tangential motions may appear as a consequence of localized substructure, providing a possible interpretation to the β &lt; 0 values suggested in observations of M87.
Wind nebulae and supernova remnants of very massive stars
Authors: Meyer D M-A , Petrov M , Pohl M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
A very small fraction of (runaway) massive stars have masses exceeding $60\!-\!70\, \rm M_{\odot }$ and are predicted to evolve as luminous blue variable and Wolf–Rayet stars before ending their lives as core-collapse supernovae. Our 2D axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations explore how a fast wind ($2000\, \rm km\, \rm s^{-1}$) and high mass-loss rate ($10^{-5}\, \rm M_{\odot }\, \rm yr^{-1}$) can impact the morphology of the circumstellar medium. It is shaped as 100 pc-scale wind nebula that can be pierced by the driving star when it supersonically moves with velocity $20\!-\!40\, \rm km\, \rm s^{-1}$ through the interstellar medium (ISM) in the Galactic plane. The motion of such runaway stars displaces the position of the supernova explosion out of their bow shock nebula, imposing asymmetries to the eventual shock wave expansion and engendering Cygnus-loop-like supernova remnants. We conclude that the size (up to more than $200\, \rm pc$) of the filamentary wind cavity in which the chemically enriched supernova ejecta expand, mixing efficiently the wind and ISM materials by at least $10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in number density, can be used as a tracer of the runaway nature of the very massive progenitors of such $0.1\, \rm Myr$ old remnants. Our results motivate further observational campaigns devoted to the bow shock of the very massive stars BD+43°3654 and to the close surroundings of the synchrotron-emitting Wolf–Rayet shell G2.4+1.4.
Complex Evolution of Insect Insulin Receptors and Homologous Decoy Receptors, and Functional Significance of Their Multiplicity
Authors: Smýkal Vlastimil , Pivarči Martin , Provazník Jan , Bazalová Olga , Jedlička Pavel , Lukšan Ondřej , Horák Aleš , Vaněčková Hana , Beneš Vladimír , Fiala Ivan , Hanus Robert , Doležel David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.
The Lancet–O’Neill Institute/Georgetown University Commission on Global Health and Law: The Power of Law to Advance the Right to Health
Authors: Kaldor Jenny C , Gostin Lawrence O , Monahan John T , Gottschalk Katie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Lancet–O’Neill Institute/Georgetown University Commission on Global Health and Law published its report on the Legal Determinants of Health in 2019. The term ‘legal determinants of health’ draws attention to the power of law to influence upstream social and economic influences on population health. In this article, we introduce the Commission, including its background and rationale, set out its methodology, summarize its key findings and recommendations and reflect on its impact since publication. We also look to the future, making suggestions as to how the global health community can make the best use of the Commission’s momentum in relation to using law and legal tools to advance population health.
Forty-two Million Ways to Describe Pain: Topic Modeling of 200,000 PubMed Pain-Related Abstracts Using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning–Based Text Generation
Authors: Tighe Patrick J , Sannapaneni Bharadwaj , Fillingim Roger B , Doyle Charlie , Kent Michael , Shickel Ben , Rashidi Parisa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveRecent efforts to update the definitions and taxonomic structure of concepts related to pain have revealed opportunities to better quantify topics of existing pain research subject areas.MethodsHere, we apply basic natural language processing (NLP) analyses on a corpus of &gt;200,000 abstracts published on PubMed under the medical subject heading (MeSH) of “pain” to quantify the topics, content, and themes on pain-related research dating back to the 1940s.ResultsThe most common stemmed terms included “pain” (601,122 occurrences), “patient” (508,064 occurrences), and “studi-” (208,839 occurrences). Contrarily, terms with the highest term frequency–inverse document frequency included “tmd” (6.21), “qol” (6.01), and “endometriosis” (5.94). Using the vector-embedded model of term definitions available via the “word2vec” technique, the most similar terms to “pain” included “discomfort,” “symptom,” and “pain-related.” For the term “acute,” the most similar terms in the word2vec vector space included “nonspecific,” “vaso-occlusive,” and “subacute”; for the term “chronic,” the most similar terms included “persistent,” “longstanding,” and “long-standing.” Topic modeling via Latent Dirichlet analysis identified peak coherence (0.49) at 40 topics. Network analysis of these topic models identified three topics that were outliers from the core cluster, two of which pertained to women’s health and obstetrics and were closely connected to one another, yet considered distant from the third outlier pertaining to age. A deep learning–based gated recurrent units abstract generation model successfully synthesized several unique abstracts with varying levels of believability, with special attention and some confusion at lower temperatures to the roles of placebo in randomized controlled trials.ConclusionsQuantitative NLP models of published abstracts pertaining to pain may point to trends and gaps within pain research communities.
The Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index on a lattice
Authors: Fukaya Hidenori , Kawai Naoki , Matsuki Yoshiyuki , Mori Makito , Nakayama Katsumasa , Onogi Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Satoshi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We propose a nonperturbative formulation of the Atiyah–Patodi–Singer (APS) index in lattice gauge theory in four dimensions, in which the index is given by the $\eta$ invariant of the domain-wall Dirac operator. Our definition of the index is always an integer with a finite lattice spacing. To verify this proposal, using the eigenmode set of the free domain-wall fermion we perturbatively show in the continuum limit that the curvature term in the APS theorem appears as the contribution from the massive bulk extended modes, while the boundary $\eta$ invariant comes entirely from the massless edge-localized modes.
Populus euphratica remorin 6.5 activates plasma membrane H+-ATPases to mediate salt tolerance
Authors: Zhang Huilong , Deng Chen , Wu Xia , Yao Jun , Zhang Yanli , Zhang Yinan , Deng Shurong , Zhao Nan , Zhao Rui , Zhou Xiaoyang , Lu Cunfu , Lin Shanzhi , Chen Shaoliang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Remorins (REMs) play an important role in the ability of plants to adapt to adverse environments. PeREM6.5, a protein of the REM family in Populus euphratica (salt-resistant poplar), was induced by NaCl stress in callus, roots and leaves. We cloned the full-length PeREM6.5 from P. euphratica and transformed it into Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. PeREM6.5 recombinant protein significantly increased the H+-ATPase hydrolytic activity and H+ transport activity in P. euphratica plasma membrane (PM) vesicles. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that P. euphratica REM6.5 interacted with RPM1-interacting protein 4 (PeRIN4). Notably, the PeREM6.5-induced increase in PM H+-ATPase activity was enhanced by PeRIN4 recombinant protein. Overexpression of PeREM6.5 in Arabidopsis significantly improved salt tolerance in transgenic plants in terms of survival rate, root growth, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PeREM6.5 retained high PM H+-ATPase activity in both in vivo and in vitro assays. PeREM6.5-transgenic plants had reduced accumulation of Na+ due to the Na+ extrusion promoted by the H+-ATPases. Moreover, the H+ pumps caused hyperpolarization of the PM, which reduced the K+ loss mediated by the depolarization-activated channels in the PM of salinized roots. Therefore, we conclude that PeREM6.5 regulated H+-ATPase activity in the PM, thus enhancing the plant capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis under salinity.
Heterotopic pregnancy
Authors: Hewlett Katie , Howell Christopher M. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Heterotopic pregnancy occurs when a patient has simultaneous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies. Rates of heterotopic pregnancy have been rising with increased availability and access to in vitro fertilization and other advanced fertility technologies. Symptoms of heterotopic pregnancy are nonspecific, such as vague abdominal pain, so transvaginal ultrasound is a crucial part of the diagnostic process. Laparoscopy is the most commonly performed treatment of the ectopic pregnancy; other options include localized injections of methotrexate and/or potassium chloride. Following definitive termination of the ectopic pregnancy, many patients will successfully deliver the intrauterine pregnancy at term. Early identification of heterotopic pregnancy can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
Outcomes and Complications With Age in Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Karsy Michael , Chan Andrew K. , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Virk Michael S. , Bydon Mohamad , Glassman Steven D. , Foley Kevin T. , Potts Eric A. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Shaffrey Mark E. , Coric Domagoj , Asher Anthony L. , Knightly John J. , Park Paul , Fu Kai-Ming , Slotkin Jonathan R. , Haid Regis W. , Wang Michael , Bisson Erica F. 
Published: February 2020

Study Design.
Prospective database analysis.

Objective.
To assess the effect of age on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and complication rates after surgical treatment for spondylolisthesis

Summary of Background Data.
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis affects 3% to 20% of the population and up to 30% of the elderly. There is not yet consensus on whether age is a contraindication for surgical treatment of elderly patients.

Methods.
The Quality Outcomes Database lumbar registry was used to evaluate patients from 12 US academic and private centers who underwent surgical treatment for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis between July 2014 and June 2016.

Results.
A total of 608 patients who fit the inclusion criteria were categorized by age into the following groups: less than 60 (n = 239), 60 to 70 (n = 209), 71 to 80 (n = 128), and more than 80 (n = 32) years. Older patients showed lower mean body mass index (P < 0.001) and higher rates of diabetes (P = 0.007), coronary artery disease (P = 0.0001), and osteoporosis (P = 0.005). A lower likelihood for home disposition was seen with higher age (89.1% in <60-year-old vs. 75% in >80-year-old patients; P = 0.002). There were no baseline differences in PROs (Oswestry Disability Index, EuroQol health survey [EQ-5D], Numeric Rating Scale for leg pain and back pain) among age categories. A significant improvement for all PROs was seen regardless of age (P < 0.05), and most patients met minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for improvement in postoperative PROs. No differences in hospital readmissions or reoperations were seen among age groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that, after controlling other variables, a higher age did not decrease the odds of achieving MCID at 12 months for the PROs.

Conclusion.
Our results indicate that well-selected elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment of grade 1 spondylolisthesis can achieve meaningful outcomes. This modern, multicenter US study reflects the current use and limitations of spondylolisthesis treatment in the elderly, which may be informative to patients and providers.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Association Between Physicians’ Communication and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Spine Surgery
Authors: Rabah Nicholas M. , Levin Jay M. , Winkelman Robert D. , Mroz Thomas E. , Steinmetz Michael P. 
Published: February 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data.

Objective.
Determine the association between satisfaction with physician communication and patient-reported outcomes in the inpatient spine surgery setting.

Summary of Background Data.
Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys measure the patient experience of care and influence reimbursement for hospital systems and providers in the United States. It is not known whether patient satisfaction with physician communication is associated with better outcomes after spine surgery. Therefore, we evaluated the association between patient satisfaction with physician communication on the HCAHPS survey and improvements in validated patient-reported outcomes measures in a spine surgery population.

Methods.
HCAHPS responses were obtained for patients undergoing elective cervical or lumbar spine surgery from 2013 to 2015. Patient-reported health status measures were the primary outcomes, including EuroQol Five Dimensions (EQ-5D), Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), and Visual Analog Scores for Back and Neck Pain (VAS-BP/NP). The association between satisfaction with communication and preoperative to 1 year postoperative changes in each health status measure was evaluated utilizing multivariable linear regression models.

Results.
Our study included 648 patients, of which, 479 (74.4%) created our satisfied cohort. Demographically, our two cohorts were similar with regards to preoperative clinical measures; however, the satisfied cohort had a higher self-rating of their mental health (P < 0.01), and overall health (P < 0.01). After adjusting for clinically relevant confounders, our results demonstrated no significant association between satisfaction with physician communication and improvement in EQ-5D (P = 0.312), PDQ (P = 0.498), or VAS pain scores (P = 0.592).

Conclusion.
Patient satisfaction with physician communication was not associated with 1-year postoperative improvement in EQ-5D, PDQ, and VAS-Pain after spine surgery. These findings do not diminish the importance of effective communication between doctor and patient, but instead suggest that within the spine surgery setting, using only patient experience data may not accurately reflect the true quality of care received during their inpatient stay.

Level of Evidence: 3