bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of initial success for China exiting COVID-19 social distancing policy after achieving containment
Authors: Ainslie Kylie E. C. , Walters Caroline E. , Fu Han , Bhatia Sangeeta , Wang Haowei , Xi Xiaoyue , Baguelin Marc , Bhatt Samir , Boonyasiri Adhiratha , Boyd Olivia , Cattarino Lorenzo , Ciavarella Constanze , Cucunuba Zulma , Cuomo-Dannenburg Gina , Dighe Amy , Dorigatti Ilaria , van Elsland Sabine L , FitzJohn Rich , Gaythorpe Katy , Ghani Azra C , Green Will , Hamlet Arran , Hinsley Wes , Imai Natsuko , Jorgensen David , Knock Edward , Laydon Daniel , Nedjati-Gilani Gemma , Okell Lucy C , Siveroni Igor , Thompson Hayley A , Unwin H. Juliette T. , Verity Robert , Vollmer Michaela , Walker Patrick G T , Wang Yuanrong , Watson Oliver J , Whittaker Charles , Winskill Peter , Donnelly Christl A , Ferguson Neil M , Riley Steven 
Published: April 2020

Background: The COVID-19 epidemic was declared a Global Pandemic by WHO on 11 March 2020. By 24 March 2020, over 440,000 cases and almost 20,000 deaths had been reported worldwide. In response to the fast-growing epidemic, which began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, Hubei, China imposed strict social distancing in Wuhan on 23 January 2020 followed closely by similar measures in other provinces. These interventions have impacted economic productivity in China, and the ability of the Chinese economy to resume without restarting the epidemic was not clear. Methods: Using daily reported cases from mainland China and Hong Kong SAR, we estimated transmissibility over time and compared it to daily within-city movement, as a proxy for economic activity. Results: Initially, within-city movement and transmission were very strongly correlated in the five mainland provinces most affected by the epidemic and Beijing. However, that correlation decreased rapidly after the initial sharp fall in transmissibility. In general, towards the end of the study period, the correlation was no longer apparent, despite substantial increases in within-city movement. A similar analysis for Hong Kong shows that intermediate levels of local activity were maintained while avoiding a large outbreak. At the very end of the study period, when China began to experience the re-introduction of a small number of cases from Europe and the United States, there is an apparent up-tick in transmission. Conclusions: Although these results do not preclude future substantial increases in incidence, they suggest that after very intense social distancing (which resulted in containment), China successfully exited its lockdown to some degree. Elsewhere, movement data are being used as proxies for economic activity to assess the impact of interventions. The results presented here illustrate how the eventual decorrelation between transmission and movement is likely a key feature of successful COVID-19 exit strategies.
Modern family: Texas critical care clinicians need to know about informal marriage
Authors: Crist Jamie 
Published: April 2020

Critical care clinicians are legally and ethically obligated to identify the appropriate surrogate decision-makers for patients who lack capacity and cannot make medical decisions for themselves. When the identification of the appropriate surrogate is streamlined, patient care is improved due to an uninterrupted and consistent plan of care that adheres to patient preferences. However, the process of identifying this “appropriate” person can be complex, especially as interpersonal relationships have evolved over time. One such modern family relationship is informal marriage, a Texas-specific relationship formerly known as “common-law” marriage. Though crucially important, this relationship is can difficult to recognize and frequently misunderstood.
Utilizing a case study that illustrates the impact the existence of an informal marriage has on medical decision-making, this paper seeks to demystify informal marriage by outlining what makes a relationship an informal marriage and provide tools to assist clinicians with identifying it. In an age where non-traditional relationships are more common, Texas critical care clinicians should be familiar enough with informal marriage to recognize it in their patients in order to efficiently identify surrogates and therefore improve patient care.
Changing Landscape of the Coal Mining Industry in the United States
Authors: Mastalerz Maria , Drobniak Agnieszka 
Published: April 2020

Coal has long been a valuable natural resource in the United States throughout the country’s history. European settlers began to use coal in the late 1740s and, as energy demands increased, coal production climbed from 9.3 million tons in 1850 to 750 million in 1918. Eventually coal replaced wood as the primary energy source, and by the 1940s coal provided up to 75 % of US energy.
Bituminous coal was the first target of US coal mining. This changed between 1843 and 1868 when more anthracite began to be mined. Used in iron smelting, this cleaner and smokeless alternative became the preferred fuel in cities. However, limited anthracite resources could not fulfill increasing demand. Production of sub-bituminous coal began to slowly rise, and in 2010 it was greater than bituminous coal production. Until the 1950s, coal was primarily mined using underground methods. By the 1970s, however, the development of cheaper surface mining proved a viable alternative for the US coal industry.
In the last 10 years, coal production in the United States has dropped 37 %, from about 1.1 billion to about 702 million tons in 2017, and the number of active coal mines has also declined. Coal consumption declined as a result of an increased supply of cheaper and cleaner natural gas, growth of renewable energy sources, and enforced environmental regulations. Coal provided close to 60 % of US electricity in the mid-1980s, but only about 30 % in 2017. While there were 606 coal-burning power plants in 2007, only 359 were operating in 2017, with the remainder closed because of aging infrastructure and stiffer environmental guidelines.
Coal mining is an industry in transition as new technologies and policies continually reshape the energy landscape. With increased competition from other sources of energy and a steady decline in the number of coal-fired power plants, the coal industry needs innovations to continue.
Filtrasi Ampas Jahe Menggunakan Filter Press
Authors: Yulifianti Ade Lina , Eristi Bella , Puspita Mawar , Handayani Dwi 
Published: April 2020

Ampas jahe hasil buangan proses industri jamu masih mengandung sari jahe. Pengolahan ulang dengan pelarutan dan penyaringan dengan plate and frame filter press dapat dilakukan untuk mengisolasinya. Penggunaan variabel konsentrasi umpan 0,2 kg/liter, 0,4 kg/liter, dan 0,6 kg/liter. Menggunakan tekanan tetap 2 kg/cm2 dan laju alir 5,66x10-11 m/s2, dihitung nilai tahanan spesifik ampas (α), tahanan ampas (Rc), tahanan medium filter (Rm) untuk mengetahui efesiensi kinerja alat filter press. Proses filtrasi dilakukan secara batch. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan nilai α, Rc, dan Rm tertinggi pada konsentrasi 0,6 kg/L yaitu α (4,98x106 m/kg), Rc (1,35x108 m-1), Rm (3,79x1011 m-1). Efektivitas produk yang dihasilkan diketahui melalui pengukuran konsentrasi sari jahe pada hasil filtrat. Pengujian konsentrasi menggunakan centrifuge dan analisa Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Hasil analisa centrifuge menyatakan bahwa semakin besar konsentrasi umpan, maka semakin besar pula konsentrasi produk. Konsentrasi sari jahe tertinggi yang didapat 6,67%, terdapat pada variable konsentrasi umpan 0,6 kg/liter. Begitu pula dengan uji TSS, konsentrasi umpan 0,6 kg/liter menghasilkan TSS terbesar yaitu 277 mg/l. Ginger pulp from the process of industrial herbs still contain ginger juice. Reprocessing ginger pulp with dissolving and filtering with plate and frame filter press can done to isolate it. Use feed variable concentration 0.2 kg/liter, 0.4 kg/liter, and 0.6 kg/liter. Fixed pressure used is 2 kg/cm2 and flow rate use 5.66x10-11 m/s2, will calculated the specific prisoner value of the pulp (α), Prisoner of Pulp (Rc), Prisoner of medium filter (Rm) to know the efficiency of the performance of filter press. Filtration process is done in batches. The results of the calculation show the highest value of α, Rc, and Rm at concentrations 0.6 kg/liter are α (4.98x106 m/kg), Rc (1.35x108 M-1), Rm (3.79x1011 M-1). Effectiveness of the resulting products is known through measurements of ginger juice concentrations in filtrate results. Concentration testing using centrifuge and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) analysis. Result of centrifuge analysis states that the greater concentration of feed, that the greater the concentration of product. The highest concentrations of ginger juice gained 6.67%, there is a variable concentration feed 0.6 kg/liter. Similarly, the test of TSS, the concentration feed 0.6 kg/liter resulted in the largest TSS 277 mg/l.
Plasmon-controlled, ultra-bright, excitation-polarization-independent photoluminescence from individual Ag nanoplates
Authors: Zhang Fanwei , Wu Jiepeng , Li Qiang , Hu Hongjin , Yang Lizhen , Li Tao , Wu Lijun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Fluorescent metallic nanoparticles with high quantum yield are highly desirable for optical imaging in the fields of biology and materials science. We investigate the photoluminescence (PL) properties of Ag nanoplates, particularly triangular ones, systematically at the single-particle level under different excitation conditions. We find that their emission is controlled by surface plasmon resonances (SPRs). Because of their high geometric symmetry, the shape and intensity of the PL spectrum from Ag triangular nanoplates are independent of the excitation polarization. Under excitation wavelengths of 473, 532 and 633 nm, the PL quantum yield (QY) of Ag triangular nanoplates is found to be twice that of Au nanorods at similar SPR wavelengths. It can be attributed to the stronger and broader SPR response, which can make the PL more intense not only in the spatial domain but also over a larger range in the frequency domain. Our investigations will extend the application of Ag nanoplates in imaging, labeling, and emitting, especially at the single-molecule level, due to their ultra-bright, stable, and polarization-independent PL. This method to enhance the PL signal, in both the spatial and frequency domains, can be easily expanded to other systems.
2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials for nonlinear optics
Authors: Han Xiao , Zheng Yongshen , Chai Siqian , Chen Songhua , Xu Jialiang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites feature characteristics of inherent quantum-well structures and intriguing optoelectronic properties, and have therefore attracted enormous research attention for their optical applications in light emitting, sensing, modulation, and telecommunication devices. The low-cost and solution-processed fabrications as well as alternative organic spacer cations endue 2D hybrid perovskites with higher tunability in optical and photonic applications. In particular, they demonstrate distinguished nonlinear optical characters such as second-harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon absorption (2PA), and saturable absorption (SA) under the excitation of laser pulses. Here, we discuss the construction of the various sorts of 2D hybrid perovskites with different structural features. We have also highlighted some representative properties and applications of these 2D hybrid perovskites in both linear and nonlinear optical regimes.
Large-area metasurface on CMOS-compatible fabrication platform: driving flat optics from lab to fab
Authors: Li Nanxi , Xu Zhengji , Dong Yuan , Hu Ting , Zhong Qize , Fu Yuan Hsing , Zhu Shiyang , Singh Navab 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A metasurface is a layer of subwavelength-scale nanostructures that can be used to design functional devices in ultrathin form. Various metasurface-based optical devices – coined as flat optics devices – have been realized with distinction performances in research laboratories using electron beam lithography. To make such devices mass producible at low cost, metasurfaces over a large area have also been defined with lithography steppers and scanners, which are commonly used in semiconductor foundries. This work reviews the metasurface process platforms and functional devices fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible mass manufacturing technologies. Taking both fine critical dimension and mass production into account, the platforms developed at the Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR using advanced 12-inch immersion lithography have been presented with details, including process flow and demonstrated optical functionalities. These developed platforms aim to drive the flat optics from lab to fab.
Emerging Nutritional Supplements for Strength and Hypertrophy: An Update of the Current Literature
Authors: Gonzalez Adam M. , Church David D. , Townsend Jeremy R. , Bagheri Reza 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Several dietary supplements have been proposed as a means of improving muscle strength and hypertrophy when combined with resistance training. However, few have received sufficient attention from sports scientists to produce robust evidence for being well recommended. A growing body of literature has emerged for several dietary ingredients with the potential to promote muscular adaptations. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an evidence-based review of the efficacy of emerging nutritional supplements to allow athletes, coaches, and practitioners to make an informed decision when considering their use as a means of improving muscle strength and hypertrophy.
Insulin-Like Signalling Influences the Coordination of Larval Hemocyte Number with Body Size inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bakopoulos Daniel , Beadle Lauren Forbes , Esposito Katherine M , Mirth Christen K , Warr Coral G , Johnson Travis K 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBlood cells, known as hemocytes in invertebrates, play important and conserved roles in immunity, wound healing and tissue remodelling. The control of hemocyte number is therefore critical to ensure these functions are not compromised, and studies using Drosophila melanogaster are proving useful for understanding how this occurs. Recently, the embryonic patterning gene, torso-like (tsl), was identified as being required both for normal hemocyte development and for providing immunity against certain pathogens. Here, we report that Tsl is required specifically during the larval phase of hematopoiesis, and that tsl mutant larvae likely have reduced hemocyte numbers due to a reduced larval growth rate and compromised insulin signaling. Consistent with this, we find that impairing insulin-mediated growth, either by nutrient deprivation or genetically, results in fewer hemocytes. This is likely the result of impaired insulin-like signaling in the hemocytes themselves, since modulation of Insulin-like Receptor (InR) activity specifically in hemocytes causes concomitant changes to their population size in developing larvae. Taken together, our work reveals the strong relationship that exists between body size and hemocyte number, and suggests that insulin-like signaling contributes to, but is not solely responsible for, keeping these tightly aligned during larval development.
Texto, imagem e visualidade na literatura contemporânea brasileira
Authors: Martoni Alex 
Published: April 2020

O aumento significativo, nas últimas décadas, da produção de obras literárias fortemente marcadas pela inclusão de fotografias, pela apropriação e colagem de documentos, e por manipulações gráficas e tipográficas, dentre outras operações realizadas nos níveis textual, paratextual e perigráfico, tem exigido um reexame do modo como nos aproximamos analiticamente das mesmas. Se pensar na relação literatura e imagem significava, predominantemente, refletir sobre a produção de imagens poéticas por meio de tropos linguísticos, os processos crescentes de fixação de imagens e outras formas de visualidade na página impressa exige hoje, do leitor, a consideração da literatura como um objeto complexo, marcado pelo trânsito de linguagens e por modos técnicos de articulação do sentido. É dentro dessa perspectiva que este artigo buscará mapear as condições de emergência desse fenômeno no âmbito da literatura contemporânea brasileira e propor algumas formas de articulação analítica entre literatura, imagem e visualidade hoje.
Safety and Efficacy of Apatinib Monotherapy for Unresectable, Metastatic Esophageal Cancer: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase II Study
Authors: Yanwei Li , Feng He , Ren Peng , Yue Jie , Zhang Wencheng , Tang Peng , Shang Xiaobin , Pang Qingsong , Liu Dongying , Chen Chuangui , Pan Zhanyu , Tao Yu Zhen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Lessons Learned
Patient compliance with the oral dosage treatment was good, with no need for hospitalization. Patients with tracheal and esophageal fistulas can take crushed apatinib by nutrient tube, with the same bioavailability and efficacy. Apatinib may be an effective and safe second- or further-line treatment for advanced esophageal cancer.

Background
Apatinib is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2), which is thought to play a role in esophageal cancer progression. Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer and to examine whether VEGFR2 expression influenced the clinical response.

Methods
This single-arm, open-label, investigator-initiated phase II study enrolled patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction who were admitted to Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between August 2017 and January 2019. Apatinib monotherapy (500 mg/day) was given orally or via an enteral tube until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal, or death. Patients were followed until treatment was discontinued or death. The main endpoints were tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs).

Results
Among 32 patients screened for inclusion, 30 were included in the safety and survival analyses (i.e., received apatinib), and 26 were included in the efficacy analysis (at least one imaging follow-up). Median follow-up time and exposure to apatinib were 5.34 months and 72 days, respectively. Among 26 patients included in the efficacy analysis, 2 had a partial response (PR; 7.7%) and 14 had stable disease (SD; 53.8%). The overall response rate (ORR) was 7.7%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 61.5%. Median PFS and OS were 4.63 months (95% confidence interval, 2.11–7.16 months) and 6.57 months (4.90 months to not estimable), respectively. Fifteen patients (50.0%) experienced treatment-related AEs, most commonly hypertension (26.7%), diarrhea (20.0%), and hand-foot-skin reaction (10.0%). No patients had grade ≥4 treatment-related AEs.

Conclusion
Apatinib was effective as second- or further-line treatment for advanced esophageal cancer.
Caracterização da Lama de alto-forno visando o aproveitamento agrícola
Authors: Oliveira Fábio Ribeiro de , Silveira Camila Santos , Assis Paulo Santos 
Published: April 2020

A lama de alto-forno é um dos resíduos da fabricação de ferro gusa que apresenta características que trazem maiores dificuldades relacionadas ao aproveitamento e destinação final. Algumas formas de utilização deste resíduo incluem a queima em fornos de cerâmicas e metalúrgicas, visando, principalmente, o uso como fonte energética. Também existem referências da utilização da lama de alto forno como insumo na agricultura, contudo, é uma forma de aproveitamento ainda pouco explorada e dependente das propriedades do composto. Desta forma, este trabalho busca, através da classificação do resíduo e estudo das características da lama gerada em uma guseira, fornecer subsídios para análise de um possível reaproveitamento agrícola. Foram realizados testes de lixiviação e solubilização em adição aos dados da análise de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os resultados, após serem confrontados com valores de referência na literatura, indicaram altas concentrações de elementos como chumbo e cromo, que inviabilizam um aproveitamento agrícola em larga escala.
KORKU MEKANLARI: TERÖR KORKUSUNUN MEKANSAL BOYUTU VE KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞI
Authors: GÜN ÇINĞI Tuba 
Published: April 2020

Terör korkusu, son yıllarda dünya çapında gerçekleşen ve büyük oranda sivil halkı hedef alan terör
saldırılarının ortaya çıkardığı önemli bir sorundur. Bu korku pek çok unsur tarafından
tetiklenebilmektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, terör korkusu ile mekan ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve
korkunun belirli mekanlarda yoğunlaşıp yoğunlaşmadığını saptamaktır. Araştırmanın teorik
çerçevesini, suç korkusunu mekanın fiziksel ve sosyal özellikleri bağlamında ele alan kentsel
organizasyonsuzluk teorilerden düzensizlik, sosyal kontrol ve altkültürel çeşitlilik teorileri
oluşturmaktadır. Dünya risk toplumu teorisi, araştırma kapsamında faydalanılan bir diğer teorik
bağlamdır. Araştırma verileri, 2018 yılında Ankara’da gerçekleştirilen 400 anket ve 20 görüşmenin
sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır.
Araştırma sonuçları, terör korkusunun belirli mekanlarda diğerlerine göre daha çok hissedildiğini ortaya
koymaktadır. Ayrıca düzensizlik ve sosyal kontrol teorileri gibi suç korkusu teorilerinin, terör
korkusunu açıklayamadığı, altkültürel çeşitlilik teorisinin ise korkunun mekansal yoğunlaşması
üzerinde nispeten açıklayıcı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırma, Türkiye’de terör korkusunun
mekansal yoğunluğunu ve bunu tetikleyen faktörleri ortaya koyması açısından literatür için önem arz
etmektedir.
MAX WEBER VE ANTONIO GRAMSCI’NİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI OKUMASI: KLASİK SOSYOLOJİNİN GELECEĞİNİN SÜREKLİLİĞİNİ SİYASAL ÖN YARGILARIN ÖTESİNDE ANLAMLANDIRMAK
Authors: GÜRCAN Efe Can 
Published: April 2020

Mevcut makale; sınıf oluşumu, meşruiyet/hegemonya, liderlik/aydınlar ve karizma/bürokrasi
kavramları üzerinden Max Weber ve Antonio Gramsci’nin düşüncelerinin karşılaştırmalı bir
incelemesini sunmaktadır. Amaç, sosyoloji geleneğinin sürekliliğini ortaya koyarak, günümüzde hala
etkisini sürdüren kimi temel Soğuk Savaş ön yargılarının aşılmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Bu siyasal ön
yargılar, Marksizmin “kaba” maddeciliğiyle Weberci sosyolojinin sözde idealizmi arasında yapay bir
ikilik dayatarak sosyolojik düşünce geleneğinin kuramsal açıklayıcılığına sekte vurmaktadır. Aynı
zamanda makale, Gramsci’nin düşüncesinde yaygınca görmezden gelinen Weber etkilerini ve her iki
ismin paylaştığı kavramsal temeli ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Makalede ileri sürülen temel sav
odur ki Weber ve Gramsci, süreklilik arz eden köklü bir düşünce geleneğine mensuplardır. Her iki isim
de, toplumsal değişimin dinamikleri üzerine kafa yormuşlardır. Bu dinamiklerin güçlü bir politik
ekonomik ve sınıfsal bir temel üzerinde yükseldiğini vurgulamışlardır. Bununla birlikte, toplumsal
değişimin politik ekonomiye indirgenmesini reddetmişler ve öznel değişkenlerin rolünü anlamaya çaba
göstermişlerdir. Kapitalist toplumun derinlikli bir eleştirisini sağlayarak geleceğin siyasal sosyolojisinin
kapsamlı bir kuramsal haritasını oluşturmuşlardır.