bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative quantification of wind erosion in argan woodlands in the Souss Basin, Morocco
Authors: Marzen Miriam , Kirchhoff Mario , Marzolff Irene , Aït Hssaine Ali , Ries Johannes B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe endemic argan woodlands cover large parts of South Morocco and create a characteristic landscape with areas of sparsely vegetated and bare soil surfaces between single trees. This unique ecosystem has been under extensive agrosilvopastoral management for centuries and is now at risk of degradation caused by overgrazing and increasing scarcity and variability of rainfall.To investigate susceptibility to wind erosion, we conducted an experimental–empirical study including wind tunnel tests and a drone‐generated digital elevation model and quantified wind‐erodible material on five different associated surface types by means of sediment catchers. The highest emission flux was measured on freshly ploughed surfaces (1875 g m–2 h–1), while older ploughed areas with a re‐established crust produced a much lower emission flux (795 g m–2 h–1). Extensive tillage may have been a sustainable practice for generations, but increasing drought and uncertainty of rainfall now lead to an acute risk of severe soil erosion and dust production. The typical crusted surfaces characterized by residual rock fragment accumulation and wash processes produced the second highest emission flux (1,354 g m–2 h–1). Material collected from tree‐shaded areas (933 g m–2 h–1) was revealed to be a considerable source of organic material, possibly affecting substrate conditions positively on a larger regional scale. The lowest flux was measured on rock fragment‐covered surfaces (301 g m–2 h–1).The data show that open argan woodland may be a considerable source for wind erosion and dust production, depending on surface characteristics strongly related to management. An adapted management must include the conservation of argan trees to offer a promising approach to prevent severe wind erosion and dust production and mitigate possible impacts of land‐use change and climate change related shifts in wind and rainfall patterns. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Badass gully morphodynamics and sediment generation in Waipaoa Catchment, New Zealand
Authors: Fuller Ian C. , Strohmaier Florian , McColl Samuel T. , Tunnicliffe Jon , Marden Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLarge (>0.1 km2) gully–mass movement complexes (badass gullies) are significant contributors to the sediment cascade in New Zealand's steepland East Coast Region catchments. The scale of change taking place in these gully systems allows significant evolution in morphology and sediment dynamics to be tracked at annual to decadal timescales. Here we document changes in two adjacent badass gullies in Waipaoa catchment (Tarndale and Mangatu) to infer sediment generation processes and connectivity using a morphological budgeting approach. A baseline dataset for this study is provided by a LiDAR‐derived digital elevation model (DEM) in 2005. We produced new DEMs and orthophoto mosaics using photogrammetry in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to quantify gully morphodynamics and associated volumes of sediment erosion and deposition in both systems as they co‐evolved. Results indicate ongoing rapid development of both gully complexes. Severe erosion took place at the gully heads with lowering and migration (up to 25 m vertically and laterally) of the topographic divide separating the two gullies between 2005 and 2019. Over the same period, net lowering of each gully system was ~250 mm year−1. Key sediment‐generating processes included surface erosion, deep‐seated landslides, and debris flows. Longer term, the overall contribution of sediment from both badass gullies to the Waipaoa catchment has been declining. In the mid‐20th century, both gullies yielded in excess of 300 kt year−1. From 2005 to 2019, 80 kt year−1 was yielded from Tarndale and 110 kt year−1 from Mangatu. Our most recent surveys demonstrated considerable variability in sediment yield, ranging from 76 kt year−1 (2017–2018) to 291 kt year−1 (2018–2019). The annual variability observed reflects the complex morphodynamics of discrete hillslopes and tributary fans in these badass gully systems and underlines the importance of integrating decadal and annual surveys when assessing system trajectory. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demonstrating the Reliability of bio-met for Determining Compliance with Environmental Quality Standards for Metals in Europe
Authors: Peters Adam , Nys Charlotte , Merrington Graham , Verdonck Frederik , Baken Stijn , Cooper Christopher A. , Van Assche Frank , Schlekat Christian , Garman Emily 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The importance of considering the bioavailability of metals in understanding and assessing their toxicity in freshwaters has been recognized for many years. Currently, biotic ligand models (BLMs) are being applied for the derivation and implementation of environmental quality standards (EQS) for metals under the Water Framework Directive in Europe. bio-met is a simplified tool that was developed for implementing bioavailability-based EQS for metals in European freshwaters. We demonstrate the reliability of the relationship between the full BLM predictions and the thresholds (hazardous concentration affecting 5% of species [HC5] values) predicted by bio-met in 3 stages, for the metals copper, nickel, and zinc. First, ecotoxicity data for specific species from laboratory tests in natural waters are compared with predictions by the individual species BLMs included in the full BLMs. Second, the site-specific HC5 values predicted by bio-met for the natural waters used for ecotoxicity testing are compared with those provided by the full BLMs. The reliability of both relationships is demonstrated for all 3 metals, with more than 80% of individual species BLM predictions being within a factor of 3 of the experimental results, and 99% of bio-met local HC5 predictions being within a factor of 2 of the full BLM result. Third, using a larger set of European natural waters in addition demonstrates the reliability of bio-met over a broad range of water chemistry conditions. bio-met is therefore an appropriate tool for performing compliance assessments against EQS values in Europe, due to the demonstrated consistency with the toxicity test data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2361–2377. © 2020 SETAC
Abstract
The reliability of site-specific hazardous concentration affecting 5% of species (HC5) values provided by bio-met for compliance assessment against environmental quality standards (EQS) can be demonstrated by comparison with individual species ecotoxicity tests in natural waters through bioavailability normalized site-specific species sensitivity distributions (SSDs).
Dietary Habits and their Association with Metabolic Syndrome in a sample of Iranian adults: A population‐based study
Authors: Lorzadeh Elnaz , Sangsefidi Zohreh Sadat , Mirzaei Masoud , Hosseinzadeh Mahdieh 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCentral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are the core components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is coincident with unhealthy dietary habits in the Middle‐Eastern countries. The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary habits and MetS of the adult population living in Yazd Greater Area, Iran.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study that uses the data of a population‐based cohort study on Iranian adults, known as Yazd Health Study (YaHS). The relationship between dietary habits and metabolic syndrome among adults (n = 2,896) was analyzed using multiple logistic regression method.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS among the participants was 32.2%. Outcomes from logistic regression examination show that breakfast consumption has a significant inverse effect on the occurrence of MetS after adjustment for age, education level, physical activity statue, history of chronic diseases, and smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.14, 0.97). This effect remains significant even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and reveals that odds of having MetS is 69% lower in breakfast consumers in contrast to nonconsumers (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.87). However, no significant relationship was observed between other dietary habits including consumption of sweetened drinks, sugar cubes, and fast foods and MetS after adjustment for all potential confounders.ConclusionsThis study revealed that eating breakfast has an inverse relationship with metabolic syndrome. To find out stronger evidence in relation to dietary habits and MetS, more researches especially population‐based cohort studies are needed to be conducted.
Antirrhinum majus L. flower extract inhibits cell growth and metastatic properties in human colon and lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Seo Jina , Lee Jungjae , Yang Hyi Young , Ju Jihyeung 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSnapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L.) flowers are one of the most frequently used edible flowers in different preparations of foods and drinks. In this study, we examined inhibitory effects of snapdragon flower extract (SFE) against distinctive properties of cancer cells, stimulated growth, and activated metastasis, using H1299 lung cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. SFE treatment at 100–1,000 μg/ml for 24–72 hr resulted in a time‐ and dose‐dependent growth inhibition in H1299 and HCT116 cells. Cell cycle analysis and Annexin V staining assay further revealed that SFE caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis, indicating the growth inhibition by SFE is attributed to its G2/M cell cycle‐arresting and apoptosis‐inducing activities. SFE dose‐dependently enhanced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in H1299 cells but had no effect on intracellular ROS levels in HCT116 cells, suggesting that the type of apoptosis induced by SFE in H1299 cells is different to that in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, SFE alleviated invasion, levels of matrix metalloproteinases, migration, and adhesion in H1299 and HCT116 cells. These results indicate that SFE not only inhibits cell growth by cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis induction but also alleviates metastatic properties such as invasion, migration, and adhesion in lung and colon cancer cells.
Endoscopic transoral nasopharyngectomy
Authors: Soriano Roberto M. , Rindler Rima S. , Helman Samuel N. , Pradilla Gustavo , Solares C. Arturo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundA minimal access technique for the management of nasopharyngeal tumors extending below the palatal plane and laterally beyond the pterygoid musculature is yet to be developed. In this study we demonstrate the feasibility of endoscopic transoral nasopharyngectomy (ETON) for resection of large nasopharyngeal lesions as a natural orifice alternative to traditional approaches.MethodsETON was completed in three latex‐injected specimens. Surgical freedom (SF) and angles of attack (AoA) were calculated along the internal carotid artery (ICA).ResultsAn endoscopic transoral approach was successfully used to identify the parapharyngeal ICA and subsequently perform a complete nasopharyngeal resection. SF and AoA (sagittal) were found to be the greatest at the anterior genu of the ICA.ConclusionsETON is feasible. It provides wide exposure of the skull base and proximal control of the ICA. It may be indicated for the management of nasopharyngeal tumors with inferolateral extension, involving the ICA.
Assessing plot‐scale impacts of land use on overland flow generation in Central Panama
Authors: Bush Sidney A. , Stallard Robert F. , Ebel Brian A. , Barnard Holly R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLand use in Panama has changed dramatically with ongoing deforestation and conversion to cropland and cattle pastures, potentially altering the soil properties that drive the hydrological processes of infiltration and overland flow. We compared plot‐scale overland flow generation between hillslopes in forested and actively cattle‐grazed watersheds in Central Panama. Soil physical and hydraulic properties, soil moisture and overland flow data were measured along hillslopes of each land‐use type. Soil characteristics and rainfall data were input into a simple, 1‐D representative model, HYDRUS‐1D, to simulate overland flow that we used to make inferences about overland flow response at forest and pasture sites. Runoff ratios (overland flow/rainfall) were generally higher at the pasture site, although no overall trends were observed between rainfall characteristics and runoff ratios across the two land uses at the plot scale. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and bulk density were different between the forest and pasture sites (p < 10−4). Simulating overland flow in HYDRUS‐1D produced more outputs similar to the overland flow recorded at the pasture site than the forest site. Results from our study indicate that, at the plot scale, Hortonian overland flow is the main driver for overland flow generation at the pasture site during storms with high‐rainfall totals. We infer that the combination of a leaf litter layer and the activation of shallow preferential flow paths resulting in shallow saturation‐excess overland flow are likely the main drivers for plot scale overland flow generation at the forest site. Results from this study contribute to the broader understanding of the delivery of freshwater to streams, which will become increasingly important in the tropics considering freshwater resource scarcity and changing storm intensities.
Temporal trends in childhood cancer survival in Egypt, 2007 to 2017: A large retrospective study of 14 808 children with cancer from the Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt
Authors: Soliman Ranin M. , Elhaddad Alaa , Oke Jason , Eweida Wael , Sidhom Iman , Ahmed Sonia , Abdelrahman Hany , Moussa Emad , Fawzy Mohamed , Zamzam Manal , Zekri Wael , Hafez Hanafy , Sedky Mohamed , Abdalla Amr , Hammad Mahmoud , Elzomor Hossam , Ahmed Sahar , Awad Madeha , Abdelhameed Sayed , Mohsen Enas , Shalaby Lobna , Fouad Heba , Tarek Nourhan , Abouelnaga Sherif , Heneghan Carl 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChildhood cancer is a priority in Egypt due to large numbers of children with cancer, suboptimal care and insufficient resources. It is difficult to evaluate progress in survival because of paucity of data in National Cancer Registry. In this study, we studied survival rates and trends in survival of the largest available cohort of children with cancer (n = 15 779, aged 0‐18 years) from Egypt between 2007 and 2017, treated at Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt‐(CCHE), representing 40% to 50% of all childhood cancers across Egypt. We estimated 5‐year overall survival (OS) for 14 808 eligible patients using Kaplan‐Meier method, and determined survival trends using Cox regression by single year of diagnosis and by diagnosis periods. We compared age‐standardized rates to international benchmarks in England and the United States, identified cancers with inferior survival and provided recommendations for improvement. Five‐year OS was 72.1% (95% CI 71.3‐72.9) for all cancers combined, and survival trends increased significantly by single year of diagnosis (P < .001) and by calendar periods from 69.6% to 74.2% (P < .0001) between 2007‐2012 and 2013‐2017. Survival trends improved significantly for leukemias, lymphomas, CNS tumors, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma and Ewing Sarcoma. Survival was significantly lower by 9% and 11.2% (P < .001) than England and the United States, respectively. Significantly inferior survival was observed for the majority of cancers. Although survival trends are improving for childhood cancers in Egypt/CCHE, survival is still inferior in high‐income countries. We provide evidence‐based recommendations to improve survival in Egypt by reflecting on current obstacles in care, with further implications on practice and policy.
Immunogenic characteristics of microsatellite instability‐low esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma based on clinicopathological, molecular, immunological and survival analyses
Authors: Imamura Yu , Toihata Tasuku , Haraguchi Ikumi , Ogata Yoko , Takamatsu Manabu , Kuchiba Aya , Tanaka Norio , Gotoh Osamu , Mori Seiichi , Nakashima Yuichiro , Oki Eiji , Mori Masaki , Oda Yoshinao , Taguchi Kenichi , Yamamoto Manabu , Morita Masaru , Yoshida Naoya , Baba Hideo , Mine Shinji , Nunobe Souya , Sano Takeshi , Noda Tetsuo , Watanabe Masayuki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicrosatellite instability (MSI) is categorized by mutation frequency: high MSI (MSI‐H), low MSI (MSI‐L) and microsatellite stable (MSS). MSI‐H tumors have a distinct immunogenic phenotype, with immunotherapies using checkpoint inhibitors already approved for the treatment of MSI‐H gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA); this is not observed for MSI‐L or MSS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MSI‐L tumors are also a distinct phenotype and potentially immunogenic. MSI‐PCR assays (BAT25, BAT26, BAT40, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250) were performed on 363 Epstein‐Barr virus‐negative, surgically resected esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma samples. Tumors were characterized as MSI‐H (≥2 markers), MSI‐L (1 marker) or MSS (0 markers). CD8+ cell counts, PD‐L1 and HER2 expression levels, TP53 mutations, epigenetic alterations and prognostic significance were also examined. All pathological and molecular experiments were conducted using serial, whole‐tumor sections of chemo‐naïve surgical specimens. MSI‐H and MSI‐L were assigned to 28 (7.7%) and 24 (6.6%) cases, respectively. Compared to MSS cases, MSI‐L cases had significantly higher intratumoral CD8+ cell infiltration (P = .048) and favorable EGJ cancer‐specific survival (multivariate hazard ratio = 0.35, 95% CI, 0.12‐0.82; P = .012). MSI‐L tumors were also significantly associated with TP53‐truncating mutations as compared to MSI‐H (P = .009) and MSS (P = .012) cases, and this trend was also observed in GEA data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Indel mutational burden among TCGA MSI‐L tumors was significantly higher than that of MSS tumors (P = .016). These results suggest that MSI‐L tumors may have a distinct tumor phenotype and be potentially immunogenic in EGJ adenocarcinoma.
Collateralized borrowing around the world: Insights from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys
Authors: Fan Yuting , Nguyen Ha , Qian Rong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite an important role of collateralized borrowing in corporate finance and financial economics, there has been little empirical research that systematically documents the prevalence and correlates of collateralized borrowing across countries. We filled this gap by investigating firms' collateralized borrowing in 131 countries between 2005–2017 using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Overall, 77% of loans require collateral, and the median loan‐to‐collateral value is 60%. While small firms and loans from non‐bank financial institutions are less often associated with collateral, when collateral is pledged, the type of collateral assets is strongly correlated with the loan‐to‐value ratio. When more illiquid and indivisible assets such as land and buildings are pledged as collateral, higher collateral value is required.
Model‐Based System Engineering for Life Cycle Development of Digital Twins of Real Estate
Authors: Küsel Kirstin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe evolving complexity of today's Smart City challenges requires agile systems that can deliver quick, real‐time insight into as‐built assets to all stakeholders. Cyber‐Physical Systems (CPS) or digital twins hold promise to enable interconnected, data analysis of as‐built assets throughout the lifecycle of the asset. In the real estate industry, a vision is emerging to develop Digital Twins of Real Estate (DTREs) – being dynamic, virtual data models of real‐world assets that aggregate all information on the asset and provide continuous feedback via a single, 3D dashboard. Key technologies in use include Internet of Things (IOT) technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) processes and Machine Learning (ML). A DTRE enables stakeholders to better understand, predict and optimize performance of the real‐world asset throughout its lifecycle.In practice, most as‐built assets are not in digital, data model format and owners and managers are faced with distributed information sets and analytical tools. ISO 19650 (Part 1 and 2) guides the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry in Building Information Modelling (BIM) and management processes to deliver data models during the design and build phase. There is no formal process to guide DTRE development and limited, published case studies to demonstrate the business case.This paper presents a first Model‐Based System Engineering (MBSE) framework for the AEC industry to guide development of DTREs. The framework was compiled by synthesizing the author's experience, the traditional System Engineering (SE) vee diagram, ISO 19650 and reverse engineering available case studies. The paper concludes with a recommendation to develop case studies of different nature to validate the proposed MBSE framework.
A Review of Hurdles to Adopting Industry 4.0 in Developing Countries
Authors: Roodt Jan Hendrik , Koen Hildegarde 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe world is experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, and developing countries are experiencing it differently than developed countries. Developed countries have an advantage over developing countries in that they adopted industrialisation early, and this created a large gap between the two. Developed countries are not necessarily sustainable. Sustainable development is equally important in both developed and developing countries, but in different ways. Developed and developing countries will try to achieve sustainability development goals in different ways. Developed countries will most likely use the fourth industrial revolution to integrate technology into achieving their goals, while some developing countries might first need to catch up on industrial revolutions that they have skipped. Industrialisation, specifically that of the current revolution, will occur differently in developing countries. This paper describes this and discusses some of the hurdles that might hinder developing countries from adopting Industry 4.0, and develops an initial framework for readiness assessment.
An Energy Poverty Case Study: A Whole Systems Perspective Applied to an Informal Settlement
Authors: Okoye Perpetua I , Lalk Jörg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the novel application of a systems approach within the context of energy poverty mitigation. This is enriched by using an informal human settlement situated in the Western Cape near Cape Town as case study. A systems approach is used to design and integrate system interfaces within an “energy poverty system” leading to a proposed new System Reinforcing Model (SRM) for Energy Access Sustainability (EAS) in energy‐poor communities. The proposed model identifies interrelated systems and elements, developed as design decisions and system designs grounded in energy‐use patterns and behavior, energy access options, sustainability, socio‐economic, cultural, technical, and environmental issues. The proposed new SRM is then applied to a typical energy‐poor community where the model's significance is effectively demonstrated. Based on its participatory sensitivity, the model reveals system parts instigating energy poverty and limiting energy access.