bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring Shipboard Environmental Specifications: Part III. Random Vibration
Authors: Chalmers Richard 
Published: November 2020

This article, the third in a three-part series, is extracted from Technical Document (TD 2071) published by the Naval Ocean Systems Center in April, 1991. Titled "Tailoring Shipboard Environmental Specifications, A Guide for Navy Program Managers," the document presents a compilation of shipboard environmental data measured over the years. The applicability of the data to the fleet of today is discussed. Methods of tailoring systems specifications and tests for the environment existing at given locations on a variety of naval ships are also included.
The first article in the series (Journal of the IES, p. 25, March/April, 1992) included the Introduction, Temperature and Humidity, and Shock sections of TD 2071. The second article in the series (Journal of the IES, p. 27, May/June, 1992) covered the first part of the TD 2071 discussion of vibration. This article finishes the discussion of vibration and includes a "tailored" vibration requirement that a program manager might include in a procurement package for new shipboard systems.
A Comparison of Manual and Automated Access to Microenvironments
Authors: Mitchell Kimberley , Briner Donald 
Published: November 2020

Floor space in a Class 1 or better cleanroom costs approximately $2000 to $3000 per square foot to construct. Operating costs for these rooms are equally expensive. It is also true that even the best cleanroom facility may be subverted by sources of contamination within the cleanroom itself.
Due to these factors, many new semiconductor fabs are built with provisions to isolate wafer processing areas from the rest of the factory by means of various enclosures, which may be grouped into the category of wafer isolation technologies. These include cluster tools, clean-tool units mounted directly on equipment (microenvironments), and equipment surrounding clean air enclosures (minienvironments).
For each configuration, critical considerations include wafer transport and loading. Wafer transport mechanisms must keep wafers stringently clean and protect wafers from breakage. Typical methods of wafer cassette transport include standard mechanical interface (SMIF) pods, run boxes, and open cassettes.
This paper examines the relative cleanliness of various modes of accessing microenvironment enclosures at varying cleanliness levels of ambient air surrounding the microenvironment. Ambient air cleanliness tested ranges from Class 10 to Class 10,000.
Wafer cleanliness is measured through the use of a wafer surface scanner to measure particles per wafer pass (PWP). Access methods tested include a swinging door, SMIF robot arm, flexible curtain, and Manual Access Port (MAP). (Manual Access Port and MAP are registered trademarks of Briner/Yeaman Engineering, Inc.)
Improvements in Avionics-Durability Analyses
Authors: Followell David , Fields Scott , Liguore Salvatore , Perez Rigoberto 
Published: November 2020

Predicting the reliability of electronics is as much of an art as an exact science. There are too many factors, both controllable and uncontrollable, which can not be readily identified, quantified, or combined into an all-inclusive and deterministic equation. However, progress has been made to simplify the prediction process. McDonnell Aircraft Company (MCAIR) has developed a software tool (E-Life) which will predict the fatigue life of solder joints, component leads, and plates through holes. E-Life is also capable of identifying the critical components that require analysis, greatly simplifying life predictions. The results of complex finite element analyses of printed circuit assemblies (PCA) are an integral part of the software, but are transparent to the user. Thus, the time to perform an analysis is reduced and the probability of error is decreased.
Experimental tests have been used to improve the accuracy of E-Life. Thermal, mechanical, and dynamic test results were used to obtain material properties previously unavailable. Test results were also used to validate the analytical models. When combined, E-Life and existing prediction techniques provide a more comprehensive reliability prediction process than was available in the past.
Lower Detection Limit of Aerosol Particle Counters
Authors: Liu Benjamin , Yoo Seong-Ho , Chae Seung-Ki 
Published: November 2020

Aerosol particle counters based on light-scattering have a broad range of applications including cleanroom monitoring, air pollution research, and pharmaceutical studies. Each application may deal with particle materials having various refractive indices. The effect of the particle refractive index on the lower detection limit of aerosol particle counters was investigated using the Mie theory. Counting efficiency measurements were made to verify the theoretical results. Measurements were performed with PSL (polystyrene latex), silicon, silicon nitride, and silicon dioxide particles. Two commercial aerosol counters and a condensation nucleus counter were used in the study.
The theoretical study showed that both the real and the imaginary parts of the particle refractive index play an important role in the lower detection limit of an aerosol counter. For transparent particles, as the absolute difference between the particle and medium refractive index increases, the lower detection limit of a counter is decreased. Light-absorbing particles generally showed a smaller lower detection limit than transparent particles. Experimental measurements agree well with the theoretical results. Among the test particles used, silicon had the largest refractive index, followed by silicon nitride, PSL, and silicon dioxide. The lower detection limit of the counters studied showed a decreasing trend with an increasing real part of the refractive index as the particle material is changed from silicon dioxide to PSL, silicon nitride, and silicon. The difference between the theoretically calculated and experimentally determined lower detection limits were found to be less than 10 percent.
Static and Dynamic Calibration of Pressure Transducers at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Banaszak David , Camden Michael 
Published: November 2020

The Air Force conducts tests requiring measurement of high dynamic pressures in high-temperature environments. Such tests require measurement of dynamic pressures created by jet engines, turbulent air-flow along hot areas of aircraft structures, and acoustic levels in Air Force test chambers such as acoustic chambers, wind tunnels, and engine test stands. Several commercial industries also have requirements for high-temperature dynamic measurements.
To address these Air Force needs for dynamic pressure measurements at high temperatures, the Structures Division of the Flight Dynamics Directorate of the Wright Laboratory evaluated dynamic pressure transducers for use in extreme acoustic and thermal environments. Transducer manufacturers were surveyed and three off-the-shelf pressure transducers capable of measuring dynamic pressures at extreme environments were identified. The first model measures up to 194 dB(A) and operates up to 260°C (500°F). This model has an extended operating temperature up to 1649°C (3000 °F) when used with a water-cooled jacket. The second model is an air-cooled transducer advertised to operate up to 593°C (1100°F). The third model is a water-cooled transducer advertised to operate up to 2802°C (5075 °F). Two of the models have low sensitivity and thus require more output amplification. These two models are also larger and require larger mounting holes. The transducers were evaluated at various static pressures, acoustic levels, and temperatures. This paper describes the procedures used to calibrate these transducers up to a 172-dB sound pressure level (SPL) and a temperature of 732°C (1350°F). The results for these transducers are summarized for different static pressures, operating SPLs, and temperatures.
Análise Funcional: tecnologia para o controle de comportamentos alimentares problema
Authors: Bueno Gina Nolêto , Magri Maíra Ribeiro , Nogueira Guliver Rebouças 
Published: November 2020

Resumo: este estudo apresenta três modelos de intervenções analítico-comportamentais sobre o comportamento alimentar problema (comportamento bulímico, comer compulsivo na obesidade e comportamento de anorexia nervosa). Essas pesquisas pautaram-se na tecnologia comportamental, cujo foco principal foi a análise funcional. Os resultados apontam conquistas relevantes à identificação e ao controle das variáveis causadoras e mantenedoras dessas classes de respostas.
Palavras-chave: Transtornos Alimentares. Análise Funcional. Análise do Comportamento Aplicada.
Sillimanita en esquistos y cuarcitas de los Esquistos del Silgará en el cerro La Ventana, macizo de Santander, Colombia: implicaciones petrológicas
Authors: García-Ramírez Carlos Alberto , Rey-Roman María Paula , Martínez-Vertel Jose Jaime 
Published: November 2020

La presencia masiva (18 y 52 %) de sillimanita (Sil) en esquistos y cuarcitas de la unidad Esquistos del Silgará en los sectores del cerro La Ventana y la cuchilla Frailejones es un caso único en el macizo de Santander en la cordillera Oriental de los Andes colombianos. En estas rocas se han reconocido dos tipos de sillimanita: Sil1, de la variedad fibrolita o prismática, y Sil2, de la variedad fibrolita (que se desarrolla en forma radial asociada con cuarzo). La asociación del pico metamórfico consiste en biotita+muscovita+cuarzo+plagioclasa+sillimanita1 con la formación de abundante sillimanita de la variedad fibrolita permitió determinar las siguientes condiciones: T=650-720 °C y P=5,5-6,9 Kb. Estas condiciones sugieren que las rocas sufrieron un gradiente metamórfico de cerca de 32 °C/ Km, típico de un metamorfismo barroviano. La Sil2 se formó en una etapa ligeramente posterior al pico metamórfico en un ambiente menos deformado y posiblemente por el efecto termal debido al emplazamiento de ortoneises del Ordovícico Tardío. Las características geoquímicas evidencian que el protolito de estos esquistos y cuarcitas fueron pelitas asociadas con un margen continental activo.
O problemie ochrony niemieckich praw własności intelektualnej w Polsce w pierwszych latach po II wojnie światowej
Authors: Dolata Tomasz 
Published: November 2020

On the problem of the protection of German intellectual property rights in Poland in the fi rst few years following the Second World War
Right after the end of the Second World War a decision was taken to deal with the problem of patent rights and copyright of German nationals by means of internal (national) regulations. A relevant letter was sent in April 1946 to the Ministry of Reconstruction by the Construction Research Institute. This began a rather lively exchange of correspondence on the ministerial level. Particularly active in it were three ministries: Ministry of Reconstruction, Ministry of Justice and Minister of Foreign Aff airs. In the end, however, the problem of the use of patents belonging to German nationals under pre-war international agreements was resolved by means of the London Accord of 27 July 1946 which Poland endorsed in late 1946. What turned to be much more problematic was the regulation of German copyright. The Polish authorities were considering the adoption of the so-called decree on partial revocation of copyright on technical and scientifi c works by German authors. However, owing to a lack of consent from the various ministries as well as uncertainty about possible future consequences associated with compensation the attempts proved ineff ective.

Zur Problematik des Schutzes der deutschen geistigen Eigentumsrechte in den ersten Jahren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Polen
Unmittelbar nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges versuchte man, das Problem der Patent- und der Urheberrechte deutscher Bürger zusammen zu lösen — mittels der internen (Landes-) Vorschriften. Im April 1946 hat das Forschungsinstitut für Bauwesen [Instytut Badawczy Budownictwa] ein Schreiben an das Ministerium für Wiederaufbau [Ministerstwo Odbudowy] gerichtet, was zu einer regen Korrespondenz auf ministerialer Ebene geführt hat. Besonders aktiv waren in dieser Sache drei Ministerien: das Ministerium für Wiederaufbau, Justizministerium und Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten. Die Probleme, die mit der Anwendung der Patente verbunden waren, die nach den internationalen Vorkriegsabkommen den deutschen Bürgern zustanden, wurden schließlich kraft des Londoner Abkommens vom 27. Juli 1946 über die Behandlung deutscher Patente gelöst, Polen trat diesem Abkommen Ende des Jahres 1946 bei. Wesentlich problematischer war die Regelung der deutschen Urheberrechte. Die polnischen Behörden überlegten nämlich die Herausgabe eines sog. Dekretes über die teilweise Aufhebung der Anwendung des Urheberrechtes in Bezug auf die wissenschaftlich-technischen Werke deutscher Autoren. Da jedoch die einzelnen Ministerien diesem nicht zugestimmt haben und Bedenken hinsichtlich künftiger Schadensersatzfolgen bestanden, hat man davon abgesehen.
Przedmioty historycznoprawne na polskich wydziałach prawa
Authors: Kantor-Kozdrowicki Piotr , Materniak-Pawłowska Małgorzata , Przygodzki Jacek 
Published: November 2020

Subjects relating to the history of law at Polish law faculties
The article is devoted to subjects relating to the history of law taught at Polish law faculties. It is divided into two parts. The fi rst encompasses an analysis of subjects relating to the history of law, the second — to subjects associated with political and legal doctrines. The author analyses the teaching at public and private higher education institutions. The HEIs have been classifi ed on the basis of the 2018 faculties of law ranking of the Rzeczpospolita daily. The authors sought to examine, on the basis of the curricula published on the faculties’ websites, the teaching in not just law programmes, but also other programmes run by the faculties of law, e.g. undergraduate and graduate administration programmes or security undergraduate and graduate programmes. When it comes to non-public HEIs, the article focuses on the best four faculties of law in the Rzeczpospolita ranking.
Die rechtsgeschichtlichen Fächer an den polnischen rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten
Der Beitrag ist der rechtsgeschichtlichen Didaktik an den polnischen rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten gewidmet. Er besteht aus zwei Teilen. In dem ersten wurden die rechtsgeschichtlichen Fächer analysiert und der zweite ist den Fächern aus dem Bereich der politischen und rechtlichen Lehre gewidmet. Im Text wurde die Didaktik an öff entlichen und nicht öff entlichen Hochschulen geschildert. Die Reihenfolge der einzelnen Zentren ergibt sich aus ihrer Position in dem Ranking der Rechtsfakultäten der Zeitung „Rzeczpospolita” aus dem Jahre 2018. Die Autoren versuchten, anhand der Lehrprogramme, die auf den Internetseiten der Fakultäten veröff entlicht werden, die Didaktik nicht nur an der Fachrichtung Recht darzustellen, sondern auch an anderen Fachrichtungen, die durch die juristischen Fakultäten geführt werden, wie z.B. an der Fachrichtung Verwaltung (Bachelor- und Masterstudiengang) oder Sicherheit (Bachelor- und Masterstudiengang). Hinsichtlich der nicht öff entlichen Schulen, so wurden die nach der Rangliste der „Rzeczpospolita“ vier besten rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten analysiert.
When Fracturing, Heed the Plugs
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: November 2020

Plugs used in fracturing do more than just plug.
In addition to isolating stages during fracturing, they often provide the first warning when casing has been deformed - an all-purpose description for pipe that has been bent, squeezed, or gashed.
A vague label for the damage is useful because most often those dealing with the problem will never know more about the damage than the inner diameter of the casing has been narrowed - ovalized is the popular term for it - and that they need to find a smaller-diameter tool to get past the obstacle.
Eric Davis, the global completions chief for ConocoPhillips, offered a rare public presentation about what can be learned by digging deeper into the reasons why a plug, frac gun, or bottomhole assembly (BHA) cannot pass through a casing diameter.
A major message in a panel discussion during the recent virtual 2020 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) was that investigating casing can yield surprising results.
Davis told the online audience he hoped the presentations would “scare you into getting more data.”
Davis shared an observation made while watching fracturing in progress on a screen displaying temperature and acoustic data collected by fiber-optic cables attached outside the casing for distributed temperature sensing and distributed acoustic sensing.
As the stage progressed, cooler injected water (shown in green) mixed with the warm reservoir fluid (in blue) (Fig. 1). Temperature data from the fiber-optic cable showed the previous stage as all blue, indicating the plug was sealing.
Then the colors of the previous stage started changing as cooler water leaked in and green streaks began bleeding into the blue of the previous stage; then “it all went blank.” The fiber had been severed, Davis said, adding that seeing it in real time “was quite shocking.”
The fiber optic was still working on the yet-to-be-fractured upper stages, but “as we moved up the hole, we kept parting the fiber.”
For the team involved it was a big loss in terms of the cost of the fiber installation and the data they had planned to collect. But for Davis the value of what was learned after the fiber was cut “is far more valuable than the lost fiber-optic installation.”
Collecting the information required sending diagnostic tools downhole to inspect the damage.
Gashes were found in the casing. They appeared to have been cut by the fast-flowing water-sand mix that may have begun as a small leak, grew in volume, and severed the metal tube holding the fiber-optic cables on the outside of the casing.
“You can see it looks like the packing element is where the erosion occurred on a lot of cases,” Davis said.
They also learned that the metal in the casing is softer than the plugs. Davis said, “We were preferentially eroding casing over the plug.”
They found “total casing breaches” created by the high-pressure stream of fluid and sand on 25% of the plug locations examined on multiple wells.
Natural Gas Gathering and Boosting Stations Are Ripe for Mitigation of Emissions
Authors: Boschee Pam 
Published: November 2020

As an operator of 30,000 miles of natural gas pipeline systems, including gathering and boosting (G&B) facilities, Williams is taking steps to further mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with its operations (see sidebar).
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compiled data for GHG quantities as metric tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) based on self-reported data from the facilities as of 4 August 2019. Among the results are 13 of Williams’ onshore gathering and boosting facilities (Table 1).
While this is a snapshot of one segment of a company’s operations, it illustrates the importance of mitigation throughout the natural gas value chain.
Leak detection and equipment upgrades play a significant role in the mitigation of methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Various equipment components involved in G&B systems such as compressors, tanks, dehydrators, acid-gas-removal units, separators, and yard piping are recognized emitters.
An EPA report issued in April, Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2018, (https://www. epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-04/documents/us-ghg-inventory-2020- main-text.pdf) identified the sources of GHG emissions from G&B systems as the G&B stations and gathering pipelines.
G&B stations receive natural gas from production sites and transfer it via gathering pipelines to transmission pipelines or processing facilities. Boosting processes include compression, dehydration, and transport of gas to a processing facility or pipeline.
The EPA identified five major segments of the natural gas system: exploration, production (including G&B), processing, transmission and storage, and distribution. It categorized “production” as beginning at the withdrawing of raw gas at the wellsite. Emissions arise from the wells themselves and from wellsite equipment and activities such as pneumatic controllers, tanks and separators, and liquids unloading. The EPA included G&B emission sources within the production sector.
In 2018, emissions from production (including G&B) accounted for 58% of methane emissions and 27% of carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas systems.
Within the production data, G&B sources took the top position for the most emissions in several categories.
Technology Focus: Offshore Drilling and Completion (October 2020)
Authors: Rylance Martin 
Published: November 2020

As the saying goes, “Time is the longest distance between two places.” There is no truer phrase when it comes to the oil field and our offshore drilling and completions operations. While saving seconds adds up to minutes and minutes eventually add up to hours, we need truly innovative thinking to make major changes in the way we execute such operations.
It’s never straightforward to be truly innovative. You need the culture, the company, and the employees to be aligned. That is often easier said than done. When true innovation is achieved, however, the resulting solution/approach often is self-evident and marked by swift adoption by the industry across the globe. Additionally, you need the drive to achieve this, and the industry today needs innovation badly if it is going to continue to operate in some of these traditionally high-cost environments. The papers I selected here represent great examples of such impactful innovation, insight, and opportunity and are aimed at extensive rig-time and trips out of the well, particularly the completion process.
In deepwater, subsea, and extended-reach wells, and any high-cost environment, a measurable reduction of rig time in whatever form will be matched by a substantial economic benefit. Specifically targeting ingrained thinking, the selected papers demonstrate the game-changing results that can be achieved even when targeting long-established norms. They demonstrate everything that our industry should be proud of and what we strive for. I hope you enjoy reading them as much as I did and see the potential applications in your own business.