bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermophysical properties of [EMIM][BF4] and [HMIM][PF6] imidazolium ionic liquids with MWCNTs
Authors: Hasen Huda Majid , Abdulmajeed Basma A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, several ionanofluids (INFs) were prepared in order to study their efficiency as a cooling medium at 25 °C. The two-step technique is used to prepare ionanofluid (INF) by dispersing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in two concentrations 0.5 and 1 wt% in ionic liquid (IL). Two types of ionic liquids (ILs) were used: hydrophilic represented by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [EMIM][BF4] and hydrophobic represented by 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIM][PF6]. The thermophysical properties of the prepared INFs including thermal conductivity (TC), density and viscosity were measured experimentally. The TC measurement showed an enhancement of about 3% for INF and of 1% MWCNT in [EMIM][BF4] at a temperature of 298.15 K: the TC was 0.186 W/m.K, the kinematic viscosity was 100 centistokes (cSt), and the density was 1.283 g.cm−3. On the other hand, the TC of 1% MWCNT in [HMIM][PF6] INF enhanced by 5%. In this case, at a temperature of 298.15 K, the TC was 0.158 W/m, the kinematic viscosity was 1200 cSt, and the density was 1.294 g.cm−3. Furthermore, the stability of the prepared INFs was measured using the zeta potential method after 28 days of preparation. The results show very good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the ILs for all the prepared INFs. The zeta potential was -69.30 mV and - 45.34 mV for 0.5% and 1% MWCNT in [EMIM][BF4], respectively. On the other hand, zeta potential was -51.78 and -46.67 mV for 0.5% and 1% MWCNT in [HMIM][PF6], respectively. According to the obtained results, the preferable INFs to use as a cooling medium at 25 °C was the INF of 1 wt% MWCNT in [EMIM][BF4], since it provides better thermophysical properties than the other prepared INFs.
Kevlar-based Composite Material and its Applications in Body Armour: A Short Literature Review
Authors: Nair Anand Narayanan , Sundharesan Santhosh , Al Tubi Issa Saif Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Kevlar is a synthetic fibre which has gained worldwide attention due to its numerous industrial applications. It is mostly used in combination with other materials and acts as an effective composite material. Scientifically known as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), the Kevlar monomer has 14 carbon atoms, ten hydrogen atoms, two nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. A Kevlar polymer chain can have monomers ranging from five to one million bonded to each other with a molecular formula of [-CO-C6H4-CO-NH-C6H4-NH-]n, where n represents the number of monomers. Kevlar has a wide variety of applications ranging from bicycle tyres to aerospace applications. Based on the applications, Kevlar fibres are graded in various ranges. This paper provides insight into major research on Kevlar, especially in defence applications.
The Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (AlMMCs) Reinforced with Ni and SiCp
Authors: Naeem Haider Tawfiq 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This investigation studies the effects of nickel (Ni) particles combined with silicon carbide (SiCp) particles on the microstructural and mechanical properties of aluminium(Al)-magnesium(Mg)-manganese(Mn) matrix alloys under different sintering temperatures. The Al-Mg-Mn-SiCp/Nip composite samples were produced via the powder metallurgy route. The sintering process was performed on a green compact of Al-Mg-Mn matrix/SiCp/ or Nip composites at 400 °C and 600 °C for 1.5 hours at a constant heating rate of 50 °C/min. The Al-Mg-Mn-SiCp/Nip samples were evaluated and characterised using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the Al-Mg-Mn-SiCp/Nip samples were measured for Vickers hardness and compressive strength. The outcomes show that Al-Mg-Mn-5%SiCp-6%Nip gave the highest Vickers hardness. The results showed that the optimal sintering temperature performed on the Al-Mg-Mn-SiCp/Nip sample was 400 °C compared with 600 °C because the overall dissolution of alloying elements within the Al-matrix led to an enlargement of grains, thus, reducing their mechanical properties.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Composite Laminates by Fractal Dimension
Authors: Mahmood Amjed Saleh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on the evaluation of mechanical properties of composite laminates by fractal dimension (FD). The fibre distribution in a laminate or FD could be changed according to different manufacturing processes, such as hand lay-up, resin infusion and resin transfer moulding. These manufacturing processes are considered in this study. Woven Kevlar / epoxy composite panels were manufactured with a [0/90]2S stacking sequence. The materials were characterised for interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and flexural strength. The fibre volume fraction (Vf) and FD of the laminates were determined from optical microscopic images of polished cross-sections using ImageJ software (box counting method) with the Fractal and Lacunarity add-in. The results show significant relationships between the mechanical performance of the composite laminates and the FD.
Rheological and Mechanical Investigation of PET, LDPE and HDPE Wastes Blended for Re-Use in Bio-Pipes
Authors: Jabir Ruqaya Khairy , Hadi Nizar Jawad , AL-Zubiedy Ali Abd-Alameer 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work focuses on the re-use of biopolymer wastes to produce the pipes and reduce the impact of these materials on the environment. The ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40wt% of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) were added to the reference blend, which consists of recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) and recycled high-density polyethylene (RHDPE). Rheological and mechanical tests were performed on these blends. The blend of RLDPE and RHDPE was already successful in the manufacturing of pipes. The capillary rheometer was used to check the shear viscosity and shear stress behaviour with the shear rate increasing for different blends. The density, tensile strength, elastic modulus and impact strength were also tested for all blends. The results showed that the shear viscosity decreases and the shear stress increases with the shear rate increasing for all blends. In general, the addition of RPET to the reference blend decreases the viscosity at each shear rate. The blends of ten wt% and 20wt% are more compatible with the reference blend, while the blends of 30wt% and 40wt% exhibit a clear deviation after a shear rate of 300. The density indicates an increase with the increase of RPET to the reference blend. The tensile strength increases and impact strength decreases with the increase of RPET up to 30%. After that, the tensile strength decreases and impact strength increases up to the 40wt% RPET. The results showed that the rheological test can be used to predict the mechanical behaviour. Additionally, there was a good agreement observed between the rheological and mechanical tests. The ten wt% and 20wt% blends were more suitable for this task.
The Rheological Properties of LDPE Nanocomposites per a Capillary Rheometer: An Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Latef Zahra B , Hadi Nizar J , Saad N A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rheological properties are very significant in determining processing performance. The increase of only a few percent of nanoparticles by weight will result in substantial improvement in rheological properties. This work focuses on studies of shear viscosity, shear stress and pressure at a shear rate range of (3-1500) s−1 and temperature of 170 °C. The flow properties of low-density polyethylene melt and nanocomposite experimentally studied in a single-bore capillary rheometer with a length-to-diameter ratio of (10:1) and numerically using POLYFLOW-Ansys version 15.0 software based on the power-law model. The experimental results show that the viscosity of nanocomposites decreased while the shear stress increased with the shear rate increase. The pressure drop decreases with the shear rate increases for all additional ratios. The experimental and numerical studies of polymer nanocomposites in a capillary die, the shear viscosity, shear stress and pressure behaviour numerically reveal good agreement with the corresponding experimental results.
Preparation of Sustainable Thermal Insulators from Waste Materials
Authors: Mashkoor Iman A. , Mohammad Haider M. , Dakhil Saadoon F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work aims to produce an experimental and theoretical analysis of thermal insulator specifications for buildings with sustainable requirements. In the experimental work, three categories of thermal insulators were prepared from composite materials, and each category had ten models. These composites included the addition of two types of waste (sawdust and tyre waste) as fillers for two types of matrices (liquid polyurethane and polyurethane foam) to obtain composite materials for thermal insulation samples. The prepared samples were subjected to tests to show their thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity as well as undergoing a hardness test. The theoretical analysis included the discovery of empirical equations for thermal properties as functions of two variables (temperature and mass ratio) and hardness as a function of one variable (mass ratio). A genetic algorithm optimisation technique was used to find the optimum mass ratio of the composite that produced the required insulation specifications. The results showed that thermal conductivity decreased when the sawdust mass ratio and the rubber waste mass ratio increased but remained under the thermal insulation range. Furthermore, the prepared insulator samples showed an improvement in thermal storage and the hardness of tyre waste (liquid polyurethane composites) and sawdust (polyurethane foam composites). Finally, optimum results were obtained using the optimisation technique.
Manufacturing of High-Load Engine Mounts From Rubber Composites (Natural Rubber and Carbon Black) with Novel Properties
Authors: Subeh Ahmed Abdulameer , Al-Maamori Mohammed H. , Hamzah Ahmed Fadhil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper explains the successful and simple process of generating a rubber mount with novel properties by incorporating carbon black particles type ISAF 220 at different ratios ([46, 56, 66, 76, 86] [pphr]). Rubber mounting was made using 100 % natural rubber and carbon powder that was applied to the master batch ratio (60 g). To achieve greater homogeneity, rubber and carbon were combined for several minutes. The rubber mount has been subjected to several tests at Babylon tires factory and Babylon University (tensile, elongation, modulus, compression, hardness, rebound resilience, specific gravity and fatigue tests). The best results were obtained from the rubber mount, as it had the ability to resist fatigue and could be used for a long period of time. It could also increase the number of cycles to 900 rpm. The rubber mount that was reinforced with carbon had a better resistance to the mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, fatigue and resilience). The results of the tensile strength, hardness, fatigue and resilience tests showed that additional quantities of carbon at 66 pphr increased the values by up to 18.95 Mpa, 64 Mpa, 600 Mpa and 55.5 Mpa, respectively.
Measurement of Alpha Activity in Several Types of Iraqi Ceramic and Cement in the Iraqi Markets
Authors: Awad Eman Ibrahim , Al-Rubaye Shymaa , Jebur Azhar Lateef , Hadi Abbas Fadhel , Awad Nagwa Ibrahim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study fifteen samples of ceramic and cement collected from Iraqi markets have been determined for the radium efficacy and radon exhalation rates using the CN-85 plastic track detectors. For the estimation of the effective radium content and exhale rate, these samples comprised 15 different Iraqi materials. The effective radium content values ranged from 2.108 to 21.689 Bq / kg to an average of 9.399 Bq / kg and standard devolution of 6.950. The mass exhalation levels for radon ranged from 0.106 to 1.092 mBq / kg.day, with an average value of 0.473 mBq / kg. day and standard deviation of 0.312 Bq / kg. The exhalation rate for the radon surfaces ranged from 1.889 to 19.44 mBq / kg.day. The mean radon exhalation levels, which are an effective radium element, were found to fall below the world average of 57600 Bq / m2 in the samples of ceramic and concrete materials and Soil: 35 Bq / kg, In addition, the study’s showed that the effective radium content in this study and the associated radon exhalation do not pose a human health risk when they are used in daily life in Iraqi markets.
Characterisation of Fe Doped Layered Cathode Material as Nano-Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Abaas Rusul A.Rsool , Haider Adawiya J. , Jabbar Faten Abdul , Hathal Mustafa Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis research focuses on the layered doped lithium conductive metal oxides with the universal form Li MO2(M = Co, Ni, Ag or Fe doped solutions) adjustment of cathode electrodes for lithium-ion cells (LIBs). Preparation in a low temperature combustion reaction promotes its electrochemical efficiency. The modification starts with the preparation of the LiCo0.5Ni0.45Fe0.5O2 (LCNFO) powder with citric acid, which is used as fuel, along with deionized water (DW). As binding materials, nitrate of ions (Li+) and ions (Fe+) were added to this mixture to create a uniformed mixture. The required amount of citric acid and de-ionised water was added to this unified mixture to create a powder. This powder was cautiously heated to 150 C0–200C0initially, and finally annealed at a range from 600 C0to 1000 C0for six hours.The resulting product was submitted to a thermal analysis (TGA), which is a useful tool to explore a wide array of polymer properties. This research demonstrates the different applications of TA methods in the field of polymer-nanomaterial research and displays several examples of implementation of the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). TGA was deployed to investigate the performance of thermal characteristics, which vary with the temperature, for the illustrations and structural characterisation, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and analysis. A meticulous annealed temperature will output pure, single phase LCNFO / NP material with electrochemical behaviour. The powder was studied, and the dimensions of the cathode material were designed approximately for the XRD data using the Scherer’s equation. Furthermore, we used the Fourier transform for the IR (FT-IR) and surface morphology EDS and SEM analysis. The results focused on modifying the LiCoO2of the cathode materials by adding materials that are similar to Ni and Fe because these materials are documented as being their own state and not contaminated with the hexagonal geometry arrangement and R three m (gap assembly). We noticed that doped Fe has material that will perform better according to the capacity, power, rate capability stability and low cost, with increased storage capacity due to the nano-size effects.
The effect of adding graphene nanoparticles to the thermal performance of LiCo0.525Ni0.475O2cathode materials in Li-ion batteries
Authors: Al-Saedi Safaa I. , Naje Asama N. , Haider Adawiya J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, the effect of adding graphene to the performance of layered LiCo0.525Ni0.475O2(LCNO) cathode materials was investigated. Cathode materials LiCo0.525Ni0.475O2(LCNO) were prepared using a self-propagating combustion reaction. Graphene (G) was added to the prepared compound (LCNO) in different weight percentages to obtain LCNO/G (LCNOG) to improve cathode performance. The powder was divided into four parts weighing 10 g each, and the parts were mixed with percentages weighing 0, 0.5, 2, 4 and 6% of graphene with 200 ml of ethanol; they were then stirred several times at room temperature to dry completely The effect of graphene weight percentages on LCNOG mass loss was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). It was concluded that all of the added percentages of graphene behaved the same in all temperatures, except for 6% added graphene, where it demonstrated inverse behaviour at a high temperature. To determine the optimum annealing temperature range, TGA was identified at 650, 750 and 850 °C for 12 hours in the air. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the LCNO and LCNOG showed the crystallisation of all powders in the space group R-3m and hexagonal axes for the crystal system. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were also used. The LCNOG surface morphology consisted of regular coverage of nano-crystalline grains and random orientation.
High Uniformity Distribution of Fe@Au Preparation by a Micro-Emulsion Method
Authors: Al-Kinani Maha A. , Haider Adawiya J. , Al-Musawi Sharafaldin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the characterisation and composition of Fe@Au NPs were discussed. Au-coated Fe core-shell is a type of nanoparticle that contains a magnetic Fe NPs core with a fine layer of Au NPs synthesised by the micro-emulsion method. These Fe@Au NPs are characterised by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The best result and the smallest nanosize was obtained at a temperature of 38°C and HAuCl4.3H2O Volume 200mg. The size of Fe@Au NPs was 63.65 nm, the Fe NP’s core diameter was 32.47nm and the Au NP’s shell thickness was approximately 31.18 nm. Optimum results mention that temperature and the HAuCl4.3H2O volume play a great role in the formation of small, monodisperse Fe@Au NPs for future use as a drug delivery means to treat different types of cancer.
The Effect of the Nanoparticle SiO2 on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Rubber Composites
Authors: Subeh Ahmed Abdulameer , Al-Maamori Mohammed H. , Hamzah Ahmed Fadhil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of the nanoparticle SiO2 on the mechanical and physical properties of a rubber blend of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The proportions of the nanoparticle that are added are 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 pphr to a fixed percentage of rubber blend (30% NR/70% SBR), which has been prepared with vulcanisation factors, accelerators and activators using a two-roll mill laboratory, moulds and a thermal piston; the pressure, temperature and time difference test conditions according to standards. The results of the laborator tests show an increase in the mechanical properties (i.e. tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, resilience and tear resistance) with increases in the percentage load (pphr) until 0.8 pphr, which is when there is a slight decrease; the properties of hardness, fatigue and compression set also increase. While the results for the physical properties show an increase in viscosity, the greater torque, scorch and cure times decrease with increases in the proportion of SiO2 in the rubber recipe.
Optimising the chemical demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsion using the Taguchi method
Authors: Hussein Mohammed , Kareem Ibtehal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examines the effect of important factors such as the temperature, pH, freshwater, concentration, and type of demulsifier on chemical demulsification (CD) using the bottle test method. Three Iraqi heavy crude oils, each with different properties, were tested. Each of these samples contained different concentrations of salt solution, which need to be removed to improve the properties of the crude oil. Five different types of commercial chemical demulsifiers, namely oxyalkylated copolyether (D1), Polyethylene glycol octaadacyl ether (D2), polyether butoxy ethanol (D3), Ethylene-propylene copolymer (D4), and Cumene 1,2,4-trimethylbenzen (D5), were tested. The Taguchi method was used to design the experiments to obtain optimum separation. The data analysis was carried out using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the best combination test show that the maximum removal efficiency of CD for the three samples are 94.2%, 95%, and 92%, respectively. In addition, there was a noticeable improvement in the original values of the API from 23.2 to 28.4, 14 to 20.9, and 4.6 to 24.1, respectively. The work plan and the results of this work could be used to improve crude oil processing in the Iraqi oil industry.
Theoretical Model to Investigate the Heat Transfer Mechanism through a Heat Pipe with Graphene Oxide/Distilled Water as Working Fluid
Authors: AbdAli Jihad Kadhim , Alwan Adil Abbas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigates heat transfer through a heat pipe by analysing the evaporation and condensation of working fluid (distilled water) in two parts of the heat pipe to find the phase change phenomenon. A computational methodology was developed to simulate the phase change processes and a thermal model was simulated to determine the spatial and temporal temperature profile of the heat pipe and phase change location. The velocity and location of the phase change in the evaporator and condenser sections of the pipe were calculated at each stage, as was the temperature across the domain. The thermal efficiency of the heat pipe was improved by adding graphene oxide nanoparticles at an increase of 15%. When nanoparticles were added to the distilled water, the time of the phase change phenomenon was reduced in the evaporator and condenser sections. The capillary property was enhanced when nanoparticles were deposited in the wall of the evaporator’s wick structure. The temperature distribution of the phase change phenomenon was evaluated via the evaporation and condensation processes and the location of the interface line in the two main parts of the heat pipe.
Pomegranate Peel Plant Extract as Potential Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Carbon Steel in a 1 M HCl Solution
Authors: Salim Asia Mishaal , Dawood Nawal Mohammed , Ghazi Rasha 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHerein,Pomegranate Peelplant extract was assessed as a low-cost, green and efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild carbon steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarisation, an atomic absorption Spectroscopy test, surface roughness test and surface studies by optical microscopy (LOM). IncreasingPomegranate Peelextract concentration increases the charge transfer resistance as a result of the adsorption ofPomegranate Peelextract on the mild carbon steel surface. The polarisation results showed the mixed-type inhibition behaviour of the studied extract with an inhibition efficiency (%IE) of 90.193% achieved with the addition of 4% vol. ofPomegranate Peelplant extract. The adsorption isotherm model ofPomegranate Peelplant extract on a mild carbon steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm in a HCl solution. The inhibition mechanism ofPomegranate Peelplant extract was explained according to the increase in the IE% with concentration and the activation parameters which suggested significant chemisorption of thePomegranate Peelplant extract on the mild carbon steel surface. LOM studies confirmed the formation of a protective layer ofPomegranate Peelplant extract on a mild carbon steel surface. Results obtained by different techniques showed good agreement that confirm the potential use of Pomegranate Peel plant extract as a corrosion inhibitor for mild carbon steel in an acidic media.