bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical maturity in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida
Authors: Hazelkorn Rebeccah A. , Wells Randall S. , Siders Zachary A. , DeLynn Ruth , Lovewell Gretchen N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCetacean physical maturity is defined by growth cessation and complete fusion of epiphyses to vertebral bodies indicated by invisible sutures. Many studies have shown epiphyseal fusion is highly variable among individuals. In‐depth examinations into fusion variability are lacking. We analyzed vertebrae of 37 (n= 21female,n= 16male) stranded common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the well‐studied Gulf of Mexico, Sarasota Bay community. For each specimen, vertebrae were examined by vertebral region for degree of fusion anteriorly and posteriorly of each centrum and categorized from unfused to fused in five degrees. An ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate degree of fusion probability for each epiphysis. The model had fixed effects for age, number of offspring, sex, sexual maturity, and a random effect for epiphysis. Results show that age/reproductive status significantly explains an individual's degree of fusion. Adult females with fewer calves had more fusion than those with more reproductive experience across multiple ages. Access to long‐term observational and sample data on the dolphins residing in the area served by Mote Marine Laboratory's Stranding Investigations Program offers a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between energetic demands of reproduction (calcium production/reproductive output) versus preconceived definitions of physical maturity (skeletal fusion) more closely.
Changes in fecal short‐chain fatty acids following fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: El‐Salhy Magdy , Valeur Jørgen , Hausken Trygve , Gunnar Hatlebakk Jan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundShort‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may play a role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study analyzed fecal SCFAs after performing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the IBS patients who were included in our previous study of the efficacy of FMT.MethodsThis study included 142 of the 164 IBS patients who participated in our previous study. They were belonging to three groups: placebo (own feces), 30‐g (superdonor feces), and 60‐g (superdonor feces) FMT. The patients completed the IBS Severity Scoring System (IBS‐SSS) Birmingham IBS Symptom, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), the IBS Quality of Life (IBS‐QoL) and Short‐Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (SF‐NDI) questionnaires and delivered fecal samples at the baseline and 1 month after FMT. The SCFA levels were determined by vacuum distillation followed by gas chromatography.Key ResultsThe fecal butyric acid level was significantly increased after FMT in both the 30‐g and 60‐g groups (both P ≤ 0.001). In the 60‐g group, the levels of total SCFAs and isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids increased after FMT. Butyric acid levels in the responders in both the 30‐g and 60‐g FMT groups were significantly inversely correlated with IBS‐SSS and FAS scores (P = 0.001, r = −0.3 and P = 0.0001. r=‐ 0.3, respectively). There were no differences in the SCFA levels in the placebo group after FMT.Conclusion and InferencesFMT increases the fecal SCFA levels in IBS patients. The increase in the butyric acid level is inversely correlated with symptoms in IBS patients following FMT, suggesting that SCFAs might play a role in the pathophysiology of IBS. www.clini​caltr​ials.gov (NCT03822299).
Wittgenstein on Aspect‐Recognition in Philosophy and Mathematics
Authors: Hymers Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough Wittgenstein’s most extensive discussion of aspect‐recognition appears in Part II of the Philosophical Investigations, aspect‐recognition was of interest to Wittgenstein almost from the beginning of his engagement with philosophy at Cambridge in 1912. However, the nature of that interest changes upon his return to Cambridge in 1929, and that change in turn is connected with the inter‐related ideas that philosophical clarity rests on recognising aspects of our grammar and that mathematical proof leads us to recognise new aspects of mathematical expressions.
Production of monoclonal antibody against recombinant bovine sex‐determining region Y (SRY) and their preferential binding to Y chromosome‐bearing sperm
Authors: Soleymani Bijan , Mansouri Kamran , Rastegari‐Pouyani Mohsen , Parvaneh Shahram , Khademi Fatemeh , Sharifi Tabar Mehdi , Mostafaie Ali 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeparation of X and Y chromosome‐bearing sperm is an appropriate method for the selection of desired sex of offspring to increase the profit in livestock industries. The purpose of this study was the production of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant bovine sex‐determining region Y protein for separation Y sperm. The hybridoma cells from splenocytes of immunized female's balb/C mice and Sp2/0 cells were made. The binding affinity of our monoclonal antibody (mAbSRY2) was compared with mouse monoclonal SRY‐15. The Western blot method indicated that mAbSRY2 successfully detected the rbSRY protein. The specificity and sensitivity of mAbSRY2 is comparable to SRY‐15 commercially ones. The SRY gene in 100% of bull semen contains the Y chromosome that had the strongest binding affinity to mAbSRY2 was synthesized. In other words, the binding affinity of semen contains the X sperms near the negative control. In general, this immunological method can help to separate X from Y sperms. However, the mAbSRY2 is bind to Y‐bearing sexed sperm, but in the future; the sexed sperms need to apply in farms.
Premarital Pregnancy in China: Cohort Trends and Educational Gradients
Authors: Qian Yue , Jin Yongai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn China, premarital sexual and reproductive behavior is seldom considered and poorly understood. Increases in premarital pregnancy are thought to not only illuminate a decoupling of marriage and sexual/reproductive behavior but also serve as a key feature of family change in East Asia. This study assesses change across cohorts in the likelihood of premarital pregnancy and the extent to which change differs by educational attainment. Drawing on the 2017 China Fertility Survey, we apply a discrete‐time, competing‐risk survival analysis to a nationally representative sample of 221,990 women born between 1960 and 1999. Women born in the 1980s and 1990s are more likely than those born in the 1960s and 1970s to experience a pregnancy prior to first marriage. This cohort trend is driven by increases in premarital pregnancy among women with a high school education or less. The less educated women and their college counterparts increasingly diverge in the likelihood of experiencing a premarital pregnancy. The diverging patterns of premarital pregnancy underscore the urgency to shift the focus of China's family planning programs from fertility control to reproductive health, with an emphasis on providing information and services to disadvantaged unmarried individuals.
Does the Grip Width Affect the Bench Press Performance of Paralympic Powerlifters?
Authors: dos Santos Marcelo Danillo Matos , Aidar Felipe J. , de Souza Raphael Fabrício , dos Santos Jymmys Lopes , da Silva de Mello Andressa , Neiva Henrique P. , Marinho Daniel A. , Marques Mário C. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To verify the effects of using different grip widths in bench press performance in Paralympic powerlifting athletes. Methods: Twelve experienced Paralympic powerlifting male athletes (25.40 [3.30] y, 70.30 [12.15] kg) participated in the study. Maximal dynamic strength and maximal isometric strength (MIS) were determined. Then, mean propulsive velocity (MPV) using 25%, 50%, and 100% of maximal dynamic strength load and time to achieve 30%, 50%, and 100% of MIS were assessed with 4 different grip widths, specifically the biacromial distance (BAD: 42.83 [12.84] cm), 1.3 BAD (55.68 [16.70] cm), 1.5 BAD (63.20 [18.96] cm), and 81 cm. Electromyographic analysis was performed during MIS assessment in the pectoralis major sternal portion, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii long head, and pectoralis major clavicular portion. Results: Large differences were found between MPV performed with different grip widths using 25% of maximal dynamic strength load (P = .02, ). The 1.5 BAD grip tended to show greater force generation and MPV. Moreover, the time needed to achieve 30%, 50%, and 100% of MIS differed between grip widths (P = .03, ), with the lowest values obtained in the 1.5 BAD. Despite the nonstatistical differences that were found, grip widths caused moderate effects on muscle myoelectric activation, showing greater values for pectoralis major clavicular portion and pectoralis major sternal portion, for the 1.3 BAD and 1.5 BAD, respectively. The 1.5 BAD the grip width tended to show greater MPV values and faster contractile responses. Conclusions: These results highlighted the importance of choosing the specific grip width for improvement of performance in Paralympic powerlifting athletes, by increasing velocity of movement and force production in a shorter time, with greater activation of primary muscles.
An Institutional Framework for Governance Convergence in Sport: The Case of India
Authors: McLeod Joshua , Shilbury David , Zeimers Géraldine 
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this research was to examine the drivers and barriers of governance convergence in Indian sport. Governance convergence is defined as the adoption of four principles of good governance that are common in Western sport contexts—transparency, accountability, democracy, and social responsibility. To achieve the aim, a theoretical framework consisting of three interconnected levels—(a) the historically grown national institutional framework, (b) organizational field, and (c) organizational actors—was proposed, drawing primarily on institutional theory. A qualitative approach was used to empirically test the framework in the Indian sport context, where governance has been of key concern. The findings show that the framework is an effective tool for understanding the drivers and barriers of convergence with the defined principles of good governance. The development of this framework is important, given the link between the principles and positive organizational outcomes.
Heterogeneous mantle-derived helium isotopes in the Canary Islands and other ocean islands
Authors: Day James M.D. , Hilton David R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Consistent 3He/4He ratios have been measured for &gt;25 years in geothermal fluids and gases from Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (9.4 ± 0.1RA, where RA is the 3He/4He of air), and Teide, Tenerife (6.8 ± 0.3RA), Canary Islands. Both locations are characterized by similar CO2/3He (∼2 to 4 × 109), mantle-like δ13C (−3.3‰ to −4.4‰) and CO2 output (0.1–0.2 × 1010 mol yr–1). Helium isotopic differences between the islands cannot be explained by differential aging and 4He ingrowth in their mantle sources. Instead, distinct He reservoirs exist, with a high-μ (HIMU)–type mantle source for La Palma and a more enriched mantle, with possible lithospheric mantle influence, for Tenerife. Geothermal samples from the Canary Islands record a present-day He distribution distinct from higher 3He/4He in olivine from older eastern Canary Island lavas, indicating temporal variability in sources. Comparison of geothermal sample data versus olivine, pyroxene, and glass He isotope data for the Canary Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Hawaiian islands, and Iceland reveals generally good correspondence, even across &gt;1 m.y. of stratigraphy. However, in addition to the Canary Islands, there are examples of inter-island heterogeneity for He isotopes at Hawaii, the Azores, and within Iceland, preserved in hydrothermal samples, minerals, and glasses. In particular, in northwest Iceland, olivine separates from older lavas preserve higher 3He/4He than present-day geothermal samples from the same region. This difference likely reflects a reduced mantle-derived 3He input to Icelandic magmatism since the Miocene. Temporal variability in 3He/4He, assessed using geothermal and geological materials in conjunction, offers a powerful tool for examining heterogeneity and temporal evolution of mantle sources at intraplate volcanoes.
Similar Holocene glaciation histories in tropical South America and Africa
Authors: Vickers Anthony C. , Shakun Jeremy D. , Goehring Brent M. , Gorin Andrew , Kelly Meredith A. , Jackson Margaret S. , Doughty Alice , Russell James 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Tropical glaciers have retreated alongside warming temperatures over the past century, yet the way in which these trends fit into a long-term geological context is largely unclear. Here, we present reconstructions of Holocene glacier extents relative to today from the Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) and the Rwenzori Mountains (Uganda) based on measurements of in situ14C and 10Be from recently exposed bedrock. Ice-extent histories are similar at both sites and suggest that ice was generally smaller than today during the first half of the Holocene and larger than today for most, if not all, of the past several millennia. The similar glaciation history in South America and Africa suggests that large-scale warming followed by cooling of the tropics during the late Holocene primarily drove ice extent, rather than regional changes in precipitation. Our results also imply that recent tropical ice retreat is anomalous in a multimillennial context.
Protocol and statistical analysis plan for the PREventing cardiovascular collaPse with Administration of fluid REsuscitation during Induction and Intubation (PREPARE II) randomised clinical trial
Authors: Russell Derek W , Casey Jonathan D , Gibbs Kevin W , Dargin James M , Vonderhaar Derek J , Joffe A M , Ghamande Shekhar , Khan Akram , Dutta Simanta , Landsperger Janna S , Robison Sarah W , Bentov Itay , Wozniak Joanne M , Stempek Susan , White Heath D , Krol Olivia F , Prekker Matthew E , Driver Brian E , Brewer Joseph M , Wang Li , Lindsell Christopher John , Self Wesley H , Rice Todd W , Semler Matthew W , Janz David 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionCardiovascular collapse is a common complication during tracheal intubation of critically ill adults. Whether administration of an intravenous fluid bolus prevents cardiovascular collapse during tracheal intubation remains uncertain. A prior randomised trial found fluid bolus administration to be ineffective overall but suggested potential benefit for patients receiving positive pressure ventilation during tracheal intubation.Methods and analysisThe PREventing cardiovascular collaPse with Administration of fluid REsuscitation during Induction and Intubation (PREPARE II) trial is a prospective, multi-centre, non-blinded randomised trial being conducted in 13 academic intensive care units in the USA. The trial will randomise 1065 critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation with planned use of positive pressure ventilation (non-invasive ventilation or bag-mask ventilation) between induction and laryngoscopy to receive 500 mL of intravenous crystalloid or no intravenous fluid bolus. The primary outcome is cardiovascular collapse, defined as any of: systolic blood pressure <65 mm Hg, new or increased vasopressor administration between induction and 2 min after intubation, or cardiac arrest or death between induction and 1 hour after intubation. The primary analysis will be an unadjusted, intention-to-treat comparison of the primary outcome between patients randomised to fluid bolus administration and patients randomised to no fluid bolus administration using a χ2 test. The sole secondary outcome is 28-day in-hospital mortality. Enrolment began on 1 February 2019 and is expected to conclude in June 2020.Ethics and disseminationThe trial was approved by either the central institutional review board at Vanderbilt University Medical Center or the local institutional review board at each trial site. Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03787732.
Factors affecting attitudes towards caring for terminally ill patients among nursing students in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Laporte Pauline , Juvet Typhaine , Desbiens Jean-François , Tapp Diane , Pasquier Jérôme , Bornet Marc-Antoine 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesPositive attitudes towards end-of-life care are essential among nursing students to adequately support terminally ill patients and enable students to feel confident about providing end-of-life care. This study aimed to determine nursing students’ attitudes towards caring for terminally ill patients, as well as the associations between these attitudes and year of study, exposure to terminally ill people, self-perceived nursing skills and subjective impact of instruction.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA health sciences school in Switzerland.ParticipantsAll preparatory students, first-year nursing students and third-year nursing students were invited to participate; 178 agreed to participate.Primary outcome measureAttitudes towards terminally ill patients were assessed using the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale, Form B (FATCOD, Form B), as the primary outcome. Secondary measures were gender, age, year of study, number of terminally ill persons encountered, self-perceived palliative care nursing skills and subjective impact of instruction.ResultsMean FATCOD, Form B score was 117.7 (SD: 9.8, median: 118.0). Better attitudes towards terminally ill patients were significantly associated with being aged 24–26 years (β=6.97, 95% CI 2.00 to 11.95, p=0.006), year of study (β=3.47, 95% CI 1.69 to 5.25, p<0.001), professional encounters with terminally ill patients (β=3.59, 95% CI 2.23 to 4.95, p<0.001) and self-perceived palliative care nursing competence (β=1.23, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.04; p=0.003). In the multivariate analysis, professionally encountering terminally ill patients remained significant (β=3.00; 95% CI 1.43 to 4.57; p<0.001).ConclusionsNursing students’ attitudes towards caring for terminally ill patients were positive and improved as their year of study progressed. Professional exposure to terminally ill patients was the strongest factor, followed by private encounters, self-perceived palliative care nursing skills, year of study and age.
Use and impact of point-of-care ultrasonography in general practice: a prospective observational study
Authors: Aakjær Andersen Camilla , Brodersen John , Davidsen Annette Sofie , Graumann Ole , Jensen Martin Bach B 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo describe how general practitioners (GPs) use point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) and how it influences the diagnostic process and treatment of patients.DesignProspective observational study using an online questionnaire before and after POCUS.SettingOffice-based general practice.ParticipantsTwenty GPs consecutively recruited all patients examined with POCUS in 1 month.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe estimated the use of POCUS through the indication for use, the frequency of use, the time consumption, the extent of modification of the examination and the findings.The influence on the diagnostic process was estimated through change in the tentative diagnoses, change in confidence, the ability to produce ultrasound images and the relationship between confidence and organs scanned or tentative diagnoses.The influence of POCUS on patient treatment was estimated through change in plan for the patient, change in patient’s treatment and the relationship between such changes and certain findings.ResultsThe GPs included 574 patients in the study. POCUS was used in patient consultations with a median frequency of 8.6% (IQR: 4.9–12.6). Many different organs were scanned covering more than 100 different tentative diagnoses. The median time taken to perform POCUS was 5 min (IQR: 3–8). Across applications and GPs, POCUS entailed a change in diagnoses in 49.4% of patients; increased confidence in a diagnosis in 89.2% of patients; a change in the management plan for 50.9% of patients including an absolute reduction in intended referrals to secondary care from 49.2% to 25.6%; and a change in treatment for 26.5% of patients.ConclusionsThe clinical utilisation of POCUS was highly variable among the GPs included in this study in terms of the indication for performing POCUS, examined scanning modalities and frequency of use. Overall, using POCUS altered the GPs’ diagnostic process and clinical decision-making in nearly three out of four consultations.Trial registration numberNCT03375333.
Epidemiological evidence for a hereditary contribution to myasthenia gravis: a retrospective cohort study of patients from North America
Authors: Green Joshua D , Barohn Richard J , Bartoccion Emanuela , Benatar Michael , Blackmore Derrick , Chaudhry Vinay , Chopra Manisha , Corse Andrea , Dimachkie Mazen M , Evoli Amelia , Florence Julaine , Freimer Miriam , Howard James F , Jiwa Theresa , Kaminski Henry J , Kissel John T , Koopman Wilma J , Lipscomb Bernadette , Maestri Michelanglo , Marino Mariapaola , Massey Janice M , McVey April , Mezei Michelle M , Muppidi Srikanth , Nicolle Michael W , Oger Joel , Pascuzzi Robert M , Pasnoor Mamatha , Pestronk Alan , Provenzano Carlo , Ricciardi Roberta , Richman David P , Rowin Julie , Sanders Donald B , Siddiqi Zaeem , Soloway Aimee , Wolfe Gil I , Wulf Charlie , Drachman Daniel B , Traynor Bryan J 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo approximate the rate of familial myasthenia gravis and the coexistence of other autoimmune disorders in the patients and their families.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingClinics across North America.ParticipantsThe study included 1032 patients diagnosed with acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR)-positive myasthenia gravis.MethodsPhenotype information of 1032 patients diagnosed with AChR-positive myasthenia gravis was obtained from clinics at 14 centres across North America between January 2010 and January 2011. A critical review of the epidemiological literature on the familial rate of myasthenia gravis was also performed.ResultsAmong 1032 patients, 58 (5.6%) reported a family history of myasthenia gravis. A history of autoimmune diseases was present in 26.6% of patients and in 28.4% of their family members.DiscussionThe familial rate of myasthenia gravis was higher than would be expected for a sporadic disease. Furthermore, a high proportion of patients had a personal or family history of autoimmune disease. Taken together, these findings suggest a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.