bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing precision irrigation of a vineyard to improve water use efficiency and profitability by using a decision-oriented vine water consumption model
Authors: Bellvert J. , Mata M. , Vallverdú X. , Paris C. , Marsal J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhile the agronomic and economic benefits of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies have long been established in red wine grape varieties, spatial variability in water requirements across a vineyard limits their practical application. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an integrated methodology—based on a vine water consumption model and remote sensing data—to optimize the precision irrigation (PI) of a 100-ha commercial vineyard during two consecutive growing seasons. In addition, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted of the tested strategy. Using an NDVI generated map, a vineyard with 52 irrigation sectors and the varietiesTempranillo,CabernetandSyrahwas classified in three categories (Low,MediumandHigh). The proposed methodology allowed viticulturists to adopt a precise RDI strategy, and, despite differences in water requirement between irrigation sectors, pre-defined stem water potential thresholds were not exceeded. In both years, the difference between maximum and minimum water applied in the different irrigation sectors varied by as much as 25.6%. Annual transpiration simulations showed ranges of 240.1–340.8 mm for 2016 and 298.6–366.9 mm for 2017. According to the CBA, total savings of 7090.00 € (2016) and 9960.00 € (2017) were obtained in the 100-ha vineyard with the PI strategy compared to not PI. After factoring in PI technology and labor costs of 5090 €, the net benefit was 20.0 € ha−1in 2016 and 48.7 € ha−1in 2017. The water consumption model adopted here to optimize PI is shown to enhance vineyard profitability, water use efficiency and yield.
The predictive strength of MBS yield spreads during asset bubbles
Authors: Deku Solomon Y. , Kara Alper , Semeyutin Artur 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examine whether the predictive power of initial yield spreads of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) vary with the financial cycle. Using a cross-country sample of 4203 MBS, we find that initial yield spreads of MBS incorporate more information than credit ratings and predict future downgrades, even after conditioning on initial credit ratings. Predictive power of spreads is higher during credit and housing bubbles and for the least risky AAA-rated MBS. We find that initial yield spreads capture the magnitude of rating downgrades, especially during asset bubble periods. As a novel approach in this literature, we also utilise machine learning techniques (regression trees, naïve Bayes, support vector machines and random forests) to confirm our results.
New combinations in Guilandina (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: Lewis G. P. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryTheCaesalpiniaGroup (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) and the genusCaesalpiniasensu lato were recently reclassified resulting in a reduction in the number of species inCaesalpiniasensu stricto to nine. Of the genera now accepted as distinct fromCaesalpinia, the pantropical genusGuilandinalacks any recent global taxonomic account and estimates of the number of species in the genus range from seven to as many as 20. Seven putative species are currently known only underCaesalpiniabinomials and have no published combination inGuilandina. This inconvenience is rectified here. Putting these binomials into the correct genus will ensure that they are not overlooked in any future revision ofGuilandina, a genus of taxonomic complexity and including some nomenclatural conundrums.
Child labor, sex and mental health outcomes amongst adolescent refugees
Authors: Meyer Sarah R. , Yu Gary , Rieders Eliana , Stark Lindsay 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionRefugee adolescents living in camps and settlements in low and middle‐income countries are a vulnerable population who face protection and psychosocial risks. This study explores prevalence of child labor amongst adolescent refugees from South Sudan in two refugee settlements in Uganda, to understand impacts of child labor on mental health outcomes, and examines the influence of sex on these impacts.MethodsSurveys were conducted in Adjumani and Kiryandongo refugee settlements, Uganda, with 470 adolescents between 13 and 17 interviewed between December 2014–February 2015. Univariate finite mixture modeling identified a two‐cluster model of child labor. Logistic regression models assessed the association of child labor and mental health.ResultsA two‐cluster solution for child labor activity was determined among the 332 adolescents who self‐reported engaging in any child labor (Significant child labor: n = 174, 37%; moderate child labor cluster: n = 158, 34%; no child labor cluster: n = 138, 29%. Odds of depression amongst adolescents exposed to significant vs. no child labor was 4.15 (95% CI: 2.01–8.56), in a model examining interaction of sex and child labor and controlling for socio‐demographic variables. For the anxiety outcome, girls exposed to significant vs. no child labor are less likely to report higher levels of anxiety (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09–0.90).ConclusionsAdolescents living in refugee settlements in Uganda report high levels of participation in child labor. Protection of adolescents from the risks involved with child labor in refugee contexts is an important and often over‐looked area of child protection in humanitarian settings.
The existence of a giant cluster for percolation on large Crump–Mode–Jagers trees
Authors: Berzunza G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper we consider random trees associated with the genealogy of Crump–Mode–Jagers processes and perform Bernoulli bond-percolation whose parameter depends on the size of the tree. Our purpose is to show the existence of a giant percolation cluster for appropriate regimes as the size grows. We stress that the family trees of Crump–Mode–Jagers processes include random recursive trees, preferential attachment trees, binary search trees for which this question has been answered by Bertoin [7], as well as (more general) m-ary search trees, fragmentation trees, and median-of-(
$2\ell+1$
) binary search trees, to name a few, where to our knowledge percolation has not yet been studied.
What is diatomite?
Authors: Zahajská Petra , Opfergelt Sophie , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Stadmark Johanna , Conley Daniel J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDifferent types of biogenic remains, ranging from siliceous algae to carbonate precipitates, accumulate in the sediments of lakes and other aquatic ecosystems. Unicellular algae called diatoms, which form a siliceous test or frustule, are an ecologically and biogeochemically important group of organisms in aquatic environments and are often preserved in lake or marine sediments. When diatoms accumulate in large numbers in sediments, the fossilized remains can form diatomite. In sedimentological literature, “diatomite” is defined as a friable, light-coloured, sedimentary rock with a diatom content of at least 50%, however, in the Quaternary science literature diatomite is commonly used as a description of a sediment type that contains a “large” quantity of diatom frustules without a precise description of diatom abundance. Here we pose the question: What is diatomite? What quantity of diatoms define a sediment as diatomite? Is it an uncompacted sediment or a compacted sediment? We provide a short overview of prior practices and suggest that sediment with more than 50% of sediment weight comprised of diatom SiO2 and having high (>70%) porosity is diatomaceous ooze if unconsolidated and diatomite if consolidated. Greater burial depth and higher temperatures result in porosity loss and recrystallization into porcelanite, chert, and pure quartz.
Lowering the Voting Age to 16? A Comparative Study on the Political Competence and Engagement of Underage and Adult Youth
Authors: Mahéo Valérie-Anne , Bélanger Éric 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOne reform considered for increasing voter turnout rates is to lower the voting age to 16 years old. Advocates of such a reform argue that young people would vote for the first time while they are still in school and living with their parents, which would provide a social context that is supportive of their electoral participation. However, opponents argue that 16- and 17-year-olds are not mature enough to take part in elections. Using data from a 2018 Quebec election survey that included a subsample of individuals aged 16 and 17, this study provides mixed evidence for both arguments.
Diversity and age stereotypes in portrayals of older adults in popular American primetime television series
Authors: Markov Čedomir , Yoon Youngmin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo examine the prevalence and diversity of older adults on primetime television, and age stereotyping in these portrayals, we analysed the contents of 112 episodes of popular American television series aired between 2004 and 2018. We identified 6.6 per cent of characters as aged 65 and older – a slight improvement to the values reported in previous studies. However, older adult characters are still grossly under-represented, considering the actual proportion of older adults in the general population of the United States of America. Further, the typical older character was young-old, male, Caucasian, middle-class, able-bodied and straight – if his sexuality was referenced. Older women still face double discrimination in media representations. In addition, older adult characters with ethnicities other than Caucasian and African American are virtually invisible in primetime fiction series. Similarly, old-old characters, sexual minorities and persons with disabilities are particularly rare among older adult characters in this type of programming. Finally, portrayals of 51.9 per cent of characters included at least some elements of age stereotypes, most of which were positive. The most commonly applied positive and negative stereotypes were found to be the golden ager and the shrew, respectively. The findings are discussed in the context of the dominant discourse of ageing and the potential implications of how various social groups perceive ageing and older adults.
Agonising choices: Tragedy and International Relations – a tragic vision of humanitarian intervention in the Bosnian War
Authors: Van Offelen Catherine , Smith M. L. R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTragedy is one of the oldest metaphorical lenses of International Relations. The tragic vision of politics, from Thucydides to contemporary realist theorists, lies at the core of classical realism. However, it is striking how rarely the concept of tragedy has been applied to the discourse of humanitarian intervention. This lacuna is a weakness on both the intellectual and political levels, as nowhere are clashes between competing ethical perspectives more glaring. An examination of the concept of tragedy, as conceived from its Greek origins, can illuminate an understanding of the morally contradictory imperatives created by armed intervention. Using the Bosnian War as a case study, Greek classical tragedy provides a framework to grasp the agonising choices and insoluble ethical dilemmas brought about by humanitarian intervention, in contrast to mere narratives of salvation. The argument conveyed in this article seeks to reconcile a tragic vision with the idea of progress and political action. It concludes by suggesting that the fundamental lessons that lie at the heart of tragedy should be associated with another major concept in Greek culture, namely, the Aristotelian idea ofphronesisor ‘practical wisdom’.
Responding to measles outbreaks in underserved Roma and Romanian populations in England: the critical role of community understanding and engagement
Authors: Bell Sadie , Saliba Vanessa , Evans Gail , Flanagan Stephen , Ghebrehewet Sam , McAuslane Helen , Sibal Bharat , Mounier-Jack Sandra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Since 2016, the European Region has experienced large-scale measles outbreaks. Several measles outbreaks in England during 2017/18 specifically affected Romanian and Romanian Roma communities. In this qualitative interview study, we looked at the effectiveness of outbreak responses and efforts to promote vaccination uptake amongst these underserved communities in three English cities: Birmingham, Leeds and Liverpool. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 33 providers involved in vaccination delivery and outbreak management in these cities. Interviews were analysed thematically and factors that influenced the effectiveness of responses were categorised into five themes: (1) the ability to identify the communities, (2) provider knowledge and understanding of the communities, (3) the co-ordination of response efforts and partnership working, (4) links to communities and approaches to community engagement and (5) resource constraints. We found that effective partnership working and community engagement were key to the prevention and management of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in the communities. Effective engagement was found to be compromised by cuts to public health spending and services for underserved communities. To increase uptake in under-vaccinated communities, local knowledge and engagement are vital to build trust and relationships. Local partners must work proactively to identify, understand and build connections with communities.
Efficacy of triclopyr and synthetic auxin herbicide mixtures for common blue violet (Viola sororia) control
Authors: Patton Aaron J. , Weisenberger Daniel V. , Liu Wenwen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCommon blue violet is a widely distributed, perennial broadleaf that is difficult to control in lawns. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic auxin herbicides and their mixtures or rate for common blue violet control. A herbicide comparison experiment was conducted with treatments including a nontreated check; 2,4-D dimethylamine; 2,4-D isooctyl ester (2,4-D ester); dichlorprop (2,4-DP) ethylhexyl ester, MCPA dimethylamine; mecoprop dimethylamine; triclopyr butoxyethyl ester; quinclorac; and mixtures of triclopyr + quinclorac; 2,4-D ester + 2,4-DP; 2,4-D ester + triclopyr; 2,4-D ester + 2,4-DP + triclopyr. All herbicides were applied at 1.12 kg ae ha−1except quinclorac (0.84 kg ha−1). Additionally, a triclopyr dose-response experiment was conducted using rates of 0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ha−1. Epinasty ranged from 80% to 99% at 21 d after application for triclopyr-containing treatments and no more than 28% for all other treatments. Plant mass from harvest and regrowth data from the comparison experiment indicated triclopyr-containing treatments provided the highest common blue violet control. Mixtures containing triclopyr did not differ from triclopyr alone, indicating there was no added effect between herbicide mixtures. The triclopyr dose-response experiment confirmed triclopyr efficacy across data collection types. As triclopyr dose increased, violet epinasty increased and chlorophyll content and dry weight decreased. Triclopyr applied at 0.81 kg ha−1or greater concentration provided 75% or greater control, as indicated by regrowth data. Many herbicides containing triclopyr are registered for use in turf, but most apply a concentration not greater than 0.56 kg ha−1triclopyr when applied at the high label rate. Thus, to achieve good (75%) common blue violet control, turf managers should select products that contain triclopyr and apply doses of at least 0.81 kg ha−1when used according to the label.
Study of Aerodynamic Grain Entrainment in Aeolian Transport
Authors: Li G. , Zhang J. , Herrmann H. J. , Shao Y. , Huang N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAeolian transport controls landform formations on Earth and other planets and crucially affects the atmospheric system. With elaborate wind tunnel measurements, we find that the aerodynamic entrainment rate follows a yet unreported exponential increase in the intermittent regime and only complies with the expected linear law for the condition of continuous entrainment. Subsequently, we propose a model accounting for the effects of turbulence on aerodynamic entrainment based on the distribution of local shear stress to describe the experimental results. We also provide evidence that aerodynamic entrainment can be an efficient way to directly induce a horizontal grain transport comparable to the steady and saturated saltation in unsaturated conditions and should not be ignored. Our findings substantially modify the present interpretation of surface erosion and bear thus important consequences on future soil protection techniques.
Precipitation Trends Over Mainland China From 1961–2016 After Removal of Measurement Biases
Authors: Zhang Yingxian , Ren Yuyu , Ren Guoyu , Wang Guofu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFollowing the removal of measurement biases from daily observed gauge records for the period 1961–2016 at 2,250 national stations over mainland China, the precipitation trends and causes were analyzed. Measured annual precipitation trends have been overestimated to varying degrees in most regions, with the exceptions of Northwest China and northern Tibet. On average, the annual precipitation trend over mainland China decreased from 3.98 to 2.04 mm/10 yr after bias adjustment. The dramatically precipitation‐increasing (wetting) zones in Northeast China and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were found to be disappearing at a faster rate than what we observed. Meanwhile, the extent of markedly precipitation‐decreasing (drying) zones in the Yellow River Basin shrank more slowly than what was indicated by measured records. Adjusted annual light rain amounts exhibited a weaker increasing trend over mainland China; conversely, adjusted annual rainstorm amounts displayed stronger increasing trends than reported previously. The changes of trace precipitation days, precipitation days, mean wind speed on precipitation days, and observed precipitation amount comprehensively affected the trends of bias‐removed precipitation. The declines in measured wind speed and precipitation amount resulted in accelerated reductions in adjusted precipitation over Southwest and North China. In Southeast China, the increasing trend of bias‐adjusted precipitation was smaller than that indicated by original data due to the reduction in mean wind speed when precipitation occurred. In Northwest China and northern Tibet, however, the increases in measured precipitation amount and precipitation days mutually led to larger increasing trends in the adjusted data.
Motivated misremembering of selfish decisions
Authors: Carlson Ryan W. , Maréchal Michel André , Oud Bastiaan , Fehr Ernst , Crockett Molly J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPeople often prioritize their own interests, but also like to see themselves as moral. How do individuals resolve this tension? One way to both pursue personal gain and preserve a moral self-image is to misremember the extent of one’s selfishness. Here, we test this possibility. Across five experiments (N = 3190), we find that people tend to recall being more generous in the past than they actually were, even when they are incentivized to recall their decisions accurately. Crucially, this motivated misremembering effect occurs chiefly for individuals whose choices violate their own fairness standards, irrespective of how high or low those standards are. Moreover, this effect disappears under conditions where people no longer perceive themselves as responsible for their fairness violations. Together, these findings suggest that when people’s actions fall short of their personal standards, they may misremember the extent of their selfishness, thereby potentially warding off threats to their moral self-image.
Tunable genetic devices through simultaneous control of transcription and translation
Authors: Bartoli Vittorio , Meaker Grace A. , di Bernardo Mario , Gorochowski Thomas E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSynthetic genetic circuits allow us to modify the behavior of living cells. However, changes in environmental conditions and unforeseen interactions with the host cell can cause deviations from a desired function, resulting in the need for time-consuming reassembly to fix these issues. Here, we use a regulatory motif that controls transcription and translation to create genetic devices whose response functions can be dynamically tuned. This allows us, after construction, to shift the on and off states of a sensor by 4.5- and 28-fold, respectively, and modify genetic NOT and NOR logic gates to allow their transitions between states to be varied over a >6-fold range. In all cases, tuning leads to trade-offs in the fold-change and the ability to distinguish cellular states. This work lays the foundation for adaptive genetic circuits that can be tuned after their physical assembly to maintain functionality across diverse environments and design contexts.
Operando visualisation of battery chemistry in a sodium-ion battery by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bray Joshua M. , Doswell Claire L. , Pavlovskaya Galina E. , Chen Lin , Kishore Brij , Au Heather , Alptekin Hande , Kendrick Emma , Titirici Maria-Magdalena , Meersmann Thomas , Britton Melanie M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSodium-ion batteries are a promising battery technology for their cost and sustainability. This has led to increasing interest in the development of new sodium-ion batteries and new analytical methods to non-invasively, directly visualise battery chemistry. Here we report operando 1H and 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging experiments to observe the speciation and distribution of sodium in the electrode and electrolyte during sodiation and desodiation of hard carbon in a sodium metal cell and a sodium-ion full-cell configuration. The evolution of the hard carbon sodiation and subsequent formation and evolution of sodium dendrites, upon over-sodiation of the hard carbon, are observed and mapped by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, and their three-dimensional microstructure visualised by 1H magnetic resonance imaging. We also observe, for the first time, the formation of metallic sodium species on hard carbon upon first charge (formation) in a full-cell configuration.
Symmetry-controlled edge states in the type-II phase of Dirac photonic lattices
Authors: Pyrialakos Georgios G. , Schmitt Nora , Nye Nicholas S. , Heinrich Matthias , Kantartzis Nikolaos V. , Szameit Alexander , Christodoulides Demetrios N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe exceptional properties exhibited by two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, are rooted in the underlying physics of the relativistic Dirac equation that describes the low energy excitations of such molecular systems. In this study, we explore a periodic lattice that provides access to the full solution spectrum of the extended Dirac Hamiltonian. Employing its photonic implementation of evanescently coupled waveguides, we indicate its ability to independently perturb the symmetries of the discrete model (breaking, also, the barrier towards the type-II phase) and arbitrarily define the location, anisotropy, and tilt of Dirac cones in the bulk. This unique aspect of topological control gives rise to highly versatile edge states, including an unusual class that emerges from the type-II degeneracies residing in the complex space of k. By probing these states, we investigate the topological nature of tilt and shed light on novel transport dynamics supported by Dirac configurations in two dimensions.