bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Monuments of Folly”: Frederick Douglass, Charlottesville, and the National Religions of America
Authors: Lê David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHeather Heyer’s murder at a 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, which was organized to defend a monument to Robert E. Lee, offers an occasion to reflect on Robert Bellah’s notion of “American civil religion.” Here I seek to reconstruct that concept in terms of “American national religion” to train scholarly attention on the privileged roles of nation and race in organizing the religion of Americans, as Americans. By looking at the material forms of this religion through the lens of Frederick Douglass’s writings about American national memorialization, I argue that we can better assess the actual as opposed to the ideal content of this religion. We can, further, avoid the Pollyannaish race-blindness endemic to the scholarly discourse on American civil religion. My reconstruction foregrounds a model of “hegemonic articulation” in which violence, power, and exclusion are taken to be the rule, rather than the exception, in defining America’s national religion.
Shared Liability and Excessive Care
Authors: Guttel Ehud , Procaccia Yuval , Winter Eyal 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Extensive literature has shown that assignment of liability for a single harm to multiple injurers undermines incentives for optimal care. As each potential injurer anticipates bearing only a fraction of the harm, incentives to take precautions are often diluted. The dilution-of-liability concern has led theorists to propose sophisticated apportionment rules to restore optimal incentives. This article demonstrates, however, that shared liability also gives rise to the converse risk, namely, it induces injurers—whether subject to negligence or strict liability—to invest excessively in care. Furthermore, unlike its extensively analyzed counterpart, the risk of excessive care arises under any apportionment regime. While apportionment rules cannot eliminate the problem of excessive care, we suggest other means by which the problem can be addressed (JEL D62, D86, K13).
Gain-of-function mutant p53 in cancer progression and therapy
Authors: Zhang Cen , Liu Juan , Xu Dandan , Zhang Tianliang , Hu Wenwei , Feng Zhaohui 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor, and loss of p53 function is frequently a prerequisite for cancer development. The p53 gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers; p53 mutations occur in &gt;50% of all human cancers and in almost every type of human cancers. Most of p53 mutations in cancers are missense mutations, which produce the full-length mutant p53 (mutp53) protein with only one amino acid difference from wild-type p53 protein. In addition to loss of the tumor-suppressive function of wild-type p53, many mutp53 proteins acquire new oncogenic activities independently of wild-type p53 to promote cancer progression, termed gain-of-function (GOF). Mutp53 protein often accumulates to very high levels in cancer cells, which is critical for its GOF. Given the high mutation frequency of the p53 gene and the GOF activities of mutp53 in cancer, therapies targeting mutp53 have attracted great interest. Further understanding the mechanisms underlying mutp53 protein accumulation and GOF will help develop effective therapies treating human cancers containing mutp53. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the studies on mutp53 regulation and GOF as well as therapies targeting mutp53 in human cancers.
Lucilia bufonivora, Not Lucilia silvarum (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Causes Myiasis in Anurans in North America With Notes About Lucilia elongata and Lucilia thatuna
Authors: Whitworth T L , Bolek Matthew G , Arias-Robledo G 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn North America, until recently, all cases of anuran myiasis were attributed to Lucilia silvarum (Meigen) or Lucilia elongata Shannon. The latter species is exceedingly rare and its life history is unknown, but L. silvarum is common and was thought to be capable of being either parasitic or saprophytic in North America. Until recently, the anuran parasite Lucilia bufonivora Moniez was thought to be strictly Palearctic, but a study in 2014 has determined this species is established throughout southern Canada. In 2019, a study demonstrated, with molecular and morphological evidence, that two adult flies formerly identified as L. silvarum and reared from amphibian myiasis cases from Canada, are actually L. bufonivora. Although the mentioned study detected relatively high genetic distances with European L. bufonivora, the lack of evident morphological differentiation suggest that they are the same species. The current study examined 12 adult males and eleven adult females morphologically from three additional North American studies. Specimens were examined which had been identified as L. silvarum or L. elongata, and they all proved to be L. bufonivora. We now suspect L. silvarum is strictly saprophagous in North America like they are in the Palearctic Region. We also provide evidence that the pattern of myiasis differs between European and North American specimens.
Host/genetic factors associated with COVID-19 call for precision medicine
Authors: Thierry Alain R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
If the current rate of infection are to be better managed, and future waves of infection kept at bay, it is absolutely necessary that the conditions and mechanisms of exposure to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) be better understood, as well as the downstream severe or lethal clinical complications. While the identification of notable comorbidities has now helped to define broad risk groups, the idiosyncratic responses of individual patients can generate unexpected clinical deterioration that is difficult to predict from initial clinical features. Thus, physicians caring for patients with COVID-19 face clinical dilemmas on a daily basis. The ability to decipher individual predispositions to SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe illness, in light of variations in host immunological and inflammatory responses, in particular as a result of genetic variations, would be of great benefit in infection management. To this end, this work associates the description of COVID-19 clinical complications, comorbidities, sequelae, and environmental and genetic factors. We also give examples of underlying genomic susceptibility to COVID-19, especially with regard to the newly reported link between the disease and the unbalanced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. As a consequence, we propose that the host/genetic factors associated with COVID-19 call for precision medicine in its treatment. This is to our knowledge the first article describing elements towards precision medicine for patients with COVID-19.
Use of precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and digestible indispensable amino acid scores to characterize plant- and yeast-concentrated proteins for inclusion in canine and feline diets1,2
Authors: Reilly Lauren M , von Schaumburg Patrick C , Hoke Jolene M , Davenport Gary M , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Increased consumer interest in high-quality and novel protein sources has driven the demand for the inclusion of protein-rich ingredients in companion animal diets. Novel protein concentrates, with protein contents of at least 50%, have been used to satisfy these consumer demands. However, minimal information is available regarding the macronutrient composition and protein quality of these ingredients that is needed for proper formulation of pet foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient and amino acid compositions, standardized amino acid digestibility according to the precision-fed rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of pea protein (PP), potato protein (POP), faba bean protein (FBP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and dried yeast (DY). Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). For all five protein concentrates, all essential amino acids were highly digestible (88.0% to 96.3%, dry matter basis) with differences (P &lt; 0.05) in only lysine, methionine, and tryptophan digestibilities. The TMEn values were highest for POP (4.22 kcal/g) and DY (3.61 kcal/g). The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs indicated that methionine was the first-limiting amino acid in all protein concentrates except POP, where the first-limiting amino acid was tryptophan. Using Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)-recommended values for adult cats, DIAAS-like values for methionine were lowest (P &lt; 0.05) for FBP at 81.5%, with all other amino acids for all protein concentrates over 100%. The National Research Council (NRC)-recommended allowances for adult cats indicated that DIAAS-like methionine values for PP (92.7%) and FBP (73.8%) were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) with these being the first-limiting amino acids, with the remaining amino acids above 100% for the other protein concentrates. The protein quality and high essential amino acid digestibility of these protein concentrates indicate that they would be viable protein sources in canine and feline diets. However, additional complementary protein sources should be included to meet the requirements of all essential amino acids.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain PMB05 Intensifies Plant Immune Responses to Confer Resistance Against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato
Authors: Ho Ting-Hsin , Chuang Chiao-Yu , Zheng Jing-Lin , Chen Hong-Hua , Liang Yu-Shen , Huang Tzu-Pi , Lin Yi-Hsien 
Published: July 2020

Tomato is an economic crop worldwide. Many limiting factors reduce the production of tomato, with bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum being the most destructive disease. Our previous study showed that the disease resistance to bacterial soft rot is enhanced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PMB05. This enhanced resistance is associated with the intensification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To determine whether the PTI-intensifying Bacillus spp. strains are able to confer disease resistance to bacterial wilt, their effects on PTI signals triggered by PAMP from R. solanacearum and on the occurrence of bacterial wilt were assayed. Before assay, a gene that encodes harpin from R. solanacearum, PopW, was applied as a PAMP. Results revealed that the B. amyloliquefaciens strain PMB05 was the one strain among 9 Bacillus rhizobacterial strains which could significantly intensify the PopW-induced hypersensitive response (HR) on Arabidopsis leaves. Moreover, we observed that the signals of PopW-induced reactive oxygen species generation and callose deposition were increased, confirming that the PTI was intensified by PMB05. The intensification of the PopW-triggered HR by PMB05 in Arabidopsis was reduced upon treatment with inhibitors in PTI pathways. Furthermore, the application of Bacillus spp. strains on tomato plants showed that only the use of PMB05 resulted in significantly increased resistance to bacterial wilt. Moreover, the PTI signals were also intensified in the tomato leaves. Taken together, we demonstrated that PMB05 is a PTI-intensifying bacterium that confers resistance to tomato bacterial wilt. Screening of plant immunity intensifying rhizobacteria is a possible strategy to control tomato bacterial wilt. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
New options for managing fecal incontinence in women
Authors: Stanton Amanda P. , Chen Anita H. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Fecal incontinence often is underreported and can be associated with both social embarrassment and isolation. As patients often do not proactively discuss their symptoms, healthcare providers should screen for this distressing condition. The cause of fecal incontinence often is multifactorial, so no single therapy can guarantee perfect, risk-free outcomes. This article reviews the limited therapies for managing fecal incontinence, including a minimally invasive vaginal control device that may offer hope for managing fecal incontinence in women.
Mechanisms of Mindfulness Meditation, Cognitive Therapy, and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Day Melissa A. , Ward L. Charles , Thorn Beverly E. , Burns John , Ehde Dawn M. , Barnier Amanda J. , Mattingley Jason B. , Jensen Mark P. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
This study evaluated theoretically derived mechanisms and common therapeutic factors to test their role in accounting for pain-related outcome change during group-delivered cognitive therapy, mindfulness meditation, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain.

Methods:
A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial was used to explore the primary mechanisms of pretreatment to posttreatment changes in pain control beliefs, mindful observing, and pain catastrophizing, and the secondary common factor mechanisms of therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and amount of at-home skill practice during treatment. The primary outcome was pain interference; pain intensity was a secondary outcome.

Results:
Large effect size changes in the 3 primary mechanisms and the outcome variables were found across the conditions. Across all 3 treatment conditions, change in pain control beliefs and pain catastrophizing were significantly associated with improved pain interference, but not pain intensity. Therapeutic alliance was significantly associated with pain intensity improvement and change in the therapy-specific mechanisms across the 3 conditions. Mindful observing, group cohesion, and amount of at-home practice were not significantly associated with changes in the outcomes.

Discussion:
Cognitive therapy, mindfulness meditation, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain were all associated with significant changes in the primary mechanisms to a similar degree. Change in perceived pain control and pain catastrophizing emerged as potential “meta-mechanisms” that might be a shared pathway that contributes to improved pain-related outcomes across treatments. Further, strong working alliance may represent a critical therapeutic process that both promotes and interacts with therapeutic techniques to influence outcome.
Prolonged Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in an Obstetric Patient With Antibody Seroconversion
Authors: Molina Loren P. , Chow Siu-Kei , Nickel Adam , Love Jason E. 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND:
There is a growing understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the general population. The unique immunology of pregnancy may result in variations from the reported course of disease.

CASE:
A 27-year-old primigravid woman presented with mild COVID-19 symptoms at 28 2/7 weeks of gestation, testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by nasopharyngeal swab reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Antibody seroconversion was detected at 36 6/7 weeks of gestation. She presented for delivery at 38 1/7 weeks of gestation, and her SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result was positive. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA remained detectable 34 days postpartum and 104 days from her initial positive test.

CONCLUSION:
Prolonged viral shedding of SARS-CoV RNA may occur in the pregnant patient. If prevalent, this complicates the interpretation of a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result in the asymptomatic gravid patient.
Do women experience microaggressions in orthopaedic surgery? Current state and future directions from a survey of women orthopaedists
Authors: Samora Julie Balch , Denning Jaime , Haralabatos Susan , Luong Marilan , Poon Selina 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Microaggressions are verbal, nonverbal, or environmental slights or insults that convey hostile, derogatory, or otherwise negative messages. Repeated, long-term exposure to microaggressions can have damaging consequences. We sought to determine the prevalence of microaggressions in the field of orthopaedic surgery, as perceived among women.

Methods:
An anonymous 32-item survey was distributed to members of Women in Orthopaedics (N=1123), a private online group exclusive to female orthopaedic surgeons in practice or training. Demographic information was collected including information on orthopaedic subspecialty and location of residency, fellowship, and current practice. Respondents were asked a series of questions detailing instances of microagressions based on four categories: microinsults, microassaults, microinvalidations, and physical barriers. Respondents were asked to detail instances of microaggressions during each professional stage of their medical career.

Results:
A total of 264 (24%) surveys were collected. Among respondents, 74% had experienced some form of microaggression in their training, with 13% having been a perpetrator of a microaggression against someone else. Only 7.6% of respondents had not experienced a microaggression. Residents were more likely to experience microaggressions than fellows or attending surgeons. The most common perpetrators identified were patients and their families, male surgeons, and female support staff. There was no association between race, age, demographic region, or specialty and the likelihood of experiencing microaggressions.

Conclusions:
Microaggressions are commonly experienced by women in orthopaedics. The most common perpetrators of microaggressions are patients and their families, but other medical and support staff contribute to the environment. Awareness is crucial to address the issue.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Characterizing the Surgeon Learning Curve in Instrumented Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery
Authors: Ferry Chris 
Published: July 2020

Study Design:
This was a systematic literature review.

Objective:
The purpose of this systematic literature review was to aggregate all evidence characterizing the learning curve of instrumented minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques in spinal surgery and summarize what, if any, consideration has been given to surgeon training and experience.

Summary of Background Data:
MIS techniques have become prevalent in spine surgery given the ability to diminish the intraoperative footprint, translating to quicker patient recovery, and improved long-term outcomes. However, technical demand on the surgeon can be significant, particularly during the procedural adoption (learning curve) phase. Many studies have sought to quantify the duration and severity of these learning curve phases, with the intent to characterize MIS procedural appropriateness and safety. However, while these studies are robust regarding outcome metrics, it is not well understood whether they adequately characterize surgeon training and experience.

Methods:
A systematic literature review was performed in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. All inclusion articles were screened for statements regarding surgeon experience/training. Statements were further classified by the types of metrics/variables utilized to establish a contextual history of experience/training. Descriptive statistics were reported.

Results:
Initial search criteria yielded 458 articles, 12 met final inclusion. Seven articles (58.3%) attempted a summary statement of experience which acknowledged at least one of the following metrics: total years in practice (41.7%), years/number of cases performed using the traditional/gold-standard technique (16.7%), specification of residency/fellowship training (16.7%), use/nonuse of cadaveric or course/lab training (16.7%), and/or design of operating team (8.3%). No articles considered experience as a quantitative variable in their study analyses.

Conclusions:
Spine MIS learning curve studies for instrumented fusion procedures provide inadequate context/characterization of surgeon experience and training. Future efforts leveraging learning curve methodology utilized in other surgical specialties would be beneficial.
Comparison of Postoperative Opioid Utilization in an ACDF Cohort
Authors: Davison Mark A. , Lilly Daniel T. , Eldridge Cody M. , Singh Ravinderjit , Bagley Carlos , Adogwa Owoicho 
Published: July 2020

Study Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
To compare the postoperative opioid utilization rates and costs after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) procedures between groups of patients who were preoperative opioid users versus opioid naive.

Summary of Background Data:
Opioid medications are frequently prescribed after ACDF procedures. Given the current opioid epidemic, there is increased emphasis on early identification of patients at risk for prolonged postoperative opioid use.

Methods:
Records from patients diagnosed with cervical stenosis who underwent a ≤3-level index ACDF surgery between 2007 and 2017 were collected from a large insurance database. International Classification of Diseases diagnosis/procedure codes, Current Procedural Terminology codes, and generic drug codes were used to search clinical records. Two cohorts were established: a group of patients who utilized opioids preoperatively and a group of patients who were opioid naive at the time of surgery. The 1-year utilization and costs of postoperative therapies were documented for each group.

Results:
The preoperative opioid use cohort contained 4485 patients (61.6%), whereas the opioid-naive cohort included 2799 patients (38.4%). Postoperatively, 86.6% of the preoperative opioid use group continued to use opioids, whereas 59.0% of the opioid-naive group began using opioids. Patients who utilized opioids preoperatively were 4.48 times more likely (95% confidence interval, 3.99–5.02, P<0.001) to use opioids postoperatively and 4.30 times more likely (95% confidence interval, 3.10–5.94, P<0.001) to become opioid dependent compared with opioid-naive patients. In addition, after normalization, patients in the preoperative opioid use group utilized 3.7 times more opioid units/patient and billed for 5.3 times more dollars/patient than opioid-naive patients.

Conclusions:
In patients with cervical stenosis who undergo an ACDF procedure, the postoperative utilization and costs of opioids seem to be substantially higher in patients with preoperative opioid use compared with opioid-naive patients. Efforts should be made to avoid opioid use as a component of conservative management before surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.