bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation dimension and degree
Authors: SCOTT ALEX , WOOD DAVID R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe separation dimension of a graph G is the minimum positive integer d for which there is an embedding of G into ℝd, such that every pair of disjoint edges are separated by some axis-parallel hyperplane. We prove a conjecture of Alon et al. [SIAM J. Discrete Math. 2015] by showing that every graph with maximum degree Δ has separation dimension less than 20Δ, which is best possible up to a constant factor. We also prove that graphs with separation dimension 3 have bounded average degree and bounded chromatic number, partially resolving an open problem by Alon et al. [J. Graph Theory 2018].
On the uses and advantages of genealogy for international law
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between the uses and forms of history within international law and questions of method in the development of histories of international law. It focuses on the advantages of genealogy as an approach to the history of international law given its capacity to both explain the way in which the law itself makes use of the past and intervene in this.Elaborating on the compatibility between genealogy and elements of the contextual approach to history associated with the ‘Cambridge School’, this article challenges recent suggestions that anachronism is irrelevant, unavoidable, or even a ‘method’ that might be fruitfully embraced in studies of international law’s past directed towards explaining and potentially altering its present. It argues that historians of international law should take the dangers of anachronism seriously, particularly if the histories they develop are to operate as a form of critique and basis for change. Genealogy is a form of history that allows a particularly potent critique of international legal thought and practice. It opens up possibilities for more radical change by questioning and moving beyond the normative framework that usually structures (and limits) calls for reform in international law.
Maternal mental health and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in extremely low birth weight adults
Authors: Rangan Meena , Banting Megan , Favotto Lindsay , Schmidt Louis A. , Saigal Saroj , Van Lieshout Ryan J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe mental health of adult extremely low birth weight (ELBW) (<1000 g) survivors is poorer than their normal birth weight (NBW) peers. An understanding of the modifiable factors that affect this risk could provide targets for intervention. We set out to determine the extent to which a maternal history of mental health problems influenced mental health in ELBW and NBW offspring in adulthood. A total of 85 ELBW and 88 NBW individuals born between 1977 and 1982 in central west Ontario, Canada self-reported on internalizing (depression, anxiety) and externalizing (attention-deficit hyperactivity and antisocial) problems using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) scales of the Young Adult Self-Report at ages 22–26 and 30–35. They also reported on their mother’s maternal mental health using the Family History Screen. An interaction was found between birth weight status and maternal history of an anxiety disorder such that ELBW survivors showed a greater increase in internalizing scores than NBW participants at 22–26 (β= 10.27,p= 0.002) and at 30–35 years of age (β= 12.65,p= 0.002). An interaction was also observed between birth weight and maternal history of mood disorder, with higher externalizing scores in ELBW survivors than NBW adults at 22–26 (β= 7.21,p< 0.0001). ELBW adults appear to be more susceptible to the adverse mental health effects of exposure to maternal mood and anxiety disorders than those born at NBW. These links further highlight the importance of detecting and treating mental health problems in the parents of preterm survivors as a means of attempting to reduce the burden of psychopathology in this population.
A Longitudinal Investigation of the Ethnic and National Identities of	Children With Migration Background in Germany
Authors: Froehlich Laura , Martiny Sarah E. , Deaux Kay 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. How immigrants define their ethnicity and nationality is relevant for integration: They can identify with their ethnic group, the receiving society, and a combination of both. A longitudinal study with elementary-school children with migration background ( N = 200; age 9–10) in Germany investigated the predictors and stability of ethnic and national identities. Ethnic identity was more highly endorsed than national identity. National and dual identities were compatible (i.e., positively related), whereas ethnic identity was compartmentalized (i.e., unrelated to national and dual identities). Contact with Germans predicted national identity over time, but not vice versa. Thus, the study contributes to a better understanding of multiple social identities of young ethnic minority children in light of social psychological theories of social identity development.
Landscape Age as a Major Control on the Geography of Soil Weathering
Authors: Slessarev E. W. , Feng X. , Bingham N. L. , Chadwick O. A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlobal‐scale models of rock‐derived nutrient availability often assume that physical erosion drives soils toward an approximate “steady state” over geologic timescales. By definition, steady‐state models do not represent landscape age—that is, the time elapsed since soil formation is initiated by major erosional or depositional events. We hypothesize that this steady‐state assumption has large consequences on estimates of soil fertility because landscape age can mediate the retention of mobile elements in soil, particularly in low‐relief landscapes and humid climates. We quantified the effect of landscape age on soil fertility by estimating Na retention in soils across the United States and explicitly resolving landscape age in regions that experienced significant deposition or glacial retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We then used a simple one‐compartment model to simulate soil formation and weathering, comparing predictions that incorporated landscape age with those based on the steady‐state assumption. We found that soils formed in LGM deposits in low‐relief, humid settings generally retain 10 times more Na than soils formed outside of LGM deposits. Furthermore, the model that accounted for landscape age outperformed a steady‐state model across the United States and increased globally averaged estimates of Na retention by 17%. These results reinforce the idea that landscape age is a major control on weathering and should not be ignored in simulations of nutrient cycling.
Impact of Multiscale Variability on Last 6,000 Years Indian and West African Monsoon Rain
Authors: Braconnot P. , Crétat J. , Marti O. , Balkanski Y. , Caubel A. , Cozic A. , Foujols M.‐A. , Sanogo S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractParticularly dry or wet boreal summer monsoon seasons are major hazards affecting societal vulnerability in India and Africa. Several factors affect monsoon rainfall amount and limit the understanding of possible linkages between monsoon variability and mean climate changes. Here we characterize the multiscale variability of Indian and West African monsoon rain from two simulations of the last 6,000 years. Changes in Earth's orbit cause long‐term monsoon drying trend in India and Africa, but the Indian monsoon is more sensitive to anthropogenic CO2. Variability is characterized by two major ranges of chaotic variability, each related to specific ocean‐atmosphere modes present throughout the period. Combination of random 50‐ to 500‐ and 2‐ to 20‐year variability leads to large events occurring at millennium scale. However, the two regions exhibit opposite trends in rainfall variability due to changes in teleconnection with Pacific sea surface temperature for India and Atlantic sea surface temperature for West Africa at interannual to decadal timescales.
Lattice Thermal Conductivity of MgSiO3 Postperovskite Under the Lowermost Mantle Conditions From Ab Initio Anharmonic Lattice Dynamics
Authors: Dekura Haruhiko , Tsuchiya Taku 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) of MgSiO3 postperovskite (Mg‐PPv) under the lowermost mantle pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions was calculated using density functional theory combining anharmonic lattice dynamics theory. The κlat of Mg‐PPv was found to be ~50% higher than that of MgSiO3 bridgmanite (Mg‐Brg) owing to the larger phonon group velocity and lifetime. The lateral variation in the core‐mantle boundary heat flux (qCMB) can be enhanced by the Brg‐PPv phase transition. We also found that the κlat along the c axis of Mg‐PPv is close to the conductivity of isotropic aggregate. This suggests that the effect of anisotropy in the κlat on qCMB would be minor if the transversely isotropic aggregate with the c axis vertical alignment, a potential source of seismic anisotropy in the D″ layer, is developed.
Development of a Dense Cratonic Keel Prior to the Destruction of the North China Craton: Constraints From Sedimentary Records and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Liu Liang , Liu Lijun , Xu Yi‐Gang , Xia Bing , Ma Qiang , Menzies Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt remains unclear why some cratonic lithospheres like the North China Craton (NCC) have undergone significant thinning and catastrophic destruction. Here we provide evidence for a dense Phanerozoic cratonic keel beneath the NCC that provides a reason for the craton destruction during the late Mesozoic. We observed two long‐lasting (>100 Myr) episodes of surface subsidence that formed the saucer‐shaped basin topography on the NCC from the Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, which was not associated with lithosphere stretching or a high sea level. Based on a detailed geological and geochemical analysis and 2‐D numerical experiments, we show that this subsidence most likely reflects the secular cooling and eclogitization of iron‐rich materials infiltrated into the cratonic mantle since the early Phanerozoic, a process that is the most prominent over the eastern NCC. This result implies that the lithosphere beneath the eastern NCC became gravitationally unstable prior to its Mesozoic destruction as its keel became progressively denser during the Paleozoic. An early Mesozoic partial removal of this dense keel possibly led to widespread surface uplift of the NCC, as indicated by regional basin inversion. We conclude that the long‐term subsidence of a cratonic basin reflects a gradual increase of the lithospheric density and that this type of subsidence should not be considered a characteristic of stable cratons as previously assumed.
Mapping Internal Tides From Satellite Altimetry Without Blind Directions
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSatellite altimetry is one practical technique for observing internal tides on the global scale. However, it is a great challenge to extract weak internal tide signals. This paper presents a new technique for mapping internal tides from satellite altimeter data. Along‐track high‐pass filtering is needed to remove long‐wavelength nontidal noise and the barotropic tidal residual; however, the filter also removes internal tides having large angles with respect to satellite ground tracks. It thus causes blind directions in mapping internal tides from satellite altimetry: Generally west‐east propagating internal tides are missed. The new technique addresses the blind‐direction issue by replacing the problematic one‐dimensional (1‐D) high‐pass filter with a two‐dimensional (2‐D) band‐pass filter. This mapping technique is able to retrieve ubiquitous westbound and eastbound internal tides not captured in previous estimates. Long‐range westbound and eastbound waves travel over thousands of km from numerous generation sites such as the Emperor seamount chain, the Hawaiian Ridge, and the Kermadec trench. Evaluation using independent Cryosat‐2 data reveals that the new internal tide model may reduce more SSH variance than a model built in 2016 does in regions of strong internal tides. However, this mapping technique makes no improvement in strong boundary current regions, due to the dominance of mesoscale motions. Moreover, the new internal tide model contains leaked noise from westward propagating tropical instability waves (TIWs), which can be suppressed by prior along‐track high‐pass filtering. This paper suggests that better internal tide models may be constructed using both 1‐D and 2‐D filters with optimized parameters.
Insignificant QBO‐MJO Prediction Skill Relationship in the SubX and S2S Subseasonal Reforecasts
Authors: Kim Hyemi , Richter Jadwiga H. , Martin Zane 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe impact of the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) on the prediction of the tropospheric Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is evaluated in reforecasts from nine models participating in subseasonal prediction projects, including the Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) and Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) projects. When MJO prediction skill is analyzed for December to February, MJO prediction skill is higher in the easterly phase of the QBO than the westerly phase, consistent with previous studies. However, the relationship between QBO phase and MJO prediction skill is not statistically significant for most models. This insignificant QBO‐MJO skill relationship is further confirmed by comparing two subseasonal reforecast experiments with the Community Earth System Model v1 using both a high‐top (46‐level) and low‐top (30‐level) version of the Community Atmosphere Model v5. While there are clear differences in the forecasted QBO between the two model top configurations, a negligible change is shown in the MJO prediction, indicating that the QBO in this model may not directly control the MJO prediction and supporting the insignificant QBO‐MJO skill relationship found in SubX and S2S models.
Diffusive processes in aqueous glass dissolution
Authors: Goût Thomas L. , Misra Sambuddha , Tipper Edward T. , Bohlin Madeleine S. , Guo Rui , Farnan Ian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHigh level nuclear waste is often immobilised in a borosilicate glass for disposal. However, this glass corrodes in contact with aqueous solutions. To predict radionuclide releases from wasteforms, their dissolution mechanisms must be understood. Understanding glass dissolution mechanisms presents a challenge across numerous other disciplines and many glass dissolution models still remain conflicted. Here we show that diffusion was a significant process during the later stages of dissolution of a simplified waste glass but was not evidenced during the initial stages of dissolution. The absence of measurable isotopic fractionation in solution initially supports models of congruent dissolution. However, the solution becoming isotopically lighter at later times evidences diffusive isotopic fractionation and opposes models that exclude diffusive transport as a significant mechanism. The periodically sampled isotopic methodologies outlined here provide an additional dimension with which to understand glass dissolution mechanisms beyond the usual measurement of solution concentrations and, post-process, nano-scale analysis of the altered glass.
Advance care planning in Parkinson’s disease: ethical challenges and future directions
Authors: Sokol Leonard L. , Young Michael J. , Paparian Jack , Kluger Benzi M. , Lum Hillary D. , Besbris Jessica , Kramer Neha M. , Lang Anthony E. , Espay Alberto J. , Dubaz Ornella M. , Miyasaki Janis M. , Matlock Daniel D. , Simuni Tanya , Cerf Moran 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent discoveries support the principle that palliative care may improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease and those who care for them. Advance care planning, a component of palliative care, provides a vehicle through which patients, families, and clinicians can collaborate to identify values, goals, and preferences early, as well as throughout the disease trajectory, to facilitate care concordant with patient wishes. While research on this topic is abundant in other life-limiting disorders, particularly in oncology, there is a paucity of data in Parkinson’s disease and related neurological disorders. We review and critically evaluate current practices on advance care planning through the analyses of three bioethical challenges pertinent to Parkinson’s disease and propose recommendations for each.
Percolation-based architecture for cluster state creation using photon-mediated entanglement between atomic memories
Authors: Choi Hyeongrak , Pant Mihir , Guha Saikat , Englund Dirk 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA central challenge for many quantum technologies concerns the generation of large entangled states of individually addressable quantum memories. Here, we show that percolation theory allows the rapid generation of arbitrarily large graph states by heralding the entanglement in a lattice of atomic memories with single-photon detection. This approach greatly reduces the time required to produce large cluster states for quantum information processing including universal one-way quantum computing. This reduction puts our architecture in an operational regime where demonstrated coupling, collection, detection efficiencies, and coherence time are sufficient. The approach also dispenses the need for time-consuming feed-forward, high cooperativity interfaces and ancilla single photons, and can tolerate a high rate of site imperfections. We derive the minimum coherence time to scalably create large cluster states, as a function of photon-collection efficiency. We also propose a variant of the architecture with long-range connections, which is even more resilient to site yields. We analyze our architecture for nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, but the approach applies to any atomic or atom-like systems.
Electric field spectroscopy of material defects in transmon qubits
Authors: Lisenfeld Jürgen , Bilmes Alexander , Megrant Anthony , Barends Rami , Kelly Julian , Klimov Paul , Weiss Georg , Martinis John M. , Ustinov Alexey V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSuperconducting integrated circuits have demonstrated a tremendous potential to realize integrated quantum computing processors. However, the downside of the solid-state approach is that superconducting qubits suffer strongly from energy dissipation and environmental fluctuations caused by atomic-scale defects in device materials. Further progress towards upscaled quantum processors will require improvements in device fabrication techniques, which need to be guided by novel analysis methods to understand and prevent mechanisms of defect formation. Here, we present a technique to analyse individual defects in superconducting qubits by tuning them with applied electric fields. This provides a spectroscopy method to extract the defects’ energy distribution, electric dipole moments, and coherence times. Moreover, it enables one to distinguish defects residing in Josephson junction tunnel barriers from those at circuit interfaces. We find that defects at circuit interfaces are responsible for about 60% of the dielectric loss in the investigated transmon qubit sample. About 40% of all detected defects are contained in the tunnel barriers of the large-area parasitic Josephson junctions that occur collaterally in shadow evaporation, and only $$\approx$$≈3% are identified as strongly coupled defects, which presumably reside in the small-area qubit tunnel junctions. The demonstrated technique provides a valuable tool to assess the decoherence sources related to circuit interfaces and to tunnel junctions that is readily applicable to standard qubit samples.
Coral endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) emit species-specific volatilomes that shift when exposed to thermal stress
Authors: Lawson Caitlin A. , Possell Malcolm , Seymour Justin R. , Raina Jean-Baptiste , Suggett David J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBiogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) influence organism fitness by promoting stress resistance and regulating trophic interactions. Studies examining BVOC emissions have predominantly focussed on terrestrial ecosystems and atmospheric chemistry – surprisingly, highly productive marine ecosystems remain largely overlooked. Here we examined the volatilome (total BVOCs) of the microalgal endosymbionts of reef invertebrates, Symbiodiniaceae. We used GC-MS to characterise five species (Symbiodinium linucheae, Breviolum psygmophilum, Durusdinium trenchii, Effrenium voratum, Fugacium kawagutii) under steady-state growth. A diverse range of 32 BVOCs were detected (from 12 in D. trenchii to 27 in S. linucheae) with halogenated hydrocarbons, alkanes and esters the most common chemical functional groups. A thermal stress experiment on thermally-sensitive Cladocopium goreaui and thermally-tolerant D. trenchii significantly affected the volatilomes of both species. More BVOCs were detected in D. trenchii following thermal stress (32 °C), while fewer BVOCs were recorded in stressed C. goreaui. The onset of stress caused dramatic increases of dimethyl-disulfide (98.52%) in C. goreaui and nonanoic acid (99.85%) in D. trenchii. This first volatilome analysis of Symbiodiniaceae reveals that both species-specificity and environmental factors govern the composition of BVOC emissions among the Symbiodiniaceae, which potentially have, as yet unexplored, physiological and ecological importance in shaping coral reef community functioning.
Differentially Expressed Genes between Carrot Petaloid Cytoplasmic Male Sterile and Maintainer during Floral Development
Authors: Liu Bo , Ou Chenggang , Chen Shumin , Cao Qiongwen , Zhao Zhiwei , Miao Zengjian , Kong Xiaoping , Zhuang Feiyun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPetaloid cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited loss of male fertility due to the complete conversion of stamens into petal-like organs, and CMS lines have been widely utilized in carrot breeding. Petaloid CMS is an ideal model not only for studying the mitochondrial–nuclear interaction but also for discovering genes that are essential for floral organ development. To investigate the comprehensive mechanism of CMS and homeotic organ alternation during carrot flower development, we conducted transcriptome analysis between the petaloid CMS line (P2S) and its maintainer line (P2M) at four flower developmental stages (T1–T4). A total of 2838 genes were found to be differentially expressed, among which 1495 genes were significantly downregulated and 1343 genes were significantly upregulated in the CMS line. Functional analysis showed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, plant hormone signal transduction, and biosynthesis. A total of 16 MADS-box genes were grouped into class A, B, C, and E, but not class D, genes. Several key genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation showed continuously low expression from stage T2 in P2S, and the expression of DcPI and DcAG-like genes also greatly decreased at stage T2 in P2S. This indicated that energy deficiency might inhibit the expression of B- and C-class MADS-box genes resulting in the conversion of stamens into petals. Stamen petaloidy may act as an intrinsic stress, upregulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and MADS-box genes at stages T3 and T4 in P2S, which results in some fertile revertants. This study will provide a better understanding of carrot petaloid CMS and floral development as a basis for further research.