bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Lee Kelvin 
Published: March 2020

Journal of Biology and Life Science (JBLS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JBLS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 1Anbalagan Jaganathan, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, USABalaji Thas Moorthy, University of Miami, IndiaBratko Filipič, (CIETO), SloveniaChandra S Bathula, Louisiana State University, USADamir Suljevic, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaDjallel Eddine Gherissi, Souk Ahars University, AlgeriaEric Aian Silva, Federal University of Sergipe, BrazilGeonyzl Lepiten Alviola, Davao Doctors College, PhlippinesJarod A Rollins, MDI Biological Laboratory, USAJeriels Matatula, Indonesian Silvicultural Community, IndonesiaJosé Max Barbosa de Oliveira Junior, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, BrazilKhyati Hitesh Shah, Stanford University, USAMeltem Sesli, Turkish Biotechnology, TurkeyMohsen Kerkeni, University of Monastir, TunisiaRagab A. El-Mergawi, National Research Centre, EgyptRajaa Ahmed Mahmoud, University of Basrah, IraqSridhar Mandali, UCLA, USAYuliana, Udayana University, Indonesia Kelvin LeeEditorial AssistantJournal of Biology and Life Science-------------------------------------------Macrothink Institute5348 Vegas Dr.#825Las Vegas, Nevada 89108United StatesTel: 1-702-953-1852 ext.510Fax: 1-702-420-2900E-mail: jbls@macrothink.orgURL: http://jbls.macrothink.org
Disguise and Deception in Barnaby Rudge
Authors: Tsutsui Mizuki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Barnaby Rudge owes its unique status in Dickens's oeuvre to its elaborate handling of the theme of identity and disguise. Almost all characters in the novel are caught in inconsistencies between how one sees oneself and how one is seen by others: some deliberately conceal their true self by pretense or deception; others suffer false definition of their personalities imposed from outside by libel or malicious plot; there is also a group of people whose madness or blind vanity prevent them from seeing themselves as they really are. Even the main concern of the novel, the Gordon Riots, suffers from the same issue of identity discordance in the sense that its true nature is obfuscated by its outward religious pretext. From the opening murder mystery to the concluding paragraph about Grip, the problem of identity ambiguity and confusion pervades every corner of the novel, giving it both thematic and structural unification, and combining plots and characters otherwise quite disconnected.
Surgical management of benign prostatic obstruction: 20-year population-level trends
Authors: LaBossiere Joseph , Wallis Christopher , Herschorn Sender , Carr Lesley , Saskin Refik , Nam Robert 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) due to histologic benign prostatic hyperplasia is highly prevalent among older men. Despite widespread use of medical therapy, surgical treatment remains a mainstay in the management of BPO. We sought to characterize trends in the surgical management of BPO in Ontario, Canada.
Methods: We performed an interrupted time-series analysis using segmented regression among men aged 18 years and older undergoing surgical treatment for BPO between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 2014 in Ontario, Canada. The passage of time was considered the primary exposure. The primary outcome was the proportion of all BPO surgeries performed using each of the following modalities: transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), endoscopic laser prostatectomy, open/laparoscopic prostatectomy, and others.
Results: We identified 136 459 men who underwent BPO surgery between 1994 and 2014. The annual age-adjusted rate of BPO surgery declined significantly over time (24 to 10 per 10 000 population in 1994 and 2014, respectively). From 1994 to 2001, there were no significant changes in the distribution of BPO surgical modalities with TURP, the most common throughout (97.2% and 97% in 1994 and 2001, respectively). From 2002 to 2014, there was a significant decline in the use of TURP (92.1% to 76.9%; p=0.027) with a corresponding increase in the use of endoscopic laser prostatectomy (3.5% to 21.9%; p=0.0008).
Conclusions: This study demonstrates a shift in the management of BPO, with increasing use of endoscopic laser prostatectomy, beginning in 2002. However, TURP remains the most common treatment modality.
Optimizing management of advanced urothelial carcinoma: A review of emerging therapies and biomarker-driven patient selection
Authors: Black Peter C. , Alimohamed Nimira S. , Berman David , Blais Normand , Eigl Bernhard , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Kassouf Wassim , Kulkarni Girish S. , Ong Michael , Spatz Alan , Sridhar Srikala S. , Stockley Tracy , Van der Kwast Theodorus , Hew Huong , Park-Wyllie Laura , North Scott C. 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Advanced urothelial carcinoma has been challenging to treat due to limited treatment options, poor response rates, and poor long-term survival. New treatment options hold the promise of improved outcomes for these patients.
Methods: A multidisciplinary working group drafted a management algorithm for advanced urothelial carcinoma using “consensus development conference” methodology. A targeted literature search identified new and emerging treatments for inclusion in the management algorithm. Published clinical data were considered during the algorithm development process, as well as the risks and benefits of the treatment options. Biomarkers to guide patient selection in clinical trials for new treatments were incorporated into the algorithm.
Results: The advanced urothelial carcinoma management algorithm includes newly approved first-line anti- programmed death receptor-1 (PD1)/ programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapies, a newly approved anti- fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) therapy, and an emerging anti-Nectin 4 therapy, which have had encouraging results in phase 2 trials for secondline and third-line therapy, respectively. This algorithm also incorporates suggestions for biomarker testing of PD-L1 expression and FGFR gene alterations.
Conclusions: Newly approved and emerging therapies are starting to cover an unmet need for more treatment options, better response rates, and improved overall survival in advanced urothelial carcinoma. The management algorithm provides guidance on how to incorporate these new options, and their associated biomarkers, into clinical practice.
Emotional Eating and Obesity
Authors: Jáuregui-Lobera Ignacio , Montes-Martínez Marian 
Published: March 2020

The first time that terms such as food addiction and addictive eating were mentioned was in 1956, in an article by T.G. Randolph. Recently, from a psychosomatic point of view, some authors have linked obesity and food addiction. Along with the concept of food addiction (derived from the similarities between the consumption of certain foods and “substance addictions”), a couple of questions seem to arise: What if it’s not just the particular food (the substance) that we are addicted to? Could it be that we are addicted to something else that makes us eat it? Thus, the concept of eating addiction has its own set of particulars. It brings the attention back to the individual and not the external substance (the food or ingredient). The focus on confronting the obesity problem should be moved away from the food itself (the addictive substance) to the person’s act of eating (the addictive behavior). Undoubtedly, there are many links between emotions and overweight/obesity. This chapter aims to review the current state of this field of study which is the emotional basis of obesity (at least a particular case of obesity and weight-related disorders).
Se détatouer : furtivité identitaire ou vivacité corporelle ?
Authors: Andrieu Bernard 
Published: March 2020

Le détatouage pourrait être compris comme un effacement : effacer son passé pourrait être le moyen de recommencer à zéro, de retrouver une peau d’origine et de donner un sens nouveau à sa peau. Si le sel a pu être utilisé sans succès, les nouvelles techniques font l’objet d’évaluation et d’évolution.Mais les techniques d’effacement sont si invasives et comportent de telles séquelles que le détatouage apparait bien comme un désengagement assumé et risqué : tant du point de vue de l’état de la peau détatouée, qui ne revient jamais à l’état de page blanche sur laquelle on pourrait réécrire immédiatement, que du point de vue physiologique qui voudrait renouveler l’âge de la peau.Nous démontrons qu’il n’y a pas un arrangement avec sa peau mais un « agenrement » à opérer pour redonner un style et un genre à un corps déconsidéré par ce qui serait maintenant un défaut à éliminer.
The Mental Life of Modernism
Authors: Keyser Samuel Jay 
Published: March 2020

An argument that Modernism is a cognitive phenomenon rather than a cultural one.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, poetry, music, and painting all underwent a sea change. Poetry abandoned rhyme and meter; music ceased to be tonally centered; and painting no longer aimed at faithful representation. These artistic developments have been attributed to cultural factors ranging from the Industrial Revolution and the technical innovation of photography to Freudian psychoanalysis. In this book, Samuel Jay Keyser argues that the stylistic innovations of Western modernism reflect not a cultural shift but a cognitive one. Behind modernism is the same cognitive phenomenon that led to the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century: the brain coming up against its natural limitations.
Keyser argues that the transformation in poetry, music, and painting (the so-called sister arts) is the result of the abandonment of a natural aesthetic based on a set of rules shared between artist and audience, and that this is virtually the same cognitive shift that occurred when scientists abandoned the mechanical philosophy of the Galilean revolution. The cultural explanations for Modernism may still be relevant, but they are epiphenomenal rather than causal. Artists felt that traditional forms of art had been exhausted, and they began to resort to private formats—Easter eggs with hidden and often inaccessible meaning. Keyser proposes that when artists discarded their natural rule-governed aesthetic, it marked a cognitive shift; general intelligence took over from hardwired proclivity. Artists used a different part of the brain to create, and audiences were forced to play catch up.
The Science of Bureaucracy
Authors: Demortain David 
Published: March 2020

How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades.
The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to protect the public health and environment, administering and enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk assessment to risk ranking.
Demortain traces the creation of these methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived; how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA. Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and institutionalization of the risk assessment–risk management framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability, and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the 1990s.
Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the MIT Libraries.
The Quality of Financial Reporting and Internal Control System before and after the Implementation of E-budgeting in Indonesia Local Government
Authors: Setyawan Wahyu , Gamayuni Rindu Rika 
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine differences in the quality of financial reporting of local governments in Indonesia before and after implementation of the e-budgeting system and government internal control systems in the preparation and management of regional finances that are measured from the achievement of the Unqualified Opinion from the Audit Report of the Supreme Audit Board (LHP BPK) on the Local Government Financial Report (LKPD). The population of this research is all 542 local governments in Indonesia with a sample of research the local government in Indonesia that has implemented e-budgeting from 2017 until 2018. This research method is a quantitative empirical research method using secondary data with data analysis using an Independent sample T-test using SPSS 23 software.
The results of testing the hypothesis with a Independent Sample T-test using the SPSS 23 software indicate that there are significant differences between regions that have implemented e-budgeting system to the quality of its financial reporting with t value of 8.287 with 0.000 level of significance. Local governments that have implemented an e-budgeting have been able to obtain Unqualified opinions of 105 local Governments or around 96%, while the remaining 4 local governments have not been able to achieve Unqualified opinions or around 4%. While the average value of the quality of local government financial reporting that has not implemented e-budgeting with a score that is, 1.7354 were able to obtain Unqualified opinions of 284 local Governments or around 66%, while the remaining 149 local governments were only able to obtain Non Unqualified opinions or around 34%.
The results of hypothesis testing with different T-test also showed that there was a significant difference between the average value of the quality of financial reporting of local governments that obtained Unqualified opinion with SPIP score of 2.4890, namely 367 local governments or about 92%, while the remaining 34 local governments have not been able to reach the Unqualified opinion or around 8%. While the average quality of the financial reporting of local governments that have an effective SPIP score of 1.7035 or at the SPIP pilot stage is only 22 local governments or around 16% capable of obtaining Unqualified opinion, while the remaining 119 local governments have not been able to achieve Unqualified opinion or around 84% with t value of 14,036 with 0.000 level of significance.
Bio-efficacy of Certain Chemicals against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Authors: Roy Archi , Rizvi Parvez Qamar 
Published: March 2020

Asiatic citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is identified as a major pest of citrus in subtropical and tropical Asia. Citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB) is found to be the most serious disease of citrus in the world, causing the highest economic loss. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the only known vector of Huanglongbing. Intensive insecticide programs against Asian Citrus Psyllid are generally ineffective for preventing the introduction and spread of Huanglongbing, especially in new plantings. Extensive pesticide applications are causing psyllid resistance and probably damage to bees and beneficial insects. So, it is important to devise Integrated Pest Management schemes that minimize the amount of pesticides applied, especially neonicotinoids and other broad-spectrum materials. An integrated strategy involving both biological and chemical control tactics is required for sustainable management of the pest to reduce disease spread. Some biological agents which control the D. citri such as lady beetles, lacewings and spiders are all well known as predators. Therefore, the present investigation had been aimed to study the biology and efficacy of various chemicals, both, solely and in combination, viz., Bifenthrin, Lambda cyhalothrin, Azadirachtin (neem oil), Cypermethrin + Profenofos, Deltamethrin + Triazophos and Quinalphos under laboratory conditions against D. citri as management strategies of an insect pest must be based on thorough ecological studies of the concerned insect pest.
Molecular Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter Genes among School Children in Kwara State, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Oluwasogo A. O. , Ismail H. O. , Pelumi D. A. 
Published: March 2020

Background: Plasmodium falciparum existence continues to develop resistance to conventional antimalaria drugs in malaria endemic areas. Plasmodia often prevent drugs from interacting with the target site, hence, developing resistance to antimalaria drugs. Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), are the major determinant of chloroquine resistance in human malaria parasite.
Methodology: Malaria infection, Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes of isolates among school students within the age range of 11-22 years from four selected rural communities of Kwara state were studied. One hundred and eighty seven subjects (187) were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected by finger prick method for malaria screening. Nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were done to detect alleles of pfcrt at codon 76 and pfmdr1 at codon 86. DNA of isolates was appropriately extracted from the filter paper blots using the methanol fixation method. Logistic regression was performed on the binary observations obtained while linear regression was conducted on the fifty (50) subjects that tested positive to malaria.
Results: Out of 187 subjects screened, 26.7% (50) were positive to P. falciparum. Highest malaria parasite count of 36.4% was recorded in 14-16 years age group while 20-22 years age group had the least malaria parasite count (15.4%). The result of the studied isolates indicated that out of 50 isolates analyzed for Pfcrt gene, wild type alleles accounted for 32% (16) while mutant alleles accounted for 68% (34). Alakuko Community accounted for the least number of T76 mutant alleles 10% (5) while Apado community recorded the highest number of T76 mutant gene 22% (11). For Pfmdr1 gene analysis at codon 86, isolates from Apado community showed the highest mutant type alleles (Y86) of 22% (11), while Igbonla community in Ifelodun local government had the least mutant alleles, 6% (3).
Conclusion: The overall result revealed existence of mutant alleles in both the Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes which was higher than the wild type gene in both cases. The presence of chloroquine resistance genes among the studied population implies that alternative antimalaria drugs should be designed by pharmaceutical industry.
Phenotypic Characterization of Dioscorea burkilliana J. Miège (Dioscoreaceae) Genetic Resources
Authors: Gbadamosi I. T. , Abberton M. , Igwe A. C. , Soyode F. , Olawuyi O. J. 
Published: March 2020

Aims: This study investigated morphological characterization of eighty accessions of Dioscorea burkilliana obtained from the Genetic Resources Center of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria.
Study Design and Methods: The experimental field was laid out in a complete randomized design with three replicates on plots of 10 meters length spaced at one meter between rows and one meter within rows (10 m x 1 m x 1 m).
Results: The evaluation of nine qualitative and six quantitative traits revealed phenotypic variations in D. burkilliana accessions using IPGRI’s descriptors. The mature stem colour of spot at spine base (MSCSSB) had the highest mean of 61.73 cm, while young stem with absence or presence of scale leaves (YSA/PSL) had least value of 0.37 cm. The principal component analysis (PCA) produced the highest eigenvector of 3.122 for Prin 1 with highest proportion of 20.81%, while Prin 15 had the least (0.11%). Also, in Prin 1, the mature leaf petiole at base (MLP A), mature leaf petiole at middle ( MLP B) and mature leaf petiole at top (MLP C) were closely related compared to matured leaf measurement MLM-Breadth A, MLM-Breadth B and MSA-PCS. There was positive and strong relationship between mature leaf petiole at base (MLP-A) with mature leaf petiole at middle (MLP-B) (r = 0.84, p< 0.005) and mature leaf petiole at top (MLP-C) (r = 0.75). The dendrogram was delineated into seven cluster groups in which cluster V had 18 accessions which was the highest, while cluster VI had the least with one accession (DbB 222).
Conclusion: The strong positive associations among MLP-A, MLP-B and MLP-C as well as MSS SAB and MSA/PCS suggested the consideration of these traits for future breedings. Accessions DbB 83, DbB 140 and DbB 254 could be recommended as parent material for the improvement of Discorea burkilliana.
Normative Orthodontic Treatment Need of Nigerian Adolescents – A Comparative Study of Three Major Ethnic Groups
Authors: Etim S. S. , Aikins E. A. , Onyeaso C. O. 
Published: March 2020

Objective: This study was carried out to assess and compare the normative orthodontic treatment need of adolescents aged 12 to 16 years from the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria.
Methods: The study population comprised one thousand, four hundred and forty-nine (1449) adolescents selected from nine public schools within nine Local Government Areas from three (3) selected states (Lagos, Kano, Imo) in Nigeria. Randomization based on multistage sampling technique was used to determine the selected participants. Consent and assent forms were duly completed and signed by parents and participants respectively. Participants’ parents were from the same ethnic group. Oral examination of the participants was done and their normative treatment need assessed following the standard protocols of Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need. (ICON) Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0. Descriptive, as well as parametric (ANOVA) and non-parametric (Chi-square) statistical analyses were conducted.
Results: Normative (objective) orthodontic treatment need was observed in 27.7%, 31.5% and 42.8% of Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba adolescents, respectively. The mean ICON scores recorded were for Hausa, 33.0±16.1 (SD), 32.1 ± 16.6 (SD) for Igbo and 34.8 ± 16.2 (SD) for the Yoruba, with a statistically significant difference noted among the groups. The mean scores were 33.9 ± 16.2 for males and 32.8 ± 16.4 for females while the combined population mean was 33.4 ±16.3. The males had more orthodontic treatment need than the females in the combined population.
Conclusion: Yoruba adolescents statistically had the greatest normative orthodontic treatment need while Igbo adolescents had the least among the three major Nigerian tribes.