bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From burden to threat
Authors: Brookes Gavin , Wright David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways in which non-native English
speakers living in Britain are represented in the British press, and in particular on
how these representations have changed between 2005 and 2017. Using a corpus-assisted
approach to Critical Discourse Analysis, collocation patterns of the phrase
speak English reveal that migrants are represented in different ways
across the 13-year period, which sees the levels of blame, threat and exclusion levelled
at migrants increase and change shape over the years. This chapter builds on previous
work by the authors, and emphasizes the importance of re-visiting and adding to corpora
when analyzing dynamic discourses, and identifies two different ways in which change can
manifest in collocation analysis: through the identification of occasional ‘seasonal’
collocates, and via consistent collocates being part of different representational
patterns.
Two sides of the same coin?
Authors: Blanco-Suárez Zeltia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a corpus-based study on the origin and
development of two death-related intensifiers: the adjectives and adverbs
deadly and mortal. The historical sources consulted
reveal that these forms have progressively adopted more general meanings, that is, they
have come to be grammaticalized as intensifiers over time. Two semantic variables, type
of meaning (descriptive, affective, or intensifying, along the lines of Adamson 2000) and semantic prosody (Stubbs 1995), were central to the collocational
diachronic analysis undertaken here. The study focuses on British English and covers the
history of deadly and mortal from their origins in Old
English and Middle English, respectively, to the 20th century.
Changes in transitivity and reflexive uses of sit
(me/myself down) in Early and Late Modern
English
Authors: Vartiainen Turo , Höglund Mikko 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to establish if the Transitivity Hypothesis
(Hopper & Thompson 1980) can explain
the variation in the use of two reflexive strategies with the verb sit
in Early Modern English (e.g. I sat me down/I sat myself down) and the
verb’s subsequent transitivization (e.g. he sat me down). By studying
data from large historical corpora, we will re-evaluate the results of earlier research
and establish why sit continued to be used with the simple reflexive
strategy (i.e. with object pronouns) until the Late Modern period. In our analysis of
the transitivization of sit (down), we focus on both micro-level
semantic and syntactic factors and more general developments that have supported the
transitivization of verbs in Late Modern English.
Persistent current formation in double-ring geometries
Authors: Bland T , Marolleau Q , Comaron P , Malomed B A , Proukakis N P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Quenching an ultracold bosonic gas in a ring across the Bose–Einstein condensation phase transition is known, and has been experimentally observed, to lead to the spontaneous emergence of persistent currents. The present work examines how these phenomena generalize to a system of two experimentally accessible explicitly two-dimensional co-planar rings with a common interface, or to the related lemniscate geometry, and demonstrates an emerging independence of winding numbers across the rings, which can exhibit flow both in the same and in opposite directions. The observed persistence of such findings in the presence of dissipative coupled evolution due to the local character of the domain formation across the phase transition and topological protection of the randomly emerging winding numbers should be within current experimental reach.
Biharmonic wave maps: local wellposedness in high regularity
Authors: Herr Sebastian , Lamm Tobias , Schmid Tobias , Schnaubelt Roland 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We show the local wellposedness of biharmonic wave maps with initial data of sufficiently high Sobolev regularity and a blow-up criterion in the sup-norm of the gradient of the solutions. In contrast to the wave maps equation we use a vanishing viscosity argument and an appropriate parabolic regularization in order to obtain the existence result. The geometric nature of the equation is exploited to prove convergence of approximate solutions, uniqueness of the limit, and continuous dependence on initial data.
Reactive dynamics and spectroscopy of hydrogen transfer from neural network-based reactive potential energy surfaces
Authors: Käser Silvan , Unke Oliver T , Meuwly Markus 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The ‘in silico’ exploration of chemical, physical and biological systems requires accurate and efficient energy functions to follow their nuclear dynamics at a molecular and atomistic level. Recently, machine learning tools have gained a lot of attention in the field of molecular sciences and simulations and are increasingly used to investigate the dynamics of such systems. Among the various approaches, artificial neural networks (NNs) are one promising tool to learn a representation of potential energy surfaces. This is done by formulating the problem as a mapping from a set of atomic positions x and nuclear charges Z

i
to a potential energy V(x). Here, a fully-dimensional, reactive neural network representation for malonaldehyde (MA), acetoacetaldehyde (AAA) and acetylacetone (AcAc) is learned. It is used to run finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulations, and to determine the infrared spectra and the hydrogen transfer rates for the three molecules. The finite-temperature infrared spectrum for MA based on the NN learned on MP2 reference data provides a realistic representation of the low-frequency modes and the H-transfer band whereas the CH vibrations are somewhat too high in frequency. For AAA it is demonstrated that the IR spectroscopy is sensitive to the position of the transferring hydrogen at either the OCH- or OCCH3 end of the molecule. For the hydrogen transfer rates it is demonstrated that the O–O vibration (at ∼250 cm−1) is a gating mode and largely determines the rate at which the hydrogen is transferred between the donor and acceptor. Finally, possibilities to further improve such NN-based potential energy surfaces are explored. They include the transferability of an NN-learned energy function across chemical species (here methylation) and transfer learning from a lower level of reference data (MP2) to a higher level of theory (pair natural orbital-LCCSD(T)).
Scale-invariant spin dynamics and the quantum limits of field sensing
Authors: Mitchell Morgan W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We describe quantum limits to field sensing that relate noise, geometry and measurement duration to fundamental constants, with no reference to particle number. We cast the Tesche and Clarke (TC) bound on dc-SQUID sensitivity as such a limit, and find analogous limits for volumetric spin-precession magnetometers. We describe how randomly-arrayed spins, coupled to an external magnetic field of interest and to each other by the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, execute a spin dynamics that depolarizes the spin ensemble even in the absence of coupling to an external reservoir. We show the resulting spin dynamics are scale invariant, with a depolarization rate proportional to spin number density and thus a number-independent quantum limit on the energy resolution per bandwidth E
R. Numerically, we find E
R ⩾ αℏ, α ∼ 1, in agreement with the TC limit, for paradigmatic spin-based measurements of static and oscillating magnetic fields.
Towards all-optical atom chips based on optical waveguides
Authors: Ovchinnikov Yuri B , Ayi-Yovo Folly Eli 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Coherent guiding of atoms in two-colour evanescent light fields of two fundamental modes of suspended optical rib waveguides is investigated theoretically. Special attention is paid to waveguides of widths larger than the wavelength of light, which provide better lateral stability of the surface traps and waveguides, and can be used in coherent Bragg beam splitters for matter waves, based on optical gratings formed by interference of evanescent light waves of two crossed optical waveguides. A single-mode regime for evanescent-wave waveguides for atoms is investigated. The general structure and key elements of all-optical atom chips are discussed.
Epitaxial graphene gas sensors on SiC substrate with high sensitivity
Authors: Yu Cui , Liu Qingbin , He Zezhao , Gao Xuedong , Wu Enxiu , Guo Jianchao , Zhou Chuangjie , Feng Zhihong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
2D material of graphene has inspired huge interest in fabricating of solid state gas sensors. In this work, epitaxial graphene, quasi-free-standing graphene, and CVD epitaxial graphene samples on SiC substrates are used to fabricate gas sensors. Defects are introduced into graphene using SF6 plasma treatment to improve the performance of the gas sensors. The epitaxial graphene shows high sensitivity to NO2 with response of 105.1% to 4 ppm NO2 and detection limit of 1 ppb. The higher sensitivity of epitaxial graphene compared to quasi-free-standing graphene, and CVD epitaxial graphene was found to be related to the different doping types of the samples.
High wall-plug efficiency 808-nm laser diodes with a power up to 30.1 W
Authors: Ren Zhanqiang , Li Qingmin , Li Bo , Song Kechang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A very highly efficient InGaAlAs/AlGaAs quantum-well structure was designed for 808 nm emission, and laser diode chips 390-μm-wide aperture and 2-mm-long cavity length were fabricated. Special pretreatment and passivation for the chip facets were performed to achieve improved reliability performance. The laser chips were p-side-down mounted on the AlN sub-mount, and then tested at continuous wave (CW) operation with the heat-sink temperature setting to 25 °C using a thermoelectric cooler (TEC). As high as 60.5% of the wall-plug efficiency (WPE) was achieved at the injection current of 11 A. The maximum output power of 30.1 W was obtained at 29.5 A when the TEC temperature was set to 12 °C. Accelerated life-time test showed that the laser diodes had lifetimes of over 62 111 h operating at rated power of 10 W.
Effect of thermorheological properties on tribological behaviors of lubricating grease
Authors: Jiabao Pan , Guangxin Yang , Jianping Wang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Lubricating grease has increased thermorheological properties during heating, which may affect the lubrication of the friction pair. And a friction pair usually heats up in the working process. This study explored the effect of surface temperature of the friction pair on the lubrication performance under lubrication conditions. The thermorheological properties of lubricating grease were analyzed using a rotational rheometer, and the variations and mechanisms of the thermo- rheological properties were explored. The friction-wear test on lubrication was conducted at different temperatures to examine the effects of thermorheological properties on the tribological behaviors of lubricating grease. Wear scar morphology, composition change, and friction-lubrication mechanisms at different temperatures were probed through SEM and X-ray spectrometer analysis. The results showed that lubricating grease has significant thermorheological properties. Moreover, its soap fiber entanglement decreases with rising temperature, and the entanglement properties are slowly lost at high temperature. The soap fiber structure of lubricating grease plays a vital role in lubrication. As temperature rises, the soap fiber entanglement of lubricating grease decreases and the base oil is more easily released under shear, exhibiting a trend of friction coefficient decreasing with the rising temperature. High temperatures weaken the soap fiber entanglement of lubricating grease, the film-forming property, and the surface friction-abrasion resistance of the friction pair and even cause oxidative wear.
Non-conserving zero-range processes with extensive rates under resetting
Authors: Grange Pascal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We consider a non-conserving zero-range process with hopping rate proportional to the number of particles at each site. Particles are added to the system with a site-dependent creation rate, and vanish with a uniform annihilation rate. On a fully-connected lattice with a large number of sites, the mean-field geometry leads to a negative binomial law for the number of particles at each site, with parameters depending on the hopping, creation and annihilation rates. This model can be mapped to population dynamics (if the creation rates are reproductive fitnesses in a haploid population, and the hopping rate is the mutation rate). It can also be mapped to a Bianconi–Barabási model of a growing network with random rewiring of links (if creation rates are the rates of acquisition of links by nodes, and the hopping rate is the rewiring rate). The steady state has recently been worked out and gives rise to occupation numbers that reproduce Kingman’s house-of-cards model of selection and mutation. In this paper we solve the master equation using a functional method, which yields integral equations satisfied by the occupation numbers. The occupation numbers are shown to forget initial conditions at an exponential rate that decreases linearly with the fitness level. Moreover, they can be computed exactly in the Laplace domain, which allows to obtain the steady state of the system under resetting. The result modifies the house-of-cards result by simply adding a skewed version of the initial conditions, and by adding the resetting rate to the hopping rate.
Objective identification of potentially damaging tropical cyclones over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Befort D J , Kruschke T , Leckebusch G C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An impact-oriented objective windstorm identification algorithm (WiTRACK), originally developed and well established for studies on extra-tropical storms, is further developed to identify damage and loss related Tropical Cyclones (TC) over the Western North Pacific. Results based on JRA-55 reanalysis data reveal that WiTRACK is able to detect the majority of strong events with hitrates of about 77%/90%/98% for TCs of the three most severe categories. Using economic loss data for China, it is found that especially events with large losses are associated with a windstorm event identified by WiTRACK. Past loss events successfully tracked by WiTRACK are associated with substantially higher losses than those events, not identified by WiTRACK. Thus, even though less skilful than traditional detection schemes if evaluated for the totality of TC events, WiTRACK is a powerful tool to identify severe, damage and loss-related TC events which additionally benefits from its simplicity and minimal input data demands. The latter may allow to apply WiTRACK to datasets not meeting the data requirements of more complex TC detection schemes.
Large area few-layer TMD film growths and their applications
Authors: Mandyam Srinivas V , Kim Hyong M , Drndić Marija 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Research on 2D materials is one of the core themes of modern condensed matter physics. Prompted by the experimental isolation of graphene, much attention has been given to the unique optical, electronic, and structural properties of these materials. In the past few years, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted increasing interest due to properties such as direct band gaps and intrinsically broken inversion symmetry. Practical utilization of these properties demands large-area synthesis. While films of graphene have been by now synthesized on the order of square meters, analogous achievements are difficult for TMDs given the complexity of their growth kinetics. This article provides an overview of methods used to synthesize films of mono- and few-layer TMDs, comparing spatial and time scales for the different growth strategies. A special emphasis is placed on the unique applications enabled by such large-scale realization, in fields such as electronics and optics.
Effect of NOCOLOK® flux dry-off temperature on mechanical properties of brazed joint for automotive aluminum-based heat exchangers
Authors: Hashemi Milani Seyyed Ali Akbar , Tavangar Reza , Azadbeh Maziyar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The drying temperature of the flux at a normal atmosphere has a crucial role in brazing quality in automotive aluminum-based heat exchangers. Throughout this research, NOCOLOK® flux consists of two phases of K2AlF5.H2O and KAlF4 with a melting point around 580 °C was used. A flux slurry was applied on the base metal and dried at 220, 300 and 380 °C in air. The mechanical assessment revealed that when flux dried at 300 °C, the joint withstand maximum shear stress of 44 MPa with complete bonding. At 220 °C and 380 °C, joint shear stresses are 34 MPa, 30 MPa respectively. 380 °C dry-off temperature under nitrogen gas improved shear strength to 39 MPa. Taking dry-off temperature as 300 °C the number of defective heat exchangers was reduced from 3.2% to 0.6% every week.
Occupational Exposure and Ventilation Assessment in New York City Nail Salons
Authors: Harrichandra Amelia , Roelofs Cora , Pavilonis Brian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 2015, New York State enacted new ventilation regulations to protect employees and clients from exposure to chemicals used in nail salons. This study measured common air pollutants found in nail salons and assessed compliance with ventilation requirements. Area sampling was conducted in 12 nail salons located in New York City for three consecutive days (Thursday, Friday, and Saturday) to measure total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), methyl methacrylate, toluene, and ethyl acetate concentrations and estimate ventilation rates. Salon characteristics were determined through a walkthrough inspection and survey administered to the manager. The average daily concentration of carbon dioxide and TVOCs across all salons was 1070 ppm [standard deviation (SD) = 440 ppm] and 29 ppm (SD = 25 ppm), respectively. Chemical-specific air sampling showed low to non-detectable levels of the three measured chemicals. Seventy-five percent of the nail salons did not meet general minimum outdoor airflow requirements. Little temporal variation was observed in day-to-day average concentrations of contaminants within salons, indicating uniform exposure during high customer count days. Salons that met the outdoor airflow requirements had twice the average daily customers (83 versus 42) and half the TVOC concentrations compared with salons that did not (33 versus 16 ppm). Nail salons not meeting ventilation requirements tended to have fewer customers and managers that did not understand the essential components of the ventilation system. Data from this study can be used as evidence of reduction in exposure due to compliance with the ventilation requirements.
Mortality Among Firefighters in Spain: 10 Years of Follow-up
Authors: Zhao Guanlan , Erazo Boris , Ronda Elena , Brocal Francisco , Regidor Enrique 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to compare mortality rates for the main causes of death and the most frequent sites of cancer in firefighters and all other occupations.

Methods
Mortality was calculated from a longitudinal study conducted between 2001 and 2011 following a total of 9.5 million men aged 20–64 years old who were in employment in 2001. The age-standardized mortality rate for firefighters was calculated for cancer and other causes of death and compared with that for all other occupations using the mortality rate ratio (MRR).

Results
No differences were observed between firefighters and all other occupations for overall mortality [MRR = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91–1.07] or for mortality from cancer in general (MRR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.89–1.12). No significant differences were observed in mortality by site of cancer, except for mortality from cancer of larynx (MRR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.01–3.09) and hypopharynx (MRR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.31–6.69), which presented a higher magnitude in firefighters. Neither was any significant differences observed between the two groups in mortality due to cardiovascular, respiratory, or digestive diseases or in mortality due to external causes.

Conclusions
Exposure to carcinogens combined with a possible failure to use respiratory protection when fighting fires may be responsible for excess mortality from laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer in firefighters. In the future, more research is needed on the health of firefighters and strengthening preventive policies for these workers.
Comparison of the mitochondrial phylogeographical structure of a generalist and two specialist frog species reveals contrasting patterns in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa
Authors: Kushata Judith N T , Conradie Werner , Cherry Michael I , Daniels Savel R 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, we examined the phylogeographical structure of three frog species (Anhydrophryne rattrayi, Arthroleptis wageri and Cacosternum nanum) in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. The first two species are forest dwelling and exhibit direct development, whereas the last species is a habitat generalist, breeding in open freshwater bodies and exhibiting rapid metamorphosis. Evolutionary relationships were inferred using combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data [16S rRNA and cytochrome b (Cytb)]. Divergence times were estimated for each species using the combined mtDNA dataset, and population genetic structuring was inferred using haplotype networks and analysis of molecular variance using the rapidly evolving Cytb locus. The two forest-dwelling species (Anhydrophryne rattrayi and Arthroleptis wageri) each revealed two statistically well-supported clades and were characterized by marked genetic differentiation and the general absence of shared maternal haplotypes, indicating no maternal gene flow between conspecific populations; a result corroborated by moderate values of pairwise genetic distance. In contrast, for the generalist species C. nanum, two shallow clades were observed and several haplotypes were shared between localities, indicating moderate maternal gene flow. Diversification in the two forest-dwelling species occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations and was associated with increased xeric conditions, whereas in C. nanum a recent, Holocene divergence was inferred. Ancient climatic factors thought to be causal in the divergences within each of the three species are discussed. The marked mtDNA differentiation in the two forest specialist species suggests the presence of distinct management units that should be considered in future conservation management decisions.