bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Different Pigment Incorporation Methods on the Sorption and Solubility of Medical Silicones
Authors: Nobrega Adhara Smith , de Moraes Melo Neto Clóvis Lamartine , de Magalhães Bertoz André Pinheiro , de Melo Moreno André Luiz , Goiato Marcelo Coelho 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three pigment incorporation methods (conventional, mechanical, and industrial) on the sorption and solubility of the MDX4-4210 and A-2186 silicones.
Materials and Methods The groups formed were based on the silicones used (A-2186 and MDX4-4210), intrinsic pigments (pink, bronze, and black), and pigment incorporation methods (conventional, mechanical, and industrial). The dimensions of all samples were 45-mm diameter (ø) × 1-mm thickness. Readings were taken initially and after 1,008 hours of aging.
Statistical Analysis Three-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's test were performed (α = 0.05).
Results For sorption and solubility, there was no difference between the incorporation methods for the A-2186 silicone, regardless of the pigment used (p > 0.05). For pink MDX4-4210, the industrial and mechanical methods showed higher values of sorption compared with the conventional method (p < 0.05). For bronze MDX4-4210, the industrial method showed a higher sorption value compared with the conventional and mechanical methods (p < 0.05). For black MDX4-4210, there was no difference between incorporation methods based on sorption (p > 0.05). For pink MDX4-4210, the mechanical method showed a higher solubility value compared with the industrial and conventional methods (p < 0.05). For black MDX4-4210 and bronze MDX4-4210, there was no statistically significant difference between incorporation methods based on solubility (p > 0.05).
Conclusion Based on sorption and solubility, for the A-2186 silicone, the conventional, mechanical, and industrial methods of pigment incorporation were equivalent. For the MDX4-4210 silicone, its results of sorption and solubility were varied, and further studies are recommended.
Safety of Prescribing Statins in Childhood Dyslipidemia
Authors: Al-Alaili Mohammed Khaled , Abdi Abdikarim Mohamed , Basgut Bilgen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHyperlipidemia is on the rise in pediatrics, leading to early coronary artery disease complications. Familial hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor, with the homozygous subtype being more dangerous, yet less prevalent than the heterozygous subtype. Statins are shown to be an effective treatment in this population. This systematic review will emphasize the safety of such drug class in pediatrics, while taking into consideration the latest cholesterol guideline. Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, and PubMed were reviewed systematically in June 2019 and rechecked in November 2019 for the past 5 years with keywords like child, safety, hyperlipidemia, and statins, which resulted in nine randomized clinical trials. In short, statins are shown to be intermediately effective—median decrease of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 32% achieving the target of < 160 mg/dL in 67% of patients—in lowering lipid levels yet preventing early complications. They are also considered safely tolerated in most cases, even when taken for extended periods, but still not evidently permissible for children below 8 years old, which was the average age of all participants in the trials. Statins should not be given generally for pediatrics of less than 8 years old, in contrast to what was mentioned in the American Heart Association guideline (0–19 age range), since there is no evidence supporting their safety within this age group.
Factors Affecting Quality of Life among Post-Stroke Patients in the Sub-Himalayan Region
Authors: Ahmed Tarannum , Tamanna  , Kumar Rajesh , Bahurupi Yogesh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background Stroke is one of the most debilitating conditions contributing to significant disability and death globally. Identifying risk factors for quality of life (QoL) will enable to improve home-based rehabilitation in post-stroke phase.

Objective This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of QoL in stroke patients in the sub-Himalayan region.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study assessed the QoL among stroke patients within a week after the onset of acute stroke and then re-evaluated at 3 months. World Health Organization QoL-BREF, Beck Depression Inventory, the Barthel Index, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) were used to seek data on QoL, depression, cognitive, and functional dependence status, respectively. Appropriate statistics were used to compute the results.

Results In total, 129 stroke patients recruited, out of which 102 returned to a 3-month follow-up. QoL, MOCA, disability index, and depression score were compared using Wilcoxon Singed-rank test. In multivariate analysis, depression and disability together predicted 60% of the variance for physical QoL (p < 0.0001). Similarly, poststroke depression and disability together predicted 61% of the variance for psychological QoL (p < 0.0001) in stroke patients.

Conclusion Findings indicated that depression and disability are leading risk factors of QoL in stroke patients. Early identification of poststroke depression and functional dependence status is, therefore, essential to devise screening procedure and to develop targeted intervention to improve rehabilitation outcomes.
Three-dimensional digital PCR through light-sheet imaging of optically cleared emulsion
Authors: Liao Peiyu , Jiang Mengcheng , Chen Zitian , Zhang Fangli , Sun Yue , Nie Jun , Du Meijie , Wang Jianbin , Fei Peng , Huang Yanyi 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Digital PCR (dPCR) has long been recognized as a powerful tool in nucleic acid quantitative analysis, but there still remain problems that hinder its wide popularity. Sample loss is one major challenge that compromises the certainty of dPCR quantification and handicaps its ability to detect and quantify nucleic samples of low copy number. Another main difficulty is to prevent this single-copy-sensitivity experiment from possible contaminations of PCR product exposure. The CLEAR-dPCR introduced herein solves these two problems by integrating optically cleared monodisperse droplet generation and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and fulfills a genuinely lossless and contamination-free digital PCR approach. Such an emulsion clearing method pioneers a way of high-throughput in situ signal capture in mass droplets.
Subunit-selective iGluR antagonists can potentiate heteromeric receptor responses by blocking desensitization
Authors: Pollok Stefan , Reiner Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a diverse family of tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels. Recent structural information has provided valuable insight into the conformational dynamics and assembly properties of iGluRs, most importantly on heteromeric iGluRs, which are prevalent in the nervous system. However, little is known about how channel gating is controlled by the 4 subunits within the tetramers, different ligand occupancies, and intersubunit cooperativity. In this study, we probe how subunit-selective ligands affect activation and desensitization of heteromeric iGluRs and we provide mechanistic insight into ligand dissociation. Our findings have direct pharmacologic implications, as we show that subunit-selective antagonists can block desensitization of heteromeric iGluRs, thereby causing potentiation instead of inhibition.
B cells reappear less mature and more activated after their anti-CD20–mediated depletion in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nissimov Nitzan , Hajiyeva Zivar , Torke Sebastian , Grondey Katja , Brück Wolfgang , Häusser-Kinzel Silke , Weber Martin S. 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceAnti-CD20–mediated B cell depletion is a highly effective therapy in MS. However, long-term effects of this approach on the immune system are not yet characterized in detail. After cessation of anti-CD20 treatment, B cells reappear immature yet highly activated. In addition, anti-CD20 treatment exerts long-lasting effects on T cells, which may be important for its clinical effect. These findings may help in guiding therapeutic decisions with regard to treatment intervals and follow-up therapies.
Pragmatic development during study abroad
Authors: Czerwionka Lori , Olson Daniel J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The current investigation examined the development of second language (L2) intensifier use in spoken Spanish over a 6-week
immersion program in Madrid (n = 45). Native Spanish speakers from Madrid (n = 10) served as a comparison
group to represent the local ambient input or sociopragmatic norm to which L2 learners were exposed. Data were extracted from
semi-structured interviews. Results exposed different developmental trends over the program for intensifier frequency, intensifier lexical
diversity, and intensifier collocations. While learners already had a strong sense of which intensifiers were most frequent in Spanish and
how to use them in appropriate linguistic environments at the beginning of the program, the immersion program had positive impacts on the
development of intensifier frequency and intensifier lexical diversity. The findings also highlighted different intensifier frequency
developmental trends among learners, which collectively suggested that learners adjusted to the sociopragmatic norm of intensifier use in
Madrid over the immersion experience.
A corpus-based analysis of differences in the use ofveryfor adjective amplification among native speakers and learners of English
Authors: Schweinberger Martin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes the use ofveryas an adjective amplifier by native speakers and advanced learners of English with diverse language backgrounds based on theInternational Corpus of Learner English(ICLE) and theLouvain Corpus of Native English Essays(LOCNESS). The study appliesMultifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis Using Regression/Random Forests(MuPDARF) to find differences between native speakers and advanced learners and evaluates which factors contribute to learners’ non-target-like use ofvery. The analysis finds language background and adjective-specific differences in the use ofverybetween learners and native speakers. It shows that collocational preferences of specific adjective types are the most important factor, which is interpreted to show that differences between native speakers and learners are predominantly dependent upon the collocational profiles of individual adjective types. This finding supports approaches that focus on teaching collocations and contextualizing word use.
Literacies in contact
Authors: Weth Constanze , Böhm Manuela , Bunčić Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResearch on language contact has so far mainly focused on oral situations, although standardization and language ideologies always have an important influence on multilingualism in both its written and its spoken form. This raises the question of which theoretical models are most suitable for the description of written language contact. The present paper recalls linguistic investigations of written language. Some research on multilingual writing shares concepts with research on oral language contacts, always adapting them for writing. Other research develops new concepts for investigating multilingual writing. Within the framework of research on multilingualism, some concepts approach language contact as a question of systematic interactions between linguistic systems (e.g. borrowing, code-switching, graphematic matrix, schriftdenken), other concepts envisage language contact as a multilingual practice (e.g. translanguaging, multimodal analysis, biliteracy). Written language contact is an especially fruitful field of study for pointing out major differences between these two research traditions and for bridging them.
Coordinate stitching measurement of highly steep freeform surfaces
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Chen Shanyong , Zhai Dede 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is widely used for surface measurement during milling and grinding of workpieces. However, the measurement uncertainty increases with the surface slope for highly steep freeform surfaces. In addition, local features sometimes exist on the surface out of the accessible space of the CMM. This study presents a coordinate measurement method based on stitching multiple subpatches. The complex freeform surface of a large slope is first divided into subpatches which are individually tilted and measured with smaller uncertainty due to reduced slopes. A global stitching algorithm is then proposed to compensate the motion error and stitch all the subpatches together simultaneously, based on configuration optimization to minimize the overlap inconsistency. The coordinate stitching measurement method is first validated through simulation, which shows that the motion error of the order of 0.05°/0.5 mm is tolerable for a highly steep surface. It is then experimentally verified using the stitching measurement of an optical spherical surface and a steep freeform surface. An ordinary multi-axis adjustment stage is suitable for subpatch repositioning because the stitching algorithm compensates the motion error to a level lower than the CMM uncertainty.
A side-scattering imaging method for the in-line monitoring of particulate matter emissions from cooking fumes
Authors: Zhou Wu , Mei Cong , Qin Jinwei , Cai Xiaoshu , Wang Tianyi , He Wanqing , Shi Aijun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To monitor the concentration of particulate matter (PM) from cooking fumes, an in-line measurement method was proposed based on the Lorenz–Mie scattering theory, and a measurement system was developed based on the side-scattering imaging technique with a laser beam for illumination. Polystyrene particles in water suspensions with a known particle size and concentration were utilized for validation. The experimentally obtained gray level of the image of the particle cloud along the laser beam agrees well with that predicted by theoretical model in the same configuration. The artificial fish swarm algorithm was adopted for inversion, and the results of particle size measurements show a standard deviation lower than 5% of the mean measured value at concentrations of 0.5–50 mg · m−3. Using the retrieved particle size distribution, the PM concentrations can be measured with the calculated scattering coefficient k
2 and the measurement system dependent coefficients I
0
k
1. The calibration experiments with polystyrene particle suspensions show a very good linear relationship of the image gray value on the particle concentration. This method makes it possible to monitor the PM concentrations using a non-contact and non-suction approach.
High-temperature intrinsic ferromagnetism in heavily Fe-doped GaAs layers
Authors: Kudrin A V , Lesnikov V P , Danilov Yu A , Dorokhin M V , Vikhrova O V , Demina P B , Pavlov D A , Usov Yu V , Milin V E , Kuznetsov Yu M , Kriukov R N , Konakov A A , Tabachkova N Yu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The layers of a high-temperature novel GaAs:Fe diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) with an average Fe content up to 20 at. % were grown on (001) i-GaAs substrates using a pulsed laser deposition in a vacuum. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy investigations revealed that the conductive layers obtained at 180 and 200 ºC are epitaxial, do not contain any second-phase inclusions, but contain the Fe-enriched columnar regions of overlapped microtwins. The TEM investigations of the non-conductive layer obtained at 250 ºC revealed the embedded coherent Fe-rich clusters of GaAs:Fe DMS. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations showed that Fe atoms form chemical bonds with Ga and As atoms with almost equal probability and thus the comparable number of Fe atoms substitute on Ga and As sites. The n-type conductivity of the obtained conductive GaAs:Fe layers is apparently associated with electron transport in a Fe acceptor impurity band within the GaAs band gap. A hysteretic negative magnetoresistance (MR) was observed in the conductive layers up to room temperature (RT). MR measurements point to the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy of the conductive GaAs:Fe layers related to the presence of the columnar regions. The studies of the magnetic circular dichroism confirm that the layers obtained at 180, 200 and 250 ºC are intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors and the Curie point can reach up to at least RT in case of the conductive layer obtained at 200 ºC. It was suggested that in heavily Fe-doped GaAs layers the ferromagnetism is related to the Zener double exchange between Fe atoms with different valence states via an intermediate As and Ga atom.
The Role of Magnetic Field Disturbances in the Heating of Active Region Loops
Authors: Asgari-Targhi M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hot emissions from coronal plasma with T > 4 MK are examined in two active regions observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). The intensity maps in Fe XVIII 94 ˚A are created and the emission intensity in the brightest loops in these regions are measured. The corresponding magnetic maps of these active regions are constructed using the magnetograms from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard SDO. The photospheric magnetic field is characterized in terms of magnetic disturbances, such as flux emergence and flux cancellations in the surrounding sunspots, and the total magnetic flux is measured. The energy giving rise to high-temperature plasma is found to be deposited in the corona as a result of magnetic reconnection, likely caused by the dynamics of the magnetic field at the photosphere. The observations confirm that the hot plasma is strongly correlated with magnetic flux emergence or cancellation.
A comparison of CME expansion speeds between solar cycles 23 and 24
Authors: Dagnew Fithanegest K , Gopalswamy Nat , Tessema Solomon B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We report on a comparison of the expansion speeds of limb coronal mass ejections (CMEs) between solar cycles 23 and 24. We selected a large number of limb CME events associated with soft X-ray flare size greater than or equal to M1.0 from both cycles. We used data and measurement tools available at the online CME catalog (https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov) that consists of the properties of all CMEs detected by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory’s (SOHO) Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO). We found that the expansion speeds in cycle 24 are higher than those in cycle 23. We also found that the relation between radial and expansion speeds has different slopes in cycles 23 and 24. The cycle 24 slope is 45% higher than that in cycle 23. The expansion speed is also higher for a given radial speed. The difference increases with speed. For a 2000 km/s radial speed, the expansion speed in cycle 24 is ∼48% higher. These results present additional evidence for the anomalous expansion of cycle 24-CMEs, which is due to the reduced total pressure in the heliosphere.
Reconnection at the Heliopause: Comparing the Voyager 1 and 2 Heliopause Crossings
Authors: Fuselier Stephen A. , Petrinec Steven M. , Bobra Monica G. , Cairns Iver H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Voyager 1 and 2 observed very different boundary layers adjacent to their respective heliopause crossings. Voyager 1 observed a very thick boundary layer in the inner heliosheath while Voyager 2 observed a very thin boundary layer. Voyager 2 observed a thick magnetic barrier with enhanced total magnetic field in the inner heliosheath while Voyager 1 did not observe a similar barrier. Predicted and observed plasma properties in the inner and outer heliosheath and the magnetic shear at the heliopause crossings are used to investigate the possibility of local reconnection at the heliopause crossings. For the Voyager 1 crossing, local reconnection is suppressed. However, for the Voyager 2 crossing, the magnetic barrier reduced plasma beta in the inner heliosheath and may have facilitated local magnetic reconnection at the heliopause.
Investigating 1st and 2nd order Fermi acceleration of energetic particles by small-scale magnetic flux ropes at 1AU
Authors: le Roux J A , Webb G M , Khabarova O V , Van Eck K T , Zhao L-L , Adhikari L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A new telegrapher-type Parker transport equation was derived from the existing underlying focused transport equation to model the acceleration of energetic particles by contracting and reconnecting small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs) in the large-scale solar wind. Time-dependent and steady-state analytical solutions were found that unify all SMFR acceleration mechanisms present in the transport equation, showing that SMFR acceleration by the parallel reconnection electric field in the mixed spatial and momentum derivative transport term is constrained by and requires the presence of 2nd order Fermi SMFR acceleration. We explore the potential of these solutions in reproducing energetic proton flux enhancements and spectral evolution between ∼50 keV-5 MeV in dynamic SMFR regions near large-scale reconnecting current sheets in the solar wind at 1 AU. It is shown that both 2nd order Fermi SMFR acceleration involving the variance in SMFR compression and incompressible parallel shear flow, and 1st order SMFR Fermi acceleration due to mean SMFR compression are both workable options in reproducing observed flux amplification factors when using reasonable SMFR parameters. However, the predicted substantial quantitative differences in the spatial evolution of the accelerated spectra through the SMFR region might provide a diagnostic to distinguish between 1st and 2nd order Fermi SMFR acceleration in observations.
Large-density (>50 cm−3) heliospheric plasma sheets recorded by the Wind spacecraft between 1995 and 2017
Authors: Liou K , Wu C-C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A survey of previous studies of the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS) suggests a bimodal distribution for the occurrence of the HPS peak plasma density. While the majority of HPS events have a peak density smaller than ∼30 cm−3, there is evidence that large density (>50 cm−3) HPS events can exist. A bimodal distribution would suggest a two-source scenario for the HPS observed at 1 AU. In this study we focus on large density HPS events. We survey the solar wind data acquired from the Wind spacecraft between 1995 and 2017 and identify 108 large-density HPS events with a distribution peak at 55 cm−3, confirming the bimodal distribution. We also find that 80 (74%) of these large-density HPS events are associated with interplanetary shocks. The yearly occurrence of these large-density HPS events nearly follows the yearly occurrence of interplanetary shock. This result suggests that large-density HPS events are likely caused by compression of interplanetary shocks within 1 AU.
Simulations of Magnetised Stellar-Wind Bubbles
Authors: Mackey J , Green S , Moutzouri M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Initial results are presented from 3D MHD modelling of stellar-wind bubbles around O stars moving supersonically through the ISM. We describe algorithm updates that enable high-resolution 3D MHD simulations at reasonable computational cost. We apply the methods to the simulation of the astrosphere of a rotating massive star moving with 30km s−1 through the diffuse interstellar medium, for two different stellar magnetic field strengths, 10G and 100G. Features in the flow are described and compared with similar models for the Heliosphere. The shocked interstellar medium becomes asymmetric with the inclusion of a magnetic field misaligned with the star’s direction of motion, with observable consequences. When the Alfv´enic Mach number of the wind is ≤ 10 then the stellar magnetic field begins to affect the structure of the wind bubble and features related to the magnetic axis of the star become visible at parsec scales. Prospects for predicting and measuring non-thermal radiation are discussed.