bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggregate Planning Method as Production Quantity Planning and Control to Minimizing Cost
Authors: Nugraha I , Hisjam M , Sutopo W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Production planning is very important in a production because it is related to the amount of fluctuating consumer demand in each period. If there is a product shortage will cause consumer demand cannot be fulfilled so the company loses profits and commitment from customers who have trusted. However, if the excess production in a certain period there will be a buildup of products that are generated and will result in high storage costs of finished products and waste of product storage. Products that often occur in fluctuating demand is wheat flour products. Based on observations at PT. Bulog, the authors provide an analysis to overcome the problem of fluctuating demand at PT. Bulog with aggregate planning methods. Based on forecasting results that have been obtained in the previous period wheat flour demand data at PT. Bulog, we will determine the quantity and the future production time for wheat flour products. Production planning is a very important activity of all production activities of a company. Based on the calculation of aggregate planning that has been done using the company’s demand and production data PT. Bulog in the previous period found that the best method that can be used in the company’s production process is the chase strategy method, this method is used by increasing or reducing the number of workers based on the number of consumer demand. By using a chase strategy, the costs used by the company are less when compared to other methods. Costs to be incurred based on the selection of the best method for the product “Tepung Terigu Kita” is IDR 341,857,000.00.
A review on sustainable metrics for Sustainability Measurement in Supply Chain
Authors: Lsaputri V H , Hisjam M , Sutopo W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research analyzes the performance measurement in sustainable supply chain using sustainable triple bottom line aspects, namely environmental dimension, social dimension, and economic dimension. The analysis process is accomplished for 40 articles, which are from Scopus website related to sustainable supply chain. The focus in analysis process is the sustainable dimension that has been used in the previous research. Furthermore, the other focuses are the analysis processes about the journal name, organizations that fulfill the performance measurement, the utilized approach, and the type of research. Then, in the final research, there will be explanation about the metric that is utilized to be a tool for performance measurement of sustainable supply chain in the organization.
Evaluation of practicality of virtual design and construction (VDC) with 5D building information modelling (BIM) through a case study
Authors: Lee M L , Cheah W T , Lau S H , Lee X S , Abdullahi A M , Wong S Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Virtual design and construction (VDC) is defined as the use of multi-disciplinary performance models for the purposes of design-construction projects. The use of VDC in construction projects enables the stakeholders to communicate and visualize the buildability and construction sequence which will impact on a project’s success in terms of delivery time and cost. This case study investigated the process of integrating different dimensions of information such as time scheduling (4D) and cost estimation (5D) with a 3D model to simulate a 5D Building Information Modelling (BIM) process. The study explored the application of VDC with 5D BIM for a commercial building, namely Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Sungai Long City Campus. Through this case study, it enables comparisons of a virtual model and an actual construction in order to evaluate the advantages, practicality, and limitations of the VDC applications. The 5D model provided comprehensive information to manage the complex design-construction process by considering its timeline and cost. Six modelling stages were undertaken, namely inputting and modelling, clash detection test, time scheduling, quantification and cost estimation, virtualization, and walkthrough of the model. The results revealed that the practicability of the 5D BIM was influenced by the modelling effort, inter-operability, information output and limitations. The study also showed that VDC with 5D BIM significantly reduced the technical barrier for clients to participate in construction project, thus increasing the clients’ satisfaction of the works by bridging the gap of perception and actual outcomes from the construction.
Aurubis iron-silicate fines: universal sustainable construction material: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Manolova E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article brings together a lot of research information that deals with iron-silicate fines (ISF), as a basic by-product produced by the copper plant of Aurubis, located in Bulgaria. As a rare material, produced only in couple of plants in the world, ISF has a wide variety of applications due to its specific physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics. Well known for decades by the clinker cements industry, nowadays Aurubis presents a wide variety of new perspectives for creating green and sustainable building materials out of ISF. Sustainability in the construction sector is mostly referred to as zero waste scenarios related to the use of recycled and secondary materials (RSM). Such RSM materials differ significantly and their performance remains to be established separately as well as the properties of the construction products produced by them. Besides this each production unit has its own experience with raw materials for its production and introducing a new one is always causing some initial doubts. ISF not only covers preliminary expectations but even exceeds them.
One of the main purposes of this article is to present opportunities to academics, researchers, design engineers, research and development & production managers in companies, specialists and contractors, for sustainable building products development of this not so well-known material with great potential. Most of the presented applications are prepared on industrial scale with different percentages of ISF for testing the effect of its quantity on the properties of the final products.
Alkali-activated geopolymers based on iron-rich slag from copper industry
Authors: Nikolov A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the present study geopolymers were prepared using fayalite slag (iron-silicate fines) from copper producing plant (Aurubis Bulgaria AD). The influence of the different concentrations of alkali activator on properties and structure was examined. The prepared geopolymers were characterized by maximal compressive strength of about 27 MPa. The microstructural examination revealed that only small amount of the precursor reacted, but certain amount of ferric iron (Fe3+) participate in the structure of newly formed geopolymer gel.
Influence of sulphate ions on the crystal chemistry of white cement mortars with a high content of marble filler powder
Authors: Stoyanov V A , Petkova V , Kostova B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objects of this research are white cement mortars, characterized by both of high content of addition of marble powder and reduced water-cement ratio. The hardened cement mortars, formed after 28-and 120-day curing under standard conditions, are studied. The newly formed phases, containing [SO4]2-, [CO3]2-, [OH]-, etc., are identified using X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis (coupled with analysis of the outgoing gas mixture by mass spectrometry). Based on of the formed calcium silicate hydrates, calcium aluminate hydrates, the influence of sulphate ions is analysed and the mechanism of the thermal decomposition reaction at high temperatures in an oxidizing gas environment is studied. This allows us to establish that the hydration of Portland cement depends on the addition of marble powder (technically calcium carbonate CaCO3), as well as mono- and hemicarboaluminates are formed instead of monosulphoaluminates.
Effect of depth of epoxy coated lapped splices on bond efficiency
Authors: Osifala K B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper gives a report of research investigation carried out to study the effect of depth of epoxy coated lapped spliced bars on bond strength and efficiency. Thirty-six full size beams of varying lengths and sectional dimensions with lap spliced bars in constant moment region were cast and tested in a four-point bending system. Bond strength and efficiency of epoxy coated top reinforcing bars were investigated using beams with 300 mm and 500 mm depths. Three beam sizes (300 × 180 mm, 300 × 200 mm and 300 × 230 mm) and high yield reinforcing bars (16 mm, 20 mm and 28 mm) were coated with epoxy over the lap length and used with each depth. The ultimate moments from the tests were used to determine the stress developed in the reinforcing bars. Coated top reinforcing bars were found to have lower bond strength and efficiency than coated bottom reinforcing bars in the depths investigated. The location factor, α, which is a reduction factor determined using an average of three beams, for epoxy coated top bars were found to be 0.86, 0.84 and 0.89 respectively for 16 mm, 20 mm and 28 mm diameter bars at 300 mm depth and 0.62, 0.80 and 0.86 respectively for 16 mm, 20 mm and 28 mm diameter bars at 500 mm depth.
Progressive Collapse of flat slab structures – key elements and connections
Authors: Sokolova G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The loss of even one vertical support member can lead to catastrophic consequences and the progressive collapse of big portion or even the entire structure of the building. This report presents a computational study of a single-story, non-scaled 3D fragment of a high-rise concrete flat slab structure building with peripheral beams along the facade in case of dynamic failure of a column. The main objective is to examine alternative load paths for the transfer of stress from the peripheral beams to the columns, across the slab and its punching areas. In case of accidental failure of an outer column, the facade beams serve as prevention which reduces the redistribution of loads to the interior, ie. to the columns with critical slab punching areas. Research on the performance of peripheral beams and the key role of corner columns is the focus of this report.
Seismic behaviour before and after strengthening of solid confined masonry walls with glass fiber reinforced polymers - analysis of hysteresis curves, obtained by shaking table tests
Authors: Abdulahad E , Mahmud E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Masonry is one of the oldest building construction methods used by man thousands of years ago, and one of those used today. The masonry buildings look stable and give a sense of security and comfort, leaving a lasting impression of strength. Shaking table tests are planned in order to deepen the understanding of the behaviour of confined masonry structures. This paper presents the observations from a series of shaking table tests done on a 1:1 scale confined masonry wall model without openings. The specimen was tested under constant gravity load and incrementally increasing in-plane loading seismic up to the occurrence of damage. The horizontal load applied is in-plane of the specimen. Then, the seismically damaged specimen was strengthened, using glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs), and tested again. The specimen was strengthened on the surface of two sides. Hysteresis curves before and after with GFRPs wall strengthening are analysed. The tests results indicate that the GFRP system restores and increases the lateral load capacity of strengthened walls. Moreover, GFRP helps to increase the area of hysteresis curves, leading to increased seismic energy dissipation.
Seismic assessment of consequences in the building stock in Bulgaria based on statistical calibration of public data
Authors: Kaneva A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A generally accepted step to reduce the consequences of strong earthquakes and be prepared to face them, is to assess the possible damages and undertake countermeasures proactively. The aassessments are made based on analyses of seismic hazard and vulnerability of building structures. To collect the data about the buildings requires a lot of financial resources and time especially for a large-scale study. In this paper an assessment of the possible consequences in the building stock of a town in Bulgaria is performed by using public data. Some problems arising in the use of the available public data for the building stock in Bulgaria collected by the National Statistical Institute are discussed. A statistical approach is applied to calibrate this data for the buildings to classify them according the building typology and period of construction, which are main factors that determine their vulnerability. The consequences to the building stock has been evaluated with public data for several large cities in Bulgaria. Different approaches for the relation between the earthquake intensity and the level of damage are applied. Comparison of the calculated damages in the building stock of the town of Pernik and the observed damages during the 22 May 2012 earthquake is made. The results are discussed in view of applying public data for the building stock to estimate possible consequences from a strong earthquake in large urban areas.
Main features and issues in the design of tall buildings in Bulgaria
Authors: Traykov A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, construction of tall buildings has been flourishing in many places around the world. In a considerable number of cases it is very much a matter of demonstrating financial and technological capabilities. Bulgaria is not isolated from these processes, mainly designing and building office, residential and hotel buildings with reinforced concrete structures. This requires systematization of information and experience in the design of tall buildings, as well as discussing the basic features and problems in the structural design of tall buildings and making recommendations based on existing experience and trends observed in the development of analysis methods and design. Basic issues related to height, architectural solutions, structural systems and other aspects that affect design solutions and problems related to these issues are discussed. The regulations related to the design of structures of tall buildings were commented on, with the main issues discussed mainly based on structural Eurocodes. The most important aspects of computer modeling of tall building structures and numerical analysis are discussed. Common problems related to the dimensioning and detailing of basic structural elements are commented. Finally, general recommendations are made for the research and design of tall buildings with reinforced concrete construction.
Analysis of the load bearing capacity of scaffoldings used in Poland
Authors: Błazik-Borowa E , Bęc J , Jamińska-Gadomska P , Kawecki B , Lipecki T , Pieńko M , Robak A , Szulej J , Wielgos P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents static-strength analyses of 120 scaffoldings used on construction sites in Poland in the period 2016-2018. The geometry of each analysed scaffolding was taken from measurements made on the construction sites, and the scaffolding loads were determined on the basis of the standards requirements. The results of scaffolding inventory, surveying measurements, measurements of axial forces in standards, and measurements of scaffolding accelerations during vibrations were used to create numerical scaffolding models. For each scaffolding, buckling load analysis and linear static analysis were performed for four load cases which took into account self-weight, parallel and perpendicular wind actions and service load. On the basis of numerical analyses, it was found that 14 scaffoldings could fail due to loss of stability. For 56 scaffoldings, the ultimate limit state condition was not met in at least one group of components, therefore 47% of tested scaffoldings should not be approved.
Smartphone application for structural health monitoring
Authors: Stoilov G , Pashkouleva D , Kavardzhikov V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, smartphone technologies have developed rapidly. They are increasingly taking on the role of laptops and compact personal computers, as well as digital cameras, through which measurements can be taken in various industries including the building industry. This ability to receive, process and transmit measurement data makes them a tool allowing civil engineers to inspect the operational condition of building structures and their constituent parts (so-called “Structural Health Monitoring”). In this paper, a contemporary review of publications related to the use of the smartphone as a measuring tool in structural health monitoring is made. It is seen as an opportunity to develop a “real-time” smartphone application, to measure and visualize fields of displacement and deformation of structural elements. This possibility is based on digital image correlation analysis. The working principles of the smartphone application using the smartphone camera are described and the capabilities of the smartphone application, developed by the authors, for the measurement of two-dimensional fields of displacement and deformation are illustrated.
Analysis of the construction site waste management plans in Bulgaria, adopted in the period 2015-2017
Authors: Stoyanov V A , Petkova V , Andonova V 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAt the end of 2017, a new “Ordinance on construction and demolition waste management and use of recycled building materials” was adopted in Bulgaria without assessing the application of the existing one. Then and until now, there is no reliable public data available on construction and demolition waste, based on which to make a statistical assessment and make management decisions. To clarify the manner of preparation and implementation of construction site waste management plans, a study of existing accepted projects was conducted. They were evaluated based on their content, chosen measures, and recognition of the application of priority order (hierarchy) in the management of the generated construction and demolition waste. Based on the analysis, it is argued that to make the Ordinance on construction and demolition waste management more effective, it should be accompanied by increasing the reliability and quality of waste data, implementing specific management decisions based on knowledge of material flows, development of a market for reused construction products and specialization of the designers of these plans.
Assessment of the impact of destabilizing factors on implementation of investment and construction projects
Authors: Lapidus A A , Abramov I L , Al-Zaidi Z A K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Among the distinctive features of construction projects, it should be noted the complexity and specificity of the final product in the form of buildings and structures for various purposes. Investment construction projects are affected by a large number of destabilizing factors at all stages of implementation. These factors negatively affect the final indicators of the construction investment project: failure to meet deadlines, the likelihood of construction in progress, increased cost, low quality. In this regard, conducting research on the study of destabilizing factors affecting the production activities of construction company during the implementation of investment projects is relevant in difficult times for the construction industry. Construction industry, as a complex, dynamically changing system, susceptibility to various destabilizing factors, requires a constant readiness to achieve the set goals and the final result at each stage of their life cycle. This article discusses the destabilizing factors that arise during the implementation phase of an investment construction project. In order to identify and classify the negative factors that may be encountered participants construction activity, it was prepared a questionnaire for the experts who have the necessary experience in the construction industry. Based on the polls conducted, destabilizing factors were identified and ranked. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the factors studied and determine their significance and impact on the project activities. The results of the study showed that financial, technical and labor factors have a significant impact on the construction process, therefore, special attention should be paid to the development of organizational and technological measures to prevent them. This will eliminate or minimize the influence of these factors on the production activities of construction company.
Construction contracts expenses and revenues reporting
Authors: Stefanov Sv 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
According to the Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standards, expenses are recognized when a decrease in future economic benefits related to a decrease in an asset or an increase of a liability has arisen that can be measured reliably. Under the matching principle between revenue and expenses, the latter are recognized based on the direct relation between the actually paid expenses and the earned revenue during the reporting period. In this context, expenses forming the value of finished goods are recognized when the revenue received from the sale of such goods is earned. In cases when the economic benefits are expected to be acquired during several reporting periods, expenses should be deferred and recognized during different reporting periods within which the acquisition of economic benefits is converted to cash. To defer them, a certain allocation base which is an item of the accounting policy followed by the entity should be applied. The key issue in the accounting of expenses and revenues under construction contracts is related to the allocation of the contract revenues and expenses between the reporting periods during which such works have been executed. Accounting standards outline the criteria for when to recognize expenses and revenue so that to identify the correct time when they should be recognized in the financial statements of the entity carrying out the works. The main concept underlying the accounting standards is that contract revenues and expenses associated with a construction contract are to be recognized as revenues and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the end of the reporting period. Construction contracts applied in practice are classified as fixed-price contracts and cost-plus contracts. A fixed-price contract is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost escalation clauses. A cost-plus contract is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.