bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
82 Struggle behavior and vocalizations of male piglets during castration
Authors: Lou Maria E , Li Yuzhi , Ventura Beth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Castration without the use of analgesia is routinely performed on male piglets. The objective of this study was to assess acute pain during castration through behavioral indicators. Piglets (n=88) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: castration without the use of analgesia (C) and sham-castration (S). Within 24 hours after birth (birth weight = 1.78kg ±0.71), identical procedures were followed for both treatment groups, except sham piglets were not castrated. Struggle behavior (curl ups, leg kicks, and body flailing) and vocalizations were collected via continuous video recording as piglets received treatment from start (first application of scalpel) to end (application of iodine). Vocalization parameters (duration and peak frequency) were analyzed using the Raven Pro: Interactive Sound Analysis Software (Version 1.5). Peak frequency was defined as low (&lt; 1000 Hz) and high (≥ 1000 Hz). Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. For struggle behavior, treatment did not affect curl up frequency. However, castrated piglets kicked more frequently than did sham piglets (C=28.8±0.9 vs. S=21.3±0.9 kicks/min; P=0.02). Additionally, 52% of castrated piglets displayed body flailing, whereas only 4.4% of sham piglets displayed the same behavior (Chi-Square = 24.2; P &lt; 0.0001). For vocalizations, no difference was found for duration and peak frequency of low frequency calls. However, castrated piglets responded with more high frequency calls than sham piglets (C=23.6±0.3 vs. S=18.6±0.3 calls/min; P=0.04). High frequency calls tended to be of longer duration for castrated piglets (C=0.45±0.04 vs. S=0.27±0.04 sec/call; P=0.08). Results indicate that castration without the use of analgesia increased the frequency of leg kicks, body failing, and high frequency calls. This suggests that leg kicks, body flailing, and high frequency calls maybe useful behavioral indicators of acute pain in piglets.
216 Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows at different reproductive stages exposed to increasing ambient temperature
Authors: McConn Betty R , Duttlinger Alan W , Kpodo Kouassi R , Maskal Jacob M , Gaskill Brianna N , Schinckel Allan P , Green-Miller Angela R , Lay Donald C , Johnson Jay S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pregnant sows, especially during late-gestation, may be susceptible to heat stress due to increased metabolic heat production and body mass. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows exposed to increasing ambient temperature (TA) at 3 reproductive stages. In 3 repetitions, 27 multiparous sows (parity 3.22±0.89) were individually housed and had jugular catheters placed 5.0±1.0 d prior to the experiment. To differentiate between reproductive stages, sows were categorized as open (not pregnant, n=9), mid-gestation (59.7±9.6 days pregnant, n=9), or late-gestation (99.0±4.8 days pregnant, n=9). During the experiment, sows were exposed to 6 consecutive 1 h periods of increasing TA (period 1, 14.39±2.14°C; period 2, 16.20±1.39°C; period 3, 22.09±1.87°C; period 4, 26.34±1.39°C; period 5, 30.56±0.81°C; period 6, 35.07±0.96°C), with 1 h transition phases in between each period. Respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature, and vaginal temperature (TV) were measured every 20 min and the mean was calculated for each period. At the end of each period, blood gases, leukocytes, and red blood cell counts were measured. Overall, RR and HR were greater (P≤0.04; 45.6% and 12.9%, respectively) in late-gestation versus mid-gestation sows. Compared to mid-gestation and open sows, TV tended to be greater (P=0.06) during period 4 (0.18°C and 0.29°C, respectively) and period 5 (0.14°C and 0.18°C, respectively) in late-gestation sows. Blood O2 increased (P&lt; 0.01; 18.1%) for all sows with advancing period, regardless of reproductive stage. Late-gestation sows had reduced (P=0.02; 16.1%) blood CO2 compared to mid-gestation sows, regardless of period. In summary, late-gestation sows appear to be more sensitive to increasing TA as indicated by increased RR, HR, TV, and blood O2, and reduced blood CO2 when compared to mid-gestation or open sows. This change in O2 and CO2, due to increasing RR and heat stress sensitivity of late-gestation sows, may suggest an alteration to the acid-base balance, leading to respiratory alkalosis.
190 Developing graduates with competitive and comparative backgrounds
Authors: Lattimer James M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Students enter graduate school with a primary species of interest and may have little to no desire for comparative and collaborative work. Indeed, intent focus on a single species is critical to their development as subject matter experts. But, working collaboratively with other graduate students and faculty in a secondary or tertiary species can be immensely beneficial to their education and growth. Upon graduation, whether in academia or industry, young professionals must collaborate with their colleagues in order to be successful. Commonly, this means working with others who are not directly involved in their area of focus. Developing these skill sets in graduate school promotes a more well-rounded applicant. Additionally, upon graduation, students may find their “perfect” position is not available. Working across multiple species affords them the opportunity to apply to a multitude of jobs that would otherwise be unavailable in a single species program.
8 How to drive efficiencies in pork production: What are the gaps in knowledge and obstacles?
Authors: Kitt Steve J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Swine nutrition and production has been the cornerstone scientific discipline of the Midwest Section ASAS meeting for decades. During this time, the impact of scientists’ work and the scientific application by swine professionals has been profound. However, if we are to double our food supply by 2050, we have much to do. This presentation will attempt to illustrate contrasting examples of production efficiencies associated with differing production goals, and highlight examples of processes that lead to improved pork production efficiency within the discipline of swine nutrition. This presentation will also cover obstacles and gaps in knowledge that practicing nutritionists, pork producers, and other professionals regularly encounter. Some knowledge gaps are within a single scientific discipline and if resources were put towards the problem would be relatively easily solved. Examples include: development of an inexpensive in vitro assay to assess DDGS amino acid digestibility, re-defining the upper and lower critical effective temperature for modern pigs, defining the minimum and best equipment for growing pigs, identifying additivity effects of various dietary compounds, scientifically sound method(s) to understand and resolve mycotoxin contamination of grains. Other gaps in knowledge are more complex and require multi-disciplinary scientific approach. Examples include: defining root causes of sow mortality, defining factors influencing pig and piglet mortality especially during health challenges, developing models to assist optimization of litter size and post-wean performance, determining best practices of cross-fostering. Pork production will continue to be a viable yet challenging endeavor. It will require persistence, collaboration, and ingenuity from our scientific and pork production community in order to adequately feed the growing population’s demand for protein.
43 Effects of steroidal implants on feedlot growth performance, carcass characteristics, and serum and meat estradiol-17β concentrations of Holstein steers
Authors: Carvalho Pedro , Felix Tara , Perry George 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of implants on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and estradiol-17β (E2) concentrations in the serum and longissimus muscle of Holstein steers fed a grain-based diet. Seventy Holstein steers (initial BW = 275 ± 6.4 kg) were assigned to treatments: (1) Implanted on d 0 with Component TE-IS with Tylan (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) and on d 84 with Component TE-S with Tylan (Elanco Animal Health) of the experiment; or (2) not implanted (control). Implanted Holstein steers were heavier (P ≤ 0.01) than nonimplanted Holstein steers on d 84, at time of reimplant, and at the end of the experiment (d 186). Implanting Holstein steers increased (P &lt; 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI) without affecting (P = 31) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) when compared to steers that were not implanted. Carcasses from implanted Holstein steers had greater (P &lt; 0.01) hot carcass weights (HCW) and longissimus muscle (LM) area than carcasses from nonimplanted steers. Implanting did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) other carcass characteristics. There was an increase (P = 0.03) of 1.3 pg of E2/g of muscle when LM from implanted Holstein steers was compared to LM from nonimplanted steers. There was an implant × day interaction (P &lt; 0.01) in circulating serum E2 concentrations. Serum E2 concentrations remained relatively constant in nonimplanted Holstein steers. In implanted steers, serum E2 concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.01) after each implant. Serum E2 peaked at 28 d after the first implant and then declined after d 56. Implanting Holstein steers fed grain-based diets increased ADG, HCW, and LM area due to increased circulating E2 concentrations. Implants did increase LM E2 concentrations; however, changes were minimal compared to E2 concentrations in other human foods and were not great enough to warrant concerns regarding meat consumption from implanted animals.
23 Protein Source Selection During Choice-Feeding in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Harr Jackie , Shannon Marcia , Firman Jeffre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Animal by-product feeding practices decrease waste from animal processing and create feedstuffs with favorable nutrient profiles. Including animal proteins has decreased recently due to consumer push to increase vegetarian fed animals. Pigs have demonstrated abilities to choose diets meeting their nutritional requirements when presented with a choice-feeding system (Rose and Kyriazakis, 1991). The objective of this study was to observe nursery pig behaviors in selecting animal and plant protein sources given a choice-feeding system. Pigs (n=72) were housed in groups of nine and given ad libitum access to ground corn, soybean meal (SBM), vitamin premix, ruminant blood meal (RBM), bovine meat and bone meal (BMB), and chicken by-product meal (CBP). Feedstuffs were randomly assigned to feeders and weighed daily. The study was repeated with individually housed pigs (n=8) to compare feeding behaviors. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of the trial with mean weights of 16.83 kg for group and 24.71 kg for individual and end of the trial with mean weights of 24.25 kg for group and 34.90 kg for individual. No intake differences were seen between housing treatment (P &gt;0.05). Protein source intake differed (P&lt; 0.0001), with CBP having the greatest consumption followed by SBM. A second trial (n=30) was conducted to determine preference when protein sources were mixed into corn-soy based diets and given ad libitum in a choice-feeding system for both groups of four (n=24) and individually housed pigs (n=6); starting mean weights of 14.83 kg and ending weights of 21.14 kg. Preference did not differ between housing or pen (P &gt;0.05) showing no feeder preferences or diet preference (P=0.9997). Data concludes that pigs preferentially select animal by-products as part of their diet when presented with a choice-feeding system. Nursery pigs do not have a preference when choosing from diets.
200 Reduced growth performance of pigs fed methionine deficient diet may be associated with their reduced muscle cell differentiation
Authors: Liao Shengfa F , Yang Zhongyue , Shamimul Hasan M , Humphrey Rebecca , Feugang Jean , Burnett Derris , Htoo John K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Methionine (Met) is the second or third limiting AA in typical swine diets and plays important roles in promoting the growth, especially, the muscle growth of pigs. This research studied the effects of dietary Met restriction on growth performance and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs. Eight genes in two families, including myogenic regulatory factor family comprising myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD1), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenin (MyoG) and myogenic factor 6 (Myf6), and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) family comprising Mef2A, Mef2B, Mef2C and Mef2D, were selected for analysis. Individually penned barrows (crossbred, 23.6±2.4 kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments. A basal diet (Diet 1; Met-deficient) was formulated to contain 0.22% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met and 0.52% SID Met+Cys but to meet the NRC (2012) recommendations for other nutrients. Crystalline DL-Met was added to the basal diet to generate Diet 2 adequate in Met (0.37% SID Met, 0.67% SID Met+Cys). During the four-week ad libitum feeding trial, ADG, ADFI and G:F were measured. Immediately before and after the trial, muscle samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi using a standard biopsy protocol. Total RNA was extracted from the muscle samples (TRIzol Reagent; Invitrogen) and subjected to cDNA reverse-transcription (QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit; Qiagen). Transcribed cDNA were used for qPCR analysis (Rotor-Gene Q System; Qiagen). Comparative ΔΔCT method was used for quantitation. Data were analyzed with Student’s T-test. Pigs fed Diet 1 (vs. Diet 2) had a lower ADG and G:F (P&lt; 0.01). Before the feeding trial, all the tested genes had comparable mRNA levels between the two treatments (P &gt;0.17). After the trial, Diet 1 pigs showed tendency for lower levels of Myf6 and Mef2D mRNA (P&lt; 0.09). These results suggest that the reduced ADG and G:F is associated with the possibly-reduced muscle cell differentiation in pigs fed Met-deficient diet.
204 Piglets exhibited similar performance when fed OH-methionine or DL-Methionine during the post-weaning period
Authors: Gracia Lorenzo M I , Mercier Yves , Casabuena Rincon O , Laguna Jaime Sanchez , Batonon-Alavo Dolores I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work aimed to compare piglet’s performance when fed DL-Methionine or Hydroxy-Methionine (OH-Met and OH-MetCa) at the requirements of sulfur amino acids (SAA) or above. 720 piglets (♀ large white*landrace x ♂ pietrain*duroc) were weaned at 28 days old (6.84 ± 1.07 kg) and randomly allocated to the experimental treatments for 42 days. The experiment was a factorial design with three Met sources (DL-Met, liquid OH-Met (acid form) or OH-MetCa under powder form) and two doses of SAA. Treatments were formulated to reach the adequate SID SAA/Lys ratio of 58% or exceeded the Spanish nutrient recommendations in SAA by 25% (0.79% SID SAA/Lys). Each treatment was replicated 12 times (6 pens of males and 6 pens of females). Growth performance was measured and data was analysed by mixed-effects models (R Core Team). The body weight was neither affected by SAA level, nor by the Met sources. The daily weight gain (DWG) was not affected by the dietary treatments from 0 to 21 days; whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P=0.01) improved when the SAA level was increased by 25% (1.272 and 1.184) due to the decreased feed intake (P=0.03). Significant interactions were found between the Sex and the SAA level for DWG (P = 0.04) and FCR (P = 0.03) from 0 to 21 days. From day 21 to 42 and from day 0 to 42, no performance criteria were different in all dietary treatments. For all criteria of performance, the three Met sources exhibited a similar response. These results confirmed that Met sources are equivalent in piglets.
175 Effects of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli on d 7 post weaned
Authors: Duarte Marcos E , Tyus James , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotic on growth performance, and gut health of nursery pigs challenged with ETEC. Sixty-four weaned pigs (7.9 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted in a RCBD (2 x 2 factorial). ETEC (0, and ETEC, 6 x 109 CFU/mL) and synbiotic (0, and xylanase 10,000 XU/kg combined with Bacillus sp. 6 x 108 CFU/kg) were the factors. ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7. Growth performance were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 21. On d 21, 48 pigs were euthanized for sampling to measure gut health parameters. Synbiotic increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG in P1 (53.5 to 96.0 g). Overall, ETEC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG (387.5 to 322.5 g) and G:F (0.810 to 0.706). ETEC increased (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 13, whereas synbiotic reduced (P &lt; 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P &lt; 0.05) MDA (0.259 to 0.818 μmol/mg), IL6 (2.96 to 4.30 pg/mg), ki-67+ (29.1 to 33.9%), and crypt depth (260 to 290 μm), whereas synbiotic tended to reduce TNF-α (1.05 to 0.87 pg/mg), protein carbonyl (3.13 to 2.51 nmol/mg), and IL6 (4.07 to 3.19 pg/mg); reduced (P &lt; 0.05) crypt depth (290 to 260 μm), and ki-67+ (32.7 to 30.3%) and increased (P &lt; 0.05) villus height (368.5 to 421.4 μm). ETEC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of Veillonellaceae (7.11 to 3.02%), tended to reduce (P = 0.067) Clostridiaceae (1.1 to 0.55%), and Prevotellaceae (38.0 to 27.2%) and tended (P = 0.063) to increase Helicobacteraceae (34.5 to 49.5%). Collectively, ETEC reduced growth performance by affecting the microbiome, oxidative stress, and immune response. Synbiotic improve growth performance by enhancing gut health regardless of the challenge, whereas it reduced fecal score in challenged pigs.
265 Evaluating the route of antibiotic administration and its effect on nursery pig growth performance
Authors: Hutchens Wade M , Lerner Annie B , Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Habib Kellen A , Ishengoma Victor L , Nagaraja T G , Amachawadi Raghavendra G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 2,592 pigs (L337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; initially 5.58 kg BW) were used in a 28-d study to evaluate the route of antibiotic administration (in-feed vs in-water) on pig performance. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and placed in a commercial research facility with 27 pigs per pen. After a 7-d pre-trial period, pens of pigs were assigned to weight blocks in a randomized complete block design. There were 12 replications per treatment with pen as experimental unit for in-feed medication treatments and a pairs of pens as the experimental unit for water medication treatments. Treatments included a control (no medication), chlortetracycline (CTC) provided via feed or water to achieve 22 mg/kg BW, tiamulin in feed (5 to10 mg/kg BW) or water (23 mg/kg BW), or a combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed. Experimental treatments were provided for 14-d followed by a 14-d period without medication. Data were analyzed using R Studio (Version 3.5.2). From d 0 to 14, there was an antibiotic×route of administration interaction for ADG and G:F. For ADG, pigs fed diets containing CTC had increased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG compared with those fed tiamulin in feed, with pigs provided CTC or tiamulin in the water intermediate. For G:F, pigs provided tiamulin in feed had decreased G:F compared to pigs fed CTC in feed or CTC or tiamulin supplied in water. Pigs fed CTC in the diet had increased ADFI compared to the control with pigs provided antibiotics in the water or tiamulin in feed intermediate (P&lt; 0.05). Pigs provided the combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed were not different than those provided CTC in feed. There was no evidence of difference among treatments in subsequent performance. In summary, providing CTC in feed with or without tiamulin improved nursery pig growth performance.
257 Young Scholar Presentation: Using an integrated systems biology platform to determine the mode of action of feed additives in nursery pig diets
Authors: Trudeau Michaela , Tran Huyen , de Rodas Brenda , Karnezos Theodore , Gomez Andres , Chen Chi , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The mechanisms of action for antibiotic growth promotion are poorly understood, making it difficult to select effective alternatives that are capable of providing similar responses. In order to evaluate the complete impact of supplementing antibiotics and other feed additives to nursery pigs, an integrated systems biology platform encompasses the merging of traditional nutrition models with gut physiology, nutrition and omics technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth response, metabolic responses, and intestinal microbiome composition of nursery pigs fed antibiotics. Antibiotic diets containing chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (AB), and diets containing no antibiotics (CON) were fed in 3 trials. Pigs were weighed at d 10, 21, and 42 post-weaning and ADG, ADFI, and G:F was calculated. On d 42, one pig/pen was selected for blood, cecal, and ileum content collection to assess metabolomic profiles via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The composition of bacterial communities in those samples was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16s rRNA bacterial gene in the MiSeq platform. Metabolomics and microbiome data were analyzed using multivariate approaches and growth performance data were analyzed using a generalized mixed model. Pigs fed AB were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) on day 42. There were also significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the cecal and serum metabolite profile of pigs fed AB compared with CON. However, there were no changes in bile acid or short chain fatty acid concentrations in cecal samples when feeding AB. Although AB had no effect on alpha or beta microbiome diversity, the abundance of specific bacterial taxa shifted significantly (P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that feeding antibiotics improve growth, alter metabolism, and affect the abundance of specific taxonomic groups of bacteria in the gut. In the future, this approach will be utilized to evaluate antibiotic alternatives for nursery pigs.