bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work and Family in the Second Decade of the 21st Century
Authors: Perry‐Jenkins Maureen , Gerstel Naomi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the second decade of the 21st century, research on work and family from multiple disciplines flourished. The goal of this review is to capture the scope of this work–family literature and to highlight both the valuable advances and problematic omissions. In synthesizing this literature, the authors show that numerous scholars conducted studies and refined theories that addressed gender, but far fewer examined racial and class heterogeneity. They argue that examining heterogeneity changes the understanding of work–family relations. After briefly introducing the broad social, political, and economic context in which diverse work–family connections developed, this review uses this context to address the following three main themes, each with subtopics: (a) unpaid work including housework, parenting as work, and kin work; (b) paid work including work timing and hours, money (i.e., motherhood penalty, fatherhood bonus, marriage bonus, kin care penalty), relationships (i.e., coworkers, supervisors), and work experiences (i.e., complexity, autonomy, urgency); and (c) work–family policies (i.e., scheduling and child care). Given the breadth of the work–family literature, this review is not exhaustive but, rather, the authors synthesize key findings on each topic followed by a critique, especially with regard to the analyses of differences and inequalities around gender, race, ethnicity, and social class.
Family Policy and Complex Contemporary Families: A Decade in Review and Implications for the Next Decade of Research and Policy Practice
Authors: Berger Lawrence M. , Carlson Marcia J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrior Journal of Marriage and Family decade‐in‐review articles have grappled with the definition and role of family policy for research and policy practice while emphasizing its value to both. In this article, we begin with a broad conceptualization of family policy that encompasses actions intended to achieve explicitly stated goals for families (explicit policies) and those that affect families without an explicitly stated goal for doing so (implicit policies), which we believe provides a solid framework for guiding and understanding both research and practice in the field. Second, we review major U.S. policy initiatives in the past decade and their documented and potential effects on families. Third, we describe several key aspects by which contemporary families have become more diverse and complex. Fourth, we discuss the implications of ongoing family complexity for public policies. We conclude with a discussion about future research and policy development in the context of contemporary family complexity.
Subjective Well‐Being and Peaceful Uprisings
Authors: Witte Caroline T. , Burger Martijn J. , Ianchovichina Elena 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYThis study analyzes whether subjective well‐being measures can explain variation in peaceful uprisings, in addition to the objective measures typically used in analyses of this type of events. Using data on uprisings and subjective well‐being for 119 countries from 2007 to 2014 – a period during which nonviolent conflict became increasingly prevalent – we estimate panel data regressions, including instrumental variable models. The study finds evidence of a positive effect of life dissatisfaction on the incidence of peaceful uprising, but not its violent counterpart. This effect does not depend on the type of political regime, nor the stage of development, and, to a large extent, it reflects changes in perceived satisfaction with living standards and the ability to have a purposeful and meaningful life.
Theoretical, Ethical, and Policy Considerations for Conducting Social–Psychological Interventions to Close Educational Achievement Gaps
Authors: Binning Kevin R. , Browman Alexander S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSocial–psychological interventions in education have shown remarkable promise as brief, inexpensive, and powerful methods for improving educational equity and inclusion by helping underperforming students realize their potential. These findings have led to intensive study and replication attempts to understand and close achievement gaps at scale. In the present review, we identify several significant issues this work has raised that bear on the theoretical, ethical, and policy implications of using these interventions to close achievement gaps. Using both classic and contemporary models of threat and performance, we propose a Zone Model of Threat to predict when social–psychological interventions in education may yield positive, null, and negative effects for specific students. From this analysis, we argue from an ethical standpoint that to reduce backfire effects, interventions should be focused on optimizing the salience of psychological threat across students rather than on uniformly reducing it. As a long‐term policy goal, intervention studies should follow a two‐step process, in which students’ individual levels of threat are first diagnosed and then interventions are tailored to the students based on their threat levels. Practical and theoretical implications of the proposed framework are discussed.
Medical education, simulation and uncertainty
Authors: Scott Ashley , Sudlow Mark , Shaw Emily , Fisher James 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundFoundation doctors often feel underprepared to cope with uncertainty, particularly in an acute setting. Simulation is an established method for teaching about the management of acutely unwell patients, yet simulated cases are often simplified to ensure that a given learning outcome is reached. This approach may present learners with challenges in clinical practice when more complex nuanced cases are encountered. We explored final‐year medical students’ perceptions of clinical uncertainty when facing an ‘authentically’ complex simulated patient.MethodsWe adapted a simulation scenario in an attempt to replicate clinical uncertainty. The simulated patient had a confused history, only mildly deranged physiology, no current clear diagnosis and no diagnostic investigations yet available. Students engaged in debriefs facilitated by the researchers, which employed advocacy and enquiry to help students to reflect on their simulations (the ‘Diamond Approach’). These were transcribed, coded and analysed thematically.ResultsStudents found the ‘uncertainty’ simulation more challenging than a ‘typical’ simulation. Students found it disheartening when the patient had no clear diagnosis and expected ‘an answer’. Students described task fixation and/or inaction in the face of uncertainty, struggled to identify appropriate times to seek senior support and were confused about their role in managing complex cases.DiscussionWe propose that this session prompted valuable discussion amongst students about how to react to clinical uncertainty. Students generally perceived the simulation as being useful. Affording space for reflection and allowing students to consider strategies for coping with uncertainty may help them when managing complex cases as Foundation doctors.
Editor's Introduction: 2017 Rumelhart Prize Issue Honoring Lila R. Gleitman
Authors: Landau Barbara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis is the Editor's introduction to the Special Issue of TopiCS in honor of Lila R. Gleitman's receipt of the 2017 David E. Rumelhart Prize. The introduction gives an overview of Gleitman's intellectual history and scientific contributions, and it briefly reviews each of the contributions to the issue.
Enhanced CaMKII-Dependent Late I
Na
Induces Atrial Proarrhythmic Activity in Patients With Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Authors: Lebek Simon , Pichler Konstantin , Reuthner Kathrin , Trum Maximillian , Tafelmeier Maria , Mustroph Julian , Camboni Daniele , Rupprecht Leopold , Schmid Christof , Maier Lars S. , Arzt Michael , Wagner Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Rationale:
Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is frequently associated with atrial arrhythmias. Increased CaMKII (Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) activity has been previously implicated in atrial arrhythmogenesis.

Objective:

We hypothesized that CaMKII-dependent dysregulation of Na current (I
Na
) may contribute to atrial proarrhythmic activity in patients with SDB.

Methods and Results:

We prospectively enrolled 113 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting for cross-sectional study and collected right atrial appendage biopsies. The presence of SDB (defined as apnea-hypopnea index ≥15/h) was assessed with a portable SDB monitor the night before surgery. Compared with 56 patients without SDB, patients with SDB (57) showed a significantly increased level of activated CaMKII. Patch clamp was used to measure I
Na
. There was a significantly enhanced late I
Na
, but reduced peak I
Na
due to enhanced steady-state inactivation in atrial myocytes of patients with SDB consistent with significantly increased CaMKII-dependent cardiac Na channel phosphorylation (Na
V
1.5, at serine 571, Western blotting). These gating changes could be fully reversed by acute CaMKII inhibition (AIP [autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide]). As a consequence, we observed significantly more cellular afterdepolarizations and more severe premature atrial contractions in atrial trabeculae of patients with SDB, which could be blocked by either AIP or KN93 (N-[2-[[[(E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-enyl]-methylamino]methyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide). In multivariable linear regression models incorporating age, sex, body mass index, existing atrial fibrillation, existing heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and creatinine levels, apnea-hypopnea index was independently associated with increased CaMKII activity, enhanced late I
Na
and correlated with premature atrial contraction severity.

Conclusions:

In atrial myocardium of patients with SDB, increased CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of Na
V
1.5 results in dysregulation of I
Na
with proarrhythmic activity that was independent from preexisting comorbidities. Inhibition of CaMKII may be useful for prevention or treatment of arrhythmias in SDB.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02877745.

Visual Overview:
An online visual overview is available for this article.
Characterization of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Using 3-Dimensional MERGE Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation With Stroke Risk Factors
Authors: Murata Kiyoko , Murata Nozomu , Chu Baocheng , Watase Hiroko , Hippe Daniel S. , Balu Niranjan , Sun Jie , Zhao Xihai , Hatsukami Thomas S. , Yuan Chun ,   on behalf of the CARE-II Study Collaborators
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging is capable of characterizing carotid atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition. Most reported carotid plaque imaging techniques are 2-dimensional (2D) based with limited longitudinal coverage of ≈30 mm, which may be insufficient for complete visualization of extracranial carotid atheroma. A 3D black-blood imaging technique, motion-sensitized driven equilibrium prepared rapid gradient echo technique (3D-MERGE) can provide larger coverage. We sought to use 3D-MERGE to investigate carotid atherosclerosis plaque distribution and to analyze their correlation with clinical information and stroke risk factors.

Methods—
From 5 hospitals in China, 97 subjects suspected of recent stroke or transient ischemic attack were imaged with 3D-MERGE within 2 weeks of symptoms using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Images were analyzed by 2 reviewers. Plaque length was calculated and categorized as plaques within, partially outside, or completely outside of typical 2D magnetic resonance imaging coverage. Associations between plaque features and clinical information, stroke risk factors were assessed.

Results—

Ninety-seven subjects with 194 carotid arteries (70 men and 27 women, mean age 60 years) were analyzed. Of the 136 plaques identified, 68 (50%) were within, 46 (33.8%) were partially outside, and 22 (16.2%) were completely outside of 2D magnetic resonance imaging coverage. Total plaque length was significantly positively associated with male sex (
P
<0.001), hypertension (
P
=0.011), and history of smoking (
P
<0.001). Hypertensive subjects were more likely to have at least one plaque completely outside the 2D magnetic resonance imaging coverage than nonhypertensive subjects (
P
=0.007).

Conclusions—
The 3D-MERGE allows for the identification of substantially more carotid plaques than 2D black-blood techniques. The extent and distribution of plaque, identified by the larger coverage afforded by 3D-MERGE, were found to correlate significantly with male sex and risk factors that are common among patients with stroke, including hypertension and history of cigarette smoking.
Decoding the Ambiguous Narrative Voice in the “Tale of Yingying”: Ritual Propriety as Key
Authors: Tan Mei Ah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Yuan Zhen’s “Tale of Yingying” has long been known for its ambiguous narrative voice. This article argues that what we perceive as a conflict in the narrative voice, did not exist for readers of the Tang dynasty (618-907). The tale was composed to emphasize the essential nature of ritual propriety for both men and women; both the male protagonist Zhang and the female character Yingying are targets of criticism. Unearthing the resonances and allusions of the discourse, and analyzing the social and political background of the mid-Tang, this study proposes that the tale may be read at two levels, using ritual propriety as key. From the literary point of view, this tale presents a regrettable love story, one that does not yield its fruit, due to the tide of passion – passion is the crucial element in romance, but in the end, it is also passion that drives the two lovers apart. From the didactic point of view, the author condemns Yingying not in self-justification, as those who support the autobiographical reading often presume, but because she is a fallen woman and a potentially dangerous femme fatale. Zhang is ridiculed for initiating the ritual transgression, and in failing to behave as a junzi (gentleman). This tale is an educational inquiry into self-cultivation and politics. By incorporating two points of view, that of Zhang and that of Yingying, the tale provokes reflection on the nature of romance and its possible effects on men and women, and ultimately, the indispensability of propriety.
High-Dose Daptomycin Is Well Tolerated via 2-Minute IV Push Administration
Authors: Gill Christian M. , Kenney Rachel M. , Makowski Charles T. , Davis Susan L. 
Published: January 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of administering high-dose daptomycin (HDD; > 6 mg/kg actual body weight) as a 2-minute intravenous (IV) push (IVP) compared to traditional 30-minute IV piggyback (IVPB) infusion. Methods: Retrospective cohort study comparing patients receiving HDD as an IVP or IVPB infusion. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a documented infusion-related reaction (IRR) to daptomycin. Results: Three hundred patients were included in the final analysis, 200 patients received IVP, and 100 patients received IVPB representing a total of 1697 administrations. Median (IQR) daptomycin dose was IVP 700 mg (550-900) and IVPB 700 mg (600-900), with mg/kg doses of 8.2 (7.9-10) and 8.3 (8-10), respectively. After adjudication, IRR occurred in 1% of subjects in each treatment group. Conclusions: This study provides data in more than 1100 administrations of HDD administered via IVP. Infusion-related reactions were documented in 1% of patients regardless of infusion method, suggesting comparable safety to traditional infusion methods. This practice may be useful during fluid shortage and in the outpatient setting.
Is intimate partner violence more common in pregnant women with severe mental illness? A retrospective study
Authors: Suparare Liana , Watson Stuart J , Binns Ray , Frayne Jacqueline , Galbally Megan 
Published: January 2020

Objective: To examine the risk of past and current experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) in women with severe mental illness (SMI) in pregnancy. Methods: We examined past and current experiences of IPV in women with SMI in pregnancy. The data of 304 women with SMI including schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders and Bipolar Disorder meeting International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) criteria were extracted from hospital records at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Western Australia. Comparisons were made between our study data and the Australian population data reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, which included data on pregnant women in Western Australia. Additional measures included reported demographics, substance use and pregnancy variables. Results: Around 48% of pregnant women with SMI had experienced IPV and were three times the risk when compared with the general pregnant population in Australia. There was no difference in rates of IPV in those women with psychotic disorders when compared with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the rates of smoking and illicit substance use were significantly higher in pregnant women with SMI who experienced IPV compared with those who have not experienced IPV. Conclusion: These findings suggest women with SMI in pregnancy are at significantly higher risk of having experienced or experiencing IPV. In addition, IPV in pregnant women with SMI may increase the risk of smoking and illicit substance use. Together this suggests that maternity and mental health services should ensure there are both screening and support pathways for IPV that are developed and evaluated specifically for pregnant women with SMI.
Influence of silk fibroin/sodium alginate coatings on the mineralization of silk fibroin fiber artificial ligament prototypes
Authors: Wu Jia-wei , Liu Ming-jie , Wang Lu , Guan Guo-ping 
Published: January 2020

The goal of the present work is to investigate the effects of varying coatings on in vitro mineralization of silk fibroin fiber artificial ligaments (SFALs). Silk fibroin (SF) and sodium alginate (SA) aqueous solutions with varying concentrations were respectively employed for coating surfaces of the SFALs to improve calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized for characterizations. Furthermore, the surface of the SFAL was modified with SF/SA composite coatings. The volume ratios of the SF to the SA were set at 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4 and 8:2. The results show that either the SF or the SA coatings can improve the mineralization of the SFALs in vitro. The concentration of 1% for the SF and the SA coatings is conducive to deposit more calcium ions and obtain a biomimetic Ca/P ratio. Furthermore, the SF/SA composite coatings facilitate a thicker and uniform deposition layer than the SF and the SA coatings. The sediments are spherical particles and are more uniform in size. Therefore, the SF/SA composite coatings have more significant efficacy, particularly when the volume ratio of the SF to the SA was 4:6. The present work indicates that the SF/SA coatings possess excellent potential in promoting the osseointegration of artificial ligaments implanted in bone tunnels.
Caregiver-Reported Barriers to Quality End-of-Life Care in Dementia With Lewy Bodies: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Armstrong Melissa J. , Alliance Slande , Corsentino Pamela , Maixner Susan M. , Paulson Henry L. , Taylor Angela 
Published: January 2020

Objective: This study investigated barriers to quality end-of-life (EOL) care in the context of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), one of the most common degenerative dementias in the United States. Methods: The study consisted of telephone interviews with caregivers and family members of individuals who died with DLB in the last 5 years. Interviews used a semi-structured questionnaire. Investigators employed a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze interview transcripts and identify common barriers to quality EOL care. Results: Thirty participants completed interviews. Reported barriers to quality EOL experiences in DLB pertained to the DLB diagnosis itself and factors relating to the US health-care system, facilities, hospice, and health-care providers (physicians and staff). Commonly reported barriers included lack of recognition and knowledge of DLB, lack of education regarding what to expect, poor coordination of care and communication across health-care teams and circumstances, and difficulty accessing health-care resources including skilled nursing facility placement and hospice. Conclusion: Many identified themes were consistent with published barriers to quality EOL care in dementia. However, DLB-specific EOL considerations included diagnostic challenges, lack of knowledge regarding DLB and resultant prescribing errors, difficulty accessing resources due to behavioral changes in DLB, and waiting to meet Medicare dementia hospice guidelines. Improving EOL experiences in DLB will require a multifaceted approach, starting with improving DLB recognition and provider knowledge. More research is needed to improve recognition of EOL in DLB and factors that drive quality EOL experiences.
Operative Results of Plantar Plating for Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture
Authors: Young Ki Won , Kim Jin Su , Lee Hong Sup , Jegal Hyuk , Park Young Uk , Lee Kyung Tai 
Published: January 2020

Background: The treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures can be challenging. Various operative fixation methods have been reported for fracture management. Among them, intramedullary screw fixation has become increasingly popular. However, recent reports have described failures after screw fixation in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the rates of clinical and radiographic healing, time to return to sport, and complications of elite athletes with proximal fifth metatarsal fractures treated with plantar plating. Methods: Thirty-eight athletes with fifth metatarsal stress fractures treated using a plantar plating technique in 3 hospitals from 2013 to 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic data, radiographic evaluation, and the time until union and return to sports activities were collected and analyzed. A total of 38 patients underwent the plantar plating for a fifth metatarsal stress fracture with a mean follow-up of 23 (range, 12-49) months. Results: The mean time to the radiologic union, as determined by plain radiography, was 9.3 (range, 8-16) weeks. Although there were no nonunions or delayed unions during follow-up, 4 refractures developed (10.5%). All but 1 patient were able to return to their previous levels of sporting activity at 22.2 ± 4.5 (range, 12-40) weeks. Conclusion: With a minimum of 1-year follow-up, the described plantar plating technique could be an alternative method for the operative treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures without nonunion problems. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.