bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verification and Validation of Spatially Averaged Models for Fluidized Gas‐Particle Suspensions
Authors: Schneiderbauer Simon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTwo different methods for closure modeling of the unresolved terms appearing in the filtered two‐fluid model are discussed and compared. The spatially averaged two‐fluid model is based on generalizing the concepts of large eddy simulation to gas‐particle flows. In the approximate deconvolution method‐two‐fluid model approach, the unresolved terms are modeled by an approximate deconvolution method, where an approximation of the unfiltered solution is obtained by repeated filtering. Finally, these models are applied to a lab‐scale and a pilot‐scale fluidized bed. Both approaches yield fairly good agreement with a highly resolved reference simulation as well as with experimental data. Additionally, both methods deliver reasonable grid‐independent solutions up to a grid resolution of 2 cm in the case of Geldart type A particles.
Ice Crystal Growth in Sucrose Solutions Containing Kappa‐ and Iota‐Carrageenans
Authors: Kiran‐Yildirim Bercem , Gaukel Volker 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMeasurements of ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) and thermal hysteresis (TH) activities of kappa (κ)‐ and iota (ι)‐carrageenans were carried out to examine whether they can be novel cryoprotectants or not. IRI measurements indicate that both carrageenans reduce recrystallization in sucrose solution, but that the IRI activity of κ‐carregeenan is higher than that of ι‐carrageenan. TH measurements indicate that κ‐ and ι‐carrageenans do not exhibit TH activity. TH activity measurements of antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) in the presence of κ‐carregeenan demonstrate that this carregeenan neither influences the TH activity of AFGP nor the shape of the ice crystals. The round ice crystal shape transformed into an angular and elongated shape in the presence of both carregeenans.
Prediction of medical expenses for gastric cancer based on process mining
Authors: Cao Yongzhong , Guo Yalu , She Qiang , Zhu Junwu , Li Bin 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARYAt present, disputes caused by medical expenses are widespread. How to use information means to provide accurate prediction of medical expenses for serious illnesses has become a research hotspot. Gastric cancer is a common cancer. The key of its medical expenses prediction lies in the mining of repeated structures and the statistics of repeated execution times. In the existing process mining methods, repeated nodes are regarded as the same nodes, and only counted once. This paper changes the original dynamic‐service‐flow‐net into a dynamic‐medical‐path‐net by taking the repetition times of nodes into account. Then αtj algorithm and TNC algorithm are proposed to build the dynamic‐medical‐path‐net system to predict the medical expenses. A medical evaluation model is proposed to evaluate each alternative schemes comprehensively in order to get the best medical scheme, and then the predictive medical expense would be obtained. The proposed method has about 25% improved to the conventional methods.
A green cluster‐based routing scheme for large‐scale wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chanak Prasenjit , Banerjee Indrajit , Sherratt R. Simon 
Published: February 2020

SummaryIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), clustering has been shown to be an efficient technique to improve scalability and network lifetime. In clustered networks, clustering creates unequal load distribution among cluster heads (CHs) and cluster member (CM) nodes. As a result, the entire network is subject to premature death because of the deficient active nodes within the network. In this paper, we present clustering‐based routing algorithms that can balance out the trade‐off between load distribution and network lifetime “green cluster‐based routing scheme.” This paper proposes a new energy‐aware green cluster‐based routing algorithm to preventing premature death of large‐scale dense WSNs. To deal with the uncertainty present in network information, a fuzzy rule‐based node classification model is proposed for clustering. Its primary benefits are flexibility in selecting effective CHs, reliability in distributing CHs overload among the other nodes, and reducing communication overhead and cluster formation time in highly dense areas. In addition, we propose a routing scheme that balances the load among sensors. The proposed scheme is evaluated through simulations to compare our scheme with the existing algorithms available in the literature. The numerical results show the relevance and improved efficiency of our scheme.
From topography to hydrology—The modifiable area unit problem impacts freshwater species distribution models
Authors: Friedrichs‐Manthey Martin , Langhans Simone D. , Hein Thomas , Borgwardt Florian , Kling Harald , Jähnig Sonja C. , Domisch Sami 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are statistical tools to identify potentially suitable habitats for species. For SDMs in river ecosystems, species occurrences and predictor data are often aggregated across subcatchments that serve as modeling units. The level of aggregation (i.e., model resolution) influences the statistical relationships between species occurrences and environmental predictors—a phenomenon known as the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP), making model outputs directly contingent on the model resolution. Here, we test how model performance, predictor importance, and the spatial congruence of species predictions depend on the model resolution (i.e., average subcatchment size) of SDMs. We modeled the potential habitat suitability of 50 native fish species in the upper Danube catchment at 10 different model resolutions. Model resolutions were derived using a 90‐m digital‐elevation model by using the GRASS‐GIS module r.watershed. Here, we decreased the average subcatchment size gradually from 632 to 2 km2. We then ran ensemble SDMs based on five algorithms using topographical, climatic, hydrological, and land‐use predictors for each species and resolution. Model evaluation scores were consistently high, as sensitivity and True Skill Statistic values ranged from 86.1–93.2 and 0.61–0.73, respectively. The most contributing predictor changed from topography at coarse, to hydrology at fine resolutions. Climate predictors played an intermediate role for all resolutions, while land use was of little importance. Regarding the predicted habitat suitability, we identified a spatial filtering from coarse to intermediate resolutions. The predicted habitat suitability within a coarse resolution was not ported to all smaller, nested subcatchments, but only to a fraction that held the suitable environmental conditions. Across finer resolutions, the mapped predictions were spatially congruent without such filter effect. We show that freshwater SDM predictions can have consistently high evaluation scores while mapped predictions differ significantly and are highly contingent on the underlying subcatchment size. We encourage building freshwater SDMs across multiple catchment sizes, to assess model variability and uncertainties in model outcomes emerging from the MAUP.
Legacy effects of experimental environmental change on soil micro‐arthropod communities
Authors: Roos Ruben Erik , Birkemoe Tone , Asplund Johan , Ľuptáčik Peter , Raschmanová Natália , Alatalo Juha M. , Olsen Siri Lie , Klanderud Kari 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlobal change experiments such as experimental warming and nutrient addition strongly affect the structure and functioning of high latitude and altitude ecosystems. However, it is often unknown to what extend such effects are permanent or whether changes persist after environmental conditions return to pre‐treatment levels. In this study, we assess the legacy effects of temperature manipulation and nutrient addition experiments on alpine soil micro‐arthropod (i.e., Collembola and Oribatida) communities nine years after the treatments were discontinued. Treatment effects on the vegetation were still detectable six years after cessation, although grazing increased the recovery rate. Because micro‐arthropods are often closely associated with vegetation, we expected to find that treatment effects on Collembola and Oribatida abundance and species composition persisted to date, reflecting plant community dynamics. Also, we expected large‐bodied, drought‐resistant Collembola species that live on top of the soil to show less strong legacy effects. We did not find legacy effects of environmental treatments on Collembola and Mesostigmata in terms of abundance. However, we found persistent changes in community composition of Collembola and Oribatida, suggesting treatment effects persist to date. The generalistFolsomia quadrioculatawas the most responsive Collembola species to initial treatments, most likely due to its variable life‐history strategy. Although its abundance recovered,F. quadrioculataremained dominant in Collembola communities after cessation of the treatments. Grazing affected community composition of both Collembola and Oribatida, but we did not find grazing to reduce legacy effects on micro‐arthropod as it did for vegetation. We therefore conclude that the environmental treatments had only temporary effects on micro‐arthropods in terms of overall abundance, but that effects on individual species and therefore species composition may be long‐lasting and less predictable.
Partial migration alters population ecology and food chain length: evidence from a salmonid fish
Authors: Kelson Suzanne J. , Power Mary E. , Finlay Jacques C. , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMany migratory species, from monarch butterflies to wildebeest, express partial migration, where only a subset of a population migrates. This intraspecific variation is likely to have large ecological consequences. We studied the ecological consequences of partial migration in a salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in coastal streams in California, USA. One ecotype, steelhead trout, migrates to the ocean, whereas the other, rainbow trout, completes its lifecycle in freshwater. Migration has a strong genetic basis in O. mykiss. In one stream, we found differences in the frequency of migration‐linked genotypes below and above a waterfall barrier (migratory allele frequency of 60% below vs. 31% above). Below the waterfall, in the migratory‐dominated region, the density of young fish (<1 yr old) was approximately twice that in the resident‐dominated region above the waterfall (0.46 vs. 0.26 individuals/m2, respectively), presumably reflecting the higher fecundity of migratory females. Additionally, there were half as many older fish (>1 yr old) in pools downstream of the waterfall (0.05 vs. 0.13 individuals/m2). In a second stream, between‐year variation in the dominance of migratory vs. resident fish allowed us to explore differences in fish density and size structure through time, and we found a consistent pattern. In brief, when migratory genotypes dominated, we found higher densities of young fish and lower densities of older fish, resulting in a simpler size structure, compared to when resident genotypes dominated. Moreover, large resident trout had a slightly higher trophic position than young fish (3.92 vs. 3.42 in one creek and 3.77 vs. 3.17 in the other), quantified with stable isotope data. The difference in fish size structure did not generate trophic cascades. Partial migration is widespread among migratory populations, as is phenotypic divergence between resident and migratory forms, suggesting the potential for widespread ecological effects arising from this common form of intraspecific variation.
Spots and manes: the curious case of foster care between two competing felids
Authors: Mittal Dheeraj , Chakrabarti Stotra , Khambda Shailesh B. , Bump Joseph K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAdoption of unrelated young can have detrimental consequences to the caregivers’ fitness in the form of costs emanating from maladaptive altruism. Owing to such costs, complete adoptions and allo‐nursing are relatively rare in the animal world, more so between species that compete with one another. Lions and leopards compete through both exploitative and interference mechanisms, resulting in profound aggression and suppression at mutual encounters. Through intensive monitoring, we provide a detailed and prolonged account of a complete adoption of a leopard cub by a free‐ranging Asiatic lioness. We briefly review existing literature on foster care in the animal world and suggest that maternal instincts and inexperience, coupled with behavioral and physical resemblance between lion and leopard cubs, could have acted as proximate cues in initiating such an unprecedented association. Furthermore, the unique sociobiology of Asiatic lions wherein the sexes live separately in small groups likely favored the duration of this interaction (~45 d). We also discuss and speculate about broader perspectives of offspring recognition in the animal world and ask whether the study of such important yet rare associations has implications for our understanding of parental care.
Omitted variable bias in studies of plant interactions
Authors: Rinella Matthew J. , Strong Dustin J. , Vermeire Lance T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractModels of plant–plant interactions underpin our understanding of species coexistence, invasive plant impacts, and plant community responses to climate change. In recent studies, models of competitive interactions failed predictive tests, thereby casting doubt on results of many past studies. We believe these model failures owe at least partly to heterogeneity in unmodeled factors (e.g., nutrients, soil pathogens) that affect both target plants and neighboring competitors. Such heterogeneity is ubiquitous, and models that do not account for it will suffer omitted variable bias. We used instrumental variables analysis to test for and correct omitted variable bias in studies that followed common protocols for measuring plant competition. In an observational study, omitted variables caused competition to seem like mutualism. In a quasi‐experiment that partially controlled competitor abundances with seeding, omitted variables caused competition to seem about 35% weaker than it really was, even though the experiment occurred in an abandoned agricultural field where environmental heterogeneity was expected to be relatively low. Despite decades of research, consistently accurate estimates of competitive interactions remain elusive. The most foolproof way around this problem is true experiments that avoid omitted variable bias by completely controlling competitor abundances, but such experiments are rare.
Sedimentary eDNA provides different information on timescale and fish species composition compared with aqueous eDNA
Authors: Sakata Masayuki K. , Yamamoto Satoshi , Gotoh Ryo O. , Miya Masaki , Yamanaka Hiroki , Minamoto Toshifumi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAqueous environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has been applied to the monitoring of various ecosystems and taxa, and the characteristics of aqueous eDNA have been previously studied. In contrast, although sedimentary eDNA has been used to restore past information, the characteristics of sedimentary eDNA are not well understood. In this study, we compared the properties of sedimentary and aqueous eDNA of macro‐organisms. First, to clarify the preservation ability of sediments, we compared the difference in decay rates between aqueous and sedimentary eDNA using samples collected from a biotope (an artificial pond prepared with concrete). Next, to clarify the biological information retained in sedimentary eDNA both qualitatively and quantitatively, we compared eDNA concentrations between sediment and water samples collected simultaneously from a lake, and the fish species detected by eDNA metabarcoding were also compared. The results demonstrated the following: (a) the decay rate (decreased eDNA copy number divided by the initial eDNA copy number per unit time) of sedimentary eDNA (0.00033 ± 0.000049 [mean ± SE]/hr) was lower than that of aqueous eDNA (0.01863 ± 0.0011/hr); (b) sedimentary eDNA concentration of the mitochondrial marker of three fish species was higher than aqueous eDNA concentration for the same sample weight (12.5–1,456.9 times); and (c) the species composition obtained by metabarcoding was not significantly different between sediment and water; however, considering the lower decay rate of sedimentary eDNA, using both sample types may provide more comprehensive information of species distribution. Thus, sedimentary eDNA analysis will expand future biomonitoring and ecological studies by providing a difference in timescale.
Graphene Oxide as a Platform for Copper Pentacyanonitrosylferrate Nanoparticles and their Behavior in the Electro‐oxidation of N‐Acetylcysteine
Authors: Maraldi Vitor Alexandre , Colmenares Yormary Nathaly , Pereira Barbosa Priscila Fernanda , Mastelaro Valmor , Ribeiro do Carmo Devaney 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis work describes the preparation of graphene oxide by the Modified Hummers Method and the chemical modification of its surface with nanoparticles of copper pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III) (GOCuNP). The materials obtained were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The GOCuNP was characterized by cyclic voltammetry using a graphite paste electrode that presented electrocatalytic response for N‐acetylcysteine with detection limit of 2.97×10−5 mol L−1 at concentration range of 3.00×10−5 to 6.00×10−3 mol L−1 of N‐acetylcysteine. By this way, the bimetallic complex formed is included in the list of materials obtained as potential candidates for the construction of electrochemical sensors for N‐acetylcysteine detection.
The effect of trauma and dissociation on the outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy for binge eating disorder: A 6‐month prospective study
Authors: Serra Riccardo , Kiekens Glenn , Tarsitani Lorenzo , Vrieze Elske , Bruffaerts Ronny , Loriedo Camillo , An Adriaens , Vanderlinden Johan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundBinge eating disorder (BED) is commonly associated with a history of trauma. Yet, there is little insight into the potential effect that trauma, dissociation, and depressive symptoms may have on the outcome of treatment interventions.MethodsA total of 142 treatment‐seeking patients admitted with a diagnosis of DSM‐5 BED (88% female; mean age = 38.7; SD = 10.8) took part in a 6‐month, protocolized, group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Self‐report questionnaires were administered to assess lifetime traumatic experiences, dissociation, and depression. Body mass index and the number of binges per week (BPW) were measured throughout treatment. The main outcomes were the percentage reduction in BPW and remission (i.e., less than one BPW; cf. DSM‐5).ResultsMost BED patients (91.5%) reported a history of trauma, with two in three patients reporting three or more traumatic experiences. Whereas the number of traumatic experiences was not significantly associated with a reduction in BPW or remission, a higher traumatic impact score significantly decreased the likelihood of obtaining remission at the end of treatment (OR = 0.96; 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]). Higher levels of dissociative symptoms partially mediated this prospective association.ConclusionsThe impact of traumatic experiences, as opposed to the number of traumatic experiences experienced, negatively predicts remission after 6 months of CBT. These findings highlight the importance of addressing trauma and dissociative features in the CBT treatment of BED.
Microbial control measures for soft ice cream in franchise brands: A comparative analysis of microbial analysis and manufacturing practices
Authors: Park Jong Myong , Kim Jong Mun , Hong Ji Won , You Young‐Hyun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to establish a complementary direction of the franchise food hygiene guideline to control microbial risks. We evaluated current measures of preventing microbial spoilage and ensuring microbiological safety of food in the food franchise industry. Manufacturing practices were assessed using microbiological analyses, third‐party food safety audits, and existing hygiene guidelines. Microbial load indicators of food, manufacturing processes, work environment, and workers were also analyzed to track microbial proliferation. We audited manufacturing practices and processes and analyzed the cleaning and sanitation clauses. We found high contamination of heterotrophic bacteria and detected coliforms in some products. There was no direct contamination by food handlers, and the sterility of raw materials was satisfactory. The main issues were structural complexities of equipment, which hindered cleaning and disinfection, and disinfection practices of franchise brands. Store‐level microbial control may be compromised due to the industrial nature of small stores operating collectively. We thus issued complementary guidelines. Improved collective microbiological safety may be ensured through implementation of the revised cleaning and sterilization regulations.
China's Complex Urban Air Pollution: An Improved Understanding with Ground Operational Measurements
Authors: Han Lijian , Zhou Weiqi , Li Weifeng , Qian Yuguo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Complex urban air quality has long been assessed by a single (or major) contaminant, for example, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but scant attention has been given to multicontaminant air pollution, especially in countries with severe air pollution, for example, China. We thus proposed an improved method for quantifying both single- and multicontaminant air pollution. Our approach uses China's major cities as an example because they have an operational national urban air quality monitoring network. We found that our proposed method could remove the duplicated consideration under both single- and multicontaminant conditions, thus proving to be an improved and more accurate way to understand complex urban air pollution conditions. Our method involved monitoring 3 contaminants (PM2.5, PM10, and SO2) in cities in Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Provinces and 2 contaminants (PM2.5 and PM10) in the cities between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and these pollutants were the major contributors to multicontaminant air pollution. We argue that both the research community and the government should pay increased attention to multicontaminant air pollution beyond the current single major pollutant–based air pollution method when building a sustainable city. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:306–313. © 2020 SETAC
KEY POINTS
We propose an improved method for multicontaminant air pollution quantification. The major 3-contaminant air pollution in China was PM2.5, PM10, and SO2. The major 2-contaminant air pollution in China was PM2.5 and PM10. More attention should be given to multicontaminant air pollution.
Merging Macromolecular and Supramolecular Chemistry into Bioinspired Synthesis of Complex Systems
Authors: Percec Virgil 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA brief and personalized historical review that describes the merger of macromolecular and supramolecular chemistry to generate the new field of bioinspired synthesis of complex systems is presented. Historical scientific events that took place during the days of Hermann Staudinger and after and influenced these developments as well as the experience of the author during his stays at the Hermann Staudinger House that hosts the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry from the University of Freiburg are also part of this review.