bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shell Appomattox Model-Based Operations from Design to Production: A Game Changer in GoM Deepwater Operation
Authors: Tulalian Robert , Keever Evan , Rastogi Ankur 
Published: April 2020

Driven by lower-for-longer cost of operations, companies continuously look for effective ways to increase efficiency and support smarter decision-making. This paper will show how large operations such as Appomattox can use an integrated dynamic simulation-based solution throughout the project lifecycle to aid in design verification, operator training, startup support, and real-time surveillance. The recommendations and findings in this paper can be applied to similar project implementation efforts elsewhere in the oil and gas industry.
Appomattox is a four-column semi-submersible production platform located 80 miles off the coast of Louisiana in approximately 7,200 ft of water and features a subsea system with six drill centers, 15 production wells, and five injection wells. Appomattox produces from two deep-water fields – Appomattox and Vicksburg, with potential for asphaltene precipitation and scale formation due to high reservoir temperature and sour service.
The Appomattox project team decided in the design phase that dynamic simulation would be a useful tool to assist with operator training due to the complexity of the distributed control system (DCS) and the need for operators to gain familiarity with the combined cycle steam system, a first in the Gulf of Mexico. A multi-purpose dynamic simulator (MPDS) was developed that integrates high-fidelity subsea and topsides models together with the Appomattox control system to provide an environment where one can operate or test without the risk of upsetting the actual process.
Prior to integration with the control system, the MPDS was used for engineering studies that resulted in design changes well before first oil, generating significant cost savings when compared to finding these issues at startup. Once integrated, it was able to be used for operating procedure validation and multiple rounds of operator training prior to first oil. Other applications have included controller loop tuning – which generated an initial set of tuning parameters for use at startup, and leak detection algorithm testing by introducing subsea leaks of various sizes. The MPDS currently resides in Shell's Remote Operations Center for production support.
The MPDS model has been cloned to be used as a Real-time Surveillance System (RTS), running in parallel with the live facility and connected via Open Platform Communications (OPC) to its historian. The Appomattox RTS sits in Shell's Azure cloud, accessible to Shell users from anywhere. Current RTS applications include virtual multiphase metering, blockage detection in wells/flowlines due to asphaltene/scale deposition, and a performance monitoring system for topsides process coolers designed to predict exchanger fouling/plugging. All key calculated values are sent to Appomattox's historian where they are visible on surveillance screens.
Study on the Integrity Assessment and the Prevention Measures for High Temperature and High Pressure HT&HP Wellbores
Authors: Wang Yanbin , Gao Deli , Wang Jinduo , Meng Chenyu 
Published: April 2020

With the increase of well depth and recovery difficulty in oil and gas development, the downhole temperature and pressure rise unceasingly. The wellbore is simultaneously subjected on the non-uniform in-situ stress and high temperature and high pressure (HT&HP) under this complicated operation environment, which will seriously threat the wellbore integrity and bring huge economy loss. So, give a comprehensive analysis of wellbore integrity and propose corresponding prevention measures are of important significance for the safe and economic operation of HT&HP wells.
In this paper, a new thermal-mechanical coupled model and analysis method for analyzing the mechanical response of casing-cement sheath-formation have been established. The model, which can be simplified to a plane strain problem, has considered the combined actions of temperature, pressure and non-uniform in-situ stress with appropriate boundary conditions. Subsequently, the corresponding equations have been deduced to obtain the mechanical responses of the model under the three kinds of actions mentioned previously. The wellbore integrity has been evaluated by proposed coefficient of failure (COF) defined by the yield criterion of Von-Mises, Drucker-Prager and Mohr-Coulomb. On this basis, the parameter sensitivity analysis of wellbore integrity is presented.
With the increase of formation temperature and non-uniform degree of the in-situ stress, the COF of casing, cement and the contact surface of casing-cement decrease. The Poisson's ratio of cement has no impact on the COF of casing and the contact surface of casing-cement, while the COF of cement increase slightly. If the temperature variation is below 170°C, the cement ring cement is out of failure, and the wellbore integrity is under control. Besides, it is advantageous for wellbore integrity to keep the elasticity modulus of cement 10GPa-20GPa.
This paper has a guiding significance for analysis and control of the wellbore integrity in HT&HP wells, which can allow the engineers to understand the casing failure and wellbore integrity more intuitively, and help them choose reasonable operation parameters to improve the operation life of HT&HP wells.
Hybrid Manufacturing Process Greatly Reduces Production Costs of CNC Machined Plastic Parts
Authors: Hebel James William 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper is an introduction of a new hybrid plastics processing technology known as NNS (Near Net Shape) Technology, that demonstrates significant cost savings in the production of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machined advanced engineering plastics parts by combining injection molding and CNC machining.
The cost savings of NNS technology and the process is demonstrated with manufacturing examples comparing the traditional process of CNC machining parts from stock shapes such as sheet, rod or tube to the NNS technology process. Included in the examples are detailed production case histories with data supporting significant material cost savings and reduced machine time that are possible when NNS technology is utilized.
NNS technology not only reduces the cost of producing CNC machined plastic parts but gives engineers the option to specify even higher performance plastics that can offer greater life in application. Plastics that offer improved chemical resistance, higher operating temp capabilities, and higher mechanical properties can now be specified that may have been cost prohibitive in the past with traditional CNC machining. NNS allows for initial lower part costs and more importantly lower cost-in-use with improved performance in the application. Common applications that can benefit from NNS include high performance plastic bearing and wear components, structural components, electrical insulating components and numerous other components across a wide range of oil and gas applications from onshore, downhole, offshore and subsea.
Not all CNC plastic parts can benefit from NNS technology. We share the guidelines that we have found successfully help engineers to identify those parts that can benefit from NNS technology to reduce the production cost of CNC plastic machined parts for Oil & Gas applications.
Using Knowledge Graphs to Enhance Drilling Operations
Authors: Danner George Earl 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The shape of information used to execute drilling operations is rugged. A quick survey of all of the information shows data expressed in test reports, images, time series data, Cartesian data, text, spreadsheets, maps, code, and engineering drawings. Traditional database representations of data as tables with rows and columns does not match the new reality of all of the information forms that must be brought to bear on critical drilling decisions. For us to possess an expansive view of all of the information we must move beyond the limitations of relational data into the realm of graphs.
Representation of data in graph form has become popular in recent years, particularly in those domains where the data is rugged. The medical field was the first to recognize the value of graph forms to create cognitive applications like machine-based automated of disease diagnosis. We contend that the rugged nature of drilling operations also lends itself well to graph representation. The objective here is to create something known as a "corpus"—a repository of data in a wide variety of forms that can be traversed with a query language that is purpose-built for graphs. The ultimate aim is to create a Knowledge System that is suitable for natural language queries by humans.
In our talk we will describe how such a corpus is built and how to apply it specifically to drilling operations, with a focus on what works well alongside the challenges and (temporary) failures.
Knowledge Graphs have a unique character and are appropriate for certain classes of applications. We believe that Knowledge Graphs do deserve a place in the oil and gas industry given these attributes that map well to the characteristics of the industry's data forms.
A Step Change in Drilling Efficiency Using Remote Operations
Authors: Mathur Rohit Kumar , Macpherson John , Krueger Sven , Goel Ashish 
Published: April 2020

Rotary steerable drilling systems are highly automated with inclination and azimuthal hold modes. These systems require only sparse communication downlinks to hold to a well plan or to compensate for geological "drift". Mud pulse transmission is one of the most complex communications technologies in any industry, yet measurement-while-drilling (MWD) companies have developed reliable bi-directional telemetry systems. The focus here has been on pulse generation and sophisticated decoding systems, able to detect signals, automatically, at a very low signal-to-noise ratio.
Combining downhole automation and automatic mud pulse decoding with remote operations technologies delivers the technical-basis for unmanned MWD and directional drilling (DD) services. The infrastructure for unmanned services is a reliable surface communications network that connects the rig site with the remote operations center, and the realization that unmanned operations needs a new organizational structure for subject matter experts (SME's), in this case the MWD and DD engineers.
This paper describes the now mature unmanned MWD and DD services (remote operations) in the US Land arena. These unconventional wells can reach in excess of a mile a day (so-called, MAD wells) with record footage in excess of 9,000 feet in a single 24-hour period. It will also describe the SME structure to deliver remote operations, and the key-role SMEs play in realizing unmanned operations. For example, moving directional drillers from the wellsite and into operator offices greatly improves decision-making.
The paper will also examine the role of automation and digital technologies within this construct, especially how they will allow the unmanned model to migrate towards complex wells. Automated trajectory drilling systems, in which the rotary steerables can automatically correct for geologic drift, is the next step in downhole automation, soon to be followed by automated geosteering. Unmanned remote operations have only been around for a couple of years, but already operators are realizing efficiency and performance as they take advantage of a real-time digital infrastructure.
Vigdis Booster Station - Next Generation Booster Project
Authors: Helmers Per Bloch , Wadel-Andersen Fredrik , Langedal Terje , Melheim Trond 
Published: April 2020

The Vigdis Booster station project was sanctioned in November 2018. It is the first project in Equinor’ s project portfolio which has implemented the standardization principles for subsea booster stations.
The Vigdis Subsea Bosting System (North Sea) is currently in execution. This will be the first multiphase boosting system with all electric control system and in addition we are also producing to and controlling the system from two different hosts. The pump is using the new HV motor, simplifying and reducing costs of the system.
The boosting system will comprise of a foundation structure with trawl protection, a manifold module for connection to flow lines, a boosting pump module and an umbilical termination assembly.
Production on the Vigdis Field is currently limited by the capacity in the production lines and pressure drop across the topside chokes. Reservoir deliverability is limited by low reservoir pressure in some parts of the field, together with increasing water cut, leading to reduced energy into the system i.e. dropping wellhead pressures. Pressure support for the reservoirs is provided by the aquifers and by water injection.
OneSubsea's scope is to engineer, procure and construct (EPC) a Pump Station including a Manifold Foundation and Protection structure and a Pump System including topside equipment, umbilical and the pump module. The Vigdis Booster Station (VBS) will be tied into the LP and HP-lines from Vigdis B template to Snorre A (SNA) unit. In addition, the production from H template will be tied in as well as provisions for tie-in of a future prospect.
Power to the booster station will be supplied from Snorre B (SNB) via an 18 km power umbilical being hung off from a slot on the existing riser balcony at the south east corner of installation.
The solution is based on an All-Electric control system eliminating need for hydraulic lines for control. Another feature in the Vigdis subsea pump solution is to apply an 8.7 KV HV motor and thereby eliminate the need for subsea transformer and reducing investment cost benchmarked to similar subsea projects.
Cemented Casings Collapse Resistance Enhancement: Full-Scale Experience
Authors: Zambetti Raffaello , Bianchini Luca Paolo , Parrozza Fabio , Gibilterra Valentina , Orlando Loredana , Malesani Simone , Codognotto Ivan , Novelli Paolo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Casing collapse resistance is one of the key factors in well integrity design especially for production casings and the aim of the current study is investigating the physical phenomena that define the mechanism of failure in presence of two concentric cemented casing strings.
Collapse load mode, especially in specific conditions, becomes the governing load of the well.
Typical examples are salt or other creeping formations, which represent the most difficult load combinations to design and analyze. Salt creeping movements create three loading mechanisms that may result in a production casing failure: uniform loading, non-uniform loading and shear loading. The current oil industry approach, to deal with salt formations, is using two casing strings or either an individual "high collapse" casing column.
This paper describes results of a joint activity between Eni and Tenaris aimed at evaluating on full field scale the combined collapse resistance of two casing strings in three different cementing configurations.
The experiment consists of two different laboratory test set-ups. The first set is a collapse test, performed in a high-pressure vessel under hydrostatic conditions, to reproduce salt distributed Uniform Loading. Meanwhile the second test set, which is one of the first worldwide experiments of its kind, reproduces punctual Non-Uniform and Shear Loading. This second test is conducted with a mechanical press equipped with an ad-hoc designed indenting tool. The scope of the tool is to reproduce the effect of hard formation inclusions, in salt layers, acting on the casing's external surface. Test set-up and specimen's geometric configuration are optimized by specifically developed FEA analyses. To simulate real stress conditions, as the ones found in the well, tests are performed on different specimen configurations.
The base configuration consists of perfectly concentric casings with standard cement slurry in the annulus. Moreover, a configuration with 10% stand-off is also tested. At last, a configuration simulating the effect of contaminated cement or poor cement job is evaluated. The latter allows a better cement contribution assessment to final collapse resistance.
The results of the first set of experiments allows empirically defining a coefficient, "K-value", used to define collapse resistance of the assembly; the second set provides an indication about the entire system resistance to punctual loads and cement sheath integrity. Purpose of these tests is to extend the outcomes to several casing sizes thru the utilization of FEA model.
The obtained result of full-scale experiments is the way forward to better understand the collapse phenomena and approach the casing design for "pipe in pipe" cemented strings, with a significant impacts on well final cost and integrity.
The Semisubmersible Floating Production System: From Argyll to Appomattox
Authors: D'Souza Richard B. , Basu Shiladitya , Bhaumik Tirtharaj 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper is part of the special OTC session "Floating Memories-Look Back to Leap Forward" intended as a historic retrospective of the evolution of the four major types of floating production platforms: Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO), Semisubmersible (FPS), Tension Leg Platform (TLP) and Spar, from their inception to the present day. The session includes a look ahead to the future of these floating platforms and what it will take to sustain their commercial viability as they adapt to headwinds from continuous volatility of oil and gas prices and competition from onshore tight oil projects.This paper's focus is the Semisubmersible Floating Production System (FPS). It chronicles the forty five year progression of FPS technology from its humble beginnings in 1975 as a converted Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) deployed on the Argyll field in the North Sea in 80 m of water, to Appomattox, the most recent FPS, that began production in 2019 in 2250 m of water in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) . It also touches briefly on the evolution of the FPS hull, mooring and riser systems and addresses future trends and prospects.From Argyll to Appomattox
[First successful nesting of the Bearded vulture (<em>Gypaetus barbatus</em>) in Piedmont since the beginning of the reintroduction project in the Alps]
Authors: Chiereghin Maurizio , Sartirana Fabiano 
Published: April 2020

[In 2019, 57 Bearded vulture territories (Gypaetus barbatus) were counted in the Alps, 15 of which in Italy: 9 in the Stelvio National Park and in the Venosta Valley, 5 in the Aosta Valley inside and close by the Gran Paradiso National Park and 1 in the Lanzo Valleys, in the Province of Turin (Piedmont). Here, we deal with the latter territory, where the local couple has successfully reproduced and one young fledged on 18th August 2019. This event represents the first successful reproduction of the species in Piedmont since the beginning of the international reintroduction project, undertaken in 1976 and from the first releases of animals born in captivity since 1986].

[Article in Italian]
Knowledge, pattern and determinants of the use of skin-lightening creams among University Undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adebimpe Wasiu Olalekan , Omobuwa Olubukunola , Ibirongbe Demilade , Efuntoye Adeola 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Fair skin has been associated with beauty and sexual attraction. Aggressive marketing of skin-lightening products to unsuspecting members of the general population continues despite their numerous side effects.

Aim:
This study assessed the knowledge and pattern of the use of skin-lightening creams (SLCs) among undergraduates in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria.

Methods:
This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study among University undergraduates. Three hundred undergraduates were selected using multistage sampling method. The research instrument used was a semi-structured, self-administered, pretested questionnaire. Data were analysed using the SPSS version 23.0 software.

Results:
The mean age of the students was 21.0 (±3.4) years. Most (283, i.e., 94.3%) of the students were aware of SLCs, with the Internet being the most common source of information. About 69.0% had good knowledge, while 67.0% had a poor attitude towards the use of SLC. Eighty-one (27.0%) respondents knew that SLC had side effects, 114 (38.0%) had ever used SLC, 69 (60.5%) still use SLC now, while 45 (39.5%) have stopped. Among those who had ever used, 108 (94.7%) said that they knew the chemical ingredient in SLC, 34 (29.8%) usually checked the label before use, 108 (94.7%) usually obtained SLC products from the supermarkets/shops. Predictors of the use of SLC in this study were female and age older than 19 years.

Conclusion:
Good knowledge but poor attitude characterised the significant proportion of SLC users under the study, and this underscored the need for improved public awareness in this regard and targeting this young, vulnerable population.
İNSANİ YARDIM LOJİSTİĞİ FAALİYETLERİNDE İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ KULLANIM ALANLARI
Authors: YILMAZ Ümit 
Published: April 2020

İster doğal ister insan kaynaklı olsun afet durumunda lojistik, kurtarma operasyonları ve önleyici tedbirler için oldukça önemlidir. İnsani yardım lojistiği; acil durum ve doğal veya insan kaynaklı afetlerden etkilenen ihtiyaç sahiplerine yardım etmek üzere gerekli malzeme, bilgi ve hizmetlerle ilgili lojistik faaliyetlerin etkin ve verimli bir şekilde yönetimidir. İnsani yardım lojistiği ile afet kaynaklı riskler her ne kadar tamamen ortadan kaldırılamasa da en aza indirilebilir. Bu bağlamda insansız hava araçları, afetle mücadele aşamasında etkin bir şekilde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Günümüzde, insansız hava araçları yoğun olarak afetlerin etkilerini araştırmak, hayatta kalanları bulmak ve altyapı hasarlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Çeşitli dar boğazları olsa da insansız hava araçları bunlara ek olarak afetlerde ihtiyaç değerlendirmelerinin yapılması ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda gereksinim duyulan tıbbi malzeme, yiyecek ve diğer insani eşyaların dağıtımının yapılması gibi faaliyetlerle de anılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, insani yardım lojistiği faaliyetlerinde insansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanlarının ve öneminin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda gerekli bilgi, alan yazın taraması yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir.
Análisis de incertidumbre de las proyecciones climáticas en relación a las aportaciones históricas en la Cuenca del Júcar
Authors: Suárez-Almiñana S. , Solera A. , Andreu J. , García-Romero L. 
Published: April 2020

<p>En este estudio se pretende evaluar el efecto del cambio climático en las aportaciones futuras de la Cuenca del Júcar (este de España) y la incertidumbre asociada a ellas, entendiendo como tal la relacionada con la toma de decisiones en el manejo de las proyecciones climáticas durante todo el proceso evaluado. Para ello se seleccionaron variables meteorológicas de 9 proyecciones climáticas pertenecientes a los escenarios de emisión 4.5 y 8.5, se corrigió el sesgo y se introdujeron en un modelo hidrológico para la simulación de caudales. Finalmente, se evaluó el impacto mediante la comparación de los caudales futuros con el periodo histórico. Dependiendo de los datos históricos que manejemos, el cambio de los caudales futuros puede oscilar de media entre -8% y -28% para final de siglo. Sin embargo, si se tiene en cuenta la posibilidad de comparar con un periodo que represente la situación actual de la cuenca, este cambio se estima entre a un -8% y -13%, permitiendo así obtener conclusiones más concretas sobre el futuro de los recursos hídricos en esta cuenca.</p><p class="Resumen"> </p>