bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent and linked selection shape patterns of genomic differentiation between European and North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Lehnert Sarah J. , Kess Tony , Bentzen Paul , Clément Marie , Bradbury Ian R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs populations diverge many processes can shape genomic patterns of differentiation. Regions of high differentiation can arise due to divergent selection acting on selected loci, genetic hitchhiking of nearby loci, or through repeated selection against deleterious alleles (linked background selection); this divergence may then be further elevated in regions of reduced recombination. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Europe and North America diverged >600,000 years ago and despite some evidence of secondary contact, the majority of genetic data indicate substantial divergence between lineages. This deep divergence with potential gene flow provides an opportunity to investigate the role of different mechanisms that shape the genomic landscape during early speciation. Here, using 184,295 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 80 populations, we investigate the genomic landscape of differentiation across the Atlantic Ocean with a focus on highly differentiated regions and the processes shaping them. We found evidence of high (mean FST = 0.26) and heterogeneous genomic differentiation between continents. Genomic regions associated with high trans‐Atlantic differentiation ranged in size from single loci (SNPs) within important genes to large regions (1–3 Mbp) on four chromosomes (Ssa06, Ssa13, Ssa16 and Ssa19). These regions showed signatures consistent with selection, including high linkage disequilibrium, despite no significant reduction in recombination. Genes and functional enrichment of processes associated with differentiated regions may highlight continental differences in ocean navigation and parasite resistance. Our results provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying differences between continents, and evidence of near‐fixed and potentially adaptive trans‐Atlantic differences concurrent with a background of high genome‐wide differentiation supports subspecies designation in Atlantic salmon.
OsPP2C09, a negative regulatory factor in abscisic acid signalling, plays an essential role in balancing plant growth and drought tolerance in rice
Authors: Miao Jun , Li Xianfeng , Li Xiangbo , Tan Wenchen , You Aiqing , Wu Shujun , Tao Yajun , Chen Chen , Wang Jun , Zhang Dongping , Gong Zhiyun , Yi Chuandeng , Yang Zefeng , Gu Minghong , Liang Guohua , Zhou Yong 
Published: May 2020

Summary

Plants maintain a dynamic balance between plant growth and stress tolerance to optimise their fitness and ensure survival. Here, we investigated the roles of a clade A type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C)‐encoding gene, OsPP2C09, in regulating the trade‐off between plant growth and drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The OsPP2C09 protein interacted with the core components of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and showed PP2C phosphatase activity in vitro. OsPP2C09 positively affected plant growth but acted as a negative regulator of drought tolerance through ABA signalling.

Transcript and protein levels of OsPP2C09 were rapidly induced by exogenous ABA treatments, which suppressed excessive ABA signalling and plant growth arrest. OsPP2C09 transcript levels in roots were much higher than those in shoots under normal conditions. After ABA, polyethylene glycol and dehydration treatments, the accumulation rate of OsPP2C09 transcripts in roots was more rapid and greater than that in shoots. This differential expression between the roots and shoots may increase the plant’s root‐to‐shoot ratio under drought‐stress conditions.

This study sheds new light on the roles of OsPP2C09 in coordinating plant growth and drought tolerance. In particular, we propose that OsPP2C09‐mediated ABA desensitisation contributes to root elongation under drought‐stress conditions in rice.
A Placebo Design to Detect Spillovers from an Education–Entertainment Experiment in Uganda
Authors: Wilke Anna M. , Green Donald P. , Cooper Jasper 
Published: May 2020

SummaryEducation–entertainment refers to dramatizations designed to convey information and to change attitudes. Buoyed by observational studies suggesting that education–entertainment strongly influences beliefs, attitudes and behaviours, scholars have recently assessed education–entertainment by using rigorous experimental designs in field settings. Studies conducted in developing countries have repeatedly shown the effectiveness of radio and film dramatizations on outcomes ranging from health to group conflict. One important gap in the literature is estimation of social spillover effects from those exposed to the dramatizations to others in the audience members’ social network. In theory, the social diffusion of media effects could greatly amplify their policy impact. The current study uses a novel placebo-controlled design that gauges both the direct effects of the treatment on audience members as well as the indirect effects of the treatment on others in their family and in the community. We implement this design in two large cluster-randomized experiments set in rural Uganda using video dramatizations on the topics of violence against women, teacher absenteeism and abortion stigma. We find several instances of sizable and highly significant direct effects on the attitudes of audience members, but we find little evidence that these effects diffused to others in the villages where the videos were aired.
Community‐based homecare nursing in Denmark: exploring factors related to substitution of nurses by ancillary health professionals
Authors: Moth Grete , Binderup Asbjørn Thalund 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundDemographic changes and shorter hospital stays have made community‐based homecare nursing an increasingly important part of the healthcare organisation. This development may also impact the secondary healthcare system. Optimal use of resources is key to meeting the future challenges. Nevertheless, the research‐based knowledge on homecare nursing is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine factors related to homecare nursing tasks that could have been performed by ancillary health professionals.MethodsA population‐based survey involving all homecare nurses in the homecare services in one municipality in Denmark was performed. The nurses registered all contacts during daytime for one week using a registration form with a series of items to identify factors related to possible substitution of nurse‐performed tasks. Statistical analyses were used to identify associations between specific factors and potential substitution of the performing type of healthcare professional. The study was approved by and is registered at VIA University College in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU.ResultsHomecare nurses registered 941 representative visits in the municipality. Substitution by ancillary health professionals was considered a possibility by the nurses in 28.3% of the cases. When adjusting for age, gender, type of visit, need for extra healthcare services and vulnerability, we established that the nurses more often found that ancillary health professionals could have provided the care in unplanned visits and in visits to patients above 90 years of age.ConclusionsThe results indicate potential for optimising the available nursing resources as substitution by ancillary health professionals was considered possible in numerous visits. In view of the increasing demands for community‐based homecare nursing, it is important to make the most of the available resources in the future. Substitution of nurses for some tasks could be a feasible solution.
“I don't know what to do—Could it be cultural?” The operationalization of cultural sensitivity among street‐level workers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration
Authors: Volckmar‐Eeg Maria Gussgard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFaced with increased global migration and a more ethnically diverse clientele, several studies stress the need for more culturally sensitive welfare services. Others warn that the focus on culture might lead to the culturalization and othering of clients from ethnic minority or migrant backgrounds. In the Norwegian context, cultural sensitivity is implemented in policy documents of the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) to improve services for immigrant clients. However, the operationalization of cultural sensitivity into service delivery remains unscrutinized. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at a frontline NAV‐office, this article unpacks the practical work embedded in being culturally aware, by exploring the circumstances in which street‐level workers factor culture into their comprehension and consideration of a case. The article employs a process‐oriented approach to its analysis of caseworkers' discussion of cases. Findings show that caseworkers explicitly consider culture mainly when cases appear diffuse and intangible. The caseworkers discuss plausible explanations to make sense of these cases, only one of which is culture. Thus, the caseworkers distinguish culture from the client's ethnicity or migrant background. These findings refine the perception of street‐level workers' inability to respond to questions of ethnicity and culture, by describing the dynamic processes of implicit categorization and sensemaking embedded in being aware of culture. The study also highlights the importance of empirical, ethnographic accounts to unpack the operationalization of such theoretical and ambiguous concepts into practice.
Recurrence times of central‐southern Apennine faults (Italy): Hints from palaeoseismology
Authors: Galli Paolo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite Italy has one of the most complete and back‐in‐time extended seismic catalogue worldwide, our knowledge concerning the periodicity of the strongest earthquakes is still poor and debated. Whereas we are aware that almost all the highest magnitude classes (6 ≤ M ≤ 7) in the Italian peninsula are sourced by the normal fault systems paralleling the Apennines divide, the relatively low slip rates of these faults imply that the average recurrence time is often longer than the historical completeness period. This biases probabilistic seismic hazard assessment based only on historical catalogues. Since in the past 30 years the Italian earthquake geologists produced many valuable palaeoseismological data in hundreds of trenches opened across active faults, here I have tried to collect and match their results in order to evaluate the recurrence times of the faults having the most robust chronological constraints. Resulting average recurrence spans from few centuries to 3,000 years during the Holocene, whereas it is shorter in the historical period.
AKR2A interacts with KCS1 to improve VLCFAs contents and chilling tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chen Lin , Hu Wenjun , Mishra Neelam , Wei Jia , Lu Hongling , Hou Yuqi , Qiu Xiaoyun , Yu Shaofang , Wang Changlu , Zhang Hong , Cai Yifan , Sun Chunyan , Shen Guoxin 
Published: May 2020

SummaryArabidopsis thaliana AKR2A plays an important role in plant responses to cold stress. However, its exact function in plant resistance to cold stress remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the contents of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in akr2a mutants were decreased, and the expression level of KCS1 was also reduced. Overexpression of KCS1 in the akr2a mutants could enhance VLCFAs contents and chilling tolerance. Yeast‐2‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) results showed that the transmembrane motif of KCS1 interacts with the PEST motif of AKR2A both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of KCS1 in akr2a mutants rescued akr2a mutant phenotypes, including chilling sensitivity and a decrease of VLCFAs contents. Moreover, the transgenic plants co‐overexpressing AKR2A and KCS1 exhibited a greater chilling tolerance than the plants overexpressing AKR2A or KCS1 alone, as well as the wild‐type. AKR2A knockdown and kcs1 knockout mutants showed the worst performance under chilling conditions. These results indicate that AKR2A is involved in chilling tolerance via an interaction with KCS1 to affect VLCFA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Spiritism and Umbanda in Brazil: the Indian as a Figure of Worship and the Dilution of Identity Boundaries
Authors: Isaia Artur Cesar 
Published: May 2020

Brazilian Umbanda is a religion supported by trance and worship of ancestors. This religion is very close to Spirits’, codified by Allan Kardec, the magical past and with the worship of ancestors of African origin. In contrast, the Spiritism of French origin, imported by Brazil in the second half of the 19th century, developed an identity close to literacy and science, sensitizing the sociocultural elite. With those characteristics, Spiritism tried to separate from Umbanda as Umbanda tried to get closer to Spiritism. This article discusses the figure of worship ‘the Brazilian Indian’ in Umbanda and his presence in Spiritism itself that contradict effort of his spokespersons to remove him from everything that could resemble Afro-Brazilian religions.
Recent Progress in Capacity Enhancement of LiFePO4 Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ahsan Zishan , Ding Bo , Cai Zhenfei , Wen Cuie , Yang Weidong , Ma Yangzhou , Zhang Shihong , Song Guangsheng , Javed Muhammad Sufyan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
LiFePO4 (lithium iron phosphate (LFP)) is a promising cathode material due to its environmental friendliness, high cycling performance, and safety characteristics. On the basis of these advantages, many efforts have been devoted to increasing specific capacity and high-rate capacity to satisfy the requirement for next-generation batteries with higher energy density. However, the improvement of LFP capacity is mainly affected by dynamic factors such as low Li-ion diffusion coefficient and poor electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity and the diffusion of lithium ions can be enhanced by using novel strategies such as surface modification, particle size reduction, and lattice substitution (doping), all of which lead to improved electrochemical performance. In addition, cathode prelithiation additives have been proved to be quite effective in improving initial capacity for full cell application. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the strategies of capacity enhancement, to discuss the effect of the cathode prelithiation additives on specific capacity, and to analyze how the features of LFP (including its structure and phase transformation reaction) influence electrochemical properties. Based on this literature data analysis, we gain an insight into capacity-enhancement strategies and provide perspectives for the further capacity development of LFP cathode material.
Multibody Dynamics Versus Fluid Dynamics: Two Perspectives on the Dynamics of Granular Flows
Authors: Rakhsha Milad , Kelly Conlain , Olsen Nic , Serban Radu , Negrut Dan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Considering that granular material is second only to water in how often it is handled in practical applications, characterizing its dynamics represents a ubiquitous problem. However, studying the motion of granular material poses stiff computational challenges. The underlying question in this contribution is whether a continuum representation of the granular material, established in the framework of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, can provide a good proxy for the fully resolved granular dynamics solution. To this end, two approaches described herein were implemented to run on graphics processing unit (GPU) cards to solve the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of the granular material via two solution methods: a discrete one, and a continuum one. The study concentrates on the case when the granular material is packed but shows fluid-like behavior under large strains. On the one hand, we solve the Newton–Euler equations of motion to fully resolve the motion of the granular system. On the other hand, we solve the Navier–Stokes equations to describe the evolution of the granular material when treated as a homogenized continuum. To demonstrate the similarities and differences between the multibody and fluid dynamics, we consider three representative problems: (i) a compressibility test (highlighting a static case); (ii) the classical dam break problem (highlighting high transients); and (iii) the dam break simulation with an obstacle (highlighting impact). These experiments provide insights into conditions under which one can expect similar macroscale behavior from multibody and fluid dynamics systems governed by manifestly different equations of motion and solved by vastly different numerical solution methods. The models and simulation platform used are publicly available and part of an open source code called Chrono. Timing results are reported to gauge the efficiency gains associated with treating the granular material as a continuum.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity in South African Children Attending Preschool and Grade R: Volume, Patterns, and Meeting Guidelines
Authors: Tomaz Simone A. , Hinkley Trina , Jones Rachel A. , Twine Rhian , Kahn Kathleen , Norris Shane A. , Draper Catherine E. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To assess physical activity (PA) and determine the proportion of preschoolers meeting PA recommendations in different income settings in South Africa. Methods: Preschoolers from urban high-income (UH), urban low-income (UL), and rural low-income (RL) settings wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days. PA variables of interest included volume moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and total PA (light- to vigorous-intensity PA), hourly PA patterns, and percentage of children meeting guidelines (180 min/d of total PA, inclusive of 60 min/d of MVPA). Between-sex differences were assessed using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests; between-setting differences assessed using 1-way analyses of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: For all children (n = 229, aged 5.17 [0.69] y), average MVPA was 124.4 (37.5) minutes per day and total PA was 457.0 (61.1) minutes per day; 96.9% of children met guidelines. Boys did significantly more MVPA than girls (136.7 [39.37] vs 111.5 [30.70] min/d, P < .001), and UH preschoolers were significantly less active than UL and RL preschoolers (UH 409.1 [48.4] vs UL 471.1 [55.6] and RL 461.6 [61.4], P < .001). Conclusion: In both practice and research, it is necessary to explore ways to ensure that South African preschoolers from all income settings continue to engage in and benefit from healthy volumes of PA. This is especially important as preschoolers transition to a formal school environment.
Effects of heat: UK exercise Saif Sareea 3 and interpreting military climatic guidance
Authors: White Samuel , Smith M B 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionOver recent years much research, both civilian and military, has occurred in the field of heat illness. This has helped force health protection and medical management of service personnel operating in hot climates. Exercise Saif Sareea 3 in Oman saw a collection of presentations to the deployed UK medical treatment facilities due to the effects of heat.MethodThis paper aims to describe the case series of 24 casualties that presented to the deployed primary care facilities and 17 that were admitted to the deployed secondary care facility due to the effects of heat.ResultsOnly 10 casualties fulfilled the in-theatre diagnostic criteria for heat illness, of which two were of moderate severity and required aeromedical evacuation to the UK.ConclusionsCommanders appeared extremely well read on Joint Service Publication 539 (JSP539; May 2017) Heat Illness and Cold Injury: Prevention and Management, following the Brecon enquiry, and were proactive in managing their force in preventative measures. This likely contributed towards the low numbers of patients with heat illness seen on the exercise. JSP539 did, however, appear to have some limitations when trying to apply it to all patients seen within the operational patient care pathway, and some areas for development are discussed.
Predictive molecular pathology in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Malapelle Umberto , De Luca Caterina , Iaccarino Antonino , Pepe Francesco , Pisapia Pasquale , Russo Maria , Sgariglia Roberta , Nacchio Mariantonia , Vigliar Elena , Bellevicine Claudio , Schmitt Fernando C , Troncone Giancarlo 
Published: May 2020

AimsIn the time of COVID-19, predictive molecular pathology laboratories must still timely select oncological patients for targeted treatments. However, the need to respect social distancing measures may delay results generated by laboratory-developed tests based on sequential steps a long hands-on time. Laboratory workflows should now be simplified.MethodsThe organisation of the University of Naples Federico II predictive pathology laboratory was assessed before (March–April 2019) and during (March–April 2020) the Italian lockdown.ResultsThe number of patients undergoing single or multiple biomarker testing was similar in 2019 (n=43) and in 2020 (n=45). Considering adequate samples for molecular testing, before the outbreak, next-generation sequencing was mostly used (35/42, 83.3%). Testing six genes had a reagent cost of €98/patient. Conversely, in 2020, almost all cases (38/41, 92.7%) were analysed by automated testing. This latter had for any single assay/gene a significant reagent cost (€95–€136) and a faster mean turnaround time (5.3 vs 7.9 working days).ConclusionIn the times of coronavirus, laboratory fully automated platforms simplify predictive molecular testing. Laboratory staff may be more safely and cost-effectively managed.
Emergency typhlectomy for caecal strangulation caused by chronic diaphragmatic hernia in a dog
Authors: Correa Luis , Silveira Francisco , Demetriou Jackie 
Published: May 2020

A two‐year‐old female entire Catahoula leopard dog was referred for investigation and management of suspected chronic diaphragmatic hernia, 11 months post road traffic accident. The dog had a two‐month history of progressive lethargy and one‐week history of vomiting and anorexia. Physical examination revealed a slight increase in respiratory effort with normal respiratory rate. Cardiac and pulmonary sounds were muffled on thoracic auscultation and intestinal loops were not immediately palpable in the abdomen. Thoracic radiographs acquired before referral were suggestive of a diaphragmatic hernia, which was later confirmed on abdominal and thoracic ultrasound. Cardiorespiratory deterioration was evident eight hours post presentation and an emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed. The small intestines, caecum, and the ascending and transverse colon were found to have herniated into the thorax. Marked caecal necrosis was found intraoperatively. A typhlectomy and repair of the diaphragmatic defect were performed. The patient recovered uneventfully and was in good health nine months postoperatively.