bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing the Precision Pendulum Clock
Authors: McEvoy Rory 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides historical context to the development of the precision pendulum clock. It primarily looks at the historical astronomical clocks at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich; their use, acquisition, and modification to demonstrate that there was continual desire for better timekeeping in the Observatory. It argues that the core theoretical principals in clock making began with Robert Hooke’s demonstration to the Royal Society in 1669 and remained largely unchanged through to the obsolescence of pendulum time standards in the mid-1900s. By studying historical experiments into the effects of weather variation on pendulum clocks, it will familiarise the reader with the physical effects on pendulum clocks that are critical to the study of Martin Burgess’s Clock B.
Adjusting and Testing Clock B at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Authors: Betts Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a narrative of the trials and adjustments of Burgess Clock B at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich from 2012 up until 2015, first briefly contrasting this author’s experiences in rating and adjusting conventional regulator technology. Secondly, this paper explains in simple, practical terms how Harrison’s whole precision pendulum system works and comments on the extraordinarily successful results of the trials.
Medieval French Literary Culture Abroad
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe field of medieval francophone literary culture outside France was for many years a minor and peripheral sub-field of medieval French literary studies (or, in the case of Anglo-Norman, of English studies). The past two decades, however, have seen a major reassessment of the use of French in England, in the Low Countries, in Italy, and in the eastern Mediterranean, and this impacts significantly upon the history of literature in French more generally. This book is the first to look at the question overall, rather than just at one region. It also takes a more sustained theorized approach than other studies, drawing particularly on Derrida and on Actor-Network Theory. It discusses a wide range of texts, some of which have hitherto been regarded as marginal to French literary history, and makes the case for this material being more central to the literary history of French than was allowed in more traditional approaches, focused narrowly on ‘France’. Many of the arguments in Medieval French Literary Culture Abroad are grounded in readings of texts in manuscript (rather than in modern critical editions), and sustained attention is paid throughout to manuscripts that were produced or travelled outside the kingdom of France.
Dark Networks
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter pursues the theme of travel, focusing on how both the representation and, crucially, the non-representation of movements, travels, and networks become key to the retooling of some texts in transmission. In the first section of this chapter, we show how the prose Tristan is made to travel, indeed is relocated to the Mediterranean, through a prologue and lengthy prequel; the whole of British culture is thereby glossed as a dislocation of, and exile from, the holy East. The second section takes a well-known and much-studied manuscript, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, and follows a textual (non-)thread via the Paon (Peacock) cycle of Alexander texts, to trace the career of a poet, Jean de le Mote, whose career exemplifies cultural networks that today are often overlooked.
Actions and Abstractions
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The philosophical analysis of action often leads to abstractions. I argue that we can avoid some of these abstractions by keeping in mind that actions are defined and individuated by their circumstances; they are always situated or contextual. I argue that the most appropriate way to think of actions and circumstances is to think of them as ordered according to the action’s highest realized affordance within an agentive situation. The concepts of affordance and agentive situation are both relational; they reference both the agent (including the agent’s intention) and the action environment (which is social and cultural). The concept of basic action can also lead to abstractions. To avoid an abstract snapshot analysis of action we need to think of action as a process, as something temporal and more dynamic.
Interaction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In contrast to standard accounts of social cognition I offer an alternative account—interaction theory. According to this approach we understand other people primarily by means of a diverse set of embodied, social, and cultural practices governed by social norms. Our understanding of someone’s action is frequently shaped by shared pragmatic contexts and in terms of social roles. Developmentally this interaction account builds on three sets of processes or abilities: primary intersubjectivity, a set of sensory-motor abilities and action-oriented perceptual capacities involved in face-to-face dyadic interaction; secondary intersubjectivity, a set of abilities involving joint attention and joint actions with others in shared pragmatic and social contexts; and communicative and narrative competencies that explain more advanced aspects of understanding others. This chapter explores the meaning of and the science behind primary and secondary intersubjectivity.
Direct Social Perception
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter I further develop interaction theory and the concept of primary intersubjectivity by providing evidence for our ability to directly perceive intentions and emotions. Intentions and emotions can be understood at least in part as composed of perceivable patterns of contextualized embodied behaviors. I argue that perception is “smart” and in no need of inferential or simulational supplementation in most instances of social interaction. I consider that even some theory theorists have acknowledged the role of perception but not without giving up the idea of a subpersonal processing that amounts to an inferential mindreading. I also consider recent predictive processing accounts and argue for an embodied-enactive interpretation of such processes. Finally, I consider concerns about direct social perception raised by research in social psychology.
Poverty has a Woman’s face
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The global impact of four women Ministers of Development on empowering women and eradicating their poverty was varied, multidimensional, and substantial but difficult to measure with any degree of accuracy. Their very existence and actions as a group had an important demonstration effect in empowering women in developing countries. Though they did not launch a joint ‘gender’ initiative as such, they each took many initiatives in their national development policies to raise the profile of gender issues, increase women’s empowerment, and reduce their poverty. They also worked together to support international undertakings aimed at improving women’s access to education and health care, and empowering them on issues of family planning. More broadly they supported initiatives on women’s rights and strengthening their status in society. This chapter starts with a short review of their efforts to empower women before they became ministers. It then presents examples of their efforts as Development Ministers at the national level as well as in support of global initiatives in which one or more of them were involved.
A Coherence Deficit
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Policy coherence for development involves the systematic establishment of mutually reinforcing policy action across government departments and agencies to promote poverty reduction and sustainable development. Coherence was a central theme of the U4 from the very beginning of their collaboration. This chapter discusses U4 efforts to promote policy coherence to deal with three issues: first, it addresses conflicts between aid objectives and developed country trade policy. Subsidized agricultural exports from the USA and Europe wreaked havoc on assistance programmes trying to increase production and incomes of poor farmers in Africa. Second, it discusses U4 efforts to ensure that poor countries were able to use aid money to buy goods or services from the least expensive source and were not forced to buy only from the donor—whose producers may not have been competitive. The final section discusses coherence between environment and development concerns as they emerged in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.
Flying Africans, Black Pilots
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter resumes the exposition of the interface as a cultural form begun in Chapter 2, in relation to Conrad’s sea captains. In advancing that account into the middle decades of the twentieth century, it addresses a new technology: mechanically powered flight. The paradigmatic interface was now the cockpit of an aeroplane, rather than the quarterdeck of a ship. This is not a straightforward story of technological progress. In the United States, race had come to determine what is gained and lost by passage across the threshold of the interface. The chapter’s topic is the conjunction of interwar aviation technology with a version of the slavery-era legend of the Flying Africans which gained traction in African-American politics and culture (especially Marcus Garvey’s Back to Africa movement) in the 1920s, and subsequently caught the attention of blues singers like Lead Belly and writers like Sterling Brown, Claude McKay, and Ralph Ellison.
Conclusion
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief recapitulation of what has been learnt by approaching British and other literatures of the period 1850 to 1950 from the perspective of the ideas of signal and interface. It concludes that, while the pressure these ideas exerted did indeed remain constant throughout the period, it took an eccentric emphasis on aspects of form to reconfigure the text itself as a manipulation of signal-to-noise ratio. The ‘modernism’ which took shape in works by Lewis, Loy, and Mirrlees was a specialist affair. The chapter concludes with two further case studies. The first has to do with the function of a particular architectural feature—the corridor—in nineteenth-century British poetry and fiction; the second with the hugely influential theory and practice of the Russian film director Sergei Eisenstein, who thought that political solidarity was best expressed by means of what we would now term ‘social media’.
Intuitive Expertise and Irrelevant Options
Authors: Horvath Joachim , Meyer Karina , Wiegmann Alex 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the ‘push-dilemma,’ a train is about to run over several people and can only be stopped by pushing a heavy person onto the tracks. Most lay people and moral philosophers consider the ‘push-option,’ i.e., pushing the heavy person, as morally wrong. Peter Unger (1992, 1996) suggested that adding irrelevant options to the push-dilemma would overturn this intuition. This chapter tests Unger’s claim in an experiment with both lay people and expert moral philosophers. This allowed an investigation of the ‘expertise defense,’ which various philosophers have suggested as an answer to ‘experimental restrictionists,’ who argue that experimental philosophy undermines the trustworthiness of intuitions about hypothetical cases. Overall, the chapter finds that adding irrelevant options increases the ratings for the push-option. Moreover, the intuitions of expert moral philosophers are no less susceptible to the presence of irrelevant options than lay people’s intuitions. The chapter discusses how these findings bear on the expertise defense.
Introduction
Authors: Floyd-Wilson Mary , Sullivan, Jr. Garrett A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces a geographic approach to embodiment that analyses a range of somatic practices—including sensory apprehension, affection, memory, and cognition—as operating across both body and world. It situates the work of various prominent scholars within what the editors of this volume dub a geographic turn in the literary and cultural study of embodiment. Finally, it traces connections among the essays collected in The Geographies of Embodiment to Early Modern England.
Hi Mho Ji Kudd
Authors: Harris Jonathan Gil 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Harris tells the story of Father Thomas Stephens, whose interactions with the landscape, language, and food of India refashioned his English body. By unpacking the phrase ‘hi mho ji kudd’, a Konkani translation of ‘hoc est corpus meum’ (which is inscribed beneath the altar in a Jesuit church in Goa), Harris provides an account of a more worldly transformation than that offered by the Eucharist. As the author of the epic poem Kristapurana (Story of Christ), Stephens participated in the ‘Jesuit tradition of inculturation’. And yet, Stephens’s love of the Marathi language ‘Indianized’ not only the Christianity he preached but also his own body. Stephens’s poetic use of the kalpataru, the coconut tree, as Eden’s Tree of Life, invokes a daily experience of interacting with Goan coconuts, underscoring the recalibration of Stephens’s flesh ‘into something Indian’.
The roots of ditransitive verbs of caused possession
Authors: Beavers John , Koontz-Garboden Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines English ditransitive verbs, which show the dative alternation between indirect object and to frames, each supposedly reflecting a different template for a single manner-describing root. It shows that these two templates are semantically highly underspecified, and it is the root that fleshes out many of the surface verb’s basic entailments. These entailments include change-of-state, possession, and co-location, all of which are independently known to be templatic meanings, arguing again against Bifurcation. The root also governs whether the verb even shows the dative alternation, a root-conditioned syntactic effect. A formal analysis of root/template composition is developed that relies on manner roots being able to impose conditions on the template’s result states in ways that predict the verb’s grammatical and semantic behavior. Counterproposals that might retain Bifurcation are also considered, though it is argued that they are dispreferred for various reasons.
Trade Policy in Multilevel Government
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Trade Policy in Multilevel Government investigates how multilevel polities organize openness in a globalizing political and economic environment. In recent years, the multilevel politics of trade caught the broader public’s attention, not least due to the Wallonian regional parliament’s initial rejection of the EU-Canada trade deal in 2016. In all multilevel polities, competencies held by states and regions have increasingly become the subject of international rule-setting. This is particularly so in the field of trade, which has progressively targeted so-called “behind the border” regulatory barriers. In their reaction to this “deep trade” agenda, constituent units in different multilevel polities have shown widely varying degrees of openness to liberalizing their markets. Why is that? Trade Policy in Multilevel Government argues that domestic institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations are the decisive factor. Countering a widely held belief among practitioners and analysts of trade policy that involving subcentral actors complicates trade negotiations, it demonstrates that the more voice a multilevel polity affords its constituent units in trade policy-making, the less the latter have an incentive eventually to exit from emerging trade deals. While in shared rule systems constituent unit governments are directly represented along the entirety of the policy cycle, in self-rule systems territorial representation is achieved merely indirectly. Shared rule systems are hence more effective than self-rule systems in organizing openness to trade. The book tests the explanatory power of this theory on the understudied case of international procurement liberalization in extensive studies of three systems of multilevel government: Canada, the European Union, and the United States.
Rationality and Decisional Autonomy
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the role that theoretical and practical rationality play in decisional autonomy. The author contrasts his rationalist approach with other prominent rationalist theories of autonomy in bioethics developed by Rebecca Walker and Julian Savulescu. He suggests that one way in which both of these theories fall short is that they fail to offer a deep explanation of why we should trust that our evaluative judgements are the seat of autonomous decision-making. In order to provide such an explanation, in the second half of the chapter, the author situates his rationalist account in the literature on the philosophy of action. The discussion suggests that coherence theories of personal autonomy can offer this kind of explanation, and argues that supplementing such theories with considerations of theoretical rationality and an objectivist account of reasons can help to forestall some objections to such an approach.
Rational Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Rationalist accounts of autonomy are often criticized on the basis of anti-paternalist concerns: If only rational decisions can be autonomous, one might worry that eccentric decisions may not be respected, and that more people would be found to lack decision-making capacity. The main aim of this chapter is to show how a rationalist approach can respond to the various ways in which such anti-paternalist concerns can be raised. The author first outlines some prominent accounts of decision-making capacity in the law and clinical literature, and claims that the widely adopted sliding-scale view of capacity need not fall foul of anti-paternalistic concerns. He then defends a rationalist approach to understanding decision-making capacity in ideal contexts from anti-paternalist concerns. The author concludes by responding to an epistemic version of the anti-paternalist objection in non-ideal contexts, according to which incorporating considerations of rationality into assessments of decision-making capacity would make costly errors in this assessment more likely.
A Bank of Issue Forged in Silver and Tears
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation of Norges Bank. Norges Bank was formed in 1816 by resolution of the Storting, Norway’s new parliament. The bank was not given any explicit role in government financing. However, two tasks—providing credit for the public and stability in the monetary system—were fundamental to the bank’s creation and almost every discussion of its operations for the next quarter of a century. Moreover, when chartering Norges Bank in 1816, the Storting resolved that the Norwegian monetary unit—the speciedaler—should be convertible into silver at an exchange rate that was well above the note’s purchasing power and market value at the time. Indeed, one fundamental premise in all of the proposals that proliferated in 1816, influenced by the monetary chaos during the Napoleonic Wars, was that the value of the nation’s new paper money must be backed by silver.
The Investment Manager
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the management of the nation’s long-term savings in what is now the Government Pension Fund Global brought Norges Bank a brand new responsibility from the mid-1990s, and an unusual one for a central bank. While many central banks have historically played an important part in contributing to government financing and investing government debt in liquid securities, this had never been one of Norges Bank’s main roles. Indeed, one of the key aims of the acts of 1816 and 1891 was to prevent the government from funding itself through the central bank. From the mid-1990s, however, Norges Bank was in a way given the opposite task: a separate mandate to manage the country’s financial wealth on behalf of the government by investing it abroad in long-term bonds, shares, and eventually real estate. Within twenty years, thanks to high oil prices and substantial inflows from the government, the fund’s market value soared from nothing to around NOK 7 trillion. In recent years, the fund’s rapid expansion and financial importance have brought Norges Bank—and Norway—at least as much international attention as the bank’s more traditional roles in monetary policy and financial stability.
Poetry and Sovereignty in the English Revolution
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book presents a new interpretation of the poetry of the English Revolution, by focusing on royalist poets who left royalism behind following the execution of the king. These poets reimagined the traditional language of allegiance, articulating a flexible yet absolute form of sovereignty, applicable to a republic, or even to a Cromwellian monarchy. This sovereignty was artificial, and generated through the poetic imagination. Several chapters chart the poets’ close acquaintance with Thomas Hobbes, offering new readings of the reception and adaptation of Hobbes’s ideas in contemporary poetry. This context yields new insights into well-known poems by Andrew Marvell, Edmund Waller, and John Dryden. But it also newly opens up major works that have been neglected, including the two original English epics of the Commonwealth period, by William Davenant and Abraham Cowley, along with the early career of Margaret Cavendish, and the plays of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery. A final chapter traces how the poets survived the restoration of Stuart monarchy, showing how they continued to apply their ideas in the heroic drama of the 1660s. The book builds on recent work in both literary criticism and the history of political thought, to contextualize the poets within a distinctive strain of absolutism inflected by reason of state, neostoicism, scepticism, and anti-clericalism. It demonstrates a vivid poetic effort to imagine the expanded state delivered by the English Revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This Introduction highlights the poets’ links with each other and with Hobbes, and their flexible allegiances. It maps out the background to their mutually-informing ideas of sovereignty. Although these ideas were shaped by traditional absolutism, they took an unusual and comparatively secular view of sovereignty as an artificial construct. This view was shaped by traditions of Tacitism, neostoicism, and scepticism, and was sharpened immediately following the civil wars by the political debates of the Cavendish circle in Paris and the Engagement controversy in England. In all these respects, the poets’ views evolved through the influence of, but also a critical dialogue with, Thomas Hobbes. Their artificial view of sovereignty relied on the literary imagination to forge and declare political obligations. The Introduction concludes by reflecting on the methods involved in studying the fashioning of political ideas in poetry.