bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of Hyperspectral Data using Wavelet Transform
Authors: Anigbogu Okwudili , Olanloye Odunayo D 
Published: June 2020

Remote sensor technology has encouraged series of research work in the area of signal and image processing. This is because the application of remote sensor has made it possible to obtain different types of signals and images from different places all over the world. In most cases, data obtained from hyperspectral images are found to be too voluminous and noisy. This, to a certain extent affects the accuracy of the result obtained when such signals or images are further processed for some applications. Previous research works have not sufficiently addressed this fundamental problem. Therefore, this research work is out to make use of Wavelet Transform for processing signals obtained from hyperspectral images with a view to denoise and reduce the data dimensionality without losing part of its content. Having undergone the process of denoising, the quality of the image or signal is drastically improved in terms of its clarity and size. This produces a better result when such signal is used for some applications. The system was implemented using MatLab wavelet tool. Hence, the result obtained is found to be better than the previous ones. The result also produced an hyperspectral spectrum/signal that has been thoroughly denoised and dimensionally reduced to an acceptable size within a very short computational time.
Cost and Calorie Analysis of Food Consumption in Artisanal Fishery Households in North-Western and North-Central Nigeria
Authors: Oladimeji Yusuf U , Yusuf Haneefat O , Yusuf Suleiman , Abdulsalam Zakari 
Published: June 2020

A study was conducted to assess- the food calorie intake and factors that determine food security status of fisherfolks in North-Central and North-Western Nigeria. Data were collected from 267 rural fishery households using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. The main tools of analysis include descriptive statistics, Cost of calorie intake and Tobit models. The study revealed that the fishery household heads were male dominated (94%); average age of 49 years with mean adjusted household size of 8. The estimated mean years of schooling of sampled fisherfolks were 3.5 years, largely skewed towards the informal education and below 2015 UNDP mean education index of 5 years for Nigeria. The calorie intake for the secured fisherfolks households recorded higher values for the entire food intake than the insecured households. The result showed that only 35.58% of the sampled fisheries households were food secured while majority (64.42%) of the sampled households were food insecured. The determinants of food insecurity status were socio-economic variables and those factors that influenced the food secured fisherfolks showed slight variation from those influenced households that were food insecured and where it did, it was not by the same magnitude and direction. There is need for an appropriate policy mix that will promote the increased production of legumes and animal protein foods in the study area to raise and meet the minimum average protein required per caput per day. Food insecure households should be educate by extension agents through their cooperative societies to increase production of maize, sorghum, millet, rice and cowpea to enhance their food security status.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Manually-Operated Multipurpose Fruit Juice Extractor
Authors: Odewole Michael M , Falua Kehinde J , Adebisi Semiu O , Abdullahi Kabir O 
Published: June 2020

A simply and manually-operated multipurpose fruit juice extractor was designed, constructed and its performance was evaluated in terms of juice yield, extraction efficiency, juice content, extraction loss and extraction capacity. The machine has two major parts which are: the extraction chamber and the structural frame. The extraction chamber is made of stainless steel and consists of a turning handle (f24.5 x 400mm), screw rod (f32 x 620 mm), compression plate (f100 mm), perforated inner cylinder (f115 x 180 mm), non-perforated outer cylinder (f120 x 180 mm) and discharge pipe. The structural frame (350 mm x 415 mm x 60 mm) is made of mild steel of U-channel section. The machine basically works on the principle of transmission of compressive force to rupture the juice cells of the fruit for the liberation of juice. Sweet orange, watermelon, red apple, green apple, pineapple, lime, lemon and grape were used for the performance evaluation process. Results obtained showed that pineapple had the highest values of juice yield (68.74%),juice content (66.40%), extraction capacity (92.85 g/min) and extraction efficiency (82.99%) while sweet orange and lime had the lowest extraction loss and extraction capacity of 1.67% and 29.81 (g/min) respectively.
Effects of Fermentation Duration on Bio-Ethanol Yield from Cell Sap of Selected Palm Species in Nigeria
Authors: Omotosho Olayinka , Amori Anthony 
Published: June 2020

It is believed that feedstock for biofuel production should not constitute any form of competition in terms of food security, therefore the study considered the bioethanol potential comparison of a particular breed of palm commonly referred to as nypa palm (Nypa fruticana) which is usually of environmental concern in mangrove vegetation zones with two other species namely the raphia palm (Raphia hookeria) and oil palm (Ealasis guinesis) which are considered as having economic value. A catalysed fermentation process was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae over a periods of 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hrs at room temperature. At peak production the bioethanol from Nypa palm specie had 38.6 and 37.9% more ethanol concentration than the oil and raffia palms respectively. The biomas concentration in the nypa palm sap sample after the fermentation period were about 26.7 and 29.5% higher than what was obtainable in the oil and raffia palms. The fermentation efficiency for the three samples was observed to be 90.2, 84.5 and 87.3% for nypa, oil and raffia palms respectively. It can be concluded from results obtained that nypa palm offered the highest bioethanol production potential, thus could offer a good source of non-competitive feedstock for renewable energy production in Nigeria where the plant is usually viewed as an environmental nuisance and in some extreme cases maritime hazard.Keywords— Alcoholmeter, Bioethanol, Fermentation Efficiency, Feed Stock, Nypa Palm
Software Defect Prediction Using Ensemble Learning: An ANP Based Evaluation Method
Authors: Balogun Abdullateef O , Bajeh Amos O , Orie Victor A , Yusuf-Asaju Ayisat W 
Published: June 2020

Software defect prediction (SDP) is the process of predicting defects in software modules, it identifies the modules that are defective and require extensive testing. Classification algorithms that help to predict software defects play a major role in software engineering process. Some studies have depicted that the use of ensembles is often more accurate than using single classifiers. However, variations exist from studies, which posited that the efficiency of learning algorithms might vary using different performance measures. This is because most studies on SDP consider the accuracy of the model or classifier above other performance metrics. This paper evaluated the performance of single classifiers (SMO, MLP, kNN and Decision Tree) and ensembles (Bagging, Boosting, Stacking and Voting) in SDP considering major performance metrics using Analytic Network Process (ANP) multi-criteria decision method. The experiment was based on 11 performance metrics over 11 software defect datasets. Boosted SMO, Voting and Stacking Ensemble methods ranked highest with a priority level of 0.0493, 0.0493 and 0.0445 respectively. Decision tree ranked highest in single classifiers with 0.0410. These clearly show that ensemble methods can give better classification results in SDP and Boosting method gave the best result. In essence, it is valid to say that before deciding which model or classifier is better for software defect prediction, all performance metrics should be considered.Keywords— Data mining, Machine Learning, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Software Defect Prediction
Design and Construction of a Motorized Citrus Juice Extractor
Authors: Martins Oluwaseun O , Bolaji Bukola O , Adeyemi Oluwole H , Sanusi Olawale M 
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the design, construction and performance evaluation of a locally fabricated motorized citrus juice extractor for small and medium scale industry. The fabrication materials for the machine comprises of stainless steel aluminum alloy which is used for the construction of the hopper, compression chamber and collector or receiver. The presser and perforated cylindrical sieve was formed using stainless steel sheet. The power shaft was machined from stainless steel solid shaft; mild steel angle bar was used for the main frame while the transmission pulleys were machined from mild steel material. In selection of materials for the machine critical properties such as toxicity, corrosion and pitting resistance were considered. For power transmission, 4 HP electric motor, V-belt and cast iron ball bearings were used. The performance evaluation of the machine shows that the machine extraction capacity and extraction efficiency are significantly affected by the prime mover speed in revolution per minutes (rpm). The machine efficiency is found to be 84.54 %, average juice extraction capacity is 10.92 cm3/sec or 39.312 lit/h at 600 rpm and the machine capacity is 38.89 kg/h. The production cost of the machine is about N117,800.00 (326 USD) this cost compared with the imported GG-0.5 model of similar capacity which cost about 3150 USD makes the machine considerably acquirable for use by both small and medium scale citrus juice processing plants in Nigeria. Keywords— Design, Extraction efficiency, Fabrication, Juice extractor, Performance evaluation.
Comparison of the Effect of Moringa Extract and Powder on Coliform and BOD Variation with Time
Authors: Aho Mathew I , Agunwamba Jonah C 
Published: June 2020

The study investigated the use of moringa extract and powder on coliform and BOD variation with time. Jar test analysis revealed optimum dosages that were used in the experimentation. Raw and waste water samples were treated separately with the extract and powder at detention periods of 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. Coliform and BOD values of the water samples which were either flocculated or not were measured. The results revealed that, raw water coliform in excess of 1700cfu/ml and BOD of 78mg/L were reduced to 540cfu/ml and 60mg/L after 72 hours of using moringa extract in the treatment. But the same treatment using particle sizes of the powder indicated poor performance, especially in waste water treatment. The study reveals that moringa oleifera extract is comparatively better than powder in raw and waste water treatment. Key words - Comparison, moringa extract, powder treatment
Capacity Analysis of a Full Duplex Device-to-Device Wireless Network using Voronoi diagrams and Distance Distributions
Authors: Ochia Okechukwu E. , Obi Elvis 
Published: June 2020

Full duplex (FD) and Device-to-Device (D2D) communication are two revolutionary protocols that have enabled better spectrum utilization and more reliable data delivery in wireless networks. In addition, stochastic geometry tools have become necessary to characterize the randomness in the present networks with respect to the irregular architecture and the competing access schemes. This work analyses the performance of a mobile network comprising nodes which are randomly distributed in a square area, which are equipped with FD radios, and can communicate using D2D. The base station (BS) nodes and user nodes in the network are modelled as points of a homogenous binomial point process (BPP) and a homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) respectively. The network area is tessellated into cells using Voronoi diagrams which approximates to a nearest BS-to-user node association policy. The user nodes can cache popular file objects which are available in a centralized server in the network and other nodes in proximity can request for such objects and receive them using D2D. Using well known distance distribution expressions and stochastic geometry analysis, the distribution of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), the D2D and FD collaboration probabilities and the average coverage probability are derived. It is shown that a network-wide quality of service is maintained without additional spectrum utilization when the user nodes can be intelligently tuned to transmit and receive using FD and/or D2D modes. Keywords— Device-to-Device Communication, Full Duplex Communication, stochastic geometry analysis, Voronoi diagrams, Distance Distributions
Effects of Welding Power Input on the Microstructure and Impact Toughness of the Heat Affected Zone of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Oyetunji Akinlabi , Bodude Muideen A , Ayoola Wasiu A , Kutelu Bolarinwa J 
Published: June 2020

The effects of welding power input on the microstructural characteristics and impact behaviour of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of type 304L austenitic stainless steel were investigated. This is with a view to optimize the welding process and ensure high weldment integrity of the heat affected zone. Chemical analysis of the as-received 304L austenitic stainless steel was determined using an Optical Emission Spectrometry AR 4 30 metal analyzer. Thereafter, 30 samples of the as-received 304L austenitic stainless steel plate with dimensions of 70 mm length, 45 mm breadth and 8 mm thickness were cut and labeled into A, B and C each of 10 numbers. The grouped samples were further cut into two equal halves with hacksaw and welded using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GTAW) process and 304L electrode to produce butt joint HAZ square geometry samples. The obtained HAZ and as-received samples were machined to standard charpy impact test specimens. Also, the HAZ and as-received specimens were prepared for microscopy studies using optical microscopy. Results obtained showed that the microstructures are composed majorly of mixture of austenite and ferrite phases, also variations in volume fraction and grain size of the phases were observed under varied range of power input. In addition, chromium carbide formation and precipitation due to sensitization was seen at the grain boundaries. Optimum impact toughness (IT) of 42 J was obtained for HAZ sample at power input of 12.0 KW while the least IT of 39 J was obtained from sample welded using power input of 4.6 KW as compared with the as-received with IT of 58 J.Keywords - 304L austenitic stainless steel; gas metal arc welding; impact toughness; microstructures;
Power Quality Events Segmentation in a Voltage Waveform using Joint Triggering Point Detection Scheme
Authors: Okelola Muniru O , Amoo Abdullahi L , Soremekun Rasaki K 
Published: June 2020

Accurate and timely detection of power quality (PQ) events is imperative for adequate corrective measures to be taken. This paper presents a method of PQ event detection development called joint triggering point detection (JTPD) scheme with a view to achieving a more accurate PQ event detection in a voltage waveform. The JTPD combines the advantage of cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm for the statistical distribution of a signal waveform and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for change-point detection. The performance of JTPD scheme using detection rate was compared with CUSUM and DWT schemes and based on the analysis, the detection rate of JTPD, CUSUM and DWT were 100%, 95% and 50% respectively. With this, the proposed approach outperformed CUSUM and DWT schemes by 5% and 50% respectively. Hence, the proposed approach is suitable for accurate detection of voltage dip, swell and interruption PQ events Keywords: Cumulative Sum, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Joint Triggering Point Detection, Power Quality, Voltage Waveform
Modification of Institute for Agricultural Research Multi-Crop Thresher for Improved Performances
Authors: Idris Sunusi I , Mohammed Usman S , Sale Nura A , Dalha Ibrahim B 
Published: June 2020

In millet producing areas of Nigeria, the predominant method of threshing is traditional. It involves beating the millet panicle with a stick, over a log of wood or by pounding using mortar and pestle. This method is inefficient, time-consuming, labor intensive, prone to drudgery, uneconomical, low output and gives product contaminate with extraneous material such as stones and sand. Though imported threshers are effective in millet threshing; they are expensive, complexed in design and required skillful personnel for operation. An Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) multi-crop thresher for sorghum, millet, and wheat was modified for improved performances. The performance of the modified thresher was evaluated using Ex-borno variety of pearl millet. Two levels of moisture content; 9.21% and 10.81%, four feed rates levels; 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg/min, four levels of drum speed; 700, 800, 900 and 1000 rpm were considered during the experiment. The test results indicated as high as 98.78% threshing efficiency, a minimum of 1.02% grain damage, maximum cleaning efficiency of 97.19%, and 2.50% scatter loss and maximum throughput capacity of 194.02 kg/hr. In comparison to the previous thresher, threshing efficiency, mechanical grain damage, cleaning efficiency, scatter losses, and throughput capacity have improved by 2.01%, 330.56%, 9.79%, 10.78%, and 69.86% respectively. The developed thresher is anticipated to increase the farmer’s productivity due to improved performances.Keywords: Millet, Threshing Efficiency, Cleaning Efficiency, Feed Rate, cylinder Speed
Evaluation of the Performance of a Rotary screen Cowpea Cleaner-A Response Surface Approach
Authors: Aderinlewo Adewole A , Ayokambi Samuel A , Dairo Olawale U , Adeosun Olayemi J 
Published: June 2020

The performance of a rotary screen cowpea cleaner was evaluated at angles of inclination of 5, 10, 15 and 20o, screen speed of 115, 145 , 200 , 280 and 300 rpm with corresponding air velocity of 0.3, 1.3, 2.2, and 2.7 m/s using two varieties of cowpea namely Ife brown and IT90K-277-2. The results show that for Ife brown the highest cleaning efficiency of 71.12% was obtained at angle of inclination of 5o, screen speed of 315 rpm and air velocity of 3.5 m/s. The highest cleaning efficiency for IT90K-277-2 of 68.89% was also obtained at the same angle of inclination, screen speed and air velocity. Response surface plots for both varieties showed that increase in air velocity produced more increase in the cleaning efficiency than increase in screen speed. Mathematical equations for predicting the cleaning efficiency for both varieties were also determined. Keywords— Rotary screen, cowpea, cleaning efficiency
A Study on Suitability of Foamed Sandcrete Solid Block with Fly-Ash as Partial Replacement of Sand
Authors: Popoola Monsuru O , Apampa Olanrewaju A , Adekitan Olasunkanmi 
Published: June 2020

In this study, the properties of foamed sandcrete solid block (FSSB) with varying percentage of sand replacement with fly-ash were investigated. These properties include workability, wet and dry density, stability, water absorption capacity and compressive strength. 150mm cube specimens were used for the determination of both the compressive strength and the dry density of the FSSB. The plastic density was investigated using a container of known volume, and its workability determined using the slump test. The fly-ash content was varied from 0 to 50% at interval of 10%. The specimens without the fly-ash served as the control. At the designed density of 1500kg/m3, the results for the control specimens at 28 day curing age was 3.74N/mm2. As for 50% sand replacement with fly-ash, the compressive strength were 2.37 N/mm, and 3.31 N/mm2 at 7-days 28-days curing age respectively, both satisfied the minimum compressive strength of 1.8N/mm2 and 2.5N/mm2 at the curing age of 7-days and 28-days respectively for conventional sandcrete block for building wall unit as allowed by Nigerian Industrial Standard (N.I.S). The result also shows an appreciable decrease in density of FSSB with 1411.8kg/m3, as compared to dense sandcrete solid block with average of 1950kg/m3, which will significantly reduce the overall dead load of the building structure. FSSB with 50% sand replacement with fly-ash also showed a much improved water absorption capacity of 9.81% as control specimen of 11.73%. Fly-ash can be used to reduce the quantity of sand used in FSSB production; thus ridding our environment of potentially harmful wastes, as well as reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources. Keywords— Foamed Sandcrete, Compressive Strength, fly-ash, dry density, stability, cement
Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy Estimation of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Slices Using Drying Data from a Refractance WindowTM Dryer
Authors: Akinola Akinjide A , Ezeorah Stanley N 
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to estimate the moisture diffusivity of different sizes of white yam slices at different temperatures using a Refractance WindowTM dryer. To achieve this objective, dehydration of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mm thick yam slices was performed with water temperatures of 65, 75, 85 and 95 oC in the flume of a Refractance WindowTM dryer. Variation of moisture content with dehydration time data were obtained during the dehydration operations. The activation energies of dehydration for different sizes of yam slices were estimated for the temperatures considered. For the process conditions studied, the effective moisture diffusivities varied from 5.35 x 10-08 to 1.45 x 10-07 m2/s. The effective moisture diffusivity, Deff, at a specified temperature was observed to increase with increasing yam slice size. The effective moisture diffusivity, Deff, at a specified yam slice size is observed to increase with increasing dehydrating temperature. The activation energy, Ea, for the yam slices, ranged from 23.21 to 28.30 (kJ/mol) and it was observed to increase with increasing thickness of the yam slices. The activation energy values estimated were within the range observed for other equipment. This study is important in that, the moisture diffusivities and activation energy parameters estimated will be useful in the design, modelling, and optimization of such dryers. Keywords: Yams; Moisture Diffusivity; Activation Energy; Refractance WindowTM Dryer
Dynamical Control Model of the Cascaded Kainji-Jebba Hydropower Operating Head
Authors: Ogunbiyi Olalekan , Thomas Cornelius T , Omeiza Isaac A. O. , Akanni Jimoh , Olufeagba Benjamen J. 
Published: June 2020

Operation and design of control system for the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydropower system poses a great challenge to researchers and engineers. The difficulties arose from the fact that the system is affected by several nonlinear interacting factors such as variations in inflows, stochastic factors that are weather related, availability of the turbo-alternators, and numerous other constraints that are influenced by the system dynamics. All these makes the mathematical representation of the system difficult. This paper presents the development of a dynamical model for the operation and optimal control of the operating heads of the cascaded system. The mathematical models were developed from energy conversion equation and Bernoulli’s equation. The model was calibrated and tuned using measured data. Upon validation by comparing the response of the model with measured head, a deviation within was observed, making it a good prediction of the system response and appropriate for control system design. Keywords— Control model, Discharge, inflows, Operating head, Turbo-alternators