bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Embedding of Chronic Stress Across Two Generations Within Marginalized Communities
Authors: Conradt Elisabeth , Carter Sierra E. , Crowell Sheila E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSignificant racial health disparities in infant mortality, preterm birth, and infant neurodevelopment exist in the United States. These disparities highlight a critical public health problem: Children of color are at a developmental disadvantage before birth. In this article, we describe how pregnant women from marginalized communities are disproportionately more likely to experience chronic stress in the form of discrimination, historical trauma, and acculturation. We integrate these understudied forms of chronic stress into allostatic load and prenatal programming models to describe how they can affect the health of two generations: the pregnant woman and her child. We describe psychophysiological ramifications of this early‐life stress in infants of color. The prenatal programming field has largely ignored the experiences of women of color, and we highlight the need for researchers to include, or focus exclusively on, diverse samples in their research to reduce disparities that are evident at birth.
Deciding What to Do: Developments in Children’s Spontaneous Monitoring of Cognitive Demands
Authors: Niebaum Jesse , Munakata Yuko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow do children decide which tasks to take on? Understanding whether and when children begin to monitor cognitive demands to guide task selection is important as children gain increasing independence from adults in deciding which tasks to attempt themselves. In this article, we review evidence suggesting a developmental transition in children’s consideration of cognitive demands when making choices about tasks: Although younger children are capable of monitoring cognitive demands to guide task selection, spontaneous monitoring of cognitive demands begins to emerge around 5–7 years. We describe frameworks for understanding when and why children begin to monitor cognitive demands, and propose additional factors that likely influence children’s decisions to pursue or avoid cognitively demanding tasks.
Topographic screening reveals keratoconus to be extremely common in Down syndrome
Authors: Mathan Joyce J. , Gokul Akilesh , Simkin Samantha K. , Meyer Jay J. , Patel Dipika V. , McGhee Charles N. J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImportanceKeratoconus disproportionately affects people with Down syndrome (DS). This is the first study of its kind in Australasia.BackgroundTo investigate the prevalence of keratoconus in DS.DesignCross‐sectional study.ParticipantsAthletes with DS attending 2017 New Zealand Special Olympics National Summer Games.MethodsKeratoconus was identified using corneal topography (TMS‐4N, Tomey). Topography from both eyes was required to be included. Two independent quantitative criteria were used to indicate keratoconus. The first was keratoconus severity index ≥ 30%. The second, adapted from the literature, required at least four of eight topographic parameters to be abnormal. Data from the worse eye were analysed. Diagnosis in each group was subsequently confirmed qualitatively by three corneal fellowship‐trained ophthalmologists. Those with a definitive diagnosis were grouped into Keratoconus Confirmed Group 1 (KCC1) and Keratoconus Confirmed Group 2 (KCC2), respectively.Main Outcome MeasuresKeratoconus prevalence, severity, demographics.ResultsOf 110 athletes screened, N = 98 were included, mean age 30.0 ± 9.7 years. Using only topographic data, keratoconus was identified in 39 (39.8%) athletes by quantitative topographic criteria 1, and in 63 (64.3%) athletes by criteria 2. Keratoconus was confirmed by qualitative sub‐specialist review in 30 (30.6%) (KCC1) and 38 (38.8%) (KCC2) athletes, respectively. Mean keratometry in groups KCC1 and KCC2 were 48.4 ± 3.2D and 48.2 ± 2.9D, respectively. Most were male (KCC1 63.3%, KCC2 76.3%) and of European ethnicity (KCC1 80%, KCC2 78.9%).Conclusions and RelevanceWe report keratoconus in 30.6% to 38.8% of athletes with DS; therefore, we believe keratoconus screening is indicated in DS for early management.
Impact of bile acids on the severity of laryngo‐pharyngeal reflux
Authors: De Corso Eugenio , Baroni Silvia , Salonna Giampiero , Marchese Michele , Graziadio Marilena , Di Cintio GIovanni , Paludetti Gaetano , Costamagna Guido , Galli Jacopo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe primary end point of this study was to evaluate the impact of bile acids on severity of laryngo‐pharyngeal reflux (LPR) and the possible correlation with esophagitis and upper airway malignancies. The second end point was to evaluate if salivary bile acids and molecules other than pepsin might serve as diagnostic biomarkers of LPR.DesignObservational prospective comparative study.SettingOtorhinolaryngology unit of a tertiary hospital.ParticipantsSixty‐two consecutive adult outpatients suspected of LPR.Main outcome measuresBile acids, bilirubin and pepsinogen I‐II were measured in saliva. Patients underwent pH metry and based on the results of bile acids were subdivided as acid, mixed and alkaline LPR.ResultsSignificantly higher Reflux Findings Score (RFS) and Reflux Symptoms Index (RSI) were seen in patients with alkaline and mixed LPR compared to acid LPR. Salivary bile acids >1 µmol/L seem to be a reliable indicator of the severity of LPR. Compared to those without, patients with esophagitis or a history of upper airway malignancy have high concentrations of bile acids in saliva. Among the molecules studied, bile acids were the most suitable for diagnosis of LPR, with a sensitivity of 86% and a positive predictive value of 80.7%.ConclusionsOur data suggest that high concentrations of bile acids are associated with higher values of RSI and RFS in LPR as well as a higher risk of esophagitis and history of upper airway malignancies. We finally observed that bile acids provided the best biometric parameters for diagnosis of LPR among the molecules tested.
Nocturnal eating but not binge eating disorder is related to less 12 months' weight loss in men and women with severe obesity: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Björkman Sofia , Wallengren Ola , Laurenius Anna , Eliasson Björn , Larsson Ingrid 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThere is a paucity of studies on the frequency of binge‐eating disorder (BED) and nocturnal eating (NE) and their potential role as barriers in non‐surgical weight loss treatment in subjects with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥35 kg m2). The aim was to identify BED and NE, and their effect on weight loss treatment. In total, 1132 (727 women, 405 men), BMI ~41 kg/m2 were patients in a 12‐month weight loss programme at a specialist clinic. The questionnaire for eating and weight patterns‐revised was completed by the patients before start of treatment. BED was diagnosed in 5.1% of men and 12.4% of women. NE prevalence was 13.5% and 12.7%, respectively. Mean (±SEM) 12‐month weight loss was less in patients with NE compared to those without (−11.0 ± 1.5 vs –14.6 ± 0.7 kg, P = .008) but did not differ in patients with and without BED, (−12.3 ± 1.9 vs –14.2 ± 0.6 kg, P = .24). Factors associated with dropout were BED (odds ratio, OR 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14‐2.17; P = .006) and previous weight loss attempts (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.0‐1.7; P = .02). BED did not seem to hinder weight loss whereas NE resulted in less weight loss in patients with severe obesity who completed a 12‐month treatment programme. Previous weight loss attempts affect both dropout and ability to lose weight.
Effects of site‐selection bias on estimates of biodiversity change
Authors: Mentges Andrea , Blowes Shane A. , Hodapp Dorothee , Hillebrand Helmut , Chase Jonathan M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEstimates of biodiversity change are essential for the management and conservation of ecosystems. Accurate estimates rely on selecting representative sites, but monitoring often focuses on sites of special interest. How such site‐selection biases influence estimates of biodiversity change is largely unknown. Site‐selection bias potentially occurs across four major sources of biodiversity data, decreasing in likelihood from citizen science, museums, national park monitoring, and academic research. We defined site‐selection bias as a preference for sites that are either densely populated (i.e., abundance bias) or species rich (i.e., richness bias). We simulated biodiversity change in a virtual landscape and tracked the observed biodiversity at a sampled site. The site was selected either randomly or with a site‐selection bias. We used a simple spatially resolved, individual‐based model to predict the movement or dispersal of individuals in and out of the chosen sampling site. Site‐selection bias exaggerated estimates of biodiversity loss in sites selected with a bias by on average 300–400% compared with randomly selected sites. Based on our simulations, site‐selection bias resulted in positive trends being estimated as negative trends: richness increase was estimated as 0.1 in randomly selected sites, whereas sites selected with a bias showed a richness change of −0.1 to −0.2 on average. Thus, site‐selection bias may falsely indicate decreases in biodiversity. We varied sampling design and characteristics of the species and found that site‐selection biases were strongest in short time series, for small grains, organisms with low dispersal ability, large regional species pools, and strong spatial aggregation. Based on these findings, to minimize site‐selection bias, we recommend use of systematic site‐selection schemes; maximizing sampling area; calculating biodiversity measures cumulatively across plots; and use of biodiversity measures that are less sensitive to rare species, such as the effective number of species. Awareness of the potential impact of site‐selection bias is needed for biodiversity monitoring, the design of new studies on biodiversity change, and the interpretation of existing data.
Conservation lessons from taboos and trolley problems
Authors: Schwartz Mark W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGovernments pass conservation laws, adopt policies, and make plans yet frequently fail to implement them. Implementation of conservation, however, often requires costly sacrifice: people foregoing benefit for the benefit of biodiversity. Decisions involve trade‐offs with outcomes that depend on the values at stake and people's perceptions of those values. Psychology, ethics, and behavioral science have each addressed the challenge of making difficult, often tragic, trade‐off decisions. Based on these literatures, values can be classified as secular or sacred, where sacred values are those for which compensation may be unthinkable (e.g., freedom). Taboo trade‐offs emerge when secular values are pitted against sacred ones. These are difficult to discuss, much less negotiate. Confronting taboo trade‐offs in conservation may require discursive approaches to better understand particular attributes of decisions that place sacred human values at risk. Tragic trade‐offs emerge when sacred values are pitted against one another. The trolley problem—a forced choice between 2 unthinkable outcomes—is a simple heuristic illustrating ethical challenges of tragic trade‐offs. Behavior studies illustrate that people have a strong aversion to losses where an active choice was made, resulting in a bias toward status quo decisions. Faced with tragic, trolley‐problem‐like choices, people tend to avoid taking responsibility for action, defer decisions, evade opinions on painful choices, and regret unfortunate outcomes of actions. To help close the implementation gap, conservation actors may need to directly address the psychological, ethical, and behavioral barriers created by the remorse, regret, and moral residue of implementing conservation choices that have tragic outcomes. Recognition of these predictable features of the human psyche may foster better administrative structures to support action with durable outcomes as well as new research directions.
Feasibility of biliary stenting to distal malignant biliary obstruction using a novel designed metal stent with duckbill‐shaped anti‐reflux valve
Authors: Kin Toshifumi , Ishii Kentaro , Okabe Yoshinobu , Itoi Takao , Katanuma Akio 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesAnti‐reflux metal stent (ARMS) has been used to prevent recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) due to sludge formation or food impaction. However, the most suitable ARMS remains to be identified. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of biliary drainage using duckbill‐shaped ARMS (D‐ARMS).MethodsThis was a multicenter, retrospective observational study conducted at three Japanese tertiary institutions. Patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction who underwent biliary stenting using D‐ARMS were eligible to participate. Technical success, functional success, adverse event (AE), and time to RBO (TRBO) were evaluated.ResultsThirty patients underwent biliary stenting using D‐ARMS from December 2018 to October 2019. The technical success rate and functional success rate were 93% and 87%, respectively. However, nonvisibility of the markers at the tip of the metal stent or spontaneous extension was occasionally observed, making biliary stenting using D‐ARMS difficult. Early AE occurred in 10% of the patients including cholangitis and pancreatitis. During the median postprocedural observation time of 5.1 months (range, 0.8–22.8), RBO occurred in 33% and the median TRBO was 261 days. As for reintervention, D‐ARMS could be extracted in 67% of the patients with RBO. However, the stent was torn off on removal in half of the patients.ConclusionsAlthough some modifications are still needed, D‐ARMS was feasible and safe for biliary drainage, and sufficient TRBO was achieved. Subsequent multi‐institutional studies involving a larger number of patients and a longer follow‐up period are warranted to validate the present results.
Efficacy of low dose rectal diclofenac for preventing post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Tomoda Takeshi , Kato Hironari , Miyamoto Kazuya , Matsumi Akihiro , Ueta Eijiro , Fujii Yuuki , Saragai Yousuke , Yamazaki Tatsuhiro , Uchida Daisuke , Matsumoto Kazuyuki , Horiguchi Shigeru , Tsutsumi Koichiro , Okada Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis is a major adverse event of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Rectal administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decreases the incidence of post‐ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). However, the efficacy of low dose rectal NSAIDs for preventing PEP remains controversial.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 301 patients with native papilla and a body weight of <50 kg who underwent ERCP between September 2010 and October 2019. After July 2016, a 25 mg dose of rectal diclofenac was routinely administered within 15 min before ERCP (NSAIDs group, n = 72) and the control group (n = 229) consisted of patients undergoing ERCP before this date without treatment. We compared the incidence of PEP between the two groups using propensity score matching.ResultsA total of 66 pairs of patients in each group were selected. The patients and procedural‐related factors were similar in both groups. In total, 15 patients (11.4%) developed PEP: 12.1% (8/66) in the NSAIDs group and 10.6% (7/66) in the control group (Odds ratio (OR) 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–3.5; P = 0.78). There was no significant difference in incidence of other adverse events related to ERCP between the two groups.ConclusionsProphylactic administration of a 25 mg dose of rectal diclofenac did not reduce the incidence of PEP in patients with a native papilla and a body weight of <50 kg in this study and a certain dose of rectal NSAIDs, such as a 100‐mg dose, should be administered regardless of body weight to prevent PEP.
Mutations in PIGA cause a CD52‐/GPI‐anchor‐deficient phenotype complicating alemtuzumab treatment in T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Johansson Patricia , Klein‐Hitpass Ludger , Röth Alexander , Möllmann Michael , Reinhardt Hans Christian , Dührsen Ulrich , Dürig Jan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveInfusional alemtuzumab followed by consolidating allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in eligible patients is considered a standard of care in T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL). Antibody selection against CD52 has been associated with the development of CD52‐negative leukemic T cells at time of relapse. Clinical implications and molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotypic switch are unknown.MethodsWe performed flow cytometry and real‐time‐PCR for CD52‐expression and next generation sequencing for PIGA mutational analyses.ResultsWe identified loss of CD52 expression after alemtuzumab treatment in two of 21 T‐PLL patients resulting from loss of GPI‐anchor expression caused by inactivating mutations of the PIGA gene. One patient with relapsed T‐PLL exhibited a single PIGA mutation, causing a CD52‐negative escape variant of the initial leukemic cell clone, preventing alemtuzumab‐retreatment. The second patient with continued complete remission after alemtuzumab treatment harbored three different PIGA mutations that affected either the non‐neoplastic T cell or the mononuclear cell compartment and resulted in symptomatic paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Next generation sequencing of T‐PLL cells collected before the initiation of treatment revealed PIGA wild‐type sequence reads in all 16 patients with samples available for testing.ConclusionThese data indicate that PIGA mutations were acquired during or after completion of alemtuzumab treatment.
Humour in Nietzsche's style
Authors: Boddicker Charles 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNietzsche's writing style is designed to elicit affective responses in his readers. Humour is one of the most common means by which he attempts to engage his readers' affects. In this article, I explain how and why Nietzsche uses humour to achieve his philosophical ends. The article has three parts. In part 1, I reject interpretations of Nietzsche's humour on which he engages in self‐parody in order to mitigate the charge of decadence or dogmatism by undermining his own philosophical authority. In part 2, I look at how Nietzsche uses humour and laughter as a critical tool in his polemic against traditional morality. I argue that one important way in which Nietzsche uses humour is as a vehicle for enhancing the effectiveness of his ad hominem arguments. In part 3, I show how Nietzsche exploits humour's social dimension in order to find and cultivate what he sees as the right kinds of readers for his works.
Collaborative Cross mice reveal extreme epilepsy phenotypes and genetic loci for seizure susceptibility
Authors: Gu Bin , Shorter John R. , Williams Lucy H. , Bell Timothy A. , Hock Pablo , Dalton Katherine A. , Pan Yiyun , Miller Darla R. , Shaw Ginger D. , Philpot Benjamin D. , Pardo‐Manuel de Villena Fernando 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveAnimal studies remain essential for understanding mechanisms of epilepsy and identifying new therapeutic targets. However, existing animal models of epilepsy do not reflect the high level of genetic diversity found in the human population. The Collaborative Cross (CC) population is a genetically diverse recombinant inbred panel of mice. The CC offers large genotypic and phenotypic diversity, inbred strains with stable genomes that allow for repeated phenotypic measurements, and genomic tools including whole genome sequence to identify candidate genes and candidate variants.MethodsWe evaluated multiple complex epileptic traits in a sampling of 35 CC inbred strains using the flurothyl‐induced seizure and kindling paradigm. We created an F2 population of 297 mice with extreme seizure susceptibility and performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to identify genomic regions associated with seizure sensitivity. We used quantitative RNA sequencing from CC hippocampal tissue to identify candidate genes and whole genome sequence to identify genetic variants likely affecting gene expression.ResultsWe identified new mouse models with extreme seizure susceptibility, seizure propagation, epileptogenesis, and SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy). We performed QTL mapping and identified one known and seven novel loci associated with seizure sensitivity. We combined whole genome sequencing and hippocampal gene expression to pinpoint biologically plausible candidate genes (eg, Gabra2) and variants associated with seizure sensitivity.SignificanceNew mouse models of epilepsy are needed to better understand the complex genetic architecture of seizures and to identify therapeutics. We performed a phenotypic screen utilizing a novel genetic reference population of CC mice. The data we provide enable the identification of protective/risk genes and novel molecular mechanisms linked to complex seizure traits that are currently challenging to study and treat.
A new era in electroencephalographic monitoring? Subscalp devices for ultra–long‐term recordings
Authors: Duun‐Henriksen Jonas , Baud Maxime , Richardson Mark P. , Cook Mark , Kouvas George , Heasman John M. , Friedman Daniel , Peltola Jukka , Zibrandtsen Ivan C. , Kjaer Troels W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInaccurate subjective seizure counting poses treatment and diagnostic challenges and thus suboptimal quality in epilepsy management. The limitations of existing hospital‐ and home‐based monitoring solutions are motivating the development of minimally invasive, subscalp, implantable electroencephalography (EEG) systems with accompanying cloud‐based software. This new generation of ultra–long‐term brain monitoring systems is setting expectations for a sea change in the field of clinical epilepsy. From definitive diagnoses and reliable seizure logs to treatment optimization and presurgical seizure foci localization, the clinical need for continuous monitoring of brain electrophysiological activity in epilepsy patients is evident. This paper presents the converging solutions developed independently by researchers and organizations working at the forefront of next generation EEG monitoring. The immediate value of these devices is discussed as well as the potential drivers and hurdles to adoption. Additionally, this paper discusses what the expected value of ultra–long‐term EEG data might be in the future with respect to alarms for especially focal seizures, seizure forecasting, and treatment personalization.
The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity
Authors: Karagianni Anna E. , Lisowski Zofia M. , Hume David A. , Scott Pirie R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of cells of related function that includes bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. Macrophages are effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity. They are a major resident cell population in every organ and their numbers increase in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Their function is highly regulated by a wide range of agonists, including lymphokines, cytokines and products of microorganisms. Macrophage biology has been studied most extensively in mice, yet direct comparisons of rodent and human macrophages have revealed many functional differences. In this review, we provide an overview of the equine MPS, describing the variation in the function and phenotype of macrophages depending on their location and the similarities and differences between the rodent, human and equine immune response. We discuss the use of the horse as a large animal model in which to study macrophage biology and pathological processes shared with humans. Finally, following the recent update to the horse genome, facilitating further comparative analysis of regulated gene expression between the species, we highlight the importance of future transcriptomic macrophage studies in the horse, the findings of which may also be applicable to human as well as veterinary research.